HL MM n99 Hd DBBKi He HHbbh RaMBsatf flHfl n H Mum ml mm VAV?, ...... BHBi B3JB HHKhmS ■BOB MMuM mam BHSS998BBB JWWWMHBM BBOPH n BUB nHSB / COUNTIES OF • O- ITLEY®! H I^DIA^A. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. ILLUSTRATRD. WESTOIT .A., g-oodspebd Historical Editor. CHAELES BLAUCHABD Biographical Editor. CHICAGO: F. A. BATTEY & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1882. v PREFACE. THIS volume goes forth to our patrons the result of months of arduous, unremitting and conscientious labor. None so well know as those who have been associated with us the almost insurmountable difficulties to be met with in the preparation of a work of this character. Since the inauguration of the enterprise, nearly one year ago, a large force has been employed — both local and other — in gathering material. During this time, upward of three thousand persons have been called upon in the two counties, to contribute from their recollections, carefully preserved letters, scraps of manuscript, printed fragments, memoranda, etc. Public records and semi-official documents have been searched, the newspaper files of the counties have been overhauled, and former citizens, now living out of the counties, have been corresponded with, all for the purpose of making the record as complete as could be, and for the verification of the information by a conference with many. In gathering from these numerous sources, both for the historical and biographical departments, the conflicting statements, the discrepancies and the fallible and incomplete nature of public documents were almost appalling to our historians and biog- raphers, who were expected to weave therefrom with any degree of accuracy, in panoramic review, a record of events. Members of the same families disagree as to the spelling of the family name, contradict each other's statements as to dates of births, of settlement in the county, nativity and other matters of fact. In this entangled condition, we have given preference to the preponderance of authority, and while we acknowledge the existence of errors and our inability to furnish a perfect history, we claim to have come up to the standard of our promises, and given as complete and accurate a work as the nature of the sur- roundings would permit. Whatever may be the verdict of those who do not and will not comprehend the difficulties to be met with, we feel assured that all just and thoughtful people will appreciate our efforts, and recognize the impor- tance of the undertaking and the great public benefit that has been accomplished in preserving the valuable historical matter of the county and biographies of many of its citizens, that perhaps would otherwise have passed into oblivion. To those who have given us their support and encouragement, and they are many, we acknowledge our gratitude, and can assure them that as years go by the book will grow in value as a repository not only of pleasing reading matter, but of treasured information of the past, and become a monument more en- during than marble. May, 1882. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PART I. HISTORY OF WHITNEY COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Page. Abstract of Assessors' Report 32 Blooded Stock 26 Boundaries 12 Church and School Statistics 32 Climatic Conditions 11 County Agricultural Society 23 County Press 27 Cranberry Marshes 12 Geological Features 21 Hints on Drainage 13 Lakes and Rivers 12 Menu Temperature 13 Medical Practitioners 21 Peat and Iron 22 Railroads..... 31 Sanitary Condition 15 State Ditches, Table of 17 Surface and Soil 12 Tile Manufacture 18 Whitley County Medical Associa- tion 18 CHAPTER II. Arrival of Settlers 51 French Traders 44 Hardin's (Col.) Defeat 41 Harmar's (Gen.) Expedition 41 Indian Customs 51 Indian Trails and Villages 42 Indians of Whitley 35 Little Tui tie and Coesse 38 Mound-Builders 33 Seek's Village 38 Treaties of Cession 43, 45, 47 Treaties with the Miamis 36 CHAPTER IV. Page. CHAPTER III. Bench and Bar 64 Boundaries, County 56 Circuit Court, First Term of. 58 County Courts, First 57 County Officers, First 57 County Officers, Table of 66 County Seat, Location of. 57 County Seat, Survey of. 58 Election, First 56 Horse-Thieves and Regulators 71 Jurors, First Grand 61 Jury, First Petit 62 Land Entries, First 55 Murder, The First 63 Naturalization, The First 64 Origin of Name 56 Perjury, First Case of. 62 Pioneer Life 73 Political Caucus, First 68 Presidential Vote 71 Probate Court, The First 64 Public Buildings, First 64 Settlements, First 56 State Roads 72 Surveys, Table of. 54 Trial For Forgery 62 Bounty and Relief Funds 91 Deserters, Arrest of 87 Drafts, The 85 Fall of Sumter, Excitement over... 76 Field Work, Record of. 91 Newspaper Animosities 78 " Pap Shoemaker's Fort" 78 Public Sentiment in 1861 75 Quotas, Condition of 88 Roll of Honor 95 Soldiers' Aid Society 83 Soldiers of the Earlier Wars 74 Soldiers of the Mexican War 75 Volunteers, Roll of First 78 War Meetings 76 Township Histories. CHAPTER V. Columbia City and Township 98 Birth, The First. 105 Business Firms, List of. 108 City of Columbia, Platting of. .101 Churches 117 Court, First 105 Election, First 102 Election Laws from 1838-52 103 General Industries 107, 111 Grain Traffic 112 Hotel, First 105 Marriage, First 105 Merchant, First 106 Mill, First 107 Organization of Columbia City..ll3 Organization of Township 102 Railroads 113 Secret Societies 121 School Officers 115 School Revenues 115 Schools and Teachers 114 Settler, First 105 Sunday Schools 116 Whirligig of Politics 104 CHAPTER VI. Cleveland Township 122 Area and Population 123 Ashery, First 127 Birth, First 125 Business Men 133 Cemeteries 125 Churches and Ministers 131 Collamer Village 134 Death, First 125 Early Elections 132 Indians, The 125 Land Entries, First 124 Marriages, First 128 Merchants, Early 126 Mills, Early 126 Organization 123 Origin of Name 122 Roads 124 Schools, Early 128 Page. Schoolhouses and Districts.... 131 Secret Orders 133 Settlers, First 123 South Whitley 132 CHAPTER VII. Richland Township 135 Biographical 153 Birth, First 145 Church Organizations 146,155 County Officers, Early 142 Crimes and Casualities 144 Death, First 145 Election, First 137 Elections, Presidential .138 Educational 147 Indian Trails 136 Individual Reminiscences 161 Inn, The First 153 Jurors, Grand and Petit 142 Lakes and Streams 136 Larwill Village 151,157 Lorane Village 158- Marriages, Early 143 Mercantile Enterprises 152 Mill, First 153, 155 Mill. First Steam Saw 162 Name, Origin of 136 Organization 136 Land Entries, Original 148 Officers, First 138 Physicians, Early 151 Post Office, First 161 Pioneers as Experts 143 Railroads 151 Richland's Volunteers 163 School and Church Buildings, First 155 Secret Orders 157 Settlers, Early 164 Settler, First 137 Summit Village 161 Tax Exhibits 142 Tax List, 1838 142 Township Officers 141 Voters, The First 138 CHAPTER VIII. Smith Township 171 Birth, First 175 Churubusco 178 Churubusco County Press 183 Church, First 183 Conviction for Passing Coun- terfeit Bill 177 Conviction for Perjury 177 Fatal Accident 175 Marriage, First 175 Mercantile and Industrial 178 Mill, First 176 Mill, Second 177 Murder, First 176 Organization 173 Tl CONTENTS. Page. Origin of Name 171 Pioneer Tribulations 173 Post Office, First 177 Secret Societies 184 Schoolhouse, First 175 Settlers, First 171 Taverns, Early 176 Terrific Explosion 185 Tragic Fate 177 CHAPTER IX. Union Township 185 Adventures in the Woods 187 Amusements, Early 193 Births, Early 193 Bridge, First 193 Church History 196 Coesse Village 194 Death, First 193 Experiences, Early 191 Fatal Fall 188 Good Templars Lodge 195 Growth of Township 186 Justices of the Peace, Early 186 Marriage, First 193 Mills 188,194 Organization 185 Physician, First 186 School Teacher, First 188 Settlers, Early 186 Tavern, First 194 Traders, First 186, 194 Wartburg College 196 CHAPTER X. Washington Township 198 Church Societies 203 Election, First 201 Land Entries, Early 201 Marriages, First 201 Mill, Early 205 Organization 198 Origin of Name 198 Physicians, First 202 Post Office, First 202 Roads 203 Schools and School Statistics. ...202 Settler, First 198 Tax Assessment 201 CHAPTER XI. Jefferson Township 205 Adoption of Name 212 Page. Blacksmith, First 207 Clergy and Churches 214 Forest Adventures 208 Forest Village 216 Mastodontic Remains 212 Mills, First 213 Organization 212 Pioneer Customs 207 Postal Facilities 216 Raccoon Village 211 Road, First 206 Schools and Schoolhouses 213 Secret Societies 216 Settlement, The Early 206 Settlers, Early 207 CHAPTER XII. Thorn Creek Township 217 Birth, First 221 Bloomfield Village 223 Circuit Court, First 225 Election, First 221 Fatalities 225 Lakes 218 Matrimonial 224 Mills and Manufactures 223 Name, Derivation of 217 Physical Features 218 Religious Societies 225 Schools and Teachers 221 Settlement, Early 218 Social Life 222 Surface Features 226 CHAPTER XIII. Troy Township 226 Address of E. L. Barber 231 Birth, First 228 Churches 229 Educational Reunion 230 Election, First 226 Roads and Mills 228 Old Settlers' Reunion 230 Organization 226 Origin of Name 226 Physical Features 229 Prominent Citizens 229 Roll of Settlers 227 Schools and Teachers 228 Settlers, First 227 Taxes, First 228 CHAPTER XIV. Page. Etna Township 234 Birth, First 235 Characteristics of Population. ..236 Cold Springs Village 235 Death, First 235 Etna Village 236 Mills and Tanneries 235 Schools and Churches 235 Settlers, First 234 Wedding, First 235 Biographical Sketches. Cleveland Township 286 Columbia City 237 Columbia Township 278 Etna Township 423 Jefferson Township 391 Richland Township 307 Smith Township 328 Thorn Creek Township 402 Troy Township 413 Washington Township 376 Union Township 354 Portraits. Austin, Stephen S 119 Broxon, James 209 Collins, Richard 39 Creager, Peter 199 Foust, F. H 89 Harrison, James M 99 Hughes, C. W 49 Magers, F. M 169 McDonald, L B 69 McDonald, Mrs. I. B 79 McDonald, F. M 109 Merriman, Elijah 129 Putt, B. F 179 Richard, Lewis 149 Richard, Huldah 159 Tulley, Francis 29 Trumbull, A. M 139 Wenger, N. R 189 Views. Court House. Whitley County 19 Infirmary, Whitley Connty 219 Jail, Wbitley County 59 PART II. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Page. Geology 5 Indian History 19 Indian Mounds 11 Lakes and Ponds 9 Meteorology 10 Topography 9 CHAPTER II. A Child's Mysterious Disappearance 38 Birth, The First 54 Churches, The Early 54 County Buildings 42 County Census 39 County Officer* 44 County Organization 27 County Seats 41 Judiciary, The 47 Judicial Execution 34 Land Entries, The Early 28 Page. Marriage, The First 54 Members of the Bar 48 Physicians, The First 53 Poor, The County 43 Post Office, The First 57 Settlement, The First 27 State Canal 32 Suffering in 1838 SI Thieves and Counterfeiters 33 Valuation and Taxes 40 CHAPTER III. Agricultural and Historical Society 62 Early Roads and Routes 57 Execution of McDougal 72 Journals and Journalists 74 Newspaper, The First 74 Outlaws and Criminals 63 Railroads 60 Regulators, The 69 CHAPTER IV. Pagk. Career of Regiments 107 Death of Lincoln 106 Draft Statistics 99 Fall of Sumter 89 Republican Convention of 1864 104 Roll of Honor 110 Soldiers of Early Wars... 87 War Meetings and Speeches 89 War Statistics 116 Township Histories. CHAPTER V. ClTT OF Kendallville 116 Banks 123 Business Development 120 Church Organizations 130 Conflagrations 123 Election, The First 122 CONTENTS. VJ1 Page. Incorporation 122 Origin of Name 120 Railroad Subscription 124 Schoolhouses 129 Settlement, The First 119 CHAPTER VI. Wayne Township 134 Birth, The First 139 Churches 142 Log Rolling and Whisky 139 Mil's, The Early 140 Scarcity of Cash 141 Schoolhouses 141 Settlers, The First 135 CHAPTER VII. Town of Ligonif.r 145 Building and Loan Association..! 48 Church Organizations 153 Destructive Fire 148 Early Development 146 High School 150 Interesting Statistics 157 Revivals 156 School Buildings 148 Sons of Temperance 147 Town riat... 145 CHAPTER VIII. Perry Township 161 Bourie's Reminiscences 164 First Election 162 Rochester Village 163 Roll of Settlers 161 Saw-Mills, The First 163 Schools and churches 167 CHAPTER IX. Town of Albion 168 Business Men, The Early 170 Church Societies 180 Early Land Entries 168 Incorporation 176 Plat of the Town 169 Schools 177 Secret Orders 175 Table of Fires 182 Town Funding Bonds 179 CHAPTER X. Jefferson Township 183 Agricultural Features 192 Burial Grounds 193 Death, The First 193 Indian Mounds 191 Mills and Milling 186 Pioneer Life 184 Population 191 Schools and Teachers 187 Sermons and Churches 187 Township Organization 186 Township Pioneers 183 CHAPTER XI. Orange Township 194 Brimfield Village 203 Church Organizations 204 Island Park Assembly 206 Land Owners, The Early 194 Mills, The Early 196 Northport Village 197 Rome City 198 Water Power at Rome 202 CHAPTER XII. Allen Township 208 Avilla's First House 214 Page. Churches, The Early 217 Deaths, The Early 211 Election, The First 211 Franciscan Convent 218 Hunting Reminiscences 214 Incorporation of Avilla 216 Industries and Improvements..212 Marriage, The First ...211 Roll of Early Settlers 208 Schoolhouse, The First 268 Underground Railroad 216 White Settler, The First 208 CHAPTER XIII. Elkhart Township 221 Early Settlers, List of. 223 Pittsburg Village 225 Religious Development 228 Schools and Teachers 227 Settlers, the First 221 Springfield Village 225 Wawaka Village 226 CHAPTER XIV. Sparta Township 231 Church Organizations 241 Cromwell Village 236 Election, First 233 Mills and Kilns 234 Pioneer Experiences 232 Roll of Settlers 231 Schools and Teachers 237 Sparta Village 235 CHAPTER XV. Noble Township 242 Church Societies 253 Indians 245 Milling Enterprises 245 Nobleville City 251 Roll of Pioneers 243 Schools and Teachers 252 White Settler, First 242 Wolf Lake Village 247 CHAPTER XVI. York Township 254 Augusta Village 258 Catalogue of Settlers 255 Election, First 256 Life in the Wilderness 256 Mills, First 255 Pioneers, The 254 Port Mitchell Village 262 Schools and Teachers 263 Van Buren Village 258 CHAPTER XVII. 6reejc Township 266 "Canalers," The 271 Fatal Casualty 271 Hunting Experiences 267 Mills and Trade 272 Religious Societies 276 Schools and Tutors 273 Settlers, First 266 CHAPTER XVIII. Swan Township 277 Early Settlement 277 First Election 281 First Preaching 285 Hunting Exploits 278 La Otto Village 284 Marriage, First 282 Schools and Teachers 286 Swan Village 283 Trade and Traffic 282 CHAPTER XIX. Page. Washington Township 287 Bears and Other Beasts 291 Birth, First 288 Election, First 288 Fish Stories 292 Marriage and Death, First 288 Religious Societies 294 Roop and Other Pioneers 287 Saw-Mill, First 291 Schools 293 Biographical Sketches. Albion, Town of 363 Allen Township 415 Elkhart Township 437 Green Township 478 Jefferson Township 381 Kendallville, City of. 297 Ligonier, Town of. 332 Noble Township 467 Orange Township 399 Perry Township 354 Sparta Township 450 Swan Township 489 Washington Township 499 Wayne Township 319 York Township 467 Portraits. Alvord, Samuel 35 Bowman, John , 45 Bowman, Mrs. Mary 55 Calbeck, Joseph 230 Clapp, William M 16 Earuhart, John 239 Fisher, Eden H 199 Foster, Jehu 184 Gerber, E. B 151 Hall, William J 321 Hall, Lucinda 322 Keehn, George 165 Kimmell, Orlando 65 Kiser, Jacob 234 Riser, William S 173 Lang, Julius 75 Lash, James J 178 Mitchell, John 117 Mitchell, William 85 Ott, Abraham 249 Ott, George 276 Pancake, John 220 Prentiss, Nelson 8 Reed, L. N 131 Shifaly, John 327 Singrey, John A 189 Stanley, H. C 269 Stewart, James C 244 Teal, Norman 125 Tousley, Hiram S 25 Vanderford, Joel 95 Vanderford, Mrs. Joel 101 Voris, W. N 289 Walker, John 259 Weston, Thomas B 137 Weston, Catherine 143 Wolf, Jacob 159 Zimmerman, John 224 Views. Court House, Noble County 4 Infirmary, Noble County 279 Jail, Noble County 209 ERRATA. In note at foot of page 188, Part I, instead of Bond, read Baughan. In sketch of Leggett & Crider, on page 254, Part I, last line, instead of May 27, 1838, read May 27, 1858. In last paragraph on page 280, Part I, instead of George Eberard, Sr., read George Eberhard, Sr. •-^ys •-^Ao a/ PART I. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. CHAPTER I. by weston a. goodspeed. Physical Features of the County— Lakes, Kivers, Swamps, Etc.— Cran- berries — Meteorology— A Classification of the Advantages of Drainage — Public Health — County Medical Society — Names of Physicians— The Extent of Open and Underground Drainage— In- teresting Facts— The Origin and Nature of the Drift— A Complete History of the "Whitley County Agricultural Society" and the "Joint Stock Agricultural Association"— Fine Stock— Suggestions— A Complete History of the County Press— The Kailro ads— County Productions— School and Church Statistics. PATHOLOGICAL students have found, by patient and protracted research, that the physical and climatic conditions of a country are closely identi- fied with the bodily welfare of its inhabitants. Many diseases which devastate whole sections, sparing neither the beautiful nor the wise, and leaving countless hearts broken with the pangs of sorrow, are found to be propagated by organic growth ; and the air breathed, the water quaffed and the food eaten are more or less contaminated by the omnipresent seeds of human disorder. It thus be- comes necessary, in order to ascertain the sources of the various human infirm- ities, to study carefully and continuously the ever-changing relations between climate and disease. While the considerations of human life are, perhaps, of primary importance in questions of this nature, still that of human happiness and all its attendant and contributing elements should not be overlooked. In consequence of the imperative demands of social wants, human creatures have been led to value their property (the means of sustaining life) second only to their lives. This is decidedly natural, as it is logical to value, next to life, the means of sustaining life itself. This will account for the universal development of the desire to accumulate property. As the topographical and sanitary conditions of a country seriously affect the acquisition of property, this renders it doubly necessary to become familiar with the climatic conditions. It is the desire in the succeeding pages to point out, from the natural conditions of the county, the sources of numerous diseases, and as nearly as possible the means of avoidance. A 12 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Whitley County is bounded north by Noble County, east by Allen, south by Huntington and Wabash, and west by Wabash and Kosciusko, and at pres- ent comprises 210,458 acres of land. The southern portion is comparatively level while along the streams, and throughout the northern and central portions, the surface is more diversified. The general characteristics of the surface are similar to those of all Northern Indiana. The soil in the southern part is quite deep, is dark and rich, and is excellent for all the cereals. There are more clay and sand on the surface of the northern and central portions ; but only in a very few places is found that peculiar sterility due to a superabundance of sand, and known as " oak openings." Even these, by careful cultivation, have been im- proved. Eel River and its tributaries afford almost the entire drainage. This stream enters the county near the southeastern portion of Smith Township, takes a southwesterly course, and leaves the county near the center of the western boundary of Cleveland Township. Its principal southern branches are Sugar, Hurricane, Stony and Mud Creeks. These drain the northern parts of Cleve- land, Washington and Jefferson Townships, and the southern parts of Union and Columbia Townships. Its principal northern branches are Clear, Spring, Pike and Little St. Joe Creeks and Blue River. The former three drain north- ern Cleveland, western Columbia and about all of Richland Townships. Blue River drains northeastern Columbia and the greater portions of Smith and Thorn Creek Townships. It has several branches, the principal being Little Blue River and Thorn Creek. Troy and Etna Townships are drained almost wholly by small streams, which flow westerly into Tippecanoe River. Big In- dian Creek carries away all the superfluous water of central and southern Jef- ferson Township, and Clear Creek that of southern Washington. There are no lakes in the southern half of the county. In Smith Township is Blue River £,ake — the largest. In Thorn Creek Township are Round, Cedar, Shriner Lakes, and a portion of Crooked Lake. In Troy are Robinson's, Cedar, Goose, New, and several smaller ones. Etna Township has the greater share of Loon Lake and all of Old Lake. Several of them are fine sheets of water, with solid sandy or gravelly beaches, and, if suitably situated, could be made excellent pleasure resorts. Parties having this object in view have recently erected buildings on the shore of Loon Lake, and have boats there. There is more or less swampy land in the county, the greater portion, perhaps, being in Union, Jefferson, Smith, Washington and Columbia Townships. Thorn Creek, Smith, Troy and several others have, in places, quite extensive cranberry marshes, as well as huckleberry marshes. Several of the cranberry marshes were formerly lakes ; but, having become filled up by means of the marsh-moss Sphagnum, which has the peculiarity of slowly dying at the extremities of the roots, cran- berries sprang into life over the whole surface, while the swamp was yet very wet. The cranberry is a member of the heath family, and is known to botan- ists as Oxycoccus macrocarpus. The plant is a creeper or trailer, with slender, HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 13 hardy, woody stems, and small evergreen leaves, more or less white underneath, with single flowers borne on slender, erect pedicles, and having a pale rose corolla. The berries, which get ripe in autumn, are red, with some vellow, and are very acid. They may be gathered all winter, and are better for culinary purposes after they have been frozen, as they then require less sugar to render them palatable. Hundreds of bushels have grown in the county annually since the earliest times, and some of the citizens have derived no little income from them. Mr. Johnson, of Thorn Creek Township, gathered 250 bushels the past year, and doubtless others in the county did as well. It may be safely said that not less than eight hundred bushels were grown in the county in 1881. The mean annual temperature at Indianapolis, for the fifteen years prior to 1880, was 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The mean monthly temperature for the same time was, in degrees, January, 31.3 ; February, 36.7 ; March, 41 8 ■ April, 54.1 ; May, 64.4; June, 74.3; July, 77.7; August, 75.6; September' 67.9; October, 54.7; November, 41.6; December, 33.5. The mean annual precipitation of rain and melted snow during the same time was 43.17 inches. The monthly mean precipitation for the same time, in inches, was, January' 3.75; February, 3; March. 4.5 ; April, 3.66 ; May, 4.47 ; June, 4.36 ; Ju\v\ 4.57; August, 3.17; September, 3.63; October, 2.37; November,' 2.94 ;' December. 3.51. The prevailing direction of the wind is from the southwest', as are also the principal heavy storms ; and hence, in planting orchards or groves, the trees should be slightly leaned in that direction. March is found to be the windiest month, while August is the quietest. The humidity or moisture of the atmosphere varies with the direction of the wind, the season of the year, and the local conditions of temperature. The barometer at Indianapolis ranges annually from 29.4 inches to 30.8 inches, the average being about 30.038 inches. The above figures show very nearly the condition of things at Columbia City. The mean temperature would, perhaps, be a little colder ; otherwise but little difference would be noticed. The quantity of rain- fall during any year varies but little. If any season of the year be very dry, the remainder, usually, will be correspondingly wet. If the water does not come in the form of rain, it will appear as snow, sleet, etc. The major part of the swamp land in the county, as above hinted, was once small lakes, the water level having been lowered, or the basins having been filled, in past centuries, by deposits of decaying vegetation, or soil washed in from surrounding localities. All that is necessary to render the swamp land tillable, is to lower the water level below the point necessary for the proper growth of the roots of the various vegetable productions. This may be done either by drainage, or by raising the surface of the swamp by coverings of soil Such lands, when reclaimed, are remarkably adapted to the growth of corn* oats, vegetables and tame grasses, and, after the lapse of time, of wheat. There' are all variations of soil in the county, from swamp land to that which is so high and dry as to be unproductive. Those having land which is low and too 14 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. wet for satisfactory cultivation, should adopt that system of drainage which will lower the level of stagnant water. This can be done by open side ditches, or, what is far better, by tile drains which run across the land. It may be said that all land should be under-drained. That wet lands should be so, needs no proof, nor does it require a mathematical demonstration to show that rolling land would be benefited by the same treatment. It is clear that, in times of heavy rains, the rolling lands are washed of a large portion of their richest material ; and also, as the rain itself contains many necessary elements of fertility, if it be permitted to run off without having first passed through the soil, such elements are lost, or conveyed to the low lands. Here, then, are two causes which combine to impoverish the rolling lands. Judicious under- drainage will, in a large measure, prevent both. The following may be con- sidered a general summary of the benefits of drainage : 1. The surplus water which greatly damages the growth of crops is removed. 2. The depth of the soil increased, thus allowing the roots of plants to descend to greater and better depth for the necessary food, and beyond the action of continued droughts. , 3. Air, containing vital elements of life for the plant, is admitted to the roots. 4. The soil is enabled to absorb fertilizing substances, from the lower depths of the ground, that otherwise could not be used. 5. The decayed vegetation in the soil, and the nitrogenous food absorbed from the air during a considerable time of fair weather, are prevented from being washed away by sudden freshets. 6. Such rainfalls are passed through the surface soil, which absorbs the ammonia, nitrogen, and other plant-foods contained therein. 7. The surplus water, after passing through the surface soil, is carried off rapidly through the drains, thus preventing the severe cooling process of the evaporation of such water, and rendering the soil warm and porous. 8. The warmth and moderate moisture promote the germination of seed. '9. The cheerless labor of replanting is avoided. 10. The packing and baking of the soil is prevented ; it is left open, porous and easily pulverized. 11. Winter crops are prevented from being frozen out. 12. The damages of long-continued wet weather are avoided. 13. The surface soil from its porosity can, in times of drought, absorb moisture from the air, and draw drafts of water from the lower depths of the ground, a most desirable state of affairs. 14. The uniformity and yield of crops are satisfactory. 15. The quality of crops is greatly improved. 16. Years of useless labor are saved and enjoyed. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 15 17. The source of half the diseases incident to humanity is destroyed, and all the attendant blessings follow. Perhaps the strongest reason for a thorough system of drainage, especially about dwellings, is the certain means thus adopted for the total avoidance of the various malarial disorders resulting from the poison spread broadcast in the atmosphere by large quantities of decaying vegetation. That many of the fevers, such as typhoid, typho-malarial, intermittent, remittent, bilious, ague, etc., with their attendants, neuralgia, pneumonia, bronchitis, diphtheria and consumption, are largely due to malarial poison, is no longer a question of doubt. Neither is it longer a matter of doubt that, in order to avoid these distressing disorders, the cause must be removed ; this can only be done by judicious drainage. While people generally understand that many of the dis- eases enumerated are due to a lack of proper drainage, the real magnitude of the cause and its intimate relation to health and happiness are not fully realized. Families will continue to drink from wells that are the silt-basins of barn- yards or back-yards, implanting seeds in the blood of children that, in after years, make their appearance in the full and sorrowful fruitage of permanent blood or epidermic disorders. Doctors, as a rule, are not employed to point out the cause of human ills ; they are required to correct the disorder in the sys- tem, and to strengthen human organisms to resist malarial influence. They would probably be regarded as jesters on the important subject of human life, were they to announce ostentatiously that the cause of family sickness was due to the proximity of some neighboring swamp, and then sit down, fold their hands and make no effort to remedy the evil. At least, such a remark would be regarded as extraneous, and would be dropped forthwith from the mind, while the services of the follower of Esculapius would be expected to be directed to the immediate correction of the trouble ; and, if failure attended his efforts from the violence or permanence of the affliction, he would be branded without compunction as an ignoramus and a quack. Thus the af- flicted in their inexcusable ignorance are led to believe that the lamentable results are due to a criminal lack of skill on the part of the family physician, whereas the burden rests upon their own stupidity and mistaken judgment. It should always be born in mind that " an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," or, in other words, " a stitch in time saves nine." People should study the laws relating to health. They should become familiar with the causes of human ills, and being thus forewarned and, therefore, forearmed, they could escape many hours of suffering and, perhaps, in the end, total family extinc- tion. It is impossible to detail all the splendid results of proper drainage. Every family should understand the relation between health and happiness and the conditions of climate, and natural surroundings. This can easily be done, as there thousands of books explaining the whole subject. While Whitley County may be said to be quite a healthy locality gener- ally, still there is not a farm which could not be improved by drainage. Every- 16 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. where, throughout the warmer months, may be seen stagnant ponds and damp, heavy lowlands, from which emanate, under the heat of the sun, all the malarial ills. Although it may be regarded as a cold, fiendish cruelty to thus deprive physicians of their sources of employment, still, as man is a selfish being, caring apparantly much more for himself than for his fellows, they can hardly be authorized to require people to get sick for their amusement. However, in view of the fact that people are, to say the least, certainly careless of avoiding the results which common sense tells them will be sickness, they appear to take an altogether different view of the matter. Hence the doctors, with their pills and poultices, continue to thrive and multiply, and people as usual con- tinue to squirm and agonize with baffling disorders. Of course the doctor is always to blame, and ought to be pulverized ! The severest lash of censure and criticism should be mercilessly used upon him, for is he not paid to cure, not kill ? Ah ! there is a serious — a criminal — fault somewhere. Seriously, there should be less curing and more preventing ; less medicine and malaria, and more decision and drainage. It should be noticed here that as the southern part of the county is quite level, and contains a large percentage of decaying vegetation, malarial troubles are more prevalent there than in the central and northern portions, where the country is more rolling, and where a certain degree of necessary drainage is natural. This is the judgment of old and experienced physicians in the county. It is stated by them that, whereas, prior to some ten years ago, all the malarial disorders were alarmingly prevalent throughout the county (though perhaps cases of typhoid fever were less numerous than in surrounding coun- ties),* the general improvement in health, since about 1870, is nearly 50 per cent. Especially during the last few years has the public health undergone a marked amelioration. Why is this ? In 1869, the first noteworthy law was enacted by the State Legislature concerning the subject of drainage. For some reason the law proved largely inert, although about $10,000 was ex- pended in those localities where drainage was imperatively necessary. In 1875, another and a much better enactment came into effect. This law made it incumbent upon the County Commissioners to hear ali petitions of the citizens for the location of ditches ; to weigh and accept or reject remonstrances or objections to the construction of such ditches; to appoint the necessary viewers and engineers; to assess the citizens unquestionably benefited along the route of the ditch in proportion to the advantage each received, and to audit all claims presented by those entitled to remuneration for services. The imperative requirements and expected advantages of t v his law have been realized in a marked degree within the last five years, although in 1881 an additional provision was enacted, whereby the jurisdiction of the County Commissioners, in matters of drainage, was curtailed, and the greater portion of their duties in this regard was transferred to the action of the Circuit Court. Whether, *Dr. Linvill, Columbia City. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 17 under the new order of things, the same results will be accomplished, remains for the future to reveal. When it is known that some ten petitions for ditches aid now being favorably considered by this court, and that others will follow rapidly in their wake as the years proceed, those who have made the question of public health a matter of earnest solicitude will have no reason to feel dejected. The following unparalleled results have been accomplished since 1875 (about five and one-half years), although the figures must not be regarded as exact : NAME OF DITCH. Sugar Richard's Capp & Luicke's Humbarger's Taylor's Krumbnrger's Jeffrey's Mowrey's Emerick's Schcenauer's Pachniche's La wrence' s Wade's Sell's Funk's Long's Lehman & Decker's... Boggs & Hull's Huffman's Smith & Braden's Winter's Smith's Mossman's Schrader's Alexander's Meredith's Stumpff & Huffman's. Clark's Smith & Heneley's Ackley's Maynard's Jehu Clark's Miller's S. H. Clark's Location. Washington Township Washington Township Washington Township Thorn Creek Township Jefferson Township Washington Township Smith Township Jefferson Township Union and Jefferson Townships Jefferson Township Columbia Township Union and Columbia Townships... Smith and Thorn Creek Townships Washington Township Cleveland Township Washington Township Washington Township Smitti Township Washington Township Jefferson Township Union Township Jefferson Township Union Township Union Township Washington Township Columbia Township Cleveland Township Union Township Columbia Township Smith Township Richland Township Union Township Smith Township Union Township Length in Date of Feet. Construc'n. 1876 45200 16600 1876 7700 1876 8400 1876 493o 1876 20740 1877 8600 1877 56827 1877 32726 1877 4100 1878 5600 1878 34200 1878 18180 1878 33402 1879 10400 1879 10780 1879 15445 1879 16860 1879 16120 1879 33186 1879 19595 1880 11432 1880 24875 1880 8100 1880 24267 1880 20904 1880 8700 1880 13426 1880 27474 1881 15959 1881 16442 1881 13426 1881 16314 1881 16600 1882 Total Cost. $4950 1200 825 612 990 1050 600 3440 1374 308 291 2373 1103 2971 1488 707 1007 1585 1532 2248 1550 1080 2022 572 2153 1968 401 1726 5609 1930 3083 1952 1900 2000 The above making a total of 34 ditches, 8 townships, 627,420 feet or 118.83 miles, 6 years, time and a total cost of $58,610. From this remarkable exhibit, it will be seen that within a period of about six years the enormous amount of nearly $60,000 has been expended in con- structing ditches, whose aggregate lengths exceed one hundred and eighteen miles. It is safe to say that within the next six or eight years as much more will be done. The people of the county have at last awakened from their Rip Van Winkle sleep, have rolled up their sleeves, and now mean business. It is no trouble for them to see the really excellent results, not merely of the increase in the value of lands, but also of the more important improvement in the public health. The vast decrease in malarial disorders in the county within 18 • HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. the last few years is undoubtedly mainly due to the extensive systems of drain- age adopted. Prior to 1870, and more particularly in early years, the malarial fevers raged with unabated fury, shaking whole families most pitilessly, carry- ing away to the silent graveyard the young and the old, and defying the utmost energy and skill of the pioneer physician. A removal of the cause is steadily accomplishing what the physicians could not. The removal of the forests, where large quantities of leaves and twigs were constantly decaying, and the cultivation of the soil where the heat and light of the sun have been permitted to destroy the malaria, have contributed largely to the improvement in health. From reasons appearing in this chapter, it will be seen that of the two systems of drainage — open ditch and underground ditch — the latter is far preferable. This has been recognized by the citizens of the county for many years, and the $60,000 spent for open ditches is only a portion of the amount spent for drain- age. The manufacture of tile was begun at quite an early day, but did not begin to assume excellent proportions until soon after the war. Then several good factories sprang into existence, but were unable to supply the demand, and others were started. Since about 1867, there has been a constantly increasing demand for tile, and mill after mill has been built, until at present some eleven or twelve are in the county, manufacturing in the aggregate about 45,000 rods of tiling annually, the greater portion of which finds a ready sale in the county. When the reader learns that some twenty-five miles of tiling are laid annually, and that this seems to be constantly increasing, it will be observed that the land owners know what they are about. They notice the great improvement in the land, and they also notice the excellent effects upon the general health. A number of brick kilns have started up to supply such work as is in their line. The quantity manufactured in the county annually could not. at this writing, be ascertained. Whitley County has had good physicians — men who could go beyond the mere technical performance of their duties and trace results to their causes — men who could sweep out into the vast depths of consistent theory and skill- fully unite their ideas and their practices. In accordance with the wishes of the leading medical men of the county, who had often before favorably consid- ered the matter, an organization called the u Whitley County Medical Associa- tion," was effected during the spring of 1868, at which time the following well- known physicians became (so to speak) charter members : S. S. Austin, Martin Ireland, D. G. Linvill, A. P. Mitten, Mr. Pierce, W. H. Coyle, Mr. Kirkpat- rick, J. B. Firestone, Elijah Merriman, David Strouse, W. S. Ferguson and J. W. Miller. Dr. Stephen S. Austin was chosen President, Dr. A. P. Mitten, Secretary, and Dr. Martin Ireland, Treasurer. There was also appointed a board of three censors, Dr. D. G. Linvill being one of them. A constitution and by-laws was adopted, detailing the duties of the individual members, and outlining the results to be accomplished by the Association. The object was similar to that of all organizations of the kind. Theses on the theory and -. > ■.*' '-'■■' *JP£iiiHft r^MMmsm '"" ""''^.Tfc"*?"*--'-- ; HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 21 practice of medicine, written by the members in rotation, were to be read at every meeting. As far as possible, the examination of interesting clinics before the association was conducted. During the brief period of the existence of the association (about two years) there was so much sickness in the county that the members had but little spare time to devote to the requirements of their organization, and as a necessary result the proceedings became sickly, probably to correspond with the times, until at last the whole thing was abandoned. This was very unfortunate to the citizens of the county, as intelligent consul- tation among physicians on questions of health is sure to develop all the latest and best methods of practice. The association should be revived. Several physicians in the county are members of the American Medical Association. The following is as complete a list as could be obtained of medical practitioners who have lived in Columbia City, with approximate dates of their coming : Francis L. McHugh, 1840 ; James B. Sincoke, 1842 ; J. T. Beebe, 1845 ; A. H. Tyler, 1846; Samuel Marshall, 1846; William W. Martin, 1848; Peter L. Cole, 1846 ; Francis A. Rogers, 1848 ; William M. Swayze, 1849 ; David G. Linvill, 1849; S. G. A. Reed, 1851 ; Doctor Myers, 1852; William Morris, 1852; Henry Gregg, 1853; Charles Kinderman, 1853; Joseph Harper, 1854; Doctor Knouse, 1854; J. B. Firestone, 1854; Martin Ireland, 1855; Dr. Parkey, 1856; Stephen Majors, 1856; James Z. Gower, 1856 ; James Toler- ton, 1860 ; A. L. Sandmire, 1863 ; William T. Ferguson, 1864 ; Henry Safford, 1864; Franklin McCoy, 1865; John Foster, 1865; C. C. Sutton, 1864: A. P. Mitten, 1867 ; William Weber, 1870 ; J. E. Lawrence, 1870 ; W. W. Walkup, 1872 ; D. M. Marshall, 1873 ; Charles S. Williams, 1873 ; N. I. Kechcart, 1876 ; John Maine, 1876, and C. L. Cass, 1880. So much has been said in Part II of this volume regarding the geology of Northern Indiana, that but little more need be added. The entire county is deeply covered with what is known as "'the drift." Owing to certain changes, made during long periods of years, in the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit, the poles are alternately locked in ice and intense cold, and, after the lapse of some 21,000 years, are again admitted to the heat and general effects of the sun. These facts are apparent for many reasons, one being the presence of vast coal beds in high latitudes, which could only have been formed under a tropical sun, and another being the presence in this lati- tude of the drift, which could only have come here from northern regions through the agency of melted ice moving southward as the polar region slowly became warmer. That all the surface of Northern Indiana, including Whitley County, is covered to the depth of from one hundred to two hundred feet with soil that has been transported here from Northern latitudes, is no longer doubted or questioned by geologists. Keeping in view what has been said above, the whole theory is that all this heavy surface of drift has been brought here from British America by glaciers and icebergs. While the north pole was turned farther away from the sun, it became bound in vast, icy chains ; then through 22 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. the centuries, as the pole slowly returned toward the sun, the ice of the vast northern glacier began to melt on its southern extremity, and was necessarily forced slowly and surely toward the south. Uplands and hills were planed off, and the shavings (so to speak — meaning the soil scraped off), were transported on their icy scrapers toward the south, until at last, the sun of lower latitudes having melted the ice, the load of the vast scraper was dropped upon the earth. Afterward, when the vast glacier had been broken into innumerable icebergs by the sun's heat, the enormous quantities of soil that had been previously dropped were ground down and made comparatively smooth, as these icebergs steadily and obediently moved southward. They also, no doubt, carried more or less soil with them from the north. The movements of these glaciers and icebergs were not always directly south, though they universally had a general southerly motion. The exact direction of their motion is readily told by "glacial markings" or strice. These are scratchings, and other marks, made by the ice on beds of stone, etc., the directions of the marks being the same as the motion of the ice. This was, of course, thousands of years ago — long prior to the present approved chronology of the antiquity of " Fossil Man." Since then, either the waters have receded, or the land has arisen, or both, and the country we now occupy has, for scores of centuries, been above the surface of the sea, subject to the action of the elements. The difference between the sur- face soil and that down at a depth of a yard or more is due to the disintegrat- ing action of freezing and thawing, rain and shine, through successive centuries. Beside this, the surface soil has been largely mingled with many and minute forms of decaying vegetation. It must be borne in mind that directly underfoot, just beneath the great mass of drift, are large beds of excellent limestone, and, possibly, sandstone. It is tantalizing to think that within 200 feet of the surface is an abundance of fine and durable building stone, as free as water, yet practically so distant that the effort to reach it is not made. Geologists, who have studied the soil of Northern Indiana, are of the opinion that just underneath the drift are the large beds of Niagara limestone. Scattered throughout the drift in varying quanti- ties is an abundance of granite bowlders ; these, with a few exceptions, furnish the only native available building stone. The bowlders are much used; though, if anything extra in the way of stone is wanted, it is shipped in from abroad. In Thorn Creek Township, quite a quantity of limestone bowlders were un- earthed a number of years ago, but not in paying quantities. Sandstone has been found in Troy and Etna. Peat-beds are found in almost every township. Bog iron ore is also found in considerable quantity in nearly all the larger tracts of low, wet land. Union Township has several excellent beds, as have Columbia, Thorn Creek, Troy, Richland, and, perhaps, others. However, it is not at all probable that the time will come when it will be profitable to work up this ore ; the following table will show in an imperfect way the native prod- ucts of some of the townships : HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 23 PRODUCTS. o u • a a o S s o a o J3 H ■a a > o 3 -3 a o 3 2 '3 C3 a en "3 O 435 30 1 123 69 4 18 5 "38 10 "io 466 123 21 9 2 172 20 It is certain that if Whitley would gather all her cranberries and report them to the Assessor, there would be found annually not less than eight hundred bushels of this excellent berry. There are not far from one hundred acres of cranberry swamp in the county. The supply from each acre, on the average, is much smaller, owing largely to the drainage of the marshes. This will con- tinue until cranberries will no longer grow. They will fade away like the In- dian race. In the month of May, 1856, in pursuance of public notice posted and pub- lished through the county, a large meeting of the public-minded and personally interested was held at the court house for the purpose of effecting the organiza- tion of a county agricultural society.* For several years previous to this event, the more prominent and intelligent men throughout the county had often in- dulged in speculations regarding the propriety of the formation of such a soci- ety. It was thus ascertained and mutually agreed, that the advantages to the material prosperity and wealth of the county demanded a speedy organization of a society that should have for its object the manifest improvement of all those vital pursuits in which the citizens of the county were so materially interested. The conclusion reached was that an agricultural society should be immediately organized. At that day Whitley County had not that development of native resources so perceptible at present. Large portions of its lands were unculti- vated, or, at best, scarcely out of that deplorable condition so familiar in newly settled localities. Yet its farmers at that time were generally aware of the ne- cessity and advantage of keeping pace with all improved methods or systems of cultivating the soil or rearing stock. The advantages resulting from learned consultation on all questions touching the management of farms, were plainly apparent to all the more intelligent citizens. These and other important con- siderations led to the formation, as above stated, of the " Whitley County Ag- ricultural Society." Early in the meeting, it was decided that the payment of $1, by any citizen, into the treasury, should constitute membership. This was done by about one hundred prominent men in all parts of the county ; and the society then began electing its officers, appointing its Directors (one from each township), and drafting and adopting its constitution and by-laws. James L. Collins became President, and Isaiah B. McDonald, Secretary. The names of the other officers and of the Directors cannot be recalled. At this meeting, or soon afterward, it was announced that a fair would be held in Columbia City * Many of these facts are given from the recollection of Col. I. B. McDonald. 24 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. for four days during the following September, the display of all the various and usual departments to be held in the court house and court yard, and in the McDonald Schoolhouse standing on the site of the present McDonald House. Quite a collection of agricultural implements and farm stock (horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, etc.), was exhibited in the court yards to view which no admission fee was charged. But, to look upon all the finer pro- ductions of the farm and household, the payment of 25 cents was absolutely necessary, such sum serving to admit to both the court house, where the grains and vegetable productions were on exhibition, and to the schoolhouse, or " floral hall," where the various domestic articles of use or fancy were to be seen. The first fair thus held was an encouraging success. It is stated by several to have been much better than many of those held since. As there was no track, of course there was no racing of any kind — except the racing for official honors. The present County Clerk's office was headquarters, whence issued all those orders and decisions determining the awarding of premiums. The great major- ity of those who took premiums immediately donated them to the society. Thus the fair was annually held in the court house and yard and in the schoolhouse for three years. In February, 1859, the society contracted with Henry Duffin for outlot No. 22 of the original plat of the town of Columbia City, the same bounded on the south by the reserve line, and including within its limits the channel of Blue River, and comprising nine acres, one rod and eight perches, the consideration for such land being $275. The first fair on this ground was held during the autumn of 1859 ; but there were many serious drawbacks, as the ground was an ineligible site, being damp and confined, and, to add to the depressed condition of affairs, the novelty in having a fair had passed away, and the voice of a leader to infuse life into the drooping energies of the citizens was demanded but unheard. It must not be understood by this that proper interest had disappeared. It had simply flagged, and needed the magnetism of a leader to kindle opinion into action. Perhaps, no man has done more for the society than Isaiah B. McDonald. Among those who early identified themselves with the society may be mentioned I. B. McDonald, James L. Cotlins, Richard Collins, William Rice, Daniel Rice, Jacob Nickey, Francis Tulley, A. M. Trumbull, John Q. and Andrew Adams, Levi Adams, Henry McLallen, Sr., Benjamin Cleveland, Thomas Cleveland, Thomas Neal, Martin Bechtel, John Brenneman, Francis Mossman, John A. Kauffman, James H. Shaw, Samuel Rouch, Robert Spear, Lemuel Devault, Henry Swihart, John S. Cotton, James Grant, Dr. S. S. Austin, James W. Long, Dr. D. G. Linvill, C. W. Hughes, J. T. Long, A. Y. Hooper, C. D. Waidlich, Jacob Slesman, George Everhard, Sr., J. B. Sterling, W. D. Reed, G. W. Lawrence, J. W. Crowel, Reason Huston, R. M. Paige, J. M. Sherwood, Frederick Humberger, G. T. Klink, W. H. Widup, George Ream. A. T. Martin, Thomas Washburn, Otis W. Minor, H. F. Crabill, Edward Beckley, J. B. Edwards and several others. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 25 From the organization of the society, onward for many years, the fair did not amount to as much as its friends had hoped and expected. Some years the receipts were unequal to meet the expenses, and the members were often called on for funds from their private stores to meet the deficiency. At other times the fair was a decided success in attendance, display and interest ; and the officers of the society came out laughing, and enjoying the encourag- ing results. During the years 1861, 1862 and 1863, all attempts to continue the fair were abandoned. The citizens had put on the gaudy armor of war, and were prepared to obey that stirring command of Gen. Dix : " If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." Under the stern and repeated calls to arms, and the general abandonment of labor, all the peaceful pursuits languished and were neglected. The fair was left to its fate, as, not only was it thought that the bloody scenes of war might be carried into Northern Indiana, but also that the disloyal element in the North might break into open, determined and successful revolt. However, in 1864, and onward, the citizens were again called upon to renew their interest in agricultural pursuits and display. But little improvement was made on the old ground, though, at the start, a tight board fence had been built, and a few sheds and board buildings constructed ; but probably all the improvements made did not cost more than $500. After the war the society did better. Greater interest was displayed by greater attendance and more numerous entries. For several years prior to 1870, the society felt that it could afford larger and better grounds, and considerable controversy with that object in view was indulged in. At last, in August, 1870, the grounds were sold to Richard Collins for $600 cash, the deed being signed by Cyrus B. Tulley, President, and J. W. Adair, Secretary. At the same time, or perhaps pre- vious to this conveyance, arrangements had been made to purchase the present grounds, a tract of twenty and twelve-hundredths acres, situated on the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 3, Columbia Township. No sooner were the old grounds sold, than the new were purchased of John Brand, for $2,452. About $1,600 of this amount the society assumed as indebtedness, held in the form of notes. A proviso in the deed conveying the old ground reserved the right to remove the fencing, lumber, pumps and accumulated stone. All this was taken to the new grounds, upon which some $1,500 improvements were made. This caused a further increase of the indebtedness. A consider- able portion of these liabilities was paid off annually from the receipts of the fairs that were held in 1870, 1871 and 1872 ; but there still remained an out- standing obligation of something over $2,000. Portions of this amount were held in the form of notes by Lemuel Devault, Foust & Wolf and C. D. Waid- lich. At the April terra, 1873, of the Whitley County Circuit Court, Lemuel Devault and Foust & Wolf recovered judgment, each, for something over $600, which, with costs attached, amounted to $717.34, or both claims to $1,434.68. To meet this judgment, the court ordered the issuance of an execution against 26 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. the property of the society (the fair grounds), directing the Sheriff to raise the necessary funds to satisfy the judgment from the sale of the rents or the sale of the property. In compliance with this order, the County Sheriff, J W.- Miller, on the court house steps, on the 19th day of July, 1873, first offered for sale the rents and profits of the fair grounds for a period of seven years ; but, receiving no bid, he thereupon, at auction, sold the fair grounds to C. D. Waidlich for $2,055. The claims of Messrs. Devault and Foust & Wolf were immediately satisfied, and that of Mr. Waidlich was, of course, merged in his purchase. At this time the society had no heart to continue its annual fairs. Something, however, must be done. After careful deliberation, fiftv citizens of the county organized themselves into the "Whitley County Joint Stock Agricultural Association," each member paying into the general treasury $100, or rather subscribing that amount, which constituted one share. Some of the original subscriptions were not paid and other members were taken in who were able to meet the demand. The names of the original subscribers areas follows: A. F. Martin, Nathan Chapman, Henry Chapman, C. F. Marchand, Matthew Taylor, A. M. Trumbull, S. J. W. Elliott, R. A. Jellison, M. B. Emerson, Enos Goble, Eli W. Brown, Theodore Reed, J. S. Hartsock, Joseph W. Adair, John Brand, C. D. Waidlich, Phillip Anthes, R. Tuttle, A. Y. Hooper, G. W. Hollinger, G. M. Bainbridge, I. B. McDonald, J. C. Cheyney, F. H. Foust, H. C. Yontz, John B. Sterling, W. M. Appleton, Henry Knight, John Q. Adams, Fred Humbarger, E. W. Barney, J. W. Yontz, Andrew Adams, M. D. Garrison, James Garrison, W. M. Crowel, S. B. Kelsey, James Broxen, Silas Briggs, G. W. Lawrence, J. H. Shaw, John F. Lawrence, Levi Waugh, Lemuel Devault, David W. Nickey and two or three others. As above stated, the shares were worth $100 each. No one man took more than two shares, but, since they are transferable, several of the stockholders have owned more than two in later years. Since the creation of the joint-stock company the fairs have been successful; though at no time, except the year 1882, has a dividend been struck. The property of the com- pany is valued at about $7,000 ; the shares are worth in cash, each, $125. Immediately upon its organization, the company purchased the fair grounds of Mr. Waidlich for $4,231.37 ; the transfer being completed in July, 1874. After this for a number of years the stockholders were often required to pay their subscription of stock to Mr. Waidlich, to satisfy his claims for the selling price. At the present writing the company is entirely out of debt, and smiles with supreme satisfaction and glee as it contemplates the several hundred dollars of revenue on hand. But this satisfactory condition of things has not been attained without repeated discouragements. Sometimes the association has been very feeble, almost on its last legs ; but, by the repeated use of proper stimulants, it has regained its usual activity and vigor. If the writer has been correctly informed, there is no man in the county who has followed tlte occupation of rearing fine-blooded stock to the exclusion HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 27 of other pursuits. While there is a strong demand for such stock, yet but few men in the county can afford to pay the enormous prices asked when they know that five times out often they are likely to draw a blank. There are several men in the county who have taken considerable interest in the rearing of fine stock, Amon 187 125 7 356 300 Troy 141 63 88 608 156 188 200 Smith 146 Total 1458 788 2246 The total amount that has been paid to the railroad, up to the present time, is $98,088.07. The movement to vote aid to the road was met with severe oppo- sition. But the friends of the measure were successful, and saddled the burden of tax upon the county. It was money well spent, as the road was no sooner completed than the farmer could receive a better price for his grain than he could at Fort Wayne. This makes Columbia City one of the best grain and 32 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. shipping markets on the Pittsburgh Road. The writer was unable to obtain many interesting facts regarding this road, which, within the last year or two, has passed to the control of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Company. There was but one man in the county who could have given the facts necessary for a complete history of the relations between this road and the county, and he, when politely asked to impart such information as would interest the citizens of the county, refused it for reasons purely his own. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad is now being built across the southern part of the county. It is reported that the citizens at South Whitley have contributed $ 5,000 to id the road, and, along the line in this county, individual help will amount to about as much more. It would be impossible to vote a tax in the county to aid the road. The following valuable compilation of school and church statistics of 1879 will prove of interest to the citizens, as a matter of reference : SCHOOLS. STATE OF FUND. Amount on hand Amount loaned . . Total Common School Fund. $1,967 54 17,495 17 $19,462 71 Congressional School Fund. $3,641 85 13,636 75 $17,278 60 Total. $5,609 39 31,131 92 $36,741 31 CHURCHES. Number of Organizations. MEMBERS. Admitted to Membership during 1879. Q U a B £ <~ - °t 9 - ■a* > 1 = ID © 00 a 9 c M H u S J3 53 O "o o •° _: O 00 £ si H «> goo go o O. DENOMINATIONS. 00 "3 CD CD ■* a © Average Attendanc on Worshi 1 1 1 3 3 2 45 3 12 174 102 49 20 40 55 5 16 160 104 62 20 50 6 850 10 1 50 120 30 800 13000 11000 10700 2000 6000 3000 7000 2030 1720 1575 150 700 150 128 70 593 291 226 300 10 340 75 100 2 1 3 17 7 40 67 92 134 28 500 6 155 170 Totals 537 606 51 54350 6705 365 1355 1172 The following valuable statistics of are found in the report of the Assessors Bushels of wheat 442,810 Bushels of corn Bushels of oats Bushels of barley Bushels of rye Bushels of Irish potatoes. Bushels of sweet potatoes. 711,604 231,357 2 222 49,643 372 the county are for the year 1879, and of April, 1880 : Pounds of tobacco 796 Bushels of buckwheat 1,166 Tons of timothy hay 16,255 Bushels of hay seed 435 Bushels of clover seed 9,270 Bushels of blue grass seed 114 Bushels of flax seed 20,660 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 33 Bushels of hemp seed Bushels of fall apples Bushels of winter apples Bushels of pears Bushels of peaches Bushels of plums Bushels of cranberries Bushels of quinces Pounds of grapes Gallons of strawberries Gallons of other berries Gallons of cherries , Gallons of cider Gallons of vinegar Gallons of wine Gallons of sorghum molasses. Gallons of maple molasses Pounds of maple sugar , Acres of orchards , Pounds of butter Stands of bees Pounds of wool , 402 61,021 36,575 744 195 9 172 14 20,415 964 4,749 9,314 129,885 11,261 669 8,833 1,963 3,534 3,153 323,142 1,590 40,209 Dozens of eggs sold 240,620 Pounds of feathers picked 2,078 Number of horses 5,013 Number of mules 200 Number of cattle 12,261 Number of sheep 14,000 Value of personal property. * $1,480,540 County population, 1880 16,941 Value of real property $4,004,381 Taxable polls 2,736 Unsatisfied mortgages $13,790 Voters in 1880 4,203 Enumerated school children 5,872 Acres of land 210,458 Value of land $3,360,598 Value of improvements $643,783 Miles of railroad 40.18 Valuation for taxation $3,801,992 Miles of common road 677 Value of school buildings $92,875 Value of church buildings $95, 720 Value of public county buildings... $67,570 CHAPTER II. by weston a. goodspeed. The Mound-Builders of Whitley County — Their Origin and Customs— The Structure and Contents of their Mounds— The Miamis and the Pottawatomies— Cession Treaties of Indian Lands— The Indian Res- ervations in Whitley County— The Defeat of Harmar and LaBalme —Mish-e-ken-o-qua— Cessions of the Reservations— Peculiar Customs of the Natives — Interesting Incidents — Departure Beyond the Mississippi. " An Indian chief went forth to fight, And bravely met the foe ; His eye was keen, his step was light, His arm was unsurpassed in might, But on him fell the gloom of night, An arrow laid him low : His widow sang with simple tongue, When none could hear or see, Ah,cher ami!" — Anonymous. T I \BE wisest antiquarians are at loss to account whence the Mound-Builders -■- originated, and what eventually caused them to fade away, leaving nothing behind save their crumbling bones and habitations. There is an attractive mys- tery enveloping their ancestry, their peculiar lives and final fate, that proves a constant bar to the investigations of scientific men. That a peculiar people inhabited this country prior to its occupation by the Indians, is no longer a mat- ter of doubt. That they were of a higher antiquity than the Indians, is not doubted by men who have studied the subject; nor is it doubted that they pos- 34 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. sessed a higher civilization than the red race found here by the first white set- tlers. Their osseous structure, their manner of living, their type of habitation, and their customs regarding their ceremonies over and burial of their dead, render it improbable that they were the ancestors of the Indian tribes. This view is taken by the majority of students. It is found, with reasonable cer- tainty, that the people were agricultural in their pursuits, of necessity, as they were too numerous to live by the chase alone. They had large farms, but what they raised is a mystery. They cultivated the ground with stone implements; in fact, all their implements were of stone, or copper, or, perhaps, some acci- dental metal they had found and had worked into rude ornaments or imple- ments. They were weavers of a coarse cloth made from reeds, strong grass, or the inner bark of trees ; and their weaving implements are found in all direc- tions. They manufactured earthenware with a considerable degree of skill and intelligence ; and large quantities of vessels of this character are often found buried in mounds, probably intended for that purpose. Their large and small earthen or stone embankments indicate much regarding this people. They show that animals, birds, beasts, and, probably, the sun, moon or stars, were worshiped. Animals and, probably, human beings were immolated to secure the favor of the being worshiped by the Mound-Builders. \ Several mounds have been discovered in Whitley County, and a few of them have been opened by novices, and as a consequence the more important features have been lost or overlooked. It may be stated in general that, in this locality, the earthworks are of three kinds — sepulchral, where the dead lie buried ; sacrificial, where offerings were burned to gain the favor of the deity ; and memorial mounds, which were erected to commemorate some great event, similar to the Bunker Hill Monument, or to that beautiful column of marble on the bloody field of Gettysburg. A number of years ago, a sepulchral mound was opened about three miles east of Columbia City, and a quantity of crumbling bones and a few stone implements were taken therefrom. This was a sepulchral mound, and, if a cross-section had been examined, the alter- nate layers of clay, sand and small cemented pebbles would have been seen. This kind of mound was wisely made. There was first the stratum of fine gravel, almost as good as cement, placed directly over the skeletons ; next was a hardpan of clay that was almost as impervious to water as the cement ; then came a stratum of sand that would carry all percolating water down the sides of the mounds and away from the skeletons. It is maintained on good authority that corpses, placed under these conditions, with additional strata of earth above the sand, will be pre- served for centuries. The burden of authority places the erection of the mounds throughout the country at a period preceding the Christian era and co-existent with the old Assyrian, Egyptian and Babylonian nations. People who do not understand the structure of the mounds, quite naturally believe the impossibility of such an extended preservation of the skeletons. Those who nave never examined the soil above these moldering bones, are the ones who assert that the HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 35- skeletons could not be preserved longer than about one hundred years. The sacrificial mounds — those where a considerable quantity of charcoal and ashes are found — were unnecessarily built in the same manner. Charcoal and ashes buried in the ground under any conditions will keep for ages. This proves that the Mound-Builders were not aware of the preservative qualities of those substances. Several mounds have been opened in the county, in which charcoal has been found. If carefully examined, these mounds will present the following char- acteristics always present in sacrificial mounds. A small earthen altar, sometimes two or more yards square, in the center and at the bottom of the mound, upon which is often found a bushel or more of charcoal and ashes, often mingled with the half consumed bones of the animals that were burned to pro- pitiate the deity. Over this altar are found the strata of earth already men- tioned. A careful person can trace the shape and size of the altar, by first making an excavation in the center, going down until the charcoal is reached, and then following the latter out on all sides. The altar is generally about a foot above the surface soil, and is often burned into a sort of brick by the repeated fires upon it. Nothing of note is ever found in the memorial mounds proper. No attention to the strata of earth seems to have been paid. Some of the sepulchral mounds contain not a vestige of human remains ; this is due to the careless structure and location of the mounds, where the conditions of rapid decay were not avoided. These mounds can be told from memorial mounds by the structure. The writer learns from various sources that there are mounds in the following townships : Etna, Jefferson, on its eastern line, Troy, Thorn Creek, Smith, Union, and possibly in Columbia and Cleveland. Openings have been made in the most of them, and bones, charcoal, ornaments and im- plements have been discovered. Real Indian graves are found here and there in the county ; but they must not be confounded with those of the Mound- Builder. The earthworks in northeastern Union Township are probably the remains of an old Indian village. Indian skeletons have been found there. Occasionally a horse-shoe is found there to indicate the presence of white men, probably French. Care should always be used in examining mounds. The Indian history of Whitley County, though somewhat meager of prominent events, contains many items that will prove of interest to those who are passing their lives where, less than a century ago, the native North Ameri- can roamed unmolested. Previous to the appearance in Eastern Ohio of that hardy and courageous race of earliest pioneers, all the country, whose proxi- mate corners were Detroit, the mouth of the Scioto River, the mouth of the Wabash River, and the southern point of Lake Michigan, was the property of the Twigtwees, or Miamis.* Within this vast scope of country they had lived *At the treaty of Greenyille, in 1795, Little Turtle, a distinguished Miami chief, said to Gen. Wayne: " I hope you will pay attention to what I now say. * * * It is well known by all my brothers present that my forefather kindled the firnt fire at Detroit; from thence he extended his liries to the head waters of the Scioto ; from thence to its mouth ; from thence d >wn the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash, and from thence to Chicago, on Lake- Michigan." — American State Papers, Indian Affairs, I, 570. 36 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. through many generations, engaged in all the barbarous and peculiar customs of savage tribes. Here they were found as early as 1672 by French traders and missionaries, and here they had undoubtedly lived for centuries before. As the dauntless white settlers of the East began to cross the Alleghany Mount- ains, and invade the Indian territory northwest of the Ohio River, the lands of the latter were slowly yielded to the resolute and unscrupulous former, though not without countless effusions of blood ; and the red race which had so long occupied the country, and which manifested that unfaltering devotion to the memory of ancestors and home that is always exhibited by semi-barbar- ous man, was compelled to retire westward and join other tribes. It thus oc- curred that numerous Ohio tribes were obliged to appeal to the Miamis, and were allotted portions of territory within the broad domain of the latter. Slowly but surely the tide of emigration swept westward, forcing the savages back into the unexplored wilderness, until, finally, the Miamis were induced to cede portions of their territory to the avaricious whites. Numerous treaties for the purpose of securing peace or cessions of land were effected, and the imposture then often practiced was sooner or later perceived by the Indians, who, thereupon, resented the indignity with frequent and bloody onslaughts on the border settlements. The native North American was not the most tracta- ble and reasonable creature in the world ; yet, after he had spent the pittance paid him for his land, his intellect was sufficiently acute to see that he had been fleeced. He knew of but one way to redress his wrongs; that was to imitate the bloody example of Logan and "fully glut his vengeance." Consequently, the border settlements were laid waste. Scores of expeditions were sent out to subdue the Indians, destroy their crops and villages, and disperse the inhabitants — no one cared where. Several expeditions of this character were sent to Indiana, some of which suffered severe defeats at the hands of the infuriated savages. During the latter part of the last century and the first of the present one, Ko-ki-on-ga (Fort Wayne) was one of the most important of the Miami villages. This tribe was really a confederacy — the Twigtwees, or Miamis proper, the Weas or Ouiatenous, the Shockeys, and the Piankeshaws. The first treaty made with the Miamis was held before Benjamin Shoe- maker, Joseph Turner and William Logan, at Lancaster, Province of Penn- sylvania, in 1748, the tribe being represented by Aque-nack-qua, As-se-pau-sa and Nat-oe-que-ha. At this treaty, the Miamis pledged themselves firm friends of the English. They remained so until the time of colonial independence, and even after that, for they generally sided against the colonies and fought for England. The treaties afterward held between the United States Commissioners and the Miamis were as follows : Greenville, August 3, 1795 ; Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803 ; Vincennes, August 7, 1803 ; Vincennes, August 27, 1804 ; Grouse- land, August 21, 1805 ; Vincennes, December 30, 1805 ; Fort Wayne, Sep- tember 30, 1809 ; Vincennes, October 26, 1809 ; St. Mary's, Ohio, October 2, 1818; same, October 6, .1818 ; Vincennes, August 11, 1820; near mouth of HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 37 Mississinewa River, October 3, 1826 ; with the Eel River Miamis, near Wabash, February 3, 1828 ; Forks of Wabash, October 23, 1834 ; ratified November 10, 1837; Forks of Wabash, November 6, 1838; Forks of Wabash, November 28, 1840. As Whitley County has but little to do with any tribe of Indians, except the Eel River Miamis, reference to any others will be omitted, save where it is necessary to connect the narrative. At the treaty of Greenville, the Miamis ceded to the whites (among other lands) " one piece two miles square, on the Wabash River, at the end of the portage from the Miami (Maumee) of the lake, and about eight miles westward from Fort Wayne." As the end of the portage in high water was at the mouth of the Aboite River, and about eight miles west of Fort Wayne, this ceded land might have been partly in Whitley County, as the Wabash is twice eight miles from Fort Wayne. All along Eel River, and on some of its branches, where the streams were of considerable size, the Eel River Miamis had resided for many years. About the year 1820, much of the land in Whitley County was claimed by the Miamis ; and the greater portion of that north of the Wabash was claimed by the Pottawatomies. This will be seen more fully farther along. At the Greenville treaty, it was agreed that thereafter the sum of $500 should be paid annually to the Eel River tribe, with the following proviso : If the tribe shall hereafter, at any annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, be furnished accordingly. This treaty was signed on behalf of the Eel River band by Sha-me-kun- ne-sau, or Soldier, their chief. The principal village of this band was on Eel River, about six miles from its mouth, and was known among the Indians as Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua, and by the whites as Thorntown, or in French, l'Anguille. On the evening of the 7th of August, 1791, Gen. Wilkinson, at the head of about five hundred and twenty-five men, destroyed this town, killing six war- riors and (accidentally) two squaws and a child, and taking thirty-four prisoners, with the loss of two men killed and one wounded. Nearly all the warriors, about one hundred and fifty, were absent at the time. Prior to this, in autumn, 1780, a Frenchman named La Balme recruited about thirty men at Kaskaskia, and, going thence to Vincennes, was joined by about as many more. The design was to attack Detroit. He moved up the Wabash River to capture, first, the British trading-post, at Fort Wayne. He succeeded in surprising the traders (nearly all the Indians were away at the time), though they artfully eluded him ; whereupon he plundered the post, his men filling themselves with whisky, and retired to a point about where the Erie Canal crosses the Aboite River ; or, perhaps, to the old Indian village near there, on the line between Allen and Whitley Counties, where, in fancied security, he encamped for the night. While himself and band were locked in slumber, the 38 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Indians, headed by the distinguished Miami chief, Little Turtle, or Mish-e- ken-o-qua, fell upon them, and slaughtered almost the entire party. A few succeeded in effecting their escape. This massacre was undoubtedly partly within the limits of Whitley County. The Indian tribes living in Northern Indiana were not entirely distinct from each other, but were more or less leagued together for the purpose of pro- tection and concentration against the whites. It was also true that, as many of them had come from Ohio, having being obliged to flee before the whites, they were compelled, by reason of not owning any land themselves, to undergo the ceremony of adoption into other tribes. The Miamis thus became sprinkled with refugees from many nations. The Pottawatomies had obtained the greater portion of the land north and west of the Wabash, and had, by confederacy and conquest, extended their domain far westward on the prairie of Illinois. Seek's village had been established on the line between Columbia and Union Town- ships for many years before the appearance of the first white settlers. The most important place, by far, on Eel River, except, perhaps Thorntown, was the favorite camping place of Little Turtle, in the northeast corner of Union Township. During all the latter half of the last century, this point was second to none in Northwestern Indiana, except the large place at Fort Wayne, as it contained a numerous population ; for, upon the site of this old village, several lines of earthen embankments had been thrown up in the formation of a large and flourishing village, extensive fields had been cultivated, and the inhabitants that had died were found reposing near by in the cemetery of the band. These things, together with many trinkets and implements, have been discovered since the settlement of the country by the whites. Aque-nac-gue was the father of Mish-e-ken-o-qua, or Little Turtle, and for many years was the chief of the Miamis. The mother af Little Turtle was a handsome, intelligent squaw of the Mohegans, who transmitted her noble appearance to her distinguished son. The biographer of Little Turtle locates his birthplace " at the Turtle village of the Miamis, sixteen miles northwest of Fort Wayne, on Eel River." This could have been at no other place than at the old village in the northeast cor- ner of Union Township, or, perhaps, at what afterward became Seek's village. The indications are that the former was the birthplace. As the mother of Little Turtle was not the descendant of a chief, and as the right of Indian children to claim a title to chieftainship depended upon the ancestry of the mother, Little Turtle did not become a chief by inheritance. He was granted that distinction, at an early age, by reason of his remarkable intelligence, per- sonal valor and ability to command. He was the prime leader of all the movements of the Miamis up to the time of his death, in about 1814. He was undoubtedly born in Whitley County about the year 1747. A number of years ago, at Fort Wayne, Coesse, the nephew of Little Turtle, and a dis- tinguished chief of the Miamis, delivered a touching and eloquent eulogy in memory of the latter. Soon after the death of Little Turtle, Jean (or John) , ^ jj&m^. -mmm. '^^00 ylicJit^C ^ COLUMBIA CITY HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 41 B. Richardville, the son of a Frenchman by an Indian squaw, became the principal chief of the Miamis, with village on the Mississinewa River. Little Charley was the principal chief of the Eel River Miamis, his village being Thorn- town ; while subject to him was Seek, or Mack-on-sau, with a band of about one hundred, twenty-five of whom were warriors. This was the order when the first white settlers began to arrive nearly sixty years ago. Going back to an early period — back to the autumn of 1790 — the reader will find that an expedition, composed of 1,453 men, two battalions of whom were regular troops, the entire force commanded by Gen. Harmar, left Fort Washington, on the Ohio River, to reduce the Indian towns on the head- waters of the Wabash, the Miami village at Fort Wayne being the objective point. On the 30th of September the command started northward, and, on the 15th of October, a detachment under Col. Hardin, sent in advance, reached the Miami village (Fort Wayne), which was found just abandoned. The militia, without regard to orders, began to plunder the place.* Thus the time was passed until the arrival of the main body, on the afternoon of the 17th. The commanders could not compel obedience from the militia, as the latter, in violation of orders, attempted all sorts of wild goose chases around the village, and indulged in all manner of boasting as to what would be done when the red-skins were encountered. On the 18th, a detachment under Col. Trotter was sent out to inspect the surrounding country ; but the militia, in defiance of the commander, returned to the village in the evening. On the following day, Col. Hardin was given command of the same detachment (thirty regulars and about one hundred militia), and moved northwest, leaving by mistake a portion of his men at a point five miles out, but being joined by them about six miles further on. About this time, Capt. Armstrong reported to Col. Hardin that he had heard a gun fired in advance — an alarm gun — and that he had " seen the tracks of a horse that had come down the trail and had re- turned." The Colonel, however, moved on carelessly, giving no special orders to his men to be prepared for business, and even saying that he did not believe the Indians would fight. At length the camp-fires were seen ; but the troops moved on, unconscious of the calamity that was to result from their careless- ness and lack of military discipline. No sooner were the fires reached, than a terrific storm of leaden balls was poured upon the frightened column, from be- hind trees and embankments; and scores of painted and infuriated savages leaped forth to continue the awful work of butchery. All the militia, except nine, immediately fled like frightened deer in the direction of Fort Wayne, throwing down guns, clothing and anything that would impede their rapid progress through the woods before the yelling and pursuing savages. The whole force of the charge of the Indians was thrown like an avalanche upon the heroic little band of regulars and the nine resolute militiamen ; and the yelling and advancing Indians were met by a hot and destructive fire, and *From the private record, kept daily by Capt. Armstrong, commander of the regulars. 42 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. forced back to the shelter of the trees and embankments. The remainder of the band of whites immediately began to retreat, keeping up, in the meantime, a rapid fire as the Indians appeared, and moving swiftly without rout. They were pursued the greater portion of the distance back to the Miami vil- lage, twenty-two out of the thirty regulars suffering death. A total of about one hundred men was killed (that being about the size of the attacking force of Indians) ; and this sad result was occasioned by the cowardly conduct of the militia. Little Turtle commanded the Indians on this occasion, and Jean B. Richardville, afterward, during his life, always claimed to have been present with the assailants. The Indians gained a complete victory, though not with- out severe loss, as many were shot or bayoneted by the regulars and the nine militiamen. This battle took place in Eel River Township, Allen County, so near the Whitley County line that it is highly probable that some of the scenes of death were enacted within the limits of the latter. Without a doubt several of the militia were captured, and made to pay the penalty of their rashness and cowardice in agonizing deaths by torture with fire. Perhaps the hills and dales around the old Indian villages in Whitley County, though now so silent and peaceful, once echoed with the frenzied death-cries of white men, while around them circled the leaping and exulting savages, tearing up with hot iron the bleeding flesh of the despairing sufferers, and filling the air with their dreadful yells of revenge. Gen. Harmar was greatly mortified at the terrible defeat of his men, and, on account of the glaring insubordination of the militia, concluded it wise to retreat to Fort Washington. On the way back, one day out, Col. Hardin asked permission to return with a strong detachment of men and regain the laurels he had lost, and vindicate the hooted courage of his militia.* Permission was granted, and accordingly he returned with 340 militia and sixty regulars. The town was reached ; but on account of the incompetency of the com- mander and the cowardice of the militia, the force became scattered, and was terribly beaten in detail by the Indians under the sagacious Mish-e-ken- o-qua. The old Indian trail which afterward became the Fort Wayne and Goshen road, extended from the former place, first to a small Indian village on Section 4, Smith Township, thence onward to Flat Belly's reservation in western Noble County, thence onward to the Indian villages near Elkhart. As near as can be learned, the only Indian villages in Whitley County, in about 1825, were the one in Smith Township, the small one on Chapine's reservation in Union Township, the small one on Beaver's reservation, in Columbia Township, a portion of the old one on Raccoon's reservation, in southeastern Jefferson Township, and the large one (Seek's village) near the line between Union and Columbia Town- ships. The following extracts from treaties made at different times between Special Commissioners of the United States and the Miamis and the Pottawat- ♦History of Indiana, by John B. Dillon. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 43 omies, will show when the lands of Whitley County were first the property of the Government, and also various important facts regarding the reservations : Articles of a treaty made and concluded near the mouth of the Missitsinewa, upon the Wabash, in the State of Indiana, October 23, 1826, between Lewis Cass, James B. Ray and John Tipton, Commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of the Miami tribe of Indians : Article 1. The Miami tribe of Indians cede to the United States all their claim to lands in the State of Indiana, north and west of the Wabash, and the Miami (Maumee) Rivers, and of the cession made by the said tribe to the United States by the treaty concluded at St. Mary's, Ohio, October 6, 1818. Art. 2. From the cession aforesaid, the following reservations, for the use of the tribe, shall be made : Fourteen sections of land at Seek's village. Five sections for the Beaver below and adjoin- ing the preceding reservation. Thirty-six sections at Flat Belly's village. Five sections for Little Charley above the old village (Thorntown) on the north side of Eel River. ********* One section for Laventure's daughter, opposite the Islands, about fifteen miles below Fort Wayne. One section for Chapine above and adjoining Seek's village. Ten sections at White Raccoon's village. Ten sections at the mouth of Mud Creek, on Eel River, at the old village. Ten sections at the Forks of the Wabash. ********* And it is agreed that the State of Indiana may lay out a canal or a road through any of the reservations, and for the use of a canal six chains along the same are hereby appropriated. Art. 3. There shall be granted to each of the persons named in the schedule hereunto annexed, and to their heirs the tracts of land herein designated ; but the land so granted shall never be conveyed without the consent of the President of the United States. Art. 4. The Commissioners of the United States have caused to be delivered to the Miami tribe goods to the value of $31,040.53, in part consideration for the cession herein made, and it is agreed that, if this treaty shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States, the Government shall pay to the persons named in the schedule this day signed by the Commissioners and transmitted to the War Department, the sums affixed to their names respect- ively, for goods furnished by them, and amounting to the sum of $31,040.53. And it is further agreed that payment for these goods by the Miami tribe shall be out of their annuity, if this treaty be not ratified by the President and Senate. And the United States further engage to deliver to the said tribe in the course of the next summer the additional sum of $26,259.47 in goods. And it is also agreed that an annuity of $35,000, $1,000 of which shall be in goods, shall be paid to the said tribe in the year 1827; and, also, $30,000, $5,000 of which shall be in goods, shall be paid said tribe in 1828, after which time a permanent annuity of $25,000 shall be paid them as long as they exist together as a tribe, which several sums are to include the annuities due by preceding treaties with the said tribe. And the United States further engage to furnish a wagon and one yoke of oxen for each of the following persons: Joseph Richardville, Black Raccoon, Flat Belly, White Raccoon, Frangois Godfrey, Little Beaver, Seek, Met-to-sin-eau and Little Huron, and one wagon and a yoke of oxen for the band living at the Forks of the Wabash. And also to cause to be built a house, not exceeding the value of $600 for each of the following persons : Joseph Richardville, Frangois Godfrey, Louison Godfrey, Frangois Lafontaine, White Raccoon, La Gros, John B. Richardville, Flat Belly, and Wau-wau-es-se. And also to furnish the said tribe with 200 head of cattle, from four to six years old, and 200 head of hogs, and to cause to be annually delivered to them 2,000 pounds of iron, 1,000 pounds of steel, and 1,000 pounds of tobacco. And also to provide five laborers to work three months in the year for the small villages, and three laborers to work three months in the year for the Mississinewa band. Art. 5. The Miami tribe being anxious to pay certain claims existing against them, it is agreed, as a part of the consideration for the cession in the first article, that these claims, amount- 44 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. ing to $7,727.47, and which are stated in a schedule this day signed by the Commissioners and transmitted to the War Department, shall be paid by the United States. ****** * * * Art. 8. The Miami tribe shall enjoy the right of hunting upon the land herein conveyed, so long as the same shall be the property of the United States. Art. 9. This treaty, after the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate, shall be binding upon the United States. In testimony whereof the said Lewis Cass, James B. Ray and John Tipton, Commissioners as aforesaid, and the chiefs and warriors of the said Miami tribe, have hereunto set their handg, at the Wabash, October 23d, 1826. (Signed by, on behalf of the Miamis), Flat Belly, La Gros, Wau-wau-es-se, White Raccoon, Black Loon, Seek, Mes-e-qua, Nota-wen-sa's son, Lafrombroise, Nego-ta-kaup-wau, Osage, Met- to-sin-eau, Little Beaver, Black Raccoon, Chin-quin-sau, James Abbot, Lahgua, Little Wolf, Pun-ge-she-nau, Won-se-pe-au, Francois Godfrey, Joseph Richardville, Frangois Lafontaine, Wau-no-sau, Popular, Chapine, Pe-che-wau (John B. Richardville), Chin-go-me-shau, Little Sun, Shin-gau-leau, Louis Godfrey, Ou-san-de-au, Me-shan-e-qua, Un-e-cea-sau, She-qua-bau, Shin- qua-keau and Little Charley's son. William Connor, Lewis Cass, J. B. Bourie, J. B. Ray, Interpreters. John Tipton, U. S. Commissioners. The Frenchmen, who had come into the Indian country to trade, found the business so lucrative that they usually remained, having but little difficulty in making warm friends of their red brothers, or in acquiring the semi-civil- ized habits of the race they were endeavoring to hoodwink and fleece. They became thoroughly conversant with the customs and dialects of the various Indian tribes, were often employed as interpreters at treaties, or witnesses to the assent and signatures of the savages, and many of them became the hus- bands of the handsome squaws of the leading chiefs and the fathers of their half-breed children. In all treaties thereafter, when the children had reached maturity, they were considered in all respects as Indians ; and, when reserva- tions were retained from cessions of land granted by the Indians to the whites, the half-breeds were considered on an equal footing with full-blooded Indians as regards rank, purity of blood and right to tracts of land. Hence it is found that, in almost every treaty with the Indians, where lands were reserved, half- breeds came in for their share, and they also came in for their share of the annuities. As was stated some distance back, the first annuity paid by the Govern- ment to the tribe of Eel River Miamis was in 1795, and consisted of $500. At the treaty held by Gen. Harrison at Grouseland, near Vincennes, August 21, 1805, a further annuity of $250 was paid them ; and, still later, at the treaty held by Gen. Harrison at Fort Wayne, September 30, 1809, the annuity was increased $350, making a total paid them yearly, from that time onward until they were removed to Kansas, and even after that, of $1,100. This, of course, only refers to the Eel River branch of the Miamis, numbering in all about 500 souls, with the principal village on Eel River, about six miles from its mouth. Of this number, about 100 lived in Whitley County, the greater HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 45 number being at Ma-con-sau's (Seek's) village. This was the condition of things in about 1830. The following selected portions of a treaty made between the United States and the Miami nation of Indians, October 23, 1834, explain themselves : Article 1. The Miami tribe of Indians agree to cede to the United States the following described tracts of land within the State of Indiana, being a part of reservations made by said tribe from former cessions, now conveyed for and in consideration of the payments stipulated to be made to them in the second article of this treaty of cession : One tract of land, thirty-six sections, at Flat Belly's village, a reserve made by the treaty of Wabash of 1826 (this reserva- tion lay partly in Noble and partly in Kosciusko Counties, Flat Belly being a Miami. See Part II of this volume). Also one other tract of ten sections at Raccoon's village (including the southeast corner of Jefferson Township, about four sections) and a tract of ten sections at Mud Creek, on Eel River, reserves made at Wabash treaty of 1826.* ******** * *** Article 8. The United States agree to cause patents in fee simple to issue to the following- named persons, for the several tracts of land attached to their names, granted to them by former treaties: To Chapine, one section of land (partly in Whitley County), to include Rac- coon Village, commencing two poles west of the village, thence in an easterly direction to River Aboit, thence with said river until it strikes the reserve line, thence with said line for quantity, to include within the bounds one section of land. ****** ** *** This treaty (quite a lengthy one) failed in some of its provisions to satisfy the administration at Washington, and was not ratified until the autumn of 1837, at which time it received in its amended form the signatures, or rather marks, of seventy-three chiefs and warriors, among the signers being Jean B. Richardville, Little Charley, Ma-con-sau (Seek), Chapine, Wau-wau-es-se, Frangois Godfrey, Flat Belly, and others of no less distinction. The well- known Frangois Comparet acted as interpreter, and A. C. Pepper as Indian Agent. Thus the territory of Whitley County remained, as far as the Miamis were concerned, until the 6th of November, 1838, at which time, by a treaty of cession held at the Forks of the Wabash, the following land, among many other tracts, was ceded by them to the United States : ****** ** ** The reservation of land made for the use of said (Miami) tribe at Seek's, or Ma-con-sau's village on Eel River, by the second article of a treaty made and concluded on the 23d of Octo- ber, 1826. Article 8. It is further stipulated that the Unite 1 States patent to Beaver the five sections of land (in Columbia Township), and to Chapine the one section of land (in Union Township), reserved to them respectively, in the second article of the treaty made in 1826, between the parties to the present treaty. The United States agree to possess the Miami tribe of Indians of and guarantee to them forever, a country west of the Mississippi River, to remove to and settle on when the said tribes may be disposed to emigrate from the present country ; and guaranty is hereby pledged that the said country shall be sufficient in extent and suited to their wants and condition, and be in a region contiguous to that in the occupation of the tribes which emigrated from the States of Ohio and Indiana. t *** ***** *** Article 12. The United States agree to grant by patent to each of the Miami Indians named in the following schedule the tracts of land designated : To Chapine, one section of *This was not the Mud Creek in Whitley County ; but was another small stream of the same name which joined Eel River, six miles from its mouth, at the old village of Little Charley. No traces of such a reservation in Whitley County could be discovered. 46 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. land where he now lives (Allen County) on the Ten-Mile reserve. To Seek, one section of land (in Huntington County), south of the section of land granted to Wau-pau-se-pau by the treaty of 1834, on the Ten-Mile Reserve. To Ki-was-see, a chief, one section of land, now Seek'i Reserve, to include his orchard and improvements (probably in Columbia Township). The ten-mile reserve did not include any portion of Whitley County. The treaty just mentioned was approved January 23, 1839. Francis Godfrey, though a full-blooded Frenchman himself, had been adopted by the Indians, had married one or more squaws, by whom he had several children. Upon his adoption he was given the name Ke-ki-lash-we-au, and afterward, for meritori- ous action, was made a chief. Both he and Richardville played their hands shrewdly with the Miamis ; and, being men of more than ordinary ability, the latter at last became chief of the entire tribe, and the former became war chief of the same. Francis Godfrey is said to have been a man of enormous physical strength and endurance, of unusual sagacity and alertness of perception, and of that character of courage so coveted by the Indians In all the annuities paid to the Miamis, and in all the lands reserved by them, Godfrey and Rich- ardville came in for the lion's share. Descendants of both are yet living near Fort Wayne, and are yet regularly receiving their annuities. On the 28th of November, 1840, a treaty was concluded at the forks of the Wabash, whereby the Miamis, as a nation, ceded all their land in Indiana to the United States, save a few small tracts, none of which were in Whitley County. After some changes and amendments had been made to this treaty at Washington, and these alterations had been sanctioned by the Indians, the amended treaty was ratified on the 25th of February, 1841, and signed by John Tyler, President, and Daniel Webster, Secretary of State.* For the above important cession of land the Miamis were paid $550,000, partly by way of annuities. At this treaty, the Miamis were a3signed a tract of land estimated to contain 500,000 acres, in Kansas, whither they removed a year or two later. Quite a number of the tribe did not go West, but remained on reservations along the Wabash and elsewhere. This is true of Richardville, who lies buried at Fort Wayne. It is also true of Coesse, a nephew of Little Turtle, who refused to leave the land where his affections were centered, but remained until his death, giving name to a small town in Union Township, upon the site of which he is said to have had a small village in early years. It seems that in the treaties made between the United States and the Miamis on the one hand and the Pottawatomies on the other, both of the Indian tribes claimed lands in Whitley County, the claim of the former tribe being far the smaller. The Miamis had formerly owned Whitley County, but whether they were overcome by the Pottawatomies, and the most of them driven south of the Wabash, or whether they permitted the latter tribe to occupy the country north of the Wabash as lease-holders, or whether the two tribes mingled at will over all Northern Indiana, each claiming a sort of an undivided interest in the land, cannot be determined with certainty. In view of estab- *Law8 of the United States, 1841. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 47 lished facts, the last supposition seems more plausible than the others. It should be noticed that at the Wabash treaty of 1826, the Miamis ceded to the United States (not their lands, but) " their claim to all lands in Indiana north and west of the Wabash and the Miami (Maumee) Rivers." The wording of the Pottawatomie treaties was different. The following-described tract of land was ceded by the Pottawatomies October 16, 1826, the treaty being held near the mouth of the Mississinewa : Beginning on the Tippecanoe River where the northern boundary of the tract ceded by the Pottawatomies to the United States, in 1818, crosses the same, thence in a direct line to a point on Eel River, half way between the mouth of said river and Perish's village; thence up Eel River to Seek's village, near the head thereof; thence in a direct line to the mouth of a creek emptying into the St. Joseph of the Miami near Me-te-au's village; thence up the St. Joseph to the boundary line between the States of Indiana and Ohio ; thence south with the same to the Miami ; thence up the same to the reservation at Fort Wayne ; thence with the lines of said reservation to the boundary established by the treaty with the Miamis in 1818; thence with the same to the mouth of the Tippecanoe ; thence with said river to the place of beginning. From this it will be seen that the Pottawatomies were the ones who really ceded to the Government the land in Whitley County, south of Eel River. This was done without any reservations of land in Whitley County. To show that the claims of the Miamis to the soil of this county were small, it may be stated that the latter were paid but a pittance by the Government, compared with what was paid the Pottawatomies. The following described tract of land ceded by the last-named tribe, September 20, 1828, included the greater por- tion of the county north of Eel River: Beginning at a point run in 1817 due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, which point is due south from the head of the most easterly branch of the Kankakee River, and from that point running south ten miles ; thence in a direct line to the northeast corner of Flat Belly's reservation ; thence to the northwest corner of the reservation at Seek's village : thence with the lines of the said reservation and of former cessions to the line between the States of Indiana and Ohio ; thence with the said line running due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, and thence with said line to the place of beginning. This treaty was signed, among others, by To-pin-e-be, Po-ka-gon, Ship- she-wan-nau, Wau-ban-se, Ash-kum and Mish-qua-buck. The only reserva- tion in this county kept by the Indians at the time of this treaty was Section 4, Smith Township, which was retained by Stephen Bennack, a Pottawatomie. It remained his property until July 14, 1831, when it was sold by the Indian to Alexis Coquillard and Francis Comparet for $800. The old Raccoon reser- vation took in about three and a half sections of Jefferson Township, while a section that was granted to Chapine some time afterward, was included within this reservation, and extended across the corner of Section 36, same township. The six-chain reserve also included a portion of Section 36, and was retained by the Government, as will be seen above, for canal purposes. The land was laid off into lots, and was sold afterward as " canal lands." It is probable that the transfer of Section 4, Smith Township, from Stephen Bennack to Coquil- lard and Comparet was the first in the county to white men. 48 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. At the time the various treaties mentioned above were made, all the land, before it was ceded to the Government, was the property of the Indians. As cessions were made, portions were reserved by the Indians, who had owned the land at the time of the treaty, and who had the unquestioned right to reserve any portion of such land they chose. By subsequent purchase or cession these reservations became the property of the Government ; but this was not always the case, as some of the Indians preferred to retain their land and cast their lot amo'ng the whites, rather than follow their tribes to lands beyond the Mis- sissippi. Whether the Government, in order to confirm the ownership of the reservations, issued patents to the Indians who saw proper to reserve portions of their lands, is not known to the writer ; but it would seem that the reverse was true, as to patent to an Indian something that already belonged to him was certainly unnecessary. From the treaty of 1838, it will be seen that the Government agreed to patent to Beaver five sections now in Columbia Town- ship. One of two things is true : Either the Government did patent to Indians their reservations, or else Beaver had transferred his five sections, so that, at the treaty of 1838, they were the property of the Government, in which case the latter had the right to patent. At least, the Government agreed to grant Beaver a patent for his five sections ; and what is peculiar about the case is, that the agreement ended with the promise, or, in other words, Beaver never received his patent. If the granting of the patent was vital to the ownership by Beaver, the title to the lands on this reserve is clouded, as all such titles are traced to Beaver, or his heirs, who really never owned the title. If this reservation was ever the property of the Government, such fact could not be learned. It is only presumed from the fact of the agreement to patent to Beaver the land. The cloud to the title is, that, as Beaver never received the patent promised him by the United States (none having ever been issued), he had no power to convey. But he did convey (or his heirs did), and the present holders of deeds of those lands trace their titles to this promise on the part of the Government to patent the soil to Beaver. Notwithstanding all this, no harmful results can happen to the present owners, as, in case the validity of a title is questioned on the score that the patent to Beaver had never been issued, Congress would come to the rescue and, at this late day, with all the known descendants of Beaver dead, would remedy the neglect by issuing the patent to Beaver. This would simply result in confirming the power of Beaver and his heirs to convey, and would therefore place the titles on a firm founda- tion. To do much damage, it would require a smart lawyer, even as the case stands at present. The cession of all the land of Whitley County by the Pottawatomies, except a considerable portion of the western part, has been accounted for in preceding pages. Access to the treaty concerning the cession of this part could not be gained by the writer ; but the land evidently became the property of the United States in about 1828, and was soon afterward surveyed and (DECEASED; COLUMBIA TF^ HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 51 thrown into market. The settlers began to come in 1833, and at that time about 150 Indians lived within the county limits. About eighty were congre- gated at Seek's village ; a few were at a small village on Beaver's reservation, the chief being Coesse; another small band was near Blue River Lake, in Smith Township, while others were at Raccoon's village. From this time onward, until the Indians were removed West, they were constantly associated with the white settlers. A well-worn Indian trail extended along the banks of Eel River, from which side- trails branched to the principal Indian villages throughout the surrounding country. The Indians, who, but a comparatively short time before, had been at war with the whites and with other Indians, still retained their war-like customs. They always went armed with butcher-knives, tomahawks, rifles and huge plugs of tobacco. They were then armed to the teeth. Dances were often held, being largely attended both by the Indians and the white settlers. The latter were usually invited to take part in the games or dances, and often did, but from awkwardness were usually the laugh- ing-stock of the Indians. Some of the settlers became quite expert savages, and could whoop, brandish their weapons, swear, chew tobacco, and drink like a native. In truth, it seems as if these strong traits in the present generation were inherited from fathers who innocently acquired them from the cruel Indians, and then transmitted them to their offspring. Many incidents might be told regarding the contact of the whites with the Indians. In 1837, the Indians, nearly 1,000 in number, met at Seek's village to have a big feast and dance. Evening came, and twenty or thirty fires were burning, around which squaws were preparing savory dishes of dog soup, venison or bear steak or wild turkeys that had received no dressing save pluck- ing. About twenty of the warriors were having a war-dance around a pole, the rendition being a sort of limping motion, while one of the Indians with an otter skin would approach each dancer in succession, pointing the skin at him, at the same time uttering a continued " Poo-oo-oo-oo," until at last, reaching the one he wished, he would exclaim, shortly and loudly, " Poo-poo !" at which the individual pointed at would drop to the ground as if dead. This creature was carried from the ring, the dance was continued, and another being was shot in like manner. After a few minutes the dead (?) ones would return and join the sport. While this was going on a very savage Indian named Tau-tau, who was sitting on a log at the side of a wigwam, arose quickly and, walking a few paces to an Indian near by, plunged his knife into the heart of the unsuspecting savage. The latter, with an unearthly whoop, leaped high in the air and fell dead upon the ground. Quite a com- motion was created by this act, but it was not permitted to interfere with the dance or the supper. Mr. Tau-tau had, in some dispute with the murdered Indian the previous morning, been grievously wronged, as he considered, but any trouble had been prevented by the interference of Mack-on-sau, or Seek. The savage resented the supposed wrong as related above. c 52 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The Indians had a sure cure for snake-bite. It was a poultice of some weed quite common in the woods ; but the white settlers, for some reason or other, could not find out what it was. Mr. Minor, of Columbia City, says that an Indian boy one day entered a swamp near the village, but after a few minutes came running out with a big " massauger" fastened to his foot. An old squaw went forward, and, taking the reptile by the neck, unfastened its fangs, and then killed the snake. She went out a short distance in the woods and soon came back, chewing a huge mouthful of some herb ; as soon as the "cud" was in suitable condition, she applied it with a bandage to the wound. No harm, whatever, resulted from the poison of the bite. Another incident is told of the Indians that the people of to-day could wisely imitate. The Indians at Seek's village, having invited in some of their friends, concluded to have a steam dance. Quite a large heap of dry wood was formed, upon which was piled many stones, after which the heap was set on fire. The wood burned away, leaving the stones as hot as blazes. A large deer-skin wigwam was immediately placed around this pile of hot stones, as near air tight as possible ; and then some fifteen or twenty Indians entered, and threw on the hot stones enough water to completely fill the wigwam with steam. Water was kept near, so that the supply of steam could be replenished. The Indians, who were entirely naked, except an insignificant breech-clout, began a wild dance around the hot and steaming stones. They practiced all sorts of artful activities within the wigwam, filling the air with discordant and hideous cries. Of course this procedure threw them into a profuse perspira- tion ; and, when they emerged from the wigwam, after the lapse of about half an hour, they were covered with water that ran from their bodies in streams. Without delay they clothed themselves, and it may be assured that they en- joyed the remainder of the festivities. These dances were called " dum-dums," and were a common occurrence, often participated in by the whites. It was a source of unalloyed enjoyment for the Indians to try to frighten new settlers. When Samuel Minor was a strippling about seventeen years old, he had occasion to pass near the spot where Seek was straightening a gun-barrel. As soon as the latter saw the boy, he drew a long knife from his belt, gave an unearthly whoop and started for him ; but, although the boy was scared half to death and thought the Indian in earnest, he advanced toward the chief to give him the best he had. When Seek fancied he had not scarced the boy, he sat down on a log and laughed heartily. Mr. Minor has always considered that he got the best of that affair ; for, while he was really scared, Seek was never aware of that fact. John Owl, a Miami Indian, died at Seek's reservation, expressing a wish on his deathbed to be buried after the manner of white men. Rudolph Crow and Adam Hull, who were present, agreed to see that his last wish was carried into effect. After Mr. Owl had passed away, his grave was dug in the ordi- nary way, a big slab was placed on the bottom, two more on the sides, two short HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 53 ones at the ends, after which the corpse was placed in the box thus formed. The relatives of the dead Indian then came forward with a teacup containing what appeared to be browned coffee, and a saucer containing small cakes. After these had been placed at the sides of his head, a heavy slab was placed over the whole, after which the grave was filled with earth. A volley was fired over his grave, as in the case of soldiers, and Seek fired twice, as a chief should. The exact location of this grave is unknown, and it is safe to say that old Mr. Owl yet sleeps with the tea-cup and saucer at his head, near Seek's old village. Similar instances of Indian customs might be related by the score, but it is unnecessary. The race so glorified by the pens of Longfellow and Cooper is slowly passing away and becoming extinct. The social influences of civilization could not soften the hearts that, through thousands of generations, had been taught to stifle the nobler sentiments of humanity, and to kindle into terrific conflagration the most wrathful forms of brutality. The whole nature must be altered, or the uncivilized race must pass away. The savage heart was con- stitutional. It is his sorrowful destiny to pass from the earth forever. 54 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. CHAPTER III. by richard collins. The Condition of the County Before its Creation— Survey of the Lands- First Entries Made— Organization of the County— Proceedings of the County Commissioners— Location of the County Seat— Early Courts— Juries— Trials for Murder— County Buildings— Names of County Officers— Political Organizations— Votes Polled for Presi- dential Candidates— The Blacklegs. THE county of Whitley was formed of territory originally occupied by the Indians, and claimed by the Miami and Pottawatomie tribes. The Miami tribe, by treaty made with the Government in 1826, and by subsequent treaties, ceded to the Government its claim to all lands north of the Wabash River. In 1828, the Pottawatomies by a like treaty did the same, for it seemed that each tribe held an undivided claim in the same land. The next thing in order after the land had become the property of the Government, was to survey it into townships and sections, after which, when the proper time had arrived, it was thrown into market and sold in size to suit purchasers. All the land in the county, sold at private sale, was at the rate of $1.25 per acre. A few tracts were settled and held under the pre-emption laws then in force giving the occupant one year to make payment at $1.25 per acre, that being the usual entry price. The lands in the county of Whitley were surveyed and offered for sale as shown in the following tabular statement : Townships North. 30. 30. 81. 32. 30. 31. 31. 32. 30. 30. 31. 31. 32. Ranges East. 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 Parts of Congressional Townships. South of Eel River. North of Eel River. Whole Whole Whole. All except Reserve.. In Reserve Whole All except Reserve., In Reserve All except Reserve., In Reserve Whole , When Surveyed. 1828 1834 1834 1834 1834 1834 1840 1834 1828 1840 1834 1840 1829 By Whom Surveyed. Basil Bently John Hendricks... John Hendricks.., John Hendricks... Basil Bently and. Wm. Brookfield... John Hendricks... Chauncey Carter., John Hendricks... Basil Bently Chauncey Carter., John Hendricks.., Chauncey Carter. David Hills , When Sales Commenced. 1834 1834 1835 1835 1836 1835 1848 1835 1835 1848 1835 1848 1833 The Reserve of fourteen sections at Seek's village was surveyed in a whole tract in 1827, closing November 9, 1827, by Chauncey Carter, Deputy Surveyor. In January, 1840, Chauncey Carter surveyed this Reserve into sections, conforming to the general survey. The sales of the lands in that Reserve appear to have commenced in March, 1848. The lands were all sold nt the land office at Fort Wayne, except a few remaining tracts at the time the HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 55 land office was removed to Indianapolis, the same lands being portions ceded to the State by the General Government as swamp land. The following were the first tracts of land purchased in the county, and the only ones during the years 1833 and 1834 : PURCHASERS' NAMES. a o SB a a! M Description. Date of Entry. Jesse W. Long Jesse W. Long. George Slagle George Slagle Absalom Hire M. P. C. Wood Samuel Smith Aaron Bixby William Vanmeter ~l Christian Corner j Jesse W. Long Jesse W. Long Samuel Nickey Aaron Bixby John Shade John Shupert Christopher Shupert Jacob Sine Richard Baughan Jesse W. Long John H. Falkumph John H. Falkumph John H. Falkumph John Wilcox and William ) Vanmeter j William Beall William Beall Francis Tulley Francis Tulley John Strean and Luther Nott John Strean John Strean and John W. ) Moore [ Jacob Sine John W Moore John W. Moore Otho W. Gandy Zachariah Garrison ") J. A. Vanhouten j Samuel Walker Samuel Walker William Walker Morse P. C. Wood 36 32 10 36 32 10 36 36 35 32 32 32 10 10 10 13 34 30 32 8 10 35 32 10 35 32 10 36 32 10 36 32 10 35 32 10 26 32 10 14 32 10 11 15 32 32 10 10 11 32 10 36 32 10 36 32 10 14 32 10 5 32 10 9 32 10 35 32 10 36 32 10 36 32 10 34 32 10 34 32 10 27 32 10 22 32 10 22 32 10 11 32 10 27 32 10 22 32 10 23 32 10 34 32 10 22 32 10 22 32 10 22 32 10 7 30 8 40 80 40 40 40 160 160 320 160 40 80 40 320 80 160 80 40 80 40 80 40 80 40 40 40 40 40 80 80 40 40 80 80 80 160 80 40 160 91 S.WiS.E. J E. JS. E. J S.W. J S.W. J S. E.J S.W.J S.W. J S.E.J N. W. J. S. E. J. N. S.W.J N. E.JN. E. J. W. J N. E. J... N.W. JS. E.J.. S. J N.J N.W.J... S.W. J W. J N.E. J... N.W. JS.E. J.. W. J N.W. J.. N.W. JS.E. J.. S. * N.W. J.... S.E. JS. E.J.. W. J N.W. J... S.E. J S.E. J.. N.W. J S.W.J N. E. J S.W.J S.E. J N.W. J N.E. J S.W. w. j s S. JS. E.J. N.E. 50 W. J N.E J. N.E.JS.W.J... N.W. N. E. l ... Fract'nl. Sept. 10, 1833. Sept. 10, 1833. Sept. 11, 1833.. Sept. 11, 1833. Sept. 24, 1833. March 24, 1834. June 10, 1834. June 10, 1834. June 10, 1834. June June June June June June June June June July July July July 10, 1834. 10, 1834. 10. 1834. 10, 1834. 10, 1834. 10, 1834. 16, 1834. 16, 1834. 28, 1834. 4, 1834. 19, 1834. 19, 1834. 19, 1834. E. J N.W. J E. J N.W. J S.E. J S.W. J N.E. J S.E. J W. JN. W. J W.J Aug. 2, 1834. Aug. 8, 1834. Aug. 8, 1834. Aug. 28, 1834. Aug. 28, 1834. Sept, 24, 1834. Sept. 24, 1834. Sept. 24, 1834. Sept. 30, 1834. Oct. 11, 1834. Oct. 11, 1834. Oct. 11, 1834. Nov. 19, 1834. Nov. 10, 1834. Nov. 20, 1834. Nov. 20, 1834. Dec. 6, 1834. Making in all 240 acres entered in 1833, and 3,417.50 acres in 1834. Section 4, Township 32, Range 10, was probably the first tract of land in the county owned by white men. See Chapter II of this volume. As a continua- tion of the above facts, it may be stated that, in 1835, there were not less than 118 tracts of land entered in Cleveland Township; 63 in Richland; none in Troy ; 20 in Washington ; 26 in Columbia ; 14 in Thorn Creek ; 93 in Jeffer- son ; 11 in Union, and 52 in Smith. 56 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The first settlement in Smith Township was made in the southeast corner ; in Union, in the northeast corner and southern part ; in Jefferson, in south half; in Thorn Creek, near the center ; in Columbia, northern part ; in Washington, in the northern part ; in Troy, near the center ; in Richland, scattering ; in Cleveland, near Eel River. Reference is here made to Congressional town- ships, and not as they are now divided into civil townships. Large numbers of settlers arrived in 1836, 1837 and 1838 ; and, before 1840, all the better por- tions of land in the county were purchased, except the lands in Seek's village reservation, which were not in market until 1848. Whitley County was named in honor of Col. William Whitley, of Lincoln County, Ky., who was killed at the battle of the Thames, in Canada, in the war of 1812. The county was originally eighteen miles square, containing nine Congressional townships, each six miles square, makftig 324 square miles, or 207,360 acres of land (if the surveys were all full). The boundaries of the connty were fixed by the Legislature, at the session of 1833 and 1834, as fol- lows : Bounded on the east by Allen County, on the north by Noble, on the west by Kosciusko and on the south by Huntington. The boundaries of the county were changed, in June, 1859, by the addition of twelve sections of land taken from the south side of Township 33, Range 8 east, in Noble County, making an addition of 7,680 acres. Allen County, at first, embraced all the territory in Whitley County, and exercised jurisdiction over it from the organi- zation of that county, in 1824, until the year 1837, when this county was attached to the county of Huntington for civil and judicial purposes, and re- mained so until organized in 1838. The Legislature, at their session in 1837 and 1838, declared Whitley to be an independent county from and after the 1st day of April, 1838, and Richard Baughan was appointed Sheriff, by Gov. Wallace, by commission dated March, 1838, to serve until the next annual election, in August, 1838. It being his first duty to advertise and cause an election to be held at the most convenient places in the settled portions of the county, where they would be most accessible to the electors, he fixed only four voting places, as follows: One at the house of Lewis Kinsey (now Cleveland Township) ; one at the house of Andrew Compton (now Richland Township) ; one at the house of Richard Baughan (now Thorn Creek Township) ; and one at the house of John N. Moore (now Smith Township). There then being no organized townships, for the purpose of electing a County Clerk, Recorder, two Associate Judges and three County Commissioners, after notices of the election were posted on trees at important points on the various Indian trails passing through the county and on the cabin doors of the pioneers, a meeting of the citizens was called, and fifteen or twenty assembled at the house of Calvin Alexander (near where Beech Chapel is now located), in what is now Thorn Creek Township, and organized by the appointment of a Chairman and Secretary, and proceeded to select candidates for the different offices to be filled, which resulted in the HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 57 unanimous selection of Abraham Cuppy for Clerk and Recorder, Jacob A. Vanhouten and Benjamin F. Martin for Associate Judges and Otho W. Gandy, Nathaniel Gradeless and Joseph Parrett, Jr., for County Commissioners, all of whom were elected and qualified, and all discharged the duties of their respect- ive offices. They have all gone to their final rest, some of them many years ago. Otho W. Gandy was the last, by a number of years, to pass away. He died in 1879, at the age of eighty-five. The place designated for holding courts in the county was the house of James Parret, Jr. There being no James Parret, Jr., in the county, the Board of County Commissioners met at the house of Joseph Parrett, Jr., where South Whitley is now located (that being the place intended by the Legislature for holding courts), on the 7th day of May, 1838, and, after taking the oath of office, proceeded to select Otho W. Gandy as President of the Board. Their first important act was the appointment of John Collins, Treasurer ; Henry Pence, Assessor ; Benjamin H. Cleveland, Three Per Cent Fund Commissioner; and Henry Swihart, County Agent. They adopted the eagle side of a ten cent piece as the seal of the Board of Commissioners of the County, to be used until they could pro- cure a proper seal. The Board granted a license to Joseph Pierce and Robert Starkweather to vend foreign merchandise and foreign and domestic groceries for one year for $5, capital to be less than $2,000, place of business near Pierce's saw-mill, on Eel River, in Union Township, that being the first store in the county, except an Indian trading-post, kept by John B. Godfrey, on the Goshen road, north of Blue River, in Smith Township, which had been estab- lished a number of years previously, probably as early as the year 1828. The Legislature, at their session in 1838-39, appointed Madison Switzer, William H. Coombs, Daniel R. Bears and David Bennett, Commissioners, to locate the seat of justice of the county, and directed them to meet at the house of James Parret, Jr., on the first Monday of May, 1838, for that purpose. Madison Switzer, being the only Commissioner in attendance at the supposed point at that time, adjourned to meet at the house of Joseph Parrett, Jr., on the 18th day of June, 1838, at which time Madison Switzer, William H. Coombs and David Bennett met, and proceeded to examine the different sites offered. After due deliberation, they decided to locate the county seat upon lands offered by Lott S. Bayless, on Section 19, Township 31, Range 9 (now Union Township), occupied as a farm by John Metz at the present time. As a consideration, Bayless was to pay the county $500 in money, furnish a set of record books (worth $100) for the county offices, and pay all expenses of the location. The citizens of the county generally being dissatisfied with the location, petitioned the Legislature to appoint Commissioners to relocate the seat of justice, and the Legislature, at their second term of the session of 1838-39, appointed Samuel Edsall, John Jackson, A. S. Ballard and Isaac Covert, Commissioners, for that purpose, to meet at the house of Richard Baughan (the place then designated for holding courts in the county), on the 58 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. first Monday of June, 1839. On that day, Samuel Edsall and John Jackson met at the place and time designated, and, there not being a majority of the Commissioners present, they adjourned to meet at the same place, on the 19th of October, 1839. On that day, they all met, and proceeded to discharge the duties assigned them. After carefully examining all the sites offered, and after mature deliberation, they decided to locate the county seat on fractional Sec- tion 11, in Township 31, Range 9, containing 443 acres of land, owned by Elihu Chauncey, of the city of Philadelphia, in consideration of his conveying to the county one-half of said land, and building a saw-mill on Blue River, at a site on said land, all of which he complied with on his part. The Board of County Commissioners, the Clerk and the Sheriff, and Zebulon Burch, conducting a supply train, went into camp on the land selected as the county seat, near where Jacob Ramp's lumber office is now located, on the 25th day of November, 1839, there not being a white family living nearer than one and a half miles. The meeting was called for the purpose of making suitable arrangements for surveying a town plat, and Richard Collins was employed to survey and plat a town on said site, which he commenced at once, and completed as soon as possible, making a plat of twenty-eight blocks or squares of eight lots each, and one of four lots, including the public square, on which the court house now stands, and the town was then christened Columbia. The balance of the section was surveyed by the same person into lots and outlots of different sizes, in January, 1841, the County Commissioners and Elihu Chauncey each paying one-half the expense, by agreement. After setting apart the public square, and one outlot of four and a quarter acres of land for a public cemetery, the balance of the land was equally divided between the county and Elihu Chauncey. By order of the Board of County Commissioners, the County Agent, Richard Collins, advertised and sold at public auction, on the town plat, on the 25th of May, 1840, $800.05 worth of lots at very low figures. David E. Long had previously contracted for a lot on the corner of Main and Van Buren streets, now owned by Dr. Linvill, where the building now occupied by Ruch Brothers as a drug store stands. Mr. Long built a one-story frame house, of two rooms, on the lot, and was living in the same at the time of the sale, running it as a boarding house and hotel ; but the rooms were insufficient to comfortably accommodate his guests during the terms of court, until he enlarged his buildings some time afterward. This hotel building was, if not the first, one of the first, in Columbia City. When the county seat had been located with certainty, the young town began making rapid strides toward a populous and commercial point. One store after another appeared, and residences, some of them quite elegant, began to form themselves into streets, and ere long the place assumed the appearance of a thriving town. The county of Whitley formed a part of the Eighth Judicial Circuit of the State, composed of the counties of Miami, Wabash, Huntington, Allen and Whitley. Charles W. Ewing, President Judge of the Circuit, and Thomas R. < y H Z D O U u HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 61 Johnson, Prosecuting Attorney, were both residents of Fort Wayne. The place designated for holding courts in the county was the house of James Parret, Jr., the first term to be held on the fourth Thursday of September, 1838. The Judges, Clerk, Sheriff, jurors, attorneys and all parties interested, met at the house of Joseph Parrett, Jr. (there being no James Parret, Jr., in the county), at the time appointed for holding court. The Judges, finding a mistake in the name of the place for holding courts, decided if they proceeded to hold a term of court their acts would not be legal, and for that reason they did not continue the session. The following is a list of the names of the panel of grand jurors sum- moned to serve at that term : Jesse W. Long, David Wolfe, James Jones, John Collins, Daniel Miller, Samuel Dungan, William Parrett, George Pence, Benjamin Krusan, Steadman Chaplain, Jacob Hartsock, Ezra Thompson, Thomas Cleve- land, Jesse Spear, Benjamin Gardner, Samuel Smith, Benjamin H. Cleveland and Joseph Egolf. The following is a list of the names of the traverse jurors summoned to serve at that term : Thomas Geiger, Joseph Ecker, Jacob Sine, John Turner, John W. Moore, Samuel Nickey, John H. Alexander, Joseph Crow, Jacob Brumbaugh, John Egolf, Calvin Alexander, Edwin Cone, Samuel Creager, Tolcut Perry, William McDaniel, James Gordon, Charles Chapman, James Rousseau, David Haydon, John Jones, Zachariah Garrison, Henry Swihart and Zebulon Burch. The first term of the Circuit Court held in the county was at the house and saw-mill of Richard Boughan, in Thorn Creek Township, two and a half miles northeast of Columbia, on the 9th day of April, 1839. Court was composed of the following officers : Charles W. Ewing, President Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit ; Benjamin F. Martin and Jacob A. Vanhouten, Associate Judges ; Abraham Cuppy, Clerk ; and Richard Collins, Sheriff. The Prosecuting Attorney not being present, the court appointed Reuben J. Dawson Special Prosecutor for the term. The Sheriff then brought into court the following grand jurors: David Wolfe, Seth A. Lucas, James Jones, William Vanmeter, Jesse Spear, Samuel Creager, Peter Circle, Christopher W. Long, Horace Cleveland, John S. Braddock, Adam Egolf, Levi Curtis, Will- iam Cordill and Joseph Tinkham — fourteen in all — the law then requiring eighteen grand jurors to be summoned at each term of court, any number not less than twelve forming a panel. Christopher W. Long was appointed foreman, and the grand jury were sworn, charged and sent to their quarters with their bailiff, and soon reported to the court that they had no business before them, whereupon they were discharged. There were no criminal cases on the docket at that term, and but three civil cases, viz. : Webster et al. ~\ j n Chancery. Petition for Partition. vs. y Webster et al. J Case continued for publication. Jesse S. Perrin } Domestic Attachment. v». s- John A. Thompson. J Judgment for the Plaintiff. Jesse S. Perrin ) q q appeal from Justice of the Peace. Asel Bennett. \ A PP eal dismissed • 62 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The names of the petit jurors selected and summoned to serve at that term of court were as follows : Samuel Hartsock, Stephen Martin, Aaron M. Col- lins, B. H. Cleveland, John W. Moore, Jesse Briggs, Zebulon Burch, Jacob Brumbaugh, Lewis Kinsey, J. H. Alexander, David Haydon, George C. Pence, Thomas Estlick, Jesse W. Long, James H. Russan, Daniel Hively, Benjamin Gardner, Benjamin Grable, Benjamin Krusan, James Zolman, John Collins, Philetus Wood, Francis Tulley and William Blair. There were no cases tried by jury, and the court at that term appointed John H. Alexander County Surveyor. The October term of the Circuit Court was held at the same place by the Associate Judges (in the absence of the President Judge) ; there were no important cases tried. The court held three days, and adjourned until court in course, to meet at the house of Zebulon Burch, in Richland Township. The Circuit Court was held there until the March term, 1841, when the session met at the house of David E. Long on the 29th of March, 1841, and forth- with adjourned to the house of Abraham Cuppy, in Columbia. The court was composed of the following officers : John W. Wright, President Judge of the Circuit; Associate Judges, Jacob A. Vanhouten and Benjamin F. Martin; Lucien P. Ferry, Prosecuting Attorney ; Abraham Cuppy, Clerk, and Richard Collins, Sheriff. The first important criminal case tried in this county, was the case of the State vs. Alexander Smith for forgery, in uttering and tend- ering in payment of a bill for a night's lodging for himself and comrade, John Adams, to Jacob Sine, who kept a house of private entertainment on the Goshen road, just north of Churubusco, a false, forged and counterfeit bank bill of the denomination of $5. They were both arrested and examined before John W. Moore, a Justice of the Peace of Smith Township, and Smith was adjudged guilty, and Adams acquitted. Smith not being able to give bail, was delivered to the Sheriff for safe keeping ; there being no jail in the county, and the Board of Commissioners not being willing to incur the expense of send- ing him to the jail of Allen County for safe keeping, he was permitted to run at large by the Sheriff until the next term of court. He was then indicted by the Grand Jury, tried, convicted, and sentenced to State Prison for two years ; he was ably defended by Judge Charles W. Ewing, counsel assigned by the court. The jurors who tried the case were as follows : George C. Pence, John L. Hamilton, John Buck, John Thompson, Jesse Briggs, Samuel Andrews, Joel McPherson, Lewis Kinsey, Robert Gaff, James B. Simcoke, George Harter and Zebulon Burch. Upon the trial of the case, John Adams came into court, and was sworn as a witness in the case, but was ordered from the witness stand into the custody of the Sheriff until the Grand Jury could find an indict- ment against him for perjury (the Grand Jury being then in session in the room adjoining.) In less than one hour, the Grand Jury returned a bill of indictment against him, and he was immediately arraigned upon the indict- ment and pleaded not guilty, and Judge Ewing, his counsel, moved the court HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 63 for a change of venue upon affidavit, which was granted, and the venue changed to the county of Allen. He was tried at the next term of the Allen Circuit Court, commencing the week following, convicted, and sentenced to State Prison for two years. The house where court was held was located on the corner of Main and Jackson streets, where Henry McLallen now resides, being a one-story building divided into two rooms. The jury trying the case of Smith congregated around a large black walnut stump on the opposite corner of the street, near where the Lutheran Church now stands, to deliberate upon their verdict. The bailiff having charge of the jury had some difficulty in keeping them together, on account of the woods in their immediate vicinity. The first murder committed in the county was by Peen-am-wah, a Potta- watomie Indian, who killed a. Miami Indian named A-to-ke-suck, on the 10th day of June, 1843. Coesse, a Miami Indian (brother-in-law of A-to-ke-suck), offered a reward of $200 for the arrest of Peen-am-wah. William Thorn, of North Manchester, followed him into Northern Michigan, arrested him, brought him back, and delivered him to the authorities at Columbia. He was com- mitted to jail by the examining Justice to await the action of the Grand Jury. The next murder committed in the county was by John Turkey, a Miami Indian, who killed a squaw of the Pottawatomie tribe (name unknown), on the 1st of January, 1844. He was arrested, examined and committed to jail to await the action of the Grand Jury. Afterward, at the March term of the Circuit Court, 1844, Peen-am-wah was indicted for an assault and battery with intent to murder ; and John Turkey was indicted for murder. They were arraigned upon the indictments, and pleaded not guilty, and both moved the court for a change of venue upon affidavits. The court sustained the motion in each case, and changed the venue in both to the county of Allen, and the prisoners were remanded to jail to await removal by the Sheriff to Allen County. Peen-am-wah, being a desperate Indian, was chained in his cell for better security. Before the close of the March term of court, on the Sheriff's going to the jail in the dusk of the evening with their food, accompanied by John C. Washburn, who remained in the doorway, while the Sheriff went into the jail to feed the prisoners and look after their wants, Peen-am-wah, having by some means separated a link in his chain, rushed past the Sheriff, knocked Washburn out of the door, and both prisoners made their escape, and were never arrested again ; the woods coming within a few rods of the jail, and the Indians being expert woodsmen, made good their escape. The county was thereby saved of a large expenditure in the trial and probable execution of John Turkey, and no good could have possibly resulted from it to the county, and would have only incensed the Indians. The first murder trial of a white man in the county was the State against Samuel Pegg, for the murder of his son, on the 1st day of October, 1843. He was indicted and tried at the March term of the Circuit Court, 1845, convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to State prison for the term of eight years. 64 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. There never has been a person executed for murder in this county since its organization, which speaks well for its inhabitants. The first application by an alien for naturalization was made by Charles Ditton, an Englishman, who made the proper proof, and took the oath of allegiance in open court at the October term of the Circuit Court, in 1840. The first term of the Probate Court in the county was held at the house of Richard Baughan, on the 11th of Novem- ber, 1839, the court being composed of the following officers : Christopher W. Long, Judge; Abraham Cuppy, Clerk, and Richard Collins, Sheriff. One of the first acts of the court was confirming the letters of administration on the estate of John Braden (deceased), granted to Price Goodrich by the Clerk in vacation of court, on the 9th of April, 1839, being the first letters of adminis- tration granted in the county. The first will admitted to probate in the county was one executed by James Perkins (deceased), which was admitted to probate in open court on the 11th of February, 1840. The Common Pleas Court was organized in 1852, and probate jurisdiction was transferred to that court, and the office of Probate Judge was abolished. The Common Pleas Courts were dispensed with, and probate jurisdiction transferred to the Circuit Court, and the office of Common Pleas Judge abolished in 1872. The following are the names of the Judges of the Circuit Courts in the circuit of which this county formed a part, from the organization of the county, in the order they served: Charles W. Ewing, John W. Wright, James W. Bor- den, Elza A. McMahon, Edward R. Wilson, Robert Lowery and Elisha V. Long, the present incumbent. None were residents of this county. The Com- mon Pleas Judges of the Nineteenth District, composed of the counties of Noble and Whitley, in the order they served, were Stephen Wildman, James C. Bod- ley and William M. Clapp (James C. Bodley was a resident of this county, the others of Noble County), who served until the jurisdiction of this court was transferred to the Circuit Court, and the office of Common Pleas Judge abol- ished in 1872. The bar of the county has been composed of the following- named attorneys, at different periods since the organization of the county : James L. Warden, James S. Collins, Joseph H. Pratt, Justus H. Tyler, Mr. Stout, A.Y. Hooper, C. W. Jones, I. B. McDonald, Abraham Myers, Mr. Hardesty, Alex- ander J. Douglass, D. H. Wilson, Samuel B. Eason, Michael Sickafoose, John S. Cotton, A. J. Gool, Walter Olds, Joseph W. Adair, John Krider, Cyrus B. Tulley, Ed A. Mossman, Thomas R. Marshall, William McNagney, J. A. Campbell, Mr. Brit, F. B. Moe, Hugh Well, Jr., 0. P. Stewart, W. S. Gandy, James E. Knisely, John Wigent and Charles Hollis. The first public building erected in the county by order of the Board of County Commissioners was a jail, built of hewn logs, located on the southeast corner of the public square, built on contract by William Blair in 1840, at a cost of $490, and used as a jail until burned by John Wheatley in March, 1855, who was confined therein awaiting trial for larceny. He was indicted, tried, convicted and sentenced to State's Prison for two years, for the offense, HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 65 at the March term of the Circuit Court, 1855, which was thought by many of the citizens to be a hard verdict. The next public building erected was a two- story frame structure, for a court house, on the west side of the public square, on the lot where the engine house for the Fire Department is located, built by Joseph W. Baker, on contract, at a cost of $411.50, and completed in October, 1841 ; the lower story used for court room, a part of the upper story used as an office for Clerk and Recorder. The next public building was a one-story frame, located on the west side of the public square, divided into two rooms, one for Clerk and Recorder's office, the other for County Treasurer's office, built on contract by Benjamin Grable, Jr., completed in September, 1842, at a cost of $197. The next, a one-story building of stone and brick, located on the east side of the public square, with two rooms, one for office for Clerk and Recorder, the other for County Auditor, supposed to be fire-proof, having tin roof and iron shutters, built by David Shepley, on contract, and completed in 1844, at a cost of $1,250. The next was a two-story brick court house, built on the public square, court room above and offices below for Clerk, Recorder, Auditor and Treasurer, built by Henry Swihart and Thomas Washburn, on contract, completed in 1849 at a cost of $7,747.50, and is now in use in a good state of preservation, but is not quite as fancy as many of the older coun- ties have. The next, a two-story jail and Sheriff's residence, built of brick, stone and wood, the cells lined with planks spiked together, the partitions be- tween the cells made in the same way, located on the site of the old court house, built by James B. Edwards, on contract, and completed and accepted October 10, 1855, at a cost of $5,224. Owing to improper ventilation for the cells, it was very unhealthy and not at all secure for prisoners, rendering it necessary to construct a new one. The next was a three-story brick building on the county farm, one mile west of Columbia City, an asylum for the poor of the county, built by David J. Silvers, on contract, and completed and accepted December, 1864, at a cost of $12,400. The next was a jail and Sheriff's residence, southeast of the court house, the jail two stories high, built of stone, iron and steel and roofed with slate, containing twelve cells and all the modern improvements. The Sheriff's residence is built of stone, brick and iron, two stories high, with mansard roof covered with slate ; contains two commodious cells on second story for female prisoners, and contains all the modern improvements, the whole building heated by steam ; the structure built by James M. Bratton, on contract, under the supervision of J. C. Johnson, architect ; completed and accepted June 26, 1876, costing the county $34,486. It is one of the best buildings of that character in the State, and is a credit to the county. On the following page will be found a tabular statement showing the county officers from the organization of the county up to the present time, including the present incumbents: 66 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. NAMES OF OFFICERS. What Office. Date of Comm'n. Date of Expiration of Term. Abraham Cuppy Richard Collins I. B. McDonald William E. Merriman James B. Edwards , E. W. Brown James Rider James M. Harrison, the present in- cumbent Abraham Cuppy Richard Collins Charles W. Hughes Henry Swihart Casper W. Lamb D A. Quick J. S. Hartsock John Wigent W. A. Lancaster (present incumb't) Richard Baughan Richard Collins James B. Simcoke Jacob Thompson Jacob Wunderlich James B. Edwards William H. Dunfee John Brenneman Adam Avey John Wynkoop Oliver P. Koontz Jacob W. Miller William H. Liggett Alexander T. McGinley F. P. Allwine (present incumbent) John Collins Benjamin Grable Clerk . Clerk , Clerk . Clerk . Clerk . Clerk . Clerk . Joseph H. Pratt Charles W. Hughes Jacob Wunderlich Charles W. Hughes James T. Long Robert Reed Jacob Wunderlich Henry Gregg John S. Cotton William Reed John Q. Adams Henry McLallen Jacob A. Baker Joseph Clark (present incumbent). Jacob Wunderlich* 1 Charles W. Hughes* / Samuel Nickey Seth A. Lucas Asa Shoemaker David Richmond William Guy William M. Swayze Adam Avey Benjamin F. Beeson William Walter Henry H. Hackett A. Y. Swigart Clerk Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Recorder... Sheriff Sheriff. Sheriff. Sheriff. Sheriff Sheriff. Sheriff Sheriff...... Sheriff..... Sheriff. Sheriff. Sheriff..... Sheriff..... Sheriff..... Sheriff Treasurer. Treasurer... Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer.. Treasurer. Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner . . Coroner ... Coroner ... Coroner ... April, 1838.... July 16, 1842. Nov. 1, 1855.. Nov. 1, 1859.. Nov. 1, 1863.. Nov. 1, 1871.. Nov. 1, 1875.. Nov. 1, 1879.. April, 1838... August, 1842. Nov. 1, 1855.. Nov. 1, 1859.. Nov. 1, 1863.. Nov. 1, 1867.. Nov. 1, 1871.. Nov. 1, 1875.. Nov. 1, 1879. March, 1838.. Aug. 23, 1838 November, '41 Aug. 28, 1844 Sept. 10, 1846. Sept. 10, 1860 Nov. 11, 1854 Nov. 8, 1858 Nov. 19, 1860 Nov. 19, 1862 Nov. 19, 1866 Nov. 19, 1870 Nov. 19, 1874 Nov. 21, 1878 Nov. 1, 1880.. May 7, 1838.. May 5, 1840.. March 7, 1848 August, 1848. Aug. 25, 1851 August, 1852. Nov. 11, 1854 Nov. 19, 1856 Nov. 8, 1858.. Nov. 8, I860.. Nov. 8, 1862.. Nov. 19, 1864 Nov. 24, 1866 Nov. 8, 1870.. Nov. 23, 1874 Nov. 8, 1878.. August, 1842 ; resig'd July 16, '42. November, 1855. November 1, 1859. November 18, 1863. November 19, 1871. .November 1, 1875. November 1, 1879. November 1, 1883. August, 1842. November 1, 1855. November 1, 1859. November 1, 1863. November 9, 1867. November 1, 1871. November 1, 1875. November 1, 1879. November 1.1883. August 23, 1838. August27, 1842. Resig'd July, '40. August 19, 1844. August 28, 1846. September 10, 1850. September 10, 1854. November 11, 1858. November 19, 1860. November 19, 1862. November 19, 1866. November 19, 1870. November 19, 1874. November 21, 1878. November 21, 1880. November 1,1882. May 5, 1840. August, 1848. Office death, March, 1848. August, 1848. August, 1851. August, 1852. By appointment. November, 1854. November 11, 1856. November 19, 1858. November 19, 1860. November 8, 1862. November 8, 1864. November 19, 1866. November 8, 1870. November 23, 1874. November 8, 1878. November 8, 1882. August, 1838. Aug. 25, 1839 Aug. 25, 1841 Aug. 25, 1847 Aug. 25, 1849 Aug. 25, 1851 Nov. 8, 1853.. Nov. 1, 1855.. Oct. 1, 1863... Oct. 28, 1865. Dec. 2, 1867.. vacant by Did not qualify. August 25, 1841. August 26, 1847. August 25, 1849. Died Mar. 6, '49. August 25, 1851. August 25, 1853. November 8, 1855. November, 1863. October 1, 1865. October 28, 1867. December 2, 1869. * Jacob Wunderlich and Charles W. Hughes each received an equal number of votes for County Treasurer at the annual election in August. No person being elected, Jacob Wunderlich was appointed Treasurer. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 67 NAMES OF OFFICERS. What Office. Date of Comm'n Date of Expiration of Term. John B. Firestone John Richards William Yontz (present incumbent) Abraham Cuppy , Richard Collins Charles W. Hughes Thomas Washburn Adam Y. Hooper John S. Cotton Simon H. Wunderlich Theodore Reed Robert A. Jellison W. H. H. Rutter Wm. E. Merriman (present incum.) Joseph Pierce Christopher W. Long Charles W. Hughes Price Goodrichf Coroner ..., Coroner .... Coronor ... Auditor .... Auditor .... Auditor ..., Auditor ..., Auditor ..., Auditor ... Auditor ... Auditor ... Auditor ... Auditor ... Auditor ... Probate Judge. Probate Judge. Probate Judge. Probate Judge. Oct. 23, 1870. Decernher'74. Oct. 28, 1878. August, 1841. August, 1842. June 7, 1844. August, 1844. Nov. 11, 1855 Nov. 8, 1859.. Nov. 8, 1862.. Oct. 18, 1869. November, '74 Dec. 4, 1877.. April 26, 1881 August, 1838. August, 1839. August, 1846. August, 1848. December 5, 1874. December, 1878. October 28, 1882. August, 1845. Resigned. August, 1845. Resig'd June 7, '44. August, 1844. Appointed until annual election. November 11, 1845. March 1. 185 i. March 7, 1863. November 8, 1870. Died. November, 1874. November, 1878. Died Dec. 1, 1877. November 8, 1882. Died Apl 21,'81. November 8, 1882. Did not qualify. August, 1846. August, 1848. The Board of County Commissioners, at their session in June, 1838, dis- tricted the county into three Commissioners' Districts, as follows: Range 8 to form the First District, Range 9 the Second District and Range 10 the Third District. The following are the names of the persons who served as County Com- missioners, from the organization of the county, from each district, in the order they served: DISTRICT NO. 1. DISTRICT NO. 2. DISTRICT NO. 3. Otho W. Gandy. Joseph Pierce. Daniel B Rice Henry Knight Thomas Neal Adam Egolf Daniel B Rice Adam Creager Jacob Nickey. R. M. Paige. Christian H. Creager Andrew Adams William Dunlap George Eberhard George W. Hollinger M. B. Emerson Benjamin F. Thompson Jacob A. Ramsey William Tanneyhill Shaw, Thompson and Tanneyhill are the present Commissioners. The following is a list of the County Surveyors, in the order they served, from the organization of the county: John H. Alexander, appointed 1839; Stephen Martin, elected 1842; George Arnold, elected 1846; John H. Alex- ander, elected 1848 ; Jonathan Miller, elected 1850, resigned ; Richard Knisely, appointed 1851; Levi Adams, elected 1854; Amasa W. Reed, elected 1856; Eli W. Brown, elected 1858, resigned in 1864; John H. Tucker, ap- pointed 1864; Thomas B. Hathaway, elected 1864, left June, 1865 ; D. A. t Price Goodrich served until Common Pleas Court was organized in 1852, and the office was then abolished. 68 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Quick, appointed 1865, to fill vacancy; Edward A. Mossman, elected 1865, resigned; C. B. Tulley, appointed and elected 1867 ; Charles D. Moe, elected 1870; James E. Dorland, elected 1872; Herman Theil, appointed and elected 1874; Levi Adams, elected 1878: Roscoe A. Kaufman, elected 1880, now serving. The following are the names of the Commissioners appointed to expend the three per cent fund, which they were entitled to receive from the State, in the order they served: Benjamin H. Cleveland, appointed 1838; Richard Boughan, appointed 1840; Zebulon Burch, appointed 1840. The Clerk of the Circuit Court was ex officio Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners from the organization of the county until 1841. Then the duties of the office were transferred to the County Auditor. The following were the Associate Judges : NAME OF JUDGES. Benjamin F. Martin. Jacob A. Vanhouten. John Wright Richard Knisely Henry Swihart Lorin Loomis Appointment. April, 1838... April, 1838... August, 1842 August, 1845. August, 1846. August, 1847. Expiration. August, 1845. August, 1845. August, 1845. August, 1852. August, 1852. August, 1852. Remarks. Died in 1841. Died in 1845. Resigned in 1847. Loomis and Knisely served until the office was abolished by the Legislature in the year 1852. The following were the School Commissioners : NAMES OF COMMISSIONERS. Andrew Compton.. James B. Edwards. Henry Hanna Appointment. August, 1839. August, 1845. August, 1847. Expiration. August, 1845. August, 1847. August, 1850. Hanna served until the duties of the office were transferred to the County Auditor, and the office of School Commissioner was abolished. There were no political organizations in the county prior to 1844. The first political caucus in the county was held at Columbia by the Democrats some time before the annual election held on the first Monday of August, 1844, to select candidates for the county offices then to be filled. The first regular political convention held in the county was at Columbia, previous to the annual election in 1848 by the Democracy, followed in a short time by the Whigs holding a convention at the same place. Conventions were regularly held after that date for the selection of candidates for the different county officers, delegates to the State Congressional, Senatorial and Representative Conventions in the district of which this county forms a part. The leading political organizations in the county were the Democrats and Whigs until 1854, when the Whig party changed their name to that of Republican. In 1854, the party known as Know-Nothings flourished, but was short-lived. In 1878, the party known as Greenback flourished in this county, and there are men yet who clamor for more greenbacks. The Democrats have claimed, since the first political caucus, CV^VXAJ M^V-~isiSv4. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 71 in the county, majorities ranging from twenty-five to four hundred, in the greater number of cases electing their candidates, and holding the important offices of the county a greater portion of the time. The following statement shows the vote of the county at each Presidential election since the organiza- tion of the county : NAME OF CANDIDATE. Of what Party. Date of Election. No. of Votes. Whig November, 1840 98 November November November November November November, November November, November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November 1840 1844 1844 1848 1848 1848 1852 1852 1856 1856 1856 18-0 1860 1860 1864 1864 1868 1868 1872 1872 , 1872 1876 1876 , 1876 , 1876 91 219 Whig 216 Whig 355 318 21 568 Winfield Scott Whig 497 851 797 Free-Soil 57 Republican 1133 1067 4 George B McClellan . 1327 1074 Ulysses S Grant 1372 1628 Ulj'sses S Grant 1401 Lib. Republican... 1650 28 Samuel J Tilden , 2052 Rutherford B Hayes 1660 James B Weaver 23 Neal Dow 3 At the annual election in August, 1838, there were only four organized townships in the county, as follows : Cleveland, Richland, Thorn Creek and Smith, and only four voting precincts. At that election, there were seventy-two votes polled in the county. The offices were not very lucrative, and but few persons were desirous of being promoted. There is no means of knowing the precise date of the first election held in the county, the returns of the election having been made to Richard Baughan, Sheriff, the only officer in the county ; and the poll-books and tally-sheets of that election were never filed in the Clerk's office ; hence there is no means of knowing the exact date of the elec- tion, or the number of votes polled ; there certainly were not more than sixty votes cast. There was but little trouble with blacklegs in this county. Professionals of that class were not very numerous at any time. There were a few bad men in the county, who were connected with organized bands of horse-thieves and counterfeiters who made raids into this county, scattering counterfeit money (coin, principally) and running off horses, giving information as to the whereabouts of good horses and the proper routes to travel and the safe harbor- ing places on the route. Our horses generally traveled north, and may have found a market in Michigan. There were, at different periods, organizations 72 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. of Regulators formed for the better protection of their horses, following and recovering them when stolen, and, if possible, arresting the thief or thieves. It was reported, and generally accepted as true, that there was one or more of the citizens of this county roughly handled by an organization in Noble County, known as the " Regulators." (They understood keeping their secrets.) The public knew but little of their operations, yet they were credited with effecting a very decided reformation in the behavior of the roughs throughout quite an extent of country. The first State road located across the county of Whitley ran from Fort Wayne, Allen County, to Goshen, in Elkhart County, crossing Eel River where Adam Hall settled, who, after the location of the road, erected and maintained a toll-bridge across the river, at his place, for a number of years, or late as the year 1838 or 1839. The road passed where the town of Churu- busco is now located, and the trading-post of John B. Godfrey, north of Blue River, who was located there at the time the road was surveyed and located in 1833. He was engaged in trading with the Indians, they being his principal customers. In those days, that was a very lucrative business, if men were not scrupulously honest. The next important road located across the county was the State road, running from Fort Wayne, the nearest and best route, to Yel- low River, where the Michigan road crosses the same by way of Turkey Creek Prairie. This road passed the Indian village in Whitley County (known as Seek's village) and several other Indian villages. It also crossed Blue River two and a half miles northeast of Columbia,, where Richard Baughan's mill was erected, in Thorn Creek Township. The road was located and surveyed in the summer of 1834, under the direction of Francis Comparet, a Commis- sioner appointed by the Legislature of the State, and known as the Yellow River road. The next was a State road running from Huntington, in Huntington County, to Goshen, in Elkhart County, crossing Eel River where South Whitley is now located, and passing where the old town of Summit was afterward lo- cated, just west of Larwill. It was located and surveyed in the year 1835. The next road of importance located across the county was a State road from Osceola to Rochester, in Fulton County. This road was located, in 1836, by Reuben Howe, commencing at Rochester and terminating in the woods near Pierce's saw-mill, in Union Township, the Commissioner being unable to find the place called Osceola. The next road across the county was a State road from Fort Wayne to intersect the La Gros road where the same crosses the Tippecanoe River at Peter Warner's, near the center of Kosciusko County; located, in April, 1838, by Peter Warner and Jacob Sebring. This survey crossed Blue River some distance south of Columbia City, and is now known as the Colum- bia and Warsaw road. The next was a State road from Logansport to Sparta, the then county seat of Noble County; located by Samuel Lowman in 1838. This survey passed some distance west of Columbia City ; but little, if any, of this line was ever improved, on account of the manner in which it angled across HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 73 the county. The next important road was a State road from Lima, in La Grange County, to Huntington, in Huntington County ; located and surveyed, in November, 1839, by Isaac Spencer and W. T. McConnell, Commissioners for that purpose. This road passed along Line street, in Columbia City, and the south part of it is much traveled. A part of the State roads described was partly cleared of timber and the impassable places bridged and crosswayed by appropriations from the three per cent fund set apart for the improvement of State roads in the different counties, of which the county of Whitley received and disbursed the sum of $3,192.21. This was quite an advantage to the early settlers of the county. Had it not been for the improvement of the roads with that fund, it would have been many years before the roads could have possibly been opened. The early settlers of this county suffered many privations, and endured many hardships incident to the settlement of a new country heavily timbered as this was. Just for one moment think of a family of husband and wife and one, two or more small children hewing a passage for team and wagon into the forest, miles from any white inhabitant, then encamping until logs could be cut and a cabin erected into which they could find shelter, in the meantime, the husband having to leave the family in charge of his trusty dog, and absent himself for a number of days in quest of provisions. The settlers in the west- ern portion of the county in 1836 generally got their meal and flour in the land of Goshen, located near the Elkhart Prairie in Elkhart County, at the mill of one Wyland. In the spring of 1837, a number of parties joined and sent a team of cattle and wagons to the Wea plains, below La Fayette, for a cargo of corn-meal and bacon. When that cargo arrived and was distributed, there was great rejoicing in the land. Near the streams, the inhabitants fared better than those a distance away, owing to the great amount of wild onions growing there spontaneously, and they were much used and appreciated by the settlers in the absence of better and more palatable vegetables. In the spring of the same year, a party of men from the west part of this county and the east side of Kosciusko County constructed a mammoth canoe (or pirogue) out of a large yellow poplar tree found some distance northwest of where the town of Colla- mer is now located, conveyed it to Eel River and successfully launched and christened her " Pioneer," provisioned and placed her in charge of two ex- perienced sailors, and she started down the river under full sail for the south- ern port of La Fayette, to purchase a cargo of corn-meal and bacon, and after forty-eight hours' sailing, they ran the Pioneer into harbor, not having encount- ered any adverse winds or fogs. Eel River was somewhat dangerous to navi- gate on account of dams, and driftwood running in the stream. The parties succeeded in purchasing a cargo of corn-meal and bacon, and started up the Wa- bash River, and after a great amount of hard poling succeeded in getting up into Eel River a short distance, but finding their vessel drew so much water, they could not navigate Eel River any farther. They tied up the pirogue, and one 74 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. of the party remained in charge of the vessel and cargo, while the other came home on foot, about fifty miles, and collected some teams and went after the freight. When they arrived with the provisions, there was great rejoicing in the neighborhoods; the meal and bacon were distributed partly in the vicinity of where Dodgertown is now located, in Kosciusko County. It is not positively known whether that event had anything to do with furnishing a name for that town. The other part of the cargo was distributed in this county, in the vicinity of Collamer. After roasting ears and potatoes in due course of grow T th were ready for eating, the inhabitants fared sumptuously. There were plenty of deer and some bear in the country, and plenty of fish in the streams ; but men could not hunt, fish and clear a farm at the same time, and hence there were but few professional hunters in the country in those days. The lands in this county were very productive when first improved and cultivated, and many of the early pioneers reared large families of children ; not unfrequently were found families numbering ten, eleven and sometimes a dozen children, healthy and vigorous. But there has been a great change brought about for some cause within the last few years. There is rarely now seen a family of more than from two to six children. What this unproduct- iveness is to be attributed to, the reader is left to conjecture. CHAPTEE IV. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED. War History— Soldiers of 1812 and of the Mexican War— A Sketch of Their Services— Public Sentiment in Whitley County When Sumter Fell— The First War Meeting, and the First Company of Volunteers —Intense Excitement — Progress of the Enlistment — Loyalty and Disloyalty — The Arrest of Deserters— The Draft— The "News" and the "Republican"— Aid Societies and Bounty— Sketches of the Regi- ments— Whitley County's " Roll of Honor." IT is not known that any Revolutionary soldiers ever settled within the limits of Whitley County ; but it is known that their descendants, proud of the military services of their fathers, are scattered throughout the length and breadth of the land. Years passed by, leaving no hearts rent with anguish at the separ- ation from loved ones who had gone to the wars. At last, the Eastern horizon was obscured by the black clouds of war with the mother country ; and brave men were called out to maintain the prerogatives of the nation. Among those who stepped forth, in 1812, at their country's call, was Daniel Hemmick, who served as Orderly Sergeant in one of the militia regiments under Gen. Harrison. He thus fought the Indians in Indiana, and was very probably at the battle of Tippecanoe in November, 1811, and at the various other smaller battles which made the name of Harrison famous. He lived to an old age, but is now at rest in the grave. Thomas Walker served in a Virginia regiment. He lived east HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 75 of Columbia City. James Jones also went out from the Old Dominion to fight his country's battles. John Jackson, who lives west of town, also served his country in 1812. William James, yet living some distance from Columbia City, was a soldier in the war of 1812; but in what regiment, or from what State, has not been learned. Mr. Maring, who lived near Forest for a number of years, was among the number. These are all the names of soldiers of 1812 that could be learned that ever resided in " Little Whitley," although there were several others. In the Mexican war, there were Thomas Kelley, John Sleesman, William Smith, Joseph Crow, James Van Ness, Mr. Disbrow, Edward McMahon, Peter McMahon, William McMahon, Charles Howe and James E. Serjeant. So far as known, all these served with Gen. Taylor along the Rio Grande, except William Smith, who claims to have been with Gen. Scott. Some of these- men did not go from this county. Charles Howe was in Van Arnim's regi- ment from Chicago. The most of the others were in the First Regiment, Com- pany E, the officers being : Captain, J. W. McLain ; First Lieutenant, Thomas Lewis ; Second Lieutenant, Charles Colerick ; Third Lieutenant, George Humphrey. The boys of this county enlisted at Fort Wayne. In June or July, 1846, the regiment reached New Orleans, and was then transported across the Gulf to Point Isabel. It occupied Brownsville, Beretta, Monterey, Buena Vista and other places of less importance, doing guard duty the most of the time. It took the regiment thirteen days to cross the Gulf coming back, owing to a terrific storm that swept away all the masts of the schooner " Maria Thomas." When within several miles of the mouth of the Mississippi, and when the storm had spent its fury, a steamer came out at the end of two days and pulled the disabled vessel and the half-starved soldiers into port. We must not forget our soldiers of the older wars, under the gigantic shadow of our last civil war. Let their names be recorded and remembered with gratitude. Public sentiment in Whitley County on the question of the impending civil war between the States, prior to the tragic fall of Sumter, was somewhat bitterly divided. It is probable that no living representative of Southern policy and principles resided in the county when the war burst upon the nation ; but but there were all gradations, from those who believed, on the one extreme,, that, rather than have a gigantic civil war, it was better to let the '* erring sis- ters" go out of the Union, with all their coveted rights of secession, State sovereignty and power to expand slave territory, to those who believed, on the other extreme, that the Union must be preserved, and the principles of seces- sion, State sovereignty and growth of slavery be forever blotted out of hearts that had been taught to love the name of liberty. Between these extremes there were the " War Democrats," who were willing to fight solely for the preserva- tion of the Union, without regard to the claims of the Secessionists on one hand or the demands of the Abolitionists on the other. The majority of the Republicans were confident that secession and State sovereignty were unconsti- 76 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. tutional. The bulk of the Democracy was ready to fight to preserve the Union, therefore saying by their action that they opposed the right of the Southern (or any other) people to secede. This was about the condition of opinion in Whitley County early in 1861. As the news of the fall of Sumter was received, and doubt was changed to certainty, the excitement became intense. Occupations and pursuits were almost wholly neglected, and the loyal men of all parties announced their read- iness to follow their country's call. The great mass of the Democracy of the county came loyally forward, and the citizens as a whole immediately united on the question that the "Jeff Davis rebellion" must be promptly put down. The country became almost deserted, and the towns and news-stations were thronged with excited Republicans and Democrats, asking for the latest news from the seat of war. The following extracts are taken from the Columbia City Republican of April 17, 1861 : Since the news of the attack made upon Fort Sumter by the Southern traitors, our town has been a scene of continual excitement. Look which way you might, you would see crowds of angry, excited men on the streets, all talking about the Southern rebellion. The policy of the President, as recently developed, meets with almost universal approbation here, and when the news reached us that Fort Sumter was to be supplied with provisions at all hazards, joy and gladness were exhibited in the countenance of nearly every one. We doubt if Columbia City was ever in such a state of excitement as during the past week. Whatever difference of opinion may have existed in the minds of our citizens as to the policy to be pursued by the Administration, now that a blow has been struck and actual war in- augurated by the rebels, we rejoice to hear an almost unanimous expression of opinion that the Government must and shall be sustained. It is no longer a question as to what policy. ought to have been pursued in the past ; but war is upon us, our Government has been attacked, and one of its strongholds has been taken at the mouth of the cannon, and we must now be either for or against ihe Government. Men of Whitley County! we appeal to you — not as Republicans or Democrats, but as American citizens — and say to you, Rally as one man to the support of this Government. Let the past bury the past, let by-gones be by-gones, and let us look only at the present and the future. As sure as we are living men, so sure is it that our very existence as a nation depends upon sustaining the Government at all hazard and at any cost. It is a question involving all that is sacred to us in the future. Let there be no faltering in this hour of our coun- ry's peril. The Democratic paper, the News, came out with loyal editorials, and the excitement, instead of subsiding, continued to increase, until at last notices were posted in public places that a mass meeting of the citizens would be held at the court-house on Saturday, the 20th of April. The following is quoted from the Republican of April 24 : Pursuant to notice, a very large and enthusiastic meeting met at the court house on the 20th of April, 1861, for the purpose of raising a volunteer company to respond to the call of our country. On motion, Mr. J. C. Cotton was called to the Chair and H. D. Wilson appointed Sec- retary. The Chairman, on taking his seat, made a patriotic speech, explaining the object of the meeting and urging prompt action in support of the Government. Addresses were delivered by Hon. J. S. Collins, Hon. A. Y. Hooper, H. D. Wilson, Dr. C. Kinderman, I. B. McDonald, C. W. Hughes, T. Washburn, Dr. D. G. Linvill, A. W. Myers and E. W. Brown. The speakers were frequently interrupted by immense applause from the audience, and the whole scene was enliv- ened by the stirring strains of martial music. On motion of H. D. Wilson, the following reso- lutions were unanimously adopted : HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 77 Resolved, That we support this Government because we love it. Resolved, That we will follow the stars and stripes wherever they lawfully lead. Resolved, That the constitution must and shall be maintained. Resolved, That, laying aside, for the time being, all party feelings and prejudices, the pres- ent administration, in this trying emergency, must and shall be sustained. Volunteers to respond to the call of the country were then called for by George Stough, and fifty-four names were quickly enrolled. On motion of A. Y. Hooper, the following addi- tional resolutions were unanimously adopted : Resolved, That if those who shall volunteer in this county shall be called into service, we will contribute of our money and means to maintain and support their families while they shall be in the service of their country. Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the Chair to carry into effect the above resolution. The following gentlemen were appointed on said committee: Messrs. Hooper, Washburn, Linvill, Foust and Keefer. On motion of Dr. Linvill, the following gentlemen were appointed a committee to solicit subscriptions for suitable outfit for Whitley County volunteers : A. A. Bainbridge, C. W. Hughes and I. B. McDonald. A telegraphic dispatch was just then received, announcing that Fort Pickens had been attacked by the secessionists «nd 300 of them killed by the well-aimed fire of Lieut. Slemmer. Unanimous cheering ! After giving three cheers for our flag, three cheers for our Government, three cheers for Lieut. Slemmer and three cheers for our patriotic volunteers of Whitley County, the meeting adjourned amidst the wildest enthusiasm and the patriotic music of fife and drum. We noticed in circulation yesterday a petition asking the Board of Commissioners to make an appropriation for the support of the families of those who shall volunteer from this county. This is a good move in the right direction, and should be acted upon promptly and a generous appropriation made by the board. The formation of the volunteer company was continued and soon com- pleted. In the meantime, anxiety, loyalty and enthusiasm were displayed everywhere. War seemed the only topic of discussion. Even the usual re- marks regarding the weather and the health, strange as it may seem, were neglected and apparently forgotten. The loyal ceremony of raising poles and hoisting flags was freely indulged in; and, of course, the actions' of the older members of the community were reflected by the transparent spirits of the youths, who raised poles, organized companies, filled the air with discordant martial music, fought mock battles, where rebels were always worsted, and, in short, imitated the example of patriotism exhibited by their elders. About this time, Union pole-raisings by both parties were very popular. Five or six were erected in different portions of Columbia City and scores throughout the county. In the Republican of May 1, 1861, appeared the following: During the past week, the excitement of our citizens on the war question was intense. And no wonder, for, amidst the firing of guns, the thrilling notes of the fife, the beating of drums and the parading of soldiers, who could help being excited? Whitley County is thor- oughly aroused and even the children are rushing to arms. The ladies, too, who were never known to falter in the hour of our country's need, are fully awake to their duty, and have gotten up quite a large company of infantry. Below we publish the roll of the Whitley Volun- teers. The company is composed of the right kind of material — mostly young men, who are fearless and brave — and, if called into active service, we expect to hear of their coming off vic- torious at every engagement. Certain it is, that they never will allow their flag to trail in the dust. The company is ready and waiting for marching orders. Their worthy Captain, Mr. Stough, is daily putting the boys through the drill, and we notice that they are making rapid advancement toward perfection. The ladies of this place are engaged in making a splendid silk banner, which will be presented to the volunteers at the proper time. 78 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Officers — George W. Stough, Captain; James E. Serjeant, First Lieutenant; Isaiah B. McDonald, Second Lieutenant; Nimrod Smith, James K. Ward, Cyrus J. Ward, John F. Drury- am, John J. Weiler, Sergeants; Edward B. Beeson, David Garver, E. A. Mossman, D. R. Hem- mick, J. M. Hartman, William L. Biruey, D M. Shoemaker, T. J. Gardner, Corporals ; Nicholas Beesack and John Ward, Musicians ; Jacob J. Conrad, Wagoner. Privates — Nimrod Asbury, Henry Banta, William M. Barnhill, Nicholas Bear, Joseph Beesack, B. F. Bennett, John Bennett, William Brubaker, W. S. Collins, G. P. Connett, Jacob Dinsmore, Oliver Droud, A. B. Dudley, Russel Earle, Joseph Effert, G. W. Elder, Samuel English, F. G. Ford, James Force, Franklin Freese, Joseph Fries, Otis J. Gandy, Samuel J. Goodin, J- H. Gurt, William Grimes, M. V. Hammond, Isaac Harrison. Lewis Hartman, G. W. Hartsock, James 0. Harvey, Conrad Hilligas, J. W. Hyler, W. F. Johnson, Charles S. Keech, N. H. King, Jesse Kyler, G. W. Lamson, J. W. Lawhorn, Isaac Leaman, G. F. Loveless, J. G. N. Marks, George Mar3h, Conrad Miller, Henry Moore, J. H. Nelson R. H. Norton, Samuel Parke, II. R. Pegg, T. W. Piper, Joseph Plummer, J. A. Poff, H. C. Pressler, R. S. Pumphrey, C. W. Ramsey, John Raypole, G. T. Roily, F. L. Rhodes, Jesse Rowles, J. E. Sherrod, S. O. Shoup, Isaac Shin- neman, Alexander Showalter, John Simpson, J. H. Slagle, F. M. Slagle, John Smith, H. D. Smith, Frederick Smith, T. A. Smith, Henry Snavely, Anderson Spear, Peter Stephens, David Stough, William B. Summy, Anthony Seymour, Jr., Sidney Tuttle, Allen Underbill, W H. West, Lewis Whiteman, Milton Whiteman, C. L. Wilder and John Wireman. Total officers and men. 101. [This was the first muster-in roll of the company, and was made by Lieut. I. B. McDonald on the 11th of June, 1861, at Camp Morton, Indianapolis. — Ed.] It was at first the intention of this excellent company to get into the Twelfth Regiment ; but, failing in that, they next tried for the Sixteenth, and again met with failure, though immediately after this they were assigned to the Seventeenth, remaining a part of the same throughout the war. While they remained at Columbia City, they were daily subjected to drill and discipline to fit them for active service. Great enthusiasm and pride were manifested by the citizens over the boys, who performed the manual of arms so skillfully, and executed the military maneuvers so gracefully while on parade. They were permitted to participate in an engagement, as the following, from the Republican of May 22, will show : Our citizens were thrown into a fever of excitement on Thursday of last week, upon the receipt of intelligence to the effect that a secession fort, from the walls of which floated the Confederate flag, had actually been erected west of this place, aud that from all appearance an attack upon our city was about to be made. So speedily had the work of erecting this fort been accomplished, that our citizens were at a loss to understand how it could be. But no time was to be lost. All saw at a glance the perilous situation of our city, and vigorous measures were at once resolved upon for the storming of the fort. Lieut. Serjeant was immediately detailed on a reconnoitering expedition. Upon his return, he reported the rumors correct, and that three ten-inch Columbiads were leveled directly upon the town. Our brave volunteers were immedi- ately marched to the walls of the fort, showing thereby that they were not afraid to face the cannon's mouth in defense of the stars and stripes. An attack upon the fort was ordered, and> with a daring worthy of older and more experienced soldiers, our volunteers stood their ground, though the cannon of the enemy was playing heavily upon them. The battle was brisk, and in a very short time our soldiers had the fort silenced. The Captain of the fort was captured, and marched through the streets as a prisoner of war. The fort, in honor of its builder, had been named " Pap Shoemaker's Fort." It should be noticed at this point, that, about the time the company was preparing for the field, the two newspapers at Columbia City — the Republican and the Neivs — were indulging in rather bitter personal attacks upon those who JO* J? M. M> e &*™M COLUMBIA CITY. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 81 opposed the policy of the party, of which each was the organ. These animosi- ties have no place in a volume of this character, though they serve to shed light on subsequent events. The following extracts are taken from the papers of May, 1861, as showing, in a general way, the progress of events, and to some extent the condition of public sentiment : Much praise is due Mrs. C. H. Pond, Mrs. J. W. Brigg, Miss Carrie Ford and other ladies of this city and vicinity, for their efforts in getting up a nice silk star-spangled banner [the silk was purchased in Indianapolis by I. B. McDonald. — Ed.], for the Whitley County Volunteers. The banner is said to be one of the finest in the State. May it ever wave over and protect the fair women who made it. — News. The " Lutheran Union Mite Circle" will meet at the residence of W. W. Kepner, on Tues- day evening. May 14. Readers — Rev. Hugh Wells, A. H. Swihart, Mrs. Morehouse and Miss Jennie Kepner. A cordial invitation is extended to all. — News. An artillery company was organized last evening (May 7), composed of some of our best citizens, and the following officers were elected : Captain, J. C. Bodley ; First Lieutenant. P. Simonson ; Second Lieutenant, A. Avey ; Third Lieutenant, T. B. Hathaway. — Republican. Those who have given their names for the purpose af forming an independent cavalry Com- pany are requested to meet at the court house on next Saturday, at 1 o'clock, P. M. — Republ'h-ui. On yesterday afternoon, at about 3 o'clock (May 7, 1861), the ladies presented to the Whit- ley Volunteers a beautiful silk flag, together with the necessary rigging. The presentation speech was delivered to Judge Bodley in behalf of the ladies, and the flag was received by Capt. Stough in the name of the volunteers, in a few appropriate remarks. Lieut. McDonald also made a few remarks, after which three cheers were given for the ladies of Whitley County, and then three more cheers for the volunteers. The company made a fine appearance, dressed as they were in red flannel shirts, and black pants with red stripes down the legs. — Republican. Pursuant to call, the residents of Union Township met at Coessa (May 4), for the purpose of raising a Union pole in honor of the glorious flag of our country. At an early hour, the bridge was densely thronged with ladies, and, on the grass plat south of the railroad, the gen- tlemen, both Republicans and Democrats, rallied together to raise the Union pole. On motion of Mr. J. Kaufman, Rev. Mr. Wolf was elected Chairman, H. Cleveland and M. McGinley Vice Pres- idents, and D. F. Manning, Secretary. The Chairman stated the object of the meeting in a few patriotic remarks. A pole, seventy feet long, was then raised, from the top of which floated in the pure air of heaven the stars and stripes, the symbol of American union, liberty and inde- pendence. On motion, three cheers were given for our national banner, after which short patriotic speeches were delivered by A. J. Douglas, H. D. Wilson, A. W. Myers, Dr. E. Pierce and Simon Kerr. Three hearty cheers were given for the Union, after which the meeting ad- journed. — Republican. On Saturday, May li, the residents of Union Township met at Coesse for the purpose of organizing a military company for home defense, S. H. Pierce, Chairman, D. F. Manning, Sec- retary. The Chairman explained the object of the meeting and urged the necessity of being trained to military duties. Upward of fifty names were quickly enrolled, and the following gen- tlemen chosen officers of the company. S. H. Pierce, Captain; D. P. Spore, First Lieutenant; G. B. Bonestil, Ensign. On motion, it was decided that the uniform of this company be blue pants, red shirts and glazed caps. Adjourned to meet Saturday, May 25. — Republican. On Saturday last (June 25), a Union pole was raised at Huntsville (Larwill). It is said that the flag, which now floats on the breeze at 115 feet, is one of the finest in the county. It was run up by the ladies of the neighborhood, and immediately afterward excellent speeches were made by Rev. Mr. Baker, N. Andrews and E. L. Berber, of this place. Huntsville was never so crowded as on this occasion. We have been informed that the Democrats of Huntsville are about to raise a pole. We hope that we were misinformed, however, for this is not the time to enter into party strife. — Republican. 82 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. On Monday, the 13th of May, the following dispatch was received by the Whitley vol- unteers : Indianapolis, May 13, 1861. Capt. Stough, Columbia City — Your Company is accepted, and will be ordered here when quarters are provided. John M. Wallace, Adjutant General. When the messenger appeared with the dispatch, the boys — who were on parade — threw down their arms, broke ranks, and rushed with a yell to meet him. When the news became known, cheer after cheer rent the air, and the boys seemed wild with delight. — Republican. On Tuesday evening, May 21, Capt. Stough' s command took its departure from this place for headquarters, in pursuance of orders received the day before. At about 10 o'clock, P. M., the order was given to march to the depot, the utmost enthusiasm prevailing, both soldiers and citizens being in good spirits. Messrs. Douglas and Myers entertained soldiers and people in appropriate speeches until the cars arrived. It was a sad spectacle to witness the parting of husband and wife, brothers and sisters, fathers and mothers with their sons, the lover with his sweetheart, and friends with their neighbors. — News. The Republicans of Huntsville erected what they termed a Union pole in the aforesaid vil- lage about a week ago. The pole has three divisions— first ash, then hickory, then ash again — signifying Republicanism, Democracy and Abolitionism. The Democrats did not like the idea of being thus amalgamated to two isms, so they on Saturday last erected a large hickory pole in that village about oue hundred and seventy feet high, from which proudly waws the "star spangled banner." Speeches were made by A. W. Myers and D. T. Davis, of this place. Much enthusiasm was manifested and everything passed off agreeably. — News, July 2, 1861. Public feeling had been wrought up by the strong position taken by each of the two newspapers in the county ; and as time went on and events were devel- oped, the rancor and extreme bitterness became more intense and warlike. The Fourth of July, 1861, was celebrated at Columbia City by not less than six thousand people. There were present the Whitley Artillery, Capt. Bodley ; Whitley Cavalry, Capt. Keefer ; Richland Township Guards, Capt. Webster ; Union Township Guards, Capt. Bierce ; Washington Township Guards, and a martial band from Noble County. On the fair grounds, Rev. L. Dorland opened with prayer ; the Declaration of Independence was read by K. B. Miller ; speeches were made by H. D. Wilson and J. S. Collins ; " In- dependence Day " was sung by the children ; a picnic dinner was consumed by all ; twenty toasts were read by A. Y. Hooper and A. W. Myers, and re- sponded to by the citizens amid great enthusiasm. Patriotic songs closed the ceremonies of the day. During the autumn of 1861, some six or seven recruiting officers were posted in the county to secure men for the war. The County Commissioners soon made ample provision for soldiers' families and bounties. Strong, well-attended Union meetings were held from time to time throughout the county, and the able-bodie4 men were not permitted to sleep under the delusion that no more men would be required. On the 4th of September, 1861, " Popgun " Smith and Charles Case, from Fort Wayne, entertained a vast audience at Columbia City, on the issues of the war. The smaller villages " braced up " in a similar manner, and soon the country schoolhouses were made to echo with the patri- otic speeches, songs and cheers of loyal citizens. Some localities were silent, not daring, perhaps, to avow their real sentiments ; others grimly and senten- HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 83 tiously muttered their maledictions against the Administration and the war. Notwithstanding the growing tendency not to enlist, recruits from the county were constantly entering the service. Many left the county, joining regiments raised in neighboring places. Isaiah B. McDonald, an uncompromising Dem- ocrat, one of the first men, so far as known to volunteer in Whitley County, set an example for his brethren that was worthy of imitation. He went out as Lieutenant of Company E of the Seventeenth Regiment at the first call for troops, and his loyal utterances in frequent letters written home and published caused many a man in Whitley County to halt at the brink of disloyalty and turn back toward the old flag. The following is an extract from one of his letters from Western Virginia : If some of the peace howlers were here awhile, they would get bravely over their com- plaints. Mr. Lincoln's modification of Fremont's proclamation is well received here by all. This last strike of the President will do more for us than 100,000 soldiers well armed. I say, God bless Old Abe. Such sentiments, coming from a prominent Democrat, could only have an excellent effect among the Democracy of Whitley County. Capt. Cuppy's company was completed about the middle of October, and Capt. Simonson's a short time before. Capt. Cuppy was from Cleveland Township, where the greater number of his company was enlisted. On the 17th of October, this company were ready to depart. The village, South Whitley, was filled with relatives and friends of the brave boys. A stand was erected, from which the principal citizens said, 4> God bless you" to the untried soldiers. A splendid dinner had been spread out, free to all, which was often thought of afterward by the boys when half starved down in Dixie. At last, hands were wrung, tears were shed, good-bys were spoken with pale faces and white lips, and the boys marched proudly away to Columbia City, whence they were conveyed by rail to Fort Wayne, the place of rendezvous. In response to the Governor's "Appeal to the Patriotic Women of Indiana," the ladies of Columbia City met on Saturday afternoon, October 19, for the purpose of organizing a society to aid in furnishing the Indiana Volunteers with the articles of clothing specified in the call of Gov. Morton. The following preamble and resolutions were adopted, and a society organized to be called the " Whitley County Soldiers' Aid Society:" Whereas, The Governor of the State has appealed to the patriotic women of this State in behalf of the Indiana Volunteers now on the tented field, asking them to aid in furnishing blank- ets, mittens, socks, woolen drawers and shirts for our needy soldiers, therefore Resolved, That in response to the call of the Governor, we, the ladies of Columbia City and vicinity, do hereby organize ourselves into a society to be called the AVhitley County Soldiers' Aid Society. Resolved, That the officers of this society shall consist of a President, Vice President, Sec- retary, Treasurer and a committee of six members to solicit contributions. Resolved, That the object of this society shall be to purchase and make such articles of clothing for the soldiers as are enumerated in the Governor's appeal, and solicit contributions from all who can render aid in this sacred cause. Resolved, That the society meet every Wednesday and Saturday afternoon of each week. Resolved, That an earnest invitation be extended to the ladies throughout the county to co-operate with us in this holy and patriotic effort. Resolved, That a membership fee of 2o cents shall be paid by each member for the pur- chase of material for the making of the articles needed. 84 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The following-named officers were chosen by the society : Mrs. J. L. Collins, President ; Mrs. Samuel Keefer, Vice President ; Mrs. H. D. Wilson, Secretary, and Mrs. A. Y. Hooper, Treasurer. Mrs. John Rhodes, • Mrs. N. D. Torbet, Mrs. T. P. Gaylord, Mrs. Wm. Lohman, Mrs. George Stough and Mrs. Leonard, committee to solicit contributions. — Republican, Oct. 22. About the same time, a similar society was organized at Huntsville (Lar- will), the officers being Mrs. H. McLallen, President ; Mrs. E. M. Baker, Vice President; Mrs. D. B. Clugston, Secretary; and Mrs. David Kerr, Treasurer; Mrs. Truman Hunt, Mrs. William Rice, Mrs. J. E. Hayden, Miss Lucinda Carder, Miis Matilda Kerr and Miss Maria Burns, Soliciting Com- mittee. Another was organized at Coesse with the following officers : Mrs. J. Root, President ; Mrs. F. Mossman, Vice President ; Mrs. M. J. Swayne, Sec- retary; Mrs. S. Douglas, Treasurer; Mrs. Joseph Mossman, Mrs. Joseph Pierce, Mrs. D. S. Morse, Mrs. Rachel Edger, Mrs. George Omans, Mrs. G. Pettit, Mrs. R. Drew, Mrs. W. Taylor, Miss Barbara Rouch and Mrs. J. II . Clark, Soliciting Committee. $22.25, the receipts of an exhibition, were paid to the Aid Society at Columbia City in October, 1861, by the young ladies of the public school. Another society was organized in Richland Township, the following being the officers: Mrs. W. Goldsmith, President; Mrs. J. Graham, Vice President ; Mrs. N. G. Parret, Secretary ; Mrs. A. F. Marvin, Treasurer ; Mrs. R. Rollins, Miss H. Munger, Mrs. W. Newman, Mrs. D. Kimes, Mrs. G. P. Cullimore and Mrs. W. Rollins, Soliciting Committee. Similar organizations, with similar laws, were created all over the county, and large quantities of blankets, shirts, socks, drawers, mittens, etc., were boxed up and sent to the boys in the field. Goods of this character and pro- visions to the value of at least $800 were sent out of the county during the war. The effect of all this was realized only by the poor boys who were suffer- ing from wounds or disease in Southern hospitals, or who were undergoing protracted and harassing marches and fatigues in the rebellious States. Many a poor fellow has cried out, "God bless the noble and loyal women of the North ! " After the first few months of excitement had passed away, people settled down, prepared to hear almost anything. The enlistments went on generally under the stimulus of a war meeting, where spread-eagle speeches were delivered, with much eclat, to appreciative and applauding assemblages. Every encourage- ment, in the way of bounty, loyalty and national preservation, was held temptingly out to lure into the service the stalwart sons of noble old Indiana. Capt. Stough had resigned his position and had come home, and, in July, 1862, he began raising another company for the service. About the same time, Capt. Serjeant began the enlistment of a company for the Seventy-fourth Regiment. Enthusiastic meetings were held, in July, at Coesse, Concord, Troy Center, Etna, Thorn Creek Center, Richland Center, Bechtel's Grove, Springfield, Jefferson Center and Columbia City. Mr. Serjeant had been with Taylor in the Mexican War and had the confidence of the citizens, and, as a consequence, his company rapidly filled. These companies were dispatched to the field during the early HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 85 autumn of 1862. An artillery company, previously mentioned, of which Judge Bodley was at first Captain and which had been largely raised in the county, was dispatched to the field, under Capt. Peter Simonson, in about No- vember, 1861. The Indiana Regiments which contained men from Whitley County were the Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty- ninth, Thirty-fourth, Thirtieth, Thirty-eighth, Forty-second, Forty-fourth, Forty-eighth, Seventy-fourth, Eighty-eighth, One Hundredth, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth, One Hundred and Forty-second, One Hundredth and Fifty- second, Fifth Light Artillery, Eighth United States Colored Troops, Four- teenth Light Artillery and the Twenty-third Light Artillery. Other regiments also contained a few men from the county. The writer, by careful count and estimate, has found that " Little Whitley " sent into the war of the rebellion about eight hundred men. Company E of the Seventeenth was commanded by Capt. G. W. Stough. Company E of the Forty-fourth was commanded by Capt. William E. Cuppy. Company B of the Seventy-fourth was commanded by Capt. James E. Serjeant. Company K of the Eigty-eighth was commanded by Capt. James C. Bodley. Company F of the One Hundredth was com- manded by Capt. Abram W. Myers. Company D of the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth was commanded by Capt. Francis M. McDonald. Company G of the One Hundred and Forty-second was commanded by Capt. John H. Slagle. Company I of the One Hundred and Fifty-second was commanded by Capt. John M. Albright. All these officers were from Whitley County. In addition to these, there was the Fifth Light Artillery, commanded by Capt. Peter Simonson, who was shot in battle, and who was succeeded in command by Capt. Alfred Morrison. There must also be mentioned the " Whitley County Legion of Honor," composed of the following companies : Whitley Guards, iUbert Webster, Captain, August, 1861; Richland Guards, Isaac N. Compton, Captain, September, 1863 ; Whitley Artillery, James C Bodley, Captain, June, 1861. The men composing these guards were afterward re- quired to face the bullets of the Southern Confederacy. Taking into consid- eration the influences brought to bear upon the citizens not to enlist, and even to discourage assistance to continue the war, the reader will be led to think that Whitley County did her full share in suppressing the rebellion. But it must be borne in mind that several drafts were instituted to compel localities to fill their quotas, and great exertions were necessary on the part of recruiting and enlisting officers to fill their companies. The first draft occurred October 6, 1862, and gave the citizens a taste of what was to follow. The following were the officers of the draft: Alexander Hall, Provost Marshal; James S. Collins, Commissioner ; and Dr, D. G. Linvill, Surgeon. The call for 300,000 men had been made in August, 1862, and as Whitley was considerably behind, or at least that was the understanding, it was thought here that unless some- thing very important was done in the way of filling the required quota, the county must submit to the humiliation of a draft. A fair bounty was imme- 86 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. diately offered by the County Commissioners, and this, with the State and Ra- tional bounties, besides the regular pay per month, proved almost sufficient to relieve the county. On the 20th of September, 1862, the townships in the county stood subject to draft as follows: Richland, 6; Troy, 9; Washington, 38; Columbia, 18; Jefferson, 34; Union, 5; Smith, 9; Thorn Creek, 34; total, 153. Between the 20th of September and the 6th of October, a sufficient num- ber enlisted to clear all the townships except Thorn Creek, Washington and Jefferson, these townships being behind some twenty-five men. The draft was conducted in the Court House by the above-named officers, amid such severe excitement as to indicate, if anything was done to precipitate events, a success- ful resistance to the draft. There were read out the names of men who violently cursed everything, from Lincoln to the Draft Commissioner, and who swore that they would never enter the ranks to continue the damnable war. There were also read out the names of those who looked like death when they knew they were in for it. Others, of both parties, loyally faced the music, and de- clared they had taken their chances and were ready to go. The drafted men were taken to Indianapolis, where, through the neglect of a number of military " nincompoops," they were compelled to " cabbage," without orders or payment, a large barrel of crackers. This food, with a little water, constituted their only supper. The aforesaid " nincompoops " were summarily cashiered for their neglect and dismissed the service, and payment was made for the barrel of crackers. This draft, promptly made and executed, proved to the citizens that the Government was in earnest, not trifling, and thereafter all but rebel sympa- thizers exerted themselves to avoid any further conscription. Yet, notwith- standing all efforts, several drafts occurred afterward, under the supervision of Hiram Iddings, Provost Marshal ; William S. Smith, Commissioner, and Ste- phen Morris, Surgeon, draft officers, located at Kendallville, for the Tenth Con- gressional District. The commissions of these officers took effect in May, 1863. Charles W. Hughes was appointed Assistant Provost Marshal for Whitley County. On the 4th of July, 1863, Mr. Hughes attempted the arrest of a deserter whom he met on the street of Columbia City. The deserter resisted, and, escaping, ran out of town, but was pursued by Lieut. Slagle and brought back. The day had been one of great political excitement, and the celebration had been interrupted several times by riots and fights. As soon as it became known on the streets that the deserter had been arrested, a rescue was determined upon, regardless of the consequences. A small body of men had assembled to sustain the arrest, but they were greatly outnumbered. Everybody was excited at the prospect of the impending conflict, and the interest became intense. Women began to cry out and shed tears, and even some men sought the presumably safe fortification of female crinoline. The crowds met, the smaller was swept back and scattered, and the law-breakers rescued their friend HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 87 with shouts of joy. This was not done, however, without desperate resistance from the Marshal and his band, and sundry noses were made to flow, and eyes made to assume the hue of Erebus. Almost every week, news was received that women had met in sanguinary conflict at schoolhouses or cross-roads. Every week or two, the papers contained highly sensational pen portraits of the fights. It was certainly a scene to make the blood of the boldest run cold. The men were not behind in " scrimmages " of this nature. During the entire continuance of the war, scores of terrific fights occurred over hard names and bad blood. The condition of affairs in Whitley County was announced to the District Provost Marshal at Kendallville, who, thereupon, resolved that he would arrest the three or four deserters who were lurking in the county. Accordingly, on the 17th of July, 1863, the District Marshal, in command of about seventy- five men — soldiers — from Kendallville, entered the county from the north, arresting a deserter in Thorn Creek Township, thence moving to Larwill, where another deserter was taken, thence to Columbia City, arriving there about 8 o'clock in the morning. The deserter there was soon found and arrested, and the three taken to the Tremont House, handcuffed and closely guarded. [News, July 21, 1863.] This paper stated that the cause of the last man's arrest was not because he had deserted ; but because he rescued, as above stated, on Inde- pendence Day, the deserter who had been arrested by Marshal Hughes. The statement of the paper is probably correct. As soon as it became known that a body of troops was in town, and that arrests were being made, hundreds of people appeared on the streets to see what was transpiring. Excitement ran to mountainous heights when it was discovered that all efforts would fail to prevent the arrests. The soldiers breakfasted, and, in the meantime, it became apparent on the streets that trouble would ensue. The military body, with the deserters in charge, had no sooner reached the street (Van Buren) than it was surrounded by a shouting mob, which heaped insult upon insult upon the soldiers, until the latter were compelled to chastise a few with swords and bayonets. During this conflict, two prominent citizens were arrested, one for disloyal expressions and unwarranted interference with the arrests that were being made by the soldiers ; the other, for resisting the arrest of his friend, who was a rela- tive. During the arrest of these two, it became necessary to resort to stern meas- ures. The commanding officer of the detachment of soldiers drew his revolver and fired three or four shots, one or two of which took effect in the person of one of the citizens under arrest, both of whom, when the soldiers moved, were taken some distance into the country with the rest of the prisoners, where, after a parley with the officers, they were released ; but the deserters were retained, and, after a few months, the one arrested at Columbia City for resisting the arrest of a deserter returned to Columbia City, and was given a public ovation by his friends. Disturbances much of a similar character were afterward enacted in the 88 county HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. . This was the condition of public feeling and action during the entire war. The drafts of 1863 and 1864 came on, and many were thus called into service. The following was the condition of the quotas of the different townships of Whitley County under the call of July 18, 1864 : Smith Township Thorn Creek Township iEtna Township Troy Township Richland Township Columbia Township Union Township , Jefferson Township Washington Township.. Cleveland Township Total. Excess. 20 6 52 33 37 148 Deficit. 3 2 2 1 Quota. 28 39 9 38 29 78 32 27 33 36 349 To furnish. 31 19 3 40 29 26 29 34 211 A draft was ordered for this call of 500,000 men, but was postponed until December, 1864, at which time another call for 300,000 men was issued. The citizens well knew that, unless the county exerted itself wonderfully, the quota of Whitley County under these two calls, as shown in the two tables — a total of 418 men — would have to be filled by draft. The quota of Whitley County under the last call of the President, in December, 1864, for 300,000 men, was 207. The quotas of the different townships were : Men Smith Township 31 Thorn Creek Township 17 Mtna, Township 5 Troy Township 40 Richland Township 32 Columbia Township 16 Union , 4 Jefferson 24 Washington 27 Cleveland 11 Total 207 The citizens resolved to fill the quotas, if such a thing were possible. The County Commissioners met and raised the county bounty to $450, and then the inducements held out took the following excellent shape : The quota of Whitley County is not quite full yet, and, unless the men come forward and enlist, the draft will certainly come off at no distant day. Drafted men get no bounties. Volun- teers receive the following for one year's service : Regular Government bounty $100 00 County bounty 450 00 Township bounty 100 00 Monthly pay for one year 192 00 Clothing, not less than 150 00 Rations — lowest rate of boarding 200 00 Total for one year's service $1,192 00 I'M- sarah- COLUMBIA CITY. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 91 This is a good chance to make a little money. For one year's service you get $1,192, of which amount $583 — nearly one-half — is paid in advance, in shining greenbacks at that, before departing for the tented field. Recruiting offices have been opened at the Tremont House, in this city, and at the American House, in Springfield, this county. — News, last of February 1865. These inducements were too much for the boys, who volunteered rapidly from all quarters. Soon it beeame apparent that, even if Whitley County did not quite fill its quota, no draft would be held. The following table shows what the county paid during the war as bounty and relief fund : County, City or Township . Bounty. Belief. Whitley County $105,900 $13,883 Cleveland Township 2,750 500 Richland Township 11,072 304 Troy Township 5,000 300 Washington Township 2,200 200 Columbia Township 6,020 500 Thorn Creek Township 2,250 200 Jefferson Township 1,500 200 Union Township 1,126 260 Smith Township 4,719 200 Etna Township 500 100 Whitley County Total $143,037 $16,647 Total Bounty and Relief $159,684 The regiments from Indiana which contained the greatest number of men from Whitley County were the Eleventh, Seventeenth, Forty-fourth, Seventy- fourth, Eighty-eighth, One Hundredth, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth, One Hundred and Forty-second, One Hundred and Fifty- second, and the Fifth Light Artillery. The Eleventh Regiment fought at Forts Heiman, Henry and Donelson ; at Shiloh ; siege of Corinth ; Yazoo Pass Expedition ; the Vicksburg movement; the siege of Vicksburg; battle of Winchester; and battle of Fisher's Hill, besides many other smaller engagements. The Seventeenth Regiment fought at Greenbrier, siege of Corinth, battle with Gen. Forrest, skirmish with Bragg. February, 1863, the regiment was mounted and supplied with Spencer rifles ; desperate battle at Hoover's Gap ; Manchester ; Cowan ; Dalton ; near Ringgold ; numerous small skirmishes ; Chickamauga ; Thompson's Cove ; McMinnville; Shelbyville; Farmington ; battle with Kelley's Brigade; skir- mished constantly on the Atlanta campaign ; Pumpkin Vine Church ; Big Shanty ; Belle Plain Road ; Kenesaw Mountain ; Marietta ; Chattahoochee River; Stone Mountain ; Flat Rock ; New Hope Church ; Rome; Coosaville : Leesburg ; Goshen and pursuit of Hood; then followed the " Wilson raid," in which the Seventeenth took a prominent part ; Bogue's Creek ; assault on Selma ; Tobesofl'kee Creek ; numerous hot skirmishes ; Rocky Creek bridge ; captured, without aid, Macon, Ga., with one Major General, three Brigadier Generals, 3,000 prisoners, 60 pieces of artillery, 3,000 small arms, etc., etc. The Union troops numbered 451 men. Here the regiment was mustered out of service. The loss of the regiment during the Wilson raid, from March 22d E 92 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. to May 1st, was twenty-one killed and ninety-four wounded. Up to this time, the Seventeenth Regiment had marched over 4,000 miles ; captured over 5,000 prisoners, together with 6,000 stands of arms ; 70 pieces of artillery ; 11 stands of colors, and more than 3,000 horses and mules. This was done with the total loss of 3 officers and 66 men killed, and 13 officers and 126 men wounded. The Mumfordsville affair was engaged in in 1862 by a detachment of the regiment. The Seventeenth was one of the most active regiments in the war from any State. The Forty-fourth Regiment, the latter part of October, 1861, went to Indianapolis, and, in December, to Henderson, Ky. In February, 1862, it was ordered to Forts Henry and Donelson, where it suffered severely in killed and wounded. It went to Pittsburg Landing, and was in both days' battle of Shiloh, where it lost the appalling number of thirty-three killed and one hun- dred and seventy -seven wounded. It was at Corinth and at Boonville. It pursued Bragg northward, reaching Louisville, Ky., on the 26th of September. It fought at Perryville and at Russell Hill. In less than three months and a half, the regiment had marched on an average ten miles per day, without tents. It had suffered terribly on the long marches. The regiment was at Stone River, suffering eight killed, fifty-two wounded and twenty-five missing. It was present at Chickamauga and Mission Ridge. In these two battles, the loss was eighty-two killed, wounded and missing. While at Chattanooga, the bovs " veteranized " and went home on a visit. It returned to Chattanooga in the spring of 1864, and did provost duty there until September, 1865, when it was mustered out of service. The regiment, during its term of service, lost 350 in killed and wounded, and 58 by disease. Recruits after this from the Forty-fourth served in the closing scenes of the war. In August, 1862, the Seventy-fourth Regiment, less two companies, left Indianapolis for Louisville, Ky. It went to Bowling Green and then to Louis- ville. It participated in the pursuit of Bragg. In November, it reached Gallatin, and in December it was joined by Companies C and K. These two companies had had a severe fight with Bragg's army, and were captured, paroled, and in November, 1862, were exchanged and then joined their regi- ment. The regiment fought Gen. Morgan. It occupied Gallatin in January, 1863, then Lavergne, then to Triune, where it arrived in June. It moved in the campaign against Tullahoma, skirmished the enemy at Hoover's Gap, and in August, participated in the campaign against Chattanooga. In September, it skirmished at Dug Gap, Ga. It was one of the first regiments engaged at Chickamauga, and with the Tenth Regiment was the last to leave the field. The regiment was with that old hero, Gen. Thomas, and lost 20 killed, 129 1 wounded, and 11 missing. The Seventy- fourth was constantly skirmishing at the siege of Chattanooga. It was at Mission Ridge in November, losing eighteen killed and wounded. It followed the enemy to Ringgold, Ga., and then returned. It was at Buzzard's Roost, February, 1864, but returned to HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 93 Ringgold, where it remained until May, when it moved on the Atlanta cam- paign. It fought at Dallas, Kenesaw and Lost Mountains, Chattahoochie River, near Peach Tree Creek. The Seventy-fourth on this campaign lost forty-six men. The regiment fought at Jonesboro, pursued Hood, fought at Rocky Creek Church. It marched around via Savannah, Raleigh, Richmond and Washington, D. C, and finally reached home during the summer of 1865. This was one of the best regiments from Indiana. The Eighty-eighth Regiment reached Louisville late in September, 1862. On the 8th of October, the regiment fought like veterans at Champion Hills, losing heavily. It then moved to Nashville, thence to Murfreesboro, where it fought at Stone River, participating particularly in the last charge. Again the regiment suffered terribly. In the summer and early autumn of 1863, the Eighty- eighth fought at Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Hillsboro, Elk River and Lookout Mountain. On the 10th of September, it had a severe skirmish with Polk's command. It fought desperately three days at Chickamauga. It charged on Mission Ridge, and was personally complimented by Gen. Thomas. It fou»ht at Graysville and Ringgold, and was on the terrible Atlanta campaign, fighting at Tunnel Hill, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Utoy Creek. The loss in this campaign was sixty-five killed, wounded and missing. The Eighty-eighth pursued Hood, and then moved to the sea with Sherman. It also went with Sherman north, fighting at Averysboro and Bentonville — loss at the latter thirty-nine. It started home via Washington, D. C, and was greeted all along the route by crowds of grateful people. The One Hundredth Regiment, organized in Fort Wayne in August, 1862, took the field at Memphis, where it arrived on the 16th of November. It moved on the first Vicksburg campaign, but soon returned to Memphis, near where it was assigned guard duty. In June, 1863, it went with Grant, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. It marched and fought with Sherman at Jackson, being under fire for five successive days. The regiment then marched to Big Black River, where it remained during the summer. In Sep- tember, it moved to Memphis, thence to Bridgeport, Ala., thence to Trenton, Ga., where it turned the left flank of Bragg's army. It moved to Chatta- nooga, and afterward fought severely at Mission Ridge, losing in killed and wounded the appalling number of one hundred and thirty-two men. It pur- sued Bragg to Graysville, thence marched to Knoxville, thence to Scottsboro, Ala., arriving there December 26. Within a few weeks the regiment had marched over eight hundred miles and had fought bravely, and was only half clothed and half fed — all performed without a murmur. The One Hundredth moved with the Atlanta campaign in 1864, fighting at Dalton, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Chattahoochie River, Decatur, Atlanta, Cedar Bluffs, Jones- boro and Lovejoy's Station. It had marched and fought nearly one hundred 94 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. days. It pursued Hood, and then moved to the sea with Sherman, fighting at Griswoldville, Ga., reaching Savannah December 10, and moving through the Carolinas. It went to Washington, D. C, where it remained until June, 1865, when it was mustered out. The One Hundredth, during its term of service, lost 464 men, killed, died of wounds and of disease. The One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Regiment took the field at Nash- ville April 7, 1864. After several severe campaigns, the regiment took up its march on the Atlanta campaign. It fought at Dallas, and skirmished with the enemy for several weeks near Lost Mountain. The regiment was in a ter- rific fight at Decatur, losing heavily. It skirmished around Atlanta and at Strawberry Run, losing twenty-five men killed and wounded. It pursued Hood, moved to Chattanooga, to Nashville, joined Gen. Thomas, thence to Johnsonville and Columbia. Here heavy skirmishing was carried on, and soon after the regiment moved rapidly to Franklin, at which place, as is often said, the hottest conflict of the war took place. The One Hundred and Twenty- ninth lost very heavily. It returned to Nashville, where it remained until Decem- ber 15, 1864, when it moved out with Gen. Thomas and participated two days in the fight with Hood. It joined in the pursuit, but was soon conveyed to the Atlantic coast, landing at Moorhead City. It moved out skirmishing at first, but finally fighting with great desperation at Wise's Forks, losing very heavily. It did provost duty during the summer of 1865 at Charlotte. In August it was mustered out of service. The One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment (one year's service) reached Nashville in November, 1864, and was assigned garrison duty. The regiment was at the battle of Nashville, when Thomas thrashed Hood, and was held as reserve. After the battle, it returned to Nashville, doing duty there until July, 1865, when it was mustered out. The Fifth Battery Light Artillery, with six guns, took the field, near Louisville, November 29, 1861. It consisted of 148 men, under Capt. Peter Simonson. The battery was raised in Whitley, Noble, La Porte and Allen Coun- ties. After various movements, it won its first laurels near Huntsville, Ala., where it stopped several flying railroad trains of the enemy. The guns were put on locomotives, and sent down on the track to burn bridges, etc. The men were also used as scouts while here. The battery fought hard, at Stevenson, to pro- tect government stores. It fought desperately at Champion Hills six hours, losing two men killed and eighteen wounded, thirty-two horses killed and crip- pled and one caisson chest blown up by the enemy's shell. It was compli- mented by the commanding General. It skirmished with the enemy at Triune December, 1862, and finally participated in the fierce battle of Stone River. Early in the morning of the 31st of December (first day of the battle), the Fifth was terribly cut up, losing three men killed and sixteen wounded — one mortally — and thirty-two horses and two guns. The division commander paid the Fifth a high and merited compliment. In June, it skirmished heavily at HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 95 Liberty Gap, but afterward moved gradually southward with the main army, fighting at Pond Springs in September, losing one gun and several horses. It fought desperately nearly all the next day, and when ordered back lost another gun. While at Chattanooga, it lost one man killed, nine wounded and two prisoners, besides twenty-six horses and two guns. It was ordered to Shell Mound, where it remained on guard until February, 1864. In a reconnoissance on Buzzard's Roost, the Fifth fought again, but without loss. The battery, in the Atlanta campaign, fought at Tunnel Hill, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, near Adairsville, Kingston, Cassville, Pine Mountain (where the gallant Capt. Simonson was shot through the head with a musket ball), Kenesaw Mountain, New Hope Church, Hurst's Station, Peach Tree Creek, before Atlanta and at Jonesboro. The loss in these engagements was six men killed and six wounded. At Pine Mountain, the shot that killed the rebel Gen. Polk was fired from one of the Rodman guns of the Fifth Battery. The battery lost during the war nine killed, three mortally wounded, forty-eight wounded, twenty-one died of disease, prisoners three. It also lost four guns, but was one of Indiana's best batteries. WHITLEY COUNTY'S ROLL OF HONOR. Lieut. Col. George B. Stough, died of wounds in Libby Prison, October 29, 1863. Capt. Peter Simonson, killed in action at Pine Mountain, Ga., June 16, 1864. Lieut. William Forrest, died of disease, September 28, 1863. Lieut. Daniel Little, died of wounds received in action, Decembar 15, 1863. Washington Acker, died at Memphis, November 1, 1863 ; William Abbott, died at Chattanooga July 20, 1864 ; Andrew Arnold, died at Chattanooga June 25, 1864. Nicholas Beesack, killed at Noonday Creek, Ga.. June 20, 1864 ; Jacob Bryer, died of wounds, at Murfreesboro, January 3, 1863 ; Robert Blain, died at Mitchellsville, Tenn., November 10, 1862; Reuben Barnes, died of wounds at Murfreesboro, January 3, 1863 ; Edwin A. Briggs, died at Louisville, Ky., November 2T, 1862 ; William Boyd, died at Nashville July 9, 1863 ; Warren Banta, killed at Shiloh April 6, 1862 ; Henry Brenneman, died May 12, 1862; Samuel Baker (veteran), killed by cars, January 30, 1865 ; John C. Brown, killed at Chickamauga September 19, 1863 ; Emery Bennet, died at Gallatin, Tenn., December 2, 1862; James Barber, died of wounds at Ackworth, Ga., June 19, 1864; John Bennet, died at Camp Sherman, Miss., August 1, 1863 ; Nelson Bugbee died at Scottsboro, Ala., January 12, 1864; Christopher Burnsworth, died at Chattanooga October 1, 1861 ; Ansel Bloomer died at Murfreesboro May 2, 1864 ; John Batz, died at Indianapolis March 24, 1865. William Croy, died at Louisville November 13, 1862 ; Archibald Carter, captured at Chickamauga September 20, 1863 ; Joseph Carnes, died February 4, 1862; John M. Collins, missing in action at Chickamauga, September 19, 96 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 1863 ; Solomon Carpenter, died March 15, 1862 ; James Carpenter, missing in action at Chickamauga, September 19, 1863 ; John E. Cassel, died at Nash- ville October 3, 1863; John Cooper, died at Altoona, Ga., June 9, 1864; George Cummins, died at Danville, Ky., November 7, 1862. Stephen Donley, died at Gallatin, Tenn., December 11, 1862 ; Henry Dilater, died February 8, 1862 ; Jesse A. Denny, died at Nashville August 29, 1864 ; William Denevy, died in the field June, 1864. George W. Elder, died at Huntsville,Ala., February 2, 1865. Richard Francis, killed at Hoover's Gap June 24, 1863 ; William Farris, died November 11, 1864 ; Andrew J. Fox, died at Nashville March 20, 1863 ; George Forrest, died at Peach Tree Creek, Ga., July 21, 1864 ; Leroy Foust, died of wounds received at Kenesaw, June 20, 1864. William Grimes, died of wounds, at Murfreesboro, July 20, 1863 ; B. F. Gingher, died at Euharlee, Ga., May 31, 1864 ; Josiah Gradeless, died at Gal- latin, Tenn., December 23, 1862 ; Walter Gruesbeck, died of wounds, August 25, 1864; John P. Grace, died at Bentonville, N. C, March 20, 1865; As- bury Grable, died of wounds received at Stone River January 12, 1863 ; Nathaniel Gordon, died of wounds at Chattanooga, November 8, 1863 ; Elijah Graves, died at Memphis November 12, 1863 ; Isaac Groves, died at Chatta- nooga November 7, 1864. Isaac Harrison, died of accidental wounds, July 2, 1862 ; David Hyre, killed by guerrillas March 14, 1865 ; Peter Haynes, died of wounds at Ste- phenson, Ala., October 17, 1863 ; James Huston, died in Andersonville Prison June 23, 1864 ; Frederick Hively died of wounds at Chattanooga, June 25, 1864 ; Daniel Herr, died at Tyree Springs, Tenn., November 29, 1862 ; George Holloway died in rebel prison, Danville, Va., March 7, 1864 ; George G. Hennemeyer, died at Bowling Green, Ky., January 1, 1863 ; William Huston, died at Bowling Green November 7, 1862 ; John D. Harbor, died at Nashville January 5, 1864 ; Reuben Householder, died at Camp Piatt, West Va., August 3, 1865 ; William Hutchcraft, died at Savannah, Ga., January 1, 1865. William F. Johnson, killed at Shelbyville, Tenn., October 7, 1863 ; John A. Jameson, died of wounds at Nashville, November 1, 1863 ; Orange L. Jones, died at Murfreesboro September 23, 1863. Horace S. Klinck, died of wounds December 10, 1863 ; David Kime, died at Macon, Ga., April 23, 1865 ; C. L. Kaufman, died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan- uary 1, 1863 ; William S. Kearns, killed at Mission Ridge November 25, 1863 ; Samuel B. Kernes, died at Beaufort, S. C. August 14, 1864 ; John W. Kline, died at Nashville July 30, 1864. David J. Lamb, died at Memphis November 10, 1863 ; William W. Lin- dle, died at Memphis. Conrad Miller, killed at Shelbyville, Tenn., October 7, 1863 ; James Mc- Donald, died in Andersonville Prison October 16, 1864 ; Jasper McNear, miss- ing in action at Chickamauga September 19, 1863 ; Jackson Mosher, died at HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 97 Chattanooga, February 18, 1864 ; Allen Myers died at Calhoun, Ky., Febru- ary 8, 1862; Francis M. Martin, killed at Chickamauga September 19, 1863; William Marshall, died at Nashville January 20, 1863 ; John Mossman, died at St. Louis December 1, 1863 ; Calvin Mellet, died at Memphis November 24, 1862 ; John McNabb, died at Holly Springs, Miss., January 15, 1863. George Neff, missing in action at Chickamauga, September 19, 1863 ; Abraham Nicheles, died at Nashville February 6, 1863 ; Edward North, died at Columbus, Ohio. John Owens, died at Indianapolis November 25, 1862 ; Anthony Olinger, died at Marietta, Ga., September 21, 1864. Solomon Payne, died at St. Louis May 10, 1862 ; Wesley Parret, died at Memphis July 7, 1862 ; Noah Pence, died at Nashville, December 21, 1862 ; Reason W. Pumphrey, died at Memphis November 28, 1862 ; Royer Pittman, killed at Mission Ridge November 25, 1863. George T. Roley, died at home February 21, 1864 ; Jesse Rowles, died of wounds at Shelbyville, Tenn., December 16, 1863 ; Albert Rovenstine, died at Bowling Green November 8, 1862. Nimrod Smith, died November 23, 1861 ; Francis M. Slagle, died March 2, 1863 ; Henry Snavely died at home February 18, 1864 ; David Stough, killed by pistol shot December 16, 1862 ; W. B. Summany, wounded, supposed dead, Rock Springs, Tenn., September 12, 1863 ; David Smalley, missing while foraging near Calhoun, Ga., October 20, 1864; Linton Shoemaker, died at home November 2, 1863 ; John A. Shoemaker, died at Lavergne, Tenn., May 13, 1863 ; Mahlon Sipe, wounded and missing at Stone River December 31, 1862 ; Joseph Swisher, died at home February 24, 1864 ; Hiram Smith, died at Evansville March 1, 1864 ; William Stiver, died December 6, 1861 ; E. A. Smith, died at Gallatin, Tenn., February 26, 1863 ; James Samuels, killed at Mission Ridge, November 25, 1863 ; Charles Swindle, died at Grand Junction, Tenn., April 8, 1863; George Simpkins, died in the field November 16, 1863; Allen Sears, died at Tullahoma, Tenn., October 27, 1864 ; David Sprinkle, died at Louisville November 10, 1862. Andrew Tinkham died at Gallatin January 25, 1863 ; Samuel Taylor, died at Camp Sherman, August, 1863. Milton Whiteman, killed at Macon, Ga., April 20, 1865 ; John H. Wire- man, died September 16, 1862 ; James C. Watson, killed at Chickamauga, Sep- tember 19, 1863; Nathan Walton, died at Nashville September 13, 1863; James Walker, died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., January 20, 1863 ; Jacob Wise, died Mav 17, 1865; David Warts, died December 8, 1861; George Weamer, died of wounds received at Shiloh, April 7, 1862 ; Abram Walker, died at Louisville October 23, 1863 ; Josiah Walker, died at Springfield, Ky., Octo- ber 10, 1862 ; John Weil, killed at Mission Ridge, November 25, 1863. 98 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. CHAPTER V. by thomas k. marshall. Columbia City and Township— Locating Columbia— Survey and Plat— Elihu Chauncey— Town and Township Organizations— Early Settlers and Officers— First Buildings— Growth and Improvement — Indus- trial Interests— Present Business Men — Incorporation — Education and Religion— Secret Societies— Election Statistics— Other Valua- ble Information. " We have no title deeds to house or lands ; Owners and occupants of earlier dates, From graves forgotten, stretch their dusty hands, And hold, in mortmain still, their old estates." rj^HIS is indeed an age when men count lives by milestones and not by J- paces. The borning of yesterday has become the manhood of to-day. The mythologic era, when Minerva sprang in panoply from the brain of Jove, has found its counterpart in the sudden development of these once lately Wes- tern Wilds. " Life ripens in these later years, The century's aloe flowers to-day." Come with me to the spire of your temple of justice, this glorious spring morning. From the purple chambers of the East, a modern Phaeton is rising from his couch to harness the fiery steeds of the sun, and take such a ride as the elder Phaeton never dreamed of. Over cities of a million souls, beside the classic seats of learning, among the mountains, round the valleys, until at eventide he shall water his foaming steeds in the peaceful waves near our Golden Gate. I know that we are an English, liberty-loving people, and an aggressive one, too, for I hear the twitter of the English sparrow, that goes where it listeth, and stands back for no bird of beauty or of song. I know that we dwell in the midst of a Christian civilization — for I can see four spires pointing heavenward, and the place for five more to point. I have been told in my researches among the archives of this people that the reason why they do not point is because they have already built as high as they own. I, however, look upon this as abase canard, suggested by denominational jeal- ousy. I know, too, that the schoolmaster is abroad in the land. There are four of him — the other five of him are schoolmistresses. I know that we are a quiet, law-abiding people, for I see to the southeastward an immense pile of hewn stones, whose windows are of tempered steel and whose doors are of iron, double jointed. And yet when I hear, now and then, of the escape of a pris- oner, I realize with crushing force the truth of the poet's statement, " Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage." I look upon the busy marts of trade, I hear the hum of industry, I see the smiling faces of the children of our town, and my heart goes out in adora- ' "■■ '■* COUNTY CLERK, COLUMBIA CITY. HISTORi 7 OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 101 tion to Him who hath made these things possible to be. I say to myself, truly tniS IS .< ^ land of settled government, and just renown, Where freedom slowly broadens down, From precedent to precedent;" and a longing comes over me to know whence and how all these things have come to pass in so short a time. Let us trace, therefore, as well as may be, the life of this town and township for the little more than forty years since from nothing it has grown to what it now is. Upon the 25th day of November, 1839, the Board of County Commis- sioners, consisting of Otho W. Gandy, Joseph Parrett and Nathaniel Gradeless, came to what is now the town of Columbia City, and the seat of justice of Whitley County, for the purpose of platting the town. Henry Swihart, County Agent, Richard Collins, Sheriif and Abram Cuppy, Clerk, came with them. Zebulon Burch was also of the party, and acting in the capacity of Commissary. The party stopped at the place where now stands the office of Jacob Ramp, in Block 7, Swihart's Addition to the town of Columbia City. At that time, the snow covered the ground- It was in the primitive days, and long before Prometheus had brought a second time fire from Heaven in the shape of Lucifer matches. It may be observed by the enlightened reader that Lucifer has not been in Heaven for a long time. The only excuse I can offer is that a country historian, like a spring poet, cannot afford to be too choice in the use of his similes and illustrations. Richard Collins, therefore, unlimbered him- self from his steed at the farm now known as the Essig farm, southwest of town about four miles, and where R. J. German then lived, and gathering from his hearth a tin pail of coals, bestrode again his foaming steed and carried the coals to the point of destination. This company proceeded to cut down timber and built a fire. Zebulon Burch then stretched a tent, and, amid the almost unbroken solitudes, the founders of this city lay down to rest. Upon the next day, Thursday, the 26th of November, 1839, Richard Collins began the survey of the town plat, and proceeded with the same until Friday afternoon. At that time, Dr. Connell and Isaac Spencer were Com- missioners to view, locate and lay out the Lima & Huntington State road. They came to the camp where Mr. Collins was on Friday night. From that point south, there were no settlers until you reached the vicinity of Hunting- ton. Isaac Spencer was a staid old Presbyterian Deacon, who had that extreme reverence for the Sabbath which has latterly grown to be only a reminis- cence of the past. He would not work on Sunday. He, therefore, went back to the cabin of Richard Baughan, two and a half miles up Blue River. On Saturday Mr. Collins set Mr. Kroiner, County Surveyor of La Grange County, and his hands at work surveying the town plat. On Saturday afternoon the snow had melted off. On Sunday morning, Richard Collins, who then resided near South Whitley, concluded to go home. At that date the only highways were Indian trails. He accordingly mounted his horse and struck out. Four 102 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. or five hours taught him that if there was nothing in the faith of Isaac Spencer, it at least kept a man out of trouble. For upon examination of his compass, the day having grown foggy, Mr. Collins found himself in the neighborhood of Fort Wayne. He thereupon proceeded to reef and tacked about until finally he reached South Whitley. And thus was begun what in time, we hope, may be an honor and glory to our commonwealth. On the 1st day of February, 1840, one Elihu Chauncey appeared before William Milnor, one of the Aldermen of the city of Philadelphia in the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, and as such Alderman and ex officio Justice of the Peace, and in due form of law, executed a conveyance to Richard Collins, Trustee of Whitley County, Ind., which embraced these facts : Whereas, Elihu Chauncey is the owner of a certain tract of land situate in Columbia Township, Whitley County, Indiana, which has been selected by Commissioners duly appointed, as the location of the county seat of Whitley County ; and, Whereas, Elihu Chauncey hath agreed to appropriate and convey to and for the use of said county, one-half of the lots into which the site of said town ha* been laid off; and, Whereas, A plat or map of the said site has been made containing 28 squares, each square being subdivided into 8 lots, except Squares 21, 22 and 28, which are divided into 4 lots each, which map has been certified and acknowledged. Now, in consideration of said premises and one dollar to him in hand paid, the said Elihu Chauncey releases and quit-claims to Richard Collins, all the lots numbered 3, 4, 7 and 8 in all the squares except 21, 22 and 28, and in 21 and 22, lots 3 and 4, and in 28, lots 1 and 2, to have and to hold the same forever to the use of Whitley County, as and for the location of of a county seat. On the 4th day of May, 1840, the Board of Commissioners met at the house of David E. Long, in the town of Columbia, the county seat. Present, Otho W. Gandy, Joseph Parrett and J. G. Braddock, Commissioners ; Abra- ham Cuppy, Clerk ; and Richard Collins, Sheriff. On the 5th day of May, 1840, the following entry appears upon the records of said board : Ordered, That Congressional Township 31, of Range 9 east, be organized as a civil town- ship, and call the same Columbia Township, and order an election of one Justice of the Peace in said town on the first Monday in August next, and appoint Raymond J. German Inspector of Elections therein. The election to be held at the house of David E. Long, in the town of Columbia, in said county. The first election in this township was accordingly held on the 3d day of August, 1840. After a closely contested election, Elijah C. Osborn was elected Justice of the Peace, having received four votes to two votes cast for Raymond J. German. He failed to qualify, and Joseph W. Baker was appointed and qualified as the first Justice of the Peace. On the 6th day of September, 1841, at a special election, Horace Tuttle was elected Justice of the Peace to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Joseph W. Baker. It is unfortunately true that the early records of the township of Columbia have been lost or mislaid, so that in this sketch it is impossible to give the names and periods of incumbency of the several township officers. In the early "days, however, not much attention was paid to the political affiliations of a man when he was a candidate for a local office. The simple query asked was, u Is HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 103 he honest and capable? " In the year 1844, the Democrats made their first purely party contest in the township, and succeeded in giving Jacob Wunder- lich in the county a majority of five, as against his opponents, Gillespie and Thompson. Jacob Thompson at that time was running what was called in those primitive days a tavern. He was exceedingly anxious to be elected Sheriff, and for that purpose opened up on the day of the election a free lunch table, and poured his free whisky out to the electors by the pailful. It was of no avail, however, for upon the final count he had only forty votes. A close observer of any election of recent date may perhaps have noticed that a portion of this ancient mode of electioneering has not wholly passed into disuse. He might also observe that there be yet electors who will drink one man's whisky and vote for another. It may not be amiss, however, to give to the public, through this medium, a general idea of the manner in which township business was conducted prior to the passage of the new constitution in 1852. On the 17th day of February, 1838, the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, passed an act, which provided as follows : First. Township elections were to be held annually on the first Monday in April. Second. The officers to be elected were three Township Trustees ; a Township Treasurer ; a Township Clerk ; two Fence Viewers ; two Overseers of the Poor, and as many Constables as there were Justices of the Peace. Third. The Township Trustees were to meet on the first Mondays in March, June, September and November. At their first meeting they were to divide townships into road districts and appoint Supervisors. Fourth. The Township Trustees were to assess the township taxes and they were to appoint one of the Constables collector thereof. Fifth. They were to have power upon the petition of twelve householders to establish, vacate or change highways. Sixth. This was a local act and applied only to the counties of Carroll, Delaware, Clay, Madison, Warren, Clinton, Adams, Jay, Wells, Huntington, Whitley, Allen and Hancock. At that date this county was in the Tenth Congressional District. It was joined with Elkhart and Kosciusko for senatorial and representative pur- poses. So stood the law until in 1843, Samuel Bigger, by authority of the Legislature of this State, revised the statutes of the State. In that year the officers created were one Inspector of Elections ; as many Constables as might be required ; a Supervisor for each road district ; two Fence Viewers, and two Overseers of the Poor. This act was in force until the year 1852, when the new constitution and revised statutes made a change. On Monday, April 4, 1853, was held the first election under our present constitution, with the fol- lowing result : Jacob Wunderlich, A. A. Bainbridge, Samuel Brown, Trustees ; David M. Hammond, Township Clerk ; William H. Dunfee, Township Treas- 104 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. urer. For license, 47 votes. Against license, 80 votes were cast. And so it seems that in the mythologic years of the fifties, Columbia Township would have been prohibitory in its vote. At this election 145 votes were cast. May 28th, 1853, an election was held for the purpose of determining whether a tax for school purposes should be levied. There were only nine- teen votes polled — eleven for and eight against the proposed taxation. The residue of the electors did not vote aye. It has been suggested that the reason why was because they did not know of it. The whirligig of politics shows strange things to the looker-on, for upon the 11th of October, 1853, the present incumbent of our guberna- torial chair, Albert G. Porter, as a Democrat, received in this township sixty- eight votes for Reporter of the Supreme Court, as against seventy votes cast for his Whig opponent, Jonathan W. Gordon, now Clerk of the Supreme Court. From out the crucible of life, how doth the alchemist of the ages melt into a common mass the divers elements. At this same election, James L. Worden was elected Prosecuting Attorney. If nothing more could be said of Columbia Township, the fact that in her borders first grew and strengthened the mind of Judge James L. Worden, now of the Supreme Bench of this commonwealth, would be sufficient to show that there were indeed giants in those days. It is not within the scope of this sketch to record the war period. As an instance however of how strong a hold a military title had upon the minds of the people, it may not be out of place to clip from the Township Records the following portion of the entry made in relation to the election in October, 1864 : "For Lieutenant Governor, Col. Conrad Baker received 178 votes and no more. For Clerk of the Supreme Court, Gen. Laz. Nobles received 178 votes and no more. For Reporter of the Supreme Court, Col. -Gen. Benj. Harrison received 178 votes and no more." There is at the present time in the county of Whitley a large and very respectable number of people who are surprised that we still continue to vote the Democratic ticket. Nay more, by way of joke, they intimate that we are still casting our ballots for Andrew Jackson. Let me for the moment enter the arena as a politician, and deny the soft impeachment. Let me say that I have carefully examined the records, and I find that the last votes cast for Andrew Jackson were in 1860, when he received 247 votes in this township as Elector for the 11th Congressional District upon the Douglas ticket. This is neither proper time nor place to speak of the struggles and triumphs of the local politician. He is a race and a law unto himself. Nor is this the place to detail the life and fortunes of those who in humble as well as in exalted situations of public trust served this people faithfully and well. Be it for other pens to glide in Lydian measures softly and sweetly over the stories of their lives. The mere mention of their names suffices here to call up all the amen- ities and asperities of this township's political life. The calling to remembrance HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 105 of the names of the Hon. Adams Y. Hooper, Thomas Washburn, nunc ad astra, of I. B. McDonald, Cyrus B. Tulley, Joseph W. Adair, Walter Olds, James S. Collins, Michael Sickafoose and others, in and of itself sheds a light upon that past which is the future in that what hath been in politics shall be again. Suffice it to say that the present officers of this township are : George Snyder, Trustee; George Eberhard, Jr., Road Superintendent; Cyrus B. Tulley and W. F. McNagny, Justices of the Peace ; William Meiser and Joseph Yontz, Constables ; John Perry, Assessor ; Daniel M. Marshall and John G. Leininger, Inspectors of Elections. In the year 1837, Asa Shoemaker came into the confines of what subse- quently became Columbia Township, and settled upon Big Spring Creek, in the northeast corner of Section 6, and resided there until his death. His son, Samuel F. Shoemaker, was the first white child born in the township. He was born upon his father's farm October 18, 1838, and still resides there. Joseph M. Baker was the second settler, and was also the grand architect and builder of the first court house. He then lived upon what is now known as the Cornell farm, just north of town, in Section 3. Raymond J. German moved into the township shortly afterward. The court house which Joseph W. Baker built was erected in 1841, and was used until 1849. It is still in existence, and used and owned by Joseph Zimmerman as a dwelling-house, and is situated upon Lot 1, Block 12, in the original plat of the town of Columbia. Elijah Scott and Livonia Witt were the first people married in the town- ship. Their marriage was solemnized April 8, 1841, by Henry Swihart, Justice of the Peace. David E. Long built the first house in what is now the town of Columbia City. He built at first a one-story back, and subsequently added a two-story front. It was erected upon the spot where now stands the drug store of Ruch & Bro., to wit, upon Lot 8, Block 7, of the original plat of the town of Columbia. At that spot David E. Long opened up a hotel ; and, in front of it hung a huge, creaking wooden sign, upon which was emblazoned in large characters, " David E. Long, Entertainment for Man and Beast." And here for many years, beside the ruddy glow of that hearth, gathered the prime factors of progress, and laughed, and joked, and talked of home and friends and native land. When will the time come again when such good cheer shall be found as this which threw itself at the weary traveler as he approached the tavern of those bygone days ? As the world has enlarged, has not man contracted ? And do not some among us even now sigh for the departed glory of other days, and mourn for the wassail and good cheer of the old-time bar- room ? It was in what is now the residence of Henry McLallen that the first court was held in Columbia City. The house at that time consisted of two rooms, and in one of them the grand jury held its sessions. John Wright, of Logansport, was then Judge. On the spot where now stands Grace Lutheran Church was an uprooted tree, on which the petit jury deliberated. A reform 106 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. among juries might even now be accomplished by sitting them on a log until they agreed. The first stock of goods ever opened up in this town was by John Rhodes, on the lot he now owns, upon the corner of Van Buren and Chauncey streets. His stock consisted of a few calicoes, groceries and like articles, as are usually kept in the ordinary frontier store. It was not conducted upon an extensive scale, and yet it was of very great convenience to the few settlers in and around Columbia, enabling them to purchase the necessaries of life without a trip on horseback to Wayne, " twenty miles away," and to dispose of the scanty prod- uce they might have for sale. In the year 1844, James B. Edwards came to Columbia with a general assortment of dry goods, groceries, etc., and opened up his store beside the then tavern of David E. Long. Mr. Edwards, in the years following, became actively engaged in molding the political history of the county, and discharged at different times the onerous duties of Clerk and Sheriff of the county. Mr. Edwards was and is, in popular parlance, "a hail fellow well met," and his store soon became the popular resort of the settlers, where the tide of conversa- tion ebbed and flowed from politics to potatoes. Among the early settlers of this township, and men who afterward became prominent in the affairs of the county, were Jacob and Simon Wunderlich. They came from Pennsylvania, and arrived here in February, 1844. It grew dark before they were enabled to reach town. In the darkness they inquired of a man how far it was to Columbia. He replied, a short mile. Carefully pursuing their way, they suddenly saw tire flashing from the fire-place. They then observed that they were in front of a building of some kind. They stopped and made known their arrival by the usual backwoods salutation of "Halloo!" David E. Long came to the door. Jacob Wunderlich inquired how far it was to Columbia. The reply came back, " You are in town." The sarcasm of the answer so completely disarmed them that, without further parley, they dismounted and slept beneath the roof of Long's Tavern, the first night of many passed in Columbia. In the same year, 1844, Thomas Washburn brought the third stock of goods to Columbia, and opened up where the Columbia City Woolen Mills now are. Mr. Washburn was, perhaps, the most successful business man that ever came to the town. He was a man of sterling character, of irreproachable honesty and o£kindly ways. He was charitable and well dis- posed to all mankind, and had he not been so generous, might have left to his estate a princely fortune. In the year 1845, Thomas Ellis came from Wayne County, in this State, and built the house which is now the residence of Hon. William Carr. In it he also opened up a general stock of goods and seemed upon the highway to success, when, in 1847, he died. His widow disposed of the stock of goods, and returned to Wayne County. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 107 The approaching march of civilization soon made itself apparent, for before 1845 Christian Hower started a saloon where enthusiasm was sold in quantities to suit. William W. Kepner came in shortly after, and bought him out. Among the strange things of those days was the fact that the law did not per- mit the sale of intoxicants to the Indians. From that it seems that the noble red man of the forest was not thoroughly reliable when under the potent in- fluence of the flowing bowl, and the records of the criminal courts of the county are full of incidents showing the evasion of that law, and the records of any people will be so filled as long as humanity hopes force will do what argument cannot do. Surely, it cannot be long until the world shall find out that that law is only strong and good which meets the hearty approval of the citizens. In the year 1842, Jacob Thompson started an opposition tavern, near where now stands the brick business block belonging to Henry Snyder. James B. Simcoke was the first physician and Sheriff of the county. How many there have since been, let yawning gallows and graveyards tell. I dare to make this cut direct, upon the assurance of the publishers that if a second and revised edition of this volume is ever issued, I shall have the honor of re-writing this chapter. In the year 1844, Henry Swihart, as the agent of Henry Ellsworth, erected upon the banks of Blue River, near where now stands the steam grist- mill of R. Tuttle & Co., a saw and grist mill which was run by water. Traces of the old race are still observable in the contour of the land just northeast thereof. Col. L B. McDonald, who was then a boy, helped to score the timber therefor. One of his friends has observed to me that he is still scoring. The erection of this mill was a God-send to the young and growing community, as it gave an opportunity for the grinding of wheat and corn without going many miles to mill. The mill now standing upon the site of that one is a grist-mill in fine running order, doing a large and extensive business, and owned and operated by R. Tuttle & Co. William M. Cafferty was the first shoemaker in the town of Columbia, and had his shop where is now the home of Benjamin F. Beeson, on the banks of Blue River. A. K. Goodrich started the first tannery in Columbia, just east of where the county jail now stands, upon the lot owned by Frank Supple. John A. Taupert erected the first foundry near what is now the depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and operated the same until it was consumed by the flames. Pause we here upon the early history of the business interests of this town, and with such a step as only a Colossus, or an historian could take, begin again at the year of grace, 1882. And since the dog law has come into force, and the season of the year is already at hand when the man with the tin box is once again around, it has become almost an impossibility to glean the necessary facts to make a full and accurate statement of the now business of the town. As a pointer in that direction to all uninformed brethren, let me here 108 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. insert under the captions of their several businesses a list of those engaged therein : Agricultural Implements — Thomas J. Cuppy, William Sell. Attorneys — Joseph W. Adair, Curtis W. Jones, Thomas R. Marshall, W. F. McNagny, Michael Sickafoose, Cyrus B. Tulley, James S. Collins, Ros- coe A. Kaufman, I. B. McDonald, Walter Olds, John C. Wigent. Bankers — F. H. Foust & Co., Columbia City Bank ; E. L. McLallen & Co., Farmer's Bank. Barbers — John Feist, R. T. Weibe, Henry Noxall. Blacksmiths — B. F. Beeson, John W. Lynch, Horth & Cutter. Booksellers — Liggett & Crider. Boots and Shoes— David Garver, W. W. Kesler, R. Tuttle & Co., Fred- erick Grund, Charles Saunders, Adam Weick. Brick — John Brand. Brooms — Christian Shaffer. Brewery — Raupfer & Walter. Butchers — Carver & Circle, Simon Levy, Daniel & Brother, Charles Ulerick. Clothing — Charles J. Eyanson, L. M. Meiser. Dentists — W. W. Makenson, H. R. Rouse, B. F. Slessman. Druggists — H. N. Beeson, Ruch & Brother, John W. Hunter, W. H. Smith, two stores. Dry (roods — Milton Bainbridge, Meeley & Hemmick, James Washburn, Clugston, Adams & Co., Ephraim Strong. Feed Yard — Ramp & Brother. Foundry — Thomas Washburn estate. Furniture — Andrew Miller, H. Snyder & Son, L. C. Mitten, George Steerhoff. Groceries — Haas & Brenneman, Kepner & Hunter, Kraus & Brother, A. A. Ricker, Arthur Stouffs, S. F. Winegardner, John E. Harris, Abraham Kramer, F. C. Reese, Ruch & Brother, W. C. Wallace. Hardware — Vallorous Brown, Knisely, Reider & Co., Edwards & Ander- son, George W. North. Harness — Moses Metz, I. W. Prickett, J. E. Sergeant. Hotels — Maine Hotel, McDonald House, Huffman House. Hoop Factory — Ernest Schwartz. Jewelry — L. C. Show, A. H. Woodworth, two stores. Livery — Mrs. 0. J. Dempsey, Samuel Lore, Heacock & Ruch, D. & F. T. Ruch. Lumber — S. J. Peabody, E. A. Randolph. Marble Works — Ferguson & Elliott, 0. E. Line. Milliners— Mrs. M. J. Mason, Mrs. A. T. McGinley, Mrs. S. J. North, Mrs. W. C. Wallace, Mrs. S. A. Washburn, Mrs. J. G. Williams. c^a^c^j UtUttrfo-^t^t WASHINGTON TP. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Ill Music — D. R. Benneman & Bro. Physicians — N. J. Kithcart, I. E. Lawrence, D. G. Linville, D. M. Mar- shall, A. P. Mitten, William Weber, C. S. Williams. Photographers — M. E. Click, Jones & Study. Planing Mill — Philip Ramp. Produce — H. McCray & Sons. Printing Office — Commercial, J. W. Baker, Editor; Herald, I. B. McDonald, Editor ; Post, J. W. Adams, Editor. Pumps — Albert Hilbert. Restaurants — H. E. Brandenburg, Daniel Meyers. Saw Mills — Jacob Ramp. Philip Ramp, Peabody & Bro. Spoke and Hub Factory — Edwards & Anderson. Stave Factory — James E. Clark. Saloons — Philip Anthes, Arthur A. Busch, Anton Meyer, Miller & Brahm, William Meitzler, Alfred Miller, F. C. Reese, Herman Schaiper, A. J. Stouffs, Henry Strauss, Julius Saunders, William Walter. Table Leg Factory — Theodore Garty. Tiling — J. S. Hartsock. Tinware — S. M. Zent, Zeno Wood. Tobaccos — George Bechtoldt, George W. Cribbs, J. C. Miller & Bro. Undertakers — Ferguson & Elliott, H. Snyder & Son. Wagon Makers, Carriages, etc. — W. M. Appleton, Robert Hood, Horth & Cutter, North & Thrush. Woolen Mills — R. S. Glass, Eel River Company. The woolen mills now owned by R. S. Glass were first fitted up to their present capacity for Thomas E. Eyanson. They are now in good running order and are worked to their full capacity. Mr. Glass manufactures about $20,000 worth of goods each year, for which he finds a ready market. In April, 1881, a joint-stock company was established in Columbia City for the purpose of erecting a new woolen mill. The stockholders were the Hon. Thomas Washburn, since deceased, Dr. M. Ireland, Christian D. Waid- lich, John W. Hunter and Thomas E. Eyanson. This company erected a two story brick structure, 36x126 feet, completing the same in September, 1881. They placed in it the best and latest improved machinery, making a total cost of about $16,000. By December, 1881, they were ready for work, and since that time have been doing a large and rapidly increasing business. They make a specialty of the manufacture of flannels, but also to some extent manu- facture blankets and yarns. The present officers are : President, Dr. M. Ireland ; Vice President, C. D. Waidlich ; Treasurer, John W. Hunter ; Sec- retary and Superintendent, Thomas E. Eyanson. In the same year, Hon. Thomas Washburn erected a large foundry on his lots, east and southeast of the court house. Just as he was preparing to put the same in operation, death ended his labors and closed in peace a life full of 112 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. good will and charity toward all mankind. The brewery property of Messrs. Raupfer and Walter, on the banks of Blue River, is probably one of the most extensive of its kind in Northern Indiana. It is now in the very best of shape, ably managed and is turning out kegs of foaming beer that is said by the followers of Gambrinus to be of the very best quality. The planing and saw mill of Mr. Philip Ramp is of about the usual capacity of such mills in towns of this size. The saw-mill of Mr. Jacob Ramp is in good condition and is doing a good business. S. J. Peabody, as well as Peabody & Bro., of which firm he is the senior member, is one of the few extensive dealers in lumber in Northern Indiana. Energy, ability and integrity have enabled him to amass a good sized fortune ; and, in his large and continually increasing business he is doing his best to double his ducats. Mr. Theo. Garty has a neat little factory, and he struck quite a lead on the mountain of wealth when he conceived the idea of using up the walnut butts of the country by manu- facturing them into table legs, chair arms, etc. J. E. Clark erected in 1881 a very large stave mill south of the Pittsburgh Railway, with a capacity of 7,000.000 per annum. It will require a capital of $25,000 to run this busi- ness. Messrs. Edwards & Anderson, the hardware men, in the year 1881 also erected a spoke and hub factory at the Wabash Railway depot, where they are giving employment to about twenty men and doing a good thing for themselves and the county. The flouring-mills of R. Tuttle & Co., on the banks of Blue River, cost at least $20,000. They have five run of buhrs and are capable of grinding out 100 barrels of flour per day. The new flouring-mills of W. H. Liggitt & Co. are also in fine shape, with four run of buhrs and all the latest improve- ments. They can do about as good work in their special line of business as can be done in any town in the country. Their capacity is about eighty barrels per day. Messrs. H. Snyder & Son have also attached to their large furniture es- tablishment a neat little factory, where they manufacture anything a man may want in their special line of trade. Enterprise and competition between the two great railways passing through Columbia City, have made it the leading grain market of Northern Indiana. At any season of the year, wheat is from 3 to 7 cents higher upon the bushel than at any of our neighboring towns and cities. Let us give some figures upon this point : During the year 1881, Mr. A. Kramer shipped as follows : Wheat, 33,426 bushels ; oats, 8,000 ; clover seed, 3,500 ; flax, 1,950 ; wool, 9,200 pounds. Messrs. Daniel & Brother: Cattle, 1,000 head; sheep, 1,500; hogs, 1,000 ; horses, 100 ; wool, 10,000 pounds. In addition to this business, which aggregated about $75,000, they purchased $10,000 worth of hides, pelts, tallow and furs. Messrs. Kraus & Brother, of the Central Building Grocery, are also very large purchasers of grain, HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 113 wool, pelts, etc. Messrs Meeley & Hemmick also deal largely in grains. I am informed that during the year 1881, about 150,000 bushels of wheat were bought and sold in Columbia City. It was in the year 1853 that the present incorporated town of Columbia City was organized as an incorporated town under the laws of the State of Indiana. Prior to that time, the name of the town had been Columbia and the post office had been Whitley Court House. There was then as now a post office in Fayette County, this State, called Columbia. By a majority of three, the name of the town and post office was changed to Columbia City, as against the proposition to change it to Beaver. The town as a corporation has little worthy of mention, having pursued the even tenor of its way from that time to this, except that twice an effort has been made to incorporate it as a city. These efforts have both failed. It would be an unending and a useless job to give the various officers of the town from its inception to the present. In fact it would be an impossibility, as the early records of the town have been misplaced so that no data can be obtained. The present officers of the town are : Henry McLallen, William Weber, Vallorous Brown, Chauncy B. Mattoon, Abram Meyers and W. A. Beall, Trustees ; Charles J. Eyanson, Treasurer ; Theodore Garty, Clerk, and John Hildebrand, Marshal. In the year 1877, the town recognized the necessity of making some provision in case of fires devastating it. Upon a petition signed by the prop- erty owners, the board finally contracted an indebtedness in the sum of $10,000, for which they issued the bonds of the town, payable at their option inside of twenty years, with 8 per cent interest, payable in advance. From the proceeds of this fund the town first proceeded to purchase the old jail property of the county, being the lot just west of the court house. Upon this lot, after removing the old jail, they erected a two-story brick, the lower story of which is utilized for the apparatus of the fire department, and the upper story is divided into a Council chamber, a fireman's hall, and an office for the chief of the fire department. Then arose, perhaps, the most spirited contest the town ever knew, over the purchase of an engine, the principal contestants for corporate favor being the Silsby and the Clapp & Jones Company. At last the board purchased a Clapp & Jones steamer. The same is now under the management of Mr. Frederick Schinbechtel, as engineer ; and, in the few instances in which it has been necessary to use the same, it has always been ready. The residue of the firemen, besides those who run with the engine, are divided into two hose companies and a hook and ladder company. The town is well supplied with cisterns, and all due precaution is taken that in case of necessity no citizen shall suffer by the negligence or inattention of the fire department. The present chief of the department is Henry N. Beeson. The two great railroads, the Pennsylvania Company and the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Company, pass through the town. The outlying lands are fertile, and are inhabited by a race of hardy yeomanry, whose chief delight, 114 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. from year to year, is to see the county prosper. The roads of the town and township are, however, like those of the county, in a miserable condition, and the cry of the wayfaring man still goes up to Heaven, " How long, Lord, how long !" This state of affairs has come about, not by a misapplication of the road funds, nor by inattention ; but it is the result of the peculiar charac- teristics of this soil. The major portion of it is a grayish clay that you would, upon cursory examination, assume to be unfit for the sprouting of black beans. But upon more thorough research you would find it to be one of the richest of soils. One of its peculiar features, and probably the reason why it is so fertile is, that by burning you can set free quite a quantity of lime. The sidewalks of the town are in a deplorable condition at present ; and yet there is hope for better things. In the last few years the erection of fine business blocks has attracted the attention of its citizens, and the indications are that in a few years Columbia City will be as neat and trim and as pros- perous a town as can be found within the borders of our ever-blessed common- wealth. We make this statement with a belief in its absolute verity. Man is a dissatisfied being, and, since Babel, has been a wanderer. Eutopia is just beyond, and Eldorado is the last land found. To us the benefits of good climate, good soil, good government and good people, are not fully known. Before Christ, it was advised, let the shoemaker stick to his last. To-day let me give this gratuitous advice : Let the Hoosier hang to his inheritance. Let us thank God for these forty years of progress, and, fervently invoke His blessing for the hundreds that are yet to come, we hope. I have found very great difficulty in being able to glean any facts what- ever as to the schools of this town and township. Prior to the year 1852, when the present magnificent school fund of this State was begun, learning was dispensed, either by local taxation or by private schools, or entirely dispensed with. No records whatever have been kept. Therefore, prior to that time, all the facts in relation thereto rest in the uncertain memory of mankind. James Smith and Warren Mason both taught school here in the year 1844. John H. Alexander also taught here shortly after. Just west of the court house square, and upon the corner where now stands the mammoth dry goods house of Clugston, Adams k Co., had been built two small houses for the county officials. These offices had been vacated when the new rooms were built upon the court house square. In April, May and June of 1846, Jacob Wunderlich taught select school in one of those offices. He had at that time about 30 scholars, and charged them $2 each. Among his scholars were Adam Swihart, his sister, now Mrs. W. C. Scantling, Curtis W. Jones, Dewit C. Jones, their sister, now Mary Sherwood, and Matthias Sless- man. The course of study then pursued embraced McGuffey's readers, Ray's arithmetic and Webster's spelling book. Grammar was not taught, nor was geography. In fact it might be doubted by Richard Grant White, whether grammar is yet taught in our schools. Mental arithmetic was the elabor- HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 115 ation of a later period. Slates were however in vogue, and the gay and festive spit-ball, then as now, attracted the attention of the future Presidents of the United States. The Scriptures were used in those days, and the solemn warning of Solomon to spare the rod and spoil the child was duly heeded, for instructions were imparted at both ends of the human anatomy. The first schoolhouse built in the township was of logs, the prime mover in the erection of which was Asa Shoemaker. It was there that his son Samuel F. Shoe- maker obtained the major portion of his education. The first brick school- house in the township, as well as in the county, was erected in the year 1847, upon Lot 3, Block 25, in the original plat of the town of Columbia, and is now owned by the Slessman estate. The brick used in the construction of said building were burned upon the Kinderman property. In the year 1852, under the new law, Isaiah B. McDonald was elected: School Examiner, and held the office until 1854. From 1854 to 1864, I am unable to give the several periods of the different incumbents. The officials were, however, all residents of Columbia City, and their names were A. J. Douglas, A. W. Meyers, Philip Hardesty, Isaac Vanhouten and H. D. Wilson.. In 1864, I. B. McDonald was re elected upon his return from the army, and held the office until 1871. From 1871 to 1881, Rev. A. J. Douglas was the incumbent, when he removed to Florence, Ky. The Hon. J. W. Adair was elected as his successor, and now holds the position to the entire satisfaction of all classes of people. The wise and beneficent legislation of 1852 has enabled the officers of this town and township to dot its hills and valleys with schoolhouses, whither the tribes go up to the preparation for future citizenship. From 1861 to 1881, there was raised for special school revenue in this township, $18,095.38, and for tuition purposes $30,932.88. In the town of Columbia City, during the same period, there was raised for special school revenues $26,192.16, and for tuition purposes $32,605.67. From the above given figures it will be seen that the current rumor that the West End Schoolhouse cost $20,000,000 is incorrect to the extent of a dollar or two. The school facilities of the town of Columbia City are embraced at present by a three-story brick in the west end and a two- story brick on the south side, with a cupola and a lightning rod, but no mort- gage on it. It is the intention of the present Board of Trustees to erect a new building in the east end. There is some talk that the same will be built near the old cemetery. The subject of the proposed site has met with very grave discussion. The present Board of School Trustees is composed of J. G. Leininger, President ; Dr. N. I. Kithcart, Secretary, and E. L. McLallen, of the Farmers' Bank, Treasurer. The schools are under the very able management of Prof. W. C. Barnhart, who might be termed a school god, in that he has brought order out of chaos. Under him are the following instructors : Francis B. Moe, High School; Walter Irvin, Eighth and Ninth Grades; Ida M. Lore,. 116 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Sixth and Seventh Grades ; Lizzie F. Irwin, Fourth and Fifth Grades ; Min- nie M. Markwood, Second and Third Grades; Lottie Earl, Infant and First Grades ; Robert J. Emerson, Third, Fourth and Fifth Grades, South Ward — Mabel West, Infant, First and Second Grades, South Ward. For the year 1881, there were enumerated for school purposes 769 children. Of that number, 565 were enrolled as scholars. The per cent of attendance was 93. Scholars to the number herewith given pursued the following branches : Spelling, 521 ; writing, 521 ; language lessons and grammar, 225 ; drawing, 521 ; United States history, 20 ; English analysis, 15 ; higher arithmetic, 21 ; higher algebra, 6 ; physics, 7 ; civil government, 6 ; Latin 29 ; reading, 521; arithmetic, 521 ; geography, 161 ; oral science and literature, 521 ; phy- sical geography, 22; physiology, 15 ; elementary algebra, 13; book-keeping, 7; geometry, 6; botany, 8; English and American literature, astronomy, chemistry, rhetoric and general history, each, 2. From the above it will be seen that the schools of this town are in a flourishing condition, thanks to the hearty co-operation of the citizens, Trustees and Instructors. The first private high school taught in the town was over the old Baptist Church, what is now the McDonald House, and was taught by Isaiah B. Mc- Donald. In 1873, the late Hon. A. Y. Hooper built what has since been known as Green Hill Academy, and placed the same in charge of Misses Lovisa C. Kinney and Sara A. Nichols. They conducted the same with signal ability until the year 1880, when they went West, since which time the academy has not been used for school purposes, but has been converted by its present owner, Mrs. A. Y. Hooper, into a dwelling house. In the year 1846, the first Sunday school was organized in the township. It embraced the following members, as shown by the Constitution, now in the possession of the family of the late Levi Myers, deceased, to wit : Henry Swihart, Benjamin Grable, Sr., James B. Simcoke, John Gillespie, Joel Gregory, Benjamin Grable, Jr., Richard Collins, J. B. Edwards, D. E. Long, Jacob Wunderlich, James S. Collins, S. H. Wunderlich, Levi Myers, Jacob Taylor, Jacob Keefer, Martin Schrader, Samuel Brown, S. S. Soules, Z. Brown, James Myers, Franklin Templin, Lorenzo Havens, Isaac Whiteman, Jacob Whiteman. It was known as the Union Sabbath School at Columbia, a nd had a formidable Constitution with all its provisos and whereases. Upon the 15th day of April, A. D. 1847, its name was changed to the American Sabbath School Union at Columbia, Whitley Co., Ind. This organization continued to exist until the various church organizations of the town established schools of their own. It was under the general management of Levi Myers, who was an indefatigable laborer in the Sunday school vine- yard to the day of his death. To Mr. Myers perhaps more than to any other man the present high state of the Sunday school cause in the county is attribut- able. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 117 On the 4th day of April, 1853, pursuant to the invitation of a number of brethren and sisters, an ecclesiastical council convened at Columbia and was organized by the choice of Elder E. Barnes as Moderator, and Elder Ira Grat- ton as Clerk. Thereupon, in conformity with the laws of the Baptist Church, the following persons presented themselves, wishing to be recognized as a Reg- ular Baptist Church : James Gruesbeck, Simon Trumbull, George W. Harley, Samuel Whiteman, John Worth, Henry Harley, Rachel Shinneman, Phoebe Whiteman, Polly Trumbull, Permelia Harley, Sarah Harley, Mary Grues- beck. According to their petition they were all duly recognized as a church. They organized as a church, and elected George W. Harley as Clerk, and James Gruesbeck, Deacon. Sunday evening, May 15, 1853, they resolved to make application for admission into Elkhart Association, by sending a letter and delegates. James Gruesbeck, John Worth, Henry Harley and George W. Harley were accordingly chosen delegates. On May 31, 1855, the church gave Elder Wilder a call as its pastor, which was at once accepted. A strange thing appears, or rather fails to ap- pear, in the records of this meeting, in the light of the latter-day way of call- ing pastors, in this that no reference was made as to the salary. I now desire to withdraw the above remarks, for upon the next page, under date of June 1, 1855, it was resolved to apply to the Home Mission Board for an allowance of $100 to aid in the support of Elder Wilder. April 7, 1857, the church began the discussion of the advisability of disbanding ; but in God's providence they failed to agree to it. On Saturday, July 11, 1857, Daniel Hartsock, now de- ceased, joined the church by letter. On October 3, 1857, the church was organized as a corporation under the laws of the State. I. B. McDonald, K. B. Miller and James Gruesbeck were elected Trustees. On December 26, 1857, I. B. McDonald presented a proposition to the church that if they would erect a building on his lot west of the court house, to cost $400, he would give $40 thereof, and build the same so that the church should have a room 36x52, and not less than thirteen feet in height, all painted and comfortably seated, and they should have the use of the same for ten years. This was at once unanimously agreed to. The building was built, and is now the McDonald House. It was used by the church until the erection of their new church edifice. On December 11, 1858, Rev. J. L. McLeod was elected the second pastor. April 2, 1859, the Sabbath school was established. March 1, 1862, Rev. R. H. Cook was elected pastor. It seems that the church had its periods of warfare also. Without giving names, the record of March 19, 1864, shows that some of the brethren could not dwell together in unity. C. B. Kendall was the fourth pastor of the church. Adam Snyder was the fifth pastor. In the year 1872, this church erected its new, commodious and elegant place of worship, and first met there on December 27, 1873. The pastor at that period was the Rev. John Reider, who was a schoolmate of the writer. Of his incorruptible manhood and sterling piety, I have never had a moment of 118 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. doubt. It is, therefore, with pleasure that I record the fact that to-day the cause of the Lord prospers in his hands at Bluffton. In January, 1874, John H. Reider was ordained to the ministry by the Ecclesiastical Council convened for that purpose in Columbia City. W. W. Robinson accepted the call of the church to be its pastor February 3, 1877, and so continued until October, 1880, when the Rev. V. 0. Fritts, the present pastor, assumed charge. At the present time the church consists of sixty-nine members. And if an outsider might be permitted to judge, there has been a great deal in the past to encourage this church. It is not only now the possessor of a fine church edifice, but it is also the mother of the flourish- ing church in the Sheckler settlement, known as the Mission Chapel. Grace Lutheran Church was organized by Rev. J. B. Oliver April 19, 1847, with six members. His successor was Rev. Franklin Templin, who served the church, in connection with one in North Manchester, for the space of four years. During his incumbency the first church building was erected, prior to which time they worshiped in the Methodist Church. The next pastor was Rev. H. Wells, who began his labors October 1, 1852, and contin- ued sixteen years. In the summer of 1868, Rev. S. Ritz took charge of the church. He remained a short time longer than one year. He was succeeded in 1870 by Rev. A. J. Douglas. Rev. A. H. Studebaker was called in 1871, and remained until 1876, when Rev. J. B. Baltzly, D. D., took charge of the church for two years. October 5, 1879, Rev. J. N. Barnett, the present pas- tor, assumed control. The church is the largest and finest edifice in the town; and is capable of seating 1,500 persons. I have been unable to learn the facts in relation to the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It is at the present in a very flourishing condi- tion, with the Rev. Albert Cone as its pastor. They now worship in the most elegant church edifice in the city. The Roman Catholic Church, under the charge of the Rev. H. A. Hell- hake, is pursuing the even tenor of its way, as all such churches have done since the days of Christ. They own a very fine church edifice, and, they keep up a school for the education of their children. The Presbyterian Church was organized in an early day, and has kept on organizing ever since. It seems to have been foreordained from all eternity to be a failure. They are the possessors of a small church edifice and a bell. They are without a pastor, but the ladies are full of hope, and, doubtless, God will in time work out for them a far more exceeding and eternal weight of joy and glory than they now possess. The United Brethren in Christ, the German Lutheran and the German Presbyterian have each edifices and pastors, and are doing their share of the work for the upbuilding of the cause of Christ on earth. The Revs. Thomas, Hess and Zimmerman are their pastors. The Universalists are now the owners of the old Methodist Church edifice, but are without pastor at present. ETNA TP. HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 121 The Independent Order of Odd Fellows have elegant quarters in the third story of Central Building, and are in a flourishing condition. The members are active, zealous, wide-awake, full of charity, and are from the best of our citizens. Their charter was granted to J. M. Barnes, J. Z. Gower, C. C. Romig, J. S. North, C. T. Barber, David Hammond and James Briggs on the 22d day of May, 1856, from the Grand Lodge of the State of Indiana. Their first officers were : James M. Barnes, N. G. ; J. Z. Gower, V. G. ; J. S. North, Treasurer ; D. M. Hammond, Recording Secretary ; G. Hook, Perma- nent Secretary ; G. Hook, Inside Guardian ; J. G. Williams, Outside Guar- dian ; C. C. Romig, Warden ; 0. H. Pond, Conductor ; C. Kinderman, R. Supporter N. G. ; James Briggs, L. Supporter N. G. The present officers of the lodge are : C. D. Waidlich, N. G. ; Jacob Ramp, V. G. ; J. W. Baker, Recording Secretary ; H. Snyder, Treasurer ; Robert Hood, Permanent Secretary ; D. R. Hemmick, Warden ; J. F. Johnson, Conductor ; Lewis Baker, Inside Guar- dian ; Zeno Wood, Outside Guardian; Daniel Myefs, R. Supporter N. G.; John Brand, L. Supporter N. G. ; Fred Schinbechtel, R. Supporter V. G. ; David Baker, L. Supporter V. G. The number of members at the present time is eighty. This lodge is the mother of the two flourishing lodges at Churubusco and Forest. Upon the 29th day of January, 1856, A. C. Downev, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Indiana, issued a dispensation to James Briggs and others, empowering them to work as a lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons. They worked under this dispensation until the 27th day of May, 1856, when the Grand Lodge granted to them a charter under the name of Columbia City Lodge, No. 189, A., F. & A. M. The first officers were James Briggs, W. M. ; William Larwill, S. W. ; John B. Firestone, J. W. ; James B. Edwards, T. ; P. W. Hardesty, S.; Charles H. Pond, S. D.; Peter Simonson, J. D.; H. Rankin, T. J. W. Bradshaw and H. Duffin were also charter members. The present officers of this lodge are : William Carr, W. M.; Chauncey B. Mattoon, S. W.; M. Ireland, J. W.; Charles S. Edwards, T.; Charles H. Pond, S.; Thomas R. Marshall, S. D.; John M. Ireland, J. D. The membership at present consists of 101 members. The lodge is in a flourishing condition and occupies elegant quarters over the business room of William Meitzler. Columbia City Chapter of Royal Arch Masons began its labors under a dispensation from Thomas Patterson, Grand High Priest of the State of Indiana, under date of May 11, 1865, to companions Charles H. Pond, H. P.; Henry Vanarsdoll, K.; and John A. Taupert, S.; and worked thereunder until May 24, 1866, when a charter was granted them from the Grand Chap- ter. The other officers in addition to the above were : I. B. McDonald, S. and R. A. C; M. E. Click, C. of the Host ; J. H. Hutchinson, G. M. 3d V.; William Carr, G. M. 2d V.; H. H. Beeson, G. M. 1st V. and G.; Adam Zumbaugh, P. S. 122 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The present officers of the Chapter are as follows : Joseph W. Adair, H. P.; W. H. Liggett, K.; James Worden, S.; E. L. McLallen, P. S.; Will- iam Carr, C. of the H.; C. B. Mattoon, R. A. C; Silas Deardorff, G. M. 3d V.; Joseph Clark, Qt. M. 2d V.; A. R. Clugston, G. M. 1st V.; C. H. Pond, S.; John Brand, T.; Joseph Yontz, G. Companions in good standing, forty-seven. The Improved Order of Red Men was organized under a charter from the Great Council of Indiana, bearing date the 21st Sun of the Traveling Moon, G. S. D., 383, to be called Blue River Tribe No. 47, and to bear date as of the 4th Sun of the Hot Moon G. S. D. 383, which corresponds to the 4th day of June, 1874. Its charter members were William Wolff, Philip Anthes, Daniel Wagner, Fred Heitzfield, Fred Grund, John Wagner, A. L. Sandmyer, Jacob Hose, Jacob Steinfield, Nathan Kramer, Daniel Daniel, Simon Kraus, Adolph Schiffermyer, Martin Schnetzler, Leopold Daniel, Theodore Garty, Wil- liam Meiser, Herman Theile, Michael Slessman, I. B. McDonald and George Bechtold. The present officers of the tribe are : I. B. McDonald, S.; Adolph Shiffermyer, S. S.; John Shulthieis, J. S.; George Bechtold, C. of R.; Daniel Daniel, K. of W. The Tribe at present consist of twenty-two members and has its wigwam in the third story over W. H. Smith's drug store. And thus, in an imperfect manner, I have gleaned from the rich harvest of the past a few sheaves that may, perhaps, furnish food for future contem- plation. I had not that leisure without which, Lord Macaulay says, no man should write history. By " the oldest inhabitant" it may be said, "I could have done better." Grant it. No man yet ever made so perfect his plans but that his fellow-men could improve on them. To him, and to all such, I say, "The field is open, and the public, which bade these lines be written, will, with equal cordiality, receive and acknowledge, for what it is worth, anything that may be penned upon the prehistoric era of Columbia Township." Close we, therefore, this sketch with the hope that peace may long prevail and pros- perity abide within the palaces of this people. CHAPTER VI. BY PKOF. W. L. MATTHEWS. Cleveland Township— Early Events — Settlement and Growth — Anec- dotes—Land Entries— Privations of the Pioneers— Stories of the Chase— Mills, Factories, etc., etc.— Villages— Early Teachers and Preachers. CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP, named in honor of Benjamin Cleveland, enjoys the honor of having been the site of the second white settlement of Whitley County. Its history carries us through many scenes of pioneer life to the present. The building of the log cabin, the moving of the family CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 123 from the familiar scenes of its youth and civilization, to the then wilderness, the toils and hardships of the father and mother rearing their family with nought but their own hands to administer to all their wants, come with them a sympathy felt and realized by the present generation. Many years of toil and danger, forests fading away, fertile fields coming into existence as if by magic, comfortable homes instead of the log cabin, the schoolhouse, the church, and, in short, the various changing scenes from the wilderness to the metropolis, from barbarism to civilization, from uncertainty to success, all combine to make a history worthy of perusal by the present generation. Cleveland Township, as was Whitley County, was originally a part of Huntington County, and was organized May 1, 1838, at the first session of the Board of County Commissioners, which was held at the house of Joseph Par- rett, Jr., near the present site of South Whitley, Springfield, and an election was ordered for Justice of the Peace ; subsequently, Henry Swihart and Aaron M. Collins were chosen. It was at one time a Congressional Township, but since its organization, a few sections have been added to it from Richland Township. It is now eight by six miles in area, and contains about 30,720 acres of land in a fair state of cultivation. The population in 1840, the first census, was about sixty-five, in 1880, the last census, it was 2,295. In 1838, at the first election, there were eight votes polled ; in August of the same year, there were twenty votes polled ; at the time mentioned, there were twenty-one polls; the personal property was valued at $2,198, and the assessment for all purposes was $55.25 ; the taxables of Cleveland Township for the last year were $8,709.50, and 415 polls, which shows a decided gain and a great com- parison to those who survive the great change that time has wrought. Among the first settlers to whom honorable mention is due, is James Chaplin, who settled near Collamer (Millersburg) with his family in the fall of 1835 ; the farm is now known as the Joseph Myers farm. He built a rude log cabin near where a stately farm dwelling now stands, surrounded by all the comforts of modern civilization. Mr. Chaplin cut the first road from his humble cabin intersecting an Indian trail which led to Monoquet and Oswego on Turkey Prairie in Kosciusko, to which he made frequent pilgrimages in order to purchase meager supplies for his family. John Collins came in the latter part of the year 1835, and settled on the farm now owned by Isaiah Pence. Scarcely a tree had been felled; no roads, no bridges; wild game, together with a company of Indian hunters now and then, were about the only elements to disturb the mo- notony of the pioneer's home. His journey was a tedious one ; at night he slept in his wagon, while the horses, either hobbled or tied in order to prevent escape, grazed on the grass or browsed upon the trees around them. The cabin is built, the trees are felled, the ground is planted, the family is reared, and after a lifetime of toil and success, he passed to his rest. He left seven sons — Richard, who has served as County Clerk, Auditor, Recorder and in va- rious other positions, while Judge Collins is a lawyer of good ability, now prac- 124 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. ticing in Columbia City. Benjamin Cleveland and family came in 1836, set- tling two miles southeast of South Whitley ; his remains repose in the grave- yard which bears his name, and perhaps he was among the early dead to be deposited there, about the year 1845. He was a man of more than ordinary ability, sagacious, honest, frugal and industrious. About the same time came Samuel Obenchain, who settled near the Cleveland family ; Joseph Creager and Joseph Parrett, settling on the present site of South Whitley. Joseph Parrett was a man of great enterprise and business capacity ; he actively en- gaged in cutting out roads, building bridges, mills, holding religious meetings, and, in fact, was just such a man as pioneers love to welcome among them. David Cuppy, afterward County Clerk, John Arnold, noted for his enterprise, Dr. Edwards, Dr. Merriman, the Stewart family, the Myers family, the Pence family, the Miller family, the Butler family, the Swihart family, the Kinsey family and a few others came at an early day, and were among the first settlers of this vicinity, the majority of whom came between the years 1837 and 1844. The following tracts of land were among the first that were entered within the present limits of Cleveland Township, although many of the owners did not settle at the time of entry of the lands : NAMES. i John Delafield John Delafield Abram Hahlerman John S. Barry Lewis Sineas , John Delafield William Harper Stephen Reaves Stephen Reaves Henry S. Gobin David Reed , David Reed Levi Beardsley Joseph Dickey Allen Halderman... Morse C. Wood Alexander Grimes.. Daniel Lesley Samuel Obenchain.. Benj. H. Cleveland Robert Grimes George Sickafoose.. Section. Town. Ban eg. Acres. 160 Hundreds 1 30 8 79 1 30 8 91 40 2 30 8 79 37 2 30 8 12 20 2 30 8 147 16 2 30 8 144 24 2 3 4 30 30 30 8 8 8 80 40 98 95 4 30 8 148 84 4 30 8 155 34 4 30 8 128 54 6 30 8 313 84 6 6 30 30 8 8 160 185 68 7 30 8 90 51 8 9 9 9 29 35 30 30 30 30 30 30 8 8 8 8 6 8 80 80 160 80 320 160 Description. N. E N. partN. W N. E.. N. E. Fr. Lot. N. W. Fr. N. W. £ N. W Wpart N. E. £ S. JS. W S. E.,S. W Fractional Section N. E N. W S. W W. £ S. E S. W N. E. Fractional W. \ S. W W. | N. W N. E N. |S. W N- \ S. E. \ Time of Entry. Oct. 19, 1835. Oct, 19, 1835. Oct. 12, 1835. Oct. 12, 1835. Oct. 12, 1835. Oct. 19, 1835. Aug. 21,1835. May 16, 1835. May 16, 1835. Oct. 15, 1835. Oct. 15, 1835. Oct. 15, 1835. Oct. 15, 1835. Oct. 16, 1835. Oct. 16, 1835. Dec. 6, 1834. Oct. 12, 1835. Aug. 31,1885. June 12, 1835. July 10, 1835. Oct. 13, 1835. June 3, 1836. As has been stated before, the first session of the County Commissioners was held at the house of Joseph Parrett, Jr. ; the members of the board were Otto W. Gandy, Nathaniel Gradeless and Joseph Parrett, Jr. Gandy was chosen President of the board, and John Collins was appointed County Treas- urer. At a subsequent meeting, the township was divided into two road dis- tricts ; all that portion south of Eel River constituted Road District No. 1. Charles Chipman was appointed Supervisor. All that portion of the town- ship north of the river constituted District No. 2, John Parrett, Super- CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 125 visor. The principal road at that time led from Huntington to Goshen, a distance of abouty sixty-five miles. The majority of the other roads had been made for the convenience of the people and did not follow any direct line or section, so that the work of the Supervisor was an arduous one. The paths and traces were mere starting points. Soon after, trees were blazed, roads widened, creeks bridged and the low ground either " brushed" or poled. About the year 1840, one passable road led from South Whitley to Columbia City, one to where now stands Liberty Mills, Wabash County, and two running north and south in the east and west parts of the township, in addition to the Huntington & Goshen road. The Detroit, Eel River & Illinois Railroad was surveyed through the town- ship in 1865-66, and completed in the fall of 1870. The road is now known as the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad. The road enters the southeast part of the township and runs in a southwesterly direction. At the present writ- ing (April, 1882), the New York, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad is completed, and crosses the former at South Whitley, and will be an additional aid to the county and to shippers. The first cemetery is located west of South Whitley one-fourth of a mile. It was originally used as a family burial-place, in which Henry Parrett was the first person laid to rest — August, 1845. At this spot, soon after, others were interred, and it was soon known as the South Whitley Cemetery. It is rather a beautiful spot of ground, containing about four acres, and there are numerous neat monuments standing here and there at the graves of the loved and dead. The other cemetery, just west of the South Whitley Cemetery and adjoining it, was also used as a family burial-place, until, after a few remains were deposited there, the people around Collamer began to use it as a last rest- ing-place for their dead. It contains about three acres, and is similar to the other. John Collins' body was the first deposited in this cemetery — buried in the year 1845, as far as known. The Cleveland Cemetery was started in much the same way, and Horace Cleveland's was the first body deposited within its limits, about the year 1840. The first person who died within the limits of the township was Roxina Chaplin, September, 1836, and was buried on the Myers farm, formerly owned by James Chaplin, her father. The first birth was Byron Chaplin, born April, 1836. The settlers had but little trouble from the Indians, as their villages were located near the line in Huntington County on the south, and near the present village of Coesse, on the southeast. They were great beggars, and often vis- ited the homes of the settlers in order to get something to eat. From the great abundance of game in the country the Indians derived their supplies, when not too lazy to pursue or take it. The whites seemed to be more expert in the hunt of game than the average Indian. Indeed, the dusky brave often took lessons from his white brother, and the Clevelands, Martins and Parretts were often more successful than they. In 1844, the Indians — the Miarnis and Pottawat- 126 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. omies— were moved beyond the Mississippi River, and the whites were not bothered with them after that date. As has been stated, the supplies were procured from Turkey Prairie and Fort Wayne, as far as provisions were concerned. But dry goods, groceries and notions were generally purchased at Fort Wayne. In 1839, Henry Parrett erected a humble log house, 18x24 feet, on the west side of State street, near the bridge, South Whitley, and in it he placed a stock of notions which the people would likely need. The stock would probably invoice $100, and was placed on sale in this rude building. Mr. Parrett was succeeded by Arnold & Townsend, who came from Stark County, Ohio, some two years after the store was established. Their stock was probably worth $100, and they did a good business. Soon after the first store was established, Parrett & Cotton started another on the corner of State street. This firm had a good stock of goods for those days, and, after doing a good business and establishing a fair patron- age, the firm sold out to Edwards & Cotton, the value of their stock being about $1,200. About the year 1841, William Parrett erected a saw-mill on the farm now owned by Nathan Witzell. It was of the most rude structure, with but little iron or steel, save only the saw and a few cogs on a wheel. This mill was kept running constantly when the season would admit, and aided the people very much in getting building material. The saw was of the "up-and-down " char- acter, and some say that the head sawyer could start the saw on a log and then go to the woods and cut and haul another before the saw would get through the log. It continued to run until the year 1870. Another mill of ancient date, and the second saw-mill built in the township, was erected by Milton Grimes and David Clapp, about the year 1812, one mile southeast of South Whitley, and was not so rude in appearance. It did good work in its day, but the circular saw of " finger fame " superseded it, and, after changing hands a few times, ceased to run in the year of 1872. These mills in their time aided the settlers very much in preparing lumber for building purposes, and lightened their labors very materially. The roofing, flooring and furnishing material all had to be hewed and cut from the forest by the ax. The "bee," or raising, in those days was an important event. One party, for which the Clevelands, Parretts and Collinses were noted, generally cut the trees into proper lengths ; others, no less generous, prepared the boards for the roof; and others would hew the puncheons for the floor. The material all on the ground, the first thing to be done was to select the four " corner-men," whose business it was to notch the logs and assist in putting them in place ; the rest of the company did the lifting. In numer- ous instances, when the building or cabin was finished, the event was generally celebrated with a "break-down" or dance, with "a little liquor." These exer- cises were generally full of spirit and fun. Going to mill in early days was quite an undertaking with the pioneer. The time required was often two or three days, and frequently performed on CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 127 horseback. It was a tedious way of transporting grain to the mill, and the father was often anxiously waited for by the family at home, sometimes suf- fering from the scarcity of flour or corn-meal. The first grist-mill that was built in the vicinity of this township is located at Collamer's. It was erected by Elias Miller about the year 1845. It is large and commodious, propelled by a magnificent water-power, and is in excellent running order at the present writing. For the time being, the people were relieved from their long journeys to the mill. The next grist-mill in the township was built, in South Whitley, in 1851. It was commenced by W. W. Arnold and S. A. Shively in 1848, and completed, by Jesse Arnold, at the time indicated above. It is said to be one of the best mills in the State. It has four run of buhrs, new and improved machinery and a grinding capacity of 240 bushels per day. The mill is now run by J. Arnold & Co., and does the principal business of the county. It has a magnificent water-power, made powerful by a dam thrown across Eel River, which furnishes abundance of water during the entire year. In fact, Eel River is one of the best streams of water for power in the State. While other streams run low at certain seasons of the year, this river always furnishes a sufficient supply. In 1841, or near that time, H. S. Parrett erected an ashery on the south side of Eel River and east of the iron bridge at the foot of State Street, and began the manufacture of v?hat was then called black salts. It was the first process in making saleratus. The process was to get the lye from ashes put in large kettles set in a furnace, and boil until sufficiently reduced to be called black salts. The salts were then put into barrels and conveyed to Columbia City by teams, where the salts were converted into pearls by another process. The process was to put the black salts into a large oven, and, by a hot fire, scorch them until they became partly white, when they were then put into a large trough of clean water; from thence into a settling trough; then drawn off into clean kettles and boiled until they became pure white salts. They were transferred to an oven, and, by a heating process, became pearl ash. It was then put into a tight room, made for the purpose, refined and carbonized, and became saleratus. In 1848, the ashery was transferred to C. S. Lawton, who added the last processes to the manufacture. He continued the business for ten years, shipping large quantities to various towns in Northern Indiana. Many of the old settlers remember his brand used upon his packages, and the journeys they took in marketing the commodity. The wedding was an attractive event of pioneer life, and was celebrated generally at the home of the bride, she choosing the officiating clergyman. The wedding engaged the entire attention of the neighborhood ; there was but little distinction of rank ; old and young 'participated in the festivities of the occasion ; the groom's friends went to the wedding usually from his home on horseback or on foot ; after the ceremony the supper was served, then the dance, or some other amusement, continued until a late hour ; soon after dark, 128 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. came the party to make the night hideous with guns, bells, horns, tin pans, and whatever else was at their command ; if the party was invited to come in, or received some cake, pie or something stronger, the belling ceased ; if not, the noise continued until the party became wearied. This custom often resulted in serious accidents, and is now nearly gone into disuse. The first marriage of which there is any record took place December 27, 1838, between Isaac H. Collins and Nancy Cuppy. The next marriage was between John Cuppy and Nancy Hale, February 8, 1839, a Justice of the Peace officiating. The third marriage occurred on September 16, 1839, between A. Rombo and Margaret Collins, a Justice of the Peace officiating. The bride and groom usually went to the home of the groom the day after the wedding. This was called the infair, and with about the same festivities as the previous day. In those days the young married couple did not go on a wedding tour to Niagara Falls, New York or Chicago, but quietly settled down and engaged earnestly in the various pursuits of life. Frugality, economy and industry were the leading characteristics of the average pioneer family. The facilities for acquiring education were limited and the accommoda- tions were of the most rude character. In pioneer days, the school master was looked upon with a good degree of veneration, and although similar to the rural surroundings he was the principal man among the people. The only period of the school term that the pupils lost their respect for the schoolmaster was when he refused to treat them ; he was sure to ' ; be barred out," or have his face washed in the snow or stream of water near by. In this sport the heads of families took especial delight, and even encouraged their children to exact the " treat " from the master. In 1837-38, David Parrett taught the first school in the vicinity of South Whitley. He taught in the log cabin which stood near and below the iron bridge which now spans Eel River. He taught in the summer time and had not to exceed ten pupils in attendance ; the school usually lasted from three to four months in the year and was sustained by subscription ; the length of the term, of course, was contingent on the pioneer's pocket-book or funds. This first schoolhouse had but one desk on which the scholars could write, and it was a long slab hewed as nicely as possi- ble, and was sustained by two or three pins driven into the wall some three feet from ttie floor ; rude benches completed the rest of the school furniture, which, at the present day, would not even be allowed in the school room ; the books were Cobb's and McGuffee's readers, the Testament, Smith's and Pike's arithmetics, Webster's spelling-book and Parley's geography. Mr. Parrett was succeeded in the school-work by Miss Elma Thompson, she by Sarah Sluves. In the year 1851, David Decker taught a subscription school in what is now known as District No. 7. The log schoolhouse was still in existence, and the attendance had increased from ten to about twenty-five. This schoolhouse has long since disappeared, and the third now stands by where the old one stood years ago. The old play-ground, with its extended woodland surround- mmmm MU; Sum^^ «*}Ji&> V CLEVELAND TP. CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 131 ings, has been circumscribed to the usual modern limits ; the once familiar paths traveled by the young hopefuls have been obliterated, and not a few of the feet that passed over them have grown weary and passed from earth. In 1853, there was a change in the school system of the State, and a school fund began to be realized, so that in addition to the subscription fund, schools were maintained from three to six months in the year. At the present time, there are thirteen districts in this township, in which are erected brick and frame schoolhouses. The apparatus is valued at about $2,000, the school fund of all kinds aggregates $3,421.37, and the children of proper ages enumerate 781. The average length of school term for the year is seven months, and sustained by public money. The following are the schoolhouses, number of districts, together with their cost, etc. : District No. 1, frame, cost $600 ; District No. 2, located in South Whit- ley, brick, cost $6,000, three teachers ; District No. 3, located in Collamer, brick, cost $2,000, two teachers ; District No. 4, brick, cost $1,200; District No. 5, brick, cost $1,200 ; District No. 6, brick, cost $1,200 ; District No. 7, brick, cost $800 ; District No. 8, frame, cost $600 ; District No. 9, frame, cost $550 ; District No. 10, frame, cost $550 ; District No. 11, brick, cost $1,200 ; District No. 12, frame, cost $550 ; District No. 13, frame, cost $550. Dr. Merriman, the Trustee just gone out of office, was a worthy and efficient school officer, labored unceasingly to bring up the schools of the township to a high standard, and also to put the township out of debt. Among the first ministers to labor in the section were Revs. Martin B. Goodrich, Simon Smith and Rev. Bodley. The first protracted meeting was held at the house of Andrew Sickafoose, owned then by William Parrett ; the meeting was conducted by C. W. Miller. The members of the first class at South Whitley were as follows : Joseph Parrett, Jr., and wife, John D. Par- rett and wife, William D. Parrett and wife, David Parrett and A. Parrett and wife. The class was formed about the year 1839. In those days there were no costly houses of worship ; but the private homes of the settlers and the groves were "God's first temples." The ministers often went from place to place, and met from ten to twelve persons at an appointment ; they preached the Gospel in its purity and simplicity ; they traveled on horseback and on foot to meet their appointments, and their salary at any one place did not exceed $5. The first funeral preached was Mrs. Roxina Chaplin's, who died in Sep- tember, 1836. Records of the churches are so incomplete that we are unable to give the date of organization or membership complete. Houses of worship, with the denomination, are as follows : M. E. Church, South Whitley ; Baptist Church, South Whitley ; Christian Church, Collamer ; Union Christian, Fairview • West Bethel M. E.; Sickafoose United Brethren ; County Line Lutheran. There are now seven churches with a membership of nearly five hundred. G 132 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The Lutheran Church, built in the southeastern part of the township in the latter part of the year 1839, was probably the first church edifice erected in this section of the country ; it was built of hewn logs and principally by its first pastor, James Oliver ; this good man could not only administer to the spiritual wants of his flock, but labored in many other ways to develop the country. The church was organized in 1840, with a membership of about ten persons. Mr. Oliver continued to be its pastor for two years. An election was held at the house of Lewis Kinsey, May 19, 1838, for Jus- tice of the Peace. The electors present were Lewis Kinsey, John D. Parrett, Anderson D. Parrett, S. A. Chaplin, Aaron Collins, Peter Creager, Charles Chapman, Samuel and Henry Swihart and John Collins. As has been stated, Henry Swihart and Aaron M. Collins were chosen Justices of the Peace. An election was subsequently held at the same place, April 6, 1838 ; at this elec- tion, State Senator, Representative, Sheriff, Probate Judge, School Commis- sioner and Coroner were chosen. The electors present were Moses P. Chaplin, W. D. Parrett, John Collins, Palmer Cleveland, Joseph Parrett, Jr., Aaron M. Collins, Jesse Cleveland, John D. Parrett, Samuel Cuppy, D. D. Parrett, Adam Creager, Benjamin Cleveland, Thomas Cleveland, Elias Parrett, Henry Swihart, John H. Alexander, S. A. Chaplin and Abner T. McQuigg. Charles Chapman, A. T. McQuigg, Clerks ; S. A. Chaplin, Inspector, and John Col- lins, W. D. Parrett, Judges. In Cleveland Township, there are two voting precincts, South Whitley and Collamer. At the Presidential election held in November, 1881, there were 554 votes polled ; at the April election, 1882, there were 475 votes. South Whitley, originally Springfield, was laid out in the fall of 1838, and is the oldest town in the county. The name has never been legally changed from Springfield to South Whitley, although frequent attempts have been made to do so. The name of the first post office is South Whitley, hence the name. The town was surveyed and laid out by Joseph Parrett, who owned the land, Section 4, Town 38, Range 8 east. The original plat contained ten lots, and since then additions have been made by D. D. and A. D. Parrett and Vants & Edwards. The town is situated on the south side of Eel River and at the junction of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, and the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. Eel River, the northern boundary, runs in a westerly direction and furnishes abundant water-power for all kinds of ma- chinery. The town is nine miles southwest from Columbia City, and contains about six hundred inhabitants. The Pacific express furnishes mail twice a day, and S. Robbins is the obliging Postmaster. The first Postmaster was D. D. Parrett. The town is located on an elevated portion of ground, with a beautiful country surrounding it, and, in fact, is the oldest town in the county. The merchants and business men are accommodating and enjoy a good trade. The first hotel, built of hewn logs in 1837, was a great stopping-place ; its genial landlord, John Parrett, was never known to turn anybody away, either rich or CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 133 poor ; the bill of fare consisted of corn bread, potatoes, and almost all the varieties of wild game. It changed hands several times. Other places of en- tertainment were built as the changes of time demanded. There are two ho- tels at present, one kept by Samuel Sickafoose and the other by William Dunlap. Among the business men who may be mentioned are the following: John Ar- nold & Co., proprietors of the flour-mill and bankers ; this firm shipped last year about 15,000 bushels of wheat, 10,000 bushels of corn, 8,000 bushels of oats and 2,000 bushels of flax seed ; they pay the highest market price in cash for all kinds of grain. The bank was organized more as an auxiliary to their in- creasing business than for general banking purposes. The capital aggregates $10,000 ; deposits are received and money loaned ; it organized in the sum- mer of 1875. Edwards & Cotton, dry goods, do a business of perhaps $150,- 000 annually ; this firm buys and ships grain of all kinds. Merriman & Rob- bins, druggists, do an extensive business, amounting to over $10,000 annually ; the stock is well selected and amounts to over $4,000 ; the firm keep first-class goods, pure drugs, paints, oils, notions, etc. S. Weimer & Co. keep clothing, notions, etc. Grimes & Stults, dry goods ; Wyatt Borton, dry goods ; Thomas J. Cuppy, agricultural implements, and Remington & Co., the same. In addition to those already mentioned, there are four groceries, two boot and shoe stores, one drug store, two millinery stores, one furniture store, one meat market, one wagon-shop, two blacksmith-shops, one planing-mill, one stave fac- tory, one harness-shop, one saw-mill and two saloons. South Whitley also has five physicians and one lawyer. The secret orders are well represented in South Whitley. Masonic, known as Eel River Lodge, No. 510, was organized originally at Liberty Mills, Wabash County, October 13, 1874. The lodge had the following officers : Cyrus V. N. Lent, Worshipful Master; Lewis J. Long, Senior Warden; George B. Bender, Junior Warden ; Robert Carson, Treasurer ; Thomas W. Piper, Sec- retary ; Joseph Cave, Senior Deacon ; Peter Runkle, Junior Deacon ; T. A. Wheeler, Tiler, and E. S. Baugher and H. Phillips, Stewards. In order to better accommodate the members, the lodge was removed to South Whitley, October 4, 1879, and is now located in John Arnold's Hall. The following names appear on the records of the lodge who have either been members or are at present: C. V. Lent, Lewis J. Long, John Simonton, Robert Carson, Henry H. Phillips, T. A. Wheeler, M. K. Martin, Peter Runkle, W. S. Beigle, Joseph L. Cave, G. W. Bender, Washington Messmore, John Fisher, E. Baugher, Wyatt Turner, Charles D. Moe, W. A. Danner, S. M. Mc- Cutcheon, John W. Perry, O. P. Stewart, A. Ross, J. M. Stults, E. L. Eber- hard, S. Weimer, Richard Shenifield and H. Cole. The following officers gov- ern the lodge during 1882: O. P. Stewart, W. M.; Alfred Ross, S. W.; W. S. Beigle, J. W.; J. M. Stults, Treasurer; E. L. Eberhard, Secretary; S. Weimer, S. D.; Richard Shenifield, J. D.; H. Cole, Tiler. The lodge is in a prosperous condition and many of the best citizens are members of it. Springfield Lodge, I. O. O. F., was organized November 15, 1859, at 134 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. which time a charter was granted by Grand Master A. H. Matthes. The lodge is located in a building formerly owned by Obadiah Carper, which has since burned down, about the year 1877. The following members were in- cluded in the charter : Dr. Elijah Merriman, Obadiah Carper, Daniel Nave, George H. Winters, A. T. Bitner, 0. P. Koonts, Aaron Metz and S. B. Koonts. Dr. Elijah Merriman was the first Noble Grand; Daniel Nave, Vice Grand, and A. T. Bitner, Permanent Secretary. The lodge is pleasantly located in the hall which it owns, and at the present time is without debt. The present officers are : S. W. Doll, Noble Grand ; Enos Stanley, Vice Grand ; Martin R. C lapp, Permanent Secretary ; M. Pinkham, Recording Secretary ; S. B. Foster, Treasurer. The order has a substantial membership composed of a number of the best citizens. The Ancient Order of Workmen, known as Welcome Lodge, No. 65, is located in the hall owned by the Odd Fellows. The lodge was organized May 17, 1881. Its objects are to better the condition of the laboring classes and to give dignity to labor. The following were charter members : H. Cole, G. W. Bonebrake, C. E. McCarty, J. S. Norris, A. Seymour, W. H. Foster, S. Weiraer, J. Keiser, H. Shively, W. A. Rynaerson, John W. Parrish, D. S. Cullimore, E. L. Eberhard, J. N. Whittenberger, D. Doll, M. R. Clapp, G- W. Reaser, F. F. Fisher, L. Cornelius, J. Hapner, H. H. Quick, A. H. Baughman and W. W. Smith. The society at present has a membership of twenty-six. The first officers were : M. R. Clapp, Past Master Workman ; S. Weiner, Master Workman ; Jeremiah Hapner, Foreman ; E. L. Eberhard, Overseer; W. W. Smith, Receiver; D. Cullimore, Secretary; J. Stiver, Fi- nancial Secretary; John Clapp, Inside Watchman; H. H. Quick, Outside Watchman ; and A. Baughman, Guide. The present officers are : Henry Shively, Past Master Workman ; M. R. Clapp, Master Workman ; S. Weimer, General Foreman; J. Hapner, Overseer; J. N. Whittenberger, Receiver; E. L. Eber- hard, Recording Secretary; C. McCarty, Financial Secretary; John Clapp, Outside Watchman ; and John Kaser, Inside Watchman. Numerous temperance organizations have existed at various times, but none of them have been permanent. Nevertheless, there are a number of good temperance workers in South Whitley. This town has a bright future before it, and the historian who visits it ten years hence will write a more lengthy history of it, for it will undoubtedly extend its present limits and increase in prosperity. Collamer (Millersburg), located near the Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, and on the south side of Eel River, contains a population of about one hundred and fifty souls. The town was surveyed by John Arnold, and the plat filed by R. Miller in the summer of 1846. It was at one time a place of considerable trade, grain, stock and lumber being exported in large quantities. It contains a good grist-mill, one saw-mill, two general stores, one drug store, one boot and shoe store, one physician, a graded school and a Christian Church. Alfred Ross is the present Postmaster. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 135 CHAPTER VII. BY EMSHA L. McLALLEN. Concerning Richland Township — Its Early Settlement and History—' The Men and Women who have made it their Abiding Place, and the Notable Events that have Marked their Footsteps. " Whoever thinks a perfect work to see Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be." THIS memorial of Richland Township will, we trust, have some interest for citizens of the township ; it is not expected that it will interest others, as it treats solely of matters of local interest. Nothing would have induced the undersigned at this time to prepare this memorial — with his hands already full of work — but the fact that he came to Richland when a small boy, in 1845, grew with its growth, strengthened with its strength, participated in the attendant pleasures and pains of its early life, was identified with its business interests and its social life, and he felt an interest in doing what he could to set her fairly before the world with her sister townships. Want of time to search for the needle of truth in the haystacks of allega- tion and negation, non-existent and imperfect records, the lapse of time, the fallibility of the human memory, were some of the stumbling blocks in his way ; want of time was, however, the greatest. The theme is one that warms with its unfolding, and the temptation to enlarge must be resolutely curbed, and the bare statement of fact given where pages might have been written. The writer must condense continuously in order to remain within the field assigned by the publisher, and in this case, withal, that space has been consid- erably exceeded. Life is short and uncertain, and it is well to glean from the few survivors facts and incidents connected with the advent of the white man almost fifty years agone, into this our glorious inheritance, for ours it is now, whatever may have been the prior right of the red man. And it is in that respect, more than any other, that the writer found it out of his power to meet the demand — to visit and make note of the recollections of those first-comers, who, by reason of nature's law, must soon " go over to the majority." Un- favorable criticism he expects, and blame for omissions and noteworthy things not noted, but no one will be half as conscious as he of the imperfections of this memorial. Trusting that he has in some measure fulfilled an obligation to the home of his boyhood, the friends of his youth and manhood, and, by personal experience, knowing that " there is a great deal of human nature among man- kind," he rests his case. It is to be borne in mind that whatever this memorial sets forth is with reference to the township as at present formed, including the portion added from Troy Township and excluding the portion set off to Cleveland Township,, to which event reference will be made further on in this veritable history. 136 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Rightly named is Richland Township. He or they who named it were evidently persons of discernment and observation. Lying midway in the west- ern tier of townships, its general surface somewhat more undulating than the prairies of Northern Indiana, yet so diversified that its landscapes are pleasing, and its surface is yearly becoming more and more enriched with spacious and well tilled farms, pleasant, tasteful and commodious homes. Fifty years ago, probably, no white man's foot had rustled the fallen leaves that carpeted her primeval wilderness, and to-day it taxes the memory of the first comers to detail what was the stately magnificence of her forests, much more those later comers, who found her bosom dotted with growing farm- steads and the lusty struggle for the mastery over the forest well advanced toward completion. As has been detailed in other portions of this history, Whitley County was organized in 1838, having previously had a sort of territorial connection with Huntington County. At the first Commissioners' Court held in the county, and which met at the residence of Joseph Parrett May 7, 1838, Rich- land Township was organized, and the court ordered that for road purposes it should constitute one road district. Zebulon P. Burch was appointed to be the first Supervisor, and an election was ordered to be held on the 19th of May following. Within its limits is the thriving village of Larwill (of which more anon), lying one mile north of the center, and the seat of township government. Part of the village of Lorain is in its northeast corner. Five small lakes lie within its limits, and Spring Creek, with its two branches, on the east and Clear Creek on the west afford an outlet for superabundant waters, emptying them into Eel River, just above South Whitley, in Cleveland Township, thence, via the Wabash, the Ohio and the Mississippi, to the Mexican Gulf. The Squawbuck trail (an Indian trail, which was doubtless the route by which the very early settlers reached the western part of the county) passed through the north part of the township. Other Indian trails there were cross- ing the township at various angles and in various directions ; but the white man, actuated by thrift and utility, has. in most instances, placed the highways on lines and at right angles, while the Indian was content to have short cuts and to follow ridges and devious ways, to avoid swamps and other disagreeable impediments. A trail was blazed through the forest from Asa Shoemaker's, in the northwest corner of Columbia Township, in a westerly direction, past where Larwill now is, and on into Kosciusko County by way of Hayden's. The first practical attempt to open communication with the outside world was the Huntington and Goshen road and the Fort Wayne and Warsaw road, inter- secting at a point one mile west of Larwill. It is to be remembered that the prairies up about Goshen and Elkhart were settled several years earlier than our county, and that was the Egypt to which our early settlers were wont to go to get grain, to have flour ground, etc., and the roads were merely blazed RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 137 through the woods, with here and there an old log cut off or a bit of under- brush cut away, and were devious and rugged to traverse. David Hayden was the first settler in the township, although several others followed him the same season. He was the first comer, built the first cabin and long and far shall the seeker go ere he find a worthier example of the men who bore the heat and burden of the day in the first settlement of our county. David Hayden was born June 5, 1807, in Fayette County, Penn., thence re- moved to Franklin County, Ohio, and was married to Alma Cone. He deter- mined to come West and settle in Indiana. On the 9th of March, 1836, he landed in Richland Township with wife and children, twenty-nine years of age, in the prime of young manhood, in the heart of the wilderness, miles and miles away from any other human habitation, armed with his trust in God and his ax and rifle, and endowed with those qualities of heart and head which made him in after time a successful and prosperous man, esteemed and respected by all who knew him. Of him his sons might have said "A prompt, decisive man ; no breath Our father wasted." From early life, a professor of religion, adhering to the Methodist Church with unswerving tenacity, there was something of the Puritan spirit in the way be held to his earlier convictions. In early life a Whig, later a Republican of the straightest sect. In all the relations of life, the same characteristics pre- dominated — laboring in season and out of season, naught but an iron constitu- tion enabled him to bear all his burdens. His native sagacity was shown in the lands he entered and the very comfortable estate he was enabled to gather about him. He died at the homestead, October 22, 1878, aged seventy-one years nine months and seventeen days. His ashes lie in the family burial-place, a short dis- tance from where he built the first cabin in Richland Township. Loved, hon- ored, revered, his aged consort survives him, born at Turin, Lewis County, N. Y., August 5, 1810. Walking steadfastly by his side through all the trials and privations of frontier life, animated with strong and high purposes for the wel- fare and prosperity of her sons and daughters, her old age soothed by the lov- ing care of her children, long may she remain among us. The first woman who dwelt within our borders, the mother of C. W. Hayden, the first man child born in the township. Of the sons and daughters of this Adam and Eve of Richland Township there survive John E., Daniel C, Charles W., David F., Alvah 0. and Mary E. Hayden. Pursuant to an order of the first Commissioners' Court held in the county, there was held, on May 19, 1838, the first election in the township ; officer to be elected, Justice of the Peace. Inspectors of Election, John Jones, William Rice and Zebulon Burch. William Cordill and Edwin Cone were Clerks. The record says nothing of grand rallies and mass conventions, stump speeches or rallying the masses, it simply points its dead finger to the names of the five 138 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. voters, viz.: William Rice, Edwin Cone, Zebulon Burch, John Jones and Will- iam Cordill. The candidates were Edwin Cone, who received four votes, and William Rice, who received one vote. And, of that memorable first board of voters and election officers, William Rice alone survives to tell the tale this spring of 1882. The second election was held at the house of Andrew Compton, August 6, 1838. Eleven voters appeared, viz.: Otto M. Webb, Zebulon Burch, Levi Curtis, Ezra Thomson, John Jones, Jackson Gunter, Abraham Cuppy, Jacob Kistler, John Thomson, David Hayden, Edwin Cone. For State Senator, W. G. Ewing received four votes, David Colerick three, Thomas Swinney one ; for Representative, J. F. Merrill received four and William Vance seven ; for Sher- iff, Richard Collins received eleven votes; for County Commissioner, Joseph Parrett received eleven votes ; for Probate Judge, Jesse Cleveland had three votes, Joseph Pierce one. These were the old Whig and Democrat days, and, as we are accustomed to say, the good old times. However, it is doubtful if Mr. Richard Collins could take the unanimous vote of Richland Township for Sheriff to-day, as he did forty-four years ago, worthy though he is. At the next election, held, as all the early elections were, at the residence of Andrew Compton, a township organization was formed. Otto M. Webb was chosen Township Trustee ; Ezra Thomson, Township Treasurer ; Andrew Compton, Township Clerk ; David Payne, Fence Viewer, each receiving fifteen votes. At the first election in Troy Township (after its organization on March 19, 1839), held July 4, 1839, appear the names of Jesse S. Perin, Price Goodrich, Tim- othy F. Devinny and Bela Goodrich, who were residents of what is now a part of Richland ; and at that first election Price Goodrich and Jesse S. Perin were Inspectors of Election. Twelve votes were cast. Nathan Chapman was at that time elected Justice of the Peace by seven votes, Price Goodrich receiving five votes. The first Presidential election held at Andrew Compton's house, November 2, was that of 1840-41. The Harrison campaign — the log-cabin and hard-cider campaign — now only remembered by elderly persons. The candidates were Harrison and Tyler for the Whigs, and Van Buren and Johnson for the Dem- ocrats. Twenty-five votes were cast, of which fourteen were for Harrison and eleven for Van Buren. Those twenty-five voters were Daniel Cone, John Wright, Daniel Cullomore, Andrew Compton, Edwin Cone, Joshua Helms, John Jones, William Rice, John Anderson, Elijah Scott, Zebulon Burch, David Hayden, John Thomson, Reason Hueston, Levi Curtis, Charles Ditton, Samuel L. Andrews, Anderson D. Parrett, William D. Parrett, Joab McPherson, David Payne, George Ditton, David Payne, Jr., Ezra Thomson, Jacob Kistler, Jr. Judges, W. D. Parrett, Ezra Thomson, Zebulon Burch ; Clerks, Andrew Compton, Edwin Cone. Surviving these now are William Rice, J. R. Anderson, Elijah Scott, Levi Curtis, A. D. Parrett, David Payne, Jr. — six only. Jesse S. Perin, John Nil o// t/ft ^vL^^^ TROY TR RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 141 Buck, James Buck, William Guy, James Grant, Bela, James and Price Good- rich, of the Troy Addition to Richland, voted November 2, 1840, at the shop of Joseph Tinkham, in Troy, for the same candidates, of whom James Grant and Price Goodrich only survive. Presidential elections in the township have resulted as follows : YEAB. Whig. Republican Democrat. Total. 1840 14 13 35 40 i)6 128 152 185 193 217 216 11 12 53 75 72 116 120 140 171 240 227 25 1844 25 1848 88 1852 115 1856 168 1860 244 1864 272 1868 325 1872 364 1876 457 1880 443 Township Trustees since 1865 : James Cordill, qualified April 8, 1865 ; Charles G. Ferry, April 5, 1866; Albert Webster, April 3, 1867; Albert Webster, April 8, 1868; Alexander McNagny, April 10, 1869; Alexander McNagny, October 15, 1870; Thomas Stradly, October 15, 1872; Thomas Stradly, October 15, 1874; William H. Lancaster, October 16, 1876; Joseph Essig, May 18, 1878; L. B. Snyder, April 14, 1880; John Halderman, April 11, 1882. Justices of the Peace since the organization of the township : Edwin Cone was elected June 11, 1838 ; Nathan Chapman, July 24, 1839 ; James Grant, May 7, 1841 ; Reason Hueston, June 23, 1841 ; Zebulon Burch, April 10, 1842 ; Edwin Cone, April 25, 1845 ; Thomas Cleveland, May 7, 1846 ; Rea- son Hueston, June 5, 1846 ; James Grant, February 5, 1847 ; Henry McLallen, Sr., April 25, 1850 ; Reason Hueston, June 23, 1851 ; James Grant, April 21, 1852; Henry McLallen, Sr., May 9, 1855; William Finley, April 22, 1856; Truman Hunt, October 21, 1857; R. W. Dodge, May 1, 1860; Luke McAl- lister, April 19, 1862; R. W. Dodge, April 15, 1864; Jackson Sadler, No- vember 1, 1864; A. H. King, April 14, 1866; Jackson Sadler, November 11, 1868; Jackson Sadler, May 27, 1873; C. L. Cone, May 27, 1877 ; Jack- son Sadler, May 27, 1877; David Bonar, April 22, 1880; John J. Alms, April 3, 1882; Warren W. Martin, April 3, 1882. There may be seen in the County Auditor's office the first tax duplicate ; it is for the year 1838. It is of primitive character, and, as the patent nostrum venders say of man, it is "fearfully and wonderfully made," consisting, as it does, of four pages of foolscap paper, bound in the cover of Smiley's school atlas, cut down to the proper size. From this ancient document, we learn that in that year there were found within the limits of Richland the following per- sons upon whom to lay the following taxes, as by statute provided : 142 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. TOWN 31, RANGE 8. NAMES. Value of Tax- able Property. Anderson, John.... Burch, Zebulon Burns, John Cordill, William... Cone, Edwin Cone, Daniel Curtis, Levi Compton, Andrew. Hayden, David Jones, John Kistler, Jacob, Sr. Kistler, Jacob, Jr.. Perin, Jesse S Payne, David Rice, William Thomson, Ezra Thomson, John Totals $915 00 $97 00 18 00 50 00 75 00 88 00 18 00 94 00 175 00 250 00 SO 00 County Tax. $0 75 1 72 75 75 75 18 1 25 1 50 1 63 93 94 76 2 50 3 25 75 50 75 $19 65 State Tax. $0 50 65 50 50 60 02£ 57* 61} 63f 52f 15 50 91J 87* 50" 07* 50 $8 64i Total. $1 2 1 1 1 25 37 25 25 25 20* 1 82* 2 11} 2 1 09 25 26| 45| 41* 12* 25 57£ 1 25 $28 19} And every one of those pioneers paid up — not one delinquent. Alas, how mankind has deteriorated since 1838. EXHIBIT OF TAXES LEVIED IN INTERVALS OF FIVE YEARS. TEAR. No.of Tax- payers. Value of Per- sonals Assessed Value of Keal Estate. Total Vdue of Taxables. Acres of Land. Total of Taxes. No. of Dogs. 1838.... 16 $ 915 $ 915 23160 $ 28 20 1840.... 23160 1845.... 150 4119 $ 61690 65809 23160 803 94 1850.... 225 5766 64523 64698 23160 1250 00 1855.... 247 45668 74526 120130 23160 1548 21 I860.... 416 46086 157905 203991 23160 2333 42 1865.... 381 87802 272125 359927 23160 14441 72 1870.... 470 139136 369635 508771 23160 12905 76 186 1875.... 537 249045 449755 718800 23160 11519 05 154 1880.... 633 271380 363455 635235 23160 8165 77 203 Price Goodrich was Probate Judge August, 1848, to November, 1851, and is entitled to be called Judge Goodrich. He was County Commissioner from 1856 to 1859, and was re-elected. H. McLallen, Jr., was County Treasurer, 1870 to 1872, and was re-elected 1872 to 1874. J. W. Miller was Sheriff of Whitley County during the same period. F. P. Allwein was elected Sheriff in 1880, and is renominated now for the same office. Benjamin F. Thomson has been County Commissioner the four years last past. May 7, 1838, Ezra Thomson was the first Grand Juror from Richland ; May 7, 1838, Edwin Cone, David Hayden, John Jones, first Petit Jurors, and the Commissioners appointed Edwin Cone and Ezra Thomson Overseers of Poor for the township, and Zebulon P. Burch, Road Supervisor, with the whole township for his road district. The first road petition after organization of county was presented May 7, 1838, and Zebulon Burch, David Payne and Stedman Chaplin were appointed Viewers. Its line was south from David Hayden's. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 143 June 25, 1838, Edwin Cone was allowed $2 by the Commissioners for making returns of the first election held in the township, and, as the writer be- lieves, the first in the county after its organization. Henry Pence, County Assessor, first assessed the township in 1838. September Term, 1839. The Commissioners appointed Zebulon Burch Three Per Cent Road Fund Commissioner. January Term, 1840. Allowed the same $15.15J for his services in lay- ing out Columbia City. In 1839, the Circuit Court fined Nathan Chapman 6^ cents for retailing foreign merchandise without taking out a license. January 4, 1841. " 'Squire" Nathan Chapman reported the first fine col- lected, $1.50, of Henry Moon, for assaulting and battering whom the record sayeth not; but as he was the first person who was "moonstruck" in the county, 'tis a pity his name has not been handed down. This is, no doubt the first marriage in the township, and probably in the county : Charles Ditton and Eveline, daughter of Zebulon P. Burch, were married at Z. P. Burch's, December 15, 1836. Mr. Ditton went to Goshen for his license, and the preacher came from near Elkhart to perform the ceremony. The records of Whitley show the following first entry in the marriage department. State of Indiana, 1 Whitley County. / Be it remembered that on the 1st day of September, 1838, a license was issued by the Clerk of Whitley Circuit Court, authorizing the marriage of Jacob Kistler and Sophia Payne. And the following certificate of its solemnization : State of Indiana, "1 Whitley County. / To all persons to whom these presents may come — greeting: Know ye, that on the 2d day of September, 1838, the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace in and for Whitley County, joined in the holy bonds of matrimony Jacob Kistler and Sophia Payne, both of same county. Given under my hand this 8th day of September, 1838. Edwin Cone, J. P. The above, though not the first marriage in the county nor in Richland Township, is yet the first in county or town after its organization. On Novem- ber 11, 1838, Edwin Cone married Isaac H. Collins and Nancy Cuppy. On January 17, 1838, Edwin Cone married John Thomson and Emily Perin. July 4, 1839, married William Rice and Harriet U. Jones ; February 11, 1840, Charles Ditton and Sarah A. Calhoun ; March, 1840, Levi Curtis and Eunice Andrews ; July 30, 1840, H. Swihart, Justice of the Peace, married A. D. Parrett and Susan Perkins. In early days, to be expert with the ax, the rifle or some implement of iron carried more weight than book learning or erudition. Abraham Cuppy, William Cordill, James Perkins and Andy Compton were accounted by a well qualified jury expert with the ax, first-class choppers, and at a raising John 144 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Jones, E. L. Scott and John R. Anderson were accounted number one corner- men. Be it remembered, that it is no child's play to take up the corner of a log building in good and workmanlike style. It is to be borne in mind that, in the early days, it was a prime necessity to have whisky at raisings, loggings and other gatherings ; at raisings it was customary to toss up a bottle to the corner- men, who were usually the most expert woodsmen and knew the flavor of the creature ; having tasted it, they tossed it down again. Black-strap was another form, and a very seductive form the critter took. Now, black-strap, be it under- stood, is composed of six parts whisky and one part New Orleans molasses ; nowadays you have it called rock and rye or some other high-fangled name. Among riflemen many were good, but it was conceded that E. L. Scott carried the belt ; Abraham Cuppy was an artist in that line ; Christian Souder was conceded to be the most expert hunter ; George Clapp, most successful wolf trapper, and E. L. Scott most successful trapper of otter. David Hayden built the first frame dwelling in the township ; it still stands a monument to his memory ; David Hayden also built the first frame barn, in 1844. The first brick house — D. Firestone's residence in Larwill. First dance in township at Otto M. Webb's, April, 1841, Grover Webb, fiddler. First log-rolling at Abra- ham Cuppy's — present, John Cuppy, Thomas Webb, E. L. Scott and others, 1837. First shoemaker, William Cordill, 1837. First blacksmith-shop, Sam- uel Barnhouse, near Richland Center, Section 16, 1838. First lawsuit was between Andy Compton and George Clapp, about a settlement, about 1840. The first quilting frolic was at David Hayden's barn, in the spring of 1845. Andrew Compton killed the first bear in the township, in company with Zebu- Ion Burch, Charles and George Ditton and John Anderson. Zebulon Burch killed two wolves, the first killed of which we have any account. E. L. Scott was returning from mill in 1839, with six miles in front and eight miles behind him to the nearest house, when five Indians suddenly appeared upon the scene ; two of them held the horses and the other three searched for fire-water. It is thought they found it, though 'Lige would never own it; he owned, however, that he was a " leetle " bit nervous. They made him haul them three miles, when they struck three other native Americans, who had a supply, and, " very much against his will, insisted on his taking a nip," in fact, several nips, and it was 2 o'clock in the morning before he could tear himself away from his new found friends. It is not known that any murder has been done within the township. After the building of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, the bones of an unknown man were found in the woods north of Trembley's ; whether a dark crime was connected with his taking off none can tell. A lit- tle daughter of George Huston died in the spring of 1844 from the bite of a rattlesnake. John Rodebaugh shot himself, about 1852, at his store in Sum- mit — was deranged. Alexander Norris was killed by a limb of a tree falling on him when chopping in the woods, in 1860. Henry Souder was instantly RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 145 killed at Van Liew's Mill, Larwill, by the bursting of a grindstone in 1863. John Buck got his death from being struck by an express train at Larwill station. Marcellus Thomson blew out his brains in a temporary fit of insanity, in John Steele's woods, in 1870. Mrs. Essinger hanged herself with a pillow-slip to the third rail from the ground of the fence of her own door-yard. Samuel Aker hanged himself to the ladder in his barn. Jacob Long, Section Foreman, was run over and killed by an express train on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, in the spring of 1881. There seems to be no doubt that C. W. Hayden, son of David and Alma Hayden, was the first white child born in the township ; the date of this, to him, memorable event was August 12, 1837. Having passed through the stages of childhood, youth and young manhood, and made the most of the meager advantages that surrounded him, he united his fortunes with those of a daughter of Alfred Hoover, Esq., of Kosciusko County, and became a farmer on his own account. A few years of this begat a spirit of adventure, and he sold his place to B. F. Thomson, who now lives there, and removed to Missouri, where he spent several years with varying success, and, his health failing, re- turned to the land of his fathers. He is now engaged in mercantile pursuits at Collamer, in this county, and whoso knows him knows a man whose word is as good as his bond. The second person born in the township, and the first female, was Eveline, daughter of Charles and Eveline Ditton, born in September, 1837, the mother surviving but two weeks. John Thomson and other neighbors made for her a coffin from the boards of a wagon box, and the few neighbors there were in a range of half a dozen miles gathered to lay her at rest. Mrs. Ditton was a daughter of Zebulon P. Burch, a very early settler, whose old place is now occupied by Henry Norris. Mr. Burch was a prominent character in those early days, and filled several stations of honor and trust. One of the first courts held in the county was held at his house, Judge Ewing presiding. The daughter of Charles Ditton, now Mrs. Todd, resides at Lagro, Indiana, where also, her father, Charles Ditton, resides, and is highly regarded. The third birth of which authentic information has been produced was that of Orilla, daughter of Edwin and Salima Cone, who was born 30th Jan- uary, 1839, married to Frank Inlow, April 28, 1857 ; removed to Missouri in the spring of 1864, and there died November 21, 1881. Chauncey, son of Price and Martha Goodrich, was born October 7, 1839 ; is a prosperous and very successful builder. Most of the good brick buildings in the county can bear witness for the honest manner his work is done. In February, 1837, Samuel Jones, first-born of John Jones, died at the house of Ezra Thomson (where the family were stopping whilst the rude cabin was being made ready to receive them) from exposure, having caught the mumps while moving to the country. This was the first death among the early settlers of Richland. The death of Mrs. Eveline Ditton, in September 146 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. following, elsewhere referred to, was the second ; and later Mr. Jones himself made the coffin of Mrs. Andrews, his sister. Mr. Andrews settled where John Steele now lives, and Mr. Jones where Alexander McNagney now lives. Older citizens will remember going to the post office, first kept in the cabin he built, a few rods south of Mr. McN.'s present residence. Messrs. Jones and Andrews came in the fall of 1836, and were among the very early settlers. W. N. An- drews, Postmaster at Larwill, is the eldest son of Mr. Samuel Andrews. An- other brother resides in Iowa. The Eel River Baptist Church was organized in 1840, at the house of John Collins, in Cleveland Township. Among its first members were John Col- lins, William Cordill, John Cordill, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton and S. A. Chaplin. To these were afterward added, by baptism and letter, Edwin Rambo and wife, Margaret Rambo, John Cuppy and wife, Mary Cuppy, Jane Collins (wife of John Collins), Mrs. Martin Collins, Isaac Collins and wife, Nancy Collins, Mrs. Chaplin (wife of S. A. Chaplin), William Norris, James Chaplin (father of S. H. Chaplin, and Mores P. Chaplin (brother of S. A. Chaplin). James Martin was the first Pastor of this little flock. February 19, 1842, S. A. Chaplin, now editor of the Restitution, at Plymouth, was licensed to preach, and on August 20, 1842, he was ordained, and for some time preached for them. A change of views in regard to the future destiny of the earth as well as of man's nature, whether immortal by nature or redemption — the view of earth restored being the future home of the redeemed — in plain English, Mil- lerism or Second Adventism — was embraced by Elder Chaplin and a number of other members of the church, who dissolved their connection with it, and it languished for several years. Reorganized December, 1845, William Norris, John Cordill, Esther Cordill, Norah Hand, Elizabeth Cuppy, Michael B. Kelly, Rebecca Riesson, K. C. Hamilton, Caroline Hamilton, Caroline Collins, George Gunter, John Cuppy and Nancy Cuppy were members. The present church was built in 1861, at a cost of $1,200. Number of members now, sev- enty-six. Present Pastor, Elder V. 0. Fritz. This is the best account the meager facts in hand make possible of this society. A Methodist society was organized near Lorain in 1840. The first preacher was Rev. Samuel Smith. Of the early members are the names of Henry Rob- erts, Joseph Tinkham, Elizabeth Tinkham, Michael and Fanny Blanchard, Price and Julia A. Goodrich, Isaac and Elizabeth Kern and Harlow Barber. As time and convenience dictated, they met at the houses of settlers. When the chapel near Cedar Lake, in Troy Township, was built, this society was merged with it, and now constitutes a part of that vigorous branch of the church. In the early days, there was a Methodist class near John R. Anderson's, called the Union Clas3, which, as usual, met from house to house. With vari- ous other societies they united, in 1855, in building the Union Church. Among the earlier members were Henry Rupely and wife, John Jones and wife, A. D. Parrett and wife, Eliakim Mosher and wife, Edmond Parrish and wife and RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 147 John Graham. There they prospered until 1880, when they built the neat and commodious Oak Grove Church, a brick edifice costing about $2,000, and are comfortably settled therein, with a membership of somewhat over thirty. If this account be faulty or meager, it is because the information sought for failed to come to hand. A society of the Christian denomination has long been maintained at Booneville, with a comfortable church building and a strong society. Data sought for failed to come to hand, and this brief notice must suffice. The history of education in Richland would be a repetition of that of other towns round about. The first school, taught by Zillah Adams at Summit, was a subscription school. Indiana's munificent school funds and judicious provision for schoolhouses and school appliances were then unthought of. Instead of the comfortable school desks, slab benches, with the legs inserted in auger-holes, were the seats ; the desk was of boards laid on arms inserted in the side walls of the building in the same way. Samuel Andrews and Jesse S. Perin were wont to grumble because, each having large families, they together had to pay over half the teacher's salary. Divers and numerous were the bar- rings-out of teachers, etc., etc., but Eggleston has so graphically described it in his " Hoosier Schoolmaster," that details would be superfluous. Miss Sarah Thomson (now Mrs. Jesse Arnold) taught a select school in an old log house on John Thomson's farm in the early days. Periodicals and books were scarce, and blessed was the home whose heads had not forgotten to bring a store of books when they plunged into the wilderness, for in the hand-to-hand struggle no money was to be expended for superfluities when the bare necessities of life were hard to come at. As time passed, and after the State made provision for public education, schoolhouses were built of log^s (similar to the one at Summit, else- where described), at suitable distances all over the township. These were after- ward replaced with frame schoolhouses, and these latter, as they become old and are condemned, are being replaced with good substantial brick structures. It is thought that the new law taking the road work off the Trustees' hands, will tend to better oversight and general improvement of schools. The following is the present school accommodation in the township : DISTRICTS. Section. Kind of House. When Built. Value. No. of Pupils. District No. 1 25 34 28 32 30 "8 9 11 14 22 18 Brick 1869 1873 1873 1875 1871 1868 1881 No record... No record... 1870 No record... $1000 00 1000 00 1000 00 9000 00 500 00 30 District No. 2 Brick 21 District No. 3 Brick 30 District No. 4 Brick 175 District No. 5 Frame 32 District No. 6 Frame ... District No. 7 300 00 900 00 300 00 400 00 500 00 300 00 28 District No. 8 Brick 30 District No. 9 Frame 35 District No. 10 Frame . 35 District No. 11 Frame . 25 District No. 12 30 Total $15200 00 471 148 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The following table shows the amounts and growth of the tuition and special school funds since the adoption of the new Constitution in 1852. It will be remembered that the special school fund is applied only for the pur- poses of building and furnishing schoolhouses, supplying them with wood, stoves, brooms and other necessaries. In 1875, in accordance with statute in that case made and provided, Township Trustees were authorized to supplement the regular tuition fund, which is the interest on funds permanently invested, by levying a tax which is termed the local tuition fund, and is shown in the subjoined table : YEARS. Tuition Fund. Special School Fund. YEARS. Tuition Fund. Special School Fund. Local Tuition Fund. 1853 $ 85 31 288 00 431 22 508 30 411 20 475 00 435 56 755 25 687 75 992 85 936 75 1205 97 1032 03 1216 78 1297 47 $182 72 174 25 194 91 606 93 640 66 644 79 649 59 690 60 667 92 1018 55 1031 35 1868 $1353 64 1430 09 1571 82 1587 02 1577 86 1216 58 1544 25 2081 90 2333 03 2086 32 1864 95 1898 34 2164 81 2005 49 $1039 68 575 25 1581 43 901 48 1640 23 1660 64 1622 65 1185 89 3602 76 3832 67 2877 93 3463 23 2476 74 918 52 1854 1869 1855 1870 1856 1871.. 1857 1872 1858 1873... 1859 1874 1875 1860 $762 62 1861 1876 421 78 1862 1877.., 10 98 1863 1878 1864 1879 1865 1880... 333 10 1866 1881 636 03 1867 The following table shows the original entries of land by actual settlers down to 1840, as per original entry in land office: NAMES. Andrew Compton Charles Ditton , Zebulon P. Burch David Hayden Mores P. Chaplin John Jones Elijah L. Scott , Ezra Thomson , Jesse S. Perin Jacob Kistler, Sr John Buntain James Compton William Rice John Burns , Levi Curtis Price Goodrich , James Goodrich Harlow Barber Alfred Jordan , John R. Anderson , David Payne Nathan Chapman James Grant Christian Souder Christopher Souder.... Moses Hand Samuel L. McPherson Section. 21 22 22 6 5 4 19 4-9 30-32 10-12 30 7-16 5-8 29 10 25 25 28 25 14 15 25 26 11 11 Month and Day. December 17.. March 7 March 7 March 19 March 19 April 27 May 10 July 15 August 31 October 8 October 21.... October 24.... March 20 May 29 June 10 September 20 September 20 October 1 October 30.... November 13. November 27. April 17 May 2 October 16.... March 16 May 12 May 12 Tear. 1835 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1838 1838 1838 1840 1840 1840 Acres. 320 160 160 318 t 142 242 120 480 546 240 240 333 120 120 200 120 80 80 80 160 160 200 80 80 40 80 40 vlA^e^SLst^ WASHINGTON TR RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 151 Larwill, formerly Huntsville, was laid out on the line of the Pittsburgh Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, November 13, 1854. It was located on the corners of the four farms of H. McLallen, Sr., Truman Hunt, Jesse S. Perin and Thomas J. Hammontree. At that time the site of the village was unbroken forest west of Center and north of Main streets. Mr. Perin had a fine sugar camp, with the boiling-place where the depot now stands. Hammontree bought his place December 15, 1851, built a log cabin where Thomas Stradly's house now stands in the the spring of 1852, and had cleared a few acres ; this was all that was amiss of the forest. It was in August, 1856, that the Pennsylvania & Ohio, the Ohio & Indi- ana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroads consolidated, forming the Pitts- burgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. Up to that date, Columbia City was the terminus. The work of construction was pushed forward rapidly by the new management, and before the close of that year trains were running through as far as Plymouth, and Huntsville began to come out of the wilderness. This was the era of luxuries. We had a daily mail ; lumbering hacks, whose tri- weekly visits had before been our sole dependence, were abandoned ; the post office, which had for years been at Summit, one mile west, was moved to Hunts- ville, and H. McLallen, Sr., was first Postmaster, and so continued until the Lincoln administration, when E. L. Barber was appointed ; afterward H. B. Whittenberger succeeded him, and last season W. N. Andrews succeeded him. The first Station Agent was H. McLallen, Sr., succeeded by E. L. Mc- Lallen, he by H. McLallen, Jr., until 1874, when W. F. McNagney succeeded to it, and held it until he determined to adopt the legal profession and was succeeded by W. E. Young, the present incumbent. In 1854, Hugh McClarren built a log house on the corner where John Bruner's shop stands, and opened a traffic in "wet goods," not to very great advantage ; nor, indeed, has there ever been a prosperous business done there in that line. J. F. Smith was the first doctor ; his office was where Scott Smith's residence now is ; he came here in the spring of 1854. We had also Dr. F. M. Tumbleson, and later, Drs. Firestone, 1859, and Kirkpatrick, 1860 have enjoyed long and extensive practice. Still later, Dr. Souder, Dr. Lan- caster and Dr. Webster. In the early days, Dr. McHugh, of Columbia City did a good practice hereabouts, though his methods were rather heroic ■ and it was thought by many that Dr. Boss, of Warsaw, could almost raise the dead. David King was one of the vanguard ; he built a shanty and started the first shoe-shop, where Hilliard's family now live. It was there the young bloods, and old ones, too, used to repair and waste their means in riotous living on hard-boiled eggs at 4 cents a dozen, seasoned with pepper-sauce. There were a few who could make way with two dozen, several could do eighteen, and plenty who took a dozen. Isaac Broad came and built about 1856 ; Jerry Welker about the same time, and put up a furniture store where Dr. Kirkpat- rick lives now. 152 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The first store was opened by Dodge & McLallen, R. W. Dodge and H . McLallen, Sr., in a building since burned, which stood on the site of the old Washington House. The stock was varied and assorted to suit the times, with a little of everything. Barter was the rule ; credit was generally asked and expected, and ready pay the exception. Dodge went out after one season, and John M. Thomson took his place. He, used to Eastern life and California excitement, found it too slow for him, and went. Mr. McLallen then went to work in earnest, and built on the corner where D. B. Clugston, Bro. & Co.'s store now is ; the building has since been removed across the street, and is now Bowman's hardware store. This edifice was 22x44, two stories, with cellar walled up with hewn timber. Stone was then out of the question. This build- ing his neighbors thought entirely beyond the needs of the place. Here he continued and prospered until July 9, 1858, when he sold out to E.L. McLallen and D. B. Clugston, who carried on the business very successfully, until March, 1, 1874, when McLallen sold his interest to D. B. Clugston, who then organized the firm of D. B. Clugston, Bro. & Co., which still keeps the field with excel- lent success. In 1869, McLallen & Clugston built the fine brick store, 24x100, two stories and cellar, as it now stands. The Masonic Fraternity took and paid for seventy-five feet of the second floor for lodge-rooms, giving them 24x 75 feet for hall, ante-rooms, etc. About 1861, Edwin L. Barber built and opened a store just north of the store now owned by H. B. Whittenberger, where he flourished as merchant, Postmaster and general trader, until about 1865, when he sold store and stock to Whittenberger & Bro., and soon after built the fine store where H. B. Whittenberger now is, which he occupied until 1881, when he removed the stock and sold the store to H. B. Whittenberger, who is comfortably growing fat, wealthy and old, and not a wave of trouble rolls across his peaceful breast. Halderman k Co. built their present store-room and commenced trade in 1867, and have steadily kept step to the music, and done their share of the business, and may be called successful merchants. A burglary and safe-blow- ing last winter is the only notable counter-current they have met, and that was not of sufficient importance to disturb Lewis' equilibrium, or cause John to lie awake nights. A. F. Martin and McLallen & Clugston, under the style of A. F. Martin & Co., started a hardware store, May 1, 1865. Mr. Martin went out and McLallen & Clugston continued awhile, then sold out to Jerry Franklin, who in turn sold out to S. B. Clevinger, who engaged in hardware trade in his present rooms in 1869. About that time, L. B. Snyder and McLallen & Clug- ston formed a partnership, and opened a new hardware store where John Bruner now is ; afterward removed to where Bowman now keeps, and continued until the fall of 1881, when Bowman bought out the concern, and still continues at the old stand. L. B. Snyder, or Bolivar, as he is generally known, is widely and favorably known, and has the good- will of the entire community. Having no boys to succeed to his business, he concluded to go out of trade and take a RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 153 rest; he is also noted for his firm reliance. S. B. Clevinger kept on the even tenor of his way until disabled by ill-health, and has recently transferred his hardware business to his son Henry, who continues it at the old place. Dr. Kirkpatrick came in the spring of 1860; in 1864, he started a drug- store. In 1865, D. L. Whiteleather bought one-half interest, and they built a new store ; the firm was Kirkpatrick & Whiteleather until 1881, when White- leather bought the entire concern. W. N. Andrews opened a drug store oppo- site Halderman's in 1878, which concern continues to prosper. Truman Hunt built the first grist-mill, the steam one now owned by Jos. Essig, thereby conferring an inestimable boon on the community, as otherwise they had to go ten miles to mill. This mill was built about 1860 or 1862. In 1853, Truman Hunt — " The 'Squire " as he was generally called — tore down his hewed log dwelling, a half mile west of Larwill, and moved the timbers to the village and rebuilt it on the spot where Dr. Firestone's fine mansion now is, and opened a tavern (tavern is a good word crowded out by the new fancied term hotel). This was a tavern. On a post in front was a plain oval si»n, with a fish rampant depicted upon it, and below three letters — INN — only this and nothing more. The guests, however, at the inn, found good beds and good cheer. James Young afterward opened a hotel, and for the past twenty years has done most of the entertaining of strangers. In 1880, he rebuilt his house, and now keeps quite a pretentious hostelry. He also knows "black walnut from cofieenut," and is a pretty good judge of lumber, in which he has done a successful business for many years. George Klinehance has long been a heavy lumber-dealer in this region, and has handled a great many millions of feet. "Old Business " is his pet name among the boys. Capt. Steele, now Commissioner of Roads for Rich- land Township, was long his factotum in the stock trade, the buying and ship- ping of which has long been a part of his business. Truman Hunt, Esq., was an important character in those early days. He held his own opinions, liked to have his will, was very tenacious of his rights, and was of hasty temper, spoke with a New England twang, and looked out sharply for number one, but was a good neighbor and citizen. In 1869, he sold his farm to Dr. Firestone, and removed to Michigan, where it is believed he is still living. Uncle Jesse S. Perin, was born in Berkshire County, Mass., July 28, 1792; moved to Michigan in 1821; came to Indiana in 1837; entered 546 acres of land in the immediate vicinity of Larwill ; died August 19, 1862, a^ed seventy years ; his wife, Laura Bird, was born on the Green Mountains, in Ver- mont, February 14, 1798. The children of these surviving are Betsy, Laura, Jesse, Achsa, Diantha. Mr. Perin was a man of mark, intelligent, with much force of character ; of portly figure, quite deaf in his later years ; a good story- teller, could sing a song and was socially inclined. Had been so long in the backwoods that his reminiscences of early life took one back to the early part 154 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. of the century. He was of quick, fiery temper, and very positive in his way. Troy Township, Whitley County, Ind., was named at his suggestion in honor of the Township of Troy, Oakland County, Mich., from which he came to Whitley. Thomas J. Hammontree was born in Maryland ; came here from Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, December, 1851 ; carpenter by trade and an excellent one ; a large- framed, large-hearted man ; he was a fair specimen of the early settlers, always ready to do a good turn. In 1864, he sold his place at the village and bought the farm of the late Harper Mack, where he continued to live until his decease, and his remains lie in Lakeview Cemetery. Henry McLallen, Sr., was born at Trumansburg, N. Y., August 3, 1808 ; grew up to manhood there. Was married, August 31, 1831, to Frances M. Lyman, of Northfield, Mass. Went into business on his own account about the time of his majority, and was fairly successful. The great panic of 1843, fol- lowed by the failure of a number of persons indebted to him, so embarrassed him that he could not hope to re-establish himself for a long while ; beside that, he was attracted to the Great West, which was then first brought prominently before the people. All who are familiar with the history of our Western coun- try know of, and many elderly persons will remember, the wonderful impetus given to emigration to Indiana, Ohio and Michigan, by the building of the Wabash & Erie Canal, the Ohio Canals, the National roads and other schemes of internal improvement that were, alas ! many of them, destined to be nipped in the bud by the revulsion which followed the overthrow of the National Bank and the Jacksonian era. It was under the inspiration of high expectation as to rapid development Mr. McLallen, with many others, plunged into the fastnesses of Indiana as it was in 1845. In the spring of 1845, accompanied by his brother, DeWitt McLallen, deceased, and the late Harper Mack, he came to Richland and cleared an acre and built the rude cabin which was to be the fam- ily home for many a long year, and, in the September following, coming via New York & Erie Canal from Cayuga Bridge to Buffalo; by the schooner Sarah Bugbee from Buffalo to Toledo, and with a tempestuous passage over Lake Erie ; from Toledo to Fort Wayne via the Wabash & Erie Canal, and from Fort Wayne in wagons to the old homestead in Section 3, adjoining Larwill, the family took up their abiding place. Of slender build and not inured to the severe labors of the backwoodsman, yet with courage and self-sacrifice wor- thy of a martyr, he began and continued the tremendous task of carving a farm out of the heavily timbered and unbroken forest. Isolation, dearth of intel- lectual food, malaria, all conspired to make the position hard to bear. Cheer- ful and peace-loving, easily adapting himself to surroundings, he soon found friends, and, but for his retiring disposition, might easily have held positions of trust and honor. When the railroad was built, he joined neighbors Perin, Hunt and Hammontree in laying out the village, as elsewhere noted. In 1858, he sold the homestead to David Kerr, Esq., who now occupies it. Of his bus- RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 155 iness experience, mention'has been made. The evening of his days was quietly spent among his children, his books, garden and orchard, to which he had all his life been devoted, and on October 30, 1875, he passed from earth and was laid at rest in Lake View Cemetery, originally a part of his own farm, and re- deemed from its primeval wilderness by his own hand. Mrs. McLallen still survives, though feeble and frail. The children of these are E. L. McLallen, Mrs. D. B. Clugston and H. McLallen, Jr. The first saw-mill was built by Charles Swindell, and stood east of the village, near Sterling's brick house. It was burned during the war. H. C. and D. Van Liew afterward built a fine mill where Robinson's now stands, add- ing planers and much other machinery, and doing a heavy business for several years ; it, too, was burned and was succeeded by the mill now owned by Rob- inson & Co. The first schoolhouse was built in 1854, and stood south of the Methodist parsonage; it still stands and is converted into a dwelling. The second was a more pretentious and roomy affair, in the northeast corner of the town, but it was so ill planned and badly constructed that it did not live out half its days as a schoolhouse, and has been condemned, though not yet executed. In 1876, the citizens determined to have good and suitable school facilities, and the present grounds were purchased and handsome school buildings erected under the Trusteeship of Thomas Stradly, Esq. The schools are graded, good teachers are selected, and educational interests are fostered by a public spirit among the people that will admit of no nonsense when school interests are at stake. The earliest church edifice in the village was that of the United Brethren. It stood where now stands the Wesleyan Chapel. The United Brethren's Church was built in 1858, and Jerry Welker and B. B. Salmon were foremost in the work. The house was poorly built and the congregation poorly preached to, and both society and building gradually faded away. To write the history of almost any Methodist Church hereabouts is to write a history of the section where it i3 established. From the earliest settle- ment to the present time of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Larwill, the following brief summary of facts must suffice : Previous to 1848, itinerant preachers, at more or less irregular intervals, kept alive the vital spark. The members met from house to house, most frequently at Edwin Cone's and John Buck's. The first class was formed, in 1839, in Edwin Cone's log cabin. The pioneers of the church and its first members were John Buck, Class Leader; Edwin Cone and wife, David Hayden and wife, William Guy and wife, John Erwin and wife, John Burns and wife. Edwin Cone was local preacher — "An Israelite indeed in whom there was no guile." The itinerant preachers, at the formation of the class in 1839, were Revs. Ackerman and Owen. Their visits were few and far between ; the circuit was very large. Succeeding them, Lemon and Young, Green and Anthony, Holstock and Miller, Speer and 156 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Davis, Jesse Sparks, Barnhart. By 1848, the class had become too large to meet in the narrow cabins of the pioneers. They took title from Alex Mc- Nagny of the site of the "old log schoolhouse," by their trustees, David Hayden, Andrew Dodge and John Burns, who, aided by William Mitchell, a carpenter, built a frame meeting-house, 26x34, ten feet in the clear. The Revs. Barnhart and Metz held meetings in it, and great success followed, and the society prospered and grew strong. Following those preachers came Sny- der and Cooper; Streight and Armstrong ; Bradshaw and Rupeley ; Payton and Payton; C. W. Miller; J. H. McMahon ; E. M. Baker, three years and built the parsonage at Larwill ; H. J. Lacy, three years ; R. J. Smith, three years, who commenced the new brick church at Larwill in 1866, completed during the first year of E. P. Church's term, at a cost of about $9,000, and procured for it a bell, which they still take pride in saying is the best bell in the county. John Burns, Abner Prugh, C. W. Hayden, Dr. Kirkpatrick and E. L. Mc- Lallen were the building committee. The edifice is 42x60, twenty feet in the clear, with basement. The old Summit Church was sold to J. J. Alms, who removed it to Lot 1, Block 10, McLallen street, Larwill, where it is now doing duty as a carpenter shop. Following were the E. P. Church, Pastors : J. H. Slade, two years ; S. J. McElwee, three years ; James Greer, three years ; I. J. Smith, one and a half years, when differences grew up and a part of the members withdrew and formed the " Wesleyan Church," the parent society, however, still flourishing and building up. Pastor W. H. Smith came and stayed two years. Pastor R. Reed is now the second year in charge. The Trustees now are Abner Prugh, Dr. Kirkpatrick, John Burns, Jacob Sapping- ton, H. B. Whittenberger ; Stewards, H. B. Whittenberger, E. S. Johns and Emily Thomson ; Class Leaders, O. C. Adams, Thomas Davis. Membership, about eighty; probationers, seventeen. Space will not permit more debail, else much more might be said. The Baptist society organized first in 1855, with a membership of fifteen, under the ministrations of Elder McLeod. Their place of meeting was the old First Schoolhouse. After 1860, it languished and became dormant, and was re-organized in April, 1880, under the pastoral charge of Rev. D. W. Sanders, with A. F. Martin and wife, Henry Bailey and wife, Fielding Barnes and wife, Mrs. D. B. Clugston, Mrs. Mary Barney, Rev. Sanders and wife, members. In 1881, they built their neat little brick church, at a cost of $2,500, and are prospering fairly well. Elder Sanders, Pastor ; membership now about twenty-five. Failing to receive any information from persons ap- plied to, makes this account meager and scanty, but it is believed to be cor- rect as far as it goes. The Presbyterian society was organized and flourished for several years, under Rev. Mr. Harker and others. It has, however, for several years been dormant. The Wesleyan Church society is young here. It originated a few years RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 157 ago, in consequence of differences of opinion in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The seceders organized and have a neat wooden church, costing ahout $1,500, and seem to be prospering fairly well under the pastoral charge of Rev. M. Hutchins. Rev. John Brukert is pastor of the young Albright society. It has not yet attained the dignity of a church edifice, but meets at the houses of its members, and is believed to have elements of success in its general make-up. Due Guard Lodge, No. 278, A., F. & A. Masons, was organized under dispensation, July 2, 1861 ; charter granted May 27, 1862 ; organized under charter June 7, 1862; by-laws approved by Grand Lodge May 29, 1872. The charter members were John B. Firestone, E. L. McLallen, A. M. Trum- bull, J. Cunningham, J. J. Shorb, William Thompson, Jacob W. Miller, David James, Virgil Barber, E. L. Barber, H. C. Van Liew, G. F. Miller, John Q. Adams, and the first officers under charter were John B. Firestone, W. M. ; E. L. McLallen, S. W.; A. M. Trumbull, J. W.; D. B. Clugston, Treasurer; H. C. Van Liew, Secretary; Virgil Barber, S. D. ; J. G. Miller, J. D.; E. L. Barber and J. Cunningham, Stewards ; John Maynard, Tiler. Officers in 1882: E. L. McLallen, W. M. ; W. S. Barber, S. W. ; A. L. Compton, J. W. ; W. N. Andrews, Treasurer; George F. Miller, Secretary; Henry Souder, S. D. ; George James, J. D. ; E. S. Johns, S. S. ; Leander Lower, J. S.; John Smalley, Tiler. Trustees, 1882 : L. B. Snyder, J. B. Firestone, W. S. Barber, D. B. Clugston, E. L. Barber. The lodge owns the premises where it meets, has them handsomely furnished and has money in its treasury. Including thirteen charter members, it has had upon its roll of membership 150 members, of whom 120 were made Masons within its walls and seventeen were admitted upon dimit from other lodges. Of these 150, eighty-four are now members, fifty have dimitted and gone to other places and other lodges, seven have died, eight have been suspended, one has been expelled, and of those who have dimitted six have since died. It is no flattery to say that its membership comprises a large number of the best men in the community. The body is prosperous, harmo- nious and an element of usefulness in the community. In the absence of data asked for and not forthcoming, only a very general account can be given of Larwill Lodge, No. 238, I. O. O. F. It was organized between 1860 and 1865, and has apparently prospered. It owns its own lodge room, which is comfortably furnished, and has a membership of thirty or forty, and is said to be in a prosperous condition at this time. It is to be regretted that the facts and dates upon which to give a fuller account were not at hand. From the first, there was confusion because the names of town and post office were different, and there being a Huntsville Post Office in the State, the office could not take the name of the town. The evil was borne until the increasing traffic made it unbearable. The citizens began to canvass for a change in 1866, and two names were selected, of which Larwill seemed to be first and Haider- man second choice. They accordingly petitioned the Commissioners to change 158 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. the name to Larwill. The board promptly granted the petition, and the same was officially promulgated March 8, 1866. See Commissioners' Record D, page 89. The railroad authorities, on notice, promptly changed the name of the station to conform, and a petition to the Post Office Department, setting forth the above facts, produced a like result. The name seleeted is the family name of two of the resident engineers, Will- iam and Joseph H. Larwill, who had charge, during the construction of the Pitts- burgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, of a division extending from Colum- bia City to Warsaw, and who had done much to promote the interests of the place. William is a prominent railroad man in Ohio, and Joseph H., having graduated in the finest mining schools of the Old World, became a practical assayer and located in Montana, where he is believed to be highly pros- perous. Previous to 1868, the denizens of the village of Larwill were living on each side of the line between Richland and Troy Townships, Main street being the old township line, the voters on the one side had to go nearly four miles south, and on the other side nearly four miles northeast to reach the spot where the ballot-boxing was periodically done. This became very irksome, indeed, as the town increased, and some of them resolved to wait no longer. They petitioned the County Commissioners for a voting precinct ; the Commission- ers' Court granted the prayer by annexing two miles off the south side of the township to Cleveland, and annexing a like two miles off the south side of Troy to Richland, and making Larwill the voting place for Richland Township. This action was taken December 11, 1868. For full account see Commissioners' Rec- ord D, page 384, in Auditor's office, Whitley County. The village has always been noted as a first-rate business place, attract- ing and holding a large amount of general trade, and its lumber market has been the leading one in the county. As a grain market, it has stood at the front. Enterprise and vim have marked the character of its business men, and substantial success has been their reward. No mercantile failure has ever oc- curred among them. Its young men have gone forth east, west, north and south, to wage the battle of life, and success has followed them. Its social life is refined, and to build up instead of tear down seems to be the theory of its citizens. Lorain lies in part in Richland, and has had quite a struggle to maintain itself. In early days, Chauncey Blanchard gave it the nickname of" Buzzard's Glory," which was enough to damn any town ; however, it still survives as a pretty good cross-road town. Gruesbeck is now carrying on a very good gen- eral mercantile business there ; Grant's Mill, one of the earliest steam saw- mills, was located there, and James Grant, one of the old stand-bys of this county, has been store-keeper, Postmaster, saw-mill man, farmer and Justice of the Peace. A long and useful life he has spent there, and is not yet past the verge of active life. • «Z/ , cftd e^zcx^ic/- WASHINGTON TP. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 161 One mile west of Larwill, where the Huntington & Goshen road intersects the Fort Wayne & Warsaw road, once stood Summit — "How often have I loitered o'er thy green, Where humble happiness endeared each scene ; How often have I paused on every charm, The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm ; Sunk are thy bowers, in shapeless ruin all, ADd long grass o'ertops the moldering wall — " with stores, groceries, smith-shops, doctor's offices, churches, schools and all the nuclei of a young Western city. Now, scarcely one stone stands upon another to mark the spot. Here was built, in the spring of 1840, the first schoolhouse in the township, probably in the county, located on the northwest corner of A. S. McNagny's farm, of round logs, puncheon floor, clapboard roof, unhewn joists overhead, and a loose covering over them. Zillah Adams, since Mrs. Tinkham, and now Mrs. Davis, taught the first school. Henry Smith, who built the first saw-mill (a water-mill on Spring Creek, on Mrs. Howard's farm, between Columbia and Larwill), and who was after- ward County Commissioner, was one of the early and favorite teachers, and he it was who flogged the writer most " sacrilegiously," and, worse than all, died before the aforesaid writer got big enough to whale him. Peace to his ashes. Here, in 1849, on the site of the schoolhouse above mentioned, was built the first church in the township — the M. E. Church. This edifice was a frame one, 26x34 ; the style of architecture was primitive and partaking somewhat of the " out-doric" order ; but well it served its purpose for preachment, prayer and praise, and Sunday school purposes. Here was established in 1847, the first post office in the township, with Alex S. McNagny as Postmaster ; commission dated March 10, 1847. John Erwin, an old settler, who used to own the Klinehance farm north of William Guy, was the contractor, and his son Andrew, was mail-car- rier. We were happy ; we had a mail once a week each way. Andrew took it through on horseback ; he is a brother of James Erwin, of Union Township ; now lives in Iowa. Previous to this time, the citizens had always gone to Colum- bia for mail accommodations, from eight to twelve miles. Here, on the southwest corner of the X-roads, was the first store in the township, built and stocked in 1850 by John and Alonzo Rodebaugh, father and son, and who did a very good business. John Rodebaugh passed away in 1852, and Alonzo having since be- come Dr. A. Rodebaugh, who was a prosperous physician at Indian Village, Noble County, drowned himself while insane, April 17, 1882. Here Chittenden and others had blacksmith-shops, followed in the same line by the famous T. L. O'Brien. " Alas, poor Tom, I knew him well ; he was a "fellow of infinite ca- pacity for absorbing whisky," and, like most dissipated men in the trades and professions had the reputation of being a tip-topper in his line of business, if only he wouldn't drink. Here it was that " Old Mies," built a hotel, and kept it for awhile, after the manner often alluded to by the boys. Here Dr. 162 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Wiggins for awhile abode, and "practiced medicine on the people." Here, away back in the early days, and annually thereafter, Uncle Add Steele, " a prince among his equals," would raise a liberty-pole on Fourth of July morn- ing ; the place was the hill west of Boyce's house. A plentiful supply of the " O-be-joyful " was dispensed, and the occasion had strong attractions, and was memorable. Alas ! patriotism and love of country are nearly extinct in our day. Uncle Add's liberty-poles were always hickory. Here, in 1853, Joshua Carder and Jacob Phillips built the first steam saw-mill in the township, and what a field of operation was theirs. For scores of miles on every side the stately trunks of black walnut, poplar, ash, oak, etc., had been, for hundreds of years, maturing in the frost and in the sunshine, and competition was not. It was what they called a "muley" saw, that is, it ran up and down in a frame and made more noise than a dozen modern mills. W. J. Carder succeeded to the business, and, by bad management and lack of busi- ness training, suffered opportunities to make fortunes to slip away, and finally went to Iowa under a cloud, and the mill has long since been removed. Of W. J. Carder a story is told, that one morning, passing a neighbor's, on his way to Pierceton, he saw a young lad at work in the garden. Said garden was over- supplied with vigorous burdock plants. Intending to be facetious, W. J. rec- ommended the lad to hoe his pie plants. The boy took him literally, and told his fellows, confidentially, that "Wes Carder is a d d fool. He don't know burdock from pie plant." On the northwest corner of the cross-roads, a spring of pure water bubbled forth. Uncle Abe Stoler inserted a sycamore gum for curbing, and this served to supply a generation of lads and lasses, as well as men and beasts, with good pure water. The spring has disappeared from the face of the earth ; the dry, dusty road passes over the spot, fit memento of the shifting, changing life we bear. Alexander S. McNagny and Abram Stoler, the owners of the town site, still survive. Both are highly regarded by all who know them, are passing their declining years in peace and prosperity on the farms they reclaimed from the forest. A. S. McNagny came to the township in 1844 ; bought out John Jones; was first Postmaster in township — 1847 to 1854; was Township Trustee two terms; greatly devoted to home and its enjoyments, with a fund of dry humor; hospitable and cheerful. Long may he remain among us. When the railroad was built and the station located at Larwill, the post office transferred there and improvements were made, the new center became more attractive, and "Ichabod" was inscribed above the door of Summit's aspiring greatness. During the struggle for the station, feeling ran high and much strife was generated; raw heads and bloody bones were not infrequent. No Summitite young lady would accept the escort of a detested Huntsvillian and vice versa. But Time, with healing on his wings, has long smoothed over those differences, and the best of relations now exist between the denizens of Sum- RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 163 mit and those of Huntsville, now Larwill, and during the year 1880 the plat of Summit was formally vacated. It is not creditable to Richland Township nor to Whitley County that after nearly twenty years have elapsed since the close of the greatest war of this century, if not in the world's history, and in which many hundreds of their citizens participated, no correct and reliable list or record of such volunteers has been made or kept, or even attempted. The admirable report of the Ad- jutant General for the State of Indiana is very complete, considering the vastness of the field it covers, but it is necessarily faulty and incomplete. Large numbers of men are there recorded without any indication of where they enlisted from ; hundreds of organizations of infantry, cavalry and artillery are there accounted for, and more than 250,000 men accounted for, but a large number are not distinguishable as to place of enlistment; 5,000 pages of closely printed sta- tistical matter in eight large volumes is the only record the enquirer can go to, else he must depend upon the fallible recollection of people in the com- munity. Bearing the above facts in mind, it is hoped that the following list (which is known to be very incomplete) of Richland boys who enlisted in their country's service will not provoke too severe criticism. Acknowledgments are due to Aaron Compton, G. W. Prugh, D. L. Whiteleather and A. H. King for assistance in making this list. Seventeenth Indiana Volunteers— Anthony Seymour, John Rice, Isaac Kimes, Homer N. King, N. P. Guffy, Joseph H. Nelson, David Kimes. Twenty-Ninth Indiana Volunteers — Jeremiah Welker. Thirty-Fourth Indiana Volunteers— Charles Compton, Charles Seymour, Brayton Ricard, Walter Ricard, Joseph Parrett, Wesley Parrett, Solomon Payne, Carter Hendricks. Forty-Fourth Indiana Volunteers— S. J. Compton, J. W. Compton, I. N. Compton, Alonzo King, James Samuels, J. W. Briggs, Henry Croy, George W. Webster, Barret Ricard, J. P. Anderson, George W. Holloway, Henry Rupely, Amos Rhodarmel, George S. Cowgil, James Cowgil, Martin V. Hatheway, W. R. Holloway, Nelson Parrett, Jacob Shoff, Randolph Dimick, William A. Prugh, William Holderbaum, Jacob Ream, William Gobal, Ralph Goodrich, Peter Huffman, Amos Bechtel. Seventy-Fourth Indiana Volunteers— Henry Bishop, William Beard. Eighty-Eighth Indiana Volunteers— William Croy, Seymour Whitman, Alexander Bayman, Asher D. Hathaway, David Gillis, Jonathan Roberts, A. Nichols, G. W. Holderbaum, G. W. Prugh, Elijah Sears, Orange L. Jones, Stephen Donley, Archibald Carder, Andrew Cunningham, O. H. Alley, William Marshall, Hiram Harpster, Eli Pletcher, Alexander Randall, Frank Simpkins. One Hundredth Indiana Volunteers— David L. Whiteleather, Jacob Stoler, William Sterling, C. L. Heaton, Charles Swindell, James Cleland, Henry Mack, H. R. Kistler. 164 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Indiana Volunteers — James Garner, Edward Busby, Seth T. Hunt, Alfred Curtis, Samuel Curtis, Jacob Crumb, Horace Hammontree, John R. Buntain, David Clinger, Adam Kerns, Samuel Kerns. One Hundred and Thirty-Ninth Indiana Volunteers — Chester Salmon, David C. Stillwell. One Hundred and Forty-Second Indiana Volunteers — Warren W. Martin, Samuel Parish, Jacob Essinger, Elisha K. Cady, Warren Rollins, J. B. Jones, Joseph Klingaman, William Klingaman, William Banning, W. L. Lambert- son, George D. Trembly. One Hundred and Fifty-Second Indiana Volunteers — Henry Norris, B. F. Seymour, I. N. Pritchard, Leander Smith, S. P. Cullamore, James Harsh- man, Thomas Nichols, Milton Bayman, John Craig, James Crumb, Samuel Crumb, Jacob Fox, John H. Mann. Fifth Indiana Battery — John Welker, Michael Alms, Squire Mack, W. J. Rollins. Eleventh Indiana Battery — Henry W. Caldwell. James Webster. Twelfth Indiana Cavalry — S. D. Hathaway, James M. Kerr, R. J. Parret, Allen Sears. Regiment Unknown — Solomon Garringer, Henry Wager, John Beard, Harvey Beard, Thomas A. Steele, Appleton W. Cone. In all, 126. Among the early settlers was Ezra Thomson, who was born at Peru, Berk- shire County, Mass., 1786 ; his wife was Sarah McNaughton, born at West Pawlet, Rutland County, Vt., 1796. Mr. and Mrs. Thomson came to Rich- land from Washington County, N. Y., and located on the old Thomson homestead, Section 9, October, 1836. Mr. Thomson was a quiet, unassuming man, fond of social converse, and became quite deaf in his later days. Mrs. Thomson was a very bright, intelligent woman, high-spirited, and the dearth of social life, and the absence of school facilities for her children was a great cross to her. Of their children, there are now living Mrs. Phebe Cleveland, Mrs. Alma Rambo, B. F. Thomson, Mrs. Elmira Arnold, Mrs. Sarah Arnold, Electa Thomson, Augusta Wallace and Finley Thomson. Ezra Thomson died in July, 1857, aged seventy-one years. Mrs. Thomson died in June, 1854, aged fifty-eight years. They lie in the home burial-lot near the scene of their cares and joys in the early settlement of this township. William Norris was born in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, May 3, 1797 ; thence removed to Coshocton County, Ohio ; came to Richland Township Sep- tember 13, 1843. His wife's maiden name was Margaret McCoy, and was born in the same place. Mr. Norris died at the age of seventy-five on the 16th of June, 1872. The children of these, living, are Marcus, Susan, Mar- tha, Henry, William J., Mary, Elizabeth and Margaret Ann. Hospitable, just, God-fearing, a good neighbor, a good citizen, his works do follow him. His ashes rest in the cemetery at Richland Center. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 165 Nathan Chapman was born March 28, 1804, at Hebron, Washington County, N. Y. He was married to Miss Laura A. Spencer, sister of M. F. Spencer, of Troy Township; lived for awhile in Seneca County, Ohio; came to Richland in 1838, July 3 ; died February 7, 1876 ; buried in Masonic cem- etery, Columbia City. Mrs. Chapman was born at Owasco, Cayuga County, N. Y., March 25, 1812, and survives him. The children of these are W. H. Chapman and Mrs. Permelia Hart. Mr. Chapman was a wide-awake, intelli- gent man, enterprising and useful in the community ; one of the first men to begin merchandising, and kept up enterprises of that kind until old age forbade it. He kept a store at Fairview, a forgotten city near Ryerson's, in Kosciusko County, long before the railroad was built ; was always active in local affairs, particularly roads, and had several severe contests to get them as he thought they ought to be. There was said to be a certain beech tree at which all the roads in which he was interested began or terminated. Bela Goodrich was born in February, 1776 ; settled in Delaware County, Ohio ; then came to Richland Township, June 16, 1838. Mrs. Goodrich's maiden name was Sally Church. The children of these living are Price, Abi- gail and Eunice. A modest, unpretending man, who loved peace and sought the duty of the hour to perform ; a soldier of the war of 1812. His ashes repose in the cemetery near Levi Adams.' Edwin Cone was born April 30, 1805, at Middletown, Middlesex Co., Conn. His father and family removed to Madison County, Ohio, and where he was married to Salima Wilson, who was a native of Pike County, Ohio. In the summer of 1836, he determined to cast his lot in the wilds of Indiana, and arrived at his new home in Section 5, September 30, 1836. Mr. Cone was early a professor of religion, and became a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Plain and unassuming in his manner, upright and down- right in his words and actions, never favored by fortune, yet he held a high place in the regard of all who knew him. First Justice of the Peace in the Township, constant in season and out of season in the discharge of duty. The funerals and marriages of the neighborhood were generally solemnized by him in the early days. The grave of an Indian excavated in the trunk of an im- mense log and covered with a slab near his residence, was a point of attraction to the youngsters. The children of Edwin and Salima Cone, surviving, are Margaret Adams, Appleton W., Chester L. and Gilbert J. Cone. Mr. Cone died, aged forty-nine, February 12, 1854. Mrs. Cone died at the age of sixty- one. Their ashes rest in Lakeview Cemetery. Daniel Cone, father of Edwin, was born at Haddam, Conn., March, 1769 ; Ruth Rich, his wife, at Middletown, Conn. They removed to Madison County, Ohio, thence following Mr. Cone and Mrs. Hayden. Their children removed to Richland in the fall of 1837, and settled in Section 5. Daniel Cone passed away December 11, 1847, aged seventy-eight. Ruth Cone died May 26, 1849, aged seventy-seven. They are at rest in Lakeview Cemetery. 166 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Harlow Barber was born at Simsbury, Conn., May 8, 1798 ; was married to Alcey Case in 1824. She died at Sheldon, N. Y., February, 1833 ; children of these, living, are Virgil, Scott, Frederick and Edwin. Mr. Barber was mar- ried a second time, about 1837, to Sophrona Case, who was born at Simsbury, Conn., and was an elder sister of the first Mrs. Barber ; so that she has almost completed the century, being ninety-six years old, and quite active, physically and mentally. She survives her husband, and is the oldest person in the county, with a good prospect of rounding the century ; long may she continue. Mr. Barber died July 11, 1881, at Larwill, and was buried at Lakeview Cemetery. Thus terminated a long and useful life. He was for fifty years a member of the Methodist Church, in politics a Democrat until 1856, since then a Republican, zealous for the right, ready to declare his opinions, straightfor- ward and helpful to friend and neighbor. Jacob Halderman was born July 31, 1801, in Virginia ; leaving home, he first located in Preble County, Ohio ; was married to Miss E. Swihart, at Eaton, Ohio, in 1822. The children of these are Mrs. S. B. Clevinger, Daniel, Lewis and John Halderman, and Mrs. Sarah Read, of Richmond, Ind. Mr. Halderman began coming to Whitley County in 1836, bringing woolen goods, flannels, jeans and other merchandise, which he sold and traded to the settlers round about. He afterward settled near Richmond, Ind., farmed awhile, then entered into the lumber business, buying mostly black walnut, and came to do a very large business therein. From 1850-70, he was very largely engaged in buying flaxseed in addition to his lumber business ; removed to Whitley County (Larwill), in 1862, and continued his business operations from this point; was married to Miss Elizabeth Dimick, 1867. The children of this marriage are one son and two daughters. For many years a member of the Dunker or German Baptist Church ; a Whig, and afterward a Republican ; upright and just in all his dealings; his word his bond, kindly and social, generous to the poor and unfortunate. Such was the character of Jacob Hal- derman ; his life was useful and beneficial to his fellow man ; he died 29th of June, 1875, and was buried at Pleasant Grove Cemetery, near Liberty Mills, Ind. Elijah L. Scott was born in Greene County, Tenn., May 6, 1818 ; thence came to Union County, Ind., in 1829; came to Richland October 12, 1837, and located on Section 20. His wife's maiden name was Livonia DeWitt ; born in Muskingum County, Ohio ; deceased, February 5, 1869. The chil- dren of these, living, are Ellen, Emily, William, Elizabeth, Lucinda, Walter and Henry. Mr. S. still survives, and is this year, as he has often been before, Assessor of Richland Township. In the early days, when game and peltries were to be found, he was a Nimrod and a successful one. Woodcraft he un- derstood, and is a more active man to-day than most men of his age. Long may he wave ! Andrew Compton was born in New Jersey February 22, 1808; thence he RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 167 removed to Coshocton County, Ohio. His wife, Mary A. Stafford, was born in Maryland in 1808. They came to Richland October, 1837, and settled on Section 21. He died October 29, 1852, aged forty-four years eight months. Mrs. C. still survives. The children of these, living, are Rhua M., Isaac N., Stephen J., Jennie, Phebe, Matilda E., Aaron L., Cettatta D. and Francis W. Mr. Compton was a rough and ready man, prompt, energetic, level-headed in business affairs. A good lover and a good hater. It was at his house that the earlier elections were held. A Whig of the Whigs, whatever he was he was known to be. He gave no uncertain sound. John Burns was born, January 14, 1814, at Utica, N. Y. His wife, Mary E. Letson, was born, September 29, 1820, in Orleans County, N. Y. Early in the thirties, they removed to Oakland County, Mich. In the spring of 1837, John came to Indiana, entered his farm in Section 29, built a cabin, and the following year brought his family. No remarkable events or wonderful occurrences have marked his life. It has been the hard and laborious life of one whose best days were surrounded by privation and care, whose house was full of children; but it has been the life of the "noblest work of God — an honest man," and his life has been useful to his fellow-man. In the church and in the community, John Burns was never an unknown quantity. Mrs. B. deceased September 17, 1875. The children of these are Julia, Ann, Justus, Lovina, Abram, Maria, Rufus, Hannah, Ellen, Jane. Mr. Burns survives, hale and hearty for a man of his years. William Guy was born in Allegheny County, Penn., December 28, 1802. His wife, Elizabeth Steele, was born in 1812, a native of Summit County, Ohio. They removed to Richland May 8, 1838. A social, talkative man, with ideas of his own on all ordinary topics, Mr. Guy was just short of being a money- maker. He was a Democrat in politics and held to the Methodist Episcopal Church ; was well regarded among his fellow-men. He died October 22, 1880. His widow still survives. The children of these, living, are Mrs. Louisa Kelsey, Henry and Francis Guy. William Guy was buried in the cemetery at Summit. Price Goodrich was born December 17, 1799, in the State of Connecticut. His wife, Julia Ann Black, was born in the State of New York in 1806. They first settled in Delaware County, Ohio; came to Richland June 16, 1838, and located on Section 25. The children of these, living, are Fanny, Silas, Minerva, Chauncey, Martha, Jane and Fletcher. Mr. Goodrich is a mason by trade, and built the court house at Columbia City, and many other buildings years agone. He was one of the Inspectors of the first election held in Troy Township at Mr. Tinkham's shop ; has been repeatedly County Commissioner ; for many years a professor and " practicer " of religion ; for some time a local preacher of the Methodist Church ; Democratic in politics ; has lived a long and useful life, and he and his consort are descending the last steps of it in peace and comfort, with the high regard of all who know them. There are a number of other pioneers of whom it has not been possible to get data sufficient to base 168 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. even the briefest sketch: Zebulon P. Burch, David Payne, Jacob Kistler, Sr., Jacob Kistler, Jr., John Buck and Lorin Loomis are of this character. Response failed to applications for data concerning J. R. Anderson, John Jones, Samuel Andrews, Levi Curtis, William Rice, early settlers all, and well worthy of a niche in the history of this township ; and many others who have lived that this generation in this vicinity might enjoy their pleasant ease and state, and, be it 3aid with due reverence, have emigrated to a land where the hardships of a frontier life will never obtrude themselves. ^Kfyv SMITH TP. SMITH TOWNSHIP. 171 CHAPTER VIII. by sdwabd a. m0ssman. Smith Township— An Interesting Description of the First White Settle- ment in the County— Andrew Mack and John B. Godfrey— Who was the First White Settler in the County?— The Hard Times of Pio- neer Life— Distressing Accidents — Mills and Other Industries- Incidents— Growth of the Village of Churubusco— Schools and Churches— Secret Societies. " Men married women then Who kept their healthful bloom, By working at the churn, And at the wheel and loom ; And women married men Who did not shrink from toil, But wrung with sweat their bread From out the stubborn soil." — R. H. Stoddard. SMITH TOWNSHIP was so named in honor of Samuel Smith, a very worthy gentleman, who became a resident of the township in the autumn of the year 1834, and settled on the farm on which William Van Meter now resides, where he lived until his death, which occurred April 27, 1863, in the seventy- eighth year of his age. The first white settler in the township (in the county, in fact), was Andrew Mack, who settled in the township prior to the year 1827.* It seems to be the prevailing opinion that John B. Godfrey was the first white settler ; but, evidence to the contrary is too strong to admit of a reasonable doubt. Alpheus B. Gaff, a gentleman whose veracity none can question, says that Jacob Baker and Jehu Skinner, both reliable gentlemen, have frequently told him that they traveled from Fort Wayne to Elkhart, the former in 1827, and the latter in 1831, and that Andrew Mack lived there *The evidence that such a man as Andrew Mack ever lived within the borders of Smith Township is cer- tainly very unsatisfactory. Mr. Gaff remembers that two other gentlemen told him on divers occasions that they had seen Mack in Smith Township at an early day. Here, then, is doubly-distant hearsay evidence. The liability and the probability of the treachery of memory, are multiplied by the lapse of time, and by the transmission of the evidence from mouth to moulh. No reflection should be cast upon the honest intention of Baker, Skinner Gaff or Mossman, the writer of this chapter. The question is, can the obscure and meager evidence (if such it can be' called) be relied upon as given ? The fact is, that Mr. Mack's residence in Smith Township prior to (say) 1830, or even at all' is extremely doubtful and unreliable, and should so be considered by the reader. Adam Hull told the writer ot this note that, when he came to where he now lives, in 1830, John B. Godfrey was then living just north of Blue River Lake. Mr. Hull says he remained days at a time at the log cabin of God- frey, and during the winter of 1830-31, roamed frequently throughout the surrounding woods in search of game. He became well acquainted with Godfrey, who had for a wife a fine-looking French woman. Godfrey sold goods from a small stock, to the Indians. The dispute as to whether Godfrey was an [ndian, a half-breed or a full-blooded French- man, aiose from the fact that each of a few of the earliest settlers desired the distinction of being the first white set- tler in the township, and, of course, in the county. They could, therefore, question with perfect consistency whether Godfrey was an Indian or a Frenchman ; as hii habits, mode of life and seclusion or avoidance ot white society gave color to such questioning. Adam Hull is satisfied that Godfrey was a Frenchman, and that not a drop of Indian blood ran in his veins. Handsome French women, such as Godfrey's wife, did not marry Indians in those days • neither did they marry half-breeds. Indians rarely, or never, kept a store of goods to tiade with Indians. It was unusual to find even a half-breed trader. French traders, however, were numerous. An Indian or a half-breed (the latter being considered in all respects an Indian in the cession treaties at that time) could, at the treaties, reserve por- tions of land from the tracts ceded the Government. If Godfrey was an Indian or a half-breed why did he not re- serve as much land as he wanted? No, he waited until 1835 or 1836, and then entered two small tracts of land on Section 9, as can be seen elsewhere in this volume, or can be seen in the patent book at Columbia City. Neither Indians nor half-breeds entered land in those days. They were not citizens. All these facis lead to the conclusion that Mr. Mack should be regarded as a traditionary settler, and that John B. Godfrey, a Frenchman, should he ac- corded the honor of being the first white settler in Smith Township and in Whitley County. Absalom Hyre would then be second ; Jesse Long third, and Francis Tulley fourth. — Ed. 172 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. then. His, they say, was the only house on the Goshen road, between Fort Wayne and Elkhart. Jehu Skinner told Mr. Gaff that the finest and largest potatoes he had ever seen, either before or since that time, he saw at Andrew Mack's, when he stayed all night with him in 1831. He said the bill of fare consisted of corn bread, venison, potatoes and stewed pumpkin. Jehu Skinner died in 1864. Jacob Baker was still living in the summer of 1879, and possi- bly may be yet. Mack's cabin stood very nearly, if not exactly, on the same spot that Thomas Whitney's dwelling now stands. John B. Godfrey subse- quently built a log cabin on the opposite side of the road, but a few rods from where Thomas Whitney's barn now stands. Godfrey possibly lived in the house that Mack built, for a time, before he built the house across the road. Just when Mack went, or whither, or when Godfrey came, or whence, the writer has not been able to ascertain. It is pretty certain, however, that Mack was the first settler and Godfrey the second. As stated, Godfrey built a cabin near where Whitney's barn now stands ; and a few years later, he built the log house in which James S. Craig now lives, on the east side of the river, and there lived until his death, which occurred about the year 1845. Those who have seen Godfrey frequently and were well acquainted with him, differ in opinion somewhat, as to whether he was a purely white man ; but the better opinion seems to be that he was, notwithstanding he was rather dark-complex- ioned. He was a Frenchman. It is said that he sold "heap much fire-water" to the Indians. He is said to have been very eccentric in his actions, and to have lived in almost utter seclusion for several years before his death. The third white settler in the township was Absalom Hyre. who located on the farm on which David W. Nickey now lives, in the fall of 1833. Jesse Long came in the spring of 1834, and Francis Tulley, Richard Baughan and Samuel Nickey came during the same year. Samuel Smith came during the fall of 1834. Wyatt Jeffries, Benjamin Jones and Jacob Van Houten came in the year 1835, and Otho Gandy came in the same year, or the year following. George C. Pence, Janus Gordon, James Zolman, William Cleland, David Wolf and Jesse Speer came in the year 1836. Talcot Perry and Enoch Magrate came some- time prior to the year 1836, though the exact date is not ascertainable. Daniel Miller does not recollect in what year he came, but, as William Miller, his old- est child, was born in the township forty-four years ago, it is certain that he must have come into the township as early as the year 1837. Zachariah Gar- rison came in 1837, Jacob Nickey in 1839, George W. Slagle and Appleton Rich in 1840, and Uriah Slagle in 1847. It is not known just when the fol- lowing-named persons settled in the township, but they were all early settlers, some of them having been here over forty years, perhaps, and none of them, probably, under thirty years: Addison McGuire, Alpheus B. Gaff, George Gaff, Henry Pence, Abraham Pence, John Pence, Joseph Pence, Brinton Jones, Benjamin C. Jones, Peterson Jones, Feilding Pompey, Nathan Jeffries, David Jeffries, Marcus L. Jeffries, Augustus W. Jeffries, Wells Smith, Lemuel Devault, Joseph SMITH TOWNSHIP. 173 Waugh, James Crow, Alexander Craig, Jacob Sine, Jacob Coverstone, Harri- son Grable, Martin D. Grable, Festus Grable, Martin D. Garrison, James Gar- rison, Zachariah Garrison, Jr., David W. Nickey, William Miller, David V. Miller, Thomas McGuire, William McGuire, Philip McNear, Josiah P. McNear, Isaac Van Houten, Samuel Hollenbeck, Joseph W. Pompey, Otis J. Gandy, Jere- miah Krider, Abraham Krider, David Waugh, Harrison Speer,James S. Craig, Thomas Whitney, John Coulter, George Coulter, Joseph 0. Long, John Jones, Hiram Jones, William Krider, George Krider, James Maloney, Patrick H. Maloney and, perhaps, others, whose names are not at present recollected. No attempt has been made to arrange the foregoing list of names in the order of the priority of their arrival in the township. A few of them were heads of families at the time when they came, but most of them were either small boys or young men under twenty-one years of age, and came with their parents, and some of them were born in the township. The township was organized in the year 1838, and the first election was held at the residence of John Moore, who then lived on the farm on which John Jones now resides. The first Trustees of the township were Jesse Long, George Harter and Zachariah Garrison. John Moore was the first Justice of the Peace. The names of the other officers who were elected at the first election could not be ascertained. Those who came first had difficulties to overcome that would have discouraged and disheartened any except the most resolute. Then there were no bridges across the streams or the swamps, as there are now. The streams were frequently greatly swollen by the heavy rains, and when the emigrant came to them he must cross at once. For him to wait for the waters to subside, was out of the question, for the reason that there was no sustenance to be had for his family or his animals. It was frequently impossi- ble for the teams to draw the loaded wagons through the swollen streams, and then it was necessary to fell a tree across the stream at some point where it was narrow enough for the tree to reach well across, and then unload their wagons, and carry everything across, after which they would drive their teams through with the empty wagon ; or, if the stream was too deep, and too miry, as was frequently the case, they would swim their teams through, then push their wagons into the stream as far as they could by hand, fasten long ropes or chains to the end of the tongue or pole, hitch the teams to it on the other side, pull it through, reload, and resume their journey. Thus, it took some of the early settlers three days to travel the distance from Fort Wayne to the neigh- borhood of Concord, which can easily be done at the present day in three hours. And, after reaching their destination, their hardships, trials, tribula- tions and privations were unabated, until they had been here long enough to clear a few acres of ground and raise some produce. Provisions and proven- der could not be obtained except at prices that would seem to us at the present day almost fabulous ; and then they frequently were compelled to haul it from such great distances that it would take them a week to go after it and return. 174 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. A gentleman residing in the western part of the township, who was then a boy, says he distinctly remembers the circumstance of a man coming to his father's house for the purpose of borrowing some breadstuff. He says that when his father, who had a very large family, showed the man all the flour that he had {about eighteen pounds), and told him that that was all the breadstuff he had in the world, and that he did not see how he could spare any of it, the man burst into tears, and said he had not one bite of any kind of breadstuff in his house for his wife and children, and that he did not know where he could get any, for that he had already gone to every place he knew of where it was likely to be had. He started home crying, and the narrator says that his father called to him, and told him to come back — that he would give him the half of what he had, and that they would starve together. When he had received it, the narrator says he seemed to be the most grateful and the happiest man he ever saw. Verily, time works wondrous changes. The gentleman who gave the nine pounds of flour lived to see the day when he could much more easily have spared nine barrels of flour than he then could those nine pounds. The Indians were quite numerous for several years after the first settlers came, and were very annoying to the settlers, although they committed no depredations in or near this township. Their annoyances consisted in begging provisions of the settlers, many of whom had no more than was barely sufficient for the support (and in many cases it was a very scanty one at that) of their own families. Also the Indians greatly annoyed the early settlers by killing their hogs. They killed so many for George C. Pence, and thereby exasperated him to such a degree that, upon hearing the report of a gun on one occasion, and hearing the barking of dogs and the squealing of hogs, he hastily took up his gun and started in the direction whence the sounds proceeded. When he reached the spot, which was not more than a quarter of a mile distant from the house, he discovered an Indian in the act of drawing one of his hogs, which he had killed, up on his pony. Mr. Pence fired at the Indian, but missed him. The Indian abandoned his booty, and, giving a loud whoop, galloped away as fast as his pony could carry him. Mr. Pence loaded his gun and killed both of the Indian's dogs, which were still pursuing the hogs. It is possible that it was fortunate for Mr. Pence and for all the white settlers in the vicinity, that his aim was no better ; for, as the Indians were at that time far more numer- erous than the whites, it is not improbable that, had he killed the Indian, there would have been a general massacre of the whites in retaliation. The early settlers had to haul all their produce to Fort Wayne, over roads that were almost impassable. Fort Wayne was then a mere Indian trading-post. The variety of articles, as well as the supply kept by the traders, was very lim- ited. For nails or anything in the hardware line, the settlers had to go to Piqua, Ohio, a distance of 100 miles or over. Game was very abundant when this county was first settled, although it is said to have been far more so within a few years after the Indians left the country. The early settlers SMITH TOWNSHIP. 175 say (and no doubt it will seem very surprising to those who are unacquainted with the Indian's mode of hunting) that the Indians were very poor hunt- ers. A good white hunter, it is said, can kill more game than the best of the Indian hunters. The Indians, it is said, keep the game always wild and un- approachable by their mode of hunting, which is, to pursue them upon their ponies with a pack of dogs (the Indians whooping, and the dogs barking all the while, creating a very pandemonium) until the game is overcome by sheer exhaustion. The first child born in the township was Rosanna Tulley, who is now the wife of John Krider. She was born September 15, 1834. The first marriage that was solemnized Vithin the township was probably Henry Pence's, who was married in the year 183^. The lady's name has not been ascertained. The first death that occurred in the township was that of a child of Wyatt Jeffries, which died in the fall of the year 1834. In the year 1836, Enoch Magrate and Talcott Perry were starting out one Sunday morning to gather cranberries, and as they were going along a path, Magrate on foot and Perry on horseback behind him, the hammer of Perry's gun caught on a limb and drew it back far enough to discharge the gun, the ball taking effect in Magrate's back and coming out in front. Perry, with the assistance of Brinton Jones and one or two others, who soon arrived on the spot, conveyed Magrate to his home, where he lingered in great agony until the next day, when death released him from his suffering. Talcott Perry died November 11, 1845, and his remains are interred in the cemetery at Concord Church, the place of his interment being marked by a neat marble tombstone. The first schoolhouse in the township was erected on the north part of the eighty-acre tract that Lemuel Devault now lives on, about the year 1840, and the teacher who taught the first term of school therein was a man by the name of Wizner. There had, however, been several terms of school taught in the township in private and vacant houses, before the schoolhouse was built. The first school in the township was taught by John Strain, about the year 1838, in a log house, owned by him (then vacant), on the farm now owned by Hiram Jones. The second school was taught by Isaac Claxton, on the farm now owned by William Krider, then owned by Eli McClure ; and the third was taught by the aforementioned Wizner in Francis Tulley 's kitchen, on the farm now owned by Wesley Tulley. The second schoolhouse was built very near the spot where the railroad crosses the Goshen road, and in the vicinity of the Larimore House, in the town of Churubusco, about the year 1844. The first teacher in the house was Isaac Claxton. About the year 1848, a schoolhouse was built on George C. Pence's farm, about a quarter of a mile east of where Joseph Pence now lives, in which the first teacher was either James Davis or Harrison Grable. All the schoolhouse3 that were erected for many years after this country was first settled, were erected by the citizens of the neighborhood, each contributing as much labor or material as his cir- 176 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. cumstances would permit ; and the schools taught in them were what were denominated subscription schools. There were, perhaps, no schoolhouses built in the township at public expense prior to 1850, or, perhaps, a year or two later. The first schoolhouses built in this township were built in just about the same fashion that the early schoolhouses throughout the country were built in, and as that has probably been described in the history of each of the other townships, the readers of this history will lose nothing by its being omitted here. About the year 1838, a man whose name was John Bowls, who lived near the west bank of Blue River Lake, was arrested upon the charge of killing his wife. His little girl, who was about twelve or thirteen years of age, said that her father and mother quarreled, and that her father struck her mother on the head with a large potato, and knocked her down, after which he stamped upon her breast with the heel of his boot, until he killed her, all of which was wit- nessed by her. Whitley County not having been organized at that time, the territory which it at present comprises being then embraced within the bounds of Huntington County, there were no courts nearer than Hunting- don in which to try him ; and, in consequence of the lack of means for the administration of justice, this man, whom every one believed to be guilty j escaped the punishment which he doubtless merited. After holding him in custody for a short time, and after a few of the good citizens had visited Hunt- ington several times, making futile efforts to set the machinery of the law in motion against him, he was set at liberty. In a short time afterward he went away, no one knew whither, and his children were sent back to Ohio, whence they had come. When the tide of immigration was steadily flowing westward, as it did from about 1835 to 1850, or a little later, it was not an uncommon thing for farmers to convert their farm houses into a kind of tavern, with some such rudely lettered sign as " Entertainment," or " Traveler's Rest," prominently displayed in front of it. The house in which Nathaniel Metsker now resides was once such an asylum of rest for the toil-worn traveler, the proprietor of which was David Wolf. The first saw-mill in the township was a water mill, erected about the year 1850, on a small stream about seven miles northwest of Churubusco, by Jacob Brumbaugh. The stream has plenty of fall, but as the water is too low a good part of the year to run the mill, the water privilege is of comparatively little value. There has, however, been a great deal of sawing done there, and, judging from the amount of timber that still remains standing in the woods, in the vicinity of it, it will probably do a great deal yet, not- withstanding the dam is now washed out, and the whole property seems to have rather a dilapidated appearance. About the year 1840, two men came to the house of John B. Godfrey, purchased some small article of him, and gave him, in payment, a bank bill, which Godfrey thought was counterfeit ; but upon their assuring him that it SMITH TOWNSHIP. 177 was genuine, he took it. Godfrey very soon had the bill examined by an ex- pert, who unhesitatingly pronounced it a base counterfeit. Something in the conduct of the men caused Godfrey to believe that they knew the bill to be counterfeit at the time when they passed it, and he hastened to a Justice of the Peace, procured a warrant, and soon had an officer in pursuit of them. They were pursued with such promptness and celerity that they were overtaken and arrested that same evening, where they had turned off and traveled some dis- trnce from the main road and encamped for the night by a fire that they had built by a large log. They were taken to Columbia City, where the grand jury, which was then in session, found an indictment against the one who passed the bill, and he was put upon trial for publishing, passing, and uttering coun- terfeit money, knowing it to be such, with the intent to defraud John B. God- frey. In the trial of the cause, the comrade of the man who passed the bill, swore that the bill exhibited at the trial, was not the bill that the defendant had passed to Godfrey ; but, the testimony showing the identity of the bill was so overwhelming that he was immediately arrested on a bench warrant, on a charge of perjury. He was at once reported to the grand jury, who found a true bill against him, and at the next term of the court he was convicted and sentenced to a term of penal servitude in the penitentiary. The one who was charged with uttering counterfeit money was also convicted, and sent to the penitentiary for a term of years. The first post office established in this township was on the farm now owned by Jacob Sine, and was kept in a log house which stood near where Jacob Sine's brick dwelling now stands. The mail was carried on an ox when the roads were bad, for the reason that the roads were so miry at that time that a horse could not get through many places which an ox could pass through, without much difficulty, for the reason that, owing to the conformation of his hoof, he could much more easily withdraw it from the mire. The post office was called Churubusco, and the name of the Postmaster was Joseph Scott. Scott kept a small stock of goods, which was the first stock of goods kept in the township (except that John B. Godfrey kept powder, lead, blankets, and a few other articles) and, perhaps, in the county. The second saw-mill erected in the township was also a water-mill, and was erected by Alpheus B. and George Gaff, in the year 1854, on a small stream, which is the outlet of three small lakes, in the southern part of Noble County. The mill, which has been dis- used since about 1864, stands about half a mile north of A. B. Gaff's house. The first jail erected at the county seat (a log jail which stood in the public square until after the year 1852) was built by a man named William Blair, who lived in Smith Township where Jacob Dull now lives. About the year 1867, an aged colored woman, named Fanny Pompey, met death under the following most tragic and horrifying circumstances : She was very decrepit, being about one hundred years of age, and was living alone. Relatives, living near by, attended to her wants during the day, but at night 178 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. she always stayed alone. One night, some of the neighbors discovered that her house was on fire, and, although they repaired to the spot with all possible speed, yet they were too late to save the old lady from the most horrible fate of perishing in the flames. The flames were issuing from the roof when the fire was first discovered, and it is not probable that her life could have been saved had those who discovered the fire been there on the spot. It is supposed that she had been smoking in bed, after she had retired for the night, and that some sparks of fire had fallen from her pipe upon the bed and set it on fire ; that her clothing caught fire from the burning bed and that she, being so very feeble with age, was soon strangled and overcome by the smoke and the flames, and had fallen in the middle of the floor, where she was seen to be lying by those who first arrived on the spot. Smith Township contains the second largest town in the county — Churu- busco. About the year 1845, William B. Walker and David Craig settled on the land that was subsequently laid out and platted as the towns of Union and Franklin, that part south of the railroad being called Union and that north of it Franklin. Those towns were laid out about the year 1853, when the first work was done on what is now the Detroit, Eel River & Illinois Railroad. Subsequently the towns were consolidated, under the name of Churubusco. The firsl building erected in the town was the hewed-log house of William B. Walker, erected about 1845, on very nearly the same spot that William Shifter's dwelling-house now stands on, and the second was the building now occupied by Jacob Kichler as a grocery and bakery. It was occupied and used as a hotel until about 1878, when Jacob Kichler, the present proprietor, purchased it and converted it into a provision store, bakery and eating-house. He discon- tinued the restaurant in the fall of 1881, and continues only the grocery and bakery. Whilst it was conducted as a hotel, it passed through numerous hands, among whom were Andrew Farmer, Western Ackley, Henry C. Pressler, Jo- seph R. Sunderland, and so on, ad infinitum. The next building erected in the town was the old frame building east of Kichler's bakery, built by John G. Croy for a grocery. About the year 1856, George Howe erected a frame build- ing on the corner, where Lewis' saloon now stands, for a grocery. About the same time, or a little later, a man named Harding erected the building in which Charles Patterson now has his harness shop, for a furniture shop. The next building erected in the town was a dwelling-house, west of and opposite to the Lariraore House, erected by Joseph Brown. The first dry goods store in the town was kept by Joseph Richards, in a building erected by him for the pur- pose, being the same building in which G. W. Ott now has his stock of groce- ries. Richards sold goods there for several years and then sold out to Harvey McCullough. John L. Isherwood also kept a dry goods store there for several years prior to 1877, when he moved his stock to where it now is. About the year 1868, Joseph Richards erected the building in which he is now doing business, for a dry goods store. He has been doing business in the same build- ^^wsw® JEFFERSON TP. SMITH TOWNSHIP. 181 ing ever since, up to the present time. In the same year, the building in which J. L. Isherwood now has his hardware store was built by Henry C. Pressler, for a hardware store. About the year 1877, Pressler sold out his hardware store to John R. Ross and George W. Fair, partners under the firm name of Ross & Fair. About the year 1870, the building in which G. W. Maxwell is now keeping a dry goods store was erected by William Ross and Francis M. Magers for dry goods and drugs. Then, the building in which Thomas A. Rhodes has his grocery and dry goods store was begun by a man named Newell and completed by John Deck, for a drug store. In the year 1872, John Deck built the hotel near the railroad depot, which is now the Larimore House. Very soon after its completion, Alexander M. Long became the owner of the property and continued to be the owner of it until the year 1881, when the present proprietor, Thomas Larimore, became the owner of it. Mr. Larimore expended about $5,000 in rebuilding it, and it is now one of the neatest, best kept and best furnished hotels in the country, a credit to the enter- prising proprietor and to the town. Before Mr. Larimore bought it, it had been leased by several different. persons and run by each a short time, very few of them as long as a year. A few of those who kept hotel there were William Waterson, John W. Hutsel, Jr., Joseph Parks, Isaac N. Keller, Frederick S. Shoaff, John Gerdinck and several others. In the same year that the hotel was built, Robert Hood erected the building in which G. Kinzy's gun shop now is, for a wagon shop. The next building was the one in which Isay's meat shop now is, which was built on the rear part of the lot, and was subsequently moved to the front, where it now is. It was built for a gun shop. About the year 1873, or perhaps 1874, Hosack's wagon shop was built. About the same time, or a little earlier perhaps, James E. Witham built his blacksmith and wagon shop on the south side of the railroad, in what was for- merly the town of Union. The building at present occupied by John Diller as a saloon was built by James M. Harrison, just north of Oscar Gandy's resi- dence, for a furniture store, with schoolroom above. A few years later, the building was sold to Levi Butterbaugh and Solomon B. Leckrone, who kept saloon in it for a short time at that place ; then moved it to the northwest corner of what is commonly known as the mill lot, just south of the railroad. William A. Geiger subsequently purchased the building, and moved it to where it now stands. When it will be again moved or to what place the writer is unable to state. About the year 1873, the building now occupied by Henry Wyatt, as a saloon and restaurant, was built by Henry C. Pressler for a saloon. It has been occupied by various parties, sometimes as a saloon and sometimes as a grocery and bakery. Among those who have done business there are the following: Henry C. Pressler, Oscar Gandy, Samuel Haller, Edward Snyder, James Marker, Andrew Farmer, Jacob Kichler, Samuel Eby, Henry Wyatt and James Mason. The building occupied by Samuel F. Barr as a furniture 182 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. store was built by the present owner, Mr. Barr, about the year 1873, for a furniture store, and has been occupied by him for that purpose ever since. In the year 1874, Harvey McCullough erected the building now owned and occupied by John A. Rich as a drug store. Isaac N. Whittenberger, Har- vey McCullough and Alpheus B. Gaff sold dry goods there. About the year 1878, the building was purchased by John F. Shoaff and John Deck, who very soon afterward sold it to the present owner. The building in which Snyder & McGuire are keeping saloon was built, about the year 1873. by William G. Hughes for a dwelling, on the west side of the lot on which W. A. Geiger's hardware store is situated. It was subsequently moved to the place where it now stands, and used for a time as a meat shop, until about the year 1880, when George F. Walburn became the owner of it and opened a saloon there ; since which time it has been occupied by various persons for that purpose. The present post office building was erected about the year 1875. About the year 1877, the building in which Craig & Richey sell hardware was erected by H. C. Pressler for a hardware store. The building was occu- pied for a few years by Henry C. Pressler and William A. Geiger for a hard- ware store, and then for about two years as a dry goods store, by Joseph Hyman, Mayer & Ney and Mayer & Eichhold in succession. Since the fall of 1881, it has been occupied by Craig & Richey as a hardware store. The present owner is Lemuel Richey. The building in which Samuel Eby's saloon is kept was built, about the year 1874, by Morris Madricker as a dwelling house. For a time after Madricker ceased to occupy it as a dwelling house, it was used by Charles Brown as an agricultural store ; after which it was used by various parties as a meat shop, until it was finally purchased by Adam Avry, and converted into a saloon. C. C. Walkley's grocery was erected about 1877. About the same time, or a little later, the building occupied by William A. Geiger as a hardware store was erected by William G. Hughes & Co. for the purpose of renting it to Joseph Hyman for a dry goods store. William A. Geiger now owns the building. The next building erected in the town was the building now occu- pied by Brand & Bro. as a drug store, built, in 1878 or 1879, by Dr. John F. Criswell and John W. Goodrich for a drug store. In the year 1881, the brick building owned and occupied by Mayer & Eichhold as a dry goods store was erected by the present proprietors, at a cost of about $10,000. The building occupied by John R. Young, as a meat shop, was built about the same time, perhaps a little later, and was the last business house built in the town. About the year 1855, Joseph Brown built a saw-mill about on the same ground that Randolph & Brown's mill now stands. The mill now owned by Randolph & Brown was built by S. J. Clark about the year 1872. It was subsequently owned by Theodore F. Gilleland, William G. Hughes & Co. and Randolph & Brown, the present owners. It has two large boilers, and con- SMITH TOWNSHIP. 183 tains, besides the saw-mill, a planer, turning-lathe, machinery for manufactur- ing almost all the parts of a wagon (except the hub), saws for lath, table-legs, shingles, heading, handles, etc. The grist-mill now owned by Joseph Kichler & Bro. was built by Jacob Hose and Alexander Hall in the year 1870. David Shilling and William Waterson purchased the property of Hose & Hall, but did not own it long until they sold it to the present owners. The following professional men have, at various times, been located in the place: Physicians — Drs. Kelly, Birney, Madricker, Aldrich, Keller, Magers, Criswell, Kester and Squires, the last four of whom are still here. Attorneys — Edward A. Mossman and Frank A. Brink. Dentists — F. F. Cook and L. D. Palmer. The tailors of the town have been McKinnon, John Thu- vis, Henry Finkbender and Joseph Simon ; and the jewelers George B. Chase, John Stratton, Thomas Hanson and William Shifler. The schoolhouse in the town of Churubusco was built in 1875, whilst George Gaff was Township Trustee, at a cost of about $4,000. It is a large two-story brick building, about forty by seventy-five feet, with two rooms below and two above. It is sufficiently commodious for the present, but it might have been made to look much better had a good architect been employed to furnish a design, which might have been done for a small sum, perhaps for $25. The Churubusco News was established, in 1876, by William E. Grose. The paper subsequently passed into the hands of Chase Milice, and the name was changed by him to the Herald. He conducted it but a short time, when it passed into the control of Daniel M. Eveland. Before it came into Mr. Eveland's hands, it had been neutral in politics; but he soon avowed himself an out-and-out Republican, and made some very severe strictures upon the opposite party, whereat many of his Democratic subscribers withdrew their patronage, and he was soon compelled to dispose of the office and seek another field. I. B. McDonald then became the proprietor, with William Haw & Son as editors and publishers. Under their management, the paper was as strongly Democratic as it had been Republican under Mr. Eveland's management. At the end of about a vear after William Haw & Son assumed control of the paper, they retired, and were succeeded by C. T. & F. M. Hollis. The paper not proving satisfactorily remunerative, Mr. McDonald removed it to Columbia City in November, 1871, where it has since been published under his own per- sonal control. The Sunbeam, Charles L. Kinzy and Lizzie A. Eveland, edi- tors and proprietors, folio, was established in 1878 ; subscription, 50 cents per annum. Its existence terminated with Mr. Eveland's connection with the Herald. The White Elephant, bi-weekly, 75 cents per annum, was established in 1878, Anes Yocum, editor and proprietor. The first church society in the county was organized at the house of Samuel Nickey in 1838, by Rev. R. S. Ball, of the Methodist denomination, with a membership of about twelve. The first church erected in the township was a 184 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. log building by the name of Concord, and stood where Concord Church now stands. It was erected about the year 1848. The present membership of Con- cord Church is about thirty. Present minister, Rev. Church. Salem Church, the church at Fuller's Corners, Lake Chapel, in Lake Township, Allen County, and Pleasant Hill, are all offshoots of Concord Church. The United Brethren, the Baptist and the Methodist denominations have good churches in the town of Churubusco, the United Brethren Church being erected in 1872, the Baptist in 1875, and the Methodist in 1878. The Methodist Church is a brick building, the others frame. The United Brethren and the Methodist denominations are prospering well, but the Baptist does not seem to be doing so well for some reason. They have no pastor at present. The Seventh-Day Adventists held a series of meetings in Churubusco in the fall of 1881, and at the close organ- ized a church with seven or eight members. They have no regular services. Pleasant Hill Church was dedicated by Rev. Dr. Robinson in December, 1865, with about twenty-five communicants. Present membership, about fourteen. Sunday school is kept up summer and winter. There is a very neat cemetery near the church. The first meeting of Churubusco Lodge, A., F. & A. M., under dispensa- tion, was held March 11, 1875, with the following officers : Edward A. Moss- man, W. M.; Andrew Anderson, S. W.; George W. Fair, J. W.; Isaac N. Whittenberger, S. D.; Henry M. Wyatt, J. D.; Samuel F. Barr, Treas.; and John R. Ross, Sec. Number of members, fourteen. On the 29th of July, 1876, the lodge was instituted by William Carr, Special D. G. M., as Chur- ubusco Lodge, No. 515, A., F. & A. M., with officers the same as under dis- pensation. Present officers — John W. Brand, W. M.; Abraham V. Gordon, S. W.; Charles Errickson, J. W.; Frederick S. Shoaf, Treas.; Henry C. Press- ler, Sec; John Slofer, S. D.; Charles Rapp, J. D.; Horace McDuffey, Albert Eichhold and George H. Johnston, Trustees. Present membership, sixty-five. Time of meeting, first Thursday and third Saturday in each month. Churubusco Lodge, No. 462, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted Aug. 18, 1874, by Oliver P. Koontz, D. D. G. M., with the following officers: Appleton R. Jackson, N. G.; Oscar Gandy, V. G.; Winfield S. Gandy, R. S.; John E. Pike, P. S.; John A. Rich, Treas. Number of charter members, eleven. Present officers — William A. Geiger, N. G.; John N. Fowler, V. G.; Daniel Beaber, R. S.; John W. Orndorf, P. S. Present membership, fifty-four. Time of meeting, Friday evening of each week. Churubusco Lodge, No. 2,109, K. of H., was instituted March 11, 1880, by Charles G. Aichele, D. D. G. D. (of Fidelity Lodge, No. 1,375, K. of H., of Kendallville, Ind.), with the following officers : Winfield S. Gandy, D. D.; Anes Yocum, D.; George F. Brand, V. D.; Michael Kichler, A. D.; William H. Carter, R.; John H. Grisamer, F. R.; Frederick S. Shoaff, Treas. Number of members at date of organization, twenty-one. Present officers — John N. Fowler, D.; Martin Kocher, V. D.; Frederick S. Shoaff, P. D.; Ellison T. Campbell, A. D.; Harrison Speer, R.; John H. Grisamer, F. UNION TOWNSHIP. 185 R.; Frederick S. Shoaff, Leander Slagle and Anes Yocum, Trustees. Present membership, twenty-five. Time of meeting, Tuesday night of each week. On the 16th day of December, 1879, the most appalling accident that ever occurred in Smith Township occurred at Lewis Turnbull's saw-mill, about a quarter of a mile north of Collins Station, whereby five persons were in- stantly killed. Their names were Lewis Turnbull, the proprietor of the mill ; his two sons, Robert and Wesley Turnbull ; his nephew, Lorenzo Turnbull, son of John Turnbull ; and Elzie Glenn — all of whom were employed on the mill. There was no other person in or about the mill, or the destruction of life would no doubt have been greater. The explosion of the boiler was the cause of the disaster. So terrific was the explosion that the concussion of the air occasioned thereby was felt by persons ten and twelve miles distant. Some of the unfortunate victims were most horribly mangled and mutilated, so that it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to identify them but for the shreds of clothing that remained on them. Alonzo Turnbull had left the mill but a few minutes previous to the explosion and gone to the woods a few hun- dred yards off, with his team, for a log. So great was the force of the explosion that it knocked him down and caused his nose to bleed profusely. In the opin- ion of experts in the use and management of steam boilers, the great force of the explosion attested the fact that the boiler was sound throughout; for, had there been a weak spot in it, a rent would have occurred at that point, and, in all probability, there would have been no loss of life or other serious conse- quences. CHAPTER IX. BY MISS LOUISA S. GREGG. Union Township— Origin of Name— First Township Election and Officers — The Earliest Settlers— Old Time Reminiscences — Violent Deaths- Amusements— The Pierce Saw-mill— The Slagle & Burton Grist- Mill— The First Store — Coesse— Outline of its Growth— The Reputed Origin of Wittenburg College, Springfield, Ohio — Education and Religion. IN the early part of the year 1839, several persons then residing within the territory now constituting Union Township, Whitley County, petitioned the proper authorities for the organization of their territory into a township. In answer to the prayer of the petitioners, it was ordered that an election be held at the residence of Joseph Pierce on the 4th day of July, 1839. Talcott Perry was appointed Inspector of said election. At this election, Perry was elected Justice of the Peace in and for said township, which was named Union, upon an agreement to that effect between the said Perry and George W. Oman. Perry was the first settler in the township. In the month of June, 1837, Ben- jamin Gardner, a native of New York, settled with his family in this township, on the farm now owned by Joseph Baldwin. Dr. Joseph Pierce, a native of 186 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Greene County, N. Y., located in this township in the spring of 1837 ; was the first physician in the township, and the only one for many years. At the time of his first advent into this county, he brought with him a general stock of merchandise, consisting of dry goods, groceries, hardware, etc., etc. This stock of goods was owned for a time jointly by Pierce & Starkweather. In the spring of 1837, Horace Cleveland, a native of Catskill, N. Y., purchased land in this township (being the same land now owned by the Wigent heirs), and during the following season built a cabin and made some preparations for bringing his family, which he did in the winter following. Some time during the year 1835, George W. Oman purchased a part of the land consituting the farm on which he now resides, and on September 30, 1837, he and his wife pitched their tent on this land and commenced the necessary preparations for the erec- tion of a cabin, which was to be for a time their future domicile. The follow- ing-named persons assisted him in raising the cabin : William Vanmeter, Will- iam and Charles Gradeless, Samuel Nickey, Talcott Perry, Jacob Diffendarfer, Benjamin Gardner and son, Francis Tulley and Wells Smith. The Gradelesses, Nickey and Diffendarfer were citizens of Allen County. Mrs. Oman had among other things prepared a quantity of doughnuts, of which William Gradeless ate very heartily. During the night he had a very severe attack of cholera morbus. In speaking of the matter afterward, he said he had eaten too much of Mrs. Oman's "crooked" bread. Talcott Perry, first Justice of the Peace, was commissioned July 24, 1839, re-elected and commissioned September 4, 1844 ; Daniel B. Rice was commissioned September 17, 1845 ; Samuel Miner, Sr., January 24, 1846 ; Asa Anthony, September 4, 1849 ; John Irwin, April 18, 1850 ; James Welsheimer, January 24, 1857. George W. Foster was elected Justice in 1854 ; Orville Root, in 1855 ; J. A. Kaufman, in 1857 ; Granderson Pettit, 1858; Robert Speer, 1859; James M. Briggs, 1863; Alexander Clark, 1863 ; G. W. Laurence, 1867, re-elected 1871 ; William Sisson, 1868 ; Joseph M. Douglas, 1869 ; John 0. Clark, 1877, re-elected 1881 ; Peter Garrison, 1880. No record of other township officers could be found. The following county officers have been residents of this township : Joseph Pierce, elected County Commissioner, August, 1846 ; Daniel B. Rice, elected County Com- missioner, 1852, re-elected 1855-58-61 ; Adam T. McGinly, elected Sheriff, 1878, and James H. Shaw, elected Commissioner, 1876-79. The growth of this township was not by any means rapid — not that the soil was not productive ; on the contrary, it was, as a general rule, very rich, amply rewarding the husbandman, especially after he had gotten it in a meas- ure subdued. Probably the principal hindrance to a rapid growth was the amount and character of the labor required to prepare the land for the plow. These immense forests of oak, hickory, walnut, poplar, ash, beech, etc., were, in the very nature of things, calculated to deter men from attempting to open up a farm, and at the same time support a family of small and helpless chil- UNION TOWNSHIP. 187 dren ; this, especially when the fact was known to them that by going a few days' drive further west they could find the land already cleared, and ready for the plow. The north part of the township was the first settled, and it continued to hold an advanced position for many years. At that early day, it was not unusual to call on men residing at a distance of five or six miles to assist in raising a cabin, a log barn, or even to assist in rolling logs. Those residing at a distance of five or even a greater number of miles were called neighbors, and made frequent visits back and forth. A friendly feeling was prevalent, and there were but few misunderstandings among the people. Their pursuits were almost entirely agricultural, if felling the forest and preparing the land for cultivation constitute any part of agriculture. The citizens of this township have, from the earliest settlement, devoted their energies almost exclusively to this pursuit, a few individuals, and only a few, having sought to gain a liveli- hood by other enterprises. G. W. Oman relates that soon after the location of the county seat at the present site, Henry L. Ellsworth, one of the proprietors, sent his son, H. W. Ellsworth, in company with F. P. Randall, of Fort Wayne, to visit the city on paper and look after the interests of his father and partner in that county gen- erally. They traveled on horseback, and were obliged to follow an old Indian trail as best they might. Night overtook them when at Eel River, and prob- ably on lands now owned by the heirs of the late John North, Sr. At this point they lost their trail, and were compelled to tie their horses and pass the night as best they could in the wilderness. Morning having come, and not being able to find a trail that they thought would probably lead them to the desired destination, they concluded to make an effort to return to Fort Wayne. After wandering through the wilderness till about noon, they finally brought up at Oman's. Here they ordered their horses fed and called for dinner. In the meantime, they proposed to give Oman $1 as compensation for con- ducting them to Columbia City. He agreed to do so, and, upon their arrival at their destination, they gave him two half-dollars in payment. Oman says "these half-dollars looked about the size of a cart-wheel." Another incident from the storehouse of Oman's memory : Some years before any settlement was made in this township, John Comstock had purchased land and laid out the village of Liberty Mills, in Wabash County. Soon after Oman settled on his present farm (date not positively known), Comstock left home for Fort Wayne with quite a large amount of silver, which he carried in an old-fashioned saddle-bag. He traveled on horseback, following an Indian trail. Night overtook him when on a point on the land now owned by Francis Mossman, about one mile north of the present site of the village of Coesse. In the darkness he lost the trail, and was obliged to put up for the night in the midst of a dense forest, under a tree. He laid his baggage at the root of the tree, turned his horse loose that he might graze for a time, and then sat down under the tree, with his saddle-bags by his side. He intended not to go to sleep, 188 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. but to watch his horse for a time and then tie him to a tree until morning. Being somewhat wearied with his day's travel, he was soon in the embrace of Morpheus. Waking after a time, he discovered, to his dismay, that his horse had left him. He found him in a short time, but, to his utter discomfiture, he had lost the whereabouts of his money, and it was almost noon before he found it. After finding the trail, he rode on, and arrived at Oman's Justin time for dinner. At an early day, date not known, William Getting was fatally injured in the following manner : Himself and son were putting a lot of buckwheat into the loft of their cabin, ascending by means of a ladder. The son was above, receiving the sacks as his father passed them up to him. By some accident, the son let a sack slip from his hands. It struck the father, knocked him from the ladder, and injured his spine to such an extent that it caused extensive par- alysis, which terminated in death. This occurred in a house now owned by Francis Mossman, and known as the " Chorn house." G. W. Oman says : " I made some money in an early day by showing land to strangers." At the time when Mrs. Bonestel taught the first school in the township, she was a widow, having lost her husband before leaving New York State. After residing in this township a few years, she married Wilson Travis. They lived together for a few years, when he was killed, as supposed at the time, by the kick of a horse, he having been found in such a relation to his team as to indicate that in all probability such was the case. James Worden says : " Austin Morgan and myself sawed the first lum- ber made in the county, at Pierce's Mill,* and sold the first board to Francis Tulley, to be used in making a cradle in which to rock his son Cyrus B., now an attorney at Columbia City." He also says: '' Dr. Pierce had a large stock of goods, and traded extensively with the Indians. He had seen as many as three hundred at and around the store at one time. At one time the Doctor laid in a supply of pepper-sauce, and placed it in a conspicuous place on the shelf. Indian Jim, seeing it, said, ' What you call him?' The Doctor took down a bottle, poured a quantity into a tumbler, put the tumbler to his lips — simulating the act of drinking ; set the tumbler on the table, and motioned him to take it. Jim picked up the tumbler, put it to his mouth, and, without wait- ing to taste the contents, drank it to the dregs. The Doctor said ' For the next few moments his contortions far exceeded anything I have ever witnessed.' After recovering sufficiently to speak, Jim said : ' Heap no good.' He did not want any more ' What you call him.' " Dr. Pierce and Robert Starkweather came to this township in the spring of 1837. They built a cabin on land which Pierce had entered, the same land on which he erected a saw-mill, and where John McCartney now resides. In this cabin they all lived for about one and a half years ; at which time a son of *The question as to who sawed the first lumber in the county is a matter of much dispute. Adam Hull, living just across the line, in Allen County, and several of the older citizens of Smith Township, who arrived there in 1834, eay thata man named Bond built a saw-mill on Blue River, below th» lake, in Smith Township, as early as 1835 or 1836.— Ed. m. UNION TP, UNION TOWNSHIP. 191 Starkweather sickened and died. Dr. Pierce had treated this child, and after its death, they (Pierce and Starkweather) quarreled about the treatment. Starkweather says to Pierce, " I brought you all the way from New York to kill my boy." Upon this, they dissolved partnership, Starkweather remov- ing across the line into Allen County. Soon after this dissolution, James Worden came from New York to work for Dr. Price, and did the cooking during the first three months of his stay During the winter of 1838-39, an English family (named Thompson) came, and Mrs. Thompson did the cook- ing for a time. During the summer of 1839, Mrs. Worden came from New York. She then took charge of the kitchen, doing the housework for nearly one year, after which she and her husband returned to New York. Next in succession as cook for the Doctor, was Mrs. Cole, mother of Seymour Cole, and present wife of Peter Bartholomew, late of Columbia City, but now of Fort Wayne. Worden and wife remained in New York for a short time, when they returned to this township, and again engaged with the Doctor, Worden doing the f arming, assisting about the saw-mill, etc., and Mrs. Worden again superintending the culinary department. Worden says that himself and William Van Meter hauled the first saw-logs in the county — logs four and a half feet in diameter. Henry Hull says : " I used to ride down to the village on Sundays and spend the day playing with the young Indians." They appeared at all times much pleased to see him, and to play with him. Wrestling was a very common sport at that time, and they appeared to enjoy it hugely when successful ; but when vanquished, they appeared to be greatly mortified. Henry Hull and John Frye ran the first threshing machine in the township in the fall of 1843. The machine was a tread-mill and chaff-piler ; could thresh eighty or ninety bushels per day. The price for threshing was 6 cents per bushel. Mrs. Oman says : " Soon after our settlement at our present home, an Indian called one day and asked for a loaf of bread, which he wished to put into the grave of an Indian who had been stabbed and killed by another In- dian in a drunken melee at the Indian village on the land now owned by Robert Speer." Some time during the year 1850, Mathew P. Walker went to Richland County, Ohio, married, and with his wife started for his home in this township, she riding the entire journey on horseback, and driving two cows. She soon became so homesick that her health was undermined. Her physician advised that she be taken to her former home, and, after a visit of a few months, she returned entirely restored. Mrs. Oman relates that, during one winter, soon after their settlement here, they lived on bread made from buckwheat ground but not bolted, this, with venison, constituting their entire stock of provisions. For a year or two after their settlement here, their salt cost them about $3 per bushel. During the first two or three years of pioneer life, these people brought a large part of 192 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. their supplies from Elkhart and the prairies thereabout. At this early day, it was impossible to get the absolute necessities of life, even at Fort Wayne. These hardy pioneers obtained a very large proportion of their meat supplies from the forest, drawing largely on the deer, wild turkeys, and, after a few years, upon the wild hogs. Dr. Pierce kept, at times, a partial supply of flour, meat, and perhaps some other provisions, but these he sold at such exorbitant prices that the people could do much better by going to the prairies and laying in their own provisions. Oman says : " I sold my wedding vest to William Gradeless to pay for a few potatoes, to help in carrying us through the first winter. I worked for 50 cents a day, and paid 60 cents a bushel for corn." During the first year, Mrs. Oman drove the oxen to break fourteen acres of ground. Isaac Taylor, who is mentioned elsewhere in these reminiscences, as among the early settlers, relates the following as one of his early experiences : About the month of June, 1843, Horace Cleveland and himself gathered all the wool in the neighborhood, and one morning, with two yoke of oxen, started for a carding machine, situated on the St. Joe River, about seven miles above Fort Wayne. Night overtook them when about two miles from their destination. Just at this time a terrific rainstorm set in, accompanied by vivid flashes of lightning. They were in the midst of a dense forest. The flashes of lightning were so incessant, that they were able to follow the road by their light. After traveling for a short time in this manner, they en- countered a large beech tree, which had been blown across the road a few moments before. Taylor cut a way around the top of the tree, and Cleve- land drove around. Proceeding a short distance, they saw a light. Taylor went to the house, and there learned that they were within one mile of the mill. Just before reaching it, they encountered a temporary slab bridge. Taylor went before, guiding the forward team, while Cleveland brought up the rear. On reaching their destination, they found it impossible to get their wool carded on account of high water, and were obliged to return without it. On their return trip, they encountered obstacles on every hand, and so frequent and formidable were these, that, at the end of the third day after leaving home, they had only reached Cary's, three miles west of Fort Wayne, on their return. On the morning of the fourth day, they left Cary's, and succeeded finely until they reached the Aboit, at Peabody's saw-mill. Here they found a pole bridge floating on the surface of the water, but so fastened as to prevent its escape. The rolling of the logs under the feet of the teams rendered crossing very unsafe. They landed safely, however, and Cleveland, raising his hands, exclaimed in a loud voice, "God Almighty." Taylor called to him, "Drive on, Cleveland; poor place for prayer here." They reached home on the evening of the fourth day, having spent that time in traveling a distance of twenty-one miles and return. These people, as a rule, were expert woodsmen, many of them thinking it UNION TOWNSHIP. 19 3 no very extraordinary feat to shoot a deer while on the run at a high rate of speed, and it was not considered a very great exploit to kill two, three or even more deer, on the same day. In these days, wheat bread was a luxury, in which it was not thought best to indulge too frequently, principally from the fact that it was thought to be rather hard on the purse. In the season of 1842, John Stevenson broke and sowed to buckwheat three acres of new land. He had no fence around it, and his wife kept off the stock by almost constant watching by day. The product of these three acres was fifty bushels. This was on land now owned by Robert Speer. It has been found impossible to ascertain the exact date of the first birth in the township, the parents having died at a very early period in the settle- ment of the township and all traces of the children lost; but it is quite posi- tive that, at some time during the early part of 1836, David, son of Talcott Perry, was born, and that he was the first child born in the township. Whe- lock, son of Benjamin Gardner, was born in October, 1837. This, doubtless, was the second birth. Henry Hull and Jane Gardner were married December 18, 1839. This was the first marriage in the township. The first death was that of Robert Starkweather, which occurred early in the autumn of 1838. William Clater came to this township with Isaac Taylor, in July, 1838, and resided with the family until March 21, 1839, when he was killed at a barn raising in Lake Township, Allen County. John Depoy relates that some time during the year 1853, five wolves came to his place one night, attacked his dog, dragged him fifteen or twenty rods and mangled his throat in a terrible manner. Mrs. Depoy poulticed it with catmint and whisky, and in three or four weeks the dog had entirely recovered. Dances and amusements of that character were decidedly primitive in those days. At such times, as they failed to have on hand a musician with a stringed instrument, some one of the company would be delegated to supply the deficiency by whistling. The gentlemen were not required to observe strictly the etiquette of the ball-room in more advanced society. A coon-skin cap, moccasins and such wearing apparel as was manufactured by their mothers, sisters or wives was the common outfit of the male part of the assembly. In- deed, it occasionally happened that the gentlemen appeared on the floor bare- footed and coatless, while the ladies' toilet consisted of a linsey-woolsey or a calico dress. The ladies did not make it a sine qua non of a respectable ap- pearance at these gatherings to reduce the size of their waists as much as pos- sible by tight lacing. James Worden, now of Columbia City, says : " I framed the first bridge in the county. It was built across Eel River, near the place where John McCartney now resides." G. W. Oman says a caravan of movers built the first bridge over Eel River at Aker's. This they did by cutting large, heavy timber, and rolling it into the river, securing it in place, and continuing this 194 . HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. process until it was made passable. This was probably rendered necessary on account of the miry condition of the bank on either side. The date of the building of this bridge is not positively known, but it was probably as early as 1838. These two were the only bridges built across Eel River at an early period. G. W. Oman conmenced keeping tavern (Mrs. Oman says "not hotel"), on the farm where he now resides, in the autumn of 1837, immediately after •getting up a cabin. They had scarcely gotten a roof over them before they commenced entertaining movers. Mrs. Oman says: "We dreaded to have people call for accommodations, because we had so little to eat ourselves." In the autumn of 1838, Isaac Taylor commenced entertaining movers at his resi- dence, on the farm now owned by J. H. Clark. However, he did not hang out a sign until about four years after. These were the only taverns in the town- ship until after the building of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Rail- way, when one was opened up in the village of Coesse. Dr. Joseph Pierce built a saw-mill (water-power), on his place on Eel River during the season of 1839. This was the first saw-mill in the township, and probably in the county. Nathaniel Allen built the first steam saw-mill in the township in 1854. These two were the only saw-mills built in an early day. John Slagle and James Burton built the first and only grist-mill in this township, in an early day, and indeed the only one ever built in the township, except one built in Coesse a few years since, by John B. Imrie, and run for a short time, then sold to the Kelseys and removed to Allen County. The Slagle & Burton Mill was built on land now owned by William Moore, on the north bank of Eel River, in the northeast corner of the township. During the fall of 1853, Kepler ran a distillery on the farm now owned by Henry Sneider, in the southeast corner of the township. The product of this enter- prise was peach brandy. The first stock of goods in the township was kept by Pierce & Stark- weather, afterward by Pierce ; the second by Barber A. Cleveland, on the farm now owned by James Merriman, commencing in 1852 and continuing to trade at that place for about two years. Some time during 1855, Freeman & Fuller opened a stock of dry goods, groceries, etc., in a house belonging to G. W. Oman, on Yellow River road. They remained here about two years, and re- moved their goods to Tousley's Crossing, one mile east of Coesse. They con- tinued here about a year, dissolved partnership, and Fuller removed the goods to the place since known as Fuller's Corners, in Smith Township. These were the only stocks of merchandise ever kept in this township, outside of Coesse, and all this before the founding of the village. The village of Coesse was laid out in the winter of 1854-55, by Peter Simonson. The east forty belonged to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and the west forty to Simonson, he having purchased it from James Worden. It was surveyed by a brother of the proprietor, and named from an UNION TOWNSHIP. 195 Indian chief. The first building was a dwelling-house, erected by Joseph Root, on the lot now owned by Ed Hammer, and the second a cabin built by Mr. Love, on the lot now owned bv Mrs. Park. Christian Rummel then built the blacksmith-shop now owned by Aker Bros., in which he carried on business, and a dwelling-house, now the Methodist Episcopal parsonage. The next house was a dwelling, on the lot now owned by Mrs. Rosa Clark. The growth of the village was very slow until about 1865, when a number of buildings were erected. The first stock of goods was brought by Simon Herr & Bro. It consisted of dry goods, groceries, and all other articles commonly found in a* village store. This stock was sold to Barber A. Cleveland, and by him to Thomas McCune, who sold it to the present proprietor, F. Smith. In 1864, J. H. Clark brought on a stock of goods, engaged in trade about three years r and sold the stock to J. S. Baker, who removed it. The value of this stock was about $4,000. In 1870, Reuben Drew began merchandising, continued about four or five years, and abandoned the business. In 1880, Luke Tousley engaged in the dry goods trade, continued a year, then took as a partner Will- iam Swarts. The firm is still in business. In 1867, Kauffman & Levi brought on a stock of groceries, etc.; in 1872,. sold to I. Kinsey, and he to Allen Bros., who are still in business. F. Smith entered the grocery trade in 1866, and, in 1872, sold to W. E. Mossman, who y after about two years, sold back to Smith. The first and only saw-mill in the village was built by Spore, on the ground occupied by the present mill. Spore sold to Van Houten, and he to Emery & Stewart. They built a stave factory and then a grist-mill, which were run for a few years, then sold and removed. Emery & Stewart then sold the mill to F. Smith and W. E. Mossman ; Smith bought out Mossman, and sold the en- tire mill to the present proprietors, W. Smith and W. E. Mossman. There are two drug stores, owned by Drs. Eckman and Wenger. For some time before the existence of the village, a post office was kept by Horace Cleveland, on what is now the Wigent farm, on Yellow River road. In 1856, this was moved to Coesse, and J. H. Root commissioned Post- master. He kept the office in his dwelling. In 1865, G. B. Bonestel took the office and kept it one year ; then followed Leonard Aker, Maggie Kauffman and Frank Dustman, and, in 1868, J. A. Kauffman was appointed Postmaster. He kept the office for nine years, and was succeeded by I. Kinsey, and he, in 1875, by W. Allen, who kept the office for three years, when it went into the hands of the present Postmaster, F. Smith. A Good Templars' Lodge was organized in 1856, and continued, with some interruptions, till about 1874, when it was abandoned. The first physician in the village was William Loveland, who came in the spring of 1861, and remained till the fall of 1862. The next was G. W. Eck- man, who came in the spring of 1863, and still resides here. William Birney located here in the spring of 1866, and remained two years. Dr. N. I. Kith- 196 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. cart came in August, 1874, and remained till March, 1876. Dr. N. R. Wen- ger came in the fall of 1876, and Dr. H. Gregg in the fall of 1880, both of whom still reside here. The only saloon in the village was owned by J. Owens, who sold to George Graves, the present proprietor. The village has a population of about one hundred and fifty, one church (the Methodist Episcopal), and one schoolhouse of two rooms. The cost of the schoolhouse was about .§3,000. About the year 1854, Rev. Jacob Wolf erected a building on a farm then owned by himself, but now owned and occupied by Andrew Steele, about two miles northeast of Coesse. This building he intended at the time as a nucleus around which to erect more substantial structures, and to be known as " Wart- burg College." Himself and Rev. A. J. Douglas commenced teaching here before the entire completion of the building, and continued for about two years, when it was discontinued. Before his death, Mr. Wolf willed this property to Wittenburg College, Springfield, Ohio. The first term of school in this town- ship was taught by Mrs. Cornelia Bonestel, daughter of Horace Cleveland, in the summer of 1839 or 1840, in a cabin on the land of G. W. Oman. The wages were $1.50 per week, and the teacher boarded with her parents. Per- haps three or four terms were taught in this house, when, a few families having located a little farther south and west, it was thought better to have the school in a more central locality. So a cabin was erected on the north side of Beaver Run, which was thenceforth known as "the schoolhouse on the hill." After a few years, this cabin was superseded by a frame house on the same site. This was sold and removed ten or twelve years since, a new house having been erected in another part of the district. In the summer of 1845, Mrs. Simon Sherod taught school in her dwelling, this being the first school in the northwest corner of the township. In the autumn of 1842, a school cabin was built, about a quarter of a mile Avest of the residence of Charles Hess, on Yellow River road, on land known as the " Carpenter tract." In the spring of 1846, the first school was taught in the Boyd District by Mary Brown. Amanda Tousley taught the second term, Eliza Young the third, Mrs. Cornelia Travis the fourth, George Lawson the fifth and E. A. Smith the sixth. Riley Merrill taught the first school in the Hull District, in the winter of 1847-48, Maxie (Jones) Foust the second, and Miranda (Morse) Root the third. These teachers "boarded around." In the autumn of 1838, George Walker and Jacob Wolf came to this township from Richland County, Ohio. Soon after their settlement here, Mr. Wolf commenced preaching, sometimes at private residences, then again at the schoolhouse, near Oman's. After a schoolhouse was built on the hill, near what is now the Steele farm, he frequently preached there, yet continuing to preach occasionally at private houses. At this time, and for a few years after, he was connected with the Presbyterian Church, afterward uniting with the UNION TOWNSHIP. 197 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Coesse. Addison Merrill was the first Meth- odist minister who ever preached in this township. He preached at private houses, and at the schoolhouses in the vicinity. The salaries of these ministers were such scanty donations as the poor settlers were able and disposed to make, a fixed salary being almost unknown. All this was prior to any church organ- ization. Eel River Presbyterian Church was organized October 15, 1841, Rev. Jacob Wolf, pastor. At the time of organization, the following persons united : George Walker and wife, James Pringle and wife, William Park, Mrs. Vance, Miss Catharine Van Houten. These persons were admitted by certificate, and Jacob A. Van Houten on examination. At this meeting, James Pringle and Jacob A. Van Houten were elected Ruling Elders. November 27, 1842, David Wolf and wife and Robert Craig were admitted as members. November 24, 1844, Ira G. Wisner and wife ; June 26, 1846, Gilbert Shaw and wife, also Mrs. Dinsmore and Nancy Wolf. June 27, Alexander Boyd and wife were received by letter. February 13, 1848, Ephraim Smith united with this church. May 27, 1848, Gilbert Shaw was elected a Ruling Elder. May 28, 1848, Martha Smith admitted on certificate. June 2, 1849, Matthew P. Walker was admitted on examination. January 27, 1850, Joseph Douglas and wife were received by letter. Early in the year 1850, James Greer was installed as pastor ; Rev. J. N. Swan, in 1852, and Rev. Luke Dorland in 1861. From the time of the organization of this church until the termination of the pastorate of the Rev. J. N. Swan, its condition was eminently prosper- ous. After that time, it seemed to be doomed, and ceased to exist as an organ- ized body several years since. The organization of Union Center Lutheran Church was effected April 8, 1857, Rev. H. Wells, pastor ; William C. Mowry, Clerk. At this meeting, Rev. Jacob Wolf and James Worden were elected Elders and Trustees, and William C. Mowry and Jacob J. Halenbeck as Deacons and Trustees. At the time of organization, the following persons united with this church : Jacob Wolf and wife, James Worden and wife, William C. Mowry and wife, Jacob J. Halenbeck and wife, Samuel Rouch and Samuel L. Rouch. The second pastor was Rev. Solomon Ritz ; third. Rev. A. J. Douglas ; fourth, Rev. Albert Studebaker; fifth, Rev. J. B. Baltzly ; sixth and present pastor, Rev. J. N. Barnett. Their church building, just north of the village of Coesse, was erected in 1857. James Worden was the propelling power in this enterprise. The land for the church and cemetery was donated by Elias Winter. A child of C. and M. A. Rummel was the first buried in this cemetery. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1849, John R. Davis, minister. Jesse Sparks completed the organization, remained one year, and was succeeded by A. C. Barnhart, and he by William Blake. Original mem- bers : Stephen H. Clark and wife, David Pringle and wife, John R. Chorn and wife, Francis Mossman and wife, Silas Burt and wife, David Tousley and wife. 198 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Nathaniel Allen and wife were Methodists, but did not unite with this society at its organization. In 1863, Coesse was set apart as a separate charge, and, during the year 1870, this charge erected a house for worship in the village. This work was superintended by Rev. McCarter. The Christian Church, one and a half miles south of Coesse, was organized October 29, 1854, with the following members : Daniel Holt and wife, Samuel Whistler and wife, William C. Morse and wife, David S. Morse and wife, Polly Foster, Eliza Lake, Nancy Tousley. Rev. Peter Weinbrenner was the first pastor ; he remained five years. Then followed, in the order named, James Atchinson, Philip Ziegler, William Manville, James Atchinson, C. V. Strickland, James Atchinson, who officiates at this writing. The first services were held in a log schoolhouse on the land of Daniel Holt. The church build- ing was erected in 1872. The cost of the building is not known. The Sun- day school was organized about the same time as the church. Daniel Holt was the first Superintendent. The salary of the minister for one-fourth of the time is about $100. OHAPTEE X. by prof. w. l. mathews. Washington Township— Origin of Name— Creation of Township— Early Officers— The First Settlement— Entry of Land— Pioneer Pursuits —Industrial Growth— Education and Religion. "TTTASHINGTON TOWNSHIP was named in honor of the Father of our * » Country, and organized September 8, 1840. The petition was pre- sented to the Board of County Commissioners by a number of citizens " pray- ing the organization of a civil township having all the rights and privileges to transact business as such," which petition the board granted. Subsequently an election was ordered for one Justice of the Peace, and it was accordingly held at the house of Abraham Lesley, and Daniel Lesley was appointed Inspector. Subsequently, for a number of years, the various elections were held at the house of Abraham Lesley, who was always ready to receive every one in a hospitable manner. In those days there was not much political antagonism at elections, but, on the contrary, genuine good feeling and personal regard for individual opinion prevailed. At an election held at the home of Daniel Lesley, in April, 1845, there were only eighteen votes polled, and there were scarcely enough votes to fill the various township offices. Whether there were any more voters in the township at that time or not, or whether they remained away for fear of being elected to office, remains in doubt. The first white settler of which any authentic account can be given was Joseph N. Ecker, who settled on Section 7, in the northwest part of the town- ship in the fall of 1836. He was the first man assessed in the township, the ' ■ ; '' ■ ¥f> ' ■•■■■■■" (ftdZtJ d£At*^e^ ) WASHINGTON TP. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 201 amount being twenty-four and a half cents. Soon after came Reuben Long, John Oliver, Adam Creager, Samuel Broden, Fred Wybright, William Sterling, Abraham Lesley, Jonas Baker, Henry Emery, John Arnold, John Wise, William Cates, Michael Sickafoose, Martin Bechtol and Enos Goble. The pop- ulation in 1840 was probably 40 ; in 1880, 1,480. In 1840, there were 25 polls; in 1881, 241. In 1838, the assessment of personal property was $21, and the amount assessed for taxes 25 cents. The tax in 1831 amounted to $4,545.35. Among the number who entered land at an early date may be mentioned the following names, although they did not, in many cases, settle upon the lands until some time after the date of purchase : NAMES. Nathan Jinks ... Nathan Jinks Abraham B. Marsh Abraham B. Marsh John Delafield John Delafield John B. Beebee John Delafield John Delafield John Townsend John Townsend Abraham Studebaker.. Abraham Studebaker.. John Reed John Reed John S. Borry William Arnold Abraham Studebaker... W. Arnold Abraham Studebaker... William Arnold Joseph Ecker Joseph Mullendore Sec. Town. Range. Acres. Hds. 1 30 9 499 25 1 30 9 99 37 2 30 9 108 61 2 30 9 100 • • > 3 30 9 107 82 3 30 9 102 38 3 30 9 320 ■ ■ • 4 30 9 104 06 4 30 9 101 73 5 30 9 96 84 5 30 9 48 79 5 30 9 48 63 6 30 9 80 • • > 5 30 9 80 ■ • • 6 30 9 73 80 6 30 9 17 50 6 30 9 249 • • • 6 30 9 80 • • • 6 30 9 58 77 6 30 9 35 14 6 30 9 87 14 7 30 9 168 37 7 30 9 326 79 Location Section. N. W. fr. S. W. fr. N. E. fr. N. W. fr. S.J N. E. fr. N. W. fr. N. E. fr. E. £ N. W. i W. } N. W. W. | S. w. E. \ S. E. N. E. fr. N. E. fr. S.E. JW.JS.E. E. J S. E. Lot 4. No. 1. No. 213. N. W. S.J. Date. July 31, 1836 July 31, 1836 July 23, 1836 July 23, 1836 Oct. 14, 1835 Oct. 14, 1835 Oct. 19, 1835 Oct. 14, 1835 Oct. 14, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 July 16, 1836 July 16, 1836 Oct. 17, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1835 Sept. 30, 1836 Sept. 30, 1835 Oct. 10, 1835 Oct. 10, 1835 Adam Creager and Susan Stoner were married December 18, 1839, which was undoubtedly the first marriage in the township ; Levi Creager to Margaret Fulke, December 7, 1842, was the second, and David Rittenhouse to Margaret Fullertone, April 14, 1843, the third. The first birth in the township occurred about the year 1843, and was that of Joseph Schurck, who died in infancy. This was probably the first death in the township. The first election was held at the house of Abraham Lesley, which has already been mentioned. At that election the following electors were present : George Reddinghouse, David Reddinghouse, George D. Reddinghouse, Jr., Fred Weybright, Adam Creager, John Oliver, Abraham Lesley, Enos Miles, Jacob Ecker, Joseph Ecker, Samuel Brayton, Reuben Long, William Kales, Jesse Baugher, William Lesley and Henry Bayler. There are two voting pre- cincts in this township, and at the April election, 1882, there were 191 votes polled. At the Presidential election, in 1881, there were 355 votes. 202 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. Among those who held the office of Justice of the Peace appear the names of the following : George D. Reddinghouse, April 14, 1843 ; Jacob Ecker, January 12, 1844 ; Adam Creager, May 15, 1849 ; and Joseph Stults, April 21, 1852 ; the last again commissioned April 22, 1856. In postal matters, the people of this township were put to great incon- venience for a number of years, and in many instances months would pass before hearing from friends at the old home. The first post office was estab- lished about the year 1848, near the center of the township, and Martin Bechtol was the Postmaster ; he was succeeded by William Chamberlain, Sr. Previous to that time, those who lived in the north part of the township went to Columbia City and South Whitley for their mail, while others went to Hunt- ington and Liberty Mills, the former located in Huntington County, the latter in Wabash County. The large sheet of letter paper, folded in various forms, backed and sealed with a wafer, answered the purpose of our modern envelope. Who taught the first school in Washington Township is really a matter of doubt. Jesse Case seems to have been the. first teacher. He taught near the cen- ter of the township, in what is now known as District No. 8, and had about twenty scholars. This was in the winter of 1842-43. The school was sustained by subscription, and was continued for about eight or nine weeks. Joseph Stults followed Mr. Case, and he by Enos Goble. The first order to pay school funds to teachers was issued April 11, 1853, to John P. Alexander, $26.50. The order was numbered one. The next was numbered three, and was issued to Benjamin Mussleman, $42.00, in 1853. In 1858, there were nine districts, with inferior log schoolhouses ; there are, at present, 1882, four neat brick houses, costing about $3,600, and five frame, costing about $2,500. Under the old law, all children between the ages of five and twenty-one years were enumerated, and in March, 1858, the enumeration of children amounted to 151 males and 157 females, making a total of 308. Under the present law, all children between the ages of six years and twenty-one are enumerated. The number, March, 1882, amounts to 267 males and 245 females. In 1858, the school fund paid to the nine teachers employed aggregated $152 ; in 1881-82, the school fund for all purposes amounted to $1,863.07. April 3, 1854, Phineas Tracy, Samuel Young and Joseph Young were elected Township School Trustees; Martin Bechtol, Treasurer; and W. E. Merriman, Clerk. The schools of the township are in good condition, and the teachers generally effi- cient. The apparatus aggregates about the value of $600, and is of a substan- tial character. The first physician to visit this part of the county was Dr. F. L. McHugh, an Irishman of great skill and learning. He located west of where Columbia City now stands, and he visited all parts of the county. He was kept going in a lively manner and had good success. Dr. Banta located in the township about the year 1843, and for some time was the principal physician. In 1841, there was scarcely a family in which a majority of them were not sick. Not- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 203 withstanding all this sickness, there were but few deaths. A few of the settlers became discouraged, and longed for the " flesh pots of Egypt," or asked them- selves the question, why were we brought into this "land to perish." In 1840, there were but few roads in the township, the principal one being one from Washington Center to South Whitley, and thence north to Columbia City. Joseph Ecker, Reuben Long, John Oliver, James Baker and Abraham Lesley were the principal men who cut out the roads for the convenience of the settlers. These roads were soon after surveyed, and ran on section lines as far as was convenient. The following is a list of the names that were required in 1854 to work the roads, as copied from the records : Joseph Weiker, C. Shafer, D. Akers, S. Akers, W. Akers, J. Davis, J. Long, H. Baker, P. Huber, J. Wise, R. Long, J. Metz, J. Peadly, J. Shearer, J. Wearce, B. Mus- sleman, P. Burwell, L. Creager, W. Ligier, A. Lesley, H. Shearer, L. Shearer, D. Brenneman, M. Waince and A. Fisher. About the best roads in the county are now found in this section of country ; they are, as a rule, conveniently located, and kept in good condition. Under the new law, creating the office of road superintendent, passed by the Legislature of 1881, much is expected of that officer. The Wabash, St. Louis k Pacific Railroad passes through the northern part of the township, but as yet there is no station within its limits. The first church organized in this township seems to have been of the Ro- man Catholic faith, about the year 1845, with about ten members. Inasmuch as there is no pastor of the church, it is impossible to give the desired informa- tion. Soon after a Dunkard Church was organized with a membership of about twenty. It is now in a flourishing condition, and has a large membership. April 18, 1846, a Baptist Church was organized near the center of the town- ship, with seven members — Jeremiah Merriman and wife, Phineas Tracy and wife, Bazalell Tracy and Elijah Tracy, and J. B. Allyn. The discourse was delivered by Elder Gr. Sleeper ; James B. Allyn was the Moderator, and George Sleeper, Clerk. The present membership is fifty-eight. There are two Lutheran churches in the western part of the township, and two United Brethren in addition to those mentioned. The citizens are generally known for their morality and good character. Revs. Parrett, Smith, Losard and Chaplin were among the first ministers. The East Bethel M. E. Church was built in 1869 by Samuel Sickafoose, at a cost of about $2,000, the building committee being Michael Holm, Fred- erick Morrell and John Decker. The building is a frame structure and has no bell. It was dedicated in October, 1869, by Rev. Monson. Long before the erection of the church (in 1857), a Methodist class had been formed, some of the early members being Michael Holm (deceased ) and wife, John Smith and wife and Levi Creager. The class at present is small, but not in fervor nor sincerity. Some of the ministers have been Bradshaw, Miller, Strite, Smith, McMalin, Baker, Lacy, Waymen, Curtis and Mott. In 1858, a Sun- day school was organized under the superintendence of Michael Holm. The 204 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. school, though small numerically at first, grew and prospered, and its influence upon the youth of the neighborhood was fully realized as the years passed. Many went to Sunday school, who could not conscientiously accept the tenets of the church, of which the school was an adjunct. All could meet there and worship God upon the broad basis of Christianity ; and thus, though the class was weak in numbers and in funds, and though it had no building save school- houses or residences, its power was felt by all, including non-professors, who gathered to hear the songs, prayers and professions of faith. The school has ebbed and flowed in succession during the years, until at present it numbers twenty-five members. The present Superintendent is C. Ward ; and the teach- ers are John Decker, Thomas Sickafoose and wife, and John Cates. The Baptist Church near Mr. Bechtol's was erected in 1869, by A. Clark, and the service of dedication was conducted by Rev. David Scott. The cost of this frame structure was about $1,400 ; the names of those giving the most toward its construction being Martin Bechtol and Elias Smith. The class was organized many years ago in the old cabin of Mr. Bechtol. This cabin is yet standing ; but the voice of God's minister, the prayers of the faithful and the joyous songs of little children echo no more within its walls. The old is care- lessly thrown aside for the new, and no regret crosses the heart of the present generation ; but the old people, those who cannot forget the warm associations of earlier years, say with Goldsmith : "I love everything that's old — old friends, Old times, old manners, old books, old wine." Among the ministers of this church have been Revs. Childs, Hitchcock, Reece, Fuller, Dunon, Collins, Wilder, Price, Worth, Robinson, Gooden and Ward. Among the early members were Jeremiah Merriman and wife, Baza- leel Tracy and wife, Thomas Tracy and wife, and Elijah Tracy, besides those mentioned above and others. The church is not in a flourishing condition at present. A Sunday school was organized in the Tracy schoolhouse in 1856, under the care of Rev. Collins, and since then, at times, it has been well at- tended. The last Superintendent was David Bechtol, and among the teachers were Lew Richard, Stephen Haley and Rettie B. Alexander. This was dur- ing the summer of 1881. The present membership of the school is fifty- four. The Washington Center Presbyterian Church was first organized at the house of W. M. Penn in 1856. Among the early members were Mary A. Wagner, W. M. Penn, Louisa Penn, Peter R. Goble, Elizabeth Lehman, Adam Lehman and others. The Sunday school was organized at an early day, and great interest was manifested to have it successful. It was not long before the school numbered fifty or sixty, and at present it is very active. Henry Rich- ard was an early Sunday school Superintendent. The present Superintendent is E. G. Penn. The present membership of the church is about seventy-five. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 205 The present church was erected in 1873 at a cost of about $2,000. The Building Committee were Peter Creager, M. B. Emberson, Levi Sickafoose, John Smith and S. P. Wagner, and the builders were Samuel Wolf and Sam- uel Sickafoose. The church was dedicated by Rev. Cassel. The building is frame and has a fine bell. Among the ministers have been Joseph Farmer, Jonathan Thomas, Rev. Plumraer, Rev. Forbs, John Thomas, G. Sickafoose, Rev. Dennis, Rev. Cevenger, F. Thomas, John Bash, William Simons, S. Duneck, A. Wood, Rev. Cummons and the present pastor, Rev. F. Thomas. The first mill was built by Mr. Beckley in the fall of 1847. It was a saw-mill, and aided the settlers very much in preparing building material. This mill was running until a few years ago. There is not much manufactur- ing going on in the township, for the reason that the population is engaged exclusively in farming and stock raising. The township is now well cleared up. In many portions of it fine resi- dences and commodious farms are seen, and those who still survive the changes of time can scarcely realize that this is the land which they found a wilderness, and now far advanced in all the stages of civilization. OHAPTEE XL by j. 0. denny. Jefferson Township — Early Settlers — Pioneer Life — Keminiscences — Organization— Industries— Schools — Early. Preachers— Churches- Post Offices— Secret Societies— Villages. "A song for the early times out West And our green old forest home, Whose pleasant memories freshly yet Across the bosom come. A song for the free and gladsome life In those early days we led, With a teeming soil beneath our feet And a smiling heaven o'erhead! Oh, the waves of life danced merrily, And had a joyous flow, In the days when we were pioneers, Fifty years ago." JEFFERSON is the youngest township of Whitley County in regard to both settlement and organization. Forty-seven years ago, the period at which the history of this township begins, considerable progress had been made in the settlement of some parts of the county, but still the primeval forest shadowed here no pioneer's humble cabin, and the settler's ax was yet to begin the conquest of the broad acres then awaiting the plow. The late appearance of settlers here was partly owing to the fact that a large portion of the town- ship, since proven very fertile, then presented a very forbidding appearance, 206 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. and partly because a great deal of the best land was held by speculators. But the period of early settlement has come and gone, and now we may pause to retrace some of the steps in the march of improvement and recount a few of the deeds of the sturdy men who wrought in that early day. The work of those sterling hearts and generous natures is a part of the country's history, and the western pioneer will live in song and story when this fair land has seen the flight of coming centuries. Many have gone to " that bourne from which no traveler returns," but the joys and the sorrows incident to pioneer life are still fresh in the memories of a large number of those who will read this record of the olden time. The history of the settlement begins with the advent of a Mr. Dunlap, of whom but little can be learned, but who came from Christianburg, Ohio, about 1835. He settled on that part of the southeast quarter of Section 24 not included in the reservation, comprising sixty-three and a half acre3, erected thereon a small cabin arid cleared four or five acres. If the meager accounts concerning him may be relied upon, he did not remain over a year, however. His tastes did not seem to lie in the direction of solitude and cracked corn, and he began to long for the flesh pots of Egypt. So he forsook the frontier and started for Ohio, saying that he was going back to get a mess of peach dump- lings. During his residence here he lost a small child, which was buried in Allen County. This was the first death in the township. The first permanent settler was Moses Fairchild, who was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, July 19, 1811. When a young man, he worked by the month until he had accumulated $100, and, in 1837, he joined the westward flow of emigration. He entered the west half of the southeast half of Section 18, in Jefferson Township, and immediately returned to Ohio, where he remained a year, making money with which to begin life in the wilderness of Indiana. In the fall of 1838, he came West with his family, which consisted of his wife and one child, and which he left at Lot Bayless', who was living in Allen County, near the line, until he could build a cabin for their reception. In order to reach his land, he followed a road cut by William Plummer, who was located in the southern part of Union Township, and from Mr. Plummer's he cut his way south to his land. Here, with the help of three men, he erected a rude cabin 16x18 feet, into which the light was admitted through one small window made by cutting a section from one of the logs. Into this shelter, with no floor or fire-place, he moved his family, and shortly after added a puncheon floor, a fire-place with a stick chim- ney, and a table made of split boards and fastened to the side of the building. At this time, two dim Indian trails were the nearest approach to a road in the township, and soon after his settlement he cut a road about seven miles east- ward, along the blazed section lines to Lot Bayless', thus giving him a nearly direct route to Fort Wayne. This took twelve days of hard labor, was the first permanent road of the township, and has ever since been known as the Fairchild road. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 207 The second on the list of Jefferson Township pioneers is Patrick Clark, of Irish nativity, who settled on what was afterward the Illinois road, in the spring of 1839. It is well known that, since St. Patrick's Day, frogs and snakes have been unknown in Ireland, and a little incident which this fact ex- plains is related of Mr. Clark. When moving West after his arrival in this country, he passed by a pond where a chorus of frogs were " singing," and he stopped to get "some of those young ducks," as he supposed them to be. He continued his efforts till a man came along who gave him a short lesson in natural history. It is to be regretted that the names and experiences of all the old settlers cannot be given with greater accuracy and detail, but the following list con- tains the names, so far as obtainable, of those who arrived previous to the or- ganization of the township in the spring of 1845 : Moses Fairchild, Patrick Clark, Nathan Decker, Jonathan Chadeayne, Israel Poinset, Anthony Poinset, William Phelps, James Blee, Thomas Blee, William Blee, Latham Blee, Absa- lom Bayless, Thomas McGlaughlin, Robert Gage, M. C. Crowel, L. S. Mar- ing, Clement Dearing, H. C. Crowel, Chancey Hadley, Benjamin F. Davis, John Chandler, John McTaggart, James McDorman, James Kincaid, Daniel Barcus, Hiram H. Clark. Nathan Decker was a Nimrod, and better known as Hunter Decker. It is said that he died in the late war, in which he and one son wore the gray, while two of his sons fought under the stars and stripes in that struggle. Jonathan Chadeayne was a blacksmith, and erected the first forge in the township. The township was now growing steadily, many locat- ing in the western part, at the Maring settlement. There were six families here in 1845, and in 1847 it had increased to eleven. Many were the hardships and privations endured by the people of those early days, but nearly every old settler will assert that they experienced more true enjoyment and neighborly kindness than in these latter times. Their intercourse was characterized by a mutual flow of kindly feeling and a gener- ous spirit of equality, and they were always ready to render any assistance necessary. When a new settler arrived, word was passed around, and, on the day appointed, willing hands raised the cabin into which he probably moved before the floor was laid or the fire-place built. When he was ready for a roll- ing, the neighbors would gather in, some with their ox-teams, and before night the logs would be in heaps ready for burning. These were always merry times, and when the work was done, " sleights of art and feats of strength went round." Sometimes the women would come, too, ready for a quilting bee, and often a hard day's work would be succeeded by a night spent in "jest and youthful jollity." It is said that sometimes, when no fiddler could be procured, they would " trip the light fantastic toe " to the music of a jewsharp. "Sports like these, With sweet succession, taught e'en toil to please." Money was scarce and many stories could be told of great sacrifices made to obtain the necessaries of life. Once Mr. Clark killed one of his oxen, and 208 HISTORY OP WHITLEY COUNTY. with the proceeds of the hide and part of the meat bought shoes for his family. Mr. Henry Crowel at one time sold every animal on the place to make a pay- ment on his land. The spinning wheel and loom produced most of the cloth- ing for the family, and the mothers were often alone in the woods for several days while their husbands were gone to mill. Game of all kinds was very plenty, and in the spoils of the hunt and chase the pioneers found a large share of their support, while the wild honey, of which there was an abundance, added a luxury to their homely fare. Once the people at the Maring settle- ment were out of meat, and Robert Bell, who was a great hunter, was detailed to kill a deer. In the evening, he made his way to a pond nearly a mile away, where the deer often gathered, and soon the report of his rifle told of his suc- cess. One of the men went to the place, but as it was now quite dark there was great probability of their getting lost unless they had some guidance. This was given by Mrs. Philip Maring, who kept blowing a conch shell until the men came, one carrying the deer and the other the gun. Mr. Bell is the hero of a wolf story, which, though not very thrilling, is perhaps worth relating, and runs as follows : He was roaming through the woods with his gun one day, when he found a hollow log, in which he discovered some young wolves. They were about forty feet from the end, but in he crawled, at the risk of a flank attack from the older members of the family, took them out and carried them home. This brings to mind Gen. Putnam's famous exploit, the only material difference being in the age of the wolves. In those days, the roads or trails were so obscure that they were easily lost, and many a belated traveler has made his bed by the side of a tree while the savage howls about him made the situation far from pleasant. Latham Blee started home from Columbia City one evening, in the early days of the settle- ment, but morning found him in the top of a tree where he had remained all night, not wishing a closer acquaintance with the wolves below him. Moses Fairchild and Patrick Clark attended a convention at the county seat one time, and, starting home as it drew near sunset, found darkness upon them before they had gone many miles. After they separated to go different routes, so happened that they both became lost. Mr. Fairchild finally tied his horse to a sapling and lay down beside a tree to wait for coming day. When dawn did arrive and reveal his situation, he found himself not quite a half mile from home. Among the many similar incidents that might be related is one in which Mrs. Davis was the principal actor. It was in the fall of 1847, and the shades of evening found her at a neighbor's house not very far from home. She started home through the woods, but soon became bewildered, and, after wan- dering through the swamps and bushes, struck the old Raccoon road. This she blindly followed northward, and a little before midnight found herself shoeless, with bleeding feet and torn clothing, at Michael Crowel's, on the Illinois road, seven miles from home. She was so bewildered and nearly prostrated with fright and fatigue, that she did not go to the house, but sat on the fence some CvTTUJ J^uon^ cz-^u JEFFERSON TR JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 211 distance away, screaming for help. It is said that Mr. Crowel thought at first it was a panther he heard, but in a few minutes he investigated the matter and took her to the house. Meanwhile, her neighbors had been aroused, and men with torches were searching in every direction. At last one party found her tracks, which they followed, finding on the way her lost shoes. When morning came, she rode home on horseback behind one of the men. Going to market was no pleasant task, as the roads were but wagon tracks winding through the woods, and the streams all had to be forded. Most of the people went to Fort Wayne for their milling, and would often have to wait a day or two for their turn, and in coming home would, perhaps, camp out two or three days until the subsidence of a swollen stream would enable them to cross. Many amusing incidents could be related of trips of this kind, and the times they often had in fording. Sometimes they would plunge through, with cattle partly swimming and wagon and grist completely under water. Once, under such circumstances, a man was crossing a ford with a jug in the bottom of the wagon, and when he reached the middle of the creek, it rose with the water and floated off down stream. One of the Indian trails passed close to Mr. Fairchild's cabin, and these dusky denizens of the forest often visited his house to beg a little salt or meal, or borrow a kettle for their cooking. He always treated them kindly, and in return they would often bring him fish or a piece of venison, and they some- times stored their hides at his house until they were sold. John McGlaughlin tells an amusing story, to which we will give a place here. When a boy, he was going along an Indian trail one day, with a man by the name of Ford. Ford thought he would have a little fun at the expense of a party of redskins, which he knew would pass soon, so he tied some of the bushes together across the narrow path, and then they hid to await developments. Soon a party of half-drunken Indians came along on full gallop, and when they came to the place mentioned the ponies went under, but the riders did not. The reader can easily imagine the scene that followed. Some were seriously hurt ; but the perpetrators offered no assistance, and it was some time before they dared to leave their hiding-place. The Indians were frequent visitors at the cabins of nearly all the early settlers, but were rarely known to steal, and soon left the hunting grounds, where they had roamed so long, to the desecration of the ax and plow. Raccoon Village is prominently identified with the history of the township, and here deserves more than a passing notice. Its history under the Indian occupation will be found elsewhere, and to the older citizens of that part of the country it is associated with many pleasing memories. It was located in the southeast corner of the township, on the north bank of the Wabash Canal, and originally consisted of a brick house with two rooms and a number of log cabins, all erected by the Government for the occupation of the Indians. The place was named after the chief, Raccoon, who occupied the brick house referred to, 212 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. and who, it is said, now quietly sleeps on the top of the neighboring hill, over- looking the spot where he once held kingly sway. After the advent of the whites, the land was sold, the brick house passing into the hands of Jesse Ver- milyea. By him it was rented to different parties, Thomas McGlaughlin being an occupant in 1843. It was built squarely on the county line, one room being in Whitley and the other in Allen County. A legend, having a mythical flavor, but worthy of note, runs to the effect that once, about forty years ago, a Justice of the Peace, holding a commission in Allen County, commenced a marriage ceremony in the west room. During the progress of the ceremony, it was ob- served that he had no jurisdiction there, so the party adjourned to the east room, in Allen County, where the matrimonial knot was legally tied. When the canal was built, this place became a landing, to which the farmers hauled their produce for shipment, and spring usually found immense piles of logs and wood here, ready for transportation. The canal, too, has saved many an em- igrant from the east a toilsome journey overland; and, in the winter, when the ice was thick, it was well improved by people wishing to go to Fort Wayne. This was a favorite resort for idlers, and here, on a pleasant Sunday in summer, a crowd of men and boys would generally be found, smoking, discussing the topics of the day, watching the deer on the prairie to the south, or waiting for a packet boat to glide by. But these are all now among the things that were. The last canal-boat left the place in 1879, and " stem ruin's plowshare " has obliterated every trace of the historic village. Mention may be made here of the fact that the remains of a huge mas- todon were exhumed a few years ago, while a marsh was being ditched. Portions of these now grace the shelves of various museums in the country, and one of the massive teeth is in the possession of W. M. Gillespie, of Jefferson Town- ship. In the spring of 1845, the citizens petitioned the Board of Commissioners to organize the township for civil purposes. There was some debate as to the name by which it should be christened, some wanting it called Polk Township, others favoring 'Jefferson.'" The names Raccoon and Fairfield were also proposed. There was no name mentioned in the petition, however, and when it was presented to Chancey Hadley for his signature, he wrote " Jefferson Township " on the outside. This name the Commissioners adopted, and ordered "that the citizens of said township meet at the dwelling house of Michael C. Crowel, in the said township, on the first Monday in April, 1845, then and there to open and close an election according to law, and elect one Justice of the Peace, and all township officers that the law requires ; that Michael C. Crowel be inspector of said election, and that they do their civil business in the name and style of 'Jefferson Township.' " Pursuant to the above, ten voters met at Mr. Crowd's April 7, 1845, and set running the political machinery of the township. For Justice of the Peace, Leonard S. Maring received nine JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 213 votes, and Jonathan Chadeayne, one vote. Latham Blee was elected one of the Board of Trustees, but the names of the other officers could not be learned. In the earlier days of the township, Lot Bayless' mill in Allen County supplied most of the settlers with the little lumber required, but as time rolled on, the great wealth of large timber here gave rise to numerous saw-mills, som of which have since been moved away. The first saw-mill was built by Daniel German, on the Illinois road, and was set running in 1852. In its erection the people of the township assisted largely, taking their pay in sawing. In the course of a few years, it was moved a short distance eastward, and in 1876 was purchased by Robbins & Frantz. In 1881, it was torn down and some of it is now a part of the Robbins Mill in the southern part of the township, owned by the above mentioned firm. The second saw-mill was built by Bayless & Bro., in 1856, on the Liberty Mills road. The next year, a " corn cracker " was added, which continued in operation until 1860, when the mill was burneil. It was immediately rebuilt, and again burned in 1869. It was again rebuilt, and in 1876 was removed to Michigan. The Dustman Mill was built in 1866, by Black, Dustman & Co. It was erected at a cost of $5,500, and was the first circular saw-mill in the township. It has changed hands several times, and is now owned by Thrasher & Jerome. In 1867, a shingle factory was built at the present site of Forest, by Miller & Baker. In 1871, a stave machine was added, which was sold in 1876, and the building considerably enlarged to make room for planing machinery. It has run as a planing mill and shingle fac- tory ever since. The Crowel mill was put up, in 1873, by Sowers & Morrolf, at a cost of about $2,000. In 1875, Oliver Crowel purchased an interest, and later secured the entire property, which he still owns. In 1876, Youna & Metzler erected a saw- mill at Forest, at a cost of $3,000. It has changed hands several times, and is now owned by Young & Co. The next year, a flouring-mill was put in operation in connection with the saw-mill. It was built by Young & Richards, at a cost of $2,500. Later the firm became Young & Long, and in 1882, R. L. Pence purchased Long's interest. It has two sets of buhrs, and a capacity of 150 bushels per day. A generation ago, when the people of Indiana were struggling to clear up their farms and at the same time keep the wolf from the door, the educa- tional advantages enjoyed by the children were few and meager. The educa- tion they did secure was principally acquired during a two or three months' winter term of school in a house which corresponded in every way to the order of things in that early day, and in the case of the stronger minded youth was often dug out at home by the hickory bark or tallow candle. Yet these dis- advantages were largely balanced by the strength of mind and self-reliance that they tended to impart, and it was under such circumstances that a large number of the eminent men of to-day acquired their early education. In 1844, Benjamin F. Davis and John Chandler, his brother-in-law, set- tled on the southeast quarter Section 23, and erected a double cabin, Davis 214 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. occupying one room and Chandler the other. Mr. Davis and his wife were both well educated, and here (in the spring of 1845), in the one room occupied by the family, Mrs. Davis taught the first school of Jefferson Township. She was paid by subscription and had a school of about seventeen small scholars. In the fall of 1845, the first schoolhouse was erected on the banks of Big Indian Creek, on the Liberty Mills road, about one-quarter of a mile from the Broxon Corners. It was a rude log affair, about 18x20 feet, with a large fire- place and stick chimney, and, like all the country schoolhouses of that day, had slab benches with no backs ; one long, horizontal window on each side admitted the light ; and here, the following winter, James T. Bayless swung the birch over the young ideas of the neighborhod. One of the pupils was a youth of about seventeen, who had never been to school, and he started the first day impressed with the idea that he was going to learn " a," but as to the nature of the mysterious " a" he was entirely in the dark, probably supposing it to be a matter of considerable importance. When the teacher came around to investigate the extent of his literary progress, the following dialogue took place: " Charley, what is that?" "Well, now, you're ahead of me there, Jim !" " That is 'a.' " Jewhillikers ! Jim, is that ' a ?' " said the astonished boy. The spring term of the Indian Creek school was taught by Mary Phelps. Frederick Fulk taught the third term, and Mary Phelps again the next sum- mer. In the fall of 1847, a schoolhouse, similar to the above described, was built at the Maring Corners, in the western part of the township. Here William Bell was installed master and taught a school of twenty-five pupils the mysteries of the three R's, having but one scholar who had advanced to the itudy ot grammar and geography. Jane Miller taught the next spring, and William Bell again the following winter. Some rousing times were experienced at the numerous debates, spelling-schools and meetings held here, and to which the people went on foot or in ox-carts, or often the young gallant and his girl would ride one horse, which custom has been superseded by the new-fangled ways of to-day. In 1847, the first division of the township was made, it being divided equally into four districts. Immediately in the wake of the tide of immigration followed those early circuit riders and ministers of nearly every denomination, who held services at the low schoolhouses, or at the cabins of the settlers, or often assembled their congregations in one of "God's first temples," and who sought out and united in spirit the scattered members of their churches wherever they could be found. The first preaching of which any definite knowledge can be obtained was in 1846, by Zachary Garrison, who held services at Zephaniah Bell's and also at William Davenport's. Part of the time, he was assisted in his labors by Mr. Worth. Zephaniah Bell also preached some about this time, and others, of whose work nothing can be learned. Methodism here as elsewhere has been a little mercurial in its progress, there having been three organizations at dif- JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 2 li- ferent times, and at present but one. The first Methodist minister who held services in the township was probably Milton Haun, who commenced preaching at the Indian Creek schoolhouse in the spring of 1849. The next summer, a class was organized, which was the first religious organization in the township. Daniel Barry was appointed class leader, which office he has filled to the present day. In the fall of 1849, Haun was succeeded by James Elrod, who held services here monthly for one year. He also preached at the Maring schoolhouse, where a class was organized about this time, and probably by Elrod, but which broke down after a few years. For obvious reasons he called this place Sodom, by which name Forest is known unto this day. One Sunday, some of the boys took their fiddles to church, with which they entertained the congregation till the preacher came, and after meeting indulged in a game of jumping, at which it is said the minister himself tried his skill. Elrod was followed by Rev. Perkins, J. Dean, S. W. Camp, A. Nichols, H. Woolpert, B. F. Armstrong, E. M. Baker, W. E. Curtis, T. J. Shackelford and others. In the earlier days of the Indian Creek Church, it belonged to the Huntington Circuit, but was shortly after changed to the Roanoke Circuit, to which it belonged until 1870, when it became a part of the Areola Circuit, of which J. C. Maclin had charge. In 1870, Maclin organized a class in the northern part of the township, which was kept up for five or six years, and then consoli- dated with the older church. The Methodists have never built a house of wor- ship, but for a good many years have held bi-monthly services at the Town House. In 1879, this church enrolled fifty members, and now has but eighteen. In 1882, it was united with the Kelseyville Circuit. The first Catholic services were held at Mr. Hine's by Father Fowler, of Fort Wayne, at quite an early day. Chapel exercises have been held monthly at Mr. Blee's for a number of years. Of those who succeeded Fowler, were Fathers Fox, Shaffey and Harkman. For a number of years before the organization of the Church of God in this township, David Keplinger, of that denomination, preached irregularly at the Maring Schoolhouse, and, in 1857, he organized a church of twenty mem- bers, at the Brandenburg Schoolhouse. He was followed by Rev. Slyter. F. Comp and John Andrews. In 1869, this church completed the Evergreen Bethel house of worship, which is still in use, and was the first church building in the township. It was built at a cost of $1,500, and was dedicated by R. H. Bolton. The Christian or Disciples denomination at present has two prosperous- organizations in the township, with good buildings. The first preaching was by G. B. Mullis, of Logansport, on the first Sunday in June, 1855. August 2, 1858, a church of twenty- two members was organized at the Indian Creek Schoolhouse, by William Dowling. The first officers were Elders, Samuel Bra- den and James Broxon ; Deacons, William Jeffries and Daniel Swisher. In 1874, the building in present use was built at a cost of $1,500, and dedicated by L. L. Carpenter, of Wabash. Since its organization, the church has enrolled 216 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. 164 members, and now has a membership of forty-four. Following is a list of the preachers who have ministered to the spiritual wants of this congregation : G. W. Chapman, James Hadsel, William Dowling, Z. W. Shepherd, B. W. Hendryx, A. Walker, C. B. Austin, F. H. McCormack, T. M. Burnau, P. Hasty and 0. A. Newton. In 1858, William Dowling preached at the Maring Schoolhouse, and during the same year organized a church of twenty members at that place. He was followed by George Chapman, B. W. Hendryx, Z. W. Shepherd and others. In 1879, the frame building in present use at Forest was completed at a cost of $3,000, and dedicated by M. P. Galleher. Several secret societies have flourished at different times in this township, the first being a Know-Nothing Council, one of the political organizations of that day. It was organized in October, 1854, with about forty members, and continued in operation for about four years, its membership at one time reach- ing nearly one hundred. In January, 1874, the following granges were organ- ized in the township: Fair Oaks Grange, No. 991, with twenty-four charter members; J. C. F. Crowel, W. M. Its most prosperous period was the winter of 1877, and the last meeting was held in the spring of 1881. Sugar Grove Grange, No. 1,075, organized the same day with twenty members. It has since disbanded. Jefferson Grange, No. 1,256, started with fifteen members and continued in operation three years. Forest Lodge, I. O. 0. F., No. 546, organized May 5, 1877, with the following charter members: Marshall Wright, Francis M. McDonald, Edward B. North, Moses T. Simon, James F. Johnson. During the first three years of its existence, it occupied the room above a drug store, and in the summer of 1880 the present hall was fitted up. Its member- ship is now nineteen. The postal facilities enjoyed by the people here thirty years ago were in general keeping with the existing order of things, the nearest post offices being Fort Wayne and Roanoke and postage from 15 cents to 25 cents a letter. At last the people began to want some improvement in this respect, and an agi- tation followed which resulted in two post offices being established on the Lib- erty Mills road, and at about the same time. As near as can be learned, this was in 1856. A weekly mail followed for several years, and later became tri- weekly. William T. Jeffries was the first Postmaster at Saturn, and held the position three years. He was succeeded by James T. Bayless and Eli Hatfield, who were followed by James Broxon, who gave the office its name and who held the office since December, 1867. The first Postmaster at Laud was Thomas Neal. He was succeeded by Christian Bechtel, who handled the mail for about twenty years. In 1880, it was removed to Forest, where M. G. Wright took charge, and was succeeded by Edward Phelps, the present in- cumbent. The history of the little village of Forest begins with the erection of the Livenspargar saw-mill in 1854. It was built by the Miller Brothers and Allan Quick, and is still in lively operation. This mill and one residence lie in THORN CREEK TOWNSHIP. 217 Washington Township, while the balance of the town is built across the road in Jefferson. The site of the village was originally owned by William Bell, who afterward sold out to Calvin Maring. While Mr. Bell owned the land, Allan Quick secured one-quarter of an acre, on which he built a residence in 1854. He afterward built a house on the corner now occupied by Mr. Brock. Meanwhile, Carvin Maring laid out several large lots, and the next improve- ment followed in 1866. During this year, the Myers brothers built a black- smith-shop on the corner, and Henry Myers erected a house on the same lot. In the spring of 1867, Elwood Nichols erected a large building, probably in- tended for a shop, but the same summer lot and building were sold to James Baker, who put in a stock of dry goods and groceries, valued at $1,000. Other improvements followed slowly, and in the fall of 1870, Dr. Richards built the room now occupied by the drug store. During these years, the place had been known by different names, such as Sodom and Lickskillet, and now some of the citizens began to think of a change in this respect. Accordingly, when the building mentioned was completed, a convention was held for the purpose of naming the little place. An oyster supper was one feature of the gathering, and the question before the meeting was settled by ballot. Several names were proposed, but Forest won the day, and as Forest it has since been known. In 1878, Mr. Bobbins built a business room in which Mr. Bainbridge, of Columbia City, has since had a stock of dry goods and groceries. The build- ing occupied by the hardware store was erected in 1880, by Vincent White. The first stock of goods was put in by Edwards & Anderson, of Columbia City, who in 1881 sold to James Burwell. Since 1863, Dr. Richards has been practicing here, and later, Drs. Koontz and Putts located at this place. The town has now a population of a little over one hundred, and has a good church, and a brick schoolhouse, four stores, a grist-mill, two saw-mills and a hoop factory. It is growing steadily, and is patiently waiting for that blessing so greatly desired by all inland towns, a railroad. CHAPTER XII. BY E. A. MOSSMAN. Thorn Creek Township— Physical Features— The First and Subsequent Settlers— Life in the Woods— First Birth, Marriage and Death- Milling Interests— Blue River Water-Power— The Only Villiage ( ?) — Old-Time Customs— Agricultural Resources— Religious and Edu- cational Training. " And many strokes, though with a little ax, Hew down and fell the hardest-timbered oaks." — Shakespeare. THORN CREEK TOWNSHIP derives its name from a small stream which is the outlet of Round Lake. Throughout the greater part of the township the soil is remarkably fertile. Originally the township was very 218 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. heavily timbered and owing to the fact that there was at that time no con- venient market for lumber, the early settlers burned, in log-heaps, walnut and other valuable timber which, if standing, would to-day be more valuable than the land on which it grew. There are several very fine lakes in the township, the principal of which are Crooked, Cedar, Shriner and Round Lakes, in which there is an abundance of excellent fish. The last three of the above- named lakes are connected, their common outlet being Thorn Creek. The civil township of Thorn Creek and Congressional Township No. 32 north, of Range 9 east, coincide throughout. Owing to the fallibility of man's recollection, it is difficult to ascertain to an absolute certainty who was the first settler of Thorn Creek Township ; yet it scarcely admits of a doubt that John H. Alex- ander and his family were justly entitled to claim the honor of being the first white persons to locate within the limits of the township. It is certain that they came into the township prior to the immigration of the families of John and Joseph Egolf and Martin Overly, which was in 1836. John and Joseph Egolf started from Fairfield County, Ohio, on the 4th day of July, 1836, and arrived in Thorn Creek Township the latter part of the same month. Martin Overly came to the township in the fall of the same year. The family of John H. Alexander is said to have moved to Michigan many years ago, and there is now no one living in the township who can give the exact date when he moved into it. There is a circumstance, however, which Mrs. Margaret Egolf (widow of Joseph Egolf) distinctly remembers, which almost, if not altogether, con- clusively proves that he settled in the township eight or nine months prior to the time when John and Joseph Egolf came, which would have been in the fall of 1835. The circumstance related by Mrs. Egolf was as follows : Mr. Joseph Egolf, soon after he settled in the township, being out one morning hunting his cows, heard voices, which he confidently believed to be the voices of white people. An intervening lake and the want of time prevented him from going just then to see who his neighbors were. In a few days, however, he and his wife started out in search of them. After a long and toilsome walk, they found the object of their search, which proved to be the residence of John H. Alexander. The distance between the two families was not, on a direct line, more than two miles. By the circuitous route they were obliged to travel, however, which meandered around the margin of the lake, it was, probably, fully twice that distance. Mr. Alexander's folks told Mrs. Egolf that she was the first white woman but one they had seen for nine months. The first that they had seen within the preceding nine months was, they said, the wife of an emigrant who passed by their house on his way farther West. Mrs. Egolf does not now remember whether they placed the time at nine months, for the reason that it was that length of time since they had moved into the State or not, but thinks it more than probable that such was the case, for the reason that the general aspect of things about their dwelling seemed to indicate that they had not probably been there for a greater length of time. As would be £*im. - .-." <-"•• ijfw; .'! sifts j\V> v<-5r~£ 9 ' ' -5*?-:* ■ ■'.; ^- ^^^ THORN CREEK TOWNSHIP. 22 J natural, both families were overjoyed of course to find that they had so much nearer neighbors than they had supposed. Families residing within two, three, or four miles of each other, were in those days considered near neighbors. But marvelous changes have been wrought here, as elsewhere, during the half century of time that has intervened between those days and the present. When we view Thorn Creek Township as she is to-day, with her large and intelligent population; her good schools and churches at almost every cross-road; her complete network of excellent highways; and with her hundreds of well-im- proved and well-tilled farms, many of them with superb and costly buildings upon them ; and when we contrast her in her present condition with what she was in those early days, we are impelled to exclaim, in the language of the im- mortal bard : " Can such things be, And overcome us like a summer's cloud, Without our special wonder ?" During the next year after John and Joseph Egolf and Martin Overly settled in the township, six other families moved in, all from Ohio. They were the families of Adam Egolf, Henry Egolf, Jacob Shearer, Peter Shriner, Jacob Hively and Daniel Hively. There came, also, at the same time, Mrs. Mary Egolf, mother of Adam, Henry and John. She died within a very few days after her arrival (in June, 1837), and was, probably, the first white person who died in the township. John Egolf, Adam Egolf, Henry Egolf and Daniel Hively are still living on the same land that they entered and located upon when they first came to the State, and will continue, in all probability, to re- side there until they shall close the volume of life's pilgrimage. William R. Martin was born September 1, 1837, and was, probably, the the first white child born in the township. His father, Benjamin F. Martin, settled in the township in 1837, and died February 10, 1842. The first election in the township was held at the residence of Benjamin F. Martin, and the voters thereat were Adam Egolf, Joseph Egolf, Henry Egolf, John Egolf, John H. Alexander, Nathaniel Gradeless, Benjamin F. Martin, Martin Overly, Peter Shriner, Daniel Hively, Jacob Hively, Jacob Shearer and Jacob Brumbaugh. One of the first (perhaps the very first) sur- veyors of the county was John H. Alexander, a son of John H. Alexander* the first settler in the township, of whom mention has been made. Adam Egolf was the first Justice of the Peace elected in the township. He served one term, but declined a re-election. The emoluments of the office of Justice of the Peace were not so great, in those days, as to prompt men to make use of every means that they could command, fair and unfair, to secure their election to that office, as is sometimes the case at the present day. The statements of the surviving pioneers are somewhat discrepant as to the location of the first schoolhouse that was built in the township, some affirm- ing that it was built on very nearly the same ground that Thorn Creek Bethel 222 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. now stands on, and others, that it was on Jacob Humbarger's farm, now owned by a man named Hoops. The probability is, however, that there was one erected at each place and about the same time. The time was about the year 1841. The first teacher at the schoolhouse that stood where Thorn Creek Bethel now stands was Charles Hughes. He received $13 per month and boarded himself. William Widup taught school in a private house, in what was known as the Egolf neighborhood, as early as the year 1841, and it is probable that he taught the first school that was taught in the township. The first schoolhouses were built of logs, with puncheon floors, chimneys composed of sticks and mortar, a wide " fireplace " at one end, or side, and a clapboard roof. The walls were chinked with mortar made of clay, and the " furniture " consisted of a sufficient number of indestructible, backless benches, more con- ducive to backache than to comfort. The writing was done on broad slabs, hewn as smoothly as they could conveniently be, and, supported by stout pegs, or pins, driven into auger-holes in the walls. The branches studied were reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and grammar ; geography and grammar, however (especially the latter) were studied by but a very few. The methods of instruction were quite different from the methods of to-day. The pupils were not organized in classes, in any of the branches except reading and spelling. If a pupil wanted any difficult point in any other branch explained, he had to wait until the teacher was at leisure, and then go to him. Although it is ob- viously true that this method was greatly inferior to those that are in vogue at the present day, yet it is also true that those who obtained their education under the old regime compare favorably, in point of intelligence, with those who have been educated under the new. Thorn Creek Township has at pres- ent some first-class brick schoolhouses, and she is probably able to make as good a showing, in all matters pertaining to educational affairs, as any of her sister townships. The early settlers, although they were, as a rule, men in very moderate cir- cumstances, yet, as they bought their lands very cheaply, which rapidly grew into value, and as they were almost universally enterprising, industrious and frugal (being compelled, by force of circumstances, to practice economy, even had it not been their natural inclination to do so), they rapidly rose to easy, and many of them affluent, circumstances. True, they were compelled, at first, to pay exorbitant prices for such commodities as they were under the necessity of purchasing, but after they had been here a year or two, and had an opportunity of clearing up a few acres of ground, they were able to produce and manufact- ure very nearly everything that their necessities required, be it food, raiment, implement, vehicle, or whatsoever it might be. Very many, and perhaps most, if not all, of the very early settlers made their own and their families' shoes, spun the flax, and carded and spun the wool for the clothing for their entire families, besides being their own carpenter, wagonmaker, blacksmith, brick mason, etc., etc. In short, each man was, of necessity, a jack of all trades. THORN CREEK TOWNSHIP. 223 Log-rollings (not of the disreputable kind, however, that the present-day poli- tician is eminently noted for) and raisings were everyday occurrences. Some of the early settlers say that they have attended rollings for as many as twenty- three consecutive days, Sunday only excepted. Notwithstanding the hardships and privations they were compelled to endure in those times, however, the pioneers generally say that life was infinitely more enjoyable then than at the present time, for the reason that every person of respectable antecedents was then regarded and treated as the peer of any man, even though he were as poor as the grandfather of poverty ; or, otherwise, that the social position of an indi- vidual in nowise depended upon wealth or the lack of it. Whereas, to-day, it is, they say, lamentably otherwise, and that the world seems to think that ' ' Dimes and dollars ! dollars and dimes ! An empty pocket is the worst of crimes !" His eye brightens and his countenance is all aglow with heartfelt pleasure as the aged pioneer relates how families went en masse in sleds to visit other families four or five miles distant, to spend the long winter evenings, and how greatly they enjoyed themselves in those primitive times, when an unblemished character was a free pas3port to the best society in the land. Thorn Creek is one of the few townships in the county (perhaps the only one) that has not somewhere within its limits a platted town or village. There is, however, a collection of houses in the northeast corner of the township, to which the name of Bloomfield is applied, although it has never been platted as a town. There is a small stock of " dry goods and groceries" kept there by Abraham Friend, and this is the only place in the township where any kind of merchandise is sold. The manufacturing interests of the township, like the mercantile, are quite limited, and will occupy but little space in this history. About the year 1841, Richard Baughan built a water-mill, with one run of buhrs for grinding corn, on the Blue River, in the southwest part of the township. There was also a saw-mill in connection with it, and subsequently a bolter was put in, so that wheat and buckwheat were ground, although it is said that the flour made was very inferior in quality. About the year 1855, the dam was carried away by a freshet, and there was no grinding done after that time, although the dam was partially repaired, and some sawing was done afterward. Some portions of the substructure are still to be seen, although the upper portion of the build- ing was long since carried away. About the year 1846, a saw-mill and carding machine were erected on Thorn Creek, just on the bank of Round Lake, by Solomon Auspaugh, who operated it until the year 1849, when he sold it to Wesley Hyre, who rebuilt it, discarding the carding machine and digging a new race, about a quarter of a mile in length. The water-power is excellent the greater part of the year ; the fall is ample (about ten feet), and the mill did a great deal of work for many years, but on account of the scarcity of timber, 224 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. it is not, and has not been for the past few years, running much more than half the time. It has proven a very valuable piece of property to all who have owned it, and is yet a good mill, and would be valuable still, if there was plenty of timber in the neighborhood. About the year 1860, Wesley Hyre sold the mill to his son, Joseph Hyre, who owned it until about the year 1865, when he sold it to his brother, Leonard Hyre. Frederick Magley purchased the mill of Leonard Hyre, about the year 1867, and still owns it. Mr. Magley came to the township from Licking County, Ohio. About the year 1850, a man by the name of Knaga built a saw-mill on Thorn Creek, about one and a half miles from Round Lake. In a very short time after he built it, he died. After the death of Mr. Knaga, Frederick Humburger rented the mill of the Knaga heirs, and ran it for about five years, when Cyrus Knaga, a son of the original builder, took possession, and ran it for about nine years, when Samuel Cover- stone bought it, and still owns it. This, like the one just mentioned, was very profitable for a long time, but, being located but a very short distance from it, the scarcity of timber in the vicinity renders the property of less value year by year for the purpose for which it was erected. The water-power, however, as has been previously observed, is excellent, and when the time shall come, as it un- doubtedly will, when they can no longer be profitably run as saw-mills, they can be converted into flouring- mills, woolen-mills, or something of the sort. The depth of water in the lake, and consequently the amount of fall at the mills, is liable to fluctuations of several feet, as the weather changes from very wet to very dry. During high water, there is a fall at the upper mill of about ten feet ; and in very dry weather, the water is so low that the mill cannot run. In consequence of this fluctuation, it manifestly would not be prudent in con- verting those saw-mills into other kinds of mills, to put into them the full amount of machinery that could be run when the water is highest, for the reason that such a large portion of it would necessarily have to stand idle for such a great length of time each year. About the year 1873, a steam saw-mill was erected by Thomas N. Hughes & Co. about three miles north of the southwest corner of the township, and just across the line from Smith Township. The mill was run there until the fall of 1881, when it was removed to near Taylor's Station, on the Eel River Division of the W., St. L. & P. R. R., about four miles west of Columbia City. It is somewhat involved in doubt as to who were the first couple married in the township ; but the probability is that it was either Mr. Solomon Auspaugh and Mary Hively, or Peter Egolf, son of Adam Egolf, and the lady whom he mar- ried, whose name could not be ascertained. It is tolerably certain the first mentioned couple were married in the fall of 1843, but whether the latter were married before that time or after cannot be definitely ascertained, although it is quite certain that there was but a very short interval of time between the two marriages, whichever may have been first. What is now Whitley County constituted a portion of Huntington County THORN CREEK TOWNSHIP. 225 up to about the year 1839, and it is said that after the county of Whitley was struck off, and was organized as a separate county, the first term of the Whit- ley Circuit Court was held at the house of Richard Baughan in Thorn Creek Township and that Charles Ewing was the Presiding Judge, and John H. Alexander one of the Associate Judges at the court. About the winter of 1872-73, Thomas Hildinger was killed in the town- ship whilst loading a saw log, by the log rolling back upon him in consequence of the chain breaking. About the winter of 1880-81, David Bowers was killed by a limb falling on him while cutting down trees in the woods. About twenty or twenty-five years ago, Rudolph Brock was drowned in Shriner's Lake. At a very early day, probably in 1838 or 1839, a man by the name of Michael Divibiss died at the house of Joseph Egolf under such circumstances as to make it very doubtful whether he intended to commit suicide, or whether he took the poison which killed him without knowing that it was a poiion, and believing that it possessed medicinal properties that would cure his ailment. He had entered a piece of land near where Joseph Egolf lived, and was improving it, and boarding at Joseph Egolf's, his family still continuing to reside in Ohio. He had been complaining for several days of not feeling well, and one day he took his tobacco pipe, which he had been using for a long time, and, scraping off the gummy substance that was adhering to the inside, took it. In a short time he became deathly sick, and died in the course of a few hours. Before he died he seemed exceedingly anxious to tell to those who were present something that seemed to weigh upon his mind, but his tongue seemed to be paralyzed so that he could not. These are all the fatal casualties that could be learned of upon diligent inquiry. The first religious meetings that were held in the township were held in the old log schoolhouse that formerly stood on the spot on which Thorn Creek Bethel now stands, just north of Adam Egolf's residence. This was about the year 1843. A very short time afterward, Adam Egolf organized a Sunday school at the same schoolhouse, and the same has been kept up during the summer season ever since. The minister who established the first church was Zachariah Garrison. He was, at that time, a Methodist minister, and the church that he organized was a Methodist church ; but he afterward severed his connection with the Methodist Church and became a minister in the Church of God, and the entire congregation, or the major part of them at least, went with their pastor to the Church of God. They now have a membership of about thirty, and their pastor is Benjamin Ober. They also have a very nice cemetery, that has the appearance of having been well kept, and in which there are a number of very neat and pretty and some quite expensive appearing tombstones. Just three miles north of the church just spoken of is a church that was erected, about the year 1867, by the Lutherans and German Reform- ers conjointly. It is commonly known as the Hively Church. Thomas Hil- dinger, who met with an accidental death, as before stated, was the builder. 226 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. The probable cost of the building was about $500. There is a very pretty and neat cemetery adjacent. Neither society has any regular pastor at present, nor are there any meetings held there. Rev. John Miller is the last Lutheran minister who has occupied the pulpit. Who was the last of the German Re- formers the writer is unable to state. The finest church edifice in the township, probably, was erected by the Free Methodist denomination, on the northeast corner of Section 25, in the year 1875. The first pastor was Rev. A. F. Gadwin. The society, at the time of the erection of the church, was but four. The building cost, probably, $1,400. It is beautifully situated on the north bank of Blue River, within a few rods of the confluence of Blue River and Thorn Creek. A very neat graveyard lies just across the highway from the church. They have a present membership of about twenty. They have a Sunday school during the sum- mer season, which is generally well attended. The present pastor is Rev. Thompson. The surface of the greater portion of the township is slightly undulating. There are portions of it, however, which might, not inappropriately perhaps, be termed hilly, and there are also portions, although the area is quite small as compared with some of the other townships in the county, that are swampy or marshy. There being no facilities for transportation within the township (not a mile of railroad, canal nor navigable river), it is essentially an agricultural and stock-growing district. All the agricultural products that are usually culti- vated in this latitude yield well here. The central and northern portions are rather remote from any good market for grain and other agricultural products; yet, notwithstanding this fact, real estate commands a good price. Stock rais- ing is engaged in quite extensively by several of the more wealthy farmers of the township, and it seems to be very remunerative. In passing through the township one will see a great many very fine herds of stock. Much attention is given to the breeding and importation of thoroughbred stock, and Thorn Creek never fails to secure her full quota of red ribbons at our county fairs, on account of her fine stock, as well as on account of the excellence of her farm products. CHAPTER XILT. by colonel isaiah b. mc donald. Troy Township Forty-five Years Ago— Customs of the Early Times- Valuable Statistics— Firit Birth, Marriage and Death— Catalogue of Old Settlers— Industries— Villages, Schools and Churches— Edu- cational Reunion— Old Settlers' Meeting— E. L. Barber's Address, "Respect for Old Age." THIS TOWNSHIP was organized by the Board of Commissioners in May, 1839. This was originally organized as Township 32 north, Range 8 east, and contained the usual 36 Sections. The township was named Troy by Jesse S. Perin, who had formerly lived at Troy, N. Y. The first election was held on the TROY TOWNSHIP. ■ 227 4th of July, 1839, at the house of Joseph Tinkham. The judges of that election were Jesse S. Perin, Samuel Hartsock ; Inspector, Price Goodrich ; Clerks, Thomas Estlick and Timothy Devinny. The number of votes cast was twelve, to wit: Bela Goodrich, Jesse S. Perin, James Sytel, William Doney, James Keirsey , Joseph Tinkham, Jacob Scott, Stephen Martin, Sr., Henry Moore, Sr., Jona- than Smith, James Joslin and Samuel Hartsock. At this election, Nathan Chapman received seven votes for Justice of the Peace, and Price Goodrich five votes and no more. The second election was held at the same place, Jo- seph Tinkhan's house, on the 1st Monday in August, 1839, by the following offi- cers, to wit : Price Goodrich, Inspector ; Joseph Tinkham and Samuel Hart- sock, Judges ; Timothy F. Devinny and James Keirsey, Clerks. Ten votes were cast, to wit : Bela Goodrich, Stephen Martin, Sr., Timothy F. Devinny, Samuel Hartsock, Price Goodrich, Joseph Tinkham, Nathan Chapman, Joel Rine, James Keirsey and Asa Shoemaker. This was the first general election held in the township, for township, county and State offices. It is pretty well settled that Samuel Hartsock, from Tiffin, Ohio, was the first settler in what is now known as Troy Township, and that he located on Section 13, north of the now village of Loraine. This was in 1836. Thomas Estlick came next. Soon after the following named persons came with their families : Stephen Martin, Sr., John Snodgrass, Price Goodrich, George W. Elder, Joel Rine, Nathan Chapman, James Keirsey, Joseph Tinkham, Bela Goodrich, T. F. Devinny and Jacob Scott. The settlement of the township was quite slow till about 1840, when the settlers began to come in pretty fast. Robert Adams, Lewis Adams, Jacob Stackhouse, Henry Harpster, James Grant (who was the second Justice of the Peace and was commissioned in 1841), Samuel Marrs, Samuel Palmer, Henry Roberts, Levi Adams, Pearson R. Wal- ton, James Latoon, John J. English, Almond Palmer, Hiram Lampkins and Harlow Barber came in during the year 1838-9. William Jameson came in 1841 ; Alexander Blain came in 1840 ; Thomas A. Elliott came soon after ; Richard Vanderford came in 1842 ; William James came in 1838, and is still living ; was born in 1798 ; David and Mary James came at the same time, and with Samuel Hartsock's girls and boys constituted the young folks of the township. Carter McDonald came in 1841, and bought his land on Section 21, and moved his family in October, 1842, to the farm where William McDonald now resides. John Harrison came in 1841 ; Fielding Barnes came in 1843 ; Luke McAlister came about the same time ; Jonathan Sattison came in 1842 ; Lorin Loomis came in 1841, and settled at Grant's Corners; Ambrose M. Trumbull came in 1842 ; had lived several years in Noble County, near Cold Springs, where his father settled in 1834 or 1835 ; was married to Rebecca Hisely, in Thorn Creek Township, in March, 1842 ; had seven children; two of the sons died in the army — Preston and Dwight Trumbull — and were members of Company A, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteers. Robert J. Elliott came in 1843, and is now the oldest Justice of the Peace in the township. There is no township in the county which has advanced in improvements more rapidly than Troy. 228 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. In 1838, the first taxes were assessed and collected as follows : John Burns paid $1.25 ; Thomas Estlick, $1.85 ; Samuel Hartsock, $3.06 ; Stephen Martin, Sr., $1.30; Jesse S. Perin, $3.40 ; Joel Rine, $2.51; John Snod- grass, $3.17, and Joseph Tinkham, $2.75. Total taxes for 1838, $19.31. This was for the whole township. The taxes were collected by Richard Collins, then Collector. The taxes for 1881 amounted to $6,394. When the first pioneers came, the township was one vast wilderness of very heavy timber. There is no township in the county which has produced more walnut timber for manufacture and shipment than Troy ; and no township has had a better set of honest, industrious and enterprising settlers. Improvements have very steadily advanced, and, to-day, it is one of the best improved and wealthiest townships in the county, and no township in the county has better society. The first child born in the township was Thomas Estlick ; the next was a daughter of Joel Rine, and the first death is said to have been a child of the latter. Among the first marriages were those of Rev. Samuel Smith to a Miss Blanchard and David James to Eunice Goodrich. There were not many weddings during those days, as most every settler brought a wife with him. The three oldest ladies living in the township at present are Mrs. Mary Myers, aged 86 ; Miss Margaret Rhodes, 80, and Mrs. Carter McDonald, 78. The township had but very few roads up to 1842. From that time, as the settlements increased, roads were opened and improved. There were some few Indian trails. The old " Squaw Buck" trail was an important one. The first saw-mill and " corn cracker" was built by Robert Adams north of the center of the township, on the outlet of Cedar Lake. The first steam saw-mill was built by James Grant and Henry Swihart, at Grant's Corner (now the village of Loraine Post Office). There are now two saw-mills in the township, one owned by Mosher & Co., and one by Sipps & Smuthers. Each of these mills makes about 500,000 feet of lumber per year. The first school in the township was taught by Stephen Martin, Jr., in his own house in 1838-39. The first schoolhouse was built at Grant's Corners, and Miss Clarissa Blanchard taught the first school in that house — a summer school. George Colby taught the first winter term in the same house, and boarded with James Grant ; had eighteen scholars, at $2 a scholar, for three months. The next schoolhouse was built on the land of A. M. Trumbull, and was called the " Old North Schoolhouse, " it being north of Troy Center. The next schoolhouse was built at " Black Rock," near one Casey's land ; it was called " Black Rock" on account of Casey, who was a colored man and the only one ever residing in the township. The first frame schoolhouse was built on the Joseph Tinkham farm, near Allen Adam's place. Every school district in the township, except the Snodgrass district, has a nice brick school- house. No township in the county has better schools, nor better people to maintain them. TROY TOWNSHIP. 229 The land in the township is quite rolling, interspersed with some of the finesl lakes in the county, to-wit : Cedar Lake, Robinson's Lake, Rine's Lake and other smaller ones. The water, both from springs and wells, is the best in the county. The health of the township has always been good. This township has never had a murder committed within its borders, as known of. There has never been a saloon in the township ; it has neither a lawyer nor doctor. Since the early settlement it has been a quiet, peaceable and respect- able community. The following are some of the energetic men of the township : Levi Belch, David James, A. M. Trumbull, James Blain, George H. Grant, Jona- than Sattison, Polk Lipps, William McDonald, S. J. W. Elliott, Jacob R. Elder, Chancey Goodrich, C. F. Marchand, Jacob Smith, Henry Snyder, Zachariah Barnes and others. Troy will always hold her own in good schools and laudable enterprises of all kinds. There are two churches in tho township — Presbyterian and Methodist — and most of the people are church-going and sincere. The following is proba- bly the first church subscription in the township : We, the undersigned, hereby agree to pledge ourselves to pay the amount set opposite our names for the purpose of erecting a building for public worship at the following place in Troy Township, Whitley County, Ind., to wit: On the land now owned by Robert Tinkham, on the Columbia and Oswego Road, at the point where said road makes a right angle to the west, said building to be a frame of the following dimensions : Thirty-four feet wide and forty feet long, the same to belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church of said township ; Provided, however, that all evangelical denominations which may desire the use of the same for public worship shall have it when not occupied by said Methodist Episcopal Church. The subscriptions in materials are to be delivered and labor paid as shall be desired by the contractor, cash subscriptions to be paid by the first of October, 1849. SUBSCRIBERS. Harlow Barber A. M. Trumbull George Fesler James Goodrich Robert Tinkham Joseph Tinkham Uri Tinkham Price Goodrich Carter McDonald Robert Adams Lewis Adams Levi Myers Jacob Keefer P. R. Walton Henry Swihart Jacob Sayler Franklin Templin Francis Crabb Richard Vanderford. A. K. Goodrich B. M. Marrs Henry Smith , Ralph Goodrich 6 |11 00 5 00 6 00 15 00 5 00 5 00 10 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 4> ■M 3 $6 00 25 00 00 00 10 00 10 00 5 00 10 00 2 00 2 00 6 00 * t 5 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 o $13 00 7 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 5 00 10 00 3 00 SUBSCRIBERS. W. Y. B. Pierce Martin Ireland Virgil Barber Allen Adams Truman Barber John Adams Benjamin Wooden Jonathan Shoemaker. Isaac Hartsock Thomas A. Elliott Henry Roberts C. W. Hughes J. S.Collins Richard Collins Joseph H. Pratt Isaac Keirn Francis L. McHugh ... J. W. Baker Samuel D. Jones Samuel Smith Jane Martin John McKeehan Peter Snider .a a $1 00 1 00 1 00 5 00 5 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 5 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 8 $1 00 5 00 00 00 5 00 2 00 10 00 2 00 .8 03 Hi $8 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 : Lumber. f Materials. 230 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. As early as 1840, the Methodist class had been organized by Samuel Smith, pastor, and Burris Westlick, Presiding Elder, the following persons con- stituting such class : Price Goodrich and wife, Henry Roberts and wife, Joseph Tinkham and wife, Michael Blanchard and wife, Salmon Agard and wife, Rufus King, Samuel Hartsock and wife and Robert Tinkham. Among the pastors have been Revs. Miller, Blue, Eaton, Bradley, Forbes, Sparks, Blake, Cooper, Strite, Bradshaw, McCarty, Paton, Camp, McMahon, Baker, Lacy, Smith, Church, Slade, McElwe, Green, Smith and Reed. In 1877, a new brick church was built, at a cost of $2,504.90 ; it was dedicated on the 2d of De- cember, same year. The present membership is sixty-nine. Sunday school is conducted in summer. The Presbyterian Church society was organized in 1846 by J. U. Sadd, and at the start had nine members. A frame church was built three years later, the cost being about $500. The present frame structure cost about $1,400, and was erected in 1880. Since the society was first organized, 116 persons have been members, 44 have been dismissed by letter, 32 have died, 3 have been expelled, and the present membership is 37. On the 15th of June, 1878, an educational reunion was held in Troy Town- ship, at Cedar Lake Grove. Two thousand persons were in attendance. A large procession marched from the Methodist Episcopal Church to the grove. Martial and cornet bands were present. The object was to bring together the old and the new teachers, to have a good social time in talking of the past and the present school interests. Mrs. Harlow Barber was the oldest teacher present. She was given the wreath of honor by Miss Jennie Hartsock, in a beautiful and eloquent speech. Mrs. Barber's biography was read by her grand- son. After the picnic dinner, Rev. A. J. Douglas, then County Superin- tendent, spoke at length to the large assemblage. Among those who labored to make it pleasant on that day were O. L. Cummins, H. A. Hartsock, Miss Jennie R. Hartsock, Mrs. J. D. Jameson, Mrs. David James, James Blain, and Dr. S. S. Austin, of Etna Township, who read one of the psalms with splendid execution. Perhaps the greatest gathering ever in the township was the Old Settlers' Reunion, held in September, 1881. Several thousand persons were present. Committee on Programme — Jacob Scott, O. L. Cummins and Cyrus Keiser; Committee to Award Presents — W. A. Marrs, David James, John Smith, C. F. Marchand and Abram Elder ; Committee to take Care of Old Settlers — J. Q. Adams, J. R. Elder, Thomas Estlick, Jacob Smith and Rodney James ; Marshals — F. D. Cummins, S. J. Elliott, Jr., Joseph Snodgrass and J. G. Stickley. John Snodgrass was President of the Day, and A. M. Trumbull, Secretary — the latter was Acting President. John Snodgrass, the oldest set- tler in the township, was presented a fine gold-headed cane. Francis Tulley, the oldest settler of the county, was presented a beautiful silver-headed cane. Mrs. Sarah Roberts, the- oldest lady settler of the township, was given a nice TROY TOWNSHIP. 231 rocking-chair. The exercises of the day were closed by the following eloquent address, entitled "Respect for Old Age," delivered by E. L. Barber, of Larwill : address of e. l. bakber at the old settlers' re-union in troy township september 3, 1881. Mr. President, Old Pioneers, Friends and Neighbors : Through the kindness of your committee in charge of affairs on this memorable day, I have been asked to add something in honor of the occasion and in memory of the pioneers of Troy, both living and dead, who nearly half a century ago left homes in the older States to brave the perils incident to the settlement of a new country in the wilderness of the then far West. I will try and not tire your patience, and while my story will be, to some extent, ramb- bling and disconnected, in it is embodied what I thought might be appropriate for the occasion. I see around me to-day familiar faces. Many of them I remember having seen when a boy, thirty or forty years ago. I see in this company the bronzed faces (wrinkled by time), of many of the old pioneers, who dared forty years ago the perils of a life in the woods ; who dared the privations, such as the young men of the present day know nothing of, and with which they would not care to grapple. Like way-marks of the olden time, a few of them still linger, weak with age, and bowed with the weight of many toilsome years. These old pilgrims are worthy of our veneration, and they are worthy of our kindliest care and warmest thanks — for to them and such as they, we owe the privilege of assembling to-day on the banks of this beautiful lake ; in the shade of these trees, surrounded with well-tilled farms ; with churches, with school- houses and the happy homes of an intelligent, moral and cultured people. For had not they and such as they hewn out the way, you never would have followed. Had they not endured the privations of the early settlers, you would not have just been reaping a plenteous harvest, for 'twas the old settlers — the pioneers — who bore the burdens, endured the privations and made your happy homes, surrounded with plenty, a possibility to-day. They cleared up the forests, cut down the great trees, and with prodigious labor prepared the untamed soil. We are but reaping the fruits of their labors. These old gray-headed men and women are the survivors of a once numerous band. They are the few remaining links of the broken chain which bound the years of the dead past to the living present. Their age and weakness are appeals to our hearts. With them the very citadel of life seems crumbling from the effects of time. With a full knowledge of " waning strength and increasing weakness," they are yet powerless to resist the unequal warfare. Commend to me the young man, the young lady, or the child who is not afraid, but quick with pleasant smiles, with loving words and deeds of kindness, and whose hearts commiserate the sufferings and excuse the foibles of the decrepit and old, the sun of whose lives is near its setting. Weak, often sick ; scarcely ever well, they are hopeless for anything better on this side of the grave. Weary with a long and toilsome journey, sensitive to slights and more appreciative of deeds of kindness than when flushed with health and prospective years, they live in their hearts. Listen, then, you who are younger — listen patiently to their oft-told story of suffering. Commiserate with them in their sorrows, and be glad with them in their fleeting moments of joy, for their hearts are just as young as they were before their cheeks were wrinkled with care, their eyes dim with age, or their hair whitened with the frost of years. Remember those stooping shoulders were bowed, carrying heavy burdens for you : those shrunken, bony hands, once fair and shapely, are now stiffened with age ; those stumbling feet and tottering limbs, once swift and sure as your own, were never tired in doing countless errands of kindness for you. They are fast nearing the River's bank. Their journey is nearly ended. For them there soon shall be rest in the quiet of the grave. They have nothing left here but you. Your smiles are the sunshine of their hearts. Your loving care is to them more precious than gems which cluster and glisten in royal crowns. Their hopes are centered in your success. You are to them a part of their very existence. Their few remaining days, or years, by you can be made happy. You can smooth the few remaining miles of their journey to the sheltering rest of the grave. Kindly and 232 HISTORY OF WHITLEY COUNTY. considerate treatment of the old and helpless speaks in unmistakable language of a true and tender heart, and God will not forget any who respect and tenderly care for the old pilgrims bowed with years of toil and sorrow, no matter what your creed. There is inspiration in the surroundings of to-day, thoughts of the olden time come gently drifting back, thronging the halls of memory. The very air seems filled with the lingering 1806, and his wife January 20, 1814. They were married December 31, 1829' and to them were born the following family of children — Mary, Catharine, CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 295 Rebecca, Benjamin, Phillip, Cynthia A., Joshua, and three that died in infancy In the fall of 1836, John D. Parrett and his family, his father Joseph Parrett Jr., and family, came to Cleveland Township and purchased the land on which South Whitley is now located. They got land of three brothers named Goben about the 1st of May, 1837. Joseph Parrett, Jr., laid out the town of South Whitley. His son, John D., built the first house in the place, and the survey of the town was made by William Delvin. John D. Parrett died March 20 1855. His wife survives him and resides with her daughter, Mrs. Dr. Merri- man. Few of the Parret family are now residing in Whitley County. From Dr. Merriman's marriage with Miss Parrett there are five children, viz. : Willa- mette, John E., Mary, Nelly and Lowell M. In his profession, Dr. Merriman has been eminently successful. Always a close and careful student of patholo- gy, as he found it in his practice, he became a leader in the use of new and rational remedies. His watchfulness over the interests and welfare of his pa- tients, his devotion to his profession, his sound sense and good judgment com- bined to complete his fitness for his calling. His adaptability for the position of family physician is excelled by none and equaled by few. He has held numerous positions of honor and trust, among which are those of Justice of the Peace and Township Trustee. He was elected to the latter office twice, when the township was heavily in debt, but, through his careful management, it was all paid off, and the financial condition of Cleveland Township to-day, through his exertions, stands at the head of any township in the county. He has done much to build up the schools and elevate the standard of teachers, among whom he is very popular. In politics Dr. Merriman is a decided Republican, is active in his party, and always acts from principle and not from aspiration for office. He is a kind-hearted Christian man, and one of the county's best and most worthy citizens. He liberally contributes to all laudable enterprises, owns a good home in South Whitley, and one-half interest in the brick business building and drug store of Merriman & Robbins, and also 160 acres of land in Cleveland Township. FREDERICK MORELL was born near the eastern borders of France, November 8, 1822, and was the son of Peter and Susan (Hermelet) Morell, parents of thirteen children, seven of whom reached maturity. In 1833, the parents came to the United States, and engaged in farming in Wayne County, Ohio. Our subject, in addition to his early tuition in his mother country, acquired a very fair English education, and from the age of sixteen to twenty- seven operated the home farm. When about nineteen, he came to Whitley County and entered 160 acres of land in Washington Township, with money furnished by his father, and came from time to time, in winter, to clear up his farm, returning in the spring to manage the home place. In 1849, he came to live on his land in Washington Township, and in the same year married Miss Catharine Druhot, a native of France, born in 1827. This lady died in 1874, and in 1882 our subject married Mrs. Margaret Ashcraft. Although 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the father of no children, Mr. Morell has reared three of his brother's, to whom he has given liberally on their marrying or becoming of age. He farmed in Washington Township until 1871, when he came to Cleveland, where he owns 240 acres, together with 280 in Washington. He has one of the finest residences in the county, and has gained all his wealth by thrift and good man- agement. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics was a Democrat till the breaking-out of the recent war, since when he has voted with the Republicans. CHRISTIAN MYERS was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, January 24, 1819. He is grandson of Christian Myers, who moved from Virginia to Montgomery County, Ohio, during the first settlement of that county. His son Henry, father of our subject, came with his parents to Ohio, and there mar- ried Mary Wirick, whose people moved from North Carolina to Preble County at a very early day. Henry Myers was teamster in the war of 1812, and also in the Indiana campaign against the Indians. In 1838, he brought his family to this township, bought ninety acres of land from James Chaplin and 120 acres from William Parrett, near where the village of Collamer now stands, and also entered lands in Cass and Kosciusko Counties. He brought with him a four-horse wagon, a two-horse wagon, some cows and sheep, household furni- ture and considerable cash, but for all that he and family underwent many of the hardships of pioneer life. Of his nine children seven were living when he came to Indiana ; there are now alive only two sons and one daughter. The parents were very intelligent people, and were most favorably known among the earlier settlers. In 1849, the father took his farewell of earth, his widow surviving till November 23, 1873. Our subject was reared to hard work and became a thorough farmer. January 1, 1843, he married Miss Catharine Abbott, who was born in Preble County, Ohio, February 11, 1824. Her father, James Abbott, came to Kosciusko County in 1834, and located one mile west of where Mrs. Myers now lives. Two days after marriage, our sub- ject and wife moved into a log cabin within a few feet of their present resi- dence, and since then have never been absent from the farm for a longer period than ten days. They now own 250 acres of land, and have, besides, given to each of their married children a good farm. Their children number five, viz. : Nathan, Emeline J., William F., Nora A. and Annie M. Nathan enlisted in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in the spring of 1862, and died while in the army of typhoid fever. Our subject and wife are mem- bers of the Christian Church, and in politics he is a Republican, and is looked upon as one of the county's best citizens. JOSEPH MYERS was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, May 10, 1829, the son of Henry and Mary (Wirick) Myers, of whom full mention is made in the sketch of Christian Myers. Our subject was reared on his father's farm, receiving a common-school education, and still resides on the homestead, which, at his father's death in 1849, consisted of 147 acres, but which now CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 297 comprises 227, having been thus increased by our subject, who has also highly improved the place, as well as caring for his mother, who made her home with him till her death. November 27, 1851, he married Malinda Banta, who was born in Cass County, Ind., January 7, 1831, and to their union have been born seven children, viz. : Frances E., Winifred S., Mary I., Eldora, Emma, Warren H. and Jennie. Our subject is a thoroughly practical farmer and a successful stock-raiser and business man ; he is a Republican in politics, a member of the Christian Church, and a liberal giver to all church, school and other laudable enterprises, and is one of the county's best citizens. JOSEPH and RILEY OBENCHAIN are two of a family of six chil- dren born to Samuel and Catharine (Flora) Obenchain, both of whom were born and reared in Virginia. They were married in their native State, and removed to Ohio in 1835, and in the fall of 1836, came with their family to Cleveland Township, this county, and entered 160 acres of land on Section 11. Their nearest neighbor was James Abbott, who lived five miles west, in what is now Kosciusko County. They brought no stock except the horses that drew the wagon, and they got a start by going to Elkhart County. They also had to go to that county to mill, the trip sometimes occupying ten days. They are said to be the first actual and permanent settlers of Cleveland Township, and, as they were in straitened circumstances, they went through many hardships and privations in making for themselves and family a comfortable home. They were intelligent and among the most respected and highly spoken of of the old settlers. Joseph Obenchain was born in Botetourt County, Va., October 8, 1828, reared upon his father's farm and to hard work, receiving but a limited educa- tion. He was united in marriage with Miss Catharine Long in 1849. She was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, near Dayton, in 1830. From this union ten children were born, viz. : Albert, Sarah E., William, Rueben I., Mary J., Samuel E., Ida A., Harley, Charles and Meda. Joseph has always resided upon the old homestead. He had but a small tract of unimproved land at the time of his marriage, but has always worked hard and carefully saved his earnings. He now owns 540 acres. He is a Democrat, a member of the Dunkard Church, and an enterprising and useful citizen. He is the present Township Trustee of Cleveland Township. Riley Obenchain was born in Botetourt County, Va., October 4, 1830. His youth and early manhood were spent at hard work upon his father's farm. He received such education as the schools of that early day afforded. Was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Brenneman June 9, 1853. She was born in Lancaster County, Penn., August 24, 1833. From this union there were eight children, viz. : Franklin I., John W., Frances A., Barbara A., Abraham L., Idelia, Mary C. and Leonard R. Mrs. Obenchain departed this life May 19, 1881. She was a true wife, a faithful companion, and affectionate and loving mother, and an in- telligent Christian lady. Riley Obenchain began life as a poor man, and for the most part has made what he now possesses. He owns 155 acres of land 298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : and a nice comfortable home in South Whitley, where he resides. He was reared a Democrat, but on the breaking-out of the war he left that party's ranks and has since been a stanch and zealous Republican. He was an un- compromising union man during the late strife, and did much to help at home and encourage the boys in the field. The county would be much better off had it more such men as Riley Obenchain. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and liberally contributes toward its support, and that of schools and all laudable enterprises. MARTIN, FREDERICK and HAMILTON PENCE are the children of John and Mary F. (Hoffman) Pence, natives of the " Old Dominion," where they were reared and married. They moved from Virginia to Champaign County, Ohio, in 1822. There were five children born to them, and some years after their removal to the Buckeye State the mother died. The father married for his second wife, Barbara Loudenback, and by this marriage there were nine children. The father had been a soldier of the war of 1812, and always followed farming and was a hard-working, industrious man, and respected and useful citizen. Martin Pence, son by the first wife, was born in Page County, Va., July 9, 1818. Frederick, his brother, in the same county and State, April 4, 1820 ; and Hamilton, in Champaign County, Ohio, January 26, 1822. These sons received but little or no education, and after the death of their mother fared very poorly at the hands of the step-mother. Long before they were able, they were compelled to perform the same and as much work as that of full-grown men. Martin left home when about seven- teen, and for some years worked by the day or month, and at anything he could turn an honest penny at. His wages were small, and it was only by the hardest work and strictest economy that he succeeded in saving a little money. He was married to Miss Barbara Loudenback August 6, 1813. She was born in Champaign County, Ohio, May 8, 1820. From this union were born six children, viz., Noah, John, David, Susanah, Melissa and Josephine. Noah served his country in the late war, in the Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He died at Nashville, Term., while in his country's service. Mar- tin lived in Champaign County, Ohio, following farming till 1850, when he came to this county and located on the farm he now owns. The place was all woods and had no improvements. He now owns 160 acres. He is a Demo- crat and a member of the Baptist Church. Frederick Pence also went through many hardships and privations in youth and for years after he came to this county, which was in 1850. He was fifteen when he left his parental roof and began the battle of life. Having no education, there was no opening but hard, physical labor. He went to work with a will and labored at whatever he could find to do. He married Miss Susan Jenkins April 26, 1810. She was born in Champaign County, Ohio, September 12, 1819. From this union ten children were born, viz., Philander R., Rose A., Mary F., Nancy J., Amanda, John W., Bell, Sabra, Tamson and Martha. Five of these children are CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 299 deceased. In 1847, Frederick and his brother Hamilton came to this county and purchased some land, paying $3.50 per acre for it. They then went back to Ohio, and in 1850 both came to this county and located on their land. At the time of marriage, Frederick had no property. He has always worked hard and has accumulated considerable wealth. He now owns 120 acres of land and a nice and comfortable home in South Whitley. He has given liberally to his children. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the U. B. Church. Hamilton Pence left home when thirteen years of age, and up to the time of marriage had little or no means ahead. He worked by day, month and job. He and brother Frederick would chop cord wood at 25 cents per cord and make rails at 25 cents per hundred, taking in pay wheat, corn whisky or anything they could convert into money. In 1850, Hamilton came to this county and located on what is now the Goble farm, in Cleveland Town- ship. He was married in Champaign County, Ohio, July 24, 1844, to Miss Sarah Harbour. She was born in Champaign County, Ohio, August 8, 1819. From this union there were six children, two of whom are now living, viz., Allen and Joseph. Those deceased were, Lovina, Tamson, Richard and Jason. Allen served his country in the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry during the late war. Hamilton Pence, after his marriage, lived with his father-in-law some time, then moved on a small place belonging to him, where he remained until 1845, when he moved to Jefferson County, Iowa, but after living there about a year, and in Illinois, near Springfield, some months, returned to Ohio, where he remained till he came to this county in 1850. After living some years in Cleveland Township and clearing ninety acres of land, he sold it and went to Champaign County, Ohio, and purchased his father-in-law's farm, but after a year sold that, and again came to this county, where he has since resided. He owned 320 acres of land, but has given 160 of it to his sons. He is a Republican, and a member of the U. B. Church. In taking a retrospective view of the life, success and acquirements of the Pence brothers, it can be truly said of them that they were self-made men. They began life as very poor boys, but by hard work and economy, coupled with strict honesty and straight dealings, have made for themselves and families comfortable homes and secured an enviable reputation among the people with whom they have lived, and in the county which they have helped to improve. They were stanch Union men during the late war, contributing over $1,500 for sanitary and other purposes. They are ever ready to help the weak and oppressed, and have liberally contributed to all religious, educational and other worthy enterprises. SAMUEL "PRITC HARD was born in Stark County, Ohio, June 12, 1840, one of a family of seven sons and six daughters born to Noah and Mar- garet (Rhinehart) Pritchard, natives respectively of Virginia and Maryland. They were married in Stark County, and moved from there to this township in 1848. The father died January 7, 1881, and the mother now resides in Rich- 300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: land Township. Of the seven sons, three served in the Union army during the late war. When about twenty years old, our subject entered a grist-mill at Collamer, and two years later engaged in Arnold Bros.' mill, at South Whit- ley. In 1863, he enlisted in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served through the war. For two years after his return, he worked in a mill, and then went to Arnold Bros.' again, and remained with them about ten years. Then he started in the grocery trade at South Whitley, and in 1880 he and John Glassley built a two-story brick store, one-half of which he now occupies, and also owns a comfortable home in the village. De- cember 29, 1869, he married Miss Mary Ramsey, born in Bluffton, Ind., Sep- tember 18, 1848, and to them have been born three children, viz.: Orphia L., Myrtle B. and Lodie M. Mr. Pritchard is a member of the M. E. Church ; is a useful and enterprising citizen, and is a Republican. FRANCIS S. REMINGTON was born in Hartford County, Conn., August 31, 1836, the son of Jonathan and Elethia fSikes) Remington, natives of said State, who moved to Ohio in 1842, and settled in Akron, Summit County, where they have ever since resided. The father was a farmer, as well as wagon and carriage maker, and was the parent of eight children, three of whom are yet living. Our subject was reared in the city of Akron, where he received a good common-school education, and learned to be a printer in the Beacon office, beginning when about fifteen years old, and following the busi- ness until 1868. He came to Wayne County, Ind., in 1861, and for some time conducted a newspaper there, but has not done much in the newspaper line since 1865, competent and practical though he was. He was engaged in the insurance business for some time, and in the fall of 1871 came to South Whitley and entered into the hardware trade, which he still continues. In November, 1864, he married Miss Clara A. Snow, who was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1845. and to their union have been born five children — Ella, Mary D., Cora S., Nora S. and James E. Mr. Remington is a member of the M. E. Church, is an Odd Fellow, and in politics a Republican. He is a good scholar and an enterprising business man, and is liberal in his contributions in aid of schools, churches and other laudable undertakings. RICHARD RITTER was born in Champaign County, Ohio, February 2, 1819, the son of Henry and Elizabeth (Harbour) Ritter. The father was born in Kentucky, but moved, when a boy, with his parents to Ross County, Ohio, and was here reared ; but, while still a young man, went to Champaign County, and there enlisted and served in the war of 1812. He married in Cham- paign County, held there numerous official positions, was Captain in the State Militia and a leading and influential citizen, and father of nine children. At an early day, he came to Whitley County and entered 320 acres of land in this township and 160 in Washington Township. In 1840, he gave 160 acres of the Cleveland Township land to our subject, who that year came out to see the property and get the deed recorded, and make some improvements. Our sub- CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 301 ject then returned to Ohio, and, until 1844, alternated between the two States till he was fully prepared to move here permanently. September 15, 1842, he married Sarah Kiser, who was born in Clark County, Ohio, in 1821. In 1844, he came to live on the land alluded to above, which he has since made his home, and has well improved. In 1862, Mrs. Ritter died, the mother of nine chil- dren, four of whom are yet living — James, Elijah, Catherine and Emeline ; those deceased were Perry, Jane, Landora, Eldora and John. Of the sons, James served during the late war in the Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer In- fantry, and Elijah in the One 'Hundred and Twenty-ninth, and were both good soldiers. Mr. Ritter has always followed farming and stock-raising ; is a Dem- ocrat ; has held several township offices, and is a good and useful citizen. SAMUEL ROBBINS was born in St. Joseph County, Ind., April 30, 1841, the son of John and Precious (Jenkins) Robbins, natives of Miami County, where they were married, and whence they moved in an early day to St. Joseph County, where the father entered a tract of land, on which he still resides. He was twice married, his second wife being Rachel Jackson, and there were born to him twelve children, six by each wife. He is a man of more than ordinary intelligence, and has held several positions of honor and trust. Our subject was reared a farmer and received an academic education. In the spring of 1861, he went to Kankakee County, 111., and in the following August enlisted in Company D, Forty-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was almost immediately sent to the front. He was at Farmington and Stone River. At the latter fight he was captured, and was held prisoner twenty- eight days, fifteen of these being spent in Libby Prison ; he was then paroled, subsequently exchanged, and then he returned to his regiment, at that time at Murfreesboro. He took part in the battles of Chickamauga, in and around Atlanta, and at Mission Ridge, at the last receiving a wound from a minie ball, which struck him just above the heart, shattering several ribs and the left shoulder joint. This disqualified him for further service, and, after thirteen months' treatment in the hospital, he returned to his father's in St. Joseph County, where he remained a year ; then served as clerk in a drug store in South Bend a year, then came to South Whitley for awhile, thence he went to Elwood, Will County, 111., where he remained for two years in the drug trade, and then returned to South Whitley ; acted as station agent for the Eel River Railroad County two years, and then entered the drug business again. In 1879, he erected a two-story brick business building in South Whitley, and a year later sold one-half interest to Dr. E. Merriman, and together they now conduct a drug trade. In 1872, Mr. Robbins was appointed Postmaster at South Whitley, and he still fills the position. April 16, 1874, he married Miss Ellen M. Hower, born in this county August 8, 1855, and to their union have been born two children — Maud E. and Charles W. Mr. Robbins is a reading man, a Republican, and one of the county's useful citizens. JAMES M. RUNKLE was born in Mad River Township, Champaign 302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: County, Ohio, January 22, 1837, the son of David and Margaret (Frisinger) Runkle, natives respectively of Virginia and Kentucky, and married in Cham- paign County, Ohio, of which portion of the State Peter Runkle, our subject's grandfather, was one of the earliest settlers. David Runkle, our subject's father, was born in 1800 ; died January 22, 1878, having served as a Baptist minister over fifty-six years. His mother, Margaret Runkle, was born in 1810, and is still living in Ohio. They were the parents of five children, of whom our subject is the youngest. Reared a farmer, our subject while yet a young man took charge of his father's farm, which he operated till 1861, when he came to this township and purchased the farm he now occupies. January 12, 1860, he married Miss Mahala Pence, who was born in Champaign County* Ohio, September 1, 1842, and to their union have been born six children — Laura C, Charles F., Wiley A., Viletia M., Avilla B. and one that died in in- fancy. About five years after coming to this county, Mr. Runkle engaged in the saw-mill and lumber business, which he successfully carried on, and has been more or less engaged in ever since ; he has also handled real estate and live stock, and has been fortunate in all his transactions, although, being a man of generous impulses, he has lost heavily by going security for others, but still owns a nicely improved farm and other property. He is a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity ; is a Democrat, and has held a number of township offices, and is altogether a valuable citizen. ANDREW SHORB was born in York County, Penn., September 20, 1809, the son of Adam and Mary (Miller) Shorb, both born, reared and mar- ried in the county named, and the parents of twelve children, ten of whom lived to reach their majority. Our subject lived on his father's farm till twenty-two years old, and August 7, 1831, married Miss Mary Phillips, who was also born in York County February 11, 1813. In 1832, they moved to Stark County, Ohio, and engaged in farming some ten years. In 1842, they came to this county ; spent the winter with Henry Myers in this township, and then settled in the southeastern part of Richland. On coming to this county, they brought with them a two-horse team, some household goods, and 150 head of sheep. The last Mr. Shorb disposed of, and two years later (1844), he went to Wayne County, Ind., and purchased 300 head, which he also disposed of in this coun- ty. These were probably the first large flocks of sheep brought to the county. In 1869, being tired of farming, Mr. Shorb moved to Larwill, where he lived in quiet about six years ; he then moved to his present home near Collamer. Beginning life with nothing, he has, by untiring industry and sagacious man- agement, secured a competency. He has given his children over five hundred acres of land, and still owns 215 acres, and has, in addition, had his children well educated. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and are among the most respected citizens of the community. Their children are named as follows : Lavinia, Henry J., Nathaniel G., Matilda, Justus A., Melinda, Andrew J., Jeremiah, Thomas J., Eliza A., Miranda M., Sarah J. and Mary E. CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 303 CHARLES SHUH was born in Clark County, Ohio, March 11, 1841. His father, John Shuh, was born in Bavaria, came to this country in 1838, was married in Ohio to Miss Margaret Shaffner, also a native of Germany, and came to this county in 1856, settling in Troy (now a part of Richland) Township. Our subject was reared on a farm, and soon after reaching his majority visited Illinois, where he was at the breaking-out of the late war. He enlisted in Company C, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and with his regiment was in the battles at Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville, and in all the battles in which the Seventy-fifth, of which he was color-bearer, was engaged, except Stone River. After the war, he came to this county and for some time operated a saw-mill for his father, and subsequently bought it, ran it in Richland Township till 1871, moved it to South Whitley and added planing-mill, and now deals in all kinds of hard and soft lumber. January 1, 1867, he married Miss Martha Huston, who was born in this county, January BO, 1841, and to their union have been born four children, viz. : Charles L., Margaret F., Albert R. and Wallace M. Until 1872, Mr. Shuh was Democratic in his political faith, but since that year has voted with the Republicans. He is a member of the Bap- tist Church and a good citizen. ANDREW W. SICKAFOOSE was born in Stark County, Ohio, Feb- ruary 13, 1821, the son of George and Margaret (Wagner) Sickafoose, natives of Pennsylvania, and married in that State, whence they emigrated to Stark County in about 1817, and settled in Pike Township. The father, who had served in the war of 1812, died July 7, 1840, and his wife followed in 1850. Our subject was reared on the farm, but on reaching his majority learned the blacksmith's trade, and assisted in caring for the family after his mother's death. January 24, 1847, in Stark County, he married Miss Mary McDonald, born in Canton, Ohio, August 13, 1825, and to their union were born four children, viz. : Marion, Ellie, Laura and Electa. In 1851, he brought his family to this county, and a year later began working at his trade in South Whitley, where he has since remained, and now owns a pretty home in the village and 160 acres of good land in the township. In politics, he formerly affiliated with the Whig party, but joined the standard of the Republicans at an early day. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. SAMUEL H. SICKAFOOSE was born in Stark County, Ohio, April 19, 1836, one of twelve children born to John and Margaret (Swartwood) Sickafoose, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and New England, and mar- ried in Pennsylvania, whence they removed to Stark County in 1817, and in 1838 to this township, where the father entered 320 acres of land on Section 35, coming in a three-horse wagon and bringing his wife and ten children, of whom our subject was the youngest. They were among the first to settle in that part of the county, and were compelled to endure all the privations and 304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: hardships of pioneer life. The father had been Justice of the Peace in Ohio, and also filled the same office in this township a number of years. He and wife were industrious people and members of the church, and reared to sobriety and virtue their large family, many of whom still reside in this county and are recognized as among its best citizens. The father died in 1875, and was followed by the mother two years later. Our subject, who was reared on the farm, married Miss Catharine A. Holm, November 12, 1858. She was born in Stark County, Ohio, June 30, 1837. To this union have been born four children, viz. : Mary M., David H., Harriet H. and an infant son. Subject followed carpentering for ten years, lumbering and saw-milling six years, man- ufactured wagons and carriages at South Whitley for some time, and has also been engaged in mercantile business and hotel keeping in South Whitley, where he now owns a good business house and a nice home, and other valuable property. He served in Company I, One Hundred and Fifty-third Indiana Volunteer Infantry, from the spring of 1865 till the close of the late war ; he is a stanch Republican, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. LEWIS M. STEWARD was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, September 20, 1816, the son of Zadok and Mary (Miller) Steward, natives respectively of Wales and Germany. They were married in Virginia, and moved to Cincin- nati in early times, and there the father conducted a mill and distillery. He was a soldier of the war of 1812, and served under Harrison at Tippecanoe and in other fights, and died at his home about 1824, when our subject was eight years old. The orphaned boy, by working at odd jobs, saving his money, attending school at times and studying hard, acquired a good education, and began teaching school while still young. In 1848, he came to this county, bought eighty acres of land, where he now lives, and moved upon it in 1849. In 1838, he married Miss Hannah Harbour, born in Virginia in 1820, and they became the parents of seven children, viz., Robert J., Theodore, Catharine, Joseph, Oliver P. and two that died in infancy. Mrs. Steward died in 1854, and in 1856 our subject married Mrs. Hannah Parrett, who was born in Lick- ing County, Ohio, in 1822, the daughter of Abraham Grable, one of the pio- neers of Whitley County, and its first Treasurer. To this marriage were born six children, viz., Roseltha M., Franklin D., Ettie, Clara, Claud Maud and Jennie B. During the late war, Robert J. and Theodore were both in the LTnion army. Our subject now owns over two hundred acres of well-improved land adjoining South Whitley, and has held the office of Justice of the Peace for six- teen years. He is a Democrat, and a member of the M. E. Church. OLIVER P. STEWART was born in Champaign County, Ohio, October 13, 1848, the son of Lewis M. and Hannah (Harbour) Stewart, natives of Ohio. They came to this county in 1849, and settled on their present farm adjoining the village of South Whitley. Our subject, Oliver P., was reared on a farm, but at the age of seventeen began teaching school. In 1871, he entered the CLEVELAND TOWNSHIP. 305 " Ohio Wesleyan University of Delaware," Ohio, was sufficiently advanced to enter the Sophomore class, and graduated in 1874. Soon after, he took up the study of law, and in a few years was admitted to the bar, since when he has practiced in all the courts of the county ; is well posted in his profession, and is located at South Whitley. September 29, 1881, he married Miss Bell Bechtol, who was born in this county May 7, 1856. He is a Democrat, and, in the spring of 1882, was nominated for the office of County Treasurer. He is a Notary Public, and is regarded as a young man of ability and progressive ideas. JEREMIAH STIVER was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, August 8, 1832, the son of William and Harriet (Sterling) Stiver, who were born, reared and married near Harrisburg, Penn., and who, in 1830, moved to Montgomery County, Ohio, and thence, in 1848, to this township, where they located on the farm now owned by Stephen Gleason, and where they ended their days, the parents of five sons and three daughters. The father was a carpenter, which trade he followed the greater part of his time, although he owned a farm. He built many of the dwellings and barns in this and adjoin- ing townships, which stand to-day monuments of his skill and industry. In I860, he died, his wife having preceded him ten years. Our subject was reared on his father's farm, receiving his education in the log schoolhouses of that day, and he and his brothers cultivating the land while the father was away working at his trade. March 18, 1856, he married Miss Catharine Obenchain, who was born in this township March 31, 1836, and by this union became the father of seven children — George W., Samantha J., Charles S., Mary, Flora C, Emro J. C. and Joseph R. Mrs. Stiver died January 24, 1869, and Mr. Stiver, July 4, 1869, married Miss Sarah E. Young, who was born in Summit County, Ohio, October 6, 1846. To this union were born nine children — Minerva, Dora E., William H., Chloe M., Jessie B., Sarah A., Franklin I. and Harry I. (twin brothers) and a daughter that died in infancy. Mr. Stiver has always followed farming, and owns 105 acres of well-improved land. He is a member of the Masonic order, and of the A. 0. U. W., and, in politics, is a Democrat. JOHN N. STULTS was born in Stark County, Ohio, November 7, 1838, and is one of five children born to Samuel and Margaret (Failor) Stults, natives of Pennsylvania. They were married in Stark County, where the father followed farming till his death in 1849, and where the mother still resides a widow. Our subject helped care for the family till of age, in the meantime attending school at Canton, Ohio, and also Mount Union College. In 1862, he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Seventh Ohio Volun- teer Infantry, and served two years in the late war, being present at Chancel- lorsville, Gettysburg, Fort Wagner and several lesser engagements, and the last year serving as Regimental Quartermaster. In 1865, he came to this town- ship and engaged in lumbering and milling. In 1879, he engaged in mercan- tile business in South Whitley, and now carries $10,000 worth of general 306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: store goods. He has a large two-story brick business house, and other valuable property. August 24, 1866, he married Miss Nancy J. Pence, who was born in Champaign County, Ohio, February 3, 1849, and to their union have been born four children — Stella, Minnie M., Winifred and Nellie. Mr. Stults is a Republican and a Mason, and is, in the- usual sense of the word, a self-made man, an enterprising and public-spirited citizen, and has built up his still increasing trade by fair dealing and strict attention to business. BENJAMIN W. TODD was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, the son of Samuel and Sarah Todd. His father came from Maryland and his mother from Germany, and they were married in the county of our subject's birth, and died in Van Wert, leaving twelve children. Benjamin W. worked on his father's farm till his majority was reached, and then began life on his own account. In 1843, he married Miss Rachel Goodin, a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1817, and to their union were born nine children — Samuel G., Sarah, Josiah B., Orpedill, Matilda A., Truman B., Stilman C, Mary A. and Frances. He farmed in Ohio till 1845, when he came to this township with his family and located on the farm he now owns, and experienced all the cares, toil and suffer- ings of pioneer life, he and wife at one time being ill two days and nights and receiving only the attention their little ones could give. Fortunately they were discovered by a hunter, who procured a doctor and other assistance. His farm now comprises 120 acres good land, well improved. Mrs. Todd died May 29, 1874, regretted by all who knew her. Our subject is a Democrat, is a member of the M. E. Church, and is one of the county's oldest and most respected citizens. PETER TRESSLER was born in Bavaria, Germany, February 25, 1824, the son of Michael and Louisa (Foreman) Tressler, who came to the United States in 1827 and located in Sandy Township, Stark County, Ohio, where the father died a year later, leaving his wife and ten children in somewhat des- titute circumstances. The mother, however, succeeded in rearing her large family in a creditable manner, and then departed this life in 1848. Our sub- ject remained with and lent his aid to the support of the family and his mother till her death. November 12, 1848, he married Miss Eliza Reed, who was born in Berks County, Penn., February 27, 1825, and to their union have been born five children — Lavina, Emma, Adaline, Simon and Abraham. Mr. Tressler remained on a farm in Ohio till 1853, when he brought his family to this county, located three miles southwest of South Whitley, farmed there till 1865, and then purchased the present well-improved farm of eighty acres near the village. Mr. and Mrs. Tressler began married life with no means, but through their united industry and economy have secured a comfortable home. Mr. Tressler is a man of broad views, is a liberal subscriber to periodical litera- ture, is a well-informed and useful citizen and a stanch Republican. MICHAEL WAUTZ, deceased, was born in Adams County, Penn., De- cember 1, 1809, and when a boy came with his parents to Preble County, RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 307 Ohio, and was there reared to manhood, receiving only a limited education. In December, 1832, he married Miss Mary Smyres, who was born April 13, 1814, in Adams County, Penn. In 1836, Mr. Wautz came to this county and entered 240 acres of land on Section 31, in what is now Cleveland Township, and then returned to Ohio, and that fall he sent out his brother-in-law, David Smyres, to make some improvements, deaden trees, etc. In 1837, Mr. Wautz received his land patent, signed by President Van Buren, and in 1838 came with his family to his possessions in this county. There were three children in his family at that time, and seven were born to him in this State — ten in all — viz. : Sarah, Abraham, Ann R., Amanda, William J., Nelson, Martin, Albert P., Peter E. and Callista E. He brought with him a blind horse and a yoke of oxen — no money — and he saw many hardships and privations, and there are few of the old settlers who were better or more favorably known than Mr. Wautz. He was a Democrat and a member of the Lutheran Church. He accumulated much property and was liberal in his donations to religious, educational and other worthy objects. He died April 22, 1881, his wife hav- ing departed some years before. Frederick Wautz, brother of the above gen- tleman, came to Cleveland Township with his wife, who was Catharine Wysung, and family, in 1845. They were industrious and well-to-do people, and had a family of seven children. Frederick died September 19, 1879, and was a good man and useful citizen. Albert P. Wautz, son of Michael, was born in Cleve- land Township, February 20, 1853. He was reared on his father's farm, receiving a good common-school education. He married Miss Sarah A. Ward, October 14, 1878. She was born in this township September 12, 1861. Albert P. owns 180 acres of the old homestead, and is well posted on farming, stock raising and the affairs of the day, and is a young man of prominence and ability. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. JOHN R. ANDERSON was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, October 7, 1816, the son of Samuel and Rebecca (Rose) Anderson, natives of Ireland and New Jersey, respectively, and of Scotch and German extraction. Our subject was left an orphan at an early age, and went to school and worked on a farm in his native county till twenty years old, when he came West, arriv- ing in this county, with Andrew Compton and family, in 1837. He soon after entered the land, where he now lives, and engaged to work one year for $90, with which he made another entry. The winter of 1838 he returned to Mus- kingum County, Ohio, and attended school, and the winter of 1839 attended school in Kosciusko County, and the spring following built a cabin on his farm. October 21, 1841, he married Lucinda Witt, daughter of David and Deborah Witt, and by this union had ten children, six of whom are living. Our sub- 308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ject was present at the organization of Richland Township, and there cast his first vote ; and has been called since to fill all the offices in the early history of the township. Subject's son, Joseph E., served as Sergeant in Company E, Forty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was wounded at the battle of Pittsburg Landing ; was honorably discharged and re-enlisted as a recruit for the 100-day call. Our subject and Mr. William Rice are the only two living of those who voted at the first election in the township. W. N. ANDREWS, druggist, was born in Portage County, Ohio, October 13, 1828, the son of Samuel L. and Harriet (Shurtlefi) Andrews, natives of Connecticut and Massachusetts, respectively, and of Welsh and Scotch descent. They were early settlers in the State where our subject was born. In May, 1839, they moved to La Grange County, this State, where they purchased a farm ; but, being all attacked with the ague, except the father, they sold out and came to this township the October following. For the second time a farm was entered in the forest, a cabin erected, and six chil- dren reared, and the farm is now a pleasant home. Our subject assisted in the building of the first schoolhouse in this township, and was one of its stu- dents under the tuition of Miss Zella Adams. When nearly twenty, he began to learn the carpenter's trade, and worked thereat for seven or eight years ; then taught school, at intervals, for four years. In 1862, he entered the drug store of Mason & Greg, at Columbia ; in 1864, started and conducted a store at Auburn for Mr. Greg; and a year later, engaged with Meyer Brothers, Fort Wayne, with whom he remained till 1877, when he and W. J. Tyree opened the store he is now conducting. Our subject has been twice married — in 1850 to Rebecca Hoover, and in 1852 to Rebecca A. Richey, daughter of George Richey, a native of Ireland. By his last union he has had born to him six daughters, five of whom are living. Mr. Andrews is an active business man and is Postmaster of Larwill. HENRY BAILEY is a native of the " Buckeye " State, his birth occur- ring in Coshocton County in 1836. His parents, James and Elizabeth Bailey, were natives of Delaware and Pennsylvania respectively, and of English and Dutch descent. Henry Bailey remained on the home farm, working and at- tending school until he was twenty-one years of age, when he began for himself, and in 1861 removed to Van Wert County, Ohio, and purchased a half-interest in a saw-mill, to which he gave his attention for three years, removing in 1865 to Coshocton County, where he purchased a farm, but in 1868 he sold out and came to Richland Township, locating on a fine farm of 160 acres, where he still remains. Mr. Bailey was married in June, 1863, to Miss Ruth A. Richey, daughter of M. F. and Sarah Richey, both natives of Ohio, and of English and Irish descent. They have but one child — Homer Bailey. Mr. and Mrs. Bai- ley are of the Baptist faith, Mr. Bailey contributing largely toward the support of that denomination in Larwill. Mr. Bailey is one of the most energetic and enterprising of men, being influential in the establishment of the first tile-mill in RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 309 the county, shipping the first tile and laying the first tile ditch in the township. He does not aspire to political eminence, but devotes his time to stock-raising and home improvements, and all objects devoted to the public good, we find in him an able coadjutor. HARLOW BARBER (deceased) was born in Goshen, Litchfield Town- ship, Conn., May 8, 1798, and was the son of Jared and Eunice (Holcomb) Barber, natives of New England. He was a mason by trade, and his wife aided him in the support of his family by weaving. In his childhood, he had been removed by his parents to a farm in Genesee County, N. Y., which he assisted in clearing up, and near by which was a mound, known as Barber Hill. When grown, he went to Georgia for a year and assisted an uncle, an extensive cattle dealer. Returning home, he married, October 14, 1824, Elsie Case, daughter of Truman Case, and born in Berkshire County, Mass., October 22, 1803. He then located on the south side of Barber Hill and farmed until 1838, when he came to Troy Township, this county, and located on Section 14, where he built a round-log cabin, which is still standing as one of the pioneer land- marks, and has been occupied as a residence the better part of the time since. He cleared up this land, and in 1852 sold out and bought the farm now owned by his son, F. B., and this he, a few years later, sold, and located near Larwill, where he farmed a number of years, and as age crept on, he moved into town and spent the remainder of his days in retirement. His wife, Elsie, died in 1832, from consumption, the mother of five sons, four now living. He took his second wife about 1834, his first wife's sister and his uncle's widow, who bore him two children. After establishing for himself a good record, he died July 11, 1881, from dyspepsia, at the age of eighty-three. His wife survives him at the age of ninety-six, and is living, hale and hearty, with her step-son, W. E. Barber. E. L. BARBER was born in Genesee County, N. Y., August 28, 1831, and came with his parents to this county at the age of eight. Being not over- strong, his early days were spent in catching small game and keeping depreda- tory birds and animals away from the crops on his father's farm. After a visit to a step-sister for a couple of years, he went to Miami County, Ohio, to live with Dr. E. H. Sutton, as a student of medicine, and worked for his board, and did odd jobs to supply himself with clothing. Here he stopped three years, and the last winter taught school. In the spring, he passed some time in the dis- secting-room, and then attended a private school at Fort Wayne the rest of the summer. On his return home, he taught geography from outline maps ; then made a trip to New York, taught geography again on his return, and then took a third interest in a dry goods store in Larwill. In 1852, he organized a com- pany and started overland for California, and there remained seven years, en- gaged in mining most of the time. In 1859, he returned home to take care of a brother very low with consumption. The following spring, he began selling goods from a wagon, and in 1861 started as a general dealer in the town then Q 310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: known as Huntsville. He did business for some time in Etna, and then sold his store-building and removed his stock to present place, where he is continuing the same trade. During his residence in Larwill, he served as Postmaster seven years. He was married, in 1868, to Rachel Jameson, and became the father of five children — one daughter and three sons of whom are now living. JAMES BAYMAN was born in Miami County, Ohio, in 1811, and was the son of John and Mary Bayman, both natives of Virginia, and of French de- scent. When the subject was three years old his mother died, and a few years later his mother was married to David Whitman, of Darke County, Ohio, in which county our subject spent his boyhood in working on a farm. In the fall of 1836, he married Hannah Hole, daughter of William and Elizabeth Hole, natives of Virginia. The same year, he entered eighty acres in Wells County, and the following year moved upon it, brought it out of the woods transformed to a perfect farm, and in 1852 sold and removed to this township ; located on wild land, which he thoroughly improved, increased to 320 acres, gave a por- tion of it to his sons, and now has a comfortable home of 117 acres. He is the father of eleven children, of whom six sons and three daughters are now living. His son Alexander was with Gen. Sherman in his famous march to the sea, having enlisted, in the fall of 1862, in Company K, Eighty-eighth Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry. His second son enlisted February 11, 1865, and was out till the close of the war. S. BENTON was born in Pasquotank County, N. C, in 1822, and at the age of eight years was brought by his parents to Wayne County, this State. He was married in August, 1843, to Anna Guard, and the October following moved to Etna Township, this county now, but then a part of Noble County. His forest farm consisted of eighty acres, and he had $50 in cash with which to start life in a new country without roads or home markets. He stopped with Mr. James Long until he had time to erect a cabin, into which he moved the thirteenth day after his arrival. It had a paper window, but no door nor fire- place. Nevertheless, by industry, he has created for himself a comfortable home, and therein has reared his family. He has vivid recollections of the Indians of that day, and of the plenitude of deer, turkeys and other game. His nearest market was Fort Wayne, and to that point he carried his produce and bought his groceries, and the trip took from three to four days. By trapping and wild animals, he was enabled to pay his taxes through the sale of their pelts. His energy was rewarded subsequently by his fellow citizens calling upon bira to fill several minor offices of the township, including that of Viewer of Roads. He has been twice married, and is the father of eight children, six of whom are still living. His first wife died in 1873, at the age of fifty-two. August 20, 1875, he married Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, widow of Henry Smith, and they are the parents of six children. Mr. Benton is a Freemason, and an honored citi- zen of Larwill, at which place he now resides. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 311 D J. BOWMAN, hardware merchant, was born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1833, and is the son of David and Margaret Bowman, natives of Pennsylva- nia, and of German descent. He was reared on a farm, and came with his parents to Washington Township, Noble Co., Ind., in 1846. He assisted his parents in clearing from the forest a farm, and at the age of twenty started for himself, making a purchase for $200, on one year's time, of some wild land, which, through hard work and saving habits, he succeeded in paying for. In 1858, he married Miss Helen E. Jones, daughter of Eli Jones, and then sold his farm and bought eighty acres in Section 32, Etna Township, this county, which he redeemed from the forest and converted into a pleasant home. He worked for a number of years at the carpenter's trade, and in August, 1862, enlisted in Company K, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865, having been under Gen. Sherman's com- mand nearly the whole time. He is quite active as a politician, and has filled the position of Township Assessor one term. He and his wife have one child, and are members of the Baptist Church, he also being a member of Masonic Lodge, No. 377. Subject moved to Piercetonin 1871 or 1872, served a few years as clerk in a hardware store, then eighteen months in a dry goods store, and in 1881 came to Larwill, and started his present large hardware establishment. ALEXANDER BUNTAIN, deceased, when but an infant child accom- panied his parents from Virginia — his native State — to Highland County, Ohio. He was born in 1813, and resided in Ohio until about the year 1841, when he came to this township and began improving land, owned by his father. He married, in September, 1841, Miss Mary T. Buck, and shortly afterward settled on the farm he had cleared, and for many years lived happily. At his death, which occurred in September, 1870, the community mourned the loss of an old and valued citizen. Mr. Buntain served in the capacity of Township Trustee two terms, and was the father of six children, all of whom are living but one. Mrs. Buntain is the daughter of John and Catharine Buck, who came from Madison County, Ohio, to this township, and located in 1839, on the farm now owned by Henry Bailey. Mrs. Buntain is yet living on the home- stead farm. JOHN BUNTAIN, deceased, was born in Highland County, Ohio, in 1817, and was a son of John and Elizabeth Buntain, natives of Virginia, of Irish descent. The subject was reared on a farm, and in 1842 came to this township, and began improving some land previously purchased by his father. He built h cabin, and in 1843 married Lydia A. Trimble, daughter of Abner ami Mary Trimble, natives of Madison County, Ohio. Here they experienced the vicissitudes of pioneer life, and reared their family, four children having re- sulted from their union, three boys and one girl. Mr. Buntain was a highly respected and industrious man, owning a well-improved farm of 160 acres at the time of his death, which occurred in October, 1878. Mrs. Buntain came to this county with her mother three years prior to her marriage with Mr. Bun- 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: tain. Their eldest son John R. enlisted in 1864 in Company G, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in the battles of Resaca and Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Franklin, Tenn., Nashville, and Gum Swamp, N. C. He was honorably discharged in September, 1865. JOHN BURNS was born in Utica, N. Y., January 18, 1814, the son of Abraham and Hannah Burns, natives of New York and Vermont. He was taken while yet a child by his parents to Monroe County, N. Y., then to Oak- land County, Mich., where, from fourteen years upward, was reared to the use of the ax, maul and wedge. When twenty-one, he started out for himself, working by the job, and in the winter of 1835 erected for himself a cabin on a small forest farm. August 28, 1836, he married Mary B. Letson, born in Orleans County, N. Y., September 29, 1820, and removed with her parents, William and Lovina (Howe) Letson, to Oakland County, Mich., in 1835. The spring following his marriage, he sold his farm, and came to this township and entered land on Section 29. In 1837, he moved in, having but 25 cents in his pocket, which soon went for postage on a letter from home. He went through all the privations of pioneer life, but has cleared his land and reared a family of ■eleven children, nine of whom are still living. He assisted in laying out the main roads in the township, and was on the first jury impaneled in the county. His wife became a member of the M. E. Church in 1844, and died in that faith in September, 1875, aged fifty-five years. Our subject also joined the same church with wife, and at the same time. S. B. CLEVENGER was born in Warren County, Ohio, December 18, 1818 and was one of ten children born to Samuel and Sarah (Bunnel) Cleven- ger who were natives of New York and of English and French extraction. They moved to Butler County, Ohio, when our subject was but a child, and thence to Crawfordsville, Ind., in 1833, and three years later our subject went to Cincinnati to learn stone-cutting ; after three years, he went to Eaton, Ohio, where he worked twenty-two years ; thence to Wabash County, Ind., where he en^a^ed in farming till 1868, when he came to Larwill and began in the hard- ware trade, which he continued till two years ago, when he retired from busi- ness. He was married, in 1844, to Susan A. Halderman, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Halderman, natives of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and of Ger- man descent, and to this union were born four sons and two daughters. His eldest son, John H., at the age of eighteen, enlisted, in the fall of 1862, at Wabash, in Company D, Indiana Volunteer Infantry. At the age of four, our subject gave his parents a pledge that he would never touch a drop of liquor or taste an onion, and this vow has never been violated. His recollections of the privations suffered by the pioneers of the State are very vivid, and his reminis- cences of its early history copious and entertaining. He has been a prosperous business man and a conscientious one, and he and wife are members of the Universalist Church. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 313 D. B. CLUGSTON, merchant, was born in New York in 1832, and is the son of Asher and Catharine (Rittenhouse) Clugston, natives of New Jersey, and of Scotch and German descent. They came to Larwill, this township, in 1865, and about six months later Mr. Clugston died of consumption, aged sixty-three. Mrs. C. is yet enjoying good health at the age of seventy-one, and is residing with her son, our subject, in Larwill. D. B. Clugston went to school till he was- thirteen years old, and then entered a dry goods store, where he remained three years, and then returned to his father's farm in Delaware County, Ohio, on which his parents had located about 1845, and were then living, and there- remained until twenty-four years of age. He then took a trip to the West r seeking a future home, but returned eastwardly and settled in Larwill in 1857, and entered upon mercantile pursuits — for the first five years in company with E. L. McLallen, now of Columbia City. At present, he is at the head of three mercantile establishments — at South Whitley, Columbia City and at Larwill — and carries a stock valued at $50,000 or over, although he began with quite limited means. In 1858, he married Miss Margaret McLallen, daughter of Henry McLallen, and to this union were born three sons and three daughters. He is an advanced Mason, being a Knight Templar, and never fails to assist in the advancement of laudable enterprises for the advancement of home industries. S. J. COMPTON was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, July 5, 1835, the son of Andrew and Mary A. Compton, natives of New Jersey and Ohio respectively, and of English descent. They came to this township in the fall of 1837, entered 320 acres, and reared a family of ten children, five sons and five daughters. The father died in October, 1852, but the mother is still living on the homestead farm, in good health, at seventy-five years of age. At the age of seventeen our subject began life on his own account as farmer. Octo- ber, 1861, he enlisted in Company E, Forty-fourth Regiment Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, was mustered in as Sergeant, and was honorably discharged January, 1864, as Second Lieutenant. He participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga and others. In 1858, he mar- ried Rachael Bishop, daughter of Robert and Phoebe Bishop, natives of Indiana and Ohio respectively, and of English extraction, and to this union were born four children, of whom two daughters are living. Through industry and energy he has built himself a fine home. He is a Freemason, and in politics a Republican. A. L. COMPTON was born in this township June 16, 1843, the son of Andrew and Mary A. Compton, natives of New Jersey and Massachusetts. They came to this township in the fall of 1837, and located in the forest on* Section 21, which they have converted into a delightful home of 332 acres. The father died in 1852, aged forty-four years, and the mother is still living on the old homestead at the advanced age of seventy-five years. Their children were ten in number. Our subject was but nine years old at his father's death, and until a grown man he remained with his mother, going to school in winter 314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and working on the farm in summer. In 1872, he married Ellen Griffith, the daughter of John and Margaret Griffith, and to their union have been born one son and two daughters. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and by industry and economy has secured for himself a tidy and productive farm of 129 acres. JOSEPH W. COMPTON was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in May, 1843, the son of C. H. and Jemima Compton, natives of New York and Vir- ginia and of English descent. In the sixth year of his age our subject was brought by his parents to this township, where from the woods they have cleared up a pleasant home of eighty acres. In his eighteenth year our sub- ject enlisted in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, going out as a private ; early in 1863, he was promoted to Sergeant, and the year following to Fourth Sergeant. He took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Stone River, etc. At Shiloh he was slightly wounded, and in going from Chattanooga to Athens, Tenn., had his arm broken by the cars running off the track. He was honorably discharged September 14, 1865, as a veteran. In 1871, he purchased his present home of eighty acres, which he has brought to a fine state of cultivation. He was married, March 29, 1867, to Elvena Croy, daughter of Daniel and Ann Croy, and to him have been born one son and three daughters. He is a Republican in politics and is a member of the Masonic order. JESSEE CORDILL was born in Monroe County, Tenn., July 13, 1822, son of John and Esther (Beck) Cordill, natives respectively of Virginia and North Carolina. At the age of six, he was taken by his parents to Alabama, thence to Wayne County, Ind., and then to Cleveland Township, this county, in 1838, where they settled in the forest. Our subject remained with his par- ents until 1849, when he started in life with $350. April, 1850, he married Sarah Norris, born in Muskingum County, Ohio, September, 1829, daughter of William Norris, who came to this township in September, 1843. To their union five children were born, of whom two sons and one daughter are still living. Soon after the marriage he purchased 120 acres of land in Richland, on which he has ever since resided. He now owns 160 acres, with good improvements. Their first log cabin was replaced by a good frame house in 1856, and in May, 1877, it and contents were destroyed by fire, and on its site now stands a sub- stantial brick mansion, erected at a cost of $2,000. Our subject's first vote was cast for James K. Polk, but he now votes for principles and not for party. He passed through all the vicissitudes of pioneer life, and what he now has was gained through honest industry and commendable prudence. DANIEL CROY was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, December, 1822, the son of Jacob and Catherine Croy, and there lived until of age. He started in life empty-handed, and worked at jobs and by the month for nine years, and then began farming. He entered eighty acres of his present farm in this town- ship in 1845, and in 1850, with his family, moved in. He built a round-log RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 315 cabin, which was his first habitation in the township, but by industry has suc- ceeded in bringing out of the wilderness a pleasant home of 160 acres, with good improvements and excellent cultivation. He was married, in 1837, to Ann Warburton, and began housekeeping with home-made furniture, such as stools for chairs and a packing-box for a table, but these things have been replaced by the furniture of the present day. He became the father of eleven children, of whom only one son and four daughters are now living. His two eldest sons enlisted in the winter of 1861 and 1862 in the Forty-fourth and Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and after being out about a year, both died of fever contracted in the army, and are now at rest in the home cemetery. JOSEPH ESSIG was born in Medina County, Ohio, September 23, 1836, son of George and Catharine Essig, natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent, and came to this county with his parents when but seven years old, and with them settled on a farm, which he assisted in clearing. In 1856, he married Sarah A. Stamm, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1838, and by this union became the father of eleven children, of whom three sons and six dauch- ters are still living. He followed farming until the spring of 1867, and then began lumbering in this township ; eight years later, he sold out and purchased a flouring mill, which he is still operating. In politics, he is a Democrat, and has served as Trustee, and filled several minor offices in the township, and is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. He came here without capital, but his industry and enterprise have realized for him a comfortable fortune. His father, after build- ing up a substantial home from the forest, and rearing a family of twelve chil- dren, died in 1866, aged seventy-three years, his wife following him in 1872, aged seventy-four. J. B. FIRESTONE, M. D., was born March 30, 1828, in Wayne County, Ohio, son of John and Rachael Firestone, natives of Maryland and Pennsylva- nia, and of German descent. He was reared on a farm, but had an opportuni- ty of attending school, and, at the age of nineteen, began reading medicine at Congress with Prof. L. Firestone, now of Wooster University; he then attended lectures at Cleveland Medical College, concluded his course at the Wooster (Ohio) University, graduating in 1874. He began practice in 1850 at Cannonsburg, Ohio, and, in 1855, moved to Columbia City, this county ; thence he came to Larwill in about 1859, and has secured a practice extending through a circuit of ten miles. Dr. Firestone has been an active Democrat, and, in 1858, was called to the State Legislature, in which he served two sessions fco the entire sat- isfaction of his constituents. In 1876, he was nominated for State Senator, jointly for Whitley and Kosciusko, and in this Republican district was defeated by only twenty-six votes. The Doctor stands very high in the Masonic frater- nity, having attained the 32d degree — next to the highest conferred by the rites. In 1848, he was married to Sarah A. Orr, and four children were the result of the union. Mrs. Firestone died in 1855, and in 1856 the Doctor took his sec- ond partner, Rebecca McHenry, of Van Wert, Ohio, by whom he has had one child. 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: PRICE GOODRICH was born in Hartford, Conn., December 17, 1799, the son of Bela and Sally (Church) Goodrich, both natives of Connecticut, He was brought at eight years of age to Franklin County, Ohio, by his parents, with whom he remained, assisting on their farm, till nineteen years old, when he went as an apprentice at brick-laying and plastering, which trade he followed a number of years North and South ; then returned home, and, February 2, 1831, married Julia A. Black, daughter of Isaac and Mehitable (Brown) Black, who bore him seven children, six of whom are yet living. In 1838, he quit his trade and settled on the farm he now occupies, which he has converted from a wilder- ness to one of the pleasant homes in the township. In 1842, he resumed his trade and went to work in Fort Wayne for a season, and after that, employed himself in his own neighborhood at the same business till age warned him to cease in 1875, since when he has been living in retirement on his farm. He was Inspector at the first election held in Troy Township, at which there were but thirteen votes polled, and has always been a leader in movements for home progress. He has served as Probate Judge, County Commissioner and Town- ship Trustee. He was licensed as an exhorter in the M. E. Church in 1841, and officiated nine years, and then as local preacher for twenty-five years, and was then ordained as minister of the Gospel in the Free Methodist Church. He and wife have been active members in this society since 1828 and 1819 respectively. JAMES GRANT was born in Seneca County, N. Y., May 10, 1806, the son of Abraham and Sarah Grant, natives of New Jersey. The parents moved to Canada in 1809, but returned to New York, Genesee County, shortly after, where three of the sons went into the war of 1812, two returning and one, Thomas, being killed in the battle of Black Rock. In 1818, they removed to Ontario County, N. Y., and thence to Dearborn County, Ind., where our subject resided till twenty-two years old, when he began roaming and working for six years. In 1833, he married Eliza Beard, a native of Maryland, but a resident of Seneca County, Ohio, and continued working as carpenter and ship- builder till the fall of 1839, when he brought his family to this (then Troy) township, locating on land he had entered in 1837. In 1851, he erected the first steam saw-mill the county ever had, and ran it successfully for sixteen years. He became the father of eleven children, nine of whom are yet living. Three times he has been elected Justice of the Peace in his township, served as Trustee under the old law, and filled various minor offices. His first vote was cast for Gen. Jackson for President, and he has ever since adhered to the Democratic party. He has retained a garden spot of 40 acres of his farm, and now lives in retirement, enjoying the harvest of his early enterprise and industry. DAVID HAYDEN (deceased) was born in Fayette County, Penn., January 5, 1807. He was the son of John and Hannah Hayden, who in 1815 moved with their family to Hamilton County, Ohio, and thence to RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 317 Franklin. In 1830, he married Alma Cole, who was born in Lewis County, N. Y., August 5, 1810, and was the daughter of Daniel and Ruth Cole, na- tives of Connecticut and of English and Welsh extraction. After farming awhile in Franklin County, he moved to this State March 9, 1836, and located on Section 6, this township, his neighbors at that time being ten miles distant. At the organization of the township, our subject was present, and it was through his recommendation that it received its name. From out the then wilderness, he succeeded in bringing to a high state of cultivation a farm of 320 acres. He was an active worker in politics and an energetic promoter of home industries up to the day of his death, which occurred October 22, 1878, through which event his venerable partner and six children (five sons and one daughter) lost a kind and loving husband and father. In 1881, the widow and daughter removed to Larwill, where they now reside. The privations suffered by subject and wife during their early days in the forest were too numerous to be detailed here, but before the second summer the demand for game was larger than the supply, and it was only by refusing to divide with the Indians what little meal could be procured that, on one occasion, the family were saved from starvation. JOHN JONES was born in Cumberland County, Penn., in 1810, and is the oldest of seven children born to Joseph and Barbara Jones, natives of Pennsylvania, and of Scotch-Welsh and German extraction. His educational advantages were very limited, and the death of his father threw the responsibility of providing for the wants of the family upon him, which he cheerfully assumed. The mother and children removed to Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1828, where he made a home for them, and where his mother died in 1867. He came to Richland Township in 1852, located on a farm of 160 acres, built a cabin, and set to work to redeem a home from the wilderness, which in time, by energy and application, was accomplished. Mr. Jones was married in 1832, to Sarah L. Barber, a native of New York, and of their eight children, five are yet living. Mrs. Jones passed away in 1868 ; since that time Mr. Jones has found a home with his children. Mr. Jones is a strong Republican and has always felt a warm interests in political events, and is a public spirited enterprising citizen; he has acted in an official capacity in the M. E. Church for over thirty-five years, and it was through his influence the first church and Sunday school was established in this vicinity, and despite his years is still and active worker, and in the enjoyment of health. Our subject's eldest son, John B. Jones, enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Forty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered into service at Camp Carrington, near Indianapolis, November 3, 1864, and rated Corporal. While on duty near Nashville, Corporal Jones sick- ened and died March 9, 1865; his remains were brought home, and now rest in Richland Cemetery. DAVID KERR, was born in Beaver County, Penn., in 1814, son of David and Rachael Kerr, natives of the same State, and of Scotch descent. 318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Our subject came with his parents to Richland County, Ohio, in 1822, and there went to school, subsequently "teaching himself to become a teacher," which pursuit he engaged in for two winters. He started in life at the age of sixteen, working at jobs and learning the carpenter's trade. During Jackson's term as President, he entered forty acres of land in Richland County, paying for it by cutting wood at 20 cents per cord, and splitting rails at 40 cents per hundred. This land he cleared and increased by adding eighty acres adjoining. In the spring of 1858, he came to this township, purchased land and moved on it the October following, and now has an excellently improved farm of 120 acres. His first vote was cast for Harrison, for President, but as a rule has kept aloof from politics. He was first married March 7, 1838, to Rosanna Bremer, of Ohio, who became the mother of ten children, five of whom are now living. The second marriage was in 1867, August 27, to Mrs. R. T. Speelman, of Crestline, Ohio, daughter of Allen and Mary R. Talbott, and mother, by her first husband, of five children, three now living. Subject's eldest son, James M., served during the late war in Company I, Indiana Volun- teer Cavalry, attached to Gen. Thomas' command, and received two flesh wounds, not, however, of a serious character. Our subject is a member of the Society of Friends, and he now lives retired upon the accumulations of his in- dustry and perseverance. A. H. KING was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., in January, 1815, the son of Luther and Lucinda King, both natives of Massachusetts. When seven years of age, subject removed with his parents to Medina County, Ohio, where he went to school, worked on the home farm and remained until 1842, when he was united in marriage to Mary A. Dimick, and began farming on his own account. In 1851, he removed with his family to this township, and located the farm of 14fl acres where he now lives. It was then in a state of nature, but his industry has redeemed it. Mrs. King died in 1855, the mother of four children. January, 1857, our subject married Sarah Taylor, daughter of Edward Taylor, who has borne him one child. His son Homer,- in 1861, enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, for three years, but returned after being out eighteen months and re-enlisted in the regular service for three years. His son, Alonzo, enlisted in the fall of 1861, in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and after being out a short time was discharged on account of disability ; but, on recovering, re-en- listed, serving four or more years, and in 18tJ7, enlisted in the regular army for three years and came through without a scratch. Our subject cast his first vote with the Whig party in 1836, but, when the Republican party was formed, followed its standard. DANIEL KIRKPATRICK, M. D., was born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1836, son of Daniel and Mary (Johnson) Kirkpatrick, natives of Pennsyl- vania and Ohio. He moved with the family to Wells County, Ind., in 1853. He was reared on a farm, going to school at intervals till he began the study of RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 319 medicine, in 1856, at Ossian, with Dr. Metts ; he also followed teaching. He attended medical courses, first, at Columbus ; secondly, at Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago ; thirdly, at Cincinnati, and graduated at Rush College, Chicago, in 1860. He soon after located at Larwill, where he has won for himself a lucrative practice and secured a comfortable home, though for the first few years his limited means for paying his way made times rather anything than pleasant. He has always stood aloof from politics, preferring to devote his time to the study and practice of his profession and the promotion of social interests. He was married, in 1858, to Miss S. A. Allen, daughter of Stephen Allen, and to their union were born four children — Lida, Charles, Loroeffie and Lizzie. Both he and wife are active church members. WILLIAM H. LANCASTER was born in Wayne County, Ind., Sep- tember 22, 1824, and was left an orphan at the age of nine years. His boy- hood days were passed on an uncle's farm and in going to school. When he reached his majority, he turned his attention to carpentering and followed that trade a few years, and then chose the occupation of farming and stock-raising. March 2, 1848, he married Mary A. Scarce, daughter of David and Rebecca (Edwards) Scarce, both natives of this State, and in 1849 moved to this town- ship and located on his present farm, which was then in a state of nature ; and the log cabin he then erected has been replaced by a modern structure and the wooded land turned into cultivated fields. Beginning with $300, he has increased his possessions to 810 acres in this vicinity and one-quarter sec- tion in Kansas. He was never an active politician, yet has served two terms as Township Trustee. His first political proclivities led him to join the old Whig party, but after the formation of the Republican organization he became one of its strongest supporters. The subject's parents were Rex and Phariba (Henby) Lancaster, both natives of North Carolina and of English extraction. His own children number six — five sons and one daughter. MARCUS NORRIS was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1820, and was there reared on a farm, receiving a common-school education. When twenty-one years old, he visited De Kalb and a number of other coun- ties, then returned home, and, in 1843, came to this township, stopped one year on his father's farm, and the following spring located on the farm he still occu- pies, which he redeemed from the wilderness, and has now a well-improved farm of 160 acres. He found his wheat market at Fort Wayne, making a three days' trip, selling at 46 cents per bushel, and bringing back a supply of salt, boots, clothing, etc. He has been thrice married — first, in 1843, to El- mira Oder; second, in 1847, to Martha Webb; third, in 1849, to his present wife, Maria Webb, daughter of George Hower. He is the father of eight chil- dren, five of whom are living. Our subject is the son of William and Marga- ret Norris, natives respectively of Virginia and England and of Dutch and Irish extraction, and who came to this township in 1843. He has been an active member of the Baptist Church for thirty years. 320 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: HENRY NORMS was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in February, 1837, son of William and Margaret Norris, who came to this township in 1843 and located in Section 22, on the farm our subject at present occupies, now consisting of 225 acres, and on which they reared eleven children, nine of whom are still living. They respectively departed this life in 1872 and 1879, in their seventy-fifth year- In this new country, school privileges were rare, and our subject suffered somewhat in consequence. January 29, 1857, he was married to Derinda Wolford, born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1830, and daughter of Matthias and Lucinda Wolford, natives of Ohio and of German extraction, and to their union seven children were born, of whom four daughters and two sons are living. Our subject and his brother William purchased the home- stead farm in 1862, and, in 1868, subject bought his brother's interest, and has now a fine farm of 285 acres. February 11, 1865, he enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was out seven months. He is a large shipper of live stock to Eastern markets, and has fol- lowed that business for six years. In politics, he is a Republican, and is a firm member of the Baptist Church. GEORGE W. NORRIS was born in this township September 1, 1852, the son of Alexander and Susan Norris, natives of Ohio and of German descent. They came to this township in 1843, and located on Section 16. Here our subject and an elder brother, George W., were born. The father was killed in March, 1855, by a falling tree while out chopping, our subject then being but three years of age, and about six years later the mother mar- ried John Hower. October 4, 1871, our subject married Caroline Shirtliff, daughter of John and Hancy Shirtliff, natives of Massachusetts. To this union one son and one daughter were born. Mr. Norris started in the world with $75 in cash and sixty acres of land, but by hard work and economy has secured 132 acres, which are under a good state of cultivation, and well improved. He votes with the Republican party, and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church. REV. A. D. PARRETT was born in Fayette County, Ohio, August 1, 1816. His parents, Joseph and Mary Parrett, were natives of Virginia, of Ger- man descent. They removed to Ohio in 1803, and thence to this county, with family, in the fall of 1836, locating on the present site of South Whitley. Here they passed their lives and reared a family of nine children, three of whom are now living. Joseph Parrett helped organize this county and Cleveland Township, and also assisted in laying out the first roads. He died in 1850, at the age of sixty-seven years. Mrs. Parrett passed away in 1847, aged sixty- five. The subject received poor school advantages and assisted his father until he became of age, when he began working for himself, and with his brother, Abington, rented his father's farm, until in July, 1840, when he was married by Judge Swihart to Mrs. Susan Perkins, daughter of Joseph McCoy. Twelve children were born to this union, five of whom are living. Mr. Parrett soon RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 321 after his marriage removed to this township. He joined the church in 1835, and began preaching soon after, first as an exhorter, and afterward was licensed as a local minister. During his ministerial labors, he has performed 196 mar- riage ceremonies, and officiated at a large number of funerals. Mr. Parrett has held several township offices, and four of his sons served in the late war, two enlisting in the fall of 1861, in Company C, Thirty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, one in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry and his fourth son as a cavalryman during the latter part of the war. Wesley never returned, and now lies buried at Memphis. Nelson, after he died, was brought home and buried at South Whitley. Joseph A. served three years, then re- enlisted, and served in the Western Division, under Gen. Hovey, for a period of four years and twenty-six days. ABNER PRUGH was born in Preble County, Ohio, in November, 1816, and is the son of Peter and Elizabeth Prugh, natives of Maryland and Ohio, and of German descent. He began life by doing job work and farming, saved his earnings, came to Wells County, this State, in 1837, and bought some land. This, in 1849, he traded for a part of his farm in this township, but did not en- ter upon it until 1853, in the meanwhile living upon rented land, in Kosciusko County, but giving attention to the clearing of his 160 acres of forest home here, which he has since developed into one of the finest farms in the neighborhood. October 15, 1840, Mr. Prugh was married to Nancy Matthews, daughter of Benjamin D. and Eliza Matthews, natives of Maryland, and the union resulted in the birth of fourteen children, nine sons and three daughters of whom are still living. Two of the sons, William A. and George W., enlisted in the Union army during the late war ; William, October, 1861, and George, Aug- ust, 1862, and were out three and two years respectively. William was honor- ably discharged in January, 1864, on account of failure of eyesight, caused by exposure at Shiloh and Stone River. George W. accompanied Sherman on his march to the sea. Mr. Prugh has always been considered one of Richland's leading citizens, and, although not a very active politician, has been elected to serve as Township Treasurer several terms, and also to fill a number of minor offices. Himself and wife have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church for the last forty-two years. G. W. PRUGH, son of Abner and Nancy Prugh, was born in Preble Coun- ty, Ohio, in 1843. When quite young, his parents removed to this township, where he lived until the age of eighteen. At that time, he enlisted in Company K, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, August 11, 1862, and was hon- orably discharged in June, 1865. He participated in the battle of Chickamauga, and for three days after that subsisted on one cracker while marching at the rate of eleven miles per day, and, under Gens. Carlan and Sherman, marched to Atlanta. After returning from the war, Mr. Prugh engaged in farming, rent- ing land, until he located on his present farm. He was married to Nancy Sou- der in 1867. Her father, Conrad Souder, came to this county in 1846. 322 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mr. and Mrs. Prugh have had born to them five children, one son and four daughters. Mr. Prugh is a member of the Republican party, and cast his iirst vote for Gen. Grant. He has worked diligently, and always helped in the ad- vancement of his people. His mother-in-law, who is past the age of sixty, is making her home with them. WILLIAM RICE, a retired farmer, was born in Washington County, N. Y., December 30, 1812. In September, 1836, he started for this State to secure a home ; first located in Kosciusko County, but in March, 1837, came to this township and entered the land on which he still resides, which he has converted from a wilderness to a desirable homestead of eighty acres. July 4, 1839, he married Harriet M. Jones, daughter of John and Myra Jones. This lady died September 19, 1841, leaving one son, who died in the spring of 1881. May 16, 1844, our subject married Miss Lydia Mitchell, daughter of William and Mary Mitchell. Mr. Rice was the tenth person to settle in this township, and is now the last survivor of that early ten. He was present at the organi- zation of the township, acting as Inspector, and carrying the returns to Hunt- ington (of which this county was then a part), giving three days' time to the township in making the trip. He has filled the office of Township Trustee and minor offices, which were thrust upon him rather than sought by him. He re- tains a vivid recollection of the game which filled the surrounding woods when he first located here, and has counted as many as eleven deer in one day wan- dering near his clearing. The first two acres of corn he planted went as prov- ender to the squirrels and raccoons, whose depredations were altogether beyond control. Our subject's only son, John J., enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served through thebetter part of the recent war. S. F. ROBINSON is a native of Massachusetts, born in that State in 1826, removing with his parents, when two years of age, to Wayne County, N. Y., and from there to Medina County, Ohio, in 1835, where his earlier years were spent in acquiring an education and working on his father's farm. In 1852, he located in Pulaski, Ohio, in the manufacture and sale of boots and shoes, which business he continued for fifteen years — the last two years adding to his stock Eastern-made goods, and groceries. During this time, he was Post- master for seven years. He came to Larwill in 1869, with his family, where they have since resided. His first purchase was a saw-mill, which he exchanged for a farm, and that in turn for the mill he now owns. Mr. Robinson was united in marriage in November, 1850, to Miss Mary L. Wells, a daughter of Jared and Louisa Wells, both natives of Connecticut, and of English and Scotch descent. Their family consists of two daughters. Mr. Robinson is a son of Seth and Mehitable (Randall) Robinson, both natives of Massachusetts, and of English and Irish extraction. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson are members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Mr. Robinson is, in every sense of the word, a self-made man, and, through industry and good business ability, has acquired a competence for himself and family. He has never aspired to political emi- RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 323 nence, but always lends a helping hand to all laudable enterprises for the ad- vancement of home interests, but is not a member of any secret societies. BENJAMIN B. SALMON was born in 1823 in Washington County, Ohio, and reared in Delaware County, same State, on a farm. He came West with two companions, arriving in this county in September, 1843. He was variously employed for some time, and for clearing land received forty acres of his present home, in 1844; here he began clearing and built a cabin. The following spring he was married to Betsey R. Havens, daughter of Thomas C. and Roxanna Havens, natives of Connecticut and of English descent. To them were born four sons and live daughters. Mr. Salmon when he came here had but 25 cents and eight head of sheep, and for many years endured hardships and poverty. Soon after marrying, he returned to Franklin County, Ohio, and until fall worked out by the month. After returning in the fall, he moved into his log house, which at that time had no floor. He went twenty-one miles to mill, and hauled his produce to Fort Wayne. Mr. Salmon now owns a farm of eighty acres, besides property in Larwill. He is a Republican, and first voted for Henry Clay. In 1861, Mrs. Betsey Salmon died, aged thirty- seven years, and he was subsequently married to Susanna Sickafoose, a native of Ohio. They had two sons and one daughter, and the mother died in 1878. That same year, Mr. Salmon was married to his third and present wife, Mary Metz, daughter of John Ray. They are both members members of the U. B. Church. C. SOUDER, M. D., son of Conrad and Mary Souder, natives respec- tively of Germany and Pennsylvania, was born in Richland County, Ohio, in 1842. In the fall of 1846, Conrad Souder, with his family, located in this township on Section 9. Here he cleared a farm of 160 acres, and provided a home for his family, which consisted of two sons and two daughters. In 1852, he died, beloved and respected by all. His widow is yet living and is sixtv- two years old. The subject's youth was passed at home, and in the fall of 1861 he enlisted in Company E, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, serving in the war until he was honorably discharged in November, 1864. He received wounds in the battle of Chickamauga, and was in the battles of Fort Donelson and Pittsburg Landing. Upon his return, he became a scholar in the schools at Columbia City, and afterward at Roanoke, Ind., thence to Mendota Col- lege, Illinois, teaching at intervals. In 1867, he began his medical studies with Dr. Firestone; attended lectures at Cleveland and Cincinnati in 1870, graduating from the latter in the same year, since which time he has been en- gaged actively in the practice of his profession at Larwill, with the exception of eighteen months at South Whitley. He was married, in 1870, to Sabina Trembley, daughter of John S. Trembley; is a member of the Masonic order, and has two children living, one having died. HENRY SOUDER is a native of Richland County, Ind., born in 1840,. and son of Conrad and Mary Souder. He was six years old when his parents 324 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: came to this township and located, and when eighteen years of age assumed the management of the home farm. March 4, 1861, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah E. Easly. Her parents, Joseph and Mary Easly, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Ohio, were early settlers of Indiana. Mr. Souder, in the fall of 1862, enlisted in Company K, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was wounded at Perryville ; was in the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865. The following four years he was engaged in lumbering in this county ; then continued in the same business at Nobles- ville, Noble County, for a period of two years, locating permanently on his present farm of 160 acres in the spring of 1874, since which time he has given his attention to farming. Mr. and Mrs. Souder have a family of six — four sons and two daughters. He is a Republican and member of the Masonic fra- ternity. WILLIAM STERLING was born in Lebanon County, Penn., in Decem- ber, 1818, the son of John and Elizabeth Sterling, natives of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, who moved to Berks County when our subject was but a small boy. There he went to school, and at eighteen went to the carpenter's trade, which he followed a few years. June 4, 1839, he married Margaret Ulrich, of Lebanon County, and daughter of Adam and Ann Ulrich. In 1840, he came to this county and located on Eel River, near South Whitley, where he lived fourteen years, redeeming from the wilderness a farm. This he sold in 1854, and bought one of 240 acres near Coesse. In 1859, he removed to this township, where he now owns a well-cultivated homestead of 173 acres. He became the father of nine children, of whom four sons and four daughters are now living. He has never been ambitious, politically, but has held minor offices in his township. In August, 1862, he answered his country's call for troops, and enlisted in Company F, One Hundredth Indiana Volunteer Infan- try, and served out his year, taking part in the battle of Mission Ridge, and skirmishing the rest of the time. His reminiscences of early days in the wilderness, with Indians, wolves, wild cats, etc., are of an interesting character. All he possesses has come from his own industry and determination to achieve independence. THOMAS STRADLEY, merchant, was born in Delaware, October 27, 1837, the son of Stephen S. and Mary (Bolton) Stradley, who were natives of the same State. His early days were passed on a farm and in attending school, and in 1858, at his father's death, he began farming on his own respon- sibility, and continued thereat until 1865, when he came with his family to Larwill, and entered a store as clerk, which business he followed for eleven years, when he united in partnership with D. B. Clugston, and is still in busi- ness with him. Beginning here with but $3, he has by economy and industry secured for himself a fine trade and a good home for his family, and also an interest in a large dry goods establishment at Columbia City. He was mar- RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 325 ried, in 1860, to Miss Gertrude Clugston, also a native of Delaware, and the fruit of their union has been four daughters. Subject is an active politician, and votes with the Democratic party. He has served four years as Township Trustee to the entire satisfaction of the people ; he is a Knight Templar, as well as member of an I. 0. 0. F. lodge, and always lends a hand toward the advancement of home enterprises and the improvement of the home social circle. B. THOMSON was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1825, and was the son of Ezra and Sarah (McNorton) Thomson, natives of New York and Vermont, and of English and Scotch descent, respectively. The family came to this township, and located on Section 9, in 1836, and succeeded in bringing out of the forest a well-cultivated farm, and in rearing a family of ten children. They were among the earliest pioneers, and departed this life in 1857 and 1855, aged seventy-two and fifty years. Our subject lent his parents his assistance on the farm till he was twenty-two years old, and then, in 1847, started out on his own account, to clear a farm he had located in the forest. By hard work and economy, he has acquired 730 acres of land in this township, and 150 in Cleveland Township, all well improved. He had his experience of pioneer life in his early days, and remembers the time of the removal of the In- dians to the West. At that time, he was compelled to travel to Fort Wayne for a market, a distance of twenty-five or thirty miles. He has always proved a worthy citizen and was elected County Commissioner in 1876, and re-elected in 1880. In January, 1852, he was married to Matilda Rodebaugh, daughter of John and Phoebe Rodebaugh, of German and English descent, and through this union became the father of three sons and one daughter. E. THOMSON was born in this township in 1849, the son of John and Emily Thomson, natives of New York, and of English extraction. Mr. J. Thomson came to this township with his parents in 1836, and, being of age, soon opened up a farm for himself, on land entered by his father the year of his arrival, redeemed from the wilderness a tract of 282 acres, and reared five children, four now living. He died in 1876, his wife following in 1878, aged, respectively, sixty-one and fifty-eight years. Our subject remained on his father's farm till twenty-one. In 1871, he married Mary E. Prugh, daughter of Abner Prugh, and to this union were born three children, of whom only one is living. In 1878, his wife died, and, some time after, he married Florence Prugh, also a daughter of Abner Prugh, and to this union has been born one son — Albert. He has a well-improved farm of eighty acres, and a pleasant home. As a rule, he takes but little interest in politics, but is firm in his faith in Democratic principles. JOHN S. TREMBLEY was born in Somerset County, N. J., October 20, 1813, the son of Isaac S. and Aryann (Vossler) Trembley, both natives of New Jersey, and of French and German descent. He came with his parents to Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1816, and went to school and worked on the 326 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : farm till twenty-one, when he became a carpenter, and worked at that trade thirty years, or more, at intervals. In 1842, he married Ellen D. Witt, daughter of David and Deborah Witt, and in 1845, came to this township, and located on his present farm, then a wilderness, and for twelve years lived in a cabin which has since been replaced by a good frame dwelling ; he now owns a well cultivated farm of 224 acres. His wife died in April, 1870, and was the mother of seven children, four of whom are living. In September, 1871, he married Mrs. Mary A. Compton, daughter of Samuel Frazier, and to this union three children have been born. Mr. Trembley is a Republican in politics, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and highly respected by their neighbors. WILLIAM WATSON is a native of Wayne County, Ind., born Decem- ber 25, 1824, and son of William and Nancy Watson. His parents, both na- tives of Kentucky, removed to Wayne County, Ind., in 1805 ; they had thir- teen children, and died in the years of 1859 and 1849 respectively. William Watson, our subject, was married in 1851, to Elizabeth J. Wolf, daughter of William and Mary Wolf, natives of Virginia, and descendants of the Irish and German. Mr. Watson was brought up on a farm, and followed that occupation six years after his marriage. He then took a trip to Kansas with the intention to locate, but abandoned this project and returned home, removing with his fam- ily, in the fall of 1859, to this township and locating on eighty acres of his pres- ent farm, which is now double that size. Mr. Watson is a Republican, and has served two years as Road Supervisor. Mr. and Mrs. Watson are parents of seven children, four sons and three daughters. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Watson, while serving in the Revolutionary war in February, 1777, was captured by the Indians, but succeeded in making his escape after three and a half years. DAVID L. WHITELEATHER, druggist, in Larwill, was born in Colum- biana County, Ohio, in 1827, the son of George and Elizabeth Whiteleather, natives of Maryland, and of German descent. He remained on his parents' farm till eighteen years of age, when he began working at carpentering for $5 per month the first year, and this trade he followed for eight years, and then worked at job work on the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R., in this county, where he remained till the fall of 1855, when he married Frances Mack, daughter of Harper and Alice Mack, of New York. He then returned to Columbiana County, Ohio, engaged in farming till 1859; came to this township in the spring, and farmed till 1862, when he enlisted in Company F, One Hundredth Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry; participated in the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Jackson, Mission Ridge and Atlanta; followed Sherman to the sea, during the last eighteen months acting as color-bearer, having been color-guard for some time previously, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865. During the skirmish at New Hope Church, the flagstaff was shot away and twenty-one holes put through the flag, but he escaped unhurt. The spring following his departure for the war, RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 327 his wife died, leaving three small children. On his return, in the fall of 1865, he entered the drug trade in company with Dr. Kirkpatrick, and in May, 1881, he assumed whole charge of the business. In the spring of 1866, he married his present wife, Julia Temple, daughter of David Patterson. He is a Free- mason, and in politics a Republican, and he and wife are members of the M. E. Church. He came here empty-handed, but, by attention to business and honest dealing, has provided himself with a good home, and established a lucrative trade. REV. T. WHITMAN was born in Darke County, Ohio, October 4, 1822, son of David and Sarah Whitman, natives of Virginia. The parents emigrated with our subject to Wells County, Ind., in February, 1835, and entered land before the county was organized. Our subject attended the log schoolhouses in his youth, and, at the age of nineteen, began life on his own account, farming at intervals ; and in 1840 commenced studying for the ministry. In 1844, he entered upon active work, locating in Cass County, Ind., and rode a circuit through Cass, Miami, White and Pulaski Counties for three years, each trip taking two weeks. He preached each day and night, preparing his sermons while riding from point to point, receiving the first year $65. He moved to Pulaski in 1849 ; thence to this township in 1852, locating on his present farm. In 1840, he married Eliza J. Craig, born in Darke County, Ohio, in August, 1822, the daughter of Rev. Seymore and Sarah Craig. To this union three children were born, one son now living. After the death of this lady, he mar- ried Elizabeth Atchison, by whom he had one daughter, now the wife of Dr. D. E. Webster. He was married to his present wife, Charlotte Circle, August 5, 1855 ; she is a native of Kosciusko County, Ind., and to this union three children were born, all now living. Through his efforts six large charges have been built up, and he has assisted in organizing a number of home societies. S. C. WHITMAN was born in Wells County, Ind., in June, 1842, the son of Rev. T. Whitman. He moved with his parents to Cass County, thence to Pulaski, and thence to this township in 1852, where he assisted his father in clearing up a forest farm. In his twentieth year, in August, 1862, he enlisted in Company K, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was out until the close of the war, receiving his discharge in June, 1865. He participated in the battles of Perryville and Stone River, when he was stricken with small- pox and measles. Recovering, he joined his company at Atlanta, going through to Washington, and in the battle of Bentonville was slightly wounded. On his return home he went to farming, and in the fall of 1867 married Nancy Louis, daughter of David and Isabel Louis, natives of Pennsylvania. To this union there were born three children. He has brought out of the forest, by industry and economy, a delightful home, and is now in quite comfortable circumstances. In politics, he is a Republican. H. B. WHITTENBERGER, merchant, was born in Ohio, in 1835, and is the son of William and Joanna Whittenberger, who are natives of Penn- sylvania. At the age of one year, he was brought by his parents to this State, 328 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: where they settled on a piece of forest land in Fulton County, where he was reared to manhood. In December, 1862, he enlisted in Company K, Forty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in the three-year call, under Col. Fitch, of Logansport, and went with his regiment as far as Memphis, where he was taken sick and left at the hospital, where he was subsequently detailed for duty as nurse, which position he filled until honorably discharged in December, 1864. He then returned to his home, and was shortly after married to Sevilla H. Southerland, of Logansport. She is the daughter of Zera Southerland, native of New York. To this union there were six children born, of whom three have died. Our subject here employed himself in farm- ing till 1865, when he removed to Larwill and joined his brother, A. J., in mercantile business, which was carried on for three years as a copartnership, and was thenceforward conducted solely by our subject. His purse at starting contained $60 only, but by energy and close attention to business he has established for himself a good trade and a comfortable home. He served as Postmaster of his town for ten years, and has won for himself the general good-will of his townsmen. JEREMIAH WILLIAMS was born in Ross County, Ohio, in April, 1812. His parents, Benjamin and Jane Williams, were of English descent and natives of North Carolina. The subject obtained his education in a log schoolhouse with puncheon floor and greased paper for windows. Soon after commencing life for himself, he bought a yoke of oxen and rented land which he farmed until 1852, when he removed with family to this township, locating where he is yet living. He owns a farm of eighty acres, that he himself cleared and has otherwise improved. Mr. Williams first marriage occurred February 15, 1835, to Mary Zornes. They had ten children, five now living. She died, and he afterward married Margaret Siberts, who lived only two years. He was united to his present wife November, 1879. She was Mrs. Maria Parker, daughter of William and Sarah Thomson, and by her first hus- band had seven children, two now living. Mrs. Williams is a native of Dutchess County, N. Y., where she was born in 1810. Mr. Williams is a Democrat and an enterprising citizen. SMITH TOWNSHIP. ALFRED W. BRIGGS was born in this township, January 28, 1852, one of eleven children born to Jesse and Rebecca Briggs, natives respectively of Ohio and Virginia. Jesse Briggs came to what is now Smith Township, in 1837, and entered 320 acres (on which our subject now resides), built a cabin and commenced clearing. He afterward increased his land to 600 acres, and died in November, 1862, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His widow, also a member of the Methodist Church, still resides on the old home- SMITH TOWNSHIP. 329 stead. Alfred Briggs, our subject, received a fair common-school education in his youth, and has spent his life on the home farm, and is still unmarried. He is a member of Churubusco Lodge, No. 515, A., F. & A. M. In politics is a Republican, and is one of the rising young farmers of the township. ASA H. CARTER was born in Hampshire County (now West) Virginia, December 6, 1823, and is one of seven children born to Asahel and Catharine (Horn) Carter, natives of said State. Asahel Carter moved with his family to Franklin County, Ohio. About 1836, he removed to Logan County, and thence, in 1843, he came to this township, pur- chased eighty acres of unimproved land, cleared up a farm, and here died in September, 1851 ; his wife following him in November, 1877. Mr. Carter was Justice of the Peace for Smith Township under the old constitution. Mrs. Carter died a consistent member of the Baptist Church. Asa H. Carter received a very fair common-school education in his younger days, and remained on the home farm until twenty-three years of age, when he bought fifty acres of land from his father, which he improved in the summer, teaching school in the winter. His salary for the first term, in the latter voca- tion, was $8.33^ per month. June 16, 1853, he married Ellen Smith, a na- tive of Fayette County, Ohio, and born July 31, 1829. Mr. and Mrs. Carter's living children are seven in number, viz.: Sylvania L., now Mrs. J. W. Pence ; Austin W.; Alice A., now Mrs. R. C. Hemmick ; Mary E.; Ida E.; Lillie J.; and Minnie A. Mr. Carter now owns 190 acres of farm land. In politics, he is a Republican, and has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk, Trustee and Assessor. THE CHURUBUSCO FLOURING MILLS were erected in 1870 by John Deck and Jacob Hose, at a cost of $7,000. The structure was a two- story frame, with two run of buhrs — one for wheat and one for corn. In April, 1871, Joseph Kichler purchased Mr. Deck's half-interest, and, being a practi- cal miller, took charge. The other half-interest was sold in turn to Jackson & Rich, David Shilling, William Watterson, Joseph Kichler, and finally to Michael Kichler, the whole being now owned by Joseph and Michael, and oper- ated under the firm name of J. Kichler & Bro. This firm have made a number of improvements ; have placed in some of the latest improved machinery, and are turning out a quality of flour not excelled by any in the county. They have four buhrs (three wheat and one corn and chop-feed), which are driven by a thirty-six horse-power engine. The senior partner, Joseph Kichler, was born in Rhine-Bayere, Germany, February 10, 1841. He is one of ten children, born to Michael and Johanna (BishofF) Kichler — the former deceased. Joseph learned his trade in his native country, and came to the United States in Feb- ruary, 1861, and worked as a miller at various points before he came to Churu- busco. In 1870, he married Catharine BishofF, who died February 10, 1881, leaving three children — Joseph, Nettie and Anna. Michael Kichler, junior member of the firm, was born March 14, 1849 (at the same place where his 330 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: brother was born), and came to the United States in May, 1870, worked at stone masonry at various points, and then joined his brother in 1874. In May, 1874, he married Mary Rupert , and to them has been born one child — Rosa. Both brothers are members of the K. of H., and both are Democrats. NICODEMUS COLEMAN was born March 16, 1837, in Ashland County, Ohio, one of the twelve children of John and Nancy Coleman, natives of Maryland and Pennsylvania respectively. John Coleman was a millwright? and when young went to Pennsylvania, was married there and worked at his trade till about 1835, when he moved to Ohio and bought a farm, but still con- tinued working at his trade, leaving the management of the farm to his chil- dren. In 1865, he moved to Thorn Creek Township, this county, and bought a farm, on which he resided till his death, December 24, 1869, his wife follow- ing in November, 1873, a member of the Church of God. Nicodemus Cole" man received a fair education, and was taught the millwright's trade by his father, subsequently serving a three years' apprenticeship to a carriage and wagon maker. He worked at his trade in Ashland and Wayne Counties, Ohio, until the spring of 1858, when he came to Troy Township, this county, and worked at Larwill and Steam Corners for two years. He afterward engaged in the saw-mill and lumbering business and has been so employed ever since at various times in Whitley and Noble Counties. For the last four years, he has owned and operated a saw-mill in Collins. January 21, 1861, he married Sarah A. Grant, a daughter of James and Eliza (Beard) Grant, and born in Troy Township, April 23, 1844. Mr. and Mrs. Coleman are the parents of seven children — Artemisia, Lyman M., James E., Emma I., Iona, Grace G* and Eliza B. Mr. and Mrs. Coleman and two of their children are members of the United Brethren Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. WILLIAM COULTER (deceased) was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1809, and was one of eight children born to John and Margaret Coulter, natives of Ireland. Mr. Coulter, when but a child, was removed by his par- ents to Clinton County, Ohio, where he was reared on a farm, and received an ordinary common-school education. He remained on the home farm till 1847, when he came to this county. In 1844, he married Elizabeth Jenkins, born in Belmont County, Ohio, in 1826, and the daughter of Evan and Catharine Jenkins, natives of Virginia and Maryland. Mr. Coulter arrived here in the early part of October, and moved into a cabin already prepared for him, by Mr. John Egolf, on land entered by his father some years previously, and suc- ceeded in wresting from the forest a well-improved farm, which he increased to 660 acres, 560 of which are in one body. He was a man of great enter- prise, and of unswerving purpose. He avoided politics and was a consistent member of the Christian Church. He was the father of eleven children, of whom five sons and two daughters are now living. After a useful and success- ful life, he died in 1876, aged sixty-seven years. His widow still survives and resides on the home farm. SMITH TOWNSHIP. 331 GEORGE W. COULTER was born in Clinton County, Ohio, March 11, 1846, one of eleven children (five sons and two daughters of whom are living) born to William and Elizabeth (Jenkins) Coulter, natives respectively of Ham- ilton and Belmont Counties, Ohio. William Coulter was born November 2, 1810, the son of John and Margaret (Gibson) Coulter, natives of Ireland. He married in Clinton County, December 26, 1844, engaged there in farming till 1848, when he moved to this township, where his father had previously entered land. He was a hard-working man and did more to build up the live-stock interests of the county than any one other person ; here he died in 1876. He was a Democrat ; also a member of the Christian Church, to which his widow, now living on the old homestead at the age of fifty-six, also belongs. George W. Coulter was reared a farmer, educated in the common schools, and this township has always been his home. February 14, 1869, he married Miss Caroline E. Werick, and to their union have been born two daughters — Elnora and Cora. Mr. Coulter takes great pride in his live stock, in which he deals extensively, besides farming his 152 acres of land. He is a Democrat and an Odd Fellow, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. JACOB COVERSTONE was born in Shenandoah County, Va., in 1815, and was one of the ten children of Jacob and Elizabeth (Clem) Coverstone, na- tives of Virginia, and of German extraction. He removed with his parents to Licking County, Ohio, in 1825, and thence to Champaign County, where they cleared up a new farm, at which our subject assisted, attending school at inter- vals. At his majority, he began to work for himself — the first two years for his father, and then at jobbing generally. In 1840, he married Margaret Windsor, who died in 1849, leaving four small children; and, March 28, 1850, Mr. Coverstone married Jane Halderman, daughter of George and Elizabeth Hal- derman, natives of Virginia, and of German ancestry. To this union were born ten children, nine of whom are yet living. Our subject moved to this township in the spring of 1852, and the year following purchased his present farm, then in the wilderness. He put up a double log cabin, and with the usual hard work and frugality has succeeded in replacing the log with comfortable frame build- ings, and, instead of the forest groves, broad acres of cultivated soil to the number of 160. He is a man of enterprise, and in politics is a Democrat. His eldest son, Lewis J., enlisted in 1862, while visiting friends in Ohio, and, after being out one year, died of typhoid fever, and now sleeps in a soldier's grave in Tennessee. HARRISON F. CRABILL was born in Shenandoah County, Va., Octo- ber 9, 1822, one of fourteen children of William and Catharine (Funk) Crabill, natives of Virginia. The father was a blacksmith, who followed his trade in his native State till 1837, when he moved with his family to Champaign County, Ohio, where he farmed on shares till the spring of 1841, when he removed to this township and settled upon 160 acres he had entered in 1838, and here he resided until his death in August, 1845, aged fifty years. Ho had served as 332 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Trustee of Smith Township one term, and was a member of the U. B. Church. Mrs. Crabill died in 1859, and was also a member of the U. B. Church. Our subject received a very fair common-school education, and from the time he was twenty-one till the year 1852, he taught school, worked out and on his father's farm. In the spring of the year named, he took a trip to California, arriving at the Sacramento River in the fall ; engaged in mining and farming ; and, in 1854, returned home via Panama and New York, and taught school the follow- ing winter. In the spring of 1855, he engaged in mercantile trade at Fuller's Corners, and also filled the office of Postmaster at that point for two and one half years. He then resumed farming, at which he has been employed ever since, with the exception of three years passed in saw-milling and merchandis- ing at Collins. He married, in March, 1868, Catharine Fair, a native of Stark County, Ohio. To their union have been born five children, viz., Harrison, Cassius M., Alpha D., Lester D. L. and Lemuel D. In politics, Mr. Crabill is a Democrat ; has been Township Trustee two terms, and has held the appoint- ment of Postmaster at Collins for five years. ALEXANDER CRAIG was born in Madison County, N. Y., October 22, 1836, and is one of the five children born to David and Mary (Wolcott) Craig r natives respectively' of Scotland and New York State. David Craig came to this country when a boy, and made farming his occupation. He was married in New York, and, in 1845, came to this township, where he then had a brother living ; bought forty acres of partly improved land on Section 24; underwent all the hardships of pioneer life, and died in the Baptist faith September 20, 1854, followed by his wife in May, 1856. Our subject, Alexander Craig, was reared on the farm, and received the ordinary education of his boyhood days. Septem- ber 22, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Fifth Indiana Battery, commanded by Capt. Simonson, and participated in the engagements at Perryville, Chicka- mauga, Stone River, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, the Atlanta campaign, etc. He received his discharge as Sergeant November 26, 1864, since when he has been actively engaged in farming, dealing in stock, etc. In July, 1881, he bought out the interest of John Crider in the firm of Crider & Richey, hard- ware, in Churubusco, and the firm now stands as Richey & Craig. They carry a stock, valued at $3,500, of all kinds of hardware, stoves, agricultural imple- ments, doors, sash, etc. April 14, 1867, Mr. Craig married Miss Emeline Gandy, a native of Smith Township, and to them have been born four children — Charles S. and Frances M. (living), and David A. and Otho W. (deceased). Mr. and Mrs. Craig are members of the Church of God, and, in politics, he is a Republican. JOHN F. CRISWELL, M. D., son of William and Barbara (Bittin- ger) Criswell, was born August 23, 1845, in Ashland County, Ohio, one of ten children, seven of whom are still living. The father was a wagon- maker and blacksmith, but of late years has engaged himself in farming. In 1850, he came to Cedar Creek Township, Allen County, this State, where he and SMITH TOWNSHIP. 333 wife still reside. Dr. Criswell was reared principally in Allen County, attend- ing school ; attended the Methodist College at Fort Wayne one year, and at twenty-two began the study of medicine under Dr. W. H. Myers, of that city. The winter of 1869-70, he attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and the winter of 1870—71, graduated from the medical depart- ment of the University of Wooster, Cleveland, Ohio. He then commenced practice in Churubusco. The winter of 1878-79, he returned to, and gradu- ated from, Jefferson College. The Doctor is a man of decided ability, and has a large and lucrative practice. In politics, he is Republican, and he and wife are members of the United Brethren Church. January 16, 1873, he married Miss Ellen G. Potter, of Swan Township, Noble County, Ind., and to their union have been born two children — Lilah E. and Annie. JOHN DECK, Sr., is a native of Parks County, Penn., and was born September 18, 1829, the son of Samuel and Mary E. (Butler) Deck. Samuel Deck was a shoemaker, and moved to Stark County, Ohio, in 1830, and thence to Whitley County in the fall of 1864, our subject having come the previous spring. He and his wife died respectively in December, 1871, and November, 1873, members of the Lutheran Church. John Deck, Sr., was reared on a farm in Stark County, Ohio, and May 15, 1851, there married Lucy A. Smith, and farmed there till 1864, when he purchased 124 acres of land, near Churu- busco, and resumed farming, but in the fall of 1865 moved to the village, where he has since remained, taking an active part in public affairs. He has been engaged in the grain trade, has dealt in real estate, and built the Churu- busco Flouring Mills, which he sold at completion. He began with nothing, but by hard work, economy and judicicious investments, has secured a com- fortable fortune. He is now engaged in buying grain and in running his farm. He is independent in politics, voting for principles and not for party. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and to their union have been born seven children, viz. : Mary E. (now Mrs Thomas Fisher), John F., Sarah F. (now Mrs. Gr. W. Maxwell), Benjamin F., Alice, Charles and Clement (the last deceased). LEMUEL DEVAULT was born in Ross County, Ohio, April 15, 1828, and is one of eleven children born to Nicholas and Frances (Brown) Devault, the former a native of Pennsylvania, but of French descent, and the latter of Ohio and of English extraction. Nicholas Devault emigrated to Ross County, Ohio, when a young man, and when that country was an unbroken wilderness. Here he married and bought a farm, resided on it till 1858, sold out. bought another farm, near Whitehall, 111., moved upon it, and there passed his remain- ing days. Mr. Devault served as soldier in the war of 1812, and died a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Lemuel Devault, our subject, received a very fair common-school education in his youth, and worked on his father's farm till about twenty years of age ; then worked by the job two years ; then farmed for his father and others on shares. In the fall of 1851, he came to 334 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: this township, bought forty acres wild land, and was obliged to borrow money to make the first payment thereon, but by industry, economy and integrity has acquired 634 acres of well-improved land, beside valuable property in Columbia City and Churubusco. He was married in Columbia City, in Novem- ber, 1851, to Frances Tulley, of Ross County, Ohio, daughter of Francis and Elizabeth (Wayland) Tulley. Mrs. Devaultdied Sebtember 28, 1855, a mem- ber of the United Brethren Church, and Mr. Devault, November 30, 1856, married Nancy Wells, daughter of Rev. Hugh Wells ; but there have no chil- dren been born to him. For fifteen years, Mr. Devault has filled the office of Justice of the Peace, and has just been re-elected, which will make his term twenty years, and he has also served as Trustee of the township. He is a member of Columbia City Lodge, No. 189, A., F. & A. M., is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and rank among the lead- ing citizens of the township. ADAM FLECK was born in Crawford County, Ohio, in December, 1824, one of twelve children of George and Elizabeth (House) Fleck, both natives of Pennsylvania and of German descent. Our subject went to the pioneer schools of his boyhood, but his time was chiefly occupied in assisting his father to retrieve his farm from the forests of Ohio, till about his eleventh year, when his father died, and his mother removed to Seneca County, same State. Here our subject remained till he reached manhood, when he went to work on a rail- road, hewing timber, etc., and in three years had saved $350, all of which he lost by the contractor's decamping. He then worked at job work for several years, and in 1848, in company with three brothers, moved to La Grange County, this State, and the year following married Mary Ritter, the daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Wingard) Ritter, of Pennsylvania. He farmed on rented land for two years thereafter, then moved to Noble Township, Noble County, and cleared up a farm ; this he sold in 1873, and purchased his pres- ent pleasant home of sixty acres in this township. He and wife are members of the Christian Church and are the parents of five sons and three daughters. ALPHEUS B. GAFF was born in Stark County, Ohio, October 9, 1829, the son of Robert and Mary Gaff, natives of Pennsylvania and of Scotch and German descent. In 1839, the parents removed to this township and located on Section 6, then an unbroken forest ; two years later, they moved one mile north into Green Township, Noble County, bought eighty acres, which they redeemed from the wilderness, and on which they resided till their deaths in 1861 and 1864, aged respectively sixty-nine and sixty-three years, having reared a family of nine sons and one daughter. Our subject was reared to endure all the hard work incident to pioneer life, and his schooling was limited to forty-two days. He was, however, gifted with mechanical talent, and at manhood began work as a carpenter, which trade he followed a number of years, and by industry and attention to business earned a sum with which he and his brother, George, purchased eighty acres of land, on which Alpheus SMITH TOWNSHIP. 335 has since lived. They erected a water-power saw-mill in the fall of 1854, which they ran at intervals for ten years. Our subject now owns 128 acres of well-improved land, and is quite comfortably situated. He has been an active home politician in the Republican ranks, was elected Justice of the Peace in 1857, and re-elected each successive term, till the present, the seventh, which he is now serving. In 1858, he married Rebecca Mohn, daughter of Daniel Mohn, and to this union have been born five sons and three daughters. OTIS J. GANDY was born in Preston County, now West Virginia, Sep- tember 18, 1831, one of eight children of Otho and Mary (Weaver) Gandy, natives of the same place and born respectively September 27, 1793, and December 26, 1802, and married November 2, 1820. The father, in 1834, started West with his family and stopped one year in Miami County, Ohio, and then came to Decatur County, this State. The same fall, he entered eighty acres of land in this township and moved upon it the following spring, 1836, and there ended his days, May 21, 1879. He had received an excellent edu- cation for the time in which he lived, and in West Virginia taught school sev- eral terms. His wife's death had occurred at the same place, January 12, 1870. Mr. Gandy was elected one of the Commissioners of Whitley County in 1838, was also a Township Trustee under the old constitution, and for a number of years was Justice of the Peace. Otis J. Gandy, our subject, received a common-school education in his youth, and worked on his father's farm till of age. He then worked with his brother as a carpenter in summer and taught school in winter till 1856, then visited Minnesota, Missouri and Mississippi, working at his trade, till 1861, when he returned to this county and enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, which regiment was afterward mounted and known as the Seventeenth Indiana Mounted Infantry. He was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 8, 1865, having participated in all the marches and engagements of his regiment, not having lost a single day. On his return, he worked at his trade in Plymouth, Ind., till 1872, then came to Churubusco, worked there until his father's death, and since has resided on the home farm. At Plymouth he was married, September 2, 1868, to Sarah Madison, of Marshall County, Ind. To their union was born one child — Lillie A. Mrs. Gandy died in Plymouth, Septem- ber 1, 1870. Mr. Gandy is a member of Churubusco Lodge, No. 462, I. 0. O. F., and in politics is a Republican. OSCAR GANDY was born September 12, 1847, and is the son of Owen Gandy, a native of what is now Preston County, West Virginia. Owen learned to be a carpenter and millwright when a young man, and married Miss Drusilla Jeffries at his majority. He then began the study of medicine, at- tending the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, from which he graduated. Shortly after this, he came to Indiana and settled at Heller's Corners, Eel River Township, Allen County, where he began practicing, and acquired an extensive patronage. Subsequently he removed to about three-quarters of a 336 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: mile east of the present site of Churubusco, then made a trip to Missouri, re- turned to Indiana, located near Noblesville, and there practiced till within a short time of his death. He was the father of seven children, four of whom are still living. Our subject, Oscar Gandy, was reared on a farm, received a good education, and April 1, 1874, married Miss Emma Cleveland, and to them have been born three children — William 0., Elmer E. and Orpha. In 1870, he came to Churubusco, and engaged in dealing in stock, grain and lumber. In 1876, he formed a partnership in the lumber business with A. D. Nickey, which still continues. The firm buy, sell and manufacture hard wood lumber, and their annual average business amounts to about $200,000. Mr. Gandy is a self-made man, is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows' fraternities, and is a Democrat. W. A. GEIGER was born in this township October 25, 1842, one of nine children, eight yet living, of Daniel and Julia (Darnel) Geiger, natives of Pennsylvania. The father, a farmer, moved to Licking County, Ohio, with his parents, and there married. In 1834, he emigrated with his family to Allen County, Ind., locating in Eel River Township, farmed for two years, and moved thence to this township, in 1836, where he bought eighty acres of land on Sec- tion 29 (now owned by H. F. Crabill). It was a wild country, filled with deer, wolves, lynxes, wild cats and Indians, and malaria charged the air. Here Mr. Geiger died in 1869, his widow yet surviving him, and residing in Churu- busco. Our subject, W. A. Geiger, was reared on the farm till sixteen, when he began to work out at clearing, farming, etc., and so continued till January 4, 1864, when he enlisted in Company F, Seventeenth Indiana Mounted In- fantry, from which he was honorably discharged August 27, 1865. He was at the battles of Rome, Ga.; Noon Day Creek, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Montgomery, Columbus, Atlanta and Selma. On his return, he worked by the month two years, and then engaged in saw-milling for eighteen months ; he then went to Noblesville and engaged in the grocery trade seven years ; in 1875, he sold out and went into the drug trade; in 1876, into the livery business; in 1877, into the hardware trade, at which he is still employed. He has had generally good success, and now carries a stock valued at $5,000. July 11, 1867, he mar- ried Miss Catharine Brumbaugh, who has borne him two children — Virgil and Nettie A. Mr. Geiger is a Republican in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. MOSES T. GRADELESS was born September 4, 1820, in Fayette County, Ohio, and was one of seven children born to Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Waugh) Gradeless, the former a native of Maryland, and the latter of Ohio. Nathaniel Gradeless moved to Fayette County, Ohio, when a young man, was there married and there remained until the fall of 1836, when he sold his farm of 160 acres and came with his family to Thorn Creek Township, this county, entered 160 acres, and ended his days thereon May 28. 1862, his wife having died but nine da vs before. Mr. Gradeless was a soldier in the war of 1812, SMITH TOWNSHIP. 337 and was under Gen. Hull at the time of that officer's surrender, but he, with five others, refused to yield, and concealed himself for two days in the swamps. He afterward served under Gens. St. Clair and Wayne ; was stationed at Fort Wayne, was in the battle of Spy Run, in Allen County, and took part in an expedition which destroyed Little Turtle's village in Union Township, this county, and was in several other Indian fights. Our subject, Moses T. Grade- less, worked on the home farm till nineteen years of age, and then for five years hired out by the month. In 1841, he married Mary Smith, who was born in Fayette County, Ohio, August 16, 1818, the daughter of Samuel and Rebecca (Jones) Smith, and to their union have been born five children, viz.: Josiah, who was a member of Company B, Seventy-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and died in hospital at Gallatin, Tenn., December 23, 1862 ; Mrs. Mary E. Vanderment; Clarissa, now Mrs. J. W. Smith ; Martha E., now Mrs. William Coverstone ; and Rebecca J., now Mrs. Benjamin Fisher. Mrs. Gradeless died January 27, 1875, and September 9, 1877, our subject married Mrs. Mary E. (Morse) Foster, who was born in Orleans County, N. Y., Sep- tember 5, 1817, the daughter of Jotham and Dorcas (Ferris) Morse, and mother of three children by her first husband. In 1841, Mr. Gradeless bought eighty- four acres of land in this township, where he' now lives. He is a member of the Masonic order, and in politics is a Republican, and his wife is a member of the Christian Church. FREDERICK G. GRISIER, M. D, was born in Williams County, Ohio, June 28, 1853, one of eleven children born to Frederick and Susan (Ver- nier) Grisier, natives of France, but now located on their farm in Williams County, to which they immigrated about 1844. Our subject in youth was fairly educated, and at seventeen commenced the study of medicine at Stryker, Ohio, with Drs. Stubbs and Aldrich, with whom he remained one year ; was then employed at the Cleveland City Hospital one year ; attended one course of lectures at the Cleveland Medical College ; returned to his former precep- tors for two years, but attended lectures at the college in the winter, and grad- uated with the class of 1874-75. He then commenced practice in Noble County, this State, remaining till the fall of 1876, when he moved to Collins, this township. In December, 1880, he bought a half-interest in the general mercantile business of R. C. Hemmick, since when the firm has been Hemmick & Grisier. March 24, 1880, he married Mary E. Hemmick, a native of Col- umbia Township, this county, and daughter of George W. and Jane (Winget) Hemmick, of Greene County, Ohio, and to their union one child has been born — Orpha E. Dr. Grisier is a member of Churubusco Lodge, No. 515, A., F. & A. M., of Churubusco Lodge No. 462, I. 0. 0. F., and of Churubusco Lodge, No. 2109, K. of H. In politics, he is a Republican, and as a profes- sional man has established a fine reputation and secured a large and lucrative practice. 338 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAM HEDGES was born in Belmont County, Ohio, in 1812, the son of James and Nancy Hedges, natives of Virginia, and of English origin. At the age of seven, our subject was taken by his parents to Richland County, Ohio, where he lived till 1836, when he came West to inspect some land his father had bought in this township, at a land sale at Fort Wayne ; but being seized with the ague, returned home, came back in the spring of 1837 on horseback, and began to clear up the forest and make some improvement on his farm of 160 acres, which he has succeeded in literally redeeming from the wil- derness. In 1859, he married the widow of Evan Davis, and daughter of Cal- vin and Mary Nott, and by her became the father of nine children, of whom four sons and three daughters are still living. Mrs. Hedges is also the mother of four children by her first husband, two of whom are deceased. Mr. Hedges underwent all the privations and hardships of pioneer life, and was one of the first settlers of the township, being present at its organization, and has ever been forward in all enterprises tending toward its advancement. His wife and himself are members of the Church of God. ROBERT C. HEMMICK was born in Greene County, Ohio, November 27, 1849, the eldest of seven children born to George W. and Jane (Winget) Hemmick, both natives of Greene. George W. Hemmick is a plasterer, and followed that trade in Ohio till the fall of 1851, when he moved with his family to Columbia City, this county. Mrs. Jane Hemmick died at Columbia June 22, 1863. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as is George W. Hemmick, who is also an Odd Fellow. Robert C. Hemmick, our subject, received the ordinary common-school education, and commenced learning the plasterer's trade with his father when eighteen years old, following the same and teaching school till June, 1875, when he came to Collins, this township, where he has since been engaged as a merchant. The same year he was ap- pointed Deputy Postmaster, and in January, 1876, was appointed agent of the W., St. L. & P. R. R., both of which positions he still retains. November 6, 1871, he married Catharine Crabill, a native of Montgomery County, Ohio, and daughter of Daniel and Anna H. (Hyre) Crabill. This lady died at Col- lins in July, 1875, a member of the German Baptist Church. April 6, 1879, our subject married Alice A. Carter, born in this township October 8, 1857, the daughter of Asa H. and Ellen (Smith) Carter, natives of Ohio and Virginia, and to this union was born one child, Heber C. Mr. Hemmick is an Odd Fellow, in politics a Republican, and is one of the enterprising business men of the township. AMOS HORNER was born October 2, 1816, in Union County, Penn., the eldest of eight children of Nicholas and Cathorine (Kutz) Horner, natives of the same State. Nicholas Horner was a shot-maker, but engaged chiefly in farming, and died in his native State. After his death, his widow married William Strup, and now lives in Columbiana County, Ohio. Our subject re- ceived an ordinary education in his youth, and at the age of eighteen was ap- SMITH TOWNSHIP. 339 prenticed to a saddle and harness maker, an uncle named John M. Burges, at Beaver Dam, Penn., but who moved to Columbiana County, Ohio. Mr. Hor- ner worked as a journeyman some six years in Pennsylvania and Ohio, after his time had expired, and then started a shop at North Georgetown, Ohio. In 1855, he bought and moved to a farm in Ripley County, Ind.; in the fall of 1859, removed to Jennings County ; in the following spring, returned to Colum- biana County, Ohio, and started a woolen factory ; in 1863, sold out and bought a farm in Thorn Creek, this county, and in the spring of 1878 came to Collins, bought a farm of fifty-five acres, on which he now lives, still owning the farm in Thorn Creek, proprietor of 190 acres in all. Mr. Horner, in Feb- ruary, 1840, married Mary A. McKown, who was born in New Jersey, May 26, 1823, a daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Gibbs) McKown, and to their union were born three children, none of whom are living. Mr. Horner is an Odd Fellow, and in politics is a Republican. WILLIAM G. HUGHES was born in Greene Co., Penn., November 10, 1829, son of Nathan and Isabel (Grimes) Hughes, also natives of said State. Nathan Hughes was a stone-mason, and moved to Knox Co., Ohio, in 1832, and there died in 1837. His widow married James Simpson, in 1854, moved to Iowa, where he died, when she came to Whitley County, and made her home with our subject until her death, in 1870. William G. Hughes was left fatherless at the age of eight, went to live with an uncle two years, and since the age of ten has supported himself. At nineteen, he began to learn blacksmithing, and in 1849 started out to seek a permanent home- He hired as a blacksmith to a cousin in the northern part of this township, worked one year, then was em- ployed in Allen County and in Columbia City for a time. He married Miss Margery A. Gregory, of Noble County, and in 1852 commenced working for himself in Grreen Township, Noble County; in 1870, he engaged in the manu- facture of lumber east of Columbia City ; in 1875, he removed the Churu- busco, and with his partners, Thomas N. Hughes and Harrison Spear, purchased their present stave factory, saw-mill, etc. It was originally built in 1871, at a cost of $20,000, and since has been greatly improved and contains the most approved machinery. The past year, the firm turned felloes for 5,000 wagons, 50,000 neckyokes and singletrees, and have sawn upward of 1,500.000 feet of lumber. They also own another saw-mill, near South Whitley. Mr. Hughes is a Republican and a Mascm. His children numbered thirteen, as follows: Mary I., Millard F., Marshall T., William H., Elnora, Clara M., George E., living, and Nathan, Emma, Sherman, Bertha, Charles and Jennie, deceased. MORTIMER JEFFRIES was born in Greenville Counfy, Va., August 22, 1820, and was the son of Herbert and Ridley Jeffries. In 1842 or 1843, Herbert Jeffries moved to Greene County, Ohio, and the following year came to this township, where he bought 160 acres of wild land and cleared up a farm, cutting the lumber for his cabin with a cross-cut handsaw. Our 340 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: subject was altogether deprived of school privileges, but acquired a fair education by his own exertions at study. December 6, 1850, he married Elizabeth Keen, who was born in Hertford Co., N. C, February 25, 1835? being the daughter of Miles H. and Mary (Holmes) Keen, natives of the said State. To their union have been born the following-named children : Levi ; Priscilla, now Mrs. Crone; Herbert, Lizzie and Mary. After his marriage, Mr. Jeffries settled on forty acres of land in this township, which he had bought and partially cleared some years before. In 1864, he sold out, and bought 320 acres in the same township, which he occupied till his death, Sep- tember 17, 1879. Levi Jeffries was born in this township, June 10, 1855, and lives on the home farm. He married, June 9, 1881, Adella S. Vaughn, who was born in Cass Co., Mich., July 23, 1873, the daughter of Henry and May Vaughn. In politics he is a Republican; and is looked upon as an enterprising farmer. MARCUS L. JEFFRIES was born in Greenville Co., Va., May 15, 1825, one of the seven children born to Herbert and Ridley (Pruit) Jeffries, natives of Greenville Co., Va., and Halifax Co., N. C. Herbert Jeffries was married in North Carolina, but owned a farm and lived in Greenville Co., Va., until about 1832, when he moved with his family to Greene Co., Ohio, remained the spring of 1843, removed to this township, bought a farm of 160 acres, and resided thereon until his death, November 16, 1849, Mrs. Ridley Jones following him April 10, 1855, and dying in the Methodist faith. Marcus L. Jeffries, our subject, assisted on his father's farm till he reached thirty years of age, going to school three days only during that period. He was married February 14, 1855, to Martha A. Keen, a native of Hertford County, N. C. This lady, a member of the M. E. Church, died at her home in Smith Township, October 2, 1878. Mr. Jeffries bought his land at different times, and now owns a well- cultivated farm of 160 acres, and is an enterprising farmer. In politics, he is a Republican. AUGUSTUS W. JEFFRIES was born in this township October 20, 1843, and is one of the four living children born to Wyatt and Eliza J. (Jones) Jeffries, natives of Greenville County, Va. While still young, Wyatt Jeffries went to Greene Co., Ohio, was married there, and until 1835 farmed on shares, and then moved with his family to this township, where he entered eighty acres of land, to which he added until he became the owner of 340 acres of well-im- proved land. Here he died February 14, 1869, his widow following Octo- ber 20, of the same year. They were both members of the M. E. Church, and among the earlier settlers of the township, they and Benjamin Jones having located on adjoining farms before the township was organized, with their nearest neighbor three miles away. Augustus W. Jeffries, our subject, received the ordinary common-school education of his day, and worked on the home farm till twenty-one years old. November 19, 1862, he married Mary J. Akers, who was born in Wilson County, Tenn., October 29, 1842, the daugh- SMITH TOWNSHIP. 341 ter of Richard and Ann E. (Scott) Akers. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffries are the parents of six children, viz.: Milton J., Walker W., Albert A., Georgia L., Fredie R. and Anna M. Mr. Jeffries now owns 300 acres first-class land, including the old homestead, on which he has lived all his life, two years excepted, and for the past twelve years has been extensively engaged in the live stock trade. He and his wife are members of the M. B. Church, and in politics he is a Republican. \\ BRINTON JONES was born in Greenville County, Va., December 27, 1813, one of nine children of Benjamin and Winifred (Shehorn) Jones, natives of said county. Benjamin Jones moved with his family to Greene County, Ohio, in 1825, where he farmed on shares till February, 1835, when he removed to this township, then unorganized, where he entered eighty acres of land, cleared a farm, and resided until his death, February 17, 1854, his widow surviving till December 16, 1873. They were both members of the M. E. Church, and wera among the first pioneers of the county. Our subject, Brinton Jones, received a very fair education, and remained on the home farm till thirty years of age, and for a time taught a subscription school. April 20, 1843, he married Susan Thomas, born in Mecklenburg County, Va., in Sep- tember, 1825, the daughter of Stephen and Lucy (King) Thompson. To their union were born Harriet M., now Mrs. William Pampy; Ceney A., now Mrs. John Smith; Johanna, now Mrs. Fielding Pampy, and Sarah A. D., now Mrs. Marshall Winburn. Mr. Jones still owns and lives on the land he entered when a young man — forty acres in 1837 and forty in 1840. He and his wife are both members of the M. E. Church, and in politics he is a Republican. The grandfather of Mr. Jones, Brinton Jones, Sr., was a soldier in the Revo- lutionary war. JEREMIAH KRIDER was born in Franklin County, Penn., November 1, 1812, the son of George and Fanny Krider. George Krider was a farmer, and moved to Stark County, Ohio, in 1820. His wife died there in about 1872, and he followed in 1874. Jeremiah Krider moved with his parents to Stark County, when but eight years old, and was there reared to manhood. September 12, 1833, he married Miss S. Zent, and for the following five years did job work for their support. He then moved to Rich- land County, Ohio, and farmed nine vears. In 1847, he came to Smith Township, bought 160 acres wooded land, and went through ail the hardships of a frontier life. He resided on this land until 1874, when he placed it in charge of his children, and moved to Churubusco, where he and his wife are living a quiet and retired life. He began a poor boy, but by industry acquired a farm of 252 acres, and some valuable property in the city. His children were twelve in number: John, Samuel, Sarah, William, Fanny, George W., Eliza, Melinda, Mary, Huldah, Benjamin and Jeremiah, of whom Samuel, Sarah and Huldah are dead. The living all reside in Whitley County, ex- cepting a married daughter in Missouri and one in Denver, Colo. The s 342 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: mother was born in Franklin County, Penn., March 9, 1815, and is a member of the U. B. Church. Mr. Krider is Republican in politics, and an old and esteemed citizen of the county. A. H. KRIDER was born in Stark County, Ohio, in 1823, one of seven children born to George and Fanny Krider, both natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. Our subject was reared a farmer, and passed his winters principally in threshing grain, so that his opportunities for school- ing were but scant. In October, 1846, he married Eleanor Monroe, who was born in Stark County, in 1829, and was the daughter of Moses and Sarah Monroe, of Scotland and New York respectively. In the fall of 1847, our subject started empty-handed, with his family, in search of a home. He first located in Defiance County, Ohio, then an unbroken wilderness, re- mained five years, then came to Thorn Creek Township, this county ; located on the shore of Round Lake ; sold out at the expiration of two years, on account of ill health, and purchased his present home in this township in 1856. The improvements then consisted of a cabin and a clearing of two acres, but he has, by his perseverance, brought out of it 115 acres of well-cultivated land, with substantial improvements. Our subject has held aloof from politics, but has lent his aid to other public pursuits. He organized the first Sunday school iu Churubusco, beginning with ten scholars and closing with thirty, and has been an active worker in that field for forty-one years, ably assisted by his wife. He and wife are strict members of the United Brethren Church, and are the parents of seven children, of whom four sons and two daughtars are now living. GEORGE W. KRIDER was born in Stark County, Ohio, July 2, 1842,* one of twelve children, nine yet living, of Jeremiah and Mrs. S. Krider, natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. Our subject came with his parents to this county when but two years old, and when old enough, assisted his fath- er in carving from the forest a comfortable home. At the age of nineteen he enlisted in Company E, Forty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in which he served nine months, and was then honorably discharged, on account of disabili- ty. After recruiting his health at home a year, he re-enlisted, this time in Company D, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in November, 1863, and was honorably discharged in August, 1865, but, unable to get transportation home, joined Sherman at Goldsboro, and was with him as far as Atlanta ; afterward joined Gen. Thomas, and went with him down the Tennessee River to its mouth. He was in eight hard-fought battles, but escaped uninjured, but with a number of holes through his clothing. On his return home, he resumed farming, and March 22, 1866, married Susanna Bear, daughter of George and Susan Bear, and became the father of one son and two daughters. Mrs. Krider died in 1874, at the age of twenty-eight, and our subject married, July 14, 1875, Eliza Deem, daughter of Lewis and Cath- arine Deem, and to this union have been born two sons. He and wife are SMITH TOWNSHIP, 343 members of the United Brethren Church, and he also belongs to the Knights of Honor. THOMAS LARIMORE, one of eight children, four living, born to Thomas and Hannah (Young) Larimore was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 12, 1827. His father was a farmer and a native of and was married in Penn- sylvania, and moved thence to Licking County, where he was killed by a fall- ing tree, in March, 1832. The widow and youngest son moved to Sparta Township, Noble County, Ind., in 1849, and eight years later removed to Lake Township, Allen County, where Mrs. Larimore died in March, 1866. Our subject was bound out shortly after his father's death, but the master's wife dying a few months later, the family broke up, and young Larimore was left among strangers. From the age of eight upward he led a life of hardship, and was self-supporting. In October, 1848, he married Mahala Evans, and in the fall of 1850 he moved to Lake Township, Allen County, bought eighty acres of land, and with his wife, child and a bound boy, began life in this State with- out a cent in his pocket, or a cabin on his land wherein to take shelter, and a winter before him. But he was possessed of determination and industrious habits, and succeeded in surrounding his family with most of the comforts of life. In November, 1881, he moved to Churubusco, and took charge of what is now known as the Larimore House, having purchased the property the pre- vious May. Besides this, Mr. Larimore owns 360 acres of land in Allen County, and Blocks 3 and 4 in Churubusco. Mr. and Mrs. Larimore are the parents of twelve children — Lydia, Cynthia, Thomas J., Hannah M., Levi B., Eli, Mary, Howard, Charley, all living; Alexander, William F. and Norris, deceased. Mr. L. is a Democrat, a Mason, and a K. of H., and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church. He he held the office of Justice of the Peace four years, and has filled a number of minor offices ; has been a Sab- bath school worker since 1851, and keeps a much better hotel than is usuallv found in villages the size of Churubusco. JA.MES LEECH (deceased) was born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1824, and was the son of John and Fanny Leech, the former a native of Ireland and the latter of Irish descent. Mr. Leech was reared on a farm, and in 1846 came to this township to occupy land entered by his father some years previ- ously, which he made his permanent home. August 2, 1849, he married Elizabeth Strean, daughter of John and Maria Strean, the former a native of Ireland and the latter of Irish and German extraction, and to their union were born seven children, of whom three sons and two daughters are living. Mr. Leech was an active Democrat in politics, and much interested in home enter- prises. He brought out from the forest a fertile and productive farm, and built up for himself a pleasant home after much toil and enduring manv priva- tions, and February 28, 1879, departed this life at the age of fifty-five years. His widow survives him and is now a resident upon the old homestead. Mr. Leech was one of eleven children, and in June, 1873, attended a re-union of 344 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his father's family at his youngest brother's residence, near Marshfield, Ohio, there being present the father, five sons, six daughters, six sons-in-law, three daughters-in-law and twenty-seven grandchildren — the family circle being complete, with the exception of the mother, who had been called to her last home but a few years previously. JOSEPH ORR LONG was born in Greene County, Ohio, April 14, 1834, one of nine children born to Jesse W. and Hannah (Heglar) Long, seven of whom are still living. The father was born in Virginia, May 13, 1799, and the mother September 7, 1809, in the same State. The father was taken by his parents to Ohio while he was but a small boy. He was married in Greene County, where he owned a small farm, and in May, 1834, moved with his family to what is now Smith Township, where he had pre-empted 320 acres the previous fall. His first cabin was of the most primitive character, not a nail being used in its construction. He was probably the first white settler within the limits of Smith Township, and here died January 26, 1863. Joseph 0. Long, our subject, remained with his father till he reached his majority, receiving a common-school education. Afterward he assisted in building Whartburg College, in Union Township, taking private lessons during the time from Rev. Jacob Woolf, Principal, also attending the first term taught at that school. Mr. Long began teaching at the age of nineteen, and gave in- struction in Allen and Whitley Counties three terms. January 24, 1866, he married Ruhannah Nickey, born in Ross County, Ohio, October 1, 1838, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Briggs) Nickey. The issue of this marriage was seven children, viz. : Charles 0., J. L., Frank E., Ora E., Bertie and Ruah E. (twins), and Addie R. Immediately after his marriage he removed to La Fayette Township, Keokuk County, Iowa, remained two and a half years, then moved to De Kalb County, Mo., and in 1860 returned to this township, rented a part of his father's farm, and at the latter's death bought the shares of the other heirs and now owns the old homestead of 320 acres. His surviving brothers and sisters are located as follows : Mrs. Mary E. Cleveland, Keokuk County, Iowa; Mrs. Elder J. Nicholls, Woodbury County, Iowa; Anderson H., Keo- kuk County, Iowa ; Alexander Mc, Woodbury County, Iowa ; Nelson C, at the Dalles, Oregon, and Noah S., Beatrice, Neb. P. MALONEY (deceased) was born in Limerick, Ireland, about the year 1812, and emigrated to America in 1832, locating..in Vermont, and two years later removed to Fort Wayne, this State. He was left an orphan when but a small child, landed in this country in destitute circumstances, and had always to take care of himself. At Fort Wayne he followed teaming for a livelihood, and was there married to Mary Cushion, of that city, who shortly after died. In 1840, he married Katherine Welsh, a native of County Mayo, Ireland, who was born in 1812, emigrated with her parents to this country in 1837, and located the first year in Fort Wayne. Mr. Maloney came to this township in 1839, located on Section 12, and began farming in the unbroken SMITH TOWNSHIP. 345 wilderness. By hard work, thrift and perseverance, he succeeded in providing for his family a comfortable home of 400 acres, the better part well improved. In his latter days, he dealt extensively in live stock, raising a great many head. He was the father of seven children, of whom three sons and three daughters are still living. After a well-spent life and a useful one, he died February 24, 1862. His widow still survives, and resides with her youngest son on the home farm at the age of seventy years, a member, as was her husband, of the Catholic Church. DR. F. M. MAGERS was born in Knox County, Ohio, January 28, 1838, the youngest of eight sons born to Nathan and Winifred (Logsdon) Magers, of Cumberland County, Md., and of English and French descent. The advent of their ancestors in this country was in Lord Baltimore's time. The father of Dr. Magers was a farmer, and one of the very early settlers of Knox County, Ohio. He died September 10, 1842. At the age of thirteen, our subject left his mother to attend St. Mary's Seminary, St. Louis, at which institution and at St. Thomas' College, Ky., he pursued his studies till seven- teen years old, and then returned home. In 1855, he came to Avilla, Noble County, this State, and engaged in teaching, which he continued till 1857, and then returned home to manage the farm. The fall of 1862, he came to Allen County, this State, taught school that winter, returned home in the spring of 1863, when his mother died. He settled up the estate and for two years read medicine with Dr. Bryant, of Mt. Vernon, attended lectures at the Michigan University at Ann Arbor, and in May, 1865, located in Churubusco, and began practice, at which he has been very successful. Dr. Magers is a Democrat, and a member of the Catholic Church. November 24, 1865, he married Mary E. Metzger, daughter of Judge A. Metzger, of Fort Wayne, and to their union have been born six children, viz.: Cassimer B., Mary F., Edmund L., Eliza- beth W., Ursula J. and Francis A. GEORGE W. MAXWELL was born in Eel River Township, Allen County, Ind., February 23, 1853, and his father, Abraham Maxwell, in Sumner County, Penn., in 1809. The latter, at the age of fifteen, came to Knox County, Ohio, and in 1835 to Indiana. November 24, 1836, he married Mary Ann (Geiger) Parks, born in Licking County, Ohio, in 1811, and an immigrant to Allen County, in 1833. Mr. Maxwell first located in Indiana on Haw Patch, Noble County; then moved to Eel River Township, Allen County, where he married, purchased a piece of land, and ended his days March 27, 1863. His widow survives him, and resides on the old homestead. They had a family of seven children, five of whom are yet living, the mother also having two children living, of three born to her first husband, John Parks. Our subject was reared a farmer, but was well educated, and taught two terms of school. In 1873, he came to Churubusco, engaged in clerking and as part- ner, and for a number of years sold organs and sewing machines. September 9, 1875, he married Miss Sarah F. Deck, and 1876, he and John Deck (his father- 346 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in-law), joined as partners in a general store. This partnership lasted five years and a half; Mr. Maxwell now continues the business alone, has been very suc- cessful, and carries a stock valued at $17,000, comprising dry goods, clothing, groceries, etc. He and his wife are the parents of two children — Iva A. and Myrta M. In politics, he is a Democrat, and he is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. J. F. McNEAR was born in Morrow County, Ohio, January 10, 1838, the son of Philip and Rebecca (Williams) McNear, of Pennsylvania, and of Scotch descent. Philip McNear was a farmer, and visited Noble County, Ind., about 1850, but finally settled in Smith Township, this county, in October, 1851, on forty-one acres in Section 24, and passed through all the hardships incident to pioneer life. Mrs. McNear died December 25, 1878, aged seventy years, since when Mr. McNear has married Mrs. Emillie Strong, and still re- sides in Smith Township. J. F. McNear was reared on the farm, and received the ordinary common-school education; he then attended one or two terms at Columbia City, after which he entered Otterbein University, near Columbus, Ohio; came home in 1860, and cast his first vote for Lincoln; attended school a term, and then taught until 1862, when he enlisted, August 5, in Company B, Seventy-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was sent to the front. He was in the fights at Perryville, Chickamauga, all through the Atlanta cam- paign, with Sherman in his mem orable march to the sea, and through the Carolinas. During the last year of his service, he was Provost Marshal of the brigade part of the time, and aid-de-camp to Gen. Green. He was honorably discharged June 21, 1865. He enlisted as a private; was appointed Corporal and then Orderly Sergeant; after the battle of Chickamauga, was sent home on a recruiting expedition, and there received a commission, in January, 1864, as First Lieutenant. After the war he engaged in school teaching in Colum- bia City and elsewhere, and in 1869 went to Kansas and engaged in farming and dealing in real estate. He returned to W hitley County in 1874, and has since remained here. September 5, 1867, he married Antoinette A. Tucker, who died June 2, 1875, leaving two children, Aggie I. and Burdette. Mr. McNear is a Republican, and a member of the U. B. Church. He is owner of sixty acres of land in Smith Township, besides other real estate. JACOB NICKEY was born in Augusta Co., Va., July 1, 1814, one of ten children of Samuel and Catherine (Balsley) Nickey. Samuel Nickey's parents came from Germany when he was but three years old, in 1769, and settled in Pennsylvania, but removed to Virginia, where he married and resided till his death, February 17, 1832. He had been a soldier in the war of 1812, and was a member of the Lutheran Church. In the fall of 1832, Mrs. Catherine Nickey moved with her family to Ross Co., Ohio, and in the fall of 1834 removed to Lake Township, Allen Co., Ind., and then to Union Township, this county, where she bought sixty acres of land and lived for many years, but died in 1852 at the home of her son David, in this township. She was a member of SMITH TOWNSHIP. 347 the M. B. Church. Jacob Nickey, our subject, has acquired a very good edu- cation by self-teaching, his early opportunities having been meager. February 19, 1834, he married, in Ross Co., Ohio, Elizabeth Briggs, native of the place, and daughter of Samuel and Agnes (Sheppard) Briggs. By this marriage he became the father of six children, viz. : Elizabeth J., now Mrs. Alex. More ; Rose A., now Mrs. George Perry ; Ruhannah, now Mrs. J. 0. Long; Sarah A., now Mrs. William Krider; Clarissa, now Mrs. Metsker, and Allen S., now practicing medicine in Boone County, Ind. After marriage, Mr. Nickey farmed on shares, in Ross County, till the fall of 1839, when he came to this township and bought 120 acres unimproved land the following spring, and here erected probably the first frame dwelling built in the county. He has increased his farm to 307 acres of well-improved land by adding to it from time to time. Mrs. Elizabeth Nickey died here Septem- ber 19, 1844, and January 18, 1849, he married Mrs. Catherine (Crabill) Fredericks, born in Shenandoah County, Va., October 29, 1821, daughter of William and Catherine (Funk) Crabill, natives of that State, and from this second marriage three children are living, viz.: William S., Mary N. (now Mrs. N. Metsker), and Jacob W. Mr. Nickey has served many years as Township Trustee under both the old and new constitutions, and six years as one of the County Commissioners ; he was on the first grand jury ever held in Columbia City, and has always been a Democrat. He and wife are members of the U. B. Church, and are among the leading citizens of the township. D. W. NICKEY was born in this township July 6, 1837, the son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gradeless) Nickey, who were parents of the following- named children: Rebecca, now Mr. Silas Briggs, of Union Township; David W. ; Mary A., now Mrs. Samuel Pierce, of Kendallville, Noble County ; Martha E., deceased; William A., deceased; and Addison B., who married Orpha Mossman, and lives in Allen County. Samuel Nickey was born in Augusta County, Va., in 1809, and came to Ross County, Ohio, with his widowed mother; taught school there, and there married Miss Gradeless in 1832. In 1833, he and his father-in-law, William Gradeless, and Absalom Hyre came to Indiana, and Messrs. Nickey and Hyre settled in this township, and Mr. Gradeless in Lake Township, Allen County, taking permanent possession in 1834. After many years, Mr. Nickey moved across Eel River to his father-in-law's place in Allen County, and there died August 29, 18b*4. Mrs. Nickey died April 17, 1861. D. W. Nickey was reared on the farm in this township, which has always been his home. January 4, 1860, he married Miss Alcinda, J. Mossman, daughter of Francis Mossman, one of the old citizens of Whitley County. To their union have been born two children — Rhua E. and Alfred J. Mr. Nickey is a farmer, and also deals largely in live stock. He owns 360 acres of good land in Smith Township, and 180 acres in Allen County. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, is a Re- publican, and he and wife are members of the M. E. Church. 348 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: GEORGE W. ORNDORF was born in Franklin County, Penn., June 9, 1824, the son of John and Barbara (Stewart) Orndorf, and is one of the two living of their family of three children. The father moved with his family to Richland County, Ohio, in 1836, where he engaged in his vocation of farm- ing. There our subject was reared, and there he married, January 14, 1845, Eve Spinks, and thence emigrated, in 1848, to Bel River Township, Allen Co., Ind. A year later he moved to Lake Township, and in 1877 came to Churubusco. He had learned the carpenter and joiner's trade in 1842, began married life with little or no means at his command, and had but $12 in cash after paying his expenses of removal to this State, had a wife and two children, and no household goods. By thrift and industry, however, he has acquired a good farm of 104 acres in Allen County, as well as valuable town property in Churubusco. He and wife are the parents of eight children, viz.: Priscilla, Mary, Barbara, John, Talitha, Ellen (deceased), George (deceased), and Ida. Of the above, John W. is a leading young man of Churubusco. He has re- ceived a good education, has taught school, is married to Jennie Hyatt, is now studying law, and is a Justice of the Peace of Smith Township. The parents of George W. Orndorf moved to Allen County in 1854, where his mother died in 1873. His father moved to Churubusco in 1877, where he died in March, 1880. The family is an old and respected one of Churubusco and vicinity. ABRAHAM PENCE was born in Fayette County, Ohio, December 19, 1818, and was one of the eleven children born to George C. and Sarah (Windel) Pence, the former a native of Highland County, Ohio, and the latter of Shen- andoah County, Va. Our subject came with his parents to this township in 1836, and has since resided on Section 19, where he was employed on his father's farm until twenty-two years of age, when (in August, 1840), he married Nancy Buckley, a native of Holmes County, Ohio. To their union were born eight children, of whom four are living. Mrs. Pence died in Smith Township in June, 1866, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. May 7, 1867, Mr. Pence mar- ried Mrs. Sarah (Hyre) Humbarger, a native of Montgomery County, Ohio, and daughter of Wesley and Susan (Van Schaick) Hyre. Mr. Pence farmed on seventy-six acres of the home farm which his father had deeded to him, and by degrees has added to it until at present he owns a farm of 400 acres of well- improved land in Smith and Thorn Creek Townships, and has, besides, deeded to his sons 185 acres. Mr. Pence is a Republican, and has filled the office of Township Trustee under the old constitution, and has always been regarded as one of the leading farmers and citizens of the township. JOHN PENCE was born in Fayette County, Ohio, April 28, 1823, the son of George C. and Sarah Pence, and came with his parents to this township in the fall of 1836, and worked for his father till he reached the age of twenty - three, when his father deeded him eighty acres of the old home place. For the next five years, he improved his own farm, and worked out for others at inter- SMITH TOWNSHIP. 349 vals ; in October, 1851, he married Sarah Strein, a native of Allen County, Ind., and daughter of John and Maria Strein. The father of this lady was born on the Atlantic Ocean when his parents were on their passage to this coun- try from Ireland, and her mother was probably a native of Pennsylvania. By his marriage, Mr. Pence became the father of three children, viz.: Joseph M., Sarah C. (now Mrs. Swigert), and Ellen (now Mrs. J. J. Baker). Mrs. Pence died in October, 1864, and March 12, 1865, Mr. Pence married Mary J. Hazen, a native of Ohio, and daughter of Isaac and Rachel (Lafaver) Hazen. To this second union were born four children — Mary A., Nettie J., Virgil J. and Laura A. In the fall of 1852, Mr. Pence sold his farm and moved to Jones County, Iowa, and thence to Hardin County, stopping one year in each, then returned to this township, and bought back his old farm, which he has in- creased to 320 acres of well-improved land. For twenty years he and wife have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he holds to Republican opinions. JOSEPH J. PENCE was born November 20, 1831, in Fayette County, Ohio, one of eleven children born to George C. and Sarah (Windel) Pence, natives respectively of Highland County, Ohio, and Shenandoah County, Va. George C. Pence moved to this township in the fall of 1836, and bought on Section 19, 640 acres, built a cabin and commenced clearing up. Here Mrs. Sarah Pence died August 18, 1853, in the Methodist Episcopal faith. In the fall of 1855, Mr. Pence traded 120 acres of his original farm to his son, our subject, for 240 acres in Hardin County, Iowa, to which he moved, and on which he resided till his death in 1865, having before his removal deeded the remainder of the Smith Township farm to his children. Our subject at the age of twenty-three, left the home farm and went to Iowa, where he bought the land he subsequently traded to his father. July 28, 1855, he married Su- sanna Waugh, a native of Ross County, Ohio, and daughter of Joseph and Nancy (Harper) Waugh, natives of the same State. To their union were born six children, five of whom are still living, viz.: Mary E., now Mrs. J. J- Smith ; James A. L., David E. M., Florence A. and William J. Mrs. Pence died June 6, 1871, and November 14, 1873, our subject married Alice C. Henny, a native of Jefferson Township, this county, and born September 17, 1850. She is the daughter of Phillip and Charlotta (Richard) Henny, natives of Ohio. Mr. Pence and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he is a Republican. HENRY C. PRESSLER was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, March 5, 1837, one of sixteen children born to John and Maria (Egolf ) Pressler, natives of Pennsylvania. John Pressler immigrated into Whitley County, locating in Thorn Creek Township in 1846, and moved to Columbia City in 1875, where he now resides with his second wife, Lydia (King) Pressler, whom he married in 1864, our subject's mother having died in 1857. At the age of twenty, our subject began teaching school, taught three terms, and then 350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: entered Heidelberg College, but was soon compelled to withdrew on account of ill health. April, 1861, the military organization to which he belonged was mustered in with Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and Mr. P. went to the front, remained a year, and was then discharged on account of his ill health. In 1864, he re-enlisted in the same company, and remained till the close of the war. In December, 1866, he married Margaret M. Richey. Since 1872, he has chiefly been engaged in mercantile pursuits. In politics, he is a Democrat, and has held the position of Township Assessor and Township Trustee for Smith very nearly twelve consecutive years, and served as Census Enumerator in 1880. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows fra- ternities, and the father of five children — Wilkis W. (deceased), Willard E., Viola M., Henry C. and Maud. MILES RITCHE was born in Northumberland County, Penn., in 1809, one of eight children born to Moses and Rebecca Ritche, natives of Pennsyl- vania and of German extraction. The boyhood of our subject was passed in attending a country school some two or three miles away from his home, and in assisting his father on the farm. At the age of twenty-five, he rented the homestead for seven years, then moved to Clarion County, Penn., and farmed there for seven years, and then, to better his circumstances, came to this town- ship in the fall of 1848, and here he has since remained. He found his eighty- acre lot in Smith a wilderness, but by perseverance and hard work converted it into a comfortable home, and added to it till it reached 312 acres of product- ive land, a portion of which he has given to his children. November 2, 1833, he married Marinda Wood row, daughter of John and Mary A. Woodrow, both natives of Pennsylvania and of English extraction, and to this marriage were born seven children, of whom three sons and two daughters are still living. At his country's call, during the late war, our subject, his three sons and two sons-in-law, were prompt to respond, were sent to the front, and all in safety returned. Mr. Ritche and wife have been members of the M. E. Church for forty years, and he has always been active in the building-up of churches and schoolhouses. LEMUEL RICHEY was born in Northumberland County, Penn., January 11, 1847, and is one of seven children, five yet living, born to Miles ann Marinda Richey of the said State. Miles was a farmer, was married in his native State, then moved to Indiana, located near the center of this town- ship and purchased eighty acres ; has since added to it, and now owns 200 acres of good land, all gained by his own exertions. Our subject, Lemuel Richey, came here with his parents at about four years of age, and was here reared to manhood, receiving a fair common-school education. In the fall of 1862, he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth I. V. I., as private. The next spring he was sent to the front and participated in the bat- tles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Atlanta, Jones- boro, Franklin, Nashville, etc., and was then transferred to the Eastern Army, SMITH TOWNSHIP. 351 Twenty-third Army Corps. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant October 23, 1863, and Captain of Company D in August, 1865, and discharged in September, 1865, at Charlotte, N. C, when he returned home and engaged in farming. He has since been employed in railroading, merchandising, etc. In 1876, settled in Churubusco, where he has since been engaged in the hardware trade, and at present is a member of the firm of Richey & Craig, owning, also, eighty acres of land in the township. In April, 1869, he married Miss Lavinia Pence, both being members of the M. E. Church. He is also a mem- ber of the I. 0. 0. F., and in politics is a Republican. J. F. SHOAFF was born in Miami County, Ohio, September 15, 1831, one of eleven children born to John P. and Priscilla (Freeman) Shoaff, natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio. John P. Shoaff was a farmer by occupation, but a miller by trade. He married Miss Freeman in Miami County, and when the third of their eleven children was born, emigrated, in 1836, to Eel River Township, Allen County, Ind. (five miles from the line of this township and county), and located in the woods. At that time there were only three white families in the township, and the country was overrun with Indians, deer, wolves, wild cats and lynxes. After a couple of years' experience in the wil- derness, Mr. Shoaff relinquished farming and began dealing in stocks, which have since engaged his attention. He has accumulated property, valued at $75,000, all by his own exertions. His wife died May 1, 1881, and he still lives on his homestead at the advanced age of seventy-eight. Our subject, J. F. Shoaff, was reared a farmer, and in November, 1857, married Martha Work, who died March 18, 1868. He married his present wife, Annie E. Johnston, September 11, 1872, and to their union have been born two children — Priscilla J. and Eliza J. He employed himself in farming and stock-raising until he came to Churubusco, in July, 1874, where he is doing business as a broker and dealer in real eBtate. He owns 466 acres of land in Allen County, besides some good property in town. In politics, he is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. GEORGE W. SLAGLE was born in Kanawha County, W. Va., December 9, 1811, the eldest of fourteen children of John and Margaret L. (Erwin) Slagle. The parents brought our subject, when a child, to Ross County, Ohio, and later to Greene County, where he received a common-school education and worked for his father and others till 1831, when he married, September 8, Martha Long, born in Augusta County, Va., April 13, 1814, one of eight children of Peter and Margaret (Ewing) Long, and to this union were born ten children, viz. : Leander, Peter L., Margaret (now Mrs. Jere. Heffelfinger), John H., Aaron P. (who died in 1880, leaving a wife and two children), Martha J. (now Mrs. Horace Hoxia), Mary A. (now Mrs. William Whery), George B., William W. and Emma J. (now Mrs. Henry Jerken). After his marriage, our subject took a lease of part of his father's farm, clearing it up in summer and working as a carpenter in the winter. In 1840, he moved to Lake Town- 352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ship, Allen County, this State, and one year later came to this township, bought fifty acres of wild land, built a hewn-log house and cleared up a farm. He now owns seventy-six well-improved acres. Soon after his coming he began working as a brick and stone-mason, which trade he has since followed in con- nection with farming. He was a charter member and the first Worshipful Master of Churubusco Lodge, No. 515, A., F. & A. M., is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. George B. Slagle, farmer, was born in this township, December 8, 1849, received the ordinary common-school education, and worked for his father till of age. December 4, 1870, he married Mary E. Donaldson, born in Wood County, Ohio, February 22, 1852, the only child of Hiram and Margaret (Kennedy) Donaldson, natives of Ohio. From this union two children remain — Charles W. and Walter M. After his marriage, Mr. Slagle operated his father's farm for one year, and then moved in March, 1872, to Wood County, Ohio, where he owned a farm, which he sold and returned to this township the same year, and bought a farm of eighty acres, but has resided on his father's farm ever since. He is a Republican in politics, and is a rising young farmer* JACOB STOCKERT was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1832, the son of John J. and Margaret Stockert, and in his native land learned the blacksmith's trade from his father and worked at intervals on the farm. He received a good German education, and when twenty-two years of age emigrated to this country, locating in Stark County, Ohio, where a brother had preceded him three years previously. On his arrival, he found himself $15 in debt, and so began his new life worse than empty-handed. He worked at first at jobs, and soon recovered himself. In the spring of 1858, he married Mary Bear, daughter of George and Susan Bear, natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio, and to their union were born five children, of whom two sons and two daughters are now living. Our subject farmed on rented land in Ohio till the spring of 1865, when he moved to this township and purchased eighty acres from Jerry Krider, on which was a small log cabin, which has long since been replaced by a substantial frame residence and other good buildings, and the land increased to 185 acres, all well improved. He is recognized as an enterprising citizen and one of the most foremost in the advancement of home industries. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM VAN METER, Jr., was born in Pendleton County (now West Virginia), May 15, 1807, the youngest of five children born to William and Phebe (Wece) Van Meter, natives of Augusta and Hardy Counties, Va. The father died when our subject was quite young, and the latter remained with his mother till nineteen years old, and then hired out by the day or year till 1828, when he married Mary Harmon, a native of Pendleton County, and to their union were born six children, viz.: Mrs. Christina Myers ; Phebe, now Mrs. John Diffendaffer ; Adam, who died in this township in his twenty-seventh year ; Rebecca, now Mrs. W. Sterling ; John and Julia A. (afterward Mrs. David SMITH TOWNSHIP. 353 Hurd), who died in 1866, leaving three children. About 1835, Mr. Van Meter moved to Ross County, Ohio, where he farmed on shares ; in 1837, he brought his family to this township, where he bought 160 acres of wild land, to which he has added from time to time, and now owns 636 acres, well-improved. Mrs. Van Meter died at her home in this township in 1841, and January 15, 1859, our subject married Melinda Cratzer, born in Stark County, Ohio, February 17, 1839, the daughter of David and Elizabeth (Brightbill) Cratzer, of Penn- sylvania, and to this union six children have been born, as follows : America, now Mrs. B. Gradeless ; Scott, Almeda, Melinda M., William and Alpha. Mrs. Van Meter is a member of the M. E. Church, and in politics he is a Re- publican, and one of the oldest pioneers of this township. OBADIAH J. WADE was born in Virginia March 25, 1814, one of nine children born to Richard and Rhoda (Harler) Wade. Richard Wade was a farmer by occupation, a reed maker by trade and a soldier in the war of 1812. Our subject learned to read at Sabbath school, walking five miles every Sunday to attend the same. He worked on his father's farm till twenty-one years of age, and then went to Augusta County, W. Va., and worked out by the day, month or year. January 28, 1837, he married Caroline Holt, who was born in Augusta County, September 26, 1814. Their children number nine, as follows : Mary J., now Mrs. Chockley ; John S.; Elizabeth A., now Mrs. Crockston ; William I., James A., Francis A., Richard W., Augusta V. (now Mrs. Leigh), and Charles W. In the fall of 1841, Mr. Wade moved with his wife and family to Thorn Creek Township, this county, where he remained till the spring of 1848, when he moved to this township. Here he bought forty acres of unimproved land, built a log house, and cleared up his farm, which he has since increased to 293 acres. Mr. Wade served as Township Trustee under the old constitution, and he and wife have for many years been members of the M. E. Church. C. C. WALKLEY was born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, December 17, 1810, one of four sons, two of whom are living, of David and Prudence (Foot) Walkley, natives of Connecticut. David Walkley was a farmer, and moved to Ashtabula County, Ohio, in 1805, and was among the oldest settlers. Our subject received a common-school education, and passed his early years in as- sisting his father in his work as a pioneer. November 26, 1829, he married Miss Ruth L. Richmond, daughter of Elder Edmund Richmond, of Otsego County, N. Y. Mr. Walkley became infatuated with frontier life, and the winters of 1833—34 found him alone near the head-waters of the Blue River, in Noble County, this State, where the abundance of game satisfied his pas- sion for the chase. In 1835, he purchased some land and brought out his family, and the succeeding summers were passed in clearing and farming and the winters in hunting and trapping. He took great interest in the affairs of Green Township ; for seventeen years was Justice of the Peace, and was held in general esteem. About 1875, he moved to Churubusco, and has since lived 354 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: here, engaged in the grocery trade. He and wife have shared the trials and hardships of frontier life for fifty-three years, and have had born to them ten / children, five of whom have died.. The survivors are as follows: Charles R.; Flavia A., now Mrs. Boner ; Parmelia, now Mrs. Hutchin ; Harriet, now Mrs. Gillett ; Ruth L., now Mrs. Greer. Mr. Walkley is an old-time Democrat, and Mrs. Walkley is a member of the Baptist Church. DAVID M. WAUGH, was born in Ross County, Ohio, December 15, 1840, and is one of eleven children of Joseph and Nancy (Harper) Waugh, natives of said State. Our subject came with his parents to this township in 1850 ; here attended the public schools, and worked on his father's farm till 1864, when he enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Mounted Infantry, with which he served through all its marches and engagements till mustered out at Macon, Ga., in August, 1865, having taken part in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Selma. On his return, he settled oh an eighty-acre farm his father had bought for him during his absence. September 16, 1866, he married Mary Kinsey, who was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, in January, 1847, the daughter of Levi and Caroline Kinsey, natives respectively of Ohio and Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Waugh are the parents of six children, viz. : Ida M., Lillia C, Susie M., Harvey, Edna and Harrie G. In politics he is a Republican, and he is considered one of the rising young farmers of the township. UNION TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM A. ALLEN, general merchant, was born in this township December 5, 1842, and is the eldest of six living children born to Nathaniel and Eliza (Force) Allen, who were respectively born in Summit County, Ohio, February 7, 1816, and Pennsylvania, December 25, 1818. Nathaniel Allen was a carpenter, and, in 1842, came to this township and bought 160 acres of land, built a cabin, and commenced clearing. Our subject assisted his father till March 22, 1864, when he enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, then a part of Gen. Wilder's brigade, and served until mustered out at Macon, August 12, 1865, having fought at Selma, Ala.> Macon and Columbus, Ga., and in many skirmishes. On his return, he worked on the home farm till 1873, when he and his brother, Wesley W. Allen, en- gaged in mercantile pursuits at Coesse, which are still being conducted under the firm name of Allen Bros. October 9, 1873, he married Maria Yagel, who was born in Thorn Creek Township, this county, November 27, 1853. She is the youngest of five children living born to Adam and Eve M. (Cotsamyre) Yagel, both natives of Germany. To Mr. and Mrs. Allen have been born three children — Victor, Charles and Leroy. Mr. Allen is one of the rising young men of the township, and in politics is a Democrat. UNION TOWNSHIP. 355 ALEXANDER BOYD was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., Feb- ruary 8, 1811, one of twelve children born to Hugh and Elizabeth (George) Boyd, natives of the South, but married in Pennsylvania, where Hugh followed his trade of tailoring till his death. When fourteen years of age, our subject left his home and went to work by the month on a farm, also on the Erie Canal, and the National pike ; also on the first waterworks in Pittsburgh, and for a while on a steamboat on the Ohio River. He was married, April 29, 1830, to Elizabeth Dinsmore, born in Westmoreland County January 7, 1810, of Robert and Esther (McCoy) Dinsmore. Mr. Boyd then farmed on shares till 1835, when he moved to Wayne County, Ohio, where he worked on shares till 1844, and then came to this township and bought eighty acres of wild land, and settled in a log cabin among the Indians and wolves, both of which were sometimes unwelcome visitors. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd are the parents of eight children, viz. : Hester, who married H. Graves, and who died in 1862 ; Catherine, who died in her tenth year ; James ; Elizabeth, now Mrs. W. S. Keiser; Nancy J., now Mrs. Curtis Keiser ; Martha, A., now Mrs. James Graves ; John E. and George. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd are members of the Pres- byterian Church, and in politics Mr. Boyd is a Democrat. JAMES S. BRIGGS was born in Ross County, Ohio, December 25, 1819, and was one of twelve children born to Samuel and Agnes (Shepard) Briggs, who respectively were born in Pendleton County, Va., January 15, 1776, and Greenbrier County, Va., July 15, 1785. Samuel Briggs was mar- ried in Virginia, but soon after came to Ross County, Ohio, bought a farm, and there passed his days. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and for many years Overseer of the Poor in Ross County. Mrs. Briggs died Novem- ber 12, 1839, and her husband January 27, 1841. Our subject received a common-school education, and worked for his father till twenty-three years old, and then worked by the month or farmed on shares for several years. He married, December 26, 1847, in Fayette County, Reedy Shobe, who was born in Ross County, July 6, 1826, the younger of two children born to Samuel and Clara (Stingley) Shobe, the former born in Ross County July 15, 1802, and the latter in Hardy County, Va., October 18, 1801. In 1850, Mr. Briggs came to this township with his wife and child, and bought the farm of 130 acres on which he still resides. They are the parents of six children, viz.: Samuel S., Darius B., Silas L., John M., Lois M. and Thomas B. Mr. and Mrs. Briggs are both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics Mr. Briggs is a Democrat. SILAS BRIGGS was born in Ross County, Ohio, August 30, 1826. Samuel, his father, died when Silas was in his fifteenth year, when the latter went out to work by the month for about three years. He then engaged in driving cattle to Eastern markets for about seven years. In 1851, he came to Union Township, where three years previously he had bought 160 acres unim- proved land. Here he built a log house and began clearing, and has continued 356 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to add to his farm till he now is possessor of 461 highly cultivated acres. He was married, September 16, 1852, to Rebecca Nickey, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gradeless) Nickey, and born in Smith Township, this county. To their union have been born nine children, viz.: Desdie J., Elizabeth (now Mrs. Albert Mossman), Delia (now Mrs. D. Welshimer), Silas E., Stephen 0., Charles N., Frank, Frederick and Jesse H. Mr. and Mrs. Briggs are both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church; and in politics he is a Democrat. He is an extensive live-stock dealer, a leading farmer and a prominent citizen of the township. ANDREW J. BRIGGS was born in Ross County, Ohio., April 5, 1829, and is the youngest of twelve children born to Samuel and Agnes Briggs. Our subject received the ordinary common-school education of his day, and at the age of eleven years was brought to Smith Township, this county, by Jacob Nickey, for whom he worked till sixteen years old, after which he lived with his brother, Jesse, till he reached his majority. He then set to work clearing a 169-acre lot, his guardian, Jacob Nickey, had bought for him, and has re- sided thereon ever since, having added to it from time to time, till he now has 205 acres of well improved land. August 28, 1852, he married Sarah A. More, who was born in Ohio February 12, 1832. She is a daughter of John W. and Mary (Spear) More, both natives of Ohio. To their marriage were born five children, viz. : Mary A., now Mrs. A. T. Hull ; Huldah J., now Mrs. William Gregg ; Anna C, now Mrs. Charles Rese ; Sarah M. and Florence A. Mr. Briggs, in politics, is a Democrat, and is one of the prominent citizens of his township. JEHU H. CLARK was born in Chester County, Penn., April 17, 1825, one of eight children born to Jehu and Keziah (Edwards) Clark, natives of Bucks and Montgomery Counties. Jehu was married in Chester County, and there resided the remainder of his days. Jehu H. Clark, our subject, resided with his father till twenty-seven years old. He began teaching when twenty- one. He taught for several years in Pennsylvania, and one term in this town- ship, in a schoolhouse in which there were no nails used in its construction, which was built of logs, had a puncheon floor, and a door hung on wooden hinges. He was married, February 15, 1851, to Jane A. Packer, a daughter of Hugh and Elizabeth (Thomas) Packer, and born in Columbiana County, Ohio, August 8, 1833. To their union were born six children, four of whom are living, viz.: Byron T., Joe H., Albert W. and Grace A. After his mar- riage, Mr. Clark returned to Chester County, Penn., remained there a year, and then moved to a farm of 137 acres unimproved land he had bought in this township, built a log house, and cleared from the wilderness a home. At that time his means were quite limited, but by industry and unswerving integ- rity, he has won a handsome property, now aggregating 340 acres. Mrs. Clark died March 16, 1863, and December 27, 1864, Mr. Clark married S. Amelia Spore, born in Albany County, N. Y., May 22, 1842. They have six chil- UNION TOWNSHIP. 357 dren — Jennie A., Jettie P., Lulu G., I. Belle, Thaddeus L. and Zella M. From the spring of 1865 to the fall of 1868, Mr. Clark conducted a general mercantile business at Coesse, and he then returned to his farm, where he has since resided. He is a Republican, and for two years was Assessor of the township. STEPHEN H. CLARK was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., March 5, 1821, one of the nine children of John G. and Julia (Goodrich) Clark, natives of Hudson City, N. Y., and Connecticut, respectively. They were mar- ried at Auburn, N. Y. John G. was a shoemaker and farmer. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and lived and owned land at different times in Cayuga, Lewis, Schoharie and Onondaga Counties, N. Y. In 1839, he moved with his family to De Kalb County, Ind., bought 200 acres of land, and died there in March, 1853, his wife following fifteen days later. Our subject was fairly educated in his youth, and at fourteen years of age went as an appren- tice to blacksmithing for three years. He left the trade, however, and came with his parents to Indiana, and remained with them till twenty-two years old, when he commenced clearing a place of his own in Allen County. He was married September 5, 1845, to Jane R. Moody, born in Greene County, Penn., December 3, 1820, the daughter of Daniel and Mary A. (Davis) Moody, natives of Maryland and New Jersey respectively. They are parents of four children — Mollie A. (now Mrs. George S. Mossman), Isaac G., George S. and Hattie E. George S. is a minister of the M. E. Church. In January, 1849, our subject moved to this township, entered 160 acres and bought eighty acres of land, and now has a model establishment. He was ordained Deacon in the M. E. Church, in 1857, and Elder in 1871, and has labored as local preacher and circuit rider thirty-one years. He has read medicine and practiced to some extent; was special agent for the Home Life Insurance Company of New York, for two years; was special traveling and collecting agent for the Con- necticut Mutual, and general agent of the Union Central Life of Cincinnati. He is a Republican, and a member of the A., F. & A. M. ELIJAH De PEW was born in Luzerne County, Penn., May 10, 1818, one of fifteen children of Levi and Rachel (Walker) De Pew, born in New Jer- sey in 1777, in April and May respectively, and there married. Levi settled on 234 acres in Luzerne, Penn., in 1800, following his trade of blacksmith in connection with farming till his death in 1368. Elijah, our subject, received a very fair common-school education, and worked on the home farm until twenty- five years old. He began teaching school at the age of seventeen, and taught for thirteen winters — eight of them in one house. November 1, 1841, he mar- ried Jeannette E. Paige, born in Franklin County, N. Y., September 21, 1821, and the daughter of Rufus A. and Jane (Middaugh) Paige, natives of that State. Her grandfather, Solomon Middaugh, was a Captain in the Continental army during the Revolution, and part of the time Aid-de-camp on Washing- ton's staff. Mrs. De Pew died in Columbia Township, this county, April 5, 358 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1852, in the Methodist faith, and leaving one child — Mary M. (now Mrs. A. J. Steele). In 1849, Mr. De Pew entered eighty acres in Columbia Township, built a house and cleared up the land, and then traded for 100 acres in this township, in 1855. The same year he moved to Columbia City and worked at his trade, carpentering, till 1859, then moved on his farm. December 6, 1853, he married Rebecca Winget, who was born in Greene County, Ohio, August 11, 1821, the daughter of Robert and Sarah (Rinerson) Winget, natives of Pennsylvania, and by this marriage became the father of three children — Fran- ces E., Rachel A. and Isa B. In politics, he is a Democrat, and served as As- sessor of Columbia Township two years. JOHN F. DEPOY was born in Fayette County, Ohio, December 21, 1821, the eldest of three children born to Nicholas and Esther (Furnow) De- poy, natives respectively of Rockingham County, Va., and Ross County, Ohio, Mrs. Depoy's father having been a soldier in the war of the Revolution. Nich- olas Depoy came to Ross County when fourteen years old, and in that county was married. In 1820, he moved to Fayette, where he owned 100 acres of land, and cleared up a farm. Here Mrs. Depoy died October 19, 1825. In March, 1829, Mr. Depoy was married to Henrietta Taylor, a native of Virginia. In 1845, he came with his family to this township and bought 170 acres of wild land, cleared up a farm, and added to it until he had increased it, at the time of his death, November 9, 1865, to 370 acres. John F. Depoy, our subject, remained on his father's farm in Ohio till he was twenty-three years of age, and January 23, 1845, married Delilah Bainter, born in Fayette County, and the daughter of George and Elizabeth (Howard) Bainter, the former born in Pennsylvania March 2, 1795, and the latter in Virginia January 8, 1796. In 1845, Mr. Depoy came with his wife and his father's family to this township, and re- mained on his father's farm four years. He then bought, in 1849, eighty acres of the land where he now lives, then all woods, which he has increased to 110 acres of well-improved land. He has had born to him five children — Jeannette A. (now Mrs. J. M. Harrison), Esther E. (now Mrs. Albert Douglas), Louisa F., Reuben J. and Augusta L. Mr. Depoy is a Republican, and has been Township Assessor for eight years. He is a Freemason, and he and wife are members of the M. E. Church. NICHOLAS S. DEPOY was born in this township December 3, 1851. He is one of ten children born to Nicholas and Henrietta (Taylor) Depoy, na- tives of Virginia, the birth of the former having occurred March 7, 1799. Nicholas S., our subject, received a fair common-school education in his younger days, and has lived all his life at the homestead, with the exception of three years passed in Coesse. June 27, 1874, he was married to Harriet F. Sny- der, also a native of Union Township, where she was born May 27, 1852. She is a daughter of John G. Snyder and Frederica (Wolf) Snyder, both natives of Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Depoy have three children, viz.: Samuel, Flavia A. and Joseph. Mr. Depoy is a member of Columbia City Lodge, No. 189, A., UNION TOWNSHIP. 359 F. & A. M., and in politics is a Republican. He is an enterprising young farmer and progressive in his ideas. REUBEN DREW was born in Putnam County, N. Y., April 28, 1815, one often children born to James and Charity (Barrett) Drew, natives of the same county. James Drew was a farmer, and in 1842 moved to Monroe, Fair- field County, Conn., where he died. Our subject worked on the farm till twenty-one, and at his majority offered his vote at the polls, but it was refused, as he was not an owner of real estate. This incident decided him to come West, and the same year he reached Calhoun County, Mich., where he worked three years for a farmer, receiving as pay a deed for eighty acres of land. Sep- tember 2, 1810, he married Mary B. Hurd, born in Cayuga County, N. Y., October 30, 1814, whose maternal grandfather, Rev. Michael Burdge, was a soldier in the Revolution. Mr. and Mrs. Drew have had no offspring, but reared an adopted son, William (Young), who was a soldier in the Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and died in hospital at Munfordville, Ky., in 1864. In 1855, Mr. Drew sold his farm in Michigan and came to this township and bought the 120 acre farm on which he now resides. From 1869 to 1876, he engaged in mercantile business at Coesse, and then returned to his farm in re- tirement. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics Mr. Drew is a Republican, and served as Township Assessor during his residence in Michigan. THOMAS FOX was born in Ireland November 15, 1847, the elder of two children born to Patrick and Margaret (Slater) Fox, born respectively in 1812 and 1811. Patrick Fox emigrated to the United States with his family in 1853, and settled in this township, where he has ever since resided. He at first bought a small farm, but this he sold aud purchased one of 160 acres, and on this place he and wife are still living. Thomas, our subject, received the ordinary common-school education, and has always resided on the home farm, with the exception of two years, in which he was engaged in railroading. He was married, June 3, 1881, to Miss Sarah N. Connelly, a native of Ireland. She is the daughter of Martin and Bridget (Fox) Connelly, also natives of the Emerald Isle. Mr. and Mrs. Fox, as were their parents, are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. WELLS T. GRADELESS, born in Smith Township, this county, Sep- tember 17, 1841, is the elder of two sons of Milo and Hannah (Smith) Grade- less, natives of Fayette County, Ohio, and born in 1816, April 22, and Novem- ber 28, respectively. Milo Gradeless came with his parents, Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Waugh) Gradeless, to what is now Smith Township, this county, in 1835. July 18, 1838, Milo was married, and his was the third wedding in Smith Township. Mrs. Hannah Gradeless was the daughter of Samuel and Rebecca (Jones) Smith, and came with her parents from Virginia to Smith Township, in 1833. Samuel Smith was one of the Commissioners appointed to organize Whitley County, and for him the township of Smith was named.. 360 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: He and Nathaniel Gradeless were early pioneers of Whitley County, and both died on the farms they had taken from the wilderness of Smith Township. After his marriage, Milo Gradeless lived in Smith Township till 1847, and then moved to this township, where he bought a farm, sold it, and, in 1853, bought the one on which our subject is now living, and, in 1880, moved to Columbia City, where he now resides. Our subject was fairly educated in youth, and has lived all his days on the homestead farm. He was married, in Shelby County, Ohio, January 1, 1865, to Margaret A. Spear, a native of that county, daughter of John and Nancy (Richards) Spear, and born May 4, 1845. To this union was born one child — Mary A. Mrs. Gradeless died May 2, 1866, and, November 20, 1879, Mr. Gradeless married Elma E. Kier- sey, born in Noble County February 11, 1856, the daughter of Nathan 0. and Esther (Smith) Kiersey, natives of New York. Mr. Gradeless has taught eight or ten terms of school in Whitley County. In politics, he is a Re- publican. GEORGE GRAVES was born in Athens County, Ohio, July 16, 1826, the eldest of thirteen children born to Elijah Y. and Sarah (Patten) Graves, natives of Connecticut and Maryland. Elijah Y. Graves came to Marietta, Ohio, when eighteen years old, and was there afterward married, when he moved to Athens County, and bought a farm. In 1836, he moved to Wells County, Ohio, where he entered eighty acres and bought 103 of unimproved land. A pioneer of the county, he served as Trustee of Jackson Township for several years, and there died in 1871. Our subject worked with his father till he was twenty-three, and April 15, 1849, married Elizabeth Gilbert, who was born in England, May 1, 1825, the daughter of William and Sarah Gil- bert. Mrs. Graves died at her home in Allen County, this State, April 11, 1862, leaving to our subject four children — Sarah E. (now Mrs. Salathiel Hiles), Elijah, Eliza (now Mrs. Joseph York) and Elizabeth A. In 1850, Mr. Graves moved to Lake Township, Allen County, where he bought eighty acres of forest land, cleared it up, and in 1862 sold out and bought 115 acres in Aboit Township, same county, and in 1869 sold again and bought the farm where he now lives in this township. June 11, 1880, he married Lydia (Wraight) Burt, who was born in New York, May 12, 1851, the daughter of Edmund and Sarah (Harris) Wraight, natives of England. Mr. Graves is a Republican and was Town Assessor for several years, and is the owner of 181 acres of well-improved land. HENRY GREGG, M. D. The subject of this sketch is a native of Washington County, Penn., and was born July 15, 1816. When he was three months old, his father, with his family, moved to Greene County, same State, where they remained till the spring of 1829, when they returned to Washing- ton County, the mother having died the year previous. In 1836, the father, with his family, removed to Delaware County, Ohio, where our subject began the study of medicine with Lyman Totten, M. D., in the spring of 1842. In UNION TOWNSHIP. 361 the autumn of 1845, he commenced practice in the same county, and continued until the spring of 1853. He graduated from Starling Medical College at the session of 1819-50. On the 5th of March, 1816, he married Sarah E. Ran - dall, and to their union were born four children, three of whom are still living. In the spring of 1853, he brought his family to this county, and they have resided here ever since. Mrs. Gregg died April 1, 1861, and the Doctor re- married February 22. 1862, taking as his second mate Harriet Gaylord Hou- sel, of Summit County, Ohio. One daughter is the fruit of this marriage. Our subject's father, William Gregg, was a native of Washington, and his mother, Susan Withrow, of Franklin County, Penn. CHARLES F. HESS was born in Baden, Germany, September 14, 1814, and is one of eight children born to Jacob and Julia (Endla) Hess. He received a very fair German education and remained on his father's farm in Germany, and worked as a weaver, until 1835, when he emigrated to the United States and settled at Sandusky City, Ohio, where he worked by the month till 1838, when he came to Fort Wayne, Ind., and worked on the canal and in the woods hauling logs till 1841. He then came to this township and entered 120 acres of land, built a cabin, cleared a home for himself and family, and kept adding to his land till he now owns 277 acres, highly improved. He was married in Allen County, Ind., June 15, 1841, to Barbara Wageley, a native of Germany, where she was born March 2, 1816. She is the daughter of Michael and Ann M. (Keller) Wageley, also natives of Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Hess have four children living, viz., John, Philip F., Elizabeth and J. Michael. In politics, Mr. Hess is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the German Reformed Church. HENRY HULL was born in Pendleton County, Va., May 19, 1819 ; one of nine children born to Adam and Elizabeth (Hevner) Hull, both natives of the same county. About 1823, Adam Hull moved to Sidney, Shelby Co., Ohio, where he held the office of Sheriff six years. In 1830, he and family came to Fort Wayne, Allen County, remained one year, then moved to Eel River Township, same county, bought forty acres of land and entered 253 more. Shortly after, he entered eighty acres in this township, now occupied by our subject. Adam was for a time Postmaster at Eel River Post Office, and also Justice of the Peace. He died in that township September 4, 1838. Henry Hull, our subject, remained on the old farm till seven years after his father's death, then bought the interest of the other heirs in the farm in this township, and in 1846 took possession. He has since added to the place, until now it consists of 228 acres of well-improved land, parts of which he had deeded to his children. December 19, 1838, he married Jane Gardner, daugh- ter of Benjamin and Phebe (Hoage) Gardner, natives of New York, and there have been born to them the following children — William EL, Isaac T., Elizabeth (now Mrs. Lloyd Siphers), Felix, Phebe and Franklin. William H. and Isaac T. were members of Company C, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, 362 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: having enlisted in the fall of 1862. William H. was seized by measles at Bowling Green, Ky., and was discharged in February, 1863 ; Isaac T. was taken ill at Gallatin, Tenn., and was discharged in March, 1863. William H. was Township Trustee of Union for four years, and was Assessor for two years. He is a Mason. Our subject is a Democrat, and is quite prominent in his township. JAMES W. IRWIN was born in Licking County, Ohio, February 1, 1822, and is the eldest of six children born to John and Mary (Dodge) Irwin, natives respectively of Maryland and Ohio. John Irwin moved to Licking Oounty, Ohio, when he was a young man, and was there married. In October, 1838, he came with his wife and children to Kosciusko County, this State, where two years previously he had entered 160 acres of land, and here erected a cabin and began clearing up a farm. In 1851, he came to this township and bought a farm of 280 acres. In 1855, he removed to Cass County, Iowa, where he resided till his death, in 1868; Mrs. Mary Irwin died at the same place, in 1862. They were both members of the M. E. Church. James W. Irwin received the ordinary common-school education in his youth, and worked on the farm till twenty-six years old, when he entered 120 acres in this town- ship, built a log cabin and began on his own account. December 11, 1847, he married Mary Souder, who was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, April 25, 1822. She is the daughter of Christopher and Margaret (Hamon) Souder, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. Irwin have one child living, Adaline M., now Mrs. John Metz. In politics, Mr. Irwin is a Democrat, and for two years was Trustee of Union Township. HARVEY JONES was born in Lawrence County, Ohio, April 27, 1818, the elder of two children born to James and Elizabeth (Pine) Jones, natives of Virginia. James Jones emigrated to Lawrence County, when a young man, and was one of its early pioneers. Here he married, and died in March, 1820, and his widow four years later. After the death of his mother, Harvey Jones lived with his grandmother, Sarah Pine, till sixteen years of age. She died in Champaign County, August, 1834, and our subject contracted to remain till of age with Mr. John Hunter, of that county, receiving for his services his board, clothes, six months' schooling, and, at the expiration of the time a horse, saddle and suit of clothes, in all of the value of $100. Of the schooling he received only fifty-seven days, and probably only about nine months' tuition in his life. November 16, 1840, he married Sarah E. Ritter, of Champaign, where she was born, April 22, 1822, the daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Harber) Ritter, natives of Kentucky and Virginia. To their union five chil- dren were born: Elizabeth A. (now Mrs. Eavards), John W., Louisa J. (now Mrs. G. O. Perrin), William H., and Martha E. (now Mrs. S. Mowrey). In the fall of 1842, Mr. Jones came to Cleveland Township, this county, and bought 160 acres of wild land, built a house, commenced clearing and went back for his family. In 1854, he sold out, and in the fall of 1855 came to UNION TOWNSHIP. 363 this township and bought a 320-acre farm. He still retains and lives upon 260 acres of the same. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are members of the Christian Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. HIRAM LANTZ was born in Wayne County, Ohio, September 4, 1843, the eldest of five children born to Samuel and Mary (Basom) Lantz, born re- spectively in Lancaster County, Penn., July 31, 1818, and Wayne County, Ohio, July, 1823. Samuel Lantz was married in Wayne County, where he followed his trade as carpenter, and farmed on shares till 1861, when he came with his wife and family to this township, where he bought the farm on which the subject of our sketch now lives, and where he died November 5, 1872, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His widow still is living, and in resides with her son. Our subject, Hiram Lantz, enlisted in February, 1864, in Company E, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served till his regiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga., in September, 1865, excepting two months he was in the hospital at Columbia, Tenn. After his return from the army, he worked on his father's farm one year, then went to Peoria, 111., and worked by the month till 1879, and then returned to the old homestead. October 2, 1879, he married Sarah E. Royer, who was born in Noble County, July 1, 1861, the daughter of Jacob and Eliza (Garrison) Royer. Mr. Lantz is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and in politics is a Republican. GEORGE W. LAWRENCE was born in Wayne County, Ohio, Septem- ber 3, 1832, and is one of eleven children born to John A. and Sarah (Rouch) Lawrence, natives of Pennsylvania, and born January 22, 1801, and June 7, 1807, respectively. John A. Lawrence came to Wayne County at the age of fourteen, and was married September 28, 1827. He learned to be a black- smith, but never followed the business ; he is also a civil engineer, and has been County Surveyor for Wayne for many years. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and he also is a Mason. Our subject received a very fair education in his youth, and, in 1853, came to Whitley, and taught school in a log house the following winter in Jefferson Township. He returned to Wayne County, Ohio, and was married March 21, 1854, to Eve A. Mowrey, born in Wayne August 1, 1830. They have three children living — Michael, John C. and Harvey S. In December, 1855, Mr. Lawrence brought his wife and child to this township, bought 160 acres of land, and has kept adding to it till he now owns 550 well-improved acres. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat, and served as Justice of the Peace from 1867 to 1879. WILLIAM C. MORE was born in Smith Township, this county, May 13, 1839, the youngest of three children born to John W. and Mary (Spear) More, born respectively in Warren and Miami Counties, Ohio, in 1810, May 27, and July 29. John W. More came to Smith Township in 1836, entered 160 acres of land, built a cabin, cleared up a farm, and added to his land until he was the owner of 240 acres. In 1856, he sold out and went to Missouri, 364 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: but returned the next spring and bought the farm where he now lives, in this township. Mr. More was the first Justice of the Peace, and also the first Assessor Smith Township ever had. William C. More, our subject, was edu- cated at the common schools, and reared on the farm until twenty-two. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Seventy-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in the battles at Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Atlanta, and in the Georgia campaign. He was wounded in the right arm at Jonesboro, Ga., September 1, 1864, and confined in the hospital at Atlanta, and was unable to join the march to the sea. He recovered sufficiently, however, to take part in the Hood campaign, in and about Nashville, and subsequently re- joined his regiment at Ringgold, Ga., and was with it until mustered out at Indianapolis, June 9, 1865. January 10, 1867, he married Martha Compton, the daughter of Nelson and Nancy (Waugh) Compton, and born in Smith Town- ship October 7, 1847. To this union six children were born, viz., Huldah E., Frank E., Irving N., Hallie F., Charles H. and Alpha C. Mr. More resided in Smith Township, after his marriage, until 1868, when he bought the farm of 166 acres, in this township, where he now lives. WILLIAM C. MORSE was born in Orleans County, N. Y., Sep- tember 10, 1825, one of eleven children born to Jotham and Dorcas (Ferris) Morse, natives of Onondaga County. Jotham Morse was married in his native county, moved to Orleans County, bought a farm, and died there, September 18, 1878, his wife having died there in 1832, October 1. He was ordained a minister in the Christian Church in 1824, and served faithfully sixty-four years. He became entirely blind, and was otherwise greatly afflicted for some time before his death. Our subject received a fair common-school education in his youth, and after his mother's death lived with Ira Millard, of Madison County, N. Y., until twenty-two years old, and then worked as a farmer for about two years. In 1848, he returned to Orleans County, where he was married, January 1, 1850, to Catherine Williams, a native of the county, and born Sep- tember 6, 1830. They became the parents of two children — Eda A. (now Mrs. Ira Sayler), and Lida B. In 1852, Mr. Morse moved to Union Township, where he bought forty acres of wild land, and built a house, which he traded in 1857 for a farm of eighty acres, in the same township, where he has since re- sided. Mr. and Mrs. Morse are members of the Christian Church, and in pol- itics he is a Republican. The father of Mrs. Morse, Benjamin F. Williams, is a native of Vermont, and her mother, Dorothea (Freemire) Williams, of New York. FRANCIS MOSSMAN was born in Fayette County, Penn., August 28, 1810, one of eleven children born to John and Polly (Lewis) Mossman, natives of County Down, Ireland, and Pennsylvania, respectively. The father was born in 1769, and was brought to this country by his parents at the age of fourteen, landing in Baltimore, and removing to Pennsylvania a year later. Here John Mossman married, and in 1814, he removed to Coshocton County, UNION TOWNSHIP. 365 Ohio, bought a farm, and resided, thereon until his death in August, 1839. Francis, our subject, received an ordinary common-school education in his youth, and remained on the homestead farm till 1842, when he came to Rich- land Township, this county, where he entered 216 acres of land. The spring following he came to this township, bought 160 acres, and commenced improving. He added to the farm from time to time, till he now owns 557 acres of well-improved land, January 22, 1835, he was married to Miss R. A. Connor, who was the daughter of William and Alcinda (Smallwood) Connor, and was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, June 21, 1817. Her parents were natives respectively of New Jersey and Virginia. Mr. and Mrs. Mossman have had left them nine children, as follows : John F., Mary C, Alcinda J. (now Mrs. D. W. Nickey), William E., George S., Orpha L. (now Mrs. A. B. Nickey), Francis M., James A. and Maximilia. Mr. Mossman is a Republican, and for five or six years filled the office of Township Treasurer. JOHN F. MOSSMAN was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, February 14, 1837, and is one of nine children left to Francis and Mrs. (Connor) Moss- man, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In October, 1843, Francis came to Richland Township and bought 160 acres land, built a cabin, and the following February leased the place and came to this township, where he bought 160 acres and entered 160 acres more, making 320 acres, where he still resides. John F. Mossman worked on the farm till he was married, Jan- uary 21, 1864, to Susan M. Youngs, a native of Ba4tim^pe-J&;„ ------ :' .■■;... :.,•;;., . ,.-'. ■ -, : -. .■ .. ■ ' •■ &;■ ••Rii^-.ir'h :-- -;»-;v -yc i Noble Co. Court House. PART II. History of Noble County. CHAPTER I. by weston a. goodspeed. Topography and Geology— Noble County Drift— Physical Description- Cranberry Marshes— Meteorology— Classification of the Mound- Builders' Works— Prehistoric Occupation and Remains of Noble County— The Mounds and Their Contents— The Miamis and Potta- watomies During the Border Wars— The Indian Reservation— Per- sonal Incidents — Customs of the Native American. THERE is no subject more intimately connected with the interest of man- kind than history. It is much more comprehensive, universal and vital than shallow thinkers are led to believe from imperfect study. Perhaps its most important feature is its exposition of its relations of man to his fellows, to the laws under which he lives and enjoys, and to past events. Comparative history is extremely instructive, as the lights and shades of human character are thrown in spectral relief for man's inspection. His hopes and fears, his ambitions and aspirations, his desires and passions, his frailties and accomplish- ments, and his conduct under an infinite variety of opposing influences are re- vealed and analysed. Knowing, as the race does, that the greatest study of mankind is man, it has become the universal judgment that he who discovers the means of doing the greatest good has crowned himself with the grandest distinction. Men in pursuit of fame and a name have ransacked the world for knowledge of the human race in a primitive state. Every subject has been scanned by Argus-eyed scholars, and a vast fund of perishing historic lore has been rescued from oblivion, and forced to serve the purposes of an advan- cing civilization. The secret chambers of nature have been unlocked by the skilled hands of genius and the invariable sequence of immutable law, and the plastic transformations of dumb matter have been held aloft for human in- spection and guidance. No avenue, however solitary, if of value or interest to the race, has been left untraversed. The sciences have been the natural out- 6 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. growth of the evolution of thought, and have multiplied the sources of happi- ness and the knowledge of human character. Since the dawn of intelligence, no field of research has been more fruitful in affording bountiful evidences of the origin of animate and inanimate crea- tion than the testimony of the rocky structure of the earth and a knowledge of the natural laws which control the movements of the universe. Written in- delibly on the bright page of nature is the wonderful progress of evolution from the simplest combination of effects to the sublime mechanism that guides the circling spheres. The phenomena of nature are everywhere found to be under the control of unchangeable laws, many of which have been discovered and utilized by scientific men. The earth and its various surroundings are found to be a vast storehouse of knowledge. The theory is (and no intelligent man at present questions its correctness) that the surface of the earth through long and successive ages has been alternately above and below the waters of the sea, and that during the periods of submergence strata of earth have been deposited from the water. When the land was raised above the water, it became covered with various kinds of vegetation, and afterward again submerged, and the vegetable remains were transformed into coal. Many of the plants which grew on the earth ages ago, have been named and classified from the remains found in coal-beds. As the strata were formed under water, various marine animals, such as mollusks and fishes, were also thrown down, and casts of these are found at all depths where the spade has gone, to show the character of the animals that were living at different epochs or ages on the earth. While the geological features of Noble County are not unusual or striking, yet, in some important particulars, they differ essentially from those in other neighboring counties of Indiana. The subject of geology is ordinarily consid- ered of but little practical value or interest, though the reverse of this is the case when it gives rise to sanitary or economic questions, as it often does. No extended nor instructive examination has been made in the county, as, so far, excavations have not reached sufficient depth to pass through the heavy glacial and drift deposit which covers all Northern Indiana, sometimes to so great a depth that even wells bored several hundred feet have failed to pass through to the underlying rock. It must be understood that Indiana, in com- mon with all this part of the continent, was alternately above and below the sea during the geological ages prior to the glacial epoch, and that during these ages strata of sand, clay, slate and various varieties of rocks were superimposed upon other strata, until a thickness of thousands of feet had been reached. Through these ages, the lot of Indiana was almost identical with that of all the surrounding States, and, consequently, when the earth in this State is pene- trated to the proper depth, the same, or nearly the same, strata are found as in neighboring localities. They are not precisely the same, because it is found that while the sea was depositing sand or clay at one place, perhaps but a com- paratively few miles distant the conditions were such that limestone, sandstone HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 7 or other stone could be formed. Yet even in a case of this character, the period was the same, as has been proved by fossiliferous evidences that are above rea- sonable doubt. Before entering upon a more specific description of the glacial drift in the county, a few points will be considered concerning the underlying rock. Of course, it cannot be known with absolute certainty, without actual experiment, ■what strata would be met with in going downward in Noble County, after hav- ing passed through the drift. The only conclusion to be reached is an approx- imate one, from a knowledge of what rocks are found in neighboring localities. Geologists throughout the State agree in saying that the first rocks found in Northern Indiana, after passing through the drift, are, with few exceptions in localities, those of the Niagara group. The exceptions are perhaps some of the Hamilton or Corniferous limestones of the Devonian age. Excavations, such as wells, in various portions of Northern Indiana have established these facts beyond doubt. It will therefore be seen that all the formations above the Niagara group are lacking in this locality, with perhaps the exceptions above noted and probably all or a portion of the formations of the Quaternary period. Passing downward through the Niagara group, which is a member of the Upper Silurian era, the Hudson and Trenton limestones and the Potsdam sandstone, members of the Lower Silurian era, would probably be found. Next would appear metamorphic rock, which was formed by crystallization some time after its deposition from water, but usually from the cooling of the primitive surface of the earth or before the formation of strata was possible. To account for the absence of rocks above the Upper Silurian is not an easy task, if exact statements are required. All such rocks were formed from soil deposited while the surface was under water. This view leads to the conclusion that Northern Indiana, at least, was above the sea after the Silurian age, but was again sub- merged, probably in fresh water, during the Cenozoic time. There was then a long interval of ages, during which Northern Indiana, with the Niagara group on the surface, was above the water. The strata below the Niagara group found in Indiana present no unusual features where excavations have pene- trated them, and therefore that branch of the subject will be dropped to await future revelations. We come now to a consideration of the Drift deposit. Geologists suppose that during a period called glacial, all the earth's surface, north of about 40° of north latitude, was covered sometimes to the tops of the highest mountains with a vast body of ice, that is thought to have been formed during a period of some 12,000 years, when the north pole was turned farthest from the sun, owing to a peculiar variation in the direction of the earth's axis, through a period of about 24,000 years. At least, all the evidences show that the earth's surface north of 40° of north latitude was once, and for a long period, covered with vast fields of ice, and at other periods with heavy vegetation, even as far north as the 82d degree of north latitude. The southern portions of the ice field 8 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. melted away under the heat of a tropical sun, and the result was that the ice farther north was forced gradually southward, pushing down the elevations of land, and slowly but surely grinding the rock into powder and gravel, and transporting them to latitudes further south. Glacial markings are found everywhere, and all indicate that the movements of the glaciers were southerly. In their movement south, the glaciers took or scooped up vast quantities of soil in northern localities, which became frozen in until the ice had reached the warmer sections and had thawed, when such soil was dropped upon the earth. This soil is now known as the " Drift" or " Bowlder deposit," and covers all Northern Indiana, including Noble County, to a depth of several hundred feet. Some entertain the idea that this soil in Northern Indiana was deposited directly upon the Niagara group, while others think that, inasmuch as just above the Niagara group are found several strata of clay, shale and sand, the northern part of the State was under the surface either of salt or fregh water, at stages succeeding the formation of the Niagara rocks. Animal and vegetable casts, found in these strata, will prove the character of the water from which they were deposited. Some geologists maintain that the " Drift " was not deposited by glaciers but by icebergs, which floated south, carrying large quantities of northern soil, and grinding over the rocks at the bottom of the shallow seas, thus forming the strice or " glacial markings." All, however, agree that the " Drift " was brought from northern regions through the agency of ice. No doubt both glaciers and icebergs were the means of transporting the soil south. The lowest formation of the Drift deposit is the " Bowlder clay," which varies in thickness from ten to one hundred feet. It is usually yellow or brown above, and blue below, and is underlaid by a water-bearing sheet of gravel and sand, cemented into an almost impenetrable hardpan. The pebbles contained in the Bowlder clay are generally small, sub-angular, scratched and planed fragments, either of indigenous or of exotic rocks, the former largely preponderating. Prof. J. S. Newberry, of Ohio, thinks that the blue and the yellow Bowlder clays were originally the same color, and that the latter is the leached and oxidized portion of the former. He also says : " The bowlder clay of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, etc., may be said to be the entire grist ground by the glacier, which, never having been screened or sorted, contains both the bran and the flour, the latter being the clay, and the former the sand, gravel and bowlders." After the deposition of the bowlder clay came a period when the surface was above the water, and when a forest of arborescent and herbaceous plants sprang into life. The piece of sound wood found a short time ago about three miles northeast of Albion, was found in drift soil, about ninety feet deep, which answers the description of the " inter-glacial forest-bed," and was no doubt brought there from some forest farther north. It is supposed that these plants grew during an inter-glacial mild period, and their remains are not usually found as far south, in any quantity, as Noble County. This inter-glacial forest period was the time when the mammoth, mastodon, giant beaver and doubtless ,iMAj m> "n $• Jm$& JiiE'. . ■ ■ . ' ■;■» m 1 111 .is W? ^i£^/zd/ ALBION HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 9 many other animals, appeared upon the earth. Above these deposits, come various layers of sand, clay or gravel, intermingled with bowlders of various shapes, sizes and compositions. Geologists differ regarding the causes of the billowy appearance of the surface soil of Northern Indiana. Perhaps the most reasonable conclusion is, that such soil remains in much the same condition as when it was first deposited by the melting glaciers or icebergs. Such process would heap the soil in some places, while in others great cavities would be left unfilled, which afterward becoming filled with water would form the numerous lakes. The best authorities agree in saying that the great mass of the drift was deposited principally from indigenous rocks by means of glaciers ; but that icebergs also, more especially at the close of the glacial period, transported from the Canadian highlands a considerable quantity of soil, and large numbers of bowlders, which lie above the laminated clays, deposited previously by glaciers. This brings us to the more specific description of the physical features of the county. The number of depressed portions covered with water seems fab- ulous, and the quantity of swamp land is much greater than supposed, though both are being decreased rapidly by natural and artificial means. The effect of so much stagnant water and decaying vegetation is perceptible to those, more especially, who have not become acclimated to the influences of malaria and its kindred ailings, as engendered in the county and vicinity. Extra effort has been made from the earliest time to drain the water from the swamps, to fell the timber, and to let in the healthful and cheerful light and heat of the sun. The proceeding has been met with marked effect, as large numbers of the drier swamps have not only been thoroughly drained, but have been sub- jected to cultivation, and there is found no better farming land in the county. From the following statement may be learned, by townships, the number of lakes and large permanent ponds in Noble County : Perry, 4 ; Elkhart, 6 ; Orange, 13; Wayne 21 ; Sparta, 15; York, 11; Jefferson, 7; Allen, 3; Al- bion, 1; Washington, 16; Noble, 22; Green, 20; Swan, 3; total, 145. It is very difficult to correctly estimate the quantity of swamp land in the county. Some have placed it as high as 15 per cent of the county lands, but probably 10 per cent would come nearer the truth. Many of the smaller and shallower lakes are slowly filling by means of mosses, rushes, weeds, lily-stocks, etc., and undoubtedly some, which now are simply low lands, have been sub- jected to this fate. In several places in the county, some of which have been cultivated, there is found quite a dry soil for several feet on top, while under- neath the earth is an impure vegetable mold, and, in some cases, farther down there is found water, often in a considerable quantity, proving that the spot was once a lake or pond, which had been overgrown with a heavy and springy vegetation, which had likewise become covered with the surface soil by wash- ings through long periods of years. Every lake that has been examined in the county is underlaid with a more or less perfect stratum of bog iron ore, some being so rich in metal as to be of no trifling commercial value. None of these A A 10 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. beds, with few exceptions, one being in York Township, has been worked. Iron can be obtained cheaper. Many curious natural formations are found, some of which have been incorrectly referred to the Mound-Builders. There are also many places in the county where beavers have thrown up embank- ments of surprising extent and appearance. Some lakes in the county are in the first stage after being filled with vegetation, one of these being beautifully situated near the residence of Michael Bouse, Washington Township. It is about six acres in extent, and has no known outlet, and over the surface the marsh moss, Spagnum, has become so heavily matted that persons find no trouble in walking over the marsh to gather the cranberries which usually grow there in profusion. There are many places in the county where these excellent berries are found, but they seem to grow most abundantly in the southern part — in the Tippecanoe swamps. This berry is a member of the Heath Family, and is known to botanists as Oxycoccus macrocorpus. The plant is a creeper, or trailer, with slender, hardy, woody stems and small ever- green leaves, more or less white underneath, with single flowers borne on slen- der erect pedicles, and having a pale rose carolla. The berries, which get ripe in autumn, are red, with some yellow, and are very acid. The stems are from one to three feet long, and the flowers are lateral, rendering easy the gather- ing of the berries. The conditions for the possible life of the plant are being slowly destroyed, and the berries are becoming less numerous. The moss, the name of which is given above, has the property of slowly dying at the extremities of the roots, thus making it possible for deep lakes to become filled with it. It seems proper in this connection to notice a few circumstances regarding the meteorological condition of this part of Indiana. The prevailing direction of the wind is from the southwest, and from that direction the greater number of heavy storms come. The annual mean barometer is close to 30 inches, and the annual mean temperature is not far from fifty-four degrees. The annual mean relative humidity is about sixty-seven degrees, and the total annual rain- fall, including melted snow, will exceed forty inches. The quantity of rainfall depends upon the direction of the wind, and upon the relative humidity of the air. A heated atmosphere will contain more moisture than a cold one, and is therefore more likely to precipitate rain, owing to the probability of meeting condensing currents ; while a cold atmosphere is likely to be dry, from the fact that it has probably passed through the state requiring a discharge of rain or snow. As the atmosphere in any locality becomes warm, the probability of rainfall is increased, for the wind containing rain-clouds is likely to set in toward that quarter. If the atmosphere is cold and growing colder, the proba- bility of rain is decreased, as clouds bearing rain must leave for warmer places. These facts are all relative, depending upon the season of the year. Of course in winter, the atmosphere being cold everywhere, will contain an amount of moisture which would be immediately precipitated in heavy rain in summer, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 11 and vice versa. Every farmer should have the means of telling the probable condition of future weather. Before entering upon the description of the ancient earth and stone works in Noble County, it seems proper to take a general and summary view of the evidences of a pre-historic people, who undoubtedly inhabited all this country in times which antedate all known records. According to the prevailing opinion among archaeologists, the Mound-Builders* were a race of people who occupied more or less of this continent prior to the advent of the Indian. The latter knew nothing of the Mound-Builder, save what few evidences were derived from his works, and, in consequence, his time is placed back, perhaps several thousand years, or contemporaneous with that of the ancient Assyrian and Egyptian nations. Several eminent writers maintain that the Mound- Builders were the descendants of Asiatics, who found their way to this country when civilization was yet in its infancy. This could easily have been done, either in boats or on the ice across Behring's Strait. Perhaps this view is as rational as any. The truth will probably never be known, as all we have from which to judge of their history, habits, modes of life, degree of civilization, knowl- edge of the arts of peace and war, mental and moral progress, etc., are the numerous earthworks and implements which have been found. The earthen structures or mounds have been divided and subdivided as follows : Mounds Proper. i Sepulchral. Scrificial. Templar. Memorial. Monumental. Observatory. f Animal. EAR 1 HWORKS. Effigies -j Emblematic. L Symbolical. Military. Defensive. Covered. Sacred. Festival. Enclosures. The greater number of these earthworks are found constructed of earth, a few of stone, and fewer still of earth and stone combined. Sepulchral mounds are usually conical, and some of them, notwithstanding the lapse of time, are seventy feet in height. The prevailing altitude is from three to eight feet. This class is most numerous, and was undoubtedly erected in which to bury the dead. They always contain one or more skeletons, often with implements or ornaments, supposed to have been placed there when the individual was buried forjise in the spirit land. It has been conjectured that the magnitude of these *0f course the natural name of these people is unknown. That such a race once inhabited this country was su^h peoteMound Build ^^ nUmber ° f earthworks or mounds, and, since then, scientists have united in calling 12 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. mounds bears some relation to the prominence of the persons, in whose honor they were erected. Ashes and charcoal are often found in proximity to the skeletons under conditions which render it probable that fires were used in the burial ceremony. With the skeletons are often found specimens of mica, pot- tery, bone and copper beads and animal bones. Ordinarily but one skeleton is found, though in one case in Hardin County, Ohio, three hundred crumbling skeletons were taken out, and the mound opened by the writer in Elkhart Township contained twenty-eight, and the one in Washington sixteen. Templar mounds are few in number, and are ordinarily circular. They are invariably truncated, and are often surrounded with embankments, inclined planes or spiral pathways or steps leading to the summit. They are found round, square, oblong, oval and octangular, and rest generally upon a large base, but have a limited altitude. It is supposed that these elevations were surmounted with wooden temples, all traces of which have been removed by the ravages of time. They are thought to have been erected for religious purposes. Sacrificial mounds are ordinarily stratified, with convex layers of clay and loam above a stratum of sand. They generally contain ashes, charcoal, igneous stones, cal- cined animal bones, beads, stone implements, pottery and specimens of rude sculpture. Altars of igneous clay or stone are often found. Evidences of fire upon the altars yet remain, showing that various animals and probably human beings were immolated to secure the favor of the Great Spirit. These mounds infrequently contain skeletons, together with implements of war ; mica from the Alleghanies ; shells from the Gulf of Mexico ; differently colored varieties of obsidian ; red, purple and green specimens of porphery, and silver, copper and other metallic ornaments and utensils. Memorial or monumental mounds are of that class of tumuli intended to commemorate some important event, or to perpetuate the memory of some distinguished character. Most of the stone mounds belong to this class, and usually contain no bones, for the supposed reason that they were not used for sepulchers. They were similar in design to the Bunker Hill Monument. Mounds of observation were apparently designed for alarm towers or signal stations. Some writers have fancied that they " occur in chains or regular systems, and that many of them still bear traces of the beacon fires that were once burning upon them." They are often found built like towers from the summits of embankments surrounding inclosures. Effigies are elevations of earth in the form of men, beasts, birds, reptiles, and occasionally of inanimate objects, varying in height from one foot to six feet above the surrounding soil, and often covering many acres of land. Mr. Schoolcraft expresses the belief that this class of mounds was designed for 4 ' totems " or " tribular symbols ;" while Prof. Daniel Wilson and other writers of distinction hold that they were erected in accordance with the religious be- lief of the various tribes of Mound-Builders, who worshiped or in some way venerated the animals or objects represented by the elevations. Military or defensive inclosures are irregular in form, and are always on HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 13 high ground, in positions difficult of approach by a savage foe. " The walls," says the American Cyclopedia, " generally wind around the borders of the elevations they occupy, and when the nature of the ground renders some points more accessible than others, the height of the wall and the depth of the ditch at these weak points are proportionally increased. The gateways are narrow and few in number, and well guarded by embankments of earth placed a few yards inside the openings or gateways, but parallel with them and projecting some- what beyond them at each end, thus fully covering the entrances, which, in some cases, are still further protected by projecting walls on either side. These works are somewhat numerous, and indicate a clear appreciation of at least the elements of fortification, and unmistakably point out the purpose for which they were constructed. A large number of these defensive works consists of a line of ditches and embankments, or several lines carried across the neck of peninsulas or bluff headlands formed within the bends of streams — an easy and obvious mode of fortification to all rude peoples." Sometimes the embankments are miles in extent, reaching an altitude of more than twenty feet in some places. Covered ways or parallel walls are often found, either connecting dif- ferent inclosures or portions of the same. They were undoubtedly designed to protect those passing back and forth within. There are large numbers of sacred inclosures in the form of circles, squares, hexagons, octogons, ellipses, parallelograms and others, many of which were designed with surprising geometrical accuracy. They are sometimes found within military inclosures, and very likely were connected with the religious rites and ceremonies of the people, as small elevations are found within them, which were evidently used for altars upon which sacrifices of various kinds were offered. Some archae- ologists maintain that many of the so-called sacred inclosures were intended and used for national games and celebrations, and it is probable that those with- out the altar were used as such. The mounds and their contents afford abundant opportunity to speculate as to the character and customs of the ancient people, of whom nothing is left save their crumbling habitations. They were a numerous people, as is clearly proved by the magnitude and elaboration of their works. Their presence here, beyond question, antedates the coming of Columbus, and very probably extends back a thousand years or more. Many interesting and important considera- tions, too lengthy to be narrated here, have been discovered in comparing the customs of the Mound-Builders with those of ancient people in the East. The Mound-Builders were unquestionably subservient to rulers or superiors, who had power to enforce the erection of gigantic structures, which, considering the semi-barbarous condition of the people, their lack of suitable implements of labor and their imperfect and insufficient knowledge of mechanical principles, are surprisingly vast in extent and ingenious in design. Their works indicate that the people were warlike; that they were familiar with many mathematical and mechanical principles; that they were religious and probably idolatrous ; that they were skilled in the manufacture of bone and metallic ornaments and 14 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. pottery; that they had attained no little degree of perfection in the working of metals, and that they were essentially homogeneous in customs, pursuits* religion and government. They, of necessity, were an agricultural people, being too numerous to live by the chase alone. They offered burnt and other sacrifices and oblations to both good and bad spirits. Dr. Foster says they worshiped the elements, such as fire, air and water, also the sun, moon and stars, and offered human sacrifices to the gods they worshiped. Yet many of these considerations are speculative, and have but little substantial evidence upon which to rest, and authorities are widely at variance in their views. But little can ever be known of the history of these people; yet throughout all the future the civilized world will look with awe upon the decaying remnants of their works and weave the bright fabric of romance about their mysterious lives. This much has been given on the authority of Schoolcraft, Wilson, Pid- geon, Smucker, Foster and the American Cyclopedia, to prepare the way for the classification and detailed description of the ancient earth and stone works in this county. No effort has been made in past years to gather together the pre-historic history of Noble County. No importance or value has been at- tached to disclosures of skeletons, the majority of citizens throughout the county regarding them as belonging to the Indians, and, consequently, the mounds which have been opened in years past in different parts of the county were not carefully examined, and no doubt much interesting, and, perhaps, val- uable, information has been hopelessly lost. The works and their contents can- not be too closely scrutinized, as very often nothing short of careful inspection will avoid overlooking important facts. About twenty-five years ago, a large mound situated on the old Jones farm, in northeastern Elkhart Township, was leveled down, or nearly so, as it was in the way, and several bones were found, which the owner supposed to belong to animals. Nothing further was discov- ered. They were, beyond doubt, the bones of Mound-Builders. On Section 2, Elkhart Township, on what is called Sanford's Point, there are several mounds, one of which was opened some eight or ten years ago by the neighbors, who expected to unearth some valuable trinkets. Quite a number of bones were found, and these were scattered around on the surface of the ground, where they were left. No trinkets were found. An inferior maxillary bone found is said to have been remarkably large and sound. The reader must remembe 1 ' that these are the bones of Mound-Builders, not Indians, and were certainly placed there at least five hundred years ago, and very likely longer. On the farm of Jeremiah Noel, Section 1, Elkhart Township, three mounds were found situated so as to form the corners of a triangle, whose sides were 5.5, 42 and 30 yards, respectively. They were on the summit near the center of a semi-circular elevation that bounded a low marshy tract of land situated some forty feet lower, the concave face of the elevation lying toward the north. Two of the mounds were apparently about the same size, while the third was notice- ably larger, having a basial diameter of some sixty feet, and an altitude which ^ HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 15 notwithstanding that the road had once passed within a few feet of it, and that it had also been cultivated over many years, was some three and a half feet above the general level of the elevation. As nearly as possible, the summit of this mound was found, and an excavation about a yard square was made, care being taken that all important disclosures should be noticed. The soil was a light, sandy loam with some gravel, and did not appear to be in layers. At the depth of about two feet, a small quantity of charcoal was found scattered through the soil, although no distinct layer of this material could be distinguished. Finally, at the depth of about three feet, unmistakable evidences of bone were disclosed. The shovel had struck through what afterward proved to be a human skull, and the thigh-bone — the femur — was broken, and a portion thrown up. The diam- eter of the excavation was considerably enlarged, and the work was continued with great care. The covering of earth was removed, and a number of the heavier bones of a human skeleton were taken out in a brittle and decomposed state. Not more than a third of the bones of this skeleton could be found, the others, no doubt, having long since returned to dust. In the meantime, portions of other skeletons had been thrown out, and, in order to get at the work better, the excavation was enlarged until it measured about seven feet in diameter. The work was continued, and, at the expiration of about ten hours, twenty-eight crumbling skeletons had been taken out. Some few of the skeletons were in a fair state of preservation, while the majority were ready to fall to pieces, and actually did. The skulls were usually found resting upon the vertebrae, ribs and pelvis, while the extremities were distinct from these. The evidences satis- fied those present that the bodies had been buried in a sitting posture, and they must have been packed in like sardines, as they were all found within a circle whose diameter was about seven feet. No skeleton was found entire, or, at least, it could not be distinguished from other bones with which it was mingled. The skulls were the only means of ascertaining the number of individuals buried, and this in a few instances was not absolutely reliable, as some evidences of addi- tional skulls were found. Eight or ten bodies, in addition to those counted, might have been buried in the mound, all traces of which had been removed by Time, the destroyer. Beyond question, the skeletons of three or four children were unearthed, as the small fragile skulls and diminutive bones clearly indi- cated. While many of the larger bone3 were almost wholly decayed, many of the smaller were in an excellent state of preservation. Many of the metatarsal and metacarpal bones were almost as sound as when first buried. The cuneiform, pisiform, trapezium, patella, scaphoid, os calcis, were found. The vertebrae, ribs and skulls of children were found. The skeletons of at least two women were among the number, one of the skulls being carried away by the writer. Not half the necessary number of bones could be found to complete the osseous structure of twenty-eight individuals. The teeth were generally sound, yet some of these were found badly decomposed. One bone — a femur — had undoubtedly been fractured or broken during the life of the individual, as around it about five inches above the knee joint was quite an enlargement. No trinkets nor 16 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. implements of any kind were found. Growing upon this mound a few years ago was a yellow oak about fifteen inches in diameter, but this had been removed before the mound was opened. Those present at the opening were satisfied that the skeletons of men, women and children were taken out. One of the skulls and a few bones traced as belonging to it dif- fered materially from all the others, both in point of preservation and development, it having but little of that dark intermarking that pre- cedes decay. It was much higher than either of the others, having a splendid development at the organs of veneration and benevolence, and a noticeable lack of the animal developments at the base of the skull. All the bones of the skeleton were very thick and sound. This skeleton undoubtedly belonged to an importaut personage, and probably those buried with him were members of his own family, or his servants, or both. It was in truth a fine looking head for a savage — too fine a one to belong to a savage, or phrenology is at fault. The frontal development was not large ; it was rather small compared with the gen- eral formation of the cranium. He was probably the " Medicine Man " (if the Mound Builders had such a humbug). This skull may be seen among Mr. Watts P. Denny's collection at Albion. Three mounds, situated about half a mile south of Rome City, on the farm of John W. Teal, were also opened. They were also arranged to form the corners of a triangle, the sides being seventy, forty-three and thirty-five yards respectively. The first and largest mound was found to contain no evi- dences whatever — not even charcoal. It was probably a memorial mound, hav- ing been constructed to commemorate some important tribal event. Each of the other mounds was found to contain at least one skeleton, and one of them probably contained two, as bones were found at such a distance apart as to lead to this conclusion. Perhaps nine-tenths of each skeleton had entirely disap- peared, as but a few small fragments were found. A sufficient quantity was found, however, to prove its bony character, and to establish the fact beyond cavil that the bones were human. In each of the mounds containing skeletons was found charcoal, noticeably so in one of them, where a heavy stratum, including ashes and well preserved pieces of half-charred wood resembling ash, was found entirely covering the spot where the skeleton reposed. From this mound, in close proximity to the few crumbling bones, were found two small trinkets. One of the other mounds was opened, and about a peck of charcoal was found, from which was taken a small piece of charred bone, possibly being a portion of the tibia, but more probably belonging to some animal. In this mound distinct layers of clay and loam, alternating with those of sand, were clearly distinguishable. The charcoal was in a stratum which extended over some two or three square yards of surface, and was resting upon a hardpan of half-burned clay, which seemed to have been built in the form of a small trun- cated mound, a foot and a half high and some four feet square. Resting upon this was the charcoal and a few charred stones and the piece of charred bone. WSm i 8fc HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 17 This mound belonged to the sacrificial class. One was a piece of mica, about two inches square, and a third of an inch thick, which after a few hours split into thin transparent layers. The other was a slate ornament, nearly four inches long and about half an inch wide, the edges being straight and one side smooth, while the other was oval, thus varying the thickness from a quarter of an inch at the ends to a half at the middle. Quite a large bowlder was taken from one of these mounds, and around its lower edge a small quantity of decayed bone-dust was found. A large mound in a cultivated field on Section 4, York Township, was opened, and portions of three skeletons were taken out. The skulls were well preserved, as were the ribs and some other parts. The customary charcoal was found, but no trinkets nor implements. The teeth were sound, and the bony base of the skull in two cases was taken out entire. Appearances seemed to indicate that the bodies had been buried either on the back or the side, as the vertebrae extended out in the sand some distance from the skull. The frag- ments of bone found in the mounds at Rome City were upright, and portions of the cranium found were some distance, perhaps a foot o more, above the bones of the lower extremities. The reverse was the case in northern Elkhart and York. No females' nor children's heads were found at Rome City or in York. Two large mounds were opened in the woods on Section 1, Sparta Township, but no bones, charcoal, nor ashes were found. The soil here was not as dry and mellow as is usually found constituting the mounds. It was a heavy sand and clay, there being a sufficient quantity of the latter to retain considerable water. If skeletons had been buried in such a soil, they would have decayed in a comparatively short space of time. The soil at the Noel mound was quite dry and mellow, more like the dust of the road. The members of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, discussing this question, say that " bones are often thrown into conditions that remain constant, and so will last for ages." They cite several cases coming under their observation to prove this, and even go so far as to mention the case of a mound opened in Louisa County, Iowa, where the stench was almost unendurable, showing that the fleshy portions had but just decayed. The mound in this case was undoubtedly pre-historic. On Section 1, Sparta Township, on a low piece of land which extended into a marsh which was still lower, evidences of what might be pottery were discovered. No pieces larger than some four inches square have been found. The land is in a cultivated field, and at every fresh plowing many small frag- ments are thrown out. The fragments are composed of a dark clay, and seem to have been pressed into the desired form and thickness of one-fourth of an inch, and then partially baked. Large quantities of small stones, discolored by fire and smoke, are found scattered over the ground. The writer at first thought that some old cabin had been built on the site, and that the stones and burnt clay might have composed the chimney ; but there are some strong ob- jections to this view of the case. The oldest settlers who have lived in the 18 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. vicinity since the county was first organized knew nothing of such a cabin, and state that the earth and stone at the point were in early years much as they are at present. One thing is certain : The earth comprising the so-called pot- tery is totally dissimilar to that composing the land where it is found, and must have been transported there, either from the adjacent marsh or from some dis- tant lowland where such clay is found. These and other facts lead the writer to believe that the spot was used as a site for the manufacture of pottery, and the portions found are the cast-away fragments. This spot is situated about half a mile southeast of the mounds above referred to that were opened. Di- rectly east from the spot, distant perhaps ten rods, and on the same knoll, was found an ancient mound which was opened, but nothing noteworthy was un- earthed. On the northwest corner on the farm of Jacob Weigel, Washington Town- ship, and within twenty rods of the residence of Michael Bouse, a large mound in a corn-field was opened by the writer. This was opened in the usual way by making a perpendicular excavation at the summit. Great care was taken to no- tice everything. The soil and surroundings were very similar to those of the large Elkhart mound. A half dozen small pieces of charcoal were found about six inches above the skeletons, but no implements were found, save a fragment of pottery about three by four inches, one side evidently being the rim of an earthen vessel. This fragment did not seem to be among the bones, but was at least six inches above them. It is the opinion of the writer that it was a cast-away portioti of some vessel, and got mingled with the earth when the mound was built. It resembles, in every respect, the fragments found in north- eastern Sparta Township. Portions of sixteen skeletons were unearthed, as was proved by the skulls, though their preservation was less perfect than those of the Elkhart mound. In other respects they were very much the same. There was at least the skeleton of one child present, as was proved by the vertebrae. If female skeletons were present, such fact was not disclosed. The bones of the extremities were best preserved. The teeth were also quite sound, some being found where the maxillary bones had entirely decayed, save a small quantity of powder. Standing upon this mound was the stump of an oak about fifteen inches in diameter ; a small distance southeast of this a small sacrificial mound was opened, and as much as a bushel of charcoal was thrown out ; nothing else of importance was seen. A member of the historical force opened a mound in the Salem Church Cemetery, Washington Township, but discovered nothing save a considerable quantity of charcoal. Mr. Denney opened two mounds on the farm of Samuel Myers, Orange Township, both containing nothing but charcoal ; he also opened three more near there, on the farm of Otis Grannis, one of them being eight feet in height and about eighty feet in diameter at the base. Three quite well-preserved skeletons were taken from this mound, one of the skulls being almost entire, and having a much bet- ter frontal development than the average. On this mound was an oak tree four feet in diameter, and probably more than three hundred years old. This mound HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 19 is probably the largest in the county. Two other mounds near it, of average size, contained a bed of charcoal each. Mr. Denny, assisted by his brother Orville, opened three more on the bank of Skinner's Lake, Jefferson Town- ship, and took from one a quantity of human bones ; but this mound had been opened a number of years ago by novices in the neighborhood, who used no particular care either to observe or preserve, and the number of individuals buried there is unknown, though there were several. The other two mounds contained charcoal. The most important mound opened was one west of In- dian Village, and as it is just across the line in Kosciusko County, but little will be said of it here ; it was undoubtedly a sacrificial mound, as, besides a bed of charcoal, there were found many fragments of charred human bones, as pieces of half-burned skulls and other prominent bones of human beings clearly proved. Turtle skulls and various other bones belonging to that animal and others were found among the remains, and perhaps half a peck of these half- burned fragments were unearthed. It has been told the writer, on very good authority, that a mound in Washington Township was opened a number of years ago, from which were taken, besides skeletons, a number of copper orna- ments or trinkets. It is unfortunate that no careful and extended examination was made of this mound, if the above report is true. Too many mounds are opened by inexperienced persons, for often the structure of the mound itself shows to which class it belongs. Noble County has an interesting Indian history, though unfortunately but little of it is known. The tribes living in the northern part of Indiana during the last half of the last century were more or less actively engaged in all the border wars with the pioneers in Eastern Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and Northern Kentucky. Beyond question, white prisoners who were captured were often brought, not only to Fort Wayne, but to the Indian village in Sparta Township. One of the settlers living in Sparta Township picked up, many years ago, a stone having the shape represented below, and the indicated in- scriDtion cut into the stone : I WAS TAKEN PRIS NER BEY THE IND IANS IN 1776 ANDREW CLINTON 20 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. The stone is undoubtedly genuine, and, so far as known, Clinton was the first white man in the county. Some other evidences of the early presence of white men have been found, one being an inscription on a tree. There is no township in the county in which temporary Indian villages did not exist in early times, either before or after the appearance of the first white settlers. Every stream and lake has its legend of the red men of the woods, which will live in song and story as long as romance and mystery are admired. J. Fennimore Cooper has woven a crown of beauty about the dark brow of the Indian, that will be- come more heavily jeweled with gems of fancy as time passes. By his pure images of manly character, and his vast knowledge of the native American, he has blended every redeeming trait of the Indian race in a living type that will bear the criticism of ages. Longfellow has rendered into immortal song the life and legends of the Indian tribes. Is there anything sweeter than the fol- lowing description ? " ' After many years of warfare, Many years of strife and bloodshed, There is peace between the Ojibways And the tribe of the Dacotahs.' Thus continued Hiawatha, And then added, speaking slowly, ' That this peace may last forever And our hands be clasped more closelyi And our hearts be more united, Give me, as my wife, this maiden, Minnehaha, Laughing Water, Loveliest of Dacotah women ! ' " And the ancient arrow-maker Paused a moment ere he answered, Smoked a little while in silence, Looked at Hiawatha proudly, Fondly looked at Laughing Water, And made answer very gravely : ' Yes, if Minnehaha wishes ; Let your heart speak, Minnehaha!' And the lovely Laughing Water Seemed more lovely as she stood there, Neither willing nor reluctant, As she went to Hiawatha, Softly took the seat beside him, While she said, and blushed to say it, 'I will follow you, my husband!' "This was Hiawatha's wooing! Thus it was he won the daughter Of the ancient arrow-maker In the land of the Dacotahs! " From the wigwam he departed, Leading with him Laughing Water ; Hand in hand they went together, Through the woodland and the meadow ; HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 21 Left the old man standing lonely In the doorway of his wigwam, Heard the Falls of Minnehaha, Calling to them from the distance, Crying to them from afar off, ' Fare thee well, Minnehaha ! ' " And the ancient arrow-maker Turned again unto his labor, Sat down by his sunny doorway, Murmuring to himself, and saying, 1 Thus it is our daughters leave us, Those we love, and those who love us ; Just when they have learned to help us, When we are old and lean upon them, Comes a youth with flaunting feathers, With his flute of reeds, a stranger Wanders piping through the village, Beckons to the fairest maiden, And she follows where he leads her, Leaving all things for the stranger!'" The tribes with which Noble County has to deal in history are those of the Miamis and Pottawatomies. As far back as the records extend — to the time when the French missionaries and explorers were extending their chain of missions and settlements along the great lakes and downward toward the Mississippi — these tribes occupied much or all of Northern Indiana. Here they were found by the French, and here they were found by early traders and captive white men. While perhaps these tribes were not so actively engaged in the border wars in Eastern Ohio as those living in that vicinity, yet many warriors, thirsting for war and ambitious of distinction, made incursions toward the East, and joined the hostile bands that were laying waste the frontier settlements. This state of affairs continued until the war of 1812, at which time the Indians here were badly defeated, and at the point of the bayonet were compelled to lay down the weapons of war, and sue for peace in the most abject manner. Their lands were ceded to the victorious whites, and they were con- fined to their reservations and to peace. A trading station had been early established at Fort Wayne, and this became a central point, where the Indians obtained their supplies and disposed of their furs, etc. In 1810, Tecumseh, one of the bravest, ablest and craftiest savages that ever lived, whose tribe had been given a tract of land by the Indians living on the Wabash, began visiting all the Western tribes with the secret purpose of inciting them to a concerted attack on all the frontier settlements. At the same time, when approached on the subject, he repeatedly avowed his friendship for the whites, and professed his desire for peace. But Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, had no faith in the wily chieftain's professions, and continued his careful policy of handling the Indian question. Meantime, Tecumseh traveled among the various tribes, and by his craft and eloquence kindled them to the heat of war. 22 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. At last, unknown to Tecumseh, and in direct opposition to his intentions, his brother, the prophet, attacked Gen. Harrison on the 7th of November, 1810, and was badly defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe. This immature movement on the part of the Indians was bitterly lamented by Tecumseh, who became terribly exasperated at his brother for the rash act, and threatened to kill him for thus foiling his schemes. But the Indian power was hopelessly broken, and the Miamis and Pottawatomies, who had taken an active part at Tippecanoe, buried the hatchet, and immured themselves within their assigned reservations. The writer has been unable to ascertain when the old reservation, which included a portion of Sparta and Washington Township, was assigned the above tribes ; but it was probably soon after the war of 1812, and prior to 1821. By the terms of agreement between the Indians and the Government, a large, square brick-house was erected at Indian Village on the reservation, to be used as the residence of the chief, Wawaassa, or " Flat Belly," as he was more generally known. This building, after being used several years as a combined council- house and residence, was blown down by a great wind, and was not afterward rebuilt. The early settlers utilized the brick in their chimneys, etc. The tribes mentioned occupied the reservation until the year 1839, when they were transferred to the Wabash, and afterward no Indians visited the county save occasional stragglers. The lands of the reservation were not thrown into market until the autumn of 1842, at which time many squatters were living thereon, some of them having made extensive improvements with the view of purchasing the land when it became marketable. Knowing that great hardships would be wrought the squatters unless something was done to protect them, the State Legislature made provision, that if their farms were entered by other parties, the improvements that had been made must be paid for by those who entered the land. This measure had in general the effect of deterring speculators and sharpers from their usual nefarious practices, though, in several instances where improvements made were insignificant, the squatter was obliged to leave his farm. The land of the reservation belonged to the State, and Logansport was the point where the entry had to be made. In 1837, "Flat Belly" died, and was succeeded by Mushquaw, who, the following year, got very "squiby" on poor whisky, and, while in that condi. tion, attempted to cross a small lake near the Indian village; but, as the effects of the alcohol rushed to his brain, he leaped up and began dancing in the canoe, but immediately upset it and was precipitated into the water, and being unable to help himself, was drowned. Matchagen was at this time Medicine Man at the reservation, and was called upon, after the manner of the whites, to pay a tribute to the memory of the deceased. He roughly pictured the condition of the drunken chief, and admonished his auditors to beware of the saddening effects of fire-water. He addressed the spirit of the dead Indian, and advised it not to get "squiby" while crossing the river of death to the spirit land, as it might fall into the water, where it would have to remain forever. Kymotee HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 23 was elected chief after the death of Mushquaw, but he was killed soon after- ward under the following circumstances : Ashcum, a powerful young Indian, the son of a sub-chief, became enraged at a squaw, who was a relative of Ky- motee, and, in a paroxysm of anger, gave her a mortal wound with his knife. But her death was immediately avenged by Kymotee, who shot Ashcum, kill- ing him instantly. Ashcum had a very large brother, named Nagget, who was roused to vengeance by the death of his relative, whereupon he slew the brave Kymotee, but was himself immediately shot by another, who caught Nagget off his guard, and, with cocked rifle, said fiercely, with wrathful eyes, " Meanet Nagget, kina'poo" (very bad Nagget, me kill). The doomed Indian raised both arms above his head, turned his left side to the front and quietly waited for the fatal bullet. It came, and the brave chief fell dead upon the sod. Thus ended the chain of tragedies. There were about forty bark wigwams at Indian Village, Sparta Township, and just about the time the Pottawatomies left for the Wabash, and while they were temporarily absent from their town, a number of heartless settlers applied the torch and burned all their wigwams. These rude houses were standing where the cemetery now is. Prior to the time of their leaving the reservation, the Indians traveled on hunting excursions all over the county, mingling freely with the whites, and no trouble of note transpired. They would approach the settlers' cabins to beg, and in this important particular they rivaled the modern tramp in skill and expediency. They brought forward furs, game and trinkets to be traded for provisions, ammunition, etc. They established one or more temporary villages in almost every township in the county, and were thus brought in close proximity to the settlers. Many interesting anecdotes are narrated concerning them, which will be found in the chapters on the town- ships. The red man is gone, but he cannot be forgotten. His life will long be told as a bright romance of the past. "Ye say they all have passed away, That noble race and brave; That their light canoes have vanished From off the crested wave; That 'mid the forest where they roamed There rings no hunter's shout; But their name is on your waters, Ye may not wash it out." — Mrs. Sigourney. CHAPTER. II. by nelson prentcss. Early Organization and Statistics— General Growth and Development- Drought of 1838— The Internal Improvement Bill and the State Canal— Creation of the First Court— Trial and Execution of John Lechner— The County Seat Question— Public Buildings and County Officials— The Bench and Bar— Anecdotes— The Medical Profession. FIFTY years ago almost the whole of Northern Indiana, of which Noble County forms a part, was an unbroken wilderness. Its wide and tangled forests and its blooming prairies were the haunts of wild beasts and the home of roving tribes of Indians. Only here and there were to be seen any traces of civilization. At Fort Wayne, there was a trading-post where a few whites were gathered, and at South Bend a similar station. Little was then known of the country, save that it was considered as one of the Far West front- iers, on the outer verge of civilization, with only here and there a "cabin," whose inmates were destined to battle with the dangers and privations of front- ier life. The early French trader or the zealous missionary, as he urged his "pirogue" through the waters of the St. Joseph, the Wabash or Maumee, could sometimes see peering through the forest a few log cabins, and here and there a clearing, but these were mostly along the banks of the rivers, while back only a few miles was the vast wilderness interior, still occupied by its forest lords, whose hostile attacks were yet dreaded by the defenseless settlen. Bold and determined was the adventurer who at that early day made this West- ern wild his home. But those were found whose daring was equal to the emer- gency and who were well qualified for the task. Of such were the pioneers of Noble County. Kentucky and Ohio, which had recently been settled, amid all the hardships of border life and the alarms of savage warfare, were now pre- pared to furnish recruits for another crusade against barbarism, while from the sterile hills of New England the thrifty Yankee took his way westward, in the hope of finding a home where his honest toil should be repaid by better returns. But it was chiefly those who were inured to perils, and who had met the wily savage in his ambuscade, who first penetrated the wilds of Northern Indiana, and thus laid the foundation for the present happiness and prosperity of the citizens of Noble County. When Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State in 1816, the whole of Northeastern Indiana was included in Knox County, with the county seat at Vincennes. In 1818, the county of Randolph was created, including the county of Noble, with the county seat at Winchester. In 1823 or 1824 (both dates being given), Allen County was organized, taking in Noble County, with the county seat at Fort Wayne, and this continued until 1832, when the county of M. i^retsWsL. sd, a/o~ C?~*<^ JUDGE CIRCUIT COURT HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 27 La Grange was organized by act of the General Assembly, the present county of Noble being included in the new county, the seat of justice being at Lima. The county of Noble was organized in 1836, by act of the Legislature, and an election was ordered to take place on the first Monday of June of that year. In consequence of the destruction of the records in the Clerk's office in 1858, it is impossible to give the number of votes cast at the first election, but we feel sure that there were but few, for, in 1838, according to the returns on the duplicate for that year, there were only eighty-two polls in the county. At this election the following officers were elected : Clerk and Recorder, Isaac Spencer ; Sheriff, James Hostetter ; Associate Judges, Elisha Blackman and James Latta ; Cor- oner, Henry Engle ; County Commissioners — Joel Bristol, Henry Hostetter, Sr., and Abraham Pancake. At this election two of the Commissioners elected lived in the same town- ship, why, I do not know. It may have been that there was no one in the Mid- dle District qualified to hold the office. However, Hostetter only held the office for a short time before he resigned, and Zenas Wright, of York Township, was elected. The county of Noble as organized was eighteen miles in extent from north to south, and twenty-four from east to west, containing 432 square miles. In 1860, upon petition of the citizens residing thereon, a strip two miles in width across the south side of Township 33, Range 8 (Washington Township), was attached to Whitley County, leaving in Noble 420 square miles. At the first session of the Board of Commissioners the county was divided into civil townships, corresponding to the Congressional townships, and were by the Com- missioners named, which names they still retain. The record of this action by the Commissioners was destroyed at the burning of the court house at Augusta in 1843, but the fact remains. Commencing at the southwest corner of the county, they numbered and named the townships as follows : No. 1, Washington ; No. 2, Sparta; No. 3, Perry; No. 4, Elkhart; No. 5. York; No. 6, Noble; No. 7, Jefferson ; No. 8, Orange; No. 10, Wayne ; No. 11, Allen; No. 12, Swan. Each of these townships was six miles square, and all remain so at present, except that two sections (18 and 19) were taken from Jefferson, and two sections (13 and 24) were taken from York, and these four sections were made Albion Township, No. 13. Before the organization of Noble County, and while it was a part of La Grange, there was but one township organization, and this included a part of what is now La Grange. This township was called Perry, and, at an election held at the house of John Hostetter in April, 1833, Jacob Wolf was elected Justice of the Peace, he being the first officer elected within the limits of Noble County. Mr. Wolf is still living where he located fifty years ago, advanced in life, but still in the enjoyment of a reasonable degree of health, and a fine representative of that spirit of genuine hospitality so common at that early date. The first settlement made in Noble County by white people was that made by Joel Bristol in April, 1827, in Noble Township. The family consisted of BB 28 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Mr. Bristol and his wife, and the orphan children of Mrs. Bristol's sister, six in number. The name of these children was Tibbott, and two of them, Isaac Tib- bott, Esq., of Wawaka, and Mrs. A. G. Gibson, are still residents of Noble County, and are both in comfortable circumstances, and are respected by all good citizens. Bristol and his wife have long since passed away. For several years after the settlement of Bristol, but few settlers stopped in Noble County, as the beautiful prairies lying to the north and west presented greater attrac- tions. John Knight settled in the county in 1829, and, in 1830, Isaiah Dun- gan, Levi Perry and Richard Stone came, and the next year the population was further increased by the arrival of Jacob Wolf, Henry Hostetter, Sr., and his family, Adam Engle and family, Jacob Shobe and family, and Henry Miller and wife, Joseph Smalley and family, Leonard Danner, and perhaps some few others whose names may have been forgotten. A few continued to come, and all were heartily welcomed by the settlers, and, at the time the county was organized, there were probably less than one hundred families in the county, more than half the number being within the present limits of Perry Township, where "Perry's Prairie" and the "Haw Patch" offered inducements not found in any other part of the county. The first land purchased of the Government in the county was in Perry, and was entered in 1831, and by an examination of the Tract Book it appears that the following lands were entered during that year: Name or Purchaser. Date. Description. Isaiah Dungan June 11, 1831 Northeast quarter of Section 33. Levi Perry June 11, 1831 East half of southeast quarter of Section 33. Jacob Shobe July 29, 1831 Northeast quarter of Section 31. Jacob Shobe July 29, 1831 '. West half of northwest quarter of Section 32. Jacob Shobe July 29, 1831 West half of northwest quarter of Section 33. Susanna Hagan August 2, 1831 West half of northwest quarter of Section 34. Adam Engle August 12, 1831 Southeast quarter of Section 28. Adam Engle August 12, 1831 East half of southwest quarter of Section 27. Henry Engle August 20, 1831 West half of southwest quarter of Section 27. Jacob Wolf August 20, 1831 Northeast quarter of Section 28. John lies August 20, 1831 East half of northwest quarter of Section 28. William Engle August 20, 1831 East half of northwest quarter of Section 34. Daniel Harsh August 22, 1831 West half of southeast quarter of Section 33. Joseph Smalley September 13, 1831 Southwest quarter of Section 28. Joseph Smalley September 14, 1831 Northeast quarter of Section 32. Joseph Smalley September 14, 1831 East half of southwest quarter of Section 33. Joseph Smalley September 14, 1831 West half of southwest quarter of Section 34. H. Hostetter November 1, 1831 East half of northwest quarter of Section 34. L. Danner November 21, 1831 Southeast quarter of Section 18. Henry Miller November 25, 1831 East half of southwest quarter of Section 34. All of said land being in Township 35 north, Range 8 east, in Perry Township. The foregoing entries embrace all the land entered in Noble County in 1831, and amount to 2,120 acres. In 1832, the entries amounted to 3,320; in 1833, 2,820; in 1834, 5,860; in 1835, 18,222; and in 1836, before the county was organized, which was in March, 1,006 acres, making in all, of HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 29> land entered before the county was organized, 33,048 acres, or about one-ninth of all the land embraced within the limits of the county. There was, without doubt, more land entered in 1836 than in all the years that preceded it, for this was the time of the great rush to Northern Indiana. During all the season land buyers thronged the country, and all the talk was of section corners and quarter sections. Most of those who came were looking for future homes, and were cordially welcomed by those who were already here, and to them the "latch-string" was always out and every assistance rendered to assist them in making good purchases. But there was another class of land buyers, who met with little encouragement from the settlers. I refer to those who came here for the purpose of buying large tracts of land, not for cultivation, but to hold for the purpose of speculation. Frequently large tracts were bought up by these- men (land-sharks, the settlers called them), and held at prices that the poor man could not afford to pay, and hence the growth and development of the- country was crippled. A system of swindling was also practiced extensively about the land office at Fort Wayne by a set of sharpers, which was at once dishonest and cruel. When some honest farmer, who had selected and would apply to purchase the land he wanted for a home, one of these thieves would look him up, and say that he wanted the same tract, and threaten to bid on the land unless a compromise was made. Frequently considerable sums were thus stolen from the settler, when the rascal who pocketed his ill-gotten gains had no intention of buying the land, and, in fact, had never seen it. But not- withstanding all the difficulties and drawbacks that beset the early settlers,, much land was entered by men who at once took possession of it, erected their cabins, and, with willing hearts and strong hands, leveled the forests, cleared. the land, and, as soon as possible, started some crop to furnish the means of living for themselves and their families. In those early days, a large family of children was the rule, a small family the exception. The rule seems to be reversed in these later days, owing, probably, to the fact that the soil is not as productive now as it was at that early day. If a small patch could be pre- pared in season, it was planted in corn ; if too late for corn, then some pota- toes were put out; if too late for potatoes, the pioneer would try turnips; and if too late for turnips, some of the ground would be sown for wheat in the falL Most of the settlers of 1836 came too late in the season to raise anything for their support the first season, and had to depend upon buying from those who* had been here long enough to raise a surplus. Their chief dependence was upon those who had settled on "Perry's Prairie," in this county, and upon the prairies of La Grange, Elkhart and Kosciusko Counties, where the settlers had found the land already cleared and where many of the farmers had large and productive farms under cultivation. The lack of the "settlers during this year to raise enough to supply their wants created an unusual demand for the necessaries of life, and prices rose in proportion to the demand ; and as most of the early settlers were men of lim- 30 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ited means, and had invested all, or nearly all their means in the purchase of their land, it would not be strange if there occurred some cases of actual suf- fering for the necessaries of life. Let us hope that if such cases did occur that they were few, for it is painful to contemplate the possibility of such a state of affairs. To make matters more trying on the new settlers, there was consider- able suffering from fever and ague during the later part of the summer and the fall, and medicine and physicians were not to be had, and the only resource was such domestic remedies as were within reach of the settlers. Winter checked the ravages or the disease, and there was no difficulty in keeping the cabin warm and comfortable, for wood was about the only commodity that was plenty, and the greatest difficulty was to get it out of the way. The winter months were devoted to chopping and preparing to clear more land in the spring. Let it not be supposed that the settler of that day was selfish or un- social ; far from it. They had their social gatherings, their log-rollings, and their dances ; and if the young people of that day did not " Trip the light fantastic toe," under the direction of the French dancing-master, and to the music of a full orchestra, yet they did trip the toe, and that frequently a bare one, on the puncheon floor, as they danced the "Square French-four," shuffled through the " Virginia reel," or threaded the mazes of " Hunt the Squirrel," to the inspiring strains of the " Devil's Dream," " Silver Creek," or " Sally Johnson," ground out by the ancient fiddler on the fiddle which was his grandfather's delight in his young days. Then the people met upon a level ; they felt that all were equal ; they had no high, no low ; and to-day the old pioneers look back upon those days with feelings of regret and long for the days of "Lang Syne." All through the summer of 1836 the white covers of the emigrants' wagons could be seen winding along the crooked paths that had been cut through the timber — for we had not then any laid-out roads ; the first teamster cut out a track, and the others followed until the mud became too deep for travel, when another road was cut out, so that there were roads everywhere. This applies to the heavy timbered lands. On the openings, where the soil was •sandy, the roads were generally good, and when a new track became necessary, you could drive anywhere without hindrance, for at that day the country pre- sented a very different appearance from what we see at the present day. It was the custom of the Indians to burn the woods, marshes and prairies, each spring, and this annual burning kept down the under growth, so that on the openings nothing was left to obstruct the view, except the large trees scattered here and there. In many places, where to-day a second growth of timber completely covers the ground, the openings then were like an open prairie, with here and there a giant oak. No more enchanting scene was ever presented to the human eye than these •openings in the spring. As far as the eye could reach was spread out a scene of surpassing loveliness. The tender grass just springing up and spreading a HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 31 carpet of green over the whole landscape, which was further beautified by flowers of every hue, and as you survey the scene, a herd of deer appear in the distance, or the impudent prairie-wolf approaches just near enough to be out of range of the trusty rifle — our inseparable companion in these rambles. Nor should we forget to bring upon the stage as a part of the picture the na- tive, who once held undisputed control over all this land, nor dreamed that the day would come when he would be driven from these scenes of his youth, and leave to desecration the graves of his fathers. Talk of your flower-gardens or your parks, or anything that man has made in his weak efforts to imitate na- ture ! To one who has seen the oak openings of Noble County, in all their pristine glory and loveliness, man's imitations are tame and insipid. The year of 1837 was not marked by anything peculiar, except that more settlers came than during any previous year. Many who entered land in 1836 returned to their former homes to settle their business, and in the spring of 1837 returned with their families to this county — their future home. The year of 1838 will be remembered by the early settlers as long as one is left; many settled here in 1837, and others came in the early part of 1838. The spring opened wet, and the season continued so until about the middle of June, when the rain ceased and no more fell during the remainder of the sum- mer and fall, and some wheat sown that fall did not germinate until after snow fell. The swamps and marshes were filled with water, and the heat of the summer was intense. As a consequence, the water in the swamps was rapidly evaporated, and the atmosphere became contaminated and poisoned by the noxious exhalations, and the whole country was transformed into one vast hos- pital, filled with suffering patients, but destitute of physicians, medicines or nurses. Never before or since has such a time been experienced in Noble County. There was scarcely a house in the whole county where all were well, and in many all were prostrated by disease. Physicians were scarce and diffi- cult to obtain ; nor were they exempt from the ravages of disease. Medicines could not be obtained, and the sufferings then endured will never be known. Many of the early settlers died during this season, and it is sad to think that probably some perished from lack of proper treatment. But let no one for a moment suppose that this lack arose from any willful neglect on the part of the settlers. A woman has been known to walk several miles along an Indian trail to wait upon a sick neighbor, and frequently she was compelled to carry a child in her arms. And this was no unusual occurrence. The people were kind and sympathetic, and warm and tender hearts throbbed beneath the buck- skin hunting shirt and the linsey dress. But there was a point they could not pass. Strong though they were, they must succumb to disease, and they could not attend to others when they needed the same attention themselves. In one house at Rochester, thirteen persons lay sick, and in the whole village only two people were able to go from house to house, and these two were busy day and night ministering to the necessities of the suffering with the most unselfish 32 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. devotion. Their names deserve to be held in grateful remembrance as long as a pioneer or any of his descendants survive. They were Mr. Dorus Swift and Miss Achsah Kent. The frosts of autumn checked the ravages of disease, and health once more visited the settlers, although the effects of the season remained with some, and during the following fall and winter several old persons died. At the session of the General Assembly for 1836-37, a bill was passed called " The Internal Improvement Bill." By the provisions of this act, the State under- took a scheme of digging canals all over the land, and among the works con- templated was a canal from Fort Wayne to Michigan City. This was to enter Noble County in Swan Township, thence in a northwesterly direction through Swan, Green, York and Perry Townships, passing through Port Mitchell; and between Augusta and Albion, and into the Elkhart River west of the present residence of James J. Knox, in Elkhart Township. Here it was to enter the backwater of a seven-foot dam, to be built across the Elkhart River at Roch- ester. Thence it w-as to pass through Rochester and Ligonier, and follow the river to the west line of the county. Near the place where the canal was to enter the river, it was to be intersected by a navigable feeder from Northport, where a dam was to be erected to form a reservoir. There was also a reservoir to be made in Green Township to feed the canal at the Summit, which is in this township. Work was commenced in Noble County in Green, and also at Northport, the work on the summit which divides the waters flowing north into the Elkhart River and the waters flowing south into the Tippecanoe. Here the greatest amount of work was done, but there was considerable done in the vicinity of Northport, where the feeder dam was erected, and some of the canal excavated, and now, in passing from Albion to Rome City, the trav- eler passes along the bed of what was intended to be the navigable feeder, had this grand scheme ever been completed. But the State soon found that she had undertaken too much, and, being unable to meet her obligations, the work was suspended, and the amount expended became a total loss. The dam at Northport was built, but was subsequently washed out, and three persons who were on the dam at the time were drowned. Subsequently one of the bodies was found floating in a small pond below, but the others were never found. The State afterward rebuilt the dam, and donated the water-power to Noble County for the benefit of common schools, making the Board of Commissioners the custodians of the property. The Commissioners leased the water-power for a term of ninety-nine years, at an annual rental of $30. A grist-mill, a saw- mill, and quite an extensive woolen factory were erected and propelled by the water-power created by the dam. The factory was destroyed by fire, since which only the mills before referred to are run by the water from the reservoir. The affairs of the canal were closed up in the spring of 1840, and all that is now left of this magnificent enterprise is the dam, and some excavations here and there to mar the face of the country. Probably nearly $200,000 was expended by the State. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 33 From the first settlement of Northern Indiana the country was infested with a gang of desperadoes, and of these Noble County had her full share. These men were engaged in theft, robbery and passing counterfeit money, and it was at times darkly hinted that even murder was committed by them. Among them there appeared to be a passion for horses, and so far did this pre- vail that it made little difference to whom the horse belonged, and the settler frequently found his log stable empty in the morning, when it had the evening before been occupied by his horse. Horses were at this time (1839) scarce, and the loss of one a great calamity, as on the team depended to a great extent the support of the family. Hence, it is not surprising that curses deep and sincere were breathed by the settlers against these rascals, and it is probable that, had any of them been caught in the act, retribution swift and certain would have followed without waiting for due process of law. So many confederates were scattered through the county that pursuit was generally useless, for they had a regular organization, and stations where stolen property could be secreted in such a manner as to elude all search. Late in the fall of 1838, one of the gang, who had partaken too freely of "dead shot" or "tangle foot," became very communicative and confidential, and made propositions to one of the citi- zens who kept a small store to join them, urging, as an inducement, that he would have superior advantages for passing counterfeit money. The citizen, after consulting with neighbors, agreed to the proposition, intending to act the part of a spy, and when he had learned all he could to make it public, and try to break up the gang. To say the least, the undertaking was a hazardous one, and rendered doubly so by the desperate character of the men he sought to entrap, but before he had made any progress in the matter, two horse-thieves were arrested in the Haw Patch, and a stolen horse found in the neighborhood, where they had turned it loose, having stolen a blind horse by mistake. The news soon spread that horse-thieves had been captured, and were at Stone's, on the Fort Wayne & Goshen road. The whole country was aroused, and the men from far and near gathered at the place, and it required all the efforts of the officers, backed by the conservative element among the citizens, to save their lives. Nor is this to be thought strange. The settlers had suffered so much from their depredations, and had seen them escape so easily when arrested, that they determined to take the law into their own hands and mete out con- dign punishment upon the heads of the offenders. Being assured that the thieves should be dealt with according to law, they desisted from further hostile demonstrations, and assisted the officers in executing the process of the court. Warrants were issued for about twenty persons, many of whom were arrested, but some having had warning left the county and never returned. The trials were held at Stone's tavern, three miles south of Ligonier, before Nelson Pren- tiss, a Justice of the Peace of Sparta Township, and lasted ten days. There were present at these examinations all the settlers for a circuit of many miles, many of whom remained all night to prevent any attempt at a rescue of the 34 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. prisoners. No such attempt was made, and the trials proceeded in an orderly manner. There were no attorneys in Noble County at that time ; hence counsel had to be procured elsewhere. The prisoners were defended by Hon. Charles W. Ewing and Robert Breckenridge, Jr., of Fort Wayne; and an attorney from Piqua, Ohio, happening to be passing that way was employed by the peo- ple to prosecute. The cases were ably prosecuted, and the accused properly defended. Nine were held to appear at the next term of the Circuit Court, and all failing to find bail, seven of the number were sent to Fort Wayne and two to Goshen to be imprisoned, there being at the time no jail in Noble County. The two sent to Goshen were released upon a writ of habeas corpus for some pretended irregularity in the papers, while the seven sent to Fort Wayne released themselves by breaking out of the old jail at that place, and thus ended the first raid on the blacklegs of Noble County, but the people had rest for a season. But few settlers came to the county in 1839. The sad experiences of 1838 sent many back to their former homes, and the reports of the hardships that they had endured so alarmed others that few had the courage to risk the chances of a home in Indiana. There is little of general interest to write concerning 1839 more than what has already been said. During the year of 1840, more settlers came than in the previous year. It began to be ascertained that people could live in Noble County, and several who had remained began to gather about them not only the necessaries, but also some of the conveniences of life, and the settler who had battled manfully with adverse circumstances began to look forward to a time of greater enjoyment, when he could sit beneath '• his own vine and fig-tree," and enjoy the fruit of his honest toil. During this year there was perpetrated in the county a brutal murder. On the 16th day of May, 1840, at the village of Rochester, a number of per- sons were engaged in drinking poor whisky and shooting at a mark, a pastime quite common in those days. The natural consequences followed ; some be- came drunk and quarrelsome, and fit for any act of violence. Among the number were John Lechner, a German, and John Farley, an Irishman. Both were under the influence of liquor, and Lechner, when drunk, was quarrelsome and abusive. A dispute arose, angry words passed and blows were exchanged; but Farley, who was a small man, was not able to cope with his burly antago- nist. Farley escaped from Lechner and started to run, when Lechner seized his rifle and fired at Farley, missing him ; Farley ran a short distance when he climbed upon a fence, when a few words passed between them ; Lechner then took a gun from the hands of his nephew, and taking deliberate aim shot Far- ley dead upon the spot. He then attempted to escape but was arrested and brought before Esquire Daniel Harsh, and was by him committed to jail in Goshen, there being no jail in Noble County. At that time there were but two terms of the Circuit Court in each year, in September and March. The cause came up for trial at the September term, before John W. Wright, Presi- , CLETRK CIRCUIT COURT HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 37 dent Judge, and Thomas H. Wilson and Jacob Stage, Associate Judges. The prosecution was conducted by Lucien P. Ferry, Prosecuting Attorney, of Fort Wayne ; and the court assigned as counsel for the prisoner Hon. Charles W. Ewing and Robert Breckenridge, Jr. The records of the courts of that date having been destroyed by fire, Some matters in connection with the trial can- not be given, and the names of the jurors who tried the case have been forgot- ten. The evidence was clear ; in fact, there was not one extenuating or palliating circumstance. The guilt of the accused was established beyond a doubt, and although both Breckenridge and Ewing put forth their best efforts, they were of no avail. The speech of Judge Ewing on that occasion was probably the strongest appeal ever made to a jury in the county. Lechner was found guilty by the jury and the punishment fixed was death. He was sentenced to be hanged November 3, 1840. The sentence was executed on that day about half a mile west of Augusta, by Mason M. Meriam, Sheriff of the county. A large concourse of people were present, not only from Noble, but also from adjoining counties. This is the only judicial execution that has occurred in the county. After the sentence was executed, Lechner's body was taken in a wagon and driven rapidly to the western part of the county and privately buried, and few are now living who know the place. Farley, the murdered man, was buried in the old cemetery at Ligonier. The parties in the tragedy were both drunk, and the crime can be charged to nothing but alcohol. Perhaps it may not be out of place to remark that, up to this time, political differences had not dis- turbed the settlements. At the first election, in 1836, men of both political parties were elected ; Spencer, Bristol and Pancake were Democrats, while the two Hostetters and Engle were Whigs ; and in 1838, when a convention was called to nominate officers, men of both participated in the same meeting, the chief object being to find good men willing to serve. But in 1840, things were changed, for the. wave of " Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," struck Noble County. Political tricksters now make their appearance, and demagogues perambulate the county, anxious to sacrifice themselves for the good of the dear people, and communities which once moved and acted in concert are rent to fragments, and arrayed in hostility to each other. During all the preceding years, while the tide of emigration was pouring into the county, there existed among the people a strong sympathy with each other, and strife and contention were strangers. There was no dividing up into classes ; all were friendly, for all were poor. And now the old pioneer of Noble looks back with regret to many things that were common at that early day, but have passed away never to return. The year 1841 was not marked by anything unusual in the development of the county, unless it be by increasing prosperity among the settlers. Emigrants con- tinued to come and the country was fast filling up, better dwellings were erect- ed, more land was cultivated, and better implements of husbandry were used, and it may be said that the most sanguine hopes of the settlers were realized. 38 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. During this year, there occurred a sad circumstance, that should not be passed over without notice, as it may be that in the future some light may be thrown upon what is now, and the last forty years has been, dark and mysteri- ous. On the 2d day of June, Mr. Aaron Noe, who resided on the farm now owned and occupied by Charles Weade, about two and a half miles southeast from Cromwell, started with his team to Elkhart County to mill. He left home early in the morning, and when near home, having just started, he ob- served his son, about three years old, following the wagon. He stopped and directed the child to go back to the house, and then proceeded on his journey. No further notice seems to have been taken of the child's absence for some time. There were several children belonging to the family, and the mother probably supposed that it was with them. The other children returning to the house without the boy, Mrs. Noe commenced to search for him, but was unable to find him. Becoming now alarmed, she and the older children con- tinued the search. They found the little tracks in the road where it was last seen and for a short distance beyond, going from the house and in the direction taken by the father with his wagon, when the nature of the ground prevented any further traces of foot-prints. Having searched for several hours in vain, the now distracted mother sent word to her nearest neighbors, and they, in turn, to others, and before night seventy-five or one hundred of the settlers were gathered, ready to render any assistance in their power. The woods along Solomon's Creek, where the child was lost, were swampy and afforded a retreat for the large timber-wolf, and there were many at that time in the county. There were droves of half-wild hogs, scarcely less savage and dan- gerous than wolves. The child had on only one garment, a loose slip or gown, and thus unprotected, if it should escape from the animals, it was probable that the insects, with which the woods were swarming at that season of the year, would torment it to death before another morning. It should be ob- served, that during the day a small body of Indians had passed the place, trav- eling in an easterly direction. It was surmised that they might have kidnaped the child, and it was determined to send some persons after them to learn whether such was the fact. Accordingly. Mitchell McClintock, Oliver Wright and Harvey McKinney, all old frontiersmen, were selected for this service. They left Noe's a little before sunset, and, following the trail, found the Indi- ans encamped on the bank of Bowen's Lake, in Green Township. On coming in sight of the encampment, they concluded to take the camp by surprise, lest they should escape with the child, if they had it. Mounting their horses, they dashed at full speed into the midst of the sleeping Indians. Amidst the con- fusion, some of the Indians escaped to the woods, but they returned in a short time, and all denied having had or even seen the child. In this, it is probable, they told the truth, for they had been seen by several persons during the day, after they passed Noe's place, and no white child was seen with them. The party sent out returned the same night and reported their failure, and it was HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 39 then agreed to make thorough search and, if possible, find the little one alive, or if dead, to discover some traces that should disclose the fact of when, where and how it died. The next morning the search commenced. Lines were formed, the men walking within a few feet of each other, and traveling the country in every direction for several miles, and this was continued for eight or ten days. The search was made as thorough and complete as possible. Every swamp was explored, every pool of water was dragged, every hollow log found was torn to pieces. All business was suspended and the great heart of the community went out as the heart of one man, in sympathy with the be- reaved ones: but it was all in vain. No trace of the missing one was ever found. Whether, indeed, the little wanderer was picked up by Indians and brought up among them as one of their tribe; whether it met its death from some savage beast, or died from the more lingering torments of hunger and fatigue, are subjects upon which we may speculate, but which we shall probably never know. From this time forth, the growth of the county has continued until the present. The first census taken in Noble County was in 1840, when the pop- ulation was 2,702. This census was taken by Isaac Spencer. In 1850, Hiram S. Tousley took the census, which was now 7,946. In 1860, John C. Rich- mond was Deputy Marshal, and found 14,915. In 1870, the population was 20,389, and in 1880 it was 22,804. When the first census was taken, in 1840. Noble County, in population, was the seventieth ; in 1850, it was the fifty- ninth; in 1860, the forty-first, and in 1870, the twenty-eighth, a position that she still holds. During the time that the steady stream of population was pouring into the county good prices were obtained for all agricultural products, but when the settlers had so improved their lands that a surplus began to accumulate, prices began to decline, and, for several years, all products raised by the farmer were very cheap. Wheat, after being hauled to Fort Wayne, was worth about 40 cents; corn, 12 J ; pork from $1 to $1.25 per 100 pounds. Labor was corre- spondingly cheap, and day laborers' wages from 31 to 40 cents per day. This was in consequence of a lack of transportation to the sea-board. Railroads were then unknown, and, for a time, all produce had to reach the lakes, either at Toledo or Michigan City. In 1843, the Wabash & Erie Canal was opened from Fort Wayne to Toledo, and this had a tendency to give better prices, though wheat was then worth only about 60 cents at the most favorable times, but the construction of railroads has created a good market, and now the farmers of Noble County are receiving good prices near home for all their sur- plus products. The records of the Auditor's office having been destroyed in 1843, it is impossible to ascertain the valuation of property in the county prior to that time or the total amount of taxes paid each year; but from the Auditor of State the taxes paid to the State prior to that time have been ascertained, and 40 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. by computation we may reach very nearly the number of polls in the county for each year. There appears to have been no taxes paid to the State until 1838, and that year Noble County paid $301.35. In 1839, $385.50 ; in 1840, $381.72 ; in 1841, $870.59, and, in 1842, $1,515.44. This only includes the State taxes, and we can only approximate the total taxes for all purposes, bi*t it is safe to say that three times the State tax would make the entire duplicate. Again the number of polls is .not given prior to 1843, but we arrive at a result that is nearly correct by calculation, and find the following : In 1838, we had eighty-one polls, and the duplicate was $ 904 05 In 1839, we had ninety-nine polls, and the duplicate was 1,150 50 In 1840, we had ninety-nine polls, and the duplicate was 1,145 16 In 1841, we had two hundred and ninety-seven polls, and the duplicate was 2,611 77 In 1842, we had five hundred and twenty-two polls, and the duplicate was 4,546 32 The effects of the scourge of 1838 are plainly seen in the two years that follow it. The following table is from the records : TEAR. 1843.. 1 *44., 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 18-"0. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1856. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 18-50. 18'. 1. 1*62. VALUATION. 6 558,386 564,718 582,828 732,080 649,822 656,478 706,085 733,572 1,381,913 1,391,329 1,556,615 1,758,778 1,901,190 1,893,474 1,882,375 1,995,678 2,809,335 2,881,594 2,847,979 2.874.874 DUPLICATE. POLLS. 7,477 22 611 9,320 01 699 7,500 99 848 17,415 24 949 13,049 40 1,027 13,959 57 1,024 8,633 76 1.236 13,073 30 1,313 17,333 31 1,475 16,560 73 1,512 16,576 04 1,560 25,833 31 1,638 25,019 55 1,790 25,155 99 1,840 25,973 75 1,998 26,799 54 2,132 36,395 35 2,372 37.720 43 2,362 39,041 82 2,517 41,018 36 2,620 TEAR. 1863. 1864 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. VALUATION. ,088,978 ,7<»9,157 .108,295 ,558,495 ,643,428 ,910,492 .767,630 ,702,445 ,747,295 731,695 ,948,432 323,026 ,959.098 (127,103 ,903,424 ,984,795 ,877,715 ,295,625 ,027,103 DUPLICATE. $ 49,640 72 63,193 28 173,828 82 67,500 97 68,129 28 72,138 50 81,486 87 69,486 06 82,191 64 101,539 11 163,967 73 113,485 15 114,882 05 118,830 54 106,255 68 105,917 50 113,680 80 114,775 62 not comp'd 2,491 2,457 2,314 3,013 3,270 3,334 3,324 3,318 3,398 3,199 3,239 3,359 3,365 3,588 3,681 3,728 3,704 3,750 3.778 Thus, from the insignificant amount of about $1,000, the total amount of taxes paid in 18 : i8, there is now collected over $100,000. And in consequence of the increased wealth, the taxes are now paid with less trouble than in early times. The railroad corporations in the county pay taxes on over $1,000,000 valuation, thus paying one-ninth of the entire taxes paid. The increase in the material wealth is amazing. In 1843, there was but one man in the whole county that was assessed with personal property to the amount of $500. In that year, Joseph Galloway, of Washington Township, returned that amount, and now a farmer who has not that amount, or more, is considered poor, while many of the tax-payers are assessed with over $100,000 of personal property, and this assessment as a general thing is not more than one-half the real value. In 1843, the entire school tax collected in the county was $8.50 ; in 1844,. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 41 3125.54 ; in 1845, $139.51 ; in 1846, $204.80. There is now expended annu- ally in the county over $50,000, a large part of which is raised by taxation, which the people pay willingly, being convinced that intelligence is essential to the best interests of the State. In the matter of county seats, Noble has had her full share. At the ses- sion of the Legislature in March, 1836, George A. Fate, R. McDonald and Eli Penwell, were appointed Commissioners to permanently locate the seat of justice for Noble County, and on the 3d day of May, 1836, reported as follows : To the Honorable the Commissioners of Noble County, and State of Indiana : The undersigned Commissioners, appointed by the Legislature of this State to fix the per- manent seat of justice of the county of Noble aforesaid, have, after being duly sworn as the law directs, fixed the permanent seat of justice and drove the stake for the same on Section Twenty- four in Township numbered Thirty-four north, of Range numbered eight east, in said county, on the land of Isaac Spencer and Reuben Jackson Dawson. And beg leave to submit the fore- going report with the donation bond for $3,000, payable A. D. 1839. George A. Fate, R. McDonald, Noble, May 3, 1836. Eli Penwell. The bonds of Spencer and Dawson, with Simpson Cummings as surety, was filed the same day, and was approved by the Locating Commissioners, the Commissioners of Noble County not having been elected, nor were there any until the June following. This location was in Sparta Township, on the old Fort Wayne and Goshen trail, and on the farm now owned by Nary Fry. Although this was near the western part of the county, yet at the time it was probably very nearly central as to the population. No public buildings were ever erected at Sparta, and the county seat remained there only a short time. Other parts of the county began to be settled and the people objected to the erection of buildings at a point so far from the center of the county ; and which, although a very desirable location in some respects, yet had no water-power or other natural advantages. Hence, a petition was presented to the Legislature asking for a re-location, and an act was passed and approved February 4, 1837 appointing Oliver Crane, of Elkhart ; Levi L. Todd, of Cass ; John E. Hill, of Allen ; Samuel F. Clark, of Miami ; William Allen, of La Porte, and Greene T. Simpson, of Henry, County Commissioners to re-locate the seat of justice. On the 3d of July, 1837, all the Commissioners, except Allen and Simpson, met at the house of Patrick C. Miller, at Wolf Lake, and proceeded to ex- amine the different points offered. Several ambitious towns which had been laid out were anxious for the distinction. Sparta was, of course, in the mar- ket, also Van Buren, near the Blackman farm in York ; Wolf Lake, the first town laid out in Noble County ; Augusta and Port Mitchell — all entered the race, and each made munificent offers to secure the coveted location. The Commissioners having looked over the ground and considered the offers of dona- tions, agreed upon Augusta, a point two miles west of Albion. The people appeared to acquiesce in the location, and a court house and jail were built there, the county officers removed thither and the town gave considerable evi- dences of growth ; two hotels were built, several stores started and various 42 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. mechanical interests were represented. There is but little doubt that the county seat of Noble County would have been at Augusta now, had not the court house been accidently destroyed by fire. This occurred early in the year of 1843, and by the burning of the building the books belonging to the offices of the Auditor and Treasurer were lost. This was a great calamity, and in en- deavoring to prepare an authentic history of the county, we sadly miss those records. Port Mitchell had never been happy over the location at Augusta, and now made an effort for another permanent location. Another act of the Legislature was passed January 14, 1844, for a re-location, and Charles W. Heaton, of St. Joseph ; Lot Day, also of the same county ; Ephraim Seeley, of La Grange, and John Jackson and Allen Tibbitts, of Elkhart, were appoint- ed Commissioners. They met at Augusta on the first Monday of March, 1844, and drove the stake and permanently located the seat of justice at Port Mitchell. Here brick offices were built and a temporary building was erected for a court house. The people of Port Mitchell were happy, and visions o 1 * the coming greatness of the town floated before them. But their triumph was of short duration. The seat of justice was a movable institution and neither a permanent location nor driving the stake could hold it. Soon after, at the session of the Legislature for 1845-46, an act was passed providing for a re-location by a vote of the people. The act provided that an election should be held on the first Monday of April, 1846, at which the voters should write on their ballots the name of the place where they wished the county seat to be located. Another election was to be held the first Monday of June, at which time only three places should be voted for ; that is, the three highest on the list voted for in April, and the final vote was to be taken between the two highest at the June election, on the first Monday of August in the same year. The contest was a spirited one, as there were sev- eral places in the county that were ambitious to be county seats. Speeches were made, and at least one campaign song was composed for the occasion, and a club of singers organized. At the election in April, votes were cast for Port Mitchell, Augusta, Rochester, Ligonier, Springfield, Lisbon, Northport, Wolf Lake, and the " Center," as Albion was then called. It may be that votes were cast for other places. At this election, the three highest on the list were Port Mitchell, Augusta and the Center. At the June election, Augusta fell two votes below Port Mitchell, and was left out. The contest was now between Port Mitchell and the Center. The friends of Augusta were indignant, and generally voted for the Center, and it received a majority and was declared the county seat. It has remained here since, although several efforts were made to remove it. The construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad through Albion, in 1874, has settled the question, and Albion will, without doubt, remain the county seat. The first buildings erected by the county were at Augusta, where a frame court house was built, which was done by the proprietors of the town as a part HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 43 of the donation to the county, in consideration of the location of the county seat at that place. The building would be considered a cheap affair at this time, but when it was erected it was the pride of the people, as it was much better than any in the adjoining counties. This was completed in 1840, and the next year a wooden jail was built. There is still left a part of the cells of the old jail remaining, which is the only memento left to remind the traveler of the former greatness of Augusta. The temporary buildings erected at Port Mitchell have disappeared, and most of the town plat, as well as all of the town of Augusta, is now devoted to agricultural purposes. After the final vote on the location of the county seat, the Board of Commissioners, on the 14th day of October, 1846, made the following order : " Ordered, that James L. Worden, County Agent, proceed to advertise the letting of a court house at the new county seat of Noble County, and that he receive sealed proposals for the same until the second day of the next December term of the board, at 8 o'clock A. M." At the December term, James L. Worden reported that the lowest and best bid for the building was by Harrison Wood, William M. Clapp and David B. Herriman, and the job was accordingly let to them. They sublet to Samuel T. Clymer, of Goshen, who completed the building in 1847, and, on the 16th day of Sep- tember of that year, the Commissioners ordered the removal of the offices and records to the new court house. A jail at Albion was built in 1849. The court house was built ot a cost of $4,045. The cost of the old jail at Albion was about $1,300. This court house was burned in January, 1859, and the cir- cumstances surrounding the catastrophe leave little room for doubt that it was the work of incendiaries. The present court house was built in 1861, at a cost of $11,000, and was built by George Harvey, who now resides in Albion. In 1875, the present jail was built at a cost of over $25,000, and is as safe as it could be made, and is doubtless the finest building in the county. It contains rooms for the jailer and his family; has twelve cells, the top, bottom and each side wall being composed of a single stone eight inches in thickness, all four securely fastened together. These cells are surrounded by a hall composed of stone similar to the cells, and it would seem to be a bootless undertaking to attempt to break out. The court house is a plain, substantial building, but large enough to accommodate our courts ; but the day is not distant when better accommodations will be required for the county officers, and more room for the records. For several years after the organization of the county, the poor were sup- ported in the several townships, and those who were permanent paupers were sold out to the lowest bidder annually. This continued until finally the Com- missioners purchased a farm one and a half miles east of Albion, upon which was a house which, with some additions, was used as an asylum for the poor, and here all the paupers of the county were collected, and a superintendent chosen by the Commissioners. This continued until at last the Commissioners exchanged this farm for 160 acres, to which they have since added ninety-eight 44 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. acres. In 1871, a brick building was erected on the farm capable of accommo- dating one hundred paupers. The contract price for the building was $20,500, but a record of the allowances shows that the actual cost was several thousand in excess of the contract price. The Commissioners have been fortunate in the selection of superintendents, and at the present time the farm is self-sustaining. The building is over one hundred feet in length, and fifty -four feet wide, and is two stories above the basement, and has also considerable room above the second story under the mansard roof. The foregoing comprise all the public buildings belonging to the county. It has already been stated who were elected county officers at the first election. The following persons have held the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court by virtue of election : Isaac Spencer, Westley White, William F. Engle, Nelson Prentiss, Samuel E. Alvord, James Haxby, Hiram S. Tousley, Joseph S. Cox. And Horatio M. Slack, Fielding Prickett, Luther H. Green and George B. Teal have held the office by appointment. Of those who have held this office, Westley White, William F. Engle, James Haxby and Joseph S. Cox are dead. Mr. Alvord, who was first elected in 1855, has been re-elected twice since, and now holds the office. The persons elected as Sheriff are : James Hostetter, John Humphreys, Mason M. Meriam, Harrison Wood, William E. Bowen, Isaac Swarthout, David S. Simons, Solomon Crossley, Robison Ramsby, Moses Kiser, David Hough, Nathaniel P. Eagles, Richard Williams and William W. Riddle, the present incumbent. Of these, Hostetter, Humphreys, Meriam, Simons and Bowen are dead ; the rest, so far as is known, are living. Humphreys did not serve, but sold his claim on the office, after qualifying, to Mason M. Meriam for a shot- gun. Let it be remembered that in 1838, the date of Humphrey's election, that offices were not as valuable as at the present time. And it may be that the con- sideration for the transfer was adequate. At the organization of the county, the Clerk was Recorder and Auditor as well as Clerk, and no Recorder was chosen until 1842, when Peter Becher was elected, who died before the expiration of his term. Since that time, Henry H. Hitchcock, Henry Heltzel, John P. Mc- Williams, David S. Simons, James Greenman, John Baughman and James J. Lash have been elected. All the above except Becher, Heltzel and Simons are living ; and all except Hitchcock live in Noble County. He resides in Goshen, in Elkhart County, and is cashier of the First National Bank at the latter place. The first person to collect the taxes was Henry Heltzel, who was elected in 1839, and was called tax collector. He had no office at the county seat, but went through the county and called on each tax-payer. John A. Col- erick, was the first person who was elected Treasurer by that title. Since that time the following persons have been elected and served as County Treasur- ers : John McMeans, William E. Bowen, Daniel S. Love, James M. Denny, Lewis Iddings, Isaac Mendenhall, James J. Lash, John D. Black, Daniel Keehne and Julius Lang. All these except Heltzel, Colerick and Bowen, who are dead, reside in the county. The office of Auditor has been held by the f'ol- : ^fa^t^/t^***^ YORK TP HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 47 lowing persons, to wit: Anson Greenman, William M. Clapp, William E. Love- ly, John Young, Horace W. Baldwin, Daniel S. Love, Eden H. Fisher, James C. Stewart and William S. Kiser. Of these, Greenman, Lovely, Bald- win and Clapp are dead, all having died in this county, and the rest are still living here. The following is a list of Commissioners : Northern District — Abraham Pancake, Henry Hostetter, Sr., Jacob Wolf, John T. Broth well, James Smal- ley, John Childs, J. W. Learned, Charles Law, Jacob Wolf (second election), William Imes, George W. Mummert. Southern District — Joel Bristol, Oliver L. Perry, John Fulk, Otis D. Allen, Rufus D. Keeney, II. C. Stan- ley, James W. Long, 1). W. C. Denny (appointed), George Ott, James H. Gregory, J. C. Stewart, Samuel Broughton, John P. McWilliams. Mid- dle District — Zenas Wright, Thomas H. Wilson, Vincent Lane, Elihu Wads- worth, Leonard Myers, F. A. Black, Samuel Ohlwine, Orlando Kimmell, F. A. Black (appointed), William Broughton, John A. Singrey — mak- ing in all thirty-three different persons who have held the office in the county. Of these, fourteen are dead, thirteen still reside in the county and three have left the county, to wit : Myers, Gregory and Long. Long is living in Whitley County. The residence of the others is unknown. The foregoing list contains the names of all the persons who have held the offices referred to. There were some other offices of minor importance that have not been referred to, such as Coroner, School Commissioner, etc., in which the public would feel little interest. There is, however, one other county office, which at an early date did not amount to much, but which has since become second in importance to none in the county, and that is what is now called "County Superintendent of Schools," but was formerly known as "School Examiner." The Examiner at the time the county was organized was ap- pointed by the Circuit Judge, and this power remained with the Judge until the adoption of the present constitution in 1852. The first appointment was made in 1837, when Westley White, Justus C. Alvord and Nelson Prentiss were appointed School Examiners. The duties were not arduous and there was no compensation provided for. After that time, and up to 1852, various persons were appointed, but as the records of the court have been burned, it is not possible to get all the names, but the following other persons are remem- bered as having officiated in that office: Finley Stevens, G. W. Sheldon, Stephen Wildman, Samuel E. Alvord, T. P. Bicknell, D. W. C. Denny, Dr. 0. J. Vincent and probably others. One thing is certain, and that is, Mr. Prentiss remained one of the Examiners from 1837 until 1868 continuously, and after retiring from the position in 1868 was again elected in 1879 and in 1881, and now holds the office, having held it for thirty-three years, and, at the age of sixty-eight years, is discharging his duties in an acceptable manner. After the organization of the comity in 1836, and after the first election, Hon. Samuel C. Sample, of South Bend, was sent to organize the Circuit cc 48 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Court and start the machinery of justice. As all the records in the Clerk's office were destroyed by fire in January, 1859, it is impossible to gather any information from that source, and hence many things that would be interesting are necessarily omitted. Judge Sample informed the writer that this meeting was in September, 1836, and that a grand jury was impaneled, who met under a large oak tree and transacted some business. On the first grand jury were Seymour Moses, William Wilmeth, George Benner, George T. Ulmer, Isaac Tibbott, Abraham Pancake and William Caldwell, and on the petit jury were Asa Brown, Henry Hostetter, Andrew Humphreys, Richard Bray, John Knight and Gideon Schlotterback. There may be others known to the old settlers who were on one of these juries, but the fact has not been made known. The grand jury returned two bills of indictment, one against Hugh Allison for assault and battery and one against J and Mc for larceny. Allison being present, was placed on trial and a verdict of "not guilty" was returned, when Allison treated court, jury and attorneys. The other case was not tried at that term, nor was it tried until nearly a year after. David H. Colerick, of Fort Wayne, was employed by the defendants, and being gifted as an advocate and having the ability to shed the "briny tear " at the proper time, so wrought upon the feelings of the jury that a verdict of "not guilty" was returned. But let it be remembered that the charge was stealing hogs, and every one knew that a pioneer would not steal pork unless he was hungry. This was the only court presided over in this county by Judge Sample. He was flanked on the right hand and on the left by Hon. James Latta and Elisha Blackman, Associate Judges. Since that time the following persons have held the office of Circuit Judge: Charles W. Ewing, Judge Chase, John W. Wright, James W. Borden, E. A. McMahon, James L. Worden, E. R. Wilson, Robert Lowry, James I. Best and Hiram S. Tousley, and the Associate Judges have been Elisha Blackman, James Latta, Jacob Stage, Thomas H. Wilson, Edwin Ran- dall and David S. Simons. The office of Associate Judge having been abol- ished, none have been elected for many years. The office of Probate Judge has been held by Henry R. Burnam, Horatio M. Slack and Harrison Wood, and our Judges of the Court of Common Pleas have been Stephen Wildman, James C. Bodley, Sanford J. Stoughton and William M. Clapp. While upon the subject of the judiciary, it is proper to speak of the distin- guished members of the bar who have been in former times, and are now, mem- bers of the bar in Noble County. Daniel E. Palmer, now residing in Angola, was the first practicing attorney who located in the county, and subsequently William M. Clapp, John W. Dawson, Horatio M. Slack and James L. Worden. Hon. Stephen Wildman located here soon after. Before any attorneys located in the county, the business was done by attorneys from La Grange, Allen and Elkhart Counties. John B. Howe, of La Grange, David H. Colerick, Henry Cooper, William H. Combs, Robert Breck- enridge, L. P. Ferry and Hugh McCulloch, of Allen, and E. M. Chamberlain, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 49 Joseph L. Jernegan and Thomas G. Harris, of Elkhart, were the principal practitioners in the court of the county prior to the year 1842. Among the distinguished attorneys who have practiced in the courts since 1842 may be mentioned ex-Gov. Samuel Bigger, Judges John Morris and Robert Lowry, of Fort Wayne ; Hon. W. A. Woods, of Goshen, now one of the Judges of the Supreme Court; Hon. James I. Best, of De Kalb County; Hon. John B. Niles, now deceased, formerly of La Porte ; Hon. John H. Baker, Member of Congress for six years from this district, and his partner, Capt. J. A. S. Mitchell, and many others. The present bar of Noble County is composed of the following gentlemen : Fielding Prickett, Henry G. Zimmerman, Thomas M. Eells, James M. Denny, James S. Campbell, L. W. Welker, Thomas B. Felkner, Frank Prickett, John C. Swetc, Luke Wrigley and Nelson Prentiss, all of Albion ; G. W. Best, D. C. Van Camp, Daniel W. Green, Frank P. Bothwell and Harry Reynolds, of Ligonier ; and A. A. Chapin, Robert P. Barr, Lucius E. Goodwin, Vincent C. Mains and Thomas L. Graves, of Ken- dallville. Among the early Judges who served in this county are to be found marked ability and the strictest integrity. Charles W. Ewing, the first Circuit Judge for this circuit, was a brilliant lawyer. He had much more than the usual mental endowments, and a thorough education, supplemented by extensive reading and study, had so developed his powers that he was a star of the first magnitude in his profession. He died comparatively young, and under circum- stances peculiarly painful, and by his own hands. What prompted the act is not known, but it is highly probable that under some severe mental strain his mind became alienated and he thus committed the act. Judge Chase only served one or two terms, and was but little known irt the county. John W. Wright, or, as he was familiarly called, "Jack," served several years, and was considered a good Judge. He was social and affable in his intercourse with all, and yet when on the Bench he maintained the dignity of the place, and some of our courts of to-day would be improved by following his example. When among the boys, he was as much of a boy as any. At a session of the court, a blackleg bought a horse of " Charley Murray," and paid for it in counterfeit coin. The word spread, and a squad was organized for pursuit. The Judge adjourned court, mounted his Indian pony, and joined in the chase, which lasted all night. The Elkhart River was crossed several times, but there were no bridges, and "Jack" was with the foremost. The counterfeiter was captured, his case given to the grand jury, and the Judge was ready to try the case. A man having imbibed too freely, and becoming bois- terous, Jack ordered the Sheriff to stop the noise, but the offender would not desist. "Take that man to jail," said the Judge. "There is no jail," replied the Sheriff. " Then," said the Judge, "take him away so far that he will not disturb the court and tie him to a tree." The order was obeyed, and quiet was restored. Judge Wright, at the time he presided over our courts lived in Logansport, and at this time is engaged in some business connected 50 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. with the Government at Washington. Judge Borden presided here for several years, and gave general satisfaction. He was a politician, and has written sev- eral articles, which evince a thorough study of the principles upon which our institutions are founded. He now resides in Fort Wayne, and, during most of the time he has been a resident of Northern Indiana, has held some official posi- tion. Judge McMahon, who succeeded Borden, was at the time a resident of Fort Wayne, and discharged his duties acceptably. He was the very soul of probity and honor, and the judicial ermine was not soiled in his hands. He was a good lawyer and an impartial Judge. If living, he is in Minnesota, whither he emigrated many years ago. Of Judge James L. Worden little need be said. He was one of the early resident attorneys of Noble County, and is well-known to most of our citizens. From the time he first pitched his tent here, until the present, his course has been steadily upward, and to-day he holds the position of the leader of the Supreme Court. His decisions are quoted wherever the principles of the common law prevail. He is quiet and unassuming in his manners, calm and deliberate in his judgment, and is generally correct in his conclusions. E. R. Wilson, who succeeded Judge Worden, was a young man at the time of his election, residing at Bluffton. He was the reverse of Judge Worden in some respects ; he was impulsive and quick to form his conclusions, and yet the fact that his decisions generally stood the test in the Supreme Court, is the best evidence that he was correct. He was a popular officer, and yet from his peculiar temperament, was liable to make warm friends or bitter enemies. He resides at present at Madison, in this State. Judge Lowry resides at Fort Wayne, and is at present Judge of the Superior Court. He commenced the practice of the law at Goshen at an early day, and has steadily progressed un- til he is now recognized as one of the best attorneys of the State. Judge Tousley is now, and has been since 1848, a resident of Albion, and is prob- ably as well known as any one living here. He has been identified with the in- terests in the county. At the present time he is suffering from disease. James I. Best, of De Kalb County, was elected Judge of this circuit, and discharged the duties of the position in a manner at once creditable to himself and acceptable to the people. His business, however, required his attention at home, and he re- signed the office. He was subsequently employed by the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern Railroad Company, as attorney for that road, but was selected as one of the Commissioners to assist the Judges of the Supreme Court, which position he now holds. All who have held the office of Associate Judges are dead, all having died in this county. They were all good men, and their lives and influence have had their effect upon the community. Harrison Wood is the last of the Probate Judges living. He resides at Ligonier, and is justly esteemed as a good citizen and an honest man. Judge Wildman is the last left in the county of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, Clapp and Bod- ley being dead, and Stoughton, if living, is probably in Kansas. It would be HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 51 pleasing to take up and give a brief pen-portrait of each of the early attorneys who practiced here, but space forbids. For the present, a few reminiscenses of early days must suffice. We have before spoken of two indictments re- turned by the grand jury at the first court held in the county, one of which was disposed of; the other, for larceny, was continued, and a warrant issued for the defendants. The larceny charged was that of some hogs belonging to a Mr. Spangle. The defendants had been arrested before this time upon a war- rant issued by Jacob Wolf, Esq., the first Justice of the Peace of the county, who discharged the prisoners, the evidence not being sufficient to sustain the charge, in the opinion of the Justice. Hence, the case was brought before the grand jury. At a subsequent term of the Noble Circuit Court, held at the house of Richard Stone, in Sparta Township, the case was tried before a jury, and David H. Colerick was employed by the defendants. Colerick, it is said, charged $25, which, in 1837, was considered a large fee. It is true that he had to travel forty miles on horseback to attend court, and the condition of the roads made it a two days' journey. It was said that Colerick gave some instructions to the one defendant, who was considered most guilty, as to his conduct pending the trial, which was about one year after the indict- ment was returned. During this time, no razor was permitted to be used on his face, and before the trial came on, J had a most magnificent beard, giving him quite a patriarchal appearance. The case was called, the jury impaneled, and the evidence introduced, and the Prosecuting Attorney made his plea. Colerick made one of his best efforts ; he was a good advocate, and if any man could enlist the sympathies of the jury, he could do it. Colerick presented the legal aspect of the case and claimed that, under the testimony, it was uncertain whether the offense, if any was committed, was in Noble or Kosciusko County. Having disposed of the legal question, •'Uncle Dave" went in on sympathy. He drew a graphic picture of the anguish of the families of the prisoners, at the mere suspicion of the crime, and pointing to J , who sat there the pict- ure of injured innocence, he said : " Gentlemen of the jury, look at that hon- est old Dunker who sits before you — honesty written on every line of his face — and then say if you can that he is guilty of hog stealing." Tears flowed freely from Colerick's eyes, the jury were affected, and even J himself gave evidence that he began to think that he was innocent, and wiped his weeping eyes on the skirt of his buck-skin hunting shirt. The jury returned a verdict of "not guilty," and the defendants were happy. It is said that the case stood as follows : Spangle lost his hogs, found where they had been killed and skinned, followed the track of a sled to the cabins of the defendants, and un- der the puncheon floor found skinned pork, and upon these slight circumstances accused the defendants of the larceny of his hogs. But those days are past, and we now require stronger proof before making such grave charges. Henry Cooper, also of Fort Wayne, was probably one of the best lawyers who came to this county. His books were his idols, and he came as near 52 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. mastering the elementary works as any one could, and yet he never boasted of his knowledge. A young man, who had just commenced the study, once asked Mr. Cooper how long it would require for him to master the law. "I do not know," said Mr. Cooper; "I have been hard at work upon it for about fifty years, and just begin to see how little I know about it." A char- acter in the early days of the county was George Powers, or, as he was gen- erally called, " Old Powers." He was a pettifogger of the most offensive type, and knew little about law, but was quite a talker. Cooper thoroughly despised anything like quackery, and hence had no respect for Powers. Cooper was not a ready or fluent speaker, but was a strong logician. Meeting Powers in the hall of the court house at Augusta, he was addressed by Powers in this language: "Cooper, if I had your head, or you had my tongue, what a man would be the result." Cooper replied, " Powers, if you had my head you would know enough to keep your abusive tongue silent." Cooper was at one time a part- ner of the Hon. Reverdy Johnson, and might have stood at the head of the legal profession, but he yielded to the seduction of strong drink, and died a sad wreck of his former self. He was kind-hearted, and, in his last days, did not lack friends. Samuel Bigger, whose name has been heretofore mentioned, died in Fort Wayne in 1847. In 1840, he was the candidate on the Whig ticket for Governor, and his competitor was Gen. Tilghman A. Howard. Both were gentlemen, and together they canvassed the State, and each treated the other with the greatest courtesy. When they visited Noble County, they spoke at the house of Adam Engle, on Perry's Prairie, and stayed there overnight. In the evening, Bigger discovered a fiddle, and, taking hold of it, drew forth some fine music, which highly pleased Mr. Engle. Bigger was elected, and, after serving the State during his term, located at Fort Wayne and practiced in the courts of Noble County. At a term held at Port Mitchell, in 1845 or 1846, as the Gov- ernor was passing along, he met Engle, whom he recognized, and, ap- proaching him, extended his hand, saying, "How do you do, my old friend?" Engle, who was quite old, did not recognize him, and replied, "Who be you? I don't know you." "My name is Bigger," was the reply. "Bigger, Big- ger ; I don't know you," continued Engle. Bigger replied, " I stayed at your house in 1840, when I was a candidate for Governor. Do you not remember me?" A sudden light seemed to break in, and, grasping the outstretched hand, Engle said, "Oh, yes; I remember. You are that fiddler." The joke was too good for Bigger to keep, and so he told the story. One more partic- ular mention must close these reminiscenses of the legal profession. E. M. Chamberlain, of Elkhart County, was a regular attendant at our courts at an early day. He was a man of strong intellectual powers, and as stern and in- flexible in his devotion to the interests of his clients as it was possible for any- one to be. He respected true merit, but dishonest practices were his abhor- rence, and woe to the man who should attempt, by bribes or threats, to lead him from the path of rectitude. In person, he was tall and commanding ; his HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 53 countenance was stern, and reminded one of that old hero, Andrew Jackson. In the management of his cases, his comprehensive mind at once grasped the strong points, and to these he clung, and cunning or sophistry could not drive him from his position. All who were present at the time will remember his last appearance here. It was after the burning of the court house at Albion, and the court was held in the Lutheran Church. An old man had fallen into the hands of a set of sharpers, who had succeeded in swindling him out of over $10,000. Chamberlain was employed to unearth the dark trans- action. He spent much time in the preparation of the case, and had obtained a full history of the facts, which he had embodied in complaint. Two of the defendants were present when he commenced the presentation of the case to the court. As he proceeded to expose the transaction, and as link after link of the chain was unfolded, and as Chamberlain, warming with his subject and aware of the righteousness of his cause, hurled against them his charges, couched in such words as only he could string together, though all felt that they deserved exposure and punishment, yet all felt pity for the trembling cul- prits who were his victims. As if aware of the fact that he had them securely in his grasp, like the cat who sports with her prey, he would for a time relax his coils, giving them a short respite, then again tightening his hold, until at last he broke forth in a torrent of invective, at once so withering and over- whelming, that one of the defendants, unable to endure the mental torture, left the church and did not return until Chamberlain had closed. He was at one time a member of Congress from this district, was for many years Judge of the Circuit in which he resided, and held many offices of trust, and no official corruption was ever laid to his charge. To his family he was kind and indul- gent, and the tenderness and affection of woman were as much his character- istics at home as was sternness and inflexibility in the discharge of his public duties. He died at his home in Goshen in the spring of 1861. It is not certain who was the first physician who settled in the county. This distinction lies between Dr. Victor M. Cole, who located at Wolf Lake, and Dr. Dudley C. Waller, who came to Rochester about the same time. Both came in 1837, but it is uncertain which was first in the county. They were both considered good doctors, were both men of good hearts, and when called to minister to the suffering never asked whether they were sure of their pay. In fact, much of the service rendered by them was never paid for, and both died poor many years ago. Waller left the county in 1839, and returned to his former home in Vermont, where he died soon after. Cole is buried at Augusta, and it is uncertain whether the place can be identified. Dr. W. H. Nimmon was also one of the early physicians, having settled at Rochester in the latter part of 1839. He died in 1879, at Wawaka. Before any physicians settled here, Dr. Johnston Latta, of Goshen, practiced in the county, and Dr. S. B. Kyler, of Benton, and Dr. E. W. H. Ellis, of Goshen, were frequently called. 54 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Dr. John H. G. Shoe lived at the Indian village, and though some said he was not much of a doctor, yet it must be admitted that he was 'a good singer, and that he was careful not to give medicines that would injure any one, as he never kept any on hand. Jacob Wolf, Esq., of Perry Township, who settled here in 1.831, says that the first sermon preached in the county was in the summer of 1832, and that it was preached on Perry's Prairie, by a Presbyterian minister from South Bend, but is unable to give his name. Rev. Robinson, of the M. E. Church, and Rev. Plumstead and Christopher Cory, Presbyterians, preached here at a very early day, and a Presbyterian Church was organized as early as 1836 on the Haw Patch, but whether it was in Noble or La Grange is not settled. Members of the church lived in both counties, and services were held at the house of William McConnell, in La Grange, and also at Isaac Cavin's and Sey- mour Moses', in Noble. In 1837, Mr. Cavin and Mr. Moses built a log cabin near the place where the Salem Chapel now stands, which served the double purpose of a church and schoolhouse. This was the first building in the county used for these purposes aside from private houses. In this house, humble though it was, the fathers and mothers met to worship God, and with sincere hearts gave devout thanks that they had even such a temple. Here Seymour Moses taught a school. From this small beginning, what results are seen ! From the log cabin, erected at a cost of only the labor of a few pious settlers, we have now within the limits of the county fifty-four churches, erected at a cost of over $200,000. If genuine piety and religion have advanced in pro- portion, what a power for good would now go out from Noble County ! The first marriage in the county was that of Lewis Murphy to a sistej of Isaac Tibbott. The bride was one of the children brought here by Joel Bristol in 1827, and at the time Noble County was attached to Allen, and the marriage license was procured at Fort Wayne. The next was that of Gideon Schlotter- back to Miss Mary Engle, in 1833, when this county was called La Grange. After the organization of Noble County, the first marriage was that of Jacob Baker, who died last spring. Schlotterback is still living, and is hale and hearty. Murphy left the county a long time ago, and whether living or dead is not known to the writer. There has been some conflict of opinion as to who was the first white child born within the limits of Noble County, but it seems to be settled now that it was a son of Henry Miller. Miller came to the county in November, 1831, and on the 31st of December of that year his wife gave birth to a son, who lived but a few days or weeks, this being, so far as is known, the first birth as well as the first death of a white person in the county. The father died three years ago; the mother is still living. On the 8th day of August, 1832, Simon Hostetter, son of John and Mahala Hostetter, was born on the Haw Patch, and he is still living, being the first white child born in the county that lived to maturity. '■.Y, - '{H^Mzax^ YORK TP. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 57 The first post office in the county was established in 1833, and, at the sug- gestion of Jacob Wolf, was named " Good Hope." Henry Miller was the first Postmaster. The mail was carried from Fort Wayne to Niles once in two weeks. John G. Hall carried the "bag" on a spotted ox or some other kind of masculine bovine. The receipts of the office were from $1.25 to $1.50 per quarter, hence there was not much strife for the place. Miller became tired of handling the mails and resigned, and Jacob Shobe became Postmaster, and the office was kept at the old Shobe farm in the southwest part of Perry Township. Subsequently the office was removed to Stone's Tavern, and thence to Ligonier, and the name changed from Good Hope to Ligonier. The first house for a residence was built by Joel Bristol in Noble Town- ship, but there was a brick house erected by the Government on Section 30 in Sparta, the exact date of which is not certain, but was some time between 1816 and 1821. A fuller account of this house will appear in the history of Sparta. The first hewed log house was built by Jacob Shobe in 1833, and the first brick residence was built by Jacob Wolf. C HAP TEE, III. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED. Early Roads— Manner of Viewing, Improving and Sustaining Them— Mail Routes and Stage Lines— The Plank Road— Railroads and County Stock— Noble County Agricultural Society— Stock Rearing— The Seminary Fund— The County. Press— The Blacklegs and the Regu- lators. THE first traveled highways which extended across Noble County were the Fort Wayne and Goshen road and the Fort Wayne and Lima road, each having been surveyed prior to the organization of the county in 1836, pursuant to special acts of the State Legislature. The precise time when these enactments were approved cannot be learned, but was probably about the years 1832 or 1833, as, at that time, both the roads were quite well traveled by set- tlers who lived in the older localities, at the extremities of the road distant from Fort Wayne. At that time, there was quite a large settlement at Lima, in La Grange County, while few, if any, settlers had located along the road in Noble County. The same is true of the Goshen road, save one settlement a few miles southeast of Wolf Lake. Both roads, at that early day, were mere winding paths through the woods, twisting around on the higher lands and abounding in mud-holes that apparently (if the statements of old settlers are to be believed) went through to China. It is stated that, when the pioneers first began to locate along the main roads, they would often keep a team of oxen or horses, and the necessary rails, to assist in extricating unfortunates from mud-holes, charging the modest sum of 25 cents to $1 for the trouble. Soon 58 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the worst places were bridged over by rude log bridges, that were swept away by every freshet, and the long places of swampy road were corduroyed with rails, logs and brush. It was the custom, when a new road was petitioned for, to appoint competent "Viewers," who were to traverse the route, and report upon the practicability of opening the road. If the Viewers reported favor- ably, the State authorities ordered the clearing and working of the road, so as to make it passable for all sorts of teams. The Lima road, although surveyed about the year 1833, was not opened throughout its entire length until about 1837 ; but, if reports are correct, the Goshen road was opened about the time the county was organized. Previous to that time, neither had been worked, save here and there where some benevolent settler had seen proper to expend a few days to mend some bad break. Even after the roads had been opened, great trouble was experienced in keeping them in repair, and very often they were almost impassable. Probably, the third road in the county was the one branch- ing from the Goshen road north of Cromwell and running north, through what is now Ligonier, to the State line, in the direction of White Pigeon. This was ordered surveyed not far from the year 1838, and perhaps a year or two earlier, and came into existence largely through the influence of citizens living on "Perry's Prairie," who had petitioned the Legislature for the road. In 1843, the State road, extending from Columbia City to Augusta, was ordered sur- veyed, and John Hively and Joel Bristol were appointed special Road Com- missioners to establish this highway. They employed Thomas Washburn as Surveyor. The road was eighteen miles long, ten being in Noble County. The same year, another road was ordered built from Columbia City to a stake in the Goshen road, on the line between Townships 34 and 35 north, of Range 8 east, the whole road being twenty-two miles long. The special Road Commis- sioners were Stephen Martin, Ross Rowan and John Prickett. The following explains itself: To the Commissioners of Noble County : In pursuance of an act of the twenty -seventh session of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, appointing the undersigned Commissioners to locate a State road, from the forks of the roads near Isaac Tibbott's in Noble County to the county seat of La Grange County, said Commissioners hereby report that they met at the beginning point on the 12th of June, 1842, and after being sworn to faithfully discharge the duties of said appointment, and after employing the necessary number of hands, proceeded to survey and mark said road. We believe it will be a road of great public utility, and return it for public use. For a further description, we beg leave to refer you to the following field notes, all of which are respectfully submitted. John L. Stienberger, [Field notes subjoined.] Abraham Brown, William F. Beavers, Commissioners. This road was 33 miles in length, 12 T {b miles being in Noble County, and 20tW miles in La Grange County. In 1843, a State road was constructed from Kendallville to Perry's Prairie, the Commissioners being Mr. Trow- bridge, Jacob Sparbeck and Daniel Bixler. Previous to about the year 1844, all roads which touched more than one county were built at the expense of the HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 59 • State ; but, at that time, this procedure was altered, and the counties were required to construct their own road, being authorized to levy, under stipulated conditions, the necessary tax for that purpose. Immediately after this, the Commissioners entered upon an active and much-needed system of constructing public highways, and the citizens were quite heavily taxed to secure the neces- sary funds. From that time until the present, scores of roads have come into existence. Some time about the year 1847, a company of wealthy men at Fort Wayne, and along the Lima road, associated themselves together, with a capital stock of about $70,000, for the purpose of transforming the old Fort Wayne and Lima road into a plank road. Pursuant to the law of the State, this road was leased* by the company for a term of years, and saw-mills were erected all along the line to furnish three-inch oak plank, which was to be laid down on suitable sills, at right angles to the direction of the road. The planks were sawed and laid down in 1847 and 1848, and toll-gates were established from six to ten miles apart, and superintendents of sections, living along the line, were employed to keep the road in repair. The plank road was fifty miles long, and, in some places, deviated from the old Lima road. A few small dividends were struck, but the road failed to repay the stockholders for the outlay of construction, and the stock steadily depreciated in value. Many of the largest stockholders at Fort Wayne and along the road were wise enough to get rid of the stock to Eastern capitalists, upon whom much of the burden of failure fell when the enterprise collapsed. Toll was collected on portions of the road until about 1858, when the route was turned over to the County Commissioners. There were well-established mail routes along the Lima road and the Goshen road several years before the county was organized, the mail being carried on horseback, or, as in the case of John Hall, the carrier along the Goshen road, on the back of a male bovine of gentle disposition. These con- tinued to be the principal mail routes for much of Northeastern Indiana, for many years. From time to time, branches were established at various points. As early as 1844, a route was established from Wolf Lake, on the Goshen road» via Port Mitchell and Albion, to Lisbon, on the Lima road. Another early mail route is said to have extended from Good Hope, on the Goshen road, to either Rome City or Lima, on the Lima road, passing via Rochester and Spring- field. Several other routes were established for the convenience of localities, but not by the Government. The Lake Shore Railroad did away with many of the old routes, and new ones were established from stations on this road to the various towns in the southern part of the county. Finally, the presence of other railroads rendered these routes unnecessary, and now they have about all disappeared. The vast improvements that have been made in the means of overcoming labor, save such as is necessary for exercise to preserve the health * The real conditions as to how the company got control of the road are unknown to the writer, but from con- versation with men prominently connected with the project, the facts appear to be as stated in the text. 60 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. and spirits, have driven many irksome and burdensome tasks from the obstacles to be met by human endeavor. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company was formed, in 1869, by the consolidation of the following four railroads, each of which had previously been formed of two others : Michigan Southern and Northern In- diana, Cleveland & Toledo, Buffalo & Erie and Cleveland, Painesville & Ash- tabula. The Michigan Southern was projected in 1837, through the southern part of that State, from Monroe on the east to New Buffalo on the west ; but was not continued on to Chicago until 1852. Of the Northern Indiana Rail- road, the Chicago Times, of 1877, has this to say : " In 1835, John B. Chap- man, of Warsaw, Ind., a member of the State Legislature, introduced a bill for the incorporation of the 'Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.' He was ridiculed out of this ambitious title, and finally consented to come down to ' Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad,' but would not yield another mile." Work on the road was begun in 1835 ; but in 1837 came the financial crash that doomed the rail- road to a sleep equal in duration to that of Rip Van Winkle. An effort at resuscitation was made in 1847, culminating, finally, in the road's passing to the Litchfields, under the name of Northern Indiana Railroad. The work went on slowly until at last, in 1855, the Michigan Southern and the Northern Indiana were consolidated with a union of those two names. The road was completed through Noble County early in 1858. Under the presidency of the Vander- bilts, the road is paying its stockholders dividends. So far as known, the citi- zens of the county contributed nothing toward the construction of the road. The corporation first known as the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company was duly incorporated and organized by articles of association, bear- ing date January 18, 1854, with power to construct, maintain and operate a railroad from the town of Hartford, in Blackford County, Ind., to a point on the north line of the State, in the direction of Grand Rapids, Mich. Afterward, by various articles of consolidation and incorporation with other roads, it assumed the above corporate name in June, 1857, and at that time had a declared capital stock of $2,800,000, including large tracts of valuable tim- ber land grants in Northern Michigan ; but the paid-up capital of the company was so small that it was found impossible to meet the expense of constructing the road, in which case, the land grants, after a certain date, would revert to the Government. To prevent this, various expediencies were resorted to, and at last extension of the time for the completion of certain portions of the road was obtained. Work was resumed under several contracts, one of which was with George W. Geisendorff, of Rome City, dated December, 1864, to build and equip fifteen miies of road, understood to be between the latter town and La Grange, Ind.; $19,000 paid by Mr. Geisendorff to the company were ex- pended on the road north of Grand Rapids. Still the company found itself unable to continue the completion of the road, and a new executive administra- tion under the old organization was effected, that some relief might be obtained. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 61 Confidence was partially restored, and the citizens along the road in Noble and La Grange Counties subscribed about $200,000 in aid of the work, the most of which was payable conditionally, and hence was unavailable until the con- ditions had been complied with. Soon, after considerable difficulty, another extension of time to January 1, 1868, was obtained. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad was solicited for help, and furnished it conditionally by indorsing certain stipulations on fifteen hundred $1,000 bonds of the issue of January, 1860. But this seemed to afford only temporary relief, as, in April, 1869, a number of responsible parties living in New York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and known as the Continental Improvement Company, obtained such control of the Grand Rapids Company that the completion of the road was rapidly pushed forward, with the aid of a declared capital of $2,000,000, owned by the last-named corporation, until, in December, 1873, the road, con- structed and completed in accordance with the contract, was turned over to the Grand Rapids & Indiana Company. Thus it was, that after a long, distressing struggle for life, the road, at the price of large profits, was placed upon a per- manent running basis. It is of incalculable value to La Grange and Noble Counties ; although the trade in some localities has been divided, but the counties on the whole have been greatly benefited. Kendallville has been in- jured in some respects, and benefited in others. Avilla has found a decided improvement. For some years prior to 1872, the Chicago & Canada Southern Railway Company announced its intention of passing across the northern part of Noble County, provided suitable aid was secured from the citizens along the route. The townships through which the road was to pass were called upon to vote aid ; but all did not respond. The question of levying a small tax for this purpose was submitted in each of the townships, and carried in Perry and Wayne only. The tax to be paid by Perry amounted to $19,000 ; and that of Wayne to $20,500. Of these amounts about $1,000 were paid ; but the citizens were then relieved by legislative enactment from any further payments, and the $1,000 was returned to the tax-payers. Thus was severed all connection with the road. The Eel River Division of the Wabash Railway passes across the extreme corner of the county, and was constructed and equipped in about the year 1872. Early in 1872, the townships Allen, Jefferson, Albion, York and Sparta were called to vote a tax to aid the present Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Allen refused such aid, although she would undoubtedly receive greater benefit than any of the others. The vote in Jefferson was 187 for, 75 against ; the tax amounting to $3,078.60. That in Albion 103 for, none against; tax, $3,- 380.80. That in York 131 for, 19 against; tax, $2,793.95. That in Sparta 115 for, 25 against ; tax, $3,796.15. Total tax voted, $13,049.50. of which $12,322.99 have been paid to the company. The grain buyers at the stations on this road report that, on account of direct transportation to Baltimore, an (52 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Eastern sea-board, the other roads not having such direct transportation, a higher price can be paid for grain by them than by buyers on the other roads. Farmers confirm this statement, and govern their sales accordingly. The Noble County Agricultural and Horticultural Society had its origin in 1855, in accordance with an act of the Legislature, providing that the citizens of a county might institute the necessary conditions for a county fair. In response to notices posted up or published at the time, a meeting of the citizens was called to effect such an association, and some thirty or forty persons appended their names to a code of by-laws, and paid $1 each, after which the necessary officers were elected to carry into effect the measures adopted by the membership. A fair, with a few premiums offered, was announced to be held on the farm of Mr. Bassett, a few miles northwest of Albion, during the fall of 1855; and on that occasion there was a respectable display of county products, notwithstanding that the premiums offered were few and made proportionally small, contingent on the failure of the receipts to meet the obligations of the society. The gate-money was not far from $60. Horse-races were witnessed around the quarter-of-a-mile track ; but the time made need not be mentioned. The fair continued to be held annually on Mr. Bassett's land for some four years, when it was removed to a ground of five or six acres, owned by Mr. Clapp, a portion of which is now covered with houses, being the northern part of the county seat. In 1865, by sharp management on the part of Ligonier, it was voted to remove the fair to the latter place, where Mr. Harrison Wood had offered a nice ground with a half-mile track to the asso- ciation without charge for the first year, and $30 for each subsequent year. This movement was opposed by most of the citizens at Albion, several of whom grind their teeth at the recollection even to this day. The fair was held on Mr. Wood's land for twelve years, and was then removed to the present ground, about a mile west of Ligonier, which at that time was purchased by an associa- tion of stockholders for $1,700, there being about twenty-three acres. The stock (about eighty-five shares) is owned by some forty-five individuals. These stockholders rent the ground to the association. The receipts were largest about two years ago, being not far from $1,600 ; of late years they reach on an average about $1,000 annually. They probably did not exceed $100 prior to the removal of the fair to Ligonier. The directors are usually elected, one from each township, and from these the officers are chosen. The usual premiums are paid for all varieties of live stock, products of the farm, manufactured implements and ornaments, plants and flowers, fruit, wearing apparel, kitchen products, etc., etc. The Agricultural Society is in a fairly prosperous condition, although there have been times in its history when the outlook was decidedly unpromising. So it is with all enterprises that tend to bind society closer, or remove the films from the eyes of humanity. The present officers of the society are : W. W. Latta, President ; J. H. Hoffman, Secretary ; John Weir, Treasurer ; J. C. Zimmerman, Superintendent. In HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 63 1866, there was organized at Ligonier a " Live Stock Association," which is yet in existence, and has for its object the making of money through that decid- edly laudable means — the improvement in stock, or, more specifically stated, the improvement in horses. Three magnificent Clydesdale stallions were purchased at a cost of $7,200. There are about twenty stockholders in this association, four of whom own the greater portion of stock, as follows : John Morrow, Har- rison Wood, Dr. Palmiter and William Hays. There is one subject which can be as well mentioned in this chapter as in any other. Reference is made to what was known in early years as the "Semi- nary Project." Not far from the year 1840, the State Legislature passed an act authorizing the County Commissioners to levy a tax for an amount not to exceed a certain figure, the same to be applied toward the erection of a seminary for the education of youth. This the Commissioners of Noble County did ; and Elisha Blackman was made " Seminary Trustee and Treasurer," to whom were paid all funds for this project. Money flowed in, while the county-seat was at Augusta, until the amount reached nearly $2,000, when, for some reason which the writer, after patient inquiry, could not learn, the whole scheme col- lapsed, and the money collected was either turned over to the tax-payer, or placed with the school fund, upon what terms are unknown. Thus the experi- ment died. From the time of the earliest settlement until about the year 1858, Noble County (and, indeed, all Northern Indiana, Southern Michigan and Northwest- ern Ohio, besides other localities) was so infested by horse-thieves, burglars, highwaymen, counterfeiters, manufacturers of bogus coin, murderers and out- laws and desperadoes of every description, that no honest man with money or valuable possessions could say with assurance that either himself or his property was at any time safe from their attack. The entire period was one long mild reign of terror and apprehension. About the time that Noble County was first settled, or from 1830 to 1840, the notorious counterfeiter of Summit County, Ohio, James Brown, a man of great natural ability, and one of the most daring, audacious and successful "blacklegs" in all the country at the time, managed by adroitness and cunning to so surround himself and his company of kindred spirits with secrecy and mystery, that all efforts to shatter the organization were for many years defeated and baffled. It will be seen by the reader that many of the most notorious blacklegs of Noble County came from Summit County, Ohio, or vicinity, and received their first instruction in the school of the infa- mous James Brown. The entire system of outlawry in Noble County undoubt- edly sprang from that in Summit County, Ohio, and vicinity ; as the dreadful business here was first inaugurated by men either directly or indirectly from that locality. It is not the design in this volume to enter into the details from which a large book might be entirely written. Nothing but an outline can be given. From the fact that scores of men, now honored and respected residents of the county, were connected with the blacklegs, either in the capacity of 64 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. thieves, or as manufacturers or passers of bogus coin and counterfeit bills, it is thought best to mention as few names as possible in this brief narrative. The children and grandchildren of James Brown are yet living near Akron, Ohio ; and, without exception, are all upright and law-abiding citizens. And yet they all feel that their father's infamy is a dark blot on the family name and honor. So it is in a score of instances in Noble County. Hundreds of the best citizens are connected by ties of consanguinity with blacklegs, whose names have become synonymous of disgrace and dishonor. Prudence would dictate, then, that in this volume the subject should be treated generally, that the feelings of delica- cy and shame in the hearts of descendants may be spared, and the family name and honor be cleared of infamy. New countries are alwavs the haunts of criminals and outlaws. There they find security, secrecy and that lack of law which specially favors their atrocious deeds of villainy. Noble County at once became the headquarters of scores of convicts and criminals, and soon gained national repute as a perfect hot-bed of sagacious crime. In California, after the gold excitement had somewhat subsided, any man, it is said, who announced himself as coming from Noble County, Ind., was regarded with suspicion and distrust. So it was as far east as Maine, and as far south as Florida. Peace officers all over the United States and Canada heard of Noble County, and wondered why the gang of blacklegs was not broken up and dispersed. While it is true that horses, merchandise, money, and, in short, any property wanted by the blacklegs, were taken from the citizens of Noble County, yet it was not done to that alarming degree as to rouse the people of the county to a concerted effort against them until about 1856. A large, well-organized band of criminals made Noble County, among other places, the headquarters where counterfeit bank bills were made, where bogus coin was minted, and where stolen property of all kinds was secreted until the ardor of pursuit had abated, and the property could be disposed of. Criminal action was not comfined to the county, nor to Indiana ; but spread into all the neighboring States, and even West into the Territories. This is what, more than anything else, rendered the name of Noble County odious and detestable. It was the harbor of all villains. It was where they found sympathy and encouragement, security and assistance. Here they could dispose of stolen property. Here they obtained counterfeit bank bills and bogus silver coin. Here they were secreted from irate owners of stolen property and from pursuing peace officers. All this assistance, security and protection were furnished by resident blacklegs, men of seeming integrity, who were often wholly unsuspected by their nearest neighbors of having any complicity in the nefarious practices. Further than this, the very men secretly engaged in assist- ing criminal procedure were elected to the most prominent official positions in the county. The County Sheriff at one time (and perhaps others) was a noto- rious blackleg. It was next to impossible to secure a jury of honest men. Lawyers were blacklegs. Constables in almost every township were corrupt * YORK TP. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 67 and criminal. For these reasons, the laws were ineffectual and powerless. In all law-suits other than against blacklegs, the demands of justice were strictly complied with as far as the blacklegs were concerned, as it was to their interest to appear honest and law-abiding. But, when horse-thieves or passers of coun- terfeit money were charged with crime and arraigned, it was found next to im- possible to convict them. They usually managed to escape on one pretext or another. It is necessary to begin at the earliest settlement of the county, and trace the growth both of crime and of the efforts made to curtail or terminate it. As early as 1836, Alpheus Baker, residing in the eastern part of the county, lost three valuable horses the morning after his arrival. As many as a dozen other horses were taken during the same year ; and, prior to 1840, there must have been at least fifty horses " pulled " from residents of the county. No township or locality was spared. Men dared not keep fine horses, and many were wisely contented with animals too worthless to be bothered by thieves. In 1839, the first real movement was made against the blacklegs. This will be found narrated in the chapter written by Mr. Prentiss. Some twenty were arrested, against nine of whom bills of indictment were found, but all managed to escape the punishment they no doubt deserved. In about 1842, William Mitchell and Asa Brown, who had assisted in the arrest of horse-thieves from Ohio, two men who had fled to Noble County for protection, were repaid for the act by the burning of their barns. About the same time, stores at Rochester and other places in the county were broken open, and considerable property was taken by burglars. Men were attacked in their own cabins, and compelled at the muzzle of pistols to hand over their ready money. Peddlers were stolen from in much the same manner, and widespread apprehension of robbery and even murder was felt. About this time, a public meeting was called for the purpose of organizing a society for the protection of property, and for raising the necessary funds to pay for detecting and capturing thieves and other criminals. This meeting is said to have been held at Kendallville. With startling audacity and presumption, the very men who habitually protected and harbored criminals, were loudest in their denunciations of all blacklegs, and most earnest in their declarations that something must be speedily done to check the alarmingly prevalent commission of crime. They thus became perfectly familiar with all the schemes to detect and capture blacklegs ; and of course were enabled to completely baffle all such attempts. The results of the meeting were thus rendered abortive. While every township had its blacklegs and rascals, perhaps the most notorious place was in the northeastern part of the county, in and around Rome City, and a little farther north, at a spot known as " The Tamarack." In this vicinity, several of the most notorious leaders of the blacklegs resided. The physical features furnished excellent facilities for the secretion of stolen property of all kinds. It was in this vicinity that, so far as known, the only bogus coin DD 68 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. was manufactured in the county, except, perhaps, in Noble Township. In the latter place, while it is clear that the necessary implements for manufacturing bogus coin were found, yet there is no conclusive evidence that such coin was minted there. Men lived there who dealt largely in the coin, buying it for about 25 cents on the dollar of those who did manufacture it, and passing it at every opportunity to travelers and others. There is reasonably conclusive evidence that counterfeit bank bills were engraved and printed in Noble Town- ship. It is related that one of the oldest and most prominent citizens of Noble Township audaciously admitted to every one that he had any amount of bogus coin. He is said to have answered a man who wanted to borrow money of him, " Yes, come over ; I have plenty. I know it's good, because I made it myself." It is also stated that he bought a piece of land of the Government Agent at Fort Wayne, paying for the same with bogus silver coin. Speaking of this transaction, he said, " The money was so d d hot it burnt my fingers." An engraver of bills resided in Noble Township ; also a signer of the same. The Tamarack was a notorious place. Both counterfeit bank bills and bogus coin were manufactured in this vicinity. Hundreds of men were induced to pass bad money, who would not assist in the manufacture. Hundreds of men would buy and secrete stolen property, who would have nothing to do with stealing. Hundreds of young men were led into a more or less guilty com- plicity in criminal practices. This was one of the principal reasons why rascals could not be detected. So many were in some manner connected with the blacklegs, that neighbor dared not trust neighbor, and all concealed the truth. A certain chivalrous dignity became attached to the term "blackleg," that adventurous young men could not resist. They were thus gradually led into crime. It must be understood that, while there was no boldly open and concerted opposition to the execution of the laws in the capture and conviction of criminals, yet the efforts of honest officers were avoided and the require- ments of the law frustrated. Honest men were not wanting ; they lacked unity and secrecy of action. All their plans became at once known to the blacklegs, and they were thus for many years outwitted and misled. Perhaps no one individual among the honest men of the county was responsible for the lack of unity and secrecy in the conviction of criminals; and yet it is strange that, during all the long years of guilt and fear, no united and determined effort was made to end the "reign of terror." It cannot be said that there was not a sufficient number of honest men, as the criminals were comparatively very few. The execution of a few horse-thieves or counterfeiters by " Judge Lynch" would have ended the reign of crime in its infancy. It is a matter of wonderment that something of the kind was not done. What could the honest men have been thinking about ? Are they altogether free from blame ? During the period from the earliest settlement until the power of the blacklegs was broken, many criminals were made to suffer the penalty of their misdoings. Six or eight persons, several of whom yet reside in the county, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 69 were sent for short terms to the penitentiary. The blackleg leaders could not be caught by the mild efforts made ; neither could the gang be broken up. At last, lawlessness had become so widespread, that the State Legislature, in 1852, enacted a law authorizing the formation of companies of not less than ten nor more than one hundred persons, with all the rights and privileges of constables, in the detection and apprehension of criminals. Strange as it may seem, no movement in pursuance of this law was made in Northern Indiana until 1856, at which time the "La Grange County Rangers" came into being. Within the next three years, thirty-six other companies were organized in Northern Indiana. The following were those formed in Noble County: Al- bion Rangers, Jefferson Regulators, Lisbon Rangers, Noble County Invincibles, Port Mitchell Regulators, Perry Regulators, Swan Regulators, Sparta Guards and Wolf Lake Sharpers. Perhaps there were several others. About five hundred men belonged to the companies organized in Noble County. The Lisbon Rangers numbered eighty-one members, the Swan Regulators sixty- one, the Port Mitchell Regulators sixty and the Perry Regulators seventy- nine. While the kv\v undoubtedly brought these companies into existence, some of them went beyond the stipulated legal authority conferred upon them. The law gave them no right to try, convict or execute criminals. The author- ity conferred was confined to the detection and arrest of law-breakers. Any company that went beyond this was acting without proper legal authority. Each company adopted a constitution and by-laws, setting forth the various objects of the society. Any person making application for membership was required to bear an untarnished name, to make a solemn pledge of secrecy, and to subscribe his name to the constitution and by-laws. The deliberations of each company were kept in profound secrecy until the contemplated arrests were made. Any man against whom suspicion rested, unless he cleared himself to the satisfaction of the regulators, was denied membership in any company. This state of affairs soon completely overthrew the power of the blacklegs. During the autumn of 1857, the first shot was thrown in the ranks of the enemy. " The first public demonstration was a grand parade of the regulators on the 16th of January, 1858, at an old settlers' meeting at Kendallville. Soon after the arrival of the morning train, and just before the organization of the meeting, about three hundred men on horseback moved down in majestic strength through the streets of the town, bearing mottoes and banners of every description, one of which contained a representation of the capture of a crim- inal with the words, i No Expense to the County.' After a full display through the principal streets, they repaired to the common near the Baptist Church, where several speeches were made, severely denouncing the blacklegs, and setting forth the intention to forthwith end their infamous deeds. This, to Noble and adjacent counties, was the star of hope — the omen of better days in Northern Indiana."* Many blacklegs were in town, who saw with fear that thev * From History of the Regulators of Northern Indiana, by M. H. Mott, Esq., of Kendallville. 70 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. could no longer control things as they had formerly done. Early on the fol- lowing day (Sunday, the 17th of January, 1858), a posse of fifteen or twenty members of the Noble County Invincibles, from Ligonier, proceeded to Rome City, and arrested nine (afterward five more) of the most notorious blacklegs, one of them being Gregory McDougal, all of whom were taken to Ligonier and placed in confinement to await investigation. A separate and private confer- ence was had with each man, and an opportunity afforded him to make a full confession, after which he was returned to confinement to await the action of the Regulators. In most cases confessions were volunteered, but, in a few instances where they were refused, a rigid means of extorting them was adopted. In this manner a more or less complete confession was obtained from each blackleg arrested.* From the time of the arrest until the 25th of the same month, thousands of people went to Ligonier to see the rascals and watch the movements of the Regulators. Every train brought in men who had been stolen from, and who had come forward to ascertain from the confes- sions where their property could be found. Scores of witnesses appeared from all quarters, even from the Eastern States, with damaging testimony against the culprits. In every confession, men were implicated who had previously borne an irreproachable character. This led to many additional arrests. One of the rascals had stolen thirty-six horses, besides a large amount of store goods. Every confession was a continuous and shocking recital of theft, bur- glary, assault, counterfeiting and other crimes. A committee of five of the most prominent Regulators was appointed to decide what was to be done with the blacklegs. This committee heard the confessions, questioned the prisoners, and examined witnesses. A few arrested parties were dismissed for want of damaging testimony. All the others, except McDougal, were turned over to the legal authorities. The career of McDougal had been much more infamous than any of the others. By his own confession, he, with the assistance of others, had stolen in less than a year thirty-four horses ; had broken two jails ; robbed four stores and two tanneries; taken the entire loads of two peddlers, besides a large amount of harness, saddles, buggies and other property, and had passed large amounts of counterfeit money. He publicly boasted that no jail could hold him, and that he feared neither God, man, nor the devil. The Deputy United States Marshal of Michigan stated to the committee, under oath, that in Canada a reward had been offered for the arrest and conviction of McDougal, who was charged with robbery, jail-breaking at Chatham, and murder. The Marshal (a Mr. Halstead) also testified that he went to Canada to investigate the matter, and there learned that McDougal had killed a jailer's wife in order to free his brother from confinement. The testimony of a confederate of Mc- * Prominent men at Ligonier, who were Regulators, and who participated in the examination and punishment af the blacklegs, informed the writer that several of the criminals refused to confess until they were threatened with lynching. Ropes were brought in and even placed around the necks of the villains; this generally brought them to their senses. It is said that one man was actually suspended by ihe nock for a few minutes, and then let loose, after which his confession was given without further ceremony. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 71 Dougal confirmed this evidence of murder. It was also testified by the same witnesses, and others, that McDougal had robbed and murdered a school teach- er on the ice in Canada. One witness also testified that McDougal and several others had tortured an old Scotchman with fire to compel him to hand over his money. All this evidence satisfied the committee, and the Regulators gen- erally, that McDougal was guilty of murder. The testimony was carefully considered ; the whole subject was calmly and impartially scanned and dis- cussed, and the committee finally, on the 25th of January, unanimously adopted the following report : We, the committee appointed by the Noble County Invincibles, to collect and investigate the evidence in the case of Gregory McDougal, now pending before this society, ask to make the following report : After having made a full and fair investigation of all the testimony, and having found during said investigation evidence of an unmistakable character, charging the said Gregory McDougal with murder, do recommend that the said McDougal be hung by the neck until dead, on Tuesday, the 26th of January, 1858, at 2 o'clock P. M. Soon afterward the following resolution was passed : Resolved, That the captains of the several companies of Regulators in Noble and adjoin- ing counties notify the members of their companies to appear at Ligonier on the day of execu' tion, at the hour of 12 M., and that each captain be requested to escort his own company into the village in regular file and good order. The above report, recommending the hanging of McDougal, was submitted to the large assemblage of Regulators present, and on motion was received and adopted. It should be noted by the reader that, while the whole country was roused up at the prospect of the execution, and while Ligonier was filled to overflowing with excited men, the investigating committee was calm, just, de- liberate and rational, and the great body of Regulators thoughtful and deter- mined. All felt the responsibility of executing the sentence of death upon a fellow-mortal ; and the decision was only reached after nearly two weeks of impartial investigation. McDougal, no doubt, had as impartial a trial as he could have received in a regularly authorized court. Of course, the Regulators had no legal right to put him to death. But it has been the custom the world over from time immemorial, when the law is inadequate to afford protection to life and property, for the people to arise and calmly put offenders beyond further power of committing crime. In a case of this character, when a fair and impartial trial is afforded the accused, when competent men are appointed to defend (as in the case of McDougal), when all proceedings are deliberate, wise and just, and the law cannot afford that protection guaranteed by the constitution, society recognizes the right of the people to punish criminals, even to the extent of taking life. This was precisely the state of affairs in the trial and execution of Gregory McDougal. It may be presumed that the in- vestigating committee knew what they were about when they recommended his execution. While McDougal confessed multitudes of crimes, he never admitted having committed murder, even when standing on the scaffold. Soon after the decision to hang McDougal was reached, he was informed for the first time of the doom that awaited him. Prior to this, he was careless 72 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. and defiant. He declared he could not be frightened, and made profane and insulting remarks to those around him. When he was officially told that he was to be hung at 2 o'clock on the morrow, he became confused and affected, and made some wandering remarks. He asked for a clergyman, and also desired that his wife be sent for. This lady and her little child — the child of McDougal — arrived at 7 o'clock the next morning, and learned for the first, from the lips of her doomed husband, of his impending fate. She was com- pletely overcome with frenzied sorrow. McDougal, though perfectly composed, wept freely, and lamented his fate. The poor wife wept violently and bitterly, and the little child, catching the reflex of sorrow, cried with its parents. McDougal firmly denied that he had committed murder ; and his wife, on her knees, with streaming eyes, implored the Regulators to wait until her husband's innocence could be established. She begged that his execution might be delayed until some one could visit Canada ; but her prayers were unheeded. The final separation was hard ; but McDougal resolutely kissed for the last time the sweet faces of his wife and child, and was hurried away. He was placed in a wagon which contained his coffin, and driven to near Diamond Lake, accompanied by a large crowd. Here a rope was fastened to the limb of a tree, a plank was extended from the top of the wagon to a prop at the other end, and the doomed man was given a last chance to address his fellow-beings. He spoke for about five minutes, declaring solemnly that he had never committed murder, but had stolen much property. He advised young men to take warn- ing from his fate, justified the intention of the Regulators to break up the gang of blacklegs, and finally declared his belief that God had forgiven his sins. His face was then covered, the rope was placed around his neck, the prop was knocked out from under the plank, and in a few moments Gregory McDougal was pronounced dead. That was the soberest occasion ever occurring in Noble County. McDougal lies buried near Rome City. His execution produced a profound impression in all the surrounding country ; and the power of the blacklegs was completely broken, and the guilty members scattered in all direc- tions — fugitives from the law. Two things remain to be noticed concerning the McDougal case : The right of the regulators to take the law into their own hands in the execution of the death sentence upon a fellow-mortal, and the conclusiveness of the testi- mony charging McDougal with murder. In regard to the first, it may be said that society, more especially in a new country, where the law is slack or alto- gether wanting, has always asserted the privilege (or the right) of hanging horse-thieves. While such action is often deprecated, yet the world at large condones and frequently applauds the offense. The servants of the law, knowing the sentiment of the public on this question, submit to the act and secretly say: "I'm glad of it." When, however, the crime of horse-stealing is repeated again and again under peculiarly atrocious circumstances and through many successive years ; when numerous assaults coupled with highway HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 73 robbery and burglary are added ; when the infamous career of crime is darkly burdened by one or more distressing murders, and when the law is lifeless and inert — who will undertake to say that society is not entitled to the privilege (and perhaps the right) of calmly, justly and deliberately taking human life? But it cannot be said that, in 1858, the law could not be executed ; neither was it necessarily inoperative through the preceding twenty years. Nine out of every ten men in the county were honest. Why did they not execute the laws ? It was also seriously doubted at the time, even by the Regulators, whether McDougal was really guilty of murder. One of two things is certain : If McDougal was hung on the testimony that he had committed murder, and would not have been hung if such testimony had not been given, then either the investigating committee were satisfied of the conclusiveness of the testimo- ny, or they willfully perjured themselves, and outraged the public, in recom- mending his execution. The report of the committee does not state that " un- mistakable evidence of McDougal's guilt " was found ; but that " unmistakable evidence charging him with murder" was found, and in consequence of the evidence of the murderous charges his execution was recommended. It is rea- sonably inferred from the report, that the committee were not satisfied that Mc- Dougal had committed murder ; but that they recommended his hanging on general principles, because, by his own confession, he was an infamous villain, and because the charge of murder was tolerably well substantiated. Perhaps they also thought that his death would terrify his companions, and break up the gang of blacklegs. This is the view taken of the case by the great majority of citizens. It was afterward ascertained, beyond doubt, that the persons alleged to have been murdered by McDougal were yet living in Canada. In view of this fact, it is said that Halsted must have perjured himself before the commit- tee. One thing is certain : When Halsted visited Ligonier some time after- ward, he left the town in a hurry in fear of being lynched. Another man, a resident of the county, came very nearly being hanged by the Regulators. The proposition to hang was at first carried by vote ; but was afterward reconsidered and then lost by a small majority. He served a term of two years in the penitentiary. Another notorious rascal, a traitor to his com- rades, gave a great deal of valuable information to the Regulators. Six or eight of the principal leaders of the blacklegs had managed to escape, and, to capt- ure them, a Central Committee was organized at Kendallville, on the 19th of March, 1858, and empowered to tax subordinate companies for funds to carry on the detection and pursuit. The officers of the Central Committee were: President, Dr. L. Barber; Vice President, J. P. Grannis ; Secretary, M. H. Mott ; Treasurer, Ransom Wheeler. They offered a reward of $400 for one man, who was soon afterward brought forward by an enterprising Ohio Sheriff. This man was known as John Wilson, but the name was assumed. He refused to disgrace his parents by having his real name known. His confession was six hours long. He was remarkably crafty, and finally escaped from the Noble 74 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. County Jail. A reward of $500 each was offered for the capture of Perry Randolph and George T. Ulmer. C. P. Bradley, a detective of Chicago, undertook the task, and, after following them over large portions of Kentucky, Ohio and Pennsylvania, finally captured both, and brought them in irons to La Grange County. Both were sent to the penitentiary. Another desperate character was William D. Hill. He fled to Iowa at the first outbreak, but was finally traced by Bradley and another Chicago detective, C. E. Smith, and, after a hard fight of fifteen minutes, was captured and brought to the Noble County Jail. He had often said that he would never be taken alive ; he feared the Reg- ulators. He escaped in the night with Wilson from Jail. Much more of inter- est might be said, but this will suffice. The "reign of terror" in Northern Indiana was at an end. During the spring of either 1859 or 1860, Mr. Judson Palmiter, of Lig- onier, a man of bright intellect, who had previously been connected with the Ligonier Republican in an editorial capacity, went to Kendallville and estab- lished the Noble County Journal, the first newspaper ever published there. The political complexion of the Journal was Republican ; subscription price, $1.50 per year; and soon a circulation of about five hundred was secured, but was afterward about doubled. The Journal was published by Piatt & Mc- Govern. The editor, Mr. Palmiter, was a cautious, forcible writer ; and the local columns of the Journal were crowded with terse, spicy news. In the prolonged editorial fight between the Journal and the Standard, the editor of the former was determined, skillful, and often justly wrathful and vindictive. His words were daggers, and his sentences two-edged swords. He conducted the paper with abundant success until the latter part of 1868, when the office was sold to Brillhart & Kimball, and J. S. Cox took the editorial chair. The Journal continued thus until the 1st of January, 1870, when it was purchased by Dr. N. Teal, who, in August of the same year, transferred the entire prop- erty to C. O. Myers, and the Journal was then consolidated with the Standard. The Kendallville Standard was established in June, 1863, by Dr. C. O. Myers, there being at the time already a newspaper in the town ; but the excellent business qualifications, practical experience, and indomitable energy of its founder, soon placed it in the front rank of county journals. The Stand- ard has always been a stalwart Republican paper, fearless and independent ; and from its inception to the present time has received liberal patronage and universal public confidence. Several of its contemporaries and rival publica- tions have gone "where the woodbine twineth," while the Standard has been steadily growing in patronage, power and influence, and now enjoys a larger circulation than any other paper in the county. The Standard editorials were extremely bitter, dealing out invective and denunciation that rankled long in the heart of enemies, while friends were treated with uniform kindness and courtesy. Political and other differences between the Standard and the Jour- nal were fought to the last ditch ; and the personal enmity engendered will <-^ft: COUNTY TREASURER HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 77 long be remembered by the citizens of the county. On the 1st of November, 1880, Dr. Myers sold the Standard office, which he had occupied successfully for seventeen and a half years, to the present proprietor, H. J. Long, an experi- enced newspaper man, who had been connected with the paper since 1865, in the capacity of foreman. Mr. Long has fine business qualifications, vast energy, and carries a cautious, trenchant pen ; and the paper, under his man- agement, is constantly extending its circulation. M. T. Matthews, a young man of fine ability, is local editor of the Standard. The first issue of the Weekly News appeared on the 13th of November, 1877, the editor and proprietor being Dr. A. S. Parker, an old and respected citizen of Kendallville, where he located in 1857. Nearly two years before the first issue mentioued above, Dr. Parker had purchased the paper, which was then at Garrett, and had continued its publication there until compelled by the pressure of hard times to make a removal, which he did, as stated above. The first issue comprised 200 copies only, as but little effort had been made to secure subscribers, though the 200 copies went permanently into 200 homes. It started out without any special friends to boot or back it up. Without assistance, the editor and his family have labored until at present the circulation reaches nearly one thousand, and new names are added to the roll daily. Its politics is Democratic, though its editor is not so blind a partisan as to believe all that is good politically is within his party. The paper is on a solid financial basis. Two good printers are employed, one being Archie Dodge and the other Wads- worth Parker. The News is a six-column quarto, is newsy, and every citizen should have it. It contains the latest market reports from large cities, and devotes several columns to agriculture and farm interests, and to city and county news. Subscription price, $1.50 per year. It is one of the best papers in the county. The short-lived papers of Kendallville have been as follows : In 1862, Barron & Stowe issued a small neutral paper, about twelve by fifteen inches, designed to circulate among the many troops then quartered there, making a specialty of war news and incidents of camp life, especially those in the camp at the town, and affording an excellent means for the advertisements of mer- chants and others to reach the ears of the " b(h)oys in blue." The circulation soon ran up to nearly 500, and continued thus for about two years, when the office was sold to Mr. C. O. Myers. In the latter part of about 1869, Hopkins & Piatt began the publication of a small paper called the Daily Bulletin ; but, after it liad continued a few months with partial success, the official management was greatly altered, the publishers becoming Piatt & Hopkins, and Thomas L. Graves taking the edito- rial chair. The paper was re-christened the Independent, came out with a bright face, and designed to be, as its new name indicated — independent. At the expiration of a few months the office was removed to Michigan, and the Independent ceased to exist. Its death occurred in 1870, while the circulation 78 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. was about 300. In about 1872, the Roof Brothers began publishing the Semi- Weekly Times, a small sheet, neutral politically, and designed as an ad- vertising medium. It was issued about six months and then perished. About the time of the great temperance crusade in Kendallville, some ten or twelve years ago, a temperance magazine, published and edited by Shafer & Lash, was issued monthly for about six or eight months. It was an earnest exponent of temperance principles ; but its death was contemporaneous with that of the enthusiasm arising from the crusade. Rome City has enjoyed the luxury of several newspapers. In May, 1876, the Rome City Review made its appearance under the editorship of Dr. Thornton, who, after a few months, sold the office to J. R. Rheubottom, a printer of twenty-five years' experience. The paper was strongly Republican. In September, 1876, the office was removed to Wolcottville. In March, 1879, Mr. Rheubottom established at Rome City the Rome City Times, an expo- nent of that phase of national politics, known as "Greenbackism." The Times was a small sheet, 22x31 inches, and succeeded in securing a circulation of about 500 ; Mr. Rheubottom being both editor and publisher. At the ex- piration of about seven months the paper ceased to exist. In February, 1879, Revs. Lowman and Warner established at Rome City a religious periodical, entitled the Herald of Gospel Freedom. It was devoted to the interests of the Northern Indiana eldership of the Church of God. It was issued semi- monthly, at seventy-five cents per year, and was a five-column folio. It was removed to Indianapolis in 1881. For several months during the year 1880, W. T. Grose conducted at Rome City a Republican newspaper called the Rome City Sentinel, but after the October elections of the same year the paper be- came defunct. In the month of August, 1856, a party of citizens from Ligonier visited Sturgis, Mich., for the purpose of inducing the proprietors of the Sturgis Tribune, Messrs. E. B. Woodward and E. D. Miller, to move their office and paper to Ligonier, offering as an inducement a money consideration, a guaranteed subscription list of 2,500 six-month subscribers, and a liberal patron- age of advertising and job-work, providing they would move immediately, and commence the publication of a thorough Republican paper, and advocate the election of John C. Fremont for President of the United States. The Re- publicans of Ligonier were without an organ at that time, and, thus being forced to submit to the adverse criticisms of a keen Democratic editor in an adjoining town, determined to have their cause (for which there were many radical partisans) upheld and protected. They therefore did as stated above. In less than two weeks after the above offer, the first issue of the Ligonier Republican made its appearance, the mechanical work being done by Messrs. Woodward and Miller, and the paper being ably edited by one of the citizens, Mr. Adrian B. Miller, a man of bright intellect, and a fluent as well as a very sarcastic writer. The Republican was published during the campaign of 1856, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 79 and about the first of the following year was sold to the leading members of the Republican party at Ligonier ; Mr. J. R. Randall taking the management, editorial and otherwise ; Mr. E. B. Woodward entering the practice of law, and Mr. E. D. Miller (to whom the writer is indebted for this sketch) going to one of the Western States.* Early in 1857, Palmiter (Judson), Arnold and Pierce became editors and publishers, under the direction of a company of about forty stockholders, several of whom resided at Albion, Kendallville, and other por- tions of the county. Some changes were made in the editorship, Oscar P. Hervey occupying the "sanctum" for a short time. Finally, in the spring of 1860 (or perhaps 1859), Mr. Judson Palmiter purchased the office apparatus, except the press, and, moving to Kendallville, began the publication of the Noble County Journal. During the ^arly summer of 1861, J. R. Randall, who had been editing the Noble Qoiinty Herald, at Albion, removed the office to Ligonier, still re- taining the old name of the paper. Mr. Randall was an earnest, though pru- dent writer, careful whom he offended, but fearlessly upholding the Republican cause. He published the paper about two years and a half, securing a circula- tion of about 500, the subscription price being $2. In the fall or winter of 1863, the office was sold to C. 0. Myers and H. B. Stowe, the politics remain- ing the same, Mr. Stowe being actual- editor. In about a year the office was sold to J. B. Stoil, who changed the name and politics of the paper, or rather issued a new paper. W. T. Kinsey established the Ligonier Republican about the spring of 1867, and continued the paper through the campaign of 1868, and then the venture terminated. Early in 1880, a number of leading Republicans in Ligonier and vicinity, feeling the need of a party organ in their town, opened a correspondence with Mr. E. G. Thompson, of Michigan, with the view of making the necessary arrangements for issuing a Republican paper at Ligonier. This was effected, and, on the 4th of June, 1880, appeared the first number of the Ligonier Leader, an eight-page, forty-eight column newspaper, Mr. E. G. Thompson editor and publisher. The first edition, numbering 600 copies, was exhausted within three days, the subscription price per annum being $1.50. The Leader began a fearless attack on the erroneous political and social questions of the day, withholding no honest conviction of opposing men and parties, but upholding the Republican banner with ceaseless energy, and to the satisfaction of its patrons. Through the earnest efforts of all interested in the success of the paper, the circulation steadily increased until at the close of Volume I the editor claimed a bona, fide circulation of 1,300 copies per week. An interest- ing feature of the paper, and one that has contributed greatly to its success, is the department devoted to local correspondence. The success of the paper is assured, and the Republicans of Ligonier may congratulate themselves on hav- * Dr. Palmiter, of Ligonier, and several other citizens mere say, that Mr. J. R. Randall did not edit this paper a* stated in the text. According to Mr. E. D. Miller, Mr. Randall was in for a few weeks, and was then succeeded by Palmiter (Judson), Arnold and Pierce. 80 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ing so excellent an implement of warfare to attack the powerful Banner. In 1865, Mr. J. B. Stoll, then on a visit to the county from Pennsylvania, was urged by Messrs. Baum, Walter & Co., of A villa, to establish in Noble County a thorough Democratic newspaper. Prominent members of the Democratic party of the county were conferred with, and an arrangement agreed upon early in 1866, by which the first issue of the National Banner appeared on the 3d of May of the same year. The most active promoters of the project were Messrs. Baum, Walter & Co., Gilbert Sherman, Henry C. Stanley, Samuel E. Alvord, Owen Black, Howard Baldwin, James M. Denny, Jerome Sweet, James Skinner, John A. Bruce, James McConnell, Abraham Pancake, J. J. Knox, E. B. Gerber, C. V. Inks, David Hough, Dr. Parker, F. W. Shinke, Peter Ringle, Keuben Miller and others, who thoroughly canvassed the county and secured a paying list of subscribers for the new paper. As the county had been without a Democratic paper for a number of years, and as the Repub- licans had naturally grown haughty from successes and lack of opposition, the Banner, in its fearless expression of political conviction, in its sweeping and relentless denunciations of opposing party policy, encountered such a storm of opposition, that threats were finally made in the fall of 1866 to mob the office. But, back in the secret recesses of the sanctum, quiet but determined prepara- tions were made to receive the enemy, which, however, failed to appear on time. The paper was edited and published by J. B. Stoll and Thomas J. Smith: subscription, $2.50 per year; but, after the October election in 1866, Mr. Smith sold his interest in the Banner to his partner, who became, and is to this day, sole editor and proprietor. Mr. Smith returned to the Key Stone State, where he still resides, enjoying a lucrative practice as a disciple of Blackstone. At the beginning of the third volume, the Banner was enlarged to an eight-column folio, and the office supplied with a Campbell power press, the first cylinder newspaper press ever introduced in Noble County. The paper, immediately after its first issue, became the Democratic party organ in the county, and its editor, to give it strength and permanence, and to infuse new life into the members of his party, proceeded to effect an organization in every township, delivering speeches, and urging his fellow Democrats to present a bold front to the enemy. The Banner soon secured a large circulation, which it has retained until the present, never falling, since 1868, below 1,000. The Democracy of the county, under the stimulus of the dauntless Banner, grew in power, and, of course, in self-esteem. In 1875, the office was supplied with steam. Prior to this — in 1872 — Mr. Stoll erected the two-storied brick building in which the Banner is now established, fitting the same expressly for a printing house. In January, 1879, the name of the paper was changed from the National Banner to the Ligonier Banner, a name yet retained ; and the paper was enlarged from an eight-column folio to a six-column quarto, or from thirty-six columns to forty-eight columns. The politics of Noble County was revolutionized in the fall of 1870, when most of the candidates on the Demo- HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 81 cratic county ticket were elected. This gave the Banner the official patronage, to the dismay of its competitors. During the fifteen and a half years of the Banner s existence it has never missed a single issue. John W. Peters, the faithful foreman of the Banner office, has been con- nected with the paper since its first issue, having come with Mr. Stoll from Pennsylvania. Employed in the Banner office as apprentices and job printers have been, among others, James TJ. Miller, now publisher of the Steuben Republican ; W. K. Slieffer, now publisher of the Angola Herald ; Herbert S. Fassett, one of the present publishers of the South Bend Register ; John H. Eldred, now foreman of the La Porte Argus ; E. G. Fisher, now a citizen of Colorado ; Miss Ida King, now proof-reader in a leading Chicago publishing house, and Jacob Sessler, job printer in Toledo. Later. — On the 3d of December, 1881, James E. McDonald, of Colum- bia City, purchased a half-interest in the Banner for $3,000, the co-partner- ship, Stoll & McDonald, to date from the 1st of January, 1882, and Mr. Mc- Donald to assume the editorship of the local department, Mr. -Stoll still remain- ing general editor. On the 5th of December, 1881, Mr. Stoll purchased two- thirds interest in the Elkhart Daily and Weekly Democrat, the contract to become effective on the 1st of January, 1882. In the spring of 1849, William H. Austin, of Albion, moved into a va- cant room in the court house a small press and a quantity of second-hand material, and there began the publication of the Noble County Star, a neutral paper, the subscription price of which was $1.50 per annum. A circulation of about three hundred was soon secured. A young printer, named William Norton, was foreman and actual editor. He also wrote largely for the paper original stories, sketches and poems. Norton was a youth of more than ordi- nary talent and literary culture, and his effusions gave to the paper a tone superior to the average of country newspapers at that time. Austin, the pro- prietor, was a genial, jolly fiddler of exceptional skill. He went far and near as the chief musician for dances, and thus made nearly money enough to defray the expenses of his newspaper. During the winter of 1849-50, Mr. Austin sold his press and material to Samuel E. Alvord, a law student from Northern Pennsylvania, who, being on a prolonged visit to an uncle at North- port, was engaged in teaching there and at Rome City. With this sale, the publication of the Noble County Star ceased. In March, 1850, Mr. Alvord removed the press and materials from the court house to a vacant business building on the northeast corner of York and Jefferson streets, belonging to the estate of Jacob Walters. Having arranged and put up his establishment, found a partner (Homer King, of Fort Wayne) and a foreman (James B. Scott, also of Fort Wayne), the new venture was ready for launching. On the 6th day of June, 1850, appeared the first num- ber of the Albion Observer, a Democratic newspaper ; Alvord & King, publish- ers and proprietors; S. E. Alvord and H. King, editors; the subscription being 82 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. $ 1.50 per annum. The Observer was an exponent of that phase of Democratic sentiment called "Free-Soilism," being an advocate of the limitation of slave territory by Democratic agencies. In this, at that time, it was in harmony with the platform of the Indiana Democracy, adopted in 1848. The publica- tion of the Observer by Alvord & King continued until the winter of 1851-52, when King retired and went to California. The paper was continued by S. E'. Alvord until December, 1852, when it stopped. Its greatest circulation was about four hundred. Advertising and job patronage was exceedingly "thin," and the paper was not self-supporting. Of the personnel of the Observer during its brief career of thirty months space will not allow much to be said. Homer King, the junior proprietor (not in years), an ex-merchant of Fort Wayne, was a man of good business education, very genial, generous and popular, and withal of a keen, critical mind. His social proclivities were too preponderant for financial success. James B. Scott, the foreman during the first few months, was then a man of thirty-seven, an excellent printer, faithful, prompt and thoroughly honorable and reliable. He had great experience of men and par- ties, and possessed sterling good judgment and a quaintly philosophical turn, which, with his sympathetic nature and ready wit, made him a charming com- panion and a trusted friend. He established a paper at Delphi, Carroll County, about twenty-six years ago, and is still there — an honorable citizen, wealthy, respected, socially and politically influential, and happy in his home. Others, of course, came and went, leaving their varied memories : S. A. Jones, the brilliant writer and speaker, who set type, composed poems, made speeches and wrestled with delirium tremens ; the bright, eccentric Buckwalter ; the steady, faithful Young, etc., etc. Two apprentices graduated in the office — Charles B. Alvord, who became a fast compositor and who has shown his handiwork in nearly every State and Territory during an erratic career of twenty-eight years as a wandering printer, and Hiram Walters, an excellent printer, now a citizen of Chicago. On the discontinuance of the Observer, a small local paper called the Noble County Expositor, devoted exclusively to the financial and official affairs of the county, was issued by S. E. Alvord, and continued about three months, the last issue being in March, 1853. It was not a partisan paper, and dealt independently with matters in Noble County. From this time until the summer of 1854, there was no paper published in Albion ; but, at the latter date, John W. Bryant came from Warsaw, Kosciusko County, with an old-fashioned Franklin press and old printing material, and commenced the publication of the Albion Palladium, a Democratic paper. Shortly afterward, Theodore F. Tidball became a partner with* Bryant in the publication and editorship of the Palladium, and the paper was issued from an office then located just east of the present site of R. L. Stone's drug-store. The building belonged to William M. Clapp. In the spring of 1855, the press and types were seized under a writ of replevin or attachment from Kosciusko County. Deprived of his press, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ■ 83 Bryant went to Columbia City, Whitley County, with his compositors, where, by "doubling teams," the Palladium and the Democratic paper of Whitley County were both issued weekly from one press. The Palladium was folded and addressed and brought over to Albion in a buggy every week, and pub- lished and distributed there. S. E. Alvord accompanied Bryant, and gratui- tously gave his services as assistant editor during the Whitley County episode, which lasted until the autumn of 1855, Tidball being in the meantime engaged in organizing a stock company of Democrats for the purchase of a new press and materials. This was accomplished, and, in the fall of 1855, the paper was re-established in Albion under the name of the Noble County Palladium, Tidball & Bryant, editors and publishers. It was a decidedly Democratic sheet, and engaged with great activity and vim in the somewhat bitter partisan discussion of that time. The Palladium lived through the campaign of 1856, and stopped near the close of that year. The press and types of the Palladium were purchased of the stockholders by S. E. Alvord, and in February, 1857, was commenced the publication of the Noble County Democrat. The proprietor, S. E. Alvord, was editor, and at first associated with himself, as publisher, G. I. Z. Rayhouser, of Fort Wayne. The Noble County Democrat, under the successive foremanship and management of W. T. Kimsey, George W. Roof and John W. Bryant, and under the editorship of S. E. Alvord (except during the summer and fall of 1858, when George W. Roof was editor as well as publisher), completed two volumes, and was then discontinued until September, 1859, when a new series, still under the name Noble County Democrat, was commenced by Edward L. Alvord, a printer from the New York Tribune office. Subscriptions were lim- ited to four months — none being received for a longer period, and at the end of four months, being about the 25th of December, 1859, the Noble County Democrat became finally defunct. During the latter part of 1860, Joshua R. Randall, having bought of S. E. Alvord the printing press and material of the Noble County Democrat, commenced the publication of the Albion Herald. He had associated with him at different times a Mr. Starner and W. W. Camp, an ex-Methodist preacher. Starner was chiefly distinguished, and is mentioned, as the man who, on a small bet, ran about 160 rods, barefooted, in the snow on a cold winter day. The result of the exposure was natural — but he pulled through. Camp was (externally) a polished little fellow, generally wearing well-fitting gloves and a nobby air. Randall, the proprietor, was a man of some literary ability and of good sense. Shortly after the commencement of the last war, he removed his office and paper to Ligonier. About the beginning of 1866, A. J. and William F. Kimmell, hardware dealers, started a small periodical called the Albion Advertiser. The paper, though small, was bright and promising. In it was published a series of articles on the history of Noble County by Nelson 84 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Prentiss.* W. F. Kimmell, getting the Nebraska fever, discontinued the publi cation the next year. The press and types of the little Advertiser were pur- chased by 0. 0. Myers, and by him put away in a corner of his office. Several years of destitution followed until the fall of 1872, when S. E. Alvord once more entered the newspaper business. In September, he purchased a small press and types for the purpose, at first, of printing cards and small bills for advertising purposes ; but, being strongly importuned by many citizens, con- sented to issue a small paper called the New Era. For about three months the New Era was published on a quarter medium sheet with a Novelty press, after which time it was enlarged to a half medium and printed for a time on a com- mon hand press. A few weeks later it was enlarged to a six-column folio. The paper met with abundant success, and in the fall of 1874 was enlarged to eight columns, and a Fairhaven power press added. The subscription ran rapidly up until, in the fall of 1875, it numbered 1,200. It was an independent journal, and was published by S. E. Alvord until January, 1876. On the first of Jan- uary, 1876, Jacob P. Prickett and Thomas A. Starr purchased the New Era of Samuel E. Alvord, and commenced its publication as an independent Repub- lican paper, under the firm name of Prickett & Starr. It was at that time enlarged to a nine-column folio. On the 25th day of April, 1878, the partner- ship was dissolved. J. P. Prickett retaining control of the paper as editor and proprietor. On the 17th day of October, 1878, in the face of an overwhelm- ing defeat of the Republican party in the county, the New Era became no longer non-partisan, but became an advocate of Republican principles. On the 1st day of January, 1879, it was reduced in size to an eight-column folio, and continued as such until the 1st day of January, 1881, when it was enlarged to a six-column quarto. CHAPTER IV. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED . Soldiers of the Revolution, of 1812 and of the Mexican "War— Loyalty and Disloyalty Shown when Sumter Fell— Mass Meetings of In- dignant Citizens— The First Call for Troops— The Progress of En- listment—County Bounty and Relief Fund— The Enrollment and the Draft— Interesting Incidents — Celebrations — Sketches of the Regiments— Aid Societies— Noble County's "Roll of Honor"— Sta- tistical Tables. nVTOBLE COUNTY has had but little to do with any war in which the 1 \ United States has been involved, either with foreign nations or with rebellious subjects, except the great rebellion of 1861. No resident citizen of the county, so far as known, except one, had any participation in the Revolu- tionary war. This one was Nathaniel Prentiss, father of Nelson Prentiss, of Albion. When the colonies threw off the galling and burdensome yoke of "These articles, some thirtv in number, have been very useful to the writers of the county history, who hereby return many thanks for the use of the same. &&*it /faJtfu&tS HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 87 Great Britain, Nathaniel Prentiss was a youth of but twelve years of age. He entered the service of his country as servant to one or more continental officers, and continued thus three years, at which time, being large and strong enough to carry a gun, he enlisted as a soldier proper. He fought at the battles of Sar- atoga, Princeton, Trenton and Monmouth ; was present at West Point when Maj. Andre, the British spy, was captured, and witnessed his lamented execu- tion ; was with Gen. Washington during his encampment at Valley Forge • was shipped on board a continental privateer, and finally captured by the British and confined one winter in the hold of the renowned prison-ship "Jersey," which bears about the same relation to the Revolution that Ander- sonville Prison does to the rebellion of 1861. He was then, with others, taken to the Island of Jamaica and kept in confinement until the close of the war, and then came to the United States, via South Carolina, walking thence to Connecticut, and arriving home on Sunday ; whereupon he was arrested by the authorities, and fined by the barbarous laws of the Nutmeg State for vio- lating the Sabbath. He was a Revolutionary pensioner from about 1824 until his death, in 1839. He lived about two years in the county, and now lies buried in the cemetery at Ligonier. His wife drew his pension from 1839 until her death in 1861. The following residents of the county, among probable others, whose names cannot be learned, served in the war of 1812 : Andrew C. Douglas, now dead ; Niah Wood, dead ; James McMann, dead ; Adam Kimmell, Sr., who served six months in Pennsylvania ; he was a pensioner of the Govern- ment for a number of years ; he came to the county in 1852 ; died in 1870 ;* Andrew B. Upson, dead ; James Mael, living in Iowa at last accounts ; Henry Kline, dead : John Johnson, dead ; Alexander Montroth, died about a year ago ; Peter Black, dead ; Daniel Wiley, dead, was at the battle of Plattsburg ; Daniel Johnson, dea.d ; Mr. Wilson, died a few years ago within a few days of the age of one hundred years ; was with Lewis and Clarke on their expedition to the Pacific coast, and was on board the Constitution when it defeated and sank the Guerriere; and Sheldon Perry, dead. Nothing farther could be learned of soldiers in the war of 1812. The knowledge obtained of the soldiers of the Mexican war is no better. The following is the brief record : Joseph Braden, yet living ; James C. Rid- dle, living ; James J. Knox, living, who went from Mansfield, Ohio, in the Third Regiment of that State ; James Hinman, living, who also served at the age of about sixty-three years in the last war; he enlisted but was rejected ; he then employed a barber and a tailor, who succeeded in making him appear about forty years of age ; whereupon he was accepted as fifer in the Thirtieth Regiment, and served his country through the war ; Aaron Field, living ; George Hart, living ; J. H. G. Shoe, died in the service ; Jefferson Smith, dead ; Mr. Gibbs, dead ; Harvey McKinney, died in the service ; Stark Bethel, ♦From information furnished the writer by Adam Kimmell, Jr., Albion. EE 88 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. dead ; James Galloway, died in the service ; Joseph Crow, dead ; and George Carlyle, dead. Of these, J. H. G. Shoe, Jefferson Smith, Mr. Gibbs, Stark Bethel and James Galloway went from Noble County. The most of the others went from Ohio or other portions of Indiana. It is said that a partially-formed militia company at Ligonier, Rochester and that vicinity offered their services as a body for the Mexican war, but were refused, as the quota was already more than full. Several of the Noble County boys resided at or near Wolf Lake. They were in the Second Regiment Indiana Volunteers, commanded by Col. Lane, and served along the Rio Grande River, participating in no en- gagements of note. In common with all northern troops who went into the hot and peculiar climate of the "Land of the Montezumas," they suffered ter- rible hardships from privation and disease. Some of them lie buried under a tropical sun in the far-off land of Mexico ; and their graves, like the tomb of Moses, are unknown. The brave boys who fought in Mexico must not be forgotten. It is unnecessary to give a summary of the causes which led to the war of the rebellion. Historians persist in calling it the " Irrepressible Conflict," meaning thereby, that the antagonism which had slowly developed through a long period of years between the North and the South by the questions of slav- ery, State sovereignty, the tariff, and all their kindred attendants, could never be peaceably settled. Occurring, as the war did, but twenty years ago, its weary marches, dreadful sufferings from disease, daring achievements on the field of battle, and the fearful thought that the South might be successful, are yet green in the recollection of maimed and honored participants. Continued and extensive preparations for war were made in the South long before the North ceased to believe that the differences which bitterly divided the two fac- tions of the Government might be amicably adjusted. Armed and hostile bands of the rebellious citizens of the South seized, at every opportunity, large quan- tities of military stores, and took forcible possession of important strategic points ; but still, the North was hopeful that peace would prevail. Statesmen in the North viewed with reluctance or contempt the steady and extensive prep- arations for war in the South, and refused to believe its presence until the first blow fell like a thunderbolt upon Fort Sumter, and, at the same time, upon the faithful hearts of loyal people. President Lincoln, with that kind forbearance, that sublime charity, which ever distinguished him, wisely hesitated to begin the contest. Hot-blooded Abolitionists in the North urged him repeatedly to strangle the hydra of secession in its infancy ; but still he hesitated. Even when Sumter fell, the North still believed that the rebellion would be quelled in ninety days. But, as time passed on, and the large bodies of troops failed to control or quell the aggressive and daring movements of the confederate armies, and the sullen tide of steady reverses swept over almost every field of battle, the hope of the North for peace died out, the gloom of probable national disaster and disunion filled every heart, and for many desolate months the out- look was dark and forbidding. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 89 When the news of the fall of Sumter swept over the country like a flame of fire, in all places the most intense excitement prevailed. Men everywhere forgot their daily employment, and gathered in neighboring villages to review the political situation and encourage one another with hopeful words. The pi-ompt call of the President for 75,000 volunteers the day succeeding the fall of Sumter, sent a wave of relief throughout the anxious North ; and in every State more than double the assigned quota of men, without regard to political views, tendered their services and their money to the suppression of the rebell- ion. Fiery and indignant mass meetings were everywhere held, and invincible determinations of loyalty prevailed. There was not a town in Noble County in which the citizens did not gather to listen to loyal and eloquent words from Re- publicans and Democrats. The War Democrat was a good fellow. His senti- ments toward the South were undergoing a change ; and like all true converts he entered, heart and soul, into the wrathful public gatherings that were held to indignantly denounce the rebellion. The Abolitionist fairly boiled over with fiery determination to avenge the shameful insult offered to the "glorious old flag." Here and there in the county was found a man who soberly shook his head and remarked, "Well, I suppose if the South is determined to go out of the Union, we'll have to let it go. I don't think the Government has a right to compel the Southern States to remain. I am opposed to the war." But such sentiments were speedily borne down by the intense loyalty everywhere prevailing. One of the first public meetings in the county in response to the news of the fall of Sumter and the call of the President for 75,000 volunteers was held at Wolf Lake, and is thus described by Colonel Williams, who, at that time, resided there : " The citizens of Wolf Lake and vicinity assembled at the old hotel in the village, then kept by ' Uncle George,' as everybody called the proprietor, George W. Matthews ; everybody was excited, indignant and boiling over with a consuming desire to do something. During the campaign of the year before, the two political parties had erected each its distinctive political pole on the public square in front of the hotel, the one flying on its flag the names of Lin- coln and Hamlin, the other the names of Douglas and Johnson. The Demo- cratic pole was cut down during that winter, but the Republican pole, being an unusually tall and shapely one, was allowed to stand, and on the fall of Fort Sumter, the maul and wedges (the rail-splitter emblems of the Republican party at that day) were still dangling from the top. ' What shall we do ?' The writer hereof was urged by all to 'say something.' I proposed, after briefly reciting the exciting news of the hour, that we take down the Republican pole, remove the maul and wedges and other political emblems and mottoes attached ; that I would remove the names of Douglas and Johnson from my large Demo- cratic campaign flag, and as we were now neither Republicans nor Democrats, but Union men and hot for fight, we would as Union men hoist the pole as a 90 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Union pole, with a Union flag. It was then agreed that on the morrow the work should be done. The morrow came and quite an earnest and patriotic little crowd had gathered, Republicans and Democrats. The Republican pole was soon taken down, the emblems, etc., removed, and up it went again amid the cheers of the little crowd, and soon after the large flag was rolling out its beautiful folds to the sunny breeze of that April day. After three times three hearty cheers for the flag of our Union, in response to the call of the crowd, the writer mounted a goods box and delivered perhaps the first (certainly among the first) war speech made that year in the county. That speech often recurs to the writer when reviewing the memories of that stirring year. I spoke about twenty minutes or longer, and then informed the crowd that men must look their duty in the face and like men meet it. There was but one feeling, one resolution, one purpose. Old men and young men, Republicans and Democrats, each and all, then cried out for vengeance on the heads of the traitors who had insulted and defied the majesty and power of the Government. Old Uncle George Matthews, old himself, without a tooth in his head, was the first man to offer himself as a volunteer ; he had, he said, half a dozen sons who could go, and if they did not go and fight rebels he would disown them. His sons need- ed no urging ; several of them entered the service that summer, and efficient and gallant soldiers they made, as the writer can testify from ample knowledge. 1 should like, if I could, give the names of all who composed that patriotic little crowd, which did not exceed one hundred, perhaps. But I remember some who took an active part in the proceedings that day. I call to mind Andrew Humphreys, Dr. Elias Jones, Francis R. Davis, David S. Scott, Dr. W. Y. Leonard, Charles V. Inks, Edwin W. Matthews, James C. Stewart, John P. Kitt, Jonathan W. Elliott, Jacob Mohn, Billy Holiman, Jacob and Oliver Matthews, Samuel Beall, Allen Beall, Uncle Joe Inks, Tommy Gray; and I could think up and recall other names, if it were important to do so. Steps were commenced at that particlar time to organize a military company, under the laws of that day organizing military companies, and it was the intention to offer the services of the company to the Governor. Correspondence was at once opened by the writer with Gen. Lazarus Noble, the efficient Adjutant General of the State, as to the mode of procedure, etc. Quite a number of names were enrolled, and in a few days it looked as if Wolf Lake would be the first to be in the field with a military organization and off for the war. Some hitch or technecal difficulty, I don't now recall, with the Adjutant General, threw a damper on the boys, and on offer to be mustered into any regiment, un- der a three months' call, not then full, word was received from the Adjutant General that the quota of the State was full and enough offers on hand to fill up twenty more regiments. The boys were informed by the Adjutant General that they would all have a chance before winter, and urged them to keep up their organization, as new troops would be called out inside of three months. This was not satisfactory to the boys, for they went elsewhere and enlisted, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 91 some to Michigan, some to Illinois, and a number to other parts of the State where they heard and hoped that there was yet a chance to get into the three months' service. Finally new arrangements were made : The Thirtieth In- diana, under the second call for troops, was making up its quota at Fort Wayne, and two of its companies, ' C ' (Captain Joseph E. Braden, of Ligonier), and ' F ' (Captain William N. Voris) were raised in Noble County. Company ' C ' was made up at Ligonier, and uniforming themselves in a neat and con- venient rig, the gallant fellows marched afoot to Fort Wayne, a distance of some forty miles. They stopped at Wolf Lake en route and partook of a public dinner in the old Baptist Church, prepared by the citizens of Wolf Lake and vicinity. Company ' F ' went into camp on the old fair grounds at Albion, and having been joined by quite a number from the east side of the county, and their ranks being full, they, too, started for Fort Wayne. Hardly had the Thirtieth Indiana got under good headway at Fort Wayne, and before it was near filled up, the Forty-fourth Indiana was ordered to be organized. Such of the original roster of Wolf Lake of April, that had not gone into the Thirtieth Indiana or other regiments of the State, or elsewhere, now again signed the roll of the writer undersigned, for service in the Forty-fourth Indiana. This organization became Company ' G,' Forty-fourth Indiana." The first speech made in Kendallville after the fall of Sumter was deliv- ered in the street to a large crowd of townsmen and countrymen, by a commer- cial traveler, who was stopping at the Kelly House at the time. Like all men of his occupation, he was well posted on the issues of the day, was naturally a bright fellow and a fluent speaker, and was loyal to the core. He made a rous- ing speech that was listened to with rapt attention and tumultuous applause. This was probably on the day following the one on which 75,000 volunteers were called for. Speech-making was very popular about that time, as the masses sought a leader — one who could present their views in eloquent words, and could direct them in their efforts to suppress the rebellion. The second speech was probably delivered by a drayman named Hogan. He stood on his wagon and made a humorous and thoroughly loyal speech to a large crowd that surrounded him. The first speaking of note was held in the Methodist Church within about a week after Sumter had fallen. The principal speaker was Judge Tousley. He briefly reviewed the causes which led to the outbreak, and finally said that, in order to see how many volunteers, if necessary, could be secured at Kendallville for the war, he asked all those who were willing and ready to go to rise to their feet. Instantly eight or ten brave fellows sprang up, the first, it is said, being Charles Dunn, and the second Lute Duel. Either the latter, or Capt. Voris, was the first one from Noble County to enter the service. Many others at this meeting signified their readiness to go if they were needed. Judge Tousley told the young men not to be rash, but to squarely face the situation, as all would have an opportunity to go before peace was secured. An early war meeting was held at Ligonier. J. R. Randall, 92 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. editor of the Ligonier Herald, was one of the speakers, and Joseph Braden, who had served in the Mexican War, was another. The latter had a phrase, a relic of the Mexican war, which he had been heard to use very often. It was, " I'm in favor of this war and the next one." When he delivered that old sen- tence, by which he was so well known, from the stage on the occasion of this war meeting, it seemed so fitting and appropriate to the occasion that the audi- ence burst into tremendous cheers. Many at this meeting asserted their read- iness to go out to fight their country's battles. The war spirit at Albion did not take a strong public course until somewhat later. Clusters of loyal men could be seen here and there, on the streets and in the stores, very early, soberly discussing the probable continuance of the pending struggle. Vigorous denunciations of the course of the South could be heard from every quarter. Mr. Denny, who had been a strong Democrat, came boldly out for a rigorous prosecution of the war against those who dared to trail the old flag in the dust, and by his earnest speeches and pronounced loyalty did a great deal to turn his fellow Democrats back from the pitfall of asserted sympathy with the South. The same is true of Mr. Alvord. At the session of the Literary Society held at the Lutheran Church in Albion, shortly after Sumter was fired upon, Mr. Alvord recited a poem of his own composition on the subject of "Maj. Ander- son and the Old Flag." When troops were called for, he traversed the county, delivering speeches and encouraging the citizens to volunteer. At one of these meetings, while his muse was above the clouds, he was suddenly confronted by a large, angry woman, with a baby under her left arm and her right hand clenched into a fist of formidable size. Her "man " was in the army, and she demanded, as she shook the aforesaid fist threateningly at him : " Why don't you go and volunteer yourself, instead of coming out here and trying to get other men to go ? " That was the last of the muse that had soared so high and well. The question remained unanswered — a shocking violation of etiquette. In response to the second call for volunteers (May 3, 1861), a large war meet- ing was held in the new court house at Albion. Among the speakers were Samuel Alvord, Nelson Prentiss, J. H. Stoney, Judge Clapp, Judge Tousley, Oliver McMann, James Denny and Dr. Dunshee. Here it was that the first attempt to enlist troops at Albion was made. Early mass meetings were held at Rome City, Avilla and other places. The six regiments required from Indiana under the first call of the Presi- dent for troops were raised so rapidly in the larger places, where the work of enlisting a company was but the thought of a day, that the more thinly popu- lated portions of the State were not represented in such regiments, save by occasional men, who were determined to smell powder at the earliest possible moment. This was the condition of Noble County. For this reason, no at- tempt was made to perfect the organization of a company, as many thought the rebellion would be quelled by the volunteers enlisted under the first call by the time their term of service had expired. There is some doubt regarding the HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 93 name of the first man of Noble County who succeeded in getting into the serv- ice. Capt. William N. Voris enlisted on the 22d of April, 1861; but Lute Duel claims to have been mustered into the service a day or two before. These two may be regarded as the first. They were in the Ninth Regiment, as were quite a number of others from the county, the exact number not being known. They were probably the only ones from the county in the three months' serv- ice. Quite a number went to Indianapolis and enlisted in the Twelfth, in the one year's service. Some enlisted in the Thirteenth, some in the Nineteenth, some in the Twenty-first, some in the Twenty-second, some in the Twenty- ninth and a great many in the Thirtieth, which regiment was organized by Col. Hugh B. Reed at Fort Wayne. This regiment was begun on the 3d of August and mustered into the service on the 24th of September, 1861. Joseph E. Braden, in August, began the organization of Company C for this regiment, with headquarters at Ligonier. William N. Voris organized Company F at Albion. These were the first two companies dispatched from Noble County to the field. Company F contained many men from Kendallville. Just before Company F left Albion for Fort Wayne, it was presented with a fine flag by the citizens of Albion, Mr. Alvord delivering an eloquent presentation speech and George W. Plants replying for the boys. There were almost three companies of men in the Thirtieth Regiment from Noble County. The Thirty-fifth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth and Forty-second Regiments contained quite a number of men from Noble County. There was scarcely a company in the Forty-fourth that did not contain men from the county. Company G was almost wholly thus represented, as was Company H to a large extent. Com- pany G was raised by Dr. William C. Williams and Peter Snyder, of Kendall- ville, the two squads being consolidated by the election of Dr. Williams, Cap- tain; Henry Shoemaker, First Lieutenant; Daniel Cary, Second Lieutenant; both Lieutenants being from Kendallville. Capt. Williams remained such until finally, for meritorious services, he went up at one bound to the colonelcy of the Forty-fourth Regiment. He was with the regiment until the battle of Stone River, when he was taken prisoner, conveyed to Atlanta and impris- oned. About this time, Judge Marchbank, a rebel emissary to Canada, was captured by the Federal Government and declared to be a spy, which meant death. As soon as Gen. Bragg learned of this, he ordered that the highest Federal officer in rank below the grade of Brigadier General, confined at Atlanta, should be put in solitary confinement, as a hostage for the safety of Judge Marchbank. Col. Williams was the officer thus conditionally doomed. The following is his own description of succeeding events: "Each night, as I lay down in the dark on the old cot in my cell," says the Colonel, "I thought might be my last on earth, and that in the morning I would be summoned forth to answer with my life on the gallows. The days wore away in weari- ness and the long solitudes of the terrible nights, which brought but little sleep, slowly crept along, and each day and night only added to the agony of 94 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the awful suspense that environed me. Escape there was none. My guards had strict orders to hold no communication with me under severe penalties. The dark, damp, small room in which I was confined was telling daily on my health, and I was not sure, unless they hung me up soon, that I should be able to flank Jeff. Davis and Gen. Bragg by dying a natural, although a lingering, death. Some sixteen days thus passed, and one morning I was ordered by one of my guards to come forth and report to the officer in charge of the prison. I reported to that officer at his room, and he informed me that he had orders to release me from solitary confinement, that Judge Marchbank had been sent through the lines Soutn*, and the hostage business was at an end. Weak, sick and weary as I was, I gave a bound and was at once in the midst of my room- mates across the corrider, and a rejoicing was had, dear old Gen. Willick mak- ing a speech, until his emotions choked him up so full that he broke down." After about three months at Atlanta, Col. Williams was sent to Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., where he remained and suffered many long months, a horrified, starving victim of the slave-holders' rebellion. The Forty-fourth was organized in September and October, 1861, at Fort Wayne. The Forty-eighth and the Fifty-ninth Regiments contained Noble County men. The Seventy- fourth was organized at Fort Wayne in July and August, 1862, by William Williams, and contained something more than a company from Noble County. Company D was raised almost wholly at Kendallville. The Eighty-eighth was organized at Fort Wayne in August, 1862, by George Humphrey. Com- pany B of this regiment contained men from all parts of Noble County. A few from Noble were in Companies D and F. The One Hundredth was also organized at Fort Wayne in August and September, 1862, by S. J. Stoughton. Company E was from Noble County. A few men went into the One Hun- dred and Nineteenth regiment, which was for a time the Seventh Cavalry. The Twelfth Cavalry, which was organized at Camp Mitchell, Kendallville, from September, 1863, to March, 186-4, by Edward Anderson, contained enough Noble County men to form about two companies. Nearly every man in Company B was from Noble. Many were in the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infantry, Companies B, C, D and I, containing Noble County men, the latter being almost wholly composed of such. Company D of the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth was raised in Noble County. This regiment was organized at Indianapolis in April, May and June, 1864, by George Humphrey. Companies A, D and G of the One Hundred and Forty-second regiment were largely from Noble County. This regiment was organized at Fort Wayne by J. M. Comparet, from August to November, 1864. Compa- nies A, B, C, E, F, I and K of the One Hundred and Fifty-second Regiment contained men from the county. This regiment was enlisted for one year, and was organized at Indianapolis from December, 1864, to March, 1865. It per- haps contained more men from Noble County than any other regiment. Other regiments raised in neighboring counties of Indiana, and even in other States, Lei SJfi-tCoo. ^CgsT^fHrfb YORK TP. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 97 contained men from Noble. Nelson Prentiss estimates that about 1,800 men went from Noble County to engage in the war of the rebellion, and that about 800 of these never returned. The writer of this chapter, after patient and protracted inquiry and study, finds that those figures are not far from correct. There remain to be considered the questions of public feeling or senti- ment, of loyalty and disloyalty, and of united movements to encourage or dis- courage enlistments, and to provide the families of soldiers with the necessaries of life in the county while the war was still raging. Of course there was more or less disloyalty from men Avho (it is not strange) do not like to talk about the war to-day. No united, nor, perhaps, prominently public effort was made to discourage enlistments or resist the draft or oppose the duties of the enrolling officers or the Provost Marshal. But threats were made in almost every locality, often quite openly, that the enlistment and the draft would be stubbornly resisted, if necessary, with force. The following is quoted from the Adjutant General's reports: "In Noble County, information was given to the Governor February 3d, 1863, that the ' Knights of the Golden Circle ' were fully ' organized and armed, and talked freely of the prospect of war here at home in case the Southern confederacy is not recognized, and "Old Abe" persists in his emancipation scheme. They publicly and boldly declare that no deserter shall be arrested here, that the Abolitionists are to be exterminated, and that the Northwestern States are to forma government by themselves.' " While, perhaps, these declarations were freely made, it is certain that, with the exception of a few knock-downs and a few mild riots caused by such declara- tions at public gatherings, no serious trouble ensued. All opposition ended with the disloyal declarations and the inevitable knock-down. Sometimes the knock-downs were reversed, as is shown from the following taken from the Noble County Journal of July, 1863 : Brush College. — Out from Rochester, Noble Co., Ind., ia the woods, is a log schoolhouse, where the Union and Copporhead sentiment divides. On Sunday last came a collision in which the Delilahs figured most prominently. The Union forces we understand were rather worsted. We learn that the fight is to be renewed next Sabbath. In November, 1864, the following appeared in the same paper referring to Kendallville : On Monday, a company of six men were arrested, some of whom had been overheard talking about burning the town. These were sent on Tuesday night to Indianapolis. On Tues- day night five more were arrested on suspicion. The town has been patroled and precautions taken to frustrate such hellish designs. Most of these men are probably refugees and bounty- jumpers — desperate characters from Canada and elsewhere — who by their own innate wicked- ness, and incited by the every-day harangues of campaign Democratic speakers and papers, think that they have a license to lay waste loyal towns and cities. It is to be hoped that our authori- ties, both civil and military, will use the utmost diligence to detect and ferret out such designs, and be ready to inflict most summary punishment upon any such steeped criminals, when caught. Besides this no unknown characters without proper business should be tolerated in our midst. The following occurred at Albion in June, 1863 : Peace at Albion. — The "Democratic" species of Peace men met at Albion on Saturday last. The immortal Robert Lowry, of Goshen, who, in 1854, wrote and pub- 98 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. lished that it was as reasonable to talk about repealing the " ten commandments as the Missouri Compromise," but who since then has blathered and bellowed that " the repeal was the great and glorious principle upon which our fathers fought the battles of the Revolu- tion," was imported as speaker to go over his choice vocabulary of slang epithets and abuse of the army, its officers, the President, the heads of departments, and everything else but traitors, who have immerged this whole land in blood and mourning, and their sympathizers in the North. As Mr. Lowry did not come at the hour appointed, Col. Williams, being a Democrat, was called upon and made a sensible Democratic speech. While Col. Williams was speaking Mr. Lowry came upon the ground, and when Col. Williams had concluded, made such a tirade as we have spoken of above. At the conclusion of Mr. Lowry's remarks, Col. Williams was again called out, when he proceeded to administer such a castigation to the " ten commandment man " from Goshen, as we are informed men very seldom receive. Lowry then replied in coarse bil- lingsgate, Col. Williams again arose to reply, when the Democracy, fearing that their imported would be too fearfully peeled, sounded their horns, drums, fifes and " whisky tunnels," and scampered off. Notice was then given that Col. Williams would speak again on Wednesday evening of this week. One of the most serious outbreaks in the county during the war occurred in Swan Township in 1863. One Sunday, a meeting of Dunkers was held in a barn belonging to Samuel Shadows. A discussion of war topics was indulged in by a party of men standing outside. The men became excited — mad, began calling hard names, until at last they came to blows, some ten or twelve taking part in the melee. Blood soon flowed from sundry noses, sound heads were un- ceremoniously cracked, ribs were seriously punched, and numerous men, both Copperheads and Abolitionists, like Nebuchadnezzar, went to grass. The bat- tle was bloody, but the Union troops were victorious. In a store in Ligonier a large man boldly exclaimed, " Vallandigham is just as loyal as Lincoln ! ' whereupon a small man publicly and loudly cried : " You are a d d liar !" The large man said to the small man, " Come out in the street and I'll lick the stuffing out of you." The small man seemed to relish the invitation, for he followed. No sooner had the pugilistic couple reached the street than the large man suddenly fell violently on the hard walk, while the blood flowed freely from a cut in his head. He got up and went home, a wiser, and, it is hoped, a better man. Incidents of this character might be multiplied without limit. It was fashionable to wear butternut breastpins in Copperhead circles during the war. This led to frequent affrays, after which it usually became fashionable not to wear them. Soldiers home on a furlough were generally on their muscle, and instantly resented any insult offered " Old Abe," the "old flag," or the " boys in blue." During the year 1863. the darkest for the Union cause while the war continued, quite a number of men who had gone from the county to serve their country deserted, and many of them came home, where they were secreted by their friends. The arrest of these deserters afforded exciting sport for the Sheriffs and Marshals. As troops were called for from the county, all the prominent Union men, Democrats and Republicans, traversed the entire county, speaking at every schoolhouse, and making every effort to fill the coun- ty quota by means of voluntary enlistments. When it became known, in 1862, that, unless the quota was filled, a draft would be resorted to in October, hercu- HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 99 lean efforts were everywhere made to encourage volunteering. Many men who enlisted under these earnest calls were assigned to old regiments as recruits, they having their choice of regiments. In July, 1862, the County Commis- sioners ordered that $20 be paid each man who would enlist in Company " D," then .being raised by W. N. Rogers for the Seventy-fourth Regiment. This was the first bounty paid by the county. In August of this year, the Commis- sioners ordered that $30 be paid each man who would volunteer in the compa- ny then being raised by Capt. Voris and Col. Tousley, the money to be paid from the county treasury upon receipt of the certificate of the Captain of the company that such man, or men, had been mustered into the service. At the same time, it was also ordered that $20 be paid each man who was subject to draft, who would volunteer in any company in the county. At this time the Commissioners began paying from the county treasury large sums of money for the relief of soldiers' families. In September, 1862, they ordered $20 to be paid each man who would enlist in the companies of Capt. McMann or Capt. Braden. A large amount of money was paid by the county during the latter half of 1862 to the boys who went into the Seventy-fourth, the Eighty- eighth and the One Hundredth Regiments. By the 5th of June, 1863, there had been paid out in county bounty $7,360.95. The first draft occurred on the 6th of October, 1862, the following being the officers : Nelson Prentiss, Draft Commissioner ; J. R. Randall, Marshal ; T. P. Bicknell, Surgeon. The draft was ordered from the following facts, which were reported on the 20th of September, 1862 : Total militia 2,578 Total volunteers 973 Total exempts 468 Total opposed to bearing arms 37 Total volunteers in service 226 Total subject to draft 2,073 The following draft was ordered : Washington Township 10 Sparta Township 10 Green Township 6 Jefferson Township 8 Wayne Township 21 Allen Township 11 Albion Township 4 Total 70 Between the 20th of September and the 6th of October, when the draft occurred, eighteen men volunteered, so that only fifty-two men were actually drafted. After this, Noble County filled her quotas until 1864. In May, 1863, the following Enrolling Board for the Tenth District were appointed : Hiram Iddings, Provost Marshal ; William S. Smith, Commissioner; Stephen Morris, Surgeon. Every effort was made to avoid the draft. Township boun- i 100 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ties were offered, and, as a last resort, substitutes were hired. But again the draft came on the 6th of September, 1864, as shown by the following table. These are the quotas and credits of Noble County, under calls of February 1, March 14 and July 18, 1864 : NOBLE COUNTY TOWNSHIPS. Wayne Township Orange Township Elkhart Township Perry Township Sparta Township , York Township Albion Township Jefferson Township Allen Township Swan Township Green Township Noble Township Washington Township. . T3 t*i 62 34 25 59 27 19 12 31 41 27 20 21 14 Totals 392 158 442 2657 992 748 c o & 25 14 10 24 11 8 5 12 16 11 8 8 6 - CD a'S etc 19 17 26 58 16 15 2 21 17 28 12 3 13 247 19 14 12 14 11 9 2 15 29 4 11 1 5 a o 19 14 38 64 24 22 2 21 29 27 13 1 17 146 291 1 o is E- The following proceedings at the Republican County Convention of 1864 will be read with interest. The Committee on Resolutions reported to the Con- vention, through Col. Williams, accompanied by some very appropriate re- marks, the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: Resolved, That we are heartily in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war for the sup- pression of the slaveholders' rebellion. Resolved, That we are in favor of supporting the Administration in the use of all the means it can lay its hands upon for the suppression of the same. Resolved, That our most hearty sympathy is extended to the officers and soldiers of our gallant armies in the field, for their glorious achievements, self-sacrifice and determination to support the Government in the suppression of the rebellion. Resolved, That the false Copperhead cry of "peace" is rebuked by those words of inspira- tion which declare that the wisdom coming from above is first pure and then peaceable. Resolved, That we present candidates worthy the support of every Union man iu the county. Resolved, That we are determined to go to work and elect our candidates. During the absence of the committees, the Ligonier Glee Club was invited to favor the meeting with music, and executed several very appropriate patriotic songs in their usual excel- lent manner. Col. Tousley was called to the stand and briefly addressed the Convention, in his usual earnest and patriotic manner. He was repeatedly cheered, and evidently possessed the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens to an enviable degree. He read a letter which the officers of the Twenty-first Indiana Artillery presented to Capt. Eden H. Fisher, upon the event of his taking leave of the regiment, which showed the high regard in which Capt. Fisher was held by his comrades in arms, both as a soldier and a man. During the reading of tha^ letter, which so vividly set forth the misfortune of their companion whom they so highly esteemed, many an eye in that vast multitude glistened with "the tear that would obtrusively start," and spoke plainly that the audience, like his friends in the tented field, believed him to be "worthy of a better fate." And when it came to "Dear Fisher, God bless you," it met with a hearty response from that vast multitude Hon. William S. Smith being called upon for a speech, came forward and requested the "Red, White and Blue" to be sung, which was executed in a most admirable manner by Miss Ogden ; after which he responded in a manner such only as "Pop-gun" is capable of doing. He was followed by Col. Williams, who entertained the HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 105 audience for a short time, in an eloquent and patriotic speech. On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered the gentlemen and ladies for their excellent music during the Convention. On motion, a committee of five was appointed to act as a County Central Committee for the coming year, as follows: J. R. Randall, N. Prentiss, George L. Gale, C. 0. Myers and James C. Stewart. Rousing meetings were held in the county on the 4;h of July, 1863, upon the receipt of the news that Vicksburg had surrendered. Three companies of Home Guards were in attendance at Kendallville — a company from Swan Township, the Rome City Zouaves, and a Kendallville company. A glee club sang many patriotic airs. Guns, pistols, fire-crackers, etc., etc., filled the atmos- phere with smoke and noise and enthusiasm. Speeches were made by Messrs. Tousley, Axeline, Mitchell, Cissel, Smith, Stoney and Bartlett. Fire-works and bonfires were enjoyed at night. At Albion a large celebration was held, where much of the above was gone through with. Messrs. Alvord, Prentiss and others spoke to the crowd. It was fashionable those days to bring forward some wounded or furloughed soldier, place him on the stand, and cheer him to the echo. This was a bait used often to secure the enlistment of men. Beautiful ladies passed around the enlistment roll, and many a poor fellow whose bones lie buried in an unknown grave in " Dixie " owes his death to his inability to say "No" to the entreaty of handsome women. A large celebration was also held at Ligonier. A troop of thirty young ladies on horseback passed along the streets, and led the vast crowd to a neighboring grove, where Hon. J. T. Frazer and others fired the patriotism of the citizens with eloquence. Wearers of but- ternut breastpins had threatened to appear with them at the celebration ; but when a half dozen stalwart fellows circulated the report that any person seen wearing such pin would be pounded into a jelly, the pins were carefully con- cealed. On the 3d of September, 1864, the Democrats held a large meeting at Albion, J. K. Edgerton and Andrew Douglas, of Columbia City, being the principal speakers. Both speakers denounced the Administration and the war. The latter said he had been opposed to the war from the first ; had never encouraged one man to enlist ; would not have voted a man nor a dollar for the wicked war of the Abolitionists ; the North could never subdue the brave men of the South, who were fighting for their rights ; declared that Lincoln was a traitor ; that he had horns, hoofs, and the snout of a swine, etc., etc. ; swore that the war was to make " niggers " equal to white men ; that it was to force white men to marry " nigger gals," and white girls to marry " buck niggers ; " that the Union troops could not take Richmond ; that they could not even take Atlanta. At that moment, tremendous cheering was heard on the outskirts of the crowd, which grew louder and louder until it burst into one grand, pro- longed "hurrah" from hundreds of loyal lips. The news had just been received that Atlanta had been taken. Such a scene as followed, Albion never saw before or since. Loyal minds and hearts in re-action were reeling with delirious joy. So intense became the excitement, and so great the commotion, that the Democratic speaking was entirely broken up. That night Albion gave 106 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. herself up to every species of wild and joyous demonstration. The Glee Club sang itself hoarse. Cheer upon cheer, "tiger" upon u tiger," rent the drowsy air of night. Thrilling speeches were delivered by Col. Williams, Col. Tousley, Nelson Prentiss, Fielding Prickett, and others, and the meeting was continued far into the night. The following proceedings occurred at Kendallville when the news was received that Gen. Lee had surrendered : On Tuesday evening an impromptu bursting forth and celebration broke out in this place, which eclipsed everything that ever took place here before. Somebody began to put candles and lamps up before windows, and others proceeded to follow suit, until a large number of buildings were lighted up. The "baby-waker" was brought out, and its exploding notes rang out over hill and valley. People began to gather in the windows, sidewalks and streets, until living, smiling quantities of humanity, little and big, hooped and unhooped, were to be seen almost everywhere. Rockets were sent up, and fire-works of different descriptions played a conspicu- ous part. Everybody seemed to feel that they had a right to celebrate in their own way, " subject only to the Constitution." The brass band discoursed soul-stirring music, and the Rimwhan- ticle Instant Born Company paraded the streets, dressed in a variety of paraphernalia, and armed with spears, clubs, boards, gongs, tin-pans, oyster-cans, horns, etc., etc., with unprece- dented effect. " Capt." Brace, with the shorn hat and immense countenance, performed the part of a brave and successful officer with brilliant effect. "Gen." Frank Hogan was all along the line, sometimes on the double-quick, and sometimes in other positions, and sometimes almost everywhere at once, giving orders and charging on Richmond and Lee's flying army gen- erally. We cannot speak too highly right here, but must subside by saying that this officer covered himself all over with impenetrable glory, and is the Gen. Grant of these parts of king- dom come. Jeff. Davis appeared in the drama, suspended on a tall pole, with his name upon him, and was carried through the streets, attracting profound attention. He finally "went up" in a chariot of fire. Somebody attempted to speak to the crowd, but there was an inspiration infinitely over and above words, and it boiled over them and drowned them out. What was talk compared with the surrender of Richmond and the smashing up of Lee's army, and the finally hopeful close of the rebellion ? Such impromptu gatherings are the best in the world if the spirit gets rightly infused and lighted up. Immediately following this came the sad news that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated. Kendallville lamented as follows : The business houses were all closed in Kendallville on Wednesday last, and the insignia of mourning was to be seen all around. The bell was tolled and the cannon was fired at different intervals. At noon, the Presbyterian Church was packed to its utmost capacity. The center aisle was seated and filled by the military. The pulpit, orchestra, lamps, and other portions of the church, were draped in mourning. Even the elements, as Rev. Mr. Harrison remarked, in the heavy black clouds, the slow rumbling of thunder, and the apparent tear-drops fall of rain, seemed to be in unison and sympathy with the solemn exercises everywhere participated in and conducted by the people of the United States. Nature seemed to join in the great national mourning. Short addresses were made by Revs. Cressy, Meek and Harrison, Rev. Mr. Forbes assisting in the other neces- sary exercises of the occasion. The united choirs discoursed appropriate music. Services were also held in the German Lutheran and German Methodist Churches, and we learn also at the Christian Chapel. Ligonier, Albion, Avilla, Rome City, Wolf Lake, and other villages held appropriate memorial services in sorrow and honor for the illustrious dead. HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 107 Many of the citizens paid eloquent tributes to the noble life and character of the " Savior of his Country." A thorough system of Soldiers' and Ladies' Aid Societies was established in Noble County during the war. Numerous committees were appointed to solicit anything that was likely to be needed by the boys in the field. Large quantities of blankets, shirts, drawers, socks, mittens, lints, bandages, canned fruits of all kinds, etc., etc., without end, were boxed up and sent to the boys of Noble County at the regimental hospitals or in the field. After the bloody battle of Stone River, where the troops from Noble County suffered severely, a car load of supplies was sent from Ligonier to the poor boys. Some four or five physicians of the county volunteered to go down and assist in taking care of the wounded and sick. Three of the doctors were Palmiter, Sheldon and * Denny. People went around with pale, wo-begone faces, when it became known that a great battle had been fought, and perhaps lost, and that many brave fellows, relatives or neighbors, perhaps, had met with a tragical death. Unfortunately, but little authentic can be given regarding the work done by the societies. James S. Lockhart, of Ligonier, was very active in the work. A short time before the 4th of July, 1863, the citizens of Kendallville sent over $500 to the boys from that place, who were in the intrenchments about Vicksburg. It is safe to say that thousands of dollars in money and property were sent into the field for the boys. Indiana would have fared poorly during the war, with its disloyal Legislature and Supreme Court, had it not been for that grand man, Oliver P. Morton. He successfully confronted every opposer, and placed the State troops in the field with admirable dispatch. He pledged the credit of the State, and borrowed any quantity of money to pay soldiers' bounties and provide arms. It seems necessary to give an outline of the service of those regiments which contained a considerable number of men from Noble County. These regiments were the Thirtieth, Forty-fourth, Seventy-fourth, Eighty-eighth, One Hundredth, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth, One Hundred and Thirty-ninth, One Hundred and Forty-second, One Hundred and Fifty-second, Seventh Cav- alry and Twelfth Cavalry. The Thirtieth was at first commanded by Col. Sion S. Bass. It first moved to Indianapolis, thence to Camp Nevin, Ky., thence to Munfordsville and Bowling Green, and in March, 1862, to Nashville. It participated in the battle of Shiloh on the 7th of April, losing its Colonel, who was succeeded by Col. J. B. Dodge. Here the regiment lost in killed, wounded and missing about 130 men. It participated in the siege of Corinth, and moved with Buell's army through Northern Alabama, Tennessee and Ken- tucky, and also pursued Bragg. It took part in the three days' battle at Stone River, losing heavily ; and also at Chattanooga and Chickamauga, suffering se- verely at the latter place. It was in the campaign against Atlanta, fighting in all the battles. At Atlanta, it was consolidated into a residuary battalion of seven companies, under the command of Col. H. W. Lawton. It fought against FF 108 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Hood at Nashville, and pursued him to Huntsville, thence moved into East Tennessee. In June, 1865, it was transferred to Texas. It was mustered out of service late in 1865. The Forty-fourth, with H. B. Reed as Colonel, moved to Indianapolis in December, 1861, thence to Henderson, Ky., thence to Camp Calhoun, thence to Fort Henry, thence to Fort Donelson, in which battle it suffered severely. It moved to Pittsburg Landing, and fought both days at Shiloh, losing thirty- three killed and 177 wounded. It fought often at the siege of Corinth, and pursued the enemy to Booneville. It moved with Buell, and followed Bragg, fighting at Perryville. It skirmished at Russell's Hill, moved to Stone River, where it fought three days, losing eight killed, fifty-two wounded and twenty- five missing. It moved to Chattanooga, fought at Chickamauga, fought at Mis- sion Ridge, losing in these engagements three killed, fifty-nine wounded and twenty missing. It did provost duty at Chattanooga, and was finally mustered out September, 1865. During the war, it lost 350 killed and wounded, and fifty- eight by disease. William C. Williams, Simeon C. Aldrich and James F. Cur- tis were its Colonels at times. The Seventy-fourth, in August, 1862, moved to Louisville, Ky., thence to Bowling Green. It pursued Bragg, and reached Gallatin on the 10th of No- vember. Companies C and K joined the regiment in December. Before this, these companies skirmished at Munfordsville, and with Bragg's advance on the 14th. Were captured, paroled and then joined the regiment. The regiment pursued Morgan, moved to Gallatin, Nashville, Lavergne, Triune, moved against Tullahoma, and skirmished at Hoover's Gap. It joined the campaign against Chattanooga, skirmished at Dug Gap, Ga. It was one of the first en- gaged at Chickamauga, and was the last to leave the field. It lost 20 killed, 129 wounded and 11 missing. It skirmished continuously at the siege of Chattanooga, and in the charge on Mission Ridge lost two killed and sixteen wounded. It pursued the enemy to Ringgold, Ga., participated in the recon- noissance on Buzzard's Roost, marched with Sherman on the Atlanta campaign, skirmishing and fighting at Dallas, Kenesaw and Lost Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, and many other places about Atlanta. It lost in this campaign forty- six men. It charged the enemy's works at Jonesboro, Ga., and lost thirteen killed and forty wounded. Many of the latter died. It pursued Hood, and skirmished at Rocky Creek Church. It moved to North Carolina, and finally home via Washington, D. C. The Eighty-eighth took the field in August, 1862. It defended Louis- ville against Kirby Smith, pursued Bragg, fought at Perryville and Stone River, doing splendid work at the latter battle, losing eight killed and forty- eight wounded. It fought or skirmished at Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Hills- boro, Elk River and Dug Gap, Ga. It fought desperately at Chickamauga, fought "among the clouds" on Lookout Mountain, charged at Mission Ridge, skirmished at Graysville and Ringgold. In the Atlanta campaign it was en- HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 109 gaged at Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, and Atlanta and Utay Creek. It pursued Hood, marched with Sher- man to the sea, campaigned through the Carolinas, fought at Bentonville, and moved home via Richmond and Washington, D. C. The One Hundredth, in November, 1862, took the field at Memphis, Tenn.; moved on the unsuccessful Vicksburg campaign ; did garrison duty at Mem- phis and vicinity ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg, and then in the five days' siege of Jackson. It moved to Vicksburg, thence to Memphis, thence to Stevenson and Bridgeport, thence to Trenton, Ga. It fought at Lookout Mountain, and then moved to Chattanooga. It fought at Mission Ridge, los- ing in killed and wounded 132 men. It pursued Bragg's army ; relieved Burnside at Knoxville ; moved on the Atlanta campaign, fighting at Dalton, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Chattahoochie River, Decatur, Atlanta, Cedar Bluffs, Jonesboro and Lovejoy Station, fighting almost continuously for 100 days. It pursued Hood, joined the famous march to the sea, fought at Gris- woldville, Ga., and Bentonville, N. C, then moved home via Richmond and Washington, D. C. The regiment fought in twenty-five battles. The One Hundred and Twenty-ninth moved to Nashville, Tenn., April, 1864, thence to Charleston, Tenn. It fought at Dalton, Resaca, skirmished for nearly two weeks through the woods and defiles near there, fought gallantly and lost heavily at Decatur, engaged the enemy at Strawberry Run, losing twenty- five killed and wounded. It pursued Hood, moved to the assistance of Gen. Thomas, skirmished heavily at Columbia, and fought desperately at Franklin, one of the bloodiest battles of the war ; fought in the two days' battle against Gen. Hood, and joined in the pursuit. It then moved via Cincinnati and Washington, D. C, to Morehead City, thence to Newbern, and finally to Wise's Forks, where it had a severe engagement with the enemy. It moved to Goldsboro, Morley Hall, Raleigh and Charlotte, where it was mustered out of .service in August, 1865. The One Hundred and Thirty-ninth entered the service at Indianapolis, June, 1864. It moved to Nashville, Tenn., and was assigned garrison and pro- vost duty in the towns and along the railroads, and, in general, was required to guard Sherman's base of supplies. At the expiration of 100 days the regi- ment left the service. The One Hundred and Forty-second entered the service in November, 1864. It moved to Nashville, where it was assigned garrison duty. At the battle of Nashville, the regiment was in the reserve. After this, and until it was mustered out, it remained at Nashville. The One Hundred and Fifty-second entered the service in March, 1865, moving to Harper's Ferry, in the vicinity of which place it was assigned garri- son duty. It was stationed for short periods at Charlestown, Stevenson Station, Summit Point and Clarksburg, where it was mustered out in August, 1865. 110 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. The Seventh Cavalry took the field in December, 1863. It moved to Louisville, thence to Union City, Tenn. It skirmished at Paris, Egypt Sta- tion and near Okalona, fighting severely all day at the latter place. In one charge it left sixty of its men on the field. During the entire fight it lost eleven killed, thirty-six wounded and thirty-seven missing. It moved to Mem- phis, and finally to the support of Sherman's base of supplies. At Guntown, Miss., a desperate battle ensued, the regiment being driven back with a loss of eight killed, fifteen wounded and seventeen missing. Here it was highly com- plimented by Gen. Grierson, notwithstanding the defeat. It fought at La Mavoo, Miss., and near Memphis, where seven members of Company F were killed by guerrillas. After this it joined in the pursuit of Gen. Price ; moved with Gen. Grierson on his famous raid, fighting and destroying rebel property. It moved down into Louisiana and Texas, and finally, late in 1865, was mus- tered out. The Twelfth Cavalry was organized at Kendallville during the winter and spring of 1864, Edward Anderson, Colonel. It first moved to Nashville, thence to Huntsville, Ala. Here and vicinity it remained, chastising guerrillas and bushwhackers. A portion was not mounted ; the others were and were commanded by Lieut. Col. Alfred Reed. Many men were lost in the numer- ous engagements. After this the regiment moved to Brownsboro, thence to Tullahoma, where they watched Gen. Forrest. Here it had several skirmishes. Companies C, D and H participated in the defense of Huntsville. The regi- ment fought at Wilkinson's Pike, Overall's Creek and before Murfreesboro, spent the winter of 1864-65 at Nashville, embarked for Vicksburg, partici- pated in the movements on Mobile, Ala., and joined in the raid of Gen. Grier- son. It occupied Columbus, Miss., Grenada, Austin and other points, guard- ing Federal stores and positions. It was mustered out of service at Vicksburg in November, 1865. The following imperfect l> Roll of Honor " of men from Noble County who were killed, died of wounds or disease, or otherwise, while in the service of their country during the war of the rebellion, is taken from the Adjutant General's reports, from newspapers, and from various other sources, and doubt- less contains numerous errors. Commissioned Officers — Smith Birge, Captain, died in 1865 ; E. A. Tonson, Captain, accidentally killed in 1865; Thomas Badley, First Lieuten- ant, killed at Chickamauga, September 19, 1863 ; George W. Seelye, First Lieu- tenant, killed at Bentonville, N. C, March 19, 1865; J. D. Kerr, Second Lieutenant, died at Evansville, Ind., March 25, 1862; Simon Bowman, Second Lieutenant, died August 19, 1864 ; H. Reed, Lieutenant, killed ; James Collier, Lieutenant, died ; J. T. Zimmerman, Lieutenant, died in 1865. Non-Commissioned Officers — J. W. Geesman, Sergeant, died at Nashville, Tenn., August 19, 1863; A. J. Linn, Sergeant, died of wounds at Nashville, Tenn., February 5, 1863 ; Addison Harley, Sergeant, died at Louisville, Ky., HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Ill August 5, 1864; J. W. Clark, Sergeant, died of wounds at Marietta, Ga., Sep- tember 19, 1864; John W. Hathaway, Corporal, killed at Stone River, Decem- ber 31, 1862 ; Rush W. Powers, Corporal, died at Nashville, Tenn., August 17, 1863; Emanuel Diffendafer, Corporal, died at Bowling Green, Ky., December 29, 1862 ; Samuel Hamilton, Corporal, died at Annapolis, Md., February 20, 1865; Henry Hinkley, Corporal, died at Lisbon, Ind., November 19, 1864; Charles Wilde, Corporal, died at Memphis, Tenn., in 1862 ; Henry H. Franklin, Corporal, died at Chattanooga, Tenn., November 7, 1864; John D. Stansbury, musician, died at Louisville, Ky., January 23, 1862; L. D. Thompson, wagoner, died at Bowling Green, Ky., December 7, 1862. Privates — William Archer, killed at Stone River, December, 1862 ; Levi Atwell, died at Upton, Ky., December, 1861 ; William C. Allen, died at Nash- ville, September, 1862 ; Otis D. Allen, died at Louisville, February, 1862 ; William Anderson, died at Camp Nevin, Ky., November, 1861 ; William Adkins, died near Nashville, Tenn. ; Daniel M. Axtell, died of wounds at Marietta, Ga., 1864; John W. Aker, died at Louisville, April, 1864 ; A. M. Albright, died in 1865 ; William Abbott, died at Chattanooga in 1864 ; An- drew Arnold, died at Chattanooga, 1864. William Barthock, died of wounds at Fort Fisher in 1865; J. E. Brad- ford, starved to death at Danville in 1864 ; H. J. Belden, died at Evansville, Ind., April, 1862 ; Solomon Bean, died at Nashville, November, 1862 ; Paul Bean, died at Glasgow, Ky., November, 1862 ; A. P. Baltzell, killed at Shiloh, April, 1862 ; James Bailey, killed at Perry ville in 1863 ; Henry Brooks, died at Madison, Ind., 1862 ; Peter Betyer, died at Grand Junction, 1863 ; W. H. Bailey, died at St. Louis, 1862 ; T. A. Barber, died at Nashville, 1865 ; Noah Bowman, died at Chattanooga in 1865 ; L. H. Baldwin, killed at Stone River, 1862 ; Josiah Benton, died at Kendallville, March, 1864 ; Henry Bloodcamp, died at Cumberland, Md., 1865 ; Joseph Bull, died in 1865 ; Anson Bloomer, died at Murfreesboro in 1864 ; C. Barnsworth, died at Chattoonaga in 1864 ; J. Bishop, died of wounds, Louisville, in 1863. T. P. Cullison, died at Chickamauga, September, 1863; Michael Clair, died at Upton, Ky., December, 1861 ; Daniel Chapman, died at Camp Nevin, Ky., November, 1861 ; Patrick Clark, died at Camp Nevin, November, 1861 ; George Cullors, died at Nashville, May, 1865 ; J. W. Cruchlow, died of wounds in 1865 ; Daniel Coopruler, died of wounds in 1865 ; G. Caswell, died at Kendallville in 1862 ; C. Conkling, died at home in 1864 ; John T. Cannon, died at Chattanooga in 1864 ; James Cook, died at Paducah, Ky., March, 1862; Homer E. Clough, died at Gallatin, Tenn., December, 1862; Theodore Coplin, died at Louisville in 1863; Lucius Covey, died of wounds in the hands of the enemy, October, 1863 ; John Chancey, died near Edisto River, February, 1863 ; William P. Cheesman, died in 1863 ; Joseph H. Clemmons, killed at Iuka, 1862 ; H. D. Collins, killed at Stone River in 1862 ; W. A. Curry, drowned at Louisville in 1863 ; J. W. Curry, starved at 112 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Andersonville in 1864 ; EL E. Cole, died at Camp Nevin, Ky., 1861 ; George Cluck, died at Collarsville in 1863 ; A. T. dimming, died at Indianapolis in 1862 ; W. H. Calkins, killed at Mission Ridge in 1863 ; John Clutter, died at Memphis, May, 1865 ; Joel Clark, died at Nashville in 1865 ; John Clark, killed at Stone River in 1862 ; Marion F. Cochran, died at Louisville, Decem- ber, 1864; A. M. Casebeer, died in 1865; W. H. Coates, died in 1865; Alonzo Chase, died at home. Isaac Dukes, died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., April, 1863 ; John Dyer, died at Gallatin, November, 1862 ; William J. Dyer, died of wounds, Chattanooga, October, 1863 ; James Dunbar, died November, 1863 ; Helim H. Dunn, died of wounds, December, 1863 ; Silas Dysert, died at Bridgeport, Ala., February, 1862 ; J. B. Dillingham, died at Collarsville, 1863 ; J. H. Drake, died at Athens, 1865 ; John Dingman, died at Nashville, March, 1865 ; Daniel Done- hue, died, 1865; William Denny, killed, 1864 ; J. A. Denny, died at Nashville, 1864. Abner Eddy, died at Camp Nevin, November, 1861 ; Nelson Eagles, starved to death, Danville, 1864; John Erricson, died at Jeffersonville, Ind., July, 1865; Henry Eley, died of wounds, May, 1862; John Engle, died at Camp Sherman, 1865 ; Abner Elder, died at Madison, Ind., 1862 ; Peter Eggleston, died at Nashville, January, 1865 ; Henry Eddy, died at Cumber- land, Md., April, 1865 ; Eben Eddy, died at Indianapolis, March, 1865 ; A. T. Ellsworth, died, 1865. Orton B. Fuller, killed at Resaca, May, 1864 ; Albert W. Fisher, died at Cairo, August, 1864 ; Erastus Fisk, died at Upton, Ky., December, 1861 ; Mackson Fisk, died at Camp Nevin, November, 1861; George Fisk, died at Louisville, January, 1862 ; Andrew J. Follen, died at Gallatin, November, 1863 ; Charles Folk, died at Nashville, 1864 ; Cepheus Fordam, died at Nash- ville, 1865 ; Frederick Felton, died at David's Island, April, 1865 ; William Fitzgerald, missing, wounded at Shiloh, April, 1862. Daniel Groves, died at Memphis, December, 1862 ; Samuel Gardner, starved to death, Danville, 1863 ; I. J. Garver, starved to death, Anderson- ville, 1864; William H. Green, died at Louisville, Ky., June, 1865 ; A. A. Gallonge, killed at Shiloh, 1862 ; Owen Garvey, killed at Chickamauga, Sep- tember, 1863 ; Matthias Green, died at Murfreesboro, February, 1863 : B. L. Gage, died, 1865; Michael Gunnet, died, 1864 ; Simon Gilbert, died in Michi- gan, 1864; Wallace Gorton, died at home; Cyrus Gyer, starved at Anderson- ville, 1864. Daniel Hodges, died at Baton Rouge, October, 1864 ; George Hubbard, killed at City Point, 1865 ; Joseph Hart, killed at Shiloh, April, 1862 ; Henry Hetick, died of wounds, Chattanooga, October, 1863 ; Joseph C. Hill, died at Nashville, April, 1865 ; T. C. Hollister, killed at Murfreesboro, 1862 ; James Hudson, killed at Murfreesboro, 1862 ; Henry Hart, died at Indianapolis, 1863 ; John Haller, killed at Stone River, December, 1863 ; C. Hinton, died HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 113 at Henderson, Ky., 1862 ; William H. Hays, died at Ackworth, Ga., June 1864 ; W. Herrick, ste#y«4- at Andersonville, 1864 ; M. Harker, died of wounds, 1864; Orange Homer, died at Gallatin, 1862 ; Emanuel Hoover, died at La Grange, 1862; Jacob K. Hartzler, died at Chattanooga, September, 1863 ; Stockton D. Haney, died at New Albany, Ind., November, 1862 ; John Hoffman, died at Hickory Valley, 1863 ; Jesse Hull, killed at Dallas, Ga., 1863 ; Alvin 0. Hostetter, died at Memphis, September, 1865 ; Robert Ham- ilton, died near Vienna, Fla., July, 1864; E. L. Humphreys, died in Noble County, 1865 ; Edwin B. Hanger, died at home, April, 1865 ; Eliphalet S. Holy, died at Indianapolis, March, 1865; R. Householder, died; Addison Harley, died at Nashville, 1864 ; Elisha Harding, died at Kendallville, 1864; C. Hackett, died at Nashville, 1864; John D. Harber, died at Nashville, 1864 ; W. Hardenbrook, died at Pulaski, 1865. Henry Jerred, killed at Murfreesboro, 1862 : J. Y. Johnson, died at Corinth, July, 1862 ; Hollis Johnson, Jr., died at Gallatin, November, 1862 ; J. D. Joslin, killed at Atlanta, 1861 ; Samuel Johnson, drowned near Beau- fort, S. C, January, 1865 ; Silas W. Johnson, died at Chattanooga, July, 1864; Albert M. Johnson, died at Camp Piatt, W. Va., August, 1865. J. W. Kirkpatrick, died at Nashville, 1865; Samuel Konkright, died at Nashville, 1863 ; William H. Kelley, died of wounds at Chattanooga, March, 1865 ; Daniel Knepper, died on hospital boat, August, 1865 ; Barney Knep- per, died at Indianapolis, June, 1862 ; L. C. Knapp, killed at Mission Ridge, 1863 ; M. D. King, killed at Dallas, Ga., 1864 ; Elias Kessler, died at Indian- apolis, March, 1865 ; John W. Klein, died at Nashville, 1864. Ashbury Lobdell, died at Beaufort, S. C, February, 1865; Jacob Lan- ellen, died of wounds at Fort Fisher, 1865 ; Joseph Longly, killed at Shiloh, April, 1862 ; Ira Lease, died at Murfreesboro, August, 1863 ; Robert Long- year, died at Farmington, 1862; Jacob Long, died, 1862; Hiram Lindsey, died, 1864 ; John S. Lash, died at Memphis, March, 1864 ; John Louthan, died at Vicksburg, August, 1865 ; A. Lunger, starved at Andersonville, 1864. Lafayette Mullen, killed at Chickamauga, September, 1863 ; Andrew J. Myers, died at Victoria, Texas, November, 1865 ; Thomas J. Manhorter, died at St. Louis, February, 1865 ; James Monroe, killed at Stone River, 1862 ; F. B. Miller, Tstarved-to death at Andersonville, 1864; Simon Michaels, died, July, 1865 ; William Miner, died at Evansville, December, 1861 ; H. J. Mon- roe, died at Andersonville, August, 1864; J. B. Matthews, died at Murfrees- boro, January, 1863 ; L. H. Madison, died at Hamburg, Tenn., May, 1862 ; John Mankey, died at Athens, Ala., July, 1862 ; Jacob Mohn, killed at Shi- loh, April, 1862 ; Eli Miser, died at Chattanooga, 1864 ; Corry McMann, died at Louisville, Ky., December, 1862; William Martin, died at Louisville, January, 1863 ; Matthias Marker, killed at Perry ville, October, 1862 ; J. Mc- Bride, died at Nashville. 1865 ; Albert Martenus, died, 1865 ; John H. Mitch- ell, sta*vecLat Andersonville, 1864 ; Charles A. Monroe, died, 1863 ; Wesley 114 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Moore, died, April, 1864 ; Sylvanus Mercia, died at Huntsville, Ala., 1865 ; J. McQuiston, starved to death at Andersonville, 1864 ; Charles W. Mullen, died at Whitesburg, Ala., August, 1864; Henry McGinnis, died at Decatur, Ga., September, 1864; John A. Madison, killed at Atlanta, 1864; J. H. Mc- Nutt, died of wounds, 1865. G. G. Nelson, killed at Murfreesboro, 1863; J. W. Norton, died at Evansville, Ind., December, 1861 ; Charles Noteman, died at Columbus, 1865 ; Henry Nichols, died, 1865. George Oliver, died in hospital, 1864 ; Francis Owen, died at Tuscumbia, 1863 ; Horace D. Odell, died at Gallatin, December, 1862 ; T. L. Ourstreet, died at Helena, Ark., 1862 ; Samuel W. Orr, died at Keokuk, Iowa, 1863. H. Plummer, died at Granville, 1865 ; John Poppy, killed at Shiloh, April, 1862 ; William Prentice, killed at Resaca, May, 1864 ; John S. Pan- cake, died at home, January, 1864 ; William H. Piatt, died at Murfreesboro, February, 1863 ; Rudolph Phisel, died at Nashville, 1865 ; Daniel Porke, died at Camp Sherman, 1863; A. Pennypacker, died at Murfreesboro, 1864; Earl Powers, died at Cumberland, Md., April, 1865; Lester Powers, died, 1865. Henry Ridenbaugh, killed at Mission Ridge, November, 1863 ; Abraham Reed, died of wounds at Fort Fisher, 1865 ; Charles Rossin, died, December, 1864; William Richardson, died at home, April, 1862; Louis Routsong, died at Louisville, December, 1862; Isaac Rambo, died at Chattanooga, 1865; Da- vid Rink, died at Bowling Green, Ky., November, 1862; Oliver Reed, died at Jeffersonville, Ind., June, 1861; Robert Reed, killed at Atlanta, August, 1864 ; L. H. Randall, killed at Chickamauga, 1863 ; George W. Rogers, died at Tyree Springs, Tenn., November, 1862 ; David River, died at Nashville, 1862 ; Milton Richards, died at Nashville, September, 1864 ; William Rosen- baugher, died at Indianapolis, March, 1865 ; A. Rinehart, died, 1865. Frank Seamans, died at Grand Junction, Tenn., February 1863 ; George R. Smith, died at Rome City in 1863 ; J. H. Sparrow, died of wounds at Fort Fisher, 1865; Edward B. Segnor, died at Baton Rouge, May, 1864; Daniel Shobe, Jr., died of wounds May, 1862 ; Clark Scarlett, died at Upton, Ky., December, 1861 ; Alfred Shields, died at Murfreesboro, December, 1863 ; P. J. Squires, killed at Shiloh in 1862 ; John Shidler, died at Gallatin, December, 1862; Thomas Stokes, died March, 1863; Elijah Starks, killed at Chicka- mauga in 1863 ; Jacob Shobe, died at Murfreesboro, May, 1863 ; Amos W. Seymour, died at Bowling Green, November, 1862 ; David Soule, killed at Atlanta in 1864; E. 0. Sanborn, died at Chattanooga in 1863; Francis H. Shaver, starved at Andersonville in 1864 ; Alfred Sutton, died at Washington in 1864 ; J. Seebright, died on steamer Olive Branch in 1864 ; Jacob Slusser, died at Ackworth, Ga., June, 1864 ; Theron A. Smith, died, January, 1865 ; John Seips, died in 1865 : Uriah Swager, died in 1865. Frank Teal, killed at Shiloh, April, 1862 ; William Totten, killed at Chickamauga, September, 1863 ; John Traul, died at Huntsville, Ala., January, HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 115 1865 ; William R. Truly, starved to death at Andersonville in 1865 ; David Tressel, died at Lebanon Junction, Ky., December, 1862; William Tressel, died at Gallatin, December, 1862 ; Abraham Tasony, died of wounds, Madison, Ind., December, 1863 ; W. T. Taylor, drowned in Mill Creek in 1864 ; Franklin Thomas died at Nashville in 1863; Isaiah Tryon, killed at Kingston in 1864 ; Francis Trask, died at Jackson in 1865; Marcus B. Turney, died at Cumber- land, Md., April, 1865. William Untadt, died at Washington City, 1864. Moses Walters, died at Memphis, October, 1863 ; George E. Warden, died at Scottsboro, Ala., March, 1864 ; William H. Williams, died at Marietta, Ga., September, 1864 ; Adam Weeks, died at Rome, Ga., 1864 ; John M. Wells, starved to death at Andersonville, 1864 ; Andrew J. Webb, died at Camp Nevin, Ky., November, 1861 ; Ira Worden, starved to death at Ander- sonville, 1864 ; Lorenzo D. Wells, died of wounds, December, 1863 ; Ziba Winget, died at Nashville, March, 1863 ; John D. Warner, died in 1863 ; Edmund West, died in Andersonville Prison, 1864 ; Hiram Wabill, died at Grafton, West Virginia, June, 1865; Joseph E. Walburn, died at Nashville, February, 1863 ; Hiram Woodford, died in 1865 ; W. R. Wiltrout, died at Washington in 1864; George Weamer, died of wounds, April, 1862. William T. Yort, died at St. Louis, July, 1862 ; David C. Yoder, died in Andersonville Prison, August, 1864 ; John H. Yeakey, died at Nashville, 1S62 ; L. D. Yorker, died at Camp Nevin, 1861 ; A. Young, died at Memphis, 1862. John Zeigler, died at Raleigh, N. C, 1865. Grand total, 301. Table showing the amounts expended for local counties, and for relief of soldiers' families by Noble County during the late war, taken from the Adjutant General's Reports : TOWNSHIPS. Noble County Washington Township. Sparta Township Perry Township Elkhart. Township York Township Noble Township Green Township Jefferson Township.... Orange Township Wayne Township Allen Township Swan Township Albion Township Totals . Grand Total. BOUNTY. $ 6 ,856 50 2,176 00 1,800 00 4,500 00 2,650 00 2,675 00 150 00 1,500 00 3,650 00 7,150 00 7,600 00 7,165 00 6,000 00 1,000 00 1115,872 50 RELIEF. $ 39,426 26 2,926 00 200 00 200 00 825 75 3,000 00 1,500 00 500 00 $ 48,578 01 $164,450 51 CALLS FOR TROOPS DURING THE REBELLION. 1. April 15, 1861, 75,000 men, for three months' service. 2. May 3, 1861, 42,034 men, for three years' service. 116 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 3. August 4, 1862, 300,000 men, for nine months' service. 4. June 15, 1863, 100,000 men, for six months' service. 5. October 17, 1863, 300,000 men, for three years' service. 6. July 18, 1864, 500,000 men, for one, two and three years' service. 7. December 19, 1864, 300,000 men, for one, two and three years' service. Table of interesting facts regarding regiments which served in the last war, and which contained men from Noble County : REGIMENT. t Term of Serv ice. Three years.. Three years. Three years. Ninth Inlantry Twelfth Infantry Thirteenth Infantry re-organized.... Twenty-first Infantry* Twenty-second Infantry Twenty-ninth Infantry Thirtieth Infantry Thirtieth Infantry re-organized Thirty-fifth Infantry Thirty-seventh Infantry Thirty-seventh Infantry re-organized... Thirty-eighth Infantry Forty-second Infantry Forty-fourth Infantry Forty-eighth Infantry Fifty-ninth Infantry Seventy-fourth Infantry Eighty-eighth Infantry One Hundredth Infantry One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infantry One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infantry One Hundred and Forty-second InfautryJOne year One Hundred and Fifty-second Infantry " One Hundred and Twenty-seventh In- fantry or Twelfth Cavalry One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry or Seventh Cavalry One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry or Seventh Cavalry re-organized Twentieth Battery Twenty-third Battery a a o U • m — - as * a ° Three years Three years Three years- Three years. Three years- Three years, Three years Three years Three years- Three years- Three years- Three years Three years- Three years.. Three years. Three yeurs. 100 Days One year Three years, Three years- Three years- Three years- Three years.. 3 « h £° 5 c a •17 41 36 42 49 46 30 42 41 5 46 43 44 44 42 42 42 43 40 39 41 39 50 51 25 5 5 30 28 4 6 30 29 w 980 901 939 « 984 859 961 701 799 920 162 241 925 25 951 889 943 674 900 904 925 901 818 926 933 s a .£P 'E tn S a P 1211 1151 543 140 130 747 372 125 956 884 117 31 7(14 99 47 720 902 987 529 834 208 161 75 69 2 27 13 83 95 291 332 204 121 192 193 247 215 220 284 240 is -a -a 13 J5 107 71 46 12 41 374 106 159 35 102 18 333 60 27 63 74 361 7 19 11 3 11 21 3 13 32 10 6 13 3 1 7 12 5 4 339 184 98 313 285 360 68 241 201 10 343 248 236 210 220 253 196 232 171 11 64 48 166 238 15 25 19 eg os 7— u ' U'O o a c v. O eg t3 to -a ■" 3«3 o „ o • *« a a * 5 b i? S o o 21 03,000 2,000 4,500 1,500 1,000 2,000 1,600 115,600 a O 1J CO $1,000, 700 600 4U0 500 200 370 s a • a-2 a" o ■& o O 'IS- E ^ C3 SOS se S o gf* M pin 00 195 40 265 73 50 00 700 00 400 00 115 00 $3,770 $1,837 13 -B,a B o B * 13 9 11 1 4 38 A c 125 70 179 23 38 435 b;3 •J . s 3 » ® a £ boo 5 a^ 200 175 100 30 25 70 35 635 NEWSPAPERS. Ligonier Banner — Politics, Democratic ; published weekly; established, 1866; circulation, 1,348; language, English ; employes, 4; average monthly wages, $30; size, 28x43. Ligonier Leader — Politics, Republican; published weekly; established, 1880; circulation, 1,300; language, English; employes, 4; average monthly wages, $23; size, 30x44. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Number of buildings 3 Value of all school buildings $20,300 Number of teachers 8 Male teachers 2 Female teachers 6 Average monthly wages for male teachers $72 50 Average monthly wages for female teachers $30 00 Male pupils Female pupils Total white pupils Colored male pupils... Colored female pupils. Total colored 352 361 713 1 1 2 PHYSICIANS. Number 13 Value of library and furniture $7,000 Value of office business 19,400 Other expenses 3,525 ATTORNEYS. Number Value of library and furniture $2,150 Value of office business 4,700 Other expenses 430 158 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. BANKING HOUSES. Number 2 Banking capital $110,000 Deposits to January 1, 1879 $105,000 Employes 8 Salaries $14,000 Other expenses 2,000 CLASSIFICATION OF MANU- FACTORIES. Number of Shops. Capital In- vested. RawMater ial Used. Va 1 u e of Products. Number of Employ- es. WagesPaid During Tear. All other Expenses. Blacksmithina: .' 8 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 $2300 6850 5000 10250 •^00 4300 20000 10000 9250 2900 4000 2000 3600 1350 16500 1800 300 $6980 8500 16600 350 3400 58820 4000 4300 8500 600 2000 7500 425 12000 5000 300 $22700 17000 39670 1400 7248 68391 12000 10500 15400 2500 7500 13000 2405 26182 7500 700 16 14 16 1 10 6 11 7 12 3 6 8 3 14 4 1 $6996 6300 7820 550 3018 3120 4700 2972 3504 800 2184 2540 1110 6898 1808 260 $615 375 Boots and shoes Bre weries 1510 65 Cooper shops 410 Flourin g mills 3329 Foundries 300 Furniture 700 Harness and saddles 555 Wooden handles 100 Marble works 175 Merchant tailors 275 Photographers 400 Planing mills 400 183 15 Totals , 42 $100800 $136275 $254096 138 $54580 $9407 OCCUPATIONS. Agricultural implements Boarding houses Books and news Boots and shoes Barbering Clothing stores Coal and wood Country produce Drug stores Dry goods Furniture dealers General merchandise Grain dealers Groceries and provisions Gunsmithing Hardware Hotels Jewelry, etc Liquor saloons Livery stables Live stock dealers Lumber dealers Millinery and dressmaking. Meat markets Saddles and harness Sewing machines Stove and tin dealers Tobacconists Wagons and buggies Well-digging and pumps.... , Number of Shops. Totals. 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 1 4 1 4 9 6 13 1 4 1 3 4 2 4 5 7 2 4 1 1 4 8 2 Ave rage L , Value of 1 Pur- Stock. 109 $3700 800 3275 11400 350 20000 60 8000 16000 4000 8200 79600 2900 29275 1100 17200 6000 3200 2650 6100 2600 14000 2425 250 3900 250 400 1300 4700 350 chases. §35900 2100 8000 23675 150 53000 720 51630 30800 12000 13200 196000 469200 99927 1363 49200 4000 3600 7100 2182 141000 49100 8280 21000 12600 3000 3000 7400 28870 1550 Total Sales. $251985 $1371947 $50600 4900 9500 31200 3796 63000 720 58180 40000 14000 16900 261000 475900 146938 2500 60500 5500 6600 17740 7500 156750 64442 12775 26500 18100 5000 4000 12400 40550 6500 $1623941 Employes. 5 2 4 4 10 1 8 8 3 4 33 6 26 1 11 9 3 5 6 10 6 20 5 4 1 1 5 11 6 Wages. 223 $3400 1400 1000 2300 2678 6700 25 3500 4020 1250 1700 22850 1300 12113 900 5750 2200 1550 2460 2300 6200 2670 2865 3500 2110 550 824 2150 3625 2302 Other Ex- penses. $1008 225 325 850 595 1925 35 1850 1770 300 950 7800 1025 4890 110 1550 2800 400 1385 1065 2775 490 1091 915 422 300 25 365 1350 250 $106202 $38831 mm QJattfiy LIGONIER CHAPTER VIII. by weston a. good? peed. Perry Township— Roll of Early Settlers— General Growth— Deer Hunt- ing by Night — Rochester, Washington and Hawville— Mills and Foundries— A Distinguished Frenchman— The Indians— Education and Religion. PREVIOUS to the year 1844, there had resided in Perry Township the fol- lowing men : Hugh Allison, William G. Allison, Edward Bouser, Daniel Bouser, Sebastian Bouser, Valentine Burris, John Billman, John Buzzard, Ed- ward Bailey, Andrew Bailey, William Bailey, Jacob Baker, William Bouzer, Allen Beall, Hartwell Coleman, John L. Conrad, Adam S. Conrad, Jeremiah Carstetter, Levi Carstetter, Isaac Caven, James Christie, Jonathan Caldwell, James Crook, R. D. Coldren, Francis Danner, William Denny, David Dun- gan, Francis Dungan, George Engle, Henry Engle, John Engle, Andrew En- gel, Felix Grimes, James Gordon, James Givens, Christian Heltzell, Henry Hostetter, Jr., John Hostetter, Benjamin Hostetter, James Hamilton, John Hamilton, William Hamilton, William J. Hamilton, George Hamilton, Solomon Harper, James Hoak, William Hoak, Cyrus Hoak, Henry Kline, Michael King, Samuel Kirkpatrick, James Latta, Perry Lee, Thomas W. Morrow, James Marker, George W. Miller, Seymour Moses, John Morrell, Philip Mil- ler, John Miller, Ambrose Miller, Solomon Miller, Henry Miller, Dickerson Miller, James McMann, James McKinney, Henry May, Linderman May, Perry McMann, Alexander McConnell, Andrew Newhouse, Jonathan New- house, Josephus Neff, North Neff, Hiram Parks, James Ramsby, Levi Reeves, Thomas Stone, Daniel H. Stukey, Jacob Stage, Gideon Schlotterback, Elijah Shobe, Daniel Shobe, Silas Shobe, Henry Shobe, David Smalley, James Smalley, John Summers, Isaiah Thomas, George Teal, Joseph Teal, John Tomlinson, Jacob Wolf, Jeremiah Wolf, Jacob Vance, Harrison Wood, Ham- ilton Wilmeth, Joseph H. Woodell, Reuben Warner, James Wilmeth, George Welker, and several members of the Harsh family. There were many others who resided in the township during the interval mentioned; but their names, unfortunately, cannot be remembered, those given having been placed on record at the county seat as owning land and entitled to their vote. The first settle- ment in the township, and, indeed, the first large permanent settlement in the county, was made in this township, beginning in 1830, at which time Levi Perry, Isaiah Dungan and Richard Stone settled on Perry's Prairie (named for the first settler, Levi Perry). In 1831, there came in Jacob Wolf (yet living), Henry Hostetter, Sr., and his family of boys, Adam Engle and his family, Jacob Shobe and family, Joseph Smalley and family, Henry Miller and 162 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. family, and a few others. These arrivals (all being excellent people) assured the permanency of the settlement on Perry's Prairie. Large crops were put in ; and within two years these families had an abundant supply of grain and provisions. Those who located in the heavy woods in other portions of the county had a much harder time, as the forest must be cut down and consumed before crops of any consequence could be raised, and, even then, for many years, the growth was scanty and sickly, owing to the stumps, roots and re-ap- pearing underbrush. The granaries of the new settlement became filled, like those of Egypt, with corn and other grains ; and the impoverished pioneers throughout the surrounding country made "pilgrimages to Egypt" (as they called it) to buy corn and provisions. Thus Perry's Prairie became a famous place — famous for its excellent families — famous for its hospitality — famous for its generosity to those who came to buy or trade. Here, the first post office in the county was established ; and here it was that selections were made for the first county court and for the first township officers. Others came in 1832 and 1833, during which time all the land of value on the Prairie was entered, and turned up by the plow. The land was filled with tough roots of brush, etc., but heavy plows, capable of turning over nearly a yard of earth, and drawn by eight or ten yoke of oxen, soon transformed the wild and irregular surface into smooth fields of growing grain. John Hostetter was perhaps the first to settle in the extreme northern part ; but, in 1836, he was followed by many more, each selecting his home where it best suited him, and all going to work in ear- nest. The first township election was held at the house of John Hostetter, but the names of the first officers are forgotten. There were twenty-five voters present. Reference is not made to the election while Perry was a part of La Grange County ; but to the first one held after Noble County was created. Through this township the White Pigeon road was opened by the State in about 1835. The State devoted 3 per cent of the receipts from the sale of land to the opening and improving of roads. But it was many years ere the roads were made pleasant. The Elkhart River which meandered through the town- ship was a beautiful stream in early years. Its banks were bordered with heavy woods or open glades ; and its clear waters were filled with the finest fish. Some of the stories as to the number of fish taken out in a few hours seem marvelous. The ordinary wild animals were present, except the bear, which had retreated to the heavy pine forests in Michigan. One manner of hunting deer (and a very successful one) was to float down the river at night with a bright light ; and the animals which came at that time to drink would stand per- fectly still, and stare at the light until shot down. Harrison Wood and a com- panion were at this work one night, when, just as they were about to fire at a fine buck, they managed to capsize the canoe. Away scampered the deer, and the nocturnal Nimrods had a " sweet " time getting out of the river and home. The Indians were verv numerous, and resorted to all sorts of devices to secure PERRY TOWNSHIP. 163 provisions or whisky. As usual, they were badly treated by some of the whites. Mrs. Galbreth, who lived in the northern part, had been captured by the Indians in Pennsylvania many years before, had seen her mother and sister cruelly tomahawked and scalped, and had been dragged far off into the wilderness by the savages, with whom she remained many wretched years, though she finally either managed to make her escape, or was given up by her captors. The story of her captivity would be one of absorbing interest. Hugh Allison erected a saw-mill at Rochester about the year 1834. The dam was washed away several times ; and, after running a few years, the mill was abandoned. In about 1842, Seymour Moses erected a saw-mill on Elkhart River, two miles northwest of Ligonier. He conducted the mill a few years, and then transferred it to the Miller Brothers, who neglected it, permitted the dam to break, and then dropped the whole business. In 1843, Seymour Moses began the construction of a carding mill near the site where his saw-mill was ; but, just as it was about completed, he died, and the project died with him. An early saw-mill was operated at Rochester by the " Iron-Works Company." Adam Engle conducted an early " corn-cracker " at the northern extremity of Indian Lake. The mill was built about 1835, had one set of niggerhead buhrs, cracked a great deal of corn, and made the attempt to grind wheat. It was operated five or six years, when the dam was destroyed by some one whose land was flooded by the back water. Rochester was laid out on Section 26, Township 35, Range 8, in Novem- ber, 1836, by Simpson Cummins, proprietor. Fifty blocks and fractional blocks were surveyed on the river bank, each full lot comprising eight lots, four lots being donated for school and church purposes. The lots were immediately offered for sale ; and the village grew rapidly. Several houses had been erected before the village was laid out. Powell (afterward joined by McCon- nell) opened an excellent store in about 1837, at which time some seven fami- lies resided there. Nelson Prentiss became their clerk. An iron factory was started about the same time, or a little later, by Baldwin, French, and, perhaps, others. Eight or ten teamsters were employed to haul iron ore from " Ore Prairie," in York Township ; and the business began to thrive. Both Baldwin and Frank died about the same time ; and then Mr. Lee assumed control. Richmond & Beall finally started a foundry about 1844, where plow-castings, pots, kettles, etc., etc., were manufactured in considerable quantity. These manufacturing interests called to the village a population, in 1840, of about sixty, and, in 1845, over one hundred. It was at that time one of the largest and most enterprising towns in the county. A number of years later, McCon- nell & Cummins erected a three-storied grist-mill, placing therein three run of stone. It became an excellent mill, and is yet there, having passed through many vicissitudes. A saw-mill has been there much of the time since 1834. A multiplicity of causes contributed to the death of Rochester, though the decay was lingering and painful. Ligonier grew from its ashes. In June* 164 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 1837, Isaac Caven laid out a village of sixty lots on Section 2, Township 35, Range 8 east, and named it Washington. The village was properly recorded; but, alas ! the poor thing did not grow higher than the paper upon which it was platted. The little village of Hawville first found an existence many years ago, though but few families have resided there. The village is popularly known as "Buttermilk," a very euphonious cognomen, truly. David P. Bourette (or Bourie), a Frenchman, whose father, L. B. Bou- rette, established himself as a trader among the Indians, at Goshen, in 1800, claims to have passed the winter of 1829-30 among the Indians in northern Perry Township. He packed several ponies with goods at Fort Wayne, and remained with the large encampment of Pottawatomies in northern Perry, dis- posing of his goods for money and furs. In 1831, he built a storeroom in Elkhart Township, in the history of which will be found a further account of this well-known man. He was raised among the Indians, and it is claimed that Indian blood flows in his veins, although this he indignantly denies. The report is probably a mistake or a slander, as no satisfactory proof has ever been produced to show that he is other than what he claims — a full-blooded French- man. Until such proof is obtained, the tongue of slander should hush. Bourie lived in southwestern Perry for many years. Mrs. Bourie composed a very popular song, which is sung at all the old settlers' meetings. It has five or six verses, one of which is : " The wilderness was our abode Full fifty years ag6 ; And, if good meat we chose to eat, We shot the buck or doe. For fish we used to hook the line ; We pounded corn to make it fine ; On Johnny-cake our ladies dined, In this new country." Mr. Bourie tells many interesting stories about the Indians. One time, down on the Wabash, he says, the Indians, in some way, got possession of a considerable quantity of whisky against the orders of the men who had been appointed to treat with them ; and an effort was made to recover the liquor ere the Indians were under the influence. Two old squaws were out in the woods drinking as fast as they could of the fiery liquor ; when, seeing a white man looking at them, one, with wicked eyes, expressed herself as follows : Kit- wassenock co-she-ah shin-go-lah hiceo dosh-ish-ah caw-a-lah (what does he want; I hate him, I detest him ; I'll split his brains out). But the old lady of the woods came to time when a rifle was presented in her dusky face. In about 1860, the big fires in the pine forests of Michigan caused many bears and other wild animals to come down into Indiana and Ohio. A large black bear came to Mr. Bourie's residence, and was first seen by Mrs. Bourie, from the window, but was thought at first to be a black sheep. The animal finally jumped over a fence, and then the truth was revealed. Mr. Bourie, and one or two others that were present, immediately started at the top of their • " PERRY TOWNSHIP. 167 speed for the animal, which made for the river, but, by means of a boat, was driven from the island where it had taken refuge, but finally eluded its pursuers by entering a dismal swamp. In the autumn of 1836, a small log building designed to answer the dou- ble purpose of a church and schoolhouse, was erected in the northern part, one mile west of where Salem Church now stands, by Seymour Moses, Isaac Caven and a few others. Mr. Moses was one of the first teachers in this house, as was also Miss Axy Kent. School was taught there after that without inter- mission. The Episcopal Methodists began holding their meetings there, but a little society had been semi-organized as early as 1834, and had met in the cabins. Of those belonging to this society were James Latta (a well-remembered local minister and a very worthy man), Robert Latta (of La Grange), Samuel Kerl, Abel Thomas, James Taylor (of La Grange) and John Thompson (of La Grange). Ministers of other denominations preached as freely in the house as the Methodists themselves, though the latter were the builders. A Sunday school was early organized, Seymour Moses being one of the first Superintend- ents. In about 1849, the old schoolhouse at Moses' Corners was abandoned, and a larger, hewed-logr structure erected where the Salem Church now stands. This was used as a schoolhouse until 1856, when a frame house was built by Eli B. Gerber, at a cost of about $350. In 1845, a rupture occurred in the Methodist society, and the Episcopals went into Eden Township, La Grange County, where they built a church, while the Protestants remained in the old schoolhouse until 1849, when they built Salem Church. This building served the society long and faithfully, or until 1879, when the present fine structure was built, at a cost of $3,200. The old log schoolhouse on Moses' Corners was used by all living in the northern part of the township. It was not until between 1845 and 1850 that the population had become sufficiently dense to warrant building; others within two miles of it. On account of a schoolhouse in northern Sparta Township, at an early day, none was built on Perry's Prairie until 1841. The one where Henry Hostetter, Jr., used to live, was built a few years later. A number of years ago, the Dunkards in the southern part trans- formed a schoolhouse into a church, where they now worship in their peculiar way. Some eighteen or twenty years ago, the Amish built a small church on the northern line, which they continued to occupy for a number of years ; but finally the property passed to the control of the Dunkards, who, in 1879, put up a much better building. The United Brethren, about six years ago, became so strong in the northwestern part that they felt capable, finan- cially, of erecting a church, which they did, constructing it wholly of brick. The society is now in good circumstances. Perry Township owns a third inter- est in the fine High School building in Ligonier. That was certainly a move in the right direction. Send your young ladies and gentlemen there to school. CHAPTER IX. by weston a. goodspeed. Town of Albion— Catalogue of Patentees— First Cabin in the Township —Platting of the Village— Early History and Subsequent Growth- Incorporation — Industrial Statistics — Education and Religion — schoolhouse bonds— sketches of the religious societies— the flre Fiend. T I ^HE founding of the town of Albion, and its rapid growth and promised -*- permanence, gave rise to the conditions requiring the creation of Albion Township. About seven years after the county seat had been finally fixed, and Albion in swaddling clothes had been ushered into life, the importance of hav- ing a voting precinct other than the centers of York and Jefferson Townships became evident to the villagers, and proceedings were begun in 1854, having in view the creation of a new township that should comprise four sections of ter- ritory, with Albion at the center. If any opposition was encountered from the Trustees of the townships, that were to be mutilated in the operation of creating the new, such fact is not now remembered. It is denied by some that a peti- tion, signed by perhaps all the citizens of Albion, was presented the County Commissioners, praying that Albion Township might be created ; but the bur- den of evidence is in favor of the existence of such a petition. It was out of the question for the village to be so divided that the citizens living east of Orange street must go three miles east to poll their votes, and those on the west side, three miles west. There was too great a division of pecuniary interest in such a separation ; for, according to the Scriptural judgment, " A house divided against itself must fall." It is possible that the remembrance of this injunc- tion was in the minds of the citizens in 1854, and caused them to adopt the better policy of unity. At all events, during the June term (1854) of the County Commissioners, the following bounds were ordered set off, to be known thereafter as Albion Township ; Sections 18 and 19, Township 34, Range 10 east (Jefferson) ; and Sections 13 and 24, Township 34, Range 9 east (York). This was the first step toward creating concerted action in public affairs. All the land within the present limits of the township of Albion was entered as follows : NAME OF PATENTEE. LOCATION. Acres. Cost. Date of Entry. Henry Harvey and William Baker Winthrop Wright , Ira Harriman Winthrop Wright Henry Harvey and William Baker John Sawyer and T. A. Johnson.. John Sawyer and T. A. Johnson.. N. E. ] and S. W. J N. W. i N. E. \ and S. W.'J! N. W. I- and S. E. J- E.}N. E. I W. JN. E. i 18 18 18 19 19 18 13 34 84 34 34 34 3 1 34 319.91 159.71 160.00 319.65 319.83 80.00 80.00 $389.89 199.64 200.00 399.56 399.79 100.0U 100.00 June 4, 1 July 18, 1836. Oct. 5, 1836. July 18, 1836. June 4, 1836. July 20, 1836. July 20, 1836. TOWN OF ALBION. 169 NAME OF PATENTEE. LOCATION. Acres. Cost. Date of Entry. Stephen Warner, Jr. Ephraim G. Bassett. William F. Engle.... William F. Engle.... William F. Engle.... James McConnell.... James McConnell — William F. Engle.... John Bonnar John B. Tinker E. JN.W. J.. W. £N. W.J. w. i s. w. \. W. } S. E. i. E. iS. E. E. 4 S. W. \. N.W. J-andW.£N.E.i E. £ N. E. I B.W.J S. E. \. 34 ?A 34 34 .",4 34 34 84 34 34 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 240.00 ! 80.00 160.00 160.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 250.00 480.00 100.00 300.00 100.00 200.00 200.00 Aug. July July July July July July July Aug. July 13,1836. 23, 1836. 20, 1836. 20, 1836. 20, 1836. 21, 1836. 21,1836. 21,1836. 11,1836. 30, 1836. Not one of these men built a house at the time of entering the land. Hiram Bassett, son of Ephraim, built a log house across the line on Section 14, early in 1837 ; and soon afterward a barn was built on the east half of the northwest quarter of Section 13. The latter was undoubtedly the first build- ing of any kind that was erected in Albion Township. The first dwelling was erected very probably by a squatter, named Isaac Brewer, as early as 1842, on the farm of Abel Barnum. Brewer was an excellent man, and had suffered the misfortune of serving a short time in the Ohio Penitentiary for a crime committed by another man, who had contrived to saddle the responsibility and punishment upon him. He did not own the land, but was suffered to reside thereon, until several years after the county seat had been located at Albion. He cleared and put under cultivation about twenty acres, and was informed that he could live there until he chose to leave, which time was not far from 1850. He has a daughter now living at Kendallville. Jacob Cordell located on Sec- tion 19 about the year 1844. He was probably the first man to erect a dwel- ling in Albion Township, the land being owned by the builder. As stated elsewhere in this volume, the county seat was located at Albion, in 1846. Much of the land there had been entered by speculators, or after- ward purchased by them, as it was naturally supposed that the county seat would not be far removed from the center of the county. As soon as the cen- ter was selected by the Commissioners appointed to locate the county seat, some important changes were made in the ownership of the land ; and the center, which had previously been a wilderness, was visited by the curious and the speculative. Albion was laid out in November, 1846, by Samuel Hanna, William F. Engle, John L. White (by H. H. Hitchcock, his agent), Warren Chaffee and James L. Worden, County Agent. The land laid out on Sections 13 and 24, York Township, was owned by Samuel Hanna, William F. Engle, and John L White, each of whom owned an undivided one-third interest. Mr. Chaffee owned the land on Section 18, Jefferson Township, and Henry Harvey that on Section 19, same township. A portion of the town was at first laid out on Mr. Harvey's land, but he died about the time the work was in progress, and, owing to the unsettled condition of his estate, that portion of the village 170 HISTORY OP NOBLE COUNTY. plat had to be vacated, and the street which had been projected from the west across the line on his land, was located several rods north to meet the street on the Jefferson side. His land was thus avoided. There was a difference of nearly three rods from where the Jefferson center line met the boundary be- tween the townships Jefferson and York and where the center line of the latter met the same boundary, the former point being north of the latter. This was why the western street was thrown north to meet the eastern Jefferson street. The village plat, then, as corrected, shows fifty lots laid out on Mr. Chaffee's land, and eighty- two lots and the court house square on the west side of the township line, on both Sections 13 and 24. The additions have been Harvey's, Prentiss', Denny's, Black's, Stewart's, Kimmel's, Bowen's, Sallady's, Baker's, Acus', Seneca, Tiffin, Harkins', Clark's, and one or two others. Not far from the same time, in about February, 1847, two dwellings were built, one by Mrs. Washburn, and the other by Isaac Swarthout. These were probably the first. During the same year (1847), the following citizens, among others, probably located at the center, or Albion : Mr. Reynolds, William F. Engle, who built the American House (the present Worden House) ; David Monroe, who built quite a large structure in which to board the workmen who were employed on the court house ; Judge Worden, who built where Dr. Lem- on now resides ; EL H. Hitchcock, who built the Franks House ; Dr. Will- iam Clark, Dr. Harkins, James Gillespie and Joshua Wade, a shoemaker. It is said that the Monroe boarding-house was owned by Ephraim Walters. Mrs. Washburn also kept boarders. During the summer and fall of 1847 there was a great rush into Albion, and a great demand was thus created for houses. There also came in, probably prior to January 1, 1848, Henry Bowman, Dan- iel Bowman, Erastus Spencer, William M. Clapp, Simeon Gillespie, Elijah Wright, Henry Barkelew, John McMeans, Jeremiah Low, Mr. Graden, and perhaps others. At the last-mentioned date, there were living in Albion at least seventy persons. In 1850, the population had reached about 250. County officers and lawyers appeared, and the court brought many strangers to the village. It has been said that the proprietors of Albion gave every third lot to the county in consideration of having the county seat located there. This, it is said, was why James L. Worden, as County Agent, was interested in the laying- out of Albion. The growth of the new county seat was at first very rapid until a population of about 350 was reached, after which period improvements took place only as the surrounding country became more populous. During the summer of 1847, S. T. Clymer, sub-contractor of the court house, brought a few hundred dollars' worth of a general assortment of goods to the village. This was the first stock offered for sale in Albion. Two or three years later, he was succeeded by Dutton & Clymer, and they, in turn, by Clymer & Miller. Spencer & Barkelew, merchants, appeared about this time ; also Clapp & Hitchcock. Since that time the following, among others, have been in busi- TOWN OF ALBION. • 171 ness in Albion : Dry goods — Day & Culp, Clark & Bronson, Black & Zimmer- man, Owen Black, Black & Son, Phillips & Walters, Black & Foster, Black & Son, Love & Black, J. D. Black, Black Brothers at present, Prentiss & Cosper (about 1861), Nelson Prentiss, Prentiss & Trump, Prentiss, Trump & Mc- Means, Trump & McMeans, Prentiss & Landon, W. M. Clapp, Clapp & Phil- lips, Clapp, Phillips & White, Phillips & White, C. B. Phillips, Moltz & Bayer, D. E. A. Spencer, Charles Moltz, Worden & Son, grocers ; Adams, Palmer & Co., at present; Markey & Walters, Frank Clapp, at present; Hamlin & Jourdan, grocers; Moltz & Hadley, S. J. Hadley, Adam Kimmel, Sloan & Tidball, W. K. Knox, agricultural implements ; F. Buetner, clothing ; druggists, Norman & George Teal, Henry Stoney, Alfred Stoney, Leonard & Denny, Dr. Cox, Barnet & Dunshee, Dunshee & Leonard, Leonard & Skinner, Skinner & Mendenhall, Mendenhall & White, Gray & Spencer, F. D. Spencer, Hamlin & Skinner and R. L. Stone, the last two at present. The Kimmels were in with hardware at an early day. Of course Albion has been represented from the first by the usual number of mechanics, artisans, profes- sional and business men and numerous miscellaneous shops and pursuits. George Powers, at quite an early day, began manufacturing shingles on a small scale. Jacob Bruner opened a cabinet shop as early as 1850. Various specimens of his workmanship may yet be seen in private dwellings in Albion. Elmer Dakan erected a shop in about 1854, and began making wagons. A few years later, Alpheus Jacquays undertook the same pursuit. John McMeans began a general pottery business in 1855, coming from Port Mitchel, where he had followed the same occupation. He continued the business in Albion neaxdy three years, turning out milk crocks, jugs, pots, pitchers, etc., but the enter- prise proved unprofitable, as no suitable clay could be found near the village. Mr. McMeans and Owen Black burned brick in an early day. Elijah Wright burned brick in x\lbion in 1848. George Harvey burned the brick for the court house — the one standing at this writing. Mr. Reynolds, in about 1848 or 1849, built a hotel on the south side, where he sold liquor. In about 1851, Joshua Wade erected a hotel on the southeast corner, where the hardware store is now standing. In June, 1867, Singrey & Hass opened a sash, blind and door factory. Some time afterward. Mr. Hass was killed by being caught in the machinery in some manner. His head was hor- ribly crushed, leaving his brain exposed, and permitting a portion to escape. Some time after this sad event, Mr. Eby became the partner of Mr. Singrey. Michael Beck began manufacturing wagons in 1860, and once in awhile turned out a buggy. In 1864, J. E. Huffman became his partner, and after this the business was greatly increased, continuing until about 1872. They manufact- ured as high as forty vehicles in one year. This was one of the most extensive enterprises ever in Albion. In 1876, William Dressel, of Tiffin. Ohio, erected a large brick building, intending it for a sash and door factory ; but his peculiar and untimely death caused the enterprise to collapse at the time of its incep- ii 172 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. tion. The building cost about $4,000, and is standing unoccupied. In 1862, Owen Black erected the grist-mill now running in the northern part of town . The building was immediately rented to Fisher Brothers, who placed therein three sets of buhrs, and the other necessary machinery for grinding all kinds of grain. This mill has had a peculiar history. It has been sold and repurchased three times by Mr. Black. Each time Mr. Black would fit it up in excellent shape, and sell it at a good round figure ; and then, after the buyers had tried the business and failed, he would buy it back for half he sold it for, and again fit it up to be sold. In this manner he cleared several thousand dollars. Askew & Miller now own it, and from appearances Mr. Black will not have another opportunity to clear several thousand dollars after the old fashion. The mill at present is furnishing excellent flour. In 1863, Mr. Black built a saw- mill close to his grist-mill. The saw-mill was rented, and has passed through a checkered career. Henry Shirk has been manufacturing carriages quite extensively for the last two years. Mr. Sim Conkle, a first-class workman, has charge of the painting department. Their shop is the old schoolhouse. In 1876, Harvey & Eby built a sash and door factory near the depot. Mr. Eby left the partnership two years ago. Mr. Harvey has been manufacturing staves for butter kegs. He is now making " Hogan's Propeller," a churn, pat- ented by Mr. Hogan. Mr. Harvey has the exclusive right of sale in the United States. In 1875, Baughman, Hyter & Co. erected a brick foundry in the southeastern part of town. Here they remained until 1878, doing an extensive amount of general repair work, in the meantime manufacturing two fine engines, one of which is now used in the same building. A business of over $3,000 was done annually. In 1878, the partnership was divided, Mr. Baugh- man taking the machinery, and Mr. Hyter, the building, etc. Mr. Baughman is yet in the same business near the depot. He has lately invented an ingenious and valuable safety railroad signal lamp, also a self-extinguishing lamp. After the dissolution of the partnership, Baughman, Hyter & Co., Mr. Hyter began the milling business with Mr. Ludlow, under the name, Ludlow & Hyter. The old foundry building was fitted up with four runs of stone, and the building has since been known as a grist-mill. Charles Boetcher, in August, 1880, purchased Mr. Ludlow's interest. Thus the partnership remains. R. B. Stone and E. J. Thompson, railroad men, are operating one of the finest saw-mills in the county. They are now preparing heavy railroad lumber, mostly for the roads west of Chicago. Some thirty " hands " are at work in the various departments of this mill. Large tracts of land are being stripped of timber. Harron Brothers are at present operating a saw-mill near the depot. Among the tavern keepers in Albion have been Michael Coon, Mr. Rey- nolds, Isaac Swarthout, Joshua Wade, Jeremiah Low, William F. Engle, Al- fred Jacquays, James Wright, Mr. Trussell, Charles Woodruff, Mr. Russell Mr. Worden, J. H. Bliss, Eli Dice, John Sloan, Thomas Salsgiver, Samuel >■•■>;? COUNTY AUDITOR TOWN OF ALBION. 176 Salladay, Haggarty & Bryant, Austin Jennings, Henry Tuck and Hiram Bradley. Among the physicians have been Drs. Clark, Harkins, Boetcher, Spencer (two), Dunshee, Barnet, D. W. C. Denny, Cox, Nimmons, Wheeler, Leonard, Lemon, Hays, Pickett and Martin. Among the liverymen have been John Sloan, John Bliss, William Coon, Stoops & Greenman, John Walters, Ed. Engle and Stoops & Hart. Among the Postmasters have been William F. Engle (perhaps Clapp or Hitchcock), Abel Warner, Nelson Prentiss, A. J. Kimmel, John Hiskey, James Evans, John De Camp, James Evans, Emma Jane Douglas, William Snyder, A. J. Kimmel and Isaac Mendenhall. The Sons of Temperance instituted a lodge in Albion not far from the year 1852. The life of the organization was brief and short. The " Wash- ingtonians "' were present for a short period. The Good Templars have had one, and perhaps two, organizations in town. Albion, for many years, was one of the pleasantest towns in Northern Indiana, in which to reside. But little drinking was indulged in, scarcely a drunken man being seen on the street. There is more liquor consumed in the town at present than ever before. The fines for drunkenness and the license paid by the liquor dealers are at present an important source of revenue. In 1875, W. M. Clapp began a general private banking business under the name " The Bank of Albion," continuing until his death in January, 188L The business was then closed ; but, as soon as the books and the estate could be settled, Charles M. Clapp, in September, 1881, again opened the bank for the transaction of business. The Masonic Lodge at Albion, known as Albion Lodge No. 97, F. & A. M., was instituted in February, 1853, by S. D. Bayless, Deputy Grand Master of the State of Indiana. The charter members were Leander B. Eagles, Nelson Prentiss, Jacob Stage, Hosea Gage, J. W. Leonard, D. W. C. Teal and William M. Clapp. The first officers were : Nelson Prentiss, W. M. ; Jacob Stage, S. W. ; Leander Eagles, J. W. ; Hosea Gage, S. D. ; William M. Clapp, Secretary. The charter is dated the 25th of the following May. The hall rented by the lodge was dedicated by Dr. Collins, on the 27th of June, 1853. At the time " The Pinery " was burned, nearly all the lodge propertj was destroyed. Considerable money was lost by other misfortunes, until th« present financial condition is not as good as might be expected. The present officers are : James Roscoe, W. M. ; J. A. Hamlin, S. W. ; Ezekiel Teagarden s J. W. ; William Trump, S. D. ; A. J. Doular, J. D. ; C. B. Phillips, Secreta- ry ; George Hines, Treasurer, and S. M. Foster, Tiler. Out of the territory covered by this lodge have been instituted lodges at Ligonier, Avilla, Wolf Lake, Kendallville and Churubusco. North Star Lodge, No. 380, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted September 13, 1871, by District Deputy Grand Master J. B. Kimball, under a 'dispensation from W. H. De Wolf, G. M. of the Grand Lodge of the State of Indiana. The charter members were Eden H. Fisher, Isaac Mendenhall, William Z. Holver- 176 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. stoll, Hollabert H. Brown and William C. Williams. The first officers were William C. Williams, N. G. ; Eden H. Fisher, V. G. ; Isaac Mendenhall, Treas. ; W. Z. Holverstoll, Sec. The total number of members admitted since the institution of the lodge is sixty-four. Of these, three have died, many have moved away and joined other lodges, some have been dropped for non-pay- ment of dues, and some have been expelled. There are now in active member- ship thirty-nine — as many or more than at any one time since the organization of the lodge. The financial condition of the lodge is good. It has invested in hall furniture $425, and in regalia $75. It also has on hand and at interest $345.49 general fund, and $113.02 orphan fund. It is slowly and steadily growing, both financially and in membership, and promises to be soon one of the strong lodges of the State. Its present officers are : D. C. Baughman, N. G. ; Charles Boetcher, V. G. ; E. F. Coats, Rec. Sec. ; Ed. P. Ray, Per. Sec. ; Piatt B. Bassett, Treas. The lodge has expended by way of relief up to De- cember, 1880, $237.80. At the March term of the County Commissioners, in 1874, a petition, signed by seventy-eight qualified voters of Albion, was presented them, praying as follows that the village of Albion might be incorporated : The undersigned qualified voters of Albion, Noble County, Indiana, would respectfully petition your honorable body to issue an order declaring that so much territory of Albion Town, ■ship, of said county and State, as is embraced within the map and survey hereunto annexed, be organized as the " Incorporated Town of Albion," under the following bounds : The northwest quarter of Section 19, Township 34, Range 10 ; southwest quarter of Section 18, Township 84, Range 10 ; west half of northeast quarter of Section 19, Township 34, Range 10; northeast quar- ter of Section 24, Township 34, Range 9 ; southeast quarter of Section 13, Township 34, Rauge '9 ; and out-lots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Section 13, Township 34, Range 9, in Clark's Addition to the town of Albion. In accordance with the prayer of the petitioners, the Commissioners ordered an election to be held on the 24th of March, 1874, to ascertain the will of the citizens as to the incorporation of the village. At the June term (1874) of the Commissioners, James Greenman, John II. Bliss and Franklin B. Kiblinger, Inspectors of the Election, reported that eighty-five votes bad been cast for the incorporation of Albion, and forty-four against the same ; whereupon the Commissioners, on the 8th of June, 1874, ordered the creation of the -'Incorporated Town of Albion." Notice was issued that, on the 23d •of June, 1874, an election of town officers would be held at the court house. On this occasion, Alexander Fulton, Sherman J. Hadley and Jacob J. Fischer were elected Town Trustees, and Merritt C. Skinner, Clerk, Treasurer and Assessor. At the first regular meeting of the Board of Trustees, Peter A. Sunday was chosen Town Marshal, and at the second meeting Thomas M. Eells was chosen Town Attorney. A town seal was ordered obtained on the •8th of July, and at the same and subsequent called meetings various town ordi- nances were adopted. . Sidewalks were petitioned for and built, thus supplying i, convenience and want that could not be satisfied by voluntary action on the TOWN OF ALBION. 177 part of property owners. It is proper to add here that a number of prominent citizens stubbornly opposed the incorporation of the village from the start, for reasons best known to themselves. But the friends of the measure were too numerous, and. when the opening of the B., P. & 0. Railroad gave Albion a decided "boom," and gave the citizens assurance that the county seat was fixed beyond a doubt (a circumstance in doubt previously), it was thought best to have a municipal government, and Albion was thus incorporated. Subse- quent events have proved the wisdom of the majority. The first sidewalk peti- tioned for was the one on the west side of Orange street, from Main street to the depot. This was on the 27th of August, 1874. The first term of school in Albion was taught during the winter of 1847- 48, by Ephraim Walters, in a small log house owned by himself, and located on the west side of South Orange street. He had enrolled about twenty scholars, and taught three months. Miss Kedsie taught a short term during the follow- ing summer. By this time, the rush into Albion had become so great that about sixty scholars were ready to attend during the winter of 1848-49. Abel Barnum and his wife were accordingly employed to direct this large flock of in- nocents. The session was held in a log house owned by Mr. Pepple. DuriDg the autumn of 1849, a small frame schoolhouse was built in Albion by Samue^ Devenbaugh. A young man named Abel Warner, who had been clerking in the store of Clapp & Hitchcock (?), was employed to teach in this house during the winter of 1849-50. This building, which is yet standing, adjoining the residence of Nelson Prentiss, was used continuously until 1863, when the large, two-storied frame building, now occupied as a carriage factory by Henry Shirk, was constructed by James Prouty, at a cost of about $1,500. Abel Warner was also the first teacher in this house. Here school was held until the pres- ent building was erected in 1876. Two teachers were employed as early as 1848-49 ; but after that, and until about 1858, one teacher, save in a few ex- ceptional cases, was capable of managing the attendance. Assistants have been added from time to time since the last mentioned date, until the instructors at present number six. In 1849, at the time the first schoolhouse was built, a number of the citizens, headed by William F. Engle, wished the house located in the northern part of the village ; while another party, at the head of whom was Isaac Swarthout, insisted on having it built southeast of the court house. Considerable feeling was incited by the opposition of the two factions ; but at last the Swarthout party gained the victory, and decided the question of loca- tion. At the time Albion Township was created, another mild outbreak oc- curred regarding the division of the school fund of the Townships York and Jefferson. Albion Township, having been created from those townships, claimed a share of their school fund, and was awarded a portion on the basis of population in the sections stricken off to form the new township as compared with that of the remainder of those townships. The question arose as to whether the new township had any just claim to the school fund arising from 178 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the sale or rent of the lands of Section 16 in those townships ; and, if the writer is correctly informed, the right to a portion of such fund was denied Al- bion Township. During the last few months of the year 1875, the old schoolhouse having become dilapidated and dangerous, the citizens began discussing the propriety of constructing a new and better one. Nearly all the citizens were at this time in favor of the project, or at least were neutral. The School Trustees se- lected a site for the building on the land of Owen Block ; but, owing either to some alterations in the price of the land, or some alleged imperfections in the deed of transfer, or both, they withdrew from the partially-formed contract, and purchased for $1,100 the lots where the school building now stands. As soon as this purchase became known, and it became apparent that the School Trust- ees expected town bonds to be issued whereby to pay the expense of construct- ing a costly brick schoolhouse, a decided division in public opinion became man- ifest. A number of prominent and wealthy citizens, upon whom much of the burden of taxation would fall, stubbornly opposed the project, possibly from partly private, personal or pecuniary motives. Their real reasons remain to this day a matter of speculation. A little later, they brought suit in the Cir- cuit Court to enjoin the collection of a certain school fund which might be ap- plied toward the construction of the proposed house, but they were defeated. Just before the contract for building the house was let, a meeting of those op- posed to the scheme was called at the court bouse, and numerous dis- couraging speeches were delivered to a room full of citizens. A paper was circulated and signed by nearly twenty opposers ; but the list was afterward increased to more than forty. Still, the majority were not shaken in their de- termination to build the house. The Town Board at this time were William Trump, J. J. Fischer and Owen Black. The School Trustees were Dr. W. Y. Leonard. William S. Kiser and C. A. Howard. The contract for building the house was let to John Lichtenberger, of Fort Wayne, and T. J. Tolan & Son, also of Fort Wayne, were the architects. The contract price was $15,300. Work was immediately begun on the house, and the Town Board was asked to sell $17,000 worth of the corporation's bonds to defray the entire expense. At this stage the opposition sued out an injunction to restrain the Town Trustees from issuing the bonds ; but, although the question of the right of the Town Trust- ees to pass an ordinance authorizing the negotiation and sale of bonds of the corporation to defray the expense of constructing a school building was taken first to the Circuit Court and thence to the Supreme Court, the case, in both instances, was decided adversely to the plaintiff. This was about the last stand made by the opposition. Town bonds to the amount of $17,000 were ordered printed and sold, that sum being considered necessary to cover the cost of the house, the cost of the land, and some miscellaneous expense. The bonds were issued in sums of $250 and $500, bearing 8 per cent interest payable semi-an- nually, and were strictly 5-20 bonds. They were sold in various localities, COUNTY RECORDER TOWN OF ALBION. 179 some in New York City, some in Ohio, and some to persons in different por- tions of Indiana. None of the bonds have been taken up, although the inter- est is promptly paid when due. Owing to the opposition to the sale of the bonds, and the distrust thereby incited, those first issued were sold at a slight discount. This caused a loss of several hundred dollars to the town. The several law-suits growing out of the schoolhouse question cost the town nearly $1,500 ; this expense was covered by the bonds. The terms of the contract were not complied with by the contractor, who fraudulently reduced the height of the upper story about nine inches, cut down the size of the upper windows, and failed to put the plaster on in the required manner. The fraud was discovered almost by accicj^nt by Dr. Leonard almost at the last moment. The work was permitted to go on until completed, and then the School Trustees at first refused to accept the building. This they were advised to do by the architect, who had himself failed to discover the error during the work of construction. The contractor became a beggar and importuned the Trustees to have mercy, and finally the building was accepted at a reduction of about $900. TOWN ORDINANCE NO. 23. Whereas, The town of Albion has a voting population of less than sixteen thousand, as shown by the votes cast for Governor at the last regular election, and, whereas, the said town has an indebtedness of $17,000, evidenced by bonds to that amount issued for the purpose of purchasing ground and erecting thereon and completion of a schoolhouse owned by said town, and said indebtedness being now due at the option of said town, and all bearing interest at the rate of 8 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually. Now, therefore, for the purpose of funding said indebtedness of said town, and for the purpose of reducing the present rate of interest on said indebtedness, the following ordinance be enacted : Section 1. Be it ordained by the Board of Trustees of the town of Albion, in special ses- sion assembled, that for the purpose aforesaid, the said town do issue its bonds, with coupons attached, to the amount of $17,000, said bonds to be of the denomination of $500 each, num- bered from one to thirty-four, inclusive, payable twenty years after the date thereof, bearing in- terest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually, interest payable at. the First National Bank of the city of New York, in the State of New York, on presentation and delivery of coupons, said bonds to be redeemable and payable at the pleasure of said town after the ex- piration of five years from the date thereof, and further that all of the several bonds authorized by this ordinance bear date of January 1, A. D. 1882, and the interest coupons be due and payable on the 1st day of January and July of each year. Section 2. That said bonds and coupons shall be in the following form to wit : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, STATE OF INDIANA, TOWN OF ALBION. .NUMBER. "1 J DOLLARS. / \ $500. FUNDING BOND. Twenty years after date, the town of Albion, in the county of Noble, in the State of Indi- ana, promises to pay to the bearer at the First National Bank of the city of New York, in the State of New York, $500, with interest thereon at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually at the same place, upon presentation and delivery of the proper coupons herewith attached, without any relief from valuation or appraisement laws of the State of Indiana. This bond is redeemable at the pleasure of the Board of Trustees of said town after five years from 180 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the date hereof, by said Board of Trustees giving notice to said bank, at the time of payment of any coupon, of their intention to do so at the maturity of the next succeeding coupon. This bond is one of a series of $17,000 in denomination of $500 each, authorized by the said town by an ordinance passed and approved by the Board of Trustees thereof, on the 8th day of December, 1881, entitled "Town Ordinance No. 23, in relation to the issuing of bonds of the incorporated town of Albion, Noble County, for the purpose of funding the outstanding bonds of said town " In witness whereof the said Board of Trustees of the town of Albion, Indiana, have caused this bond and coupons thereof to be signed by its President and attested by its Clerk, and the seal of said town hereto attached, at the town of Albion, this the day of 1881. President. Attest. Clerk. It may not be improper to state at this point that the growth of Albion has been very much retarded by the lack of public spirit shown by some of its leading men. Capital from abroad has often sought investment, but has been prevented by the peculiar conduct of these men. Land upon which to erect business blocks could not be purchased at any price, and at Albion could be seen represented the sad, though familiar, spectacle of the dog in the manger. Better things are expected in the future. The present Presbyterian society at Albion was organized on the 16th of December. 1848, by Revs. E. Bascom and A. H. Kerr. The first members were Erastus Spencer, Amanda M. Spencer, Adaline Wade, William Crispell, Sarah Crispell, Catharine Coon, Andrew Woodward, Polly A. Basset, Lucia Basset, E. M. Wright, Abigail Wright and Isaac Arnold. William Crispell became Ruling Elder. Of the above first members, Lucia Basset is the only one now living. The accessions to the society have been gradual, the greatest membership being seventy, about three years ago. The present membership is sixty-three, and the average, since 1848, about forty. Services were first held in the court house, but, later, in the Lutheran Church, toward the construction of which the Presbyterians contributed several hundred dollars. The present Presbyterian Church was constructed during portions of the years 1875 and 1876. The total cost, including the furnishings and the land, was about $7,100. The work was begun in August, 1875, and the house was dedicated November 12, 1876. by Rev. James Pollock, of Tiffin, Ohio. The ministers in charge of the society have been E. Bascom, Mr. Snyder, William Boner (about eight years, beginning in 1851), Charles A. Munn, S. V. McKee, J. P. Moore (from near the close of the war until about five years ago), Preston McKinney (four years), and G. W. Barr, a young man of fine ability and promise, at present. This is the strongest society in town. The Evangelical Lutheran society was organized in April, 1848, by Rev. J. Siedle, the first members being Phillip Bowman and wife, David Bucher and wife, Henry Bowman and wife, Stephen Pratt and wife, James Pepple and wife, and Abraham Hosier and wife. The pastors have been Revs. G. A. Exline, J. Siedle, G. Walker, R. L. Delo, J. H. Hoffman, J. N. Barnett, J. Boon, Sink, William Waltman, W. H. Keller, B. F. Stultz, O. W. Bowen TOWN OF ALBION. 181 and J. Shaffer. For many years, during the early history of the society, it was the strongest in membership in town. The first church was built by them in 1855. From that on, for a number of years, four different denominations met regularly in this house. The church is said to have cost $1,200. Considerable assistance was furnished by the other societies, with the understanding that they were to have the use of the house at stated periods. This building is yet occu- pied by the Lutherans. The above facts of the Lutheran society were furnished the writer by Mr. James Pepple. Elder Blanchard, of Wolcottville, established a Baptist society in about the year 1849, but the doctrine of salvation by the water route was accepted by only a few, who, after a few years, dispersed and joined other societies. Mr. Pepple says the Methodists organized the first class at Albion very early in the year 1848. Unfortunately, the writer was unable to learn the early history of this society. Mr. Spencer thinks the class was formed during the autumn of 1847, and that the parsonage was begun that year, but is not certain. Rev. Stout is said to have been the first pastor, and Rev. Hall the second. The class started out with a small membership, and at first met in the court-room, but finally used the Lutheran Church. The follow- ing have been the ministers since 1861, from records furnished by Mr. Wood- ruff: Rev. Nash (before 1861), Revs. Sell, Ayers, Barnard, J. M. Mann, J. S. Sellers, H. L. Nickerson, J. W. Smith, William Comstock, W. B. Graham, C. H. Wilkinson, James Greer, and J. W. Smith. In 1861, the membership did not exceed twenty, and has never been more than fifty. Probably the average is not far from thirty. The society has paid its minister from $100 to $260 per year, Albion being one of four points (formerly six) attended by him. The Methodist Church was built in 1875, at a cost of $3,000, about one-third of the amount being furnished by members of other churches and outsiders. The last of this was paid off two years ago. In 1874, when the new railroad was opened, the Methodists ran an excursion to Chicago, and cleared over $700 cash. This helped them out with their church wonderfully. Some two years later, they also, by the same means, cleared about $300. The United Brethren organized a society, probably in 1867, among whom were the following members: Samuel Woodruff, Emma (Woodruff) Black, Dr. C. Woodruff, Jane Woodruff, John Decamp, Deborah Decamp, Samuel De- camp and Elizabeth Decamp. There were five or six others. This society was really formed from the class of the Wesleyan Methodists. It was organized by Rev. George Wansbrow. Among the ministers have been Revs. Prouty, Jacob Albright, E. Johnson, Joseph Bechtel, J. V. Terflinger, L. Morrison, D. D. Bowman, J. G. Knotts and E. Seithman. The lot for the parsonage was fur- nished by Emma Black and that for the church by Charles Woodruff. The present church was built, and $600 was raised by subscription on the day of dedication. The average membership is about thirty and probably has not exceeded fifty. In 1874, Father Duehmig, of Avilla, began raising money to build a Cath- 182 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. olic Church at Albion. In 1875, the building was erected at a cost of about $>2,000. The leading contributors were William Storey and John Morehouse, Sr. The congregation numbers some fifteen families. Father Duehmig was pastor until 1878, when he was succeeded by Father Franzen. who remained for one year. Father Ege, of Girondot Settlement, has had charge of the society since. Fathers Duehmig and Ege are both prominent and able men. Perhaps Father Duehmig has done more than any other living man to build up the Cath- olic cause in Northern Indiana. In about the year 1854, Rev. Bell organized a class of Wesleyan Method- ists, east of town, at the Harvey Schoolhouse. This class, at first, consisted of George Harvey, Mary Harvey, Thomas Beyner, Jane Beyner, John Bailey and Susan Bailey. Others were afterward added. The class met in the old schoolhouse and occasionally in the court room at Albion, and at last, for about two years preceding the erection of their church, in the U. B. Church at Al- bion. In 1877, their brick church was constructed, the cost amounting to about $2,300. The Harvey family paid of this about $600. Among the min- isters of this society have been Revs. Bell, Charles Wiggins, Paxton, Bassett, Henry Stoney, Armstrong, Teeter, Jesse Hyatt, Hyatt, Aaron Worth, and the present pastor, Mr. Northam. The average membership has been about twenty ; present membership, about thirty. Albion has been visited by many disastrous fires. The following is an approximation of the losses : Sidle House, 1857 $500 Court House, 1859 Indefinite. Barns owned by Knox & Edwards, after the war 300 Owen Black, S. M. Foster, Leonard & Denny, Nelson Prentiss, Mr. Stephens, Mr. Munn, Dick Spencer, Mr. Haas; William Baughiuan and others, in the spring of 1867 20,000 W. R. Knox, Fogleson & Stoops, Scott & Shessler and others, December 11, 1877 2,500 W. M. Clapp, R. L. Stone, Marquardt & Smith, Moltz & Hadley, Dr. W. B. Olds, Ma- sonic Lodge, J. D. Black, John McMeans, Denny & Kiblinger, \V. L. HofF, Denlar & Frazure, J. C.Wolf, Nelson Prentiss, Fulton & Kasterday, Samuel Freeman and others, Sunday morning, April 11, 1878 23,000 B. & O. Elevator, June 4, 1878 2,500 Owen Black, J. I). Black, S. S. Fitch, C. B. Phillips, S. J. Hadley, B. F. Frazure, J. M. Denny, John McMeans and others, July 20, 1879 24,000 Adam Kimmel, W. W. White, J. B. Prouty, Mr. Franks, Alexander Fulton and others, September 24, 1879 2,500 Cost office, etc., July 17, 1880 2,400 W. M. Clapp, C. B. Phillips, Charles H. Moltz, Bank of Albion, Adelphian Dramatic Company, P. A. Sunday and others, October 7, 1880 21,000 Dr. Lemmon, summer of 1881 9,000 Grand total, excluding court house $107,700 Owen Black's loss, about 32,000 CHAPTER X. BY JAMES M. DENNY. Jefferson Township— First Families— Journey to the West— Indians— Pio- neer Industries— Organization— Churches— Schools— Incidents— Ag- riculture — Antiquities— Manners and Customs— Cemeteries— Stock- Raising. IN this brief sketch, the writer acknowledges his indebtedness for many facts therein contained to Jehu Foster, Mitchell Potts, Alfred Skinner, Abram Carey, Mrs. John Ely, Frederick Acres, Luther Spencer, D. E. A. Spencer, James Sweet, John W. Moorhouse and others, who were all among the early settlers of the township. Much is necessarily omitted here which will appear in the biographical sketches and general history of the county, now being writ- ten. The first land entered in the township was the northeast quarter of Sec- tion 5, by a man named Miller, and now constitutes a part of the large farm owned by William Huston. The first white settler was David Herriman, who, with his family, came from Richland County, Ohio, early in the year 1836, and entered and settled on the northeast quarter of Section 12. He lived thereon about one year, and sold it to Samuel C. Spencer, who came from Huron County, Ohio, in 1838, and took possession of the same. Mr. Herri- man left the State immediately. Mr. Spencer resided there for many years, and sold it to George Harvey, the present owner. Mr. Spencer then pur- chased land one and a half miles southeast of Albion, upon which he resided until his death. It is now owned and occupied by his son, Luther Spencer. In October, 1836, Lewis Potts, Benjamin Potts, Jehu Foster, James Thomp- son and Manassa Thompson, from Richland County, Ohio, and James Skinner, from Huron County, Ohio, came with their families, purchased and settled upon Sections 10 and 11, and made fine improvements upon the same. Of the above settlers, Lewis Potts, Benjamin Potts, Manassa Thompson and James Skinner died several vears ago, on their respective farms, much, lamented by all. Jehu Foster and James Thompson still reside on their first-made homes, surrounded in their declining years with peace and plenty. John Peabody, in the spring of 1839, purchased and settled on land in Section 15, where he resided until 1848, when he sold it to Joseph B. Riddle, the present owner, and removed to Allen County, Indiana. Stephen Barhan came in 1837, and, being destitute of the means necessary to purchase land, he labored for James Skinner and others until the requisite amount was obtained, when he purchased the land upon which he now resides, which, by his unremitting industry, is at present one of the best-improved farms in the township. In 1838, John Call entered and settled upon the land now owned by John A. Singrey, at present 184 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. one of the County Commissioners, sold the same and moved to Albion when the town was first laid out, and where he died about twenty-five years ago. Between the years of 1836 and 1838 (exact date not known), Alfred Martin, Martin Smith, John Grubb, Smith Ashley and Henry Carothers settled in the township, near the settlement above mentioned. The aforementioned James Skinner, Jehu Foster, Benjamin Potts and Lewis Potts fir3t landed in the county at the cabin of Jackson Sawyer, in Wayne Township, adjoining the present site of the city of Kendallville, and about six miles northeast of their place of destination. Mr. Sawyer received them hospitably, and, in common with the rest of his few scattering; neighbors, rendered them all the assistance possible. Here they left their families, goods and teams for about a week, while they were cutting roads to their land. For the first month they camped together on the land of Mr. Skinner, under shelter of a large oak, sleeping in their wagons and cooking by a log fire, during the time they were building their cabins and making the necessary preparations for housekeeping. At the rais- ing of these cabins there were present those living about eight or ten miles dis- tant. The cabins were built of small round logs, the cracks between them being "chinked and daubed" with clay, while the floor was of puncheons. They were furnished with bedsteads, tables, stools and other necessary articles of furniture, made from split puncheons and small saplings. They each cut down a few acres of timber "eighteen inches and under," girdling all over that size ; trimmed, piled and burned the brush, and cut the logs ready for rolling. From these "little patches" they raised enough corn, potatoes, buckwheat and "other truck" for their families the next year, depending mainly upon wild game for their meat ; and for their horses and cattle, chiefly on pastures in the summer and marsh hay and browse in the winter. Each family, we understand, brought but one wagon, and that loaded with only such articles of furniture, provisions, etc., that they deemed'absolutely indispensable. The roads during most of their journey were new, rough and muddy, and they made slow progress, being from four to six weeks on their way. Most of the way the families walked, and drove the few cattle and sheep they brought with them, preferring this to riding over the rough roads. They generally stopped one day each week to rest and do their washing. Between the years of 1838 and 1845, the following persons emigrated to this township, with their families : James Halfeerty, William Inscho, John Moorhouse, Benjamin Melvin, Amos Black, Joseph B. Riddle, William Skeels, John Barhan, Abram Carey, Jerome B. Sweet — who represented this county one term in the State Legislature — Abel Barnum, Henry Brewer, Joseph Ogle, John Cromer, Adam Sheffer, Adam Shafer, Lewis Cravens, Leonard Myres, J. Follett, Samuel Rayner and Jacob Lamb. Among these early settlers, Joseph Ogle was counted a great hunter, and as one of his neighbors once expressed it, " When Joe Ogle looked through the sights and pulled trigger, something generally drapped." And according to the testimony of other of his old neighbors, a good many deer, , . mm Mm Wm r & JEFFERSON TP. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 185 turkeys and squirrels, killed by him, " drapped " into the larders of his neigh- bors who were not so successful in procuring these necessaries. But although Joseph's vision was by no means defective, in one instance his eyesight proved at fault. On account of the pressure of home duties his faithful old rifle had been permitted to hang upon the wooden hooks, nailed against the inner wall of his cabin, and consequently the supply of meat was not as plentiful as usual. So, late one afternoon, telling his wife that he would go to the woods and bring some venison, he started out, and, after traveling until twilight overtook him he saw before him, partly hidden by the brush, what he supposed to be a fawn, and the longer he looked the more he became convinced he was not deceived. He even saw the young deer cropping the tender blades of grass, and admired its beautiful spots. Feeling sure of some nice tender venison for breakfast, he raised his unerring rifle and fired, and to his great astonishment and consternation he heard a hideous piercing cry, and at the same time a huge lynx bounded about ten feet up a butternut tree, and sinking its long sharp claws into one of the limbs of the tree, hung there until it died, which, from the description of the wound, was in about a minute, but to the terror-stricken hunter seemed much longer. According to his best recollection, he then and there made the lengthiest and most fervent prayer of his life, besides consider- ing the probability of being called upon to exchange his rifle for a harp. But at last, to his great relief, the huge, savage animal relaxed its hold, and its lifeless body fell to the ground. Immediately the green fields "over there" faded from his vision, and all idea of becoming a harpist was abandoned, and he summoned the assistance of his neighbors in taking home his substitute for the " beautiful fawn." By honest, persevering industry, these early settlers managed to procure a competency of this world's goods. As the plan of the history forbids a - more extended notice here, the reader is referred to the bio- graphical department ; and as the privations and hardships above enumerated, together with the brief allusions to the manners and customs already given of the few first settlers, are undoubtedly very similar to the experiences of those who followed them, their repetition here would be useless. We would remark, however, that from the best information obtainable, the pathway of the latter was in-some respects smoothed by those who preceded them. In the expressive lan- guage of an early settler, " those who came first had gotten hold of the ropes, and could give them to those who came after." But the early settlers claim that these privations were largely compensato- ry. They point back to the sociability that existed in those days, when every man they met was a friend who stood ready to help them in time of need. They refer with evident pride and satisfaction to the spirit of equality existing in their little society; they tell us that their wants were less numerous then than now, and more easily satisfied. That broadcloths, silks and satins and costly diamonds were not then as now considered indispensable prerequisites to an en- trance into respectable society, and that consequently the labor in procuring HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the necessities of life was much less. Some of them claim that real cases of suffering from want were no more common then than now, and that the" "was the' if Were t aSS ' 8t ; (1 "» *™"™g «• " What," asked one of them! was the use for us to go hungry when the earth brought forth, spontaneously and abundant y wild fruits cf various kinds, when the forest was f uU of w d game and the lake near us full of fishes ? - Again, they refer ns to the "m mum y, m those days, that the young enjoyed from many of the evil and de- morahsmg influences that surround those of the present, and, in short thev of Ihel'^es JS With CTident SatiSfaCti0 " aDd C ° nSidCT *» *• H-S Jefferson Township is bounded on the north by the Township of Oranse- It hi W At» b M 0rk a " d Alb 7 ; ° n the ^ »/«-n, P and „:?h; ill! % t "^ ° rgm ' 2ed ia the Sprin « of 1838 b J th ° Section of TJ TJ' W,S P0 " 8 a " d Jehu Fo9ter > T ™ s 'ees; Jchn Call, Justice- Weston, TT C ° nStab,e - A ' thiS eleCti0D ' th " e — »™ -te east.' These officers had no competitors. As the emoluments of the offices at that t.me, were very small, or, as an old settler expressed it, "as therT s no money in the treasury to steal, office seekers were very scarce." These all had Ae.mphct confidence of their neighbors, and were' unanimously -e ted Te settlers usually got their grinding done at Stoufer's Mil,, situated „„ the Elkhart River, two miles northwest of Goshen, in Elkhart County, a distance of about thirty-five miles. Several days were required to make the ^. Eaol —"r'trt ; g " iS ' S t 86 T' neighbOTS - At that '™ e «" f - ™ 1 21 I ft J" 6 ' Ut th ' rtJ mileS distant ' was *eir place of market It took about three days to make the trip, as the roads were very rou.h and muddy and the hills long and steep. Several went together, and joined teams m pulling throng the deepest mud, and up the steepest hills The^to . Z visions for themselves and horses, and camped out at night. Their next trad ing point was Kendallville, which it continues to be for tlfe northeaste n po mn Th rfi 7 d' P; , an t C : V ' he remainin « P ° rti0n Albioa is *« center'point. En afm F f i ^ P""" '" "" """""P '" a Ctran "7 •*>» started bv Ephia.m Poster about fifteen years ago, in a part of his large farm dwelling house, and which is still kept by him. It consists of dry goods, groceril ^ ions and ready-made clothing, and proves to be a great eonv nlnce ' the surrounding country, as well as profitable to the owner. The firs, saw mil! erected was by Samuel C Spencer, in 1846, on a small streak c^d" oeT Fori n" 7 / °" ?* ^ '" ° WDed * his •». *«*« Spen- h s mfl W> ° year8 ' ' he SaWi " S &r 8CTeral m ' hs mmi ™ *>« »t h s m,l, , but lt 18 not now operatlom There are two others h p, however, now m operation, one owned by George Inscho, and situated at the g ographmal center thereof, and the other by Thomas Hudson, and situated near the southeast corner. Both are propelled by steam, and do a thriving 187 OEFFEKSON TOWNSHIP. u ■ TW are no grist-mills in the township, and never have been The business. There are nog ^^ rf ^ part rf the ferm first schoolhonse was <>™ ted in < and Kendallville road and direotly of James Skinner lying ^ **• £ n ^ covered west of the Union « ^ • weight-poles, and with the old-fashioned clapboards wmc „ M buiU outs ide of the ith a fioor madec. ££5*^ £ «. fire . place with " nigger- ouse with log -d *£ ^ ^ ^ Ir • ^ ZL g and dinner baskets ; two, however, were reserve an d saere lvset anart for the schoolmaster to keep his "gads on. 1 his structure served as am del for other districts for many years, until they erected frame, Thlre are ^present eleven schoolhouses in the township, and through the kind- Lss of John P WMoorho„se, the present competent and efficient Trustee, we "five been furnished with the following as to the time; of t eir erec ion and m aterials used : District 1 (not learned) bnck ; District 2, 1878, brick , D ™. f o 1R71 frame - District 4, 1868, frame; District 5, 1859, trame, lis tnct 3, 1811, rame, juiot , brick p.^^ .virt 6 1880 brick; District 7, IS I J, once , i>»uu-« , ' „_, tnct o, looo, ui >, , . .„.„ 1874 br C k; District 11, 1875 9, 1876 or 1877, brick ; District 10, 187S or is l *, one , or 1876, brick. h defective- uess rr^" Mr 8 Mo»Lris n ve e ry g :irs in the cause of educa Tn °1 tinle buildings will undoubted* soon give way to subs., j£ bri eks. As the record is silen, £»*. cost, *» — ^l^— fu ..not of the brick buildings is about qt>i,uuu. xuc »^nuu wTth^SxU, blackboards and other convenient and necessary apphance . Th e Irst school taught in the township wa 6 j» a small cab, on thejhrmrf David Herr man, in the winter ot 18d8, tor tne ieim ui On Watkins, of Orange Township. He was paid «1 50 per scholar As t was the usual custom in those days for the teacher to "board round in tront- Ter ala.ee, he lived like a "fightin> cock," for it was always ^ known ,h. week before where he would be the next, and as he was generally held next in Tp rtal to the preacher, great pains were taken to provide «"**»£? delicious character than usual. Again, he always s ept in the high bed which, as there was but one room in the cabin, was always curtained, in order to protect the stranger while retiring. The first sermon in the township was preached by Elder bpears, 188 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Close Communion Baptist Church, at a private house, very soon after the first cabins were erected. The ministers in the Western country in those days were generally missionaries, and made it their business to follow the new roads, be- lieving that their divine commission required them to go wherever sinners were to be found, and yellow-legged chickens crowed, even into the depths of the wild, gloomy forest. They always traveled on horseback, with "saddle-bags" under them, which contained a few articles of wearing apparel, notes of sermons and a Bible. And especially in this particular locality were they made welcome, as these settlers were all from moral neighborhoods, where the Gospel was reg- ularly dispensed every Sabbath. These, therefore, generally threw open their rude cabins for preaching in the winter and during bad weather in the summer, "God's first temples" being preferred in pleasant weather. This custom 'pre- vailed until schoolhouses were erected, which were afterward generally used. As hymn books were scarce, the preacher lined two lines of the hymn at a time. In place of a choir, there was a Clerk, whose duty it was to start tunes. We are told that neither time nor melody was particularly required, only that they "sung with the spirit and understanding." Soon the pride of some of the Clerks led them to "send East" and procure a tuning fork. As for in- strumental music, it was out of the question. True, some of the old settlers brought their fiddles with them ; but in these, it was generally considered by the ministers, the devil made his headquarters; and while it is true that most of the churches in the township have organs and well trained choirs, still the introduction of instrumental music was necessarily slow and gradual, owing to the deep-seated prejudice of many of the churches against it. Not many years ago, a minister in an adjoining township, while the people were assembling, was observed to "look daggers" at the choir and organ; but, being a' stranger in the neighborhood, said nothing until he arose to read the hymn, when his sense of propriety gave way to indignation, and he gave expression to it in the following language: "The choir will please fiddle a tune to hymn 289." But such prejudice seems to have fled with the wolves and Indians. Elder Spears preached in the neighborhood occasionally, and was succeeded, we believe, by Elder Blanchard, who also remained with them a number of years. This de- nomination has members residing in the township, but no regularly organized church. The next minister of the M. E. Church was named Miller, and at the close of his first sermon informed his congregation that exactly four years from that time he would preach to them again, and he punctually kept his appointment and preached to them several times afterward. The first church edifice erected in the township was Hartman Chapel, by the*M. E. society, in 1856, about one mile east of the residence of John Foster and on the Albion and Kendallville road. It is a frame structure, plain but commodious, in which religious services are held every two weeks. The church, we understand, is in a flourishing condition. The second church building, "Rehobeth," was erected by the Lutherans in 1857, a small, neat, frame house. The third was p» V JEFFERSON TR JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 191 "Zion Chapel," a frame building, built by the U. B. denomination. It is sit- uated near the northeast corner 'of the township and is regularly used. The fourth was erected by the Old School Baptists, some ten years ago, about one and a half miles east of Albion. It is a frame, tasty and commodious, and is in constant use. The fifth and last, the " Union Church," was erected in 1876, situated north of the Kendallville and Albion road, directly opposite the Skin- ner Cemetery. It is a brick structure and cost about $3,090. In this all denominations have the privilege of worshiping. The population of the township in 1880 was 1,226. The total value of taxable property for the year 1881 is $598,770. There is one blacksmith shop in the township, belonging to Uriah Trumbo, at Baker's Corners, on the Avilla road. The first white settler in the township under five minutes of age was "little Johnny Andrews." His parents came from Huron County, Ohio, in the spring of 1837. Johnny landed at the house of his grandfather, Samuel C. Spencer, January 12, 1840. It is said that, on his arrival, he was received with greater hospitality, and had more kind attentions paid him, than had been given to any other early settler, and that his example in braving the hardships of the wilderness was imitated by many more immigrants of the same age, to that immediate neigh- borhood. The number of volumes in the township library is 230. The total amount of revenue for school purposes, for the year 1881, is $3,484.40. Amount of common fund expended since September 1, 1880, $1,981.70. Amount of special fund expended since September 1, 1880, $1,091.53. Average daily attendance of children in. schools of the township for the year 1880, 229. Average length of schools taught within the year in days, 143. Total number of male pupils admitted in the schools within the year, 168 ; that of females, 161. From the slight investigation recently made by amateur archseologists, unmistakable evidences have been discovered of a once extensive settlement within the boundaries of Noble County of the pre-historic people called "Mound-Builders." Mounds have been found containing human skeletons, with ashes and charcoal, and in some instances implements and ornaments. In this township, a few mounds have been examined, with like results as above, and many more believed to exist. Those examined are situated near the east banks of the Sweet and Skinner Lakes. Another discovery about two years ago, in this township, was made by Mr. Lewis Seeley on his farm in Section 7, which seems to point back to a very remote period. In boring for water, and when at a depth of ninety-nine feet, the auger entered a piece of timber which, as evidenced by the auger chips, was in a sound state of preservation, and on the same evidence was pronounced pine. It is probably a portion of the glacial deposits of the great Mississippi Valley, brought down from the north by ice. From the time of the arrival of the first settlers, the Indians, until 1840, were numerous, and some traces of their trails are yet to be seen. During all that jj la " HISTOKY OF NOBLE COUNTY. time they were peaceably disposed toward the white settlers, and, in fact we have learned of but one incident that their conduct savored of barbarism This is related by eye-witnesses as having occurred on the east bank of Sweet Lake Late one pleasant afternoon, while one of the squaws with along wooden paddle was stirring a pot of hot mush, a little Indian boy annoyed her to such a degree as to give her passion control of her better judgment. Snatching the mush- besmeared paddle from the pot, she severely chastised the little red boy The ettect of this hot mush poultice upon the little naked denizen of the forest can be better imagined than described. It created quite a commotion in the camp and in a few minutes after the painful occurrence, the loud screams of the frantic little suiferer had brought a large assembly of both sexes, who became very much enraged and cried for summary vengeance on the cruel offender Some were m favor of blows, while others, more merciful, suggested the applh cation of a pont.ee of the hot mush. As the witnesses left previous to The settlement of the vexed question, it is not certainly known what disposition was made of the cruel female. Perhaps there is no township in the county more attractive to the agricult- urist than this. It is gently rolling, with but very few marshes or swamps. The general character of the land is a rich black surface with a elay sub-soil which produces excellent crops of wheat, oats and clover; also peaches, apples' and various other kinds of fruits. It is, or was, covered with a large and v In able growth of timber, such as black-walnut, poplar, oak, cherry ash, beech hard maple, etc. It is well improved, and perhaps no township in the county Possesses a more thrifty set of farmers. A majority have large and comforteb e dwellings together with good barns and stable room, and, in short, all conven .ences and appliances possessed by the thrifty farmer. The soil shows as httl evidence of impoverishment from the removal of mineral constituents by crops as any township in the county ; such waste being generally carefully supplied each year by barnyard compost, and when this is not sufficiently abundant resort is had to mmera fertilizers. For several years past, considerable atte, I t.on has been paid to the subject of drainage, and resort is being had to at - fica drainage where nature has left this important task unperformed. Ink- ing the various portions of the township, our attention is attracted by the rap d improvement in stock within the past few years. Many importations of te be blooded stock to be found are being made by farmers. The township is unrestrained in the woods. When want , thly Z I b TC e T "' "i t^;t m d'tia T ;e : yt:: :: nt:?; and h »^"- adepts in the Indian ar/of ^^tTiTSr One afternoon, they started for their cow somewhat later taj^^™, JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 19 S after finding her and starting for home, darkness overtook them, and they were compelled to remain in the woods until morning. Rover, the faithful com- panion of all their forest rambles— a large, courageous black dog— was with them as usual. Being unable to proceed further, they all lay down together —the boys dog and cow. Egyptian darkness so thoroughly shut out every object from their vision, that the presence of the dog could only be determined by the friendly beating of his tail against their little bodies. The boys fell into a deep slumber, and were only once interrupted during the night, and then by the fierce growls of the faithful dog as he had chased away some animal which had approached them. At early dawn, they were awakened by » old whitey" and the fondling of Rover, who seemed to understand the responsibility that rested upon him in the care of his assumed charge. They started the cow, and by her were led homeward. The mother, who had spent a night of grief closely- bordering on despair, in her close watch for the least sign of their coming, upon the first glimpse of their presence rushed to receive them in her arms, overjoyed at their rescue. The anxious father and several of his neighbors, who had spent the night in fruitless search, were called home by certain signals. There was joy and thanksgiving in the little household, and it is needless to say that . the faithful dog then and during his life-time was fondly cared for. During those early times, as now, " Death rode on every passing breeze And lurked in every flower." Therefore, in a short time after the settlers had cleared spots for the rude- cabins of the living, it became necessary to prepare one also for the windowless* houses of the dead. In the year 1838, the death-angel made his first visit to this little colony, and mercilessly snatched the fairest little bud from the home of Alfred Skinner. At that time, no spot of earth in the township had been, set apart for a burial place, and, after the death of his child, Mr. Skinner's- brother, James, kindly tendered an elevated sandy spot on the northeast corner of his land, lying south of the Kendallville road, in which to deposit its remains. In a short time, another of his little children, as if to relieve the loneliness of the first, was laid by its side. This spot was shortly afterward dedicated exclusively to the burial of the dead. It is one of the most beautiful: cemeteries in the county. It is filled with beautiful marble slabs and monu- ments, two or three of which cost about $500 each. Some of these point back- to the earliest scenes of the township, and pour into the ears of the writer the sad and solemn story of the final rest of the old pioneers. There is one other cemetery in the township, near Rehobeth Church, which was established many years after the one above described. It is neatly arranged, and also contains many beautiful marble tombstones. C HAPT EK XI. by weston a. goodspeed. Orange Township— Interesting Facts of the Early Settlement— Early- Pioneers— Incidents in the Backwoods— Saw-Mills, Grist-Mills, Tan- neries, Woolen Factories, Etc.— Rome City and the Reservoir— Brim- field and Northport— The Teacher and Preacher— Island Park As- sembly. IN the year 1844, the following persons owned land in Orange Township : Eri iUlen, Jonathan Alexander, Samuel Alcott, Josiah Arnold, Oliver At- wood, Jeremiah Andrews, Leonard Appleman (Northport), John B. Bowie, Leonard Barber (Northport and Rome), David Bratton, Henry R. Burnam (Northport), Rufus Berry, Samuel Booth, John Beam, John Riley, Chester Baxter, David Bidlock, Alonzo Bashee, Asa Brown, John Barrett, William Barrett, David Bixler, Samuel Comstock, James Cummings, Hiram H. Chip- man (Rome), Levi Cunningham, Stanfill Corbin, John Corbin, Joshua B. Cut- shaw, Joseph Comparet, David H. Colerick, Joseph Caldwell, Constant Cook, William Callett, James Crofoot (heirs), Chancey Carter, Francis Comparet (Northport and elsewhere), Joseph A. Crosby, Joseph Calkins, James Camp- bell, Joel Doolittle (Northport and Rome), Calkin Disbrue, John Dunbar, J. F. Dunbar, Arthur Dunbar, Lewis Dunbar, William M. Dales, Ichabod Dicker- son, William Dickerson, William Denny, Lewis Druillard, William Dunlap, Mason Dunlap, Christian Eaton, Levi Eaton, William Engle, Alexis Edwards, David S. Fields, Joseph Freelove, Benjamin F. Fields, Christian Foster, Da- vid Fulton, F. N. Fellows, R. H. Fowler, Anson Greenman, David Gardner, David B. Herriman, Samuel Hitchcock, William Hitchcock, Hall Hubbard, John Hardy (Rome), Jacob Heater (Northport), Stephen Harris, Ira Hovey, N. G. Hale, Jacob Holdren, John Hofferman (Northport), Comfort Hiller, G. W. Hatch, John M. Herndon, Benjamin Jones, R. M. James, Alexander John- son, Ebenezer Jessup, T. A. Johnson, Rufus Reeler, Thomas Koon (Rome), Homer King, Jonathan Law (Rome), John Lamm, William Latta (Rome), George Lymore, William Leverick, William Lady, William Long, Peter Lamp- son, Henry Lotz, R. L. Longwell, H. P. Lampson, Charles Mitchell, D. A. Munger, James Madison (no land), John Myers, J. A. McQueen, Thomas Mc- Leland, Don C. Mather, Abel Willington, William Matthews, William Morris, Ezra Morse, Archibald McVickers, Hiram Mucker (Rome), Robert Mucker (Rome), George Mcllvain (Rome), Joseph B. Martin, George Nichols, William Nesbit, Oliver Osborn, Daniel Price, Benjamin Potts, Margaret Perkins, Eben- ezer Pierce, Sanford Pierce, Betsey Parker (Rome), Lorenzo Payne (Rome), Isaac F. Rice, Charles W. Rockwell, Gideon Reynolds, Moses Rice, John Rup, Thomas H. Roberts, Daniel Rice, Finley Stephens (Northport), John Strous ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 195 (Rome), Abraham Shears, Ezra Sanford, Joseph Steinbarger, William Taylor, Peter Thatcher, Herman Thatcher, Richard Thomas, William Liff (Rome), Jo- seph Thompson, John Vancelder, German Warren, Samuel P. Williams, Ozias Wright, Timothy Watkins, Orlin Watkins, Phineas Williams (Rome), Levi Wildman (Rome), George Wolcott (Rome), Christian Wolf, H. W. Wood, Francis Woldbald and John Winton. Among the very earliest settlers in the township were the following : Eri Allen, William Wright, David B. Herri- man, David Bidlock, Samuel Smith, David Law, Charles Law, David S. Field, Luke Diggins, Timothy Gaby, T. M. Watkins, Joseph Doolittle, William Imes, Stephen Harris, John and S. Corbin, J. F. Brothwell, Abraham Shears, Orlin Watkins, J. A. Waldron, Archibald Crofoot, James Kelley, James Madison, William Latta, David P. Bowrie, Jacob Heater, Francis Comparet, William and Samuel Hitchcock, and many others, some of whose names appear above. It is not known who was the first permanent settler in Orange Township. Several have claimed the distinction, but no one has successfully proved his claims. It is likely that the first came about the year 1833, or perhaps 1834, probably not sooner, as no evidences now exist of an earlier occupation of the soil by white men. It is probable that white hunters, those who followed that pursuit exclusively, had dwelt temporarily in the township before the appear- ance of the first white settler. This is always the case in a new country. A band of hardy hunters and trappers move over the country between the van of the army of civilization and the rear guard of the army of barbarism. They are a sort of a connecting link (not Darwin's) between the Indians and their white successors. Orange evidently furnished good hunting, as the numerous swamps, forests, lakes and oak openings clearly prove. Hundreds of wary deer wandered across the woodland, cropping the rich June grass which grew in abundance at each little opening. It was no trouble to shoot them, and each cabin had its choice venison steak. Wolves were numerous, and proved a serious drawback to the rearing of sheep. Many a fine flock of the latter have been attacked in the night, and when the fond owner went to feed them the next morning have been found mangled and dead. Then it was that the owner violated one of the injunctions of the decalogue. Bears were rarely seen when the settlers first came in. They had been driven off by the appearance of white men. The Indians were still numerous, two of their temporary vil- lages being in Orange Township — one near the " Narrows," at Sylvan Lake, and the other in the western part, near Waldron Lake. They mingled freely with the settlers, but were not feared unless when drunk. Then their savage and vicious dispositions came out in their true colors, and people had to beware. On one occasion they had had a shooting-match at their village on the " Nar- rows," and many of them had become intoxicated on whisky which had proba- bly been obtained of Jacob Heater at Northport. Two drunken Indians pass- ing by the cabin of James Madison came to the door just at night, and wanted to come in, but were prevented by the inmates. It was cold weather, and they 196 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. were evidently suffering severely. They insisted on coming in, and kept say- ing, as their frames shook with cold, Ca-sin-e-ah (meaning very cold). When they found that they could not gain admittance, they became loud and boister- ous, but, finally, took their departure. The Indians were notorious beggars, rivaling the modern tramp in skill and expediency. They were in the habit of resorting to all sorts of tricks and connivances to secure whisky or provisions. They would enter a cabin without warning or invitation, and quietly demand piri-e-ack (potatoes), daumin (corn), nop'-e-nee (flour), co-coosh (pork), or what- ever their wants or fancy indicated. If they were refused they would probably scowl and say: Me-ah-net shi-mo' -ka-mong kin-a-poo (very bad white man, me kill). If their wants were supplied, their dark eyes would gleam, and they would say : Nish-a-shin shi-mo-ka-mong (very good white man). Several of the old settlers had fights with them, and many interesting stories relative thereto will be found narrated in various parts of this volume. The settlers first built rude log cabins, as there were no saw-mills nor lum- ber in the country. A large, rude chimney was built on the outside of one end of the cabin, and one or two small windows furnished the only light for the dismal room. The ample fire-place and a few pots and kettles were all that were necessary in preparing a bountiful repast. A small clearing was first made around the cabin, and this was gradually enlarged as time passed. The men spent their time in clearing, fencing and improving their land, while the women had all they could do to make clothing for the family and prepare the meals. There were no loafers in those days. All were as busy as bees, and no one waited for an invitation to assist at a log-rolling or cabin-raising. Waving seas of wheat and corn were soon seen where erst the song of the red man resounded. Cabins dotted the forests, and the step of progress could be heard through the land. So far as now known, the first saw-mill in the township was built by Will- iam Latta, in about the year 1836 ; it was located on the river near the head of Sylvan Lake, and in its time became a noted place. It did good work for a number of years, sawing large quantities of lumber for the dam at Rome City and culverts over the canal, but when this work was finished the usefulness of the mill had gone. It became a notorious resort for the " blacklegs " during the dark days, when counterfeiters and horse-thieves overran Noble County. John Weston built a saw-mill quite early, locating it on the outlet to the " reservoir ;" it was a frame mill with an over-shot wheel, and up-and-down saw ; it was afterward owned by John Kessler, who sawed shingles, lath, etc.; it afterward went to the Geisendorffs, who permitted it to run down. This was an excellent mill in its day, and sawed large quantities of lumber from native wood. Leonidas Jennings also owned a saw-mill on Section 14 ; it was operat- ed by steam, and was finally destroyed by fire. Mr. Jennings owns a saw- mill at present. Murray Cazier owned and operated one on John Corbin's farm many years ago. It was also a good mill. Other mills have arisen from ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 197 time to time, as they have been called for by the demands of the citizens. William Mitchell and John Weston built the grist-mill at Rome City in the year 1851, Samuel Hosier being the architect. It is yet standing and running, and has been one of the best mills in the county, and, indeed, in Northern In- diana ; it has a twenty-seven foot head of water, and, in later years, has run day and night, furnishing the surrounding country with fine flour, and shipping lai'ge quantities to distant points ; it was one of the first industries to quicken Rome City into life, and the village may date its first noted impetus to the time of the erection of this mill. The Geisendorffs owned it for a number of years. J. M. Shackelton owns it at present. It is ordinarily the case that each town- ship can boast of having had within its borders more than one grist-mill; bat not another one in this county can boast of having had a better one than the Weston Mill. There has been no necessity for more than the one, as it was amply sufficient, with its three sets of buhrs and facility for rapid grinding, to furnish five times as much territory as Orange Township with flour and meal. Its presence at Rome City was a lodestar to immigrants seeking homes in Northern Indiana. It has thus been the means of attracting into the township excellent men and women from Eastern States, together with many who were not so excellent. In truth, Rome City and vicinity has had a checkered career. It became a principal rendezvous for the "blacklegs," who congregated there by scores to carry on their unlawful practices. The old log schoolhouse in the village was transformed during the night into harbors for counterfeiters and horse-thieves. It is stated that at one time it was not safe for an honest man to walk the streets of the village with $5 in his pocket, if such a fact was known to the blacklegs. No distilleries have ever been conducted in the township, although, of course, the early settlers, and some later ones, have managed to consume large quantities of " the drink which inebriates." Temperance societies have sprung up to counteract the influence of the consumption of liquor ; but time alone has partly neutralized its effect. Whisky was looked upon in early years as one of the necessities of life. When people came into the backwoods, if they had no cow, whisky was brought along and was regarded as an excellent sub- stitute for milk. Children learned to cry for it, and tired mothers braced them- selves up on the stalwart arm of King Alcohol. We surely, to a large extent, inherit our appetites, and is it any wonder, then, that the generations of to-day can scarcely resist the tendency to drink ? Kill the appetite and the traffic is ended. The village of Northport was laid out in December, 1838, by Francis Comparet, owner and proprietor, on Section 9, Township 35 north, Range 10 east. It was surveyed into blocks of twelve lots each, there being a total of 103 lots. Mr. Comparet expected that his village would become a populous place. He offered the lots for sale at reasonable prices and endeavored to induce mechanics and artisans to locate there; but he soon found that it was 198 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. easier to build a town on paper than in reality. In 1839, there were some five families living in the village. Comparet was a Frenchman, who had traded with the Indians for many years. He, immediately after the village was laid out, opened a small store, and began selling whisky and a small amount of cal- ico and groceries to the whites and Indians, the latter going in large numbers to his store for whisky. Or perhaps they went to the hotel of Jacob Heater, as such an institution was opened to the public about the time that Comparet began to sell goods. At least, the bar-room of Heater's Hotel became a noted resort for convivial spirits, who were wont to assemble there to crack jokes, drink whisky, sing songs and tell tales that would test the credulity of those present. It is said, that Mr. Heater had a mysterious jug from which he could sell any kind of liquor desired. The jug required no special preparation, but seemed to possess the singularity of holding any number of mixed or pure drinks : at least, so the story goes. Comparet continued to sell goods until the canal enterprise collapsed. Heater kept an excellent tavern for that day and made considerable money. Goods have been sold in Northport much of the time since, until the last few years. David Law, one of the oldest settlers, opened a store there quite early, and sold goods for many years. A man, whose name is forgotten, sunk three or four vats and began tanning hides as early as 1837. He did not continue long, however, for reasons unknown. Perhaps no more than twelve families have ever lived in Northport at any one time. It bid fair, at one time, to become a large and thriving place ; but Rome City came into existence, with its water-power, lake, springs, etc., and soon overshadowed the former village. It is now deserted, and the epitaph of Carthage may be inscribed on its monument. Rome (or Rome City, as it has since been called) was laid out in June, 1839, about six months after Northport started up. The proprietors were John C. Mather and Ebenezer Pierce, who laid out 216 lots of the usual size and seven out-lots, on the northwest quarter of Section 16. This was the school section, and the men above named, who were Township Trustees at that time, were obliged to get the consent of the School Commissioners before they could lay out the town. The Trustees could derive no profit from the sale of lots, as every cent thus realized properly belonged to the school fund. It was the usual case that Section 16 of each township was the last to be taken up, and, for that reason, the fund with which to support the early schools was missing. Not so with Orange Township. The land was not only sold early, but was sold as town lots (a portion of it) and the proceeds devoted to the support of the early public schools. The first school taught in the village of Rome City (that sounds paradoxical) was supported by funds from the sale of lots. It is said that Joel Doolittle built the first house. It was a low, long frame structure, and in it were placed a few goods, perhaps $300 or $400 worth. Here he re- mained a few years, selling goods and some whisky, and then erected another building, a short distance east, and opened a hotel. He soon gained a pay- <^/XK ORANGE TP. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 201 ing patronage. Of course, he kept a bar-room and sold all sorts of liquors. A hotel without a bar-room, where liquor could be obtained, was not a success- ful investment, and, for that reason, the man who was sufficiently in advance of his age as to be an abstainer was careful not to open a hotel, as he would receive but little or no patronage. Mitchell & Weston are said to have opened the second store in Rome City. When this was done cannot be definitely ascertained, although Doolittle probably began selling soon after the village was laid out. Mitchell & Weston had a fair stock of goods and were well patronized. They bought some produce, or rather gave goods in exchange. George L. Gale was another early merchant. He was a strong anti-slavery man from principle, and, after the enactment of the fugitive slave law, assisted runaway slaves to the dominion of the British Queen. He is known to have helped off fifteen or twenty slaves. He was intelligent and had great force of character, especially as regards the propriety of human conduct. It is related that on one occasion, just at dark, a travel-worn runaway came into his yard, and in the most abject and servile manner took oif his hat and bowed himself into the presence of Mr. Gale, who was probably sitting in the yard. The poor black man called him "Massa," and begged for food and protection. Mr. Gale immediately told him to put on his hat and stand erect, and not call him "Massa" any more, as he was not his master. The runaway was treated like a man and sent on his way rejoicing. Such a man could not help becoming a good merchant. Other merchants have been Edward B. Parkman, Arthur Miller, Andrew J. Cullum (who was in business during the last war), Geisen- dorff & Gower, Kettel Brothers, Hamlin Brothers, Alexander Brothers (who kept the first express office), Adam Rickel, Mr. Adee, John Bigler, H. G. Cobbs, F. N. Miller and others. John Hardy was an early blacksmith. He also kept hotel. A man named Rose manufactured wooden bowls quite early, but only for a few years. 0. F. Rogers & Son manufactured clothes' racks quite extensively aud made a great deal of money. Doolittle was the first Postmaster in Rome City. The office was first established in Northport, and David Law was appointed Postmaster; but after Rome City killed Northport, the office was removed to the former place. Dr. Stephens was an early physi- cian at Northport. Dr. Barber was also in early. Both men were good doc- tors, and traveled over extensive sections of country. Early doctors rode twice as far as they do at present. It was no fun to be a good physician in early days, as many an old doctor with a broken-down constitution has declared. Dr. W. W. Martin, an excellent man and an eminent physician, practiced at Rome City over thirty years ago. He finally moved to Kendallville, where, borne down by cares and reverses, he suicided. Dr. Hersheiser is another physician of the township. Dr. E. W. Myers was in quite early. Soon after- ward came Dr. James Gower. A great many have come in since. The rail- road company, which owns the mineral springs at Rome City, is at present, and has been for the last few years, endeavoring to fit them up, in order that 202 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. their full value and virtue may be given to invalids. The • various springs (about a dozen) are said to contain bicarbonate and protoxide of iron, carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, bicarbonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, sul- phur, carbonic acid gas, organic matter, etc. The railroad has established a "Mineral Springs Therapy and Surgical Institute" at the place, and will have suitable buildings erected by next year, all to be in charge of Charles A. Wil- son, M. D., a graduate of Harvard College and an eminent young physician. The railroad company is fitting up Sylvan Lake, intending to make it the "Chautauqua of the West." Some two hundred small boats have been placed upon the lake, as has also a small steamer. Various buildings have been con- structed, and the work is going rapidly forward. There is no reason why Rome City cannot become a widely celebrated watering-place. When the project for building the canal was abandoned by the State, Mitchell & Weston succeeded in getting a lease of the water-power at Rome City (the reservoir was originally constructed as a feeder to the canal, and is really nothing more than a huge dam), for the term of ninety-nine years at $33.33^ per year. It is said that they managed the terms of the lease in such a manner that they succeeded in avoiding making any payment. The lease is equivalent to a title in fee simple, because every time it is transferred, there is also a renewal of the period of the lease — ninety-nine years. These men leased the water-power about the year 1840 or 1841, and kept it until about 1859, when the lease was purchased by William Geisendorff (he bought the grist-mill, the water-power and the necessary land, paying something like $5,000) and his brothers, perhaps ; but some time afterward, about the close of the war, William transferred his interest to his brother J. C, in whose name the title remained until two years ago, when, J. C. having died, the title passed to his wife. The writer cannot say whether the title is clouded or not. The dam has broken three different times, and each break has been attended with great destruction of property, not only at Rome City, but for miles down the valley of the Elkhart, together with loss of life. Eleven persons, including several women, have been drowned in the treacherous waters of the reservoir ; but this has often been owing to their own carelessness. In 1855, Bliss, Poole & Co. erected a large, three-storied, frame wool- en factory, in which were placed " three sets of machines." The building was about 60x110 feet, and soon became the great center of attraction. Stock in the enterprise was subscribed by large numbers of the farmers, who pledged their farms as security for the payment of the subscribed stock. The factory under the management of Mr. Bliss entered upon a season of great prosperity. Some sixty employes, nearly half of whom were women, were hired to operate the different departments, and soon there were turned out large quantities of flannels, yarns, cassimeres, jeans, broadcloths, fulled-cloths, shoddy, satinet, doeskins, etc., etc. Under the stimulus of the presence of this important in- dustry, the village of Rome City began to grow, and soon the population was ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 203 doubled and trebled. The grist-mill first roused the town into activity ; but when the factory was built, the village received an impulse that has been per- manent. An annual business of nearly $70,000 was done for some four years, when, for some reason or other, the enterprise seemed to fail for lack of funds, and a number of the farmers who had pledged their farms as security for the payment of their stock were compelled to sell out in order to get means to set- tle the claims against them. Many of the citizens living at Rome City are bit- ter in their denunciations of the management of the enterprise. The property was finally sold at Sheriff's sale, and was purchased by Mr. Bliss, who soon af- terward traded the factory to Clement & Kennedy for another factory in Charleston, 111. These men did not accomplish much with the factory, and it soon fell into the hands of William Geisendorff, who ran it successfully for a few years, when the title was transferred to his brother J. C, who owned it until it was destroyed by fire in about 1871. As soon as William Geisendorff sold the factory to his brother, the former immediately erected another woolen factory at the village ; but it was not so large nor extensive as the other. It was a two-storied frame building about sixty feet square, and gave work to some thirty employes. This was operated some two years, when it was vacated, but started up again after the other had burned, under the ownership of Clapp, Fisher & Zimmerman, who continued it until 1877, doing an annual business of from $30,000 to $40,000. Some say it was destroyed by fire generated by spontaneous combustion, while others assert that it was a case of incendiarism. The truth will probably never be known. These factories were the most im- portant industries ever in the township, and were the making of Rome City. The Masons organized a lodge at the village some ten years ago, and the Good Templars started up about twenty years ago. The village of Brimfield was laid out by William Bliss, owner and propri- etor, on the south part of the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 29, in March, 1861. Twenty-three lots were laid off by E. B. Gerber, County Surveyor. The first house was built by Daniel Brumbaugh, who had located there as early as 1840. Soon after this, Jacob Long located in what is now the village, as did also a little later Reason Dye. David and John Seeley opened a store immediately after the laying-out of the village. They owned a small stock, and were soon followed by Kinney & Rhodes, who began selling hard- ware. John Seeley became the first Postmaster. Other merchants have been George Gale, Mr. Wilbur, Huston & Mahood, Jones & Weaver and Andrew McCollum. Judge Seeley built the saw-mill at an early day. It has been an excellent mill in its time. The boiler bursted on one occasion and killed Will- iam Collett, three Cooper boys, and a young fellow named Hewett. The Odd Fellows at Brimfield were organized August 25, 1881, with the following charter members: A. C. Emahiser, J. W. H. Charablin, A. J. Niswander, C. P. Hart, T. L. Imes and C. B. Hart. The first and present officers are : A. C. Emahiser, N. G. ; C. B. Hart, V. G. ; J. W. H. Cham- 204 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. blin, Sec. ; A. J. Niswander, Treas. The lodge is doing well. The business of Brimfield is as follows : Hart Bros., general merchandise ; Coldren & Gaby, same ; G. W. Cosper, same ; A. J. Niswander, druggist ; W. B. Dunn, groceries ; J. W. H. Chamblin, groceries ; C. W. McMeans, hardware ; Cora D. Reynolds, millinery; A. C. Emahiser, hotel; H. G. W. Briggs. hotel ; A. Waddel, livery ; Mr. Briggs, same ; W. C. Lane, saw-mill ; J. S. Dusler. wagon-shop ; M. Hart and F. M. Parks, blacksmiths ; J. L. Trader, physician and surgeon. The pride of the town is a literary society which has an admit- tance fee of $5. In 1839, a combined church and schoolhouse was built at Northport. Every one turned out and helped erect it. The Presbyterians and Methodists were to use the building, which was built of logs, while it was not devoted to school purposes. The name of the first teacher is not remembered. This old house was used until 1843 or 1844, when a log schoolhouse was erected at Rome City. Mr. Babcock and Mr. Barnum were two of the early teachers at Northport. Good teachers were employed at Rome City, as there was considerable money from the sale of town lots to pay them, and to support the school. The bar-room of Hardy's Hotel was fitted up for a school- room, and Miss Aurelia Andrews was employed to teach the first term of school held in Rome City. This was during the summer of 1843, but dur- ing the fall of that year, or perhaps the next spring, she was employed to teach the first term held in the old log schoolhouse. She thus enjoys the distinction of having taught the first two terms in Rome City. Mr. Greenman was one of the first teachers. Miss Marilda White, now the widow of Hon. J. F. Brothwell, remembers of attending spelling-school in this house in 1844. This building was used until 1856 or 1857, when the schoolhouse now used as the town hall was erected. This was used until some ten or twelve years ago, at which time the present commodious structure was built. Prof. Watts Denny, of Albion, is the present Principal. After the erection of the first schoolhouse in Rome City, the school at Northport slowly died out. The best school in the township is at Rome City. The room in which the Principal teaches is said to have the finest apparatus of any in the county. A log schoolhouse was built half a mile north of Brimfield at an early day, probably about 1842. Among the early teachers were James Lake, Joe Warner and Mary Ann Nash. Ten years later a frame schoolhouse was built just south of the railroad bridge, and was used nearly twenty years, when the present two-storied frame structure was erected. The second house is now used as a dwelling in the village. Brim- field has had good schools from the beginning. It was about 1844 that various log schoolhouses were built throughout the township. The first rough ex- perience of backwoods life had given way before the march of progress, and the youth growing up must have schools. Parents, though at first careless, soon realized the value of schools for their children, and soon ceased to say, " Why, I got along without any ' edication,' and I guess my children can do so, ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 205 if I did." That idea was soon discarded, and the schoolhouses began to dot the forests. The schools were at first taught by subscription, and the teacher was doomed to pass through the terrible ordeal of "boarding around." That is perhaps the most cruel trial to which an inoffensive teacher can be subjected. Each scholar paid from $1 to $2 for the term, and the old log houses with their puncheon floors and desks, their two or four small windows, their large mud chimney and huge fire-place, were filled with tow-headed urchins, eager for fun arid frolic. A log school house was built on Dutch street quite early. Another was soon seen two miles northwest of Rome, and still another southwest. The township is well supplied with good schools. The history of the seminary at Wolcottville will be found in another department of this volume. Probably the first church in the township was the combined church and schoolhouse at Northport. As above stated, it was built in 1839 by the Pres- byterians and Methodists, and was used for a number of years after it was dis- used as a schoolhouse. Rev. Cory, of Lima, quite an able man, was the Pres- byterian minister. The Methodists employed the Rev. Hall. These men were the typical backwoods ministers, possessing great enthusiasm in their calling, and constitutions capable of sustaining any amount of hardship and exposure. They traveled on long circuits, preaching to pioneer assemblies every day of the week, and completed the circuit at the end of the month. In 1841, one of the largest revivals ever had in the township was instituted and conducted by these men. Almost every person in the neighborhood was converted, and the excitement spread to more distant localities. Boys and girls were converted, and prostrated by the "power." Speaking meetings were organized at the private dwellings, and all — old and young — were called upon to tell their relig- ious experience. The society was so strengthened that the influence has endured until the present day. Mr. Shears was one of the early church lead- ers. A log church (Close Communion Baptist) was built at an early day one- half mile south of Wolcottville. Among the early members were the Tay- lors, McQueens, Mungers and Pierces. A Deacon named White was prominent. Members of other denominations met with the Baptists, and all together made a large, fine congregation. This old building was used until a short time before the last war, when a frame structure was built in Wolcottville to take its place. The present church at the last-named village was built a few years ago, and the society which assembles there has the reputation of being the largest and strongest in the township. The German Lutheran (and possibly the German Reformed) Church, on what is called Dutch street, was built at an early day. The old settlers speak of great revivals in early years at this house. It was used to some extent as a schoolhouse, as several terms were taught there, one of the teachers, a very homely German, teaching the mother language to the children in attendance. This old schoolhouse was one of the first frame build- ings in the township, and was regarded as quite a curiosity when first built. The Free- Will Baptists built a church in the northeast part early, and this 206 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. church is yet occupied by a thriving congregation. It was built about the beginning of the last war. The Methodist Church at Rome City was erected not many years ago, the United Brethren assisting in the cost, with the under- standing that they were to have the use of the building. The last-named soci- ety has slowly scattered, and now but a few of the old members remain. The present town hall, erected first for a schoolhouse, was used as a church by a small society of Baptists. A number of years ago the Methodists began hold- ing meetings in the schoolhouse at Brimfield ; but, although the attendance was quite large, no effort was made to build a church until the spring of 1875, at which time a start was made, but the building was not completed until the following year. The building Trustees were William Bliss, William Huston, James H. Fisher, Charles Beidelman and Joseph Bailey. The house cost about $2,700, the society receiving much outside assistance. The first minister was the Rev. Mr. Hartman. The present one is the Rev. Mr. Johnson. Early in 1878, Mr. W. B. Cory, of Lima, called on Rev. A. H. Gillet, of Sturgis, Mich., to talk of Sunday school matters. In the course of conversa- tion, the many attractions of the lake and island at Rome City, as a place for Sunday school gatherings, was alluded to, and the conclusion reached to invite a number of Christian men, interested in Sunday school work, to meet them at an early day, and consider the propriety of forming an organization for the holding of annual gatherings in the interests of Sunday school work and Chris- tian culture. The meeting was held early in May, an organization formed entitled the "Rome City International Sunday School Congress," and, in the succeeding month, a congress of four days was held, which was largely attended, and gave great satisfaction to all. Finding the plan of organization not adapted to permanent work and to the laws of the State for incorporation, the association met October 15, 1879, and re-organized on a more substantial basis, and with a wider plan, modeled after the great Chautauqua assembly, of New York. The name was also changed to the " Island Park Assembly." The incorporate members were at first limited to fifty, but has now been extended to seventy-five. The Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company, owning the island, at once began extensive improvements, building a large tabernacle capable of seating some three thousand people ; put up a building to cover a model of the land of Palestine, constructed by Rev. W. H. Perine, of Albion, Mich., laid out avenues, built bridges, a boarding-house, docks, etc. In June, 1880, was held the first assembly, distinctly on the Chautauqua plan. It was in session fourteen days, holding from day to day a Pastors' Institute, a Sunday School Normal, a Secular Teachers' Congress, Musical Convention, Oriental exhibitions, lectures on the models of Palestine, and three platform lectures each day. The men in charge of the several depart- ments of instruction were all of distinguished reputation, and on the platform appeared some of the ablest speakers of the land. The second session of the assembly was held from June 29 to July 15, ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 207 1881, with improved and still larger programme. Before this session, the Assembly bought some eighteen acres of land of John Kerr, adjoiniug the lake on the south, and leased a body of woodland of Isaac Barber, cornering on this. These lands have been platted, and a number of lots sold, and it is expected that the year 1882 will witness marked improvements in the way of cottages and suitable arrangements for the accommodation of the people dis- posed to seek rest and recreation, where they may, at the same time, enjoy the most favored opportunities of improvement in all that pertains to the develop- ment of Christian manhood and higher culture. The managers have all worked without fee or compensation for time or labor, and besides have incurred per- sonal liabilities to the extent of thousands of dollars to start this institution — one they fondly believe will eventuate in much public good. Rev. A. H. Gillet, of Michigan, has so far been, and is now, the Superin- tendent of Instruction, having charge of the preparation and execution of the programme. Dr. J. H. Rerick, of La Grange, has been and is now the Presi- dent of the association. Rev. C. U. Wade, of Roann, Ind., was Secretary until August, 1881, when, declining renomination, P. N. Stroop, of La Grange, was elected. The present Board of Managers are : Rev. A. E. Mahin, Fort Wayne, Ind.; F. W. Keil, Fort Wayne, Ind.; Rev. C. U. Wade, Roann, Ind.; Rev. R. S. Goodman, Kendallville, Ind.; John Mitchell, Kendallville, Ind.; G. W. Mummert, Wawaka, Ind.; 0. B. Taylor, Wolcottville, Ind.; H. L. Taylor, Wolcottville, Ind.; J. H. Rerick, La Grange, Ind.; P. N. Stroup, La Grange, Ind.; Rev. T. E. Hughes, La Grange, Ind.; W. C. Glasgow, La Grange, Ind.; S. D. Moon, La Grange, Ind.; R. S. Hubbard, La Grange, Ind.; W. B. Cory, Lima, Ind. -And the officers are as follows : President, Dr. J. H. Rerick, La Grange, Ind. Vice Presidents — Rev. T. E. Hughes, La Grange, Ind.; George W. Mummert, Wawaka, Ind.; Rev. A. E. Mahin, Fort Wayne, Ind. Secretary, P. N. Stroup, La Grange, Ind. Treasurer, John Mitchell, Kendallville, Ind. Executive Committee — W. C. Glasgow, La Grange, Ind.; II. L. Taylor, Wolcottville, Ind.; S. D. Moon, La Grange, Ind. Auditing Committee — W. C. Glasgow, La Grange, Ind.; 0. B. Taylor, Wolcottville, Ind.; G. W. Mummert, Wawaka, Ind. CHAPTER XII. by weston a. goodspeed. Allen Township— First White Settler— Catalogue of Pioneers— Growth and Decay of Industries— Villages of Lisbon and Avilla— The Un- derground Railroad— Mr. Baker and the Indian Squaw— Outwit- ting a Bear— The District Schools— Teachers and Preachers— The Catholics. ALLEN TOWNSHIP has a history essentially similar to that of every other in the county. There was the coming of the first settler, the rearing of log cabins and the clearing of the land, the adventure in pursuit of wild animals, the struggle to make an honest living in the woods, the erection of mills, schoolhouses, churches, etc., and the gradual increase in population. The name of the first settler is always a matter of interest, yet, unfortunately, it cannot in all cases be remembered. This is not true of Allen, for it is certain that George T. Ulmer, who settled in the township in 1834, was the first. Mr. Ulmer, a native of the Pine Tree State, came from Summit County, Ohio, with his family drawn by a large yoke of oxen, and with a few young cattle driven along by a member of the family, and located on eighty acres, which he entered on Section 4. With him came a young man named Alvord, of whom but little is known, as he shortly departed for some other locality. Ulmer had a wife and several children, and it is remembered that to these parents was born the first white child in the township, though nothing further than that can be told for want of information. The second child was Chloe Wadsworth, whose birth occurred on the 6th of November, 1836. The second settler was Samuel Weimer, who appeared in the spring of 1836. He located on what he thought was his farm, but soon learned he was improving gratis some other man's land, whereupon he moved to what he again thought was his claim ; but again was doomed to disappointment, and had to try the third time, which proved to be the charm, as he had at last found his future home. The third settler was Alpheus Baker, who came to the township during the fall of 1836, while about a month later, in the month of October, Elihu Wadsworth, who is yet living on the old farm, appeared with his family, and began to improve his land. He pointed to the writer of this chapter, within a few rods of his house, a white oak stump, from which the tree was cut, during the winter of 1836-37, by himself and a young man named Dorus Swift, who had come with him to the county, the stump being yet in a fair state of preservation. Soon after the arrival of these men, and prior to 1844, there came in, among others, the fol- lowing settlers: Ryland Reed, Asa Brown, Edward Adams, John Geiser, Hiram Iddings, Francis Boerck, Evan Jones (the first one in the southern part), M. P. Rickett, Alfred Rice, Orrin Rice, Alvin Rice, Alonzo D. Whitford, Har- ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 211 rison Whitford, Augustus H. Whitford, Matthias Woodruff (the first black- smith), George Berry, Washington Bidwell, Clark Bidwell, Joel Berry, Andrew Bixler, William Broughton, Joel Carpenter, Daniel Hide, Charles Harding, N. I. Hill (the first settler at Avilla), S. P. Haynes, Hosea Hunter, Jackson Id- dings, Lewis Iddings, Ezra T. Isbell, Philander Isbell, A. E. Littlefield, Bar- net Laller, John McBarns, W. H. Potter, L. D. Payne, Reuben Ross, Edwin Randall, Hiram Roberts, Matthias Saylor, John Steele, Moses Tryon, Albert Wilson and James Roth. Others were in before 1844, but their names are not remembered. The settlement of the township, when well begun, was very rapid. Im- provements of all kinds were swiftly pushed to completion, and very soon the old log cabin was replaced with one of better appearance and pattern. The first marriage was contracted between William Hill and Mary Keeler. It is said that Mary had some property of her own, which was used in making their home comfortable after marriage. William probably thought as did Robert Burns * " Awa wi' your witchcraft o' beauty's alarms The slender bit beauty you grasp in your arms ; 0, gie me the lass that has acres o' charms, 0, gie me the lass wi' the weel stock it farms. Then hey for a lass wi' a tocher, then hey for a lass wi' a tocher, Then hey for a lass wi' a tocher — the nice yellow guineas for me." The marriage was celebrated in 1837, but the Justice of the Peace who performed the ceremony lived at Wolf Lake, whither William went for him. He made the two "one flesh" (very difficult of execution if considered literally). and then left them to enjoy the wedding supper, which consisted of Johnny cake, baked beans, pork, etc. At the third marriage that took place in the township, music and dancing ruled the hour. A few pioneer boys in homespun and girls in ditto assembled to enjoy the event, and perhaps to institute new marriage contracts for — " I've often heard my father say, and so I have my mother. That going to a wedding will bring on another." The "French four" and the " Scotch reel" and other varieties of reel were indulged in, and the boys with their heavy " brogans " came down on the " double shuffle," and cut the " pigeon's wing " like masters of the art. Going home with the girls ! Ah, that's what captivated the boys, and on that ques- tion all degrees of courage were exhibited. Of course, the girls must look demure and modest, and wait the approaches of the sterner sex. And then came the walk or drive home through the dark woods. It is the old, old story — ancient and antiquated — yet, withal, it is new, because the characters are new. The stage is the same, the scenery the same, the shifters the same, but the troupe of actors are not the same. On the 6th of March, 1838, David Wadsworth died and was buried in Elihu Wadsworth's orchard ; this was one of the first deaths. In the month of August, 1837, the first township election was held at the residence of Mr. KK 212 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Ulmer, on which occasion, although there were nine persons present, but two — Ulmer and Hill — were entitled to vote, they alone having been in the town- ship and State the requisite time. This election, therefore, was not an elec- tion. The second election was held during the following year, and was more of a success. It was held at Asa Brown's cabin, and at its conclusion the returns were sent to Sparta, then the county seat ; but as they had to go via Fort Wayne, it was three weeks before the Spartans received them. At that period there were two mail routes through the county, one extending from Fort Wayne along the Goshen road, and the other from the same place, toward Lima, along what afterward became the plank road. Soon after 1840, Samuel Haynes built a water saw-mill on Sycamore Creek, securing water-power by means of a dam. This is said to have been the first mill in the township. Not long afterward, Gilbert Sherman also built one on the same stream, and his was also operated by water-power. A few years later, Asa Brown, who had located where Lisbon now is, and had built the first frame house in the township there, erected a steam saw-mill, which, for many years, did good good work. Mr. Brown was an enterprising man, but he was grasping in financial matters, so much so that he finally ruined Lisbon by his refusal to 3ell corner and other valuable lots in the village, and by steadfastly denying that he was under any obligations to use his influence in securing the location of a railroad through his town. Further than that, he said he did not believe in railroads, and his infidelity on this question wrought his ruin, as Kendallville succeeded in getting the road, which, properly managed and influenced, would, beyond doubt, have passed through Lisbon. Mr. Brown had money. He came into the wilderness well supplied in this particular ; but his knowledge was greater than his wisdom. His house had been erected in Lisbon in 1837, from lumber obtained, if reports are true, at Stephen Sawyer's mill, then operating near the present site of Kendallville, but in Wayne Township. Some say that Asa Brown's saw-mill was the first in the township, and that it was built within a year or two after the erection of his frame house. In 1840, he built an ashery, and began, on an extensive scale, to manufacture black and white salts, and a fine article of pearl-ash, con- tinuing the pursuit for several years, until the quantity of ashes failed, manu- facturing in the meantime, per annum, some twenty tons of the ash, which was shipped by wagon to the market at Fort Wayne. He continued some ten years, and during a portion of this time, Hiram Roberts, an experienced ash-burner, was in his employ. About the time the ashery was started, Mr. Brown built an addition to his house, designing it for a store-room, into which he placed a large and handsome stock of goods, too large and costly to be prof- itable in the backwoods. Goods were given in exchange for ashes, and sold on credit, which proved to be long and troublesome. Brown also opened his house for the entertainment of the public, and his hotel became widely known on account of the hospitality of the landlord. The ill success of the mercantile ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 213 enterprise compelled Mr. Brown, after many years of ups and downs, to sell his farm to pay his debts and remove the incumbrances. In about the year 1845, a traveling circus and menagerie came through and " showed " at Lisbon. The advertisements were flaming, rivaling in hideous exaggeration those of to-day, while the real merits were generally inferior, though in some particulars supe- rior. There was a herd of five performing elephants. Mr. Brown had his town, Lisbon, surveyed and platted in October, 1847, at which time, twenty- four lots were laid out along the Lima and Fort Wayne road. From the fact that he had an abundance of ready money, he was enabled to command a wide influence, which had the effect of bringing to the village mechanics and arti- sans of all descriptions. But these men were too poor to pay several hundred dollars for a small lot upon which to live, and so they were compelled to go to some other locality. At first, Mr. Brown did not observe the injury he was doing his town, as he thought that the village must grow, and that sooner or later the prices demanded for the lots must be paid. But he suffered for his want of foresight, and when it was too late his prices for lots were lowered. But then other towns had sprung into existence all around him, and the death song of Lisbon had been sung. Ryland Reed built the second house in Lisbon soon after the town was laid out. Samuel Minor was the first Postmaster. Other men who sold goods were Lorenzo Tyler and Abraham Warner. These men were partners, and began soon after 1852, or about the time that Brown went out of business. James Walker conducted a good store there for many years, beginning not far from 1853. T. P. Bicknell opened with a drug store soon afterward. Robert Hay sold goods there for a few years. Mr. Baughman also had a good store there. In about 1852, the village was visited by a conflagration, which, in a short time, destroyed seven buildings, and a considerable amount of furniture and other property. There has been no store there since the last war. The epitaph of Carthage may be appropriately written on the monument of Lisbon. A man named Taber owned and operated a saw-mill between Jefferson and Allen at quite an early day. Mr. Littlefield conducted an ashery near Avilla moderately early, and after him Jefferson Smith followed the same pursuit for a short time. At a very early period, as Mr. Wadsworth was one day walking through the woods near his house, he saw a large log which had been so split that the upper portion was a slab, and was pinned down by means of horizontal cross-pieces held in place by posts on either side of the log ; thinking it was a bear-trap he struck his ax into the slab and split off a portion, and then saw that the log had been hollowed out by human agency, after which the slab had been fastened to its place as stated. Mr. Wadsworth peered into the opening, and saw lying within the well-preserved corpse of an Indian woman. Death had occurred but a few days before, as decay had but just set in. The slab was re-adjusted and the dead was left at rest. Not long afterward, the log and its occupant were burned by Mr. Baker, who covered both with a heap of brush- 214 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. wood, after which the fire was kindled, and the first cremation in the township took place. It is related that one of the Whitfords was one day in the woods with his gun, when, in walking along, he suddenly saw on the opposite side of a large log a dark animal that appeared to be a hog rooting in the leaves, and making quite a noise. A closer inspection revealed the fact that the animal was a bear. It suddenly raised its head, and, seeing the hunter, reared up on its hind feet, the position always taken by a bear in close quarters. Mr. Whitford quickly fired, and the bear dropped, but immediately arose and started in fury toward the hunter, who took to his heels down a long hill, closely pursued by the in- furiated animal ; the hollow was soon reached and the ascent on the opposite aide began ; the hill began to tell on Mr. Whitford, who recollected, as he strained and panted along, that it was said that a bear could run up hill as fast as down. As he could make better speed down hill than up, he took a circle and went down again at a furious rate, closely followed by the bear. In order to run down hill, it was necessary to also run up on the other side, and this was done, although the wind of the settler was almost gone. Upon looking around at the summit, the exhausted man saw the bear below in the hollow whirling round and round like a drunken man. At the same instant some of his folks put in appearance, and the bear was quickly dispatched. It had been mortally wounded, but had possessed strength enough to give Mr. Whitford the longest and best race he probably ever made. Had the bear's strength held out, there would probably have been a funeral in the Whitford family. At quite an early day Noah I. Hill built the first house in Avilla, con- verting it into a tavern, and opening in one room a small stock of goods, which "was offered for sale. In the bar-room of his tavern, liquor, old and young, was kept for the thirsty travelers, who stopped for refreshments while on the Lima road. The goods which were unceremoniously offered for sale did not exceed $300 in value, and were soon closed out, or, rather, driven out, by the appear- ance in the village of experienced and capable merchants, with fair stocks of a general assortment of goods. Mr. Hill not only sold liquor, but enjoyed the glass himself, and drank a great deal in social conversation with travelers and •customers. The bar-room of his tavern became well known to all the teamsters •along the road, and is yet remembered by old settlers in the neighborhood as a noted resort for those who loved the flowing bowl. In winter evenings, while 3torm and darkness were intense without, and the angry wind dashed the rain or snow into every crack or crevice, the old bar-room was lighted by the ruddy glow of the blazing logs, and the travelers and host beguiled the lagging hours with drinks, jokes, stories and songs. Bumpers were filled, and the ruby liquor was drained to the dregs, while over all arose the merry voice — " No churchman am I for to rail and to write, No statesman nor soldier to plot or to fight, No sly man of business contriving a snare — For a big-bellied bottle's the whole of my care. ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 215 " The peer I don't envy, I give him his bow; I scorn not the peasant tho' ever so low ; But a club of good fellows, like those that are here, And a bottle like this, are my glory and care. " I once was persuaded a venture to make, A letter informed me that all was to wreck ; But the pursy old landlord just waddled up stairs With a glorious bottle that ended my cares." The old hotel, though subsequent improvements have greatly altered its appearance, is yet standing in the village, and is known to all the citizens. Hill was a good man, and an enterprising citizen of excellent judgment ; and was accordingly honored with the then prominent official porition of Justice of the Peace, and was continued thus for a long period of years. Among the early business men of Avilla were Jefferson Smith, Baum & Walters, Mr. Stewart, Henry Vogading, H. H. Haynes and others. Later have been Mr. Ran- dall, Henry Fryer, Mr. Hartman, Lewis Scutt, Mr. Johnson and others. The Yeiser brothers built a steam saw-mill a number of years ago, which has been operated since. A planing-mill connected with it dresses a considerable quan- tity of lumber, much of which is used at home, and the balance shipped to oth- er localities by rail. Wood & Haynes built a hoop factory some two years ago, but, although it was pushed in the work, it was not as profitable as expected. They are now manufacturing a large number of pumps, and have several wag- ons on the road selling all the time. They also manufacture cider, cane sugar, jelly, etc. The large grist-mill erected by John D. Shafer a number of years ago, is one of the best in the county, for quality of flour. The mill is a large frame structure, and is a credit to the place. Considerable flour is shipped by rail. Twenty years ago, Maternus Blust began burning brick a short distance north of Avilla. During the first year, 280,000 were made, and 112 cords of wood were consumed in the process. The business was steadily increased under a splendid sale, both at home and abroad, until, at the end of twelve years, it was found that an average during that period of 500,000 brick had been burned, each year's burning requiring on an average 150 cords of wood. Mr. Blust then moved his factory to Avilla, where he has since continued — some seven or eight years — to manufacture on even a greater scale than he did north of town. Seven years ago, he began burning tile, from two and a half to eight inches opening, and since the first year has manufactured a yearly average of 25,000. The great bulk of this vast business is shipped away, though the number of brick buildings of all kinds in the town and vicinity show that the citizens appreciate the importance of the industry. Many assistants are em- ployed to carry on the business. Noah Hill was the first Postmaster at Avilla, and was succeeded by Mrs. Eliz- abeth Swarthouse, Postmistress. S. P. Stewart, a genial gentleman, is the pres- ent agent of Uncle Sam. Dr. Fryer, whose death occurred but a short time ago, appeared in the village in 1857, and practiced his profession until his death. 216 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. After he had been in town a few years, Dr. Weisen appeared. Since then have come Drs. Wright, Maloney, Scutt and Cessna, the last three being yet at the village. Eight or ten years ago, a Masonic lodge was organized in the village, and about two years ago, the Good Templars sprang to arms to resist the fol- lowers of King Alcohol. The latter has too many vassals in the town and vi- cinity. Tavern has been kept since Hill first threw open his doors to the pub- lic. There are three at present, the last — St. James House — having an excel- lent reputation among experienced commercial men. Within the last few years, Avilla has developed wonderfully as a grain market. It is asserted that, owing to freightage and a competition of markets, a higher price can be paid for grain at Avilla than at Kendallville. At any rate, farmers often find that they can get more for wheat at the former place than at the latter ; and hence, many of those living near and north of the latter convey their grain to the former mar- ket. Vogading & Son have been buying grain extensively since the comple- tion of the railroads. S. K. Randall has undertaken the same pursuit within the last few years. In 1876, a petition signed by a large majority of the legal voters of Avilla was presented to the Commissioners of the County, praying for the incorporation of the town, and, as no special objection was presented, the prayer was granted, and an election of town officers ordered. This was done with the following result : Trustees, S. P. Stewart, Maternus Blust and Henry Yeiser ; Clerk and Treasurer, E. D. Haynes ; Marshal, Samuel Hoke. In 1878, these officers were re-elected. In 1879, Mr. Hoke took Mr. Blust's place, L. A. Lobdell took Hoke's place, and W. D. Carver sup- planted Mr. Yeiser. In 1880, Thomas Story took Stewart's place, and Jonas Strouse took Hoke's. In 1881. Matthew Stewart supplanted Car- ver, Enoch Johnson Lobdell, and Saul Baum E. D. Haynes. It is re- lated that for many years before the last war, a well-traveled line of under- ground railroad extended across Allen Township. Many a load of fugitive slaves has been seen conveyed along this line, stopping here and there for re- freshments. Augustus H. Whitford is said to have been in the employ of this celebrated road, serving in the capacities of station-master, engineer, conduct- or, and train dispatcher. Mr. Waterhouse, residing in La Grange County, was a sort of a Tom Scott or William H. Vanderbilt on this road, and at all hours would order out special trains. Mr. Wadsworth one day saw a load moving rapidly along, when, upon turning a corner swiftly and suddenly, the wagon very nearly overturned, causing several woolly heads to appear in alarm from the covering. Mr. Wadsworth called out to the driver, "Ah, here's your Un- derground Railroad ! " " Yes," answered the driver, " they're going it almost every night." Many an unfortunate colored man or woman, aiming by the north star for the dominion of the British Queen, has received much-needed assistance from the John Browns and Owen Lovejoys of Allen Township. In 1837, Messrs. Ulmer, Baker, Wadsworth and two or three young un- married men assembled, with axes and ox teams on Ryland Reed's farm on ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 217 Section 4, and erected, in one day, the first schoolhouse in the township. The building was rudely constructed of round logs, and, from the fact that no window was made, the logs were all peeled, that as much reflection of light as possible could be secured within the dark room. A rough clapboard floor was put down, and on the roof clapboard shingles were held in their place by weight- poles, while at one end of the building a large opening was left, over which was afterward erected a huge chimney, built of a mysterious mass of sticks, stones, mud, and hay used to hold the mud together. The building was not over 15x20 feet, and on dark, warm days, the teacher, it is said, would adjourn her classes to the door-yard, that a better light might be obtained. The first teacher was Miss Julia Burnam, who taught during the summer of 1837, for $1 per week and boarded around, her scholars, eight or ten in number, coming from the families of Ulmer, Baker, Wadsworth and perhaps one or two others. This house was used for the purposes of education some ten years, when a better building was erected on the farm of Hiram Iddings, to take its place. A number of years ago, this house was abandoned and its successor occupied. The second schoolhouse in the county was built in the northeast corner, in the Whitford neighborhood, and must have been erected soon after the one referred to above. The following men were interested in this school: Ross, Whitford, Isbell, McBarns and Adams. They, or the most of them, assembled one day and built a small log schoolhouse, that was used a number of years, both for school purposes and for those of religion, as several of the aforesaid men were earnest workers in the vineyard of the Lord. The best early schools in the township were taught in this house. Many rousing spelling-schools were held, as several of the old settlers well remember. A log schoolhouse was erected at an early day in Avilla, about where the livery barn now stands. But little is remembered of the early schools there. After a number of years, a better house was built near the Randalls, about half a mile west of town, and soon afterward another was built half a mile east. Children living in the eastern part of the town went to the house east and those in the western part went to the Randall house. This state of things continued until the erection of the brick schoolhouse in Avilla, a few years ago. The building cost $2,700 and is a credit to the town. Two teachers are employed and the enumeration of pupils is over a hundred. This is large, considering the fact that the Catholics have as many more. Lisbon had an early school, as did also the southeastern part of the township, the first house in each case being constructed of round logs. Father Schaefer, the first resident priest, established a school in 1855 for the Catholics. In 1878, a parish school building was erected. It is a two- storied brick, 23x58 feet, and cost $2,000. The school was taught by secular teachers until 1873. It is now taught by the Sisters of St. Francis, about one hundred children attending regularly. It is known as " St. Augustine's School." The first schoolhouses were also the first churches. In quite early times 218 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. religious denominations were organized in various parts of the township. These continued, until the erection of the first churches, when the shifting of meet- ings from house to house ceased. In 1873, a talented young man — Rev. E. D. Einsel — a professor of the Albright faith, began holding a series of meet- ings in Avilla, and was warmly assisted by Jacob Beckley, Samuel Hoke and others. A small society was soon organized, which, within the next year, attained a membership of about thirty. This little society went to work in earnest, and erected a neat frame church at a cost of about $1,400, locating it on a lot which cost $200. A Sunday school was organized about the same time. The membership of the church is now about thirty-five. The Lutheran Church in the western part was built quite a number of years ago. The Whit- fords, in the northeastern part, were instrumental in organizing a Methodist society in their neighborhood at a very early day. They and the Adamses, the Isbells, the Roberts, the Warners and others used the old schoolhouse for many years, until at last their church was built. A Disciple church was partly built at Lisbon many years ago, but was then removed to Kendallville, where it now stands. " The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin " (Catholic) was first organized about the year 1854, and was attended by Father Faller, of Fort Wayne, about eight families belonging. The first church, a small frame building, was located about half a mile north of town. The leading members at this time were Thomas Storey, F. Bork, John Morehouse, John Geiser and Albion Myers. The first pastor was Father Henry Schaefer. His succes- sors have been Fathers Deipenbrock, Wenhofte, Oechtering and Duehmig. The latter is yet pastor. The first church was dedicated in 1855 by Rt. Rev. De St. Palais, Bishop of Vincennes, Ind. On the 22d of February, 1867, Father Duehmig became assistant on the Avilla charge; and on the 12th of May, same year, was installed pastor of it and its various mis- sions. The present church was begun in 1876 ; the corner-stone was laid May 27, 1877, and, on the 19th of May, 1878, it was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Joseph Dwenger, Bishop of Fort Wayne The new church is located in the northern part of town, on the old Weimer farm ; and its site, six and one- fourth acres, was donated by Mr. Thomas Storey. The church cost only $9,000, as the brick were made within a few yards of the church. Some eighty families now belong. The present officers of the church are Fi'ederick Bork, President; M. Blust, Vice President; A. Vogeding, Secretary; George Drerup, Treasurer. The Sunday school has been conducted since the society was organized ; D. Duehmig, Superintendent ; 160 children attend it. Too much cannot be said in praise of Father Duehmig, who more than any other man, has built up the charge and its various missions. He is a man of great useful- ness, intelligence and influence. In 1876, four Sisters (Anastasia, Brigetta, Barbara and Zilla) of the Order of St. Francis came to America to look up a location for a convent. Through the influence of Rev. D. Duehmig, they were induced to locate at MmM 77 U ELKHART TP. - HffKwn* ■ /71^m6&<7-/£j&st^' ELKHART TP. ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 225 York Township, a large bear, and was often within a few feet of it : but, hav- ing no gun, the animal escaped. The village of Pittsburg was laid out by John and William Knight, proprie- tors, on the east half of the northeast quarter of the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 30, Township 35, Range 9 east, in June, 1837 ; and was about eighty rods from the juncture of the two forks of the river. Ninety-six lots were laid out in blocks of eight lots each ; and a number of the former were donated for public purposes. An effort was made to sell the lots, and build up the incipient village; but, beyond the partial erection of a single building for Jacob Kessler, nothing was done, and Pittsburg died on paper. In about 1838, Joseph Steinberger erected a saw-mill at what is now Spring- field. Although the mill was a good one, it ran slowly, like those of the gods, often continuing during the entire night, so great was the demand. In a few years, Mr. Steinberger died, and his son William assumed control; but, after a number of years, the property was destroyed by fire, probably by an incen- diary. William Colwell erected a "corn cracker" on the river, farther west, about the time the county was organized. The event was celebrated with a country dance. Gideon Schlotterback was the fiddler, and, it is said, he ac- quitted himself in the most superb manner. A floor of puncheons had been laid and some seven or eight couples were present to enjoy themselves. The boys filled themselves with the proper quantity of the "extract of corn," and then the way they came down on the "double shuffle," the "Virginia reel" and the "French four" was a sight to behold. If you want any further par- ticulars, dear reader, you must question Isaac Tibbot, who swung himself on that occasion. Ask him about those pies. The mill, in addition to cracking corn, also tried to crack wheat into flour, but the specimen turned out, unbolted and unclean, was not regarded as the best that could be done, even in the back- woods. The mill ran about two years. About this time, the Stumps, father and son, erected a saw-mill on the same site. It did not amount to much and soon ceased running. Mr. Steinberger also built a grist-mill at Springfield and operated it from the same water power that ran his saw-mill. It had two run of stone and was an excellent mill for that day. It was destroyed with the saw-mill. John Colwell conducted a distillery in the western part for a short time, at a very early day. The first bridge in the township, across Elkhart, was constructed, in about 1838, by six or eight of the old settlers. It was nearly a month before it was finished. John Zimmerman erected a tannery a short distance north of Wawaka in 1842, and conducted it until 1869, making large quantities of excellent leather, which found a ready sale. Mr Zimmer- man is now a merchant in Wawaka. If the plat of the village of Springfield was ever recorded, such fact is not known to the writer. Lots were laid out, probably by William Pierson, who built the first dwelling at quite an early day. David Chapole started the first store, having a small stock of dry goods, groceries and whisky. A Mr. 226 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Farver opened the first store of any consequence. He sold from a large, fine stock of goods. Mr. Smith probably came next with goods. Then came John Knepper, William Stienberger and others. The village reached the pinnacle of its fame in 1845, at which period it was considered a promising town, having two stores, a saloon, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a church, a schoolhouse and about fifteen or more families. A post office was established early, being a station on a mail route extending from Good Hope to Lima (probably). The lots were first laid out not far from 1838, very probably by Mr. Pierson. After 1845. the town began to decay, new buildings failed to appear, old ones became dingy and dilapidated, the streets became almost deserted and Springfield remained but the ghost of its former fame. The ghost yet lingers, reluctant to leave the old place, so fraught with dim but cheerful memories. Wawaka owes its life and existence to the Lake Shore Railway. Eighty lots (a portion on each side of the railroad) were laid out in February, 1857, by Isaac Tibbot, proprietor. Tibbot's residence was the first at the village, having been erected in 1834. William Knepper built the next house, early in 1857. George Stienberger (the miller) erected one about the same time. The growth was slow but sure, as still waters run deep. Mr. Tibbot erected the first store-building, into which Mr. Miles placed an average stock of dry goods and notions. After a few years, David Hale succeeded him, and finally, Elias Strous, of Ligonier, obtained possession of the building. John Knepper was the second to begin merchandising dry goods and groceries. John Thomson soon appeared and began labor at the same pursuit. Since then, many changes have been made. Dr. Goodson went into the Strous building with a stock of drugs. Carpenters, blacksmiths and business men of all kinds appeared, and the outlook of the village was bright. In about 1867, Ellis & Mummeit (the latter owning a one-fourth interest) erected a large, frame, three-storied grist- mill, placing therein four run of stone, the whole structure completed costing $15,000. This was an excellent thing for the village, and the mill soon re- ceived an excellent patronage. Farmers from all quarters came to mill and, of course, traded more or less with all the business men. All this had the effect to infuse life into industrial pursuits in the village. The mill manufact- ured as high as 100 barrels of flour daily, much of which was shipped East. The plan of the owners was to buy their wheat at the board of trade in Chi- cago at times when the markets were very low, shipping the grain to Wawaka, where it was made into flour, then re-shipping it, in the latter form, to the Eastern market. The railroad company permitted them to do this, charging them for freightage as if the grain had not been unloaded at Wawaka. This enabled the owners to make handsome profits from their sales. By an unfort- unate accident, the mill and all it contained were destroyed by fire in 1874, and has not since been rebuilt, greatly to the misfortune of the village and surrounding country. At the same time, a shingle factory and saw-mill were also burned. It is said, that the erection of the mill enhanced the value of ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 227 real estate for several miles around, and that when the property was destroyed by fire, town and country values slightly depreciated. If this is true, it would be profitable to the citizens to offer some man a bonus to build another mil} of the same kind. Immediately after the destruction of the grist-mill, Mr. Mummert built his present saw- mill, placing therein a fifty-horse power engine and a double circular saw. This is an excellent mill. Mr. Mummert is manu- facturing handles of all sorts, and large quantities of "shims." Quite a number of years ago, Mr. Dodge built his saw-mill, which, in its time, has done good work. He has added to this a planing-mill, and is now manufacturing wooden handles, "shims" and staves. Solomon Mier, Strous Brothers, Sheets & Wertheimer and Welt, Beck & Co. are buying grain. They shipped about 50,000 bushels of wheat from the village in 1880. In 1872, a conflagration swept away the depot and a number of other buildings ; loss, several thousand dollars. A few years ago, another fire destroyed several buildings on the east side, north of the railroad. The present population of the village is nearly four hundred. Dr. W. H. Simmon was probably the first resident physician. After him, among others, have been Drs. Martin, Ward and Bartley. Isaac Tibbot says, the first schoolhouse in the township was built by him- self, his brother Samuel, John and William Knight, Thomas Pierson, John Coder, and two or three others, as early as the summer of 1834, or prior to his marriage, which occurred late in the autumn of 1834. The house was built of round logs, was 16x16 feet, was located in the southwestern part, and was used until a larger and better one was erected in about 1837, at Springfield. The house was intended only as a temporary affair, to last a year or two, or until a better one could be built. It was probably the first building in the county erected wholly as a schoolhouse. Thomas Pierson taught a term of school in this building during the winter of 1834-35, having some twelve scholars, who came to him from three miles around. He did it more as a matter of accom- modation than as an expectation of pecuniary return. The house at Springfield was built of logs, and was located on the land of Mr. Pierson, the founder of the village, who donated the lot for the purpose. After being used about eight years, a frame, combined church and schoolhouse, was built near it, and this building was used many years. The third schoolhouse was erected about a mile and a half east of Wawaka, but was not finished nor occupied. The fourth was built in the Jones neighborhood, in the extreme northeastern part, but the date of its erection could not be learned by the writer. The fifth was a log structure erected in Wawaka, on the west side of Main street, north of the railroad; this house was built not far from 1847. It is thought that Enoch Kent was the first teacher. The large b(h)oys did not like Mr. Kent ; Mr. Kent did not like the large boys — mutual antagonism ! Mr. Kent was afraid of the large boys ; the large boys were not afraid of Mr. Kent — fear not mut- ual ! Large boys told Mr. Kent to "git" out; Mr. Kent wisely and rapidly obeyed. The school ceased then and there. (Is brevity the soul of wit ?) 228 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. This house was used but a few years, another being erected a half mile south of town, and it, also, was used but a few years. A short time after the village of Wawaka was laid out, the combined church and schoolhouse (yet standing) was built. This was used until the present frame school building was con- structed, a few years ago. It was between 1845 and 1855, that the schools of the township began to show the first important improvements. Better houses were built then, and better teachers employed at better wages. The first church in Wawaka was the schoolhouse referred to above. It was occupied by the Methodists for many years, until finally their frame church was built by subscription. There is an industrious little society here working pa- tiently in the vineyard of the Master. The German Methodists have just erected a fine church in town at a cost of about $3,000. Elkhart Town- ship, as all others in the county and surrounding counties, was visited by cir- cuit ministers as soon as there were a sufficient number of settlers to warrant such a visit. They appeared as early as 1831, and held little meetings in the log cabins, where the neighbors for miles around gathered to listen to the rude eloquence of pioneer preachers. In those days, Baptists met Methodists and Presbyterians, and others, all on the one basis of Christian character and life. The worship was quaint and homely, but the happy hearts were there ; the bright faces, filled with visions of the angels of God, were turned heaven- ward ; the rude speech was the song of the spirit, and the joyous acclamations were the release of the weary soul from the burden of sin. Neighbor met neighbor, as the Nazarene directed two thousand years ago, with brotherly affection. Bitter reflections — temptations of the evil one — were cast back in- to the chasm of sin ; and the earnest worshipers sang hosannas on the summit of the mountain of God's holiness. Ah, there is an inexpressible joy, a be- wildering hope, in the blissful re-action from death in sin to the happy health of Christian life. Our forefathers realized this when they met in God's temple. They loved to assemble thus, as we do now ; and to their faith in God do we owe the happy homes we now enjoy, and the numberless churches that dot our land as the stars in heaven's dome. It may be said, to conclude, that the old schoolhouse at Springfield was used by various Christian denominations for many years. Great revivals were held there that yet linger in the memory and heart like the recollection of a new sweet burst of music. James Latta, well known to everybody, was often there ; and his face will remain, while life lasts, in the grateful hearts of hundreds who were converted under his minis- trations. Rev. Posey often came there, as did Revs. Miller, Hall and others. A few years ago, the Free Will Baptists built a church — a neat frame structure — in the northeastern corner. The society had been organized many years be- fore, and had worshiped in another building. Rev. Nicholas Jones, an excel- lent man of great energy, had much to do with the life of this society. Many years ago, the Lutherans living in the northern part became sufficiently num- erous to render the erection of a church necessary. A frame structure was feS*«r-«- SPARTA TP SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 231 soon built, at a cost of about $1,200. A Sunday school was organized, and efforts were made to enjoy the Christian religion in the new house. Ministers were employed, and the membership began to increase. There have been times since when the society was very weak, financially and in numbers, but it still lives on, as it should — in faith — that many sweet hours may yet be spent in the old house. CHAPTER XIV. by weston a. goodspeed. Sparta Township— Reminiscences of an Old Settler— First Officers and Election — Milling and Other Industrial Interests— The First County Seat— Village of Cromwell — Experiences of an Early Ped- agogue—Education and Religion. SO far as known, the first man to locate within what is now Sparta Town- ship was John L. Powers, who had previously lived in a small log cabin, 8x10, in the southwestern part of Perry Township, where he kept tavern. Some time during the year 1832, he established himself and family a short dis- tance north of where the railroad crosses the Goshen road. He was not only the first permanent settler in Sparta Township, but was also one of the first in the county, perhaps about the sixth. This man also lived for a time in the western part of the township, in a cave, which is known to this day as " Powers' Cave." Powers was eccentric, and seemed capable of sustaining himself and family "where birds would almost be compelled to carry knapsacks." After a few years, he moved West, and his subsequent movements are unknown. About the time that Powers located in Sparta (1832), John Dillon also appeared and built his cabin in the eastern part, where he resided for a number of years, but finally removed to his present residence in Washington Township. Here he yet lives, hearty and hale, with active mind busy with the memories of other years. Soon after these settlements, and prior to the organization of the county in 1836, there came to the township the following settlers: John Conklin, Richard Bray, Richard Jeffries, James Mael, Robert McAfee, Mitchell Mc. Clintock, John Johns, Jacob Baker, Charles Murray, Obadiah Tilton, Hart- well Coleman, Daniel Ohlwine, Andrew C. Douglass, Henry Weade, John Davis, and perhaps others. Immediately afterward, there came Aaron Noe, Michael Beam, Daniel Beam, Charles White, Andrew B. Upson, Nathaniel Prentice, Richard Stone, William Weade, John Spear, John C. Johnson, Jacob Kiser, Daniel Stall, John Moore, G. W. Mitchell, James Marrow, Elisha Mayfield, Lawrence Miller, Samuel Dungan, Alexander Doud, John Earnhart, William Glayd, Andrew Humphreys, James Smalley, John Spencer, William H. Upson, Thomas H. Wilson, John Pollock, James Pollock, Samuel Mars, Henry Miller, Richard Noe, George Prentice, George Platter, Erastus Atkins and others. LL 232 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. A few of these men owned land in the township, but did not reside there. All immediately began to prepare their farms for cultivation, and their homes for comfort. The following, from the pen of John Conklin, is given in full, as it admirably represents the obstacles that were surmounted by the backwoods- man. He says : " I left Ohio in the year 1835, and came to the State of Indiana. I was quite a boy, but soon got me a young wife, and then life com- menced in earnest. I had only $20 in my pocket, but we were both well and hearty, and provided with plenty of good pluck. I worked out, receiving 40 and 50 cents per day, and bought some corn on Elkhart Prairie for $1 per bushel, and was glad to get it at that. We moved into a shop owned by Esquire Baughman. Its dimensions were fourteen feet square, but it was large enough to contain all our furniture, which was not the finest in the worl4, though I made it myself. Our bedstead had but one leg, and was corded up with linn bark. A clapboard was our table for the first meal, but as that was a little too primitive for comfort, I went to work the next day and made a table. My stove was a big hole cut in the side of the house, about eight feet wide, and the pipe was run up with sticks and mud, and inside was a nice big ' niggerhead ' rock and — more mud. Our cooking utensils consisted of a little bake-oven, which we managed to convert, as occasion required, into a mush-kettle, tea- kettle, stew-pan, frying-pan, and sometimes a coffee-pot. My ' chattels ' con- sisted of a three-year-old heifer — a present from my mother-in-law — a pig which weighed about one hundred pounds, and which I bought and paid for by clearing up an acre of heavily timbered land. These and a few chickens made me feel pretty rich. I bought sixty-eight acres of land, and made the first payment with my $20. But I was not satisfied with my location, so I traveled for another piece of land, one mile from the first. It was in heavy woods, but we were not easily frightened, so, taking my wife, I moved into my new place, camping under a big beech tree in the thickest of the timber, where the wood- man's ax had never sounded, and the spice brush and papaw were so thick you could not see three rods before you, and wolves howled on all sides at 12 o'clock in the day. I cut and hewed the logs for my house, and in two weeks had a 'jubilee.' A large log heap answered the purpose of a stove to cook by, and a table was built, twelve feet long and three wide, upon which were spread the eatables for our neighbors, who had come to assist at the raising. A neighbor sometimes lived five or more miles away. Our house was raised that day, and we moved into it the same night. Then commenced the clearing up. I chopped down the trees, and my wife helped to pick up the brush. I still had to work by the day to make a living, but when my day's work was done I could come home, where I always found plenty of good cheer in a substantial supper and a smiling wife. We would then often work until 10 or 11 o'clock at night, picking up and burning brush, but we always obeyed the command- ment and observed the seventh day, or rather the first. I helped to clear on Perry's Prairie after the following fashion : As will be remembered, the oak SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 233 grubs were as thick as they could stand. We would first chop them down, then take ten yoke of oxen and one team of horses, and hitch them to a big plow that would run one foot deep and three feet wide. When everything was ready, the word to start was given, and then it was hurrah boys ! whip ! crack ! smash ! and the way the grubs would get out'of the way was a caution to earthquakes. Thus it was that the prairie land was first cultivated, and thus it was that we got our start in the woods." John Johns moved west to Iowa after many years, and was finally made a delegate to the Chicago Convention when Lincoln was nominated for the Presi- dency. McClintock and Tilton were both squatters on the Indian reservation, and when the land was thrown into market, George Platter entered both of their farms before either had an opportunity of going to the land office for the same purpose. McClintock soon after died, and it is said his death was largely due to his being cheated out of his land. His house is said to have been haunted, and at the solemn hour of midnight passers-by could hear in weird., sepulchral tones the command, "Pay the widow, pay the widow!" Tilton returned to New York. Charles White, when a child two years old, was made an orphan by the massacre of his parents at Wyoming, Penn. He was rescued from the savages by a man named White, and, as his real name was unknown, he adopted that of his benefactor. David Stall passed through a similar expe- rience. When an infant in his mother's arms, both of his parents died on the voyage across the Atlantic from Germany to the United States. He was adopted by a man named Stall, whose name he bore, as his was unknown. Improvements went on in this township as in others. At the first election,, in about 1838, only seven votes were polled, although there must have been living in the township then more than twice as many voters. Richard Bray had been appointed Inspector of Election by the County Commissioners, and the election was held at Sparta. He appointed two judges and two clerks of elec- tion, and then the first political "log-rolling" in Sparta began. There was- not that gluttonous greed for office then as now, as official position was a hollow honor destitute of any remuneration. It is said that at a subsequent election, when two men received the same number of votes for the same office, they played eucher to see which should serve, the one playing the poorer to take the empty honor. At the first election, James Mael was elected Constable andl Thomas H. Wilson Justice of the Peace. The men present at this election are said to have been : James Mael, Thomas H. Wilson, Isaac Spencer, Wesley White, Richard Bray, William Baker and Charles Murray. On that occasion all enjoyed the distinction of holding some office. Another election was held in August, on which occasion Aaron Noe and James Mael served as Judges and Wesley White and Nathaniel Prentice as Clerks. The election was held in the office of the County Clerk at Sparta. When the first court in the county convened at the house of Adam Engle, on Perry Prairie, there was present one Thomas Eckles, who carried more whisky than he could, if such a thing was 234 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. possible. In his drunken carousals, Eckles disturbed the court, whereupon Engle, after endeavoring to induce him to remain quiet, offered $1 to any any one who would take the drunken man home. James Mael, of Sparta Township, who was a powerful man, accepted the offer at once ; but Eckles demurred, whereupon Mael picked him up and carried him until tired, and then dropped him on the ground. After this had been repeated a few times in a very rough manner, Eckles gladly recovered his equilibrium and agreed to walk. At the election of 1840, considerable political antagonism had been incited, and when it was discovered that a young man named Smalley, being under age, had polled his vote, it was thought best by some to contest the elec- tion of the day, and for that purpose the Judges of Election were taken in limbo, and the books examined. While it was clearly proved that Smalley was under age, and that he had cast his vote ; yet, no other evidences being dis- closed, the matter was dropped. Forty votes were polled at the election of 1840. In about the year 1847, Thomas H. Bothwell and Thomas H. Wilson built the first saw-mill in the township, locating it in the southwestern part on Tur. key Creek. It was a water mill, with an up-and-down saw and an old nutter wheel, and had a capacity of about two thousand feet per day. A dam had been built across the stream, and a narrow race conveyed water to the wheel. The mill was quite well patronized; but, like those of the gods, " ground slowly," if it "ground " at all. This mill was operated until about the year 1862, when it was in some manner replaced by another, erected about half a mile down the stream, by Leander Eagles and Thomas H. Bothwell. The mill was a frame, with a circular saw, and was operated by these men for some three years, and then sold to David Gauz and George Mellinger, who removed it to Kosciusko County. The present mill on the same site was erected in the spring of 1865, by Leander Eagles. It is operated by a thirty-five horse-power engine, and has a capacity of 6,000 to 8,000 feet per day. In 1853, Mr. Stall built a saw-mill one mile west of the residence of Nathaniel Prentice, but in a short time it was removed to Cromwell. Here it was owned and operated for a number of years bv various parties, and finally its timbers were used in the construction of the only grist-mill ever in the township. This mill is a large, low frame building, located at Cromwell, and was built by the Miller Brothers. Steam was em- ployed to operate the two run of stone, and for a few years considerable flour was manufactured, a portion of which was shipped to distant points by rail. The mill was closed last April. A number of years ago, Hezekiah Mayfield moved his saw-mill from the eastern part of the township to Cromwell. Here it has remained ever since under the management of different owners. It is an excellent mill, and turns out large quantities of native lumber, which is shipped to other localities. The old mill was practically replaced by the present one a short time ago. The Mayfield Saw-Mill had been built by Andrew and Cyrus Pollock, about one and a half miles east of Cromwell. It afterward went to George Hart, and finally to the Mayfields. A Mr. Cavanaugh operated a saw- &uC^' u. SPARTA TP. SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 235 mill in the southern part a number of years ago. He also manufactured some furniture, bedsteads, etc. Joel Sechrist also owned a saw-mill in the southern part, as did a Mr. Herron. These mills were amply sufficient to furnish all the lumber required for building purposes in the township. At first, water-mills were the only ones to be seen, but when steam was harnessed they disappeared. "Listen to the water-mill Through the live-long day ; How the clanking of the wheels Wears the hours away ! Languidly the autumn wind Stirs the greenwood leaves ; From the fields the reapers sing, Binding up the sheaves ; And a proverb haunts my mind, As a spell is cast : ' The mill will never grind With the water that has passed.' " Take the lesson to thyself, Loving heart and true ; Golden years are fleeting by, Youth is passing, too ; Learn to make the most of life, Lose no happy day, Time will never bring thee back Chances swept away ; Leave no tender word unsaid, Love while life shall last — ' The mill will never grind With the water that has passed.' " Sparta Township can boast of having had the first brick-kiln in Northern Indiana. David Bourie says, that a man named Beers, in accordance with in- structions from the United States Government, manufactured enough brick from the soil of Sparta to build a brick house for the Chief Wah-wa-es-sa, or Flat Belly, as he was more familiarly known. All the facts in the case are unknown, but it is quite certain that at the time Flat Belly reserved the tract of land six miles square, the Government agreed to build him a brick house. The treaty was signed in 1816, but the exact date when the house was built is a matter of doubt. Mr. Bourie thinks it was erected in 1816, while others, who seem to know what they are talking about, place it as late as 1821. The workmen who erected the house came from Fort Wayne ; but their work was not of a first- class order, as, within a few years, the building tumbled down. The early set- tlers used the brick for chimneys, hearths, etc. The village of Sparta, which afterward became the first county seat of Noble County, was laid out on Sections 13 and 24, Township 34 north, Range 8 east, in June, 1836, by Isaac Spencer and R. I. Dawson, owners and propri- etors. Two hundred and thirty-six lots were laid oif into blocks of twelve lots each, and certain lots and blocks were donated to the public for school and 236 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. church purposes, as was also a public square. The village did not grow as rap- idly as the proprietors desired, and perhaps its population never exceeded twenty-five. Col. John Spencer and Wesley White both kept store there, one of them beginning not far from the year 1838, or perhaps the spring of 1839. They kept for sale a few groceries, dry goods, notions, liquor, etc. A post office was secured at Sparta as early as the fall of 1836, and Isaac Spencer figured in the capacity of Postmaster. Although this village was the county seat, no court house or jail was built, but there was a small building erected for the county offices. Immediately after the county seat was re-located at Augusta, Sparta became almost deserted, and soon afterward wholly so. In 1838, Nel- son Prentiss, Esq., opened a small store at New Hope, a name applied to a post office in the northern part of the township. He soon abandoned the under- taking. Prior to that time and in the same place, Isaac Spencer sold goods that had been obtained at Toledo, Ohio. These were probably the first sold in the township. Cromwell, the only other village in the township except Indian Village, was not laid out until June, 1853. Harrison Wood, the proprietor, employed the County Surveyor, and laid out at the juncture of Jefferson and Orange streets twenty-eight lots from the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 16. Lots were offered for sale, and the village began to grow slowly. In the year 1849, Abel Mullen had built a log house where the villagje now stands, and had also erected a small building and begun the manufacture of black salts, from ashes obtained from the surrounding cabins and log-heaps. His buildings were located about fifty rods north of the cross-roads. His ash- ery was not a very profitable venture, and was abandoned within a few years. He did not manufacture more than twelve tons while thus engaged. He was the first Postmaster. Mr. Wood gave the name to the village from the follow- ing reason, as stated by himself: " Cromwell was a good Republican, and I'll name the town in his honor." Some time after the village was laid out, Aaron Moore opened a store of dry goods, groceries, notions, etc., valued at about $1,000. Moore continued selling until about the time the railroad was com- pleted in the township. A. D. Maggert also opened a store of groceries and liquor, and secured a profitable business, but did not continue longer than a few months for reasons best known to himself. James Parks is said to have been the first Postmaster, though he was soon succeeded by Aaron Moore. Mr. Vanderford is Uncle Sam's agent at present. Jeremiah Carstetter sold goods at an early day ; his stock was valued at $600, and Jerry is said to have made a graceful appearance behind the counter. Mr. Mullen also followed the same pursuit. The village was never larger than at present. It has good stores, and has become quite a point for the shipment of grain. Saloons, of which there are several, are patronized better than accords with the wishes of the vil- lagers, who long to blot them out effectively and immediately. Isaac McCam- mon was the first blacksmith. George W. Reed manufactured wagons, sleighs, SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 237 etc., beginning some sixteen years ago, and continuing ten or twelve years. Dr. John Sants located in the village in the spring of 1858, where he has remained practicing since. Dr. Tucker was in early, as was also Dr. Crump. Scott & Wylie are selling dry goods and groceries at present. Charles Gran opened a grocery, but sold to Enos Messimore, who yet continues. Elias Jones began selling drugs about nine years ago, but sold to Samuel McAuson, who later sold to Richard Hersey. Jesse Berger opened a hardware store some four years ago, but six months ago sold to Richard Mason. The village, which is scattered like the hypothetical old woman's eggs, has a present population of over four hundred. It is the design in these pages to record township history, with enough incident to lend attraction to the narration. Those who look for interesting incidents merely, or for the romance of backwoods life, have no right to expect such when history only is promised. People must distinguish between history and biography, and also between these on the one side and romance and sickly sentiment on the other. The latter will be left to the novelist, who may or may not find a fruitful field in Sparta Township, in which to labor. History is not poetry, nor romance, but records with unvarnished emphasis the sober facts which control the destiny of communities. It is a record of man's experience, as one of a social family ; and is expected to be of value, as the past is an index of the future. The historian in the Noble County Atlas says that the first school in Sparta Township was taught in 1837 by Achsah Kent. The writer has been unable to learn anything regarding this school. If such a school was taught, it was undoubtedly the first, although others sprang up soon afterward. Nathaniel Prentice says the first schoolhouse was built near where the depot stands at Cromwell by Messrs. Baker, Upson, McAfee, Duncan, Morrow, Converse, Doug lass, Murray, and others, in the year 1840. The building was constructed of round logs, and was about twenty feet square. It was similar to all the early ones, descriptions of which are found in this volume. Ross Rowan was employed to teach the first term, which he did for $10 per month and board. Rowan had a family, and lived out of the neighborhood, and, therefore, was compelled to submit to the indescribable punishment of " boarding around." Those who have not passed through that ordeal can have no idea of the tortures which man can bear. The punishment is severe enough, heaven knows, in civilized communities ; but in the backwoods, among backwoods people, tongue fails to paint the picture in fit colors. Mr. Rowan was the fortunate possessor of a good constitution, and survived. He knew how to use the rod, as his scholars often found to their sorrow; and when his stentorian voice thundered com- mands, implicit obedience was promptly rendered. The school was a success for that day, and gave satisfaction, a statement that is not true of some of the other early ones. This house was used but a few years. The wife of John C. Johnson taught in this building in about the year 1841. During the winter of 238 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. 1841-42, David Bauckman taught. On Christmas Day he was barred out by the scholars, and as he refused to furnish them what was desired, he was kept out of the schoolhouse for several days. He lingered in the vicinity hoping to catch the scholars off their guard, but they were vigilant, fastening the door and windows, and keeping possession of the building dui'ing the night. Finally, the teacher agreed to a modified proposal of the scholars, and school began again. Leander Eagles was employed to teach the session of 1842-43, which he did for $10 per month and board. On the occasion of his birthday, which was the 20th of December, the scholars barred him out, and handed him through the window a paper, upon which was written a demand for a peck of apples, a peck of candy, and a gallon of whisky. There were several large scholars, among them being Jackson Morrow, Frank Duncan and two young ladies, sisters of Jackson Morrow. Mr. Eagles refused to furnish the whisky, but agreed to treat to apples and candy if the scholars would admit him ; but they positively refused unless the liquor, as well as the other articles, was forth- coming. After the teacher had tried several flank movements on the scholars to gain possession of the room without success, he repaired to the Trustees for instruction and advice, and was informed that he had properly refused to fur- nish whisky, and was told to break down the door with an ax, if the scholars still refused to admit him. Under the stimulus of this advice, he again appeared at the schoolhouse, armed with an ax, and after again promising the scholars a treat of apples and candy, but no whisky, and being again refused admittance, he deliberately battered the door down, and strode into the midst of the astonished children with uplifted ax, ordering them to take their seats immediately or there would be trouble. The scholars saw that their citadel had been taken, and realizing that discretion was the better part of valor, they sur- rendered unconditionally and took their seats. They missed getting the expected treat on that occasion ; but as they behaved themselves thereafter, their teacher treated them on Christmas to apples and candy ; but the large boys were not contented, for they went into the woods where they had hid a gal- lon of whisky, and "were soon under the blissful effects of King Alcohol. The sessions of school in this house were not the first in the township. It was a common thing all over the county to transform vacated dwellings, and sometimes those that had not been vacated, into schoolhouses. During the summer of 1838, Zillah Eagles, then in her thirteenth year, taught school in the New Hope District, in an unoccupied part of a double log cabin. She received $1 per week and boarded around, and to this day the old settlers speak of her school as having given excellent satisfaction. The children of Richard Bray, Richard Stone, Henry Miller and others were in attendance. In 1838, Mrs. Edgerton, daughter of John Spear, taught the children of T. H. Wilson, James Mael, John Johns and a few others, in an addition to Mr. Mael's house; but this was the only term there, as a vacated log dwelling was fitted up and used a few years. It was located on the south side of Indian : : : !& ■ t msSHw fe SPARTA TP SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 241 Creek, and was used until the erection of the first schoolhouse in the district (No. 9), in about 1844. The first teacher in this house was Augustus Frink, who received $12 per month and board. No real schoolhouse was built in the New Hope district until about twenty-five years ago. Mr. Stone's old log dwelling was used several years, as was also a tannery building owned by John Davis. The second term taught in District No. 9 was during the summer of 1839 by Myra, daughter of Nathan Frink. She received $1.25 per week and boarded around. The session was held in an old dwelling. During the winter of 1840-41, William H. Prentice taught in the last mentioned building, re- ceiving $10 per month and was offered his board free, but chose to board at home. The first school in District 4 was taught, in about 1855, by William Hersey, in an old log dwelling. After the old log schoolhouse at Cromwell was abandoned, no other was built where the village now stands until about 1860, when a frame structure was erected, which was used until about four years ago, when a two-storied brick house, about 28x48, was built, at an esti- mated cost of $2,000. Two teachers are now employed in the village. When the citizens of Cromwell desired to build themselves a separate schoolhouse from Districts 4 and 5, they met with bitter opposition, and it was only after several years of maneuvering that the desired results were accomplished. The village now has an excellent school. It is known as School District 10. Al- most every district in the township now has a fine new brick schoolhouse and creditable schools. There are two churches in Cromwell, Lutheran and Methodist, the former being built a year earlier than the latter, and both about twelve years ago, at an approximate cost, each, of about $2,200. Efforts were made at first, by members of both organizations, to build a union church ; but it was soon dis- covered that this could not be accomplished, owing to the rigid views of several of the most prominent members. Among the leading Methodists were Abraham Mayfield, David Pollock, Porter Green, Dr. H. G. Tucker and Richard May- field. Among the Lutherans were A. D. Maggert, Thomas F. Taylor, George W. Reed, Adam Conner and Jonathan Houtz. The Lutherans first organized in the schoolhouse, about sixteen years ago. Each society has a prosperous little Sunday school. In about the year 1860, the United Brethren, assisted by outsiders, built a frame church, about 24x38, at Indian Village. Among the leading members were Henry Shulty, John Hartzell, David Stoll, James Miller and their families and others. This house was used until three years ago, when a fine new brick church was built at a cost of nearly $3,500. The society is at present in a prosperous condition. Ten years ago, the Christian denomina- tion, with the help of outsiders, built a fine brick church in the southern part, at a cost of some $2,000. Leading members were the Ohlwines, Nathaniel Prentice, William Weed, Perry Galloway, Harrison Galloway and others. Their first minister was Rev. Henry Winebrener, of Noble Township, who preached for the society once a month. They have a fair organization and are 242 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. doing well. The first United Brethren minister was Rev. Joseph Miller, but he was soon succeeded by Rev. Mr. Forbes. Sparta Township thus has four churches, and all are doing well. CHAPTER XV. by weston a. goodspeed. Noble Township— Narrative of Isaac Tibbot — Names of Early Settlers— A Bear Story— John G. Hall's "Corn Cracker" and Saw-Mill— Other Industries— The Leading Town of the County— Bristol and Noble- ville— Schools and Churches. A MAN named Joel Bristol, well known by every one, was the first white man to enter what is now Noble County, for the purpose of perma- nent settlement.* The following concerning this important event is narrated by Isaac Tibbot, of Wawaka, who, though at that time a stripling of seven- teen, came to the county with Mr. Bristol : a After the death of my mother, we (her children) found ourselves stripped of about everything, whether by fraud or otherwise I will not say. Mr. Joel Bristol, who had married my mother's sister, took charge of us, and we accompanied him to what is now Noble County, where we located on what is known as the Bristol Farm, three and a half miles southeast of Wolf Lake, on the 4th day of April, 1827, since which time I have been a citizen of Noble County. After we settled here, the census of what is now Noble County, if taken, would have been as follows : Joel Bristol and wife, Samuel Tibbot, Isaac Tibbot, William Tibbot and three sisters, in all eight persons. Our nearest neighbor was on the Blue River in the direction of Fort Wayne, six miles distant. The nearest on the west, on the South Bend trail, was near Benton, in Elkhart County, about twenty-five miles distant. Days and weeks would pass, and we would see no human being except our own family and the natives, who were plenty all around us, and who were generally friendly ; but they would sometimes pilfer what they could get hold of. Of those who came with me, Bristol and his wife are dead, all my brothers and sisters have left, and I alone remain of those who first located in this wilder- ness, which has since become one of the most desirable counties of Indiana. We were shut out almost from the world, but we saw in the future a better state of things. Our nearest post office was at Fort Wayne until 1831, when an office was established on Perry's Prairie, at Henry Millar's, but was shortly afterward removed to Jacob Shobe's. I think the first family that settled in the county after we came was that of Levi Perry, which settled on the south side of the prairie. The next was John Knight ; the third, John L. Powers ; the fourth, Richard Stone ; then Isaiah, Samuel and James Dungan, and Charles Mr. Prentiss, of Albion, states that the village of Wolf Lake was laid out much earlier than is generally sup- posed, and before any written or printed authentic date recorded of the fact. The editor has been unable to discover traci's of any such settlement. If Mr. Prentiss is correct, it is unfortunate that the facts either have not been recorded befn-<- this, or have not been discovered by some of the historical force. NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 243 Murray, a son-in-law of Isaiah Dungan. The principal reason why I think Perry settled first is that I helped to raise all the cabins, far and near, and Perry's was the first I helped to raise. It was in the winter, either the latter part of 1829 or first of 1830. I went on foot from where I then lived about twelve miles, through snow one foot deep, and carried a piece of bread and meat for my dinner, which was frozen solid when I was ready to dine. I carried up one corner of the building. There were but few persons present, and the men on the corners had to come down and help put up the logs. This was no unusual case. We went to help raise all the cabins within ten or twelve miles, and here I publicly make the assertion that I have helped to raise more cabins, have carried up more corners, and built more stick chimneys than any other man in Noble County." No other settlers located in the township until some two or more years had elapsed from the time of the Bristol settlement. Several families then came in. Prior to 1836, the year the county was organized, the following men appeared and settled in the township : Joel Bristol, John G. Hall, John Skinner, John Shannon, Humphrey Nichols, Jacob Busz and his sons John, Simon, Henry and Jesse, S. Sandford, Peter Becker, David, William and Washington Sandford, David Winebrenner and his sons Peter, Jacob and David, S. W. Murphy, Mr. Benner and a large family, Newman Scarlett and his sons Horace and Almon, Barney Scarlett and his sons Henry, William, Chester and Albert, Jacob Marker, Samuel Jones, J. W. Elliott, Alexander Swaney, Thomas J. Pickens, Rolan Stewart, Ephraim Scarlett, John Skinner, Ephraim Skinner, Mr. Drivei", Mr. Lonker, John Muncey, Mclntire Seymour, Patrick C. Miller, Thomas Smith, Esquire Knowles, Thomas Shepard, Jacob Haynes, Dr. Elias Jones, Andrew Humphrey, and many others. In 1844, the following men, the greater number of whom lived in the township on land outside the vil- lage of Wolf Lake, then the only village in the township, owned land in the township : Otis D. Allen, Henry G. Allen, Cyrus Armstrong, Joel Bristol, Jacob Busz, Richard L. Britton, Robson L. Broome, T. K. Breckinridge, James Baird, Joel Benford, Samuel Butterbaugh, John Butterbaugh, T. H. Botts, Leonard Collier, James Carter, Julius Coleman, Henry Cooper, David Douglass, Jonathan Elliott, Jonah Evans, John Edgar, Robert E. Fleming, Joseph Foster, Benjamin Grabille, John G. Hall, Jacob Haynes, Arba Harda, John M. Herndon, Andrew Humphreys, Joseph Hackman, John Horning, Mr- Henderson, F. A. Harris, Elias Jones, Thomas Mitchell, John Muncey, John Mayfield, Patrick Miller, Abel Millington, G. W. Moore, Humphrey Nichols, Lewis Nichols, John dinger, Martin Overly, William Perry, John Rollins, Sylvester Ross, A. L. Rose, Madison Roice, Jesse Rider. A. L. Rider, William Rider, Jonathan Rollins, Matthew M. Rollins, Charles G. Swain, John Smith, John Skinner, Ephraim Skinner, Alexander Stangland, Mclntire Seymour, Newman Scarlett, Barney Scarlett, Ephraim Scarlett, Thomas Smith, F. E. Starkey, John Utt, Abraham Utt, John Voris, Mrs. Elizabeth Sandford, Har"- 244 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. rison Wood, Daniel Winebrenner, Anthony Wertz, John Warner, Joseph Whit- ridge, Jonah Wells, Harvey Westphal and John Young. From the first of the above catalogues it will be seen that for five years prior to 1836, the settlers came into the township very rapidly. They located largely along the Fort Wayne and Goshen road, and soon the old rough log cabin could be seen here and there throughout the township. When a new settler appeared, the neighbors, for many miles around, if necessary, turned out will- ingly to assist in erecting his cabin, into which the family often moved at night. The evident reason for this conduct was that the pioneer was anxious to have the country around him speedily settled. To encourage this, allurements of all sorts were brought to bear upon the immigrants to induce them to stop in cer- tain localities. It also gave rise to the custom of erecting cabins for new set- tlers, and of refusing to erect cabins for those who were not wanted as neighbors. The lands were entered at Fort Wayne, though for the first few years no land was purchased, the settler possessing but a ''squatter sovereignty " in the soil. Unscrupulous and avaricious men practiced every artifice possible to defraud the immigrants of their money or their land, and too often they were success- ful. It is stated that the land agents were in connivance with these sharks in their nefarious operations, and permitted them to have unlawful access to the land records, for the purpose of gaining knowledge detrimental to the pecuniary interests of the settler. This charge has been well substantiated. Many a poor settler has been defrauded in this manner of all he possessed. The erection of the log cabin was the first thing on the programme of pio- neer life. The next was to clear off a garden where a few potatoes and other vegetables might be raised. In the meantime the family often subsisted almost entirely upon wild meat, which included venison, wild turkey, coon and squirrel. The best hunters could furnish the best living for their families in cases of this kind, although a few years later, when game became scarce, and vegetables and grain abundant, the conditions were reversed. Then it was that hunter's fami- lies were called upon to suffer until they were finally either driven to work or driven off into the wilderness, where game was still abundant. Thousands of deer wandered through the woods or across the "oak openings" or prairies, pasturing on the rich herbage which nature had spread for their repast. It was no trouble to shoot one of them ; even the most inexperienced, if he could take aim, could occasionally shoot one. The woods were filled with wolves, though they were not considered dangerous, except to the smaller domestic animals. Strong men, armed cap-a-pie, have been treed by them, and have remained pale and trembling for hours in the branches, when, if they had descended with a bound into the midst of the snarling group beneath, the latter would have scat- tered like chaff. There is altogether too much romance connected with many of the accounts of events in early years. They are seasoned to suit the present abnormal appetite for the extraordinary. Events were far more practical and prosy then than now. Everything was done in earnest in those days, and neces- I .■■f»-i NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 245 sarily so. There was but little time to practice any art save the one of making a comfortable and honest living, though this was one of the " lost arts " to some of the early settlers. Ephraim Marker is said to have been a great deer hunter. He would kill more than a hundred during the season. On one occasion, at night, Mr.Wine- brenner heard a great commotion among his sheep that had been penned up. He hurried out, with nothing but a club, and discovered that a number of wolves had broken into the fold and were cutting the sheep's throats. He in- stantly leaped in, with his club, and the wolves were soon routed out, but not until after they had killed several of the sheep. One day, as Elder Allen Mead was traveling across the eastern side of the township, he saw a large bear out in the woods some distance from him, eating acorns. Being unarmed, he hur- ried on and told Abner Scarlett what he had seen. Scarlett was a good hunter, and immediately started in pursuit of the bear, which had left its feeding ground and gone into a swamp. The hunter followed it in, and finally, catch- ing sight of it, fired, but only wounded it. The animal left the swamp and was instantly shot by a young man named Otis Allen. Both men immediately claimed the bear, and finally resorted to blows to establish their claims. Mr. Allen probably had the heavier fists, as he finally bore off the prize. The Indians were around in great numbers when the county was first set- tled. They would bring wild meat and furs of all kinds to the cabins of the settlers, for the purpose of exchanging them for flour, vegetables and ammuni- tion. Joel Bristol and John Hall, both of whom kept tavern on the Fort Wayne and Goshen road, sold whisky to the Indians. It was found to be poor policy to trifle with an Indian when he was under the influence of alcohol. Old man Skinner was not afraid of them, even when drunk. He possessed enor- mous strength, and the Indians soon learned, from experience, to leave him alone. He visited their camps and mingled freely with them, participating in their dances and sports. The Indian has a peculiar custom. When chewing tobacco and facing you, he never turns his head to spit, and, consequently, the greater part of his saliva is ejected on your clothing. Now, if there was any- thing in the world Mr. Skinner was an adept at, it was in spitting tobacco juice. By long practice at the face of an Indian, he scarcely ever missed when within six or eight feet of the mark. The Indians were soon vanquished, and soon learned to turn their heads when in his presence. It is related that Mr. Skinner, on one occasion, was compelled to knock down two or three of the Indians to prevent being severely pounded by several drunken fellows whom he had insulted by spitting in their faces. In about the year 1835, Mr. Elliott built a saw-mill in the northeastern part, on a branch of the Elkhart River. A dam was built across the stream, and over the end of this dam the old log mill was erected. The water from above shot through a short spout and struck the old flutter-wheel, that was connected, by shafting, with the machinery that operated the saw. All the 246 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. machinery was extremely rude, and yet this old mill, when worked to its fullest capacity, could turn out large quantities of native lumber. Black walnut of the finest kind was used with a wantonness not relished by lumber dealers to- day. After the mill had been operated a few years, it fell to the ownership of Mr. Forker, with whose family it afterward remained. It ran for many years and was very valuable to the early settlers, as lumber could be thus obtained near home, and long journeys, through bottomless roads, could be avoided. The log building was soon replaced with a rough frame structure, and this is the mill the old settler has in his eye. In about the year 1855, a sudden freshet washed the dam away, and as the patronage had largely fallen away, it was decided unprofitable to repair the damage and the old mill site was abandoned. John G. Hall, who had settled in the township at an early day, and who had, before any improvements were made in the county, carried the mail from Fort Wayne to Goshen on the back of an ox, it is said, built a grist-mill in about the year 1832, on the Elkhart River, where it is crossed by the Goshen road. Mr. Isaac Tibbot says that during the year 1832 he helped Mr. Hall get out the timber with which the old mill was built. If this is the case, it was the first grist-mill in the county, and Mr. Hall made the first flour. Some claim, however, that the first flour was made at Port Mitchell by Stedman Gray. Mr. Hall was an eccentric old bachelor. He was as cross as old bachelors are averred to be, but the laughter of the neighborhood had no effect on his wit and eccentricity except, perhaps, to sharpen them. The Fort Wayne and Goshen road was extensively traveled in those days by immigrants seeking homes in the West. No other road in the county received half the travel. The crossing at the old grist-mill was very bad, as the stream had to be forded in a swampy place, and wagons sunk almost from sight. Mr. Hall in a short time erected a bridge across the stream, just below his dam, and charged a toll of two shill- ings for each wagon. This bridge was greatly appreciated by the traveling public. The grist-mill was a log structure, perhaps 20x30 feet. The water from the dam fell upon a horizontal flutter-wheel, which communicated a slow motion to a set of "nigger-head" buhrs. At first Mr. Hall ground nothing but corn, but he soon introduced a better set of buhrs in his mill, and after that had all he could do. His flour is said to have been good for those days, but it would not command a very great price if offered in market at present. After some ten or twelve years, his dam was washed away, whereupon the grist- mill was abandoned. One day Mr. Hall stopped the mill, and went away a few hours, and when he returned he discovered that one of his buhrs had been carried away. He surmised that it had been stolen, and began to look around to discover traces of the thief. He soon found the stone on the ground in the woods, some ten or twelve rods from the mill ; but was not strong enough to carry it back, and while wondering who had placed it there, and how he should convey it to the mill, Mr. Skinner appeared upon the scene. Hall called upon Skinner for assistance, and the latter agreed, providing Hall would set up a NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 247 jug of whisky, of which he kept a quantity on hand for sale. Hall quickly agreed to the proposal, whereupon the stone was carried to the mill by Skin- ner, who afterward enjoyed his whisky. It was afterward disclosed that Skinner, himself, had removed the stone, and then, lying in the bushes close by, watched the whole proceedings, and when his scheme was at its pinnacle, presented himself to get the whisky, for which the trick had been played. Skinner was fond of the "flowing bowl" (not an unusual circumstance then nor now), and often resorted to some trick to get the liquor from Hall. One day, when Skinner was probably very thirsty, he threw Hall into the race, and whenever the latter would reach up above to grasp the plank, in order to draw himself out of the water, Skinner would tramp on his fingers. Hall finally became worn out and agreed to treat to the whisky, whereupon he was helped out. He knew it was of no use to get mad at Skinner, as the latter would probably turn in and give him a thrashing. Not far from 1840, the grist-mill was abandoned, but soon afterward Samuel L. Smith erected a frame saw-mill on the same site. He had an iron water-wheel, and soon did good work. After some six years, Samuel Correll assumed control and ownership. He made several much-needed improvements to the mill and dam, and had all the sawing he could do for five or six years, when his dam was washed away and was not afterward rebuilt, and the mill was abandoned. Time passed on, and the old log cabin was replaced with a better dwelling. Fields became more extensive and crops ditto. Merchants began to appear with small stocks of goods ; mills for lumber and grain multiplied ; markets for produce and supplies became closer and better ; money came in to float off the productions of the settler ; roads were drained and improved ; wild animals and Indians retreated toward the setting sun ; schools and churches sprang into existence, and the settlers attained a degree of prosperity unknown to them before. Horse-thieves soon became very troublesome, not only in Noble Town- ship but throughout all Northern Indiana. No law could touch them, as they were too numerous and laid their plans with too much cunning. At last, all the better citizens organized themselves into a vigilance committee, and after a a few thieves had been severely trounced the others came to their senses, and the unlawful bands were broken up. In April, 1836,* Patrick C. Miller and Andrew Stewart secured the services of a surveyor and laid out seventy-one lots on the northwest quarter of Section 9, Township 33, Range 9 east, and named the village thus founded Wolf Lake, after the body of water on the banks of which it was located. Each full lot contained one-fifth of an acre, and the fractional lots were num- bers 65, 66, 67, 6S, 70 and 71. Wayne street and Wolf Lake street were *There is gome dispute as to when the village of Wolf Lake was laid out. Nelson Prentiss says it was first laid out in 1832, for he had seen descriptions of its lots dated a number of years before 1836. The record in the Recorder's office (which is but a transcript of the original one at Fort Wayne) fixes the date as stated in the text. The editor wrote to the Recorder of Allen County, and obtained a verification of the date given. Vet, after all, if Noble County was organized in 1836, and if, before that and after 1832, it was attached to La Grange County, why was the plat recorded at Fort Wayne ? This would seem to imply that Mr. Prentiss is correct. It might have been laid out in 1832, and after a short time abandoned, and then re-laid out in 1836 ; but that does not explain why the plat was recorded at Fort Wayne. 248 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ninety-nine feet wide, all'others being but sixty-six feet. This village, one of the oldest in the county, was designed to be the county seat ; but, although the county has had four different seats, the village of Wolf Lake has never yet been favored. On the 8th of October, 1833, Andrew Stewart was keeping hotel in what is now Wolf Lake, and Jacob Haines was conducting a black- smith-shop. In about 1836, Thomas Shepard opened a tanyard, while another person, whose name is not remembered, was manufacturing black salts at a small ashery. Thomas Smith, Sr., sold the first goods in Wolf Lake. His store was a small building that had been built of tamarack poles by Mr. Ste- phens, and in which the first school in the township was taught by Mrs. Ste- phens during the winter of 1834-35. This building was standing on the farm of Felton Allen.* The village at first did not grow as rapidly as the proprietors wished, and, in 1840, according to W. W. Noteman, there were but six resi- dent families. Soon after this, however, the embryonic town began to grow, and soon its industries commanded wide patronage. Patrick C. Miller, one of the proprietors, opened a tavern and began entertaining the public. Ten years after the village was laid out, it is said there were twenty-five or thirty families living there. Samuel L. Smith opened a harness-shop, while near him Elihu Anthony followed the calling of Vulcan. Barnes & De Frease opened an early store, but they were soon succeeded by Hiram Morgan, who afterward erected the Gray store buildings. He was succeeded by William De Frease, who continued until the gold excitement in California overspread the country, when he sold out to Mr. Raling, and after a short time went overland across the plains. At the expiration of a year or two, Raling removed with his goods to Milford, and John R. Cook went with a stock of goods into the room he had vacated. He continued until the close of the last war, having made his fortune, and then sold out to Stedman Gray, and went to Rochester, Minn. Mr. Gray has continued in business in the village since, and is one of the substantial men of the place. Preston Thompson opened a store quite early in the village, but he soon sold to David S. Scott, of Fort Wayne, or rather, having borrowed money of Scott, and being unable to liquidate the debt, he turned his goods over to his creditor, and ere Mr. Scott was aware he was a merchant at Wolf Lake. He was a shrewd financier, and with the advantage offered by the rise in prices during the last war, he made a fortune of some $30,000. When the war closed he closed, and soon afterward Matthews & Voris, two ex-Cap- tains of the army, opened up ; but they probably knew more of war than of merchandising, as they made no money. They dissolved, and Mr. Wylie took Mr. Voris' place. Finally, Samuel Bell bought Matthews out, but soon after- ward sold to Wylie, who then took as a partner I. C. Bailey. The partners finally dissolved and divided the goods. Wylie has continued since, a portion of the time with his son. George W. Williams opened a store some five years ago. Morgan, Cook and Scott, in their time, bought large quantities of wheat H: Reminiscences of J. C. Stewart. • Wi '-I -'-'■■ JtoiA^ 4 ^ & NOBLE TP. NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 251 and other grains. They also bought wool, especially Cook, who made thousands of dollars at it. Morgan and Scott bought and packed large quantities of pork. They kept large stocks of goods, and, it may be truthfully inscribed on the epitaph of Wolf Lake, that in early years more business was done there than in any other town in the county. W. W. Noteman opened a cabinet- shop in 1840, and for sixteen years he manufactured large quantities of tables bureaus, stands, bedsteads, coffins, etc. He manufactured 1,400 coffins, which now lie buried in the cemeteries for miles around. David Rockey also engaged extensively in the same pursuit. Thomas Shepard built a tannery before 1840. His business was not overly gigantic. He also started an ashery, and would give an order for goods on his brother, a merchant at Fort Wayne. He manu- factured a limited quantity of black salts. Blacksmiths have been numerous in the village. A post office was secured in about 1837, and Pat Miller was the first Postmaster. The mail route extended from Fort Wayne to Niles, Mich. Among the physicians who practiced in the village were V. M. Cole, James McDuffey, Elias Jones (an excellent physician and a fine man, who practiced in the village until three years ago, when he died), Dr. Grover (a combined faith and water doctor), Dr. Matthews (a brother-in-law of Grover, and the same kind of a doctor). These men established a sort of medical school at the village, and sent a dozen or more "graduates " out to practice what they had learned. Other doctors have been Ezra Depew, Henry Shock, Marcellus Robinson, Reed, Denney, Williams, Sheldon and others. Wyman Trask, a lawyer, braved the frowns of the " wolves " for a short time. A man named Pope kept tavern early. Other tavern-keepers have been P. C. Miller, Thomas Smith, Jr., G. W. Stewart, Mason Merriam, George W. Matthews, John R. Blair (1850), Benjamin Couts at present, Mrs. Humphreys at present, Mrs. D— — — r, and others. The village was visited by the small-pox in about 1849, but left without doing much damage. The Masons, Sons of Tem- perance and Good Templars have held forth for short periods. These societies do not exist there at present. This closes the brief history of the business enterprises in the little village of Wolf Lake, which has a present population of about two hundred. During the year 1849, Joel Bristol, the first settler in the township, con- ceived the idea of founding a city that should be the hub around which the sur- rounding country should revolve. He noticed that a village where Nobleville is now located would be centrally situated, being almost equally distant from Ligonier, Kendallville, Warsaw, Columbia City and Auburn, and he reasoned that a town located there, if properly managed, could not help wielding a wide influence throughout Northern Indiana. He, therefore, in November, 1849, employed a surveyer and laid out Nobleville on the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 25; forty-two lots, each full lot comprising a quar- ter of an acre, were laid out, and the streets were made sixty-six feet wide. The lots were offered for sale, and the village that was expected to achieve so MM 252 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. much began to grow. But Mr. Bristol, like many another man similarly situ- ated, was doomed to disappointment. His village languished, and he grew sick at heart. Time healed the wound of disappointment. Jacob Marker probably built the first house in Nobleville. Joseph Ryan built another soon afterward, and opened a small combined grocery and saloon. He was succeeded by Hiram Lindsey, who had a much better stock. Business has always been dull, although sometimes three stores have been there at one time. Fred Bidding built a saw- mill some time before the last w T ar. This has since been one of the best mills in the county. Bidding sawed large quantities of black walnut timber, which grew in abundance near the village. Himself and wife were finally drowned in Lake Michigan. Ziegler Brothers built the present mill on the old site. A brick and tile yard was started four years ago. It is said that Newman Scar- lett burned a kiln of brick as early as 1838. The brick were used for chim- neys and wells only, and sold for 50 cents per hundred. Mr. Bristol died many years ago, and it may be said : "Sweet smiling village, loveliest of the lawn, Thy sports are fled and all thy charms withdrawn, Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen, And desolation saddens all the green." There is some doubt as to the first school taught in the township. The first was probably taught in 1834 and 1835 by Mrs. Stephens. During the summer of 183b', Charity Haines taught school in one room of a double log cabin, situated one and a half miles northwest of town, and owned and occu- pied by Jackson Humphreys. Mrs. Charles D. Shepard taught in the year 1838. This lady lived with her husband on the shore of Muncey Lake, and taught a few of the neighbors' children in her own dwelling, one room of which had been provided with the necessary rude seats and desks. James Stewart, then a small boy, went to this lady. In ] 839, a log schoolhouse was built near where the tile yard is located at Nobleville, or rather, it was not a schoolhouse, but had been built for a dwelling, but, having been abandoned by the owner, it was converted to the uses of education. The name of the first teacher in this house is forgotten. Mr. Stewart remembers attending a spelling-school one night in this house. The scholar that gained the distinction of spelling down the whole neighborhood was regarded as something more than common. The unlettered backwoods youth would gather around him and regard him very much as the boy of to-day does the clown in the circus. The old Elementary spelling-book was the book of the school-room. It was used for all purposes and lessons, and in some cases drove every other book, except the Testament, from the room. The old settlers remember the book as one of their early cherished companions. It is quite probable that the first school was taught at Wolf Lake, as the village was laid out in 1836, and contained six or eight families. In the absence, however, of any definite data, the facts above are given. Mr. Stewart thinks that the first real schoolhouse was built in about the year ] 840. It was known as the "Burr-Oak Schoolhouse," and was located in the northeast NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 253 corner. Mr. Winebrenner places the building of this house some two years later, and thinks the first was the " Chapel Schoolhouse." These two houses were built very nearly the same time, and not far from 1840. The " Burr- Oak " was built of round logs, and was used about fifteen years, when a frame building took its place, and served the purposes of education until the present. A new brick schoolhouse is just completed. These two houses — the " Burr- Oak " and the "Chapel" — were built by everybody interested in education. The Chapel Schoolhouse was first built of logs, and for a number of years was used for religious exercises. Mr. Elliott was one of the first teachers. This house was used some twelve or fifteen years, when the present one was erected. A schoolhouse was built in Wolf Lake in 1850. The frame work was done by the citizens, and then W. W. Noteman was employed for $250 to complete the job. This house was used some ten or twelve years, when the present one was constructed. Elder Solomon Wedge taught school in Wolf Lake as early as 1840, and probably earlier. The front room of his dwelling was transformed into a schoolhouse. Here school was held until, perhaps, 1844, when the old Baptist Church was used for school purposes until the building of the first schoolhouse in 1850. The first church — Baptist — was built in 1841 by members of all denom- inations, who were to have use of the house at stated times. Among the lead- ing Baptists at that early day or soon after were John Buckles, Stedman Gray, John Mayfield, Richard Campbell, Hiram Morgan and others. The Method- ists built themselves a house in about 1847, but soon afterward the building was badly demolished by a falling tree, and the Methodists went back to the Baptist house. Three years ago, the Baptists and the Methodists each built a new brick church, at a cost of nearly $3,000. These buildings are now a credit to the village. Two years ago, the Advents built a neat frame church at Wolf Lake, and they now have quite a fair attendance. The Free- Will Baptists had an organization at the Burr-Oak Schoolhouse, a number of years ago. The Chris- tian Church in the southeastern part was organized in 1843 by Elder Peter Banta, of Ohio, and at that time twelve persons became members, three of whom yet live in the county, as follows : John McMeans, Hester Ann Boner and Peter Winebrenner. The society has been attended by Revs. BattreaL, Thomas Whitman, James Atchison, Phillip Ziegler, and the present pastoi\ Elder Peter Winebrenner, who has had charge of the church for the last fifteen years. The first church building, a frame structure 28x50 feet, was erected iii 1853, and used until the erection of the present fine brick building (38x60) m 1881. This was the first organization of the kind in the county, and from it have sprung many flourishing branches. It now has a membership of about two hundred, and its fine Sunday school continues the year through. The pres- ent handsome edifice when finished will cost about $4,000. CHAPTER XVI. by weston a. goodspeed. York Township— First Settlers— Life in the Wilderness— Early Saw- Mills, Grist-Mills, Factories and Other Industries— Villages of Augusta, Van Buren and Port Mitchell— Pioneer Schools and Re- ligious Organizations. PERHAPS the most distinguishing historic feature of York Township is the fact that the county seat has been located within its borders no less than three times, and still the citizens ask for a repetition. That is certainly sufficient to render any tract of country no larger than a township famous, if not notorious ; yet the grasp of York for civic or metropolitan honors has been sadly treacherous. The seat of justice was first established at Augusta, a "defunct" town of modest pretensions, situated on Section 15. Thence it was removed to Port Mitchell (named for a good-looking canal engineer), and finally to Albion, a portion of which was within the limits of York at that time. The township was no sooner off with the old love at Augusta, than it was on with the new at Port Mitchell, and soon the latter was jilted and Albion received name and fame undying. Of course, the citizens of Augusta looked savagely down their noses when the court house was destroyed by fire ; but what did it avail. And when it became known that the county seat was to be relocated at Port Mitchell — a deadly rival — the wrath of Augustans became volcanic and phenomenal. Though time has healed the wound, yet bitter thoughts still surge, like a tempest, when memory is aroused. The first settler in York Township, according to the statement of Nelson Prentiss, Esq., was John Knight, who located on Section 29 in 1829. Knight was a squatter and an adventurer, and, not caring whether the land upon which he located was anything more than sufficient to furnish a living, he selected a burr-oak barren, when some of the finest farming land of the county lay within a mile. He was a skillful hunter, supporting himself and family largely by means of his rifle, although he cleared and cultivated a small garden of pota- toes, corn, pumpkins, etc., which were traded to the Indians, who came often to his cabin. It is related that he, on one occasion, caught an Indian stealing green corn from his garden, whereupon he gave the unfortunate red-skin a sound flagellation with a heavy stick, which completely ended such acts there- after. Knight lived alone in the township until the Henshaws came in, about 1833. He is said to have been the second settler in the county, although this is disputed by Isaac Tibbot, who asserts that the second settler was Levi Perry. Mr. Tibbot is probably correct, as he, at that time, was a resident of the county, while Mr. Prentiss, who thinks otherwise, was not. As Mr. Tibbot YORK TOWNSHIP. 255 was called upon to assist in raising all the early log cabins, his memory, if re- liable, should not be disputed, unless strong proof is shown to the contrary. This would then establish the fact that John Knight was the third settler, and that he very probably came in a year or two later than 1829. This is a dis- puted point, which will remain unsolved. After Mr. Knight had been in the township some three or four years, Joseph Bradford proceeded to Fort Wayne and entered the quarter section upon which Knight had squatted, and the lat- ter was obliged to leave the land, although Bradford had no excuse for his conduct, except that he wanted to reap the reward of what few improvements had been made. The land was poor and sterile. Knight quietly took his departure and located in Elkhart Township. The second settlers in the town- ship were probably the Henshaw brothers (Washington and James), who located in the southeastern part, at Port Mitchell, in about the year 1833. They soon after built a saw-mill and a grist-mill, or ''corn-cracker," as such a mill in early days was denominated. They built a dam across the Elkhart River, and the mills were furnished with water by means of a small race. They had a "big time" when the mills were raised. There was not a sufficient number of white men in the county, at the time, to push the work on to completion as fast as Mr. Henshaw desired, whereupon he went to a neighboring Indian camp and entered into an agreement with the chief, that if he would induce about twenty Indians to assist at the raising, a barrel of whisky would be fur- nished on the ground for their benefit. The chief (and indeed the whole tribe) was only too glad to avail himself of the offer. They thereupon repaired to the spot at the appointed hour, and wanted to inaugurate the occasion by a good drink of the whisky ; but Henshaw was too familiar with the Indian char- acter to think of such a thing, so he refused to let them have the liquor until the work was completed. When this had been accomplished to Mr. Henshaw 's satisfaction, he took an ax and broke in the head of the keg, and told the noble red men to help themselves, which they did with much less decorum than haste. The greater number became intoxicated, and all the various stages or phases of that deplorable condition were soon exhibited. A few rough fights were begun, but were soon suppressed, and finally the red men departed for their camp. The mills were rude affairs and the flour turned out was coarse and black ; but the grist-mill was well patronized, as it saved long journeys, through bottomless roads, to distant points. The location of the mills was not as good as it might have been, as the full water-power furnished by the race could not be utilized. The flour was bolted by hand, or, rather, the bolt had to be turned by hand. The saw-mill was rude and much of the power was lost in the shafting that communicated motion to the saw. Lumber of the best character was sawed on shares or for a pittance. Other early settlers in the township were : James Gray, Stedman Gray, Robert Gray, J. and D. Bradford, David Anderson, John Williams, Joseph Bell, John Bowman, Joseph Beall ; Dr. Halsey Lewis, Hiram Bassett, Elisha 256 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. Blackman, William Crispell, Daniel Downs, William F. Engle, Nathan Frink, Benjamin Hardinburg, Isaiah Hardinburg, Jacob Cramer, Vincent Lane, John Middleton, John McCaskey, William E. McCaskey, Francis Murray, Adam Nimmon, George Powers, Joel B. L. Smith, Milo L. Street, Charles D. Shearer, John McMeans, John Smith, Joel Vanderford, Wesley White, Isaac Whitaker. J. B. White, Zenas Wright and his sons George and Charles, Samuel Webster, George F. Whitaker, Nathaniel Woodward, John Y"oung, and others. Mr. John Bowman says the first township election was had during the autumn of 1838, and that there were but sixteen men present at such election, as follows : Zenas Wright, William Crispell, Hiram F. Bassett, George F. Whitaker, Isaac Whitaker, John McMeans, Jacob Cramer, William F. Engle, William P. Gray, Stedman Gray, James Gray, Joel B. L. Smith, Joel Van- derford, David Anderson, Elisha Blackman, Isaac E. White, Robert Maxwell and John Bowman. Two of these were not present, but who they are is uncer- tain. George F. Whitaker had been appointed Inspector of Elections by the County Commissioners. From the above men he selected two clerks of elec- tion and two judges ditto, and announced the polls open. Mr. Bowman thinks only a portion of the first officers were elected. Stedman Gray was chosen Road Supervisor, but, refusing to serve, John Bowman was selected in his stead. The names of the other first officers elected are forgotten. Those elected worked mostly without pay. Joseph Bradford, who lived across the line in Sparta Township, served as Justice of the Peace of York until the spring election of 1839, when John Bowman was elected to officiate in that capacity. John Middleton was elected Constable at this election. The town- ship received its name from the fact that a majority of the earliest settlers were from the State of New York. The first election was held at the resi- dence of George F. Whitaker. Many of the old settlers are accustomed, when talking of early times, to give rose-colored accounts of life in the wilderness. John Bowman is not one of this character. He deals in truths, and facts sustain him. An old settler will say and tell the truth — ''We used to have splendid times in the woods." But another will say and tell the truth equally as well — " Oh, we had terrible times." Mr. Bowman and his excellent wife can paint very accurately the dark side of the picture. Himself and family came from Columbiana County, Ohio, in a four-horse wagon, and, in order to avoid the bottomless mud of the Black Swamp in Northwestern Ohio, came in the month of January, when winter had covered the swamp with a frozen mantle. He was a tanner and currier, but never followed his trade after reaching Ohio. He purchased his land of Ira B. White, who had erected a small log cabin, and had made slight improvements. Here, on this place, his new life was begun. He went to Fort Wayne for supplies, paying $7.50 per barrel for flour and $7 per barrel for salt. It was difficult to get feed for his horses, and they became poor and YORK TOWNSHIP. * ot weak During the first winter, he fennd it extremely difficnlt to get provisions for love or money. He traveled for miles over the country, but found none wi ,i t seTl At last he went to Mr. Smalley, who lived on Perry's Pra,,e, and told the old man that he must sell a portion of what he had or h.s (Bow- man's) family would starve to death. The old man then kindly turned m and sold a portion of nearly everything he had-chickens, potatoes corn, meat, e -and also agreed to sell a valuable cow for $30, proved Mr. Bowman could not get one somewhere else within three weeks. The latter searched he better part of the time without snecess, and finally cla.med the cow at the above-named price. The streams were filled with fish, and could be caught by the thousands with a net without trouble. The net was set in the Elkhart at night, and the next morning often more than a hundred pounds of pike, red. hole etc., would be found inclosed in the meshes. The sett ers, for a number of years, living in Mr. Bowman's locality, were wont to make p.lgr.mages to Perry's Prairie for wheat, corn, potatoes, etc., whenever needed; and soon the expression "Going to Egypt to buy corn," gave that locality a name (Egypt) which chngs to i! like sTndbad's burden. The entry of land in York was very rapid from 1835 to 1840. This brought in many strangers, who were obliged to get acquainted before any unity of action could be op***. They came from all parts of the East, and necessarily brought their local habits with them. Differences were sure to arise, until some final tendency or shape was given to neighborhood opinion, sentiment or will by the strength and mh erent power of individual thought. People are much more dependent than .sod. Lily supposed. They constantly rely upon clearer and better thought, and their opinions in general may be said to be a union of many ideas stolen from numerous sources Until some strong mind gave direct.on to the ideas of a neighborhood, everything went crosswise. Thus it was when the country was first ssttlsd i ' After the Henshaw brothers had operated their mills a few years, they sold out to Samuel Hanna and possibly W. F. Engle. Stedman Gray, yet hy- in. at Wolf Lake, was the miller in the employ of the Henshaws, and he claims to have made the first flour in Noble County, although this is disputed bv others, who insist that Mr. Hall, whose mill was in operat.cn at a very early day about two miles southeast of Wolf Lake, made the first This is anoAer unsettled question. This old mill was used many years, indeed, until but a L years ago, and was at times well patronised. The gnst-mill was located on the race, a short distance below the saw-mill, but had sufficient power to operate its one small set of buhrs. It ran so slowly and irregularly, though, that the flour was poor, and when the settlers had large grists, and the roads were good, they went usually to the Elkhart Mills. Under the var ous owners the m.l were altered and improved. The grist-mill was destroyed by fire a few years 1. Under the management of Mitchell k Campbell the null did good work Joseph Bell built a sawmill at an early day, locating it on what is yet 258 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. known as Bell's Run, on Section 21. It was operated in the usual way by means of a dam and race. After it had been in operation a short time, Halsey Lewis started a small chair factory, and his machinery was set in motion by the water from the Bell Race. This chair factory, the only one ever in the town- ship, was a very rude affair, and the chairs were ditto, and after it had been conducted semi-successfully for a few years, it was abandoned. The saw-mill continued in operation, however, under a change of owners, for quite a number of years. The water above the dam became spread over a large section of country, and, finally, became a great nuisance, as well as a source to generate malaria. It became the talk of the neighborhood, and doctors gave as their opinion that it was the cause of several serious cases of sickness in the vicinity. Finally, public pi*ejudice and sentiment became so fixed against it, that the neighbors united means, purchased the mill site, and destroyed the dam, per- mitting the stagnant water to move on, and effectually preventing a continuance of the nuisance. About thirty years ago, Isaac Swartliout erected a saw-mill about two miles below Port Mitchell ; but, as it did not receive satisfactory pat- ronage, it was soon permitted to fall to pieces. The saw-mills above referred to never did merchant work. Their field of labor was to supply the home demand, and this gave them sufficient work to insure continuance. A man named Campbell erected a woolen factory at Port Mitchell about thirty years ago. It was a two-storied frame building, thirty by forty-five feet. A considerable quantity of carding and spinning was done under the manage- ment of a Mr. Walker, a practical spinner. This man also rented the building, and put in additional machinery for knitting ; but, after a number of years, he relinquished the lease, and soon afterward the property was purchased by George Baker. During the war, a thriving business was done, but at its close the patronage decreased. The factory was burned to the ground about ten years ago. While Augusta and Port Mitchell have been the only towns of any note in York Township, yet about the time the county-seat was changed from Sparta to Augusta, a village called Van Buren was surveyed and platted on Section 20, and designed to secure, if possible, the coveted boon. But alas ! the hopes of the founder were destined to be blasted, as his claim was disregarded by the locating committee. No lots were sold, and the embryonic village expired soon after being christened. Two villages have been established within the limits of the township. The first — Augusta — was laid out in August, 1837, by W. M. Holmes, George F. Whitaker, Thomas Gale and D. H. Colerick, owners and proprietors. The village was laid out in thirty-eight blocks, each of which, except four, contained eight lots. The exceptional four were on the sides of the square plat, and were triangular in shape. The lots were laid out at the corner of Sections 14, 15, 22 and 23, and the central block was granted as a public square. Around this square the streets were eighty feet wide, all others being sixty feet. Lot 7 of YORK TP. YORK TOWNSHIP. 261 Block 1, Lot 8 of Block 6, Lot 1 of Block 38, and Lot 2 of Block 33 were donated by the proprietors for school or church purposes. The village was laid out in an elaborate manner, and the proprietors no doubt expected great things of their village. Their expectations were in a measure realized. In accordance with the provisions of the contract entered into between the Commissioners ap- pointed to relocate the county-seat and the proprietors of the village, the latter were to furnish $4,000 toward the new court house, to pay $180, the estimated cost of relocation, to donate within one mile of said town five acres of ground for a graveyard, one acre for a seminary, one in-lot for a market-house, and one square upon which the court house was designed to be erected. This contract having been perfected, the county seat was relocated at the village in 1837. This fact immediately gave growth to various industries. Lawyers, doctors, merchants, hotel-keepers, carpenters, blacksmiths, schools, churches, etc., appeared, and the outlook was bright for the county seat. The court house was soon erected, and shortly afterward a jail. The mail route along the Fort Wayne and Goshen road was deflected and made to pass through the vil- lage. No effort was made to build a seminary, as was provided for in the con- tract. Hill & Treer opened a small store of groceries and dry goods, and soon afterward Nimmon & Colerick did the same, but not, probably, until the others had abandoned the pursuit. The village grew rapidly from the start, and reached the zenith of its prosperity and population about the time the court house was burned in March, 1843. At this time, it contained a population of about two hundred. After the court house had been burned, and the county- seat had been removed to Port Mitchell, the village languished. Half the pop- ulation immediately left, some going to Port Mitchell and some elsewhere, and when time had passed to 1850, it found the village almost deserted, and a fit emblem of loneliness. A few families yet resided there, but all hope for the future of the village had died out. In March, 1844, pursuant to an act of the State Legislature, the Commis- sioners appointed for the purpose, after duly considering all the sites proposed, relocated the county seat at Port Mitchell. This change in the location of the county seat created a bitterness that has endured until the present day. The following is quoted from the pen of Mr. Prentiss : " The spring and summer of 1844 were unusually wet, and all the streams in the country were full. Mill- dams and bridges were swept away, and crops were much injured. The bridge west of Augusta, across the Elkhart River, was in danger ; and the citizens' of Augusta and surrounding country turned out to try to save it, but it was swept away. It was on this occasion, the ' 1st day of July, that Wesley White lost his life. After the bridge was carried away, Mr. Colerick, having fas- tened a rope on the east side of the river, went up the stream some dis- tance, and swam across with the r'ope, and fastened it on the west side, so that persons there who could not swim could cross by means of the' rope. There were probably twenty-five or thirty persons present. Among those on 262 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. ne west side was Mr. White, whe, it appears, ceuld not swim ; but he s.gmfied h,s intention of trying to cross above the rope, saying that, if he dis- owntirf " 0t f *T aCr ° SS ' ^ COa ' d Ca ' Ch "» -Pe°when he floated down to it. Some of those present tried to dissuade him from making the at- tempt, and urged him to rely on the rope at first; but unfortunately he relied onh, 8 own abihty, if not to cross, to at least catch the rope, and so made the attempt, going some distance up the stream to make the start. He plunsted in :>!;/': th api,% down A but as he made n ° ° at ^ 'P*-- alarmed, as they supposed he would catch the rope when it was reached As he was swept down, he made an effort to seize the rope, but missed it, and then he called for help and sank in the muddy water. He was seen twice after" ward when he sank to rise no more. The spectators were at first not alarmed but soon the widest confusion and excitement prevailed, so that no one seemed in a condition to render assistance. Several effort* were made to help him but without avail The search was continued during the day, but the body' was not discovered until the 2d, and was not buried until the 5th. His untLely death caused a profound sensation throughout the county, and created univer d Z \T r, Tjf SheCl Sen " eman aDd a C ° mpetent and feithM StaS there Thfnr t "-« Pitted before the county seat was established here_ The proprietors were Samuel Hanna and William F. En h — ' ^ Honshaws had bu.lt their mills, and two or more cabins had been erected, that of the Henshaws being on the west side of the river Hanna and fJ\7 a store about 183T, or perhaos earlier b„i 1, ■ , ! gle ° pened a value rtin.,,1, a. ? ' e ' r g0ods dld not e * cee4 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. township school fund, and immediately thereafter schools sprang into existence, like mushrooms from a hot-bed. School was taught at Port Mitchell as early as 1840, and some think earlier. A small log school building was built on the west side, which, after being used about two years, was replaced by one which had been used as a storeroom. After the county seat was removed to Albion, the school which had begun at Port Mitchell was continued in a schoolhouse built farther west. Good schools are reported to have been held in the village, although but little information can be learned regarding them. At the time the county seat was located there, as high as $15 was paid per month for teach- ing, which, at that day, was considered a large price. Those who were inter- ested in the early schools at Port Mitchell were the Frinks, Grays, Smiths, Engles, Bartleys and others who had children to send. Lawyer Slack's office was used for school purposes. No particular funds were required to erect one of the early schoolhouses ; but it did require sharp axes, strong arms, teams, perhaps, and logs. The trouble came when the teacher was to be paid. A $5 bill represented the same value then as five times that amount does now, and more, because exchanges were effected in the woods without money from neces- sity. Those who brought in money were obliged to pay it out immediately for this thing and that, and having nothing to sell that would bring money in return, whole neighborhoods were left without cash, and hence the settlers were required to adopt a system of exchange, or, at least, seek some other medium than ordinary money. Notes were made payable in so much corn, potatoes, wheat, etc., due at stated periods. This, of course, often led to great hard- ships. The settler who had considerable money was fortunate indeed, and usu- ally left to his heirs a large and valuable landed property. Capt. Archibald Frink is said to have taught the neighbors' children in his own house. One corner of the room was provided with a few rough seats and desks, and here a few tow-headed pioneer children first learned their let- ters. In the fall of 1843, Miss Harriet Allen taught a term of school in a small log building, a short distance south of John Bowman's present resi- dence. The building was a deserted log dwelling, and was owned by Bowman, through whose endeavors the school was taught. Each scholar was charged 10 cents per week, and Mr. Bowman furnished che house, wood and boarded the teacher. The subscription charged was sufficient to pay the teacher, while Mr. Bowman was out fuel (a trifle), labor (more than a trifle), house rent (alas! alas !) and the teacher's board. But the one term was taught here. Miss Allen was an excellent teacher of small children, but here her mastery of the art failed. Her knowledge in general was extremely limited, though undoubtedly the children regarded her as an oracle. "And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew, That one small head could carry all she knew." Her services were dispensed with at the conclusion of her first term. She announced a spelling school for a given evening; but afterward, hearing that a 265 YORK TOWNSHIP. At a late hour one of Jfc W -«W^ ^ mischief in their ey . had starte w _ m with the m, tore the bob-sled being Ml of corn juice, tn road in the snow , a into fragments and scatter d *e ™ta» ated you ^^ f ^ fit judgment for the, w.cke . --^ n „t bnilt until about the Tsehoo^use ™s Leted in the Basset District about the same time, and one in January, 184!, in a building ^~^£ZZZ£& W. Andrews, now £^£*J£ * ^ urd and ,1.26 per week for her serv- ' hree Te Uught fa "V succession and averaged about twenty-five Z^L^l whole time. One term was taught ^^-J^S I f „„„v>t lw Mr Love were the only ones ever taught in the village, three taught by Mr. i,ove j townsh ip The Methodists, Baptists, No churches have been built in the township. ± dwellings Presbyterians and others had early organizations and met in private dw Ld schoolhouses; but they did not nourish, and the tnernb s o n ^r joining stronger societies in neighboring townsh.p Man ^of the c 7 rf attend church in Albion and elsewhere. The sect known God had an early organization at the residence of John J°^Z'** continued to assemble for worship for a number of year, — - • „l,a. n n. „f churhes the citizens are moral and many aie religious, wor» v g GoTIs EoJ Wlliams directed, "after the dictates of their own conscence CHAPTER XVII. BY WESTON A. GOOPSPEED. AMONG the earliest settlers in Green were the following: Samuel Grav DaWd ^ Wge T B T e T r : B /°J' a ™« M — ore, Jacob Eyman, William EB^wn' Gaff d! 7« t i nd8ey ' 0IiVCT MoWilIi »™. William McDaniel, Robert Gaff, Dav,d Boner, John Allen, Noah Bine, George Brown Peter On I n A Cnmmins, John Carothers, Anson Herand an, iLmas Kiier John ' , . Hiram Lindsay, John O.inger, George Ott, John ZZ^'^tZ ££ "ir tr 1 L sr tt ■ 0Um ^ ™?™2 Oaswe,,, Chancer VVaiHeyand^st^'^r^s ntl a r:- l^T a man named Krewson wa, the first settler in feen He' 1 1 ,1 T ' ■— ,, - .„.„„«, „ io..r „ ™,~ '-; d ;s * "»- land upon which he had lnrsw) ^ j • pernaps i»d5, when the wa y „e p b y s^%xx m :L:t:z7:iri "- emered - F °- son was obliged to leave which he Z , possession. Krew. possession of his «*in iTd tri^ t^"^ 7 T t^ ^ ** ments that had been made Here GrlTl T S " ^ ' he im P r0ve - he sold the property to jib L ind! 7 ° w "^ ° f * "f 188fl - '"»- possession. Mr. Lindsey also purchase I, Gra a c of fa'ndT ' ' mmeCi ' ate the Krewson property; but it afterward appeared that tl if. f ^ "? ° f fully made, as Gray did not own the land no h»l " ™* ml ™~ Wayne. He had represented to Lind ey tha k^ZllTt "A*"! to part with it for an amount much greater than IT ' ™ d "^ the hand office. The truth was unknot £^JZT* * ^ * " passed, and then it was too late to correct the frauT and u J?^***" ha,i land. It is stated ihat Mr. Gray wa en 'at e d i! f ''' "^ kep ' ""= wray was engaged in several transactions of this GREEN TOWNSHir. 267 character, and thereby unlawfully made considerable money. Soon after this event, Mr. Lindsey was taken sick, and a pioneer doctor was called (his name is omitted for good reasons); but the patient continued to get no better, steadily growing worse, until at last, under distressing and suspicious circumstances, he died, leaving his wife and a large family of almost helpless children to live on as best they could without him. To make matters worse for this unfortunate family, the eldest son, a lad about sixteen years of age, was drowned in Lind- sey Lake, and the care of the family fell upon the mother and Hiram, a son some thirteen years of age. Hiram Lindsey and the other members of his father's family have been satisfied, since the untimely death of their husband and father, that he was poisoned by the doctor, who was probably paid for the dark deed by one who expected to profit thereby. The truth will probably ever be shrouded in mystery. In 1835, Jacob Eyman and Benjamin Macemore appeared in the town- ship, the former locating in the northern part on land which he entered the following year, and the latter some distance south. David Boner came in 1838, and settled where his son now resides. William E. Bowen came in 1837, and George Benner, Christian Kinsey, William Caswell and perhaps others the same year. William McDaniel arrived in 1838, as did also Robert Gaff and three or four others. Those who were present at the first township election say that there were not to exceed fifteen persons present. The County Commis- sioners appointed David Boner Inspector, and ordered an election of officers at his log cabin, probably in March, 1839. Although several settlers yet living in the township were present at that election, they cannot recollect who were elected to all the various offices. Benjamin Macemore was appointed one of the Clerks of Election, and, it is also stated, was elected Township Clerk. William Caswell, a squatter, was elected Justice of the £eace by the vote of the canal-men. The Constable was also elected by the canal-men, but his name has also slipped the recollection. The woods in Green, when the first settlers came in, like the remainder of Noble County, were filled with deer, bears, wolves and other wild beasts. Many of the pioneers had come from well-settled localities in the East, and were not familiar with the arts of the hunter. Others were just the reverse, and could bring down, off-hand, at long distances, any game desired. It is related that one morning William Bowen went out to shoot a wild turkey for breakfast. He began calling in imitation of the turkey, and soon received an answer. He crept cautiously forward, with his rifle ready, calling occasionally and receiving an answer, by which he guided his steps ; and, when within a short distance of where the turkey must be, he suddenly heard a new answer off to one side, whereupon he silently moved in that direction, but, when within a few rods of the place, he was startled by the loud report of a rifle within a few feet of him, and a moment later an Indian came, laughing, toward him, holding out the identical turkey which had answered his call. The Indian thought it a big 268 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. joke, and laughed heartily at having outwitted the white man, and thereby killed the turkey the latter was after. The Indian, of course, kept the turkey, and Mr. Bowen was obliged to hunt farther for his breakfast. On Mr. Bow- en's land, on the shore of that beautiful sheet of water — Bowen, or Indian, Lake — was an Indian village of twenty or thirty bark wigwams. A number of these were standing where the old orchard is, and a short distance south, just across the road, Mr. Bowen, after a number of years, unearthed the decaying skeleton of an Indian brave. Within a few feet of this spot, he had buried a little daughter that had died soon after coming to the township. The Indians remained encamped in the vicinity for several years, and then departed west- ward toward the setting sun, and their faces have been forgotten. One of the best hunters ever in the township was William Mc Daniel, who was considered by all as a "dead shot." His rifle carried the largest ball, but one, in the township, and when it spoke in his hands something came down in death. He went one day to an early election, and upon his arrival discovered that those who had appeared before him had been shooting at a mark — a nail- head as far off as it could be seen. No one had hit the mark. Mr. Gaff, who had come with Mr. McDaniel, immediately offered to bet the whisky for the crowd that the latter could beat at the first shot, off-hand, the best shot that had yet been made. He was immediately taken up, and McDaniel was called out. The rifle was raised and fired, and upon examination it was found that the leaden bullet had split itself on the nail-head. The whisky was drunk, but not at Mr. Gaff's expense. One day in early autumn, McDaniel went out to cut corn, taking his rifle with him. As he reached the spot where he intended to begin work, he saw a dark object moving between the rows at some little distance, and at first surmised that cattle were in his field. But a moment later he was undeceived, for he saw an average-sized bear pass quickly from the corn into a cluster of weeds that grew by the fence. McDaniel dropped the corn-cutter and started on the run, expecting to head the bear off and get a shot. This he did ; but in running the priming of his gun had fallen out, and the rifle did not go off, although the bear did as fast as its legs could carry it. McDaniel, however, got a long shot at it as it was disappearing, but without effect, except to hasten the movements of the bear. The hounds were un- loosed, as were also those of Mr. Gaff, who lived near by, and soon the woods were filled with their discordant howls, as they rapidly pursued the retreating bear. All the remainder of that day and far into the succeeding night the bay- ing of the hounds could be heard, growing fainter and fainter, until at last they entirely ceased. One by one the hounds returned, and after a few days, it was discovered that they had followed the bear about twelve miles east, where it had gone into a miry swamp, and being unable to get out on account of its exhausted condition, or some other reason, had perished in the mud and water. It was found, and proved to be very fat, which accounts for its exhausted con- dition and death. hLV.Ji GREEN TP. GREEN TOWNSHIP. 271 In 1855, an event occurred which was bitterly lamented. On Saturday, the 16th of June, two men — William Applegate and Franklin Weirich — were engaged in digging a well for George Shambaugh. They had been up for din- ner, and it came Applegate's turn to descend into the well and dig. He descended, and a moment later, when Weirich looked down, Applegate was seen lying at the bottom. Weirich called out immediately to be let down to the assistance of his friend, which was hurriedly done ; but as soon as he reached the bottom, he gasped for breath and called to be pulled up. He was so under the influence of the poisonous atmosphere that, when about half-way up, he fell back to the bottom, breaking his neck. Great excitement prevailed, but after a little time both men were drawn up by means of hooks, though they could not be resuscitated, as both were stone dead. Great was the sorrow of the friends of the dead men. Weirich left a wife and a family of small chil- dren, who saw great suffering after their natural protector was taken from them so unexpectedly. A few years later than this, Samuel and Jacob Kester one day turned up an old stump, and under it found nearly a half-bushel of copper coin that was unstamped, but which had probably been prepared to be subse- quently galvanized with silver, and stamped as half-dollars. How the coin came there is not altogether a mystery, as about that time there lived in the neighborhood several men who minted a large quantity of counterfeit money. There were also found, in a swamp not far from the same place, a buggy, which had been taken in there and hid, and a gun barrel, covered with rust and mud. Foul play was suspected, but no skeleton has been discovered to lead to the conclusion of murder. Many of the early settlers were Irishmen, who had worked in the town- ship on the " canawl " in 1837 and 1838. They probably thought the country would make a pleasant home, and as soon as the "canawl" scheme had col- lapsed, they went to farming for want of a more suitable occupation. This was a great descent in their fortune, and they remembered with sorrow the old times, the old songs they used to sing, and the faces of companions they had seen for the last time. " I entered with them for a season My monthly pay for to draw, And being in very good humor, I often sang ' Erin go Braugh ;' Our provisions they were very plenty, To complain I'd no reason at all, [ had money in every pocket, While working upon the canawl. So fare you well father and mother, Success to Old Ireland, too; Fare you well sister and brother, So kindly I'll bid you adieu. " At night when at rest from our labors We're sure that our rent is all paid, We lay down our pick and our shovel, Likewise our ax and our spade; NN 272 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. We all sit joking together, There is nothing our minds to enthrall, If happiness be in this wide world, I'm sure it is on the canawl." The eastern part of the township was mostly selected by the " canalers,'' and the thrift soon displayed there proved that they had not forgotten how to work. All they now have to remind them of old times are the old songs and mementoes, and the rapidly disappearing remains of the old canal. Chancey C. Walkley erected a saw-mill at an early day, locating it about two and a half miles south of Green Center, on "Blue Grass Creek," or Blue River, as it is now called. The building was quite large, and soon after its erection one apartment was provided with a rude set of buhrs and the necessary machinery for grinding grain, or " cracking corn," as it is more gen- erally termed. A dam had been built across the stream, and the water which propelled the strong under-shot wheel was conducted to the mill by means of a race. Both departments of the mill were a great accommodation to the neigh- borhood, and were quite well patronized for some eight or ten years, at the expiration of which time both were abandoned. This was the only " grist- mill " ever in the township, and should be especially remembered. About twenty-five years ago, Solomon G. Swigart erected a saw-mill about a mile southwest of the Center, putting in steam and a muley saw. After operating successfully for many years, it was destroyed by fire ; but was afterward rebuilt by its present owner, Mr. Levi Diller, who has improved it so it is now one of the best mills in the county, although it at present is in need of repairs. Mr. Diller saws from 6,000 to 10,000 feet per day, and is shipping consider- able native lumber by car to Chicago and other cities. About four years ago, the springs in the vicinity failed of water, and Mr. Diller sank a shaft within his mill. At the depth of about twelve feet, water was struck, which poured up through the opening, and shot up in the air to the height of about ten feet. The stream of water is about two inches thick, and flows rapidly, and the water is hard and excellent. The well alone, on a large stock farm, would, in time, be worth thousands of dollars. Mr. Diller thinks the water contains magnesia. A few efforts at keeping store have been made in the township. In 1844, Mason M. Merriam had a small store, where he sold groceries, and where " the drink which biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder " could be obtained for the necessary ".lucre." The terms of his license may be seen on the records at Albion. Hiram Lindsey, many years ago, opened a small store of dry goods, groceries, notions, etc., on his farm, and for a number of years saved the neighbors journeys to more distant localities for these articles. The stock was closed out but a few years ago. Christian Kinsey kept tavern quite early on the Goshen road, and it may be said that the settlers, in general, in early times, were accustomed to keep travelers. This was rendered necessary by the wants of immigrants, who had just arrived, and were without shelter. The GREEN TOWNSHIP. 273 old settlers tell us that the latch-string was always left out for everybody, and that all conventionality in respect to caste was utterly avoided. All were com- mon and like brothers, with that free, easy, off-hand way that is admired even at this day. About nine years ago, 0. H. Andrews opened a store at the Cen- ter. A small stock of a general assortment has been kept by a change of owners since. Among the merchants have been William Hale, Mr. Ishwood and Edward Matthews. Followers of Esculapius have plied their craft at the Center. A store has also been kept on the eastern line of the township. Silas Moore has been Postmaster at the Center for many years. Prior to 1842, no school had been taught in the township. In 1841, the children in the southwestern part were sent to school on the Goshen road in Noble township. A small log schoolhouse had been built there, and David Sanford had been employed to teach the children, who came to him from several miles around. The house had been built for a dwelling by Jacob Marker, but after being vacated it was provided with seats and desks and transformed into a schoolhouse. It was located on John Skinner's farm. The first school build- ing in Green was built in about 1843 by the whole neighborhood, and located about half a mile north of the present residence of George Ott. It was a small log structure about 18x22 feet, with a large mud-and-stick chimnev on the outside that served as a vent to an enormous fire-place within. Desks and seats were made from rude plank obtained at one of the early saw-mills, either in Green or in neighboring townships, and two small windows supplied all the light that enabled the children to decipher their A B C's. Among the men who helped build this house were Messrs. Gaff, Ott, Gray, Boner, McDaniel and others. They all assembled one morning with axes, teams, etc., and at night the first schoolhouse in Green had been erected. The floor was made of punch- eons, but the door and desks were made of sawed lumber. William Sanford, g good scholar, was employed to teach the school, which he did, giving excellent satisfaction. He is said to have applied the term " Oxford School " to the building where he was known as master, but whether derisively or not is uncer- tain. Some say that but one term was taught here, while others think that school was held about two years. The facts are uncertain. The old building rotted down there, and some of the decaying logs may yet be seen by th« curious. In about the year 1846, another schoolhouse was erected, and located in the southwestern part on the land of William McDaniel. It was a small frame building, and considerable trouble was experienced in getting school started there, owing to dissatisfaction regarding the location of the house, the wages te be paid the teacher, and the lot upon which the house stood, which had been donated by Mr. McDaniel. Angry disputes were freely indulged in by oppos- ing parties, and for many years a lingering bitterness existed in the neighbor- hood. The first teacher had an easy school, and everything went off smoothly, The second teacher was John Miller, of Whitley County, who possessed a great 274 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. deal of determination and force of character. His school began and progressed nicely until Christmas, there being a half-dozen or more young men in attend- ance, among whom were the Gaff boys and William Hughes. At Christmas, the boys resolved that they must have a treat from the teacher, and, therefore, early on that morning, before that functionary had arrived, they took possession of the house, and when the teacher put in an appearance, barred the door against him, at the same time handing him a paper from the window upon which was written their demand. Mr. Miller quietly read the document, and positively refused to accede to their request, at the same time demanding that the door be immediately opened ; but this the boys as positively refused to do until the teacher came to terms. This fired the blood of the latter, and he declared that he would break down the door if it was not opened. The boys told him to do his worst, and threatened to throttle him if he forced his way into the room. After trying all sorts of maneuvers for several hours to get in, without success, the teacher went to the Directors, and informed them what had transpired, and asked their interference that the school might go on. The Directors thought, and told him so, that inasmuch as the procedure of the boys was quite customary, and their demand reasonable, the best thing for him to do was to treat, as he would thereby gain their good will, and would be liked all the better by the scholars; but the teacher had made up his mind to do no such thing, and told the Directors so, whereupon he was informed that he must fight the battle out alone. The teacher returned to the schoolhouse, where he remained the balance of the day and far into the night, waiting and watching for an opportunity to enter; but the boys were determined and vigilant, and the teacher was foiled. At last, the latter retired to his home When the boys were sure he had gone, they immediately held a council of war. It was voted unanimously to either bring the teacher to terms, or prevent him from continu- ing the school. They therefore resolved to leave a few of the strongest to hold the fort until morning, so that in case the teacher returned, he could not gain entrance to the room. This was done, and the other scholars retired to their homes for the night. About daylight the next morning, the teacher put in his appearance, expecting, of course, that the building had been vacated ; but such was not the case, as he soon learned to his discomfort. He made desper- ate efforts to get in, but the boys stubbornly and successfully resisted every movement. The foiled master then decided to wear the boys out, hoping by that means to get possession. He remained in that vicinity, occasionally making movements as if he intended to burst in the door, or as if he meditated an attack upon the fort from an unexpected quarter. At night he again went home, but the boys put out their sentinels, and left the schoolhouse ably com- manded. Morning came and with it came the gritty pedagogue; but the boys were found strongly intrenched, and the position proved impregnable, though the enemy still lingered in the vicinity ; but the besieged were becoming desper- ate, and, at last, they resolved upon a sally, hoping to capture the enemy alive. GREEN TOWNSHIP. 276 As the latter was standing in an exposed quarter, the door was suddenly thrown open, and he found himself in the hands of his assailants ere he could offer suc- cessful resistance. He was then informed that unless he capitulated and agreed to forthwith treat, he would be taken to the nearest lake and ducked repeatedly in the icy water ; but he defiantly refused, and the boys, with him in their cus- tody, started for southern Lindsey Lake with the avowed intention of dipping him into the water. The lake was reached, a large hole was chopped in the ice, and the teacher was given a last chance ; but he spurned their offers with contempt, and the boys prepared to plunge him in. Their intention, however, was not to carry the matter so far. They desired to scare him into a compli- ance with their demands, but the teacher had resolved never to yield, and after he had been shaken over the yawning hole for a time, he was released and per- mitted to go. By this time, the whole neighborhood was so roused up, and their sympathies were so unanimously with the boys, that the Directors thought best to discharge the teacher, which was accordingly done to his satisfaction as well as theirs. The old house that had withstood the above described siege was used some twelve or fifteen years, and was then sold to Mr. McDaniel for $7.50, and moved to his residence, where it was used as an outhouse until it was destroyed by fire a few years ago. The present schoolhouse (a frame structure) in that neighborhood was built at the time the old one was sold. A log schoolhouse was built in the northern part, near Mr. Bowen's, about the year 1845. This house stood well toward the eastern part of the district^ and, after being used some ten years, was replaced by a small frame, 24x26 feet, located where the present house stands. In 1873, William Davis, a skillful carpenter and an excellent man living near, was employed to construct the present fine brick country school building, which was done at a cost of $1,036. Mr. Davis has built many of the schoolhouses throughout the county, as well as dwellings. A schoolhouse was built in District 4 about the year 1849, and Jesse Noe was employed in the capacity of teacher. Another house has been built there since, and is known as the "Green Schoolhouse." A log school building was erected at the Center about 1848, and after being used a few years, a frame building, constructed in the shape of an octagon, and known as the " Round Schoolhouse," was built to take its place. This building served its day, as it soon fell apart, and the present house, a frame, was erected in its place. The second schoolhouse in the northwestern corner, while it was used for educational purposes, was frequently occupied by a small society of Methodists that assembled there to worship. This was not very satisfactory to those who were not members of the society, as the latter more or less injured the building without any return, but nothing was done in opposition. At last, when the new schoolhouse was built, John Favinger purchased the old building, which thereafter was used exclusively as a church, until a short time ago, when it was 276 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. deserted by the society, which dissolved, and the old house was transferred to Jefferson Township, where its lot of usefulness is very much lowered by its conversion into a barn. Among the membership of this society were the fam- ilies of Jacob Macemore, Christian River, William Steel and others. The min- isters in charge have been Revs. Comstock, Miller, Graham and Smith. The Free- Will Baptists erected a hewed log church near the schoolhouse in District No. 4 about the year 1854. The society had been organized previously by Rev. Jesse Noe, and had met in the old schoolhouse; but through his influence the church was built, though still the society was feeble and finan- cially poor. Mr. Noe was retained as minister by the society after his terms of school in the old schoolhouse were ended, but he began his work without salary save such as was subscribed and willingly given from time to time by the mem- bers. This amount was exceedingly small, and soon Mr. Noe sadly needed a new suit of clothes. This he publicly announced, and his wants were met with a ready and satisfactory response from the members. The old church was de- serted long ago. During the winter of 1863-64, Elder C. C. Sands, of the Church of God, held a protracted meeting in the schoolhouse at Green Center. A great deal of interest was aroused, and many converted. Henry A. Cory, one of the converts, immediately began to preach, and during the following winter he, assisted by Elder Sands, held well-attended meetings in the school- house, where the church now stands. Here it was that a membership of thir- ty-six was secured. In 1879, when the schoolhouse was burned down, the thought of building a church was considered. William Grawcock, an excellent man, agreed to give the necessary land and brick, and the necessary subscrip- tion was secured after energetic work. The Building Committee were J. M. Applegate, Chairman; John Harter, Treasurer; William Grawcock, Secreta- ry ; and George Fulk and Benjamin Crider. Mr. Grawcock was made chair- man at the death of Mr. Applegate. George Geiger and John Parker were af- terward members of the committee. The brick church was built last year at a cost of $2,400, the most of which was raised by subscription. They have a fine Sunday school, one of the largest in the county, the average attendance be- ing seventy-five. Every three weeks the Rev. Mr. Oliver preaches to the Soci- ety, which is in a prosperous condition. ^^€m^j-^ &$y GREEN TP. CHAPTER XVIII. by weston a. goodspeed. Swan Township— Incidents of Pioneer Life— Mr. Timmerman and the Bear— Early Hunting Exploits— The First Saw-Mill— Swan and La Otto— The First Schoolhouse— The Early Circuit Riders- Religious Societies. DURING the early autumn of 1833, George Rickard, a native of the Em- pire State, appeared in what is now Swan Township, where he selected a farm of eighty acres in the northern part, and began the difficult process of preparing his land for cultivation. This man, who is yet well remembered, was the first permanent settler in the township. He built a small beech-log cabin on his small farm, in which were domiciled his wife and children. Travel, at that time, was considerable along the Lima road, and taverns were in great demand. This induced Mr. Rickard, notwithstanding his small cabin, to throw the doors open to the public. He placed for a sign a pair of very large buck horns, which circumstance gave rise to the name his house received from travelers — " The Buck-Horn Tavern." Of course whisky was kept for sale to those who imbibed. Conrad Cramer came up the Maumee River early in June, 1834, by means of pirogues, pushing them along the shallow stream with long poles, placed one end on the bottom and the other against the shoulder. His family and a few household goods were thus brought up the river to Fort Wayne, and then trans- ferred to Swan Township, where Mr. Cramer entered eighty acres of land adjoining that of Rickard. Mr. Cramer also came from York State (Jefferson County). The next settlers were probably James and Charles Shelner and Daniel Tousley, the three coming about the same time in 1834. Within the next two or three years, there came in Jonas and John Strous, Samuel Barkwell, Charles Salsbury, Mr. Flagg, Hiram King, Alexander Gifford, the Broughtons, Oliver and Stanberry Wright, Hiram Parker, three or four of the Fulks (who settled in the southwestern part), Oliver^L. Perry and others. Immediately afterward, ^*-» - and prior to 1844, there came in among others Weston Ackley, J. L. Blowers, Hamilton Badger, John C. Billings, Conrad Bricker, Dexter Brooks, Russell Clapp, Samuel Carothers, Nicholas Cooper, M. P. Dickerson, F. Tilton, Samuel Frances, William Gregg, Samuel Huff, Henry Haskins, William Errickson, Charles Law, John Latta, Joseph Richards, Henry Timmerman, Aaron, Alva and Josiah Wood, James, Luther, Lewis and Erastus Warner, Jared and John Weeks, Edward and Lewis Walburn, and James Willetts. After this the township was settled rapidly, and log cabins sprang into existence in all directions, almost like Aladdin's palace. Rollings and raisings 278 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. were every-day occurrences, and some of the old settlers state that for weeks at a time they were gone from home, assisting new settlers in getting a home and a start. Settlers usually brought an abundance of clothing with them, and a few necessary household goods, and perhaps a small quantity of money ; so that the first thing to think of after the erection of the cabin, and possibly some rude stable in which to shelter the horses or cow or sheep or swine, was how to provide for the appetite. At first swine were scarce, but soon the woods were full of them, as they ran like wild animals without molestation, save as they were shot for pork. They were often very fierce and dangerous, the tusks of the males attaining a length of six or more inches. Armed with such weap- ons, an enraged Sus scrofa was a formidable enemy. A small clearing was made as soon as possible, upon which to raise potatoes, corn, pump- kins and wheat. The men found an abundance of hard labor in clearing and improving their land, and very often the services of the women were employed to accomplish the same result. Acres of heavy trees of the finest woods were leveled with the ground, and soon the fires, often continued far into the night, completed the process of denudation. Flax was raised, from which linen clothing of all sorts was rudely manufactured by the women. At a very early day it was noised abroad that a drove of sheep was to be driven along the Goshen road, and offered for sale here and there to the settlers. Jonas Strouse went over to Wolf Lake to buy a small flock, but found that he had missed the drove, and hearing that Joseph Adair, of Wash- ington, had some to spare, he went over and bought eight, which, so far as known, were the first brought into Swan Township. The flock multiplied and did well, notwithstanding that every now and then one was killed by the wolves. Mr. Strouse says that on more than one occasion some of his sheep were killed at mid-day near the house by large, fierce wolves. He set a steel trap for a big wolf that had proved very troublesome, and caught it, but the wolf dragged the trap into a neighboring swamp, where it was followed the hext day by Mr. Strouse, who shot it, and afterward received as he said " $5 for its sculp." Peo- ple soon learned to make their own linen and woolen cloth, either each material by itself, or in the form of "linsey-woolsey," beautifully colored with leaves or bark from the woods. Deer were very numerous, and every old settler's recol- lection is filled with stories of them. Once in awhile a bear was seen or killed to relieve the monotony. At a very early day, the Indians started a bear in the northern part with their dogs, and having chased it to the vicinity of Cra- mer's Lake, succeeded in killing it, after it had knocked a few of their dogs higher than Gilderoy's kite. This occurred not far from the year 1837. In about the year 1838, a large bear came one night to Timmerman's cabin, and, being very hungry, seized an unfortunate swine, weighing some one hundred and fifty pounds, by the back of the neck, and dragged it off, despite its squeals and struggles, into the woods, where its mangled and half-consumed carcass was found the next morning by the irate owner. While the hog was being SWAN TOWNSHIP. 281 dragged off, the family heard its piercing squeals, but were unable to effect a rescue, on account of the intense darkness and the boldness of the bear. The hog had been dragged into an almost impassable wind-fall, where it was found. Surmising that Mr. Bruin would return for another feast within the next night or two, Mr. Timmerman and a few others contrived a trap from a log about a foot in diameter, which was so arranged that when the bear approached the hog, the log must fall directly upon its back. The first night no bear appeared, but on the second it came, and, as expected, was pinned to the ground by the log. But the trappers had miscalculated, for upon reaching the spot the next morning it was found that the bear had scratched and clawed up the ground where the log lay, and had thrown the latter to one side, scattering the other contrivances of the trap in all directions. The trap had been so contrived that, when the log fell, the bear would be inclosed between two rows of sharp, wooden pins. These were found covered with the hair and blood of the bear. The animal, probably, after recovering from its shock had eaten heartily of the pork, and had taken its final departure, for it was not seen in the neighborhood afterward. The Mongoquinong road had been laid out on an old Indian trail before the settlers appeared, and this proved a vast convenience, serving as a large artery to float the products raised in the township, and affording a compara- tively easy communication with Fort Wayne, the great mart of all Northern Indiana. The earliest settlers located along this road, or near it, while those arriving later were compelled, as it were, to take back seats. Goods from stores were very high, and the settlers' pocket-books were either " full of empti- ness," as a son of the Emerald Isle represented them, or they had been left in the East, being looked upon as a needless burden in the backwoods. The most of the settlers brought in a little money, but this was soon paid out for much-needed articles, and as the markets brought no return of money, the set- tlers were obliged to carry on commerce through a devised medium of ex- changes. This soon created a cash price and a trade price, which were often widely apart, and sometimes wrought enduring hardships. Time slowly changed the tide of events for the better. The first township election was held in 1837, at the residence of George Rickard, who had been appointed Inspector by the County Commissioners. There were present but eight or ten persons, and only six of them were enti- tled to vote. These six were George Rickard, Hiram Parker, Alexander Gif- ford, James Shelner, Charles Shelner and David Tousley. Jonas and John Strous were present, but were not entitled to vote, not having been a year in the township. Two or three officers were elected, but as no returns were made, the election remained invalid. The same is true of the election held in the spring of 1838, although John Fulk, who had been elected Road Supervisor, consented to serve, and did. At the election of 1839, which was held at the cabin of Mr. Badger, several officers were elected, the Justice of the Peace 282 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. being Jonas Strous. At this election, many of the " canalers " came over from Green and voted, regardless of law and right. Mr. Strous recollects trying many cases of assault and battery, brought before him by the " canal- ers." The first marriage in the township was contracted by Joseph Exler and Ann Cramer. This couple had considerable trouble before they were made man and wife. They at first went to Fort Wayne, but found they could not get united there, so they returned and went up north somewhere, and found a Squire, who tied them fast in Hymen's knot. The first death wa3 that of the mother of Hiram Parker, her death occurring in 1837. A few of the neigh- bors made a rough coffin from puncheons and a few boards, in which the earthly remains of the kind old lady were placed, and all consigned to the grave. The pioneers of Swan were at first compelled to go to Fort Wayne for flour and meal, although two u corn-crackers " were west of them, distant some eight or ten miles, one being at Port Mitchell and the other on the Goshen road, about two miles southeast of Wolf Lake. These were found very con- venient in bad weather, when the roads were almost bottomless, for the settler would mount his horse and take a couple of bushels of corn or wheat to one of the above mills ; but when the weather was good, Fort Wayne was the most desirable place to go for flour and meal. It was not long before saw-mills sprang into activity, as the settlers demanded native lumber for their buildings. An early water saw-mill was built near the center of the township, on Black Creek, by Mr. Mendenhall, which is said to have been the first mill of the kind in the township. About the same time, or perhaps a little later, Hiram King built another of the same kind in the northern part, on an outlet to Cramer's Lake. These were both water-mills, with up-and-down saws, flutter wheels, and were furnished with water from a dam by means of a race. Both were slow-running, yet in time they did good service, and assisted greatly in providing the township with buildings a step in advance of those made of rough logs. An early saw-mill was started by Mr. Bruce, but it did not sur- vive longer than about a year. In about the year 1850, the Plank Road Com- pany erected a fine steam saw-mill, near the village of Swan, but immediately sold it to Mr. Barnes, who contracted to saw large quantities of three-inch plank for the road. After a few years, the mill was purchased by Ephraim Cramer, who sold it a few years later to others. Since then, it has passed through several hands until the present owner, Samuel Broughton, obtained possession. It has been a good mill from the start, and under Mr. Brough- ton's management is doing well at present. These were the only early saw- mills. There was no early grist-mill. In about the year 1844, Hiram King opened the first store at his residence in the northern part of the township. He kept a few groceries and notions, and perhaps a few yards of prints and calicoes. After a few years he was appointed Postmaster, although the office was not at his house, as he lived a SWAN TOWNSHIP. 283 considerable distance from the State road. The office was at the residence of Mr. Clapp. Within a few years, Hiram Cramer purchased King's stock of goods, and began selling about a mile and a half east. He was soon joined in business by his brother Ephraim, who, after a short period, bought his brother's interest, and continued alone for a series of years. A year or two after King had secured the post office, Samuel Broughton, living where Swan now is, was appointed in his stead, but after a few years, Ephraim Cramer received the appointment as Uncle Sam's agent, and, with the exception of six months, has been Postmaster since — a period of over thirty years. A Mr. Ogden opened a country store quite early on the State road in the northern part ; but after a few years he quit the mercantile pursuit for something more tangible and profitable. In the month of July, 1870, Samuel Broughton, Orville Broughton and Franklin Hilkert secured the services of a surveyor, and laid out seventy-eight lots between the railroad and plank road, and named the village thus begun Swan, after the township. The railroad was a new enterprise, and the pro- prietors of the village saw a chance to improve their worldly affairs by the sale of village lots. But Swan was not destined to fly very high during the first stages of its existence at least, and it is not impossible that it may be called upon before long to sing the song of the dying Swan. That is sad and touch- ing. But the village had an origin much earlier than the laying-out of the lots, and the platting and recording of the same. Ephraim Cramer, who had been selling goods in the northern part, appeared upon the site of what is now Swan in about the year 1856, being induced to change his location from the fact that the old plank road saw-mill at the place was quite extensively frequented by workmen and settlers, and the location promised a harvest to the merchant who dared open there with a stock of goods. A small frame building was erected on the lot south of the one occupied by Mr. Cramer at present, in which was placed a small stock of a general assortment of goods. Here Mr. Cramer continued to measure tape and calico behind the counter until 1861, when his store was burned to the ground, and a portion of the goods destroyed. Another frame build- ing was erected three years later on the same lot, and this was occupied contin- uously until about four years ago, when, following the example set by a Script- ural character some thousands of years ago, he tore down his old building in order to build a greater. His present fine brick storeroom cost between $3,000 and $4,000, and affords relief to the general monotony of the village. The second store was opened in about 1872 by Robert Taylor, who soon afterward took as a partner Allen Willets, and thus the firm continued until about two years ago, when the goods were bought by Samuel Broughton, who shortly afterward sold to Jehu Bricker and William Worman, and the last two are yet in business with a general stock, including drugs. Daniel S. Simon sold goods for a short time in Swan. Robert Taylor and Allen Willets built the grist-mill at Swan in 1874 at 284 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. a cost of about $7,000. Two run of stone were placed in the mill, which im- mediately entered upon a season of great prosperity. This has continued unabated until the present, with an annual shipment of a considerable quantity of excellent flour. Mr. Cramer bought fifty car loads of grain of the harvest of 1871, and has continued at the same business since, shipping by rail to the best markets. There is a small warehouse at the depot. A stave factory for oil barrels was built at the village, soon after the completion of the railroad, by F. S. Surick, of Fort Wayne, who, during the short time at the business, man- ufactured over 200,000 staves. Mr. Cramer, who was induced to buy staves for the factory, paying for the same with money advanced by himself, and receiving in return checks on Mr. Surick, lost nearly a $1,000, as the checks proved worthless when Mr. Surick failed in business. The building now stands vacant and lifeless, a memento of hopes that perished long ago. A few other minor industries have flourished at Swan, and when that is said the history is told. La Otto did not have as early an origin as Swan, but it has made up that deficiency by increased activity. Standing, as it does, at the junction of two railroads, there is no reason why, with time, it may not become five times as large and prosperous as it is. Probably the first building in the village was a steam saw-mill, built during the winter of 1871-72 by David Simon, and operated until about 1873. In the spring of 1872, a blacksmith-shop was erected at the village by Martin Belger, into which John Miller and his family moved on the 5th of April of the same year. On the same day, Abraham Zern moved into a shoe-shop that had been built there a short time before. These two families were the first in the village. In the preceding October, David Vorhees, Martin Belger, David Simon, Solomon Simon and Jonathan Simon had laid out 101 lots at the junction of the two railroads, and had christened the village, thus begun, " Simonville." The railroad company did not admire this name, and soon began calling the station Grand Rapids Cross- ing. But this was cumbersome, and, in September, 1875, the following peti- tion to change the name to La Otto (a name suggested by the Rev. B. F. Stultz) was presented to the County Commissioners ; or, rather, the following is the Auditor's record of the proceedings of the board, who had duly con- sidered the petition to change the name of the village, the petition having been signed by eighteen freeholders in the village and vicinity : Now came the above-named citizens of Simonville, Noble County, Ind., to be heard upon their petition to change the name of said village ; when it appearing to the satisfaction of the board that said petition herein filed with the County Auditor, praying that the name of Simon- ville be changed to that of La Otto, is genuine, and that good cause is shown for such change, and that the same has been duly signed by a large majority of the legal voters of said town from the testimony of Benjamin F. Stultz, a witness in the case, it is therefore ordered by the board that such change be made, and the name of Simonville be hereby changed to La Otto. It is further ordered, that three weeks' notice of such change be published in the New Era, a newspaper published in Noble County, Ind., that a certified copy of this order be made and recorded in the Recorder's office of said County, and that all the costs of this petition be paid by the petitioners. HAN TOWNSHIP. i 285 Mr. Zern, immed. jiy after his appearance in the village, began making and mending shoes, while Mr. Miller, who had been engaged in the cabinet business in the township since 1855, began the erection of his present planing- mill and bedstead factory, completing the same late in the summer of 1872, at a cost of over $7,000. The manufacture of bedsteads did not begin until the following February, and as there was already a saw-mill in operation in the village, from which could be obtained the necessary quantity of sawed lumber for the planing-mill, Mr. Miller did not start his present saw-mill for some time after the one operated by Mr. Simon was discontinued in 1873. Since this time, the factory, with its attendant adjuncts, has been the industrial center of the village. It gives constant employment to from six to ten assist- ants, and has steadily increased in capacity until at present the gross annual earnings probably exceed $5,000. Mr. Miller had previously carried on the cabinet manufacture about half a mile south of the village, his motor for ope- rating the machinery being horse-power. He had also been Postmaster there for five years, the office being known as Simon's Corners. Kinzie & Bonbrake opened the first store in the village in about September, 1872, with some $800 worth of dry goods and groceries, which were placed in a building that had been erected by Jonathan and Solomon Simon. Other merchants have been George W. Sowers, Mrs. Ford, Samuel Aker, Seymour Cole, Robert Taylor, Henry Holbrook, Manning Brothers, J. B. Ross, Wellington Martin, Zach- ariah Young, Mr. Cary, Mr. Hogue and others, some of whom were milliners, bakers, etc. Mr. Kinzie was appointed Postmaster in the autumn of 1872. He has been succeeded by Robert Taylor and the present official, Mr. Hol- brook. The first physician, Dr. Lebker, was at the village but a few months. Since then there have been Drs. Strouse, Bowker, Ogle, Shepard, Ober, Cary and the present follower of Esculapius, Dr. Solomon. Andrew Durkus was the first Vulcan. Mr. Garrison burned brick at the village in 1873. David Simon did likewise in 1879, and in 1881 burned two kilns, besides a few thou- sand tile. Efforts have been made by various parties to open saloons at this temperate little village, but all have been stubbornly met by the united and earnest remonstrances of the citizens. It is the intention, if possible, and if earnest endeavor will succeed, to fight the direful appearance of liquor to the last ditch. The citizens are not trifling, as some apostle of Bacchus will prob- ably learn to his sorrow. A few years ago, at a barn-raising in the village, David Whonsetler was struck by a falling beam and killed. Mr. Preston built a wagon-shop quite early. Mrs. Upton began entertaining the public in 1873. Several have followed the same occupation since, the present "mine host" being Thomas Ritchie. The village has a population of about seventy-five, and is destined to grow. Some time during the winter of 1837, the Rev. Mr. Ball, of Fort Wayne, came to the cabin of John Strous and preached the first sermon in the town- ship to a few of the earliest settlers who assembled there. A year later a log 286 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. schoolhouse was erected a short distance north of Swan, which was used as a church for a series of years, and until the first church was constructed in 1854. The old log schoolhouse was a rude affair, but it answered the purpose. After Ball's first sermon, he came to the neighborhood regularly, preaching usually at the cabins of the Shelners ; and, at last, in about the fall of 1338, formed a class of Methodists, and effected the permanent organization of the first relig- ious society in the township, and one of the very first in the county. Among the members were the Shelners, the Tousleys, the Cramers and others. The society continued to flourish in the old schoolhouse, which was about twenty-five feet square, and when the new church was built, in 1854, there was quite a respectable membership. The building was frame, and was about 32x45 feet. This house was used until 1880, when the present fine church was erected in Swan at a cost of about $2,000. The Lutheran Church on the farm of Peter Bricker has been standing many years ; but the society was really organized be- fore its erection. Among the early members were Messrs. Warner, Miller, Worman, Amos, DeHoff, Bricker, and others. The Catholic Church on Sec- tion 29 was first built some twenty-five years ago, and was used continuously by the steadily growing congregation until three years ago, when the present fine building was erected. This is probably the finest church in the township. The present pastor or priest in charge is Rev. F. X. Ege. The Presbyterian Church on Section 8 has been standing many years, as has also the one on Sec- tion 2, on the plank road. Both are in a fairly prosperous condition, especially the one on the plank road. The English Lutheran Church at La Otto was built in 1875, and cost $1,530. It is about 30x45 feet. The church was built largely by outside subscription, and B. F. Stultz was chosen first minister. Among the early members were Martin Belger and wife, John Miller and wife, Jacob Simon and wife, Joseph Simon, and Eva Bricker. The society was first organized in April, 1875, and meetings were held in the Preston Wagon-Shop Hall and in residences, until finally, as stated above, the church was built. The Sunday school was first started in the hall. The present membership is about twenty-five. The Wesleyan Methodist Church at La Otto was first built half a mile north of the village in 1859 ; but about six years ago was moved to its present location. This society was first organized in about 1850, and, at that time, met to worship in a schoolhouse in De Kalb County. Among the mem- bers are individuals from the following families : Hogue, Parish, Holbrook, Simon, Reed, Potter, Atwell, Sowers, Ogden, Smith, Correll, Bassett, Warner, and others. The United Brethren Church, in the southwest corner, was built during the last war and the society though small is doing well. No township in the county is better supplied with facilities for church going than Swan. The citizens are temperate and moral. As above stated, the first schoolhouse was built in 1838. Prior to that, in 1837, Miss Eliza Parker, a cousin to Hiram Parker, taught a term of six months in a building that had been built and deserted by Samuel Barkwell. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 287 She received $28 for the term, and taught the children of Conrad Cramer, Mr. Timmerman, John Strous and others, this term being the first in the township. The first teacher in the old schoolhouse, which was built near by, was Cordelia Broughton. This lady taught for three consecutive summers in the same house, and was then succeeded by her sister, Lucy Broughton. Miss Jane Bailey was the next teacher in this house. She was a wee woman, but had enough courage for a half-dozen of ordinary females. A young man who went to her school was one day whittling a stick unconcernedly in school, when he was approached by his teacher, who took the knife away from him, and informed the culprit that if he was again caught in such mischief, he would get his jacket tanned. This old schoolhouse was used until 1855, when a frame was erected, which was used until six years ago, at which time the present fine, two-storied brick schoolhouse was constructed. The school is graded, and is one of the best in the county. The second schoolhouse was built about 1842, near Hiram King's residence ; and the third was erected a year or two later on Section 7. The next was in the Fulk neighborhood in the southwestern part. In 1872, B. F. Simon taught a select school in La Otto, in what was known as Simon's Hall. School was taught there until 1876, when the present fine brick schoolhouse was built at a cost of over $1,000. The first teacher in the new house was Joseph Ketchum, a young man of fine ability. CHAPTER XIX. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED. Washington Township— Roop the First Settler— A Pioneer Pot-Pie— Catalogue of Early Settlers — First Township Election — Mr. Eagles and the Bear— Saw-Mills, Grist-Mills, Tanneries, Etc.— Pioneer Schools and Religious Societies— A Fish Story. IN about the year 1833, a tall, broad-shouldered, dark-complexioned man named Roop built a small log cabin, not more than twelve feet square, in Washington Township. In this small and unpretentious building were domi- ciled his sallow-looking wife and some half dozen children, who habitually went clothed in nothing but nature's somber garment. In other words, they went naked all summer, and at the appearance of real cold weather, clothing of some kind was sewed upon them, and not removed until entirely worn off the next spring. How they managed to live is one of the mysteries more profound than those of Eleusis. It is stated that the children became so dark from exposure, that, when sitting on the rail fence surrounding their cabin, they looked like turkey buzzards. Others have said that this is not doing the buzzards proper justice. All agree, however, in saying that the children were dark. After Mr. Roop had lived there a few years, he called a few of his nearest neighbors to his assistance in raising a log stable, on which occasion Mrs. Roop set before 288 HISTORY OF NOBLE COUNTY. the hungry men at dinner a large pot-pie, of which all ate with great relish. At the conclusion of the meal, one of the men inquired of the children what had become of the three or four young wolves which had been captured and tied near the house. One of the children promptly replied : " Why, mam cooked 'em in the pot-pie." The men survived the announcement, but it is said they tore down the stable, although this is probably a mistake. When the Scotts came to the township in 1838, Roop had greater improvements on his farm than could have been made in less than about three years ; and from the fact that he was not the most industrious person in the world, it is to be inferred that he either had lived there at least three years, or else some other settler had lived on the same place and made some of the improvements. In the absence of any facts to prove the presence of such a person, Mr. Roop must be credited with having been the first settler. He did not remain long, but journeyed to some other localitv. About two years after the settlement made by Roop, others began to appear, among the earliest being Joseph E. Adair, and his sons John, Samuel, and George, Hugh Allison in the southern part, Joseph Galloway, Noah Myers, James McEchron, James Duncan, Isaac Stewart, Thomas Scott, John Prickett, David Wiley, Phillip Hite, Richard Neal, John Spear, Lindsey McKinson, Frederick Starkev, Elisha Moore and others. Still later came Andrew Rarick, Ross Rowan, John Spooner, Aaron Bouse, Smith Hunt, Charles Hunt, R. D. McKinney, Levi Keister, Roger McDonald, John Ogden, Jacob Grum- leich, Peter Gordy, Abraham Goble, Jonathan Hartsock, Fred Harper, John Humphreys, John Blain, Joshua Benton, Paul Beezley, James Campbell, Michael Bouse, Allen Coons, William Daniels, John Dillon, Palmer W. Earl, Jacob Frederick, Daniel Foutz, Amos Wolf, Andrew Wilson, Thomas H. Wilson, Samuel Burrell and others. In 1836, there were about ten settlers in the township, and within the next five years there came in enough to enter all the land. Mary (Adair) Correll, daughter of Joseph Adair, who settled in the town- ship early in 1837, says that the first township election was held at her father's cabin on the 3d of April, 1837. Mr. Adair was elected Justice of the Peace, and the first case tried before him was an affaire a" amour. In the spring of 1838, he married the first couple in the township — Jacob Scott and Lydia Lamson — during a heavy combined rain and snow storm. The names of the other first officers are not remembered. Mrs. McKinney, whose death occurred in the fall of 1838, was the first to die in the township. Mary Prickett, now the widow of Aaron Metz, was born on the 20th of February, 1837, her birth being the first. The second birth was that of Abigail Adair, afterward Mrs. Robert Luckey. At an early day, Leander Eagles, who lived in Sparta Town- ship, went down in southern Washington Township to trade a colt for a yoke of cattle, and upon his return, as he was driving the cattle along, with the bell in the bosom of his wampus, he saw a bear feeding on acorns off a short dis- P ■:.-'■ > \ - fV^^y^ b^L^fy uin „ his calling there ahout six years. He ship next became hs residence pureug ie | ^ ^jj,. ^"w'Tout six «ars ate whi h he became a resident of Kendallville, where bon for about six years, ?™rw consic lered a first-class mechanic, and he still continues in his business He _ia eons «e j is well known all over the county. Mr Gedds mar.ed^^^^ y t:^! %z°i% a ::A%i u. *, »— a. «* Se th 8 . Mr. Geddis is a member o^OJ.J. ^ ^ rs of his professionln Northern Indiana. He is a nat ve of Columbiana Coung, O^ndtas ^tified upon U^g^£2E&2& T*Z"l* - y fo r f tw„1e C ars e ^fsopp.emented his studies by a course York TlS 7^ he S Kendallville. In his practice here he has met „I (fmcrinTsuccess Dr. Gilbert adds to his practical knowledge all ra- with flattering succe=, u discoveries that are being made tT Wa fe 1 Medtaf 6o,lef e w^Mel° institution he ? has been identified *ort Wayne ivieuicai v^u ,, oitizen he s ovial and popular. 1^872 T£. wl° maSe n to a ML C1 lSle Chapman, of Ligonier daughter'of Hon G W. Chapman. They have two children l,ving-Eva and cufl their ddest daughter, Lillian, died when four years of age. SkS? SS£ KTeSkedt r P ^tT^ f suS| S ! f»e^ Ts^embl, 1881, Mr. Cesser associated with him m partnership M.G. L" a e r r tTd U :n er a p£ £Z tJul^Lt being progressive, and irpLing wfil dUtiss^oon take a leading position . amongst ebsn bouses of Kendallville. Mr. Glosser was married n 1873 to M ss Josepn me Demmon a daughter of Leonard Demmon, one of the pioneer settlers of Allen Township. Mr. Demmon is now a resident of Kendallville. In intellectual force he matured early, and at the age oi sevemee. the publication of a paper at Warsaw, Ind. Since attaining his majority, he has 304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : almost constantly held some public position. During the administration of Franklin Pierce he was appointed Postmaster at Warsaw, and served two years, when he resigned. An election was held to fill the position, but the result was ignored by the department at Washington, and as showing the reliance placed upon his sound judgment, the First Assistant Postmaster General wrote to him, saying : " If you will not hold the office any longer, please designate your successor." In 1858, Mr. Graves removed to Columbia City and was shortly after elected Clerk of the corporation. In 1860, he was appointed Deputy United States Marshal to take the United States Census of Whitley County. In the winter of 1861-62, he removed to Kendallville, and in the spring was elected Justice of the Peace for Wayne Township, and served twelve consecutive years. Just before the expiration of the last term, he was elected Mayor of Kendallville, serving six years. He then declined another re-election. The Common Council then appointed him City Attorney, and at the end of two years was re-appointed, which position he still fills. Though constantly in official office, Mr. Graves is not a politician, but gives his attention to his busi- ness. He is what may be termed an office lawyer, and though delicate in ap- pearance, the amount of business transacted by him is almost incredible. In addition to his professional business, he gives some attention to the mercantile trade, being associated with his son as James Graves & Co., who carry a line of groceries and provisions. He belongs to the Masonic Order. J. H. HASTINGS, carriage and buggy warerooms, has for over twenty years been a resident of Kendallville. He is a native of Boston, Mass., where at the age of thirteen, he commenced learning the painter's trade. He remained with the Slade & Widon carriage works for nine years in Boston, and went thence to Cleveland and entered the employ of 0. W. Hurlbut, and was employed by him ten years on fine carriage painting. After one year spent in travel- ing, he located in Kendallville. Mr. Hastings is a natural mechanic, and in the line of fine carriage painting has no superiors in Northern Indiana. He keeps constantly on hand at the warerooms, carriages, buggies, phaetons, etc., and does general repairing in all branches, trimming, painting, woodwork, blacksmithing, and also deals in second-hand buggies. His location in Kendall- ville is permanent, and his reputation for superior work extended. He ranks as one of the prosperous and enterprising citizen of Noble County. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., advanced to the Ligonier Encampment. H. L. HELMAN, grocery and produce, is a son of R. P. Helman, and a native of Allen Township, Noble County, Ind. He commenced an active busi- ness career when sixteen years of age, during the late war buying horses for the army, in association with his father. He then went to Michigan and was en- gaged in the lumber business and in dealing in horses until 1867, when he went to Iowa, buying land in Henry County, and followed farming, attending school in the meantime at Mt. Pleasant, and handling stock for three years ; he pur- chased this stock in Missouri and the Indian Territory, shipping it to the east. Returning to Indiana, he purchased a farm near Lisbon, soon after trading for a hardware store in Kendallville, which he conducted, in association with his father, for five years, doing a large and successful trade and carrying a valuable stock. He then sold out on account of ill health, went to the West and was dealing in land until January, 1877, when he returned to Kendallville and commenced a broker's business, also as commercial traveler for a Bryan (Ohio) manufacturing company, continuing about three years. In the meantime, had engaged in the grocery and produce trade, to which he now devotes his atten- CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 305 tion. Mr. Helman carries a fine line of groceries, and is also an extensive shipper of apples, produce, etc. He is an enterprising and wide-awake business man, and a citizen of value to Kendallville. He is a Knight Templar and a fifth-degree member of I. 0. 0. F. Mr. Helman was married in April 4, 1871, to Miss Maria Merchant, a native of Adrian, Mich. ; they have two children, Robert and Claude. R. P. HELMAN (deceased), was a native of Center County, Penn. His parents removed to Wayne County, Ohio, when he was a youth, settling upon a farm near Wooster, where the remainder of their days were passed. Our subject, in 1836, came with D. S. Simons to Noble County, and located some land near Lisbon. Returning to Ohio, they remained until 1844, when the two families came to this county in a one-horse wagon, settling upon their land in Allen Township. Mr. Helman was an active and progressive man, at various times engaged in mercantile and milling enterprises. In 1850, he re- moved to Grant County, Wis, remaining there only one year, then returning remained here until his death, in 1872. He was for several years a resident of Kendallville, and, in connection with his son, H. L. Helman, carried on the hardware trade for several years. He was a member of the Methodist Church, and a typical pioneer. His wife, whose maiden name was Louisa M. Smith, was a native of Stark County, Ohio, and daughter of Ralph Smith. She is now living with her son in Kendallville. Three children from this union now survive : H. L. Helman, in Kendallville ; Doran and Gordon in Kansas ; five are deceased — Ralph, Juline Sherman, Marv, Elizabeth and Lucretia. WILLARD C. JACKSON is a son of Eldad and Olive Jackson, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of New York. Willard Jackson was born in New York, Delaware County, April 3, 1818, and there remained until he came to La Grange County, in 1844. Here he remained about seven years, then moved to Steuben County, and in 1865 to Kendallville, since which time he has made this place and vicinity his home. He owns valuable town prop- erty, besides a farm of 80 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have a family of twelve children ; the eldest was born in 1840. E. G. JOHNSON, contractor and builder, is a native of Virginia. His parents were pioneer settlers of Seneca County, Ohio, and at an early day came to Jefferson Township, Noble County, settling upon a farm. His father, William Johnson, remained there until his death ; his mother still survives. Our subject remained with his parents upon the farm until he was seventeen years of age. He then learned his trade, and has followed it ever since, achiev- ing a splendid reputation as a workman and builder. He came to Kendallville in 1858, where his home was established and has remained. In 1858, he con- structed the old schoolhouse. In 1859, he built the first Methodist Church and many other of the old buildings of the community. His work of later years is to be seen all over the surrounding country, and ranks among the best. He is a citizen of established integrity and worth ; has served upon the City Council, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He married in 1859 Miss Emily J. Kerr, daughter of John C. Kerr, Esq. They have three children — Willie C, George B. and Ina P. W. C. JOHNSTON, proprietor of tannery, is a native of Canada, where he learned his trade. He came to the United States when twenty-two years of age, going to Rochester, N. Y., where he was employed two years, subsequently going to Spencerport, a town near Rochester, where he remained twelve years, working at his trade. In 1864, he came to Kendallville, where he has since 306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: resided. He was employed at first at his trade, subsequently, 1871, formed a partnership with Mr. Oviatt, which lasted two years, at the expiration of which he bought out his partner, since which time he has conducted business alone. Mr. Johnston has a complete institution of its kind, and manufactures superior grades of leather, also doing custom tanning. He is an honorable business man, and a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In the order of Masonry he is a Master. Mr. Johnston was married in New York State to Miss Mary Kinney in the year 1852. They have one child — Mrs. Dora Waltman, wife of J. G. Waltman, cashier First National Bank of Ken- dallville. J. KELLER & CO., general merchandise. This is one of the most enterprising commercial firms in Northern Indiana. In 1862, M. Jacobs, after six years' business experience at Ligonier, came to Kendallville, and, in associa- tion with J. Kaufmann, under firm name of Jacobs & Kaufmann, began a general mercantile business. In 1864, J. Keller became a partner. In 1869, Kaufmann retired, and Jacobs & Keller conducted the business until 1871, when J. Kann became connected with them, continuing until 1876, when he retired from the business, since which time the partners have been M. Jacobs and J. Keller. Their salesrooms are commodious and their trade extensive. They carry a large stock of dry goods, boots and shoes, carpets, etc., also a full line of gents' furnishing goods and ready-made clothing, making a specialty of merchant tailoring. This latter department is under the charge of Mr. Wolff, a courteous gentleman, with a long business experience. To Mr. Keller, the managing partner, a large share of the prosperity which this firm enjoys is due. He is a shrewd buyer and possesses progressive views. He has served on the City Council and is a Mason. Keller & Kann consist of M. Jacobs, J. Kel- ler and J. Kann. They handle yearly a large amount of grain and general produce, in which business they are the most extensive in Kendallville. J. Kann, the manager, came to Indiana in 1854, and was for several years in bus- iness in De Kalb County. In 1859, he went to Ligonier, where, until 1870, he was a partner with Sol Mier. He then came to Kendallville, where he has since lived. JAMES B. KIMBALL, commercial traveler, is a native of Monroe County, N. Y. His parents moved, when he was a youth, to Maumee City, Lucas Co., Ohio, where they resided until their death. Our subject, at the age of twenty-two, went to Akron, Ohio, and learned the machinist's trade, where he remained from 1842 until 1850, engaged at mechanical work. In 1850, he went to Defiance, Ohio, and started a foundry and machine-shop, which is in successful operation at the present time. Mr. Kimball conducted these works for three years, at the expiration of which he removed to Adrian, Mich., and was in the machine-shops of the Michigan Southern Railroad for three years. He next embarked in the mercantile trade, running a retail grocery house there for one year, and, in 1857, commenced his career as a commercial traveler, and in which he has passed the last quarter of a century, for the past twenty-three years without losing a day's time. He began travel- ing for a Toledo grocery house, with whom he continued two years; thence to Cleveland, Ohio, representing a boot and shoe house for over six years, and then representing a New York house in the same line of trade for nearly the same period. In April, 1871, he again became the representative of a Toledo gro- cery house, and in that line of business he is still engaged. Mr. Kimball has traveled over about the same territory during his career — Ohio, Michigan and CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 307 Indiana. He selected Kendallville as his home in 1861, where he has been an enterprising and valued citizen ever since, taking an active interest in the advancement of the city and in building it up. He has serve! upon the City Council, and upon the School Board, being a member of the latter at the time the schoolhouse was built. Mr. Kimball is one of the prominent and leading members of the I. 0. 0. F. of the State of Indiana. He was admitted to Summit Lodge in Akron, Ohio, in 1845, and was a charter member of Apollo Lodge, No. 61, of Middlebury, Ohio. Since coming to Indiana, he has filled all of the offices of the Grand Lodge "of the State, in 1876 being Grand Mas- ter, and in 1877 and 1878 represented the Grand Lodge of the State at the meeting of the Grand Lodge of the United States, held at Baltimore. In Masonry, he is a Knight Templar. He was admitted in Toledo April 21, 1858 ; demitted and joined at Kendallville in 1861. He was one of the charter mem- bers of Apollo Commandery, No. 19, of Kendallville, and in 1877 and 1880, during the triennials at Cleveland and Chicago, was Eminent Commander. He is also a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Kimball was united in marriage, December 17, 1814, with Miss Sophia D. Tyler, a native of Summit County, Ohio. They have one child — Charles D. J. M. KINNY, livery, is a native of Illinois, and went out as a mem- ber of Company II, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was in active service three years, participating in several of the leading battles of the rebellion. Upon his return, he practiced his profession of veterinary surgery for several years. He next was contracting upon the construction of railroads until 1872, when he returned to Illinois and engaged in merchandising for three years, subsequently engaging at farming one year. In 1877, he came to Ken- dallville, since which time he has been engaged in veterinary practice and the livery business ; in the latter, associated with William Hall. He is a member of the Society of Chosen Friends. Mr. Kinney married, in 1870, Miss Jennie L. McCune. They have two children — Bernice H. and Clarence M. HERMAN KRUEGER, wholesale wines and liquors, is a native of Germany. He came to America in the spring of 1853, and settled in Kendall- ville, which at that period consisted of only a few houses. Here he has been identified up to the present writing. In 1856, he embarked in the grocery business with R. Miller, which association lasted about one year. For a period of years, up to 1864, he was mainly engaged in real estate. He then again entered in partnership with Miller, continuing until 1867, when they dissolved partnership. His next enterprise was the building of the present Kelley House, in which building he conducted a grocery trade until 1870, when he started in his present business. Mr. Krueger has added much to business interests of Kendallville, his latest enterprise being the " Krueger Block," on the corner of Main and Mitchell streets. This block consists of three fine salesrooms, is two stories in height and neatly trimmed, built under the contract of James Brace. Mr. K. has served one term as member of the Common Council, and, in May, 1881, was re-elected. Is a member of the K. of H. JULIUS LANG, County Treasurer and merchant, is a native of Ger- many, and emigrated to America in 1849. He first located in New York, where he engaged in his trade of shoemaking. subsequently engaging in the boot and shoe trade in Brooklyn, which he continued for seventeen years. He next moved to Kendallville, when he embarked in the boot and shoe business, and which he is still conducting. He was elected Treasurer of Noble County in October, 1880, and is now serving in that pp 308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: capacity. Mr. Lang has served the city of Kendallville as Councilman for two terms, and as Treasurer of the Board of Education for three years. He ranks as one of the solid substantial business men of Kendallville, and, as a citizen, is progressive and enterprising. He was united in marriage, in 1850, to Miss Katherine Dietrich. They have eight children now living — Emily Bohn, a resident of Michigan ; Henry, Julius, Herman, George, Louisa, Minerva and John. JOHN H. LOHMAN, of G. H. Lohman & Co., druggists and manufact- urers of patent medicines, is a native of Germany ; he came to America in 1869, and for four years was engaged in various occupations in New York City, after which he came to Kendallville, and was an employe of Miller & Duerr for one year ; he then went to Bryan, Ohio, where he was engaged in the dry goods business for two years. At the expiration of this period, he returned to Kendallville, and was employed as a traveling salesman by his brother, G. H. Lohman, for the sale of his patent medicines. In 1877, he was admitted as a partner, since which time he has been the manager of the manufacturing depart- ment. He was married, in 1879. to Miss Mollie Reber, of Kendallville. G. H. LOHMAN, of G. H. Lohman & Co., druggists and manufacturers of patent medicines, is a native of Germany. He became a citizen of the United States in 1865, and for one year was engaged in a drug store in Fort Wayne, coming to Kendallville in 1866 with the business interests of which he has since been identified. He was connected with the drug firm of Beyer, Meyer & Brother, until they sold out to Erickson & Bicknell, with whom he remained until 1869 when he went to Ann Arbor and entered the University of Michigan, from the pharmacy department of which he graduated in 1871. Returning to Kendallville, he engaged with W. & J. R. Bunyan, druggists, with whom he remained eight months. In the fall of 1871, he established his present business ; since 1877 associated with his brother, John H. Lohman, under firm name of G. H. Lohman & Co. In addition to a large stock of drugs, medicines, etc , they manufacture six patent medicines, two of which, Dr. Marshall's Lung Syrup and Dr. Marshall's Bromoline, have an extensive sale, and are made a specialty. Mr. Lohman is a member of the Board of School Trustees, of which he is also Treasurer. He was married, in 1873, to Miss Mary Brust, of Kendallville, daughter of Charles Brust, a deceased merchant of former prominence. They have three children. S. J. M. LOOMIS, dry goods, notions, etc., is a native of Port- age County, Ohio. In 1855, he came to Kendallville and engaged as clerk for George F. Clark, one of the first dry goods merchants of Kendallville, coming there from Medina, Ohio, in 1855, and in busi- ness until 1861. Mr. Loomis was associated as an assistant with Mr. Clark until 1861, when he embarked in business for himself, at Corunna, Ind., where he remained only nine months. Returning to Kendallville, he began business for himself, where he has since remained. Mr. Loomis is now the oldest dry goods man in business in Kendallville. He carries a large stock of dry goods, notions, boots, shoes, etc., and has secured a large and extended trade, which he manages successfully, giving his exclusive time and attention to its management. He is a member of the City Council and an advanced Mason, being a member of Kendallville Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery and Coun- cil. He was married, March 20, 1861, to Miss Angeline E. Fowler, a native of Huron County, Ohio. They have three children — Homer, Harry and Morton. CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 309 HENRY J. LONG, editor and proprietor of the Kendallville Standard, is the oldest son of Michael F. and Jane C. Long, natives of Maryland. The marriage of Mr. Long's parents was solemnized at Georgetown, Penn., though their youth was spent in Lancaster County, of the same State. At an early day, they immigrated to Wayne County, Ohio, and subsequently, in 1836, removed to Auburn, Do Kalb County, Ind., where they resided until their death. On the 1st of March, 1846, Henry J. Long was born in a log cabin near Auburn, De Kalb County, and here his youth was passed. Fair educa tional advantages were afforded him at Auburn, in the earlier part of his youth, but in March, 1860, he began his career as a printer, in the office of the Waterloo Press, where he remained working diligently until the spring of 1865, when he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry. When his term of service expired, at the close of the war, he came home, and purchased a one-half interest in the Waterloo Press, retaining the same until the spring of 1867. The following year, he entered the Standard office, at Kendallville. as foreman, and served in that capacity twelve successive years, and then pur- chased the entire paper, and has since been editor and proprietor. Under his management, the circulation of the Standard has been almost doubled, the cir- culation being largest of any in the county. Mr. Long is a practical printer, and was, during one winter, in the Public Printing Department of the Govern- ment, at Washington, D. C. He has also been in the employ of the Chicago Times. He is a genial, whole-souled gentleman, an active Republican, and has worked faithfully for the success of his party. He is a Knight Templar, and is a fifth degree member of the Odd Fellows. On the 3d of February, 186D V he was united in marriage with Miss Louise M. Rogers, of Rome City, Ind. Two children have been born to this union — Charles and Arthur. Mrs. Long is a lady of culture, and furnishes many interesting articles for the Standard, V. C. MAINS, attorney at law, is a native of Belmont County, Ohio. His parents subsequently moved to Muskingum County, where upon a farm our subject passed his boyhood days. He received good advantages of education, and at the age of eighteen commenced teaching, which he followed for three years ; in the meantime commencing the reading of law, with J. M. Buell, of Dresden, with whom he remained until he was admitted to bar of Ohio, in 1854. He commence the practice of his profession immediately in Muskingum County, where he remained until 1856, when he came to Noble County, Ind. He- located at Albion, remaining in practice there for three years, during two of which he served as prosecuting attorney for the counties of Noble and Whitley. In 1859, he became a resident of Kendallville, where he has been associated ever since, being one of the oldest lawyers in practice there. He is one of the progressive spirits of Kendallville, and a citizen of advanced standing and worth. Mr. Mains formed a matrimonial alliance in October, 1873, when he was united to- Miss Leah Omsted, a native of Lancaster County, Penn. They have two chil- dren — Wilder D. and Maud M. M. T. MATTHEWS, local editor of the Kendallville Standard, is a nativo of Morgan County, Va. His parents, Rev. L. W. Matthews, a divine of the- U. B. Church, and Mary A. (Michael) Matthews, became residents of Wabash County, Ind., in 1860, where they have since resided. Our subject received fine educational advantages, having taken an academic course at the South Wabash Academy, and subsequently a collegiate course at Fort Wayne. He began the journalistic profession in August, 1881, by becoming the local editor of the Standard, and possesses the necessary attributes to make a successful career in his chosen field. 310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: H. McCRAY & SON, butter and egg packers. Mr. McCray, Sr., is a native of Licking County, Ohio. He is by trade a carpenter, which occupa- tion, together with egg packing, occupied his attention prior to his coming to Indiana. In February, 1868, he came to Kendallville and engaged in his present business. This business he has given his attention to up to the present time; since May, 1880, in partnership with his son Elmer. They are doing a large trade in their line, for which they have excellent facilities. In eggs, they make a specialty, for which they have erected a building, which is, in fact, a mam- moth refrigerator, and which will store several hundred barrels ; their market is principally New York. Mr. McCray, Sr., has been a member of the Ken- dallville Common Council two terms, and in the order of Masons is a Knight Templar. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Amanda Reynolds, also a native of Ohio. They have five children — Homer (in Fort Wayne), Elmer, John, Cora and Lena. Mr. McCray is also the owner of a cooper-shop in which he manu- factures barrels in large quantities. G. S. MERKLING, marble dealer, is a native of France. In 1831, he came to America with his parents ; they located in New York, where they re- mained for about one year, subsequently emigrating to Wayne County, Ohio, where they settled permanently. Our subject lost his father when twelve years of age, and was bound out to a farmer. When sixteen years of age he com- menced learning the shoemaker's trade, subsequently learning the marble cut- ter's trade, at Wooster. This trade was his principal occupation until 1863, when he came to Noble County and engaged at farming in Wayne Township, at which he continued until 1873, when he came to Kendallville and inaug- urated his present business, which he has, by skillful management, brought up to an extensive trade. He has the reputation of carrying the largest and finest stock of marble and granite between Toledo and South Bend. Employing also skilled and artistic workmen, he is prepared to compete with all opposition. He is also in association with T. M. Evans, engaged in the undertaking busi- ness. Mr. Merkling is a member of Kendallville Blue Lodge, Chapter and Council, F. & A. M. He was married in 1852, to Miss Mary A. Miller, a native of Lancaster County, Penn. She died in December, 1872, leaving five children — Lewis, Rachel, Delia, Luther and Otis. In 1874, he was united to a second wife, Mary Smith, of De Kalb County, Ind. H. P. MILES, general produce dealer in butter, eggs and poultry. Mr. Miles is a native of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and until nineteen years of age was associated at farming and milling. He then went to California, where he passed four years engaged in mining. He then Became a member of a com- pany of Massachusetts soldiers, enlisting at San Francisco, Cal. Upon their ar- rival in Massachusetts they were assigaed to the Second Massachusetts Cavalry, and for two years served upon severe and active duty, participating in thirty- four battles, among which we briefly name Gettysburg, Cedar Creek, Winches- ter, the Shenandoah campaign, the seige and capture of Richmond, and was a witness of the surrender of Lee. The severity of his service is most forcibly illustrated when from 500 men who enlisted with him in California, only sev- enty-five returned. Returning to Ohio, he engaged at the carpenter trade, which, together with milling, occupied his attention until 1870, when he went to Cleveland and engaged in selling produce there for three years. In Novem- ber, 1873, he came to Kendallville, where he has since continued to reside. His business has been in the produce line, shipping extensively to New York. He represents the typical business man, being honorable, attentive and pro- CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 311 gressive. He is a member of the Masonic order, and is a valuable addition to the business interests of the city. Mr. Miles married, in 1862, Miss Eliza J. Manuel, of California ; they have four children — Emma, William, Lottie and Archibald. REUBEN MILLER, deceased, was born in Ohio, October 3, 1829. In 1853, he came to Kendallville, Ind., and remained until his death, which occurred October 17, 1879. He was married in 1855, to Eliza Browand, a native of Pennsylvania. Four children were born to them — Katie, William B., Mason M. and George W. Mr. Miller, during his life, was a very success- ful grocer, and at his death left property estimated at about $50,000. He belonged to the Knights of Honor and Odd Fellows. JOHN MITCHELL, a banker and prominent citizen of Kendallville, born June 2, 1830, in Montgomery County, N. Y.; a son of William and Nancy (Keller) Mitchell, also natives of that State and farmers. William Mitchell was of Scotch-English and his wife of German descent. In 1836, they removed to this county, and located on a tract of 160 acres of timber land, on which he platted the first village lots in the present city of Kendallville. He occupied a position of distinction and influence among the people, and, although he had but meager scholastic opportunities, yet his good sense and sound judgment made him master of a practical education. In 1843, Mr. Mitchell was the leader in the construction of the plank road built from Fort Wayne to Ontario, La Grange County, a distance of about fifty miles, which opened up that section of country to the trade of a large part of Southern Michigan. In connection with others, in 1852, he also engaged in the completion, under contract, of the Ohio & Indi- ana Railroad (now a part of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad), the first constructed in northeast Indiana, extending from Crestline, Ohio, to Fort Wayne, Ind., a distance of 131 miles, and to Mr. Mitchell is largely due the credit for the commercial importance of the city of Kendallville. He was an attendant of the Presbyterian Church, of which his wife was an active member. In 1840, he was elected by the Whig party to represent his district in the State Legisla- ture, and in 1860 he was elected by the Republicans of his district to Congress, and has also served the public in minor offices with distinction. When on a business expedition to Macon, Ga., in 1865, he died, lamented by a large circle of friends. His wife, a lady of marked worth, died in 1864. John Mitchell was six years of age when he came West with his parents. He attended school winters and worked on the farm the rest of the time during his minority. In 1863, the First National Bank of Kendallville was organized, in which he was a stockholder and Director. His father was President until his death, when John succeeded him, which position he still holds, and to whom the success and prosperity of the bank is due. In connection with the banking business, Mr. Mitchell is engaged in farming and real estate transactions. He is a worthy member of the Presbyterian Church, belongs to the Masonic fraternity, of which he is a Knight Templar, and politically a Republican. He was married January 6, 1857, to Miss Sophronia J. Weston, of Rome City, this county. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and is highly esteemed. They have three children — Lydia A., Kate R. and William. Mr. Mitchell is emi- nently successful in business, and a citizen of sterling worth. He has recently remodeled his residence, and surrounded himself and family not only with com- fort but luxury. JAMES NELLIS, Postmaster, is one of the old business men of Ken- dallville. He is a native of New York, born near Fort Plain, upon a farm, 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: where he was reared until sixteen years of age. He then learned the trade of carriage making at St. Johnsville, where he remained for five years carrying on the business there. In 1855, he came to Kendallville and started a car- riage shop, and for about twenty years was engaged in that branch of industry. He manufactured all kinds of wagons, carriages, buggies, etc., continuing un- til 1837, when he was appointed Postmaster of Kendalville and engaged in the duties of that office, where we now find him. He has been, for twenty-eight years, a member of the Presbyterian Church ; is a member of Blue Lodge Free and Accepted Masons of Kendallville, and a trustworthy honored citizen. He was married in 1855, at St. Johnsville, N. Y., to Miss Elizabeth Borden, also a native of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Nellis have one child — Mrs. Agatha Tyner, of Chicago, 111. A. B. PARK, hardware, is a native of Ohio. He came with his parents to De Kalb County, Ind., in 1836. His father, Wesley Park, was a pioneer of that county, and subsequently one of its prominent business men. He laid out the county seat at Auburn in connection with other parties, and was for several years a county officer. Our subject was associated in the dry goods trade with his father at Auburn until 1861, when he followed the fortunes of the late war until 1865, when he came to Kendallville and commenced business life, where he has since continued. He was first in partnership with his brother, Harry A. Park, under firm name of A. B. Park & Bro.; they con- tinued in business together until 1877, when his brother retired, since which time he has conducted business alone. He carries a line of shelf and heavy hardware, stoves, tinware, agricultural implements, etc., and is the agent for the Eldridge and Domestic Sewing Machines. He has served the city several terms as a member of the Common Council, and takes a leading interest in all matters of progress and advancement. He is a Knight Templar and an en- campment member I. 0. 0. F. He was married, in 1858, to Miss Mary A. Cook, of Richland County, Ohio. They have three children — Mary S., Flora E. and Frank B. A. S. PARKER, M. D., and proprietor of the Weekly News, Kendall- ville, is a son of Rial and Achsah (Snow) Parker, both natives of New York, and married in Huron County, Ohio, where they resided until their death. The senior Parker being a farmer, the early impression and education of A. S. were received under the influences of that occupation. He was afforded good school opportunities of which he made valuable use. After his maturity, he attended the Homeopathic College in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1857, he began the practice of medicine in Kendallville ; continued until 1862, when he went to Iowa, remaining there two years, engaged in his profession. Returning to this State he entered the hardware trade in Ligonier ; this, together with the foundry business, he followed until 1871, when he resumed the practice of medicine in Kendallville. In the meantime, the Doctor attended lectures at Cleveland, where he graduated at the Homeopathic College. In 1875, he went to Garrett and entered upon his practice, but subsequently purchased the Garrett News, which he conducted there until the fall of 1877, when he re- turned to Kendallville, bringing with him the paraphernalia of his printing office and started the Weekly News. This venture has proved a success, financially and otherwise. A profitable job trade has been maintained in con- nection with the paper. In 1868, the Doctor served as School Examiner of Noble County, and has been a member of the City Council in Ligonier. In 1869, he was married to Miss Chloe E. Wadsworth, daughteV of Elihu Wads- CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 313 worth, a pioneer in Allen Township. She was the first white female born in that township. They have four children living — Maud P., Wadsworth A., May G. and Wilson B. P. B. PEPPLE, foreman of the sash and door department of L. N. Reed's establishment, is a native of Pennsylvania, and, in 1846, came with his parents, Abraham and Mary (Koons) Pepple, to Allen Township, where his parents still reside upon a farm. Our subject passed his early life upon the homestead farm, remaining until twenty years of age, when he learned his trade of carpenter and joiner, and at that vocation passed the years from 1852 until 1862. He then engaged upon the manufacturer of sash and blinds and doors, and for the past few years has been the foreman of that department, together with finishing, for L. N. Reed. Mr. Pepple is recognized as a superior workman, and is a citizen of worth and intelligence. He is in Masonry a Knight Templar. He married, in 1862, Miss Melissa Kerr, daughter of John C. Kerr, one of the pioneer settlers of Allen Township. Mr. and Mrs. Pepple have five children — Wilda, Edwin, Minnie, Bertha and Cora. L. N. REED, a prominent manufacturer, was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, in 1834, on a farm, and there remained till 1849, when he went to Euphemia, Preble County, to learn blacksmithing ; worked four years there and in Salem ; then, in 1853, came to Indiana and opened a small shop at Wolf Lake. In 1856, he moved to Wolcottville, where he was seriously injured while shoeing a vicious horse. The winter following, he taught school in Wash- ington Township ; visited Illinois and Missouri ; returned to Ohio in the fall of 1857, and, on the 12th of December married Miss A. M. Cramer, of Piqua. who bore him one child — Erbie B. He tried farming in Montgomery County, and was drowned out in 1858, losing all his summer's work. He settled all his bills, however, and, with only $14 capital, traveled six hundred miles through the West ; then reached Rome City ; this point he deserted, as he found no credit or security, for Wolcottville, where he met with no better success, and finally located in Kendallville, where he commenced work for Nellis & Hill, blacksmiths. He labored four years as a journeyman, and then started a shop on West Mitchell street for manufacturing lumber wagons. His health failing, in May, 1866, he sold out and went to Elkhart, where he started a hub and spoke factory ; lost $1,000 ; returned to Kendallville, and started the lumber trade in 1868, and January, 1869, bought one-third interest in the planing-mill of Hill, Brace & Wakman, Mr. Brace retiring. In January, 1870, he bought out Mr. Wakman, and the business prospered under the firm name of Reed & Hill until January, 1877, when Mr. Hill withdrew. During this interval (1872) Reed & Hill, in company with A. J. Brace, erected the La Grange County Jail. Our subject continued the business, and now owns the most complete establishment of its kind in Northeastern Indiana, and is one of the oldest manufacturers in the town, carries a heavy stock of lumber, as well as builders' supplies, and does a heavy building contract business. Mr. Reed is a Mason, and is in the Knight Templar degree. > F. 0. ROSSBACHER, manufacturer and dealer in furniture, etc., is a son of Oscar Rossbacher, who emigrated from Germany to the United States, and after a few years' residence at Fort Wayne, came to Kendallville in 1857, and embarked in the manufacture of furniture and cabinet work. He estab- lished a good business, and was connected with this branch of industry until his death, in 1879. He was a member of the Lutheran Church, and a re- spected citizen. The subject of this sketch succeeded to the business of his 314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: father, and is carrying a complete line of furniture. The cabinet department is presided over by Gustav Sprandel, who came to Kendallville in 1863, and learned his trade of the elder Rossbacher, since which he has been nearly all of the time employed by that house. NORMAN L. SOUTHWORTH is a son of Lorenzo and Miranda (Isabell) Southworth, early settlers of Allen Township. His father was a native of New York, his mother of Ohio. They were married in Allen Township, Noble County, in 1840, by Elihu Wadsworth, and immediately settled in Michigan, where they remained three years. Returning to Noble County, they settled at Lisbon, where his father commenced a mercantile busi- ness, which continued for a number of years. They are now living in Wayne Township. Seven children are descendants from this worthy couple — Norman L., Sarah M. Hill, Bradley C, Mary A. (deceased), Leander, Harriet Gibson and Ida Duerr. Norman L. was born in Michigan in 1841. Until 1861, he was employed principally in a saw-mill, when he enlisted in Company F, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in service over one year, receiv- ing his discharge on account of disability. In February, 1865, he re-enlisted, and March 4 was commissioned First Lieutenant of Company C, One Hun- dred and Fifty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and upon landing at Charleston, was detailed on Gen. Egan's staff, in which connection he was assigned commander of Provost Guards. His services continued until the close of the war, when he returned to Kendallville. During the past seven years he has been employed as solicitor for Merkling's Marble Works. He is a member of I. 0. 0. F. In 1863, he was married to Miss M. J. Baughman, of Allen Township. They have six children — William, Minnie, Charlie, Guy, Clyde and Ray. HENRY J. STICHT, Union Carriage Manufactory, is a son of John M. Sticht, a native of Germany, who came to America about 1841, settling first in New York, soon after removing to Canajoharie, N. Y., and started in the boot and shoe trade, also running a harness shop. He continued there until 1867, when he came to Kendallville and engaged in banking, continuing for two years, at the expiration of which he was forced to take a carriage man- ufactory, and to this business he devoted his attention for several years. He was also engaged in the livery business. His carriage works he enlarged, and at one time employed over thirty men. His connection with the business in- terests of Kendallville was of a leading character, and continued until his death. He served as a member of the City Council, and was a respected and valued citizen. His wife's maiden name was Caroline Winsman. She was also a native of Germany. They were married in New York State, two chil- dren being the issue — Charles, and Henry J., the subject of this sketch, now one of the young business men of Kendallville. He is a native of New York State, and while there learned the trade of shoemaking of his father. Upon coming to Kendallville, he went to work at tinning, following that for one and one-half years. He then learned the trade of blacksmithing, to which he has devoted his attention since. In 1876, he became associated with his father in the management of the Union Carriage Manufactory, in which business he has continued. He was also at one time interested in the livery business with his brother. Mr. Sticht is now conducting the blacksmithing and trimming de- partments of the Union Carriage Manufactory ; also does general repairing and blacksmithing. CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 315 GEORGE B. TEAL, hardware, son to George and Nancy (Brower) Teal, is a native of Preble County, Ohio. When three years of age, his parents became res- idents of Perry Township, where, upon the farm, he passed his boyhood days, remaining at home until twenty-two years of age. He then went to Ligonier and embarked in the drug trade with Dr. Arnold, continuing for four months, when they divided up the stock, and our subject removed to Albion, starting in that trade, then in association with his brother, Dr. Norman Teal. They con- tinued there until 1861, when Dr. Teal entered the army, and our subject re- turned upon the farm, soon after going to Ligonier, when for ten years he was engaged as clerk in dry goods, hardware, drug and grocery stores, also learn- ing photography. He next went to Geneseo, 111., where he remained only two months, returning to Ligonier. In 1865, he removed to Brimfield, where for nine years he carried on the drug business, also serving as United States Ex- press Agent for five years. He then accepted the agency for Kendallville for that company, and in 1875 added to his business by buying a stock of hard- ware in association with A. P. Frank, which partnership lasted until 1880, when Mr. Teal became the sole owner. In 1880, he severed his connection with the express company, and is now devoting his attention exclusively to the hardware trade. In 1877, he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Joseph Cox, and performed the duties of that position for six months. He is a Knight Templar, and a progressive and liberal-minded citizen. Mr. Teal was united in marriage, in 1861, to Miss Anna A. Mason, a native of La Grange County, and daughter of Peter L. Mason, one of the early settlers, and the first Sheriff of that county. She died in De- cember, 1863, leaving two children, Adda B., now deceased, and William B. In October, 1880, he was united to a second wife, Mrs. Clara Ray, of Cold- water, Mich. Her maiden name was Clara Redfield, formerly of Clifton Springs, N. Y. J. M. TEAL, dentist, is a son of George and Nancy (Brower) Teal, early settlers of Perry Township. He was born in Perry Township, and is the sev- enth son of a family of eleven children. His early life and associations were upon the home farm until twenty years of age, when with Dr. Gants, of Ligo- nier, he commenced the study of dentistry, remaining associated with him until 1867, when he was united in marriage to Miss Mary J. Crone, a resident of Allen Township, and native of Ohio. He then removed upon the farm with his father, soon after resuming his practice with Dr. Gants for one year. In 1871, he became a resident of Kendallville, where he has been in successful practice since. He is a member of the State Dental Association, and is a thor- ough student in his profession, having a valuable medical and dental library, and strives to keep pace with the progress of his calling. He is a member of the Chosen Friends, and, with his wife, of the Methodist Church, of which for many years he has been Trustee. Mr. and Mrs. Teal's family consists of two children — Mattie and Angie. A daughter, Hattie A., died September 11, 1881. NORMAN TEAL, physician and surgeon, whose portrait appears in this work, is one of the successful practitioners of Northern Indiana. He was born in Preble County, Ohio, in December, 1829, the third of eleven children, to George and Nancy (Brower) Teal, who were pioneers of Perry Township. Nine of the children are now living. Dr. Teal passed his earlier years on his father's farm, in teaching school and as a clerk in a store. He commenced the study of medicine in 1851, at Ligonier, with Dr. C. L. Wellman. In about 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: one year, he went to Preble County, Ohio, where, for a short time, he was under the tutorage of Dr. Nesbitt, and subsequently with Dr. Latta, of Goshen. He is a graduate of the Rush Medical College of Chicago. In 1854, the Doctor commenced his practice in Swan Township. Spending one summer there, he went to Springfield, Elkhart Township, where, in association with Dr. W. N. Nimmon, he remained several years. He then removed to Albion, where, with a brother, George B. Teal, he engaged in the drug trade, and also practiced his profession. In 1862, the Doctor entered the service as Assistant Surgeon. During the winter of 1862-63, he was in charge of a hospital at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; at Chattanooga, in hospital service in winter of 1863-64 ; and during Sherman's campaign, of the summer of 1864, was upon the operating staff in the First Division Hospital of the Fourteenth Army Corps. He rejoined Sherman's army at Goldsboro in April, 1865, and was with the advance when Joe Johnston surrendered at Durham Station, N. C. The valuable ex- perience gained during this service has been of inestimable value to him in his later practice, especially in the field of surgery. With the exception of a few years passed in Michigan, where he was in practice, and also engaged in edit- ing a local newspaper, which he established at Hersey, Dr. Teal has, since the war, resided at Kendallville. Here he has established a successful and lucrative practice, and as a citizen is held in high esteem. His acquaintance with the people and past events is extensive. In current literature as well as in medicine, the Doctor is well informed and keeps apace with the times. He is an influential Republican, and a member of the County Medical Society, of which he has been Secretary since its organization in 1873. He also belongs to the N. E. Medical Association. Dr. Teal was married, in 1855, to Miss Electa Shupe, of Richland County, Ohio. She died in 1860, leaving a son, George A., who graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1882. In 1866, he married Miss Amgeline Gruey, of Kendallville ; they have one child living, Nannie; two dead, viz., Norman Teal, Jr., who died September 17, 1870, aged two years and two days; Alice Dutton, who died November 4, 1881, aged fourteen years one month and twenty days. Alice was a child in years, but of intellect far in advance of them — thoughtful, unselfish, tender, loving and gentle; a favorite with her teachers and classmates, and was sin- cerely mourned by all who knew her. L. A. THOMPSON, who is engaged in the grocery and produce trade, is a native of Morris County, N. J., where he was born in 1809. At the early age of ten years, he began work at the tanner's and shoemaker's trades, and for forty years continued in those industries in his native county, building up an extensive business ; finding sale for his boots and shoes principally in the South. In 1863, he disposed of his interests there and came to Kendallville in 1864. Here he commenced in the grocery trade by purchasing the interest of Whit- ford, in the firm of Whitford & Bosworth. Mr. Thompson subsequently started the business in another locality alone, his relations with Bosworth having been dissolved. In the new venture he soon associated with himself, his son William H. This business in about eighteen months was wiped out by fire, the loss to Mr. Thompson being about $3,000. From this they started in the grocery and bakery business, dissolving in about four years. Mr. Thompson has since been engaged, first in the poultry business, then in groceries and prod- uce. He is a Mason and a member of the societv of I. O. O. F.. and in New a/ Jersey filled several positions of trust. Although now about seventy-four years old, he is vigorous and active, and has more "push " in him than most of the CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. 317 • younger generation. In 1832, he married Miss Jane C. Mase, who was also a native of New Jersey. Five children have been born to them — Sarah J., now Mrs. Seeley, of New York ; Anna B., now Mrs. Andrews, of Coldwater, Mich. ; Mary C. Holbrook (died in Coldwater) ; David Headly, who was a volunteer in the Seventh New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, and in active and severe service nearly three years, was captured by the rebels near Petersburg and passed eleven months in captivity, being in five different prisons. From the effects of this confinement, he never recovered, living but fifteen months, when he died in Kendallville September 7, 1866. The youngest son, William H., resides in Kendallville. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are members of the Presbyterian Church. Have a decidedly comfortable home in a large brick residence, where Mrs. Thompson accommodates a few boarders to occupy the extra room in their large dwelling. Those who find a home under her roof can testify as to the gener- osity with which she dispenses her hospitality. Fifty years of wedded life have been the lot of Mr. and Mrs. Thompson, and in their almost perfect health they seem to have the promise of many years more. J. G. WALTMAN, Cashier of the First National Bank, is a son of Emanuel and Barbara (Algire) Waltman, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Ohio. They were married in the latter State, where they lived on a farm until about 1854, when they removed to this county, locating in Allen Town- ship. In 1870, they removed to Kendallville, where the father is now engaged in stock dealing. Himself and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Three children have been born to them — J. G., Mary C. (now Mrs. Parks) and Ivan J. The subject of this sketch is a native of Richland County, Ohio. When eighteen years old he commenced the mason's trade. This he followed for about five years. He then for a time served in his father's employ in a meat market. Then, after a few months in the railroad freight office, he entered the bank in 1873, assuming the duties of cashier after the the death of Mr. Schulze. In this capacity, he is both popular and efficient, and as a young man has a bright future before him in business life. He is a member of the Chosen Friends, and was married in 1880 to Miss Dora Johnston, of Kendallville. FRED J. WESTFALL, Union Carriage Manufactory, is a native of Prussia, where he learned his trade of carpenter and wagon-maker, and followed it for five years. In 1863, he came to America and located at De Kalb Coun- ty, Ind., where he remained for seven years employed at his trade. In 1870, he came to Kendallville and was employed by Mr. Sfcicht one year; subsequent- ly, by Mr. Nellis three years. He then moved to Orange Township, where, for a period of four years, he followed farming and also working at his trade. He then went to Wolcottville, where he remained one and a half years, and then returned to Kendallville where he is now established. In January, 1881, he became proprietor and manager of the woodwork department of the Union Car- riage Works, to which he is now devoting his attention. In 1862, he was mar- ried to Frederica Lamback ; she died in 1868, leaving two children — Lewis and John. In 1869, he was united with a second wife, Miss Margaret Hunter, of De Kalb County. They have one child — Inez. Mr. Westfall is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and an industrious, enterprising citizen. E. J. WHITE, Union Carriage Manufactory, is a native of Miami County, Ind., and, since the age of seven years, has been a resident of Kendallville ; at the age of eighteen, commenced to learn his trade of carriage painting with Mr. Gradon, with whom he remained eighteen months. He subsequently was in 318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: • the employ of J. H. Hastings about fifteen months, and thence to the carriage works of James Nellis, where he remained seven years. In October, 1876, he became connected with Mr. Sticht's carriage works as proprietor of the painting department, which he has operated and controlled up to the present time. Mr. White is conceded to be a superior workman, and has done no small share to- ward the establishing- of the extended name for first-class and honorable work which the Union Works bears. He is a Royal Arch Mason (office of Senior Warden), and also a member of the Good Templars. Mr. White was married, in 1874, to Miss Ida Shoyer, a native of Noble County. They have one child — Libbie. A. C. F. WICHMAN, superintendent of brewery, came to America in 1849, with his parents, from Prussia, his native country. They located in Cin- cinnati, where our subject learned the cabinet-maker's trade. After working at it there two and a half years, he came to Fort Wayne, where he pursued his calling about the same length of time. After a short period in Logansport, Ind., he returned to Fort Wayne and remained until January, 1864, when he came to Kendallville, engaging in the furniture trade until 1867. For several years, subsequent to this period, he worked at different things — principally book-keeping. In 1877, he bought one-half interest in the brewery with William Seifert, which they conducted until the death of Seifert in September, 1879, when Mr. Wichman became the sole owner, and which he has conducted up to the present time, being now, by a subsequent change in proprietorship, manager for the owner, Henry C. Paul, of Fort Wayne. This brewery was built in 1867, by Louis Schwartzkopf and Geo. Aichele, subsequently becom- ing the property of Francis J. Beek, Seifert and Heinike, and the parties men- tioned above. Mr. Wichman has served as City Clerk three years ; as Town- ship Assessor one term, and is now the City Civil Engineer. He is a promi- nent member of the German Lutheran Church, having been a member, together with his wife, since 1864. Mr. Wichman was united in marriage, in 1857, with Miss Elizabeth Eberlein ; she came from Bavaria, Germany, in 1848, to Amer- ica. • They have nine children — Emma, Herman, Lizzie, Magdelena, Albert, Lydia, Paul, Henry and Clara. WILLIAM WILLETT is a resident of Kendallville, and engaged exten- sively in contracting for stone masonry and bridge work. He is a native of England, from which country he came to America in 1850, locating in New York, where for a short time he followed painting. He then came to Michi- gan, and soon thereafter located at Lima, La Grange County, this State, where he was occupied at his trade of stone masonry for several years. He then located in Goshen one year, and in 1865 became a resident of Kendallville. Mr. Willett was married in 1851 to Miss Maria Taylor, who was also a native of England. They have four children of their own, living — William E., Frankie, Lena and John, and one grandson, Claudie. Four of their children are deceased — Annie (who became Mrs. Emerson), Harry, Grace and an infant. Mr. Willett is well up in his business, being a practical workman and a suc- cessful manager. As a citizen, he stands high, and is regarded with much favor as a member of the community in which he lives. He belongs to the I. 0. 0. F. and to the K. of H. DR. S. T. WILLIAMS is a native of Mount Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio, and son of Dr. N. and Lydia (Eicher) Williams. He had superior edu- cational advantages, for about four years attending select school at Defiance, Ohio, under the tutelage of a Professor of Languages, who was a ripe scholar CITY OF KENDALLVILLE. ^19 and an excellent educator. Dr. Williams was a close student and, having decided upon the medical profession, began his studies with his father, also m association with Drs. Colby and Moss. In his professional course, he was the same careful, earnest student, and after two series of lectures at an Eclectic medical institute, in 1858 he graduated therefrom. He began teaching when four- teen years of age, which he followed at intervals until he began his practice in 1858. He was associated with his father at Defiance, Ohio, until 1863, when he entered the United States service as Surgeon, remaining until 1855, during which period he was in charge of Hospital No. 14, of Nashville. Tenn., and acquired a most valuable experience. Returning to Ohio he soon came to Kendallville, where he has been in professional association with his lather. Dr. Williams is a thorough gentleman, progressive, well-read m his profession, and also in general literature. He is a Knight Temper Mason, and in 1879 held the office of Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery, K T., of the State of Indiana. He is a member of the Northeastern Indiana Medical Asso- ciation ; was Surgeon for the Lake' Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad unfa the office was discontinued in 1879; is a Surgeon of the Railway Hospital Association of Toledo, and is Pension Examining Surgeon Dr Williams was married in 1858 to Miss Mary E. Lehman, of Defiance. They have four chil- dren— Effie, Warren S., Minnie and Allie. DR N WILLIAMS is a native of Fayette County, Penn. At the a 2 e of ten years, he was thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father, and hired out for $2.00 per month at farming ; this he followed un- til sixteen years of age, attending school in the meantime at every opportunity. He next engaged at cabinet-making, which he continued about three years ; he then began the study of medicine, and also acquired a higher education ; At the expiration of four years of study, he graduated from a school of medicine at Connellsville, Penn., in 1828, and for nearly two years practiced in Eastern Ohio From this time up to 1845, he was engaged in various occupations ; coming then to Columbia City, Ind., where, after nearly two years residence, he aaain resumed the study of medicine with the intention of making that pro- fession a life business. In 1847, he removed to Defiance, Ohio, in which vicinity for nearly twenty years he was actively engaged in practice. In Ji Lily, 1865 he came to Kendallville, where he has since been one of the leading members of the medical profession. He is a genial gentleman, and although passing into the " sere and yellow leaf" his years sit lightly upon him. He was united in marriage in 1831 to Miss Lydia Eicher, of Pennsylvania, lliey have two children living, Salathiel T. Williams, M. D., in practice with his father, and Tryphenie, wife of Dr. Wilson, of Kendallville. Dr. Williams has been for over fifty years a member of the Methodist Church, and in society ranks as one of its most valued members. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. ABRAM R. ACKERMAN is a son of John and Jane (Bennett) Acker- man, who were natives of New York State, and residents there until 1845, when they emigrated to Indiana and located in Wayne Township, where they resided with their son William up to the time of their death. Abram is a na- tive of the Empire State. His life has been passed in farming, at which he is °^ U BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: still actively engaged— for the past twenty-five years in Wayne Township, where he now owns seventy-five acres of good land, which is well improved and which he has cleared and cultivated himself. He was united in marriage, in 1855 to Miss Mary A. Wade, daughter of Robert Wade, who was an early settler of La Grange County. Mr. and Mrs. Ackerman have one child— Mary J. Trin- dle, living in Wayne Township. Mr. Ackerman is a progressive and practical farmer and a citizen with enterprising ideas. He is a member of the I. F. of Kendallville. AN ,??o EW ALLSH0USE > son of Henry and Catharine Allshouse, was born in 1828. His parents were natives of Pennsylvania, where thev were married in 1818. In 1825, they went Westward, locating in Stark County Ohio, where they lived until 1840, when they moved to Crawford County' Ohio, remaining there the remainder of their life. Andrew Allshouse who was one of eleven children, lived with his parents until twenty-five years of age. January 12, 1853, in Crawford County, Ohio, he married Rosanna Eley who was born in 1832. After three years, they came to Indiana, this county and settled near Albion. In 1861, removed to Wayne Township, their present home. Mrs. Allshouse has had six children— two, Henry and Dora, now living. Mr. Allshouse owns 160 acres of farming land and is prospering Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. k ?; F \ B . R1 SP IG ? T is a native of Noble County, Ind., where he was born March 1, 1857. His parents, John and Mary Brundige, were natives of New York, and had four children— Charles F., Ruthann (deceased), Albert T i oJnf" Charles B ™ndige has always made this county his home. July 2, 1879 he was married to Estella L. Milks, a native of Indiana, born Sep- tember 20, 1861. Their only child, Getta F., was born April 5, 1881. Mr Brundige owns ninety acres of land and is identified with the growth and prog- ress of the county. r & DANIEL DECKER is one of the old residents of Wayne Township He is a native of Orange County, N. Y., where he remained until eighteen years of age, upon a farm ; he then went to Onondaga County, where or twenty years he was engaged in farming. He then became a pioneer set- ;' er ra of u R ' chland County, Ohio, farming for six years near Plymouth. In 1852, he became identified with the farming interests of Wayne Township set- r& T, n G ?*?* Where he n0W lives - Mr - Decker has followed farming all of his life, and has helped develop his share of Noble County. He owns eighty-three acres of land which he has cleared and improved himself and is a citizen of worth and enterprise. He married Miss Cornelia Bevier, a native of Broome County N. Y., December 12, 1835. They have six children— Phedora (wife of James A. Brace, of Kendallville), Gem, Adeline Isbell (of Kendallville), Mate, Justus and Agusta. HARMON A. DIGGINS, whose parents were natives of Vermont, was born m St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1827, from which locality the family emigrated m 1832, and settled in La Grange County, Ind.. near Lima. The lather and mother were Luke and Silence (Wheeler) Diggins, and had eight children only three of whom are now living— Lucia A., Artemas and the subject of this sketch. Those deceased were Fidelia, who died at Wolcottville in 1881 • William, at the age of forty-five years, in Allen County; George, a^ed forty - six, at Kendallville; Harriet, when nineteen ; and Mary, at the age of thirty-one. Ine father moved to Wayne Township with his family in about 1835 He kept the first hotel in Kendallville about five years and was Postmaster on the ^J,^^ WAYNE TP. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 321 old Fort Wayne road. He died in 1864, and his wife, who was a member of the Methodist Church, in 1872. Harmon A. Diggins has been a resident of this township since his parents moved here in 1835. He was married, in 1859, to Miss Eliza Deuell, daughter of John Deuell, an early resident of the township. Their children are Ada (now Mrs. Berhalter), Flora, Hattie and Jimmie. Mr. Diggins is the owner of a farm of ninety acres of land in the township, which is productive and valuable property. S. T. EMRICK is one of the leading farmers of Noble County. His father, John Emrick, was a native of Pennsylvania. His mother, whose maiden name was Diane Green, was a native of Virginia. They both went to Ashland County with their parents, who were among the pioneers of that locality and there were married, residing there until 1861, when they came to Wayne Township, where our subject had settled in 1854. Here the mother still remains, now at the home of her son, our subject. The father died in the township in 1879. Seven children of a family of eight are now living — Rachel Eberhart, in Missouri; S. T. ; John, also a resident of this township; Diane Tryon, Kendallville ; Sarah Bucher, Wayne Township; Eliza Chesroun, in Ohio ; and Martha Roush, a resident of Wayne Township. The subject of this sketch was born in Ashland County, Ohio, where, in 1849, he married Miss Catherine Eberhard, of that county. He remained there, engaged at farming, until 1854, when he came to Noble County, settling in Wayne Town- ship. He has cleared up and improved a large tract of land and is now the owner of 230 acres of as fine land as there is in the county. Mr. Emrick has given his entire attention to farming, and the splendid condition which his property presents attests the value of a practical and industrious manager. He has served the township as Justice of the Peace for two years and is a lead- ing member in all public matters of merit. Mr. and Mrs. Emrick have seven children — Sylvester, Rachel Randall (in Michigan), Noah, Ella, Jane Hantee (a resident of this township), Joshua and John F. They are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Emrick is a member of the F. & A. M. of Kendallville. WILLIAM J. HALL, of this township, stands prominent throughout Noble and La Grange Counties as an extensive and successful farmer and stock dealer. He was born in Clark County, Ohio, in 1809, in the midst of pioneer surround- ings. His father and mother, John and Margaret (Williams) Hall, were natives of Kentucky, in which State they were joined in wedlock. In 1807, they moved to Ohio, settling in Clark County. That country was then new, and the settlements sparse, necessitating the trying experiences of frontier life. After a number of years, the family moved to Logan County, but returned to Clark County at the expiration of about four years, where the mother died in 1824. Seven children had been born to her, three of whom are now living, viz.: John, in California; Emily, now Mrs. Collins in Lima, La Grange County; and the representative of this sketch. Subsequently the father married Widow Judy, and in 1835 came to La Grange County, where he entered upon his second ex- perience as a pioneer settler, making his location in Springfield Township of that county, where he resided up to his death in 1843. His wife survived him a number of years. She was the mother by Mr. Hall of seven children, only three of whom are living : Charles, Whitley, and Ann, now Mrs. Osborn. William J. was married in Ohio in 1830 to Miss Lucinda Hull, also a native of Clark County, born in 1811. Her parents came there about 18^10 from Pennsylvania, their native State, where they remained until their death. Mr. Hall, after his marriage, commenced farming, and in 1835 joined his father's family and emi- 322 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: grated to La Grange County. There, in .Springfield Township, he rented a farm for a time, subsequently buying land. In 1845, he went to Greenfield Township, where he had acquired land by trading his Springfield property. In that township he labored early and late in clearing up his new possessions, to which he gradually added other acres by purchase, until his landed estate numbered 675 acres, all accumulated by unceasing toil and judicious manage- ment. In 1865, he sold out, and, purchasing 228 acres where he now resides, he moved his family to the new location. Here in 1869 his wife died ; she was the mother of eight children, five of whom are now living — Griffith F. and George W., in Springfield Township, La Grange County ; Ezra D., in Kansas ; William H., in Michigan, and Benjamin F., in this township. William EL and a son Rollo were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. The former entered the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry as a private, and served through the entire war, being mustered out at its close as Captain. Rollo became a member of the Seventh Indiana Cavalry, and at the end of fifteen months, while yet in the service, was stricken with disease and died. Mr. Hall, out of the abundance of his heart and with a paternal regard for his children, divided a portion of his land among them. Wherever he has lived, he has been true to honorable citizen- ship, thrifty and successful in most of his undertakings; eschewing political honors, he has devoted his best energies to his own business affairs. Since coming to Wayne Township, he has given his attention largely to fine stock of the Durham blood, first purchasing this class of cattle in Ohio ; in this branch he is achieving merited honors. NICHOLAS HILL is the eldest son of Simeon and Catharine Hill, who emigrated from Germany to America in 1840. They located in Ohio, Licking County, where they remained about six years; then came to Noble County, set- tling in the woods, upon what is now the splendid farm of our subject. The father, soon after their arrival, was run over by a heavy wagon while clearing up the land, and died from the injuries received. The mother lived until 1878, attaining the age of past ninety-four years. Three children were descendants, Nicholas, Lawrence and Mrs. Catharine Ringle, the latter now deceased. Nich- olas is a native of Germany. Since 1846, his home has been upon the land upon which they first settled, which consists of one hundred acres, with superi- or improvements. He has been connected with the Methodist Protestant Church since its organization, being one of the six members to create the soci- ety, and aiding materially in its progress. He built the present church build- ing in 1869. He was united in marriage in 1845 to Miss Mary Kinney, a na- tive of Licking County, Ohio. She died in 1870. Their children now living are Mary Lawrence, in Michigan ; Arvilla Wright, Wayne Township ; Orange, now operating the homestead farm : Wilbur and Charles, in Michigan, and Al- bert and Rilla at home. Mr. Hill was united to a second wife in 1871, Mrs. Frances Warner, whose maiden name was Zimmerman. She is a native of Ohio. LAWRENCE HILL is the second son of Simeon and Catharine Hill, early settlers of the township, locating there in 1846. Lawrence was born in Germany in 1830. With the exception of six years' residence in Michigan, in his early life, he has been a resident of Wayne Township since his parents settled there. Dividing up the land entered by his father with his brother Nicholas, he chose the eastern portion, upon which he settled and has cleared it up and improved it until it ranks with the best in Wayne Township. He now owns 120 acres, upon a portion of which an Indian village was located in early days, the chief's Lucinda Hall WAYNE TP. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 323 house, Schock-o-pee, standing where the residence of W. C. Jackson is now- located ; an Indian mound was also upon this farm, and many curious articles and implements of the Indians have been found from time to time. Mr. Hill is one of the valued residents of the township, and always iden- tifies himself with progress and improvements. He was united in marriage in 1855 to Miss Elinor Creigh, a daughter of Samuel and Lydia Creigh, who came to Wayne Township in 1844. They have four children — Catharine A. Johnson, Alice E. Johnson. Elinor I., Emrick and Alfred L. JACKSON IDDINGS is a native of Portage County, Ohio, and son of Henry and Sarah (Mettlen) Id dings, who were pioneers of Portage County, now Summit County, Ohio, where they settled prior to 1812, and remained un- til August, 1836, when they started for Indiana, landing in Allen Township September 10, 1836. They settled in Wayne Township, and after some years removed to Allen Township, where the remainder of their lives was passed. Five children now survive them — Hiram, Eliza Reed, Lewis, Warren and Jackson. The last-named was born in 1816, and was twenty years of age when his parents removed to this county. In August, 1837, he married Bar- bara Dingman, a daughter of Mrs. Frances Dingman, subsequently Mrs. Tru- man Bearss, early settlers of Allen Township. He immediately settled upon eighty acres of land in Allen Township, where he resided for one and one-half years. His land, however, proved to be a "second entry," and he was forced to have it exchanged. After living in Wayne Township one year, he secured another tract in Allen Township, upon which he remained five years. He then removed to Green Township, where he resided eight years, then to Jefferson Township for eight years, and in 1863 made a home on the farm where he now resides. This consists of 154 acres conveniently located and well cultivated. Mr. Iddings has devoted his time exclusively to farming, and has been amply rewarded. In Green Township, he held the office of Justice of the Peace for one year. Mr. and Mrs. Iddings have seven children — Hiram B., Owen, Asa J., Frances Bloomfield, Sarah Jordan, Ida Stray ter and Ruth Bailey. E. T. ISBELL, a son of Charles and Adah (Tryon) Isbell, born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1817, in the midst of pioneer life. He married there, in 1835, Miss Elizabeth Cosper, daughter of John Cosper, who became an early settler of Allen Township, Noble County. Our subject learned the shoemaker's trade of his father, which occupied his attention until about 1837, when, with his parents, he removed to Michigan, where he farmed for eighteen months. In 1838, with his parents, he came to Noble County, settling in Allen Township. Here he followed his trade, also farming and carpentering ; he built the first frame house in Lisbon, and subsequently removing to Kendallville, built the first frame house there. In a short time he removed to La Grange, where he erected and used the first shoe shop. He next removed to La Porte, Ind., to secure medical advice. Then, on account of ill health, he went to Texas, travel- ing the entire distance with a wagon. He worked at his trade there four years; then returned to Kendallville, subsequently removing to Valparaiso, Ind., where he conducted a large boot and shoe business for twelve years. He subsequently returned to Kendallville, and in 1877, purchased his present property, where he is following gardening. Mr. Isbell has been a member of the Methodist Church for over forty years, of which he is an exhorter, and has also done good service as an advocate of Temperance. His first wife died in 1860, having ten children, five of whom are now living — William H. is a farmer, now living in the West ; he was a volunteer in the late war, and in service over three years ; QQ 324 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Nathaniel H., now in Mexico, was also in the service about one year ; Adelina Moore, of Chicago ; Alice Goodwin, of Valparaiso, Ind.; and Harriet Nellis, a resident of Chicago. Mr. Isbell was united with a second wife in 1862, Mrs. Mary G. Lash, widow of William Lash, one of the early residents of Noble County. P. C. ISBELL, son of Charles and Adah (Tryon) Isbell, born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1819. His parents were natives of New York, and pioneers in Ohio, Michigan and Indiana, settling in Allen Township, Noble County, about 1838, where they died. Charles served as Justice of the Peace, and was an exhorter of the Methodist Church, of which denomination he and wife were members for many years. His family were participants in the Revolution, and himself a volunteer in the war of 1812. He died in November, 1865, aged sixty-nine years, his wife November, 1857, aged fifty-seven years. Their chil- dren are as follows: Ezra T., P. C, Rosanna Weston, of Iowa; Miranda South worth, of Plymouth, Ind.; Fanny Salisbury, of Kendallville: Hannah Dodge, Nebraska ; Neomi Rickey, Kendallville ; Martha Lehr, Kendallville ; Emily Bidwell, of Fort Wayne, and Louisa Bidwell, of Albion. P. C. Isbell was reared in Ohio ; when eighteen years of age, he went to Michigan, and engaged in farming, near Kalamazoo. In 1838, he came to Noble County, and settled in Allen Township, where he cleared up a farm. In 1852, he removed to his present farm, where he owns eighty acres of land ; but for the past twenty years he has been manufacturing trusses and abdominal supporters, elastic trusses for males and females, and braces and supporters of all descriptions, and has an extended trade. His office, in Kendallville, is at the drug store of Lohman Brothers. Mr. Isbell has the first ballot box of Wayne Town- ship, in which five votes were cast. He has, for many years, been Superintend- ent of the Cemetery, and is a member of the Masonic Order. He was married, in 1838, to Miss Maria Cosper, daughter of John Cosper, a pioneer settler of Noble County. They have seven children — Elias, Elizabeth, Gretzinger, of Jefferson Township ; Marion, who was a member of Company E, Thirtieth In- diana Volunteer Infantry, serving about two years, now a resident of Goshen ; Alonzo ; William, Manager of the Commercial College of Terre Haute, Ind. ; Leander and Anna Winans, of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Isbell are members of the Methodist Church. Mr. Isbell, for many years, was identified with Sun- day school work, and traveled extensively, organizing and aiding schools. G. L. KIMMELL is one of the earliest settlers of Wayne Township. His parents, Henry and Susanna (Rust) Kimmell. were natives of Pennsyl- vania, and in 1817 emigrated to Illinois, settling near Kaskaskia, where they remained for eight years. The country then was inhabited by only a few white settlers and the Indians. His father erected a grist-mill, and did an extensive business trading with the Indians. He was engaged in stock raising and deal- ing. He emigrated to Michigan with his family and 100 head of cattle, taking a " bee line " through the forest, cutting their road as they went. After a journey of thirty-nine days, during which they saw no white person, they arrived at their destination near Ypsilanti. This country was also a wilderness, and in clearing, improving and cultivating it his parents passed the remainder of their lives. His father was a large land owner and speculator, an extensive dealer and raiser of stock ; erected large manufactories of potash and pearlash, and was a respected and beloved citizen. Our subject is the third child of a family of eleven. He is a native of Pennsylvania, and was a small child when they emi- grated to Illinois, where he had for his associates and playmates Indian children. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 325 He has been associated with pioneer life in three States — Illinois, Michigan, where he remained with his father, assisting him until twenty-four years of age, and in Indiana, where he came in 1838 to Wayne Township, upon a venture for himself. He located upon Section 13, having to cut a road for three miles, to get to his land, and had no neighbors within three miles. Here he began to clear up his land, keeping " bachelor's hall." In 1840, he married Miss Phoebe Ann Gail, a native of New York, and upon this farm the worthy couple still live, enjoying a well-earned prosperity. Mr. Kimmell owns 245 acres of valuable land, which is operated by his sons. Mr. and Mrs. Kimmell have been mem- bers of the Baptist Church over twenty-five years. They had five children — Henry S., George Edgar, Albert J., Charles Grant, and Mary Ann. (deceased). HENRY S. KIMMELL is a son -of George L. and Phoebe A. (Gail) Kimmell, early settlers of Wayne Township. Henry is a native of Wayne Township, and has passed his life, from its earliest associations up to the present time, in farming. He now owns 135 acres of fine land, which he has* in a good state of cultivation. He is a young man with good practical ideas, and is pro- gressive in all matters of public interest. He was united in marriage in Feb- ruary, 1877, to Miss Lucinda Rendel, of Michigan. They have four children — George C, Camillus H., Linus E. and William W. J. W. LEARNED is a native of New Hampshire, and son to Samuel and Polly (Fowler) Learned. His father was a wealthy farmer of New Hampshire, and was thrice married, his last wife being a widow ; her maiden name was Susanna Hills, and she was the mother of the subject's wife. The parents were unfortunate in losing their entire property, and their last days were passed in this county, where they were cared for by their children. Their deaths occurred in August, 1855, only fifteen days intervening. J. W. Learned, when nearly twenty-one years of age, paid his father $20 for the few remaining months of his time, and went to Boston, where he was employed about two years ; then returned to New Hampshire, and in 1831 was married to Miss Abigail M. Dar- ling, also a native of New Hampshire. He then bought a piece of timbered land upon which he lived two years ; next emigrated to Cayuga County, N. Y., then to Seneca County, Ohio. In 1836, he came to this county and entered 180 acres of land, and in 1837 moved upon it with his family. In 1861, he purchased the land where he now resides, locating upon it in 1869. This he has well improved. Mr. Learned now has 220 acres, and is a successful farmer. He has served the township as Trustee several terms ; has been County Com- missioner ; is public-spirited and alive to the best interests of the people. Mr. and Mrs. Learned have two children living — Olivia Call and Almira Milk. R. T. LYMAN is a native of Massachusetts. His business ex- periences have been varied and extended. He engaged at lumbering in Vermont for his first venture, remaining there ten years. He then went to Washington County, N. Y., where he was engaged at farming five years. He then returned to Vermont and conducted a hotel for three years, at the expira- tion of which he engaged at farming there for two years. His next departure was in Ohio, where he remained until 1868, embarking in the egg and butter trade in various portions of the State. In 1868, he came to Kendallville, soon after forming a partnership with H. McCray, in the egg and butter trade, remaining in association with him until 1875 ; when he again turned his atten- tion to farming, at which he is still engaged. He is now the owner of the old " Green " farm, located in the central portion of the township. It is finely cultivated and well improved. Mr. Lyman is a member of the Masonic Order 326 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and an enterprising citizen. He was married in 1850 to Miss Angelina Moore, of Washington County, N. Y. They have three children — Milton, Elmer and Annie. HENRY POPPY is a son of Frederick and Dorothy (Roaric) Poppy, natives of Germany, who emigrated to America about 1830, settling in Mary- land, where they resided for several years, subsequently emigrating to Rich- land County, Ohio. In 1848, they removed from Ohio to Noble County ; becoming residents of Orange Township, where they settled upon a piece of timbered land. Here they l^esided for the remainder of their lives, clearing up and improving their property, becoming valued and respected citizens, and esteemed members of the Albright Church. Five children came with them to Indiana — Wilhemina ; Thomas, living in Iowa ; Agustus, a resident of Orange Township; Henry; Charles, deceased ; and Sarah A. Walker, a resident of Kansas. The father died in 1872, the mother in 1850. Henry Poppy, our subject, is* a native of Germany. Since the removal of his parents to Noble County in 1848, he has been identified with the agricultural interests here. He married, in 1856, Miss Susanna Rendel, of Wayne Township, daughter of William Rendel, and the same year he became a resident of Wayne Township, where he has improved a farm of 114 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Poppy have five children — Emma, Rettie, Dora, Marshall and Charles. They are members of the Disciples' Church. JOB RENDEL is one of the young and successful farmers of Wayne Township. He represents also one of the early families of the township. His parents, William and Susanna (Likes) Rendel, were natives of Pennsyl- vania ; thev came from Wayne County, Ohio, to Wayne Township, about 1853, settling in the southern portion of the township, where the mother died in 1875. His father still claims it as his residence. They were parents of eight children — Mary J. Poppy, Susanna Poppy, Job, George, a leading farmer of Wayne Township ; John, of Springfield Township, La Grange County ; Mag- gie Kimmel, residing in Michigan ; Arminda Mawhorter, of La Grange County, and Sarah Muter, of Orange Township. Job was born in Wayne County, Ohio, but since the removal of his parents to Noble County, has been associated in agricultural pursuits here. He now owns 160 acres of superior land with splendid improvements, and is one of the leading practical farmers of the township. He was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Drowley, of De Kalb County, in 1863. They are members of the Disciples' Church,' and have three children — Hattie B., George 0. and Herbert. HIRAM ROBERTS is a son of Nehemiah and Charlotte (Tanner) Roberts, natives, respectively, of Vermont and Massachusetts. They were married in the State of New York, subsequently moving to Pennsylvania, then to Wayne County, Ohio. In 1841, they came to this county and settled in Allen Township. The father died in 1850, while on a visit to Ohio, and the mother in Allen Township in 1853. They were parents of thirteen children, only three of whom are now living, viz. : Hiram, who is the eldest ; Amy, the wife of Wm. Whitford, of Allen Township ; and Nathan, of Allen Township. Hi- ram Roberts was born in Jamestown, New York, in 1820. He came to Allen Township, from Wayne County, Ohio, in 1840, and purchased eighty acres of land, after which he returned to Ohio, and in 1841 brought his parents to Indiana. While a resident of Allen Township, he cleared and improved his land. In 1865, Mr. Roberts removed to his present home. His landed pos- sessions are very valuable, and comprise over 400 acres, well improved and WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 327 cultivated, making a farm difficult to excel. He was first married in 1847 to Miss Betsey Munger, of Orange Township. She died in 1852, leaving two chil- dren — Mary M.. now Mrs. Smith, of Kendall ville, and William Henry. Mr. Roberts married for his second wife, in 1856, Catherine Lash, a native of Pennsylvania, daughter of Phillip Lash, who came to Wayne Township about 1852. By this union three children have been born — Charles, on the old farm in Allen Township ; Rose Long, of Ligonier, and John E. Mr. Roberts is a member of the Chosen Friends, and a practical, substantial farmer. ANDREW ROSENBURY is a native of Columbiana County, Ohio, born in 1811. His parents, Oliver and Ann (Jack) Rosenbury, were natives of Pennsylvania, and early settlers of Columbiana County, Ohio, subsequently removing to Summit County, and thence to Tuscarawas County, where they died. Our subject passed his early days in pioneer life in Ohio, subsequently engaging in farming in Summit County, where he remained for twelve years. In 1848, he became a resident of Wayne Township, locating in the extreme northeast corner, where he entered 80 acres, clearing and improving part of it,, and then selling it, after seven years' residence. With the proceeds, he pur- chased 280 acres where he now resides. Here he has lived up to the present time, improving and clearing his land himself. He now owns 260 acres, 160 of which are in a splendid state of cultivation. Mr. Rosenbury is one of the many pioneers who have added much to the wealth and prosperity of Noble County, whom posterity should justly hold ever in grateful remembrance. He- was married, in 1833, to Miss Justa Metland, a native of Summit County, Ohio. They have seven children living — Ann E. Shultz, of Kendallville; Louisa, deceased ; Oliver, in Missouri ; Jane Devoe, in Kansas ; Joseph, a farmer of Wayne Township; Harriet Chaffee, of Missouri ; Warren, a resi- dent of Allen Township, and Norman. JOHN SHIFALY is a native of Wurtemberg, Germany, born July 17, 1838, and attended school until fourteen years old, when, November 23, 1852, unaccompanied by friends, he left home and made the trip to the United States, landing in New York City January 9, 1853. After one year on a farm in Mahoning County, Ohio, he landed in Kendallville, Ind., March 27, 1854. Here young Shifaly, though not able to speak English, entered as clerk in the grocery store of J. Kime, where he worked one season for three dollars per month. On the 24th of December, 1854. he commenced to make Thomas B. Weston's his home. During that winter, he attended school two weeks, and, though, commencing with his ABC, by his characteristic perse- verance, in studying at home nights by the flickering light from the fire-place, in the spring he was able to read quite well. Home studying has been the source of his English education. As evidence of his attainments, he has been identified with school interests, as Director, for years, and there is to be found in his house one of the best libraries of any farmer in Indiana, comprising such works as Encyclopedia Brittanica, Appleton's Encyclopedia, Bancroft's History, Edward Everett's, David Hume's, and most of the standard works of other noted authors. Mr. Shifaly continued to work for Mr. Weston until January 2, 1859, when he was united in marriage with Emily Pauline Weston, only daughter of his employer. He then took entire charge of the farm, making improvements, building, clearing, etc., continuing in full control until Mr. Weston's death. To the original tract — which was inherited through his wife — he has added by purchase 240 acres, the whole now comprising 510 acres, and constituting one of the best stock and grain farms in Northern In- 328 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: diana. Mrs. Shifaly was born in Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., August 30, 1838, and has lived on their present farm nearly 38 years. Their children are as follows : Mary Pauline, born May 5, 1860, and married to Albert Chaffee September 16, 1877 ; they have one child, born September 28, 1881 ; Charlotte Josephine, born August 18, 1862 ; Grant George Thomas, born May 7, 1864, died, July 21, 1872. Mr. Shifaly has the greatest reverence for the memory of Mr. and Mrs. Weston, and entertains for them both the highest appreciation for their kindnesses to him during his stay under their roof, which will always be remembered as equaling parental affection. Mr. Shifaly is a true representative of perseverance, energy, thrift and strict integrity. In physical endurance he is a prodigy, having performed an amount of labor that would have broken down a man of ordinary constitution, but no doubt much of this ability to endure is attributable to correct habits and his temperate mode of life. For twenty years past he has neither used tea nor coffee, neither has he used tobacco in any shape or manner. Never did drink spirituous liquors, nor does he drink beer, or even hard cider. This is the more remarkable when his nationality is taken into consideration. The good judgment and labor bestowed in the management of his farm has been almost marvel- ous in results. Two thousand bushels of shelled corn were marketed in one season, besides retaining sufficient for stock feeding ; another year he raised 188 bushels of clover seed, and another season 2,000 bushels of wheat. From this same farm he has sold wood for twenty-two winters, often three and four loads per day, hauling a distance of six miles, and not an uncommon thing to unload on his first trip at 4 o'clock in the morning. He has now 400 head of sheep, thirty-five head of cattle and several head of horses. Mr. Shifaly is of a social disposition, a stanch Republican, and, in public matters, keeps apace with the progress of the age. He is a fitting representative of the progressive and practical farmers of Noble County. ADDISON B. STANTON is a son of Caleb S. and Chloe (Caldwell) Stanton. Caleb was a native of New York ; his wife of Canada. They were married in Wayne County, N. Y., and in 1834 emigrated to Michigan, where they remained until 1836, when they removed to Noble County, Ind., settling on Section 10, Wayne Township. There the worthy couple passed the re- mainder of their days, assisting in the development of the community and aiding as best they could in the progress and advancement of the township. He served in various offices of trust, for three years as Township Trustee.- He died in 1872; his wife in 1873. She was a consistent member of the M. P. Church. They were parents of four children — Dorliska Andrews, now a resident of La Grange County; Addison B. ; Alphonzo, a resident of Mich- igan; and Luftus, also of Michigan. Our subject is a native of the "'Empire" State. He has been identified with Wayne Township from the "pioneer" days of their early settlement up to the present time. Mr. Stanton has always fol- lowed the vocation of farming, and is now the owner of 160 acres of valuable land. He has always taken an interest in public measures for the improve- ment of Noble County and is one of the representative and practical farmers. He was united in marriage, in 1850, with Miss Lucinda Potter, daughter of Henry Potter, an old resident of the county. They have two children — Ade- laide Devoe, living in Wayne Township, and Seymour, who is a divine in the M. P. Church and (in 1881) located in Grant County, Ind. Mr. and Mrs. Stanton have been identified with the M. P. Church for many years and are esteemed and valued citizens. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 329 CHAUNCEY G. R. WATERHOUSE represents one of the leading farmers and large land owners of Northern Indiana and also a pioneer family of La Grange County. His parents — Benjamin B. and Harriet Waterhouse — were natives of Vermont, and in 1837 emigrated from New York State to Milford Township, La Grange County, Ind. His father became a prominent citizen and successful farmer, and remained there until his death. His mother still survives. They were parents to five children, four of whom are now liv- ing — Sarah Wilson, of Sturgis, Mich. ; Emma Cosper, of Milford Township ; Artemissa Spellman, residing in La Grange; and the subject of this sketch, who is a native of New York, and who, since the removal of his parents to this county, has been prominently identified with its progress, especially with the agricultural interests. He remained in La Grange County until 1869, when he removed to Wayne Township, where he has resided since and has permanently located. He erected, in 1881, an elegant residence, one half a mile north of Kendallville, where we now find him, superintending personally his large farming interest. He owns about eleven hundred acres of land, divided into six farms and located in La Grange and Noble Counties. Mr.Waterhouse, while giving his entire attention to farming interests, is a public-spirited and valued citizen, and favors all measures of progress and advancement. He was united in marriage with Miss Harriet Vine in 1860. Her parents were early settlers of Milford Township, coming there from Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. Waterhouse have four children — Albert, Frank, John and Homer. CHARLES WEINGART, a native of Germany, was born September 12, 1844. His father, Joseph Weingart, came to America in 1852, locating in this county, and in 1860 was followed by his wife (Elizabeth Weingart) and family. They have had three children — Louis, Rosa (now dead) and Charles. The latter was married, in 1869, to Salome Kundert, who afterward died, leaving one child, William, born August 18, 1870. Mr. Weingart subse- quently married Margaret Zonker, a native of Indiana. Their children were Joseph A., Mary E. and Waldo C They own a well improved farm of 140 acres and are industrious and intelligent people. THOMAS B. WESTON (deceased) came from a pioneer family whose ancestry can be traced back in the seventh degree to his namesake, Thomas Weston, who landed from the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and another named John Weston who came to Salem, Mass., in 1644, from Buckingham- shire in the North of England, just 200 years before Thomas B. moved into his log cabin in Indiana. The Westons are a numerous family ; those bearing the name and springing from one common source are distributed over the whole of the Eastern, Western and Northwestern States. A significant remark was often made by the representative of this sketch, that he could travel on foot to his birthplace in York State and stop every night but one with those belonging to the Weston family. As a whole, those of the name are found to be equal to any family in the land in the possession of those sterling qualities — morality and in- tegrity. Thomas B. Weston was a native of Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y., where he was born October 13, 1799, and was amongst the earliest pioneers of this township. When a boy he moved with his father, Nathan Weston, to Mon- roe County, N. Y., where he worked on the home farm until the death of his father, August 26, 1823. The care of the family, consisting of two brothers and two sisters, then devolved on him. The succeeding thirteen years he tilled the soil and, in the meantime, taught writing-school and studied surveying. In the spring of 1836, he came to Indiana, and in later years took delight in recount- 330 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ing his experiences while hunting land ; how he with others were seven nights in the woods of what is now De Kalb County with the wolves howling around them, and other hair-raising events. On making his selection of land, he went on foot to the land office at Fort Wayne and made the entry of a rich tract, a part of which being in what is now Wayne Township, the balance being located in Wells County, this State. Returning to the Empire State, he married, on September 7, 1837, Miss Paulina Maxfield, of Copake, Columbia Co., N. Y., moving the next spring to Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., where their only daughter, Emily Paulina,, was born August 30, 1838. On June 20, 1841, he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife. Thus left with the care of his child, with home broken up, he came, in 1842, to make a permanent settlement in this county, and was married a second time to Catherine Anderson, who was born in Huntingdon County, Penn., January 6, 1802, emigrating to Licking County, Ohio, with her parents, and from there to La Grange County, Ind., in the year 1838, her father being one of the first settlers on Pretty Prairie. July 16, 1844, Mr. Weston with his wife, and his child by his first wife, moved in- to the log cabin which was to be their future home, situated on the northwest corner of Section 11. It was in this rude home that the first religious services held in the township were conducted by the Rev. John Martin, of La Grange County. Through the deprivations and laborious toil of those frontier days, Mr. Weston found in his wife a source of moral and material aid that buoyed him up under the most trying circumstances, and it was through her heroic efforts in his behalf that many seeming impossibilities were surmounted. While he was engaged in clearing, she was to be found at her spinning-wheel or the loom, preparing cloth for their clothing or other fabrics for household use. Their home farm was heavily timbered, hard maple predominating, and one spring there were thirteen sugar camps on his land worked by different parties on shares, the fact being admitted that he had the most extensive sugar bush in the country. Mr. Weston possessed qualities of a social nature in an eminent degree; this with his strict ideas of honor and justice made him deservedly pop- ular. Politicallv, he was conservative, voting with the Whigs until the birth of the Republican party, whose standard he followed on all national issues, but at local elections he cast his voce for the best man. In 1855, he, having served the public as Town Clerk for about six years, was elected Justice of the Peace, which office he filled for twenty-four years. In 1863, he had declined to be again a candidate, but being pressed finally consented to his name being pre- sented in the caucus by certain parties, who turned against him and nominated a teetotaler in his stead. This aroused the old pioneer, and at the earnest re- quest of the leading men in the township, he came out as an independent can- didate and was triumphantly elected, only lacking six votes of beating both the Republican and Democratic candidates combined. A few years after he settled on his land, he donated to the public a piece of ground for a cemetery — an ex- ceedingly pleasant location on what is known as the tk Big Hill," that part of the farm passing a few years later into the hands of his son-in-law, John Shifaly, who donated ground for a church, which was named Weston Chapel in honor of the memory of the old pioneer. Just thirty-four years to a day from the time they moved into their log cabin, Mrs. Weston died July 16, 1878. Mr. Weston retained his mental faculties in his old age to a remarkable degree ; he excelled in penmanship, and a letter written just before his death was a piece of art wor- thy of a writing master. After an illness of only thirty-six hours he died July 26, 1881, at the advanced age of eighty-one years, nine months and thirteen WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 331 days. His funeral was attended by the largest concourse of people of any that ever occurred in this part of the country. The last twenty years of his life he made almost daily rounds among his neighbors for a social chat, and " Uncle Tommy," as he was familiarly called, was ever welcome. With the closing of this noble life we can appropriately say with the poet : " Life's race well run ; Life's work well done ; Life's crown well won ; Now comes rest." L. D. WHITFORD is a son of Stutlev and Elizabeth Whitford, who are old residents of Wayne Township. He is a native of Wayne County, Ohio. Since the removal of his parents to Noble County, he has resided here and given his attention to agricultural pursuits. He became the owner of the old " Childs " farm in 1880, which he is now operating. His farm consists of eighty-five acres of improved land, conveniently located. In 1866, he formed a matrimonial alliance with Miss Louisa Wright, daughter of James Wright, one of the early residents of Wayne Township. Mr. and Mrs. Whitford are members of the M. E. Church. They have one child, Charles F. Mr. Whitford is one of the enterprising young men of Wayne Township, who are soon to fill the places of the old pioneers who are passing away. JAMES W. WRIGHT is the oldest son of James Wright, a native of England, who came to America in 1833, first locating in Ohio, where he resided until 1844, when he came to Wayne Township and settled upon the farm now owned by the subject of this sketch. Here he remained, clearing and improv- ing his land, passing his time in the quiet tenor of farming life until his death, dying as he had lived, a Christian gentleman, July 22, 1881. His wife's maiden name was Emily Finch. They were married July 5, 1838. She is a native of New York, and is now living with her son. She is a member of the M. P. Church, which, together with her husband, she has been identified with for over forty years. Seven children are descendants. Sarah Shaffer, of Wayne Town- ship; Mary Weaver, deceased; Margaret Weaver, in Nebraska; James W., William C, Frances Browand, in Nebraska ; and Louisa L. Whitford, of Wayne Township. James W. is a native of Wayne Township, where he has always resided and engaged in farming. He is now the owner of the old homestead farm, which consists of 110 acres of well cultivated and improved land. He is an industrious and liberal-minded citizen, and one of the reliable farmers of the township. He was married in 1869 to Miss Mary A. Gallup of Wayne Township. They have two children, Mattie and Nellie. WILLIAM C. WRIGHT is a son of James and Emily (Finch) Wright, early settlers of Wayne Township. William is a native of Wayne Township, where he has always been identified. He is now the owner of the "Joseph Childs" farm, consisting of eighty acres of land, which is well improved and adjoins his father's old farm. Mr. Wright is a young and promising farmer, of industrious habits, and will doubtless become one of the standard farmers of the future. He was married, 1876, to Miss Arvilla Hill, a daughter of Nicholas Hill, another pioneer settler of the township. They have two children — John and Amelia. 332 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES; TOWN OF LICONIER. JOHN ABDILL, hardware and tinware, is the third child in a family of seven children, and was born in Delaware. He came here with his parents, Jo- seph and Jemimah (Blockson) Abdill, natives of Delaware. His father was a farmer, and also a local preacher of the United Brethren denomination, and moved to Richland County, Ohio, with his family in 1835 ; thence to Noble County, settling, in 1849, in York Township. At the age of seventeen, John commenced his apprenticeship at the tinner's trade in Ligonier, serving three years; then followed his trade there until 1856, when he went to Michigan and remained there working at his trade till the fall of 1858. He returned to Ligonier, and in August, 1873, went into the hardware business, on his own responsibility. This proved a successful enterprise. Mr. Abdill has served as Councilman, and is now a member of the school board, in his second term ; is also a member of the Masonic Order. He was married in Michigan in 1856 to Miss Mary E. Crane, a native of Indiana and former resident of Ligonier. They have four children, Edward E., now reading law in Ligonier; Zula M., Wallace and Merton, and are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ALBERT BANTA, Justice of the Peace, is a native of Mont- gomery County, Ohio. He was engaged in farming in Preble County. Ohio, until 1836, when he came to Elkhart County, Ind., and com- menced in the mercantile business. This he followed until 1840, 'when he was elected County Sheriff, and served four years, and then returned to farm life in Benton Township. In 1854, he came to Ligonier, where he located and remained until 1862, when he went to Bluffton, Ind., returning to Ligonier in 1870, where he has since resided. In 1872, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and has since held that office. He was a member of the City Council one year, and belonged to the Methodist Church in 1840, but is now a member of the Disciples' Church. In 1824, Mr. Banta mar- ried Mary Brower, of Ohio. She died in 1870, leaving six children, five now living: Albert J. and John D., both living in Elkhart County ; Peter, now re- siding in Kansas ; Mary J. Carmean, of Noble County ; and Elizabeth Sher- wood, of Ligonier. He was married again, in 1871, to Mrs. Mary J. Parks, of Ligonier. Mr. Banta has been a member of the Masonic Order since 1844, and is now a Royal Arch Mason. A. C. BEECHER, dentist, son of A. B. and Mary J. (Bailey) Beecher, was born in Hancock County, Ohio, is the eldest of five children, and came with his parents in 1859 to La Grange, Ind., where his parents still reside. Here, he attended school, and in 1870 commenced the study of his profession with F. M. Hamsher, with whom he remained two years. He spent one and one-half years in Butler County, Ind., practicing ; and then went to the Uni- versity at Ann Arbor, Mich., where he took the course of study, and in 1876 graduated from the Dental Department. He returned to La Grange, and fol- lowed the practice of his profession there until 1881, when he came to Ligo- nier, where he is building up a good business. He is a proficient workman, and a promising young business man. While in La Grange, he served as Dep- uty Postmaster. He is a member of the Knights of Honor. He was married TOWN OF LIGONIER. 333 in 1874 to Miss Alice Speed, of La Grange ; they have two children — Char- lie and Veva. J. M. BELTS, manufacturer and dealer in furniture, is one of the success- ful business men of Ligonier, in his line of trade, having secured a large and successful custom. He was born in Livingston County, N. Y., and in his native State learned the trade of cabinet-making. He followed this calling in various locations in different States, and came to Ligonier in 1874, where he was employed at his trade for two years. In 1876, he started his present busi- ness, which has proved most successful. He has extended it, and now carries a large and splendid stock of furniture, and his business is steadily increasing. Mr. Belts was married, December 27, 1859, to Miss Sarah L. Brooks, a native of New York. They have three children — Adelbert M., Claude J. and Maud. F. P. BOTH WELL, of Green & Bothwell, lawyers, is a native of this county, and son of T. H. and Zillah A. (Eagles) Bothwell, who were married in Noble County, and were residents of Sparta Township until the death of Mr. Both- well in 1867. He was one of the early settlers, and, besides farming, carried on the lumber and saw-milling business. The mother is still living in Ligonier. They had five children — Lucy Galloway, of Ligonier ; Harriet Jones, of Sparta Township ; the subject, Melvin and Leslie. Our subject lived in Sparta Town- ship, attending district school there until the age of fourteen, when he went to Hillsdale, Mich., and attended college for three years, then for one year went to school at Valparaiso, Ind. In 1875, he became a student in the law office of I. E. Kinsley, at Ligonier, and remained two years, then went to Chicago, and after completing the course of study in the Union Law College there, was admitted to the bar of Illinois. He returned to Noble County in the fall of 1878 ; was admitted to practice there, and formed a partnership with J. W. Scott ; this existed only a short time, and in December, 1878, he became asso- ciated with D. W. Green. Mr. Bothwell is an able and rising young lawyer, and has already attained a prominent position among the attorneys of the county. .He was united in marriage, April 22, 1880, to Miss Lena M. Decker, daughter of J. Decker, of Ligonier. S. M. BRADEN, of the firm of Braden & Peck, millers, is a native of Fostoria, Seneca County, Ohio, and a son of William Braden, who for a num- ber of years operated there woolen and grist mills. In Fostoria our subject passed his earlier years, where he became familiar with milling. He subse- quently went with his father to a farm in Illinois, where he became familiar with agricultural life. After his father's death, he engaged in milling in dif- ferent States, until 1869, when he located in Ligonier, and assumed the charge of Ulmer & Clark's mill, subsequently becoming a -partner in the firm of Strauss, Henderson & Co. Mr. Braden has continued his connection with this mill up to the present time, although the above association lasted only about two years. The present firm was organized in July, 1879, by the association of Jarvis Peck with Mr. Braden. They have four run of stone, and possess an extensive trade. Mr. Braden has, for nearly twenty-five years, been engaged in superintending mills. He obtained a patent in 1879, on " Braden's Im- proved Wheat Heater," which proved of practical utility, and is meeting with good success in the market. Mr. Braden married Miss Rachel Hen- derson, of De Kalb County, Ind., in 1865. He is a Mason, and valued citizen of Ligonier.' G. W. CARR, M. D., began life during the pioneer days of Stark County, Ohio. His parents, Benjamin and Mary (Jennings), were early settlers of Stark 334 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: County, and farmed there for many years. The mother died there in 1852, and the father subsequently remarried. He came to Ligonier in 1856, where he died in 1861. Of their children, twelve attained maturity, and ten are now' living. Our subject, who is next to the youngest child, assisted on his father's farm in Stark County until seventeen years of age. He then went to Navarre, and commenced reading medicine with Dr. Leeper, under whose tutelage he remained three years. In 1850, he came to Ligonier, and for two years studied medicine with Dr. Wellman. He then established an office, and prac- ticed his profession for four years, when he went to Cleveland, and in 1856 graduated from the Cleveland Medical College, returning at the end of that time to Ligonier, where he has since been in practice, with the exception of three years' service in the late war. He went out in 1862 with the Forty- fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and remained with them as Assistant Surgeon until March, 1864, when he was appointed Surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served in this capacity until the war ended. He has established a large and successful practice. His popularity as a physician is well deserved, and he is well-informed on the science of med- icine and surgery. Since the year 1880, he has been in partnership with William A. Shobe, who, since fourteen years of age, has been with Dr. Carr, having made the study of medicine a pursuit. He graduated from the Detroit Medical College in 1880 Dr. Carr is a Royal Arch Mason, and was married to Miss Dulcina Teal, daughter of Joseph Teal, of Perry Township, in 1852. She died in 1862, leaving two children — Wallace W. and Denoyer P. In 1864, he was united in marriage with Sarah McMillan, a native of Rochester. N. Y. WILLIAM CULVEYIIOUSE, gunsmith, is a native of La Porte County, Ind., and lived at home on his father's farm until thirteen years of age, when he was crippled, and went to Plymouth, Marshall Co., Ind., where he commenced learning the gunsmith's trade, finishing it in Indianapolis. He spent four years in the different States ; then, in 1859, he enlisted on an English man-of- war at Baltimore, but failed to go with them. For two years, he was connected with the hydraulic water-works of Annapolis Naval School. In 1862, he went to La Porte, Ind.; remained nine months, and in 1863 came to Ligonier, where he conducted a gun and sporting store, and followed his trade until in March, 1880. He then went to Easton, Md., returning to Ligonier in August, 1881, where he is permanently located in his old business calling. He was married in 1862 to Miss Eliza A. Stewart, of Annapolis, Md. Their children are William H., Maretta V., Elizabeth and Vesta A. L. J. DUNNING -is the eldest of five children born to Jesse and Lorinda (Lawrence) Dunning, natives of New York, and was reared on his father's farm in the place of his nativity, Dutchess County, N. Y. At the age of twen- ty-one, he w y ent to Fairfield County, Ohio, where he practiced farming, teaching school winters. He came to this county in October, 1859, and entered a farm in Perry Township, which he managed one year. He then went into the gro- cery business with J. E. Braden, in Ligonier. This partnership lasted until 1867, when Mr. Braden retired, Mr. Dunning continuing the business alone. In 1865, his parents left their farm, and came from New York to Ligonier, residing with their son until their deaths ; that of the father occurred in 1866, and the mother in 1880. In 1873, Mr. Dunning's son, Jesse L., became a partner in his store, and in 1881 they associated with them Frank Jackson, mak- ing the firm of Dunning, Son & Co. Their stock consists of general groceries, TOWN OF LIGONIER. 335 produce, tobacco, cigars, crockery, lime, salt, cement, etc. Mr. Dunning's wife was Anna Huber, a native of Fairfield County, Ohio. They have four children living — Jesse L.; Lucinda, wife of W. A. Jackson, of Ligonier ; Emma, wife of Frank Jackson, of the firm Dunning, Son & Co.; and Libbie, at home ; and two deceased — Mary Miller and Jacob. Mr. Dunning has been Township Trustee four years, and the Dunning family are all members of the Disciples' Church. C. ELDRED, druggist, lived on a farm in New York, his native State, until about sixteen years of age, when he went to Akron, Summit Co., Ohio, where he learned the tinner's trade. To Stark County he next went, where he was employed at Navarre, in the hardware and tinning business, until 1854. The following eleven years, he followed his trade in Huntington County, Ind:, and in 1865 began his present business in Ligonier. He first formed a partnership with P. Serbert, which existed only a few months, Mr. Eldred conducting the business alone until in 1872, when his son became a partner, and the firm has remained to the present C. Eldred & Son. Mr. Eldred was married to Miss Eliza Hawk, a native of Pennsylvania and resident of Stark County, Ohio, in 1845. They have three children — S. T. Eldred, druggist; John H., a printer at La Porte ; and Mary Hoffman, of Ligonier. They are both members of the Methodist Church and Mr. Eldred is a Knight Templar. S. T. Eldred, junior member of the firm of C. Eldred & Son, was born in Stark County, Ohio. In 1865, he began his business experience in Wabash, clerking in a drug store, then was in his father's store at Ligonier until he be- came a partner in 1872. They are both courteous gentlemen and progressive business men. The son is also a Mason, and was married, in 1873. to Miss Elizabeth Randall, a native of Indiana. They have one child — Frank. S. B. ENGLE, son of Andrew and Ann R. (Conrad) Engle, was born in Perry Township. His parents were there engaged in farming, and came at an early day. The subject's younger days were associated with farm life, and his educational facilities were up to the standard, which sufficiently warranted him in teaching school during the winters. He officiated three years as a preceptor in the public schools at Ligonier, to which place he came in 1877, where he he formed a matrimonial alliance with Miss M. E. Myers, who was a resident of Illinois at the time of her marriage, but originally came from Ohio. J. F. GARD, M. D., one of Ligonier's prominent professional men, was born in Preble County, Ohio, where he was reared on a farm. In 1859, he began the study of medicine with A. D. Potts, and continued it until the open- ing of the war, when he enlisted, in May, 1861, in the Sixteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was with this regiment for one year, and during the remainder of the war and until January, 1866, he served in the First Indiana Heavy Artillery, thus making over four years' service, during which time he acted chiefly as Assistant Surgeon. After the war closed, he commenced the practice of his profession in Miami County, Ind., where he remained six years. He named the town of North Grove, in Miami County, Ind., where he went in 1866, succeeded in establishing a post office, and when he left the place numbered 300 inhabitants. Mr. Gard came to this county in October, lb71, and remained at Wawaka, where he built up a large practice, until he came to Ligonier and located in 1877. He has secured an extended and lucrative practice, and is well known as an able physician. Mr. Gard is a graduate of Bennett Medical College of Chicago and is a Knight Templar. He was married to Miss Mary J. White, a native of Ohio, in 1867. They have two 336 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: children living — Ettie B. and Addie. Albert L. died in 1870, aged eighteen months. W. G. GARDNER, merchant tailor, was born in Germany, March 10, 1833, is the youngest of five children, and the only one of the family that came to this country. His parents, Alexander and Regene Gardner lived and died in Germany. The subject emigrated to New York City in 1854, and after four months went to Newton, N. J., remained six months, then returned to New York City. He then went to Burlington, Va., and after returning, spent some time in New York, and after an extended trip throughout the Western States and Canada, returned again to New York, subsequently going to Connecticut, where he stayed until 1862. In that year he enlisted in Company F, Nine- teenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, and served until July 17, 1865, then returned to Connecticut ; he received two wounds while in the army. He came to Ligonier in 1877, and was employed for some time by Jacob Straus & Co., as cutter and fitter in their clothing establishment. In 1879, he established a business of his own and has been very prosperous ; he employs from five to seven workmen. Mr. Gardner was first married in Connecticut, July 3, 1860, to Louisa Kohlor, who was born in Germany in 1842. She died in 1861, May 18, and he married January 1, 1862, Mary A. Commings, a native of Connec- ticut, born February 25, 1838. By his first wife Mr. Gardner had one child, W. F., and the remaining children are Phebie A., Sophia J., Nellie M., and an infant as yet unnamed. Mr. Gardner is a Mason, and owns town property in Ligonier ; he is a popular citizen as well as an honorable business man. E. B. GERBER, hardware, etc., a genial gentleman and an energetic, thrifty business man, was born in Stark County, Ohio, one of eleven children, whose parents were David and Susanna (Buchtel) Gerber, early settlers of E. B.'s native county. The father wa3 a persevering farmer, who, with his family, removed to La Grange County, Ind., in 1855, settling in Eden Township, where he died in 1872. In 1876, the mother moved into Ligonier, where she still resides, in the conciousness of a well spent life and with the respect of her many acquaintances. Eight of the children are now living — Eliza Shrock and Abraham, in La GrangeCounty ; Lydia Yoder and Daniel, in Perry Township ; and E. B., Sarah Bruner, Tena King and Christopher W., of Ligonier. In 1861, Jacob J. entered the army for the suppression of the rebellion, as a member of Company C, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which he served until he was taken prisoner at the battle of Chickamauga. He was then taken to the rebel prison at Andersonville, where he died September 2, 1864. Benjamin F., the youngest of the family, was a tinner by trade, and had charge of that department in E. B.'s hardware store until the 5th of June, 1881, when he and his wife were drowned in the Reservoir at Rome City. They were married in 1878. Her maiden name was Maxwell. E. B. Gerber, in his early manhood, learned the carpenter trade, also civil engineering, in addition to which he commenced teaching school whilst yet in Stark County, Ohio. In 1855 he came to La Grange County with his parents, but went to Nebraska the same year. Here bringing into requisition his knowledge of engineering, assisted in laying out Omaha City. After about eight months, having visited other parts, he returned home and resumed school-teaching and carpentering. In 1857, Mr. Gerber was appointed Deputy County Surveyor of Noble County under William Dowling, and in 1858 was elected County Surveyor, serving until 1865, with his residence in Ligonier. Was engaged in publishing town and county maps, from 1864 until 1867. The real estate business then en- TOWN OF LIGONIER 337 grossed his attention for one year. In January, 1869, he purchased the interest of Mr. Wadsworth, of Wadsworth & Parker, hardware, and one year later bought Mr. Parker's interest, thus succeeding to the proprietorship of the whole establishment. He carries a full line of hardware, stoves, tinware and agricultural implements. This business is conducted in a progressive manner characteristic of the man. In 1871, Mr. Gerber, in connection with Mr. Treash and Kirchbaum, established a foundry in Ligonier, which business, in 1880, was changed to a carriage manufactory. In 1874, he, with Carlton Jones, started a handle manufactory, but is not now connected with that busi- ness. In political positions, in addition to that of Surveyor, Mr. Gerber has served in nearly the whole line in his town and township. In 1856,, he was elected as Trustee of Eden Township, La Grange County, and served as first Assessor of Ligonier after its incorporation. Has been City Councilman for several terms ; has also filled the office of City Clerk, and is now President of the City Council, and has served several years as School Trustee. He is a Knight Templar, and now Master of the Ligonier Lodge, No. 185, F. & A. M. In October, 1857, Mr. Gerber was married to Miss Mary Moses, of Perry Township. They have four children — Owen F., Delta, Minnie and Dwight. The honorable and active career of Mr. Gerber, as summed up in his record, is a higher commendation of his usefulness as a citizen than can be bestowed upon him by any words of praise. D. W. GREEN, of Green & Bothwell, attorneys at law, was born in Stark County, Ohio, son of John F. and Christina (Bowers) Green, natives of Germany, and early settlers of Stark County, where they resided up to 1860, the father engag- ing in blacksmithing, being a mechanic by trade, learned edge tool-making in the old country. They moved to Wayne County, Ohio, where they lived one year ; then, in 1861, came to Ligonier. While in Noble County, he followed farming ; then, in 1875, removing to Jasper County, he engaged in the hardware trade, in connection with his son, which still occupies his attention. They had six children, the subject being the fourth. He had a good education, and after com- ing to Noble County, with parents, attended Wittenburg College, at Spring- field. In 1862, he enlisted Company B, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and soon after was appointed Steward of No. 1 Hospital, at Louisville, Ky. When this was closed, he was transferred to Crittenden Hospital, where he was connected until 1865. He returned to Ligonier, and attended com- mercial college at Fort Wayne one term. He then spent a short time at Kendallville, in the grocery business, with Albert Banta, subsequently farming two years in Perry Township, where he was elected Justice of the Peace. Moved to Ligonier in 1870, and served eight years. Previous to this, he had been studying law, which he has been practicing since 1876, when he was admitted to the bar. In 1878, he formed his present association with Frank P. Bothwell. He is now serving as City Attorney, and is an eminent lawyer, and progressive citizen. He was married, in 1867, to Miss Ellen Banta, daughter of Albert Banta. In 1872, she died, leaving a child, Lulu M. Mr. Green married again, in 1874, Ladora D. Dodge, of Elkhart Township ; she died in 1875. His present and third wife was Mrs. Electa W. Fleming, whom he married in 1877. They have one child, Charles F. Mr. Green belongs to the Methodist Church. A. C. HARDENBROOK, grocery and saloon, is a native of Elkhart Town- ship, this county. His father, Ralph Hardenbrook, was a native of Virginia, and his mother, Eunice (Carr), was a native of Ohio. They left Richland County, 338 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Ohio, in 1835, and came to Noble County, locating in Elkhart Township. Here they passed their remaining days on a farm ; the mother died in 1849, and her husband in 1862. Of nine children, there are now living — Freman, Harriet Hardenburgh and Emily Gibson, of Iowa ; Solomon, of Albion, Ind. ; Francis, of Michigan, and the subject. The latter's early life was passed on a farm, until he reached his majority, when he went West, and passed nine years among the mountains in Idaho, Montana and Nevada, engaged in packing and min- ing. He returned to Ligonier in 1866, and engaged in the livery business ; subsequently starting a grocery and saloon, which he has since continued. Mr. Hardenbrook has crossed the plains seven times, and has been once by water to California. He has served on the City Council, and is one of the oldest citizens born in the county. He possesses a fine library, is a well-read man and a progressive citizen. He was married, in December, 1866, to Miss Melinda Hathaway, native of Ohio. They have five children — Harry, Lora, Vernon, Allie and James. J. VV. HIGGINBOTHAM, jeweler, passed his early life in Ohio, Stark County, where he was born. He came to Ligonier with his parents. His father, Mark B. Higginbotham, was a native of Ireland, and was married in Stark County, Ohio, to Jane Scott, who was a native of Scotland. He was a jeweler by trade, and followed it throughout life, working at the bench for over half a century. They remained in Ohio until 1857, when they came to Ligo- nier, and he commenced his trade with a small stock of goods, that he afterward enlarged, his son, J. W., being the manager. He died in 1876, and his wife in 1881. They were both Episcopalians, and had two children, the subject, and Elizabeth Miller, of Bloomington, 111. The former learned the jeweler's trade of his father, and was in partnership with him, making the firm of Higgin- botham & Son. Since his father's death, he has conducted the business alone ; through constant practice, has become a superior workman ; makes repairing a specialty ; and carries an extensive stock of watches, clocks, silverware and jewelry. He has been a member of the City Council one term ; has served as Town Clerk one term ; and is a member of I. 0. 0. F. In 1861, he was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Fisher, of Stark County, Ohio, daughter of Henry C. Fisher, an early settler of Noble County, and now a resident of Kan- sas. They have four children — Harry M., Maud, Pearl and John J. J. H. HOFFMAN, books, stationery, news, wall paper, etc., an ener- getic business man. He is a native of De Kalb County, Ind. His par- ents, George R. and Sarah (Cramer) Hoffman, came from Pennsylvania to De Kalb County about 1837, being pioneer settlers and residents there until their death. They located in Butler Township. His father was a prominent citi- zen and served that county as Recorder several years. Our subject was asso- ciated with his father on the farm until 1861, when he enlisted in Company K, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in active service about one year, being wounded at the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Returning to his home, he engaged at school teaching, using the money earned in attaining a higher education. In 1867, he came to Ligonier and embarked in his present business, also teaching in the public schools for three years. His stock is varied and extensive, and embraces everything in the line of a first-class book and stationery store. He is the agent for various makes of cabinet organs and the Weber piano. Mr. Hoffman has served in the City Council one year, and as Town Clerk three years. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. In 1877, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary C Eldred, daughter of C. Eldred, druggist, of Ligonier. TOWN OF LIGONIER. 339 HON. HENRY HOSTETTER is the present Representative to the State Legislature from Noble and La Grange Counties, to which position he was elected in 1880. He is a native of Chillicothe, Ohio, where he was born July 14, 1813. His parents, Henry and Catherine (Maughmer) Hostetter, were natives of Virginia and Maryland, and of German and Scotch descent. Ulrich Hostetter, the grandfather of our subject, emigrated to this country from Ger- many at the close of the Revolutionary war, and located in Greenbrier County, Va., afterward removing to Rockingham County, same State. Henry Hostetter, at the age of fifteen, was apprenticed to the tanner and currier's trade, but was compelled to abandon that occupation on account of failing health. In the spring of 1831, he came with his father's family to what is now Perry Township. Here they began clearing a large tract of land. His father was a representative man, serving as one of the first County Commis- sioners, and as Township Trustee several terms. They had a family of twelve children, five of whom are now living — John, Benjamin, Henry, Joel and Mrs. Mary A. Walker, a widow living in Goshen. The parents remained here until their death, the father, in 1847, and the mother in 1855. After coming here, Henry served for a time on the home farm and then entered the employ of Spenser & Dawson, of Fort Wayne, as a salesman. After two years in that capacity, he attended school for four months at Goshen, after which he taught school four months in the year and worked at common labor the rest. July 5, 1839, he married Miss Margaret Ann Harsh, whose parents, with their family, came to Ligonier, in 1837, from Hocking County, Ohio, she, then only fifteen years old, walking the whole distance, over three hundred miles. Mr. Hostetter and wife settled on the Haw Patch and cleared a farm. In 1853, they moved into Ligonier, where he entered upon the practice of the law. Mr. Hostetter is a Republican in politics ; he filled the office of Justice of the Peace for fourteen consecutive years, and Township Assessor for twelve years ; in 1840, he was elected County Sheriff, and, in 1842, was defeated for re-elec- tion by only three votes, the Democratic majority for other candidates being about 350. In 1840, he was also appointed County Appraiser by the Legisla- ture. His long continuance in official position by the people is a fitting tribute to his efficiency and moral worth. In religious views, Mr. Hostetter is liberal, though he and wife both were reared under strict orthodox teachings. He is an active Mason, having joined that fraternity in 1853. His business enter- prises have been so successful as to place at his command an ample fortune which he and wife are enjoying in their home in Ligonier. They have four children — Dewitt Clinton (agent of the B. & 0. R. R. at Milford Junction, Ind.), Mary W., Alma E., Barney (of Elkhart), and Alice E. Sandrock, of Ligonier. DAVID HOUGH, farmer, was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., and was brought up on his father's farm. He remained in Pennsylvania, farming in Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties for himself until 1864. In this year, he came to Indiana, locating in this township, where he still resides. In 1852, he, was married to Miss Amanda Guffey, of Westmoreland County, Penn. They have four children — Mary Wade (who resides in Ligonier), Ben- jamin, Margaret and Andrew. Mr. Hough owns eighty acres of well-improved farming land situated on Section 19, and is one of the prominent and practical farmers of Perry Township. From 1871 to 1875, he filled the office of Coun- ty Sheriff and creditably discharged the duties assigned him. RK 340 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: J. E. HUFFMAN is a contractor and builder, resident of the city of Ligonier, which has been his home since the close of the war, and where he has prosecuted his business with success. Mr. Huffman was born in Stark Coun- ty, Ohio, September 20, 1840. He remained with his parents until he was eighteen years old ; then learned the carpenter's trade. In 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served with bravery. Returning home, he subsequently entered the Thirteenth Indiana Infantry, and served until the close of the war, sharing in the cam- paigns and battles of his command. Mr. Huffman, at the termination of his service, settled in Ligonier, and commenced work at his trade. November 28, 1869, he was married to Miss M. B. Smith, native of York State, born Jan- uary 18, 1840. The parents of Mr. Huffman were Frederick and Elizabeth Huffman, he a native of Switzerland, and she of Pennsylvania, both born in 1808. He came to this country in 1816, remaining in Pennsylvania until 1834. In the meantime, learned the shoemaker's trade. He then came to Stark County, Ohio, and was married in 1835 to Elizabeth Simmons. In 1848, he moved with his family to De Kalb County, this State, where the old people still reside. The father and mother have been members of the Christian Church upward of fifty years. Their family of children consisted of Adam L. (who was killed in the army), Ann, J. E., A. C, Elizabeth, Almira (de- ceased) and Frederick. J. E. Huffman owns some property in the city ; be- longs to the Masonic Order, having passed through the Grand Lodge, and is a member of the Christian Church. C. V. INKS, importer and dealer in granite and marble, is an active busi- ness man of Ligonier. His parents, Joseph and Louisa (Vinson) Inks, were early settlers of Elkhart County. In 1846, they removed to Noble Township, where they resided until 1868, when they became residents of Ligonier. Here the mother died in 1869 ; the father is still living. Two children are descend- ants, John F., connected with the marble works, and the subject of this sketch, who was born in Goshen, Elkhart Co., Ind., in 1836. When seventeen years of age, he commenced to learn his trade with his uncle, Beecher Inks, of Elkhart, with whom he remained one year, subsequently going to Goshen, where he finished. In 1855, he embarked in the marble business at Wolf Lake, prosecuting the same for two years. He then removed to Goshen, where he remained in business until 1860, returning at that period to Wolf Lake, and resuming his business connections there. In 1868, he removed to Ligo- nier, establishing his present works. He executes artistic and substantial de- signs, and besides supplying an extensive local trade, has extended his sales to the adjoining States of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Illinois. For several years he has been importing granite from Scotland, also dealing in the best American grades. He is a member of the Masonic Order, and at one time was a candidate for Representative on the Democratic ticket. Mr. Inks, in 1860, married Miss Caroline Myers, of Medina County, Ohio. They have four chil- dren, Harry, William B., Albert and Rosa. ANDREW JACKSON, Justice of the Peace, is a native of Cumberland County, Penn., and came in early youth with his parents to Ohio, finally locat- ing in Fayette County. Here his boyhood days were passed on a farm, and he subsequently was engaged in farming for himself until he came to Ligonier in 1859, where he has since been located. For several years he was employed in draying at the depot and as grain inspector. Although he has been elected Justice of the Peace heretofore, he never served until 1878, when he was elected TOWN OF LIGONIER. 341 to, and has since administered the duties of, that office ; he also has served as Corporation Assessor one year. He was married, February 3, 1848, to Julia A. Shobe, of Fayette County, Ohio. They have seven children living — Sarah E. Wolf (of Ligonier), Samuel T., Ira M., William L., Charles E., Edward and Addie. Mr. Jackson has been a member of the I. 0. 0. F. since 1852, hav- ing joined in Ohio. He passed all chairs in subordinate lodges, and has been a member of Grand Lodge for the past eleven years. He is also an Encampment member of the lodge, and has been an officer in that department since its organ- ization in about 1869. Since the Encampment was organized, he has held the office of High Priest, and in the. lodge has been Recording Secretary for four years, and for one year was Grand Guardian in the Grand Lodge of the State. JACOBS & GOLDSMITH, merchants, one of the leading mercantile houses of Noble County, was organized in December, 1873, by the association of M. Jacobs and A. Goldsmith, who purchased the stock of Straus & Meagher, and, in 1878, E. Jacobs was admitted as a partner. The firm now consists of the three enterprising young men ; they carry a large line of dry goods, boots and shoes, carpets, notions and groceries ; they also deal in clothing and gents' furnishing goods, having purchased, in 1878, the entire stock of J. Straus, Jr. This department is presided over by M. Jacobs, and under the firm name of M. Jacobs & Co., they make a specialty of merchant tailoring. M Jacobs has been connected with the business interests of Ligonier since 1866, when he entered the employ of Straus Bros., and subsequently as clerk for Straus & Meagher, until he entered his present partnership. Mr. Jacobs is an Encampment member of the I. 0. 0. F., and also member of the I. 0. B. B., No. 298, of Ligonier. A. Goldsmith began his business career in Ligonier as book-keeper for Straus Bros., in 1867, retaining the position under Straus & Meagher. He spent one year in New York, employed in his previous capacity for a wholesale firm there ; then returned to Ligonier, and began his present business. He is a member of the Blue Lodge, A., F. & A. M., and of the I. 0. B. B., No. 298, of Ligonier. E. Jacobs came to Ligonier in 1869, and engaged as clerk for Straus & Meagher with whom he remained until 1873 ; then was employed by Jacobs & Goldsmith until 1878, when he became a partner. He is a member of the Council, A., F. & A. M., and also of the I. 0. B. B., No. 298, of Ligonier. E. W. KNEPPER, M. D., was reared on his father's farm in Portage County, Ohio, the place of his nativity. Having received a good education, he commenced the study of medicine in 1853, with Dr. J. M. Viers, of Bryan, Ohio, under whose tutelage he remained two years, finishing his studies with Dr. Cooney of the same place, and subsequently graduated at a Cincinnati medical college, commencing the practice of his profession at Eden, Williams Co., Ohio, where he remained until the spring of 1866, when he came to Ligonier, where he has built up a lucrative practice besides performing for eight years the serv- ices of his profession for the L. S. & M. S. R. R. The Doctor keeps the advance in his profession, and takes advantage of opportunities for information. He be- longs to the American Medical Association ; is President of the N. E. Indiana Medical Association, and was President two years of the Noble County Medical Society ; also served as President and Secretary of the Ligonier Medical Asso- ciation, now defunct. As Secretary of the Ligonier Board of Health he has served the public since its creation six years ago. He is a Past Chief Patriarch and Past Noble Grand of the 1. 0. 0. F., No. 267, Excelsior Lodge, and No. 342 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 89, Washington Encampment. In 1855, Dr. Knepper was united in marriage with Miss Margaret J. McQuilkin, of Carroll County, Ohio. They have two children living — Edwin VV. and Mabel J. J. M. KNEPPER, lumber dealer and express agent, is a native of Co- lumbiana County, Ohio. His early life was passed on a farm with his father in his native county and in Portage County. At the age of seventeen, he started out for himself and learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed about ten years in Columbiana and Williams Counties, Ohio. He lived at Bryan, Ohio, from 1852 to 1860, when he came to Ligonier and filled the position of telegraph operator for ten years, when he became express and freight agent, and conducted all three for some time. In 1877, he engaged in the lumber trade, dealing in laths, shingles and all other building materials. This, in connection with the express agency, has occupied his attention since. In 1854, Mr. Knepper married Miss Delia M. Patterson, a native of Colum- biana County, Ohio. They have four children — Evah Sisterhen (of Ligonier), Albro, Rosa M. and Oliver Morton. Mr. and Mrs. Knepper are both mem- bers of the Disciples' Church, and he is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. and a prominent citizen of Ligonier. SAMUEL KRICHBAUM, of Krichbaum & Gilbert, merchants, was reared on a farm in Stark- County, Ohio, the place of his nativity. ,He learned the carpenter's trade, which he was engaged in there until he came to Perry Township in 1863, where he followed the same calling until he became identi- fied with the firm of Gerber, Treash & Krichbaum, of the Ligonier Foundry. In 1876, he discontinued this and embarked in his present business, in asso- ciation with Huffman & Teal, Huffman soon retiring and the business con- tinued by Teal and Krichbaum until 1879, when our subject became the sole proprietor. In the fall of the same year, he associated with him a partner, Mr. M. E. Gilbert, and since then the firm have been actively engaged in their present business operations, viz. : the manufacture of handles, snow-shovels, and dealing in and manufacturing hard-wood lumber. Mr. Krichbaum is an enterprising, pushing business man, has served on the City Council and is a valued citizen of Ligonier. He was, in 1862, married to Miss Susan Buchtel, of Stark County, Ohio. MATTHIAS MARKER is the eldest of a family of ten children. He was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., November 6, 1811, and remained with his parents until he was twenty-two years old, then came to Indiana in 1834, and after a stay of about one year returned to Pennsylvania. Spending another year there, he retraced his steps to St. Joseph's County, Ind. ; again returning to his native State in about one and one half years, where, on May 29, 1839, he was married to Miss Charlotte Felgar, born in Pennsylvania March 17, 1817. In 1844, they came to this county and settled on land pur- chased by him in 1835. Mrs. Marker died February 24, 1848. He married for his second wife Sarah Wright January 27, 1859, who died March 27, 1866. Mr. Marker was married again November 25, 1870, to Nancy Shidler. He is the father of six children, viz. : Henry, John, Lewis, Albert, George and Philo J. Himself and wife belong to the Christian Church. He has retired from active life; owns 219 acres of land and town property by his last wife. The parents of Mr. Marker were George and Mary Marker, both natives of Pennsylvania. He was born November 15, 1785 and she April 20, 1790. They were married February 5, 1811, emigrated to this county in 1845, where he died September 24 of that year and she in 1866. TOWN OF LIGONIER. 343 A. R. McNAIR, barber and hair dresser, son of William and Elizabeth McNair. was born in Allen County, Ind., December 20, 1856. When about a year old, his grandmother undertook the care of him, and he lived with her until about nine years of age, when he returned to his home in Allen County ; his grandmother had, in the meantime, moved to a La Grange. The subject remained with his parents about six months, then came with them to La Grange County. After living at home three years, he commenced an apprenticeship at the blacksmith's trade, which he followed for some time, and, after a vacation of fourteen months, resumed it again. After another year in La Grange, he spent six months at Brighton, then went to Sturgis, Mich., all the time work- ing at his trade, which he discontinued in 1877, and began his career as a bar- ber in Sturgis. He subsequently sold out and returned to La Grange, where he formed a partnership with J. Jagger. In 1881, he came to Ligonier, and established himself in his present successful business. He was married, Octo- ber 7, 1879, to Miss Orcena Selby, who was born in La Grange County March 9, 1860. Mr. McNair owns property in La Grange and Ligonier. and is a good citizen. SOL MIER, banker and capitalist, stands among the men of Northern Indiana, who have made their career a successful one by industry and good business management. Mr. Mier came to Indiana in 1852, and, for two years sold goods through De Kalb County. He came to Ligonier in 1854, and for twenty years was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1874, he established his present bank business, which is considered one of the most reliable in Noble County. He is also largely interested in real estate operations, and in buying grain and general produce, and horses. Mr. Mier has assisted materially in building up the business interests of the community. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., of Ligonier, and of the Emek Beracha Lodge, No. 61, I. 0. B« B., of Fort Wayne. JOHN S. OHLWINE is next to the eldest of twelve children of Charles and Elizabeth Ohlwine, and a native of Greene County, Ohio. His mother died in Ohio, and his father emigrated to Noble County in 1855, where he died in Sparta Township, in 1856. Until twenty-four years old, our subject worked on a farm in Ohio, where he learned the cooper's trade, which he followed until 1856, when he came to Ligonier and formed a partnership with a Mr. Smith in the mercantile trade, which business he has principally been engaged in since. For ten years he was associated with J. C. Zimmerman. In the fall of 1857, Mr. Ohlwine, having been called to Sparta Township on business, found, upon arriving there, some men engaged in hunting a bear in a huckleberry marsh. Mr. Ohlwine entered the bushes and there witnessed John H. Ward struggling with a huge bear. Armed with a gun, he advanced, and was about to put the muzzle of the gun against the bear, when the latter turned and rushed upon him, and succeeded in getting him down in a sitting posture. Mr. 0. managed to hold the bear off by the throat, when the bear was killed. This encounter is one of the many stories of early times related by Mr. Ohlwine, who is one of the oldest business men of Ligonier. He is a Mason, and has served on the City Council several times. He was married, in 1846, to Miss Maria Kendall, a daughter of John Kendall, an old settler of the county. They have two children — Laura Hays and Elizabeth Hepler, both residents of Ligonier. FAYETTE PECK is the second of twelve children, and was born in La Grange County, where his youth was passed in assisting his father in distilling 344 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: peppermint, and working on the farm. His parents, Hawley and Harriet (Burnett) Peck, were early settlers of La Grange County, where he now re- sides. Our subject came to Ligonier in 1866, and with his brother, Jarvis Peck, was engaged in running a planing-mill until 1873, when they added a saw-mill. In 1878, he bought out his brother's interest, and since then has conducted the business alone. He contributes largely to the business in- terests of the town, and employs several hands in his mill. He was married in 1866 to Miss Ida S. Perry, a native of New York, and daughter of James Perry, who was an early settler of Steuben County. She is a member of the Disciples' Church, and they have two children — Oscar G. and James H. JARVIS PECK, of Braden & Peck, millers, son of Hawley and Har- riet (Burnett) Peck, was born in Ontario County, N. Y. His father is a native of Connecticut, and his mother of New York. They were farmers, and came from Ontario County, N. Y., to La Grange County, in 1844, and settled in Clearspring Township, where they purchased land, and where she died in 1873. The father has held numerous offices of trust ; was Justice of the Peace several terms, also served as School Director and Township Trustee, and is now living in retirement. Jarvis Peck is the third of twelve children, and was reared on his father's farm in La Grange County. In the spring of 1866, he came to Ligonier, and started a planing-mill, in connection with his brother, Fayette Peck. In 1873, they added a saw-mill, and conducted the business until 1878, when Jarvis Peck sold his interest to his brother and en- gaged in the lumber trade with J. M. Knepper, which he continued one year. In 1879, purchased an interest with S. M. Braden in a flouring-mill, with whom he is now associated. Mr. Peck possesses good business qualifications. He was married in 1870 to Julia Maxon, a native of New York. She has been a member of the M. E. Church since eighteen years old. They have two children — Gertrude and Edith. A. W. RANDOLPH, wholesale and retail lumber, left his native State (New Jersey) at the age of fourteen, and came to Ohio. His parents, Abram F. and Abbey (Wilcox) Randolph, were also natives of New Jersey, and pio- neers of Ashtabula County, Ohio, where their last days were spent, and where the father was engaged in farming and carpentering. Our subject was reared on a farm, and for nine years followed the carpenter's trade. In 1864, he came to Perry Township and purchased a saw-mill, which he operated until the fall of 1879, when he came to Ligonier and built his present planing and saw mill. This, in connection with the wholesale and retail lumber trade, engages his present attention, and has become a leading industry. He constantly employs, on an average, seven men. He is a member of the I. 0. 6. F., and occupies a position of prominence among the business men. In 1855, he was married to Miss Jane Rose, of Ashtabula Countv, Ohio. She died in 1874, leaving two children — Nevada McConnell, of Ligonier, and Oakley. Mr. Randolph, in 1875, married Miss Mary Britton, native of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. They are both members of the Methodist Church. E. REEVE, general produce, son of Hiram and Catherine (Elum) Reeve, was born in Columbia County, N. Y. He began his career in life as fireman on a steamboat on the Hudson River ; engaged in this capacity for two years, then for three years he was salesman on a stationary barcre in New York. He located in Bristol, Ind., in 1857, and followed his present business in connection with mercantile trade for five years, when he came to Ligonier, and has since remained in the general produce business, viz., eggs, butter, hides, TOWN OF LIGONIER. 34 5 poultry etc. His business is extensive, and he is principally engaged in ship- Sm a m .supplies to New York. At one time he employed six teams, but at R ° b H REYNOLDS, attorney at law. is a native of Branch County, Mich and the eldest of three children of Ambrose J. and Margaret (Deloria) Reynolds. Xl father is a descendant of the Puritan stock, and a native of New York The meter o? FrenS descent, and was born in Canada. They were marned in Mich aan where they settled in about 1836, and farmed for many years. Thev areCw HvTng with their son in Ligonier. Our subject remained on the Inn until twenty-three years old, when he went to Sturgis, Mich and became a ZZ t in the 7 law office of Daniel E. Thomas, and afterward studied with %X William L Stoughton. He was admitted to the bar m November, 1879, bu t had p ™oa 8 ly commenced practicing with Daniel E Thomas with whom ™fflibar years. Afterward, he practiced alone until he came to LiffonLrTjanuary, 1881. In September of the same year, he formed a part- n ?sh p wi'h S D. J Crane, now dissolved. Mr. Reynolds is a member of the To O F and was married in 1873 to Miss Amy E. Whitman, of Michigan. They have ™*%j^»fc D ., was born in Perry Township, Noble County Ind., the fifth of a family of twelve children. His Parents Gideon an Mar OSngle) Schlotterback, were the first couple married m Noble County Our sub ec\ livV on a farm until eighteen years old, when he wen , Wes and scent several months. In 1861, he entered the army, enlisting in the In itietn Sana Volunteer Infantry. ^«^."^F™^*££% havins received injuries which rendered him unfit for duty. He returned to this county and attended school; afterward taught several terms. For a short rim , -ftpr this he was engaged as an agent for medical works. In 1804, ne ™ d af ed and servld seve'raf months in the Provost Marshal's office at Ken- ITlville when he was exempted and went to Michigan where he was engaged t e curing substitutes. He'commenced the practice of medicine ,a Detroit Mich., and then had an extensive traveling practice throughout the bates ot Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana and Missouri. In 1867 he solicited for paintings then embarked in the patent ^* *~ ™* J^^J^ when he resumed soliciting for pa ntings, continuing this until the spring ot 1870 After one year at home, he started out traveling again At Cedar Rapids Iowa, in 1872, he practiced in his profession, and traveled over the Sta P te of Iowa in specialties" In 1873, after a few months spent at home, he Returned to his practice over Iowa and Illinois ; desiring new territory ^ January, 1875, he went to California, and traveled over the State ^» go fession remaining until 1876. During the winter of 187b-77, he attended a cou rse' oHecburl at Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, afterward Tra icing ver Illinois until the fall of 1877, when he came to Ligonier and LtabHshe'd himself in his profession. He makes a specialty of chronic disease also of head and throat diseases. These, he has made his study, and has been his own preceptor. He has considerable artistic talent, and has painted IZo^lZL descriptive of the veins, arteries, ^^ hjj^ofc-^ Mr. Schlotterback is a Mason. He was married, in 1864, to Ellen M. Matthews, 346 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: who was born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and whose father, David Matthews, is now living in Albion. They have one child — Vivian. Gideon Schlotterback, father of the subject, is a native of Sny- der County, Penn., where he was born, May 23, 1811. At the age of ten, he accompanied his father to Ohio, remaining there until he came to Noble County, Ind., in 1832, where he yet resides, and is a prominent citizen. He owns 500 acres of land, and has served creditably as Justice of the Peace, Trustee, Town Clerk and County Commissioner. The first court assembly in the county was held in an old house that stands on his farm. April 16, 1833, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Engle, born in Ohio November 20, 1810. She died January 23, 1856, and Mr. Schlotterback was again married to Miss Mary Hoak, a native of Ohio. Mr. Schlotterback has seven children living, viz., Peter, Henry, Eli, Amelia, Adam, Ira and Amy. D. S. SCOTT, one of the leading merchants and influential citizens of Ligonier, is a native of Greene County, Ohio. His father, James A. Scott, was among the prominent men of Greene County. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and for over forty years, served efficiently in public offices, hav- ing been Representative, Sheriff, Auditor and Recorder. After sixty-five years of married life, himself and wife departed this life in the year 1881, he at the age of eighty-eight, and she at eighty-six. Our subject, while in Ohio, learned the millwright trade, and followed it a number of years in connection with lumbering. After coming to Indiana in 1850, he was engaged in the lumber trade, at Rider's Mill, in Washington Township, where he located, until in August, 1851, when he went to Wolf Lake, Noble Township, and began general merchandising. In 1866, he sold out, came to Ligonier, and started as a broker, continuing this business until 1878, when he established an interest in the drug store of his son, J. W. Scott, and F. Sandrock, now the firm of D. S. Scott & Son. Mr. Scott also continues to do some brokering. He was Trustee of Noble Township for many years, and has rendered services to the public schools of Ligonier, also been a member of the City Council. In 1872, he was chosen Representative of Noble and Elkhart Counties, and served one term. During the time of the " Regulators," he was President of one of the societies. In 1850, Mr. Scott was married to Miss Amanda Leonard, a native of Pennsylvania, and resident of Miami County, Ohio. They have had three children — James W., David E. and Frank L. J. W. Scott, of the firm of D. S. Scott & Son, druggists, is a native of Washington Township, Noble County. He learned the trade of dentistry with Dr. Gants, of Ligonier, and practiced it about eighteen months in Columbia City. He returned to Ligonier in 1873, and entered the drug busi- ness with F. Sandrock ; this partnership lasted until 1878, when Sandrock retired, and his father became a partner ; they carry a complete stock of goods in their line, and have an extended custom. James W. Scott married Miss Margaret Brandt, of Columbia City, in 1873. JACOB SHEETS, of the firm of Sheets & Wertheimer, dealers in gen- eral merchandise, dry goods, clothing, carpets, groceries, boots and shoes, and custom tailoring, came to Noble County in 1855. His first experience in the mercantile business was with J. E. Braden in the grocery trade; this partner- ship was of three years' duration. Then, for ten years he was employed by S. Mier & Co., dealers in general merchandise ; at the end of this period, he became Mr. Mier's partner. This association lasted two years, when Mr. Mier retired in 1873, and Nathan Wertheimer became an equal partner with TOWN OF LIGONIER. 347 Mr. Sheets. They have since conducted the business and established a good trade. Mr. Sheets is a Mason, a present member of the City Council, and a good business man. S. SHOBE, livery, is a native of Ross County, Ohio. His father being a tanner, he was in that business until 1838, when he came to this place and became a farmer in Perry Township, following this until 1849, when he started a tan-yard. This business he conducted until 1854, when he was forced to retire on account of failing health. After a year and a half's residence in Iowa, he returned and made a venture in the hardware business with George McLain, with whom he was associated three years. From this, in 1859, Mr. Shobe engaged in the livery business, which he still conducts. He ow^s fifteen to twenty good roadsters and fine buggies and carriages. He is a member of the Masonic Order, Blue Lodge. In September, 1839, he was married to Miss Mary Smalley, daughter of Joseph Smalley, who came to Perry Town- ship in 1836. They have six children — Sarah E. Kerr, Taylor C. (in Ligo- nier), Isabella Parsons, Mary Henry (in Coldwater, Mich.), Charles H. and Allie. Mr. Shobe is one of the oldest business men of Ligonier, and well known all over the country. SAMUEL S. SHROCK, painter, is a son of Samuel and Catherine (Johns) Shrock, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and who came with a team, at an early day, to La Grange County, settling in Eden Township, where the father died in 1856. Three of their children are living — John M., with whom the mother is now living, in Eden Township ; Joseph S., a jeweler at Ligo- nier ; and Samuel S. The latter spent the first twenty years of his life on his father's farm. His education was obtained at the schools of Valparaiso and La Grange, Ind., and Battle Creek, Mich. In 1879, he came to Ligonier and learned the painter's trade, which he has since followed. He was married in June, 1880, to Miss Ida B. Kegg, of Ligonier. JONATHAN SIMMONS, retired farmer, a native of Pennsylvania, was born April 4, 1811. Here he remained until 1833, when he emigrated to Ohio. He was married to Sarah Shidler, also a native of Pennsylvania, and resided in Ohio until 1857. They then came to Noble County, where Mr. Sim- mons has since lived. October 9, 1872, his wife and one of his daughters were buried, having succumbed to that dread disease, typhoid fever. They died within a few hours of each other, and were laid to rest on the same day. Mr. Simmons was again married July 10, 1873, to Nancy Nelson, a native of Indi- ana. He has been employed in farming most of his life, and has been very suc- cessful. He was one of the early settlers of this county, and owns 158 acres of well-improved land, also town property in Ligonier, where he resides, hav- ing retired from the farm. Mr. Simmons was President of the Noble County Fair for two years ; is a member of the Christian Church. Of the children of Mr. Simmons, twelve in number, nine are now living. Two of his sons were soldiers in the war of the rebellion, one of them serving throughout the entire war. P. SISTERHEN, boots and shoes, a native of Germany, came to America in 1847, locating in Stark County, where he followed shoe- making — which trade he had learned in the old country — until 1863, when he became a resident of Ligonier. He was first engaged in the manufacturing of boots and shoes exclusively, subsequently investing in a stock of ready-made goods, and has built up a large and success- ful trade. Since 1873, his son, George W., has been associated with 348 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: him, under the firm name of P. Sisterhen & Son. They make a spe- cialty of custom work. Mr. Sisterhen is a chapter member of the Masonic Order. He was married in 1849, in Stark County, Ohio, to Miss Mina Stru- ble. They are both members of the Disciple Church, and have four children living — George W., Rosa Simmons, of Perry Township, William A. and Ed- ward. J. C. STANSBURY & SON, merchants ; was born in Stark County, Ohio, where his parents, William and Elizabeth (Armstrong) Stansbury, came at an early day, and are still residing. He remained on his father's farm until fifteen years of age, when he went to Canal Dover, and served a three years' apprenticeship at the tailor's trade. Then went to Greenville, Ohio, and was there in business for himself one year ; thence to Massillon and clerked two years. Here, also, he had two years' experience in the grocery business in companv with T. Tinkler. In 1856, he came to Ligonier, where he has resided since. He followed his trade a number of years, then was engaged in railroad- ing. In 1870, he started on a small scale his present business, which he has extended, and succeeded in establishing a large trade. He has two fine sales- rooms, which were constructed for this special purpose. He carries a large line of dry goods and groceries. His son Robert has been a partner in the business since 1875. In 1852, he married Miss Mary Watchorn, a native of Stark County, Ohio. They are both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Robert is their only child. STRAUS BROTHERS, bankers and capitalists, consist of an associa- tion of three brothers — F. W., Jacob and M. Straus. F. W. Straus came to Ligonier in 1853, and in 1855 was joined by his brother Jacob, when they formed a partnership in general merchandising. In 1856, the firm of Straus & Kaufmann was organized, consisting of the two brothers and Mr. Kaufmann. The firm were actively engaged in general merchandising until 1863, when Mr. Kaufmann retired, and M. Straus, who had come to Ligonier in 1862, was ad- mitted as a partner. They continued together in the mercantile business un- til 1869, when M. Straus and Meagher bought out the goods and continued that business, while F. W. and Jacob Straus started a broker's office. In the spring of 1870, Jacob withdrew from this association, and went to New York, where for six months he was engaged in manufacturing colored papers, when he returned to Ligonier, and re-instated himself with his brother in the broker and real estate business. In 1873, M. Straus entered with his brothers, having disposed of his interest in the mercantile business, thus organizing the present firm. They do a general banking business, to- gether with buying and shipping grain, and dealing in real estate. The firm of Straus Bros, is situated in one of the best business blocks of Ligonier. The senior member, F. W. Straus, is a Mason, and has served on the City Council. Jacob and M. Straus are both members of the Emek Bera- cha Lodge, No. 61, I. 0. B. B., of Fort Wayne. JOHN B. STOLL, journalist, was born in Wurtemberg March 13, 1843. His father, Bernard Stoll, was an extensive land-owner and the proprietor of a large country hotel. In the fall of 1842, before the subject of this sketch was born, the father was drowned in the River Murg while watering his horses. When young Stoll had reached the age of ten years, his mother immigrated to the State of Pennsylvania, locating in the city of Harrisburg. Two years later, the beloved mother died, and our subject was placed on a farm near Har- risburg owned by Simon Cameron. In this position he remained one season; TOWN OF LIGONIER. 349 in the meantime being kindly advised by Mrs. Cameron to learn her husband's trade — that of printing. He resolved to accept the advice, though, as he was too young at the time to begin, he engaged himself for a time to George Dress, a baker in Harrisburg. About six months later, through the influence of his Sunday-school teacher, William K. Verbeke, he entered the office of the State Printer, George Bergner. Here he served an apprenticeship of three years, beginning the latter part of 1855. Having no educational advantages after his tenth year, he applied himself industriously to the accumulation of knowl- edge and to a general familiarity with newspaper work. He learned to read the English language in the Lutheran Sunday school. His readings were extensive, especially in newspapers; and though a worker in a Republican office, he evinced decided Democratic tendencies. During the campaign of 1856, he organized a juvenile "Buck, and Breck." club, and participated in all the Democratic festivities. At this time, though still in the office of ardent Republicans, the boy frequently contributed to the columns of the Harrisburg Democrat. After his three years' apprenticeship, the boy accepted a position as journeyman in the office of the Middleburgh (Penn.) Volksfreund (People's Friend), published by A. J. Peters, father of the foreman in the Banner office at Ligonier. A year later, when in his seventeenth year, he bought an in- terest in the Independent Observer, at Johnstown, Penn. Here he continued about a year, or until his partner had robbed him of his earnings. Young Stoll made his first political speech in 1860, after the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. At this time, though but seventeen, he weighed 183 pounds and was considered "of age." A large audience greeted the young orator, and, though shaking with fright, he spoke for two hours without notes, and after that was in great demand. At the commencement of the war, he took a decided stand for the suppression of the rebellion. He delivered many addresses to that effect, and induced numerous hesitating Democrats to enlist. He enlisted in one of the eight companies that were organized at Youngstown within ten days after the fall of Sumter. His company was rejected (as the quota was overflowing) and was disbanded. About this time Mr. Stoll resumed his old position on the People's Friend. Here he remained, subject to various changes of fortune until he came to Noble County. At the almost unprecedented age of twenty-three years, Mr. Stoll boldly shouldered the responsibilities of editorial life in a Repub- lican county, having to encounter the merciless criticism of a keen-edged editor of opposing politics in a neighboring town, and the frowns and gibes of numerous enemies. In appearance, he seemed older than he really was, and, from his first arrival in the county, was " dubbed " " Old Stoll," a phrase that yet clings to him like Sindbad's burden. Possessing great physical vitality, vast mental energy, and a placid and hopeful demeanor under difficulties, he steadily grew in popularity, influence and social worth. His style in speaking and in writing is much the same. His diction is excellent ; his sentences clear and sweeping, somewhat too heavy for light reading, but extremely forcible and con- vincing when delivered from the stage. He soon attained great notoriety as a public speaker, and became the leader of his party in the county. In Decem- ber, 1867, he was, by special direction of President Johnson, appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue, in recognition of his unwavering support of the President's reconstruction policy. In 1868, he was elected Chairman of the Democratic County Committee, filling the position during 1868, 1876 and 1880. In 1870, he became a candidate for the Democratic nomination for 350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: State Auditor, and, though less than four years a resident of the State, came within twenty-nine votes of securing the nomination against heavy odds. Two years later, he received the nomination for State Auditor against his successful competitor of 1870 ; but at the election, with the bulk of the Democratic ticket, was defeated by 172 votes, most of the other candidates suffering a much heavier defeat. In 1876, Mr. Stoll was elected a Delegate to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis, of which body he was elected one of the Vice Presidents. In 1878, he received the nomination for Congress, and made a vig- orous campaign, reducing the Republican majority from 2,300 in 1876 to about 1,600. Mr. Stoll was largely instrumental in organizing the Northern Indiana Editorial Association, of which he was President for six terms : at this writing he is President of the Democratic State Editorial Association. He was two years Treasurer and three years President of the Noble County Agricultural Society ; was a member of the Ligonier Town Council for five consecutive years ; was Presi- dent of the two Building, Loan and Saving Associations of Ligonier, and is now Secretary of the Ligonier School Board. In 1869, after Mr. Stoll had retired from the Internal Revenue service, he established the La Porte Argus, of which he was publisher and editor until the fall of 1872, when he sold his interest. In 1875, he assisted in establishing a German paper at South Bend, called The Courier, of which he was editor-in-chief for something over six months. It is scarcely necessary to add that Mr. Stoll, in his political, editorial and social capacities, has done a great deal for the prosperity of Ligonier, for schools and churches, for industrial enterprises, for his patrons and for the county. On the 4th of August, 1861, while at Middleburgh, Penn,, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Snyder, a lady of much social worth. The young couple began housekeeping upon the husband's income of $5.50 per week, and as both were practically familiar with economy, they managed to save some of their earnings, with which Mr. Stoll purchased of his employer the little '* print shop " in which he had for several years worked. Four children of these parents are living — Ella C, aged nineteen ; Eva B., eleven ; Edgar A., seven ; and Elmer Roscoe, four. Four children have died in infancy, the severest loss being that of Johnny B., aged four years and three months, whose death occurred during his father's absence in the southern part of the State, during the cam- paign of 1870. U. R. TREASH, of Gerber & Treash, is a native of Stark County, Ohio, and lived until eighteen years old upon his father's farm. After learning the carpenter and joiner's trade, he worked at it in that county several years. He then went to Akron, Ohio, where he resided two years, and in 1861 came to Indiana ; located in Marshall County ; engaged two years in following his trade summers and teaching school winters. He returned to Stark County, and spent two years, finally, in 1866, settling in Ligonier. Here, until 1871, he was employed at his trade, when he became a member of the firm of Gerber, Treash & Krichbaum, manufacturers of plows and agricultural implements. For four years they conducted this business, when they added another branch of industry, viz., that of carriage and wagon making. They continued both until 1879, Mr. Krichbaum in the meantime retiring. The present firm of Gerber & Treash, at one time, employed about eighteen men, but now furnish work for ten, under the supervision of Mr. Treash. Their works are large and commodious, and their sales extensive. Mr. Treash is a member of the Order of Chosen Friends. He was united in marriage, in 1863, with Miss Sarah Evans, of Stark County, Ohio. Their children are Olive M. and Mabel. TOWN OF LIGONIER. 351 JACOB VANCE is a native of Preble County, Ohio, where he was reared on a farm. He came to Indiana in 1834, locating in Elkhart County, where he remained two years, when he came to this county, Perry Township, with which place he has been identified up to the present time. He is familiar with all the phases of pioneer life, and has cleared 160 acres of land. He married Margaret Price in 1833. They have five children — Harrison and Jacob, Caro- line Long and Mary L. Redmon, of Ligonier, and Sarah Long, a widow, living in Perry Township. Mr. Vance retired from active life, and came to Ligonier in 1881, where he now is living. He owns eighty acres of land in the town- ship which his son Harrison operates. When Mr. Vance first came here, Lig- onier consisted of but one log cabin. He is a valuable citizen, and is worthy of mention as one of the typical pioneers. D. C. VAN CAMP, counselor and attorney at law, son of Benjamin F. and Hannah E. (Kirby) Van Camp, both natives of Virginia, passed his early youth upon his farther's farm. He learned the machinist's trade, and also worked at carpentering. In 1864, he became a member of the West Virginia troops, and served until the war closed, participaring in some severe engage- ments. He then returned to West Virginia, and followed carpentering until February, 1867. when, in company with his father's family, he came to Indiana, and located in Huntington County, where, with his brothers, he went to lum- bering, furnishing timber for railroad purposes. Subsequently, he formed a partnership with William Crabbs, for contracting and building ; this was a successful enterprise, and they employed a large number of hands, and were ex- tending their trade into various counties, when, in 1869, Mr. Van Camp met with a severe accident, that lamed him for life; and he was forced to discon- tinue the business. While engaged in business, he was, ad interim, attending school and reading law. When his condition had improved sufficiently to ad- mit of his attending school, he spent three years at the Roanoke Seminary, teaching at intervals, and afterward in the Seminary. In the fall of 1873, he was a teacher in the County Normal School. The ensuing winter he was elected Superintendent of the High School of Drovertown, Ind. He afterward entered the law office of Hon. H. B. Saylor, and was with him over two years. During this time (in 1874) he was admitted to the bar. In 1876, he came to Ligonier, where he has since resided, and has established a leading practice. He is well versed in all law matters, and ranks as one of the rising young law- yers of the county. During the year 1878, he served as City Attorney. He was married, in 1875, to Miss Lillie Truax, daughter of William Truax, of Whitley County, Ind. They have two children — Lloyd H. and Maud. JOHN WEIR, of Weir & Cowley, hardware, is a native of La Grange County, Ind., and son of Elijah W. and Amy (Hern) Weir, both natives of Eastern New York. They were married in La Grange County. The father came to La Grange County in 1836, and is now living in La Grange. His wife died in 1847, and he subsequently remarried. He has occupied a con- spicuous position in public life ; at one time served as State Senator, and has been connected with numerous minor offices. Our subject, in 1861, started in the drug business, as his father's representative, continuing about two and a half years. He commenced his career as a hardware merchant in Ligonier in 1864, with the firm of Weir, Welch & Co. This partnership, after three years, was dissolved, Weir continuing the business in association with his father until 1873. From that time Mr. Weir was the sole proprietor until in 1881, when B. \V. Cowley became a partner. In addition to a complete line of hardware, they 352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: deal largely in agricultural implements. Mr. Weir is a public spirited citizen,, and a substantial business man. He is now serving his sixth year as City Treasurer. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Alcinda J. Welch, whose father, John W. Welch, was an early settler of La Grange County. Their children are two in number — Fred E. and Harry W. JACOB WOLF is next to the oldest living settler in Noble County. He was born in Pennsylvania (Cumberland County) in 1805. His father, George W., was of the same nativity, and his mother, Margaret Wolf, was a native of New Jersey. They were married in Pennsylvania, and in 1816 went to Hock- ing County, Ohio. From there they moved to this county in 1836, locating in Perry Township, on a farm where their last days were spent. Both were members of the Presbyterian Church. Of twelve children, six came with them to this county — Leonard (now deceased), Jeremiah, Nancy Harsh and Catharine (deceased) and Margaret. Jacob, after he was twenty-one years of age, was for five years employed on the Ohio Canal. In August, 1831, with $500, he came to Perry Township, and bought 160 acres of land, which now adjoins Ligonier. Upon this tract, in 1814, he erected the first brick dwelling built in the county. In 1833, Mr. Wolf was elected Justice of the Peace and received twenty-four out of twenty-five votes cast, filling the position five years. As Township Trustee, he served several terms, and was appointed Road Com- missioner, during which service $4,000 of the three per cent bonds were expended in opening roads. In 1846, he was elected County Commissioner and served three years. Being elected to the same position in 1866, he served three years more. During this time, the County farm was purchased and the poor-house built, as also were a number of the large bridges in the county. December 31, 1833, Mr. Wolf was married to Miss Deliliah Hostetter, of Perry Township. She died in 1865. They had ten children, six now living — Abel, Henry, Silas, Allen, Matilda and Mary. Mr. Wolf moved to Ligonier in 1875 and retired from active life. His son Abel is probably the oldest living male child born in Perry Township. In 1862, he engaged in the livery busi- ness, and after five years opened a saloon with Mr. Hardenbrook, in which line he continues. He was married, in 1861, to Miss Loantha Walker. They have one child living — Ollie. HARRISON WOOD, retired farmer, is the son of Niah and Polly (Hoyt) Wood, natives respectively of New Hampshire and Vermont. They were res- dents of Franklin County, N. Y., for many years, and subsequently spent one year in Michigan, coming to Noble County in 1837, and settling at Rochester, Perry Township. He was a pioneer settler of New York and also of Noble County. He followed farming in Perry Township, where they both died. They brought with them six children — Achsa, Harrison, Charles (now a resi- dent of Nevada), Charlotte Kinnison (of Perry Township), Evaline Shobe and George (both of Iowa). The subject is a native of Franklin County, N. Y., where his early life was passed. In 1834, he went to Michigan, where he resided near Detroit for three years, then came to this county. He purchased land in Perry Township and farmed until 1844, when he was elected County Sheriff and moved to Augusta, then the county seat. He served two terms and subsequently was appointed Probate Judge, was re-elected and served until 1851, when the office was abolished. He then returned to Perry Township and re-engaged in fann- ing. In 1874, he retired from active labor and located in Ligonier, where he has a fine home residence. Mr. Wood owns 500 acres of land, 350 of which are finely improved. Besides the above offices, Mr. Wood served one term as TOWN OF LIGONIER. 353 Township Trustee and is a prominent citizen, esteemed by all. He was married, in 1844, to Miss Barbara Engle, her father, Adam Engle, being one of the early settlers of Perry Township. She died in 1858, leaving two children — Frank and Alice. In 1860, Mr. Wood married again. His wife, Elmira L. Drake, is a native of New Jersey. J. C. ZIMMERMAN, retired merchant, is a native of Switzerland, and came to America with his parents about 1831, locating in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, on a farm, where his parents remained until their deaths. At the age of twenty years, our subject quitted farm life and went to Canal Dover, where he began his mercantile experience. His stay here was brief, and he came in 1849 to Indiana, locating in Elkhart Township, where he worked at carpenter- ing for a short period, when he went to Albion, and became a clerk for Judge Clapp. After four years with him, he started in business — general merchandise — with Owen Black, of Albion. One year at this, then he sold out, and in 1857 came to Ligonier, and established a successful merchandise trade. For many years his sons, Greeley M. and Frank W., were working with him, and in the spring of 1879 became his partners, under firm name of Zimmerman & Sons. They carried a large line of dry goods, groceries, clothing, boots, shoes, etc., and did an immense business. November 10, 1881, the father disposed of his interest to his sons, and the firm was changed to Zimmerman Bros., and he is at present retired from business. He has figured conspicuously in public offices ; for eight and one-half years served as Township Trustee, and represented the counties of Elkhart and Noble, in 1877, in the State Legislature one term. He has also served several times on the Common Council, and has been ah active worker in the schools. He is a Mason — Knight Templar — having been con- nected with that order since 1853. In 1853, Mr. Zimmerman married Miss Sarah J. Brown, daughter of Abram Brown, an early settler of Elkhart Town- ship. She was a native of Ohio, and died in 1876. Three of six of her chil- dren are now living — Greeley M., Frank W. and Verona J. His present wife, to whom he was married in 1877, was Miss Callie Young, daughter of John Young, a prominent citizen of Noble County. COL. S. M. ZENT, tinsmith, is a native of Stark County, Ohio, and son of John and Jemima (Masters) Zent, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and early settlers of Stark County, subsequently moving to Richland County, Ohio, and in 1853 to Huntington County, Ind., where the father is now living ; he is a farmer. The mother died in 1863. The subject is the eldest of ten children, and fol- lowed farming until eighteen years old, when he learned the tinner's trade at Mansfield, where he remained four years. In 1854, he came to Indiana, and until 1861 was in the employ of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Rail- road. At the beginning of the war, he went out as private in the Thirteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, being the first man in Fort Wayne to enlist. He was actively engaged throughout the war, passing through forty-seven battles and engagements, being most of the time with the Army of the Potomac. He was regularly promoted through the different grades up to that of Lieutenant Colonel, excepting that of Major, and was commissioned Colonel by brevet by the President. After four years' service, he returned to Roanoke, Ind., and engaged in the hardware and tinware trade. He continued this until 1871, when be went to Fort Wayne, and spent one and one-half years, then went to Ligonier, where, in 1875, he was instrumental in starting a Gordon expedition to the Black Hills, but they were intercepted by United States troops, and com- pelled to return. The following year he spent West, mining among the Black 354 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Hills, and since then has been residing in Ligonier, where he is now proprietor of a tin store, giving particular attention to the repairing of goods in that line, jobbing, spouting, etc., and fitting iron, tin, copper, etc., for their various uses, Col. Zent is a Mason and a very desirable citizen. He was married in 1858 to Miss Sarah A. Price, of Roanoke, Ind. They have five children living — William S., John F., Charles F., Eva M. and Henry H. PERRY TOWNSHIP. MRS. ELIZA BECKNER, whose maiden name was Slabaugh, was the wife of Eli Beckner (deceased). He was born in Elkhart County, Ind., Feb- ruary 12, 1837, and lived on his father's farm until his death, November 6, 1869, of consumption. His parents were natives of Pennsylvania, and had a family of thirteen children, seven girls and six boys. Mr. Beckner's mother died October 24, 1861, at about the age of sixty-two years ; his father died October 14, 1881, at the age of eighty-five years. Mrs. Beckner, after the death of her husband resided with her parents for about five years. Her father, Elias Slabaugh, then gave her a farm, upon which she erected a house, and with her children moved in ; this she has since made her home. She has three children— Jacob W., born October 16, 1861 ; Mary A., October 27, 1863 ; Chauncey A , November 6, 1866. Mrs. Beckner's farm of sixty-nine acres is well improved, and with the judicious management bestowed in its cultiva- tion affords a comfortable and well provided home. FRED BORCHART came to Chicago from Germany in 1855. After a stay in that wonderful city of about two years, Fred took his baggage, and transferred his place of residence to La Porte, Ind., and then to Elkhart, where he remained some time. In 1862, Mr. Borchart came to Noble County, settling on his farm of eighty-four acres, where he now lives. March 9, after his ar- rival, he was united in the holy bonds of matrimony with Salina Lorman, a native of Prussia. They have become the parents of four children, whose names are Henry, Emma, Frank and Minnie. Fred Borchart was born in Germany May 27, 1827, the youngest of four boys, whose names were Charles, John, Henry and our subject. They constituted the family of children born to John and Elizabeth Borchart, who died in Germany in the year 1857, about four months apart. Fred Borchart and wife belong to the German Methodist Church, and live according to its precepts. ISAAC CAVAN is a native of Pennsylvania, born October 27, 1807. At the age of 23, in 1830, he came to Indiana ; remained about six weeks, when he returned to Pennsylvania. After a stay there of six months, Mr. Cavan came back to Indiana, with $400, and worked in this vicinity about one year, and in the meantime bought one-half section of land, following this up with a purchase of one-quarter section more, whereupon he went back to Pennsylvania. In 1833, another trip was made to this, then new country, and an addition by purchase of one-quarter section more made to his previous posses- sions. Returning again to his home in Pennsylvania, Mr. Cavan married Elizabeth Marker, March 27, 1834. She was born in Pennsylvania January 6, 1814. The same year they made the trip to this township, and settled on Section 2. Here Mr. Cavan carved himself and family a home. His markets for grain were Fort Wayne and Michigan City. Indians were then his most PERKY TOWNSHIP. 355 numerous neighbors, with whom he preserved the kindliest relations, and with whom he bartered and traded. Two children, William and John, have been settled on land divided between them by Mr. Cavan. His landed possessions at one time comprised several hundred acres, and among his early entries was the tract, now the site of Ligonier, made in 1833. In 1835, in company with a few others, Mr. Cavan laid out the town of Ligonier. Of the families that moved into this section at that early day, his is the only one that still resides upon the original homestead. DAVID CUNNINGHAM is the only surviving member of the family of Michael and Elizabeth (Dennison) Cunningham, who were born in Ireland, he September 18, 1795, and she November 2, 1796. They came to West- moreland County, Penn., at the age of about twenty-one, where they were unit- ed in marriage about the year 1817. Here they remained until their death. She died March 18, 1846^ and he February 20, 1880. They had a family of four children, viz.: James, a physician, who died in Pennsylvania when about fifty years old ; George, who died when about eleven years old; Eliza, whose demise took place at the age of seventeen; and our subject, who was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., August 20, 1828, where he remained until 1855, when, having married Elizabeth Galbreth, October 9, 1851, he, with his family, came to this county Mr. and Mrs. Cunningham had a family of eight children, viz.: Elizaetta (deceased), Celestia, James (deceased), William F., John W., Ellsworth, Joseph R. and Norris. The six living are at home. Mr. Cunningham is an influential and worthy citizen ; is the possessor of 100 acres of well-cultivated land, and now holds the office of Trustee. ADAM ENGLE, deceased, was born in Lancaster County, Penn, Decem- ber 19, 1776. At about the age of sixteen, he went with his parents to West Virginia, and was married about the year 1802 to Miss Eve Hoffman, a native of Virginia, born December 27, 1784. Soon after, they emigrated to Ross County, Ohio, thence to Pickaway County, same State, where they were early settlers, and in the town of Circleville, Mr. Engle built the first shingle roof house, and was engaged in farming and coopering until about 1821, when he moved to Hocking County, Ohio, continuing in the same employment. Hav- ing lost his property by indorsing for others, in April, 1832, Mr. Engle and wife, with a family of six children, accompanied by the families of Hostetter, Haines and others, started for Indiana, where they arrived on Perry's Prairie on the 6th of May, and proceeded to build a rude cabin, no nails nor sawed boards being used in its construction. In the fall of 1832, he built a cabin on Section 33, where he resided until his death. In this edifice, the first court was held. Mr. Engle was one of the very earliest pioneers of the county, and was ever a valued and esteemed citizen. The plow used by Adam Engle was one fashioned with his own hands. Oftentimes the little settlement were scarce of provisions, and fish' were procured from the Elkhart River, and game from the forests to supply food. The little band brought with them to this county gearing for a saw-mill that they soon succeeded in getting in running order, it being the first constructed in the township. Mr. and Mrs. Engle both died in this township; his death occurred July 26, 1847, and hers August 1, 1862 ; they were members of the Lutheran Church, and a short sketch of their chil- dren is subjoined : Sophia, the widow of Henry Kline, is now a resident of Perry Township ; they came from Fairfield County, Ohio, to this township about 1837, where Mr. Kline's death occurred. William Engle is residing in Michigan. Henrv Engle came to this township in 1833, and resided here un- 63 856 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: til his death in 1874. Joseph Engle is a resident of Ohio. Mary married Mr. Schlotterback, and died in this township in 1856. Elizabeth, who mar- ried a Mr. Coleman, died in 1875. Phoebe married Joseph Bradford and after his death became Mrs. John Squires. She died in June, 1862, in Perry Town- ship. John Engle came here with his parents, subsequently removing to Iowa, where he died in 1856. George Engle is a resident of Ohio, and Andrew En- gle of this township. Barbara Engle, the youngest, married Harrison Wood, and died in this township in April, 1851). Andrew Engle was born in Hocking County, Ohio, February 6, 1822. When ten years old, he accompanied his parents to this township, with which he has since been identified. November 26, 1817, he married Ann R. Conrad, and soon after commenced farming in Section 33. In 1854, he moved to Sec- tion 28, where he is now located. Mr. Engle has experienced all the phases of pioneer life, and has assisted materially in the advancement and progress of Perry Township. He owns 160 acres of well-improved land, and is a thorough farmer; has served as Township Assessor two years. Mrs. Engle is a native of Wood County, Va., born March 10, 1819. They have five children living, viz.: Sherman B., Isabell, J. C. Fremont, and Wirten and Clebren, twins. PHILIP HARPER has been a resident of Noble County since the very early days of its settlement, and where he was born, February 17, 1838, the year following its organization. Thus he was bred in the midst of pioneer life, and reared with the surroundings of frontier experiences. He became inured to its hardships and privations in his tender years, and was schooled by the meager opportunities of log schoolhouse days. From his advent to life in the woods he has lived to see the wilderness turned into a fruitful and prosperous country and has grown into possession, as the result of honest and heroic efforts, of a fine farm of 120 acres well improved and complete in its appointments. October 11, 1863, he was married to Miss C. Keehn. a native of Ohio. They have two children — Eddie E. and Marion J., to revere and comfort them in future years. SOLOMON HARPER (deceased) was born in Ohio November 7, 1810, and died in Noble County, Ind., January 20, 1873. During his life he was a prosperous farmer and owned 479 acres of land. He devoted considerable attention to stock-raising, which he made a specialty. He was married in Ross County. Ohio, to Mary Shobe, who was born in Ross County February 18, 1807. They came to Noble County in 1831. After Mr. Harper's death, the property was divided among Mrs. Harper and the children. Their descend- ants were eleven children. Mrs. Harper is at present residing on her share of the property in Perry Township. Z. E. HARPER is one of the early natives of Noble County, and, there- fore, a pioneer in the strongest sense of the word. His mother gave him birth October 15, 1844, in the wilds of this then new country. His boyhood days were passed with the scenes before him of log cabin days, the excitement of the hunter's chase, the " log-rolling bees," and the days when the arrival of a new- comer was heralded as gladsome news. Thus he has " grown up with the country," and advanced with its advancement. Mr. Harper was married October 26, 1865, to Sarah Carmean, at Goshen. She is a native of Ohio, where she was born May 18, 1844. Four children have been born to them — Lida A., Vada, Mary L. and John. Mr. Harper owns 108 acres of excellent land, constituting a farm most desirable in its adaptability for agricultural and stock- raising purposes, in the latter branch of which Mr. Harper gives attention, besides buying and selling to some extent. PERRY TOWNSHIP. 357 WILLIAM D. HAYS, born in Pickaway County, Ohio, April 21, 1830, was a son of Samuel and Jemima (Rittenhouse) Hays, the former a native of Maryland, the latter of Ohio. They were married March 8, 1821, and went to Pickaway County, Ohio, which place they made their home. When our subject was but four years of age, his mother died, and October 4, 1836, his father married Mary Rittenhouse. In 1846, they moved to Indiana, this county, and lived the rest of their days. Mrs. Hays died June 4, 1851, and her husband died January 24, 1853. There were six children in Mr. Hays' family. W. D. Hays married Harriet E. Smith, a native of Ohio, February 24, 1853. Their children number six — James, Rheuann, Luella, Hattie B., William S. and Samuel L. Mr. Hays lives on the old homestead, and owns 500 acres of well-improved land. He is one of the most popular and opulent men of the county, and served at one time as Township Trustee. JOHN HITE was born in England January 2, 1819, and came to America when ten years of age. He remained in Chester County, Penn., until 1834, when he moved to Portage County, Ohio ; stayed there two years, then came to Jay County, Ind., where he resided about twenty-one years. Finally, in 1858, he came to Noble County, and located in Perry Township, Section 5, where he now lives, ably conducting his farm of eighty acres. He was married in Jay County, Ind.. April 2, 1840, to Sarah A. Wilson, who was born April 16, 1821. They have had eleven children; eight of them are now living — Thomas W., William, George W., Mary A., Sarah E., Melinda J., John N. and James A. Those deceased are Isabella A., Mattie and Emeline. T. W. HITE, one of the prosperous farmers of Perry Township, is a native of the Hoosier State, where he was born in Jay County, March 1, 1841. He made his home with his parents, John and Sarah A. Hite, until, at the age of twenty, he began work on his own responsibility. In 1864, he was drafted in the army, and, in company with his brother, w r ent out with Company B, Thirty- fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served through the remainder of the war. May 12, 1864, he married Harriet Teaford, who was born in Ohio, January 1, 1845. They then settled on their present farm, which consists of eighty acres of excellent land. They have a brick dwelling house ; and a new barn, together with the other buildings, adds to the appearance of the place. They have seven children, all at home — Nelson, Alva, Clara, Cecil, Laura, Luella and Nona. BENJAMIN HOSTETTER was born in Ross County, Ohio, April 1, 1812. When but five years of age, his parents moved to Fairfield County, Ohio, where their home was located a number of years. In 1832, they made their advent in Noble County, and here spent the remainder of their lives. Decem- ber 31, 1835, Benjamin Hostetter and Elizabeth Shobe were united in matri- mony, and shortly succeeding this event he purchased 160 acres of the timber land of this county, and built thereon a rude log cabin. This proved a perma- nent settlement, as it is still their home, but the surroundings are materially changed. The farm has been enlarged to 220 acres, cultivated and improved by the untiring energy of Mr. Hostetter. His wife died in September. 1847, and he married Sarah Danner in 1850. There are ten children in the family — Jacob, Zerilda, Ida H., Joel W., Mary, George, Effie, Nellie T., Willard ami Edgar. GEORGE KEEHN is a native of Stark County, Ohio, where he was born in 1818. He remained there until 1855, following the carpenter's trade ; he then came to Indiana and settled in Perry Township, where his associations have been continued ever since. He was elected Treasurer of the county in i 358 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1878, and served one term, upon the expiration of which he returned to his farm, which consists of 160 acres of valuable land, well improved and conveniently lo- cated. In Sparta Township he has forty acres, and valuable property in Albion. He served his township as Assessor for eight years, and ranks as one of Noble ■County's most respected and honored citizens. In 1841, he was married to Lydia Gerber ; she died in 1851, leaving three children — Harriet Harper, •Christina Harper and David — all residents of Perry Township. In the fall of 1851, he was united to a second wife, Margaret Simmonds, a native of Penn- sylvania ; by her he has three children — Francis K. (residing in York Town- ship), Nancy McDaniel (of Sparta Township), and Helen E. J. N. KEEHN, a prosperous farmer of Perry Township, is a native of Stark County, Ohio. He is a son of John and Elizabeth Keehn, and his birth •occurred June 11, 1835. At the age of nineteen, he left his native home, emi- grating to La Grange County, Ind., where he remained some length of time engaged in carpentering. He subsequently came to Noble County, and here was united in marriage with Harriet E. Shobe, December 15, 1861. During the rebellion, in 1864, he enlisted in the Thirteenth Indiana Regiment, Com- pany A. After one year's active service, he returned to this county, where he has since been a resident. Mr. and Mrs. Keehn have a family of four children — Charlie G., Lena A., Roy and Maud. Mr. Keehn owns 110 acres of good land, and has attained the third degree in Masonry. GEORGE W. McCONNELL is one of twelve children born to Alexander and Polly A. McConnell, nine of whom are now living. The father and mother ■were natives of Pennsylvania, the former born March 15, 1791, and the latter May 10, 1802. They came to Ohio when young, and were married in that State in 1818. In the year 1838, the senior McConnell made a trip to Noble County, Ind., and purchased 400 acres of land; after a short stay, he returned to his home in Ohio. He was a man of more than ordinary ability, and be- came prominent not only in his county, but in State affairs. He served as a soldier the last year of the war of 1812 ; was a Representative to the Legis- lature and a State Senator in Ohio ; officiated as President of the State Board of Public Works of that State, and was Associate Judge of Morgan County, where he lived for some time. The elder Mr. and Mrs. McConnell both died son of William M. and Mary A. Skinner) Clapp, was born in Albion, December, 1855, where he has since lived and been identified. He was engaged in the hardware trade one year, and then m association with his father until his death. He was appointed to administer his fathers estate and in the fall of 1881 resumed the banking business, starting the Bank of Albion upon his own responsibility. Mr Clam? although yet young m years, is a careful and able financier, and has embarked upon a successful business career. He is largely interested in real estate and is assisting in building up Albion. He was married, in November' 1878 to Miss Flora B. Woodruff. They have one child-Fred R. i>0Veml3er ' 1H/ ^ t0 A A * J ' ^Q J ^ LA S. is ' a T atlVe of German J- He came with his parents to America m 18ol. His father, who was a sailor, was soon after drowned and his mother emigrated to Fairfield County, Ohio, where she had relatives. ' She n^pThll! J I™* "^ Ca T C t0 WhitIe ^ Count y' Ind - whei> o our subject passed h s earlier years-s.nce thirteen years of age upon his own resources. He earned the baker s trade at Columbia City, and followed that calling in various localities until 1873, when he came to Albion and became an assistant upon the constructmn of the B & 0. R. R., subsequently engaging at his trade" he . H.s next move was to Columbia City, where for eighteen months he en^ed ol Z T »uh% trade - K R r u ? nin S t0 Albi °n, he soon after, under firm naL of Denlar & Frazure embarked in the restaurant business, which was success- fully prosecuted until fire destroyed his property. He then engaged in busi- ness for himself, which he carried on successfully until the fall of 1881 when he sold out and embarked in his present enterprise. He has now a business room winch he erected himself, and is conducting a quiet and first-class busi- ness. Ho has served upon the Town Board and is a member of the Masonic order. He married, in 1873, Miss Alice F. Frazure, of Albion. They have three children— Melvin F., Catherine E. and Leona J p M JA n ME ^ M " D T ? NNY ' laW ^ er ' was born 0ct °ber 29, 1827, in Eaton Ireble Co., Ohio. H.s parents, John and Mary (McConnell) Dennv, were na- tives, respectively of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Walter Denny, grandfather llTf 8 ' 71 a "t ' e V n the ^ Revoluti onary war. James' father was elected Assoc.ate Judge of the Circuit Court m Preble County, serving for several years TOWN OF ALBION. 369 When James M. was five years of age, the family removed from Ohio to Indiana, locating in Perry Township, Noble County ; when a boy, he assisted his father on the farm, and received a good academic education. He taught school four terms, pursuing his studies at leisure hours. His industry and manifest inter- est in the advancement of his pupils secured for him confidence and esteem. In 1849, he entered, as a student at law, the office of William M. Clapp, of Albion, under whose instruction he read for about two years, when he entered the legal department of a school at Ballston Springs, N. Y., from which he graduated in March, 1853. He returned to Albion and began the practice of his profes- sion, but close application produced failing health, which eventually compelled him to abandon active labor, yet he still transacted the amount of business that well-directed prudence would justify. He has also spent much time in the preparation and delivery of lectures, orations and essays on many subjects of interest. His productions are clear, forcible and convincing. Mr. Denny is a man of extensive reading and thoughtful reflection. He is a Royal Arch Mason, and his pen is ready and fearless in the defense and support of the principles of the order so dear to him. His lecture entitled, " Charles Sumner as an Exam- ple to Young Men," and one on the " Sabbath School," delivered at Kendall- ville, are especially worthy of notice, and many other efforts are full of merit. He is an adherent of the Democratic party, and has held positions of honor and trust. In 1859, he was elected Treasurer of Noble County, and re-elected in 1861. Mr. Denny is orthodox in his views, and an attendant of the Presby- terian Church, of which his wife is a member. He was married, January 1, 1856, to Miss Frances J. Plumstead, of Portage City, Wis., who died September 9, 18G6, leaving two sons. The eldest, Watts P., is filling the position as Princi- pal of Rome City School, and James 0. also a teacher. Mr. Denny was married again September 10, 1868, to Miss Julia A. Kiblinger, of Albion. He is a courteous and genial gentleman, and commands the respect and esteem of all who know him. While not in the enjoyment of robust health, his correct and temperate habits seem to assure him a long life. T. M. EELLS, lawyer, is a native of Ohio, born in Columbiana County, in 1843, where he passed his early life upon a farm. At the breaking-out of the rebellion, he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Fifteenth Ohio Volun- teer Infantry, and remained in service nearly three years. Upon his return to Ohio, he decided upon the study of law, and soon after entered the Ohio Union Law College, of Cleveland, from which institution he graduated in 1866, when he came to Albion and commenced the practice of his profession, at which he is en- gaged. He has served the county as Superintendent of Schools and as Exam- iner. He was married, in 1871, to Miss Sarah A. Phenicie, also a native of Ohio. They have two children — Mabel and Charles. FRED GAPPINGER, tanner, has been for over twenty years a promi- nent and successful business man of Albion. He is a native of Germany, and an emigrant to America in 1849, and soon after located in Carroll County, Ohio, where he carried on a tannery for a number of years. He came to Albion in 1861, since which time he has been at the head of the tanning and leather inter- ests there. His business has been successful, and conducted in strict honor and integrity. He was married in Carroll County, Ohio, in 1855, to Miss Margaret Miller. They have eight children — Elizabeth, John,* Frank, Amelia, Fred, Edward, Irving and Albert. D. K. HAMILTON, marble dealer, represents an artistic branch of the business interests of Albion. Although he has been a resident of Noble County 370 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: but a few years, his business has increased until it is worthy of a place among the successful industries of the county. Mr. Hamilton began life in Pennsylvania, and until eighteen years of age was developing his muscle upon a farm. He then entered the army, and for two years was employed as a driver until he became of sufficient age to enlist, when he became a member of Company F, One Hundred and First Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and remained in service until discharged at the close of the war, in 1865. Returning to his native State, he learned his trade at Mechanicstown, Cumberland County, remaining there about four years, when he went to Kansas and remained for three years, subsequently returning to Pennsylvania, where he engaged in busi- ness for four years, going thence to Shelby, Ohio, where he was employed for six months,' after which he came to Albion, in 1877, where he located, and is extending the sale of his work each year. Mr. Hamilton is an efficient, skilled workman, and one of the progressive business men of Albion. He was married, in 187 3, to Miss Lucinda Palm, of Cumberland County, Penn. They have three children— Rollie P., Carrie E. and Merle. JAMES A. HAMLIN, of Hamlin & Skinner, drugs, etc., is a native of Crawford County, Ohio, born in October, 1846. His father being a farmer, James was engaged in tilling the soil during his minority. In 1864, he enlisted in the navy, upon U. S. Steamer Choctaw, of the Lower Mississippi Squadron, and was in service two years, taking part in several severe engage- ments, prominent among them the battle of Fort De Russy, La. He returned from the service, receiving his discharge at Cairo, 111., to Ohio, soon after en- gaging in the grocery trade, at Melmore, Seneca County, where he remained for several years. In December, 1875, he came to Albion, and embarked in the grocery business, continuing until 1878, when he changed his line of busi- ness to the drug trade, and to that branch has devoted his attention since ; now in partnership with M. C. Skinner. Messrs. Hamlin & Skinner are doing the leading business in their line. They are courteous and progressive business men, and worthy of the extensive trade they are accorded. Mr. Hamlin was elected Justice of the Peace in 1879, and is still a worthy incumbent of that position. He was connected with the same office in Ohio ; elected there when only a few days over twenty-one years of age, the youngest ever elected in that State, serving there six years. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and A., F. & A. M., of Albion. Mr. Hamlin married, in 1867, Miss Hattie A. Murray, a resident of Oberlin, Ohio. They have two children — Nellie C. and Arvin M. J. R. HART, liveryman, was born September 7, 1828, in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. He is one of a family of eight children born to John and Lodema (Dorwin) Hart. The father was a shoemaker, and followed his trade until the latter part of his life, when he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Mon- mouth, Adams Co., Ind., where he was also Postmaster. Mr. Hart brought his family to Adams County in 1843, where he resided until his death, at the close of the war of rebellion. John R. Hart assisted his parents until the age of nineteen, when he left home and went to Muskingum County, Ohio, where for two years he was engaged in various pursuits. In 1849, he returned to Indiana, and November 25, 1851, married Hannah L. Gorsline. For a num- ber of years, he was engaged in the hotel and livery business in Monmouth, and for four years w r as a resident of Cincinnati. In 1878, he purchased 102 acres of land in Green Township, Noble County, and was engaged in farming until the spring of 1881, when he rented his farm, moved to Albion and formed a partnership with Samuel Stoops in the livery business. This enterprise has TOWN OF ALBION. 371 been successful — constantly growing in favor with the public — which is chiefly due to their fair and honorable dealing with customers. Mr. Hart is a Uni- versalist, and his wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. This couple have had three children — Mary J. (deceased), Helen A. and Ida M. Helen is the wife of Clark E. Slocum, of Fort Wayne, Ind. Mr. Hart is a first-class business man, and a highly esteemed resident of Albion. A. D. C. HARVEY, contractor and planing-mill, is a native of Scot- land, and came to America with his parents in 1836. They located in Ash- land County, Ohio, where they remained until 1852, when they removed to Noble County, locating in Jefferson Township, where they were engaged in farming for several years ; they are now living in retirement in Albion. The subject of this biography commenced to learn the carpenter's trade when eight- een years of age, and in that calling has devoted the attention of many years, doing extensive contracting, and also owning a complete planing-mill, which, in connection with lumber interests also, divides his attention. For fourteen years he also owned and operated a farm in Jefferson Township, in connection with his other interests. He has contracted for and built all of the county buildings — notably the infirmary and jail — most of the churches in the region around the county seat, and man}^ of the business blocks and private residences of Albion. He conducts a business room in town for the sale of sash, doors and blinds, and other builders' material. He was married, in 1860, to Miss Anna Buchan. They have three children — Mary E., William P. and Alex L. J. W. HAYS, physician and surgeon, is a native of Greene County, Ohio. When ten years of age, his parents removed to Miami County, Ohio, where he was associated, working upon his father's farm and teaching school until 1862, when he enlisted in Company A, One Hundred and Tenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and in three years' active service, participated in about thirty heavy engagements, among which we mention Winchester, Manassas Gap. Mine Run, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Spottsylvania Court House, Monocacy Junction, Md., Charlestown, Va., Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, siege and capt- ure of Richmond, Sailor's Run, and at the surrender of Lee. His regiment was a member of the Sixth Army Corps, Army of the Potomac. He entered the service as a private, and, upon the assault and capture of Richmond, commanded a company, continuing in that position until he was mustered out, at which time he was recommended for promotion, and had the war con- tinued would have received a commission. His father, Jacob H. Hays, had in the meantime become a resident of Sparta Township, Noble County, and, in 1865, our subject came to this county, but soon after went to Piqua, Ohio, and commenced reading medicine with G. Volney Dorsey, remaining under his tutelage for four years, attending two courses of the Ohio Medical College of Cincinnati, where he graduated in 1872. He was also a teacher at intervals during this period. In April, 1872, he commenced his practice in Albion, where he has since remained, achieving a lucrative business. He has served the county as Infirmary Physician for four years, and is a member of the County and Northeastern Medical Associations. Dr. Hays was married in June, 1870, to Laura E. Munger, of Dayton, Ohio. They have three children living — Edna, Olive and Woodward. JAMES T. JOHNSTON, County Surveyor, is a native of Scotland. His parents emigrated to America in 1854, and settled in Richland County, Ohio, where his father died in May, 1881 ; his mother still survives. James is the eldest of four children, and was reared upan a farm. He received a good edu- TT 372 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: cation, being a graduate of Washington and Jefferson Colleges, of Pennsylva- nia. He was a teacher for a number of years, for three years in Noble and De Kalb Counties. His connection with Noble County began in 1871 ; he first engaged at railroad contracting, subsequently engaging in the dry goods and hardware trades at Kendallville. Previous to coming to Indiana, he taught in the schools of Wooster, Ohio, and the Academy of Savannah, desisting on ac- count of the failure of his health. He was elected Surveyor of Noble County in 1876, and is noAV serving his third term. He married, in 1871, Miss Eliza P. Vermilya, a native of Ohio ; four children are born to them — Harry V., Elizabeth Winifred, John H. and James. A. J. KIMMELL, grocer, is a native of Canton, Ohio, and a son of Adam Kimmell, who was an early settler of Stark County, and a business man there for many years. His wife, Elizabeth Bowers, and mother of A. J., died in Stark County in 1849. Subsequently — in 1852 — Adam Kimmel came to No- ble County, where he remained until his death. He was an intelligent and valued citizen, serving for fifteen years as Justice of the Peace in Ohio. A. J. Kimmell is by trade a tailor, which he followed upon first coming to Indiana, subsequently engaging in the grocery, dry goods, hardware and merchant tailor- ing and ready made clothing trade. In 1870, he was appointed Postmaster of Albion and served nine years, during which period he was also engaged in the grocery business. This branch he still continues, in addition to which he operates a valuable farm of seventy acres in Jefferson Township. He has served as Township Trustee two years; is a member of the Masonic order, and an energetic business man ; Mr. Kimmell was married in June, 1853, to Miss Ann Edwards, a daughter of Alexis Edwards, who came from Morrow County, Ohio, in 1848. They have two children, Frank and Emma. The former is connected with his father in the store ; he is married to Miss Ella Ulmer, of Washington Township, her father, George Ulmer, being one of the first white settlers of Allen Township. Emma is now the wife of John W. Smith. WILLIAM S. KISER, County Auditor, is a son of Jacob and Jane (Smith) Kiser; the former being a native of Wayne County, Ohio, the latter of Chester County, Penn. They were married in Ohio, and came to Indiana, making their location in Sparta Township, where they at present reside. Of a family of twelve children, only three now survive : Moses, ex-Sheriff of No- ble County, now a farmer of Sparta Township ; Isabella Hursey, also a resi- dent of Sparta Township, and William S., who was born in Sparta Township in 1849. Until twenty years of age, he remained upon the home farm. He then came to Albion to attend school, during which period he entered the of- fice of the County Auditor, and for nine years was an assistant in the court house in the different offices. In 1878, he was elected Auditor of the County, and is at present serving his first term. Mr. Kiser is eminently fitted for the important duties of his position, and possesses the confidence of all parties. He is a member of Albion Blue Lodge, No. 97, of Kendallville, Chapter, Com- mandery and Council A., F. & A. M., of I. 0. 0. F., and K. of H., of Ken- dallville. Mr. Kiser was united in marriage in November, 1871, to Miss Ella J. Haney, a native of Pennsylvania, and daughter of Pierce Haney. They have one child living, Georgie ; one deceased, Raymond. S. K. KONKLE, painter, is a native of the Buckeye State, where, in Wayne County, he was born in 1836. Since 1848, he has been a resident of Albion. Mr. Konkle has followed the occupation of a painter all of his life — in former years a house-painter; since 1879, he has done the painting for the TOWN OF ALBION. 378 carriage manufactory of H. R. Shirk, of Albion ; also does fine graining and sign painting. In 1860, he was married to Miss Cornelia G. Andrews, a na- tive of Ohio. They have two children — Burton A. and Edwin L. JAMES J. LASH, County Recorder, is a native of Wayne County, Ohio, and son to William and Mary G. (Carson) Lash, who were natives of Pennsylvania. They removed from Ohio in 1848, and settled near Kendall- ville. His father was a farmer, and continued a resident there until his death in 1855. His mother is still living there. Four children of a family of eight now survive — Mary E. Lester; Joanna C. Jewell, Chicago; Eliza P., Kendall- ville; and James J. The latter, at nineteen years of age, went to Michigan, where, in 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Thirteenth Michigan Infantry, and was in service during the war. He participated in the battles of Shiloh, Cor- inth, Perryville and Savannah, Averysboro and Bentonville, N. C. ; was wounded in his left arm, which had to be amputated. He received his dis- charge in New York in June, 1865. Returning to Kendallville, he was soon after appointed Postmaster there, serving for two and a half years. He next engaged in the insurance business for two years, during which period he was elected County Treasurer and removed to Albion. He served two terms, his office expiring in 1875. He then engaged in farming, at which he occupied himself until, having been elected County Recorder in 1880, he began the duties of that office, in August, 1881. He is a member of Kendallville I. 0. 0. F. Mr. Lash was married, in 1860, to Miss Rosa A. Hyde, a native of Ashtabula County, Ohio. Her father, Cullen Hyde, moved to Allen Town- ship in 1852, where he resided until his death. Mr. and Mrs. Lash have four children — Emma Grace, Lizzie A., Maud L. and Ruby A. M. WELLINGTON Y. LEONARD, M. D.,was born in Miami County, Ohio, October 5, 1834. His parents, Joseph and Julia (Renshaw) Leonard, were natives respectively of Vermont and Pennsylvania. Gilbert Leonard, the father of Joseph, was a soldier in Washington's army, and served with fidelity until the close of the struggle. At one time during this service, his wife, with her infant child, was compelled to seek safety from the enemy by fleeing to the depths of the forest, where she was secreted for three days and nights, without food or drink, suffering intensely. The school days of Wellington were not marked by anything conspicuous. His opportunities were the subscription schools of the times, a greater portion of the year being spent in hardy toil on the home farm. In 1850, his father removed to Wolf Lake, where he bought a farm, on which he located. In 1852, Wellington went to Xenia, Ohio, to become an architect. This he studied and attended night school. Under the double strain his health failed, and he abandoned drafting. In the fall of 1855» we find him entering a select school at Wolf Lake, attending one year, and soon after commencing the study of medicine with Dr. D. W. C. Denney, with whom he remained two years, excepting an absence to teach one term of school. In 1859, he attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- phia. In 1860, he returned to Wolf Lake, and, in connection with Dr. Will- iam C. Williams, began the practice of medicine. The partnership continued until 1861, when the latter entered the army. In 1863, he again attended lectures, this time at Cincinnati Medical College, from which he graduated in 1864, receiving his diploma March 4. Returning to Wolf Lake, he resumed his practice, continuing until the winter of 1865 and 1866, when he went to Chicago and attended lectures at the Rush Medical College for one term, re- ceiving the ad eundem degree January 26, 1866, after which he returned to 374 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his old field of labor, and remained until April, 1866, when he removed to Albion and, in company with Dr. Dunshee, resumed the practice of his pro- fession. After two years, the partnership was dissolved. His practice was steadily increased, until it is now large and lucrative. The following extract concerning Dr. Leonard is taken from Butler's " Medical Register and Direc- tory:" " Wellington Y. Leonard, M. D., Albion; graduated Cincinnati Col- * lege Medicine and Surgery March, 1864; ad eundem, Rush Medical College, Chicago, 1866; member of Medical Society, Noble County, Ind.; member of Northeastern Indiana Medical Society ; and member of American Medical Association. He was County Physician from 1867 to 1875 ; is surgeon of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Albion." In politics, he is a Republican and firm in his convictions. He was a member of the Albion School Board for three years, and was instrumental in perfecting the Albion School Building, which is a pride to the town. The Doctor has also served as a member of the Town Board of Trustees, and is an honored member of the Masonic fraternity. He was married, November 19, 1857, to Miss Amanda Place, of Phoenixville, Penn. They have four children, three sons and one daughter. S. W. LEMMON, M. D., is the oldest medical practitioner in Albion, having been identified here for over twenty-five years. Dr. Lemmon is a native of the State of New York, and came when a youth with his parents to Seneca County, Ohio, locating near Attica, upon a farm. Having decided upon the profession of medicine, he entered the office of Dr. Freeman, of Attica, and commenced his studies, subsequently attending the Western Reserve College of Cleveland, and graduating in the Medical Department. He commenced his practice in Attica, Ohio, where he remained for five years, removing from there to Toledo, Ohio, and thence to Albion in 1856, where we still find him admin- istering to a well-established practice. Dr. Lemmon is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of the County Medical Society, and of the Northeastern Medical Association. In 1853, he married, in Attica, Ohio, Miss Harriet Chandler, who died in 1858. He was united to a second wife, Miss Harriet Wheeler, of Allen Township, in 1859. They have three children — Hattie, Antony and Lillie. ISAAC MENDENHALL, Postmaster, was born in Miami County, Ohio, in 1837. His father, John Mendenhall, was a native of Virginia ; his mother's maiden name was Fiania Shoaff, a native of Ohio. They were married in Ohio, where they resided until 1842, when they emigrated to Indiana and located in Swan Township, Noble County. His father was a farmer, and conducted a saw-mill, residing there until 1870, when he was drowned. His mother is still living. Isaac is the second of seven children, six of whom are now living. He passed his early days occupied with duties connected with the farm and saw- mill. In 1861, October 8, he enlisted in the Fifth Indiana Battery, one year from which time he was wounded at the battle of Perry ville, Ky., and was compelled to return home. In January, 1863, he engaged in the mercantile business in Swan Township. During the period of his residence there, he served as Township Clerk, and was Township Trustee three years. In 1866, he was elected County Treasurer, serving two terms. After his terms expired, he engaged in the drug trade in Albion, at which he continued until 1879, when he was appointed Postmaster of Albion, in which position we find him at pres- ent writing (1881). He was married October 8, 1863, to Miss Farlay Carver, of Allen Township. They have four children living — Fiania, Charlotte, Cecelia and Farlay ; a son, Wade, a bright youth of seven years, died October, 1880. TOWN OF ALBION. 375 JAMES PEPPLE is a native of Bedford County, Penn., born in 1812. His father was a farmer, and upon the farm he passed his early days until the age of nineteen, when he learned the carpenter's trade, and in 1832 moved to Richland County, Ohio, where he remained for fifteen years, following his trade, and also running a blacksmith-shop four years. In 1847, he came to Albion, embarking in blacksmithing and wagon making, which he carried on for some years. In 1857, he commenced farming in Albion Township, and has given his attention to that calling since. He owns seventy-five acres of improved land adjoining the limits of Albion. He has served as Justice of the Peace and as Township Trustee each one term. In 1831, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary M. Border, who died in 1872. Six children now survive her — John, Riley, Rebecca Coon, of York Township ; Mary E. Stoops, a resident of Marshall County, Ind.; Delilia Cockley and Clara A. Ramsey, of Warsaw, Ind. Mr. Pepple was married, September 12, 1878, to Maggie Holland, a na- tive of Pennsylvania, and at the time of her marriage a resident of Fort Wayne, Ind. C. B. PHILLIPS, grain and insurance, is a native of New York, and lived upon a farm until seven years of age. He then went to New York City, where for three years he was employed in a wholesale dry goods house. He came to Albion in September, 1856, and clerked for William M. Clapp for over six years, at the expiration of which time he embarked in business in connec- tion with Walters, which association lasted for two and one-half years, when he retired, and was connected with Judge Clapp in business until 1876, when he began a business venture alone, which proved extensive and successful, and lasted until October, 1880, when he was burned out, losing about $5,000. He is at present dealing in grain, and doing a general fire and life insurance busi- ness. Mr. Phillips has been associated with the business interests of Albion for many years, and has always ranked as a citizen of honest integrity and sterling worth. He is the present (1881) Treasurer of Albion, and is Secreta- ry of the Masonic Order, of which he is a member. He married, in November, 1861, Miss Catherine Pepple, daughter of James Pepple, of Albion Township. She died in 1877, leaving three children — Thurlow, Grace and Ettie. In December, 1878, he married a second wife, Mary Kuhn, of York Township. DR. C. M. PICKETT is a native of Chautauqua County, N. Y. His parents were of Scotch descent, and natives and residents of that county for a number of years. Our subject, for a period of about thirteen years, was en- gaged in manufacturing enterprises in different localities and States. He com- menced the study of medicine in 1868, in Illinois, and for a number of years was a resident and practitioner of Clay County, Ind. He came to Albion in June, 1878, where he has been in constant and successful practice since. Dr. Pickett's practice is of the Homeopathic school. He is a graduate of the Pulte Medical College of Cincinnati, class of 1878, and is a member of the Institute of Homeopathy. He is a member of both the Masonic and Odd Fellows orders of Albion. Dr. Pickett was united in marriage, in 1860, to Miss Mar- garet M. Jordan, a native of New York. They have three children — Emma L. Strowbridge (residing in Jefferson Township), Fred L. and Grace L. NELSON PRENTISS was born in Genesee County, N. Y., August 16, 1813, and resided there until 1835, when he removed to Noble County. His father, Nathaniel Prentiss, was born in Preston, Conn., March 11, 1764, and at the age of fifteen entered the Continental army, where he served his term of enlistment, when he shipped on a privateer. He was shortly after captured 376 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: by a British man-of-war, and taken to New York, where he was confined during one winter on the old prison-ship "Jersey," and the following spring was taken to Jamaica, in the West Indies, where he was kept until the close of the war. At the time of his death, which occurred in Noble County, February, 1839, he was a Revolutionary pensioner. He left a widow, whose maiden name was Margaret Heddon, who lived until 1861. She was a descendant of the Van Rensselaers, of Albany, N. Y. Nelson was the sixth child, and his early life was passed in the western frontier of the State, where he had only such chances for education as were afforded in that new country. These, with three terms at Wyoming Seminary, completed his opportunities for learning. At the age of sixteen, he commenced teaching, which he followed eight years. One of his special gifts was his retentive memory, and what he read, that was worth recol- lecting, was never forgotten. In 1837, he began the study of law, and in 1812 was admitted to practice in the courts of Indiana. In 1836, when Noble County was organized, he was appointed one of the School Examiners of that county, holding either that or the position of Superintendent until 1868, when he resigned. In 1879, he was again chosen Superintendent, in which office he is now actively engaged. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Noble County Circuit Court, and served one term. From the time of his admission to the bar, he followed the practice of his profession until 1868, when his office and law library were destroyed by fire. In 1846, he joined the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is now a member of North Star Lodge, No. 380. In 1852, he united with the Masonic order, and was the first Master of Albion Lodge, No. 97, holding that position for twenty consecutive years. As an extemporaneous speaker, he has few superiors. It is due to his efforts that the Old Settlers' Organization of Noble County has been made a success. For the first six years, he was President and Biographer of the society, and at the present time holds the latter position. He delivered the centennial address at Albion July 4, 1876, which is claimed to be the most complete on that subject of any delivered in the State. Following the teachings of his father, he iden- tified himself with the Democratic party until 1854, when he espoused the principles advocated by the Republicans. For man}' years, he has been a leading Elder in the Presbyterian Church. He is an active worker in the Sabbath schools as well as in the cause of temperance. He is simple in his habits, kind to his family, though strict in discipline. He is ever ready to espouse the cause of the weak as against wrong, and battles against vice in the palace of the rich as well as the hovel of the poor. WILLIAM W. RIDDLE, County Sheriff, is a nativeof Richland Countv, Ohio, born in 1842. His father, J. B. Riddle, a native of Ohio, came to Noble County at an early day. settling in Jefferson Township, where he still resides. William remained an assistant upon the home farm until nearly eighteen years of age. Enlisting in 1861, in the Twenty-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, which was subsequently, in 1863, transferred to the First Heavy Artillery, he re- mained in service until 1866, participating in several heavy engagements, and was mustered out at Baton Rouge. Upon his return to his home, he engaged in farming. In 1869, he was united in marriage, to Miss Ellen E. Koontz, a native of Allen Township, Noble County, and soon after began farming opera- tions upon land of his own, in Jefferson Township, at which he continued until January, 1881, when he assumed the office of Sheriff, to which he had been elected in 1880. He owns a farm of eighty acres of improved and valuable land in Jefferson Township. Mr. and Mrs. Riddle have three children — Addie L., Wallace Guy and an infant. TOWN OF ALBION. 377 HENRY R. SHIRK, carriage manufactory, represents one of the lead- ing industries of Albion. He was born in Pennsylvania, and early in life learned his trade of carriage-maker, commencing at the age of sixteen, in Lancaster County, Penn., where he served two years, and subsequently two years in Philadelphia. He then for four years was a traveling mechanic, and in 1865 came to Ohio and located in Osborn, Greene County, where he carried on a shop until 1872, when he removed to Clark County and was engaged in carriage-making until 1876, when he became a resident and business man of Albion, first running a saw-mill for one year, and subsequently upon a farm for a year. In 1878, he commenced his present business enterprise of carriage- making, establishing already a successful and honorable trade. He manufact- ures all kinds of wagons, carriages, buggies, and does general repairing. His goods, of the finer kind are well finished, and are meeting with an extensive sale. Mr. Shirk was married in 1867 to Anna C. Schaffer, of Ohio. She died in 1879. One child, now living — Annie E. Mr. Shirk married a second wife, January 1, 1881, Miss Fannie Zimmerman, of Fulton County, Ohio. M. C. SKINNER, of Hamlin & Skinner, drugs, is a native of Huron County, Ohio. His father, Alfred Skinner, was a native of New York ; his mother's maiden name was Mary Ross ; she was a native of Connecticut. They were married in Ohio, and removed from thence to Jefferson Township, Noble County, in 1838, where they resided for two years, when they returned to Ohio. His father was killed by the Indians in 1850, while on his way to California ; his mother died in Huron County in 1854. Three children of a family of ten now survive. Susan Elliott, resident of Michigan ; Angelina Clapp, widow of Judge William M. Clapp, residing in Albion, and our subject. Mr. Skinner was associated with agricultural life during his boyhood. In 1861, he enlisted in Noble County, whither he had come with a brother in 1854. At the break- ing-out of the war, he was attending college in Michigan. He became a mem- ber of Company A, Twenty-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in service for four and a half years, entering as private and commissioned as First Lieu- tenant when mustered out. The principal engagements in which he participat- ed are Baton Rogue, all of the Red River campaign, Franklin, Sabine Cross Roads, Pleasant Hill, Cane River and the seige of Port Hudson, with numer- ous others, being slightly wounded in the hand at Baton Rouge. Upon his return to Noble County, he engaged in teaching in the public schools of Albion until 1869, when he engaged in the drug business, continuing until 1877, when he sold out. In 1879, he became a partner of James A. Hamlin, in the same business, to which he now devotes his attention. Mr. Skinner served as County Superintendant of Schools one term, and for a number of years was Town Clerk. Is a member of I. 0. 0. F. He was married, in 1866, to Miss Mary Palmer, of Michigan, who died in 1876, leaving three children — Edith, Zoe and Ross. In 1878, he was united to Susanna Parker, of Albion ; they have one child — Orr. . JOHN W. SMITH, Jr., Deputy County Treasurer, is a native of Marion, Grant County, Ind., and son of John W. and Cassandra (McKahan) Smith. His father is a member of the Methodist ministry. He came to Albion in 1868, and for three years was pastor of the Methodist Church there, and in 1880 returned where he now labors. John W. is the sixth child of a family of eight children. At the age of fourteen, the time of removal of his parents to Albion, he became an assistant in the post office under William W. Snyder, P. M., with whom he remained one year. He then entered the County Clerk's 378 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: office, where he was engaged one year, subsequently entering the Auditor's office, under Stewart, where he was associated five years. In 1878, he was a prominent candidate for the auditorship. He next became Deputy Treasurer until 1879, when he entered the grocery store of his father-in-law, A. J. Kim- mell, Esq., and was associated in that business until August, 1881, when he became the Deputy of Treasurer Lang. Mr. Smith was married in March, 1876, to Miss Emma E. Kimmell ; they have one child, William Frank. JUDGE HIRAM S. TOUSLEY, an eminent jurist of Northern Indiana, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., No- vember 20, 1821. His parents, David and Nancy (Noyes) Tousley, were natives, respectively, of Vermont and New York. They were united in mar- riage in Jefferson County, N. Y., where, for many years they remained resi- dents, his father following his trade of blacksmith, together with farming inter- ests. In 1836, they emigrated to Shelby County, Ohio, where they remained until 1843, when they became residents of Whitley County, Ind. Here the father was engaged in agricultural life until 1855, when he started upon an expedition to Missouri, and upon his journey became a victim of the dread scourge of cholera and died. The mother survived until 1873, when she died, being at that time a resident of Noble County. The subject of this sketch was, during his earlier years, an assistant of his father in farming, and is familiar with the sturdy duties of pioneer life. He received a common school education, and, in subsequent years, was an attendant of the State University at Bloom- ington, Ind. In 1845, he became a student of the law, entering the office of Jacoby and Conger, of Fort Wayne, Ind., with whom he remained three years, at the expiration of which period he was admitted to the bar, and immediately thereafter located in Albion, and commenced the practice of his chosen profes- sion, where he has been actively associated up to the present writing. In 1863, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and served until February, 1867, when he was appointed by Gov. Baker Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial Cir- cuit, and at the subsequent election was elected by the people, and administered the duties of that office for six years. In 1875, Judge Tousley was re-elected, the district having, in the meantime, been divided and become the Thirty-fifth Judicial Circuit, and is still the incumbent of that office. In 1862, he assisted in recruiting Company B, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed by Gov. Morton Lieutenant Colonel of that regiment. Col. Tousley was in service only four months, when he was prostrated by severe sickness, and, consequently, resigned. Judge Tousley is a profound student of the law, is admirably read in every department of literature, has a remarkably retentive memory, and as a scholar of history has few equals. In 1880, Judge Tousley was attached by paralysis, which still renders his health feeble and prevents assiduous attention to his legal duties. He was united in marriage, January, 1851, to Miss Harriet Lisle, a native of Sandusky, Ohio. They have two children — Ella (wife of Rev. B. A. Woods, of New London, Conn.), and Frances (wife of Thomas E. Matson, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of the E. T. & W. N. C. R. R.) WILLIAM TRUMP, Deputy Sheriff, is a native of Richland County, Ohio and was raised upon a farm, casting his first vote in that county in 1860. In 1861, he came to Noble County, locating at Albion. Here he remained until 1864, employed in different vocations during summer seasons, and in the winter engaged in teaching. He then became a member of Battery A, First Indiana Heavy Artillery, remaining in the service until August, 1865. Return- TOWN OF ALBION. 379 ing to Albion, he embarked in the dry goods trade, at which he continued, asso- ciated with different partners, until May, 1877. In January, 1881, he became Deputy Sheriff under W. W. Riddle, and is at present associated with the duties of that office. He has served as Assessor for three terms, as Clerk of Board of Town Trustees and as Marshal. He was married, in March, 1866, to Miss Eliza A., daughter of John McMeans, one of the early settlers of Noble County. L. W. WELKER, lawyer, is a son of Joseph and Lucinda (Huffer) Welker. His father is a native of Ohio, his mother of New York. They were married in Stark County, Ohio, and emigrated to Indiana, settling about 1838 in Noble County in that portion which has since been transferred to Etna Township, Whitley County, and where they have since resided. His father is a prominent farmer and citizen, having served the township for twelve years as Justice of the Peace, and also as Township Trustee. He owns a farm of 160 acres, and considerable property in Columbia City. The subject of this sketch received a good education, attending schools at Columbia City, Racine, Wis., and also Cincinnati, Ohio. He commenced the study of law in 1873 with A. W. Hooper, of Columbia City, with whom he remained until he was admitted to the bar, in 1877, and immediately commenced the practice in Albion, where he is still engaged at his chosen profession, and at present serving as Attorney for that town. COL. WILLIAM C. WILLIAMS was born September 9, 1830, near the city of Philadelphia, Penn. He comes of Quaker stock on his mother's side, her ancestors having come over with William Penn. Thomas J.Williams, Col. Williams' grandfather, was born in London in 1754. While he was still a boy his father purchased for him a midshipman's commission in the Royal Navy, and in 1774 he was stationed in American waters. The young midshipman sympathized with the colonies, and resolved not to take any part against them. He tendered his resignation, which was refused, and the young officer put under arrest. He escaped, and reached Philadelphia soon after the battle of Bunker Hill. The father became enraged at his son's flight, and at his death disinher- ited him. Thomas J. Williams participated in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and spent the winter of 1777 and 1778 with Washington's army, at Valley Forge. After the close of the war, he settled near Philadelphia, and in order to marry a young Quakeress, he joined the Society of Friends. Here he lived until his death, which occurred in 1841. Enos Rogers Williams, son of Thomas J. and father of Col. Williams, was a talented clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and died in Philadelphia in 1856. Col. Will- iams is the third son. He entered the Academical Institute of Dover, Del., and remained three years. He then taught school until 1849, when he began the study of medicine with Dr. James Munholland, of Waynesburgh, Penn. In 1851, he placed himself under the instruction of an eminent physician and sur- geon in Philadelphia, and in 1853 graduated with honors. In 1854, Dr. Williams was elected School Director, and one of the City Physicians for the poor. These positions he held until November, 1856, when he sailed for Lon- don. Most of the winter he spent in the hospitals of that city. In the mean- time he visited Paris, and returned to Philadelphia in June, 1857 ; remained but a short time, then went to New York, accepting the position as Surgeon on an ocean steamer, plying between New York and Liverpool, visiting Ireland, Wales, Scotland, France and other countries. In 1859, he settled at Wolf Lake, where he practiced his profession with Dr. D. W. C. Denny until 380 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1861. At the breaking-out of the War of the rebellion, Dr. Williams, although a Democrat, closed up his business, and in the summer of 1861, recruited a company of which he was elected Captain, and joined the Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, then at Fort Wayne. In the fall they took the field, and subsequently participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, and during the summer of 1862, they were on long and tedious marches through Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. During the move- ment of the Army of the Cumberland in Murfreesboro, Col. Reed, of the Forty- fourth, resigned, and by request of the officers of the regiment, Capt. Williams was commissioned as its Colonel, dating November 27, 1862. In the battle of Murfreesboro, Col. Williams and his regiment took a conspicuous part ; two days before its termination, the brigade commander having been disabled, Col. Williams succeeded to its command, and while conducting his men to the rear, after a charge by the enemy on his lines, January 2, 1863, he was wounded in the leg and made prisoner, and taken to Atlanta, Ga. Here he was kept in close confinement until March, when he was transferred to Libby Prison, Richmond, where he was subjected to great indignities and cruelties. The Colonel was exchanged the following May, and was ordered to report for duty with his command. On his way to the front, he was placed in command of the Union forces, at Jeffersonville, Ind., to defend against Gen. John Mor- gan, who had just crossed the Ohio River on his famous raid. As soon as the danger was over, Col. Williams rejoined his regiment and brigade; but soon tendered his resignation and returned to his home, carrying with him a flatter- ing testimonial from the officers and men of his command. He then resumed the practice of medicine in Noble County. In 1867, he was elected to the Clerkship of the Circuit Court of this county, and re-elected for a second term, which position he held for eight years. In 1878, he was nominated for Member of Congress by the National Greenback party, and made a thorough canvass of the district. In 1864, he married Miss Nellie Bliss, daughter of John H. Bliss, Esq., of Albion. Col. Williams, since his retirement from office, has given most of his attention to literary pursuits. He possesses a carefully selected library, covering the ground of his favorite studies ; as a public speaker, he is polished, animated and eloquent ; his lectures are models of research and logical power, and his acquaintance with history is especially broad and accurate. He is one of the prominent citizens of Northern Indiana. One feature of his character stands out in bold relief, and is an invariable indication of the true American, namely, the early determination to push out into the world and fight the battle of life on his own resources, a determination that rurclv 1*11 Is 01 success RICHARD WILLIAMS was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, in 1829. His father being a farmer, he passed his } r outh upon the farm, subsequently learning the blacksmith trade, which he followed in Ohio, and for a short period in New York State until 1852, when he came to Allen County, Ind., where he followed his trade, for nearly five years, and from there coming to Noble County for two years. Returning to Allen County, he remained two years, enlisting there in the Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteers, Company E, in July, 1862, but, after six months' service, was compelled to resign on account of ill health. He held in the service a First Lieutenant's commission. He returned from the army and located in Green Township, where he resided upon a small piece of land until the decease of his wife, when, for two years, he worked around in different localities. Returning to Green Township, he resumed his trade and TOWN OF JEFFERSON. 381 farming, finally embarking in the latter calling entirely and continuing there for twelve years. In 1878, he was elected Sheriff of the county and served one term. He is now residing in Albion, where he has erected a commodious brick hotel, and intends to supply a long-felt want of Albion in this enterprise. He is a member of Albion Lodge, F. & A. M. Mr. Williams' first wife died in October, 1863; her maiden name was Martha Dolan. She bore him four chil- dren — B. Franklin, John, James E. and Jennie. In 1865, he was married to Mary Ann Shambaugh, a widow. By this marriage there is one child — Olive. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. GEORGE BAKER, Jr., deceased, was a native of the Keystone State, born March 13, 1829. His parents were George and Mary (Stevenson) Baker, and, being in very ordinary circumstances, could give our subject but little or no advantages. He was one of the eldest of six children, and was kept at home to assist in farm duties. He married Mary Dreibelbis October 11, 1819, who, after bearing him the three following-named children, died: Hiram P., Luman L. and Marion (dead). His second wife and widow was Sarah Dreibelbis, a sister of his former wife. They had five children — Geo. B. Mc, Nelson B., Wm. H., Laura E., and Becca L., deceased. Of Mr. Baker's first wife's children, Luman married, Emma A. Stair. Of his second wife's, Laura E. is the wife of Samuel H. Dreibelbis. Mr. Baker came to Jefferson Township at an early day almost destitute, but became one of the wealthiest men in the township. He at one time had upward of 600 acres of land, owned two saw- mills and one grist-mill. He died an honored and esteemed citizen March 18, 1872. He was a strong Democrat, and at one time a candidate for Sheriff, but was defeated by a small majority. The family still reside on the old place, in Section 34, which consists of 230 acres of as fine farming and grazing land as there is in Jefferson Township. They are well known and respected. CHRISTIAN BARHAN was born in Baltimore County, Md., August 5, 1816. When but three months old, his father, John Barhan, died, and when nine months old his mother and the family moved to Richland County, Ohio, where they resided a number of years. Christian Barhan received but a lim- ited education. In the fall of 1837, he came to Noble County, locating in Jefferson Township, there only being three or four families in the township at . that time. The first two years succeeding his arrival, he worked for Jehu Foster, and with his accumulated earnings, he purchased 240 acres — his present farm, investing all his means as part payment. Mr. Barhan commenced clear- ing and improving his farm, and erected a cabin thereon for a home. He married Miss Mary Curry April 2, 1850, and soon after moved on the place which has since been their home. Mr. and Mrs. Barhan are hard-working and industrious, and now have one of the finest farms in Jefferson Township. They have had five children, as follows: Frances, wife of L. McFarland; Eleanor, wife of Frank Pepple; Jane, wife of John Koons; William and Alvin, the last two being single. Mrs. Barhan is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Barhan is a Democrat, and a quiet, unassuming citizen. THOMAS BEYMER was born in Huron County, Ohio, August 9, 1823. He is a son of George and Belinda (Ford) Beymer, the former being a native of Wheeling, Va., and the latter of Holland Dutch descent. The subject of this 382 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: memoir is the eldest in a family of sixteen children, ten at the present writing being alive. His early years were passed on his father's farm, and he received but an ordinary education, while the younger members of the family have received college and academical education. When twenty-two years of age, Thomas left home and began working on a farm at $10 per month. He was married, April 17, 1851, to Jane Harvey, daughter of George and Mary (Bremner) Harvey, and six months afterward moved to Noble County, where he had eighty acres of land in the southern part of Jefferson Township. They began in life with very little, but now own 100 acres of nicely improved land where they reside and forty acres in another farm. Mrs. Beymer was born in the Lowlands of Scotland March 10, 1831. Mr. and Mrs. Beymer had five children — Mary B., Margaret A. E., George (deceased), Janette V. and Lillian J. Margaret married Frank P. Hill and moved to Ashland County, Ohio, where she now resides. Mary is the wife of Samuel Bricker; Janette is the wife of John T. Graves; and both reside in Jefferson Township. Mr. and Mrs. Beymer are members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Mr. Beymer is a Republican and a progressive citizen. BLACK FAMILY. — Peter Black, deceased, was born December 11, 1789, in Maryland. His early life was spent in his native State, where he learned the manufacture of brick and the trade of masonry. He was married in Baltimore, Md., August 16, 1812, to Martha Amos, who was born in Mary- land July 30, 1793. A few years succeeding his marriage, Mr. Black and family removed to Lancaster County, Penn., where in connection with his trade he carried on teaming quite extensively. In 1833, he discontinued his trade, and with his family removed to Richland County, Ohio, where he engaged in farming. In 1853, he moved to Jefferson Township, where his oldest son had preceded him, and began, with the help of his sons, to clear and improve a farm. He was an industrious and honest man, a Democrat and a soldier of the war of 1812. His death occurred in Noble County, October 23, 1863. His wife was a member of the Old School Baptist Church, and her death occurred in Noble County January 28, 1872. Mr. and Mrs. Black were parents of the following family: F. A., born July 31, 1813: Owen, September 24, 1815 ; Elizabeth, September 7, 1817, died December 1, 1862 ; Oliver P., born October 17, 1819; Cyrus, May 28, 1822; Davis, August 7, 1825; Benjamin, March 4, 1828; Naomi, January 28, 1831, wife of J. J. Knox, of Elkhart Township; Peter M., born June 1, 1836, died January 13, 1863 ; and James M., January 16, 1840. Oliver P. Black, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., came with his parents to Richland County, Ohio, in 1833, and from there to Noble County in 1853, where he has since resided. He received a good common school education, and was married in Richland County, Ohio, in 1855, to Mary Ann Streby. They had three children — Martha, wife of Ed. P. Ray, of Albion ; George C, who married Mary O. Hines ; and Naomi E. Oliver P. Black is a Democrat, as was also his father and all of his brothers. He first came to the county in 1845, remained a few months with his brother, and then returned to Ohio. By trade he is a carpenter and joiner, but at present confines his attention to farming. He first owned but 80 acres of land, but has increased it to 100 acres, which has been improved principally by his own labor. Cyrus Black received the advantages of the common schools where he resided in his earlier years. He came to Noble County in 1853. Mr. Black has never married, but resides with his brother, James M. He owns 80 acres of land in Jefferson Township and 40 acres in Allen Township. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 383 Benjamin Black is a native of Pennsylvania. When four years old, he came to Ohio with his parents. He was married September 15, 1859, to Miss Ruth Foster, daughter of Christian Foster, and soon after moved to his present place in Jefferson Township. They had two daughters — Naomi J. and Eva E. Mr. Black owns 160 acres of fine land, which is well improved. James M. Black was reared a farmer. He came with his parents to Indiana, where he was married, February 21, 1872, to Mary J. Halferty, who was born February 7, 1847. They have two children — John 0. and Lula N. Mr. Black owns 120 acres of good land, and is a prosperous farmer. The Black family are widely known in Noble County. They are prosperous and leading citizens of their respective neighborhoods, and are honest and enter- prising citizens. WILLIAM BONHAM (deceased husband of Elizabeth J. Bonham), was born in Buckinghamshire, England, October 11, 1825. There were nine children in his father's family, only four now living. His parents, John and Elizabeth Bonham, are now dead. Having received an ordinary education, he left his native country when a young man and came to Richland County, Ohio, and began going to school and working by the month to defray expenses. September 2, 1852, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth J. Hadley, and shortly after removed to Sauk County, Wis., purchasing 120 acres, where they resided until their removal to Noble County the spring of 1863. Here they located on the farm now owned by the family. Mr. Bonham began im- proving the farm till it is now considered among the best in the township. Mr. Bonham died suddenly of lung trouble, June 22, 1878. He was reared in the independent religious faith, but became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church after coming to America. In his political views, he was a firm adhe- rent to the Republican party, and an honest, conscientious God-fearing man. Mr. and Mrs. Bonham had six children — Sarah M., John M., Justina L., Homer H., Arabell and Mary M. The three oldest are married. Sarah is the wife of James Trumbo ; John married Alice Stanley ; Justina is the wife of Milton Stanley; and all are residents of Noble County. Mrs. Bonham was born in Richland County, Ohio, April 10, 1831. The home farm, upon which the widow and a portion of the family reside, consists of 120 acres of excellent farming and grazing land. This family is among the first in Jefferson Town- ship. J. M. BRACKNEY is a native of Butler County, Penn., his birth occurring June 3, 1817. His parents, John and Margaret (Edwards) Brackney, had twelve children, three only of whom are living. The father was a farmer, a native of Pennsylvania, and of Dutch ancestry. His mother is a descendant of the Ed- wards family of Wales. The parents of J. M. Brackney were old-fashioned steady-going people, and devout members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He received a common-school education, and our subject, at the age of seven- teen, commenced serving an apprenticeship at the carpenter and joiner's trade, which he thoroughly completed. He was married, in July, 1844, to Miss Martha McCormic, and to them were born Margaret A., Elizabeth, Mahala, Adda, Jane, Lytle, Mosheim, Lillian, Curtis and one that died in infancy. Margaret A., Lillian, Elizabeth and Curtis are dead. In 1856, Mr. Brackney came to Noble County, and purchased his present farm, where he has since resided, farming and working at his trade. He is now the happy possessor of a fine farm and a comfortable home. He is a Democrat ; he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and intelligent, deserving citizens. 384 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN A. BRUCE, son of Elijah and Melinda W. (Browning) Bruce, was born in Culpeper County, Va., April 12, 1823. He is one of nine chil- dren, the ancestors of whom were subjects of Great Britain. Elijah Bruce was a soldier of the war of 1812, and his general occupation farming. The fall of 1827, he and family moved from Virginia to Licking County, Ohio, and from there to Miller Township, Knox County, Ohio, where he remained farm- ing until his death by lightning, June 1, 1828. Soon after the death of Mr. Bruce, the widow and family moved to Franklin Township, Morrow County, and from there to Chester Township, same county, where Mrs. Bruce purchased a farm, and where she resided until her death in February, 1854. John A. Bruce was reared on a farm, and is a man of good education. When sixteen years old, he commenced serving an apprenticeship at the blacksmith trade, which he made his business until about 1862. He was married in what is now Morrow County, Ohio, April 24, 1845, to Miss Abaline Smith, daughter of Jeremiah and Polly (Marcy) Smith, and the fall of 1853 moved to Hardin County, Ohio, residing there three years ; then removed to Noble County, purchasing eighty acres in Jefferson Township, giving all they had, $500, in part payment for the same. By hard labor and economy, they have increased it to 137 acres of excellent land. They had eleven children — Silas S., George E., Louisa M., Lorinda L. and Lucinda L. (twins), Charles S., William B., Lucy M., John S., James J. and Lovina A. Of these, Silas, George and Lu- cinda, are dead. George left a widow, Emma E. (Lash) Bruce, and one child, Bessie D. The widow has, since the death of her husband, remarried. Lucy M. is the wife of Ira Dillon, and resides in Jefferson Township. Mrs. Bruce was born in Luzerne County, Penn., July 24, 1824, and is of English descent. The Bruce family are intelligent and enterprising people. Mr. Bruce is a Democrat. ABRAM CARY was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., November 30, 1805. He is a son of Jesse and grandson of Joseph Cary, who was a Rhode Island nurseryman, and who came to that country previous to the French war. Our subject's mother was Philaner (Van Tasel) Cary, who was of Holland Dutch descent, and the mother of thirteen children, six only of whom are now living. Mr. Cary, Abram's father, was by trade a carpenter, and that occupation he followed while a resident of York State. Abram Cary was raised on a farm, and assisted his father at his trade. His educational advantages were very meager. On the 10th of September, 1831, he wa,s united in marriage with Patience Forker, and the spring of 1834 emigrated to Huron County, Ohio, where he resided seven years. In May, 1841, he came to Noble County, locating in Jefferson Township, where he has since resided. To the efforts of such energetic pioneers as Mr. Cary is mainly due the blessings enjoyed by the present generation. Mrs. Cary died October 10, 1855. They had eight chil- dren — Sorada, Sophronia, Samantha, John W., Elmira C, Emily O., William W. and Alvin D. Of these, John W., Elmira, Emily and Alvin are dead. Mr. Cary's second and present wife was Ann (Corbin) Potts, widow of Alfred D. Potts, who died from disease while serving in the late war. There were born to Mr. Potts and the present Mrs. Cary five children — Leonard J., Lillie V., Ida L., John N. and Owen S. Leonard and Lillie are dead. Mrs. Cary was born February 9, 1836, and was one of eight born to Stanfield and Margaret (Lee) Corbin. She was married to Mr. Potts November 15, 1855, who died in Louisville, Ky., June 23, 1865. To her marriage with Mr. Cary which occurred August 8, 1872, there was born one son — Wreath D. Mr. and Mrs. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 385 Cary are members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and are well-known and highly esteemed citizens. AARON CHAMBLIN was born May 7, 1824, in Maryland County, Va. He is one of three children now living of a family of seven born to Nelson and Sarah (Koonce) Chamblin, who were of English- German descent. Nelson Chamblin was a farmer of Virginia, where he plied his vocation until about 1833, when he and family moved to Knox County, Ohio, and from there to Richland County, same State, where they lived a number of years. Mr. and Mrs. Chamblin died in Wood County, Ohio, the former in October, 1878, and the latter in 1880. Mr. Chamblin was a soldier of the war 1812, and his father served in the Revolutionary war. Aaron Chamblin was married January 1, 1850, to Mary Imes, sister of William Imes, and his home, from his birth to two years after his marriage, was with his parents. In 1855, he came to Noble County, and purchased a portion of his present place in Jefferson Township, paying for the same $4.75 per acre. It at that time was all woods and such improvements as now exist on the place were made by Mr. Chamblin. He now owns 170 acres in Jefferson Township, and eighty-two acres in Orange Township. Mr. Chamblin is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the U. B. Church. To them were born nine children — William, Richard, Thomas, Theodore and Elmore (twins), Elbiney, George, Mary and Charley. Elbiney, George and the twins are dead. William, or J. W. H., as he writes his name, married Frances I. Keller, and is engaged in mercantile business in Brimfield. He has been twice burned out, but is a young man of pluck and enterprise, and is destined to make his mark in the world. JOHN EARL was born in the County Tyrone, Ireland, April 22, 1815. John and Ann (Gray) Earl, his parents, were both natives of "Erin's Isle," but of Scottish descent, and farmers in Ireland. John Earl was reared to manhood in his native country, obtaining but a limited education. He was married, March 29, 1837, to Miss Ann Trott. In 1840, they took passage, from Londonderry, on a sailing vessel bound for Philadelphia, and after an eight weeks and three days' journey arrived at their destination. For seven years succeeding his arrival, Mr. Earl was employed on a farm near the city. In 1847, he emigrated to Huron County, Ohio, where he farmed for three years, and in 1850 moved to Noble County, which has since been his home. He first purchased eighty acres of his present farm, which he has since in- creased to 160 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Earl have had five children — William, Annie, John, Mary and Robert. The two youngest are dead. John married Sarah Schauwker; William married Josephine Bliss; and both are living in Noble County. Mr. Earl was formerly a Whig, but is now identified with the Republicans. Although a member of no church, he is liberal in their support. His parents were of the Presbyterian faith, and such is our subject in belief. He is considered one of the best-informed men in Jefferson Township. Through his long life of labor, he has been ably assisted by his 'brave wife, who has been kind and affectionate to her family. JACOB EASLEY was born in Canton Berne, Switzerland, July 23, 1820, a son of Jacob and Catharine (Burke) Easley, the mother being a native of England. Jacob Easley was the father of sixteen children, six by his first wife, Catharine Burke, and ten by his last wife. Our subject was a resident of his native country until 1834, when he came with his parents to the United States, locating near Buffalo, N. Y., where they remained fanning two years. In 1836, the family removed to Crawford County, Ohio, where they partici- 386 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: pated in the early history of that county. The father died here in 1847 and his last wife in 1868 ; his first wife in 1830. Mr. Easley was a hard-working man and well respected. Jacob assisted his parents until twenty-one, when he began life without a penny, but has acquired a position of wealth and honor by his industry and self-denial. Up to 1834, he remained in Ohio, farming and saw-milling. In that year, he passed through Noble County and purchased his present farm in Jefferson Township. He did not locate here, however, until 1850, in the meantime making his home in La Grange and neighboring counties, working at saw-milling. May 26, 1850, he married Mary Ann Oster, and soon after began clearing and improving his farm, upon which they are now living at their ease. To their union wei'e born eight children, viz. : Mary M., George E., Maggie S., Mattie L., Benjamin F., Laura A., Ellen E. and Katie E. Mary is the wife of Thomas Hudson. Mr. Easley is one of the well-established farmers of the township ; is enterprising, a Democrat and he and wife members of the Lutheran Church. His farm consists of eighty acres of finely improved land. WASHINGTON EASTER was born in Huron County, Ohio, November 7, 1836. He is a son of James and Catharine (Wilson) Easter, who were parents of seven children, six of whom are yet living. The father and mother were natives of " the land of Erin," but the former was of Scottish descent. They were married in their native country and came to Ohio when it was yet a young State. Mr. Easter was a tiller of the soil, received a limited educa- tion, and when thirteen years old his father died; two years later, his mother passed away. For four years, Washington Easter worked in saw-mills and at the lumber trade. He went West on a prospecting tour, and came to Noble County, Ind., in 1856, where he purchased 80 acres of woodland, which he traded for 120 acres in Green Township. Being a carpenter, he rented his land and followed his trade. In 1858, he sold his property in Green Town- ship, and in 1861 purchased 160 acres of his present farm, which he has since increased to 200 acres. His occupation since that time has been farm- ing and stock-raising. He was married, March 17, 1861, to Miss Rebecca Foster, daughter of Christian Foster. They had two sons — Franklin D., who died in infancy, and Justin H. Mr. Easter is a Republican, and an enterpris- ing resident of Jefferson Township. Although a member of no church he was raised a Presbyterian, to which church his parents belonged. MARION EDWARDS, son of Alexis and Elizabeth (Foster) Edwards, and brother of Samuel M. Edwards, was born in Morrow County, Ohio, Sep- tember 18, 1842. He came with his parents to Noble County, in 1848, and has since made his home here. His education consists of the common school order. When the call for troops was made by President Lincoln in 1862, he enlisted, August 12, in the Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, Company B, and was discharged at Indianapolis in June, 1865. He was mustered into serv- ice at the capital of Indiana, and from this point was sent South to Lexing- ton, Ky., with his company, where, after a short stay, they were sent to Richmond, Ky., and during the engagement at that place was taken prisoner. He was paroled, came home and went to Indianapolis, where he remained dur- ing the summer of 1863, when he was exchanged. In the fall of 1863, Mr. Edwards was at the siege of Vicksburg with his company and afterward driv- ing the rebel Gen. Johnston through Mississippi. He participated in the engagements at Memphis, Chattanooga and at Mission Ridge, where his com- pany went into action, and only sixty-two men came out alive. During the win- JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 387 ter of 1863, he remained at Scottsboro, Ala., and the next year was in the battles at Kingston and Resaca. At the latter place, he was twice wounded — once in the leg, severely, and his right thumb shot off. After lying in several different hospitals, he was sent home on a furlough, and while there voted for Abraham Lincoln for President. After sixty days, he reported for duty at Chattanooga, but his regiment being gone, he remained there on detailed duty until January, 1865, when he rejoined his command at Goldsboro, and from that time nntil the close of the war, was constantly on the move July 2, 1867, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Lane, of York Township. They have one son — Lew L. Mr. Edwards is a Democrat and an enterprising and indus- trious citizen. SAMUEL M. EDWARDS was born in Morrow County, Ohio, June 4, 1827. He is the eldest in a family of ten born to Alexis and Elizabeth (Fos- ter) Edwards, who came from Maryland to Ohio at an early day and went to farming. It was there that Samuel M. was principally raised. He came with his parents to Noble County the fall of 1848— his father had 160 acres of timbered land in Jefferson Township — but stopped with Mr. Jehu Foster until the removal of his father to Jefferson Township. Mr. Edwards is a hard- working man and a good citizen. He is yet living and resides in Albion, but his wife departed this life on the 23d of September, 1877. Samuel Edwards assisted his parents in clearing the old home farm, and when he married his father made him a present of eighty acres of the old place, upon which he has since resided. His marriage with Miss Lovina Thompson, daughter of one of the first settlers of Jefferson Township, was solemnized September 24, 1857. They have reared an adopted child named Jennie Edwards. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have been hard-working and industrious people. They own eighty acres of good land and are among the leading citizens of their township. JOHN H. ELEY was born in Richland County, Ohio, June 28, 1833. He is one of nine children, seven of whom are yet living, the parents being Michael and Catharine (Haldeman) Eley, who were of German descent. The father was a farmer, and with his family emigrated from Ohio to Noble County in 1853, where he purchased his present farm in Jefferson Township, where he is yet living. His wife died in April, 1880. John H. Eley was reared a farmer and received a good education. After arriving to manhood, he taught school winters and worked on the farm summers. April 1, 1859, he married Miss Sarah M. Foster, daughter of the old pioneer, Jehu Foster. Mr. Eley continued farming until August 12, 1862, when he promptly responded to the call for troops, and was assigned to Company E, One Hundredth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was an active participant in the seige of Vicksburg and the battles of Black River, Jackson, Mission Ridge, from the latter place going to Gen. Burnside's relief at Knoxville. He commenced the spring campaign'of 1864 with Gen. Grant, and was in the battles of Resaca and Dallas, at the latter place being severely wounded in the thigh. From the hospital he was sent to Rock Island to guard prisoners, where he was finally discharged, July 27, 1865. Mr. Eley arose to the rank of Sergeant. After the war was over, he returned home and engaged in farming. He is considered among the best farmers of the township. He owns 220 acres of well improved land, is a Democrat and a member of the Knights of Honor. THE ENGLE FAMILY— Although not the first settlers of Noble County, were among the early one3, and becoming prominent men by their long life of usefulness, they deserve appropriate mention in the history of Noble County. 388 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Peter Engle (deceased) was born September 26, 1790, in York County, Penn., and when three years of age moved with his father, Justus Engle, to Frederick County, Md., where he was reared and educated. His early manhood was passed in farming and teaming. During the war of 1812, he was drafted, and served a few months in the year 1814, as Orderly Sergeant. He married Barbara Mentzer February 26, 1824, and in 1833 came to that part of Rich- land (now included in Morrow) County, Ohio, and engaged in farming. In 1852, Mr. Engle emigrated to Noble County, where two of his sons, Samuel and Washington, had preceded him. He located in Jefferson Township, Sec- tion 36, where he took up 120 acres of land, but in 1858 sold forty acres. He was an energetic man, honest, conscientious, and one who commanded the re- spect and esteem of all. He died September 29, 1868. Mrs. Engle, his wife, was born July 1, 1798, in Frederick County, Md., and she died in Noble County, October 3, 1876. Mr. and Mrs. Engle had eight children — Wash- ington, born November 27, 1824 ; Samuel, Julv 9, 1826 ; Drucilla E., Au- gust 18, 1828 ; Ezra, October 6, 1830 ; Jesse, July 21, 1833 ; Adam, Decem- ber 27, 1836 ; Catharine, August 15, 1838, and John, March 3, 1840. The latter's death occurred near Vicksburg, in August, 1863, while in the service of his country. He enlisted in the fall of 1862, in the One Hundredth Regi- iment, Company E, and served faithfully until his death. " Soldier rest ! thy warfare o'er, Sleep the sleep that knows no breaking ; • Dream of battle-fields no more, Days of danger, nights of waking." Drucilla Engle married John C. Morgan, and they now reside in Morrow County, Ohio. Ezra married Hannah Favinger, moved to Michigan, and there lives in Eaton County. The subjoined sketches are of those that yet reside in Noble County. Washington Engle's birth occurred in Frederick County, Md., where he resided until nine years of age, when he came with his parents to Ohio. October 1, 1854, he married Miss Sarah Sigler, and came to Noble County, where he had previously purchased a farm. He now owns 108 acres of fine farming and grazing land on Section 36, in Jefferson Township, where he resides. They have one son — Amos, who married Mary A. Keller, and lives with his parents. Mr. and Mrs. Washington Engle are members of the Lutheran Church. Samuel Engle was married, September 6, 1852, in Morrow County, Ohio, to Susann Sigler, sister of his brother Washington's wife. They have had two sons— John W. and George W. Samuel and Washington Engle emigrated to Noble County together, in 1847, and for a year worked for Christian Foster, clearing land. They then went back to Morrow County, Ohio, and married. Samuel Engle and wife moved again to Noble County in 1852, where they have since resided. They own 108 acres adjoining Washington Engle on the north. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Jesse Engle married Sarah Prouty, in 1860, and their children number seven — Franklin, Adell, Jason, Wilbert and Albert (twins), Arthur and Ed- ward. Albert and Arthur are dead. The mother died August 5, 1879, and July 19, 1880, Mr. Engle married his present wife, Lucina McClurg. Jesse Engle turned his attention to saw-milling in his earlier years, and was a iirst- class sawyer. He now owns 146 acres of good land in the northeastern part of Green Township, and has held the Township office of Trustee. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 389 Adam Engle learned the carpenter and joiner's trade, and worked at that with success a number of years. He has since turned his attention to farming. He owns eighty acres of land near Jesse Engle's farm, and 160 acres in Kansas. He was married, November 2, 1862, to Miss Mahala Prouty, and they have two children — Ina and Marshall. The sons of Peter Engle all began life at the age of twenty-one, with little or no means at their command. Imbibing con- siderable of the energy and determination of their father, they went to work, and to-day are wealthy and influential citizens, and stanch Democrats. They have displayed considerable enterprise in the support of all laudable public enterprises, and are progressive citizens. JEHU FOSTER is one. among the few who are left of the early pioneers who came to Noble County when its surface was covered with a dense forest and but few settlers had made a clearing in its wilds. When yet but nineteen years old, he was brought face to face with the stern realities of frontier life in Ohio, where he was called upon to endure the privations and perform the labo- rious duties that devolve upon those in a new country in clearing land and establishing a home. This was re-enacted in coming to Indiana, and continued through his most active and vigorous years. Mr. Foster was born in Baltimore County, Md., August 23, 1798. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, a farmer by occupation. He was married to Miss Annie Singrey, and emigrated with his family to what is now Troy Township, Morrow County, Ohio, in 1817, being one of the pioneers of that locality. In March, 1824, Jehu was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Levering, and continued to live in Ohio until 1837, when he emigrated to this county and located in Jefferson Township, set- tling upon land as the hand of nature had made it, out of which to construct a home. Though the task before them was one almost appalling to the strongest hearts, yet, with the heroic fortitude, known only to the early settlers, and nobly aided by his wife the labor was undertaken, and the results have had their beneficial influence not only with themselves, but the generations now and to come will reap the benefits. They had born to them children as follows : Mary A. (the wife of John B. Steel, now living in Nebraska), John L. (whose biography appears in this work), Samuel M. (who married Rebecca Edwards, now a resident of Albion), Margaret L. (who lives in Kendallville, and is the wife of Jacob H. Shauck), Elizabeth C. (deceased), Sarah M. (the wife of John Eley, whose biography also appears), Jennie A. (wife of John K. Riddle, whose biography appears), and Alvin D. (who married Emily J. Pepple, and resides in Michigan). Mr. Foster has been a leading man of Jefferson Town- ship for the past forty years, taking an active part in public interests. He feels a just pride in looking back and noting the change in this locality from an almost unbroken forest filled with Indians and wild animals to one of the finest agricultural spots in the world, and can truly say for himself " Well done, thou good and faithful servant." Mrs. Foster, his companion, departed this life February 25, 1880, ripe in experiences of material life and full of hope for the unknown hereafter. Mr. Foster is living upon the old farm, now that of his son-in-law, John H. Eley, and is vigorous for one of his years. J. L. FOSTER was born in what is now North Bloomfield Township, Morrow Co., Ohio, October 6, 1826 ; the son of Jehu and Margaret (Levering) Foster, who were pioneers to this township in 1837, where the father is still living, the mother having died in February, 1880. J. L. Foster lived at home with his parents until he was twenty-one years old, doing his part of the labor on the farm. He then began working at the carpenter's and joiner's trade. 390 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: This, however, not agreeing with him, he engaged in farming, making that his occupation since. In February, 1863, he purchased his present place, which consists of 100 acres, and soon thereafter moved on to it, where he yet resides. Mr. Foster was married January 17, 1856, to Rose A. Eley, and to this union were born three sons — Eugene W. (who married Emma Miller, and is carrying on the home farm), Delmer (who is a clei'k in Huntertown) and Perry L. (who is yet at home). Mr. Foster is a Democrat in party affiliations, and takes an interest in the advancement of public affairs. He lives independently in his •comfortable home, and is in the enjoyment of the fruits of his honest accumu- lations. SMITH HADLEY is a native of Richland County, Ohio, his birth occurring January 8, 1828. He was one of twelve children of whom Savan- nah and Martha (Riddle) Hadley were the parents. The Hadley family origi- nally came from the British Isle to America, and were farmers by occupation. The father of the subject of this sketch was also a farmer and an honest, de- serving man. Smith Hadley was reared to manhood in the Buckeye State, receiving only such an education as the common schools afforded. He was married March 15, 1851, to Miss Elizabeth Woodruffs, and the fall of the suc- ceeding year came to Noble County, investing all he had, $300, in part pay- ment for sixty acres of land in Jefferson Township. After clearing it, he sold it, and, in 1861, moved to his present place, and superintended the Poor Farm. After being in the employ of the county in this capacity six years, he resigned, moved to Albion and purchased a saw and flouring mill, which he operated six years. He then discontinued the business, purchased the old county farm, on which he resided one year. He then went back to Albion, erected a saw-mill, which he operated about a year, then again removed to the farm where he has since resided, confining his attention strictly to farming. He now owns 128 acres of good land, which he has acquired by industry and economy. He is a Republican, and is a member of the I. O. O. F., and the Masonic fraternity. They had seven children — Mary A. (wife of Andrew Parks), Shannon C, Helen M., Horace H., Ida A., Morton and Frank V. Mr. Hadley 's parents came to Noble County in about 1863, where his father is yet living. His mother died in the spring of 1880. JAMES N. HARVEY was born in Ashland County, Ohio, December 8, 1841. He is a son of George and Mary (Bremner) Harvey, who were parents of eight children, five of whom are yet living. George and Mary Harvey were natives of Scotland, and were poor people on coming to this country. They settled in Ohio, but in the fall of 1852 Mr. Harvey came to Indiana, and purchased a farm of 160 acres in Jefferson Township. In the spring of the succeeding year, the family settled upon the place known now as the Spencer farm. In 1872, after enduring the hardships incident to pioneer life, he removed to Albion, where he has since lived. By trade, he was a stone- mason, and has executed some fine work on many of the county buildings. He was always an enterprising citizen, ever lending a helping hand to the needy. James N. Harvey was raised on a farm, and has always followed that occupation. He received an excellent practical and business education, and -was married, February 2, 1870, to Miss Isabel Johnston, and they have one ■son — John Wesley. Mr. Harvey purchased his present farm in 1867, and he now owns 120 acres of good land. He is a Republican, a member of the Patrons of Husbandry, and a member of the M. E. Church, while Mrs. Har- vey is an adherent of the' principles of Presbyterianism. Their son, John W., JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 391 was born March 4, 1871, and in the spring of 1881 wrote Gen. Garfield that he would be ten years old on his inauguration, and that he was a Republican. In reply, President Garfield sent a cabinet-sized photograph of himself, w hich the bov now cherishes as a valuable keepsake. HENRY HILL, born in Niagara County, N. Y., April 22, 1819, is a son of Henry and Mary (Avery) Hill, who were natives of Connecticut and Vermont respectively. Mr. Hill was a farmer in New York, and in 1851 emigrated westward, locating in Jefferson Township, on the farm now owned by his son Henry. He here purchased 160 acres of land, where he lived until November 11, 1869, when he died. His widow is yet living, and resides with her son, at the advanced age of ninety-one. Our subject passed his youth on his father's farm, obtaining a common-school education. May 25, 1845, he was united in marriage with Eunice Eaton, of Niagara County, N. Y., and to this union were born Delos (deceased), Sarah and Lewis. Sarah is the wife of William H. Whitford, and Lewis married Katie Yeiser, who died, leaving him two children. His second and present wife was Martha Hupp. Since Mr. Hill's residence in Noble County, he has been known widely as an honest and upright man and a desirable neighbor. He is a Democrat and owns 120 acres of well-improved land. JOHN HOFFMAN is a native of Pennsylvania, and when eight years of age moved with his parents to Morrow County, Ohio, where they died. The subject was raised on his father's farm, and also learned blacksmithing and wagon making. He came, in 1853, to Jefferson Township, where he has since been a resident, engaged in cultivating and otherwise improving his farm, that now consists of 240 acres of splendid land, furnished with large and com- modious buildings. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Elvira Walker, of Morrow County, Ohio. They have eight children living — Emeline, James (in Green Township), John. George, Allen, Jennie, William and Lucy. Mr. Hoffman, in addition to his farming, is engaged in stock-raising to a consider- able extent, and has some of the best blooded stock in the country. He is a practical and able farmer and one of the county's most valued citizens. JOHN F. HUNT was born in Wayne County, Ind., in 1829, January 13. His grandfather, Charles Hunt, was a native of Chestershire, England* Previous to the Revolutionary war he was commissioned an officer in the En- glish army, and sent to do duty in the Colonies of America. When Great Britain declared war against the Colonies, he resigned, entered the United States Army as a private and served through the war with distinction. John Hunt, the father of John F. Hunt, was born near Guilford Court House in North Carolina. From the history of Wayne County, Ind., we find that this gentleman and a brother, in 1803, emigrated to what is now Wayne County, then a part of what was known as the Northwest Territory- They erected a grist- mill on the Elkhorn, said to have been the first in the State. In 1804, John married Mary Whitehead — this being the first marriage solemnized in the State. He was a blacksmith and gunsmith by trade, and his shop was often made a camping-place for the Indians during the Indian war. He was never molested by them, however, as his services were too valuable for them to lose. During the war of 1812, he served under the command of his brother-in-law, Col. William Whitehead. After the war, he returned to where he first settled, and there lived, working at his trade and farming, until he was eighty-six years old. He died in 1849. Their family numbered twelve children, only three of whom are now living. The oldest daughter, Caroline, was the first 392 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: white female child born in Indiana. John F. Hunt, the youngest of this family, is the only one living, bearing his father's name. When yet a boy, he enlisted for the Mexican war, but after going as far as Covington, Ky., peace was declared, and he returned home. July 30, 1862, he enlisted in Company F, Seventy-eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and about the time his enlistment expired, he took sick at Vicksburg, and from there was taken home. After three months' sickness, he was reported dead, and not until July 30, 1880, was he regularly discharged from this regiment. However, after his recovery in 1863, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regi- ment, Company F, and served the remainder of the war. He was at the siege of Vicksburg, bombardment of Prentice, Uniontown, Yazoo Pass and others. Mr. Hunt was married, in 1859, to Isabel C. Owen, of La Porte Coun- ty, Ind. They have had six children — Wilson W., Cyrus F., Mary C, Maria L., and two that died in childhood. Mr. Hunt learned blacksmithing under his father, but carpentering has been his principal occupation. He came to Noble County in 1868, and now owns 80 acres of land, on which he resides. He is a stanch Republican, and a member of the I. 0. O. F. Mrs. Hunt is a member of the M. E. Church. WILLIAM HUSTON is the third child of Joseph and Rachel (Will- iams) Huston, of Knox County, Ohio. He was born September 22, 1827 ; at two years of age his father died. When he was five years old, his mother married John Blair, after which he lived with his guardian, Judge J. McGib- ney. with whom he remained until 1842 ; when imagining himself abused, ran away, but soon came back and apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, the first two years receiving $3 per month and the last year $1 per month. Complet- ing his trade, he engaged at $1.25 per day to a company erecting ware and boarding-houses along the Newark & Columbus Railroad. In 1849, with a party of seven, he went to California, first to St. Louis, from there overland with ox teams. The trip consumed one hundred days. They first stopped on Bear River, then moved to the North Fork of the American River. His suc- cess was varied. Having accumulated about $3,000, he, in connection with others, at great expense, diverted the course of a river. They were successful in draining, but found no gold in the river bed, and therefore lost all. He then borrowed $900, and went to mining. After four years' stay, Mr. Hus- ton returned, several thousand dollars ahead. In the spring of 1853, he came to Indiana to visit friends, and purchased a farm in Jefferson Township. He is the owner of 480 acres of land, and devotes considerable attention to rais- ing fine stock. November 8, 1853, he married Miss Nancy Knox. Ten children have been born to them — Elbert E., William W., George F., Mary I , Eva M., Frank C, Ella M. and Unity E. are living; John K. and Elmer E., " WILLIAM INSCHO, deceased, was born December 28, 1802, in Sussex County, N. J. His father was a carpet weaver, but farmed in connection with his trade. The grandfather of William Inscho was a native of Denmark, and the progenitor of that name in America. Our subject, at about the age of nine- teen, learned the blacksmith trade and continued that business until about twenty years before his death. When three years of age, his parents moved to near Wheeling, Va., and from there to Huron County, Ohio, in 1815. Here he married Eliza Campbell, who died in Noble County in September, 1839. They had three children — George W., Hugh A. C. and Elizabeth, deceased. Mr. Inscho, in the fall of 1837, emigrated to Noble County, purchasing eighty JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 393 acres on Section IT, where he resided until his death, February 22, 1881. He was twice married ; his last wife was Rebecca Skeels. They had one child — Ann (present wife of John Guthrie). George Inscho was raised a farmer. He was married, February 18, 1858, to Ruth Edwards, and they have two children — Frank and Ida. Since his marriage, he has made Jefferson Township his home. From 1864 to 1867, he was in Montana Territory searching for gold. He now owns ninety acres of land near the geographical center of Jefferson Township. Hugh Inscho was born April 30, 1836. October 18, 1863, he was united in marriage with Miss Elsie Edwards, daughter of Alexis and Eliza- beth (Foster) Edwards, and soon after moved on the old Inscho homestead, where he has since resided. They have had three children — Lavinia, born October 24, 1864 ; Anna E., August 22, 1869, died July 23, 1877 ; and Olive R., born August 27, 1874, died July 27, 1877. The two latter died of diph- theria. The mother was born November 13, 1839. He owns eighty acres of land. The Inscho family, from William, the old settler, have been noted for their honesty and sobriety, and have figured quite prominently from the early history of Jefferson Township. KIMMELL FAMILY.— In the year 1627, when the State of Delaware was .first settled, two brothers of this name, natives of Sweden and very wealthy, emigrated to the new country and settled on the Delaware River, near Wilmington, where, in after years, a town sprang up and received the name of Swedesboro. The great-grandfather of the present generation, who was a wealthy resident of Philadelphia, was, during the Revolutionary Avar, Commis- sary of Subsistence under Gen. Washington. While at Valley Forge, during the memorable winter of 1777 and 1778, when the British were in possession of Philadelphia he succeeded in entering the city and secured $25,000 in gold and silver, which was secreted in the cellar of his house, barely escaping capture in returning. This money he turned over to Congress, subsequently receiving in return continental paper money, which so depreciated in value as to leave him comparatively a poor man. A grandson, Adam Kimmell, was the father of six children, five of whom are living, Joseph C and Manias II. being among the number ; Adam was born March 22, 1791, and served as a soldier of the war of 1812. He was one of the early pioneers of Stark County, Ohio, and followed his trade, that of a gunsmith, until 1850, when he retired from active life. He married Miss Elizabeth Bowers in Canton. She was a native of Maryland, born June 26, 1800, and died April 29, 1849. Mr. Kimmell came to Albion in 1852, and died October 16, 1872. He was a man of sterling integrity. In politics, a Whig and then a Republican. While living in Stark County, which was strongly Democratic, he was elected and re-elected many times to the office of Justice of the Peace over his Democratic opponents. Joseph C. Kimmell, the eldest of the children, was born in Canton, Ohio, November 5, 1824, and received an education common to those of a new country ; being a man of good mind, and observing he has acquired extended information. He came to Albion, and was the first manufacturer of tinware in Noble County. This industry he prosecuted for ten years, and then moved to his present farm in Jefferson Township, which was at that time without improvement. It consists of 110 acres, and is now a well-improved and pro- ductive farm. He was married, September 9, 1847, to Miss Jane Spangler, of Stark County, Ohio. They have had six children — Eliza E., Elizabeth E. (deceased), Charles S. (deceased), Norman E., Warren (deceased) and Albert A. 394 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : Manias H. Kimmell is a native of Canton, Ohio, where he was born March 26, 1835. He came with his parents to Albion in 1852, and, in 1853, went to Auburn, where he learned the tinner's trade. In 1856, he opened a hardware store in Ligonier, which he conducted until 1858. In the spring of that year he went to Oregon, where, for one year, he was superintendent of farming in the Indian Department. In the winter of 1859, he returned to Albion, and in the spring of 1860, opened a hardware store. In 1862, he moved to his present farm, comprising 206 acres well adapted to general farm- ing and stock-raising. In the latter branch, Mr. Kimmell deals to considerable extent. He was married, April 1, 1860, to Emeline Bucher. Their children are Cora, Irene and Grant. Mr. Kimmell and his brother Joseph are Repub- licans, and during the years 1856, 1857 and 1858, the period of horse-thieving and general lawlessness in this section of country, they were active members of the " Regulators," whose decisive measures carried terror to the hearts of the desperadoes and rid the country of their presence. M. KISER was born in Northampton County, Penn., November 16, 1826 ; is a son of John and Mary (Myers) Kiser, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and the parents of seven children, five of whom are yet living. Mr. Kiser, their father, worked at the carpenter's trade shortly after his marriage, but soon turned his attention to farming, which vocation he followed through life. He was a Democrat, and a zealous member of the Methodist Church. He died in 1876, but his widow yet survives him and resides in Huron County, where she came with Mr. Kiser in 1832. Their son, M. Kiser, received a good common- school education in youth, and was married in 1848, to Miss Elizabeth Stotts, of Huron County, Ohio. They have four children — George, Mary, Martha and Emma. George married Mary Phillips, and resides at home ; Mary is the wife of Benjamin Smith, and resides in Jefferson Township. After his mar- riage, Mr. Kiser farmed twelve years on shares for his father, and one year op- erated a grist-mill in Ohio. In the latter business he was unsuccessful, and lost considerable. He then followed Horace Greeley's advice to young men and came to Jefferson Township, purchasing his present farm, which consists of 103 acres. It was at that time a dense forest, but is now a finely-improved place. Mr. Kiser is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. From a poor man he has risen to prosperity, achieved by hard labor and self-denial. B. V. MELVIN was born in Madison County, Ohio, February 21, 1821, son of John and Sarah (Insor) Melvin, who were parents of seven children ; five are yet living. John Melvin was a farmer and a native of Tennessee. From that State he came to Madison County, Ohio, in 1812. During the war commencing that year, he took an active part. His father, Joseph Melvin, was an old Revolutionary soldier, and our subject, serving in the late rebellion, makes the Melvin family one of patriotism. Joseph Melvin was a native of Scotland, and his wife, Phoebe, of Ireland. John Melvin was an old Jackson Democrat ; was a man of good practical education and an exemplary citizen. He died the fall of 1858. Benjamin V. Melvin, next to the youngest child, began for himself at the age of nineteen, and from that time until his marriage worked at farming in his native county and Indiana. He emigrated to Noble County in February, 1843, and purchased his present farm in Jefferson Town- ship ; October 21, 1847, he married Jennie H. Palmer, of Whitley County, Ind., and in 1848 commenced life on his farm. In 1853, he returned to his old home in Ohio, remaining until the fall of 1858, when he returned to Noble JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 395 ' County, where he has since resided. By industry and economy, he has ac- quired 320 acres of land, half of which has been distributed among his chil- dren. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Melvin are as follows : Mary M., Sarah, Jane, John, Azora, Theodore and Theodocia (twins) and Vanvactor B. Mary M., Theodore, Theodocia and Azora are dead. The others are married, and living in Noble County, except Vanvactor, who is at home, single. JOHN MOORHOUSE,born September 8, 1805, was a son of Samuel and Martha (Morrell) Moorhouse, who had nine children, John being the youngest. In his seventeenth year, he was left an orphan, his mother having died in 1807 and his father in 1821. He received a common education, and was reared a farmer, as was his father before him, in his native country, Yorkshire, England. In the spring of 1832, he set sail for the United States ; arrived in New York City, he took passage for Delaware County, N. Y., where he engaged in farm- ing. From here he removed to Lockport, engaging in various pursuits for seven years. In 1840, he traded town property for fifty acres of land in Noble County, and upon which, in the spring of 1841, he made a clearing and erected a cabin, returning to New York the same year. In 1842, with his family, he returned and located here. Upon his arrival, he had only about $70, but by dint of hard labor, has acquired a fine farm of 160 acres. He was mar- ried, in 1829, to Miss Eliza Boddy, and they had seven children — Samuel, Eliza A., Henry, James, Joseph, Mary and John. Of these, Mary, Eliza and John, are dead. The mother died in 1860. Mr. Moorhouse is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and is an enterprising citizen. WILLIAM MYERS was born in Berkeley County, Va., September 26, 1826. He is a son of Isaac and Catharine (Hudson) Myers, and is of Dutch descent on his father's and English-Irish descent on his mother's side. They were parents of eight children, five of whom are yet living. The fall of 1827, they moved to Greene County, Ohio, and after four years moved to Seneca County. They were good, honest people, and members of the Methodist Church. Mrs. Myers died in about 1845, and Mr. Myers in 1846. William Myers was reared in Ohio, from the age of eleven years to that of twenty-four. He received but a meager education, sacrificing his schooling to assist on the farm. He was married, September 5, 1850, to Ann Rumbaugh, daughter of William and Mary Rumbaugh ; five days after their marriage, they started for Iowa, to build a home on the Western prairies. Not liking the appearance of that country, he returned to Indiana and purchased eighty acres of his present farm. The story of the hardships of early pioneer life is needless of a repeti- tion here. Mr. and Mrs. Myers were industrious and economical, and have arisen to plenty through the medium of hard labor. Mr. and Mrs. Myers have an only child — Lucina, who is the wife of John Newton, and resides in Jef- ferson Township. They have reared a son by adoption, whom they have treated as their own. His name is Orlando Myers, and he is a steady and honest young man. Mr. Myers has been reasonably successful in life, and shows his gratitude by assisting all laudable enterprises. Mrs. Myers was born in Vir- ginia May 29, 1824, and she and Mr. Myers are among the leading citizens of the township. JOSEPH OGLE was born in Morris Township, Adams County, Ohio, August 4, 1806, to which locality his parents, Enoch and Catharine (McCart- ney) Ogle, came, previous to Ohio's admission into the Union. Here they were married, and had ten children. The parents have long since passed away, fol- lowed by seven of their children. The paternal great-grandfather of the subject 396 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of this sketch came from Ireland. The McCartneys originally came from Scot- land. Joseph Ogle received his education from the schools of his native county, and worked at the tanner's trade until his majority, but from that time until he was twenty-six, he followed teaming. June 13, 1833, he was married to Miss Ruth- annah Wright, and remained in Ohio farming until October, 1845, when he came to Jefferson Township, where he made a clearing sufficiently large to erect his cabin. Mr. Ogle's wealth at this time amounted to $1 ; this he paid for flour that he might have bread to give the raisers of his cabin. Mr. Ogle has figured conspicuously in the history of Jefferson Township. He and wife are the happy possessors of a comfortable home and 120 acres of good land. They have had eight children — Mary, Charles H., George, Sarah L., William E., Lucina J., Albert H. and Lewellyn. The two oldest sons are dead. Charles was a volunteer in the war of the rebellion, and contracted a disease that rendered him unfit for service. He came home, and in 1864 died. Mary is the wife of Andrew Gunnett, and resides in Kendall ville. Sarah is the wife of George I. Walters, and lives with her parents. William married Virginia Sallady, and lives in Kendallville, and Albert married Ella Ackerman and resides in Iowa. ORANGE PROUTY (deceased) was a native of Morrow County, Ohio, where he was born April 22, 1830. His parents were Roderick and Mary Prouty, the former a native of New York State, and his mother, who was a farmer's daughter, of Ohio. His grandparents, Stephen and Elizabeth Prouty, were natives of Vermont and of English descent. These ancestors were all " tillers of the soil," and Orange Prouty followed in their footsteps. October 10, 1847, he married Miss Susan Haney, of the same nativity as himself, born September 10, 1830, and daughter of Jacob and Phebe Haney, who were farmers, natives of Pennsylvania and of German descent. They commenced housekeeping in Ohio, but only continued there a few months. They came to Indiana in April, 1849, and settled in Jefferson Township, on what is now des- ignated as the "old Prouty" farm. Here he worked at clearing land for his father for three years, receiving as a recompense eighty acres of land in its natural condition, situated in Jefferson Township. Upon this, he built a log house in 1852, occupying it, and at the same time began clearing and improv- ing his farm. He subsequently made some additions to his land, increasing it by a purchase of forty acres ; in 1863, located in Green Township, and two years later forty acres that adjoined his farm on the east. Orange Prouty died October 14, 1867. The descendants of Mr. and Mrs. Prouty were eight — Alma, Willard and John, now living. Those deceased were Phebe Kinsey, Edward, Homer and two infants. JOHN K. RIDDLE, son of Joseph B. Riddle, was born in Morrow County, Ohio, April 20, 1845. He came with his parents to Noble County when about three years old, and 'has since made his home here. He was reared on the old homestead, where he assisted his father in the development of the farm. He received but a common education, and when twenty-one years of age began for himself, although still living with his parents. January 29, 1871, he was united in marriage with Miss Jane A. Foster, daughter of the old pioneer, Jehu Foster. This lady was born in 1844, in Jefferson Town- ship. They had two children — Ava U., who died when seven months old, and Ottho F. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Riddle moved on his present farm. When he first came into possession of the original farm — eighty acres — it was all woodland. This he has cleared and increased until he now owns 120 acres of good land. He is a Republican and a hard-working citizen. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 397 JOSEPH B. RIDDLE was born in Richland County, Ohio, January 5, 1816, one of fifteen children, whose parents were William and Sarah (Forsythe) Riddle, the father a native of Pennsylvania and the mother of Ireland. They were both early in Ohio, and on the Clear Fork, in Richland County, during the war of 1812, they were married and established a home in the wilds of Richland County. At one time, the mother had to be carried, with a three days' old infant, to a neighboring fort for safety from the Indians. He, though a farmer, was quite widely known as a surveyor. He was a prominent Whig, and held the positions of Associate Judge, County Land Appraiser and Justice of the Peace. Joseph B. was. an assistant on his father's farm, and only re- ceived a limited education. In 1840, he married Miss Traney M. Knox. They had nine children — Elizabeth J., William, John K., Sarah L. (deceased), Homer F., Mary M. (deceased), Comfort E., Isoline D. (deceased) and Edith M. In 1848, Mr. Riddle moved to this county, and purchased a quarter sec- tion of land in this township, and began clearing. Through sickness and trouble, he has, by patience and perseverance, prospered, and now is sur- rounded with many comforts and a pleasant home. He is a Republican in politics, though not an active politician. GEORGE RUMBAUGH was born in Berkeley County, Va., August 14, 1829. He is a son of William and Mary (Mussetter) Rumbaugh, who were natives of Virginia, but of Irish-German descent. From Virginia the parents came to Seneca County, Ohio, and there died, the mother in 1848 and the father in 1871. The latter was a farmer. His family numbered nine children, two of them now dead. George Rumbaugh remained with his parents in Ohio, assisting them until he reached his majority. He received but a common school education, and came to Indiana in 1850 and purchased a piece of land. He Avas married, in September, 1854, to Martha Pike of Jefferson Township, and shortly after moved on his place, which he sold after clearing twelve acres, and returned to Ohio, where he remained one winter, when he came back to Noble County and purchased sixty acres of the farm now owned by John Eley. In the spring of 1864, he purchased his present farm, and has since made it his home. He owns sixty-four and a half acres of good land, is a stanch Republican and a genial, intelligent gentleman. The fall of 1864, he entered the United States Army, in Company D, Thirteenth Regiment, and was dis- charged from Newbern Hospital, N. C, in June, 1865. He was in one severe engagement — Fort Fisher. He contracted disease while in the service, from which he is yet a sufferer. Mr. and Mrs. Rumbaugh have four children — Daniel, Willard, Laura A. and Nettie J. LEWIS SEELY was born in Elkhart County, Ind., June 8, 1830, son of Ephraim and Abigail (Runnels) Seely, and one of nine children, six of whom are yet living. Mr. and Mrs. Seely were natives of the State of New York, and at an early day came to Ohio, where they resided until about 1829, when they emigrated to Elkhart County, Ind., entered a piece of land and engaged in agricultural pursuits. This family were among the very first settlers of the whole country. From Elkhart County they moved to Milford Township, La Grange County, and after a number of years to Orange Township, Noble County, where Mr. Seely died in August, 1865, and Mrs. Seely in September, 1877. They were honest, industrious people, and an honor to the community. Lewis Seely resided with his parents, assisting them, until his marriage with Fidelia Collins, daughter of Barten Collins, which occurred in 1856. Mr. Seely received a common-school education, and after his marriage, resided in 398 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Milford Township, La Grange County, until 1865, when he came to his present place. He owns 160 acres of well-improved land. They have had three children — Thirza, Charles and Meta. Mr. Seely is a Republican, and a wide- awake, enterprising citizen. JACOB SINGREY was born September 5,1826, in Troy Township, Richland County, Ohio, the native place of all his brothers and sisters. He is a son of Thomas and Catherine (Ackerman) Singrey, who were early settlers in Morrow County, Ohio, and who came from Pennsylvania in about 1816. They are now residents of this county. Jacob Singrey began life a poor boy, with a limited education. When sixteen years of age, he apprenticed himself for the term of two years to the carpenter's trade, after which he began work on his own responsibility. March 18, 1844, he was married to Sarah Ann Cockley, of Ohio, and to them were born five children — Elvirda J., William H., John P., Sarah P. and Thomas A. Elvirda is the wife of William Axtell, of Jefferson Township. After completing his apprenticeship, Mr. Singrey built a large barn for his father, for which he received eighty acres of his present farm, upon which he moved his family in April, 1854, and entered upon the task of clearing and improving. To the original eighty he has added, until he now possesses 160 acres. As the result of enterprise, Mr. Singrey has been prosperous. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Patrons of Husbandry. JOHN A. SINGREY, one of the influential citizens of Jefferson Town- ship, was born in Richland County, Ohio, February 29, 1828. His father, Thomas Singrey, was a native of Baltimore County, Md., born March 12, 1801, and grandson of a Mr. — Singrey, who came from Switzerland to America, and who was the founder of that name in the United States. Thomas Singrey came with his father, in 1816, to Richland County, Ohio, and assisted in clear- ing a home there. In Knox County, Ohio, he married Catharine Ackerman, and to them were born four sons and two daughters. The parents are now residents of Jefferson Township, where they are well and favorably known. John A. Singrey was reared to manhood in Ohio, receiving a common-school education. At the age of twenty-four, he located in Noble County, where he and his father had purchased land in 1849. Soon after, he sold it and pur- chased a portion of his present farm. August 14, 1853, he was united in mar- riage with Ruth Ann Walters, daughter of Jacob Walters, of Morrow County, Ohio, and to them were born — Jacob (deceased), Rebecca, Thomas and Anna. When Mr. and Mrs. Singrey located on their present place, they began to improve and enlarge it, until they now have 150 acres of nicely improved property. Mr. Singrey is an active citizen, and a member of both the Odd Fellows and Masonic orders. He is a strong Democrat, and at present is serv- ing a term as County Commissioner. WILLIAM SMITH was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, September 7, 1816. His parents, George and Elizabeth (Brady) Smith, were of German descent, and early settlers in Ohio ; they came to Columbiana County when it was a wilderness, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Mr. Smith, is now dead, but Mrs. Smith is yet living and resides in Ohio. William Smith is one of eleven children, and the only one residing in Indiana. He received a good education, and was married in 1838 to Amelia Ferrell, and soon after removed to Williams County, Ohio, where he resided until his wife's death, which oc- curred September 20, 1840. They had one child — Virginia, now deceased. Mr. Smith returned to his native county, where he married Mary A. Sanders in 1850. Their children were John G. (deceased), Matilda and Ella. Matilda JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 399 and Ella are married, the former being the wife of Dr. Scott, of Avilla, and the latter of T. P. Kessler, who resides in Orange Township. Mr. Smith farmed in Ohio until 1861, when he came to Noble County, and purchased his present farm — 160 acres — and has resided here ever since. Mr. Smith started out in the world dependent on his own resources, and is to-day a wealthy and esteemed citizen. He is a Democrat, and one of the well-to-do farmers of Jef- ferson Township, ever ready and willing to assist in the welfare of the county. WILLIAM STOREY is a son of George and Elizabeth (Sedgwic) Storey. and a native of Yorkshire, England, his birth occurring April 8, 1824. He was one of eight children, and during his boyhood attended the common schools. When old enough, he hired out by the year on a farm, and in this capacity labored for some time. Having two brothers in America, he deter- mined to cross the Atlantic, and shipped at Sunderland, on board the sailing brig, "England's Queen," bound for Quebec. After a stormy voyage of five five weeks, they neared their destination ; one foggy night, when but a short distance from mainland, the vessel struck the rocks of St. Paul's Island, and the crew had to be conveyed in boats to the island. From here they hired a fishing smack to convey them to Nova Scotia, where they reshipped and were landed in Boston. From here, Mr. Storey went to Lockport, N. Y., where he farmed for two years. In 1849, with his hard-earned savings, he emigrated to Noble County, where his brothers were, and purchased 160 acres of land in Sparta Township. After eight months, he disposed of this property, and pur- chased eighty acres in Jefferson Township. After clearing twenty-eight acres of this he sold it, and purchased 160 acres further south in the same township. He cleared twenty acres of this and then sold it. In about 1858, he purchased 100 acres — his present farm. In 1857, he was united in marriage with Sarah Ann (Skeels) Storey, daughter of William Skeels and widow of his brother, Matthew Storey, who had by her first husband three children — George, Mary and Elizabeth (deceased). Mr. and Mrs. Storey had two children — Thomas and William, the latter being dead. Mr. Storey is a Democrat, and has twice been elected to the office of Township Assessor. Mr. and Mrs. Storey are adher- ents of the Roman Catholic Church, and highly esteemed people. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. JOSEPH BAILEY was born in Ashland County, Ohio, April 1, 1834. He is one of eight living children born to Susan and John Bailey. Joseph's parents were natives of Pennsylvania, and came to Ohio in an early day, and thence to Jefferson Township, Noble County, in 1836 ; then came with the Skinner family to this township and purchased 160 acres of land on Section 4, and returned to Ohio. In the fall of 1838, they moved out and permanently settled on the place. Mr. Bailey was a hard-working man, a member of the Protestant Methodist Church, and a Whig in politics, afterward a Republican. His wife died in 1865, and he in 1872. Joseph Bailey was raised on the farm clearing land and chopping cordwood. April 30, 1865, he married Mrs. Re- becca (Gibson) Collett, widow of Abraham Collett, and daughter of John Gibson, an early settler of Noble County. Mrs. Bailey bore her first husband one daughter, Sarah ; and her present husband two children — William and Eulilia, both of whom died in 1869. Mr. Bailey's chief employment has been farming 400 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: but some years back followed threshing to a considerable extent. He came to- Orange Township in 1865, where he has since farmed. The home farm consists of 350 acres of good farming and grazing land. Mrs. Bailey was born in Poca- hontas County, Va., April 15, 1826. Mr. Bailey is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the M. E. Church. CHARLES BEIDELMAN was born in York County, Penn., February 1, 1821. He is a son of Samuel and Eve (Miller) Beidelman, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and the parents of three children, two of whom are now alive. Mr. Beidelman was a distiller by occupation. He died when the subject was but a boy, and the mother with her family emigrated to what is now Morrow County, Ohio, in about 1835, where they resided until their removal to Indiana. Subject received but a limited education. His parents being poor, he had to work very hard in youth. At the age of twenty, he served an apprenticeship at the blacksmith trade, which was his principal employment previous to coming West. He was married, February 1, 1846, to Julia Ann Russell, and, in 1851, emi- grated to Noble County, and settled on his present farm in Orange Township- He and wife moved to Brimfield the spring of 1875, but still he works his farm. He owns ninety acres of land on Section 28. Has taken an active part in many public enterprises. Mr. Beidelman is a Republican, and he and wife are mem- bers of the M. E. Church. Mr. Beidelman's mother is yet living ; resides with her daughter, Susanna Lucas, at the advanced age of ninety-two years. WILLIAM BLISS. This gentleman was born in Brimfield, Mass., Octo- ber 27, 1816. Timothy and Margaret (McDonald) Bliss, his parents, were of English and Scotch descent, and natives of Massachusetts and New York. Timothy Bliss was a farmer and quite an extensive stock-dealer. William Bliss- was reared on his father's farm, receiving a good common school and academical education. At the age of twenty-one, he left home, went to Chagrin Falls, Ohio, and there commenced business for himself. He was employed by a woolen fac- tory as wool-buyer, and in this capacity served ten or twelve years. He was married at this place to Miss Fanny M. Vincent, daughter of Dr. J. H. Vin- cent, September 8, 1841. In 1857, he located in Wolcottville, but carried on the manufacture of woolen goods at Rome City, under the firm name of William Bliss & Co. After serving as Superintendent about two years, he removed to his present home, where he had purchased 210 acres of land. He has given his children good school advantages. He now owns about one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining the village of Brimfield. A short time after the location of the railroad, Mr. Bliss laid out the village of Brimfield and named it after his native town in Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Bliss are parents of four children, viz., Frank T., Charles W., Emily M. and Mary L. The eldest son is single, and a resident of Chicago, and a member of the Board of Trade of that city. Charles married Nellie Clock, and resides in Orange Township. Both sons are graduates of a commercial college. The two daughters are single, the youngest being a graduate of music and a fine musician. Mr. Bliss is a Re- publican, and he and wife are Congregationalists in faith. They are old and esteemed residents of the place. E. M. COLDREN, merchant, was born in Eden Township, La Grange County, February 28, 1846. Jacob Coldren, his grandfather, was a native of Germany, and came to the United States about the year 1795, shortly after- ward locating in Delaware County, Ohio, where they were among the first settlers. Harvey Coldren, son of Jacob and the father of our subject, was raised and married there. In 1837, he settled in Eden Township, La Grange ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 401 County. The whole country then was an almost unbroken forest, with only Indian trails for roads. Mr. Coldren entered land, erected a rude log house, into which he moved his family. On his arrival he was a poor man, and was unable to hire work done. He was an unassuming man, and honorable in his dealings. He was the father of twenty children by two wives, ten by each. He died in March, 1879 ; was a member of the Baptist Church. E. M. Cold- ren lived on a farm from the age of eight to manhood. He received a good collegiate education, and was married February 24, 1869, to Miss Adda Pierson, of White Pigeon, Mich. This lady died November 26, 1871, leaving one child that followed her four months later. Mr. Coldren's second wife is Mary A. Andrews, to whom he was married September 24, 1872. This lady has borne him two children — Minnie and Ned. Mr. Coldren started farming in Kansas. Owing to ill health, he returned to Indiana, and started a grocery at Brimfield. In 1878, he formed a partnership with George Gaby, in a general store at the same place, which he has since continued. They are doing an average annual business of $25,000. Mr. and Mrs. Coldren are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Coldren is a Greenbacker. While in Kansas, he re- ceived the nomination for the State Legislature by this party, but was defeated by two votes. STANFILL CORBIN. The spring of 1840, Stanfill Corbin, now a resi- dent of Section 7, Orange Township, Noble County, Ind., was living in Rich- land County, Ohio. His family consisted of a wife and three children, and he was living some sixty miles from his parents. John and Mary (Crane) Corbin, who then lived in Licking County, were natives of Virginia, and from there > came to Licking County in 1824. The country there at that time was very new, and Mr. Corbin, being a great hunter, used to supply the family with meat while his sons would do the farm work. The spring of 1841, our subject and a son-in-law came to Noble County, Ind., and after clearing a place large enough on which to erect a cabin, went back for their families. Here the father, John Corbin, found a splendid place to satisfy his desire for hunting. In 1853, Mr. Corbin moved to York Township, where he died in May, 1864. His wife died on the old homestead, in Orange Township, in about 1850. Stanfill Corbin was born in Culpeper County, Va., April 17, 1814. The fall of 1834, while in Ohio, he married Margaret Lee, who bore him this family — Keziah A., Nathan H., Mary E., Philena E., Jane, Margaret, Franklin M., and three that died without names. Only the first six are now living. The mother died in September, 1858. Mr.- Corbin is now living with his second wife, Mrs. Harriet Wyrick, to whom he was married in February, 1859. They have one daughter — Hattie V. Mrs. Corbin had by her first husband one son, Henry H., who served faithfully in the late war, and is now living in Orange Town- ship. Mr. Corbin owns over ninety acres of land ; is a Greenbacker in politics, and a first-class citizen. CAPT. EDEN H. FISHER, son of Henry C. and Mary Ann (Eckert) Fisher, was born April 20, 1840, in Portage County, Ohio. His parents were residents of the village of Navarre, in Stark County, but at the time of the birth of our subject, the mother was with her parents in Portage County. The father was merchant of Nevarre. Came to Ligonier, Ind., in October, 1848, where he again embarked in mercantile pursuits. This he continued until about 1860, when he retired from business, and has since been engaged in farming. In 1869, he removed to Douglas County, Kan., where he is yet living. He is a prominent citizen there, and has been elected a Representative to the Legis- 402 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : lature of that State by the Republican party. Eden H. Fisher, subject of this sketch, is the eldest of a family of fourteen children. When eight years old, he came with his parents to Indiana, and from that time until about the break- ing-out of the war, attended the schools of Ligonier and Hillsdale College at Hillsdale, Mich. June 6, 1861, he enlisted as private in Company A, Twenty- first Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered into service at Indianapolis, July 24, 1861. This was one of the first regiments out under President Lincoln's three years' call, and they were assigned to the army of the Potomac. In November, 1861, they started with Gen. Lockwood on the East- ern shore campaign, which penetrated into Virginia for the purpose of dis- persing some rebel camps of instruction. After thoroughly scouring the peninsula, the returned to the old camp at Baltimore. In February, 1862, they were ordered to the front, and they then engaged in the celebrated Butler expe- dition around the coast. For a time they rendezvoused on Ship Island, then removed in time to be present but not participants in the bombardment of Forts St. Phillip and Jackson. From here Mr. Fisher, with his regiment, went to New Orleans, and after that they participated in the battle of Baton Rouge. Previous to this time, Mr. Fisher had been appointed Orderly Sergeant, but owing to the resignation of the Second Lieutenant, and the First Lieutenant acting Captain, who was then ill, Mr. Fisher was acting First Lieutenant, but only holding a Second Lieutenant's commission. At the first fire of the enemy, acting Capt. Seely was killed, and the command of the company then de- volved upon Lieut. Fisher, who continued commander until he was wounded on Atchafalaya River. After the battle, Capt. Fisher was ordered out under a hospital flag, by his Colonel, to take charge of the field, and look after the dead and wounded. In October, 1862, they moved for Berwick's Bay. They remained here for several months, and in February, 1863, embarked on gun- boats and began clearing the channel of the Atchafalaya River. On their way up the bayou, they were met by a rebel gunboat, and in preparing for the attack, a shell, from the cannon on the hurricane deck of the boat on which Mr. Fisher was stationed, prematurely exploded, killing Lieut. Wolfe; Capt. Fisher lost both legs. Speaking of this event, Indiana's Roll of Honor says : " The loss of two such gallant officers by accident was a terrible calamity." After lying in the hospital several months, he was sent home for recruiting service under orders of Gen. Banks. When on his way home from the hospital, he stopped in New York City, and while there attended the theater at which Miss Caroline Richings was to sing. As he was carried into the densely-filled hall by officers, Miss R. was standing under the old stars and stripes singing, " We are coming, Father Abraham," and the sight of a crippled officer just from the front, enthused the audience to such a pitch, that they arose in a body cheering loudly and waving their hats and handkerchiefs. In November, 1863, he was elected Auditor of Noble County and re-elected, serving in all eight years. He received the nomination for County Treasurer, but was defeated. Capt. Fisher, at one time, was a prominent candidate for State Auditor, but he was defeated in the nomination by a small majority. In January, 1873, he removed to Rome City, where he had charge of the woolen-mills until 1878, when they were burned. Since that time, he has been living a retired life in Rome City. He was married to Jennie M. Skillen, daughter of Judge Skillen, September 11, 1864. They have had five children — Milan W., Mortimer H., Clarence B., Mabel and Beulah. Mortimer and Clarence died of diphtheria in October, 1874. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 403 TIMOTHY GABY. The birthplace of Timothy Gaby was in Brown County, N. Y. His parents, George and Roxy (Caswell) Gaby, poor but honest farmers of Brown County, were natives of Vermont and New York, respectively. George Gaby, grandfather of Timothy Gaby, was a native of England, coming to America at the age of seven years. When grown to man- hood, he served in the Revolutionary war, as one of the defenders of Liberty, and during the latter part of his service was a commissioned officer. His son, George Gaby, father of our subject, was a farmer by occupation, but a hatter by trade. From Vermont, he moved to Herkimer County, N. Y., and there married a Miss Caswell. He worked at his trade for a time, afterward at farming. In Brown County, he and his father-in-law worked at saw-milling. Owing to his wife's ill health, Mr. Gaby moved back to Vermont, but her health not improving, he again returned to New York, where Mrs. Gaby died. Mr. Gaby served in the war of 1812, and died in Indiana a few years after the close of the rebellion. Timothy Gaby was born April 3, 1820. He came to Ohio with his father and started out for himself in Lorain County, with only an ax. Previous to coming to Indiana, his occupation was chopping cord-wood and clearing land. His marriage with Miss Mary Edmonds was solemnized April 12, 1841, and in 1844 he purchased 80 acres of land in Orange Township, Noble County, Ind., paying for the same a team, wagon and $40, that he had earned by chopping wood at thirty-one cents per cord, and $5 per acre for clearing land. Mr. Gaby was a man of energy. From poverty he has arisen to a position of wealth. He is a self-made man and owns over 400 acres of excellent land, which has been acquired by long years of labor and self-denial. He is a Democrat, and has held township offices. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church. There have been born seven children to them, viz.: Joanna, now Mrs. Schull ; James, married Alice Bar- ber ; Etha L., wife of L. Emahiser ; Emily, wife of W. Knox ; George, mar- ried Geneva Pancake ; Charles and Esther A. JEREMIAH GAULT, the subject of this sketch, is a son of William and Lydia (Fleck) Gault, who were both natives of Pennsylvania, and the parents of seven children, only five of whom are now living. The father was a farmer, and from Pennsylvania came to Seneca County, Ohio, the birth- place of our subject, where he resided until May, 1849, and then, to better his circumstances, came to Indiana, locating in Noble County, where he purchased 80 acres of land. There being a small log-cabin on the place, he moved his family into it and began to clear and improve the place. In 1869, he sold this property, and removed to Kosciusko County, where he afterward died. He was a member of the Christian Church, and a Republican. Jeremiah Gault was born October 15, 1832. He was reared on a farm and received a common- school education. At the age of nineteen, he commenced life for himself, and from that time to his marriage was employed by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company, as foreman in the construction of a portion of that road. He was married January 1, 1856, to Mary Myers, daughter of John Myers, deceased; and they have had one son, John E., who is at present attending college at Fort Wayne, Ind. After his marriage, for one and a half years, he was employed as clerk at Rome City, after which he purchased his present farm, where he has since resided and farmed. He owns 167 acres of good land. WILLIAM HALL is a native of Vermont, and was reared on a farm in the States of New York and Ohio. His father died in Sandusky, Ohio, and vv 404 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his mother came to La Grange County, Ind., about 1846, where she died. William Hall came to La Grange County with his mother, and subsequently went West, where he remained but a short time, when he returned and located in Orange Township, this county, where he has been engaged in farm- ing most of his time since, and where he now resides. Mr. Hall is the owner of 100 acres of improved land, and owns a grocery in Milburn, Ohio. He is also at this time associated with J. M. Kinney, of Kendallville, in the livery business. C. B. HART, station agent, was born in Richland County, Ohio, Janu- ary 15, 1853. He is a son of J. B. and Rebecca (Smith) Hart, who were na- tives respectively of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Rev. J. B. Hart, father of our subject, was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in that capacity has traveled over a good part of Ohio. He was a man who com- manded the esteem of his fellow-people in whatever section he was located. He died in the fall of 1868, but his widow is yet living, and resides in Brimfield. C. B. Hart is one in a family of eleven children, six of whom are yet living. He received a good education, and at the age of fifteen began railroading, which has been his principal employment since. He was employed at Stryker, Edger- ton, and other places, and July 1, 1877, he was sent to Brimfield by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company to take charge of the station at that place, and has made that his home ever since. The fall of 1879, he formed a partnership with J. W. Albright in the grocery business at Brimfield, and subsequently purchased the entire stock. February 1, 1881, he and broth er, C. T. Hart, formed a partnership under the firm name of Hart Bros., deal- ers in dry goods, provisions, groceries, etc., etc. They do an excellent busi- ness, and have an average annual trade of $11,000. C. T. Hart has charge of the store, while C. B. Hart still continues his services with the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company as station agent, and express agent for the United States Express Company. Mr. Hart was married, September 9, 1874, to Miss Eliza Buckler, of Wauseon, Ohio, and to this union have been born four children — Bertha C, Ray E., Katie May, and one as yet unnamed. Mr. Hart is a thorough business man, a stanch Republican, and a member of the I. O. O. F. of Brimfield. HENRY HITCHCOCK was born May 4, 1849, in Orange Township, and is one of the following family born to William H. and Roxanna (Hodges) Hitch- cock : Francis, Jeanette, two that died in infancy, Mary and Henry. The father of these, William Hitchcock, is a native of the " Bay State," and his father's name was Pliny Hitchcock. William moved from Massachusetts to New York, where his parents died, and where he married. In 1841, he and family moved to Orange Township, Noble County, and located on Section 8. Mr. Hitchcock is a hard-working, sober and industrious man, very decided in his views on politics, and religion, but reticent on such subjects. He is yet living, and owns 120 acres of land where he first settled. Henry Hitchcock received but a common-school education, and at the age of 20 began life on his own resources. September 12, 1871, he married Miss Minerva Dixon, and to them have been born five children — William H., May, Harry M., Pliny and Fred. Mrs. Hitchcock is the adopted daughter of William Dixon, her name originally being Miller, her mother dying when she was two years old. Henry Hitchcock is a successful farmer and enterprising citizen ; he owns eighty acres of well-improved land on Section 17. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 405 SAMUEL R. HOSLER was bom November 10, 1820, in York County, Penn., and is one of six children born to George and Catharine (Rourbaugh) Hos- ier, who were both natives of Pennsylvania. George Hosier, father of our subject, was a carpenter, but during the latter part of his life engaged in farming. In 1831, he and family moved to Morrow County, Ohio, where Mr. Hosier died. The subject of this sketch, to his twentieth year, worked at farming. He then served three years at the carpenter's trade, after which he worked by the month two years ; he then formed a partnership with a brother-in-law, which continued six years. In 1850, he emigrated to Albion, Noble Co., where for one year he worked at his trade. He then moved to Northport, Orange Town- ship, where he again took up his trade. He erected, in Noble and La Grange Counties, the Bliss Woolen Mill and grist-mill, store buildings, etc., at Rome City, and a saw-mill, etc., at Wolcottville. After residing in Northport a num- ber of years, he moved to his present farm. The first real estate he possessed in the county was the place now owned by Henry Hitchcock. He never lived there, however, but soon traded it for a part of his present farm. Mr. Hosier at one time owned 465 acres of land, but at present only owns 205 acres, hav- ing given the rest to his children. He was married to Barbara Keifer in 1843, and they are the parents of five children, as follows: John H., William W., Mary C, Minerva (deceased) and Ella B. The first named, John H., was born in Morrow County, Ohio, December 21, 1844. His early life was passed in Rome City and near Brimfield. He attended Hillsdale College the winter of 1865-66, and Eastman's Commercial College at Chicago the winter of 1866- 67. and there graduated. He taught school in Noble County the two following winters, and after that was employed as clerk and book-keeper at Brimfield, Spring Green, Wis., Kendallville and Chicago. In January, 1875, he com- menced keeping books for Kellogg & Harris, of Reedsburg, Wis., in which ca- pacity he continued five years. In February, 1880, Mr. Kellogg retiring from the firm, Mr. Hosier succeeded him, and the firm name now is Harris & Hos- ier, dealers in general merchandise, grain, farm produce, hops, etc. The firm is one of the most prosperous in a thriving town of 1,500 inhabitants, situat- ed in the heart of the hop-growing district of the Northwest. They are agents for the American Express Company, and Mr. Harris is Postmaster of the town, Mr. Hosier being Deputy. John H. Hosier and Anna B. Gibson were united in wedlock November 28, 1872. This lady died at her parents' resi- dence near Wawaka, June 12, 1877, leaving one daughter, Grace, born Feb- ruary 16, 1876. Mr. Hosier's second marriage, with Miss Grace M. Bell, of Tomah, Wis., was solemnized September 14, 1880. Mr. Hosier is at present a member of the Masonic Order and Chapter in Wisconsin. William W. Hosier, the second son, was born in Morrow County, Ohio, April 22, 1846. At the age of four years, he came with his parents to Indiana, and here received the benefits of the common schools. He attended Eastman's Business College with his brother, and ever since then, with the exception of clerking six months in Brimfield, has been farming. He was married, Decem- ber 10, 1874, to Miss Mary E. Imes, daughter of William Imes, Esq., whose biography is found elsewhere. To them has been born one daughter — Maud M. Mrs. Hosier was born in Noble County, Ind., March 14, 1856. Soon after his marriage, he moved to his present place, where he has since resided. He owns 160 acres of excellent land and is one of the prosperous farmers of Orange Township. The two living daughters of Samuel R. Hosier are Mary C, wife of T. L. Imes, and Ella B., who is yet single and resides with her 406 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: parents. The Hosier family are among the oldest and most respected in the township. They are enterprising citizens, liberal in their views on all subjects. The father is a life long Democrat in politics, while his sons are both Repub- licans. WILLIAM IMES. This gentleman is a native of Ohio ; was born in Belmont County July 19, 1829. His parents, Richard and Frances (Meeks) Imes, were parents of nine children, three of whom are now living. The father was a native of Virginia, and came to Belmont County, Ohio, in an early day, and from there to Richland County, Ohio, in 1829. Mr. Imes died here in 1844. He was a farmer and miller. He was a member of the M. E. Church, and a Democrat. William Imes was reared in Ohio, obtaining an education from the district schools. At the age of sixteen, he commenced learning the blacksmith's trade ; but, since moving from his native State, has been farming. In 1850, he came to this township, where land was cheap, and purchased eighty acres on Section 34. He located on this, and began clearing and improving it. He was in ordinary circumstances on his arrival ; but, by judicious management, has added to his first purchase, until at present, now owning 333 acres of finely improved land. March 1, 1849, he was united in marriage with Jane Halferty, and to them have been born seven children — Thomas L., John H., James P. (deceased), William A., Mary E., Milton E. and Isabell I. He is a Democrat ; has held the office of County Commissioner two terms, and the office of Township Assessor a number of years. Thomas L. Imes, his eldest son, was born in Ohio December 3, 1849. He came with his parents to Noble County, and lived with them until twenty-one, when he began for himself. He assisted his parents on the farm, and went to school. He taught school a number of terms, but has made farming his occupation. He was married to Miss Mary C. Hosier March 13, 1873, and they are the parents of one daughter — Mabel. Mrs. Imes was born January 21, 1848. T. L. Imes is a Democrat, and a member of the I. 0. 0. F. of Brimfield. C. W. McMEANS, hardware. Among the old settlers of Noble County is the father of the subject of this sketch, John McMeans, who was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, November 23, 1807. He was married January 1, 1829, to Eliza Becher, who was born September 30, 1809, in Bedford County, Penn. Mr. McMeans learned the potter's trade, and, during the spring of 1838, came to Port Mitchell, then county seat of Noble County, and established a pottery. In September of the same year, his family joined him ; he after- ward removed to Green Township. Mr. McMeans was elected County Treas- urer in 1843 by the Whig party, and returned to Port Mitchell. While serving his second term, beginning in 1847, the county seat was changed to Albion, and with it removed to that place, where he has since resided. Mr. McMeans is yet living in Albion, but his wife died at that place April 12, 1877. They had ten children, five of whom are living. C. W. McMeans was born in Port Mitchell March 21, 1842. In youth, he learned the tinner's trade, and since the age of seventeen, has been doing for himself. July 10, 1861. he enlisted in Company G, Nineteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and joined the Army of the Potomac. While in Washington, he, in some way thi-ough his food, was poisoned, supposed by Southern sympathizers. He was sent home, and for months was unable to do anything. At times, he is yet a sufferer from its effects. The fall of 1867, he came to Brimfield, and, October 15, married Ann E. Seely, daughter of one of the old pioneers of La Grange County, and in 1868 purchased a hardware stock, in partnership, at that place. Mr. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 407 McMeans, since 1871, has carried on the business alone. He and wife are parents of one son — John E. Mr. McMeans is a member of the Masonic Order and a stanch Republican. JAMES A. McQUEEN, one of the oldest living settlers of Orange Town- ship, was -born July 25, 1804, in Mayfield, Montgomery Co., N. Y. His father, James McQueen, was a native of Scotland, and came to the United States, when he was five years old, with his parents. He married Grissel Waterman, in Montgomery County, and they were the parents of nine children, four only of whom are yet living. The parents died in New York. Our sub- ject was raised a farmer. In 1831, he married Statira Phelps, in Lewis County, and shortly after this he purchased a small farm in Oswego County, where he farmed five years. In 1836, he came to Indiana, and entered three eighty- acre lots, and then returned to New York. The spring of 1837, he came over- land with ox teams to his place in Orange Township, Noble County, and from Michigan he had to cut a road through the woods for the wagon to pass over. On his arrival, he cleared a place in which he erected a rude log cabin, which for fifteen years served as a shelter to the family. Mr. McQueen and family arrived in their new home the 1st of June, and by the middle of the following August the whole family were down with the ague, a disease very prevalent in an early day. For two years, they were unable to earn the bare necessities of life, and during this time death robbed the household of two of the brightest children. Mr. McQueen and wife were sufferers also. Indians were their nearest neighbors, and to make everything the more gloomy, the wolves and other wild animals would howl around their door, until the parents were almost crazy. They could not return to their old home, because they had no means. In speaking of this trying time, Mr. McQueen said, " God only knows how we suffered and got along in those days." Since then, civilization has changed the then unbroken forest to a prosperous and peaceful country. Mr. McQueen now owns 100 acres of good land, and a fine home. He and wife were parents of seven children — John D. (deceased), George, Bushrod (deceased). Clarrissa, C. E., Miranda and John L. Mr. McQueen was a Democrat in politics pre- vious to 1840, after which he became an Abolitionist, and then a Republican. For upward of fifty years he and wife have lived together, and there is a no more highly respected family in the township. EDWARD P. MOORE is a son of Benjamin Moore, who was a native of Albany, N. Y., and a posthumous child, his father dying before Benjamin's birth. The latter was bound out to a farmer with whom he lived until thirteen years of age, when, owing to ill treatment, he ran away. When a young man, he went to Delaware County, N. Y., where he engaged in farming. He here met, and, in October, 1833, married Charlotte Goodenough, and succeeding that event resided in his native State, farming until the spring of 1837, when he came to Elkhart Township, Noble County, Ind., entered eighty acres of land and commenced the erection of a log cabin, but taking sick had to forego its completion until the next year. He worked at several trades after coming to Indiana, one of them being shoe-making. The family continued to reside in Elkhart Township, and near Lima, La Grange County, until 1864, when they removed to Rome City, where Mr. Moore died the following year. He was a member of the M. E. Church, and a leading Republican. His widow was born in Delaware County, N. Y., in 1814, and is yet living in Rome City. This couple were parents of two daughters and two sons, only the two latter being alive. Their names are Edward P. and William H. The latter married Jean- 408 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: nette Hitchcock, and resides in Orange Township. Edward P. was reared in Noble County, and it has since been his home. He was married, November 7, 1861, to Amanda Gibson, daughter of William Gibson, of Kosciusko County. They have had seven children — William, Jesse, Samantha, Chai'ley, Nellie, Kitty, and one that died in infancy. Only Jesse, Samantha and Kitty are liv- ing. Mrs. Moore was born August 25, 1843. Mr. Moore is a Republican. Owns sixty acres of good land. A. J. NISWANDER, one of the early settlers of Orange Township, was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, September 14, 1814. She who became his wife was Mrs. Eve (Moutz) Engle, a widow lady with four children. Mr. Niswan- der removed to Indiana, and, in 1849, purchased eighty acres of woodland on Section 81 of Orange Township. He was a poor man, and, after paying for his land, Mr. Niswander only had $1.50 with which to start housekeeping. The spring of 1850, he erected a hewn log-house on his property, which at the time was considered the best house in the neighborhood. After liv- ing here long years, clearing and improving the place, undergoing the hardships incident to a pioneer's life, Mr. and Mrs. Niswander sold the old place, and moved to the village of Brimfield, where they are yet living a retired life, mem- bers of the German Baptist Church. Isaac, their son, came with them to In- diana in 1849. He had but little advantages for an education. He began for himself at the age of twenty-two, and March 26, 1865, married Mary Mc- Ewen, daughter of William and Hannah (Dixon) McEwen. Their union has been blessed by the birth of two sons — Frank J. and James E. From the time of his marriage until he came to Brimfield, Mr. Niswander engaged steadily in farming with the exception of a few months in Kendallville, where he was in the dry goods trade. The spring of 1874, he formed a partnership with Dr. Endly in the drug business in Brimfield, but since 1876 he has car- ried on the trade alone. He is a successful business man ; is a Greenbacker, and a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and a first-class citizen. M. F. OWEN, station agent, was born in Norfolk County, Upper Canada, in 1851. He is a son of J. W. and Mary Owen, who were natives of New York. In 1857, our subject moved with his parents to the United States, and here was educated in the common schools. At the age of twenty-one, he com- menced railroading, and for a time was in the employ of the M. C. & L. M. R. R., but in December, 1874, his services were secured as station agent at Rome City by the G. R. & I. R. R., where he has remained to the present. While yet in the employ of the railroad company, he formed a partnership with Charles Swinehart in the boating business on Sylvan Lake. A further notice of this will be found elsewhere in this volume. Mr. Owen is also President and local manager of the steamer interests on the lake. He was married in June, 1876, to Miss Mary Hautton, who has borne him two daughters — Lura De and Jessie. Mr. Owen is a Democrat, and a member of the Chosen Friends of Rome City. He is the agent at Rome City for the United States Express Company. MRS. JANE PORTNER, widow of Daniel Portner (deceased), is the daughter of Daniel and Jane Dye, and is next to the youngest of eleven children. She is a native of Pennsylvania, where she was born April 24, 1820, and two years later accompanied her parents to Richland County, Ohio, where her father died in March, 1854, and her mother in August, 1857. The former was born in Virginia, 1776, and the latter in Maryland in 1779 ; they were married in 1797. They were members of the Baptist Church, and were ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 409 respected by all. Mr. Dye held several offices of trust, and was a large land owner. Jane Dye and Daniel Portner were united in marriage February 5, 1843. They remained in Ohio until in 1854, when they came to this county, and settled on the farm where Mrs. Portner is now living, and where Mr. Portner died July 13, 1858. He was born in Germany September 10, 1813, and was the second of eight children; came to America with his parents, Daniel and Christina Portner, in 1824. He remained in New York until 1840, when he came to Richland County, Ohio, where his parents died about one year later. Mr. and Mrs. Portner were parents of eight children, viz., Louisa J., born March 28, 1844, married Dr. M. C. Bonar, and is residing in Knox, Ind. ; Mary A., born June 30, 1845, now Mrs. William Gouser, farming in La Grange County ; Henry D., born March 22, 1847, married Alma Snyder, and is farming in La Grange County ; Susan L., born June 30, 1848, now Mrs. Anthony Deffenbaugh, resident of Nebraska; William A., born June 30, 1850, married Ruth Schooner, and is a marble dealer of Sturgis, Mich. ; Samuel M., born January 10, 1852, married Isabelle Stewart, farming in this county ; Daniel D., born December 21, 1854, single, and farming old homestead ; and Albert F., born January 18, 1858. J. S. RINEHART, merchant, was born in Knox County, Ohio, May 9, 1851. He is a son of Joel and Ebeline (Starmer) Rinehart, natives of Penn- sylvania, and who moved to Ohio when they were but children. Being a farmer, Joel Rinehart went to Michigan with a view of settling there, but re- turned to Ohio, and in 1855 came to Jefferson Township, Noble Co., Ind. Joshua S. Rinehart, in the spring of 1874, graduated at the Commercial Col- lege in Kalamazoo, Mich. He then engaged in clerking at Kendallville, after which he carried on a clothing establishment in Garrett for his former employers. In April, 1876, he opened a general store in Rome City, which he has since continued with increased success. His marriage with Miss Lucy Brothwell was solemnized April 4, 1876. This lady was born in Elkhart Township, Noble Co., Ind., October 29, 1847, and is the daughter of John F. (deceased), and Merilda (White) Brothwell. Mr. and Mrs. Rinehart have one daughter — Beda B. John F. Brothwell was one of the earliest settlers of Noble County, and among the old pioneers none were more honored than he. He died December 18, 1874, aged sixty-seven years. We quote the following from an obituary of him, published in one of the county papers : " Mr. Brothwell was a native of Bridgeport, Conn., and came to this county in 1836. Being gifted by nature with a well-balanced mind, which had been developed by education, he became the leader in all that had a tendency to elevate his race, and in all matters appertaining to educational advancement. For many years, he was one of the County Commissioners, and in the discharge of his public duties he ever acted upon the same principles of honesty and fidelity that were leading traits in his character. He was twice elected to represent the county in the State Legislature, in which capacity he gave abundant satisfaction to his constituents. In his home, he was noted for domestic virtues, and his hospitality and his memory is embalmed in the hearts of those who knew him best." In conclusion, we can say that, in every sense of the word, Mr. Brothwell was one of nature's true noblemen. He suffered much in sickness, but welcomed death in the belief of the salvation of the whole human family. ROBERT D. RHEA. The father of the subject of this sketch, David D. Rhea, was among the earliest settlers of La Grange County. He was a native of Virginia, and the son of Robert Rhea, who came to America from Scotland, 410 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: • with a brother, previous to the Revolutionary war, and located in Pocahontas County, Va. David D. Rhea was a farmer, and married Ruth Kennison ; be- tween 1830 and 1835, he emigrated to Indiana, and in about 1839 located in Clearspring Township. Mr. Rhea was a hunter, and has killed many deer. From Clearspring Township he moved to Clinton County, Iowa, in 1852, and he and wife lived there until their deaths. She died in 1856, and Mr. Rhea about ten years later. Robert D. Rhea was born in Benton Township, Elk- hart County, Ind., July 15, 1835. He received but a very limited education, and, with his parents, moved to Iowa in 1852, where he remained five years. He then came back to his native county, and one year afterward moved to La Grange County. The spring of 1861, he moved to his present place; he has since made it his home. September 1, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, For- ty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was wounded in the arm at the battle of Shiloh April 6, 1862. The wound was a severe one, and resulted in his being discharged July 31, 1862. He was united in marriage with Miss Nancy New- house in September, 18'JO, and this lady bore him the following six children — Ruth A., Walter, John, Jesse, and two that died in infancy. Mr. Rhea is a Republican, and the owner of 160 acres of well-improved land. JOHN M. SCHERMERHORN. This gentleman's parents, Ernestus and Ann (Johnson) Schertnerhorn, were old settlers of La Grange County, Ind., and natives respectively of New York and Massachusetts. The family genealogy is traced back to three brothers who left Germany and came to the United States previous to the Revolution. Becoming naturalized, they made America their home, and fought in the Revolutionary war. Ernestus Schermerhorn was a farmer ; he emigrated to La Grange County in the spring of 1836, locating on the prairie near Lima. Living there two years, he re- moved to Clearspring Township, purchased a farm and resided there until his death, which occurred in February, 1876. Subject, July 25, 1862, enlisted in Company G, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was finally dis- charged June 20, 1865. He was an active participant in the battle of Perry- ville, was in the Atlanta campaign and with Sherman on his march to the sea. At the close of the war, Mr. Schermerhorn returned home, and for one year attended the academy at Wolcottville On the 20th of March, 1868, he was married to Miss Jennie Atwood, and the same year removed to Orange Town- ship, where he has since been farming. He owns 210 acres of land, and is a Republican. Mrs. S. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. and Mrs. Schermerhorn have had two children — Blanche, deceased, and Ernest. His mother died in July, 1863. His father took a decided stand in opposition to slavery a short time previous to the war. JOHN TANNAR was born in Rochester, N. Y. — as were also his parents, William and Olive (Clow) Tannar — June 24, 1830. The family emigrated to Huron County, Ohio, in 1832, and from there to Allen Township, Noble County, Ind., in the fall of 1846. William Tannar, our subject's father, was a mechanic, but worked at farming principally in Noble County. John Tannar is one of fourteen children, one of whom, a daughter, is dead. He assisted his parents on the farm in youth, and received a common school education. In 1858, he married Betsey Richardson, and to them were born two children — Rosetta Ann and Sarah Jane. The former is the wife of Albert Arehart ; the latter is deceased. With the exception of ten years in Steuben County, Mr. Tannar has resided in Noble County, engaged in farming. He at present owns 60 acres of very good land. He started for himself at the age of twenty-one, ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 411 a poor man. Since that time, he has acquired his present property. He is a Republican, and a man of progressive ideas. His father was one of the early settlers of Rochester, and in that city erected many of the public buildings. The first jail of that city was built by him. After his arrival in Ohio, he worked at his trade until coming to Indiana. He purchased 160 acres of land in Allen Township. He was one of the pioneers of Noble County. John Tannar's grandfather, John Clow, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. From a severe wound received at Bunker Hill, he received a pension of $96 per month. Mr. and Mrs. Tannar had each three brothers, who were in the late civil war. HON V. R. TAYLOR. (See biography of Philo Taylor, deceased, Johnson Township.) JOHN W. TEAL was born in Shelby County, Ind., December 23, 1831. He is a son of Nathaniel and Ann (Walker) Teal, who were parents of seven children, five of whom are now living. The father was a native of Ohio. After graduating at one of the principal medical colleges with honor, he came to Shelby County, Ind., where he began practicing his profession. On his arrival, his possessions consisted of a horse, pill bags and 75 cents in money. After practicing a number of years, he quit, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Shelbyville. In 1847, he sold out and moved to Indianapolis, where he began office practice. He died there in about 1876. The subject of this biog- raphy obtained a common-school education at Shelbyville. At the age of six- teen, he moved with his parents to Indianapolis, where for four years he went to school and clerked in stores of that city. In 1855, he married Christina Geisendorff, and after that event engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods at Indianapolis. In 1863, he came to Rome City, where he has since resided, and has been engaged in different kinds of business, among them being 'woolen manufacturing, mercantile and farming. He now owns 110 acres of good land near Rome City, a livery stable in that town, besides other town property. Mr. Teal is a Republican; his wife is a member of the M. E. Church, and they are parents of Emma (deceased), William, Frederick, Edmund (deceased), Na- thaniel (deceased) and John. JAMES L. TRADER, physician and surgeon, was born in Union- town, Penn., June 9, 1846. He is a son of Tegle and Mahala (Hatfield) Trader, and grandson of Staten Trader, a native of England, who came with his parents to America and settled in Maryland, near Snow Hill. Staten Trader here married a Miss Long, who bore him a large family of children, one of them being Tegle, the father of t>r. Trader. Tegle Trader and family went to Western Pennsylvania, and there engaged in agricultural pursuits. He resided on the farm until recently, when he removed to Uniontown, where he and wife are yet living, retired from active life. The subject of this biog- raphy is one of eight children. His early years were passed in going to the common and graded schools of his native town, and later in years attending college, for the purpose of fitting himself to enter the medical college. For two years, he read under Dr. Fuller, an eminent physician of Western Penn- sylvania. He attended the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia the season of 1869-70, and graduated from that institution the season of 1870-71. Soon after his graduation, Dr. Trader located in Uniontown, and for six years successfully carried on the practice of his profession. From there he removed to Perryopolis, practicing at that place one year. While here, and on the 12th of July, 1877, he married Carrie May Porter, and soon after this event he 412 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: removed to Brimfield, Ind., where he has since remained. Dr. Trader has been very successful in his practice at this place, and by his pleasing address and energy he devotes to his business has won many warm and true friends. To his marriage with Miss Porter there has been born one son — John Porter, born January 7, 1879. WILLIAM H. TROWBRIDGE was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., March 4, 1828. He is a son of Samuel and Bethiah (Winslow) Trowbridge, who were both natives of New York and the parents of eight children, six sons of whom are yet living. Mr. Trowbridge, the father, was a carpenter and joiner by trade, also worked at cabinet making while in York State. In about 1834, he, with his family, moved to Ohio; but after a residence in Cuya- hoga County for a short time, he became dissatified with the country and moved back to his native State, but again returned to Ohio, locating in Geauga County, thence to Indiana. They came overland through the Black Swamp in Ohio to Noble County, locating on Section 35, in Orange Township. After living there about five years, he moved near Kendallville, and from there to Section 36, in Orange Township, in 1853. In 1867, he sold out, moved to Iona County, Mich., where he died a month or so after his arrival. He was one of Orange Township's earliest settlers, and deserves due mention in the history of that township. His wife died the spring of 1872. W. H. Trow- bridge was reared a farmer. At the age of twenty-four, he started overland for California, but instead of going to the expected destination he went to Oregon, where he engaged in lumbering. The spring of 1855 he returned to Indiana, and purchased his present place. He was married, November 22, 1862, to Ann Eliza Wilson, who bore him one son — Herbert H., who has since died. The mother died April 10, 1865, and August 10, 1867, Mr. Trowbridge married his present wife, Berthana Woodruffe. This lady has borne him seven children — George F., Joseph P., Walter, Harry, Emma and two that died in infancy. Mr. Trowbridge is a Republican and owns eighty acres of good land. JACOB A. WALDRON. Lewis Waldron, father of our subject, was born November 30, 1814, in Rockland County, N. Y., and is one of seven children, three yet living, born to Jacob and Furtama (Phillips) Waldron, who were of English descent. Lewis Waldron has made farming and clearing his chief em- ployment through life. In 1817, he came with his parents to Delaware County, Ohio, and from there to Indiana in June, 1836, locating in Elkhart Township, Noble County, where his parents died. In 1846, Lewis Waldron and family moved to the place now owned by John Schermerhorn in Orange Township ; then to Brimfield during the war. His wife, Sabina Holden, was born in On- tario County, N. Y., January 30, 1807, and they were married April 4, 1832. To them has been born seven children, all of whom are yet living. Jacob A. Waldron, the oldest, was born in Delaware County, Ohio, in 1833, and has always farmed. In 1855, he married Mary L. Lake, who died in 1864, leaving four children — Viola C, Lillie L., Sherman T. and Sheridan. February 15, 1866, Mr. Waldron married his present wife, Miss Achsah Reed. He is a Democrat, and is a Trustee of Orange Township at the present. He owns six- ty-four and one-half acres of good land, and is a member of the Masonic Order of Rome City. Mrs. Waldron is a member of the Free- Will Baptist Church. H. H. WARNER was born in Cortland County, N. Y., April 25, 1822, and is one of eleven children born to Ira and Acenith (Hitchcock) Warner. The parents were natives of Massachusetts and farmers. The subject came West to Indiana in 1849. Having relatives in Orange Township, Noble County, ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 413 he located on his present place, where he has ever since resided. Mr. Warner came in time to see much new country, and to clear his farm principally of all its timber. In 1847, he married Ursula J. Hitchcock, and they have had one child — Maggie W., the wife of Gr. T. Brothwell. Mr. Warner owns 500 acres of land, which he and Mr. Brothwell farm, and also carry on stock-raising. Mr. Warner is a Republican. His wife was born in Orleans County, N. Y., September 15, 1822, and is a member of the M. E. Church. G. T. Brothwell was born January 25, 1841, in Bridgeport, Conn. Emery Brothwell and Polina Treadwell, his parents, are both dead. Gr. T. Brothwell came to Noble County in May, 1858, and lived with his uncle, John F., until the breaking-out of the war. August 12, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, Fifteenth Army Corps, and was discharged June 20, 1865. Richmond, Ky., was the first battle he engaged in, and was there taken prisoner. He was paroled, came home on a furlough, after which he was exchanged, and then rejoined his regiment. He was an active participant in the battles of Chattanooga, Mission Ridge, Kenesaw and Lookout Mountain, Vicksburg, all through the Atlanta Campaign, with Sherman on his memorable march to the sea, and with Sherman went to Washington. After the war, Mr. Brothwell returned to his native town, and took a thorough course in Bryant & Stratton's Business College. Afterward, he came to South Bend, Ind., where for two years he was engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods. January 21, 1849, he married, and since that event has been chiefly engaged in farming in Orange Township. He and wife are members of the M. E. Church, and Mr. Brothwell is a Republican in politics. C. C. WATKINS. The father of the subject, Orlin Watkins, was born in Ontario County, N. Y., December 24, 1798. He was a son of Nathan and Sarah (Clark) Watkins, and grandson of Capt. William Watkins (Captain in the Revolution). His great-grandfather Watkins was a native of Wales, and during the religious disturbances there, in 1688, he and a brother fled to America. Orlin Watkins was raised a farmer. He was married March 13, 1822, to Electa S. Ketchum. After his marriage, he engaged in the manufact- ure of woolen goods in Naples, N. Y. The spring of 1836 he sold out, came to Noble County, and entered 400 acres on Sections 21 and 27 in Orange Township; returned to New York. The fall of 1836, he brought his family, but did not locate until the next year. The winter of 1836-37, he was in Michigan, and the fall of 1837 came to Noble County, leaving his family in Wayne Town- ship, until he could erect a cabin. He resided in Orange Township until his death. June 13, 1860. His wife died on the 17th of August, 1854. They were the parents of five children, four living. Mr. Watkins was a Whig, but, beginning with John C. Fremont's candidacy, became a permanent Republican. He was a worker in the Congregational faith. Calvin C. Watkins was born October 26, 1826. He came with his parents to Indiana. He was married September 24, 1858, to Nancy J. Piatt, a native of Knox County, Ohio. Their union has been blessed with six children — Warren C, Fanny F., Timothy C, Lizzie A., Nathan A. and Willie H. Lizzie is dead. Mr. Watkins has made Orange Township his home since coming to Noble County. He owns 200 acres of good land, is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Protestant Methodist Church. Mr. Watkins is a member of the Masons, the Knights of Honor and the Odd Fellows. CHRISTIAN WEAVER, farmer, came to Indiana September 30, 1849. He was born in Ohio, and lived there with his parents until twenty-three years 414 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of age. He spent some time at clearing land, and bought 108 acres of wooded land in Orange Township, then went back to Ohio. He made the journey on foot, a distance of 300 miles, with the exception of sixteen miles that he traveled by rail, from Fort Finley to Cary, on the first cars he had ever seen. He returned in 1850, and September 20, 1851, was married to Susanna Towns, native of Ohio, and daughter of John and Mary Towns, who located on a farm, in 1850, in Steuben County, Ind., where they died. Mr. Weaver's farm now numbers 267 acres of land of the best soil to be found in the county, and in place of the old log cabin stands a commodious frame residence, and the farm is well superintended by the owner, who is a thorough farmer. Mr. and Mrs. Weaver are members of the German Baptist Church, and have had five children — John (deceased), William, who is one of the most active and prosperous farmers of Elkhart Township ; Sylvanus and Wesley, living at home, and Cor- nelius (deceased.) JACOB WEAVER. January 30, 1827, there was born to Christian and Christina (Hetrick) Weaver, the subject of this sketch, in Columbiana County, Ohio. The mother died after bearing Mr. Weaver a family of twelve children, and this gentlemen married Mrs. Sally Hoffman for his second wife, who bore him two children. Mr. Weaver is now dead, but his last wife is yet living. Father of subject was a farmer. He was an honest, straightforward man, a Deacon in the German Baptist Church, and a well-respected citizen. Jacob Weaver was reared on his father's farm, assisting his parents in the duties of farm life that devolved on them. His educational advantages were very limited, and he received but a meager schooling. He emigrated to Indiana the fall of 1849, and for a few months resided in Jefferson Township. Early the next year, he removed to Orange Township, which he has since made his home. The country at that time was quite wild, and small clearings were all that attested that people had been there. Mr. Weaver worked around at different jobs until his marriage to Lydia Towns the fall of 1852, since when he has been living on his present place. He commenced with small means at his command, but by hard labor and economy has made a competence. He owns 102 acres of well-improved land, and is in good financial circumstances. He is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the German Baptist Church. The children born to them are as follows : Rachel, David, Lee, Lou, Jacob and Lona, living, and Ellen, Eli, John and Rosetta, dead. CHARLES A. WILSON, M. D., proprietor of the Mineral Springs Therapy, Rome City, was born April 20, 1842, in Worcester County, Mass. He is one of five children, of whom Wheaton and Jerusha (Chase) Wilson were the parents. Up to the age of nineteen, he lived at home, and received a good practical education. At the age of twelve, he began working at ornamental painting, but discontinued it for the study of medicine when sixteen. He left his studies and enlisted, September, 1861, in Company I, Twenty-fifth Mass- achusetts Volunteer Infantry. He served in the infantry until after the capture of Newbern as Assistant Hospital Steward, and was then transferred on the United States steamer Delaware, and, after six months, to the ship Onward. This vessel left port with sealed instructions, not to be opened until they had sailed easterly 100 miles. On opening these instructions, it was found that they were out for a two years' cruise in search of the Alabama and Florida, and to protect the rights of American citizens in foreign ports. For a year and nine months they cruised around with ordinary success. Dr. Wilson, on this trip, obtained a good knowledge of surgery, besides a memorable experience in for- ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 415 eign countries. He was discharged in the fall of 1864, and, that winter, took another course of lectures at Harvard. He graduated with honors from that institution in the winter of 1868, and up to 1870 practiced medicine in Mon- tague. He then came to Kendallville, Ind., and from thereto Wolcottville two years later. At the latter place he had a good practice. He came to Rome City and established his Mineral Springs Therapy and Water Cure. He has now good facilities for treatment of chronic diseases. The Doctor is the in- ventor of an abdominal supporter. He was married in November, 1868, to Harriet S. Brick, and to them has been born one son — Charles F. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church at Wolcott- ville. ALLEN TOWNSHIP. JAMES M. AMOS was born in Baltimore County, Md., January 3, 1816, and is a son of Frederick and Naomi (Alderson) Amos, both of whom were born, reared, married and had a family of eleven children born to them in Maryland, the subject of this sketch being the youngest. When about ten years of age, his parents moved to Cumberland County, Penn., and from there to Richland County, Ohio, in 1836, where they resided. The father was a man of good education and of more than an average degree of intelligence. He taught school, was a farmer and surveyor. James M. Amos was reared on a farm, received only a fair education, and remained at home until twenty-eight years old. He was married December 28, 1843, to Miss Margaret Weaver, who was born in Richland County, Ohio, December 18, 1825. To this union were born six children — John D., Martha and Susan, living ; and Waldo, Naomi and William, deceased. Mr. Amos farmed in Ohio until 1853, when he came to his present place in Noble County, where he has since remained. He started a poor boy, but, by industry and economy, has placed himself in comfortable circumstances. He is a Democrat in politics, and a prominent citizen. HENRY BAUM is a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, born Feb- ruary 28, 1817. His parents died when he was quite young, and he was sent to this country to be reared by an uncle who resided in Ohio. After a few years the uncle died, and young Baum went to Pennsylvania, where for a num- ber of years he was employed upon a canal. He was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Fryer, in 1838. She was born in Snyder County, Penn., June 28, 1816. To them were born two children, viz. : Emanuel F. and Permelia. In 1854, Mr. Baum came to Avilla, and engaged in the mercantile business, in which he continued until 1878. He was Postmaster at Avilla some eight years. His son, Emanuel, was born September 23, 1844, and, to a great extent, has always assisted Mr. Baum with his business. He was married to Miss Frances A. Young, September 15, 1874. This lady was born in De Kalb County, Ind., May 26, 1853. They have one child — Charlton H. Mrs. Baum has for some time been connected with the Avilla School as teacher, a position she fills with much credit. MONROE BENDER was born in the Swiss Republic March 24, 1814. His parents, Otmer and Osa Bender, emigrated to this country in 1838, and settled at Shelby, Richland Co., Ohio. Six weeks after their arrival, the mother died. In the family were eight sons and four daughters. The father 416 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: made Richland County his home, where he was well and favorably known. Monroe Bender received but a limited education, and, when fourteen years of age, went to Norwalk, Ohio, where, for five years, he worked at whatever he could get to do. He then worked in a mill at Bellevue, Ohio, after which he entered the employ of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, working in the shops and as fireman on the road. He also worked in the shops of the Pennsylvania Railway Company at Fort Wayne, and then went to Ohio, and until 1860 was engaged in the mercantile business. He then came to this county, and has since been engaged in farming and stock-raising. He was married to Miss Fanny Stigmire in 1861. She was born in Switzerland Octo- ber 16, 1836, was baptized by Father Stoker, and from seven to fifteen years of age attended school in her native country. She then learned the dress- maker's trade, at which she worked carefully, saving her money until twenty- three years of age, when she came to this country alone, and until her marriage with Mr. Bender made her home with friends in Seneca County, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Bender have had a family of five children, viz.: Samuel F., Amelia V., Emma L., Frank M. and Fanny M. Mr. Bender owns 280 acres of land, which is nicely improved and well stocked. He is a Democrat, and he and family are members of the Catholic Church at Avilla. DAVIS BLACK was born in Cumberland County, Penn., August 7, 1825. He is the son of Peter and Martha (Amos) Black, full mention of whom is made in another part of this work. Davis Black was brought up on his father's farm, receiving his education in the log schoolhouses of that day. He married Miss Caroline Sigler May 23, 1850. Mrs. Black was born in Rich- land County, Ohio, in 1825. The fall following their marriage, they moved to this county, and purchased eighty acres of land. This was unimproved at the time. They have since added to it, until they now own 160 acres, which are nicely improved and well stocked. To them have been born four children, viz.: Matilda A., Martha D. and William W., living, and Mary E., deceased. Mr. Black began life as a poor man, and he and wife have made what they have since their marriage. They are public-spirited people, and have the respect of all who are acquainted with them. Mr. Black is a Democrat, but liberal in his views. FREDERICK A. BLACK was born in Harford County, Md., July 31, 1813. He is the son of Peter and Martha (Amos) Black, who were born, reared and married in Maryland. They removed to Lancaster County, Penn., in 1819, and then in a few years to Cumberland County, the same State. In 1833, they moved to Richland County, Ohio, and to this county in 1852. In their family were eight sons and two daughters, the greater portion of whom now reside in Noble County. The father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and participated in a number of engagements. He was a Jackson Democrat, and held many positions of honor and trust. Both he and wife have been dead some years. Frederick A. Black was brought up on a farm, and received few advantages for obtaining an education. When about twenty-four years of age, he began working in a saw-mill, and for seven years continued in this business. He was maried to Miss Sophia Shafer in 1836. She was born in Bedford County, Penn., in 1817. From this union there were seven children, viz.: Mary A., John D., Margaret E., Elizabeth, Sarah M., Peter 0. and Jane S. In 1845, Mr. Black came to this county, and purchased eighty acres of land in Jefferson Township. He has added to his first purchase from time to time, until he now owns 376 acres. He has always followed farming ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 417 and stock-raising, and has done much toward improving the stock of Noble County. He is a self-made man in the fullest sense of the term. He has held the office of County Commissioner three terms, during which time he suggested and carried out many needed reforms in the management of the county's affairs. He has also held the office of School Trustee, Justice of the Peace and other offices, and proved valuable and efficient. Mrs. Black died in 1850, since which Mr. Black has remained single, caring for his family and keeping them together until their respective marriages. He is a Democrat in politics, and a useful and honored citizen. M. BLUST was born in Seneca County, Ohio, September 13, 1844. He is the son of George and Elizabeth (Myer) Blust, who were natives of Ger- many, where for seven years the father served as a soldier. In 1837, he came with his family to this country, and located in Seneca County, Ohio, where he engaged in farming. He was twice married. To the first marriage there were nine children and by the second six. He was an industrious man, a good citizen and a member of the Catholic Church. Our subject was reared on a farm and received but a limited education. When about nineteen, he left home and came to Avilla, Ind., and for some time worked at carpentering. He then began manufacturing brick and erecting buildings, and has thus continued. He makes about 500,000 brick per annum, and has been in the business some nineteen years. In 1875, he began to manufacture drain tile, which he is now engaged in quite extensively. Both the tile and brick he manufactures are of a superior quality, and he finds ready sale for them. He was united in marriage with Miss Bernedena Soele January 7, 1869, born in Pittsburgh, Penn., December 25, 1844. From this union there were five children, viz. : Mary E., Frances A., Emma and two that died in infancy. Mr. Blust is an industrious man and a prominent member of the Catholic Church. MRS. FRANCES R. BROUGHTON is a native of Juniata County, Penn., born November 12, 1831. She is the daughter of Joseph and Susan (Garehart) Smith, mention of whom is made in the biography of Samuel E. Smith, Swan Township. Mrs. Broughton remained with her parents until 1848, when she came with Henry Fryer and family to Allen Township. On the 3d of July, 1852, she was united in marriage with Mr. Nathan Broughton. He was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., March 18, 1828. Mr. Broughton came with his widowed mother and family to Swan Township in 1839. He began life as a poor boy, having received but a limited education ; but possess- ing a strong will and a desire to succeed, he, with the assistance of his good wife, made for his family a comfortable home. He was a man of decided po- litical and religious views, ever favoring the right and promptly rejecting and opposing everything known to be wrong. This early settler departed this life August 6, 1877. In his family were five children, viz. : Clara P., Cornelia A., William A., Everette W. and Florence A. Mrs. Broughton has resided on the old homestead and cared for the family since her husband's death. She is quiet and unassuming in her manners, is a lady of culture and refinement and has the respect of all who know her. WILLIAM BROUGHTON was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., June 29, 1822, the son of Amos and Nancy (Timmerman) Broughton, a sketch of whom appears in the history of Swan Township, this work. William came with the family to Swan Township in 1839, and the winter following returned to Champaign County, Ohio, where he attended school. On his return, he and his brother Samuel began making brick at Swan. He was married to Miss 418 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Rebecca Cosper March 24, 1844. She was born in Wayne County, Ohio, December 12, 1825. There were seven children born to them, viz. : Charles W., Cordelia, Mortimer, Forbes H., Lafayette, Frank and Nora. Charles W., Mortimer and Forbes H. each served their country three years in the war of the rebellion, and Charles W. was severely wounded at the battle of Shiloh. Mrs. Broughton died October 16, 1880. She was a loving wife, a kind mother and a Christian lady. Mr. Broughton married Mrs. Hannah (Cosper) Srayer April 23, 1881. She was born in Wayne County, Ohio, May 24, 1833. Mr. Broughton built the Albion and Kendallville Schoolhouses, two churches at Albion and a number of other buildings in the county. He super- intended the making of brick for two years for the Northern Indiana State Prison. He is a stanch Republican, and did much to encourage a strong loyal sentiment at the North during the late war. He appraised the real estate of Noble County in 1862, and has held the office of County Commissioner and various other positions in his township. He owns a nicely improved farm and is one of the practical men of Noble County. CURTIS BROUSE, Jr., was born in Medina County, Ohio, October 20, 1840, son of Curtis and Rebecca (Wall) B rouse, the father being a native of Medina County and the mother of Pennsylvania, and married in Ohio. They moved to Lorain County, Ohio, and from there to Noble County, Ind., in 1854, locating on the place now owned by our subject. The father is now living in Kendallville, but the mother is deceased. Curtis Brouse, Jr., received a com- mon education, and assisted his parents on the farm until September, 1861, when he enlisted in Company F, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was a participant in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, Perryville ; at Stone River he was shot through the left lung near the heart, the ball passing entirely through his body. He lay two days and nights where he fell before his wounds were dressed ; but, on the enemy's evacuation of the battle-field, he returned to the hands of our troops and was moved to Nashville, and from there to Louis- ville, then sent to Quincy, 111., where he was discharged May 11, 1863. Six years he resided in Michigan, and with the exception of this time, he has con- tinued to farm in Noble County. July 1, 1864, he married Miss Alvina Mat- thew, a native of Grant County, Wis., born May 7, 1846. June 1, 1865, there was born to this union one son, Ulysses C. Mr. Brouse owns ninety acres of land, but farms 200, 110 of which belongs to his father. He has made what he now owns by hard work and economy. He is a Republican, a member of the Protestant Methodist Church, and an intelligent citizen. JOHN CRONE was born in Franklin County, Penn., August 26, 1818. He is one of a family of nine children, born to John and Elizabeth (Pence) Crone, both of whom were natives of the Keystone State. They were married at Little York, Penn., and removed from there to Richland County, Ohio, in 1832. The father was a Fife Major in a Pennsylvania regiment during the war of 1812. He was a blacksmith by trade, and had the respect of all who knew him. He and wife both died in Richland County, Ohio. John Crone received but a limited education, and remained at home, working for his father, until he attained his majority. He was married to Miss Catharine Switzer August 27. 1839, who was born in Richland County, Ohio, February 27, 1821. From this union there were twelve children, viz. : Daniel, Elizabeth, Barbara, Joseph W., Mary J., John S., William H., Sarah A., Amy R., Lucy I., and two that died in infancy. Mr. Crone remained in Ohio farming until 1849. when he came with his family to this country and settled on a portion of the ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 419 land he now owns. He has added to his first purchase here until he now owns 222 acres, which is nicely improved and well stocked. He is a Democrat ; a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and a hospitable Christian. REV. DOMINIE DUEHMIG was born in Ebenheid, Baden, November 9, 1842, one of twelve children born to Erasmus and Anna (Beahtold) Dueh- mig, natives of Bavaria and Baden respectively. The father was a man of intelligence and education, and his occupation was farming and weaving. All the sons were college graduates. He died in 1873, and his widow six years later. Our subject attended the Parish schools until fourteen years of age ; during this time he had taken private instruction in Latin. He then attended a high school at Bischofsheim for four years, after which he attended school at Wertheim two years. He attended the University of Freiburg, Baden, eighteen months, and while there took up the study of theology. He graduated from the University of Louvain, Belgium, in 1866, and in March of the same year was ordained a Deacon of the Catholic Church by Cardinal De Ster, Arch- bishop of Malines, Belgium. August 5, 1866, he was ordained a priest (for the American Mission) by the Bishop of Liege, Belgium. In the latter part of 1866, he came to this country, and was placed on the Huntington, Ind., charge, as assistant. After about two months he was appointed to the Avilla charge. Since coming here he has strengthened the congregation, and built one of the finest churches in the county. He has also built churches at Albion, Bremen, Kendallville, Ligonier and one in Swan Township, and increased the congregations at all these points. When he came first to his present charge, it included the Missions in Noble, De Kalb, Steuben, La Grange, Elkhart, Kos- ciusko, Marshall, Whitley and a portion of Allen County, which now require the labor of five resident priests. Father Duehmig is an enthusiastic worker in the important position he occupies and as a pastor has achieved great success. SAMUEL C. FAIRBANKS was born February 19, 1822, in Jefferson County, N. Y. His parents, James and Margery (Potter) Fairbanks, were also natives of the Empire State, whence they moved, in 1833, to Geauga County, Ohio. Here they passed the remainder of their days, engaged in agricult- ural pursuits. The father served as a soldier in the war of 1812, and to him and wife were born eight children. Samuel C. was brought up on his father's farm, and from boyhood was accustomed to hard work. He was united in mar- riage with Miss Margaret E. Armstrong August 29, 1844. This lady was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., October 3, 1824. From this union there are three children, viz. : George H., Emma E. and Harriet L. Mr. Fair- banks remained in Ohio, engaged in farming, until 1846, when he came to this county and purchased 80 acres of land. He had little or no means, and he and wife saw many hardships, and had to work hard and use strict economy before they found themselves in possession of a comfortable home. They now own 153 acres of nicely improved land. Mr. Fairbanks is a Democrat, and has held positions of honor and trust in the township. He and family are in- telligent reading people, and have the respect and confidence of all who know them. AARON FIELDS was born in Vermont July 30, 1826. He is one of ten children born to Josiah and Eliza (Halstead) Fields, natives of the Green Mountain State. They moved to Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1830, where, May 5, 1843, the father died. The mother died in this county August 15, 1864. Aaron Fields received but a limited education, and soon after the death of his father, he left home, and, after roaming around some time, located in ww 420 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Kendall County, 111. Here he remained until 1846, when he enlisted in Com- pany E, Second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served one year in the Mexi- can war. He participated in the battle of Buena Vista, and a number of lesser engagements. After the war, he returned to Ohio, and on the 3d of July, 1851, was united in marriage with Miss Nancy Stray. She was born in Wy- oming County, N. Y., October 8, 1832. To them were born eight children, five of whom are now living — Alice J., Francis M., Forrest E., Minnie U. and Maud. Those deceased are Flora A., Laura T. and Mary M. Mr. Fields was engaged in farming and carpentering in Ohio until 1852, when he came to this county, where he has since resided. He owns 90 acres of well-improved land : is a Republican. MONROE L. GAWTHROP was born in La Grange County, Ind., September 28, 1836, and is a son of Samuel and Prutia (Littlefield) Gawthrop, natives of New York State. Edmund Littlefield, grandfather of our subject, emigrated from New York to Adrian, Mich., in about 1825, and shortly after this came to Pretty Prairie, in La Grange County, and was among the first settlers. Our subject's parents were married in Greenfield Township, La Grange County, and to them were born four children. In about 1841, the father died, after which the mother married Daniel Bixler, one of the first set- tlers of Noble County, and in 1842, they moved to Kendallville, where our subject's youth was passed. When twenty-one years old, he went to Illinois, and, after two years in this State, went to Iowa. He remained there one year, then came back to Illinois, where he remained another year, and then returned to Indiana. He was married September 24, 1863, to Miss Lucy Taylor, who was born in Champaign County, Ohio, November 8, 1843. To this union were born three children — Luella M., Charles M. and Ray D. Mr. Gawthorp owns 105 acres of well-improved land, which he has made by his own labors. He followed saw-milling some five years, but the greater part of his life has been passed in farming and stock-raising. He is a Republican, and has taken an active part in the advancement of all laudable and educational enterprises. HART T. GRAHAM was born in Franklin County, Mass., May 27, 1821. He is one of ten children born to Zerah and Clarissa (Taylor) Graham, both of whom were natives of the Bay State. They were married in their native State, and moved from there to Chautauqua County, N. Y., in 1829. After living here some years, they removed to Geauga County, Ohio, and from there in a short time to Summit County, the same State. Here they resided until 1848, when they came to this county, which they ever afterward made their home. The father was a shoemaker by trade, and he and wife were hard- working, kind-hearted, Christian people. Hart T. Graham received but a limited education, and got his start in life by working by the month on a farm. He was married to Miss Harriet Bond June 12, 1844. This lady was born in Allegany County, N. Y., November 23, 1823. From this union there were four children, viz.: Emma J. and Guy E., living ; Mary A. and Ellen I., de- ceased. Soon after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Graham came to this county and purchased forty acres of land. They have since added to it, and now own ninety acres, which is well improved. They are intelligent, kind-hearted, hos- pitable people, and possess social and moral qualities of a high order. Mr. Graham is a Republican. HENRY H. HAINES, of the firm of Wood & Haines, was born in Allen Township, this county, June 1, 1848, and is the son of Samuel P. and Mary (Smith) Haines. He was reared upon a farm, and received his early education ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 421 in the common schools. He graduated from the Iron City Commercial College in 1870, and was for some years engaged in the drug trade in Avilla. He was married to Miss Mary Craven March 16, 1871. She was born in the Buckeye State September 14, 1847. From this union there are two children, viz., Ada E. and Almerta P. In 1889, he and his brother-in-law, Washington L. Wood, formed a partnership in the manufacture of wooden force pumps, apple jelly, sorghum molasses, cider making, etc. They have a new process for making the juice of the apple into jelly, and have a capacity for manufacturing 100 gallons daily. They also have a process of making sorghum molasses, entirely freeing it from all acidity. They can manufacture about 300 gallons per day, and of their pumps 100 per month. They are both liberal in their political views, are strong advocates of temperance, and are members of the Masonic order. ROBERT S. HAINES. Samuel P. Haines, father of Robert S., was born in Union County, Penn., November 10, 1810. His parents, George and Margaret (Himebaugh) Haines were early settlers of Union County, Penn., and the parents of nine children. Samuel P. was reared on a farm, and re- ceived but a limited education. When about twenty, began working at the carpenter's trade. He was united in marriage with Miss Mary Smith in 1832. She was born in Union County, Penn., September 17, 1813. From this union there were nine children, five of whom are yet living, viz., Robert S., Joseph W., Henry H., Janette L. and John P. Those deceased were Albert L., Thomas E., Loruma J. and George G. In 1842, Mr. Haines traded a small property he had in Pennsylvania for 160 acres of unimproved land in this township, and the same year moved his family on it. He came over the mount- ains in a one-horse wagon, and was about a month on the way. They saw many hardships, but by economy he and wife have secured a comfortable home. He left his farm in 1878, and came to Avilla, where he and wife expect to pass the remainder of their days. Robert S. Haines was reared upon his father's farm. He was united in marriage with Miss Permelia Baum December 24, 1856, a native of Pennsylvania. She died in Avilla, September 30, 1874. From this union there were six children, viz., Milton B., Emma G. and Irvin D. (living), Ida M., Sarah M. and Roxanna M. (deceased). Mr. Haines mar- ried Miss Rebecca E. Swinehart October 5, 1875. From this union there is one child — Gertie M. Mrs. Haines was born June 24, 1850, in Wyandot County, Ohio. Robert S. Haines remained at home for most part until nine- teen years of age. He then, with a brother, operated a saw-mill four years. He then embarked in the mercantile business with Baum & Walter, at Avilla, retaining his connection with them some twenty years. During this time, he was appointed agent for the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad at Avilla, a position he yet holds. He is a Notary Public, and has held positions of honor and trust in Allen Township. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Masonic order. EDWARD HALFERTY is a native of Westmoreland County, Penn., his birth occurring October 14, 1816. His father, William Halferty, was also a native of Westmoreland County. He was reared a farmer, which became his occupation through life. He served in the war of 1812, married a West- moreland County lady, Elizabeth Luther, and in 1819 moved to Richland County (now a part of Morrow County), Ohio, where he lived the remainder of his days. His wife, who bore him a family of nine children, is yet living at the advanced age of eighty-five years. Edward Halferty was reared on a 422 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: farm, receiving the greater part of his education in a rude log schoolhouse, a very few of which were seen in early times. He remained at home, in charge of the farm, until thirty years of age, and, November 17, 1844, married Hen- rietta Craven, who was born in Morrow County, Ohio, January 17, 1823. In 1851, this couple removed to this township, where they have since resided. They own 159 acres of good land, which has been acquired by them through hard labor. They are parents of nine children, whose names are Mary J., Byron, Charles M., William, Franklin P., Sarah E., Albert, Aldora and Mil- ton. Mr. Halferty is one of the progressive and intelligent men of Allen Township, and favors the advancement of all laudable and educational enter- prises. HENRY HARMES is a native of Hanover, Germany, where he was born December 30, 1822. His parents, Frederick and Mary Harmes, were also natives of Hanover and had six children. In 1830, they emigrated to this country, landing at Baltimore, and soon after started for Pittsburgh, Penn., but, on account of sickness, were compelled to stop in Bedford County, Penn. Here the father and one child died. The family continued to reside in this county some ten years, and then moved to Ashland County, Ohio, which was the home of the family until the mother's death. Henry Harmes when quite young began working out, contributing the greater portion of his earnings to the support of the family. He married Miss Maria Young September 19, 1850. She was born in Huron County, Ohio, September 12, 1828. They had seven children, only two now living, viz. : Clara J. and George E. Those deceased were Alwilda A., Joseph A., Judson H., William H. and Carey. Mrs. Harmes died September 12, 1868. In 1851, Mr. Harmes moved to De Kalb County, Ind., where he remained until 1870, when he purchased his present place, a well improved farm of 165 acres. His present wife was Mrs. Sarah (Calkin) Knapp, to whom he was married January 13, 1870. She was born in Essex County, N. Y., December 20, 1829. Mr. Harmes was origi- nally a Whig, now a Republican. He lends his influence in the elevation of mankind and in the promotion of worthy objects. GABRIEL S. HENRY. John and Mary (Swinehart) Henry were na- tives of Pennsylvania, married in Ohio and parents of a family of nine chil- dren. They were farmers, honest and industrious, and were respected by all who knew them. Gabriel S. Henry, a son of the above, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, November 5, 1831. He received a common-school education, and when sixteen years old removed to Wood County, W. Va., with his parents, where they owned a large amount of real estate. He remained at home until twenty-two years of age, and was married, October 2, 1854, to Miss Sophia McKenzie, who was born in Ohio August 4, 1831. After this event, Mr. Henry began working at the carpenter's trade, in connection with farming, in West Virginia, until 1865, when he moved to Allen Township, Noble County, Ind., where he purchased a farm and engaged in agricultural pursuits. His sons now have charge of the farm. In 1881, Mr. Henry moved to Avilla, and engaged in furniture trade and undertaking, which he carries on with success. He began life a poor boy, but by hard labor and economy has made his own way in the world. He is a member of the M. P. Church, a Repub- lican and an intelligent and enterprising citizen. He and wife are parents of the following family: Martha J., James M., Margaretta C, Elizabeth, John S., Ida B., Robert A. and William F. ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 423' SAMUEL HOKE was born in York County, Penn., May 10, 1821. He is the son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Wiest) Hoke, who were natives of the Keystone State and the parents of nine children. The father died in 1826, leaving seven children, who were yet at home, to the care of the mother. She was a woman of great force of character, and soon after her husband's death removed with her family to Richland County, Ohio, where she raised her fam- ily in a creditable manner and where she died in 1871, at the advanced age of eighty-three years. Our subject received a common school education, and when about sixteen began working at the cabinet-maker's trade. After two' years, he gave this up, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was married to Miss Annie Moree in 1840. She was born in Switzerland March 26, 1814. From this union there were seven children, viz. : Elizabeth, Jacob, Sarah, Amanda, Amos, Ellen and one that died in infancy. Mrs. Hoke died March 14, 1880. Mr. Hoke resided in Richland County, Ohio, until 1850, when he came to this county and purchased a farm, upon which he resided until about seven years ago, when he moved to Avilla. He began life as a poor boy and is a self-made man. He is a member of the Evangelical Association, a strong advocate of temperance and an upright, charitable Christian. FERDINAND HUELSENBECK was born in the Province of West- fahlen, Prussia, July 9, 1844. He is the son of Augustus and Margaret (Stemmar) Huelsenbeck, who were the parents of five sons and two daughters, all of whom were natives of Prussia. The father was a farmer and merchant. Our subject attended school and assisted his father until about fifteen years of age. He then began peddling hardware, which he continued until he was drafted into the Prussian army. He served during the last war between Prussia and Austria, and participated in twenty-one engagements. Soon after his discharge (1868), he came to this country, and, after working for some time by the month, purchased the farm he now owns. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Pieper in 1871. She was born in Prussia in 1852, and died October 18, 1872. From this union there was one child — Augustus. In 1876, he was married to Magdalena Steuri, who was born in Canton Berne, Switzerland, in 1854. From this marriage three children have been born, viz.: Mary M., Emma E. and August C. In 1877, Mr. Huelsenbeck built a frame business building at Auburn Junction, and in 1880 erected a two-story brick business house in Auburn. He has been engaged in the mercantile business eight years — four years at Fort Wayne, and four years at Auburn. Mr. Huelsenbeck came to this country a poor man, but has accumulated considerable property. He is a useful and progressive citizen. LEWIS IDDINGS was born in Boston Township, Summit County, Ohio, July 29, 1820. He is one of ten children born to Henry and Sarah (Meltin) Iddings, both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania. They were married in their native State, and resided in Berks County until their removal to Summit County, Ohio, which was in 1811. While living here, the father served as a soldier in the war of 1812. He followed farming in Summit County, and resided there until 1836, when he came to this county and located a short dis- tance south of Kendallville, where he and wife passed the remainder of their days. [Further mention of them is made in another part of this work.] Lewis Iddings was reared upon his father's farm, receiving a common-school education. He began for himself, as a farmer, when about twenty years of age, but soon after went to "jobbing" on the Wabash & Erie Canal, where he remained some three years. He then returned to this county, and for some years was 424 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: engaged in farming and carpentering. He was elected County Treasurer in 1862, and in 1864 was re-elected. He married Miss Rebecca Stilley Septem- ber 10, 1845. This lady was born in Morrow County, Ohio, February 7, 1825. From this union there are six children, five of whom are yet living, viz.: Florence, Virginia, Eugene, Byron and Victoria. Grace was the name of the one deceased. Mr. Iddings owns 280 acres of land, and valuable prop- erty in Kendallville. In politics, he is a stanch Republican. WARREN IDDINGS was born in Boston Township, Summit County, Ohio, August 2, 1825. He is the son of Henry and Sarah (Meltin) Iddings, who removed from Ohio to this county in 1836, and located on the farm our subject now owns. Here he was reared to manhood, assisting his father upon the farm in the summer, and attending school for a short time during the win- ter. When about twenty years of age, he began working at the shoemaker's trade, which he followed about fifteen years, and then engaged in farming and stock-raising, which he has since followed. He was married to Miss Hester Newman. March 24, 1851. She was born in Middlebury, Summit Co., Ohio, October 29, 1833. To them have been born seven children, three of whom are yet living, viz.: Homer L., and Sadie and Ivie, twin sisters. Those deceased were Estell, Isadore, Lanora and Eva. Mr. Iddings owns 175 acres of land adjoining the town of Kendallville. He began life with but little means, and for most part has made what he now has by his own exertions. He is a stanch Republican, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They have a nice home and are respected folks. JONATHAN JAMES was born in Chester County, Penn., June 21, 1821. He is the youngest of a family of six children born to Josiah and Jane (Knox) James, the former of whom was a native of Chester County, and the latter of New Jersey. The father died when our subject was a child, and the care of the family fell upon the mother. She was a woman of energy and ex- ecutive ability, and brought up her family in a creditable manner. Jonathan at an early age began to do for himself, and when eighteen he began learning the plasterer's trade, which he followed some thirteen years, and then followed farming in his native State until 1860, when he came to this county, where he has since resided. He was married to Miss Amelia A. Smith November 3, 1843, who was born in Juniata County, Penn., April 10, 1825. To them have been born four children, three of whom are yet living, viz.: Theodore B., Jennie and Hie L. The one deceased was David 0. For eight years after coming to this county, Mr. James followed farming. He then purchased a hotel in Avilla which he operated some time, when his failing health compelled him to sell out. He remained out of active business until 1878, when he built the present St. James House of Avilla, which he has since successfully conducted. Commercial travelers and all others who have stopped there speak of it as '* one hotel in a thousand." Mr. James is a liberal in religion and politics. ANDREW JOHNSON is a native of the State of New York, born near Buffalo November 4, 1813. Thomas Johnson, his father, was a native of New England, a soldier of the war of 1812, and a farmer. He married Sarah Dan- cer, a native of New England, lived in New York until 1817, when he and family moved to Portage County, Ohio, where he principally made his home until his death. Andrew Johnson is one of eight children. He received but a common-school education, was reared to hard labor on a farm, and at the age of thirteen was left an orphan, and for a few years lived with an uncle. He then began life's battle on his own responsibility, and in 1838 married Miss ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 425 Hannah Warner, who was born in the Empire State January 14, 1818. This couple were parents of ten children, viz.: Sarah, Almina, Thomas, La Fay- ette, Mary, Elsie, Jane, Andrew, Abram and Lucy. They remained in Ohio until 1844, when they emigrated to Allen County, Ind., where they lived some five years, and then came to Allen Township, where they have since resided. Mrs. Johnson died June 2, 1877. One son, Thomas, served his country in the late war, was wounded, and died at Corinth from his wounds. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Protestant Methodist Church, and is an indefatigable worker in the cause of temperance. He owns ninety acres of good land, is a Republi- can, and an enterprising citizen. HIRAM L. KING was born in Lake County, Ohio, October 2, 1826. He is the son of Hiram and Catharine (Lowe) King, a sketch of whom appears in the history of Swan Township. On Hiram L., the eldest son, devolved a great many of the hardships of clearing up the farm, and looking after its in- terests. When he had reached his majority, his father gave him 160 acres of unimproved land in Allen Township. This he began to improve, although he made his home with his parents until about thirty years of age. He was mar- ried to Miss Frances A. Mumford, June 7, 1859. She was born in the Key- stone State November 10, 1836. They have had two children, viz.: Herbert H., born June 16, 1860, and Helen F., born January 29, 1862. Mrs. King died October 9, 1864. Mr. King has always followed farming and stock-rais- ing. He owns 280 acres of land, which is nicely improved and well stocked. He has paid considerable attention to the raising of Durham cattle, and has some fine specimens of this breed on his farm. He is a Republican, and a strong advocate of temperance. He has given his children good educations, and contributed liberally to all worthy enterprises. JOHN F. KREIENBRINK was born in Hanover, Prussia, September 4, 1§30. He is the son of John H. and Elizabeth (Arnold) Kreienbrink, who emigrated with their family of two sons and two daughters to this country in 1833. After stopping in Cincinnati, Ohio, about three years, they moved to Putnam County, the same State, where they passed the remainder of their days engaged in agricultural pursuits. They were hard-working people, and mem- bers of the Catholic Church. John F. assisted his parents until he was fourteen years of age, when he was apprenticed to the tailor's trade, at which he served a term of three years at Covington, Ky. He worked as a journeyman in Covington until 1866, when he came to this county, and purchased a farm of 120 acres. He has since added to it, until he now owns 160. He was married to Miss Maria E. Baringhaus in 1853. She was born in Hanover, Prussia, December 24, 1832. From this union, there are ten children, viz., Theodore, Mary, Josephine, Sarah, Henry, Mary, Henry, Minnie, Julia and Frances. Of these children, Mary and Henry, the first of these names, are dead. Mr. Kreienbrink is emphatically a self-made man, and he and family are members of the Catholic Church. CHARLES G. KRESSE was born in Prussia April 6, 1828, one of five children born to Frederick and Christine (Ossig) Kresse. The father was a farmer and miller, and he and wife always remained in their native country. Charles G. attended school until fourteen years of age, when he entered a mill, and learned that business thoroughly. In 1853, he came to this country, and was for some time employed in a mill at Monroe, Mich. He then came to Kendallville, and began working on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. He attended school one winter in the Whitford neighborhood, and 426 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: soon after entered the drug store of Asa Brown, at Lisbon, as clerk. He then bought Mr, Brown out, and for some years ran the business alone. He mar- ried Miss Margaret Scheirich July 11, 1854. She was born in Baden, Ger- many, March 8, 1837. From this union, there were six children, viz., Charles G. A., Emma C, John C. G., Charles A., Mary E., and one that died in infancy. Mrs. Kresse died January 6, 1871. On the 6th of May, 1871, Mr. Kresse married Miss Fredericka Busch. She was born in Prussia April 28, 1849. By this marriage, there are four children, viz., August C, Louisa L., William F. and Amalia B. Mr. Kresse owns 100 acres of well-improved land, and also a good business building in Kendallville. He is liberal in his political views, and is a member of the Order of Knights of Honor. He has a large library ; takes a number of good papers and magazines, and is one of the read- ing and well-posted men of Allen Township. ANDREW LASH was born in Alsace, France, October 8, 1812. Will- iam Lash, his father, was a native of Baden, Germany. He was married in Alsace to Miss Mary A. Wineman, a native of that province, and to them were born a family of six children, Andrew being the only son. The father was a carpenter and cabinet-maker. In 1827, he came with his family to this country, and after living at Canton, Ohio, some time, moved to Carroll County, where he and wife spent the remainder of their days. Andrew Lash assisted upon the home farm until the death of his parents. He was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Raney February 10, 1840. She was born December 22, 1819, in Alsace, France. They have had ten children, viz., Gregory, Elizabeth, George, Mary, John, Anthony, Christina, Paul, William and Clara. Mrs. Lash died September 29, 1877. October 1, 1878, Mr. Lash married Mrs. Mary A. Hart, a native of Prussia, born April 24, 1833. Mr. Lash removed to this county in 1864, and purchased a farm, upon which he resided until 1880, when he sold it to one of his sons and moved to Avilla, where he pur- chased a nice home property. He is a self-made man, a Democrat, a member of the Catholic Church, and a good citizen. LUMAN A. LOBDELL was born in Herkimer County, N. Y„ May 28, 1834, and is a son of Daniel and Emeline (Broughton) Lobdell, who were natives respectively of Connecticut and New York, and the parents of eleven children. Daniel Lobdell and family moved to Noble County, Ind., in 1841, locating in Swan Township, on the farm now owned by Samuel Broughton, where they lived a number of years, afterward entering a tract of land near the head of Long Lake, in the western part of the county. They remained here until 1850, farming, clearing, suffering from malarial fevers then so prevalent, during which time their family was decreased by the death of three children. The spring of 1850, Mr. Lobdell started overland for California, but in June of that year died in Utah Territory. The death of the father left the burden and care of the family on the shoulders of the mother and our subject, who was the eldest child. Under such circumstances the mother reared her children, who with affection remember the loving care, kindness and self-sacrifice only a mother can give. Our subject remained at home until twenty-one years of age, and March 25, 1854, was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Bricker, who was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, September 11, 1835. To this union were born four children — Orland W., Charles E., Emma L. and Orsa A. The mother died November 3, 1863, and May 12, 1864, Mr. Lobdell married Mrs. Sarah S. Eddy, who was born in Michigan, February 2, 1832. To this marriage were born three children, whose names are Luman A., John D. and ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 427 Uri G. Mr. Lobdell is a Republican. He always farmed until September, 1881, when he removed to Avilla, where he has since been engaged in mercan- tile pursuits. DR. FRANCIS C. MALONY was born in Richland County, Ohio, January 8, 1843; his parents are Robert and Jemima (Cornwall) Malony. He was reared on a farm, receiving an academical education. He attended and taught school, and assisted his parents on the farm until he began the study of medicine in 1863. He read for a time under the instruction of Dr. G. Mitchell, of Mansfield, after which he attended two terms at the University of Wooster, situated in Cleveland. He graduated from that institution the spring of 1866, and the same year came to Noble County, Ind., locating in Cromwell, where he began practicing. He remained there four years, and then came to Avilla and began to practice, and is now the possessor of a large and lucrative prac- tice. His wife, Rebecca (Hadley) Malony, was born in Richland County, Ohio, January 1, 1844, and they were married May 20, 1869. They have one son — Robert S. Dr. Malony is one of the leading physicians of Noble County ; is a member of the A., F. & A. M., of Avilla, and is independent in politics. His father, Robert Malony, was born in Pennsylvania, July 29, 1816, and his wife in Ohio, October 23, 1823. They were married February 25, 1841, and farming was always their employment. They came to Avilla in 1877, and were the parents of only one son, our subject. JESSE H. MATTHEWS was born in Wayne County, Ohio, May 6, 1820, and is a son of Jesse and Elizabeth (Calhoun) Matthews, who were reared, educated and married in Pennsylvania. They came to Wayne County, Ohio, in 1815, where they have since resided. At the age of twenty our subject, Jesse H. Matthews, went to Illinois, where he contracted jobs of clearing, at which he continued about four years, then went to Grant County, Wis., where he resided some fourteen years. He then came to and has since resided on his present place. Mr. Matthews began life a poor boy, but, by honest industry and economy, he has earned a sufficient amount of property to keep him in comfort during the remainder of his days. He is a Republican, formerly a Whig. He was married, November 22, 1841, to Elizabeth Helman, who was born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1825, and to this union were born this family — Sylva A., Mary M., John A., Emma A., Martha J., Hester E., Chester E., Lydia H. and Elliott P. The mother died May 7, 1861, and September 26, 1862, Mr. Matthews married Mrs. Elizabeth A. Lavering, a native of Pennsylvania, and born July 12, 1830. To her marriage with Mr. Matthews there were born two children — Homer H. and Minnie M. Mr. Matthews is a farmer and owns 180 acres of good land. When twenty-one years of age, he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and ever since he has remained with that denomination ; all his children are steady attendants to the Methodist Episco- pal Church. Mr. Matthews and family are highly respected. ALBIN and IGNATUS MEYER were born near Strasburg, France, the former March 1, 1825, and the latter January 25, 1829. Jacob Meyer, their father, was twice married ; by his first marriage there were two children. His second wife, Miss Magdalena Buchs, was the mother of nine children — Albin and Ignatus being two of that number. The last wife died near Stras- burg, in 1833. In 1838, the father came with the family to this country and located in Seneca County, Ohio, where he continued to reside. He was a hard- working, intelligent man, a good* citizen, and a member of the Catholic Church. Albin Meyer was reared on a farm receiving a common-school education. He 428 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: was united in marriage with Miss Theresa Zongker, a native of Stark County, Ohio, January 10, 1853, who was born April 20, 1838. From this union there are nine children, viz., Elizabeth, Theresa, William, Magdalena, Francis, John, Augustus, Lewis and Agnes. Two years after his marriage, Albin removed to this county, ajid purchased the farm he now owns, which at that time was covered with a dense forest, but he has cleared it and erected upon it comfortable buildings. He began life as a poor boy and is a self-made man. Ignatus Meyer was brought up on a farm, receiving a limited education. From fifteen to eighteen years of age, he worked by the month on a farm. He then began working at carpentering, which together with farming he has fol- lowed all his life. He was married to Miss Mary M. Borck in 18G0. She was born in Noble County, Ind., in 1841, and is the daughter of Francis and Anna M. (Weimer) Borck, who settled in this county in 1835. To Ignatus Meyer and wife have been born six children, viz., Mary C, Annie M., Emma, Frank J., Rosa and Ignatus. In 1856, Mr. Meyer came to this county, and worked eleven years at his trade ; since that time he has been engaged in farming and stock growing. Both the Meyer brothers have made what they now possess by their own exertions. They own nicely improved farms. They are mem- bers of the Catholic Church and are Democrats. They liberally contribute to religious and educational enterprises. BENJAMIN MOREE is a native of Canton Berne, Switzerland, and was born February 18, 1820. He is a son of Rudolph and Anna (Bieterman) Moree, both natives of Switzerland, and the parents of seven children. They emigrated to the United States in 1825, and located in Jefferson Township, Richland County, Ohio, where the parents died. Our subject was reared on a farm, receiving but a limited education. He remained at home with his parents until twenty-one years of age, and in 1843 married Miss Lydia Hoke, who was born in York County, Penn., May 17, 1821. To this union were born seven children — Amanda, Ellen N., Mary E., George D., Emma A., Alice S. and Amos (deceased). In 1848, Benjamin Moree and family emigrated from Ohio to Allen Township, where he purchased 140 acres of land, which was entirely uncleared. They settled on this place and began clearing and improving it. Both Mr. and Mrs. Moree have been hard-work- ing and industrious people, and what they now own they have acquired through much self-sacrifice. Mr. Moree is a Democrat, a member of the Lutheran Church, and an enterprising citizen. SUMNER K. RANDALL. Edwin Randall, father of this gentleman, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., May 18, 1809. He was reared on a farm, receiving a common-school education. When a young man, he taught both singing and day schools, and while yet young he left home and went to live with an uncle, who was a lawyer, residing at Manlius, Onondaga Co., N. Y. Here he had access to a splendid law library, and by applying himself, he obtained quite a knowledge of law. In 1835, he came to Toledo, Ohio, and the year following, took a trip through Indiana and Michigan, entering 480 acres of land near where Avilla now is, and tracts near South Bend and in Shiawassee County, Mich. He then returned to Toledo, where he remained until 1841, when he came to Allen Township, this county, which he ever afterward made his home. He was married to Miss Mary A. King, June 16, 1842. This lady was born in Chenango County, N. Y., December 18, 1824. From this union, three children were born, viz., Sumner K., born May 2, 1843; Perry A., July 24, 1847; and Amy C, August 23, 1853. These ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 429 •children were born in this township, and all are married. Mr. Randall was a Democrat. He was an Associate Justice of the Circuit Court a number of years, and held various other positions of honor and trust. He died Septem- ber 14, 1873. His widow survives him and resides upon the old homestead in Allen Township. Sumner K. Randall was reared upon his father's farm, and received a good common-school education. He always remained with his parents, and after his father's death took charge of the home farm, which he has successfully operated. He has dealt in agricultural implements, some time in connection with his farming and stock-raising. In 1878, he bought out Baum & Haines, of Avilla, and embarked in the mercantile business. He carries a stock worth about $15,000 all the time, and has one of the largest and most complete general stores in Noble County. He also deals in grain, seeds and all kinds of country produce. He was united in marriage with Miss Lorettie Stahl, September 12, 1876. She was born in Allen Township, April 21, 1856. They have two children, viz., Amy J., born September 7, 1878; and Mary A., August 21, 1880. Mr. Randall owns 120 acres of land and a portion of the old homestead. He is a Democrat and a member of the Masonic Order. RYLAND READ was born in Windsor County, Vt., January 28, 1811. He is the son of Samuel and Lydia (Page) Read, the former a native of Mass- achusetts and the latter of New Hampshire. They were married in the Green Mountain State, and there the mother died in a few years after their marriage. Only one child was born to this union. The father married Elizabeth Moore for his second wife, and to them were born seven children. In 1838, they moved to Licking County, Ohio, where they ever after resided. Ryland Read, when thirteen years of age, left home, and for five years lived in Boston, Mass. He then returned to his native State, and for two years attended school, after which he went to Licking County, Ohio, and until 1836 was variously em- ployed. He then came to this county, stopping at Kendallville and vicinity, where for some time he worked at the carpenter's trade. He then began farm- ing, which for the most part he has since followed. He was united in marriage with Miss Eliza Iddings April 8, 1835. This lady was born in Boston Town- ship, Summit County, Ohio, January 4, 1812. From this union there were three children, viz.: Ellen L., Henry A. and Sarah R. Henry A. served during the war of the rebellion in Company I, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and died in 1872 from disease contracted while in the service. Ellen L. married E. H. Bundy, and they reside upon the old homestead. Mr. and Mrs. Read are intelligent and respected people, and have the love and confidence of all who know them. NATHAN ROBERTS was born in Erie County, Penn., December 8, 1833, and is a son of Neheraiah and Charlotte (Tannar) Roberts, who were natives respectively of Vermont and New York. They were married in New York, moved to Pennsylvania, and from there to Wayne County, Ohio, in 1836, where they lived until the spring of 1843, when they emigrated to Noble County, Ind. They located first in Allen Township, but soon afterward moved to Wayne Township. Our subject passed his youth and early manhood on the farm, during which time he received a common-school education. In 1852, he and brother Alpheus, together with a number of others, started over- land for California, where they remained mining until 1855, when the brothers returned home, in a measure recompensed for their labor in the mines. Nathan then purchased a part of the farm he now owns, and which now consists of 430 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: over three hundred acres; and this he has acquired principally by his own exertions. He was married in 1858 to Miss Nancy R. Whitford, who was born in Allen Township in 1838, and died February 5, 1874, the mother of two children by Mr. Roberts — Myra and Willie G. March 11, 1879, Mr. Roberts married his present wife, Miss Leah Waits, who was born in Wayne County, Ohio, November 24, 1841. He is a Republican in politics, and is active in the support of the temperance cause. In 1876, he began dealing in blooded stock, and he is recognized as among the leading stock-men of Noble County. He now has a herd of twenty-one Short-Horn cattle that are regis- tered in the American Herd Book. JAMES RYLAND was born in Belmont County, Ohio, March 31, 1820. He is the son of Samuel and Hannah (Myers) Ryland, both natives of the Keystone State. They had two children — James and Matilda. They moved to Belmont County in an early day, where the father died when James was about four years of age. After her husband's death, Mrs. Ryland went to live with her parents in Wayne County, Ohio. Here she was married to Thomas Appleton, and, after some years, they moved to Summit County. There James was reared, receiving but a limited education. He was married to Miss Charlotte Bond April 20, 1841. This lady was born in Genesee County, N. Y., December 25, 1820. In 1847, Mr. Ryland moved with his family and settled on the place he now owns in Allen Township. The land was cov- ered with timber, but they were frugal and industrious, and soon were com- fortably situated. In their family were six children, viz.: Francis M., James A., George W., C. Albert and Alfred A., living, and Olive C, deceased. Francis M. went out as a private during the late war, and was promoted to a Lieutenant. Mr. Ryland owns 159 acres of well-improved land, which he and wife have obtained by their own endeavors. They are reading, intelligent people, and have given their children good educations. Four of the sons are experienced and successful school teachers. GEORGE M. SCHWAB was born October 27, 1837, in Baden, Ger- many. He is the son of George and Margaret (Schanline) Schwab, both of whom were natives of Baden. The father was an honest, hard-working farmer ; he died in Baden when George was a child, and, in 1848, the mother with the son came to this country and settled at Avilla, in this county, where she resided the remainder of her days. George M. Schwab received a com- mon-school education, and when about sixteen years of age went to Stark County, Ohio, where he worked on a farm some time ; he then returned to Indiana, and for some time drove a bus at Fort Wayne, after which, he drove stage for some time between Cincinnati and Georgetown ; he also worked in a hotel in Pittsburgh, Penn., some time. In 1860, he purchased forty acres of land, where he now lives, and began farming and stock-raising, a business he has since followed. He was married to Miss Mary Smith December 27, 1859, a native of Wurtemberg, Germany, where she was born April 21, 1834. Mr. Schwab has a nicely-improved farm, and raises good stock of all kinds. He is a Democrat and a member of the Lutheran Church. ISAAC SHAMBAUGH is a native of Snyder County, Penn., his birth occurring June 17, 1825. He is one of thirteen children, eleven yet living, born to Christian and Mary (Walter) Shambaugh, also natives of the " Key- stone State." Christian Shambaugh was a wagon-maker and farmer. After the death of our subject's mother, his father remarried and was the parent of eighteen children ; he is yet living, hale and hearty, at the advanced age of ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 431 eighty-seven. At the age of nineteen, Isaac Shambaugh began working at the carpenter's trade. In 1845, he went to Richland County, Ohio, where, on the 12th of September, 1847, he was united in marriage with Julia A. Hos- singer, who was born in Richland County December 1, 1827. To this union there have been born nine children whose names are Almanda C, Aaron C, Alexander H., Ursuly M., Anna C, Samuel A., Isaac EL, Franklin A. and Edward E. Mr. Shambaugh has worked at his trade to a greater or less extent all through life. For many years past, he has been farming as well as carpen- tering. In 1858, he came to Allen Township, Noble County, Ind., where he has since made his home. He owns 165 acres of fine farming and grazing land; is a Republican, and an earnest worker in the cause of temperance and the advancement of education. JOHN D. SHEOFFER was born in Loudonville, Ohio, July 28, 1833. He is the son of Dewalt and Barbara (Baughman) Sheoffer, both of whom were natives of Westmoreland County, Penn., where they were married and resided until 1832, when they moved to the Buckeye State. In 1850, they moved to Kosciusko County, Ind., where, September 7, 1858, the father died; his widow survives him at an advanced age. John D. was reared upon a farm. He was married to Miss Mary A. Shadow July 6, 1856 ; she was born in Snyder County, Penn., December 13, 1836. From this union there are three children — Emma E., Horace J. and Samuel C. Mr. Sheoffer followed farm- ing in Kosciusko County until 1868, when he came to Avilla and erected the present grist-mill at that place at a cost of $17,000, which he operated some time and then rented it and went to Steuben County. After about five years, he returned and took charge of the mill, which he has since successfully oper- ated. He has put in much new machinery since his return, and has every facility for doing custom and merchant milling. He is liberal in his religious and political belief. ESQUIRE H. SHERMAN was born in Palmyra, N. Y., April 27, 1837, and is the eldest of three sons born to Gilbert and Hannah M. (Rowley) Sher- man. The father was born in Wayne County, N. Y., in 1814, and his wife in the same county in 1812. The father engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods until 1850, when he came to Allen Township and purchased a tract of land, and for a number of years followed farming and stock-raising. He held numerous positions of honor and trust in this township. He has resided in Michigan for some years. Esquire H. Sherman was brought up on his father's farm, receiving but a limited education. He began when quite young to assist in his father's saw-mill, as well as to help upon the farm. When about twenty-three years of age, he took charge of the mill, which for some time he successfully operated. His marriage with Miss Ellen B. Haines took place April 26, 1860. This lady was born in Juniata County, Penn., May 6, 1844. To them have been born five children, viz., Victoria R., Mary C, Helen L., Esquire H. and Maurice E. Mr. Sherman for some years was actively engaged in farming and stock-raising, but owing to ill-health sold the greater portion of his real estate, retaining only eighty acres that he now occupies as a home- stead. He is the present Trustee of Allen Township, and through his exertions and sound judgment the grade of its teachers and schools has been very per- ceptibly increased. He is liberal in his political views, and is an intelligent, progressive, public-spirited gentlemen. EDWARD B. SPENCER was born in Greenfield Township, Huron County, Ohio, May 10, 1823. His father, Samuel C. Spencer, was a native 432 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of New Haven, Conn., and came and settled with his parents in what is now Hartford Township, Trumbull County, and here he was raised to manhood, receiving but a limited education. In 1811, he went to Huron County, Ohio, and pre-empted a piece of land, which he began to improve, but after some months was driven from his possessions by the Indians, and returned to his home in Trumbull County. He was married in Ashtabula County, Ohio, to Misa Nancy Woodworth, a native of the Bay State. After the war of 1812, he returned to his possessions in Huron County, taking his young wife with him. Here they remained, following agricultural pursuits until 1837, when they removed to this county and settled on Section 9, in Jefferson Township. They came with ox teams, bringing with them cattle, sheep, hogs, some farming implements, and a set of carpenter tools. They had to cut a road through heavy timber for seven miles before they reached their destination. The father and mother had twice before lived in new and sparsely settled communities. They were energetic and industrious. They had a family of ten children, eight of whom (six sons and two daughters) came with them to this county. Six of these children are yet living; five reside in Noble County. Both parents are now dead. They were intelligent, and respected by all who knew them. Edward B. Spencer was brought up on his father's farm, receiving his education in log schoolhouses. When about eighteen years of age, he took charge of the home farm, and after a few years erected a saw-mill in Jefferson Township, which for some years he successfully operated. He was married to Miss Emily Wheeler February 5, 1850, who was born in Wayne County, Penn., March 26, 1826, and is the daughter of Trueman Wheeler, who came to this county with his family in 1844. Mr. Spencer remained in Jefferson Township two years after his mar- riage, and then came to his present home. He owns 440 acres of land, which is nicely improved and well stocked. He has been engaged in farming and feeding stock, also been engaged in stock shipping since 1853, and has been very successful. He has done much to improve the stock and agricultural resources of the county. Mrs. Spencer is a lady of more than ordinary mental ability. Previous to her marriage she taught a number of terms of school. She taught the first school in the neighborhood where she now lives, having but six pupils (all there were in the surrounding country). She also taught the first school in Kendallville, where she had enrolled about fifteen pupils. Mr. and Mrs. Spencer are reading people. Mr. Spencer is a stanch Republican. JOHN SPOONER was born in Salem, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, May 30, 1816, one of four sons, two yet living, born to Pardon and Polly (Chapman) Spooner, who were natives respectively of Vermont and Rhode Island, but married in Ohio. The father was twice married, his first wife. Susan D. Maran- ville, bearing him seven children. Our subject was reared on his father's farm, and when sixteen years old became a sailor. For three years he sailed on Lake Erie, both as cook and common sailor. He then sailed the ocean for four years, traveling in foreign countries. He then returned to Lake Erie, where he served a number of years as mate. In 1843, he came to Noble County, locating in Washington Township, but for several years during the summer seasons still served on the lake. He was married, June 4, 1843, to Miss Martha Rawson, who was born in Pierpont, Ashtabula County, Ohio, July 18, 1817, and to them were born three children — Laflava, Jared and Mary. Jared served in the war of rebellion. Since 1852, Mr. Spooner has been engaged in farming. He owns eighty acres of good land, and is a Republican in politics. Mrs. Spooner was among the first school-teachers of Washington Township. Dur- ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 433 ing his life as sailor, Mr. Spooner had some thrilling experiences. While first mate on board the brig " Osceola," he, with Capt. Snow and seven ship hands, left Buffalo with a partial cargo of stoves, on the evening of the 18th of Novem- ber, 1846, and when forty miles out, were run ashore in a gale eight miles west of Dunkirk, N. Y. They passed a terrible night ; and when relief was sent them from shore, ten hours after, Mr. Spooner and a seaman were the only survivers. Mr. and Mrs. Spooner are now in the enjoyment of peace and pros- perity after an eventful life of usefulness. SAMUEL P. STEWART was born in Allegheny County, Penn., July 15, 1840. He is one of nine children born to Uriah and Margaret (Harbison) Stewart, both of whom were natives of the Keystone State. The Stewarts are of Scotch, and the Harbisons of Irish descent. Uriah Stewart, with his family, removed to Swan Township, this county, in 1857, where they have since re- sided. Samuel P. Stewart was reared upon a farm and received a common- school education. He remained at home until about twenty-three years old, when he began for himself as a farmer. He was united in marriage with Miss Susan Hooper, December 19, 1863, who was born in Allegheny County, Penn., January 19, 1841. They have had four children, three of whom are yet liv- ing, viz. : Ida M., Eva J. and John S. Mr. Stewart followed farming until 1872, when he and a brother engaged in the mercantile business at Avilla, which he still follows. He has built up a large and lucrative business. He is a stanch Republican, and a member of the Masonic Order. He has been Post- master at Avilla since 1875, and has held other positions of honor and trust. THOMAS STOREY was born in Yorkshire, Eng., February 29, 1816, and is a son of George and Elizabeth (Sidgwick) Storey, who were natives of the County Durham and the parents of eight children. The father was a farmer and veterinary surgeon. He lived and died in his native country. Thomas Storey was reared on a farm, receiving a common-school education. When fourteen years old, hired out to the neighboring farmers for from £5 to £16 per annum. He disposed of his interests in England, and in 1839 came to Lockport, N. Y., where he remained until 1842 ; then came to Noble County, Ind., and the spring of 1843, entered eighty acres of land in Allen Township. In 1844, he settled here permanently. Mr. Storey was married, September 6, 1844, to Miss Mary Southworth, who was born in Lancashire, England, Octo- ber 25, 1818. Mr. and Mrs. Storey were among the early pioneers of Allen Township. Their first log cabin was 12x14 feet. Mr. Storey and wife have been hard-working and industrious people. They are faithful adherents of the Catholic Church, and are among the respected citizens of Allen Township. MOSES and DANIEL TRYON are natives of Wayne County, Ohio, and are the sons of John and Lydia (Sadler) Tryon, the former a native of the Em- pire State and the latter of Canada. The father, in 1816, went to Wayne County, Ohio, where he was married, and ever afterward resided, following his trade, that of a wheelwright. He was a hard-working man, and reared a family of twelve children. Moses Tryon was born June 3, 1818. His education con- sisted of such as could be obtained in the log schoolhouses of that early day, and from boyhood was accustomed to hard work. He was united in marriage with Miss Catharine J. Dunfee December 29, 1836. She was born in Fred- erick County, Md., April 13, 1818. To them have been born the following children — William, Cornelius, Henry, John, James, Milton and Newton (twins), Sophia and George (twins), and Lucy J. Henry, John and James, served with distinction during the late war. In 1841, Mr. Tryon came in a two-horse wagon 434 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: with his family to this county, locating on the land he now owns. On his arrival, he found he had left just 8 cents cash. This to a man of less nerve and energy would have been disheartening. He and wife went to work with a will, and it was not long ere they were as comfortably situated as their neigh- bors ; however, they eftdured many hardships and privations. Mr. Tryon and wife live upon the old homestead, where the most of their lives has been passed. They are kind-hearted, hospitable people, and have the respect of all who know them. Daniel Tryon was born February 11, 1824, and, like his brother, was raised upon a farm, receiving but a limited education. He was united in mar- riage with Miss Catharine Richey, June 4, 1848. This lady was born in Wooster, Ohio, January 15, 1830. From this union there are eight children, viz. : Delia, Emma, Mina, William, Lucina, Adda, Morton and Burton. Two years after his marriage, Mr. Tryon moved to this county, which he has ever since made his home. He owns eighty acres of well-improved land, which he has obtained by his own hard work. Both he and his brother are stanch Republicans, and are among the county's best citizens. W. B. VAN GORDER is a native of this township. He is the son of Aaron A. and Rebecca J. (Campbell) Van Gorder, the former a native of Liv- ingston County, N. Y., and the latter of Fayette County, Penn. They came to this county in 1853, where they have since resided. They have four chil- dren, viz.: W. B., Henry J., Sarah E. and Joel C. They own a nicely im- proved farm of 280 acres. W. B. Van Gorder was reared on his father's farm, attending the home and Avilla schools during the winter months. When about twenty years of age he taught a term of school, after which he entered the Fort Wayne College, from which institution he graduated at the head of his class in the spring of 1881, excelling especially in civil engineering. He taught several terms of school while attending college, thus acquiring a thoroughly practical as well as a theoretical education. He is the Principal of the Avilla school, which under his efficient management has become one of the best in the county. He is a Republican. HENRY VOGEDING, one of the leading merchants, is a native of Prus- sia ; born October 22, 1824. Son of Francis A. and Mary A. (Rutenfratz) Vogeding, who came to the United States in 1836, and located in Putnam County, Ohio. His father was a cooper, but during his residence in Ohio was engaged in farming ; he died ten years after settling in Putnam County. Sub- ject was the eldest of a family of seven children ; at the time of his father's death the greater portion of the care of the family rested upon him. At the age of 19 he went to Dayton, Ohio, where he remained for nearly sixteen years, following coopering most of the time, and sending home the greater portion of his earnings. He then went to Putnam County, where, for about three years he was engaged at his trade. In 1859, he came to Allen Township, where he has since resided. He engaged at coopering and farming until 1872 ; has since been actively engaged in mercantile pursuits. He carries a complete stock of dry goods, groceries, hats and caps, boots and shoes, tin and hardware, valued at $10,000 ; his trade is large and is steadily increasing. Mr. Voge- ding owns 87 acres of land in the township, and is a progressive and enter- prising citizen. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Siefker, November 1, 1847, at Dayton, Ohio. She is a native of Hanover, Germany, born in 1822. From this union there are five children, four now living — August, Rosena, Agnes and John ; Joseph, deceased. They are members of the Catholic Church. ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 436 ELIHU WADSWORTH was born in the city of Hartford, Conn., June 29, 1802. He is the son of David and Irene (Olcott) Wadsworth, who were born, reared and married in the city of Hartford. They removed from there to Old Portage, Summit Co., Ohio, in 1814, and here, in 1825, the mother died. To them were born a large family of children, but only six reached their majority. The father died in 1838. Elihu Wadsworth was brought up on a farm, and from early boyhood was accustomed to hard work. His education was obtained in the subscription schools of that day. He was married to Miss Phebe Ulmer December 31, 1829, born in Maine May 11, 1810. From this union there were five children, viz.: Joseph T., William F., Edwin N., Chloe E. and Henry E. Joseph T. resides in Allen Township, and is a farmer. The daughter is married, and resides in Kendallville. Henry E. resides in La Porte, Indiana, and is the editor and proprietor of the La Porte Argus. Mr. Wadsworth moved from Summit County, Ohio, to this county in 1836, arriving in Allen Township, and locating on the farm he now owns, October 20 of the same year. He has since resided here, and for the most part has been engaged in farming and stock-raising. His wife died May 28, 1874. Mr. Wadsworth has always voted with the Democratic party. He has held the offices of County Commissioner, Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee and other positions of honor and trust. He owns 120 acres of nicely-improved land. GEORGE WEAVER was born in Richland County, Ohio, December 6, 1824, and is a son of Willian and Catharine (Stout) Weaver, who were mar- ried in Richland County, Ohio, and to them were born a family of ten children, all of whom are living. The father was a native of Virginia, and the mother of Pennsylvania. They lived a long life of usefulness, and died honored and respected citizens. George Weaver received but a common-school education ; was reared on a farm at home until he reached his majority, when he came to Noble County, driving cattle for Amos Black. This was in 1845 ; and, after remaining here six months, Mr. Weaver returned to Ohio, and, April 8, 1846, married Miss Elizabeth Musgrove, who was born in the same county as himself, December 13, 1830. Four children were born to this union — Allen, James, Albert and Jane. Mr. and Mrs. Weaver remained in Ohio until 1853, when they came to Noble County, where they have ever since resided. Mr. Wea- ver's early life here was one of hardship. For three years, he was afflicted with sore eyes, but by hard labor and determination has acquired 120 acres of good land, well improved. He is a Democrat, and an intelligent and enter- prising citizen. HEMAN H. WHEELER was born July 22, 1823, in Wayne County, Penn. He is the only son of a family of twelve children born to Trueman and Hannah (Carr) Wheeler. The father was a native of Massachusetts, and the mother of Rhode Island. They both went with their parents to Wayne County, Penn., when children, where they were reared, married and resided a number of years. In 1841, Mr. Wheeler entered 175 acres where his son Heman H. now resides, and the same year came with part of his family (only four of the twelve children came with the parents), to locate upon it. Finding it wholly unimproved, he took the family to Steuben County to reside while he improved the place to some extent. In 1844, he came with his family to his place in Allen Township, which they have since made their home. Mr. Wheeler was a well-read man, and held, in his lifetime, many positions of honor and trust. He held the office of Justice of the Peace for twenty-five years in Pennsylvania, and it is said that during that time he had not one of his decisions reversed by any of the superior courts. He was well posted and possessed a superior mem- 436 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ory. He died April 18, 1867, aged eighty-four years, and his wife November 21, 1880, who was ninetv-seven at the time of her death. Heman H. Wheeler received a common-school education, and, when a young man, taught several terms of school. He helped to clear up the place in Allen Township, while the family resided in Steuben County. He always made his home with his parents, and, during their old age, cared for them. He was married to Miss Loretta M. Mather January 4, 1848. She was born at Akron, Ohio, September 3, 1827. Five children have been born to them, three of whom are vet living, viz. : Henry W., Frank D. and Mina L. Those deceased were named Trueman S. and Frank C. Mr. Wheeler owns 460 acres of land at present, although he has owned much more at different times. He has dealt largely in cattle and hogs, shipping to Chicago and Eastern cities ; has devoted his entire time to his business. He is a thorough and practical business man ; a Republican and a prominent citizen. ALONZO D. WHITFORD (deceased) descended from an old and re- spected New England family, his birth occurring May 3, 1810, in Otsego County, N. Y. His parents moved to Wayne County, Ohio, soon after the war of 3 812, and it was here that he was reared upon his father's farm, receiving but a limited education. He was married to Miss Louisa M. Webster Decem- ber 29, 1831 ; she was born in the town of Putney, Vt., July 9, 1812. Her parents, Asahel and Janette Webster, moved to Wayne County, Ohio, in 1817. Mr. Whitford remained in Wayne County some three years after his marriage, and then moved to Hancock County, Ohio. In 1837, he came with his family to this county and entered 320 acres of land in Allen Township. Mr. Whit- ford was a man of more than ordinary ability and natural powers of mind. He took advanced ground on nearly all the leading issues of his day, and was a strong anti-slavery man. He died March 12, 1879. In his family were six children, viz., Mahala L., Webster, Nancy R., Almira, William H. and Alonzo M. Of these, William H. was born in Allen Township January 18, 1842. He received a good common-school education, and was united in marriage with Miss Sarah H. Hill January 27, 1869. She was born in Niagara County, N. Y., December 7, 1848. From this union'there are two children, viz., Fred E. and Ethel M. Alonzo M. resides upon the old homestead with the mother. He and brother own nicely improved farms which they have well stocked. They are Republicans, and among the enterprising and progressive men of Noble County. JOHN YEISER was born in York, Penn., November 23, 1822. He is the youngest of a family of seven children born to John and Elizabeth (Whit- mire) Yeiser, both natives of the Keystone State. They were married and re- sided in their native State until 1833, when they moved with their family to Richland County, Ohio. Here they reared their family and resided till the mother died in 1848. The father, in his old age, came to live with his son John in this county, where he died in 1867. Our subject was brought up on his father's farm, receiving a common-school education. Soon after attaining his majority, he began working at the carpenter and joiner's trade, which he followed in Ohio until 1855, when he moved to this county and purchased the farm he now owns in Allen Township. He was married to Miss Margaret Shambaugh June 3, 1848. She was born in Richland County, Ohio, February 20, 1827. They have five children, viz., George, Elizabeth C, James E., Mary E. and Frank C. Mr. Yeiser owns 180 acres of land, which he paid for with money earned working at his trade. His farm is well stocked and nicely im- proved. He is a Republican, and one of Allen Township's prominent citizens. ELKHART TOWNSHir. 437 ELKHART TOWNSHIP. JOHN P. BAKER, born in Germany, is a son of John and Margaret Baker, both natives of that country, where the father died. The subject was educated in Germany, and in 1853 came to America with his mother, who died in Orange Township. Here the subject worked by the day for one year, and purchased a farm of forty acres, that he partially cleared, and upon which he Duilt a barn, house, etc., and afterward located. He married, in 1860, Mary Stoekle, who came with her parents to Wayne Township from their native home in Wurtemberg, Germany. They lived in Orange Township until 1869, when Mr. Baker purchased one hundred acres of land in Elkhart Township, where he now lives and which he has greatly improved. It now contains a good frame residence, and all the other buildings required by the model farmer. In 1870, his wife died. Their children were John, William, Frederick and Joseph, all at home. Mr. Baker's second and present wife, Sarah J. Baker, is a native of Ohio, and daughter of Cornelius and Elizabeth Bloomfield, natives, respectively, of Ohio and Pennsylvania, who came to Orange Township in 1853, where the father died, and the mother is at present living on the old farm. Mr. and Mrs. Baker are members of the Dunker Church, and have five children — Henry, Lilly, Hattie, Winnie and Elmer. RENWICK W. BARTLEY, M. D., spent his early life in New York City, the place of his nativity, and from 1863 to 1866 he lived in Pennsylvania ; then a year was passed in Illinois, returning to Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1869, when he went to Northern Wisconsin, and entered a drug store as clerk. After studying medicine for three and a half years, under Dr. Lacey, he took a course of lectures at the Bennett Medical College, Chicago, 111.; then entered upon the practice of medicine in Merrimac, Wis. After a stay there of one year, he came to Wawaka in November, 1874, where he followed his profession until 1875. Then practiced one year in Brimfield, at conclusion of which the Doctor resumed his profession in Wawaka, in 1879 connecting with his practice the drug business. In June, 1878, he was married to Elizabeth M. Nimmon, whose parents were natives of Ohio Her father was an eminent physician and surgeon. One child, Karl N., has been born to the Doctor and wife. The parents of Dr. Bartley, Isaiah and Mary Bartley, were natives, respectively, of Orange County, N. Y., and of Baltimore, Md. The latter died in Washington City ; the former in Davton, Ohio. Dr. Bartley is a mem- ber of the Brimfield Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., No. 587. His wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM H. BLACK is a native of Delaware County, Ohio, and lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age. They came to Whitley County, Ind., in 1860, and subsequently moved to Perry Township, where the mother, Drusilla Black, who was a native of Ohio, died in 1871. The father, George H. Black, a native of New York, married again, and is living in Albion. The subject was married, February 4, 1868, to Miss Cenia A. King, native of Perry Township, where her parents, Michael D. and Mary King, natives of Pennsyl- vania, located, and where the mother died in 1871; father still living. Mr. Black and wife have since been living on their farm of 100 acres in this town- ship, with comfortable surroundings and substantial buildings. Besides this, 438 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mr. Black owns 40 acres of partially improved land south of his farm. He has always followed farming, and when a boy went to school winters, acquiring the common-school education. There are six children in their family — Charles, Frank, Evalena, Wright, Roy and Ethel, all at home. GEORGE Z. ROLLER, son of George F. and Elizabeth Boiler, natives, respectively, of Germany and Pennsylvania, was born in Wayne County, Ohio. His mother died in that county, and his father in Elkhart County, Ind. The subject attended district school in Wayne County until seventeen years old, when he taught a four months' term of school ; subsequently attended school one term at the academy at Canton, Stark Co., Ohio, and two terms at Wooster, Ohio, after which he followed teaching several years, teaching fifteen terms in all. He was married in Wayne County, Ohio, November 14, 1850, to Cath- arine Zook, daughter of Gideon and Mary Zook, natives of Pennsylvania, who was born in Wayne County, Ohio, where her father died and her mother is now living. After living there four years, Mr. Boiler came to Elkhart Township in 1855, and located permanently on forty acres of partly improved land. He has made subsequent purchases, and now owns one hundred and two acres of good land, sixty acres thoroughly improved and cultivated, with good buildings and rich productive soil. Mr. and Mrs. Boiler are members of the Amish Mennonite Church, and are intelligent, enterprising citizens. They have one son living — Benjamin F., a student at Yale College, New Haven, Conn.; and one deceased — Amos. FRANCIS M. BUKER was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, where he lived with his parents until eighteen years of age. His father, Caleb Buker, a native of Maine, followed farming in Muskingum County a number of years, and afterward turned his attention to the mercantile business. His mother, Catharine Buker, was born in Pennsylvania. Both of his parents died in Muskingum County. Francis Buker obtained a fair education, and for ten years was engaged principally in teaching, part of the time officiating as clerk in his father's store. January 4, 1861, he married Sarah T. Trittipo, a native of Loudoun County, Va., and in May, 1861, they settled on their present farm of one hundred and fifty-three acres, in Elkhart Township. One hundred acres are nicely cultivated and improved, and their frame residence, when first built, was considered an elegant structure. Mr. Buker has set out 1,500 fruit trees, and otherwise increased the value of his farm. Mrs. Buker's parents, Thomas and Sarah A. Trittipo, natives of Loudoun County, Va., in 1856 came to La Grange County, Ind., where they are still living on a farm. Mr. Buker held the office of Justice of the Peace for eight years, and served efficiently. Their children are seven, five living — Charles C, Sarah C, George F., Ernest C. and William T., all at home ; Daisy D.and John J., deceased. ABRAM FRANKS passed his boyhood days in Wayne County, Ohio, place of nativity. In 1863, he came to Jefferson Township, this county, with his parents. Was married January 1. 1864, to Maria Buttermore, whose parents were George and Barbara Buttermore ; the former is dead, and the latter is now living, at the age of eighty -two, in Fayette County, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Franks commenced life together in Jefferson Township. He subse- quently purchased a partly-improved farm in Elkhart Township, of about 130 acres ; upon this they are now living, having cleared and brought under cul- tivation other portions of the tract, erected a good barn, and added other con- venient and comfortable surroundings, rendering the place valuable and desira- ble as a home place. To them have been born eight children, who are living ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 439 with their parents, viz. : Carrie, Florence, Brady, Forrest, Arthur, Belle, Ger- trude and Edgar, forming a pleasant and interesting family circle. Mr. Franks' parents were Uriah and Elizabeth Franks. The father, now eighty-two years old, was a native of Pennsylvania ; and the mother, now seventy-seven, of Ohio. They are living with their son-in-law, Mr. McFarland, in this township. WILLIAM GAGE is a native of Wayne County, N. Y., and son of Hosea and Electa Gage. His parents, natives of New York, in 1834 located on a farm in Michigan, and resided there until 1842, when they came to this township, where the father died. The mother is yet living at the advanced age of seventy-three. The subject spent his boyhood days on the farm with his parents in Indiana. He served an apprenticeship of one year at the black- smith trade ; then followed farming in the summer and his trade during the winter. January 30, 1859, he was married to Mary Kern, a native of Penn- sylvania. His parents, Isaac W. and Catharine Kern, came to Indiana in 1845, and located on a farm in Perry Township, where they afterward died. After his wife's death, which occurred January 16, 1879, Mr. Gage was mar- ried to Adessa Franks, a native of Williams County, Ohio, and daughter of Jacob and Margaret Franks. She is a member of the M. E. Church, and his first wife was a member of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. The subject first settled on 80 acres of land in Elkhart Township, lived there one year, then purchased 80 acres in Section 19, where he moved and is still residing. He has 60 acres cultivated and improved ; in 1878, he built a fine brick residence, and altogether his farm presents a very thrifty appearance. Mr. Gage was drafted in the late war. They have had seven children — Emma, married and living in Elkhart Township ; Louis, deceased ; Jesse, John, Nellie, deceased ; Isaac and Abram. ABRAHAM GILL, one among the thriving farmers of this township, was born in Union County, Penn. His parents, Jacob and Susannah Gill, were natives of the same place, and his mother died in Pennsylvania. Abraham Gill's youth was passed in the States of Pennsylvania and Ohio, attending school, and farming during the summer vacations. After leaving Ohio, he came to Wells County, Ind., and purchased 80 acres of wooded land, where he built a log cabin, and lived twenty-six years. He then came to Sparta Town- ship, and bought 80 acres of land partially improved, and, after working it fourteen years, he sold it and located on his present farm in Elkhart Township. He owns 104 acres, and has improved 80 acres, upon which is a good frame dwelling-house, large barn, etc. Mr. Gill was married in Stark County, Ohio, to Mary McDaniel, a native of Stark County, and daughter of James and Sarah McDaniel, the latter a native of Pennsylvania, who, after her husband's death in Stark County, came to Indiana, and remarried. Mr. and Mrs. Gill are both members of the Christian Church. They have had twelve children — one, Elibabeth, deceased ; the others all married except John, who is living at home; Anne R., living in Fort Wayne; Sarah J., Sparta Township; Josiah G., Perry Township ; Jacob F., Michigan ; David, Elkhart Township ; Mary E., Ligonier; Amos A., Michigan; Adam, York Township; William. Mich- igan ; and Almeda, Michigan. MARION GLANT, proprietor of one of the two hotels at Wawaka, is a na- tive of Miami County, Ohio, and came here with his parents, natives of Ohio, in 1869. His education was obtained at West Milton, Ohio, and he lived with his parents until twenty-five years old. His father, John Giant, kept a butcher shop in Wawaka, where he died. His mother, Eliza Giant, is living 440 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: with her son in Ohio. The subject was married February 10, 1870, to Athelia A. Henry, a native of Ohio, whose father, Mark W. Henry, is dead, and her mother makes her home with subject's family. Since their marriage they have been engaged in the hotel business at Wawaka, and they are at all times ready to administer to the wants of the traveling public. Their hotel is known as the Wawaka House, and is conveniently located near the depot. Until about two years ago, theirs was the only hotel in Wawaka. Mr. and Mrs. Giant are pleasant, aifable people, and well adapted to their calling. WILLIAM GOLDEN is a native of Pennsylvania, son of William and Temperance Golden, both deceased. The mother died in Pennsylvania and the father in Ohio. The school days of William were limited to three terms in Fay- ette County, Penn. In his early days, he learned shoemaking ; engaged in this and running a tannery four years ; subsequently he built a tannery at Vienna, and conducted it seven years ; then, in 1847, came to this county, and located in a rude cabin on 200 acres of wood land. In two years he was the owner of 1,000 acres in one body ; improved two farms, but, being land poor, he turned it into $10,000 worth of railroad stock, and $4,000 -in a woolen-mill at Rome City ; lost it all. He then made another beginning in this township, by pur- chasing 80 acres, little improved ; to this he added until he owned 400 acres. He has built a good house and barn and other buildings ; he now owns 200 acres, having sold off 200. His present farm is well improved and cultivated. March 8, 1836, he married Elizabeth Parks, daughter of James and Susannah Parks, both of whom are dead. Mrs. Golden is a native of Kentucky. They are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church, and have had ten children — Sidney A., married and a resident of California ; James W. (deceased), William A. (died in the army), Mary J. (deceased), Susannah, Francis M., Benjamin F., Stephen, Hannah C. and Elizabeth (deceased). CHARLES K. GREENE is an affable, thrifty merchant of Wawaka, carrying a stock of drugs, groceries, wall paper, etc., to the value of $2,000. Mr. Greene is a native of Columbiana County, Ohio, where he spent his boy- hood years. At the age of eighteen, he commenced the study of medicine with Drs. Young and Calvin. After four years' application, he came to Zanes- ville, Ind., where he taught school one term, after which, he found employ- ment in a drug store, for a Mr. Mackall, in Sheldon, Allen County. Here he served for about one year. May 18, 1876, he married Louisa Caston, daughter of John Caston, of Wells County, Ind. Mr. Greene and wife moved to Wa- waka, where he engaged in clerking for M. Caston, in a drug store. June 9, 1877, he purchased the business, amounting to about $600. In this venture he has been successful, and has built up the trade, added to his line and is now in a prosperous condition. He has filled the office of Justice of the Peace, to which he was elected in 1878 by a vote of 219 to his opponent's 35 ; belongs to the Brimfield Lodge of I. O. O. F., and he and wife belong to the M. E. Church. Two children have been born to them, one of whom, Myrtle, is deceased. The one living is Raymond V. Mr. Greene's parents, Charles M. and Annie Greene, are still residents of Ohio. JAMES HALL, a prosperous farmer of Elkhart Township, is a native of Ohio, and came with his parents, William H. and Lucy Hall, to Indiana in 1888, and settled on a farm in Elkhart Township, where the mother died. She was a native of Vermont. William Hall is eighty-six years old, was born in Pennsylvania and is now living in Iowa. The subject received his schooling in Ohio, and was married. April 3, 1851, to , Elizabeth Hamilton, and since ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 441 then has been living on his present farm of 125 acres, that is furnished with all the modern improvements. She was born in Ohio, and was the daughter of John and Elizabeth Hamilton, natives of Pennsylvania. She died in 1865 and left five children — Mary, in La Grange County, married ; Benjamin F. ; Sarah S., married and living in La Grange County; Ida S., La Grange County ; and Elmer E. Mr. Hall subsequently married Mrs. Sarah J. Fer- guson, a native of Ohio. They have four children — Lemira, Lucy L., Ezekiel W. and Melvin. Mr. Hall is the inventor of Hall's Windmill, which was patented in 1871 and again in 1873. He was interested in that business about five years, then sold it to Flint, Walling & Co., who continue to manufacture and erect windmills in various parts of the country. LOREN R. HATHAWAY was born in Perry Township, Noble County, Ind. His parents, William and Margaret Hathaway, came to Indiana from Ohio, their native State, and located on a farm in Perry Township. Here Loren Hathaway was reared, and was taught the common branches at the district and town schools. It was here also that his mother's death occurred. His father was proprietor of the first hotel started in Ligonier, where his last days were passed. The subject was united in marriage, in 1874, with Miss Alice L. Smith, a native of Darke County, Ohio. Her parents, William and Elizabeth Smith, were also natives of Darke County. Mr. and Mrs. Hath- away came to their present farm in Elkhart Township in 1879. They have a good home and a family of three children — William H. L., Eva L. and Tola B., all living at home. CHRISTIAN HELTZEL, a native of Virginia, spent his youth in the States of Virginia, Ohio and Indiana. He came to the latter State in 1836 with his parents, Henry and Elizabeth Heltzel, natives of Virginia, who located in Perry Township, where the mother died. His father served as Collector and Assessor two terms and Recorder eight years. He died in Albion. Christian Heltzel never attended school, but can read and write readily enough to trans- act all business forms. He purchased forty acres of land in Elkhart Township in 1847 ; subsequently purchasing and disposing of land, and engaged all the time in clearing and improving. He now owns 140 acres and is comfortably situated. He was married, in 1844, to Catharine Vance, native of Ohio and daughter of Martin and Barbara Vance, also natives of Ohio, who came to Benton Township, Elkhart County, in 1829. They had twelve children — Melissa, deceased; Marian and Eliza A. (twins), deceased; George W., now living in Sparta Township; Marquis D., at home; Caroline, living in Nap- panee, Elkhart County; John V., in Sparta Township; Thomas J., in Elkhart Township; Amos C, in Indianapolis; Charles, deceased; Jefferson C, at home; and Catharine E., deceased. Mr. Heltzel's first wife died in 1863, and he subsequently married Elizabeth Rentfrow, native of Ohio. They have two children — Andrew J. and Seymour. JAMES J. KNOX is a native of Richland County, Ohio, a son of John and Mary Knox, who emigrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, where they lived on a farm until their death. James remained with his parents until he was twenty-two years old. He served as a soldier in the Mexican war thirteen months. After returning to Ohio he came to Noble County in 1848, and pur- chased 184 acres of timber land in Elkhart Township. Mr. Knox returned to Ohio and wintered, and in 1849 crossed the plains to California, where he en- gaged in gold mining until 1852, when, in July of that year, he again returned to Ohio. In 1853, he retraced his steps to Noble County and built a steam saw- 442 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : mill in Allen Township ; this he operated for two years. September 5, 1854, he married Naomi A. Black, a daughter of Peter and Martha Black, who came from Maryland in 1853, and located on farm in Jefferson Township, where the father died ; the mother then lived with her son Cyrus until her death. In October, 1855, Mr. Knox and wife settled on his farm in this township, which he improved with fine buildings, orchard, etc. This farm he sold in June, 1881, and purchased a fine brick residence in Ligonier, which he intends mak- ing his future residence. Mr. Knox and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They have had five children — Martha L. and Mary P., both deceased ; Alice, Kate and Gertrude B. He still owns 433 acres of land, and is a substantial citizen. AARON E. MAWHORTER, son of William and Prudence Mawhorter, was born February 11, 1838, in Elkhart Township, where he lived with his par- ents on a farm, and obtained a common-school education. March 22, 1858, he married Rebecca Kessler, who was born in Morrow County, Ohio. Her parents — Andrew and Mariah Kessler — the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Morrow County, Ohio, came to Indiana and located near Rome City. The mother died July 3, 1881, and the father is still living on the farm with his daughter. Mr. Mawhorter and wife are thrifty people, and have made vast improvements on their well-regulated farm. He now owns ninety-three acres of land, upon which are numerous fine buildings, besides town property in Wawaka. They have two children living— Eva C, who married a farmer of Elkhart Township, and William A., at work for himself; and one, Prudence M., deceased. WILLIAM MAWHORTER (deceased) was born in Washington County, Penn., February 9, 1812. His parents, William and Margaret Mawhorter, were wealthy, but lost their property and came to Ohio when William, Jr., was was about thirteen years old. Here, the father died. The subject of this sketch, when he grew to maturity, purchased forty acres of land in Marion County, upon which he lived with his mother and sisters, and engaged some- what in clearing until 1834, when he sold out and came to this county, and purchased 160 acres of land in this township from the Government. March 19, 1837, he was married to Miss Prudence Pierson, who was born in Cape May County, N. J., August 18, 1816. They commenced housekeeping in the log cabin on his land, on which they lived until 1866, when he removed to eighty acres in Section 21, which he had purchased. Here his wife died July 7, 1870, he following her May 21, 1872. They were both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he was Steward several years. Their children were : Aaron E., Martha A. (deceased), Sarah C:, William H., Francis M. (whose head was injured when three years old, impairing his mind; he lives with his youngest brother), Joseph A. (deceased), Thomas J., Marcus L., Joshua K. and Dr. N. (deceased). Thomas J. was born in this county December 10, 1852, and was married May 17, 1874, to Miss A. Rendel, who was born in Ashland County, Ohio, October 10, 1854, the daughter of William and Susan- na Rendel. To them have been born four children, viz.: Miron E., Dora B., Blanche M., deceased, and Walter A. Mr. and Mrs. Mawhorter are living upon the land entered from the Government by his father. GEORGE W. MUMMERT is a native of Canton, Ohio, whose parents were Adam and Mary Ann Mummert, natives of Pennsylvania. They came to Canton in 1816, where the mother subsequently died. The father is still living, and though he is eighty-one years old, he is quite active. In the year ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 443 1854, at the age of eighteen, George W. came west to Goshen, Ind., where he found employment in a grist-mill. August 6, 1858, he married Louisa Zinn, whose parents were natives of Clark County, Ohio. Mr. Mummert followed milling in Goshen about fourteen years, then moved to Wawaka, where he built a grist-mill in 1868, in partnership with E. W. H. Ellis ; July 23, 1875, this property was destroyed by fire, when Mr. Mummert bought Mr. Ellis' interest and immediately erected a steam saw-mill ; this he continues to operate in a thoroughly business-like manner. He filled the office of Township Trustee two terms, and subsequently that of County Commissioner two terms. He is a member of Goshen Lodge, No. 34, I. O. 0. F., of twenty-four years' standing, and member of Freeman Encampment. He is also a Master Mason of the Albion Lodge. Mr. and Mrs. Mummert have had a family of four children — William C. is now Postmaster at Wawaka, and Elmer E. is living at home. All of the family are members of the M. E. Church. JAMES E. NOWELLS ministers to the wants of the traveling public as landlord of a comfortable hostelry in Wawaka. He was born in Holmes County, Ohio, and was bound out to Peter Dunmire, who kept a hotel. James' school opportunities were limited. He came to this township in 1856, but returned again to Ohio September 13, 1857. He married Mary A. Kline, daughter of Jacob and Barbara Kline, who still live in Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Nowells came to his former location on a rented farm ; continued on rented property for a number of years, when he bought ten acres at the Poplar Grove Schoolhouse, after which he was employed as night-watchman at the railroad depot in Wawaka for six months ; then engaged in same capacity at the wool- en mills in Rome City for one year ; then one year as clerk in a Mr. Miller's store, same place. Returning to Wawaka, he exchanged some real estate for town property, and started a grocery store ; this he continued for two years and six months, when he engaged in his present business, keeping hotel. Mr. Nowells has been honored with the office of Justice of the Peace for four years. They have three' children — Alva E., Joseph L. and Minnie. His parents were Joseph and Sarah Nowells. The mother died in Ohio ; the father came to Indiana, and is now seventy-five years old. JOHN PANCAKE is a native of Ohio, where he lived on a farm and received the common education. His parents, John and Dorothy Pancake, came from their native State (Virginia) to Ohio, and settled on a farm, where they died. The subject came to Indiana in 1846, and located on land that had been entered by his father in 1838, and upon which he is now living. He has worked diligently, and at one time cleared a road through his farm, be- sides opening several others. His farm consists of 280 acres, enriched and cultivated soil. In the place of the log cabin of former days is an elegant brick residence, with other buildings to correspond. In 1846, Mr. Pancake was married to Miss Effie A. Radcliff, native of Ohio, and daughter of Job and Martha Radcliff, natives of Virginia. His wife died in 1847, in Indiana. He subsequently returned to Ohio and married Susan Cornell, now living. She was born in Virginia, and her parents, Daniel and Elizabeth Cornell, were also natives of Virginia, and were living in Illinois at the time of their death. Mr. and Mrs. Pancake have three children — Elias, married and living in Kan- sas, and Lizzie and Ella, living at home. JOSEPH L. PANCAKE was reared in this township, where he came with his parents in 1844, though born in Ohio. They were also natives of Ohio, and located on 160 acres of land entered from the Government, which. 444 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: they afterward increased to 320. The father, Isaac Pancake, died February 26, 1880, and his wife, Eve, September 14, 1881, on the old farm. Joseph Pancake was married December 22, 1870, to Olive Peck, whose parents, Bur- ton and Sarah Peck, natives of New York, are now living in La Grange County, where Olive was born. They have two children — Verne L. and Emma G. Mr. and Mrs. Pancake belong to the Lutheran Church. His farm is desirably located, has an excellent soil, and is adorned with a good frame residence, large barn, etc. Mr. Pancake received a moderate education, and is esteemed as a good citizen. EDMOND POTTER was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., where he lived until ten years of age, after that in Ohio until twenty-one, receiving a common-school education in Richland County. In 1844, he came with his parents to Indiana, and engaged in clearing land, etc. He was married Novem- ber 13, 1845, to Sarah J. Creigh, whose parents, Samuel A. and Lydia A. Creigh. located in Wayne Township in 1844. They are both dead. Mrs. Potter is a native of Richland County, Ohio. They lived on a rented farm in Wayne Township one year ; he subsequently went to Michigan, where he drove team on public works, and two years for a railroad company at Niles; followed this in building a mill in the Galien woods ; then was something over one year lumbering at La Porte, Ind. He then rented a farm one year, when he bought forty acres wild land in La Porte County, which he improved for two years ; then removed to Sparta Township, this county, and rented for one year ; pur- chased sixty-five acres wood land in York Township, built a house and im- proved. In three years, sold and purchased eighty acres more ; improved this with house, orchard, etc., remaining five years ; sold and purchased eighty acres in Elkhart Township, partly improved ; sold this in six months ; went to Iowa, bought ninety acres, which he cultivated one year ; then sold and returned to York Township and bought his former tract of eighty acres ; this he culti- vated and improved fourteen years, when the spirit of change again came over him, and he traded for his present farm in Section 29, consisting of 170 acres : has a good frame house and barn and other buildings, orchard, etc. Mr. Potter has served as Constable two years. They have ten children — Arnada, Judson, Mary, Edmond H., Paul, John T., Cynthia A., William, Simeon B. and Charles W. The parents of Mr. Potter were Henry and Azubah Potter ; the father, native of Connecticut, and died in Wayne Township, this county ; the mother, native of York State, died in Elkhart County, Ind. PHILIP REIDENBAUCH (deceased), son of Philip Reidenbauch, was born in Germany, and learned the carpenter's trade there. At the age of twenty, he came to America and followed his trade for four years. March 16, 1844, he married Catharine Comingue, daughter of Lorenzo and Mary A. Comingue, all natives of Germany. Mrs. R. came to America in 1840. The subject and wife lived three years in Zanesville, Ohio, then came to Springfield, Elkhart Township, where, during the winter, he was engaged in carpentering, and then settled on their farm of eighty acres in Section 25. This land he cleared and improved, making subsequent additions until it now numbers 240 acres, 140 of which is cleared; and, together with the large frame residence and other requisite buildings thereon, presents really a beautiful appearance. Mr. Reidenbauch died October 18, 1881, much regretted by all. He was a member of the German Methodist Episcopal Church, and was a highly respected citizen. Mrs. R. is a member of the same church. They had nine children — Henry, killed in the battle of Mission Ridge ; Catharine and Jacob, both mar- ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 445 ried and living in Elkhart Township ; Christina, living in Detroit, Mich.; Melinda, living in Wayne Township ; Lizzie, a resident of Michigan, and John, Philip and May A., all living at home. JOHN W. RENDEL, a native of Ashland County, Ohio, is a son of Will- iam and Susanna Rendel, natives of Pennsylvania ; came with them to Wayne Township, Noble County, and located on a farm. The subject was reared in Noble County, and taught school when eighteen years of age. He was mar- ried, November 14, 1869, to Catherine E. Haller. She was born in Wayne County, and her parents, John F. and Joanna Haller, were natives of Germany and Pennsylvania, respectively. In 1870, they came to Elkhart Township, where Mr. Rendel purchased eighty acres of land, which he has largely improved. For some time Mr. Rendel followed teaching in connection with farming, and for the past five years has been engaged in the ministry. He has served as Township Trustee two terms, and is serving his third by holding the office on account of his successor's incompetency. He and wife are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church. They have four children — John A., Charles F., Orvill and Ota E. JOSEPH A. RITCHISON, son of Thomas and Mary Ritchison, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, and was reared and educated in Ohio. His parents were natives of Maryland, and came to Ohio, where they were engaged in farm- ing, and where they died. Joseph Ritchison was brought up to hard labor on a farm, and spent some time in boating on the canal and river. In 1836, he went to Greene County, Ohio, and was there married, in 1837, to Margaret Boroughs, a native of that county, and daughter of William and Sarah Bor- oughs, who were born in Maryland, and died in Ohio. The subject and wife lived in Greene County for thirty-eight years, engaged in farming, and then sold out and came to Indiana, where Mr. Ritchison purchased a farm of eighty acres in Elkhart Township, and resumed his old occupation. This land he has largely improved, and has erected numerous buildings. While in Ohio, Mr. Ritchison was elected Constable eight different times, and filled the office of Trustee two terms, and that of Deputy Sheriff two terms. They have had three children — Mary J., married, and living in Sparta Township ; Milo A., married, and living in Elkhart Township ; and William B., deceased. WILLIAM ROBERTS was born in New Jersey, but passed his boyhood in Knox County, Ohio. His father, James P. Roberts, was a native of Scotland ; his mother, Hannah, was of Pennsylvania. They settled in Knox County, where they died. In February, 1855, James was married to Mary M. Coffinberry, daughter of G. L. Coffinberry. Her parents lived in Ohio, where she was born. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts came to Albion April 13, 1855, where he engaged in painting, having learned the trade in Fredericktown, Ohio. After six years in thi3 employment, he purchased a stock of furniture and undertaking, which busi- ness he ran four years, then sold and purchased a half interest in a grocery and provision store ; this occupied two years of his time, when he sold to William Johnston. In 1868 and 1869, he clerked for Mr. Black, and in 1870 came to Wawaka as clerk in Mr. Ward's drug store. In November of 1871, he pur- chased the business. This establishment burned in 1875, about one-half of the stock being saved ; sustained a loss of $700. Started up the business again, and sold out in 1877 ; then purchased a farm of eighty acres. His health fail- ing, he sold at the end of two years, and engaged in insurance, which business now receives his full attention. Representing, as he does, seven of the strong- est companies, adds largely to his prestige of success. He makes his office 446 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: with G. W. Mummert. Mr. Roberts and wife have the following-named chil- dren — George L., James R. and Charlotte B. Mr. Roberts for four years administered the law to the satisfaction of the community as Justice of the Peace. FREDERICK SCHWAB is a native of Switzerland, where he spent his boyhood years, and where his parents were born and died. In 1857, he came to this country and located at Springfield, in this township. Here he served two years as an apprentice at the carpenter's trade with his brother. Continued at this trade until 1862 ; then enlisted in Company B, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, participating in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Resaca, Chickamauga and Mission Ridge. In addition to this, had his share of marching, skirmishes, etc. His health be- ing impaired, he engaged in shoemaking in Missouri for two years. Returned to Wawaka in 1875, and engaged in butchering for a summer ; then, after one year in the grocery business, Mr. Schwab commenced general merchandising, in which trade he still continues, carrying a stock of about $4,000 ; being well- adapted to this calling, he has become popular and commands an increasing cus- tom. His wife was Mary A. Lower, daughter of Daniel and Abigail Lower, natives, respectively, of Germany and Ohio. The father came to America in 1831. Mr. and Mrs. Schwab were married in May, 1866. They have had five children — Margaret A. (deceased), Millie M., William D., NoraE. (deceased), and Charles W. Mr. Schwab is a member of the Ligonier Lodge, No. 267, I. 0. 0. F. GOTTLIEB SCHWAB was born in Switzerland, where he served as an apprentice for two years at the shoemaker's trade. In the year 1866, he came to this country from his native land and settled in Wawaka. Following his in- clination and previous training, he engaged in shoemaking and in the boot and shoe trade. This business he still continues, having the only establishment of the kind in the village. Mr. Schwab has had thorough training in his line, and by close attention to his business has been able to draw custom from a large section of the surrounding country. He carries a well-assorted stock of about $1,500 worth. October 29, 1868, Mr. Schwab was married to Nancy Hersey, daughter of Henry Hersey, a native of Ohio. To this union were born five chil- dren, viz., Fannie F., Jennie, Cora, Ira and Clarence ; the latter, deceased. Mr. Schwab is an Odd Fellow, a member of the Ligonier Lodge. His parents were John and Annie Schwab, both of whom died in Switzerland. CALVIN A. SEYMOUR, M. D., is a native of this county, born in No- ble Township, where he passed his early days with his parents until he reached the age of twenty-one years. He then entered school at Albion which he at- tended two years. After which he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Leonard in Albion, completing with Dr. E. H. Depew, of Wolf Lake. In the meantime our medical student taught school some. He graduated in his pro- fessional studies at the Indiana Medical College at Indianapolis. He then be- gan this practice at Sheldon, eleven miles south of Fort Wayne, where he con- tinued with excellent success for nine years. Subsequently the Doctor came to Wawaka and located permanently, where he continues in his profession. In the year 1869, he was united in marriage with Callie V. Keller, a native of Vir- ginia. She is a member of the Christian Church. They have three children, viz., Horace A., Bertie B. and Ovis. The Doctor's father was a native of New York, and came to Indiana in 1834, worked at " Rowdy Ridge," now known as Christian Chapel. He purchased a farm near Wolf Lake, where he died in 1873. ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 447 THOMAS SHAW is the son of Hamilton and Abigail Shaw, and was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, the nativity of his parents. They removed to Hardin County, Ohio, in 1847, where they now live on a farm. Thomas Shaw was reared on a farm ; was married in December, 1853, to Susannah Stump, native of Hancock County, Ohio ; she died in 1862. Mr. Shaw came to Elkhart Township in 1855, and located on unimproved land, which he culti- vated for eight years, when he went to Illinois, where he remained on a farm about one year. Returned to this township and located on his present farm of 126 acres which is under a good state of cultivation, and which he has improved by adding necessary and comfortable buildings. He also owns thirty-six acres of other land. He was married to his second wife, Rachel Grisamer, in Novem- ber, 1868 ; she was born in Perry Township, this county, to Joseph and Anna Grisamer; the mother died in March, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw are members of the Free- Will Baptist Church. He served one year as Township Trustee, and is the father of three children by his first wife — Jesse B., Marion F. and David A. FRANCIS M. STAGE is a native of Muskingum County, Ohio, and remained with his parents, Benjamin and Loraine Sta^e, until twenty-five years of age. They came to Indiana in 1834, and located on wooded land in Perry Township, Noble County, where they died. Benjamin Stage was born in New Jersey, and his wife was a native of Maine. Francis M. Stage was commonly educated, and reared to farm labor. October 11, 1856, he was married to Louisa Bradford, whose parents, Joseph and Phebe Bradford, natives of Ohio, came to Indiana, and located in York Township in 1831, where the father died in 1839. Mrs. Bradford died in Perry Township. Louisa Bradford is a native of York Township, and after her union with Mr. Stage, they settled on their present farm in Elkhart Township, where they are comfortably and pros- perously living. When twenty years old, Mr. Stage began teaching, and taught three terms. He has served two terms as Township Trustee, and is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. They have had nine children — Anson B., Otis, Willard, James, Ward, Loraine (deceased), Lillian. Benjamin and Lydia, twins, (deceased). JACOB E. STAGE, one of the prominent farmers of the township, is a native of the Buckeye State, and lived with his parents until twenty-three years of age, assisting in clearing and improving land. Benjamin and Loraine Stage, his parents, natives respectively of New Jersey and Maine, came to this county in 1834, locating in Perry Township, where they cleared a farm and subse- quently died. The subject married Miss Catharine Marker, May 12, 1853, and located on the farm in Elkhart Township — that his father had previously purchased, and which was slightly improved. Mr. Stage is sufficiently skilled in the trades to do his own carpentering and blacksmithing, and is a thorough and practical farmer ; has a fine orchard, and the land under excellent cultiva- tion. His wife died in 1874, August 24. Her parents were George and Mary Marker, natives of Pennsylvania, came to Indiana, and located in Perry Town- ship, where they died. Mrs. S. left two children — Albert F. and Emmett M., the latter now clerking at Slabtown. Mr. Stage's present wife was Mrs. Sarah A. Teaford, daughter of Abraham and Mary Yost, and a native of Ohio. Her father was born in Virginia, her mother in Maryland. They have three children — Mary A., Rosa A. and Alton H. RICHARD J. STAGE is a native of Noble County. His parents, Ben- jamin and Loraine Stage, natives, respectively, of New Jersey and Maine, were 448 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: early settlers of this county, where they came in 1834, locating in Perry Town- ship, on the place known as the Haw Patch. Richard's early life was passed here with his parents, and he attended the common district school. In 1861, he married Miss Melinda Swank, a native of Muskingum County, Ohio, and daughter of Jacob and Mary Swank, who were natives of Virginia, now deceased. They have had five children ; one, Mary E., is deceased, and the rest are living at home — Ida M., Sarah, Bell and Alma. Sarah is deaf. Mr. Stage learned engineering in 1869, and has followed it up to the present time, with the exception of one year. ANANIAS STEWART is a native of Elkhart Township, where he was reared on a farm, receiving instructions in the common school. His parents, Joseph and Elizabeth Stewart, natives of Pennsylvania, came to Indiana in 1839, locating in Elkhart Township, Section 24, where he had previously pur- chased 160 acres of wooded land. After clearing a place he built a log cabin, and made other land purchases, among them, in 1865, 100 acres in Iowa, whore he moved the ensuing year, and where he died in 1867, The mother is sixty-four years old, and is living with her youngest daughter on the old farm in Elkhart Township. The subject, in 1862, enlisted in Company B, Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was in the battle of Lexington, and was taken prisoner. For two days he went without food, and on the third day was paroled. In about eighty days, was exchanged, and received his discharge in January, 1863, making in all about six months' service. He married Salome Osborn, September 28, 1865. She is a native of La Grange County, and daughter of Nathan P. and Elizabeth Osborn, natives of New York and Ohio, who came to Indiana in 1838, located in La Grange County, Clearspring Township, but subsequently moved to Elkhart Township, where they died. Mr. and Mrs. Stewart are members of the Free- Will Baptist Church, and are living on the father's old farm, where they first settled. They have four children — John, Cary, Walter, Cora E., all living at home. HENRY STUMP is living upon the farm to which he moved from Mich- igan, in which State he commenced housekeeping after he was married. Decem- ber 23, 1866, to Emily A., daughter of Isaac and Barbara Tibbott, the father a native of Ohio, and the mother of Indiana. Mrs. Stump was born in Elk- hart Township. The farm of Mr. Stump is well improved, with a fine brick residence, good barn and other necessary fittings. He is a native of Seneca County, Ohio, the son of John and Barbara Stump, who came to Indiana in 1856, locating in this township, where they died. They were natives of Penn- sylvania. Henry Stump spent his boyhood in Hancock County, Ohio, and came to this township in 1857, and taught school that winter. In the spring of 1858, went to California, and in the fall to Oregon ; in the spring of 1859, to Klikitat Valley, W. T.; was one of the first four in that valley; he re- turned to the Willamette Valley, Ore., then went on a prospecting tour to Fra- zer River, a distance of 800 miles ; this venture was a financial failure. Re- turned to the Willamette Valley late in the fall, where he remained during the winter ; in the spring, he went on a prospecting tour with a party of seventy to southeastern Oregon, near the Blue Mountains ; here, in Baker County, they discovered the Auburn mines. When ready to return, the company di- vided into three squads ; one company going northwest, were captured by the Indians, and all killed but one. Mr. Stump's party arrived in safety. He returned to the mines the next spring, and worked them that season with ordi- nary success ; spent the following winter in the Willamette Valley, and in the ELKHART TOWNSHIP. 449 spring, in company with his brother, located within ten miles of the mines with a herd of cattle, where they remained two years, engaged in raising grain and vegetables and caring for their stock, at the end of which time he returned to Elkhart County. Mr. Stump has filled the office of Township Assessor seven consecutive years. They have one child — Minnie M. — living at home. HENRY WALKER, a well-to-do farmer of Elkhart Township, was bom in Baltimore County, Md., and reared in Ohio, whither his parents — Chris- topher and Magdalene Walker, natives of Maryland — came in 1819, and de- voted their remaining days to the pursuit of agriculture. The father made a trip to Indiana, and purchased 426 acres of Government land in Elkhart and York Townships. Henry Walker lived with his parents until twenty-three years old. December 23, 1841, he was married to Catharine Davis, a native of Maryland, and daughter of James and Elizabeth Davis, both natives of Maryland, where they died in Baltimore County. They commenced married life on the father's farm in Ohio, but in 1842 came to Indiana and located on their present farm of eighty acres; this is now in a fine state of cultivation, and contains many fine buildings — good barn, frame residence, etc. His wife is an adherent of the Old School Baptist Church. They have four children — Nehemiah, living in Kansas ; William, in Ionia County, Mich.; George W., in Albion, and Cecilia, living with her parents. WILSON L. WELLS is a native of New York, where he lived until twenty-six years old. His education was obtained at the common school in Masonville, Delaware County. At the age of eighteen he began lumbering, and carried lumber by raft from Deposit to Philadelphia. He followed this busi- ness seven years. His parents, Levi and Electa Wells, natives of Connecticut, died in New York. Wilson Wells was married, in 1835, to Julia Smith, native of New York, and daughter of William H. and Betsey Smith ; the former died in the war of 1812, and the latter in Noble County. The subject and wife came to Noble County in 1835, with a two-horse wagon, bringing their effects with them. The journey lasted about five weeks. They located in Elkhart Township, and began clearing and improving the land. The Indians, although at that time numerous, were not troublesome. The first acre of spring wheat that Mr. Wells sowed, produced eighteen bushels. He paid $200 for his first land, eighty acres, and subsequently added eighty more that adjoined it. His farm now consists of 208 acres, seventy of which are cleared, and contains many fine buildings, a good orchard, and all the modern improvements and conveniences. The subject at one time graded two miles on the Lake Shore Railroad at a cost of about $8,000, but was never remunerated for his services By his first wife, who died in 1842, he had one child — Cordelia (now deceased). In 1844, he married Emily Sebbins, native of Massachusetts. She died in 1847. They had one child — Julia (now deceased). Mr. Wells' present wife, Abigail (Smith) Wells, is a native of Delaware County, N. Y. They have two children — Alice (now married and living at home), and Electa (who married a farmer of Elkhart Township). His wife is a member of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN ZIMMERMAN came from Switzerland, his native country, with his parents, in 1833, at the age of fifteen. The family located on a farm in Tus- carawas County, Ohio, John assisting in clearing the land. His parents, Daniel and Ann Zimmerman, remained here until they died. After ten years at home, John learned the tanner's trade, serving as an apprentice two years with Phillip Warnce. March 22, 1841, he married Susanna Schranz, whose parents, John 450 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and Magdalene Schranz, were natives of Switzerland, came to Ohio in 1833, subsequently to Marion County, Ind., where they died. Mr. Zimmerman and wife, with their effects in a one-horse wagon, came to this township with $15 in money. He purchased four acres of land, and erected a log tannery. The first oil he used in his business he brought in a ten-gallon keg on horseback from Goshen, twenty-five miles. At the end of three years he bought forty acres of land, which he began improving ; to this he continued to add until he became the owner of 400 acres. He continued his tanning in connection with farming until 1868, when he came to Wawaka and engaged in the hardware and leather trade ; subsequently changed to a general stock of merchandise, which business he now conducts. Mr. Zimmerman'3 first wife died in 1861. By her he had the following children — Joseph, William, Elizabeth, Delilah, Jacob L., Daniel T., Mary, Ellen, Manuel (deceased), and Sarah. In 1865, he married Mrs. Hoffman. From this union there have been two children — Sophia and Millie, the former deceased. Uriah a son of Mrs. Hoffman by former husband, has also been a member of the family. Mr. Zimmerman has been Township Trustee four terms. Himself and wife are members of the M. E. Church, of which he has been Steward twenty-three years. He has in his day erected twenty-three buildings. His business room is a neat brick and his residence a commodious structure of same material. SPARTA TOWNSHIP. JESSE BAKER is a native of Kosciusko County, Ind., where he was born September 13, 1835. His parents moved to this township when he was about one year old, thus becoming associated with pioneer experiences from his earliest days. The log schoolhouse, with its greased paper windows and other- wise rude character, was his only opportunity for an education, and clearing the farm of his father gave ample opportunity for physical development. October 31, 1857, he married Eliza Lane, and by her has become the father of eight children — John E., Alice (deceased), Myron, Celestia, Ella, Charlie, Melvin and an infant deceased. In 1862, Mr. Baker bought a farm of 170 acres, and has cleared in his life about 130 acres, and has produced from 300 to 1,800 bushels of wheat per year. This farm he traded, in 1878, to Mr. Shearer for his present farm. Mr. Baker's parents were John and Jane (Thompson) Baker. The father was a native of Fayette County, Ohio, and was left with the care of four children by the death of the mother in 1844. He died August 26, 1879. Jesse Baker had one brother in the Union army during the late war. Is a Democrat in politics, and is a well-to-do and industrious farmer. JOHN CALBECK was born in the Dominion of Canada, near Montreal, March 1, 1837, the fourth child of John and Eliza (Shrader) Calbeck. His father, John Calbeck, was a merchant near Liverpool, England, previous to 1831, when he came to America, after which he followed the occupation of farming. John Calbeck received a good common-school and academical educa- tion in Stark County, Ohio, where his father moved from Canada. In 1858, he came to Indiana to visit his brother, Joseph Calbeck, and that winter taught school. In 1861, he came to Indiana, and located, buying, in 1862, forty acres of land on Section 11, where he has since I'esided. Mr. Calbeck has paid considerable attention to scientific researching, and has a fine library, also an SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 451 interesting collection of geological specimens. He has delivered quite a num- ber of lectures on science and theology, and has educated himself and family. In politics, he is liberal, voting for the interests of the people. In religion, he he is Swedenborgian, believing the teachings of the Bible as expounded by Swedenborg. He now owns 280 acres of fine farming land. He was married, March 11, 1861, to Catharine Gesaman, and they had seven children — Orlando, Rinaldo, Milton, Almina (deceased), Newton, Milo and Lacemtum. Mr. Calbeck is a highly respected, honorable citizen. JOSEPH CALBECK is a native of England, and was born near Liver- pool May 14, 1827. He is the third in order born to John and Eliza Calbeck. The father, who was a merchant in England, crossed the ocean in 1832 and settled in East Canada, where he commenced farming. In about three years, he went to West Canada, shortly after which, his family came over from England and joined him. In the meantime, his attention had been attracted to the United States, which ripened into a determination to cross the line. Consequently, after a time, he, with his family, emigrated to Stark County, Ohio. In that fertile section he remained until his death in 1867. The rep- resentative of this sketch, owing to the vicissitudes and surroundings of his early life, received but a meager education ; but, by reason of superior natural endowments, he has become well informed and has developed into prominence in business affairs. In the fall of 1855, he came to Indiana, and after working rented land about three years, he purchased eighty acres in Section 15 of this township. For fourteen years, in connection with farming, Mr. Calbeck bought and shipped stock. Since that he has been dealing in grain and trans- acting quite a brokerage business in Cromwell. By his acute perceptions he has been able to make his grain operations remunerative for himself, and others have profited by his dealing for them. He now owns 248 acres of land, bat does no farming himself. In 1852, he was married to Miss Mary Lichten- walter, and by her has five children — Ida, Isabel, Lewis, Myron and John. Mr. Calbeck is a Republican and stands high in business and other circles. JOHN EARN HART was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, August 12, 1811, the son of William and Jane (Patterson) Earnhart, and one of a family of eight children. His father was a gunsmith, and followed this occupation in Circleville, Ohio. When he was about eighteen years old, John commenced to learn this trade of his father, at which he continued to work. March 12, 1833, he was married to Mary Hitler. They removed to this county in 1843, arriv- ing in September. He purchased a farm of 240 acres from Isaac Spencer, with five acres improved. This land was situated upon Section 22 in this township. Upon this he settled and commenced clearing, hiring some of his chopping done, but rolled logs and built fence himself. Mr. Earnhart also worked at gunsmithing more or less for fifteen years after coming to Indiana. They have had born to them twelve children — James, Susan (deceased), Thomas, Joseph and Harriet (deceased), William, John (deceased), Nekon, Alvin (de- ceased), Jane, Ellen and Lewis. Mr. Earnhart is a Democrat, and has filled the offices of Trustee, Assessor and Justice of the Peace each a term of four years, and is a worthy citizen of the township. Though healthy and strong himself, he has had much sickness in his family and has seen the rough side of life. He now owns 400 acres of land and has six children married. JOHN GANTS, M. D., was born October 17, 1832, in Stark County, Ohio; is the son of Samuel and Anna (Hoover) Gants, one of thirteen chil- dren. He was raised on his father's farm, and received a common-school and YT 452 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: academical education. When twenty-two years old, he commenced the study of medicine under Dr. Clover, and in 1858 came West to Noble County, lo- cated at Cromwell and commenced the practice of medicine, and has amassed considerable property. During the winter of 1871-72, he attended the Cin- cinnati Eclectic Medical College, from which he graduated with honors, and is now the leading physician in Cromwell. In 1879, he was married to Eliza Surfis, of Noble County. They have two children — Roland and Maud. Mr. Gants is a strong Republican, and is an enterprising, intelligent citizen. JOSEPH HITLER, a farmer of Sparta Township, and whose post office is Lrgonier, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, November 28, 1816, a son of George and Susan (Gay) Hitler, and one of a family of eleven children. He was raised on a farm, and received a good education. In 1852, he came to Indiana, and settled on his present farm on Section 22, where he at first bought 300 acres, but since that time has increased the number, by purchase, to 430, which gives him a fine, productive farm. This is under a good state of cultivation, and yields a good revenue under the systematic management of Mr. Hitler. March 3, 1841, he was married to Miss Louisa A. Winstead, a lady from Fair- field County, Ohio. To them were born twelve children — William, George (deceased), Susana, Martha, Mary, Ellen, Sarah, Melinda, John (deceased), La Fayette, Miralda and Joseph E. Mrs. Hitler died May 31, 1881. Mr. Hit- ler is a man of liberal means, a Democrat in politics, and a worthy citizen. JACOB HONTZ was born in Stark County, Ohio, September 30, 1831, the second of thirteen children, whose parents were Jonathan and Mary (Went- zel) Hontz. The father, in his earlier life, was a farmer, but later took up the occupation of a weaver. In 1853, he came from Ohio to this township, and settled on 160 acres in Section 18, which he bought from the State. There he lived until his death, July 9, 1878. The mother died April 3, 1881. Jacob was furnished with plenty of hard work during his boyhood days, in clearing the farm, notwithstanding which he obtained a fair education. He married Hannah Hoak, from Champaign County, Ohio, March 1, 1855, and thus be- came the father of eleven children — David (deceased), John H., William C, Mary E., Jonathan A., Samantha J., Daniel S., Lewis C, Harriet A., Effie F. and Correna M. Mr. Hontz, before coming to Indiana, learned the car- penter's trade, at which he worked about six years, most of the time in Ohio. He is a Democrat in political matters, and belongs to Ligonier Lodge, 185, F. & A. M. One of his sons, William C, is a school teacher, having taught two or three terms ; one of the girls is married. JOHN C. JOHNSON, son of Daniel and Nancy (Cochran) Johnson, born in Wyoming County, N. Y., December 25, 1816, is the eldest of five children, and of the best Scotch-Irish ancestry. His father was a poor car- penter and millwright, and never had a home, and the subject, at the age of twenty, having acquired a fair education, started out with the determination to succeed and make for himself a home. He started, March, 1837, and trav- eled via Black Rock to Canada ; thence to Detroit, and down to Lima, where he was taken sick and remained until October, when he came to this county and settled on the reserve, Section 16; he subsequently sold that land for $300, and bought 88 acres in Section 8 ; in three years, he moved to his farm, where he has remained. He owns 83 acres of good farming land, and is a prosperous farmer and influential citizen. For five terms he served the township as Jus- tice of the Peace. He was married, November 24, 1839, to Eliza Prentice. They had eight children — Milo, Perry, William P., Charles W., Ida and Lida, SrARTA township. 453 twins (deceased), Amanda and infant daughter (deceased) ; three of the sons and one daughter are married. Perry and William served in the late war three years and two months in the Second Indiana Cavalry and Thirtieth Indi- ana Volunteer Infantry. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Universalist Church, and a strong Republican. JACOB KISER, one of the pioneers of Sparta Township, is a native of Jefferson County, Ohio, where he was born in 1812. He comes from a pioneer family, his parents and grandparents being among the earlier settlers of Ohio. His father, Jacob Kiser, was a native of Pennsylvania, coming at an early day to Jefferson County, Ohio, where he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Shawer, also from Pennsylvania ; while residing here, he entered the service in the war of 1812. They subsequently removed to Wayne County, Ohio, where they were also pioneers, living there until their deaths. Our subject is the fourth in descent in a family of seven children. He became familiar, in his youth, with all the phases of pioneer life. He was married in 1834 to Miss Jane Smith, a native of Chester County, Penn., and subsequently became the owner of his father's old farm in Wayne County, upon which he lived until the fall of 1843, when, with his family, he decided to emigrate to Indiana. He located in the woods of Sparta, upon what is now the finely-improved farm of his son Moses. This farm he cleared up and improved, living there until 1871, when he sold and removed to Perry Township, remaining there until 1881, when he returned to Sparta Township, purchasing the farm of Harrison Galloway, where he is at present living. He has 100 acres of land located upon the southern township line. Mr. Kiser is one of the "valued citizens of Noble County. His line of conduct and action has always been progressive, and, as a farmer, has made a practical success. He has served as Township Trustee for many terms. As an early settler, he has been selected to appear in the por- trait department, from Sparta Township, in this work. Mr. and Mrs. K. have had a family of twelve children, six of whom attained maturity ; three now living — Moses, William S. and Isabell Hersey. Ann (deceased) w"as the wife of Mathias Green. He died in the army in 1863. She died in 1869, leaving three children. Maria died in Perry Township. Perry was a member of Com- pany B, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was in active service nearly three years. He died in Perry Township in 1877. MOSES KISER is the second child of Jacob and Jane (Smith) Kiser, who had twelve children. Moses was born in Wayne County, Ohio, July 18, 1837, and came with his parents, in 1843, to Indiana, and settled on Section 10, in this township. Here Moses obtained such education as the schools of the log cabin days afforded, and when about eighteen years old learned the trade of carpenter and joiner. This he followed several years. In the war of the rebellion, on the 7th of August, 1862, he became a member of Company B, Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, under Capt. William N. Voris. In this service, he participated in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chicka- raauga, and others of lesser note. On the 29th day of May, 1865, he was hon- orably mustered out as Sergeant. Returning home, he was subsequently elected Sheriff of Noble County, in which capacity he served so satisfactorily that he was re elected for another term. On retiring from this position, he purchased the old Kiser homestead, upon which he still resides, a good Republican, and an honored and respected citizen. He now owns 173 acres of the valuable lands of Sparta Township. Mr. Kiser was married November 22, 1866, to Elizabeth A. Strouse. To them have been born three children — Walter F., Perry W. and Roscoe. 454 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : JACOB KREAGER was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 12, 1823, the fifth child of John and Sallie (Hursey) Kreager. Being left an orphan when quite young, his education was sadly neglected. At an early age, he went to work at the carpenter's trade, but growing tired of this, he rented a farm in Ohio and worked it for two years; then went to hauling stone. This business proving distasteful, he discontinued it and bought a farm of fifty acres. This he soon sold and bought 116 acres, which he farmed for one year, and then sold for $1,500, and came to Indiana in May, 1854. Here he bought a farm of eighty acres, giving $1,500, and his team and wagon for the same. Here he built himself a cabin and worked at clearing up his farm, and has succeeded in obtaining 760 acres of the best farming land in Sparta Township. Mr. Kreager is fond of good stock, and pays some attention to breeding Durham cattle. He was married, March 24, 1850, to Miss Artemisia Belknap. They have six children — Cara P., John D., Emma E., William H., Mary A. and Minnie M. Mr. K. is a good Democrat, and a well-respected, influential citizen. SPALDEN McMANN was born in Madison County, Ohio, November 2, 1834, the seventh child in a family of ten, whose parents were James and Mary (Lee) McMann. The father was a farmer, and came to Indiana, settling in Kosciusko County with his family in 1838, and Perry Township, this county, in 1840. In 1844, he moved to Section 5, of this township, where he died in July, 1869. The mother died in December, 1877. Spalden McMann obtained a limited education in the log schoolhouse of his neighborhood at intervals, when he could be spared from helping his father on the farm. In 1852, his uncle, Spalden Winchester, gave him forty acres of land, upon which he commenced for himself in 1856. Since that time, he has purchased an additional 280 acres, which makes him a farm not easily surpassed in soil and other good qualities. November 22, 1855, he was married to Elizabeth Gale. They have had twelve children — an infant (deceased), James (deceased), Melissa, Cora (deceased), Henry, Ann, Caroline, Schuyler, Perry, John, Spalden and Mary. In the late war, the family of which Mr. McMann is a member was represented by three brothers, showing a patriotic devotion to the country. He is a Repub- lican, and a thorough good citizen. DANIEL OHLWINE, the fourth of twelve children in the family of Charles and Elizabeth (Schrader) Ohlwine, was born in Warren County, Ohio, February 14, 1810. He moved with his parents to Montgomery County, Germantown, when three years old, and, when about ten years of age, to Greene County, Ohio. His father was a tanner, and followed that trade until within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1856. The subject received the average education, and was employed during his youth in chopping, grubbing and splitting rails. In September, 1833, he came to Indiana, went back to Ohio in November, then returned in the spring of 1834, and built the cabin where he now lives in the spring of 1835. The first term of court in Noble County was held in 1836, on the old Adam Engle farm, and Mr. Ohlwine served on the jury. In January, 1835, he assisted at the burial of the old Indian chief, Flat Belly, with whom he was well acquainted. Mr. Ohlwine was fond of hunting, and, in 1844, bought 124.92 acres of land, the deed for which was signed by Gov. James Whitcomb. He has cleared, in all, about 200 acres of land. In 1840, he traveled on foot through Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Kansas, and was gone about three months. February 17, 1831, he was married to Miss Maria Weed, who died in October, 1859. They had one child — Archie. Mr. Ohlwine was again married May 22, 1860, to Mrs. Sarah SPARTA TOWNSHIP. 455 (Bartley) Ballah, a member of the Christian Church. He is a strong Repub- lican. SAMUEL OHLWINE is a native of Greene County, Ohio, where he was born May 31, 1820, one of twelve children, to Charles and Elizabeth (Holtz) Ohlwine — the father was a farmer and tanner. Samuel, though raised on a farm, secured a good education, and commenced teaching school in Ohio, where he taught three or four winters. This calling he followed after coming to Indiana, until he had taught some eighteen terms, or about twenty-one in all. April 13, 1843, in Greene County, Ohio, Mr. Ohlwine was married to Eliza Ann Hopping. In October, 1845, he came to this county, and settled where he now lives. He bought eighty acres of land from the State, which he paid for in money called " blue dog." This he got at 45 cents on the dollar, and paid for his land with it at par. Mrs. Ohlwine died January 7, 1877. By her he had four children — Jasper N., Martha J., John Q. (deceased) and Mary Ann. Jasper enlisted in Company E, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, Capt. Silver's, and served in the late war about four years, being mustered out as Sergeant. Mr. Ohlwine December 18, 1879, married Lena Breninger for his second wife. He is a substantial citizen, and a desirable neighbor. In 1858, he was elected County Commissioner, in which capacity he served twelve years. During his term of office, the present court house was built, the county poor farm was purchased, and the buildings on it erected. Mr. Ohlwine was also, in 1874, a candidate on the Republican ticket for the State Legislature. NATHANIEL PRENTICE was the son of Nathaniel Prentice, an old Revolutionary soldier, who served during the war, and was in the battles of Monmouth, White Plains, and assisted in the capture of Cornwallis. He cast his first vote for President for George Washington. Was a native of Con- necticut, and, in June, 1800, was married to Margaret Hedden, a widow with one child, from New Jersey. Mr. Prentice had also been previously married, and had two children at the time of his union with Margaret Hedden. To this union, seven children were born, one of whom, the subject of our sketch, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 8, 1808, and is the fifth one in order of descent of the name of Nathaniel. He was raised on his father's farm, and received a good common-school education. Nathaniel and his brothers came to Noble County in 1837, and were soon followed by their aged parents. Nathaniel settled on the farm where he now lives, and his father on the farm now belonging to Mrs. Hull, on Section 29. The latter died January 23,. 1839, highly respected by all who knew him. After the death of his father, Nathaniel still continued to work at clearing his farm, and, in December 14, 1851, was married to Catharine (Rice) Shepper, widow of John Shepper, and by her had eight children — Arcella (deceased), William H., Orpheus L., Laura, Luella, Lucy, Edwin Nathaniel and Oliver (deceased). Mr. Prentice has resided in Sparta Township since his arrival in Indiana ; is independent in politics ; is a member of the Christian Church and a highly respected citizen. JEREMIAH B. NOE was born on Section 23, this township, February 7, 1844, the twelfth of a family of fifteen children. His parents were Aaron and Sarah (Beem) Noe, the former of French and the latter of Dutch descent. They came to Indiana, in 1837, from Licking County, Ohio. The father was a blacksmith and farmer, and set up the first blacksmith-shop in Sparta Town- ship. In 1841, Allen Noe, a brother of the subject and but a child, disap- peared from the yard while the mother was busy, and was never found. It is 456 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : supposed he was stolen by the Indians, a full account of which will be found in the second chapter of the county history. Jeremiah was reared to farm labor. In 1860, he bought eighty acres of land, which he has cleared, and also owns a part of the old homestead, in all about 127J acres. In February, 1862, he enlisted in the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, Company I, and served at the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, Stone River and minor engagements. He was wounded in the leg and lay in the hospital for fifteen months. Was discharged in February, 1864. He married, August 19, 1866, Rebecca Surfus. They had four children — Ellen, Ellsworth, Howard M. and Gracie. Mr. Noe has a flint-lock musket, four feet long, which his grandfather carried in the Revolutionary army. For the past three or four years, he has been engaged in shipping stock. He is a Republican and a good citizen. NATHAN WHITE was born in Fayette County, Ohio, November 19, 1827, the third child of John and Maria (Baker) White. His father was a farmer and in 1838 came to York Township, and entered 160 acres of land on Section 30. He then returned to Ohio for his family, where he was taken sick and died, leaving his wife with the care of six children. In 1844, Mrs. White, a heroic woman, moved, with her family, to York Township, and settled on the land her husband had previously entered. This they commenced clear- ing, and by hard labor made for themselves a good home. Nathan acquired an education by attending school winters, and by industry and economy finally secured the old homestead by purchase. January 4, 1855, he married Maria Kimmel. They had three children — Irene, John 0. and Mira. In March, 1868, Mrs. White died. In 1866, Mr. White bought his present farm on Sec- tion 13, this township, upon which he moved in 1869. It is on what is known as the Sparta Flats and one of the richest in the township. Mr. White's landed possessions comprise about 420 acres, 230 of which is under cultivation. Though by going security for others, and thus losing large sums of money, he is still ranked as one of the wealthy and respected citizens of the county. In political affiliations he is a Democrat, and in 1864, during the war of the re- bellion, furnished his substitute for service in the army for the Union. WILLIAM K. WOLF was born in Greene County, Ohio, February 25, 1825. His advantages in the way of education and social culture were those common to farm life of those primitive years. He came to Indiana in October, 1861, locating on 160 acres of land purchased by him. Upon this he began the labor of cultivating the forty acres already under improvement and extend- ing the clearing. He now has 180 acres, with 120 under cultivation, the whole, with the improvements, constituting a most desirable property and a pleasant home. Mr. Wolf was the eldest of a family of ten children, whose parents were Daniel and Roseanna (Kershuer) Wolf, of German descent. He was married to Susan Kindel October 25, 1846. They had four children — Cleanthus (deceased), Casper and Florence (twins), and William Calvin. Dur- ing the late war, in October, 1864, he was drafted and became a member of Company B, Thirteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which organization he served until his discharge in August, 1865. He is a stanch Republican and a member of the Christian Church, of which organization he is a Trustee. As a Christian gentleman and neighbor, he stands above reproach. NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 457 NOBLE TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM ABURN was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, June 25, 1825. All his education was received before the age of ten years, his mother hav- ing died when he was of that age. He bound himself to a farmer when he was twelve years old, to serve till he was eighteen. His father was killed about a year after his mother died, while assisting in hanging a slaughtered beef. Mr. Aburn served out the time for which he had bound himself, for which he never received compensation. After that he worked by the month and day until he reached the age of twenty-five, when he married Miss Catharine Arnett, of Miami County, Ohio. Seven children have been born to them, the eldest being dead. He moved into this county in August, 1860. Empty handed, but by industry and good management, he has succeeded in placing himself and family in a fine brick house, with first-class surroundings. He owns 240 acres of ex- cellent land. Four years after he had settled in the woods, he was drafted into the army, and paid $1,000 for a substitute, rather than leave his family with- out his protection. He says God seemed to favor him, and he never in his life paid a debt more easily. JOHN S. BARTLEY was born in Sparta Township, Noble County, Ind., March 25, 1841, and with the exception of four years passed in Wells County, Ind., he has made this county his home. He enlisted in the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry February 4, 1862, and took part in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth. His regiment was guarding a train during the battle of Perryville, Ky., and had about as warm a time of it as any of them. He was discharged from No. 14 Hospital, Nashville, Tenn., March 15, 1863, having been rendered unfit for service from an attack of measles. Mr. Bartley was married to Miss Sophia Richmond August 9, 1864. His father and grand- father were natives of the State of New York ; his wife's folks are from Penn- sylvania. Mr. Bartley has commenced work on a barn, a fine improvement. SIMON BENHOWER was born in Harrisburg, Penn., October 10, 1841. He remained there until the age of twenty-three years ; he had the advantages of a limited common-school education. He lived one year in Clark County, Ohio ; from there he went to Indianapolis, and thence to Roanoke, and came to this county about the year 1868. In 1862, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and served with them nine months. He served most of his enlistment in North Carolina, being present at the great battle of Gettysburg, but his regiment was not ordered in. He received his muster out at Chambersburg in 1863. In 1871, he married Miss Rosa Fisher, with whom he now lives. They have a family of four children. JOSEPH BITTING was born in Union County, Penn., May 26, 1837. Catharine (Butterbaugh) Bitting was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, December 17, 1833. Mr. Bitting came into this county in 1861, and settled on the farm where he now resides, one mile southwest of Noblesville, on the Columbia City road. His father, Henry Bitting, was a native of Pennsyl- vania, born June 9, 1800. His mother was born April 18, 1807. He was married in Miami County, Ohio, June 26, 1859. Four children are living, two boys and two girls. Mr. Bitting served as a soldier in the late war, first in the Thirty-second Indiana Volunteers, but afterward transferred to the Sev- 458 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: enty-ninth Infantry. He served principally in North Carolina, Virginia and Louisiana, and received his discharge at Indianapolis May 17, 1865. After his discharge, he returned to civil life, resumed his farming, and has been suc- cessful. He cleared up the farm where he now lives, and has put it in a good state of cultivation. ALPHEUS I. BUTLER was born in Ross County, Ohio, January 13, 1829. His father was born in Culpeper County, Va., August 19, 1795, and married Miss Sarah Seelock in Loudoun County, Va., February 28, 1820. They resided in Virginia till 1822, when they moved to Ross County, Ohio. They lived there eight years ; then came to Indiana, stopping at Fort Wayne till Feb- ruary, 1831. They then moved to Elkhart County, and settled on the Elk- hart River, near Benton. Mother Butler was born in Loudoun County, Va., May 11, 1803, and died March 1, 1880. The subject of this sketch attained to manhood in Elkhart County. September 13, 1860, he was joined in wed- lock to Miss Laura Jane Childs. Three children have been born to them, only one of whom, the eldest, Luella Blanche, is now living ; she was married to A. J. Yallinger September 15, 1876. Lizzie May, the next oldest, died Septem- ber 10, 1880, of blood cancer in one of her limbs. These two girls were pos- sessed of considerable musical talent. Mr. Butler is a successful farmer and stock-raiser. His farm is situated on the Fort Wayne & Goshen road, about one mile northwest of Wolf Lake. His health for the last twenty years has not been good, yet he manages his farm, oversees the work, and makes a success of it. PATRICK CLARK was born on the Isle of Man. His baptism dates January 1, 1820. His parents emigrated to Cuyahoga County, Ohio, when he was but ten years of age, and settled near the city of Cleveland, in War- rensville Township. He received but a common-school education, but he has raised a family of well-educated children, two of whom are teachers, and rank high in the profession — Anna having taught twelve years and Catharine eight years. Mr. Clark was married to a young lady — Elizabeth Clark — in 1829. Her parents also lived on the Isle of Man. Mr. Clark moved to where he now resides, near Wolf Lake, in March, 1866. He owns a fine farm, and has erected thereon an elegant brick residence, which commands a splendid view of the adjacent country. Mr. Clark enjoys a competency, and is living at peace with all the world and with God. He has an attractive family, and the young people of the neighborhood collect there to enjoy themselves. Everything about the premises seems to be well ordered. The family of children consists of Caroline, Anna, Catharine, Celia and Henry. The eldest is married to Ed- gar Sparrow, and the second one to Leroy Surfus. THOMAS R. DAVIS was born in Clark County, Ohio, January 28, 1844, and the same year his father came to Indiana and settled where Thomas now lives, at which time there was not a house between his and Wolf Lake. The father died in July, 1878. His mother is still living. His Grandfather Davis died in Clark County, Ohio, in 1847. His grandfather, Thomas Rich- ardson, died in 1852. His great-grandfather, William Richardson, died in Paulding County, Ohio, at the age of one hundred and six ; he had been a soldier of the Revolution, and was with Gen. Wayne in his campaign against the Indians. Wayne's mother and his mother were cousins. Mr. Davis en- listed in the Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry in July, 1862, and while on the march in Kentucky, October 7, 1862, he was sun-struck. On the 9th, having sufficiently recovered, he rejoined his regiment, and at the NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 459 commencement of the battle of Stone River, December 31, he was captured and marched to Chattanooga, being three days without food, and then only re ceiving a pint of corn-meal with the cob ground in it. He was then sent to Atlanta, to Montgomery, Ala., and then back to Atlanta. Having an attack of typhoid pneumonia, he was dumped off on a platform to die, but was picked up and taken to a hospital. Finding a friend, he was kindly treated and recovered. He there witnessed a sale of slaves. From here he was taken to Petersburg in freight cars, being confined in them eight days without food, on account of drunkenness of the officer in charge. He was in Libby Prison one month and ten days, when he was paroled by answering to another man's name, who had probably died the night before. When Mr. Davis had recovered sufficiently to walk about, he weighed eighty-three pounds. He was sent to Columbus, Ohio, and from there reached his home on foot. He was exchanged in May, 1863, joined his regiment at Murfreesboro, Tenn., participating in the campaign against Tullahoma, in the battle of Chickamauga, and was in Chattanooga during the siege and battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. He was soon after assigned to the Veteran Reserve corps, and sent to Wash- ington and Baltimore, and finally to Harrisburg, Penn., on detached duty with the disbursing officers. July 8, 1865, he was discharged. Mr. Davis was married to Miss Margaret M. Houser, March 20, 1866. DR. E. W. DE PEW is a native of this State, born October 30, 1837. He studied medicine with Prof. William H. Myers, of Fort Wayne; he also studied in the State Unversity, at Ann Arbor, Mich., and at Liber College, Jay County, Ind. He commenced to practice at Avilla, where he remained two years. He practiced two years in Salem, Steuben County, and came to Wolf Lake in January, 1865. He stands at the head of the profession in the vicin- ity of his practice, which is very extensive in the southern part of the county. GEORGE DODSWORTH is a successful farmer and stock-raiser, and is a native of Yorkshire, England, born June 21, 1827. He landed at New York City in April, 1850 ; moved into this State in 1852, and settled near Wolf Lake. His farm is on the Cold Spring road, not quite a mile from Wolf Lake. During the war, George Dodsworth was known as the soldiers' friend, and to this day they cannot say too much in his praise. His health at that time was so poor that he could not enlist, but he gave substantial aid and encouragement throughout to the cause of the Union. He is owner of 180 acres of good land, on which are a substantial brick dwelling, good barns and grain houses. He was married April 17, 1851. Mrs. Dodsworth is a splendid housekeeper, and contributes her share to the welfare of their home. SCOTT GALLOWAY was born in Washington Township, Noble County, March 16, 1849. Joseph Galloway, his father, was born in Ohio, and his grandfather was born in Ireland. Mrs. Frances Galloway, his mother, was born in Vermont. His father and mother were married in Stark County, Ohio, and moved to near Wolf Lake when there were but two log houses between where they lived and Fort Wayne, and but one house in Wolf Lake. Schools were scarce, and Mr. Galloway received but a slight education, but in his own language he tries to "live and learn," and we find him an intelligent and affable gentleman. Onthe 2d day of May, 1869, he married Miss Rebecca Cramer. They have one boy and two girls living. He moved into the woods where he now lives, and has cleared about 105 acres. He has altogether about 130 acres of cleared land, and seventy-eight acres of wood and prairie. He is well fixed> and purposes taking life at a better advantage and enjoy the fruits of his labor. 460 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : Last year he raised over one thousand bushels of wheat and two thousand bushels of corn, with other crops in proportion. JOHN HANEY was born near Cincinnati, Ohio, February 3, 1814. He lived in Miami County, Ohio, till the year 1847, when he came to this county and bought the land on which he now lives, one and a half miles west of No- blesville. Mr. Haney has been twice married. His first wife, Mary Ann (Dye) Haney, he married April 10, 1838. She died March 31, 1858. Sep- tember 13, 1860, he was married to Eliza Applegate, whose maiden name was Eliza Dye, and who was born in Richland County, Ohio, December 3, 1825. By his first marriage Mr. Haney has the following children living — Henry, Lloyd, George, Sarah and Mary Ann. By his second marriage he has the fol- lowing now living — Irvin, Laura, Anorah and Everett. Mr. Haney's father was a native of Germany. His son, Thomas Haney, was a professor of pen- manship, and while attending high school at Logansport, Ind., had charge of the penmanship department of the schools. He took cold during a vacation, and died March 28, 1867, unmarried. The following children are dead — Me- lissa (died November 23, 1860), David (September 8, 1862), and Stockton (November 12, 1862). Stockton went into the army with the Eighty-eighth Indiana Volunteers, and died at Jefferson ville, Ind. James M. died July 22, 1872. Mr. Haney has worked hard for his possessions, but his working days are past, and he is now able to live at his ease. SAMUEL JONES came to the county with his father in 1833. He was born in Clark County, Ohio, November 11, 1827. His father, Samuel Jones. Sr., was born May 30, 1787, and was married to Miss Mary Britten, of Ten- nessee, January 26, 1809. She was born February 10, 1790. The former died in 1838, and Mother Jones in 1829. Their family consisted of Margaret, born in 1810 ; Lydia, 1811 ; Mary, 1813 ; Elias, 1820 ; and Narcissa, 1823. Samuel Jones, Jr., was married to Miss Nancy Powers, December 18, 1848. She was born in Goshen, Ind., September 25, 1830. One daughter, Harriet Fidelia, was born to them March 5, 1850, and died March 16, 1851. The mother died of puerperal fever, when the child was but three weeks old. De- cember 7, 1851, Mr. Jones married Hannah Whittecar. To them were born Olive, February %, 1853 ; Elias, April 27, 1854 ; Lydia, December 27, 1857 ; Laura Ann, April 26, 1863 ; and Nancy, February 26, 1866. Olive W. died September 29, 1854; Laura A., August 17, 1864 ; Lydia Alice, December 15, 1865 ; and Nancy, June 6, 1875. Mr. Jones has but two sisters living. His first schooling was at a private residence at Wolf Lake, by one Miss Stevens. With the exception of one year, since he came to the State, he has passed his days within its borders. The only son of Mr. Jones, Elias S., is at this time Professor of Penmanship of the Normal School at Columbia City, Ind. He has been selected to take charge of the penmanship branch of the select school at South Whitley, Ind. He is a teacher by profession, and has taught in No- ble, Elkhart, and Kosciusko Counties. JOHN P. KITT was born in Clark County, Ohio, August 14, 1825, and spent his boyhood on a farm until the age of eighteen years. He then served three years' apprenticeship at the blacksmith trade in Springfield, after which, he resumed farming. In consequence of poor health, he has spent a portion of his time teaching school — one term in Springfield, Ohio, and one in this township. He was married to Elizabeth Hively January 6, 1853. They have had ten children, seven of whom are living. He arrived at Wolf Lake with his father's family October 22, 1846. In January following, his father purchased a farm NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 461 in Section 23, on which he (J. P.) now resides. He has been a successful man, and is comfortably situated. His father died at the age of eighty- four, and his mother at sixty-four years. The subject of our sketch and his brother Nicho- las are all that are left of his father's family. He is a member of the Christian Church. He embraced religion at the age of twenty, and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church at Springfield, Ohio, and has never been intoxicated, nor uttered a blasphemous oath during his life. WILLIAM KNEPPER was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, March 1, 1824. Lived in Richland County, Ohio, till about the age of twenty-three. He was married to Miss Susannah Formwalt, in Galion, Ohio, in 1851. She died in November, 1862. Four girls, all living, were born from this marriage. In 1863, he married Miss Mary Billman, who only lived about two years. He has one child by this marriage. Having a family of small children, he was prompted for their good to marry again. In 1865, he married Mary North, who has borne him four children, all now living. Mr. Knepper came to this county in 1854, and worked at carpentering in Albion about two years. He then moved on the line of the Air Line Railroad, bought the first lot sold in Wawaka, and built the first three or four houses there. He remained in the village about two years, then bought land adjacent, and cleared up a farm. In the spring of 1879, he moved to where he now lives, in Section 35, southwest of Noblesville, on the Columbia City road. He has been successful in life, and has his property clear of incumbrance. SAMUEL KUHNS was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 12, 1818. His parents moved to Fairfield County during the latter part of the same year, where he passed his boyhood, and received his schooling, which was lim- ited to a term of three months. At the age of twenty -one, he came into Whit- ley County, Ind., and settled near the north line, in Thorn Creek Township. He learned the trade of blacksmith in Ohio, and about two years after he came to Indiana he started a shop and commenced work. This was quite an advantage to him, as it brought in ready cash. He married Miss Martha Ann James, daughter of John and Margaret James, of York Township, October 6, 1850. Mrs. Kuhns died on the last day of March, 1876, after a lingering illness of about four years. He has raised a family of three children, with one of whom he now lives on the homestead, Mr. Kuhns still retaining his physical and men- tal vigor, notwithstanding the vast amount of hard labor he has performed. JOHN MAYFIELD (deceased) was one of the early settlers, having come to the county in 1839. He was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., July 12, 1809. Rheuama, his wife, was born in Ohio, January 14, 1815. John Mayfield came into Ohio with his parents in the year 1815, and was mar- ried December 23, 1832. His family numbered eighteen children, six of whom are living. Jonah E., the eldest, now living on his farm, southeast of Wolf Lake, was born February 17^ 1834. James B., the youngest, was born February 2, 1857. The names of the other living children are Sarah, Rob- ert, Mary Jane and Juliette. Robert owns a farm south of Wolf Lake. He is infirm, and has taught school a portion of his time. He and Jonah E., his brother, took great pains to show the writer of this sketch the great changes that have taken place in the vicinity of their homes since they were boys. One place where they once hauled marsh hay on a sled is now grown over with oak trees sixty feet high and at least sixteen inches in diameter. At the time they hauled the hay there was not a stick of timber there large enough for an ox -gad. Jonah E. Mayfield was married to Matilda Grimes, April 26, 462 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1863. He has four children living, and owns 265 acres of land. Mother Mayfield is living on the farm near the place where their first log cabin was erected in February, 1839. She knows something of life here in early times, having undergone many hardships; yet she is in the enjoyment of good health. When they first settled in this county they had to go to Niles, Mich., for salt, and have paid for one barrel two spring calves and eight bushels of wheat. Milch cows, good ones for those days, sold at $8, and dressed pork brought in market $1.25 per hundred. ABRAHAM OTT was born in Preble County, Ohio, January 6, 1816. His father, John Ott, was a soldier in the war of 1812. His brother, Frederick Ott, having been drafted, he volunteered to go as his substitute, and served out his brother's time ; was then himself drafted and served another term, or until the close of the war. The subject of this sketch was married to Miss Sarah Morgan November 29, 1838. She was born in England, Sussex County, July 10, 1818. She came with her parents to America in her infancy, and grew up to maturity near the city of Cincinnati, Ohio. Her father, Mr. Morgan, emigrated to Oregon Territory in the year 1843. He afterward died there, at the age of eighty-four years. Her mother had previously died near Cincinnati, Ohio, about the year 1825. Mr. Ott and his family suffered much from sickness after coming to this county. For six years some one or more of the family were down sick. At one time, on a very dark, stormy night, in order to get a person to go for a doctor, she had to follow a wagon track that led past a neighbor's house, by getting on her knees and feeling for it. There were no roads ; only tracks cleared out through the woods, by cutting away a part of the underbrush. Such, and many other similar hardships were experi- enced. Mr. and Mrs. Ott are members of the Christian Church. In politics Mr. Ott is a Republican. He has a fine farm and pleasant surroundings, one mile and a half west of Noblesville. ANTHONY PINCHON was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, January 11, 1831. He came to this State in 1845, and settled in De Kalb County ; moved into Noble County in 1865 ; remained in the vicinity of Wawaka till 1879, when he came to his present farm. June 10, 1865, he married Miss Mary Ann Deckman, of Steuben County, born in Philadelphia, Penn. Mr. Pinchon's father was a Marylander, born in 1802 and died in 1873. His mother yet survives. His family consists of nine children living. He was not himself a soldier in the late war, but sent a substitute at a cost of $800. He has, like many of the early settlers, done a great amount of hard labor in his time. He helped his father clear up three farms from the wild, and has cleared one for himself. He claims that in twelve years he cleared 400 acres of heavy timbered land. For a part he received $1.12, for some $2.50 and $5.00. He has been in the grain threshing business the last twenty-four years. Mr. Pinchon's farm is situated three and a half miles south of Wolf Lake, and is good land. He is just becoming situated to enjoy life. ELI RIVIR was born in Bedford County, Penn., April 12, 1845. He came to this county with his parents when but a child. He was married to Miss Juliann Hosier, March 25, 1866. Miss Hosier was born in Morrow County, Ohio, August 9, 1843. They now have five children living. Mr. Rivir moved to where he now lives soon after his marriage. He has now one of the finest farms in Noble Township, consisting of 202 acres of excellent land, two miles north of Noblesville. Everything about the farm indicates thrift and good management. He enlisted as a soldier in the late war, but his release was NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 463 secured by his father on account of under age. Mr. and Mrs. Rivir are mem- bers of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Republican. JOHN RIVIR was born on New Year's Day of 1809, in Bedford County, Penn. His wife, Nancy (Stoner) Rivir, was born October 26, 1810, in Lan- caster, Penn. Mr. Rivir came to this county in 1845, when he had but $18, with a large family to support. He put in a crop of corn the next spring ; the next fall, while engaged in putting in wheat, he was taken sick and confined to his bed six months. At one time the entire family, excepting Mrs. Rivir and one boy, were down sick, but they were assisted by the neighbors through the winter. In 1855, Mr. Rivir bought eighty acres of land in Green Township. He commenced there in the timber ; his family were again taken sick. While rolling together the logs for a clearing, he was so weak he could not walk ; but to assist the boys, he would ride a horse, and the boys would hitch to the logs and do the other necessary work. In 1861, he sold his farm with a purpose to emigrate to Kansas, or Missouri, but the war coming on he changed his plans, and bought the land where he now lives. In 1861, on the day that his son Christian Rivir was married, he met with an accident that has rendered him unable to work. While at the mill at Port Mitchell, he was thrown out of the wagon, and received injuries which came near resulting fatally. Mr. Rivir lost three sons in the army — John, Jacob and David. John was starved in Libby Prison. The fourth son enlisted, but was under age and released. Mr. Rivir is a Republican, and a leading member of the Christian Church. MARCELLUS ROBINSON was born in Elkhart County, Ind., October 16, 1852. Studied for the profession of medicine, first with his father, and afterward with Dr. John Phosdick, Dowagiac, Mich. He commenced practice at Bangor, Van Buren County, Mich. He established himself at Wolf Lake, Ind., April, 1880, since which time he has built up quite an extensive and suc- cessful business in his profession. He was married to Miss Mary McClarren in May, 1879. She was born in South Bend, Ind. The elder Dr. Robinson has been a successful practitioner in Elkhart County for thirty years. LUCRETIA STARKEY, whose maiden name was Mullin, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, in 1814, and grew to maturity in Licking County. She was married to Frederick E. Starkey August 6, 1837. They lived hap- pily till the 16th day of August, 1864, when he died, leaving three children at home, all large enough to be of assistance. She has managed the affairs of the estate, and has overseen the farm so judiciously that the settlement of the affairs was left to her, and not taken into court. She came into this county with her husband in the year 1839, and has made this her home ever since. They had nothing when they started here, but she now has a pleasant home on the Leesburg road, two miles west of Wolf Lake. She has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for more than forty-five years. In Mr. Starkey's log cabin, the Methodists held their first meetings in this township, and the first Methodist Episcopal Church was organized there. Although past sixty-seven years of age, Mrs. Starkey has but few gray hairs, and gives fair promise of a continuation of life for several years. JAMES C. STEWART, an active farmer and stock-raiser, residing one and one-half miles east of Wolf Lake, on the Fort Wayne & Goshen road, is the son of Rolan and Nancy (Scarlett) Stewart, who were natives of Massa- chusetts, but were married in Clark County, Ohio, from whence they went to Chautauqua County, N. Y., where James C. was born January 17, 1829. When he was about six months old, they returned to Clark County, farming there 464 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: until 1836, then removed to this county, settling in Green Township. Upon this journey young James, then only in his eighth year, walked Jhe whole dis- tance, and assisted in driving the stock. The following year the father died. Mrs. Stewart, being left with the care of the family, moved to Noble Township, where she died in 1844, leaving four children, two having previously died. James C, after his father's death, went to live with his grandparents, Newman and Tamar (Fitz) Scarlett, on the farm where he now lives, they having settled here in 1836. In 1838, his grandfather died, but he continued to live with his grandmother until his marriage with Miss Margaret J. Mc Williams in May, 1852, when they went to housekeeping on his present farm. At the death of his grandmother, he inherited from her sixty five acres of land. To this, by close application to his affairs and judicious management, seconded by his wife in her economical conduct of the household duties, Mr. Stewart has added, until he owns 460 acres, 200 of which are under good cultivation. Upon this farm he has a fine brick residence and other buildings of a needful character. Mr. Stewart is the true type of a self-made man and a valuable citizen. He has served as Constable, Assessor, and as Justice of the Peace for fifteen years. In 1865, a vacancy occurred in the office of Commissioner ; Mr. Stewart was appointed to fill the vacancy ; at the ensuing election he was elected to the office, but resigned the following spring. During his continuance in this position, a 3 per cent tax was levied to pay off the indebtedness of the county accruing during the war, for the payment of bounties and the maintenance of soldiers' families. This levy was warmly espoused by Mr. Stewart. In 1870, he was elected County Auditor, and re-elected in 1874, serving in all eight years. During the last two years of his office he maintained a telephone, connecting with his residence on his farm, thus enabling him to communicate with his family and direct the management of the farm. Its cost of erection was $200, and is still open to use. This enterprise denotes the spirit of the man, stamp- ing him as self-reliant and aggressive in business, as well as being a representa- tive in public affairs. Hs is a member of the Masonic order. Mr. and Mrs. Stewart have two children living — Virgil A. and Mary J. PETER SURFUS is a native of this State. Born near the city of La Fayette in 1836. His parents moved into De Kalb County the following January. He has lived in this township fifteen years. He moved to the State of Iowa in 1856, where he stayed three and a half years, then returned to this State, where he has since been content to remain. He now lives on a farm of 120 acres, three-fourths of a mile north of Wolf Lake. Mr. Surfus has made grain threshing his business a portion of the time every year for twenty- seven years. On the last day of August, 1856, he married Miss Lorinda Bo- dine, whose parents were originally from Pennsylvania, but moved into Ohio at an early day. Her mother is now living in this State in the seventy-seventh year of her age. Mr. Surfus descends from a very hardy ancestry, noted for their longevity. The following are the names of their children : Eventus Leroy, William D., Alice Jane, Myrta Matilda. Two children are dead. Eventus and Alice are married. Alice married George H. Herrick. The grandfather of Mr. Surfus, on his father's side, was a soldier of the Revolution, and was with Gen. Wayne on his campaign against the Indians in Ohio and Indiana. WILLIAM S. THOMAS was born in Hancock County, Ohio, Novem- ber 18, 1841. Spent most of his boyhood in Allen County, Ind. He has a common-school education, and he and Mrs. Thomas were both teachers before NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 465 their marriage. Mrs. Thomas' maiden name was Lavantia W. Cook. They were married March 19. 1871, and came to where they now live soon after. Mr. Thomas owns a nice little farm of eighty acres with good buildings and pleasant surroundings. He has but one child, a boy. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas have accumulated what they possess since they started together in life. FRANCIS M. WEIRICH was born in Richland County, Ohio, April 29, 1853. His father's family emigrated to this county in the fall of 1854, and settled in Green Township. His father, Franklin Weirich, was suffocated by "damps" while digging a well for George Shambaugh, assisted by William Applegate. He sacrificed his own life in an attempt to save that of Apple- gate. Applegate first went into the well and was overcome by the gas. Mr. Weirich went to his assistance, but soon made signs to be hoisted out. As he neared the top, he was entirely overcome and dropped back into the well. Both men were dead when taken out. Coffins were ordered from Wolf Lake, but on account of high waters they could not be brought over. The two men were buried in rough boxes improvised for the occasion. The widow Weirich mar- ried again to William McDonald in 1857. Francis M. stayed with them and worked on the farm until the age of twenty-one. In January, 1875, he engaged in the mercantile business at Noblesville, and remained in that business up to 1881. He was married to Catharine H. Hosier December 31, 1876. Venus Minelva and Orestes Fairrel are the names of their children. Mr. Weirich was elected Justice of the Peace in 1878, and still holds the office, to the general satisfaction of the public. REV. PETER WINEBRENNER, of the Christian Church, near No- blesville, Ind., was born in Liberty, Montgomery Co., Ohio, October 6, 1826, and moved into this county in the year 1837. He received a common-school education, and special tutorage from David Sanford, and from Jonathan Elliott. Elder Winebrenner is a self-educated man, having acquired his learning by close application and hard study. He taught until he entered the ministry in 1857. He has mastered the German and Greek languages, and partially mas- tered the Latin. By invitation, he has preached in the cities of Philadelphia and Brooklyn, also in Canada. He spoke at the dedication of the School of the Prophets, an institution for the education of ministers at Stanfordville, N. Y.: he also preached at the quadrennial conference at Oshawa, Canada West, in 1869. He held a discussion with an Advent preacher by the name of Comstock, at Nelson, Cloud Co., Kan., in 1879. The result was the estab- lishing of a Christian Church at that place. Subjects of discussion, " Re- solved, that the Kingdom of heaven is set up on earth." Affirmed by Wine- brenner. "Resolved, that the Scriptures teach that the soul of man is uncon- scious after death." Affirmed by Comstock. He visited Iowa to discuss in connection with Elder Abbott, but his opponents abandoned the field, and no discussion was held. He was married to Miss Mary Kitt January 21, 1849 ; two children were born to them. The wife died January 27, 1858. He was married to his present wife, whose maiden name was Sarah Weade, in October, 1858. Three children from this marriage living at home. Besides the church here, he has had the following charges : Clear Creek, Huntington County ; Murray Church, Wells County ; Union Church, Whitley County ; Argos Church, Marshall County, and he has preached to three churches besides his own in this county. The fine new church building just completed was dedi- cated August 21, 1881. Mr. W. has been Secretary of the Conference since 1869. 466 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: DAVID S. WINEBRENNER was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, January 10, 1834. He came with his parents to this State when lie was but a child. His education was very limited. He was married to Miss Juliann Ott March 31, 1859. She was born January 10, 1841. Their family consists of Edward, Alice and Mary. Mr. and Mrs. Winebrenner are members of the Christian Church near Merriam, in the faith of which they purpose to live out their allotted time, and sincerely recommend to their children that they follow the example of their parents in this particular. Their farm consists of one hundred and twenty acres in good cultivation, about two miles southwest of Noblesville. JAMES WINEBRENNER is a native of Pennsylvania, born near Harris- burg, June 4, 1845. His father emigrated to Noble County in 1847, and settled near Noblesville. His schooling has been very limited. He was ap- prenticed to the blacksmith trade in 1867, and follows that business at this writing. He is the foremost smith in the township, and his shop is a model of order and neatness. He was married to Miss Jane Couts in 1866. Mr. Wine- brenner enlisted in the Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry in 1863, and served during the rest of the war. He was in the Atlanta campaign, and participated in the battle of Resaca and several severe skirmishes. As a forager he was a success, as Gen. Logan can testify. He foraged for the General's head- quarters eight months. At one time, on the last campaign of Sherman, he barely escaped capture, having run onto a party of " Johnnys " as they were about to take dinner. He was with Sherman's army in the celebrated march to the sea, at the capture of Savannah, and present at Gen. Johnston's capitulation ; also witnessed the burning of Columbia, S. C, and was at the grand review in Washington. He had an army experience of which to-day he is not ashamed. CARLOS R. WILEY is a native of Vermont, born in Rochester, Windsor County. One of his grandfathers was from Ireland, and the grand- mother from Scotland. When he was but one year old, his father moved into Huron County, Ohio, near Norwalk. In March, 1837, they moved into Noble County and settled in Washington Township. He was raised on a farm until the age of twenty-one. His education was limited to the common school of that period. He was married to Rosena Barnhart in 1858. His family con- sists of Charles E., Fanny A. and Nancy, living. He engaged in the mercan- tile business at Wolf Lake in 1866 ; has been successful and continues in the business at this writing. In war time — 1864 — he stood the draft like a man. He is one of Noble County's stanch business men. LEVI ZUMBRUN was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, October 7, 1840. His parents moved to the State of Indiana when he was but thirteen years of age. They settled in Thorn Creek Township, Whitley County. At the call for one-hundred-day men, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty- ninth Infantry, Company "K;" was discharged September 29 following. Again, at the call for one-year men, he enlisted in Company tl G," One Hundred and Forty-second Indiana Volunteers. He served out his enlistment at Nashville, Tenn., and witnessed the battle of Nashville and the defeat of Hood's army. He was discharged July 14, 1865. After his discharge, he returned to civil pursuits and has been a successful farmer. He owns a farm in the southern part of Noble Township, which is in a high state of cultivation, and is being further improved by a system of underdraining, which he has carried well on to completion. October 30, 1870, he manned Miss Hannah Huff. She was born April 2, 1850, in Elkhart Township, this county. Her parents came NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 467 from Ohio. She is quite a reader. Her library is stocked with works of travel, biography, history and fiction, Webster's Unabridged being conspicious amongst the others. Matters within and about the house wear a pleasing appearance of refinement and culture. YORK TOWNSHIP. JACOB BEARD was born in Columbiana, afterward Mahoning County, Ohio. His father, Christopher H. Beard, was born in Wittenberg, Germany, October 1, 1779. He came to America in 1817, lived in Pennsylvania two years, then went to Columbiana County, Ohio, and located. He died there November 20, 1862. His mother, Christina Beard, was born in Wittenberg, Germany, August 20, 1786. She died in Mahoning County, Ohio, May 4, 1860. Jacob Beard was married to Miss Nancy Elser in Mahoning County, Ohio, April 4, 1858. She was born August 4, 1834. The following are their children: Samuel Monroe, born September 17, 1859; Alfin Elisha, born Jan- uary 19, 1861; Wilson Henry, born September 22, 1863; all in Mahoning County, Ohio. Alfin Elisha died September 29, 1862. Mr. Beard moved to this county May 5, 1865, and located on the farm where he now resides, about three miles south of Albion. He has a well-improved farm of 120 acres. JOHN E. BENDER was born in Chester County, Penn., March 4, 1815, where he resided till twenty-one years of age. He was born of poor parents. His mother died when he was four and his father when he was seven years of age. He was bound to Samuel McClintock to serve till seventeen years of age. He faithfully served out his time, and received a suit of ragged clothes for ten years of hard work, and received no schooling whatever. He then commenced work on a salary. In about a year, his employer failed, and John came out in debt. He hired again to other parties, and worked four years, receiving $8 a month. In March, 1836, he married Rachel Young, and soon after emigrated and settled at Massillon, Stark Co., Ohio. He lived here until the spring of 1868, then came to Noble County and bought land where he now resides, on Section 29, York Township, five miles from Albion. Mr. Bender has been four times married. His present wife was residing in the city of Atlanta, Ga., when it was taken by Gen. Sherman's army in 1864. Her maiden name was Evaline Wright. Mr. Bender is an honorable and upright man. What he possesses he came by honestly and no mortgage hangs over his estate. ELISHA BLACKMAN, son of Judge Elisha Blackman, was born in York Township, Noble County, October 29, 1838, and has since made that place his home. His father, Judge Elisha Blackman, was born near Wilkes- barre, Penn., August 1, 1801. His grandfather, Elisha Blackman, was born April 4, 1760, and his great-grandfather, Elisha Blackman, was born in 1717. The grandfather and great-grandfather were at the famous battle of Wyoming, Penn., July 3, 1778, and escaped the massacre. The great-grandfather died at Wilkesbarre in 1804. He married Lucv Powell. Grandfather Blackman married Anna Hulburt, and Father Elisha Blackman married Amy Rollin. He died February 29, 1872. Mother Blackman died May 15, 1860. Elisha Blackman, the subject of this sketch, married Miss Mary A. Spangle Decem- ber 1, 1859. The children are Clara C, Mary Alice and Elisha R., living, and Adella, Lillie and Weller dead. Mary A. Spangle was born March 21, zz 468 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1840. Her father, Jacob Spangle, died August 15, 1868. Her mother, Sarah Spangle, died in June, 1875. Judge Elisha Blackman was a pioneer of this county, having located in York Township in the year 1834. He was many years Justice of the Peace, and held the offices of Trustee and Township Clerk several terms. He was Associate Judge of Noble County on the bench with Judge Latta. SYLVESTER BLACKMAN is a native of York Township, Noble County, Ind., born October 6, 1842. His parents were among the first settlers of the county. He was reared to work on a farm, his education, of course, limited. He enlisted in the Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry December 24, 1863. He joined his regiment at Scottsboro, Ala., in February, 1864 ; was with Sher- man's army in its famous march to the sea and through the Carolinas. He witnessed the burning of the city of Columbia, S. C, and drank some of Wade Hampton's old wine (but kept sober). He was with the army till the collapse of the rebellion, and in the grand review at Washington. He was mustered out at Indianapolis July 25, 1865 ; returned to civil life, and is now living on his farm. October 29, 1868, he married Miss Mary Jane Burns; she was born in Michigan September 2, 1847. Her father came from Ireland, and her mother from the State of New York. In politics, he is a Republican. JOHN BOWMAN was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, May 3, 1810; was a son of John J. Bowman. His grandfather was Philip Bowman, the son of David Bowman, who emigrated from Wittenberg, Germany, A. D. 1753. The mother of John Bowman was Charlotte Bowman, who died June 15, 1847, in the sixtieth year of her age. She was the daughter of Rev. John and Eliza- beth Stough. Elizabeth Stough was the daughter of Conrad Hogmire. John Bowman was reared on his father's farm until he arrived at the age of seven- teen years. He then served a three-years' apprenticeship at the tanning business with one Abraham Croft, in Canton, Ohio. He then returned to Columbiana County and started a tannery four miles west of New Lisbon. November 13, 1831, he married Miss Mary Mason, who was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, December 29, 1812 ; she was the daughter of Charles Mason, son of Mar- tin and Elizabeth (Watt) Mason. The mother of Mary H. Bowman was Mary, daughter of Christopher and Catharine (Mong) Horn. The grandmother of John Bowman on his father's side was Catharine, daughter of Nicholas and Catharine, (Turner) Fast. John Bowman continued in the tanning business until 1838. when he sold out and turned westward. He moved in wagons and arrived in Noble County March 1, 1838. He located on the land where he now lives, which he commenced clearing. His family suffered much from sickness during the firstyear. The following is their family record : Jonas, born in Columbiana County, Ohio, October 7, 1832; Lycurgus, in Columbiana County, Ohio, February 19, 1836 ; Mary Olive, in this county January 23, 1841 ; Elizabeth, in this county September 13, 1846. All are now living and married. The father and mother, on the 13th of November, 1881, celebrated their golden wedding. The grandfather of Mrs. Bow- man, Martin Mason, was many years a captive amongst the Indians. He was captured east of Fort Du Quesne about the time of Braddock's defeat. Mr and Mrs. Bowman are of ancestry who are noted for their longevity, ranging on both sides into the nineties. They have long been members of the Church of God. They live on the old homestead three miles southwest of Albion in Section 27. Mr. Bowman has a grove of fine bearing chestnut trees, which proves that that timber can be successfully cultivated in this soil. One tree that sprung from a seed that grew on a tree of his first planting is bearing bountifully. YORK TOWNSHIP. 469 JONAS BOWMAN was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, October 7, 1832 ; came to Noble County in 1838, since which time he has lived in York Township. His education was limited to the common school of the times. He married Miss Rachel M. Foot March 11, 1860, and commenced housekeep- ing on the farm where he now resides, about three miles north of Wolf Lake, on Section 29. Mrs. Bowman was born in Malone, Franklin Co., N. Y., May 23, 1831. Jonas Bowman is a son of John Bowman, and belonged to the organiza- tion known as the Regulators, for the suppression of lawlessness and crime. During the war, he was a member of the Home Guards. Mr. Bowman may be said to be a very peaceable man. During his entire life, he has had neither a fight nor a law-suit. He is a member of the order of F. & A. M., and a Republican. JACOB A. BUTZ, deceased, was a native of Europe. He crossed the waters in 1860, and came to Indiana, locating in York Township, where he bought forty acres of land. This he afterward sold, and made another purchase of eighty acres, subsequently adding sixty acres more. In 1862, he married Elizabeth Brown, whose parents were natives of Pennsylvania ; her father, of Lancaster County, who came to Indiana in 1852, locating in this county, where he remained until his death. The mother's maiden name was Berkholder. Mr. and Mrs. Butz were both members of the Methodist Church. He died May 28, 1878, leaving Mrs. Butz a widow, with three children — Eliza Jane, Ange- line and Etta. They are all living, at the present writing, on the home farm. GEORGE W. CONRAD is a native of Pennsylvania, born May 6, 1835 ; his wife, Esther (Burns) Conrad, was born in Elkhart County, Ind., December 22, 1838. He passed his boyhood in Elkhart County, his father having come to this State in 1841. He was married December 28, 1856. His father and mother were natives of Pennsylvania, the former born in the year 1793. At the age of eleven years, George W. was bound out to one David Rodibaugh, of Jackson Township, Elkhart County. He served four years of his time, and could not stand the ill treatment he received, and left him. Rodibaugh would not allow him to take even his ragged clothes with him. He worked summers, and went to school occasionally during the winters, until he arrived at the age of twenty. He then went to learn the blacksmith's trade at Waterford, Elkhart County. In partnership with John Burns, his father- in-law, he bought land in the woods. Here he lived twenty-four years, when he moved to where he now lives, about two miles northwest of Wolf Lake, on a farm of 310 acres, well improved, with good buildings. He is a Republican, and he and his wife are members of the Christian Church. DAVID DEPEW came to Allen County, Ind., with his parents, from Ohio (his native State) in 1837. Here and in De Kalb County his boyhood days were passed ; the county being new and but sparsely settled, his experiences were of a rugged nature. His mother's last days were spent in Allen County, where she died, and the father in De Kalb County. David purchased his first land in the latter county ; this he sold, and subsequently bought eighty acres of unimproved land in Noble County. Upon the latter he placed the improve- ments, doing nearly all the work himself. This farm Mr. Depew sold, and, in 1881, he purchased 160 acres, where he lives, on Section 4. It is improved land, well located for market facilities, with a fine brick residence and other buildings requisite for the demands. His wife, Olive (Cook) Depew, is a na- tive of Indiana. Her parents came from the State of New York (their place of nativity) to Ohio, and from there to Indiana, where they died. Six children 470 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Depew, viz.: Hezekiah, Alson, Mary A. (since deceased), Edward, Isaiah and Samuel (deceased). Mr. Depew is one of those stirring, thoroughgoing men, whose presence is valuable to the community in which he lives. JAMES K. DINGM AN was born in Green Township, Noble County, Ind., August 13, 1847. His father, Adam Dingman, was born near Sydney, Shelby Co., Ohio ; he died in Noble County, Ind., in 1876 ; his mother, Mary Ding- man, died February 26, 1880 ; she was born in Ohio January 6, 1823. Adam and Mary Dingman were married January 31, 1840. They came to Allen County, Ind., in 1832, and to Noble County in 1835. They experienced all the hardships of frontier life. They had nine children. James K. was reared on the farm. January 29, 1868, he was married to Miss Electa Altman, who was born in Holmes County, Ohio, February 24, 1852. Her father, John M. Altman, was born November 17, 1827 ; her mother, Elizabeth Ann Altman, was born August 30, 1834, near Baltimore, Md. Mr. Dingman is a pros- perous farmer, living three miles south of Albion in Section 26. PETER ELSER was born in Mahoning County, Ohio, March 25, 1828. He was one of ten children in the family of George and Mary (Raab) Elser, the former a farmer and native of York County, Penn., and the latter of Ohio. George Elser's parents were George and Catharine Elser, both natives of Penn- sylvania, and his father was a wheelwright. Peter Elser spent his boyhood in Ohio. In 1855, he came to Indiana, Huntington County, and thence to Noble County, where he purchased 130 acres of partially improved land, now wholly improved and cultivated. His father is still living, and is eighty-two years of age. The children, six of whom are living, are Catharine, Elizabeth, Nancy, Eli, Rebecca, Sophia ; and those deceased, Henry, Sarah and Samuel. Our subject was married April, 1850, to Susan Coblence, of Ohio, who died in December, 1856, and Mr. Elser, in 1858, married Miss J. Whittaker, a native of Pennsylvania. Their children are Wilson (who resides in York Township), Marcus (who is in Montana Territory), Sarah A., Emma J., Mary E., George W. and Elmer, all living at home. Mr. Elser has served the public in numer- ous trustworthy offices. While in Huntington County, he was Assessor for one term and Trustee for the same period. In this county he has also rendered his services as Assessor, and served three years as Township Trustee. He is a member of the Patrons of Husbandry, and although a carpenter by trade, devotes the major part of his time to farming. JOHN C. FOOT is a native of Vermont, as were also his parents, and came with them to Ohio. They resided there a number of years, then came to Indiana, and in 1854 located on land, unimproved, in this county, York Town- ship, Section 15. The father, a miller by trade, was engaged with his son in clearing the land, which is now one of the best improved farms in the township. The father died in Indiana, and the mother is living with the subject on his farm. Mr. Foot now owns 155 acres of land ; has a fine orchard, good build- ings, etc. He married Catharine S. Crispell, a native of New York, whose parents came to Indiana at an early day, where they died. They have had five children — Frank D., Lucy M., George L. and Sarah, all at home, and Angie, deceased. Mr. Foot is an enterprising farmer, and is now serving his second term as Township Trustee, to which office he was elected in 1877. HENRY FUNK was born in Wayne County, Ohio, November 18, 1823. His grandfather, Martin Funk, came to America from Prussia prior to the Revolution. His father, Samuel Funk, was born in Bedford County, Penn., YORK TOWNSHIP. 471 in 1776 ; he was a soldier in the war of 1812. At the close of the war, he emigrated to Ohio, and located near Wooster. Henry came to Indiana in 1846. November 7, 1850, he married Delilah Huffman ; she died in 1866. They had two children — Clinton and Willard ; Clinton died March 4, 1865. Mr. Funk moved to where he now resides in August, 1864. February 7, 1867, he married Catharine Heckethorn. She was born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1836. Mr. Funk, while he lived in Whitley County, Ind., was Justice of the Peace eight years, commencing in 1855. He is now a highly esteemed citizen, living in partial retirement on his farm in Section 27. JOSEPH W. GESAMANN is a native of Stark County, Ohio ; born July 30, 1835, where he was reared on a farm. He received sufficient school- ing to make him a competent teacher, and at the age of twenty-one began that calling, following it during the winter and farming summers. February 24, 1861, he married Loetta Hershey, born in Stark County, Ohio, September 6, 1843, and farmed the old homestead till the spring of 1863, when he came to this county, near Cromwell, in Sparta Township. During the summer, he erected a house on his own unimproved land in Section 16, York Township, where he moved in October. In the autumn of 1869, he moved back to Ohio, and worked in Russell's Separator Manufactory at Massillon one year, and then taught school through the winter ; worked in the shops the following sum- mer and taught school again in the winter. In the spring of 1872, he was chosen Superintendent of the Roach Institute in Massillon, remaining in charge five years. In the spring of 1877, he returned to his farm, where he now resides, having erected good buildings and made other improvements. Their children are three — Marvin H., born in Stark County, Ohio, November 13, 1861; Elmus R., in this county June 3, 1863; and Frances, in Massillon, Ohio, April 16, 1870. Mr. Gesamann's grandfather was a Hollander, and came to America and located in Westmoreland County, Penn. Jacob Gesamann, the father of Joseph, was born in Pennsylvania September 5, 1801, and died in Stark County, Ohio, May 21. 1861. He was a farmer, but worked some at wagon-making. His wife, Barbara (Reichard), and mother of Joseph, was born January 12, 1804, and died in Stark County, Ohio, July 3, 1847. Mr. Gesa- mann was elected Justice of the Peace in 1880, and now holds that office. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Albion. HON. ORLANDO KIMMELL, a wealthy farmer and ex-Representa- tive, whose portrait, with others, graces the pages of this work, is, by a long line of ancestry, of Swedish descent, whose forefathers came to America during the early settlement of Delaware, and located on the Delaware River. His paternal grandparents, Joseph and Hannah (Weldie) Kimmell, were natives of Pennsylvania, and settled in Stark County, Ohio, in 1822 ; their son, Joseph Kimmell, Jr., the father of Orlando, was born in Union County, Penn., in 1802, and came to Stark County with his parents. In 1823, he engaged in fulling and carding in Canton, Ohio. In 1837, he went to Carroll County, Ohio, where he began farming, and, in the fall of L851, came to Noble County, where he remained ten years, returning then to Stark County, where he now resides. He has been an enterprising citizen, and has filled offices of honor and trust. Orlando was born in what is now included within the limits of the city of Canton, Ohio, March 25, 1830, where he was inured to farm life, and received the benefits of common schooling. At the age of eighteen, he devoted one year to fulling and carding. He accompanied his father to this county in 472 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the fall of 1851, and here he entered upon the stern realities of life in the pos- session of a pair of three-year-old colts, a rifle and $38 in money ; but the shoulder was placed to the wheel with a purpose to succeed, and though there were times when the struggle seemed to be against odds, yet, with judicious management and constant application, success crowned his efforts. In 1856, January 24, Mr. Kimraell was married to Miss Jane White, who was born in Marion County, Ohio, November 16, 1834. Her father was a Virginian, born in 1800. They have eight children living — May, Lillian, Jennie, Maud, Phella, Morton, Thaddeus and Claudius. They have lost two by death. The success attained by Mr. Kimmell is worthy of emulation. His landed estate is very valuable, and comprises over 1,000 acres in Noble County. He lives on his farm about eight miles southeast of Ligonier, on the Fort Wayne and Goshen roads, in a fine brick residence, with large barns, granaries, etc., for the conven- ience of farm purposes. He is the most extensive wheat-grower in the county, pro- ducing in 1879, 6,000 bushels, and in 1880, 5,000. His success in stock-raising and other departments, is also characteristic of the good management displayed. But Mr. Kimrnell's accomplishments have not been confined to the accumula- tion of wealth : his influence has been felt for the good of the community by his participation in public affairs. As Township Trustee, he served four years, and during this time he was elected, in 1868, as County Commissioner. This office he resigned to accept the higher trust of Representative to the State Leg- islature, to which he was elected in 1876. He was re-nominated in 1878, but declined the proffered honor. Mr. Kimmell was one of the organizers of the County Agricultural Society ; was elected President in 1877, serving three years, and was re-elected in 1882; was prime mover in establishing the Live- stock Association, of which he served first two years as President. During the war of the rebellion, he was active in looking after the interests of those who had gone to the front, and the county's affairs. Though not a church member, Mr. Kimmell is liberal in fostering church affairs, and is active in public matters where the interests of his community can be advanced. GEORGE H. LANE, born in Pickaway County, Ohio, October 1, 1836. His boyhood and youth were passed in this county. His education was obtained at the common school, but by dint of close application he pre- pared himself for teaching, and has successfully pulled through over twenty terms. He first taught in Kosciusko County during the winter of 1856-57. Meeting with marked success, he was encouraged to continue in the business, and succeeded in all the schools he ever attempted. September 10, 1865, he married Miss Mary E. Matthews. Five children are the fruits of this mar- riage. Mr. Lane has been Justice of the Peace eight years in succession, and declined another election. He lives in York Township, about three miles west of Albion ; is a successful farmer, good citizen and neighbor ; is wide awake to the necessities and enterprises of the times, and a Republican in politics. JOHN C. LANE was born in York Township, Noble County, October 1, 1841. His father, Vincent Lane, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, Jan- uary 31, 1803. His mother, Sarah (Hitler) Lane, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, December 14, 1810. They were married December 18, 1828, and came to this county in 1837. The family consisted of eleven children. Vincent Lane died of lung fever December 17, 1849. He was a County Com- missioner six years, and also held the office of County Treasurer, by appoint- ment, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Joseph Bradford, in 1839. He was also Commissioner of the 3 per cent fund one term. John C. Lane YORK TOWNSHIP. 478 was married to Miss Mary E. Domer, in May, 1880. She was born in Elkhart Township, Noble County, Ind., July 8, 1844. Miss Domer has been a suc- cessful teacher in the common schools for a number of years. WILLIAM C. LEVERING. The Leverings in the United States are supposed to have sprung from a family that came over from Wales before the Revolutionary war, and are consequently somewhat related. They are numer- ous in Central Ohio, in Richland, Knox and Morrow Counties. They are gen- erally well-to-do farmers and good citizens. Neither drunkard nor pauper of that name was ever known. Grandfather Daniel Levering came to Ohio from Pennsylvania, in the year 1809. Daniel Levering's father was a blacksmith, and served in the Revolutionary war. Mrs'. William C. Levering was born in Franklin County, Ohio, April 11, 1823. Her father, Samuel Morris, was a Virginian. She came with her parents to this county, in 1836, where they en- dured the privations and hardships of frontier life, Mr. Morris having car- ried corn for a grist on his back from Perry's Prairie to a mill one mile east of Wolf Lake. Mrs. Levering, while yet a girl, worked out at 50 cents a week. She has worked six weeks for six yards of calico, just enough to make a dress in those days. She was married to Mr. Levering October 18, 1846. Their children were Manda, Charles M. and Ellen. The latter died September 28, 1859. AARON MORE was born in Ravenna, Ohio, March 17, 1809. His father, David More, was a soldier of the war of 1812, and died in Ravenna of the cold plague, while home on sick-leave. He was a blacksmith by trade. His widow married John McManis, and the children were compelled to seek homes out of the family. Mr. McManis, about 1820, moved to Darke County, Ohio, where he entered land. In about six years, he moved to Wiltshire, in Van Wert County, where Mr. More visited his mother, in about 1825 ; then he worked for Capt. Riley, who, being cast away at sea, was captured by the Arabs, and finally ransomed. In the autumn of 1830, Mr. More visited his eldest brother in Medina County ; then went to Warren County, Penn., where he worked at painting. His education was picked up, little at a time, as opportunity offered. In 1837, he went down the Broken Sword, into the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, with a raft of lumber, stopping at Wheeling, Va. His step-father having died, he visited his mother at Wiltshire, in August, 1837. Here he took a lease of some land, and entered upon the support of his mother. He soon entered 80 acres in Adams County. Ind , to which place he moved with his mother in 1841. May 24, 1844, he married Miss Mary Ann Syphers, born in Pendle- ton County, Va., January 19, 1825, whose father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and her great-uncle, Gen. Everhart, was with Washington in the Revo- lution. Mr. More's mother died January 18, 1846. In 1853, he bought a store in Willshire, Ohio, and in connection had the post office. In March, 1854, moved to Monmouth. In July, 1858, moved with his stock of goods to Green Township, this county, thence to Cromwell in 1860. In April, 1874, he moved on his present farm, in Section 32. While in Adams County, he served as Justice of the Peace. He became a member of the F. & A. M., Wayne Lodge, No. 25, at Fort Wayne, in August, 1857, and is still a member of that order. NATHAN NILES was born in Bath, Steuben County, N. Y., Novem- ber 24, 1834. His parents located in Seneca County, Ohio, in 1838. In 1849, they moved to near Shelby, in Richland County. He got his education at the schools of Shelby and Oberlin, attending the latter more or less regular- 474 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ly from 1851 to 1854. November 15, 1854, he arrived in this county, and that winter taught his first scohol in a log schoolhouse, 15x18, on Judge Black- man's land, receiving $54 for sixty-six days. He went to Middlebury, Elk- hart County, the next spring, and taught a select school. He then worked at the carpenter business with his uncle ; in November, he came again to Noble County ; the following winter he solicited insurance ; in the winter of 1856 and 1857, he taught school again in the little log schoolhouse. He married Jeanette Hubbard, from Ashtabula County, Ohio, who was born November 11, 1833. In the spring of 1860, he went to farming ; but, in 1877, sold out, moved to Ligonier, and engaged in the sale of hardware and agricultural im- plements ; in about a year, he bought the farm where he now lives and moved upon it. January 10, 1878, began a ten weeks' term at the Cavin School, in Perry Township, the first teacher having resigned. Since about this time, Mr. Niles has been unable to do hard work. He lives on Section 17, York Town- ship ; is of Welsh extraction, and a Republican. His grandfather, Leonard Plants, was the last surviving soldier of the Revolution, in Licking County, Ohio. Mr. Niles was enumerator of the census for York Township in 1880. JEFFERSON NOE is a son of Aaron and Sarah Noe, who moved from Licking County, Ohio, and located in Sparta Township, Noble County, in 1837. Aaron Noe was born near Newark, N. J., about the year 1806. His father came from France about the time Napoleon I took command of the armies of France. Jefferson Noe was born January 5, 1837, in Licking County, Ohio. Has had but a common-school education, but being ambitious and studious, has become a well-read man. He was married to Miss Mary A. Gloyd May 6, 1860. She was born in Newark, Ohio, February 6, 1836. Her parents were from Maryland. William Gloyd was born in 1812 ; came to Indiana in 1839 ; died February 27, 1863 ; Mother Matilda Gloyd was born in 1814. Aaron Noe was a blacksmith. He died while visiting friends in Illinois, in 1851. His remains were brought back to Ligonier and interred in the City Cemetery ; a monument costing $300 marks his resting-place. Mother Noe died August 12, 1869, and was buried beside her husband. Jefferson Noe has cleared up two farms and worked hard, and is now enjoying life in ease and plenty. The children were Jeremiah, William H., Clara Belle and George Ellsworth ; the latter died at the age of fifteen months. Jefferson Noe was about five years old when his younger brother, Allen, was stolen by the Indians, and no tidings of him have ever been received ; diligent search was instituted, but of no avail ; his fate is yet, and may always remain, a strange, sad mystery. Mr. and Mrs. Noe are prominent members of the Christian Church. ANDREW J. PARKS is a native of La Grange County, Ind. His mother was born in New York and his father in Ohio. His father died when Andrew was but a child and his mother remarried. After this he lived at home but a short time ; went to his aunt's and lived with her some time, then spent eighteen months at Mr. Gerber's. He lived two summers with his Uncle John Roy, passing the winters in Ligonier, at his grandparents' ; he next went to Brimfield, where he lived about a year, then at the age of thirteen, went to Albion, where he found a home with Mr. Bliss. At the age of seventeen, he went to live with his aunt, west of Albion, where he remained about one year, then returned to Albion. He finally married Miss Mary A. Hadley, and made himself a permanent home. She is a native of Indiana. Her parents are YORK TOWNSHIP. 475 Ohioans by birth, but are now living in Indiana. In 1874, Mr. Parks owned 132 acres of land, a portion of which constitutes his present farm. They have three children — Charles, Lillie and Erraina. CYRUS POLLOCK was born in Washington Township, Richland County, Ohio, April 12, 1832. His father, Andrew Pollock, was born near Pittsburgh, Penn., about the year 1779, and came to Richland County, Ohio, in 1812. He was a soldier in the war of 1812 ; he came to Noble County in 1853 and died in 1857. Mother Mary (Surplus) Pollock was born in Penn- sylvania, in 1800, and died in 1858. Cyrus Pollock came to this country with his father in 1853. October 18, 1856, he married Miss Susannah Earnhart. By her he had one child, Harriet. Mrs Pollock died November 5, 1859. August 12, 1860, he married Martha Jerls. By this marriage he has eight children. She was born in Miami County, Ohio, May 5, 1835. Mr. Pollock was elected Justice of the Peace in the autumn of 1870. He served three years, when he resigned to accept the office of Superintendent of the County Infirmary. He filled the office five years with satisfaction to the public. Since then, has farmed successfully. His farm consists of 120 acres in Section 8, five miles west of Albion. JAMES ROSCO is a native of Essex County, N. Y., from whence his parents moved to Erie County, Ohio, in 1834. He is one of eight brothers and one sister, and was born September 11, 1833, to Levi and Eliza (Stockwell) Rosco. The father was born in Essex County, N. Y., June 10, 1810. The mother in Massachusetts February 14, 1812. The elder Rosco was a carpenter and joiner, from whom James learned the trade, and at which he worked until 1860. March 23, 1857, he married Miss Elsie Barr, a native of Niagara County, N. Y., born October 29, 1826. The nine years prior to going to Erie County, Ohio, in 1856, she had lived in Michigan. They have one child, Nelson, living ; two having died, Arvilla and Edgar, both in the autumn of 1865. Mr. Rosco moved to Green Township, this county, in 1861, and two years later upon his present farm, which consists of 380 acres, well adapted for general farm purposes, and beautified by evergreens, of which Mr. Rosco has set out nearly 500, acting upon the principle that it is every citizen's duty to do what he can to beautify the country for the benefit of coming generations. In all respects he is an enterprising citizen, and one of the foremost in the fur- therance of public interests. Largely by his influence and exertion, in connec- tion with James C. Stewart, of Noble Township, the Port Mitchell mill-dam nuisance was abated. In politics he is a Republican, thorough and unequivocal, and a firm believer in the religion of Jesus Christ. He is a member of Albion Lodge, No. 97, F. & A. M., of Chapter No. 64, R. A. M., of Kendallville, and of Apollo Commandery, No. 19, K. T. JAMES H. SINGREY is a native of Troy Township, Morrow County, Ohio, and was born September 18, 1831. His parents, Thomas and Catharine (Akerman) Singrey, were natives respectively of Maryland and New Jersey. His grandfather, Singrey, native of Maryland, was a noted physician and sur- geon, and his grandfather Akerman was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and participated in the battles of Monmouth and Trenton. His parents came to Indiana in 1862, located in Albion, but afterward moved to Jefferson Town- ship, where they are still living, at the advanced ages of seventy-nine and eighty- one. James H. Singrey was reared on a farm in Ohio, and came to Indiana with his parents. He purchased eighty acres of land in Elkhart Township, where he lived two years, clearing and otherwise improving the land. He 476 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: subsequently purchased a farm of eighty acres in Jefferson Township, situated on Section 17, where he still resides, and which is now one of the best farms in the township. Mr. Singrey, in 1854, married Sarah J. Herrington, a native of Pennsylvania, born December 3, 1833. Her father, John Herrington, was a Pennsylvanian by birth, and a farmer. Mr. Singrey, while in Ohio, served three years as Trustee of Troy Township, and at present is Superintendent of the County Poor Farm, to which office he was elected in April, 1881, for the period of one year. They have six children, Franklin E. (now married and farming on the old home farm), Charles A., Perry J., Debby E., Cyrilla F. and Roy C. Perry J. is on the same farm with his brother Frank, and the others are all at home. DAVID W. STARK was born in Lancaster County, Penn., February 23, 1855, and came with his parents to Indiana in 1865. His father, Abra- ham Stark, was born October 24, 1829. His mother, Mary Ann Stark, was born July 4, 1832. David W. Stark married Ellen E. Bower September 4, 1879. She was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, May 28, 1861. Her parents came to Indiana in the year 1870, and bought land in Section 18, York Township, six miles west of Albion, where Mr. Stark now lives. They have one child — Sophia Christina, born January 23, 1881. JOEL VANDERFORD was born in Ross County, Ohio, November 5, 1813, where he passed his boyhood and youth. At the age of twenty-two, he packed his earthly possessions in a cotton handkerchief, and tramped to this county, where he grubbed and cut wood at 25 cents a cord and boarded himself, to make the money with which he bought the first land he ever owned — the eighty acres on which the fine buildings of Orlando Kimmell now stand. In the summer of 1836, Mr. Vanderford and John Male felled the timber, cut and split 40,000 fence rails. They also laid up a portion of them into fences. March 23, 1837, he married Miss Emeline Bull. She was born in Perry County, Penn., February 23, 1815. Their housekeeping outfit was a board laid on the flour barrel for a table, half a dozen plates, half a dozen knives and forks, one kettle, a teakettle and a skillet. For a cupboard, he put clapboards on wooden pins in the wall. They had one good bed and a bedstead ; for the extra bed he put a long and a shorter pole into holes in the logs and put on clapboards for the tick to lie on. They had two chairs with splint bottoms and two without bottoms. Mr. Vanderford grubbed for Joel Smith until he accumulated $2.50, with which he purchased two bushels of wheat, had it ground and took it home. It proved to be worthless and made him sick, so he went to John G. Hall, who had a mill one mile east of Wolf Lake, and bargained with him for a bushel of corn meal. He was to bring his yoke of oxen and log one day for the meal. When night came, the miller could scrape together but a half bushel. This necessitated coming to the mill again. As he lived four miles from the mill, he had to drive his ox team sixteen miles and do a hard day's logging for one bushel of corn meal. In 1852, Mr. Vanderford went to California and then to Oregon, and traveled over near its entire extent. While there he split three thousand rails. He was absent three years, and returned in 1855, touching at Havana and Key West. While on the Pacific Ocean, he barely escaped being lost in a storm, but he has weathered it all, and is now a hale and hearty man, surrounded by all that tends to make life enjoyable. He owns 317 acres of good land. His residence is on Section 29, six miles west of Albion. The following children are living : Sarah Ann, Elizana, Richard Clark, Mary and William C. Two are dead — Nancy Jane and John Fremont. Two of his fORK TOWNSHIP. 477 sons were in the army — Richard Clark and William C. Richard C. received five wounds, two of which were severe. One son, John F., was drowned in the lake at Chicago. Mr. V. is a Republican, and a member of the Church of God. He was on the first grand jury impaneled in this county. JOHN WALKER is a substantial farmer in York Township, where he owns nearly 300 acres of land, with a considerable portion under cultivation, and with improvements in the way of buildings, fences, hedges, orchards, etc., that characterize the whole as the result of efficient management. The 185 rods of fine grown, well-cared-for hedge that surrounds some of the fields is a feature that lends to the beauty and adds to the value of this farm. The soil is productive, and yields bountiful harvests. In 1879, 1,600 bushels of wheat were taken from its fields, and it yearly produces from thirty to forty tons of hay. Other crops are harvested in goodly quantities. The farm is in Sections 1 and 2, and the land — or a portion of it — was entered in 1837 by Mr. Walk- er's father, Christopher, who was born October 21, 1787. His wife, Mary (Magdelain), and mother of John, was born December 15, 1793 ; they were na- tives of Pennsylvania, but removed to Richland County, Ohio, where they re- mained until their death ; the father September 26, 1872, and the mother June 11, 1877. They had eleven children, ten of whom are living : Mrs. Mary Acton, in Wayne Township ; Henry, in Elkhart Township ; Ephraim, in Mor- row County, Ohio ; John, the subject ; Mrs. Sarah Thompson, in Wayne Township ; Gabriel ; Israel, in Elkhart Township ; Gideon, in Swan Town- ship ; Mrs. Susan Denlan, in Knox County, Ohio ; Mrs. Elvina Hoffman, wife of John Hoffman, of Jefferson Township ; and William, deceased. John Walker was born in Richland County, Ohio, December 21, 1821, where he learned the trade of blacksmithing of his father ; this he followed, together with farming, until May, 1849, when he came to this county, locating where he now resides. Here, his time has been given principally to the cultivation of the soil, although he has worked some at his trade. March 25, 1845, he was married to Miss Miriam Cook, also a native of Richland County, Ohio, born November 10, 1824. She is a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. Walker has erected a fine brick residence in Albion, into which he intends to move in 1882, and live in retirement, and in the enjoyment of the fruits of honest toil. He is a much-respected and highly-honored citizen, and haa served his township as Trustee. He has an aunt by marriage — Sarah Stilwell — who will be 100 years old in March, 1882, and who is still quite active for one so aged. ZENAS J. WRIGHT, a native of Massachusetts, was born November 12, 1817. His parents, Zenas and Nancy (Willis) Wright, were both natives of Massachusetts, and his grandfather, Elisha Wright, was a farmer of the same nativity. Zenas Wright's early youth was passed in New York until 1836, when with his parents he came to York Township, Ind., and located at " Wright's Corners." Here he lived until 1841, when he married Mary Ann Arnold, and purchased eighty acres of his present farm in Perry Township, making subsequent additions until it now numbers 280 acres, and is in a good state of cultivation. They have nine children — Silas J., now on the old farm ; William W., who resides in Iowa ; Zenas M., in Iowa ; Isaac A., on the old farm ; Christa, in Nebraska ; Adoniram J., in Iowa ; and Elsie J., Emma and Minnie at home. Mrs. Wright died April 4, 1881. She was a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. Wright is a member of the same church, and served for eight successive years as Township Trustee, and has efficiently served four years as Justice of the Peace. 478 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: GREEN TOWNSH8P. JAMES M. APPLEGATE (deceased), was a native of Richland County, Ohio, born October 23, 1829, a son of Isaac and Sarah (Davis) Applegate, and one of five children. At the age of twenty, he came to Indiana with his brother to teach school, commencing in Green Township, and following this calling through eleven winters in his neighborhood, where he won many friends, being temperate and an exemplary citizen. He was a Republican, and held several township offices. While serving in the army, he contracted sickness, which resulted in his death, January 19, 1879. May 4, 1851, Mr. Applegate was married to Miss Sophronia Gray, the daughter of Samuel and Ruth (Leech) Gray. She was born in Knox County, Ohio, February 17, 1831, and came to Noble County with her parents in 1835, and assisted at the spinning wheel and other domestic duties. She received the common education of her girlhood days. Mr. and Mrs. Applegate were favored by the birth of seven children — Orlando (deceased), Manuel J., Harvey (deceased), Laura J. (now the wife of 0. Fulk), Florence, Clara G. and Firmer. Mrs. Applegate is still living on the old farm, consisting of 158 acres, and has the esteem and respect of a large circle of friends. W. C. ARTHUR was born in Huron County, Ohio, March 25, 1828. At the age of eight years he was left an orphan, and with his brothers and sisters lived on the home place. Shortly after reaching his majority, he was induced, by the stories of gold, to go to California. He took pas- sage on the clipper ship Racehorse from New York. They were about five months on the journey, stopping at Rio Janeiro, Valparaiso and other places of interest. On his arrival in San Francisco, he associated himself with a com- pany of others and began mining on the Yuba River. The next winter he operated on a little stream called Brandy Gulch, in Yuba County, and here made some money. The next season he operated in and about Camptonville. After a stay in California of twenty-six months, he came by steamer to New York, crossing the Isthmus of Panama. From New York he returned to his old home in Huron County, Ohio, and came to Green Township in 1855, locating on his present farm. He was married July 4, 1855. Three children have blessed this union with Rachel Skeels — Fannie, George and Leslie. All are living; the eldest being the wife of William Shambaugh, of Green Town- ship. Mr. Arthur had nothing to start with, but is now a prosperous farmer. He owns 340 acres of land, is a Democrat, a Mason and he and wife are mem- bers of the Free- Will Baptist Church. Mr. Arthur is a son of Thomas and Margaret (Clark) Arthur, who were natives of Ireland. Both died in Huron County, Ohio. WILLIAM D. BONAR was born December 19, 1839, a son of David and Hester (Deweese) Bonar, the parents of fifteen children, ten of whom are yet alive. The father was born October 9, 1784, and was of Scotch descent. September 10, 1820, he married Hesther Deweese in Licking County, Ohio, her birthplace. He was a shoemaker by trade, but abandoned that calling on coming to Green Township in 1836, where he entered 80 acres of land, which he cleared and improved. He was of small physical frame, and decisive turn of mind, wielding much influence. He died December 25, 1874, and his wife GREEN TOWNSHIP. 479 May 25, 1846. William D. Bonar passed his youth on the farm, receiving a common school education. December 15, 1863, he enlisted in Company I, Twelfth Indiana -Cavalry, and was discharged August 27, 1865, and returned home to his farm. Mr. Bonar owns 120 acres of good land, and is a Demo- crat. He was married April 19, 1871, to Miss Eleanor Moore, daughter of Samuel and Mary Ann Moore. They had one child, a boy, Alva C. The mother died in January, 1872. Mr. Bonar takes the lead in many things in his township, and exerts a wholesome control over its affairs. GEORGE W. BROWN was born in Preble County, Ohio, April 21, 1827. He is one of twelve children born to George and Sarah (Nethercut) Brown. The father was a native of Virginia, and the mother of South Caro- lina. They started out in life poor, but became prosperous farmers, and were honored and respected members of society ; both are now dead. George W. received a good common-school education. In 1847, he was united in marriage with Margaret Brumbaugh, and in the fall of 1851 moved to Green Township and settled on 100 acres of wood land his father had purchased for him, and 50 acres that had been given Mrs. Brown by her parents ; the clearing and im- proving afforded abundant work for Mr. Brown. They have added to their original place enough to make 485 acres, which have been partially divided among the children, of whom there have been eight — William, Otho, George, Sarah C, Ellen, Ida, Effie (deceased) and Laura. William married Mary Zum- brum, and resides in Whitley County. The rest are in Noble County. Otho married Barbara Royer; George married Ann McCoy; Sarah is the wife "of James McCoy ; Ellen is the wife of Aaron Eagly ; Ida married Samuel Black, and Laura is single. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the German Bap- tist Church, and Mr. Brown is a Democrat. LUKE N. CLEMENS, generally known as Esquire Clemens, was born in Augusta, Va., October 7, 1808. He was one of thirteen children born to John and Anna (Boyer) Clemens, who were pros- perous farmers of the Shenandoah Valley. Luke remained with his parents, in Virginia, receiving a common-school education, and in 1825 emi- grated with his parents to Madison County, Ohio, where he engaged in farming for a period of twenty years. His father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and he lived in Madison County the balance of his days. While in Ohio, Luke was married to Miss Sarah Rathbun, and in 1845 moved to Noble Coun- ty, where his brother had preceded him. He purchased his present farm — 160 acres — and built thereon a log cabin, moved into it, and thus commenced life in the wilderness. His farm was then a mass of woods, swamps and un- derbrush, and various species of wild beasts made it their home. Notwith- standing the hardships incident to such a life, he succeeded gradually in clear- ing and otherwise improving his farm. Mr. Clemens, during his early life here, killed over 200 deer, to say nothing of wild-cats, turkeys, squirrels, etc. ; hunt- ing formed his chief amusement. To his marriage with Miss Rathbun there were born twelve children — John, Harmon, Eliza, Polly, Lydia, Elizabeth, Henderson, Melinda, Harrison, Henry, Sarah and James. Of these the fol- lowing are dead: Eliza, Polly, Lydia, Betsy and Harmon. Mr. Clemens is a man of enterprise, and has held the office of Justice of the Peace for the past twenty-six years. DAVID CLOUSE, born in Licking Co., Ohio, February 2, 1842. His parents were Benjamin and Lydia (Green) Clouse, and to them were born seven children ; only four are living. The parents are both living and reside in Lick- 480 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ing Co., Ohio. David Clouse is a man of common-school education. Having rel- atives in Noble County, he came here in 1862, and the 21st of October of the same year he enlisted in Company D, Twenty-eighth Regiment, First Indiana Cavalry. At an engagement near Little Rock, Ark., he was wounded in the arm April 1, 1865, which resulted in his discharge June 8, 1865. After the war was over, Mr. Clouse returned home, and having eighty acres of land, he began clearing and improving the same. He was married in 1866, to Electa Bisekorner, who died February 14, 1874, leaving four children. His second and present wife, Lucina Lock, he married in September, 1875. The children of his first marriage are John H., Lydia 0. (deceased), Luther C. and Alta; and to his second marriage, Sylvia L., Jesse W., Nellie D. and one as yet unnamed. Mr. Clouse is a farmer — owns eighty acres of good land ; is a Republican, and an enterprising citizen. His grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. JONAS COOK was born in Carroll County, Md., December 10, 1827. He is a son of Baltzer and Elizabeth (Fulkearth) Cook, and of German descent. His parents were both natives of Maryland. The father was a farmer, and moved to Montgomery County, Ohio, in 1830, where he and wife lived the re- mainder of their days. Our subject, at the age of nineteen, began working at carpentering. Having natural talent in this direction, he continued it profit- ably some fifteen years ; when, having saved a part of his earnings, he pur- chased 120 acres of his present farm, on which he moved in 1859. Mr. Cook had to undergo, as did the old settlers, the hardships in the clearing and im- proving of his place. He has increased his original purchase to 220 acres, aided, to a considerable extent by his earnings in teaching school. He was married in 1849 to Elizabeth Zeigler, of Montgomery County, Ohio, and who has borne him three children — Letitia A., Granville W. and Silas C. During the fall of 1864, Mr. Cook enlisted in Company C, Thirteenth Regiment, and was dis- charged at Goldsboro, N. C, at the close of the war. He was at the battle of Bentonville and Richmond, and the storming of Fort Fisher both times. After the war, he came home and recommenced farming. He and wife are members of the German Baptist Church. Mr. Cook is a Republican and a worthy citizen. JOHN A. CONKLTNG'S parents were Samuel and Charlotte (Bruce) Conkling, the former of Holland Dutch descent, and the latter of Scotch-Irish. Their family numbered eleven children, five still living. One of these, John A. Conkling, was born in Ohio October 15, 1818, and came with his parents to Delaware County, where they lived ten years. They lived one year in Sparta Township, then moved to Noble Township ; after this, all went West to Iowa and Missouri, except John A. The mother died in Iowa and the father in Kansas. The latter was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his sons, Henry and James, served honorably in the last great war. Soon after removing to Noble Township, Mr. Conkling returned to Sparta, where he resided until 1878, then purchased 110 acres of land, where he now resides. On the 29th of August, 1844, he married Matilda Ann Todd, whose parents came from Ohio. Their children were as follows : Levi (drowned when but seventeen years old), Sarah Margaret and John Henry, the latter still living at home. Sarah M. is the wife of Isaac M. Barcus. Mrs. Conkling is a member of the Lutheran Church, and her husband is a Democrat. They are very worthy people ; have seen the wilderness transformed into beautiful homes, and the retrospect of their lives is a happy one. W. C. DAVIS was born in Richland County, Ohio, December 4, 1832, a son of William and Nancy Davis, who came from Westmoreland County, GREEN TOWNSHIP. 481 Perm., to the birthplace of our subject, where they died. They were of Scotch-Irish descent, and the parents of ten children, six of whom are still living. The elder Mr. Davis was a Democrat, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and an early settler of Richland County. He was temper- ate, and was looked to for advice in matters of importance. Until sixteen years of age, W. C. Davis was reared on a farm, receiving a common-school educa- tion. He then served a two years' apprenticeship to the carpenter's trade. In 1851, he came to Indiana, locating in Noble County, and has worked at his trade ever since. He was married, February 26, 1856, to Miss Nancy Mc- Williams, who died February 26, 1857. Mr. Davis' second wife was Caroline Hill, to whom he was married April 4, 1868. To their union were born two daughters — Minia, July 11, 1869, and Jennie, December 11, 1871. The mother was born February 23, 1847, and died December, 1871. Mr. Davis' third and present wife, Esther S. Hill, sister of his second wife, he married August 19, 1877. Mr. Davis started in life with but little means at his com- mand, and deserves much credit for his success. He now owns 120 acres of improved land, is a Democrat and an intelligent citizen. LEVI DILLER was born in Lancaster County, Penn., April 15, 1818. He is one of eight children born to Martin and Rachel (Wolf) Diller. When twelve years old, his parents moved to Frederick County, Md., where he re- ceived a good education. From 1836 to 1840, he served an apprenticeship at the blacksmith and machinist's trade, and after completing it came to Preble County, Ohio, where he worked six years. He then purchased a farm and engaged in agricultural pursuits until the fall of 1857, when he came to Noble County to engage in the lumber trade. He purchased five acres of land in Green Township on which was a small saw-mill. This he improved until he had one of the finest mills in the county. By degrees he increased his busi- ness, which now ranks second to none in Green Township. He was married, March 16, 1843, to Catharine Lock, of Frederick County, Md., and to them were born eight children — Louisa J., John H., Margaret E., Elizabeth, Anna, Martin L., Levi (deceased) and Benjamin F. Mr. and Mrs. Diller are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church. He is a prominent Democrat, but has never aspired to political prominence. He now owns 200 acres of land, besides his mill property. GEORGE EASTERDAY (deceased) was a native of the Buckeye State, his birth occurring in Jefferson County November 15, 1800. His father, George Easterday, was a native of Maryland and of German descent, and moved with his family from Maryland to Jefferson County, Ohio, at an early period. His son, whose name heads this sketch, was reared in Jefferson County, where he was married and whence he moved to Holmes County in 1825, and was soon followed by his father. Both families soon moved to Chester Town- ship, Morrow County, Ohio, where, after a number of years, the parents died. Our subject's wife was Anna M. Sumraerlot, who bore her husband ten chil- dren, as follows : George W., William, Sylvester, Elizabeth and Catharine living, and John, Samuel, Joseph, Lucinda and one that died in infancy, de- ceased. In 1853, Mr. Easterday came to Noble County, Ind., and located on a farm. Mrs. Easterday died May 2, 1876, and her husband followed her to the tomb February 28, 1880. Mr. Easterday was a farmer and an upright and honest man. He was a Whig and later a Republican, and himself and wife were members of the Lutheran Church. They are gone, but their memory will grow brighter as time fades away. 482 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: GEORGE W. EASTERDAY, was born in Holmes Co., Ohio, March 29, 1827. He was reared on his father's farm and worked for them until twenty- two years old, when he received property valued at $100 and started out for himself. On the 28th of September, 1851, he married Nancy E. Smith, of Morrow County, Ohio, by whom he had eight children — Mary Anna (deceased), Dora S. P. (deceased), Otho D., William D., Edna E., Jeremiah M., Adar M. and Drury S. Otho D. married Flora Franks and lives in Green Township. In 1852, Mr. Easterday came to Noble County, locating on the farm where the Frankses now live. In 1862, he exchanged his farm there for his present one. He now owns 200 acres in Green Township and 100 in Jefferson and Albion Townships. He is a Republican and himself and wife are Lutherans. Mr. Easterday's sister Elizabeth is the wife of Samuel Decamp and lives in Jefferson Township. Catharine is the wife of Henry Kirkpatrick and lives in the same township. Sylvester married Mahala Frederick and lives in Albion. WILLIAM EASTERDAY was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833. He remained at home until twenty-two years old, and then received $100 with which to begin life. He purchased eighty acres of his present farm, paying for the same his $100 and working to pay the remaining $400. Since then forty acres have been added, making a farm of 120 acres. On the 22d of November, 1860, he married Catharine Engle, and they have three children — Delila Alice, Wilbert Amos and Alma Barbara. Mrs. Easterday was born in Morrow County, Ohio, August 15, 1838. William Easterday is a highly re- spected citizen. The family of Easterdays are industrious, sober citizens. JACOB FAVINGER was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, September 1, 1837. His parents were of German descent, and natives of the " Keystone State," the parents of twelve children, ten of whom are yet alive. Farming was the father's vocation through life. In 1850, he and family moved to Green Township, purchasing wild land. He was an industrious man, a Democrat, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. His death occurred January 24, 1877 ; his widow survives him, and resides on the old homestead. Jacob Fav- inger was reared on his father's farm, and in youth received no education. While in the army he learned to read, write and cipher. When President Lincoln called for 300,000 men in August, 1861, he volunteered his services, and was assigned to Company E, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was discharged for disability at Evansville, Ind., in January, 1864. Mr. Favinger, at the battle of Shiloh, was twice wounded ; and while in the en- gagement at Chickamauga, was shot through the lungs by an ounce ball, which is still in his body. He was married in 1864, to Sarah E. Watt, daughter of one of the old settlers of Noble County. Their five sons are William, Abra- ham, John, Marion and George. After his marriage, Mr. Favinger purchased forty acres, and started in the woods. After clearing three acres, he sold it and purchased forty acres of his present farm, which now consists of eighty acres. He and his wife started out in married life with little, but now have a pleasant home and surroundings. In politics, Mr. Favinger is Independent, and is now serving his fourth term as Township Constable. JAMES GRAWCOCK is a native of Lincolnshire, England, born Jan- uary 21, 1833. (A sketch of his parents will be found in the biography of William Grawcock.) He was raised in Lincolnshire, receiving a common school education. April 21, 1853, he started from Liverpool for America, and after a voyage of four weeks arrived in New York, $13 in debt. He came to Toledo via Albany and Buffalo, and from there to Fort Wayne, Ind., then to GREEN TOWNSHIP. 483 Swan Township, where he engaged in ditching. In 1854, he had $150 of his earnings which he paid on a farm of forty acres — a part of his present place. By hard labor he has cleared it of all indebtedness and has added eighty acres. Mr. Grawcock was married March 8, 1861, to Mariah C. Fulk, and to their union was born nine children — Solomon, William H., Emma J., Oliver P., Mary E., Margaret A. (deceased), John, Noah and Eliza E. After his mar- riage, Mr. Grawcock moved on his then unimproved place, but is now a well improved farm of 120 acres. He and wife are members of the Church of God ; are enterprising and respected people, and Mr. Grawcock is a Democrat. WILLIAM GRAWCOCK was born in Willoughby, Lincolnshire, En- gland, September 29, 1831, the eldest of four children born to Isaac and Ann (Cox) Grawcock. His mother died and his father married Elizabeth Tow, by whom he had eight children. This lady is yet living in England, but the father died in 1873. He was a farmer and moved to Billanghay, where the family still reside. William Grawcock, at the age of twenty, came to the United States, starting on the voyage to Quebec, Canada, in March, 1852, thence to Cleveland, Ohio, and soon afterward went to Richland County, Ohio. He then came to Swan Township. In 1853, he purchased 100 acres of his present farm, having but $5 to make the first payment. After this he worked some time on the railroad. In March, 1855, he and his brother James com- menced clearing together, "baching it." The farm has been increased until it consists of 200 acres. On the 8th of January, 1856, he married Miss Mar- tha, daughter of John and Anna (Wyatt) Bennett, of Allen County, Ind. This lady's people were early settlers in Eel River Township, while she enjoys the distinction of having been the first child born in the township, her birth occurring June 5, 1835. Their children number ten, as follows : James B., Isaac C, Rosanna (wife of George Fulk), Elizabeth A. (wife of Noah Whirledge), Jesse J. (deceased), George F. (deceased), Noah W. (deceased), Charles W., Oscar D. and Susan E. (deceased). James B. married Sarah Fulk, and lives in Churubusco. Mr. Grawcock is one of the most extensive and enterprising stock-raisers in Noble County. In 1880, his son Isaac went to England and purchased a noble draught horse, at great expense, which unfortunately died on the journey ; he also purchased a magnificent Clydesdale stallion. Mr. Grawcock has a fine herd of full-blooded short-horn cattle, in which he takes great pride. He is an excellent neighbor, and is a leading member of the Church of God, near his place. GEORGE HUNTSMAN was born in Morrow County, Ohio, October 27, 1839. He is one of nine children born to Jeremiah and Mary (Painter) Huntsman, who were also natives of Ohio. Jeremiah Huntsman was a farmer and pursued that vocation through life. In 1864, he came to Noble County with his family, locating on the old Huntsman farm in Green Town- ship. He died in March, 1872. He was a Democrat and an enterprising citizen. His widow survives him and resides on the old place. George Hunts- man was reared in Morrow County, Ohio, receiving a common school educa- tion. He came to Green Township in 1864, and by frugality and labor has earned a fine home of 105 acres. He was married in May, 1861, to Susann Hostler. Their children were Flora, Amanda, VileU M., Ida C, E. M., Alice and William H. The four oldest are dead. Mr. Huntsman is a Demo- crat, and the family are honored and respected members of society. HIRAM LINDSEY is a native of Knox County, Ohio, where his birth occurred March 8, 1826. His parents were Jacob and Sarah (Craven) Lind- AAA 484 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: sey, to whom were born five children, four yet living. The father was a fol- lower of the plow, and came from Pennsylvania, while the mother traced her nativity to New Jersey. In April, 1839, Mr. Lindsey and family appeared in Green Township, and settled on the farm now owned by his son Hiram. Mr. Lindsey died during the autumn of 1839. Mrs. Lindsey is yet living in Mor- row County, Ohio. After the death of the father, great hardships were endured. The eldest son was drowned, and Hiram was called upon to assume many duties which he successfully mastered. In the year 1866, Mr. Lindsey opened a store in Noblesville, where he sold goods until 1869, when he moved to the farm now owned by Mr. Conkling, and there continued his store four years, when he abandoned the occupation and went to farming again. In 1855, he was united in marriage with Barbara Lock, and by her had six children, as follows: John W., George W., Mary J., Jacob F., Nancy E. and Oscar W.; John W. and Nancy are dead. Mr. Lindsey is a Democrat and while at Noblesville he served as Postmaster. He owns 80 acres of nice land, and is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. He is an honorable man, and has the confidence and respect of all who know him. JESSE LOCK was born in Preble County, Ohio, April 7, 1847. He is a son of John and Elizabeth (Link) Lock, and one of ten children, four of whom are living, viz., Barbara, wife of Hiram Lindsey ; Lucina, wife of David Clouse, of Albion ; Elizabeth, who is also living in Albion ; and Jesse, the sub- ject of this sketch. The parents of these were married in Preble County, Ohio, and came to Noble County in 1849, locating in Green Township, on the farm now owned by Jesse Lock. They erected a little log cabin, and began clearing the land. Mr. Lock was a Democrat, and a member of the Baptist Church. He died June 12, 1855, and his widow April 2, 1874. Jesse Lock was raised a farmer. At the age of twenty-one, he commenced for himself, and in June, 1872, married Miss Anna Moore. To them were born two children — Corella and Barbara J. The mother died May 6, 1875, and, January 7, 1877, he was united in marriage with his present wife, Mrs. Christina Miller, widow of Francis Miller, and daughter of Henry Wead. To them was born one son — Charles. By her first husband Mrs. Lock had two children — Jasper and George. After his first marriage, Mr. Lock continued farming, and now owns 100 acres of good land. Himself and wife are members of the Christian Church. JOHN P. McWILLIAMS is one of the thrifty men of Green Township, born in Pennsylvania December 20, 1823; one of five children born to Oliver and Elizabeth (Renesten) McWilliams. His grandfather was John McWill- iams, a native of Ireland, who, after coming to America, settled in Pennsylva- nia, and where, in after years, he died. In 1829, Oliver McWilliams and family emigrated to Indiana. After residing thirteen years in Wayne County, he purchased eighty acres of the farm now owned by our subject, and here resided until November, 1858, when he died. His widow survived him until 1864, when she died. On their arrival in Noble County, the country was one vast forest. Mr. McWilliams was a Democrat, and at one time filled the office of County Coroner, besides having filled various township offices. John P. McWilliams assisted in the improvement of the home farm, upon which he was raised. He was married in 1850 to Miss Josephine White, daughter of Ira B. and Sophia (Culver) White, who were pioneers of York Township. To their union there were born nine children — Isaac and Oliver R., deceased ; Alma E. (now wife of O. Frederick, of Jefferson Township), Frank W., William H., GREEN TOWNSHIP. 485 John H. (deceased), Alta S., Walter P. and Charles A. Mrs. McWilliams was born in Union County, Ohio, March 25, 1833. In 1856, Mr. McWilliams was elected, by the Democratic party, to the office of County Recorder, and served four years, making his home in Albion. When he had served his term, he returned to his home in Green Township, where he still lives. Mr. Mc- Williams has also held the office of County Commissioner, and various town- ship offices, in all of which he has served with satisfaction to his constituents. He owns 175 acres of land well improved, and enjoys a comfortable and pros- perous home. WILLIAM McDANIEL was born in York District, South Carolina, June 17, 1812. Soon after his birth, his parents moved to Wilkes Co., N. C, where he remained until 1832, when he went to Wayne County, Ind., living there two years, and one year in Whitley County, and on the 3d of January, 1835, com- ing to his present farm, which was then covered with heavy timber. On the 14th of August, 1834, he married Parmelia Martin, and by her had eight chil- dren — Charles, Elizabeth, John, Jane, Robert, James, Thomas and George. Charles and Thomas are dead. Mrs. McDaniel was overcome by hardships, and died in 1855, and some time afterward Mr. McDaniel married Christina (Yates) Weirich, widow of Franklin Weirich, whose melancholy death is recorded in the chapter on Green Township. Mr. McDaniel's second wife has borne him two children — Almeda and Alvadore. The parents are members of the Chris- tian Church. They have a fine farm of two hundred acres. Mr. McDaniel is well known, universally respected, and one of Green's best citizens. SILAS MOORE' was born in Washington County, Penn., May 24, 1823. He is a son of Russell and Elizabeth (Scott) Moore, who were of Scotch descent, and the parents of four children. The father was three times married ; first to Mary Cool, who bore him one son ; second, to the mother of Silas Moore, and his last wife was Elizabeth Cunningham, who bore him three chil- dren. Mr. Moore was a farmer, and a member of the Presbyterian Church, having been a Ruling Elder in that denomination for forty years. He died in 1880, aged eighty-four, on the farm where he was born, and where he had always lived. Our subject's time was passed on the home farm until he was twenty-one. He then commenced working at the carpenter's trade and wagon making. In 1856, he went to Jefferson County, Ohio, where he worked at his trade eight years. He started for Illinois in April, 1864, and on his way stopped in Noble County and purchased his present farm — ^eighty acres — near Green Center, where he farmed a few years. Since then he has erected a wagon shop and works at his trade, and also carries on undertaking. Through the influence of Mr. Moore, a post office was established at Green Center, in 1870, and he was appointed Postmaster, a position he has since held. He was married, Mary 8, 1851, to Margaret Lester, of Pennsylvania, and to them were born four children — Leslie, Melissa (deceased), Mary E. and Nancy B. Mrs. Moore was born April 30, 1830, and she and Mr. Moore are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Moore is a Republican. GEORGE OTT, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in Preble County, Ohio, September 25, 1817 ; is one of six children born to John and Mary Magdalene (Lock) Ott. Their children were Abraham, George, Jacob, John and Jesse. All are now living in Indiana, except John. The father came from Virginia to Ohio in 1812, and lived and died there. The parents were of Germanic descent, and members of the Lutheran Church, the father being a Whig, and later a Republican. George Ott was reared on a farm, and, in 486 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1840, was married to Mary Brown, whose parents were from North Carolina. To Mr. and Mrs. Ott have been born ten children, as follows : Sarah E., Mary A, John F., Matilda, Ellen, Hetta, Louisa J., Daniel P., Olive and Mar- tha A., all living, except John F., who died in infancy. In 1842, Mr. Ott came to Green Township, where his father had purchased land. There were only about fourteen other families in the township at that time. No improve- ments had been made on Mr. Ott's quarter section. He erected a small log cabin, and planted some corn, and then returned to Ohio. The same year he came to Indiana, bringing his family. Here they have labored, and a fine farm of about seven hundred acres proves that their labor has not been in vain. This land, except 140 acres, has been given to their children. Mr. Ott and wife are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Ott, besides filling all the township offices, has been County Commissioner, serving his constituency with honesty and fidelity. Noble County cannot boast of a citizen of greater excel- lence or a man of truer nobility than George Ott. His heart and mind are filled with progressive ideas, which lead him to the commission of charitable deeds and to the performance of Christian duty. JESSE OTT was born in Preble County, Ohio, December 1, 1822, the youngest of five sons born to John and Mary Magdaline (Lock) Ott. Jesse Ott passed his youth in Preble County, receiving a common school education. When twenty-one years of age, he started for himself, and when about twenty- two, his father made him a present of 160 acres in Perry Township, Noble County, which he traded for the southwest quarter of Section 29 in Green Township, it at that time being a body of woods ; the only evidence that there were ever whites on it was occasionally a tree cut down by some hunter for honey or coons. Mr. Ott was married October 19, 1848, to Docia Brown. To them were born eight children — Cornelius, Amanda, John, George, Fred- erick, Abraham, Eli and Alpha. Mr. and Mrs. Ott are hard-working, thrifty people. They now have 320 acres of land, and are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Ott is a Republican, and is an enterprising and intelligent citizen. WILLIAM RAY (deceased) was born in Ohio County, Va., October 31, 1822. He was the second child of ten born to Thomas and Martha (Gibson) Ray. His father was a native of the Emerald Isle, and came to the United States when five years of age. William Ray was reared on a farm, receiving but a common-school education. In about 1828, he came to Guernsey County, Ohio, with his parents, and later was active in the development of that county. April 3, 1845, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Jane Carr, her peo- ple also coming from Ireland and settling in Guernsey County, Ohio. Miss Carr was born November 10, 1828, and to their union were born four children — Thomas (deceased), Martha, Edward P. and David W. Martha is the wife of J. R. Cole, of York Township. Edward married Martha Black, of Jefferson Township. David married Sarah Bailey, of Allen Township, and resides on the old place. Mr. and Mrs. Ray lived in Guernsey County, Ohio, until 1864, then he moved to Noble County, where he resided until his death, which occurred January 27, 1877. Mr. Ray was an honored and respected citizen. His po- litical faith was with the Democratic party, and at the time of his death he was a Deacon in the Baptist Church. Mr. Ray was a first cousin to the celebrated author of Ray's Arithmetic. David Ray, the son who resides on the old place — 120 acres — is a teacher of considerable experience, and an intelligent and enterprising citizen. GREEN TOWNSHIP. 487 HON. H. C. STANLEY is a representative citizen, and a sturdy, sub- stantial farmer. The family of which he is a member traces its origin back to "Bonnie Scotland," whence, many years before the Revolutionary war, members of the family came across the waters to seek their fortunes in the New World. They became followers of Roger Williams, but some generations later renounced the religion of their fathers, and altered their belief to suit their consciences. The father of H. C. Stanley, an honest, industrious man, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was a native of North Carolina, and moved to Ohio when about twenty years old, where he married Miss Mary Cuppy, a native of Kentucky. In 1821, they moved to Union County, Ind. They had a family of eleven children, five of whom are living. The mother died in 1849, and the father subsequently moved to Richmond, Ind., where he died in 1867. The representative of this sketch was born in Clermont County, Ohio, January 22, 1818. His education, limited to the advantages of the com- mon school, was obtained in Union County, Ind., where he was inured to farm labor. In 1839, he was united in marriage with Miss Hannah L. Hunt, who died in 1841, leaving an infant son, Aaron, now married and a farmer of this county. In 1847, Mr. Stanley married for his second wife, Miss Sophronia Beeson, a native of Indiana. By this lady he became the father of nine chil- dren — J. Frank, Mary II., Milton D., Henry L., R. Allie, Perry A. (deceased), Cyrus H., Charles M. and Emma (deceased). In 1849, he came to Green Town- ship, and settled on his present farm, which was then covered with heavy forest trees, and without improvement, excepting a cabin of the rudest kind, which had probably been put up by some squatter or trapper. The family took pos- session of this, and began to carve for themselves a home. In this, after years of hardship and unceasing toil, they realized their hopes and bright anticipa- tions. Truly, the wilderness has been made to "blossom as the rose." The log cabin gave way to a fine residence with pleasant surroundings. To the orig- inal 160 acres additions have been made until the farm comprises over 500 acres, the most of which has been brought under subjection. The fine fields and broad pastures attest the high state of cultivation. The commodious barns, granaries, etc., give evidence of the substantial character of the improve- ments. All this stands as a monument to the years of labor and judicious management of its owner. But Mr. Stanley's fame is not confined to the ac- cumulation of wealth ; his influence has been felt in the direction of public af- fairs. He has filled the office of Trustee, in 1853 was elected County Commis- sioner, and in 1858 was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature as a Democrat, where he served with such fidelity that he was afterward twice re- elected. He is a clear, correct and practical thinker, and is a credit to the county where he has lived and labored so long. OLIVER STRONG was born in Knox County, Ohio, February 20, 1826. He is a son of Philander A. and Ruth (Leech) Strong, who were parents of two children. When about two years old, his father died, and his mother married Samuel Gray. She had by him thirteen children. From Knox County they moved to Madison County, Ohio, and remained until the fall of 1835, when they moved to Green Township. Here he commenced clearing and improving a place entered from the Government. For a number of years, in order to suc- cessfully carry on farming and stock-raising, he was obliged to house the stock to keep them from the wild beasts. Oliver Strong was reared on the farm, receiving the common education of those days. He was married. June 29, 1846, to Miss Eva Fulk. of Swan Township, her parents being among the oldest 488 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: settlers of that locality. They have had eight children — Melissa, born March 13, 1847, now Mrs. Gilbert McDague ; Thomas J., born March 11, 1848, died November 10, 1850; Philander A., born August 15, 1849, died November 21, 1850; George W., born August 3 9, 1850; Henry C, January 23, 1852, married Magdalene Treese ; Franklin P., born May 3, 1853; James W., May 12, 1854, died July 21, 1854; and John C., born October 26, 1856. Mr. Strong is a Democrat ; has held several Township offices, and has been a successful school teacher. JOHN H. WARD was born in Knox County, Ohio, April 5, 1837. He is one of thirteen children, five only known to be living, born to James and Mary Ward. The father of these was a native of Maryland and the mother of Pennsylvania. Mr. Ward was a farmer, and a good man in every respect. He died in 1842, and his widow in 1870. Mrs. Ward was twice married ; her second husband, who has since died, was Stephen A. Woodruff. Up to the age of eleven years, John H. Ward lived with his mother ; he then apprenticed himself for three years, at shoe-making. Subsequently moved to Fredericktown, and worked at his trade until he came to Albion, in 1856, where he worked for his old Frederick town preceptor until his death. In 1863, he purchased a part of his present farm, which now numbers 160 acres. They moved on the place soon after, and began a life of hard labor, which has been crowned with success, having increased the 160 acres to 240 acres. Mr. Ward has given liberally to the support of all laudable enterprises. He is Democratic, also an active worker against intemperance. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and are highly esteemed people. Mr. Ward's wife was Comfort Edwards, daughter of Alexis Edwards, to whom he was mar- ried January 19, 1859. They have had eight children — Marion, Anna, Hattie and Homer E., living; and Alsie A., Mary, Charlie and one unnamed, de- ceased. C. J. WEEKS was born in Shelby County, Ohio, in 1826. Thomas Weeks, his father, is yet living on the Weeks family homestead, in Green Township. His mother, Eliza (Henderson) Weeks, died November 18, 1878, beloved by a large circle of friends. Thomas Weeks, in 1829, left the Buckeye State and emigrated to Allen County, Ind., on the Maumee River, near Fort Wayne. The State of Indiana, at that time, was but a partially settled country. Mr. Weeks and family resided in Wayne County until their removal to Noble County, in 1844, since when they have been identified with that county's his- tory. C. J. Weeks was reared in Indiana principally, his education chiefly consisting of hard labor. During his earlier manhood, he worked at the carpen- ter's trade, but has since confined his attention to farming. He was married, January 15, 1854, to Miss Alma White, and to them were born five children, viz. : Josephine (deceased), Eunice, Thomas, Dillie and Perry. He now owns the old farm, which consists of eighty acres of good land. He is a Democrat, and an honest, upright citizen. His grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was taken prisoner at Detroit, the time of Hull's surrender. The Weeks family is descended from Irish and English ancestors. HENR*Y WINEBRENNER is the only child of Jacob and Catharine (Alabaugh) Winebrenner; he was born in Blair County, Penn., July 4, 1817. When but eight days old his mother died, and he went to live with his grand- parents. His father was a shoemaker, and shortly after his wife's death moved to Liberty, Montgomery Co., Ohio. He here married Elizabeth Shively in 1827, who bore him five children. Mr. Winebrenner also kept GREEN TOWNSHIP. 489 tavern, and being a veteran of the war of 1812 and of a military turn of mind, raised a company of militia and was chosen First Lieutenant. Soon after his father's second marriage, Henry Winebrenner went to live with them ; and at age of fourteen was apprenticed to the tailor's trade. After serving four years, he commenced business for himself. In May, 1837, he married Lucy Edsall of Darke County, Ohio, and in 1850 came to Noble County and located on his present farm of 80 acres, which was devoid of clearing, and its present improved condition was accomplished by hard manual labor. They are the parents of nine children — Lewis, James, John, William, Norris, Howard, Oscar, Juliann and Elizabeth. Of these John and Elizabeth are dead. John enlisted in the Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served his coun- try faithfully. At the battle of Petersburg he was wounded, taken prisoner and never heard of afterward. James served in Company C, Eighty-eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. While out foraging, he was taken prisoner by the rebel Gen. Morgan. Being pressed by pursuers, Gen. Mor- gan paroled his prisoners, and they were sent back until exchanged. Mr. Winebrenner is an industrious, enterprising man, and a Republican. He and wife are members of the Christian Church, and are esteemed citizens. SWAN TOWNSHIP. THOMAS A. ANDERSON was born in Beaver County, Penn., April 15, 1813 ; the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Patton) Anderson, and grandson of William Anderson, who came from Ireland previous to the Revolutionary war, and settled in Beaver County, Penn. While living here, they were attacked by the Indians. Mr. Anderson was severely wounded, some of the family killed and others taken captive. Our subject's parents were married in the Keystone State, and always made their home in Beaver County, where they raised three sons and eight daughters. Thomas A. Anderson was raised upon his father's farm, and married Miss Jane Cooley, June 1, 1839. From this union there were eight children, viz. : Thomas, Jane, Mary J., Sarah A., Rob- ert, Elizabeth, William, and one that died in infancy. William and Robert were soldiers in the late war ; William died while in the service. Mr. Ander- son, in 1854, came to this county and purchased his present farm. His wife died in 1859. He was married to Miss Annie McCoy in 1868. She was born in Beaver County, Penn., October 25, 1828. Mr. Anderson began life as a poor boy ; he now owns 295 acres of land well improved. He is a Republican, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. CONRAD BRICKER, a native of Columbiana County, Ohio, born December 12, 1807, is the son of Henry and Eve (Worman) Bricker, both natives of Maryland. Soon after their marriage, the parents moved to Little Beaver, Penn., where, the fall and winter of 1804, Mr. Bricker worked at his trade of blacksmithing. In the spring of 1805, he removed to Columbiana County, Ohio, where he raised a family of eight children, and where he and wife passed the remainder of their days. Conrad Bricker was brought up on a farm, receiving a limited education. He married Miss Susanna Hawn March 22, 1829. She was born in Frederick County, Md., November 23, 1808. They had twelve children — Jeremiah, Jehu, Conrad, Rebecca, Catharine, Cor- delia, David, Samuel and Henry B., living ; Jonathan, Elizabeth and Lydia, 490 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: deceased. Mr. Bricker remained in his native county engaged in farming until 1843, when he came to this county, where he has since resided. He owns 161 acres of land nicely improved. He is a stanch Republican, and himself and wife are members of the M. E. Church, and are progressive, intelligent people. SAMUEL BROUGHTON, son of Amos and Nancy (Zimmerman) Broughton, natives of Massachusetts and New York respectively, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., August 4, 1819. His parents, in 1834, moved to Clark County, Ohio, thence to Champaign County, where the father died in 1838, at which time three of his ten children were married. Under the lead of Samuel, the oldest son at home, the family departed for this township, arriving in the fall of 1838. They had but little money and no food, but all went to work, receiving provisions of any kind as pay, and weathered through the win- ter. In 1839, Samuel returned to Ohio, and November 7 married Miss Almira Cummings, born in Logan County, Ohio, February 28, 1820. Returning with his wife, he engaged for some years in brick-making, and assisted, also, in the construction of the Lima Plank Road, and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chi- cago Railroad through Western Ohio, and the Grand Rapids & Indiana Rail- road through Noble County. He afterward engaged in mercantile pursuits at Swan, but has latterly devoted himself to farming, stock-raising, and saw-mill- ing. His farm consists of 120 acres of good land adjoining the village. He and two sons served during the late war, and the latter were in several fierce engagements. Mr. B. is a Republican, and has held several offices. His Chris- tian mother died February 27, 1876. His children numbered seven — Delmer, Bela, Lucy A., Lois 0., Samuel and Oliver P. M., living, and William, de- ceased. MATTHEW CLARK is a native of Orleans County, N. Y., born April 3, 1827. His father, Jonathan Clark, was a native of the Bay State? and his mother, whose maiden name was Eliza Stevens, was a native of Vermont. They were married in New York State, and located on a farm in Orleans Coun- ty, where they spent their entire lives, and reared a family of eight children. The father died October 2, 1866. and was followed by his wife June 24, 1875. In early life, Mr. Clark was a common seaman, visited a number of foreign countries, and became a man of extended information. During the war of 1812, his vessel was for a long time blockaded at the port of Valparaiso, South America. Matthew Clark was reared on a farm, and was married in his native State, March 29, 1846, to Miss Mary A. Shaw, who was born July 5, 1824, in Windsor County, Vt. In 1848, Mr. Clark and wife moved upon 100 acres of land in Swan Township. They were industrious, and in a few years found themselves surrounded with life's comforts. Five children have been born to them, viz.: Harvey E., Charley A. and Nellie E., living ; Ellen A. and an in- fant son, deceased. Mr. Clark owns 188 acres of nicely-improved land, is a Republican, and a self-made man. ROBERT S. COOLEY is a native of Beaver County, Penn., born De cember 12, 1822, one often children born to Robert and Jane (Smith) Cooley, who were natives of the Keystone State. The father was a farmer and black- smith ; both were industrious, and passed almost their entire married life in Beaver County. Our subject was raised upon a farm, receiving the usual edu- cation of that early day. He married Miss Martha J. Moore February 10, 1848. She was born in Washington County, Penn., August 10, 1824. Of the children from this union three are living, viz., Elizabeth E., Frank and Calvin. Those deceased are Russell M., William P., James L. and Martha J. SWAN TOWNSHIP. 491 Mr. Cooley remained in his native county until 1852, when he moved to Jef- ferson County, Ohio, and in 1864 came to his present location and engaged in farming and stock-raising. He owns 220 acres of good land, upon which he has comfortable buildings. All this he has accumulated by hard work and strict economy. He liberally contributes to all worthy enterprises. From an Old-Line Whig and anti-slavery man he became a Republican. The family are members of the Presbyterian Church, and have the respect of all who know them. EPHRAIM CRAMER is a native of Jefferson County, N. Y., born March 18, 1822, one of five children born to Conrad and Elizabeth (Rickard) Cramer ; both natives of the Empire State, where they were married, and resided until 1834, when they came to Swan Township. Here the mother died in 1835 and the father in 1878. Ephraim Cramer was brought up to hard work, receiving but a limited education. Soon after reaching his majority, he began for himself as a farmer and shoemaker, which he followed until about 1851. He then for three years engaged in saw-milling, after which he embarked in mercantile business at Swan, where for most part he has since resided. In 1846, he married Miss Cordelia A. Broughton, who was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., in 1824. Their children were Miles E., Mary A., Arthur and Edwin, living : Eugene, Merritt, William and Ida, deceased. Mr. Cramer is a Republican, and has been village Postmaster for over twenty-five years, besides filling other positions. He has carved his own fortune and bears an honored reputation. NATHAN B. CROTHERS was born in Ontario County, N. Y., De- cember 15, 1821, the son of William B. and Melinda (Barton) Crothers, the former being a New Yorker and the latter a native of the Bay State. They were married in New York, and removed from there to Geauga County, Ohio, in 1830, where they raised a family of seven children, and where the father died in 1846 and the mother in 1851. Nathan B. was brought up on a farm and to hard work. When about twenty years of age he began working by the month as a farm-hand in the neighborhood. In 1845, he came to this county, and purchased eighty acres of land in Green Township, upon which he lived six years, and then bought his present place in Swan Township, where he has since resided. He was married January 7, 1847, to Miss Rebecca Strous, born in Allegheny County, Penn., October 27, 1825. Six children have been born to them, viz.: Melinda A., Mary E., Edwin E., Rebecca A. and Frank, living ; Charles A., deceased. Mr. Crothers began life as a poor boy, and is a self-made man. He owns 174 acres of land, which is well improved. He is a Republican, and a member of the Lutheran Church. JOHN DRAKE was born in Northumberland County, Penn., December 17, 1815. At the age of eight years, he was left an orphan. When about seventeen years of age, he began working at the carpenter trade in his native county. Soon after reaching his majority, he went to Erie County, Penn., where he worked at his trade until he came to this county in 1844. He built one of the first saw-mills in Swan Township, and worked at milling and his trade until the close of the late war, since which time he has been engaged in farming, stock-raising and lumbering. He was united in marriage to Miss Maryetta Bauce in 1839, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1813. Five chil- dren have been born to them, viz.: Rollin W., Susan A., Mary A., Newton 0. and Frank. Rollin W. served his country during the late war. He was taken prisoner, and was in Andersonville some five months. Mr. Drake owns 220 492 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: acres of land, well improved. He is a self-made and self-educated man ; was a Whig, and is now a Republican, and has been an active antagonist of the great social evil — intemperance. REV. F. X. EGE is a native of Wurtemberg, Germany, born January 6, 1849, and son of Francis X. and Mary A. (Steinhouser) Ege, who were the parents of six children, and natives of Wurtemberg. The father was in the service of the Government as forester. His son, the subject of this sketch, was sent to school at the age of six years, continuing in the parish until fourteen, when for three years he attended a higher school, and then went to Austria, where he took a three years' course at the Gymnasium at Feldkirch. In 1869, he came to the United States, proceeding to Milwaukee, Wis., where for seven years he attended the Seminary of St. Francis. June 10, *1876, he was or- dained a minister of the Catholic Church, by Bishop Dwenger, at Fort Wayne, and was given charge of St. Anthony's Church at Earl Park, Benton County, Ind. In 1878, he came to Swan Township, and took charge of the Immac- ulate Conception Church, B. M. V., and also assumed the ministration of the Sacred Heart Church (Catholic) at Albion. Mr. Ege is a man of fine mental and moral attainments, and under his ministration the church has increased in numbers and wealth. His admirable qualities of mind and heart render him of incalculable usefulness to the Catholic Church and an ornament to society. GEORGE FULK was born in Licking County, Ohio, in 1815, the son of Adam and Mary M. (Dispeny) Fulk, both of whom were natives of the Shenan- doah Valley, Virginia. In 1806, they moved to Licking County, Ohio, and, in 1836, came to this county and settled in Swan Township, entering 2,320 acres of land. In the family were five sons and six daughters, and to each of them he gave a quarter-section. Mr. Fulk brought considerable money to the coun- try with him, and his poorer neighbors found in him a never-failing friend. He was a man of great physical power, correct habits, and lived to be nearly one hundred and five years of age, and was buried on the home farm. George Fulk was reared on a farm, receiving a limited education. He always remained at home, and has cared for his aged parents ; and he is spoken of as an industrious and honest gentleman. He lives with his sister upon the old homestead, which consists of 295 acres of well-improved land. He has always been a Democrat, though not active in political matters. JOHN C. GAUS was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, December 20, 1815, the son of John G. and Annie M. (Staudenmier) Gaus, both natives of Wurtem- berg. The father was a weaver and died when John C. was about twenty years of age. The latter, in 1839, came with the family to the United States ; some found employment in New York City, the others came to Massillon, Ohio. In 1843, John C. came West and purchased land in Swan Township, where he lo- cated permanently in 1845. He was married in Massillon, Ohio, August 22, 1843, to Miss Anna M. Barth, born in Germany December 16, 1816. They had ten children, five of whom are living, viz., John G., John C, Anna M., Catharine and Phillip M. ; five sons died in infancy. In 1849, Mr. Gaus took a contract to build two and a quarter miles of the Lima Plank road. He also had a contract on the Eel River Railroad, but the company broke up and Mr. Gaus lost about $1,500. He helped to build the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. through a portion of Ohio, and, in 1856, took a contract to build twenty-five miles of fence on the Lake Shore road. He is a thorough business man, and has been reasonably successful. He owns 220 acres of land which is nicely improved and well stocked, and is a Democrat. SWAN TOWNSHIP. 493 JOHN S. HOOPER was born in Allegheny County, Penn., November 30, 1835, the son of William and Susan (Springer) Hooper, who were natives of the Keystone State. They raised five sons and one daughter, and removed to their present location in 1857, where they have since lived. Mr. Hooper is a quiet, unassuming man, never aspiring to any political prominence, but devoting his entire time to the improvement of his farm and the development of his neighbor- hood morally, intellectually, and otherwise. John S. Hooper was raised upon a farm, receiving a common-school education. He was married to Miss Jane King April 19, 1866. This lady is the daughter of Hiram King, Esq., one of the first settlers of Swan Township, and was born in Portage County, Ohio, October 17, 1833. Mr. Hooper owns 275 acres of good land in Swan Town- ship. He is a successful farmer and stock-grower, and has some of the best cattle, sheep and hogs in the township. He is a stanch Republican, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and an intelligent, reading man. IRA M. KING was born September 18, 1828, in Portage County, Ohio, one of six children born to Hiram and Catherine (Low) King, natives of the Empire State, where they were married, and from where, in 1820, they moved to Painesville, Ohio, and from there in about six years to Portage County, and thence to Carroll County. In 1836, Mr. King came to Swan Township, en- tered about a section of land, erected a log cabin, made a small clearing, and the next year brought out his family in a buggy, and household goods in wag- ons. This is said to have been the first buggy in the township. He also brought considerable money and a stock of goods, selling the latter on his borne place. He was a strong anti-slavery man, and a member of the Old School Presbyterian Church. He died April 16, 1866. His wife survives him at an advanced age. Ira M. King was educated in the schools of the early day. January 2, 1854, he married Miss Jane Perry, daughter of Oliver L. Perry, and was born in the Empire State May 8, 1834. Their children are Imogene, Oliver P. and John E. Mrs. King died July 24, 1860. On the 14th of Feb- ruary, 1861, Mr. King was married to Miss Catharine Haynes, born October 2, 1834, in Pennsylvania. They had seven children — Arthur L., Milton E., Frank E., Lily C., Elton J., Alfred H. and Lloyd E. Mr. King owns a farm of 225 acres, raises good stock and is successful in his calling. He is a Repub- lican. JAMES H. KNISS was born August 13, 1839, in Shelby Coun- ty, Ohio, and was the only child of Samuel and Nancy (Hathaway) Kniss. When James H. was about one year of age, his mother died, and he lived for some time with her people. In about 1850, Samuel Kniss, with his son, came to Allen County, Ind. Here the latter was raised upon a farm, receiving a common-school education. In April of 1861, he enlisted for one year in Com- pany F, Twelfth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and after serving his time was discharged. In the fall of 1862, he again enlisted in Company E, Eighty- eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He saw much active service, and well and faithfully served his country for about five years. He married Miss Sophia Snyder February 21, 1867. She was born in Allen County, Ind., September 13, 1851. Six children were born to them — Alnora, Alberta, Samuel 0., Dessa M., and two that died in infancy. Mr. Kniss engaged in agricultural pursuits in Allen County, where he remained until 1876, when he came to La Otto, which has since been his home. He was elected Justice of the Peace soon after coming to La Otto, and has made an efficient and popular official. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Lu- 494 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: theran Church ; owns 100 acres of land in Swan Township and nicely-im- proved home property in La Otto, and is one of the leading men of the town- ship. ARCHIBALD MILLER, born July 24, 1824, in County Derry, Ire- land, is a son of John and Elizabeth (Scott) Miller, natives of the Emerald Isle, where they were married, and where were born to them four sons and five daughters. They were members of the Presbyterian Church. The father died in 1836, and eight years later the widow, with seven of the children, came to this country, and after living about a year in Allegheny County, Penn., moved to Beaver County. Here the mother died in 1866, and here a number of her descendants yet live. Archibald assisted in the care of the family until he was about twenty-two years of age, when he went to Pittsburgh, and was employed in a commission house. He was then overseer of Lock No. 1 on the Mononga- hela River two years, and then ran a saw-mill until 1856, when he went by way of the Isthmus to California, and was engaged in mining until 1862, returning to Pittsburgh, where for two years he ran a saw-mill. In 1864, he came to this county and purchased his present farm ; he owns 145 acres. Mr. Miller mar- ried his first wife, Miss Margaret Hains, in 1851 ; she died in 1855, leaving two children — Mary and John. In 1862, he married Miss Matilda Mateere. She was born in Beaver County, Penn., March 20, 1842 ; they had seven chil- dren, viz.: Stephen T., John M., James S., Robert C, Joseph, Sarah E. and Anna M. Mr. Miller is a Democrat, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN MILLER was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 14, 1827, the only child of John and Gertrude Miller. When about four years of age his father died, and his mother married George Gutermuth. In 1837, they emigrated to the United States, and located at Canal Fulton, Ohio, where they remained about nine years, then moved to Adams County, Ind., young Miller accompa- nying them. In 1847, he came to Noble County, and for one year worked at any honest employment he could find ; subsequently worked at the carpenter's trade. In 1851, he went to Columbiana County, Ohio, and from there to Ma- honing County, where he worked at cabinet making. In 1852, he returned to Indiana, and for two years worked at his trade in De Kalb County. He then purchased ten acres of land in Swan Township, where he followed cabinet- making until 1872, when he came to La Otto, and erected a bedstead factory, saw and planing-mill, which he has since successfully operated. Mr. Miller married Miss Mary, daughter of Jonathan Simon, Esq., October 5, 1854. She was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, October 10, 1837. They have had nine children, viz. : Rebecca J., Rachel G., Mary E., John W. and Arvilla I., living ; Josiah, George, David and Louisa, deceased. Mr. Miller is a self- made man, a Republican, and an earnest advocate of the temperance cause. REV. JOSEPH P. MOORE, born August 5, 1820, in Washington County, Penn., is the son of Russell and Elizabeth (Scott) Moore, both natives of the Keystone State. The father was a farmer, and was born upon the place he afterward owned, and where he resided during his entire lifetime. He died in 1880, at an advanced age. His wife died in 1837. Joseph P. assisted upon the farm until seventeen years of age, when he entered Jefferson College, of Cannonsburgh, Penn., and graduated in 1843. He taught in various places until 1850, when he accepted the principalship of the Collegiate Institute of Pittsburgh, remaining at the head of this institution until his health failed. He moved to this county in 1865, and purchased ninety-five acres of land in SWAN TOWNSHIP. 495 Swan Township, upon which he has since resided. He married Miss Mary Bigger March 28, 1844. She was born in Beaver County, Penn., May 14, 1823. They had six children, viz. : Mary E., Martha J., Melissa B., Joseph H., William C. and Annie L. Mrs. Moore died November 28, 1872. She was a faithful wife, a kind mother, and a consistant Christian. Mr. Moore was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church in 1860, and since coming to Indiana, has had charge of congregations at Albion, A villa and other points. Probably the leading characteristic of Mr. Moore as an educator, was his skill in directing young minds, and he was particularly successful in influencing the wayward. . OLIVER L. PERRY, deceased, was born m the "Empire State, where he married Miss Mary Frances, a native of Litchfield County, Conn. In 1836, they came with ox-teams through Canada to Steuben County, Ind., where, finding the tract of land he wanted already taken, he left his family, went to Fort Wayne, and entered 160 acres in Section 36, this township, to which he moved his family in 1836. Mr. Perry helped to organize Swan Township, and was one of its first officers, and also served as County Commis- sioner, and during his entire official career acquitted himself with credit. They had the following children— Isabel J., Jane, George, Irene, Caroline, Mary P., Annis L. and Jay F. Mr. Perry died in 1860, and his wife December 17, 1876. Mrs. Perry was a zealous Christian. George Perry was born in Swan Township, March 21, 1839, and raised on the farm with a common education. He married Miss Rose Nickey May 2, 1869. She was born in Ross County, Ohio, October 20, 1836. He and wife are earnest advocates of the temper- ance 'cause and other reforms. Jay F. Perry was born in Swan Township March 23, 1852, and has always remained on the old homestead. He was married to Miss Ella R. Rundles June 29, 1875. She was born in Allen County, Ind., October 30, 1848. They have had three children— Thadeus R. and Oliver Z., living; Jay F., deceased. Mr. Perry owns 215 acres of land. Is a Republican and an enterprising gentleman. RUSSELL A. PRESTON, born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., Janu- ary 5, 1821, one of thirteen children born to Lucius and Elizabeth (Wiley) Preston, both natives of the Empire State. In 1834, they removed to Medina County, Ohio, where they remained until 1845, when they came to Swan Town- ship, this county. The father was an intelligent, public-spririted man, and during his lifetime filled many positions of honor and trust. Russell A. was brought up on a farm, receiving a common-school education. Soon after com- ing to this county, he began working at iron making, which he followed fifteen years, also engaging in farming and stock raising. He was married to Miss Abigail Bishop April 8, 1841. She was born in Washington County, N. Y., July 16, 1824. They had seven children, three yet living viz. : Leonard Z., Russell E. and John W.; Mary L., Jane E., Alveretta B. and Joseph L., deceased. Leonard Z. and Russell E. served in the late war. Mr. Preston is a Republican, and an intelligent citizen. He owns 106 acres of land, and what he now possesses Was acquired by his own exertions. JOHN B. RENKENBERGER was born March 1, 1831, in Mahoning County, Ohio, one of ten children born to Christopher and Barbara (Schnaren- berger) Renkenberger, who were natives of Wurtemberg, Germany. They were married in Columbiana County, Ohio, and have passed their entire mar- ried life in the same neighborhood upon a farm. They are yet living, as are their ten children. The father is a farmer and carpenter, and he and wife are 496 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Christians. John B., when fourteen years of age, was apprenticed to the har- ness and saddle maker's trade, which he followed about six years. He wag married to Miss Lydia Renkenberger April 1, 1848, born in Columbiana County, Ohio, January 1, 1830. In 1852, they came to their present place in Swan Township, which at the time consisted of eighty acres of unimproved land. They now own two hundred and fifteen acres, well improved. They have had born to them eight children, seven of whom are now living, viz.: Horace 0., Thomas C, Hiram A., TryphenaM., Ida B., Free D. and Nettie; the deceased was James D. Mr. Renkenberger is a Democrat, and has held the offices of Township Trustee and Assessor, and other positions. ANDREW RICHARDS' father, Joseph Richards, was born in Balti- more County, Md., March 23, 1812. His parents, Andrew and Rebecca (Merriman) Richards, moved from Maryland to Licking County, Ohio, in 1824 y where they died. Joseph Richards was married, December 18, 1834, to Miss Catharine Fulk, born in Virginia in 1811. In 1836, Mr. Richards, in com- pany with Adam Fulk and family, came to this township, where he entered land and lived until 1873, when he moved to Churubusco, Whitley County, and engaged in mercantile trade. In his family were seven children, viz. : Andrew, George, Charles, Sarah E., Mary J. and two that died in infancy. Andrew Richards was born upon the old homestead, in Swan Township, in 1837. He was reared a farmer. After reaching his majority, he began taking contracts to clear land and working at any available employment. By industry and economy, he was enabled, in a few years, to purchase a piece of land, which he lost after partly improving. He then bought another tract in Allen County, which he improved and lived upon until he purchased his present place, about eight years ago. He was married to Miss Sarah Crow April 12, 1861. She was born in Whitley County, Ind., in 1844. They had three children, viz.: Eliza E., Charles and James. Mr. Richards is a Democrat and owns 160 acres of improved land, plentifully stocked. JONATHAN SIMON was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, August 6, 1811, the son of George and Elizabeth (Hewitt) Simon, both natives of Washington County, Penn., where they were married and resided until 1810, when they moved to Columbiana County, Ohio. Here, until the time of their demise, they lived and reared eleven children. The father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and was noted for his sterling integrity and goodness of heart. Jonathan Simon was brought up on a farm and to hard labor. He received but a limited education. He married Miss Rachel Yarian March 1, 1836, She was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, December 16, 1818. In 1837 y they came to Indiana and entered the land they now own in Butler Township, De Kalb County, and where they are now situated to enjoy the fruits of their labor. Mr. Simon has worked at carpentering at intervals, though principally his time has been devoted to farm work. He owns 160 acres of land in De Kalb County, besides valuable property in Noble County. He helped lay out the village of La Otto, and has contributed largely toward building up the churches, schools and moral status of the community in which he lives. In his family were ten children — David, Benjamin, Jacob, Jonas, Joseph, Polly, Mary A., Olive, Alice M. and Catharine. Mr. Simon is a Republican and is known by his good works. SAMUEL E. SMITH was born in Juniata County, Penn.. May 18, 1829, the son of Joseph and Susan (Garehart) Smith, natives of Union Coun- ty, Penn. Joseph Smith, grandfather of Samuel E , was one of the first set- SWAN TOWNSHIP. 497 tiers of Union County, and during the early times there was attacked by Indi- ans and severely wounded, some of the family killed and others taken into cap- tivity. Our subject's parents were married in their native county, and shortly after went to Juniata County, where they raised six sons and four daughters. The father was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was a prominent contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal and other public improvements. He died in 1834, and his wife in 1879. Samuel E. Smith was reared a farmer, and received limited advantages. He was married to Miss Mary Bucher October 31, 1854, daugh ter of Col. Joseph I>ucher, who was a gallant soldier of the war of 1812. She was born in Lancaster County, Penn., April 2, 1833. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have had nine children, viz.: Lucinda J., David J., Deborah J., Abra- ham L., John S., George W., Harry B. and Blanche M., living ; Amelia A., de- ceased. Mr. Smith, in 1865, came to Swan Township. He owns 112 acres of fine farm land, raises good stock, and is a practical farmer. He is a Repub lican, and a member of the Order of Odd Fellows. ROBERT STROUSS was born December 14, 1836, in Swan Township, the son of Jonas and Anna (McCartney) Strouss. The father was born in Northampton County, Penn., October 9, 1800, where he was married January 16, 1823. Mrs. Strouss was a native of Huntingdon County, Penn., born November 22, 1803. Jonas Strouss assisted his father in a mill and upon the farm. After his marriage he engaged in farming until 1836 ; then came to Swan Township and entered land on Section 13, subsequently purchasing a farm on Section 7, where he lived until a short time ago, when he leased his farm and moved to Avilla. In his family were eleven children, viz.: John, Rebecca, Mary, Eliza, Simon, William, Robert, Martha, Lydia A., Sarah and Julia. Mr. Strouss, by hard work and economy, has accumulated considera ble property. He has served in official positions in Swan and Allen Town" ships, and is one of the pioneers of the county. Robert Strouss was the first white child born in Swan Township. He was raised upon his father's farm, and was married to Miss Elizabeth McCartney April 5, 1860. She was born in Beaver County, Penn., February 9, 1844. Four children have been born, viz., Emma, William, Allen and Robert A. Mr. Strouss owns 80 acres of well-improved land, and is a liberal Democrat. JOHN STROUS is a native of Northampton County, Penn., born March 15, 1803. His parents, John and Mary (Snipp) Strous, were natives of Ger- many, but came while yet children with their parents to the United States. They were married in the Quaker City, and soon after removed to Northamp- ton County, where Mr. Strous found employment as a millwright, and which he followed, in connection with farming, all his life. In his family were twelve children, eight living. His father, David Strous, served under Washington through the Revolutionary war. Our subject was raised upon a farm and in a mill. He married Rebecca Dean July 6, 1826 ; she was born in Washington County, Penn., June 13, 1805. In October, 1836, Mr. Strous and family came to Swan Township, where he had entered 160 acres of land, and erected a log cabin, into which they moved, and where they endured many privations and hardships. In their family were eight children, viz., Mary J., David, Nancy, Martin, James D., Elizabeth A., Margaret A. and Catharine. Martin and James D. served in the war of the rebellion ; Martin was severely wound- ed at the battle of Murfreesboro and also at Chickamauga ; James D. was wounded at Mission Ridge. Mr. Strous is a Republican and was a firm Union man during the war. He cleared two large farms, but some eight years ago 498 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: sold them and purchased a comfortable home in Swan. He was one of the first Trustees of the township and has held other positions. His wife departed this life August 27, 1873. JOHN WHAN was born in Harrison County, Ohio, September 29, 1820, the oldest of five children born to Joseph and Jane (Barton) Whan. The father was a native of Pennsylvania and the mother of the North of Ireland, and came with her parents to Washington County, Perm., when a child. Here she married Mr. Whan. About 1818, they moved to Harrison County, Ohio, returning to Washington County at the end of seven years, where the father died in 1838. John was then about eighteen years old, but assumed the greater part of the care of the family. He worked out, seldom receiving more than $8 per month. In 1843, he came to Indiana and purchased a portion of the place he now owns, and then returned to Pennsylvania. The next year he returned with his brother William. They began the improvement of the place and kept "bach." In 1815, the remainder of the family came out, and for some time they found it hard to obtain a livelihood. John Whan married Miss Isabell J. Perry February 8, 1848. She was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., October 14, 1828. They had eleven children — Olive, Franklin, Theresa, Oliver L., William, Mary J., Elizabeth I., John, James and George P.. living; Martha J., deceased. Mr. Whan has held the office of County Commissioner two terms, and was one of the first men in Swan Township to advocate the new school system. He owns 460 acres of land in Swan Township, and eighty in Green Township. He is a Republican and influential in the party. DAVID YARIAN is the son of Isaac Yarian, who was born in Colum- biana County, Ohio, November 20, 1814, and is the son of Conrad and Eve (Ruperd) Yarian, natives of the Keystone State. They were married in Columbiana County, Ohio, and were the parents of thirteen children. Mr. Yarian was of German descent; his ancestors came to this country during Colo- nial times, and some of them served in the Revolutionary war. Conrad Yarian held a Lieutenant's commission, and served with distinction during the war of 1812. Isaac Yarian was married, in 1837, to Miss Elizabeth Harrold, who was born December 4, 1818, in Columbiana County, Ohio. By this union there were thirteen children, viz., Samuel, David, Paul, Elijah, Mary A., Rebecca, Moses, John, Isaac N., Elizabeth, Henry, Reuben and Zachariah. In 1838, Mr. Yarian moved to Wyandot County, Ohio; in 1850, he came to his present location in this county. Mr. Yarian has always followed farming and carpen- tering. He owns 280 acres of land ; is a Democrat, and a respected and influential citizen. His wife died January 5, 1881. David Yarian was born in Wyandot County, Ohio, December 11, 1839. He was married to Miss Mary M. Simon March 29, 1859. She was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, in 1831. From this union there were four children, viz., Flora L. and Lorena I. (living), Mary E. and Iona (deceased). Mr. Yarian has always followed farming and carpentering. He owns a well-improved farm of 140 acres ; has held the office of Township Assessor, besides other public positions. He is a Republican, and a member of the Lutheran Church. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 499 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. JACOB BAKER is a native of Mercer County, Ohio, born November 25, 1827, and the son of William and Mercy (Bevington) Baker. They remained in Ohio until 1834 ; then came to Indiana, locating in Perry Township, this county ; lived there one year, then moved to Sparta Township, where William Baker died. Mrs. Mercy Baker died while on a visit to Ohio. Jacob Baker was about seven years old when he came to Indiana, and until his father's death remained at home, assisting on the farm. Then, for about ten years, he was employed in clearing land, and soon earned enough to buy a small farm where Cromwell now stands, where he lived until 1877, when he sold his property and came to his present location ; in Section 19, Mr. Baker has 160 acres, and 160 in Section 21. While in Sparta Township, he served three terms as Trust- ee, and was married, in 1853, to Miss Mary A. Smith, a native of Licking County, Ohio. Her parents, William H. and Sarah (Hessey) Smith, natives of Virginia, came from Delaware County, Ohio, to Indiana in about 1851, locat- ing in Sparta Township, where they died. Mr. and Mrs. Baker have five chil- dren living — George W., Henry E., Lewis T., Julia and Clarence Sherman. Mr. Baker is a good Republican citizen. MICHAEL BOUSE, born February 23d, 1819, in Union County, Penn., was raised on a farm. When about nineteen years old, he learned the carpen- ter trade, which he continued for ten years. In January, 1842, he was married to Sophia Rockey, and in 1844 moved from Pennsylvania to Noble County, in wagon, and was one month on the road. Since he settled on his farm, he has cleared about ninety acres of land. In July, 1851, his wife died, leaving six children — Mary E., John F., Henry E., Aaron E., Simon P. and Michael E. He was married a second time, September 27, 1852, to Miss Melinda S. Swengel ; this lady has presented him with four children — Newton A., George S., Benjamin F. and Melinda S. Mr. Bouse and his wife are members of the Methodist Church. Mr. Bouse holds a commission given him August 3, 1842, as First Lieutenant of Third Company of the Seventh Regiment of the Penn- sylvania State Militia ; he also holds one from Gov. Porter, of Indiana, as Justice of the Peace. He owns 290 acres of land, and is quite a prominent farmer. CHRISTIAN DEARDORFF, one of fifteen children in the family of Isaac and Eve (Zigler) Deardorff, was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, January 29, 1814. Isaac Deardorff was a farmer, German, and his wife French. The subject has always lived on a farm, and in 1840 moved with the rest of the family to Richland County, Ohio, and lived there until he located in Indiana in 1851, having previously visited the country in 1838. He owned eighty acres of land in Tuscarawas County which he sold and then bought forty acres in Richland County. Upon coming to this State, purchased eighty acres in Whitley County, where he lived eight years, then came to his farm of eighty-five acres in this township, where he has since lived in comfortable circumstances. As he never desired to become rich, he is well contented and fitted to enjoy life. September 24, 1837, he was married to Miss Sarah Kennel. They had ten children — three infants deceased — Jonas, Jane (deceased), James G., Enos S., Christian G., William J. and Rose BBB 500 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Ann. After his wife's death, April 2, 1870, he married July 2, 1871, Mrs. Catharine (Berkey) McChloughan, a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Deardorff is a Republican and a member of the Christian Church. PETER HOWENSTINE was born in Bavaria, Germany, September 20, 1813. His father, Peter Howenstine, was one of Napoleon's soldiers ; was in the battle of Waterloo, and was with the army when they retreated from Mos- cow. The family sailed from Bremen May 14, 1819, and after a long and perilous voyage of eighteen weeks landed in this country. They settled in Westmoreland County, Penn., where Peter Howenstine was raised to man- hood. At the age of twenty-one he commenced the cooper's trade and con- tinued at the business for sixteen years, making barrels for distillers. In 1836, he was married to Lydia Weimer, and in 1848 moved to Stark County, Ohio, where he followed his trade as cooper until he commenced farming. In 1854, he moved to Noble County, and in 1864 settled on the farm where he now lives, and for which he paid $2,200 cash. Shortly after paying for the land, he found that the man of whom he bought it was not the rightful owner, and suit was commenced against him to recover the land, and after seven vears* litigation he was compelled to pay a second time for it ; this time the land cost him $2,000. In 1849, his wife died and left him with a family, so the follow- ing year he was married a second time. He has now living three of his first wife's children, and four of the second. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church ; was a volunteer in the Mexican war, but was not in good health, so was excused from serving. He has always voted with the Democratic party ; has been Justice in his township for four vears. FERDINAND KNAPPE was the third child of August and Mary (Wetzel) Knappe, born in Pike County, Penn., March 9, 1838 ; moved from Pennsylvania with parents to Sussex County, N. J., and in the spring of 1850 to Noble County. In 1861, Ferdinand Knappe was married to Miss Eliza A. Long. They now have one child living — Sarah Ann. Mr. Knappe taught school every winter from 1858 until 1880 ; is a strong Republican, having been twice elected Justice. He has a nice farm of 100 acres, and he and his wife are members of the Christian Church. DAVID S. LONGFELLOW, born April 16, 1832, in Ohio. His father, Joseph Longfellow, lived when a boy in Delaware, and remembers of hearing the cannon-firing during the Revolutionary war. David S. was raised on a farm, and was educated at the Ohio Wesleyan University. He has taught school for seventeen winters in Ohio and Indiana. He was married August 16, 1855, to Miss Barbara Geiter, and, in 1856, moved to Noble County. In 1858, his wife died and left two small children — Martha E. and Barbara M. October 8, 1860, he was married to Miss Sarah E. Hindbaugh, and by his second wife had seven children, viz., Ida M., Sarah V., Grace 0., Howard C, Washington H., Hadley K. and Matthew L. February, 1865, he enlisted in the One Hun- dred and Fifty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry ; he attained the rank of First Lieutenant, and was discharged in August, 1865. He is a Republican, and has served the party as Justice of the Peace in that township ; he has also been Postmaster at Wilmot Post Office for four years. He and his wife are members of the United Brethren Church. He is a well-to-do farmer, and owns 160 acres of land. ROBERT LUC KEY, born January 30, 1824, in Buckingham County, Va.; moved with his parents to Fayette County, Penn., in 1828, and, in 1836, moved to Elkhart County, Ind., where he remained until November, 1863, when WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 501 he moved to Noble County. He is the first child of James and Sophia (Furvis) Luckey. His father, James Luckey, was a graduate of Jefferson College, and for a number of years after coming to this country taught school. Robert Luckey when a boy, would go ten miles to mill and remain all day to get three bushels of corn ground. He can remember one time they were so short of pro- visions that his mother had to dig up potatoes that had been planted, to keep the family from starving ; he also remembers when his mother cut up blankets to make clothing for the children. Mr. Luckey learned the brick-maker's trade when twenty-three years of age, and followed it for twelve years. He was mar- ried, April 28, 1859, to Miss Abigail Adair. Miss Adair was the second white child born in Washington Township. They have seven children — Annie M., Lida S., Ida M., Jennie M., James E., Thomas A. and Joseph E. In 1863, Mr. Luckey was drafted in the army but sent a substitute. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for James K. Polk. He owns 140 acres of land, and is a member of the Methodist Church. His father fought in the war of 1812, and his mother had Pocahontas blood in her veins. JOHN C. REED was born near Mount Vernon, Knox County, Ohio, September 30, 1814 ; was the eldest child of James and Nancy Reed. The family moved from Knox to Huron County, when John was three years old. When he was twenty-one, he moved to Seneca County, where he learned the trade of cooper. In 1850, he came to Noble County, where he purchased 160 acres of land. In the summer, he worked on his farm, and in the fall and winter worked at his trade. He married, 24th of March, 1836, Sarah Jackson. The fruits of this union have been twelve children, seven boys and five girls ; nine are now living ; eight of the children are married. Mr. Reed has been almost an invalid for several years. He voted with the Democratic party until John Brown was hung, and since that time has been a true Republican. CAPT. W. N. VORIS was born in Mercer County, Ohio, March 21, 1832, the eighth child of John and Hannah (Price) Voris, who, with their family, moved to Noble County in the spring of 1835. Shorty after his arrival, John Voris laid out a graveyard on his farm, and in the fall was taken sick and died, and was the first to be buried in it. Capt. Voris commenced to learn the car- penter's trade in 1850, and continued it until the war broke out. He was the first man in Noble Countv to enlist, and went out in the Ninth Indiana In- fantry, Company A, under the command of Capt. Hannum. During three months, was in the battles of Philippi, Laurel Hill (where he was one of 200 who captured a rebel battery), and Carrick's Ford. At the end of that time, he came back to his home, and assisted to raise Company F, of the Thirtieth In- diana Infantry, of which he was elected Captain. After serving for a time, he returned home again, and raised Company B, of the Eighty-eighth Indiana In- fantry. He remained with this regiment until the close of the war, and was in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga and others, and marched with Sherman to Atlanta. Capt. Voris, during the war, was under fire between thirty-five and forty times. At the battle of Chickamauga, he was struck between the shoulders with a fragment of a shell, and left for dead on the field ; but he recovered and returned to his command. He has never fully recovered from the wound. He was commissioned as Major about the close of the war, but on account of the small number of soldiers, was not mustered in command. He was discharged June 14, 1865. He lost two brothers in the service. He was married, May 6, 1866, to Elizabeth Robinson. They are the parents of four children, two girls and two boys — Mary E., William N., John C. and 502 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Maud M. Capt. Voris is a Republican of the Stalwart kind ; since the war, has lived on a fine farm of 168 acres; is a thrifty and honorable citizen. JACOB WEIGEL, born October 6, 1832, in Cumberland County, Penn., a son of Jacob and Katharine (Rasler) Weigel. In 1847, he moved with his parents to Noble County, and when about eighteen years old, commenced to dig wells, and followed this occupation until 1874. In all, he dug 101 wells ; the deepest one being fifty-four feet, and the shallowest nine feet, averaging twenty-seven feet to each well. In 1853, he was married to Susan Peppers, by whom he has three children— Margaret C, John Wesley and Marion Sylvester. He is a hard-working man, and a prominent member of the Salem E. Lutheran Church. He owns forty acres of land, all under cultivation, and is a strong Democrat. / %r^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 753 303 2 fe ■ ■ 1