x^^^ FOR THE USE OF SCMl CopyiightN^. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. EXCELSIOR SERIES OF CATHOLIC SCHOOL-BOOKS. SADLIER'S EXCELSIOR STUDIES HISTORY UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS Author of Sadlier's Elementary History. NEW YORK: WILLIAM H. SADLIER. \ Copyright, 1879 and 1896, b/ William H. Sadlier. Copyright, 1907 and 1910, by Annie M. Sadlier. w, p. 18 CCU261872 PEEFACE THE principal motive which induced the preparation of the present volume, was to provide for American youth, (so far, at least, as could be done in so small a compass), a correct narrative of our country's history. If it be true, as has been remarked by a celebrated modern writei. that European history has long been a vast "conspiracy against truth,'' it is equally certain that American history, or, at least, text-books on the subject, have also been in league against truth. It is simply wonderful how the part enacted by Catholics on our soil, from the days of Columbus to the present time, has been persistently and coolly ignored by writers of text- books ; so that, from this very silence, a child of even ordinary intellect could not fail to infer that Catholicity has done little, or nothing, for our country ; whereas, the reverse is singularly and emphatically the case. Catholics have been here from the earliest dawn; and, as was pithily observed by Archbishop Hughes, ^^ Neither the first page, nor the last page, nor the middle iv PREFACE. page of our history would have heen luhere or what it is ivithout them,^' The discovery, exploration, and, to some extent, the colonization of our country were under- taken by Catholics, with Catholic aims, and with Catholic aid. The only systematic and successful attempts to civilize and Christianize the Indians were made by Catholic missionaries, than whose lives and deaths few records of the human race will be found more lublime. " Before the fire of the trapper'^s gun struck down his woodland game, before the edge of the exile's axe had caught a ray of western sunshine, a mild and steady light is perceptible in the primitive forest ; and by its friendly aid tue discover the Indian kneeling before the pine-tree cross, while the Black-robe pours on his humbled head the ivaters of regeneration." Lastly, the independence of the United States was, in a great degree, secured by Catholic blood, talent, and treasure. If our country's history be truly told. Catholicity must be met, willingly or unwillingly, at every step. A second motive was the desire to give to our schools, a text-book at once brief, clear, and interesting; one which would make the story of our country's growth what it ought to be, to young and old, singularly attractive. The " dryness " of United States History, is, at present, proverbial with teacher and pupil. This ought n,ot so to be; for, certainly, there is richnoss enough of material PREFACE. V to make it otherwise. Nevertheless, such an accumulation of statistics and data of various kinds is presented in the majority of school-books on the subject, as to make the youthful learner shrink in dismay from the mass he is expected to commit to memory. Moreover, the absence in such works, of a clear and well-defined plan, and the unnecessarily intricate interweaving of times, and places, and events, make it almost impossible for the pupil to gain anything like a definite outline of our history as a whole. Only the student already familiar with the sub- ject could derive any benefit therefrom. In the present volume, these objections have been avoided, the plan pursued being essentially the same as that of the " Excelsior Elementary History," a plan which, for its almost mathematical clearness and simplicity, has received the highest commendations. According to Horace, — and his idea is endorsed by all intelligent educators, — '^ the teacher to be successful, must blend the useful with the agreeable J^ Hence, the charms of poetry, anecdote, and brief but well-selected quotations from standard authors, together with the finest maps and choicest illustrations, have here been brought into service, to lend fascination to the study. How far the ends proposed have been attained, the work of the class-room, the experience of teacher and pupil, must prove. This is the true, the only crucial and final test. Vi PREFACE. With special love and sympathy for the youthful mem- bers of the Church, who are so dear to the Heart of Christ, and with earnest good wishes for their success in the pursuit of learning and piety, "The Excelsior Brief Studies in the History of the United States " is respectfully submitted by The AuthoEc POINTS TO BE SPECIALLY NOTED IN SADLIER'S BRIEF STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. Tlie work is divided into six sections^ each, except the first, emhracing the events of one century. Each Section, is divided into as many Studies as may be necessary, care being taken not to make any study too long. 2. Each section is followed by '' Biographical Sketches " of the principal personages mentioned therein; by Tables of American and European Chronology, and Contemporary Popes ; and by a Geographical Index. These matters, at the will of the teacher, may either be committed to memory, or simply read over by the pupil. 3. Where there is sufficient material, each study is con- cluded by a description of the manners, customs, etc., of the country or time. 4. The fifth section contains an account of the inventions, discoveries, etc., of the XlXth Century. 5. The last or sixth section deals with the events of the present century, contains a review Study of the tariff ques- tion and also a Study giving some idea of the state of our literature. 6. Interesting anecdotes are freely interspersed, that '^Hhe useful and the agreeable" being thus intermingled, VIU POINTS TO BE NOTED. the pupil may, even in spite of himself, be won to study. 7. To this end also, appropriate poetical and prose quotations from standard authors are, to a limited extent, introduced. 8. The Eevolution and the Civil War, the details of which teachers find it so diflBcult and well-nigh impossible to impress upon the memory of their pupils, are, as far as possible, condensed. A crystallizing process is thus pro- moted in the mind of the student, whereby accessories and details group themselves around the main facts and ideas of the narration. The true glory of a nation lies, after all, in peace and true moral progress rather than in war. 9. Cathohcs, so far as could be in this brief outline, are assigned their proper place in the annals of our land. 10. Lastly, to lead to a more independent use of the book, as also to the topical mode of study and recitation, questions have been placed at the close of the work, rather than at the bottom of each page. A. M. D. a. o o isr T E ]sr T 8 . SECTION I. PAes Study No. 1. — America previous to 1492 1 Study No. 3. — Discovery of America by Columbus 9 Study No. 3. — Columbus, (Continued). — The Cabots 18 Biographical Sketches 32 Chronological Review, Fifteenth Century 25 Geographical Table No. 1 ^6 SECTION II. A. D. 1500 to a. D. 1600. Study No. 1. — Declining Years of Columbus. — Successoi's of the Great Admiral 28 Study No. 3. — Missions in the South.— St. Augustine Founded. 36 Study No. 3. — English Explorations. — Unsuccessful Attempt to Colonize Virginia 43 Biographical Sketches 47 Chronological Review, Sixteenth Century 54 Geographical Table No. 3 56 Study No. 1. Study No. 3. Study No. 3.- Study No. 4. Study No. 5. Study No. 6. Study No. 7. ^TUDY No. 8. Study No. 9. Study No. 10. Study No. 11. Study No. 13. SECTION III. A. D. 1600 to a. D. 1700^ -Virginia 59 -Virginia, (Continued) 66 -New England - 71 -New England, (Continued) 80 -New England, (Continued) . ■ .... SI -Early Jesuit Missionaries at the North 91 -Missionaries at the North, (Continued) 102 -New York Ill -Maryland 131 -Pennsylvania. — Delaware 136 -The Carolinas. 130 -King William's War, (1689-1697). . . . , 133 Biographical Sketches 137 Chronological Review, Seventeenth Century. ... 146 Geo^aphical Table No. 3 149 COKTEKTS. SECTION IV. A. D. J 700 TO A. D. 1 800. PAGE Study No. 1. — The American Colonies during tlie First Half of the Eighteenth Century 151 French and Indian War 159 Causes of the American Revolution, and its First Battles 1*70 Study No. 4.— Campaigns in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, (111Q-1111) 185 Alliance with France. — Campaign at the South 195 Events of the War at the North, — The Final Campaign, (1778-1 781) 207 The Constitution Accepted. — Administrations of Wash- ington and Adams 218 Occupations, Manners, Education, etc 228 Catholicity and the Revolution 234 Biographical Sketches 240 Chronological Review, Eighteenth Century 249 Geographical Table No. 4 252 Study No. 2 Study No. 3 Study No. 5.- Study No. 6. Study No. 7. Study No. 8. Study No. 9. SECTION V. A. D. 1800 TO A. D. 1900. Study No. 1.- Study No. 2.- Study No. 3.- Study No. 4.- Study No. 5.- Study No. 6.- Study No. 7.- Study No. 8.. Study No. 9.- Study No. 10. Study No. 11.- Study No. 12.- Study No. 13. -Administration of Jefferson and Madison. — War of 1812. 255 -Madison's Administration, (Continued). — War with Eng- land, (Continued) 262 -Monroe. — John Quincy Adams. — Jackson 272 -Van Buren.— Harrison.— Tyler.— Polk 281 -Taylor. — Fillmore. — Pierce. — Buchanan 290 -Lincoln.— First Year of the Civil War 299 -Lincoln.— Second Year of the Civil War, (1862) 306 -Lincoln.— Third Year of the Civil War, (1863) 318 -Lincoln.— Fourth Year of the Civil War, (1864) 325 -The Last Year of the War. — Johnson 337 -Grant. — Hayes 350 -Garfield. — Arthur. — Cleveland. — Harrison 35*9 -McKinley.— The Spanish War 364 Biographical Sketches 370 Chronological Review, Nineteenth Century 383 Geographical Table No. 5. . . , 38$ COXTENTS XI SECTION VI. A. D. 1900 TO THE PRESENT. PAGE Study No. 1. — McKinley's Second Term. — Roosevelt. — Taft 391 Study No. 2. — The Tariff 899 Study No. 3. — Occupations, Arts, Literature, etc 404 Study No. 4. — Religion 410 Biographical Sketches 420 Chronological Review, Twentieth Century 422 Geographical Table No. 6 424 Review Questions 425 Declaration of Independence 439 Com^titution of the United States 442 Amendments to the Constitution 45O 7 able of the Presidents 453 Table of States 454 SECTION I. A.D. 14:93 TO A.D. 150O, STUDY NO. 1. AMERICA PREVIOUS TO 1492. 1. First Inhabitants of America. — America was peopled probably from Asia, by way of Behring Strait.* * At this point only, do the two continents approach each other ; moreover, the earliest inhabitants found here by Europeans bore ^ striking resemblance to the Tartars of Eastern Asia. The Indians as found by Columbus were not, however, its earliest inhabitants. They had been preceded by a race much more civilized and skilled in the arts, of which exten- sive remains are to be seen throughout the whole length of the Mississippi Valley, and even as far north as the copper region of Lake Superior.s^ It is a singular coincidence that. In Asiatic Tartaiy, are to be found remains indicating that it, too, was once the seat of a civilization far superior to that of its present inhabitants. 2. Tlie Mound Builders. — This earlier race in America is known as the Mound Builders, from the great number of mounds, or earthworks, which they erected On the terraces of the Mississippi Valley, and in the forests bor- dering on the Mexican Gulf, may be seen a succession of such works, mainly defensive in character. In counection with these, are found others apparently of a religious origin, ♦ These numbers refer to Geographical Table, at close of Section. t BXCEL810K HISTOBY. Sbme of the mounds arrest our attention by their geometrical regu terity of form ; others, by their great size. One of this description oa the plain of Cahokia, Illinois, opposite to the city of St. Louis, is 700 feel lona by 500 feet broad, at tiie base, and 90 feet hioh. It occuiaies an area of 8 acres, and its contents number 20,000,000 cubic ieet. In Adams County, Ohio, is a curious earthwork, representing an immense serpent, about one thousand feet long. It appears to hold in its mouth an egg-shaped mound, one hundred and sixty feet in length ; and its tail is twined into a triple coil. Sixteen miles east of Little Rock, Arkansas, are two mounds, the larger of which is over two hundred and fifty feet in height MOcrtTOs nt:ar littlic rock, abkansas. 3. Contents of the Mounds.— In a single mound, are sometimes discovered elaborate carvings in stone ; pottery, often of elegant design ; articles of use or ornament in metals ; silver, and native copper from Lake Superior ; mica from the Alleghanies,* and shells from the Gulf of Mexico. In the sepulchral mounds, which are the most common monuments of the Mississippi Valley, are occasionally found two or more skeletons; but generally only one. The idea that they con- tain vast heaps of slain and are memonals of great hattlei^ 18 unsupported by facts. AMEBIOA PREVIOUS TO 1492. a THE SBRPENT MOUND, OHIO. 4. Antiquity of the Mounds. — The age of the mounds is a matter of conjecture. From various facts and cir- cumstances connected with these monuments, some antiqua- rians deduce for most of the earth- works of the Mississippi Valley an age of not fewer than two thousand years. Certain it is, that, upon them, the largest forest trees are often found growing. On a mound near Marietta, Ohio, there are trees which must have seen at least eight centuries. 5. What became of the Mound Builders?— The fate of these ancient architects is un- known. Whether they migrated to some more genial climate, or sank beneath the victorious arms of an alien and hostile race, or were exterminated by the ravages of some direful epidemic, are questions which, in all probability, will remain forever unanswered b'^re be- low. Their works alone remain to tell the tale. ** A race thai long has passed away Built them : a disciplined and populous race , Heaped with long toil the earth, while yet the Greek Was hewing the Pentelicus to forms Of symmetry, and rearing on its rock The glittering Parthenon."— Bryakt. 6. The Indians. — The Indians who succeeded the Mound Builders, and who, at the time of Columbus, num- bered about 400,000 souls, were by far their inferiors in civilization. Their highest achievement in art was the building of a wigwam, the carving out of a birch canoe,* or ♦ The frame of the canoe was made of white cedar. Over this, was stretched the bark of a birch tree. The edges were sewed with thongs cut from the roots of the f EXCEL8I0E HISTORY, the framing of a snow-shoe.* In one little section only oi the country, on the borders of the Gila" and Rio Grande, the people manufactured a native cotton and a rude pottery, and lived in houses of unburnt bricks. 7. War was, with them, the chief occupation ; and next to it, ranked hunting and fishing. They had no written language, though they sometimes used a species of hieroglyphics, or picture writing. Schoolcraft gives a copy of a drawing made UTDIAN •PICTTTKE WKITENO. No. 1 represents the commanding otBcer, sword to hand; No. 2, vnfh the book, the secretary ; No. 3, carrying a hammer, the geologist*; Nos. 4, 5, and 6, attendants ; Nos. 7 and 8, Indian guides, known as such because without hats ; 10, muskets carried by the party; 11 and 12, a prairie hen and a tortoise which had been eaten by the party ; 13, 14, 15, show that there had been three camp-fires ; and the inclinar tion of the pole indicates the direction of the proposed march. cedar, and were then covered with pitch made from the gnm of trees. The largest of these canoes were about 80 ft. long ; and each could carry ten or twelve Indians. * The snow-shoe consisted of a maplewood frame, three or four feet long, curved and tapering, and filled in with a net-work of deer's hide. It was fastened by thongs to the foot, which was thus supported on the surface of the snow. An Indian could travel forty miles a day upon snow-sho'^s. and could easily overtake the deaf and the moose, whose nointed hoofs cut through the snow crust. AMERICA PREVIOtrS TO 1492. 5 by his Indian guides, on a piece of birch bark, to inform their comrades that a party of fourteen whites and two Indians had encamped at that place. 8. Woman was considered by them a degraded being, in feet, a slave. She did all the drudgery, raised the crops &nd carried the burdens. " Their wome?i/' says Champlain, *^are their mules." Here, as elsewhere, Christianity first raised woman to her rightful position. KOBTH AMERICAS OTDtAKS. 9. Their religion was a species of devil-worship. " p2ire unmixed devil-worshij)/' says John Gilmary Shea,* '' prevailed throughout the length and breadth of the land.^' Ko word in any Indian dialect had an equivalent for the word God. All • Shea, John Gilmary C1824-'92), a well-known American author, noted for his researches into early American history. His best known works are "History of the Catholic Missions among: the Indian tribes of the United States," '* Discover* and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley," also a translation of Charlevoix' " Nff- Prance," in 6 volmneB, with copious notes, 6 EXOELSIOB HISTORY. events, in their estimation, were brought about by manitom (spirits). There were manitous, as they thought, m everything; in animals, lakes, rivers, hills, valleys, winds, and stars. In this connection they cherished many wild fancies, some of which have been embodied m Longfellow's Hiaivatha* Catholic missionaries, certainly, had terrible obstacles to surmount "before they could christianize these djisky children of the forest ' but the Church that had tamed and civilized the fierce tribes that overran the Roman Empire, was not to be appalled at new difficulties. The divine command of Christ was witli them; " Oo teach aU nations.^ We shall see, in the sequel, their success with the poor Indian, 10. Voyages of the Northmen. — Iceland was visited by the Iris by in the ninth century, or earlier; and the continent of North America was discovered by the Norwe- gians, or North- men, in the tenth. In the year 1000, Catholic missionaries found their way to Greenland, and before long its churches and convents began to compare favorably with those of the mother country.* * This much at least is certain : that sixty-five years previous to the discovery Df Iceland by the Northmen in the 9th century, Irish emigrants had visited and Inhabited that island ; that about the year 725, Irish ecclesiastics had sought seclusion ZI0BMA2T SHIP. AMEEICA PREVIOUS TO 1492, TO'WEE AT NEWPORT, 11, The hardy Northmen continued their explorations southward, in all probability, as far as Narragansett Bay.^^ It is certain, that, in 1120, Eric,* who subsequently be- came bishop of Garda in Green- land, visited that portion of our country known as Vinland. This was situated, probably, in the vicinity of Ehode Island. At Newport, ^9 1 ^^^ve been found, and still exist, Scandina- vian ruins bearing a striking resemblance to the relics of the Northmen in Greenland ^ and Iceland,^^ and wholly unlike any known remains of Indian workmanship. 13. Fate of the Greenland Colony.— In the four- teenth century, the colony of Greenland was ravaged by a plague, which with famine and the attacks of a hostile native tribe, completely destroyed the settlement. The voyages of the Northmen were soon forgotten, even in their own land ; while, of the existence of a continent beyond the Atlantic, the people of Southern Europe did not even dream. Hence these early expeditions do not at all detract from tlie glory of Columbus.:): apon the Faroe Islands; that in the lOtb century, voyages between Iceland and Ireland were of ordinary occurrence ; and that, in the 11th century, a country west from Ireland and south of that part of the American continent which was discovered by the adventurous Northmen in the preceding- age, was known to them under the name of White-man's Land or Great Ireland.— Beamish. * Bishop Eric must not be confounded with Eric the Red. who, some time before, tiad discovered and settled Greenland. t The ancient " tholus " (or tower) in Newport, the erection of which seems to be coeval with the time of Bishop Eric, belonged to a Scandinavian church or monastery, where, in alternation with Latin Masses, the old Danish tongue waa beard seven hundred years B.S.O.— Memoirs of the Royal Society of Antiquarians. X " We come to regard Columbus himself in a new light. We may not admire him 80 mach as an oricriual discoverer, but as one who repeated and established the 8 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 13. Other Supposed Expeditions. — There are several traditions relating to other voyages to the Western World, during the interval between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. Of these, the most remarkable concerns Madoc, a Welsh Prince. 14, Madoc. — According to the legend, Prince Madoc^ the son of Owen Gwynneth, being obliged by civil disturb- ances to leave his native country, set sail, with a small fleet, on a voyage of discovery. Having steered directly west from Ireland, he, after a voyage of some weeks, reached a country of exceeding fertility, whose inhabitants differed greatly from those of Europe. Having returned to England, he shortly afterwards, with a considerable colony, again set sail for the same lands. Of his after-fate, no tidings ever reached Europe, Humboldt refers to this tradition, and Southey has made ii the subject of a poem. accredited discoveries of his predecessors, in a most heroic and glorious style ol experiment. Thus was the ancient Syrian and Pythagorean system of astronomy revived, restored and developed by Copernicus and Newton. Their immense merit consisted in the examination, accumulation and demonstration of antique theories, that had been well nigh consigned to oblivion. And this, In our estimation, requires a loftier and wider range of Intellectual science than original discovery ♦* Original discovery, as It Is called, Is often the result of chance, accident, the spirit of contradiction, and even the rashness of desperation. Original discoveries are often struck out in an instant, to the astonishment of their inventors, who had no anticipation of them. Not so with the profound truth-searcher, who, knowing that what is true is not new, and that what is new is not true, searches back through the recondite annals of our planet for the golden links of the sole philosophy. For this man, what perseverance is required, what subtlety, what fine perception o! analogies, what a critical analysis of all the elements which constitute probability! Such men, if not original discoverers, are discoverers of a still higher order. Thej lAy hold of the neglected germ which original discovery had flung on the harsh rocks of incredulity, and develop it into an august and glorious system of demonstrated verity. They seize the little spark of Promethean fire which was just about to perish in the fogs of forgetfliiness, and by it they rekindle the universe into a blaze •f exulting hope. "If, therefore, we admire Columbus less as the hardy adventurer (who with a dogged and desperate resolution, hoping against hope, launched forth on the Atlan.. tic to discover he knew not what), we reverence him more than ever as the keen- sighted and philosophic truth-searcher, who, from the accumulated history of ages, Jn the haughty independence of conscious genius, moulded a most refined yet demonstrable theory of facts ''''—Dublin Beview. Cosj/tighi, .8.Bf poor parents, but started early on the way of renown, by a devoted application to study. Having chosen the priesthood as his vocation, he was made bishop of Cambrai in 1898, and cardinal in 1411. He was also almoner to Charles VI. Notwith- standing his many cares, he found time to pursue his favorite studies, and his work, the Imago Mundi, is supposed to have been of service to Columbus. Eric, Bishop of Garcia. He was of Norwegian birth, and having been ordained priest, his apostolic spirit prompted him to give liis life and labors to the Greenland Mission. Later, he proceeded to Vinland. In 1120, having returned to Europe to represent the necessities of the American Church and to bring about the establish- ment of a bishopric, he himself was chosen to fiU the see. He was consecrated in Denmark in 1121, by Archbishop Adzar. After his return to this country, he devoted himself especially to the church in Vinland, and finally resigned his mitre that he might end his days as a simple missionary. The date of his death is uncertain. Gaina, Vasco da, was born at the small seaport town of Sines, In PortugaL Of the date of his birth and the circumstances of his early life, little is known. Being in the service of Emmanuel, king of Por- tugal, he was appointed commander of an expedition which was to seek its way to India by sailing around the southern cape of Africa. Accord- Ingly, having set sail from Lisbon in July, 1497, he doubled the cape about the middle of November, reached India the following May, and in September, 1498, was again at Lisbon, where he was received with great honor. In 1524, Gama was appointed %iceroy of India ; and In 1525, he died. He was noted alike for his public and private virtues. Henry, Prince of Portug-al, surnamed 'The Navigator* (1394-1463), was the third son of John I of Portugal and Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. He was distinguished foi his mathematical and geographical learning \ and he founded at Sagrea an observatory, and a school tn which young noblemen were taiiP-tit th<» 24 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. sciences connected with navigation. The first use of the compass in European navigation, — and, in part, the invention of the astrolabe, — are attributed to him. Under his auspices, various explorations and dis- coveries were made. He was noted for his learning, valor, generosity and piety. He died at Sagres. Isabella, the Catholic, queen of Castile and Leon (1451-1504) She was the daughter of John II. of Oastile and Isabella of Portugal^ and was therefore descended, through both houses, from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. At the age of nineteen, she married Fer- dinand, king of Aragon, and thus the two crowns were united. Their reign is one of the most brilliant in history. Ferdinand made war upon Granada, the last Moorish kingdom in Spain, and after a long siege, the Alhambra, a renowned Moorish fortress, was captured. From this time the power of the Moors, or Saracens, in Spain declined. In the same year (1492), America was discovered by Columbus. Isabella was remarkable for beauty, intelligence, and fervent piety. " Isabella of J^ain," says Irving, "* is one of t?ie purest and most beauti- ful characters on the "pages of history." She died in 1504, almost two years before Columbus. Perez, Father Juan, a kind-hearted, learned and zealous Franciscan, Superior of the Monastery of La Rabida, near Lisbon. He had been Confessor to Queen Isabella • but disliking exceedingly a court life, he petitioned to be allowed to return to his :ell. He had a great taste for science, and had erected on the roof of his monastery a kind of observatory, wherein he speut much of his leisure time. He proved, as we have seen, the faithful friend and counsellor of Colum- bus, and is supposed to have accompanied him on his second voyage to the New World. Toscaiielli, Paul, a celebrated mathematician and c^smogra- pher of Florence. He was familiarly admitted into the pontifical court during his visits to Rome, and the king of Portugal consulted him on all subjects connected with geography and navigation. About the year 1474, he entered into correspondence with Columbus ; and, to prove the feasibility of reaching India by sailing westward, he sent to the latter, a map projected partly according to Marco Polo and partly according to Ptolemy. Vespucci, Amerigo (1451-1513), a native of Florence. He was In Spain w .en Columbus returned from his first voyage ; and, having occasionally met the great admiral, he began to think of embracing a nautical career. He having, subsequently, made several voyages to the New World, and having written concerning the same, the name America was, as early as 1507, applied by a German geographer to this continent It does not appear that Vespucci himself desired to take the honor from Columbua with whom he was on friendly terms. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1432. — The Azores were discovered. 1435.— Columbus was born. 1463. — Prince Henry of Portugal died. 1484. — Columbus applied to the government at Genoa. 1484.— Columbus met Father Juan Perez. 1486. — Columbus applied to the court of Spain. 1491. — Columbus was about to leave Spain in despair. 1492. — Columbus sailed from Palos (Aug. 3d). 1492. — Columbus discovered America (Oct. 12th). 1493.^Second voyage of Columbus. 1493. — Date of the Bull of Pope Alexander VI, concerning Anderica (May 9th). 1494. — First Catholic church dedicated at Isabella (Hayti). 1497. — The Cabots discovered Newfoundland. 1498. — Third voyage of Columbus ; he discovered South America. 1498. — The Qabots discovered the Atlantic Coast. 1499. — Amerigo Vespucci visited the coast of South America, which Columbus had discovered in 1498. CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY. 1400.— The "War of the Roses " began in England. 1428. — Joan of Arc raised the siege of Orleans. 1440. — Printing was invented by Guttenburg, at Strasburg. 1485. — End of the "War of the Roses" and succession oi Henry VII. 1486. — The Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese. 1491. — St. Ignatius of Loyola born. 1497, — The Portuguese, under Vasco de Gama, doubled the Cap* of Good Hope and sailed to the East Indies. CONTEMPORARY POPES. Innocent VIII. (Reign 1484-1493.) Alexander VI. (1492-1503.) GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. 1. (OF PLACES MENTIONED IN PRECEDING SECTION.) (1.) Allegliaiiies, or Appalachian Mountains, the great mountain chain or system which extends southwesterly, nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast, along the southeastern side of the North American continent. (3.) Atlantic Ocean, one of the five great divisions of water upon the globe. It is bounded by Europe and Africa on the east, and by North and South America on the wesi, Its extreme breadth is about 5,000 miles, and its area about 25,000,000 square miles. (3.) Azores, a series of islands, of volcanic origin, in the North Atlantic Ocean. St. Michael, the largest, is about 50 miles long and from 5 to 13 broad. (4.) Bahama Islands, a group of about five hundred islands, or rocky islets, lying northeast of Cuba and east of the coast of Florida. The Gulf Stream passes between them and the mainland. (5.) Barcelona, a seaport on the northeastern coast of Spain, and the chief seat of manufactures and commerce. The principal public edifice is the cathedral, the origin of which dates from the first ages of Christianity. Barcelona is said to have been founded by the Cartha- ginians imder Hamilcar Barca, hence its name. (6.) Beliring' Strait, the channel which separates Asia and America at their nearest approach to each other, and connects the Arctic with the Pacific Oceans. (7.) Castile, a former kingdom of Spain, occupying the great cen- tral table -land of the peninsula. (8.) Cuba, the largest of the West India Islands. (9.) Florence, a brilliant city of northern Italy, on the river Arno. It is noted for its literary establishments, libraries, museums, and galleries of painting and sculpture. It is hence called " The Athens of Italy." (10.) Genoa, a famous fortified seaport city of northern Italy, on the coast of the Mediterranean. Its origin is said to be more remote than that of Rome. (11.) Gila River, a considerable river in the southeastern part of the United States. It flows from east to west through Arizona. (13.) Granada, an old province, and formerly a kingdom in southern Spain. It was the last possession of the IMoors in that country, and from it they were driven by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1493. GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 27 (13.) G-reenland, a vast island, or group of islands united by- fields of ice, situated northeast of Nortli America. At present it is cliiefly inhabited by Esquimaux. (14) Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba, and the greatest commercial port of the West Indies. (15.) Hayti, a rich and beautiful island, the second in size of the West Indies ; discovered by Columbus, December 5th, 1492, and named by him Ilispanola {i. e., Little Spain). (16.) Iceland, an island belonging 'to Denmark, and situated be- tween the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. (17.) Isabella, a port on the north coast of Hayti, 36 miles from Santiago (Hayti). At the present day the original site is almost all over- grown with forest ; but there are still to be seen standing the pillars of the church, part of the residence of Columbus, and remains of other buildings, all of hewn stone. (18.) Narragansett Bay, a large body of water extending north from the Atlantic into the State of Rhode Island. It receives several considerable risers, and contains a number of beautiful islands. (19.) Ne^vport, on the island of Rhode Island, is a noted water- ing place. Its harbor is one of the best -on the United States coast. (20.) Pavia, a city of northern Italy, nineteen miles south of Milan, on the left bank of the Ticino. From its numerous public edifices it was once called ''The City of a Hundred Towers ;" but its magnifi- cence and fame belong to a former age. (21.) Palos, a port on the soiTthwest coast of Spain. (22.) San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Guanahani {gwali-nah-hali -ne). (23.) Santa Fe, a town of Spain, 7 miles west of Granada. It was built by Ferdinand and Isabella during the siege of Granada, and the deed of surrender was signed here. In 1806 it was much injured by an earthquake. (24.) St. Vincent, Cape_, the southwestern point of Portugal. (25.) Superior, Lake, the most westerly and most elevated of the North American chain of lakes, £fflid the largest expanse of fresh water on the Western Hemisphere. (26.) Trinidad, the largest and most valuable of the British West Indies, except Jamaica. It belonged successively to the Spaniards and French, but capitulated to the British under Abercrombie, in 1797. Port of Spain, on tlie northwest side of the island, is the capital. (27.) Venice, a beautiful city, built on 72 islands at the head of the Adriatic Sea. It was formerly, for many centuries, the first maritime and commercial city of the world. Its origin dates as far back as 452. SECTION II. A.1D. 15 TO A.T>. 16 00, STUDY ]sro. 1. DECLINING YEARS OF COLUMBUS. —SUC CES30RS OF THE GREAT ADMIRAL. 1. Columbus a Prisoner.— The sixteenth century dawns on a sad sight, — Cohimbus in chains. Slanderers had injured his reputation at the court of Spain ; and in the fall of 1500, the hero who had given to Castile and Leon a new world, was sent back to Europe a prisoner. The com- mander of the vessel respectfully proposed to remove the fetters during the homeward voyage ; but Columbus replied : "iVb; / will tvear them until their majesties ^ the sovereigns of Spain, command them to he removed ; and then I shall preserve them as memorials of the reward I have received.'^ ^^I saw them alimys hanging in Ms cabinet ^'^ says his son and biographer, Fernando. 2. Death of Columbus. — On the arrival of Colum- bus in Spain, Isabella, pained beyond description at the ill- treatment he had received, hastened to break his fetters, and to load him with new favors. In 1502, Columbus made his fourth and last voyage to the New World. He returned to Europe in 1504, onlv to find the pious and noble queen, his faithful friend and protectress, on her death-bed. Three weeks later, she peacefully expired (Nov. 26th). After this^ DEATH OF OOLFMBUS. Ferdinand treated Columbus with marked injustice and neglect ; and on the Festival of the Ascension, May 30th, 1506, the great Admiral himself died, poor and unhonored, in a small inn, at Valladolid.^* At his bedside were his two sons, and a Franciscan Father. His last words were : " Intc thy hands, Lord, I commend my spirit ! " How impressive a lesson is conveyed by the closing scenes of the life of this great man ! How eloquently they speak of the vanity of human glory and the ingratitude and injustice of human friends ! DEATH OP COLUMBUS. 3. Lands Occupied by the Spaniards.— By this time, (1500), the Spaniards had already occupied the islands of Cuba, Porto Eico, Hispaniola, and Jamaica. ^ From these points, it was easy to reach the mainland in different direc- tions. 4. The Portuguese. — The king of Portugal, regret- * These figures refer to the Geographical Table, at close of Section. 30 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY. ting his rejection of the offers of Oohimbus, now readily favored an expedition for northern discovery, and Gaspar Cortereal {kor-tay-ray-al), was appointed commander. In the year 1500, he explored the American coast for five or six hundred miles, being stopped by ice in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. ^^ He seized a number of the natives as slaves, and hence called the country Labrador {labor er). This name has since been transferred to a more northern coast. Cortereal undertook a second expedition, but never returned. 5. Las Casas. — In 1502, the celebrated Dominican missionary, Las Casas, afterwards Bishop of Chiapa * (cAe-a//- pah), came to the New World, and during the ensuing sixty years, labored with untiring and apostolic energy for the welfare of the Indians. 6. Darien Settled. — In 1510, Ojeda (o-hdy'-dah), one of the companions of Columbus, sailed south from Cuba and settled the Isthmus of Darien.^ 7. Florida Discovered. — Two years later (1512), Ponce de Leon {pone-thay-ddy-lay-on), also a companion of Columbus, sailed from Porto Eico on a voyage of discovery, and soon came in sight of Florida. Some say he was ir search of a fountain of perpetual youth. Having landed, he took possession of the country in the name of his sov- ereign, and called it Florida or the " Land of Flowers,^'' from the Spanish name of Easter Sunday, the day on which he had first descried land. 8. The Pacific Discovered. — The next year (1513), Balboa, the governor of a Spanish colony on the Isthmus, discovered the Pacific Ocean. When, from a peak of the And^s,2 he beheld for the first time, the grand expanse of waters glittering in the morning sun, he sank upon his knees in thanksgiving. Then^ having descended, he waded ^PAKISH EXPL0RAT10l!^^S. 31 into the waters with the cross in one hand, and the banner of Castile in the other, thus taking solemn possession of its shores for the crown of Castile. 9. Cordova and Grijalva {gre-hal'-vah). — In 1517, Cordova sailed from Cuba and explored the north coast of Yucatan. ^1 In 1518, a second expedition, under Grijalva, explored the southern coast of Mexico, and verified the be- lief in the existence of a rich empire in the interior. 10. Cortez in Mexico. — In 1519, Hernando Cor- tez, at the head of a small body of men, penetrated into the interior of Mexico. ^^ After a severe struggle, he overthrew the empire of the Aztecs,* and brought it under the do- minion of Spain. It so remained for three centuries, from 1521 to 1821. 11. Narvaez (nar-vah'-eth) and Bisliop Juarez {lioo-ah' -reth), — In 1528, Narvaez, a Spaniard, with about four hundred men, sailed from Cuba on an expedition to Florida. He expected to find another rich empire like that of Mexico ; but in this he was disappointed. The adventurers suffered terribly, were defeated by the Indians, and afterwards ship- wrecked, only four of their number escaping. Narvaez was accompanied by several Franciscan missionaries, the supe- rior of whom. Father John Juarez, had already been consecrated Bishop of Florida. He was, therefore, the first Bishop who held jurisdiction within the present limits of the United States. * The earliest inhabitants of Mexico, of whom we have any knowledge, were the Toltecs, a people of considerable culture. After a period of about five hundred j'ears (from the seventh to the twelfth century), the Toltecs, having been diminished probably by war and pestilence, migrated southward. They left after them as mon- uments of their skill, massive columns, aqueducts, pyramids, end temples. The Toltecs were succeeded by the Aztecs, who, having extended their sway over the adjacent tribes during a period of three hundred years, were the ruling people when the Spaniards arrived. The Aztecs were inferior in civilization to the Toltecs, though much superior to the more northern tribes. 32 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 12. French Explorations, Verrazani {vay-rah sah'-ne),~-lLh.Q attention of France had already been turned to the New AVorld. We learn from Charlevoix, that, within seven years after the discovery of America, the fisheries of Newfoundland were known to the hardy seamen of Brittany and Normandy. At length, in 1524, Francis I. of France employed Verrazani, another Florentine, to explore the new regions. This navigator reached the coast of Carolina in safety, and proceeding north, examined the shores and harbors as far as Nova Scotia. ^^ The harbor of New York especially attracted his attention ; and in that of Newport,^^ he remained fifteen days. Here he found vines and grapes, just as the Northmen had described them centuries before. Verrazani gave to the country the name of New France, and erected crosses at various points. He retuined to Europe in July of the same year. His narrative of the voyage contains tlie earliest original account, now extant, of the coast of the United States. 13. Cartier (kar-te-ay). — Ten years later, James Car- tier, a mariner of St. Malo,28 ^^s sent out by the same king, to make further discoveries. In the spring of 1534, he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, sailed around the Island of Newfoundland, erected a cross thirty feet high on the shore of Gaspe Bay,'' and then passed on to the River St. Lawrence,^^ which he ascended until he could see land on either side. His kindness to the natives was such that a chief allowed his two sons to accompany the party to France, on condition that the youths should be brought back tlie following year. 14. The next year (1535), Cartier made a second voyage. He now ascended the great river, (which he named St. Law FRENCH EXPLORATIOKS. 33 rence, in honor of the martyr,) as far as the Indian village of Hochelaga Qio-she-ldh-ga), the present site of Montreal.^^ The town was pleasantly situated at the foot of a moun- tain; and Oartier, in company with a Huron chief, having climbed to its summit, was so charmed with the view that he called it Mont Eeal {mong-ray-al) Eoyal Moun- tain. After a severe winter, he returned to France. CABTIER AND THE INDIAK CHIEF ON BOTAL MOUNTAIN. Cartier's second voyage was the means of procuring much useful information. It made known parts of America far inland, but which could be reached through a great river navigable by the largest ships of those days. It is believed also that, when at Montreal, Cartier was told of other parts, still further distant, where there were great lakes, and beyond which another great river flowed towards the south. 15. In 1541, Cartier, accompanied by a band of colo- nists, made a third voyage to the St. Lawrence. He built a fort near the present site of Quebec, ^^ and here they passed 34 XCELSIOR HISTORY. the winter. The next spring, however, they returned dis satisfied to France. 16. De Soto Discovers the Mississippi River," — About the same time, (1539), De Soto, governor of Cuba, with an army of nearly one thousand men, all fully equipped for a long expedition, sailed from Havana. Theii intention was to conquer Florida and explore the interior They were accompanied by a numbei of missionaries, secular and regular, to convert and instruct the conquered nations ; for none doubted of success. Having landed at Tampa Bay,^^ De Soto pressed onward, amid incredible hardships and frequent encounters with the natives, during a period of more than two years. At length, having traversed what is now Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, he reached the banks of the Mississippi River in the spring of 1541. 17. The Indians supposed the Spaniards to be children of the sun, and the blind were brought into their presence to be healed by these sons of light ; but De Soto said to DE SOTO. 35 them, " Pray only to God tuho is ?ieed." Heaven for what you ROUTE OF DE SOTO. 18. Death of De Soto.— Early in the year 1542. overcome by weariness, labor and disease, on the banks of the great river he had discovered, — beneath the shadow of the cross he had planted, De Soto died. He had the consola- tions of religion on his deathbed ! and over his remains was chanted the first requiem ever heard in those wild regions. To conceal his death from the Indians, his body was wrapped in a mantle, and in the stillness of midnight was silently snnk in the middle of the stream. * Re fell in tJie iDilderness," says McGee, ''and the sorrowing Missis- sippi took him in pity to her 'breast'" ** He had crossed a large portion of the continent," says Bancroft, ** and found nothing so remarkable as his burial place." 19. A wretched remnant of the once brilliant expedition afterwards reached a Spanish settlement on the Gulf of Mexico ; but, before this, every priest had perished. STUDY FO. 2. MISSIONS IN THE SOUTH.— ST. AUGUSTINE FOUNDED. 1. Franciscan Missions in New Mexico.— In the same year, (1539), in which De Soto started on his memo- rable expedition, another took place, to which the mind can turn with sentiments of purest pleasure and admiration. Father Mark, an Italian Franciscan, whose zeal had been aroused by the accounts of a survivor of the expedition of Karvaez, resolved to carry the Gospel to the inland tribes. Having traveled many hundred miles, over deserts and moun- tains, he, at length, reached New Mexico, ^^ and planted a cross at the Indian city of Cibola. The entire region he named San Francisco, in honor of his beloved patron. " The kingdom of San Francisco** says Shea, " lives hut in his narrative; yet, as if to realize Ms wish, a city of that name is now the Carthage of the Pacific," ^^ 2, The next year, (1540), five Franciscans, all eager to labor for the salvation of the Indians, accompanied an expe- dition to New Mexico, under Coronado. He, dissatisfied with the result, returned to Mexico ; but two of the mission- aries. Father John de Padilla and Brother John of the Cross, with heroic courage, remained in the country and taught the doctrine of Christ, until they were slain during an incursion of stranger savages. In 1544, Father Olmas, another Franciscan, amid untold hardships, established a successful mission among the Indians of Texas. Having made himself master of their language, he composed or translated many works for their use. MISSIONS IN FLORIDA. 37 3. Dominicans in Florida. — In 1549, Father Cancer, a holy Dominican, and friend of Las Casas, uik armed and unattended, visited Florida in the hope of con- verting the natives. Soon after his arrival, he was scalped by the Indians, thus falliiig a martyr to his zeal. Two others shared his fate. Father Tolosa also, who had landed at a different spot, found a speedy martyrdom. 4. In 1559, an attempt was made to plant a colony in Alabama, by the Spaniards under Tristan de Luna. After various disasters and a short trial of the country, the plan was abandoned (1560). This expedition was also accom- panied by a number of Dominican Missionaries. Two Fathers reached the countries of the Creeks and Natchez ; but the baptism of a few dying infants and adults was all that repaid their zeal. To them, however, the salvation of a single soul was ample reward. 5. Tlie Hug^uenots.* — The Huguenots, under the auspices of Coligni,t resolved to form a settlement, and a colony was accordingly sent out in 1562, under John Ribaut (ree-ho). This having proved a failure, another under Lau- donniere (lo-don-yare), was dispatched to the New World in 1564. The settlers reached the mouth of the St. John River,25 and there built a fort called Carolina, but they were improvident and mutinous. Some, at length, turned pirates and captured several Spanish vessels. The others had determined to abandon the colony, when Ribaut arrived with supplies. 6. Arrival of Melendez (map-Ien-deth).— Just at this juncture, five Spanish vessels appeared in the harbor. They were commanded by Melendez, the greatest admiral of * French Protestants, or Calvinists. t Ko-leen-yee'. 38 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. the day, who had been sent from Spain to colonize Florida He had lately lost his only son, who was believed to have been wrecked on the coast of Florida ; but the father still clung to the hope of finding him, either with French pirates or among the Indians. This had induced Melendez to accept the commission of colonizing Florida. 7. Ribaut set out to sea to attack the Spanish, but was soon after wrecked. Melendez proceeded against Fort Caro- lina, and put the garrison to the sword, only Laudonniere and a few others escaping. He soon after massacred nearly all those who had escaped shipwreck. 8. "Whether in this treatment of the French Huguenots, he re- garded them as pirates, or as parties, perhaps, in the death of his son, or acted in obedience to the orders of Philip, or to his own persecuting spirit, can never be known ; but in no point of view can his conduct be justified." — Shea. 9. St. Aug^ustine^^ Fovinded. -— Melendez now (1565) laid the foundations of a colony which, in honor of the day on which he had first descried land, he called St. Augustine. This is the oldest town in the United States. Missionaries, several of whom had accompanied Melendez, immediately began to labor among the Indians of the Ever- glades ; and from the Franciscan monastery of St. Helena, the benign light of Christianity began to diffuse itself over the peninsula. 10. Jesuits in Florida.— Melendez applied to St. Francis Borgia, then general of the Jesuits, for some mission iries of that order. In response to this appeal, Father Mar- tinez and two other priests, in June, 1566, started for the New World. Father Martinez, on his arrival, was almost immediately put to death. His companions, however, escaped, and having spent the winter studying the Indian language, were ready in the spring to commence missionary labor. One MISSIOKS IN FLORIDA. 39 of these, Father Roger, may be regarded as the founder of the Florida mission. 11, In 1568, their number was increased by the arrival of several other Jesuits ; and though, for a long time, the field remained unpromising, still, all eyes were turned towards it with intense interest. Even the Holy Father, St. Pius v., issued a brief to the governor of Florida (Melendez), to excite his zeal in the cause (1569). We shall see later that all this care was repaid with interest, and that the Florida missions gained many souls for Heaven. 13. Father Seg^ura.— In 1570, Father Segura and four other Jesuits, together with a converted Indian chief, and several Indian youths who had been educated at Havana, penetrated to the north, as far as Chesapeake ^ or St. Mary's Bay. Here they hoped to found a mission, far from any Spanish settlement. But the chief apostatized, and the whole party, after having endured grievous hard- ships for several months, were massacred. One of the Indian boys, Alonzo, alone escaped. 13. Two years later, Melendez, who had just returned from Europe, sailed northward to the Chesapeake, in search of the murderers of Father Segura and his companions. Eight were seized and executed, all of whom, under the instructions of the saintly Father Eoger, embraced Chris- tianity and died blessing God. 14. Franciscans in Florida. — In 1573, a band of Franciscans arrived in Florida, and in 1593, still another ; thus, though colonization was tardy, the missions still went on. For some years, converts continued to be gathered into the fold, and Florida seemed an Eden of peace. About this time. Father Pareja, a Franciscan, drew up in the iO EXCELSIOR HISTORY, Femassee tongue, an abridgment of the Christian doctrine, the first ever published in any Indian language. 15. In 1597, however, Father Da Corpa was slain at the foot of the altar, by the companions of a young chieftain m DEATH OF FATHER COBPA. whom he had reproved for his vices. Nearly all the mission stations were then destroyed, and the missionaries put to death. Father Avila was taken captive and sold in a neigh- boring village. Having been a year a prisoner, and having undergone great hardships and cruelties, he was finally exchanged for an Indian captive at St. Augustine. Thug closed the sixteenth century in Florida. The spot sanctified bj the death of Father Corpa, is now the ceme tery of St. Augustine. 16. Franciscans in New Mexico.— Previous to this (in 1581), three Franciscans who had attempted a mis- sion in New Mexico, had there met a martyr's death. MISSIONS IK ]S^EW MEXICO. 41 In 1583, Espego (es-pdy'ho), a Spanish nobleman, at the head of a band of soldiers, and accompanied by missionaries, founded the city of Santa Fe,^ the second oldest city in the United States. In a short time, this mission proved as- tonishingly successful, though not without having encoun- tered many difficulties. Long before the English had made any permanent settlement on our shores, whole tribes on the Kio Grande ^ had been converted and civilized, and many a red man of the forest had even learned to read and write. 17. God's Warriors.— With the successors of Colum- bus, it is true, came the cannon and the sword ; but there came also the Gospel, and the Sacraments. There came the thirst for dominion, for lands and for gold ; there came cruelty, bloodshed, and all the vices of civilization ; but with them, as unharmed by the contact as the sun-ray touching the mire, came self-sacritice, devotion, zeal for souls, love of God and of man for Christ's sake. They that took the sword perished by the sword, winning only blood- stained names as a reward ; but the warriors of God won souls for Heaven ; and even if they died in the conflict, their blood spoke louder than their voices had done. " To fight tlie battle of the Cross, Christ's chosen ones are sent, — Good soldiers and great victors, — a noble armament. They use no earthly weapon, they know not spear or sword. Yet right, and true, and valiant is the army of the Lord. * The soul 01 every sinner is the victory they would gain ; They would bind each rebel heart in their Master's golden chain ; Faith is the shield they carry, and the two-edged sword they bear Is God's strongest, mightiest weapon, and they call it Love and Prayer. ' ' — Procter. STUDY TTO. 3. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS.— UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO COLONIZE VIRGINIA. 1. Frobislier.— Between the years 1576 and 1579, Martin Frobisher, an English navigator, made three voyages to the New World. Their only result was the discovery of several bays, inlets, and islands on the Northern Coast of America. He had hoped to discover a Northwest pas- sage to India, but in this he was disappointed ; and the supposed gold ore with which he loaded his vessels, on two of the r"^-irn ""vi-cs, proved to be but worthless stones. 2. Sir Francis Drake.— In 1579, Francis Drake, another English sea-captain, reached the Pacific Ocean by way of Magel- lan Strait.^ HaWng pillaged the Spanish settlements in Peru and Chili, he sailed northward and explored the coast of California. He then spent several weeks in the Bay of San Francisco,^ and afterwards returned to England by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus completing the second circumnavigation of the globe. 3. On his arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth partook of a splendid banquet given by him, on board his vessel, ^'The SLR FBANCIS DRAKE. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 43 Pelican,'' in Plymouth's harbor. The food was served on silver dishes, and the wine in golden goblets, all the fruit ol plunder. At the close of the banquet, the queen conferred upon Drake the honor of knighthood. After tMs, Drake's exploits on the sea were numerous and daring Although he is honored for his enterprise and the glory he won foi England, and is regarded as the founder of the Royal Navy, still he was only a pirate on a large and legalized scale. 4. Sir Hvimphrey Gilbert.— In 1583, the year in which Santa Fe was founded, Sir Humphrey Gilbert at- tempted an English settlement at Newfoundland. ^^ The enterprise proved unsuccessful. Gilbert, on his way home, was shipwrecked, and all on board perished. 5. Sir Walter Raleigh (raw-ly). — Gilbert's half-brother, Walter Ealeigh, who had been deeply interested in Gilbert's en- terprise, now obtained a patent for himself. In 1584, he sent to America two ships under the command of Amidas and Barlow. They explored Albemarle i and sm walteb raleigh. Pamlico 1^ Sounds, and visited Roanoke Island, where the Indians received them with great kindness. They then returned home with cargoes of furs and woods, and gave a glowing account of the country. Elizabeth, in her own honor, bestowed upon it the name of Virginia, and declared that its acquisition was one of the greatest glories of her reign. As a reward for his services, she knighted Ealeigh. 6. Raleigh's first step towards Elizabeth's favor depended upon a very slight circumstance. Having met the queen ^ EXCELSIOR HISTORY. one day as she was walking with her maids of honor, and having observed a wet spot on her path, he took from his shoulders a rich velvet mantle, and bowing gracefully, spread RAIlEIGH meeting ELIZABETH. It upon the ground for the royal feet to tread upon. After this, Raleigh was immediately admitted to court and speedily rose in the favor of the queen. 7. Raleigh's First Attempt at Colonization. — The next year (1585) Raleigh sent out a colony, with Ralph Lane as governor. They landed at Roanoke Island, but instead of tilling the ground, they hunted for gold. Distress ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 45 and want soon followed. They were, therefore, only too glad to be taken back to England by Drake, who, having pillaged and burned St. Augustine during a cruise against the Spaniards, stopped at Eoanoke on his homeward voyage. They brought tobacco back with them ; and the custom of ^ drinking tobacco " as it was called, soon became fashion- able.* 8. Raleigh's Second Attempt.— In 1587, Ealeigh sent out another colony consisting of families. John White was appointed governor. A grand-daughter of White, named Virginia Dare, born soon after their arrival, was the first offspring of English parents on the soil of the United States. 9. White, at the entreaty of the settlers, soon went to England for supplies.f He left behind him eighty-nine men, seventeen women, and two children. Three years elapsed before his return (1590), I and then no vestige of the colony was to be seen. On the trunk of a tree, was carved the word ** Croatan."^ The fate of the "lost colony of Eoan- oke," to this day, remains a mystery. Among the Indians, there is a tradition that these colonists were adopted by the Hatteras tribe, and that they became mingled with them. The idea receives further confirmation from the physical * On one occasion, when Sir Walter was smoking, his servant entered the room with a tankard of ale. On beholding, for the first time, the smoke issuing from his master's mouth and nostrils, he in great alarm dashed the liquor into his face, and ran to inform the household that Sir Walter was on fire. On another occasion, Sir Walter was conversing vnth the queen on the various properties of tobacco, and he assured her that he could tell the exact weight of smoke in any quantity consumed. The incredulous queen dared him to a wager. Having flecepted it, Raleigh weighed the tobacco, smoked it, and then having carefully weighed the ashes, stated the difference. The queen laughingly acknowledged that he had won, and added that she "had before heard of turning gold into smoke, but he was the first who had turned smoke into gold." t On his way, he touched at Ireland, where he left some potato plants, the first ever seen in Europe. t The English were at this time putting forward all their resources to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada ; but Raleigh, by great exertions, sent White back vrtth supplies the following year (ISStJ). The latter, however, delayed on the way. 46 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. character of the tribe, in which the English and Indian races seem to have been blended. DESERTED COLONY OF EOANOKB. 10. The season being late, White, fearful of the storms which, he knew, prevailed on the coast at that period, re- turned to England. Raleigh, for a long time, cherished the hope of finding the lost colonists ; and it is said that, at his own expense, he five different times sent persons in search of them ; but no traces could be found. At length, discouraged by failure, he transferred his patent to the London Company. 11, At the close of the sixteenth century, there was not a single English town in any part of America. The only permanent settlements were St. Augustine and Santa F6, both Spanish Catholic missions, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF REMARKABLE PERSONAGES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. Balboa, Vasco Nunez tie (1475-1517), a Spaniard of noble lineage but small fortune, who came to the New World in 1501. Various circumstances contributed to make him governor of the new settlement of Santa Maria, in Darien (1512), and his humane conduct won for him the friendship of the Indians. In 1513, while exploring the isthmus, he discovered the Pacific Ocean. Later, he was obliged to undergo many severe trials. Through the intrigues and jealousy of a rival, he was charged with treason, subjected to a mock trial and finally executed. He died protesting his innocence and loyalty, having previously received the Sacraments of Penance and Holy Eucharist. Cancer, Father Louis, a Spanish Dominican, who came to America in 1514. Having labored a considerable time with the illustrious Las Casas, he, in 1547, determined to proceed to Florida. Scarcely had he reached the wished-for shore, when he was martyred by the Indians (1549). Cartier, James (1494-1555), a French navigator, born at St. Malo. Between the years 1535 and 1543, he made three voyages from his native port to the St. Lawrence. Some say he made also a fourth voyage ; but of this we have no certain accounts. Like most of the early captains, Cartier was a man of profound piety. Thjs he evinced in all his proceedings. Before starting on a voyage, he always besought the blessing of the Church on his undertaking, and received the Blessed Sacrament ; and during the voyage, he caused religious services to be regularly held, on the ships under his command. To- wards the close of his life, he retired to the suburbs of St. Malo, where an estate still bears his name. Cordova, Francis cle, a Spanish navigator born in the latter part of the fifteenth century. In 1517, having sailed from Havana at the head of a small expedition, he discovered Yucatan. On his way home, he touched at Florida, and his reports led to the expedition of Grijalva. He died the following year (1518). Coronacla, Francis cle, an explorer of New Mexico and the countries on the Gila River. On the return of Father Mark from his first expedition, a second was fitted out under the command of Core 48 EXCELSIOE HISTORY. nada (1540). He passed up what is now the State of Sonora, to the River Gila ; visited many towns somewhat similar to the existing villages of the Pueblo Indians, and then proceeded eastward to the Rio Grande. On his homeward route (1542), he met with an accident which proved fatal. Cortereal, Gaspar, a Portuguese navigator of distinguished family. In 1500, he commanded an expedition sent out to explore the •Qorthern coasts of North America. He freighted his vessels with fifty-seven Indians, whom, on his return, he sold as slaves. The name Labrador {laborer), afterwards transferred further north, is a memorial of this visit. Later, Cortereal set out on a second voyage, from which he never returned. Cortez, Ferdinand (1485-1547), a native of Spain and con- queror of Mexico. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to the university of Salamanca to study law. Here he remained two years. In 1504, he sailed for the New World and was received with great favor by the governor of Hispaniola. Having been appomted commander of an expedition to Mexico, he, in 1518, set out for that country. Having reached the coast, he laid the foundation of Vera Cruz, and destroyed his ships to make retreat impossible. After a severe struggle, he overthrew the Mexican, or Aztec empire, and reduced it to the dominion of Spain. His victories caused him to be dreaded by some, and envied by others. At length, disgusted with the treacherous con- duct of many around him, he returned to Spain. Here he was coldly received by the emperor, Charles V., and after a time, he fell so low in the royal favor that he could not obtain an audience. He finally withdrew from court, and died in solitude in the sixty -third year of his age. Da Corpa, a Spanish Franciscan, who, with three companions, labored, about the year 1593, to Christianize the Indians inhabiting what is now called Georgia. Though they had to endure untold hardships, they were amply repaid by the numerous converts who gathered ronnd them. At length. Father Da Corpa, having found it necessary to reprove the son of a chief for a grave scandal, the young Indian and his companions revengefully resolved to put the mis- aonary to death. The murderers reached the mission chapel aniid the silence of the night, and found the faithful priest at his devo- tions before the rude altar. Here he sank in death beneath the tomahawk of the chief. After this, they ravaged ail the adjoining missions ; and Father Corpa' s companions had the glory of sharing with him the crown of martyrdom (1597). De Soto, Fernando (1497-1542), a celebrated Spanish explorer of noble but reduced family, who came to the New World in 1519. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 49 Having explored the coasts of Guatemala and Yucatan, he, in 1533, joined Pizarro in his expedition into Peru. Here, he distinguished himself for his bravery, especially at the capture of Cuzco. After this, he re- turned to Spain ; but, in 1538, he projected the conquest of Florida ; and with this intent, he again set sail for the New World, accompanied by 600 men, 24 ecclesiastics and 20 officers. They landed at Tampa Bay in the spring of 1539. After a weary and toilsome march, they reached the Mississippi three years later. Here De Soto died. His wife, on hearing his fate, survived the intelligence only three days. Drake, Sir Francis (1545-1596), a famous English naval officer. He made three predatory voyages to the West Indies and captured more than one hundred vessels. On a land expedition, he seized a convoy of mules laden with gold and silver, and hastening back with it to Eng- land, declared that he had obtained it by barter with the natives. About the year 1577, while on another tour, he crossed the Atlantic, passed the Strait of Magellan, after many dangers doubled the Cape of Good Hope and returned to England. Though on the way he had been guilty of many misdeeds, they were forgotten in the glory of having circumnavi- gated the globe. In 1596, having failed in an attack on Panama, he died of chagrin. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, an English gentleman, half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh. Having received from Queen Elizabeth the grant of a large tract of country on this continent, he, in 1583, sailed to America, and in her name took possession of Newfoundland. On the return voyage he was lost. Grijalva, Juan de, a Spanish navigator, bom in the latter part of the fifteenth century. He was sent by his uncle Velasquez, first gov- ernor of Cuba, to complete the discoveries made by Cordova in Yucatan. He coasted along the peninsula, and his intercourse with the natives proved both friendly and profitable. He afterwards settled in Nicara- gua, where, in 1527, he was slain by the Indians. Juarez, Right Rev. John, a Spanish Franciscan, first Bishop of Florida. He was one of twelve Franciscans who, in 1524, founded a mission in Mexico. Later, being appointed by the Holy See, Bishop of Rio de las PaLmas in Florida, he accompanied thither the unfortu^ nate expedition of Narvaez (1528). Towards the close of the same year, having undergone great hardships, he, with Brother John de Palos, perished either by hunger, or at the hands of the Indians. Las Casas, Bartholomew (1474-1566), a celebrated Dommican missionary, born at Seville, Spain. Having pursued his studies with brilliant success at the University of Salamanca, he afterwards entered the Dominican order, and in 1502 was sent as a missionary to the New World. He was ordained priest at St. Domingo in 1510, and during 50 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. the remainder of his life devoted himself with untiring andapostolit energy to the welfare of the Indians. In his efforts to convert and civilize them, he traversed the wilderness in various directions, sparing not time, or labor, or life itself when their interests were concerned. To vindicate their wrongs, he made several voyages to Spain, and even wrote many volumes. He has been deservedly styled the " Protector of the Indians." Having, in 1539, declined the rich bishopric of Cuzco, he, the next year, accepted the much poorer one of Chiapas. In 1551, he returned to Spain and retired to the monas- tery at Valladolid. Here he composed his great work, " TJie General History of the Indies" which, however, has not been published. Here, also, he breathed his last, at the advanced age of ninety-two. Mark, Father, of Nice, an Italian Franciscan, who came to America in 1531, and labored first in Peru and afterwards in Mexico. Inflamed with zeal for the conversion of the Indians in the interior of the country, (chiefly through the accounts gleaned from the survivors of the ill-fated expedition of Narvaez), he, in 1539, set out from Mex- ico, and amid incredible hardships, traversed a vast extent of territory to reach the Indian city of Cibola. Here he planted a cross but made no converts. His glowing though mistaken accounts, however, led the way to new expeditions, the first of which he himself accompanied. This he did not long survive, his toilsome journeys and wearing labors having completely shattered his health. Martinez, Father Peter, a Spanish Jesuit of great learning and sanctity, who, with Father Roger and Brother Villareal was sent to the Florida mission, by St. Francis Borgia in 1565. On the eve of his departure, he said to the celebrated Franciscan, Father Lobo, " Oh, Father ! how Hong to shed my hlood at the hands of the savages for the Faith, and to bathe with it the shores of Florida ! " His words were prophetic ; for scarcely had he reached the scene of his intended labors, when he was put to death by the Indians near St. Augustine (1566). His companions retired for a time to Havana to study the Indian languages. Father Martinez was noted for his rare abilities, great learning, humility and love of suffering ; and his death was an immense loss to the Florida mission. He was the first Jesuit who entered the territory now embraced by the United States. Melendez, Pedro (1519-1574), a Spanish admiral, and the colo- nizer of Florida, was born at Avila. Under Philip II., he had risen to the highest rank in the Spanish navy. In 1554, he commanded the ves- sel which bore his king to England to marry Queen Mary ; and in 1561, he commanded the great treasure fleet of galleons from Mexico to Spain. During this voyage, the vessel on which his son sailed was lost. On his arrival in Spain, he asked Dermission to return in search BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 51 of the missing ship, but was refused. Later, however, his request was granted on condition that he should explore and colonize Florida. Here having encountered and defeated the French under Ribaut, be laid the foundations of St. Augustine (15(j5). By the con- ditions of the charter he had received, he was to bring out twelve Franciscans and four Jesuits to labor for the spiritual welfare of the Indians. Missionaries were accordingly settled along the coast from i^ape Carnaveral to the Chesapeake. The progress of the colony was, however, retarded by the absence of Melendez, who was repeatedly called to Spain to command her fleets. In 1574, while preparing the Armada for the invasion of England, he died. This event was a fatal blow to the prosperity of Florida. His son he had never recovered. Narvaez, Paiufilo de (1480-1528), a Spanish explorer who came to America about the year 1501. Having served some time in San Domingo, he passed to Cuba, where he soon stood next in rank to the governor. In 1527, he obtained a grant of Florida and sailed thither with a large force. Hoping to find rich cities and great empires, he pressed on through tangled everglades during a period of eight weeks. Finally, he reached the great capital his imagination had pictured in glowing colors, and found it to be a wretched village of forty huts. Having continued their march, Narvaez and the whole party, with about four exceptions, perished. The treasurer De Veca, almost alone, made his way on foot, passing from tribe to tribe, until, after a period of eight years, he reached a Spanish port on the Pacific. Ojeda, Alonzo de, a Spanish cavalier who accompanied Colum- bus on his second voyage. He made also several other voyages, and in 1510, settled the isthmus of Darien. He was noted for his daring and heroic courage, his many and remarkable adventures, and, not least, his fervent piety. At length, worn out by labors and misfortunes, he expired at St. Domingo. One historian says that he became a monk in the monastery of St. Francis, where he died. Certain it is, that with his last breath, he entreated that his body might be buried at the portal of that monastery, in humble expiation of his past pride, " that every me who entered might tread upon his grave." Olnias, Father Andrew de, a Spanish Franciscan who came ;o America, in 1528, with Bishop Zumarraga. He soon became complete master of several Indian languages, and in the same year wrote several works, chiefly spiritual. In 1544, he penetrated into Texas and there converted so many Indians, that he formed a deduction, or civilized and Christian Indian village. He closed a life of arduous labor and eminent sanctity, in 1571. Raleigli, Sir Walter (1552-1618), is famous as a courtier, ad- venturer, and writer. He was born in Devonshire, studied at Oxford, 53 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. and served as a volunteer in France and the Netherlands, for several years. In 1581, he was made governor of Cork ; and during his term of oflace he permitted the cold-blooded massacre of the garrison of Smer- wicko From the year 1589, he rose rapidly in the favor of the queen, was knighted, and appointed to various high and lucrative offices. Having received letters-patent empowering him to colonize unoc- cupied territories in North America, he made several unsuccessful attempts at colonization. Under James I. he was charged with con- spiracy, and he was imprisoned from 1604 to 1616. During his captivity he composed his celebrated " History of the World." Being released on condition that he should open a gold mine in Guiana, he attempted to accomplish this feat, but was again unsuccessful. The old charge being a second time revived, he was executed (1618). Ribaut, a French navigator born at Dieppe. In 1563, being sent by Coligni to Florida in command of two vessels, he built a fort near the present site of Beaufort. Soon after, having left twenty-six colonists to keep possession of the country, he returned to Prance for supplies. The colonists, however, were soon reduced almost to starva- tion, and the few survivors having set sail for their native country, were picked up by an English ship. A second colony, sent out under Laudonniere in 1564, was also on the point of sailing for France, when Ribaut returned with supplies. Scarcely, however, had he cast anchor, when Melendez appeared at the head of a considerable Span- ish fleet. After various encounters, Ribaut and the greater number of his men were put to death. Roger, Father John, a Spanish Jesuit, companion of Father Martinez on the Florida mission. He labored first among the Creeks, and then spent some time in Havana, to inaugurate a school for the edu- cation of Indian children from Florida. Later, he returned to Florida, and having penetrated into the interior, labored with untiring energy, but with little success, among the native tribes. He accompanied Melendez on the expedition in search of the murderers of Father Segura. Eight having been captured. Father Roger anxiously endeav- ored to procure their pardon, as they had been led on and prompted by the perfidious Indian, Don Luis. Having failed in this, he pro- cured a respite, and had the happiness of converting and baptizing them before their execution. He died in Mexico, in 1581. Seg"ura, Father John Baptist, a Spanish Jesuit, who, with ten companions, soon after the death of Father Martinez, was chosen by Saint Francis Borgia for the Florida mission (1568). Having spent some time in Cuba, studying the language and manners of the natives, he, with several Jesuits, some Indian youths educated at Havana, and Don Luis, a converted Indian chief, proceeded towards the shores of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. - 53 Chesapeake Bay. This part of the country was at that time called Upper Florida. Here he intended to found a new mission far from Span- ish settlements, so that new converts might not be scandalized at the sight of Spanish vice. The Indian chief, however, proved false ; and after having toiled through a vast wilderness, and endured great hardships, the whole party, with the exception of an Indian boy, were massacred 11570). St. Francis Borgia, (1510-1573) Duke of Gandia, and third general of the Society of Jesus. He was grandson of the king of Naples, and was closely allied to all the sovereigns of Europe. Hav- ing completed his studies at Saragossa, he was sent by his father to the court of the Emperor Charles V. Here he led the life of a saint, fulfilling every duty with scrupulous fidelity. On the death of his father, he became Duke of Gandia, and, as such, filled many high ofl[ices in the state. He was one of the most honored at the court of Elizabeth of Spain ; and, on her death, was the grandee selected to attend the body to Granada. Here it became necessary for him, according to the custom of the realm, to ojDen the coffin to identify the body. The awful change a few days had wrought in her, one of the most powerful sovereigns of the time, showed him the true value of earthly great- ness, and he resolved to abandon the world, resigning all its dignities. In 1547, he entered the Society of Jesus ; and, in 1565, was chosen general of the order. He was much interested in the American missions, and sent, as we have seen, many excellent laborers to that field. He was noted for his humility, mortification, and ardent zeal, as well as for his practical wisdom. He died at Rome in 1572, and was canon- ized by Clement XI. in 1716. St. Pius V. (1504-1572) was born of a noble family at Bologna. He pursued his studies under the care of the Dominicans, and at the age of fifteen entered that order. Having, at the canonical age, been ordained priest, he taught philosophy and theology in Northern Italy for many years. In 1556, he was raised to the episcopal dignity, and one year later, to the cardinalate. Finally, in 1565, he became Supreme Pontiff. He was distinguished for his firmness, humility, piety and charity, as well as for his remarkable intellect. In 1569, he addressed a brief to Melendez in behalf of the Florida missions ; and in 1570, he wrote to the imprisoned Mary Stuart, consoling her in her captivity, and exhorting her to new constancy and devotion to her religion. He also extended his assistance to the Knights of Malta in their pro- tracted struggle against the Turks ; and during his pontificate, was fought the famous battle of Lepanto (1571). St. Pius V. died in the sixty-ninth year of his age, and one century later was beatified hy 54 EXCELSIOR HlSTORYc Clement X. He was canonized in 1712, and is classed among the greatest and best of the successors of St. Peter. Verrazani, John (1485-1527), a native of Florence. At an early age he went to France, where he found employment as a navigator. In 1524, he commanded an expedition sent out by Francis I. of France, and explored the Atlantic coast from Maine to North Carolina. The magnificent harbor of New York especially attracted his attention. He embarked also on a subsequent expedition, from which he never jreturned. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW^. SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1500. — Columbus in chains. 1500. — Cortereal explored the Atlantic coast. 1502. — Las Casas came to America. Fourth Voyage of Columbus 1504.— Isabella died, (Nov. 26th). 1506. — Columbus died, (Ascension Day, Mi^j 20th). 1510. — Ojeda settled Darien. 1512. — De Leon discovered Florida. 1513. — Balboa discovered the Pacific. 1517. — Cordova explored the north coast of Yucatan. 1518. — Grijalva explored the south coast of Mexico. 1520. — Magellan's voyage. 1521. — Cortez conquered Mexico. 1524. — Verrazani explored the coast of North America. 1528. — Expedition of Narvaez. Bishop Juarez and his compan tons perished. 1534. — Cartier discovered the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 1539. — Father Mark penetrated into New Mexico. 1540. — Coronada penetrated into New Mexico. 1541. — De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 1544. — Father Olmas founded a mission in Texas. 1549. — Fathers Cancer and Tolosa martyred in Florida. 1559. — Tristan de Luna attempted a settlement in Alabama. 1562. — The Huguenots under Ribault attempted a settlement in Florida. 1565.— St. Augustine founded, (Sept. 8th). 1566. — St. Francis Borgia sent Jesuit missionaries to Florida. Father Martinez martyred. 1569. — The Holy Father, Saint Pius V., issued a Brief concerning the Florida missions. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 55 1570.— Father Segura and companions martyred. 1573. — Franciscans in Florida. 1579. — Drake explored the coast of California. 1583. — Santa Fe founded; the Franciscans evangelize Ne\\ Mexico. 1583. — Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted a settlement in New foundland. 1584. — Sir Walter Raleigh received a grant of territory in the New World. Expedition under Amidas and Barlow. 1585 ) ^ ,-««■* > Unsuccessful attempts to settle Virginia. 1597. — Father De Corpa and companions martyred in Florida. CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY. 1500. — Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese. 1509. — Henry VIH. of England commenced his reign. 1515. — Francis I. of France commenced his reign. 1510.— Charles I. of Spain (Charles V. of Germany) commenced his eign. 1517. — Martin Luther apostatized. 15529. — Lutherans first called Protestants at Spire. 1534. — England separated from the See of Rome. 1534. — Order of the Jesuits founded. 1543. — Co pern lean system introduced. 1545. — The Council of Trent opened. 1571. — Battle of Lepanto. 1572. — Massacre of St. Bartholomew's day. 1587. — Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. CONTEMPORARY POPES. Pius ra. (reign 1503-1503); Julius II. (1503-1513); Leo X. (1513^ 1522); Adrian VI. (1522-1523); Clement VII. (1523-1534); Paul III (1534-1550) ; Julius III. (1550-1555) ; Marcellus II. (1555-1555) ; Paul IV. (1555-1559); Pius IV. (1559-1566); St. Pius V. (1566-1572); Gregory XIIL (1572-1585) ; Sixtus V. (1585-1590) ; Urban VII. (1590-1590); Gregory XIV. (1590-1591); Innocent IX. (1591-1593); Clement VIII '1592-1605). GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. 2. (1.) Albemarle Sound is situated in the northeast part of North Carolina, and extends from tlie Atlantic westward about 00 miles. (2.) Andes Mountains, a range of mountains of such vast extent as to render it one of the most remarkable physical features of the globe. It commences at Cape Horn and extends, nearly parallel to the Pacific coast, throughout the entire length of South America to 'the isthmus of Panama, a distance of about 4500 miles. From this point, the range continues, and, under different names, traverses the whole North American continent from South to North, terminating in Barrow Point on the Arctic Ocean. Its total length is about 9000 miles. (3. ) Chesapeake, the largest bay in the United States. It enters Virginia between Capes Charles and Henry, and extends into Maryland. It receives the waters of several fine rivers and affords vast advantages for navigation. (4.) Chiapa, a town of Mexico on the Tobacco River, 20 miles northwest of Ciudad Real. (5.) Croatan, an island in Chesapeake Bay. Here lived Manteo, an Indian chief friendly to the whites, who, by order of Raleigh, was created ''Lord of Roanoke." (6.) I>arien (or Panama), Isthmus of, a neck of land joining North and South America. As one of the routes of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it is of considerable impor- tance. From a mountain-top on this Isthmus, Balboa first saw the Pacific. (7.) Gaspe Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (8.) Jamaica, one of the West India Islands, about 90 miles south of Cuba. It was originally colonized by the Spaniards in 1503, and remained subject to the Spanish crown until 1655, in which year it was taken by an English fleet. Since then, it has remained a British pos- session. (9.) Magellan Strait separates the continent of South America from the island of Terra del Fuego. It is upwards of 300 miles long, and is of difficult navigation. (10.) Mexico, formerly called New Spain, extends, in a gradually contracting manner, from the frontier of the United States on the north, to the narrow tract of Central America on the south, the Pacific EXCELSIOR HISTORYc 57 Ocean bounding it on the west, and the great Mexican Gulf on the ■ east. It was conquered bj Cortex in 1521, and remained a possession of Spain until 1810, when it became independent. It is by nature one of the most beautiful and productive regions of the globe. (11.) Mississippi Kiver, the most important river of North America, and with the Missouri, its principal branch, the longest in the p7orld. It rises in Minnesota, and flowing in a generally southerly course, flows into the Gulf of ^Mexico. (12.) Montreal, a city of British America, situated on the south side of the island of Montreal, in the St. Lawrence River. It was founded in 1G40 under the name of Ville Marie, on the site of the Indian village of Hochelaga. (13.) Newfoundland, an island of large size, lies on the east side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and closely approaches the coast of Labra- dor at its north extremity. It is noted for its fisheries, more cod being taken on its banks and near the adjacent shores, tban on any other part of the globe. (14.) New Mexico, a territory in the southwestern part of the United States, crossed by various parallel ranges of the Rocky Moun- tains. From the elevation of its surface, it has a temperate climate. Gold, silver, and copper are abundant ; but the mines have not been developed to any extent. (15.) Newport, a port of entry of the State of Rhode Island. It is situated on the west shore of th - islan . of Rhode Island, about five miles from the ocean. Its harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coast ; and its fine sea-air and varied scenery have rendered it one of the most celebrated watering-places in New England. (16.) Nova Scotia, a long narrow peninsula connected with New Brunswick by an isthmus only 15 miles wide. (17.) Pamlico Sound, a shallow body of water on the east coast of North Carolina. It communicates with Albemarle Sound on the north, and receives the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers at its west extremity. (18.) Plymouth, a seaport town and naval station, at the head of Plymouth Sound, on the southwestern coast of England. The entrance into the sound is guided by the celebrated Eddystone light-house, which stands on a large cluster of rocks in the channol. (19.) Quebec, situated on the left bank of the River St. Lavn-ence, is the most strongly fortified city in America and the oldest in Canada. (20.) Rio Grande, an important river of North America. It rises in Colorado, flows in a generally .southeasterly direction, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. 58 GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. (21.) San Francisco, the most commercial city of California, and the queen city of tlie far west, is situated on the west shore of San Francisco Bay. (23.) San Francisco Bay, a magnificent land-locked harbor in which the combined navies of Europe and. America might move, is situated on the Pacific coast of the United States, in the State of Cali fornia. The entrance to the bay is called the " Golden Gate." (23.) Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. It stands on a plateau elevated about 7,000 feet above the sea, and is a short distance from the base of a snow-capped mountain which rises 5,000 feet above the level of the city. (24.) St. Aug'UStine, a city of Florida, and the oldest in the United States, is situated 200 miles southeast of Tallahassee. The mildness of the climate and the refreshing breezes from the sea, render this a famous winter residence for invalids. (25.) St. John's R/iver, Florida. It has its source in a marshy tract in the central part of the peninsula. The country through which it passes consists chiefly of pine barrens and cypress swamps. (26.) St. Lawrence River, the principal river of Canada, and the outlet of the great lakes. (27.) St. Lawrence Gnlf, a large inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, in North America. It is surrounded by Canada East, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Newfoundland. It contains Anticosti, Prince Edward, the Magdalen and many other islands. (28.) St. Malo, a fortified seaport of France, on the English chan- nel. It is situated on a peninsula connected by a causeway with the mainland, and is defended by strong walls and a castle. It was the birthplace of Cartier, also of Chateaubriand. (29.) Tampa Bay, (formerly Espiritu Santo Bay), is situated on the west side of the peninsula of Florida, and opens into the Gulf of Mexico. It is about 40 miles long, and forms a good harbor for large (30.) Valladolid, a city of Spain on the left bank of the Pisuerga River. In the fifteenth century, it was considered the finest town in Castile ; but on the removal of the court to Madrid, it began to decline. (81.) Yncatan, a peninsula, bounded on the east by the Caribbean Sea ; northeast by the Channel of Yucatan ; north and west by the Gulf of Mexico, The ruins of numerous towns and villages, which have excited much antiquarian research, are found in different parts of the country. Many of them display great architectural skill, and exhibit in their ornaments a tolerably advanced state of art. GofUnilU UtBbtv^Jk&VnM,t < Part ofiheZargeJ^ap enlarged TO ILLUSTRATE COLONIAL WARS SECTION III. A.D. 1600 TO A.D. 1700. STUDY NO. 1. VIRGINIA. 1. Bartholomew Gosnold's Voyage. — ^Not dis- couraged by previous failures, the English still clung to the idea of colonizing Virginia. Accordingly, in 1602, Bar- tholomew Gosnold attempted a set- tlement on Cuttyhunk Island,'* in Buzzard's Bay,^ Massachusetts. After a few weeks, however, the colonists returned to England. They loaded their vessels wdth sassafras-root, then much valued as a medicine ; furs gathered by traffic with the Indians ; cedar-wood, and other products. During his stay, Gosnold had explored the coast from Boston to Newport; and had given its name to Cape Cod,^ because of the great numbers of codfish seen near its shores. 2. Martin Print's Voyage. — The next year another voyage was undertaken by Martin Pring, a friend of Ealeigh and Gosnold. He also returned laden with furs and sassafras. The favorable reports of these voyages brought about the formation of the Plymouth and the London Company, under whose auspices explorations and settlements were to be made. * These fij^res refer to the Geographical Table at the close of section. SEAL OF VTBGINIA. 60 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 3. Jamestown Settled. — Several expeditions sent out by the Plymouth Company failed; but, in 1606, the London Company despatched to the New World three small vessels under the command of Cap- tain Christopher Newport, and bearing one hun- d r e d and five emigrants or colo- nists. A severe storm carried them beyond the former settlement of Ealeigh ; and they entered the magnificent bay,^ over whose waters Father Segura and his compan- ions had sailed thirty years before. The Capes at its entrance, they named Charles^ and Henry,i in honor of the sons of James I. ; and their first settlement they called Jamestown,^ in honor of the king. This was the third permanent settle- ment made in the United States by Europeans, and the first by Englishmen. 4. Character of the Colonists.— Among the col- onists there were but few mechanics, and only twelve laborers. The greater number were useless gentlemen and pardoned criminals, people wholly unsuited to the founda- tion of a settlement. They refused to work, and before autumn half their number had perished. 5. The First Charter. — Under the first charter, the JAMESTOWN AND VICINITY. VIRGIi^^IA. 61 colony was governed by two councils ; one resident in Eng- land, the other in the colony. Although Wingfield was appointed president. Smith was in reality the most able man among them ; and to him, they were frequently obliged to turn for advice. At length, Wingfield was deposed for mis- conduct, and Smith was chosen to succeed him. O. John Smith. — Smith now became the master-spirit and preserver of the colony, and is justly styled ^'The Father of Virgi:n'IA." He maintained discipline, caused the erection of houses and suitable defences, and endeavored to induce the idle gentlemen to work. Smith, at different times, made expeditions along the coast, as far north as Maine. He visited the Isles of Shoals in New Hampshire, SMITH SHOWING HIS COMPASS TO THE INDIANS. which were formerly called " SmitWs Isles,'' and on which a monument is now erected to his memory. He, also, first gave the name of New Eni^laiid to that part of the countiy. 62 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. He, moreover, made many journeys into the interior. During one of these, being surprised by a party of Indians, he was severely wounded. However, seizing one of his Indian guides, he bound him to his left arm as a shield ; then, alternately firing and retreat- ing, he would probably have escaped had he not unexpectedly sunk into a swamp. He was now taken prisoner; but, not ai all daunted, he surprised and interested his captors by showing them a pocket compass, and telling them many things concerning the earth and stars. He was borne about as a curiosity, from tribe to tribe, over the peninsula since rendered famous by McClellan's campaign, and was finally brought before Powhattan, the chief, who was to decide his fate. Having been condemned to death, his head was already upon the block, when his life was saved througli the intercession of Pocahontas, the gentle daughter of Powhattan.* The Indian maiden continued ever after the firm friend of the colonists, and was often seen with her com- panions bringing baskets of corn to the garrison. 7. Smith, on his return from tliis expedition, found the colonists in a wretched condition. He had been absent but three weeks, yet their number was reduced to forty men. Some were about to leave the colony and become pirates, when Captain Newport arrived with supplies and emigrants. Unfortunately, the new comers were of the same stamp as the former. They would neither build nor plant, but pre- ferred to spend their time searching for gold. At length. Smith made a rule that* all able-bodied men should work, at least, SIX hours a day. " He that will not worJc,^^ said the President, "shall not eat.^^ f 8. The Starving Time.— In 1609, Smith being accidentally injured by an explosion of gunpowder, was obliged to return to England for surgical aid. His depart- ure was followed by a season of misery. The colonists, no longer controlled by an acknowledged authority, refused * This story is-doubted by many. t '•''When you send wjain,'''' wrote Smith about this time, '■' I entreat you rather send but thirty carpenters, hvubandmen, gardeners, ^fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, rind diggers of trep-ronti well provided, than a thmtsand such as we have." VIRGINIA. 63 to work, the Indians became hostile, the provisions were rapidly consumed, and the horrors of famine ensued. A band of thirty, having seized a ship, left the colony and became pirates. The winter of 1609-10 was long known as the Starving Time. Out of nearly five hundred left by Smith, only sixty were alive at the end of six months ; and these appeared more like spectres than living men. 9. At last, they determined to flee from the wretched place; and they had nearly reached the mouth of the James River, when they met a fleet coming to their aid. On board, was Lord Delaware, who had just been appointed governor for life. All returned to the homes they had deserted ; and from this period, the colony, prospered. Labor was exacted from all, new forts were erected as a defence against the Indians, and measures were taken to procure supplies. 10. Arg^all's Treachery. — In 1613, Pocahontas, the ever-faithful friend of the whites, was treacherously pur- chased from a tribe she had been visiting, by Argall, an infamous Virginia sea-captain. The price paid was a copper kettle. Argall expected to obtain from her father, Powhat- tan, a considerable quantity of corn and other articles as her ransom ; but the chief rejected with scorn the proposals of the pirate, and prepared for war. 11. Marriage of Pocahontas.— Just at this junc- ture, however, John Rolfe, a young Englishman, desired to make the Indian maiden his wife. Her father's consent was 3asily obtained ; Eolfe instructed her in the doctrines of Christianity ; she received baptism, and they were soon* after married. By this event, peace was once more cemented be- tween the Indians and the whites. 12. Her Death. — Three years later, Pocahontas, with her husband, sailed for England, where " the Lady ReheccaP 64 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. ^ — w POCAHONTAS. as she was called, was received with kindness and distinction. At court, she was treated with the ceremonious respect due to the daughter of a monarch. Shortly after, as she was preparing to return to the New World, at the early age of twenty-two, she fell a victim to the English climate. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe, who was educated by his uncle, and from whom are descended some of the leading families of Virginia. 13. Further Exploits of Argall.— A few months after the kidnapping of the gentle benefactress of the young colony at Jamestown, Argall sailed northward, and destroyed a French missionary settlement on Mount Desert Island, Maine. One of the missionaries, the Jesuit Brother Du Thet, was killed ; and several of the colonists, including one Jesuit, were turned adrift, in an open boat, to the mercy of the waves. Fathers Biard and Quenten, with twelve others, were borne captives to Virginia. Here the gov- ernor. Sir Thomas Dale (who had succeeded Delaware), was viRaiKiAe 66 inclined to hang them all. He relented, however, and the prisoners, having undergone a long captivity and many hardships, at length reached France. During the same year, (1613), Argall destroyed another French settlement at Port Eoyal, Nova Scotia. 14. Argall, Governor. — In 1617, Argall was made deputy governor ; and, while he continued in office, the con- dition of Virginia was intolerable. He defrauded the Com- pany and oppressed the colonists ; and martial law being in force, life itself was hardly secure in his hands. His mis- deeds, at length, brought about the appointment of a new governor; but before the arrival of the latter, Argall had withdrawn, taking with him his ill-gotten wealth (1619). Nevertheless, in 1623, he was knighted by King James I. 15. Tobacco. — The cultivation of tobacco commenced in 1615, and soon became the general pursuit. Even the streets of Jamestown were planted with it. As coin was scarce, it passed for currency, the money value of a pound of tobacco being fixed at about seventy-five cents. Taxes, salaries, and all private debts, were payable in tobacco. Even legacies were left by will, to be paid in the same plant. — The production of this staple greatly increased the demand for labor. — At first, ''apprenticed servants ^^ were sent over from England and tobacco. bound out to the planters for a term of years. Later, how ever, the work was performed by negroes. STUDY ISrO. 2. VIRGINIA— Continued. 1. The First Colonial Assembly.— After some years of tyranny and misrule under Argall, Virginia received for its governor, George Yeardly [i/ard'-ly] ; and from this period the real progress of the colony dates (1619). Within a few months after his appointment, a colonial assembly was convened. This was known as " The House of Burgesses" and constituted the first representative body ever hnoivn in America. It consisted of delegates from each of the eleven plantations, who met at Jamestown. 2. Slavery. — About this time (1620), a Dutch trading vessel from Africa, sailed up the James Kiver, and landed twenty negroes, who were sold as slaves to the planters. Thus was slavery introduced into the colonies. 3. Family Ties. — During the same year, were sent out to the colony, nearly one hundred virtuous girls, who soon found husbands able and willing to pay the expenses of their passage. Domestic ties were thus formed, and the colonists having homes, became Virgiyiians. 4. Indian Troubles. — Virginia now seemed on the high road to prosperity, when Opecancanough {p-pe-han- kan'-o),* who had succeeded his brother Powhattan, and had witnessed with sorrow the decline of his race, formed a plan for the extermination of the whites. Accordingly, on * It is related of Opecancanough that, a house having been built for him after the English fashion, he was so charmed with the lock and key. that he would lock and unlock the door a hundred times a day. VIRGINIA. 67 the 22d of March, 1622, the Indians suddenly attacked all the settlements on the James River; and in one hour, three hundred and forty-seven men, women and children were massacred. Jamestown was saved through the timely warn- ing of a friendly Indian. A war now ensued, in which the Indians were so severely punished that they remained quiet for twenty years. Then (1644) another massacre took place, which was followed by the total expulsion of the Indians from that region.* 5. Virg^iiiia a Royal Province. — In 1624, King James took away the charter, and Virginia became a royal province. It thus continued, with brief intermission, unti^ the Revolution. When the English civil war broke out (in 1642), Virginia remained true to the royal cause, and was hence called " The Old Dominion'^ f ■ 6. The IVavig-ation Acts.— In 1660, the English Parliament passed certain laws called the Navigation Acts. By these, the colonists were required to carry on all their commerce in English vessels, to ship all their tobacco to England, and to purchase all their goods in that country. These laws bore heavily on the Virginians, and proved a cause of great discontent. 7. Bacon's Rebellion.— About the year 1676,. an Indian war breaking out on the borders of Maryland, the Virginians armed themselves for defence, under the leader- ship of a young and patriotic lawyer named Nathaniel Bacon. Berkely, the governor, mistrusted Bacon and denounced him * We see here, and as our history progresses, shall often see again, that the gen- eral policy of the English with regard to the Indians, has been extermination. t When Charles II. came to the throne, he did not forget the loyalty of the Vir- gmians. He caused the arms of that province to be quartered with those of England, Ireland, Scotland, as an independent member of his empire. From this circumstance Virginia received the title of Old Dominion. Coins with these quarterings were struck as late as 1773. 68 EXCELSIOR HISTORY as a rebel. In the contest which ensued, (the- real cause of which was an ill-feeling between the people and the aristo- cratic party,) Berkely was driven out of Jamestown, and the village itself burned to the ground. In the midst of his success, Bacon died. 8. The insurgents were treated with the utmost severity by Berkely, twenty-two being hanged. The prin- cipal men were hunted down with most fero- BERKELY RECEIVXNG DBUMMOND. clous zeal. When William Drummond, one of these, was brought in, Berkely, bowing low, remarked ironically, " / am more glad to see you than any other man in Virginia. You shall he hanged in half an hoiir.^^ Drummond was condemned ai once, and hanged at four o'clock the same day. VIRGINIA. 69 Soon after this, Berkely was recalled to England, where he died in disgrace. He who, in his young manhood, had been noted as a prudent and able governor, had become, in his old age, an unwise and cruel oppressor. Jamestown was never rebuilt. At present no vestige of it remains, but the Grumbling, ivy-clad church tower, and a few monuments in the graveyard near it. 9 . White Slaves.— Much of the labor in Virginia was performed by con- victs and other exiles from the British Isles. Bancroft writes : " White servants came to be a usual article of traffic. They were sold in England, and in Vir- ginia were resold to the highest bidder." " In Ireland, the crowd- ed exportation of Irish Catholics was a frequent event, and was attended by aggravations hardly inferior to the African 5lave-trade." Father Thebaud, in his magnificent work, " The Irish Race," allud- ing to the wholesale transportation of that people, during the time of Cromwell, says : "Nearly all the British colonies then existing in America leceived their share of this emigration. Several ship-loads of the exiles were certainly sent to New Eng^land, at the very time that New Englanders were earnestly invited by the British government to ' come and plant Ireland* Virginia, too, paid probably with tobacco for the young men and maidens sent there as slaves." RUINS OP JAMESTOWN. 70 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 10. Manners. — The Virginians were social, hospitable, and not so constrained in their manners as the New Eng- land colonists. As there were but few books and little educa- tion in those early times, amusement was often sought Id horse-racing, fox-hunting, and other out-door sports. FIBLD-SPOftTS OP THE SOtTTH— rOX-HUNTING. 11. EcUication. — Education at first received but little attention. Berkely, in 1671, wrote : " / tlianh God there are no free schools nor printing ; and I hope we shall not have them these hwidred years.^^ However, in 1693, William and Mary's College was established. 12. Religion. — The established religion in Virginia was the Episcopalian. All had to contribute to its support; and attendance at its service was compulsory, a fine of twenty pounds being imposed upon all absentees. All Catholic priests were to be sent out of the colony within five days after their arrival. STUDY 1^0. 3. NEW ENGLAND. 1. Attempted Settlement in Maine. — The first settlement in New England was made during the summei of 1604, by the French under De Monts [mong] and Champlain [sham- pla?ie]. It was located on Boone Island* in the St. Croix [krwah] River, near the present site of Calais, Maine. Various buildings were erected, including a small chapel; and here they spent a severe winter. During the fall, Champlain ex- plored the coast of Maine, visited and named Mt. Desert Island, and entered the mouth of the Penobscot River. 2. Explorations.— On the arrival of spring, (1605) De Monts determined to look for a more favorable site for his colony; and with him, Champlain again sailed along the New England shores, "landing daily, holding conference with the Indians, giving and receiving gifts," until they * "In 1783, the River St. Croix, by treaty, was made the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. But which was the true St. Croix? In 1798, the point was settled. De Monts Island was found ; and, painfully searching among the sand, the sedge, and the matted whortleberry bushes, the commissioners could trace the foundations or buildings long crumbled into dust. For the wilderness had resumed its sway, and silence and solitude brooded once more over this ancient resting-place of civilization."— Par'A;man. 72 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY. had passed Capes Cod and Malabar.* On the latter point, Champlain erected a cross, and took possession in the name of his royal master. Here provisions faihng, they returned to St. Croix. 3. Acadia, — Having seen no spot suitable for the location of a settlement, they transferred the St. Croix Colony to Port Koyal (now Annapolis) on the opposite shore of the Bay of Fundy. The entire region, they called Acadia. This, as claimed by the French, embraced Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 4. Saint Saviour's, Maine. — In 1612, another French missionary settlement was founded on Mt. Desert Island. The colonists numbered about forty, including four Jesuits. Buildings had been erected, laborers had commenced to till the ground, and Father Biard had visited and made a favorable impression upon the neighboring Indians,! when the colony was suddenly cut down. 5. Saint Saviour's a Ruin, — Argall, (in Virginian annals famous for tyranny and craft,) appeared off the coast * " Champlain, who, we are told, delighted marvellously in these enterprises, busied himself, after his wont, with taking observations, sketching, making charts, and exploring with an insatiable avidity the wonders of the land and the sea. Of the latter, the horse-shoe crab awakened his especial curiosity, and he describes it at length with an amusing accuracy. " With equal truth he paints the Indians, whose round, mat-covered lodges they could see at times thickly strewn along the shores, and who, from bays, inlets, and sheltering islands, came out to meet them in canoes of bark or wood. * They were an agricultural race. Patches of corn, beans, tobacco, squashes, and esculent roots lay near all their wigwams. Clearly, they were in greater number than when, fifteen years afterwards, the Puritans made their lodgment at Plymouth, since, happily for the latter, a pestilence had then more than decimated this fierce population of the woods.''''— Parkman. t While the workmen were employed at the buildings. Father Biard had crossed to the mainland, and hearing plaintive cries in the distance, he penetrated still further. Presently, he beheld a number of Indians uttering the deepest lamenta- tions, and in the centre a stalwart brave, apparently a chief, holding in his arms a dying infant. Having approached nearer, the good father endeavored to offer words of consolation. Then, touched with compassion, he baptized the babe, and knowing the good impression its recovery would make, he besought God to heal the child. His prayer was answered and the whole tribe was jubilant. Thus was the first sacra ment administered in the present State of Maine. NEW ENGLAND. 73 in an armed ship, attacked the settlement, and killed several of the colonists, among the number Du Thet, a Jesuit lay brother. To prevent further bloodshed, the French now sur- rendered. Argall having treacherously seized the papers of the commander, turned some of the colonists adrift in an open boat, to make their way as best they might to Port Eoyal. The rest, including three Jesuits, he carried with him to Virginia. Thus did the English put an end to the first mission in the present diocese of Portland. {See page 64.) 6. Arrival of the Puritans. — Seven years after the destruction of St. Saviour's, on a stormy day in fall (1620), an English vessel, the Mayfloiuey^ cast 'inchor in the vicinity of Cape Cod. It bore a band of English Puritans who, fleeing from religious persecu- tion in their own country, sought to settle in the New World. Having explored the coast for some time, seal op massachtjsetts. they finally determined to land at Plymouth^ as it was called on Smith's chart. The rock on which they first stepped ashore IS still held in veneration by the people of New England. 7. Their First Wiii- PLYMOUTH ROCK. ter. Owlug to the severity of the season their sufferings were intense, and before spring 74 EXCELSIOR HISTORY GR'ETETmG OF THE INDIANS TO THE PLYMOTTTH SETTLERS. half their number, including Governor Carver, had perished. Wm. Bradford was elected the second Governor. For several years, they suffered much from famine. At one time their provisions were reduced to a pint of corn, which, being dis- tributed, gave to* each individual only about five kernels. At another, they were saved from famishing, only by the kindness of fishermen off the coast. 8. The Indians. — Fortunately, the Indians among whom they found themselves proved friendly. Early in the spring of 1621, they were visited by Massasoit [mas-sas' o-it], the chief of the Wampanoags [wom-pa-no ags\, who made with them a treaty of peace and alliance. This was sacredly kept for more than half a century. Canonicus, the chief of 5i tribe at variance with the Wampanoags, once sent to NEW ENGLAND. 76 Governor Bradford, a bundle of arrows wrapped up in the skin of a rattlesnake. This was in token of hostility. The Governor returned the skin filled with powder and .shot ; and the chief, understanding the significant hint, molested them no more. 9. Prog^ress of the Colony. — The progress of the colony was slow. At the end of ten years, it numbered only three hundred individuals ; still, it led to the foundation of other and larger settlements in New England. 10. The Massachusetts Bay Colony.— In 1629, a party of Puiitans under John Endicott, settled at Salem, and commenced the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Others followed and settled at Charlestown. Finally, in the summer of 1630, fifteen hundred Puritans ar- rived, with John Winthrop as Governor. They founded Dor- chester, Cambridge, Lynn, Rox- bury, Boston, and other places. 11. Religious Intolerance.— Though the Puritans had been the victims of religious persecution in the Old World, — in the New, they themselves proved equally intoler- ant. They established odious religious tests, and persecuted or banished all those who ventured to worship God in a manner different from their own. 12. Roger Williams. — In consequence of this state of things, Roger Williams, a young minister who favored the opinions of the Baptists, was banished from the colony (1635). Men were sent to arrest him and put him on board a vessel bound for England ; but he was fore-warned in time GOVERNOR WINTHROP. 76 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. to escape. For more than three months, in the depth Ox a New England winter, he wandered through the wilder- ness. At length he was kindly re- ceived by the friendly Massasoit, and afterwards by Oanonicus. 13. Khode Island Set- tled. — In the following spring (1636), Williams bought from the natives, a tract of land on Narra- gansett Bay ; and here he com- menced a settlement which, in gratitude for his preservation, he named Providence. Thus was laid the foundation ^^^^- of Rhode Is- land. In 1638, party from BOOEB •WTTJJATff ROGER WILLIAMS RECEIVED BY CANONICUS. Massachusetts on account of religion, settled Portsmouth on the Island of Rhode Island ; and in 1639, a portion of these NEW ENGLAND. 77 SEAl, OP RHODE ISLAND. founded Newport. For some years the colony of Providence remained a pure democracy, transacting its public business in town meetings; but, in 1643, Williams went to England and pro- cured for it a Charter which united the settlements into one Colony. 14. Mrs. Hvitchinson. — During the same year, (1636), a woman named Anne Hutchinson created much excitement by her religious doctrines. She instituted meetings of her own sex to discuss religious matters, — claimed to have received private revela- tions from Heaven, and denounced the authority of the clergy. Among her followers were Vane, Cotton, Wheel- wright, and the whole Boston Church except five members. Being summoned before the general court, after a trial of two days, she and some of her adherents were sentenced to banishment. The remainder were deprived of arms, lest they might, upo7i some revelation, make a sudden insurrection. 15. Mrs. Hutchinson, for a time, joined the colony of Koger Williams. She still continued to preach, and indeed became so popular that, by some of the people of Massa- chusetts, she was suspected of luitchcraft. Later, she and her family removed to New York, near the site of the present New Rochelle, and here she perished during an Indian insur- rection.* Wheelwright and some others proceeded to New Hampshire, and founded Exeter. * All the members of her family excepting a grand-danghter about eight years o< age, were murdered. Her house and barns were burned, her cattle butchered, and the little girl taken captive. The captor, a younir Indian brave, spared the child's life, and treated her kindly. Four years later, in accordance with the terms of a treaty, she was delivered to the Dutch governor at New Amsterdam, to be sent to her friends at Boston. She had then forgotten her own language, and was anxious to remain with her Indian friends. 78 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 16. New Hampshire Founded. — The first settle- ments in New Hampshire were made at Portsmouth and Dover, in 1623, by a party in the service of Gorges [gor-jez] and Mason, the proprietors. In 1629, Gorges and Mason dissolved partnership, and Mason then obtained a new grant for the territory between the Merrimack and the Piscataqua. This he named New Hampshire, from Portsmouth, Hamp- shire, England, of which place he had been governor. About the year 1641, owing to various Indian and other troubles, the people of New Hampshire put themselves under the protection of Massachusetts. Affairs remained thus until 1680, when New Hampshire was made a separate royal pro- vince. In 1690, they were again united, but a final separa- tion took place in 1741. 17. Quakers Persecvited. — Twenty years after the banishment of Mrs. Hutchinson a number of Quakers* having found their way into Massachusetts, severe laws were passed against them (1656). Those who entered the colony were condemned to lose their ears, to be branded on the shoulder, to have their tongues bored with red-hot irons, and, on a second offence, to be hanged. Four were exe- cuted; but, soon after, a milder penalty was substituted. • 18. In 1643, a Union of the Colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, and Connecticut, was formed, under the title of the United Colonies of New Eng- land. Their object was mutual protection ; and the union lasted forty years-. * The Quakers or Friends are a religious sect founded in England, by George Fox, about the middle of the 17th century. They disavow all ceremonies, have no liturgy, no stated form of prayer, no regular preaching, and, of course, no Sacraments. —At their meetings, all remain in silence until some one feels moved to address the audience.— It is said that, at one period, a whole year elapsed^ and yet no one spoke. —They profess to believe in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity as professed by Protestants generally. In the United States, where they now number about 100,000, a rupture in the society occurred about ^^^e year 1827. They were subsequently divided into Orthodox and HicksUes NEWENGLAND. 79 19, Jesuits in Maine. — In the early part of the century, the French Jesuits had commenced and firmly established their missions in Canada. Subsequently, at various times, the Abnaki of Maine (among whom the St. Saviour Mission had been projected in 1613) visited the Christian Indian settlement near Quebec, and not a few- became converts. These now persuaded their clansmen to ask for a Black-gown.* In response to this appeal, in 1646, — the same year in which Father Jogues was sent to the Mohawk, — Father Druillettesf [drtvee-yet] was chosen to commence a mission on the Kennebec. (See p. 98.) 20, Through his labors and those of the Fathers who succeeded him, the conversion of the whole tribe was effected. They proved fervent Christians; and, on all occasions, acted as brave and faithful allies of France. Dur- ing our revolution, they fought on the American side under their noble chief Orono. Even to this day, the remnants of this powerful tribe who still occupy several villages in Canada and Maine, are all Catholics, as, during the two preceding centuries, their forefathers were. * The name by which the Jesuit missionaries were Imown to the Indians. t In 1650, Father Druillettes was sent by the Canadian government to effect a negotiation with the New Englanders. Notwithstanding the existing laws against Jesuits, he was hospitably received by the Governors at Plymouth, Boston, and other ])Iaces. In this, however, we must remark, they regarded him rather as a national 3nvoy, than as a Catholic priest STUDY NO. 4. NE^V ENGLAND— Continued. 1. King Philip's War.— In 1675, an Indian Wai broke out, known as King Philip's. On the death of the ever-friendly Massasoit, the chieftainship de- volved upon his son Alexander, who was soon after put to death by the whites. King Philip, the second son of Massasoit, pierced with grief, resolved to avenge this and other wrongs of his nation. Before his plans were matured, however, he was, on mere suspicion, summoned before a Puritan tribunal. At Ghis indignity to their chief, the anger of the tribe broke forth, and they speedily murdered the Indian informer who had be- trayed him. The murderers were seized in turn, by the whites and hanged ; the Indians again retaliated, and thus the war began. The contest, which lasted for more than a KING PHILIP. l^fEW EKGLAKD. 81 year, was noted for great cruelties on both sides,* and at its close, the Wampanoags were almost exterminated. 2. The Swamp Figiit.— The principal battle, known ae^ the Swamp FigJit, took place in an almost inaccessible swamp in South Kingston, E. L After a desperate struggle, the Indians were defeated, and their wigwams, filled with winter stores, were burned to ashes. Philip was now left almost alone. Hunted from place to place, he was at length shot by a faithless Indian NARRAGANSETT SWAMP. (Aug. 1676). His head was out off by Captain Church and sent to Plymouth, where it was hung on the palisades of the town. Philip's son, a boy nine years of age, the only heir to his father's dignity, was sold into slavery, to wear out his life under the burning sun of Bermuda. Thus perished the family of Massasoit. 3. The Narragansetts had made with the colonists a treaty of neutrality, and had promised to deliver up hostile Indians ; they, nevertheless, gave shelter to such of the fugi- tive Wampanoags as had escaped destruction. In conse- quence of this, a party of New Englanders, headed by Cap= tain Win slow, entered the territory of the Narragan setts and devastated all before them. Their wigwams were burned, and their aged men, their women and their children perished by hundreds in the fire. * Captain Church was the most noted man on the English side ; and, if his own account is to be believed, he committed the most t^avage brutalities and cruelties on the poor Indians. From June to October 1676, this gallant Captain slaughtered i'vom 700 to 1000 Indians, while most of those who were taken prisoners were sold iato bondage. 82 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 4. " Then indeed/' says Bancroft. '* was the cup of misery full for these red men. Without shelter and without food, they hid themselves in a cedar swamp, with no defence against the cold but boughs of evergreen trees. They prowled the forest and pawed up the snow, to gather nuts and acorns ; they dug the earth for ground nuts ; they ate remnants of horse-flesh as a luxury ; they sank down from feebleness and want of food." — After this, of the once pros- perous Narragansetts scarcely one hundred men remained. — Thus did England pursue her policy of extermination.* 5. The Charter Abolished. — The Navigation Acts which bore so heavily on Virginia, crippled also the trade of the New England colonists; but the latter evaded the laws as much as they could. In consequence of this, their charter was abolished by James II., who sent out Edmund Andros as Governor. Six years later King William gave to Massa- chusetts a new charter, by which toleration was granted to all Christians except Roman Catholics. 6. Salem Witchcraft Delusion (1692).— Toward the close of the century a remarkable delusion known as the Salem Witchcraft, created great excitement in Massachusetts. The idea originated in the house of Mr. Parris, a Puritan minister at Salem, whose children were supposed to be the victims of the spells of a witch. The mania spread like wild-fire. Numbers of innocent persons, generally the crazyy the afflicted, the aged, or the homely, were accused and cast into prison. Even the wife of the Governor, Lady Phipps. did not escape the accusation. 7. The delusion in its greatest violence lasted about six months, but was not fully allayed till the end of the year. — * Several hundred Abnakis of Maine, were treacherously seized and sold into slavery by Captain Waldron ; but he suffered dire revenge during King William's War. (See page 69.) NEWENGLAND. 83 During this " reign of terror " twenty persons were lianged, fifty-five tortured, and one hundred and fifty imprisoned. All mutual confidence was suspended and the noblest sentiments of human nature forgotten. Members of the same family sometimes became the accusers of one another, one man being executed on the testimony of his wife and daughters; while rapacity, malice, or revenge often impelled persons to accuse the innocent. 8. This extraordinary episode in the history of Massa- chusetts astonished the civilized world, and made a most unfavorable impression on the neighboring Indians. The latter could not but contrast a religion which permitted such cruel fanaticism, and whose ministers had acted so prominent a part in the fearful tragedy, with that of the mild, devoted and self-sacrificing Jesuit missionaries of Maine and the frontier. — Henceforth the Indians attached them- selves to the French. When, a few years later, Governor Phipps visited the tribes at Bristol Bay, Maine, to secure their alliance, they steadily refused, saying: "The French have driven witchcraft from among us and we do not care to associate with those who cherish it. 9. Character of the Colonists.— The Puritans were industrious, sober, enterprising, and religious in their own way; but they were also narrow-minded, exclusive, and short-sighted in character, cruel to the Indians, and bigoted md persecuting toward all creeds except their own. " Sel- dom," says Parkman, "has religious tyranny assumed a form more oppressive than among the Puritan exiles. New England Protestantism appealed to liberty and then closed the door against her. Their attention, however, was early turned to the subject of education. Harvard College was founded in 1637, and two years afterwards a printing-press was set up. 84 ^X0ELS:.C'B"'EJL^f05&l-. THE STOCKS. 10. Manners. — Their religious ideas being severe and gloomy, the manners of the colonists naturally partook of the same cast. Amusements were prohibited, and gayety was deemed sinful. In the first year of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Endicott broke up a settlement at Merrymount near Boston, because the people there led gayer and idler lives than the Puritans approved. Among other misdemeanors^ they had erected a May-pole.— No one under twenty wai allowed to use tobacco; those over that age could smoke once a day, but only at a distance of ten miles from any dwelling. 11. Private mor- als were carefully watched by the au- thorities of church and state. For shoot- ing fow'l on Sunday, a man was whipped. The swearer was usually made to stand in a public place with his tongue in a cleft stick. Sometimes he was fined or set in the stocks, or impris- oned, — and in some instances even his tongue was A SCOLD 6A.GGED. bored NEW EKGLAiq-B. 85 through with a hot iron. The unhappy housewife whose temper got the better of her wisdom, was not overlooked. Scolds were gagged and obliged to stand at their doors at certain hours, that passers-by might see their disgrace. Those who remained outside of the meeting-house on Sun- days were admonished by the constables, and on a second offence, they were set in the stocks. Such was the severe spirit of the laws at that time. 13. The houses of the first settlers were simply log cabins, with an immense chimney built externally at the side. The chinks between the logs were " daubed," as the term was, with a mortar of clay and straw. After about tliirty years, a better class of dwellings began to be more common. They were usually made of heavy oak frames, put together in the most solid manner, and made secure at night by massive wooden bars. The foundations of the large old stone chimneys were about twelve feet square. Forest logs, four feet in length, were piled upon the ponderous andirons, and on occasions, a big " back log" was drawn into the house by a horse, and rolled into the fireplace with hand- spikes. "Blazing hearth-stones" then had a literal meaning wholly unknown in our day. 13. Occupations.— Trade, agriculture, etc., were the main employments of the people. Money was scarce, and trade was carried on chiefly by barter, a coat for a cow, or a barrel of sugar for a pile of boards. In 1635, bullets were given instead of farthings; but in 1652, a mint was set up, and for thirty years all the coins bore the same date. They are known as the pine-tree shillings, sixpences, etc., from the fact that they bore on one side the inscription "MassacJiu- sett.%'' with a pine-tree in the centre. All men from sixteen to sixty years of age were expected to prepare themselves to 86 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. bear arms; hence all were required to participate in the general drill. There does not appear to have been on these occasions any uniform dress, or any music except that of the drum. Military titles were much reverenced, for a long time that of " Captain " bemg the highest given. '^'^C^^^-"^^^'^^^^ TRAINING DAT IN THE OLDEN TnTE. 14. Religion. — The prescribed religion was Puritan- ism. No other was tolerated, not even any of the other Protestant sects. Roman Catholics and Quakers were held in special abhorrence ; and even after the laws agamst the latter had been abolished, those agamst the former remained in force. Jesuits were forbidden to enter the colony ; and, in case of a second transgression, the penalty was death. In their desire to avoid all observance of any Catholic Festivals, it was even deemed wrong -to eat mince-pie on Christmap day; and Endicott, in his zeal, cut the cross out of the British flag, because it seemed indicative of Catholicity. STUDY NO. 5. NEW ENGLAND,— Continued. Seax OP Connecticut. 1. Connecticut Explored by the Dutch. — The coast of Connecticut was first explored in 1614, by Adrian Block, a Dutch navigator. He was also the first European to sail through that dangerous whirlpool of the East River, called Hurlgate. Block Island in the Atlantic, south of the State of Rhode Island, still bears the name of the bold marinerl Other Dutch navigators afterwards sailed up the Connecticut River, and claimed its banks and the whole shore of Long Island Sound, as far as Cape Cod. In 1631, they bought of the Indian chief, Sassacus, the land on which Hartford now stands, and there built a trading-house. 2. Connecticut Settled by the English.— But the English also claimed the valley of the Connecticut, in virtue of a grant from their king ; and, in 1633, a party of traders from Plymouth built a fort at Windsor. Two years afterwards, the foundations of Hartford and Wethersfield were laid. These settlements were at first under the pro- tection of Massachusetts, and were called the Connecticut Colony. 3. The Pequod War.— Scarcely were the settlers established in their new home, when a war broke out with the Pequod Indians. About this time, a Massachusetts 88 EXCELSIOR HISTOKT. trading-vessel was captured, and the commander killed near Block Island, by the Indian allies of the Pequods, who had already shown signs of hostility. 4. The authorities of Massachusetts having determined to punish these misdeeds, Endicott led a force into Con- necticut, and burned two Pequod towns. On this, the natives flew to arms ; and, had it not been for the kind mediation of Roger Williams, the Narragansetts would have joined their brethren of the forest. He, at the risk of his life, went to the Indian council, and after a three days' struggle, prevailed upon the Narragansetts to side with the whites. 5. Although Massachusetts had involved the colonists in this war, she was too much occupied with the religious disputes of Mrs. Hutchinson, to lend immediate aid. Ac- cordingly, a party of Connecticut colonists, under Captain Mason, prepared to attack the Pequod stronghold on the Mystic River, near the present towns of Stonington and New London. They reached the fort at daybreak (June 4th, 1637), while the unsuspecting Indians, after a night of revel, were stilled wrapped in slumber. The barking of a dog aroused the sleeping sentinels, who speedily shouted, " Owa- nux! Oivcmux!" (the Englishmen); but it was too late. The troops were already within the palisades. 6. The Indians made a fierce resistance; but Captain Mason having seized a burning firebrand, hurled it among the wigwams, and in one hour seven hundred men, women and children, had perished in the flames. As Mason marched towards the coast, he encountered a second body of Pequods, under their chief Sassacus, who were also defeated. The next month, another force from Massachusetts entered the Pequod territory and captured or destroyed almost the NEW ENGLAiq^D. 89 entire remnant of the tribe. Sassacus fled to the Mohawks, but was there murdered, and his scalp was sent to Boston. The tribe was exterminated. At the close of the war, New Haven was founded by a* party of Puritans from England (1638). 7. The Charter Oak.— In 1662, Charles 11. granted to the Connecticut colonies a charter allowing them to elect their own governor and representatives. About twenty years later, this charter was annulled by James II. In 1687, Andros, who had been appointed royal governor of New Eng- land, went to the as- sembly at Hartford to seize the precious docu- ment. A protracted debate ensued ; and, dur- ing the excitement, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When they were re- lighted, the members were seated in perfect order, the char- ter was gone. Captain Wadsworth had seized it, escaped through the crowd, and hid it in the hollow of a tree famous ever after as tlie Charter Oah.^ Andros, however, put an end to the self-government of the colony, and ruled like a despot. At length his tyranny became unendurable, and he was de- posed. Then the Charter OaTc gave back its faded but valued treasure.! * This incident is denied by some. Contemporary documents seem to prove that no such event occurred ; that Andros really took possession of the original charter, and that a duplicate had been concealed some time previous. t " The Charter Oak'''' remained vigorous, bearing fruit each year, until a little after midnight in August, 1856, when it was prostrated by a storm of wind. It stood in a vacant lot on the south side of Charter street, a few rods from Main street, in the city of Hartford. THE CHARTER OAK. 90 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 8. Blue Laws of Connecticut. — Whether the name " Blue Laws " originated from the fact that the first printed edition thereof had blue covey^s, or that the laws themselves were deemed intrinsically blue is undecided. They were a harassing system of legislation which regulated Qot alone those matters which ordinarily come under the jurisdiction of the state, but even a man's religion, the very cut of his hair, the fashion of his dress, and the particular occasions on which a mother might kiss her chil5.* Twelve ofiences w^ere punishable by death ; and, for crimes not cap- ital, the rack, the stocks, the whipping-post, and the brand- ing-iron were frequently called into requisition. 9. Although the accounts of these lawsf may be some- what exaggerated, and although the statutes themselves have been modified or repealed, still the fact that they were once in force must forever remain a blot on the fame of !N"ew England. While in point of scourging, branding, banishing and hanging heretics and witches, Massachusetts takes the lead,^ — with regard to Blue Laios, Connecticut deserves the palm. * We subjoin the following specimen laws taken from Barber's Antiquities oj New Haven : "21. No one shall run on the Sabbath day, or walk in his garden, or elsewhere, except reverently to and from meeting." " 22. No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, sweep house, cut hair, or shave, on the Sabbath day." " 23. No woman shall kiss her chUd on the Sabbath or fasting day." "26. No one shall read Common Prayer, keep Christmas, or Saints' days, make mince pies, dance, play cards, or play on any instrument of music except the drum, '■-mmpet, or jewsharp." "44. Every male shall have his hair cut round according to a cap." The following is also found among the laws of Connecticut : " 10. No priest shall abide in this dominion ; he shall be banished and suffer death on his return. Priests may be seized by any one without a warrant." t Some have attempted to disprove the existence of these laws ; but the tes; 'mo- nies to their reality still stand. STUDY J^O. 6. THE EARLY JESUIT MISSIONARIES AT THE NORTH. 1. An Impressive Theme. — To the truly Christian mind, there is nothing more impressive, nothing more fas- cinating in the whole ranp^e of our country's \%\/l/i i^\&^ ? ^"^V^ - ~ ' ^^^^ '-^\ ' ill FATHER MARQtTETTE AMONG THE INDIANS. (Page 108.) the labors of the early missionaries on our soil. We have seen, in the. two preceding centuries, how amid the tropical 92 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. heats of the South, they braved danger, hardship, and even death in the cause of their Master. We have now to behold them amid the snows of the North ; and the heart that does not thrill at the history of a Breboeuf {hre-luf), a Jogues, or a Marquette {-het), must be hardened indeed. 2>. Explorations of the Missionaries. — It so happens, moreover, that the missionaries were the pioneers not alone of the Cross and of religion, but of discovery and exploration, of colonization and civilization. Of white men, they were the first to sail over our great rivers and great lakes, as well as the first to traverse our magnificent wood- lands. More than one, in his apostolic journeys, passed from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi and Texas, and returned by sea, thus making the circuit of what the entire United States were, as late as a century ago. Every great exploration was followed by a map and a memoir de- scribing the physical geography of the country. This of itself was invaluable. 3. Discoveries and Improvements made by the Missionaries. — They discovered the salt-springs of New York and the oil-springs of Pennsylvania ; drew atten- tion to the cotton-plant and mulberry-tree of the Mississippi Valley; introduced the sugar-cane from New Orleans, and wheat and the plough into the prairies ; and planted the peach in Illinois. They first made wine from the native grape, wax from the wild laurel, and incense from the gum- tree ; and were the first to work the copper-mines of Lake Superior. But these useful discoveries and improvements were only incidental, and dwindle into insignificance, when compared with their labors for the salvation of souls. 4. Franciscan Missionaries in Canada. — In the year 1608, Champlain, who had already made more than one MISSIONAKIES AT THE NOETH. 93 voyage to the New World, founded the city of Quebec. His first care, as soon as colonization commenced, was to provide missionaries for the many tribes whose friendship he had won. Accordingly, at his invitation, in 1615, three Franciscan priests, (RecoUets) and one lay brother, came tc Canada. One Father gave himself to the Hurons ; the others devoted themselves to the Algonquin and other tribes on the St. Lawrence. In 1625, at the entreaty of the Franciscans, three Jesuits, (one being Father Breboeuf [bre-buf]), came to their assistance. After this, the two orders labored con- jointly until 1629, when Quebec was taken by the Enghsh. The missionaries were then sent back to Europe. In the same year in which the Jesuits arrived, Father Viel [ve-eU], a Franciscan, through the treachery of an Indian guide, was drowned in the Rapids near Montreal. The spot has since been called Sault au RecoUet \sote-o-ray-col-ay'], or the Re- collects Rapid. 5. The Missions Resunied.--In 1633, on the res* toration of Canada to the French, and just one year before the settlement of Maryland, the Jesuits resumed the work already commenced. From this period, Quebec became the grand centre from which missionaries went forth to discovery, to spiritual conquest, or •to martyrdom. *'Not a cape was turned, or a river entered, but a Jesuit led the way.'* Among the first to arrive, were Fathers Breboeuf {bre-buf\ Davost, [dav-o\ and Daniel. The three priests almost immediately commenced a mission in the Huron country ; and there they erected a log-house which, being divided off, served both as dwelling and chapeL This edifice and its furniture were a source of never-ceasing wondei- to the Indians. A striking-clock possessed by the Fathers, in particular excited their admiration ; and for hours, they would sit in expectant silence, waiting to hear it strike. It was, they felt sure, some *»trange 94 IrXCELSIOR HISTORY animal from the East ; though how it lived without eating, was a subject long debated by the sages of the tribe. 6. Breboeiif. [Ire-huf]. — After years of toil and hardships of every kind, the labors of the missionaries were crowned with success, and ahnost the whole Huron nation embraced the Faith. Breboeuf, whom Parkman styles " the Ajax* of the Mis- sion" and Arch- bishop Spauld- THB INDIANS AND THE CLOCK. ing, " the Xavier of North America" was their great Apostle At his death, the Christian Huron s numbered eight thousand, and their missionaries included eighteen Jesuits. 7. Jesuits in Micliig^an. — In 1641, the Jesuits re- ceived an invitation to visit the Chippewas at Sault [so] St. Mary .25 For this expedition, Fathers Raymbault [^o]t * The bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan War. t Father Raymbault was well versed in the Algonquin customs and language, and Father Jogues was an adept in the Huron tongue. MISSIONARIES AT THE NORTH. 95 and Jogues were selected. After a voyage of seventeen days, they reached the falls, where they addressed an assembly of two thousand souls. The Ohippewas earnestly pressed the missionaries to remain among them; but, owing to the scarcity of priests, the establishment of a permanent mission it that time, was impracticable. On this.occasion, the Jesuits heard of the far-famed Sioux [soo], who dwelt eighteen days further west, warlike tribes with fixed abodes, cultivators of maize and tobacco, and of an unknown race and language. 8. The Iroquois. [e-ro~hwoi']. — The present State of New York was, at that time, occupied by the Iroquois, the bravest, handsomest, most powerful, and most blood-thirsty of the Indian clans of North America. They were divided into five nations; the Senecas, Cayugas, [ki'-oo-gas], Onon- dagas \on-on-dah'-gas\, Oneidas {o-ni'-das\, and Mohawks. Of these, the Mohawks were the most cruel. The Five Na- tions were regarded by the other tribes with terror and dis- trust. When the French arrived, the Hurons and Iroquois were at deadly enmity ; and the French proving friendly to the former, became for a long time the objects of the hostility of the latter. 9. Father Jogues in New York.— One year after his return from Michigan (1642), Father Jogues was taken captive by a band of roving Mohawks, and carried by them to their castles in New York. With him were also captured his companion, the gentle Rene Goupil, and about forty Chris- fcian Hurons. Father Jogues was now subjected to all the horrors of Indian cruelty. He was wounded, bruised, and burned. His nails were torn out, his hands and feet dis- located and mutilated, his left thumb hacked off; but, as if by a miracle, his life was spared. During his long captivity of fifteen months, however, he was enabled to effect many bap- 96 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. tisms and hear many confessions, chiefly among the prisoners of the Indians, sometimes even amid the flames which sur- rounded them.* 10, Alluding to the captivity of Father Jogues, Bancroft writes : " Roaming through the stately forests of the Mohawk FATHER JOGUES. Valley, he wrote the name of Jesus on the bark of the trees, graved the cross, and entered into possession of these countries * On one occasion, being anxious to bestow baptism upon a convert who desired it, Father Jogues was unable to obtain water. Just at that moment, a pass- ing Indian flung at his feet an ear of Indian corn, upon which the morning dew still glistened in large drops. Gathering the precious element in his hands, he baptized the Huron upon the spot. On another occasion, he was compelled to witness a human sacrifice in honor of the heathen gods. A woman was the victim. The savages formed a line around the stake, and each one did his share in cutting, burning, or otherwise torturing the un- happy creature. But behold the benign Providence of God 1 Father Jogues had pre- viously mstructed her in the Faith. Now, availing himself of an opportunity, he pressed forward, and even amid the very flames of the heathen sacrifice, poured the waters of regeneration upon her head. Thus were the Sacraments first administered in the State of New York I MISSIONARIES AT THE NORTH, 97 in the name of God, often lifting up Ms voice in a solitary chant. Thus did France bring its banner and its Faith to the confines of Albany " 11, At length, in the summer of 1643, he was humanely ransomed by the Dutch governor at Albany, and by him sent to New ANNE OF AUSTRIA KISSING FATHER JOGUES' HANDS.— (See note p. 98.) York, then New Amsterdam.* Here he was treated with the utmost kindness by Governor Kieft, who provided him with suitable clothing, and, soon after, secured his pas- * The present monster city then consisted of a little fort garrisoned by sixty men, a governor's house, a church, and about four or five hundred dwellings scattered over cue island. Father Jogues' description of the New Netherlands, was presentea to the University of New York, by the Rev. Father Martitt, Sujwrior of the Jesnlts io Oanadn 98 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY. Sage to France.* His heart, however, was with the IndiaiiB , and in the spring of 1645, he returned to Canada. Having projected a mission among the dreaded Iroquois, he once more entered the State of New York, and near Caughna- waga, the scene of his former sufferings, he gained what he had long coveted, a martyr's crown (1646). I'/i. Other Missionaries. — The same year. Father Druillettes [drivee-yet] made the long and painful journey from the St. Lawrence to the sources of the Kennebec, to commence his labors among the Abnakis of Maine. In February, 1646, Father de None [noo-ay], after years of zealous toil, was frozen to death amid the snows of Canada. They found him kneeling upright, his crucifix clasped to his breast, and his calm eyes open and fixed on Heaven. Two years later, Father Daniel, surrounded by his Huron con- verts, and clad in his vestments, was killed at the foot of the altar, amid the horrors of an Iroquois massacre. 13. Breboeuf and Lalemant.— In the spring of 1649, the renowned Father Breboeuf and the gentle Lalemant received the crown of martyrdom at the hands of the same fierce tribe. Their sufferings are thus described by John Gilmary Shea : " The hands of Breboeuf were cut off; while Lalemant's flesh quiv ered with the awls and pointed irons thrust into every part of his body." * After a series of trials and disasters, he reached a college of his order at Rennes; As soon as it was known that he came from Canada, the Fathers pressed around him to asl£ if he brought any tidings of Father Jogues. When he disclosed his name and showed the marks of his sufferings, great was the joy and gratitude throughout the community. Everywhere the missionary was received with honor ; princes and nobles vied in showing him courtesy ; the Queen-mother, the stately Anne of Austria, felt privileged on being allowed to kiss his deformed and mangled hands ; and the reigning Pontiff, Urban Vm. granted him a special dispensation to offer the Holy Sacrifice, saying: ^' It were unjust that a martyr of Jesus Christ should not drink the blood of Jestu Christ/'' MARTYRS IN THE NEW WORLD 100 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. " Amid the din rose the voice of the old Huron missionary con- soling his converts, denouncing God's judgments on the unbeliever, till his executioners crushed his mouth with a stone, cut off his nose and lips, and thrust a brand into his mouth, so that his throat and tongue, burnt and swollen, refused th^ir office." " They tore off his scalp, and thrice, in derision of baptism, poured the water over his head, amid the loud shout of the unbelievers. The ieye of the martyr was now dim, and the torturers, unable from first to last, to wring from his lips one sigh of pain, were eager to close the scene. Hacking off his feet, they clove open his chest, took out his noble heart and devoured it." *' Thus, after three hours of frightful torture, expired Father John de Breboeuf, a man such as the Catholic Church alone could produce." 14. " Gabriel Lalemant had cast himself at the feet of Breboeuf to kiss his glorious wounds ; but he had been torn away, and after being wrapped in pieces of bark, left for a time. When his superior had expired, they applied fire to this covering ; as the flame curled around him, Father Lalemant, whose delicate frame, unused to toil, could not resist the pain, raised his hands on high and invoked the aid of Heaven. Gratified by this expression of pain, his tormentors resolved to prolong his agony ; and through the long night added torture to torture to see the writhing frame, the quivering flesh of the young priest." " He, too, saw his flesh devoured before his eyes, or slashed off in wanton cruelty. Every inch of his body, from head to foot, was charred and burnt ; his very eyes were put out by the hot coals forced into them. At last, when the sun had risen, on the 17th of March, 1649, they closed his long martyrdom by tomahawking him, and left his body a black and mangled mass." 15. The Roll of Martyrdom (Continued).— In December of the same year (1649), Father Gamier, pierced by three Iroquois musket-balls, dragged himself along the blood-stained ground to minister to an expiring Christian Indian. As he gave the last absolution, an Iroquois toma- hawk clove his skull. The next day (Dec. 8th), Father MISSIOI^ARIES AT THE NOBTH. 101 Chabanel received his death-blow from the axe of an apostate Huron.* 16. Thus closed the crimson record of the first half of the seventeenth century, in the north. Meanwhile, the news from the American missions had excited the greatest zeal and enthusiasm in Europe. Young men left camp and court to enter the Jesuit order, in hopes of sharing the toil and merit of the missionaries. Among these, was the young Marquis de Gamache [^gam-asli], who also gave his ample fortune to endow the first college at Quebec. f The hospital nuns and the Ursulines left home and country, to minister to the spiritual wants of the Indians. 17. The advent of these ladies is thus described by Bancroft: "As the youthful heroines stepped on shore at Quebec, they stooped to kiss the earth which they adopted as their country, and were ready, in case of need, to tinge with their blood. The governor, with the little garrison, received them at the water's edge ; Hurons and Algonquins, joining in the shouts, filled the air with yells of joy; and the motley group escorted the new-comers to the church, where, amidst a general thanks- giving, the Te Deum was chanted. Is it wonderful that the natives were touched by a benevolence which their poverty and squalid misery could not appall ? Their education was also attempted ; and the vener- able ash-tree still lives, beneath which Mary of the Incarnation, so famed for chastened piety, genius, and good judgment, toiled, though in vain, for the culture of the Huron children. " * Some of the Fathers who labored on the American mission during the first half of the 17th century, were afterwards dispersed. One, Father Grelon, was sent to China. Years after, when traveling through the plains of Tartary, he met a Huron woman whom he had known in the wilds of America. She had been sold from tribe CO tribe and had finally reached the interior of Asia. This fact led to the discovery of the near approach of America to Asia. t The foundations of this, the oldest mxiveraity north of Mexico, were laid *u 1635, shortly before the death of Champlain. STUDY l^O. 7. MISSIONARIES AT THE NORTH— Continued. Explorations iit the North- West. — The Mississippi Explored. 1. Peace with the Iroquois. — On the death of Father Jogues, the war broke out anew. The fierce Iroquois desolated the lands of the Hurons, drove the northern Algonquins from the shores of the lakes, and slew the French and their allies, under the very walls of Quebec. At length, weary of the war-path, they themselves sued for peace. The Onondagas were the first to ask for missionaries, and to them was sent (1655) Father Le Moyne, an old and tried veteran in the field. The blood of Father Jogues was about to be avenged. 2. Salt Springs of New York discovered. — At a snaall fishing village near the mouth of the Oswego, Father Le Moyne began his mission ; thence he proceeded to Onon- daga;^ and it was on this occasion he discovered New York's apparently inexhaustible salt-springs.* He was soon fol- lowed by Fathers Dablon and Ohaumonot f [sJio-mo-no], and in November, 1655, was commenced the first chapel in the present State of New York. ^^By the zeal of the natives" says Bancroft, " it was finished in a day ; and there, in the heart of IVew York, the solemn services of the Roman Church were chanted as securely as in any part of Christendom." * These springs are situated chiefly in and around Syracuse in Onondago County, which annually yield from 4.000,000 to 5,000,000 bushels of table-salt. t About this time, the Onondagas were to meet the Eries in battle. The former, inspired by a converted Indian chief, vowed, like Clovis of old, that if the God of the Christians would grant them victory, henceforth they would serve Him alone. The Onondagas were victorious ; and, though all did not prove true to their vow, still a goodly number remained faithful, and thus formed a nucleus of converts. MISSION-ARIES AT THE NORTH. 103 3. Garacontie [gar-a-kon-tee-ayl. — ThQ success of this mission excited the anger of the pagan Iroquois, and BAPTISM OP QAKACONTtE. after three years of flourishing existence, it came to a tem- porary end. War was renewed ; but, through the influence of Garacontie, a wise and eloquent chief, the greatest Iro- 104 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. quois of his time, peace was restored in 1660. Garacontie, though not as yet a Christian, had hstened with attention to the instructions of the missionaries ; grace touched his heart, and he at length resolved to embrace the Faith. He was accordingly baptized with great solemnity in the Cathedra] at Quebec (1669). After this, he always remained faithful to his religion, and continued the warm friend of the French and the protector of the missions. 4. Jesuits in the North- West.— In 1656, a pro jected mission to Michigan was frustrated through the cruelty of some pagan Iroquois. Thither, however, in 1660, at the entreaty of the Algonquins, was sent Father Menard, a sur- vivor of the Huron mission and the companion of Jogues and Breboeuf. His hair was white with age, and his face scarred with the wounds he had received at Cayuga; for he, too, had been in Central New York. Having established a mission station one hundred leagues west of Sault St. Mary (probably at Keweenaw^^)^ j^e lost his life in an attempt to reach the Indians dwelling on, or near, the Noquet Islands in Green Bay^ (1661). 5. Four years later. Father Allouez [al-way], undismayed by the fate of Father Menard, penetrated into the west, and founded a mission at the further extremity of Lake Superior. Here he met the sun-worshipping Pottowattomie, the Sac and Fox, the gentle Illinois, and the proud Dacota warjriors.* Having resided for two years chiefly on the southern margin of Lake Superior, and connected his name iraperishably with the progress of discovery in the west, Allouez was joined by Fathers Marquette [mar-ket] and Dablon, and together they founded (1668) the mission of St. Mary, the oldest European settlement within the present limits of Michigan. For suc- * On one of his journeys, he met the Sioux (sod), and from them he again heard •f the great riv^r. In writing of it, he called it ihe Mesipi. MISSIOiq^ARIES AT THE NORTH. 105 ceeding years, "the illustrious triumvirate," Marquette, Allouez, and Dablon, were employed in evangelizing the vast regions that extend from Green Bay to the head of Lake Superior. Green Bay, (Wisconsin), was founded by Father Allouez, in 1669, and Mackinaw by Father Marquette, in 1671. One year later, their number was increased by the arrival of Fathers Druillettes and Andre. 6. Marquette's Exploration of the Missis- sippi. — Early in the summer of 1673, Marquette, having placed the expedition under the protection of the Blessed Virgin, with Joliet [jo-lee-ay], a French trader, and five other Frenchmen for his companions, set out on his voyage of discovery. Having embarked on the broad Wisconsin and glided down its current, amid vine-clad isles and by wooded shores, they, after seven days, reached the Great River, the "River of the Immaculate Conception," as Mar- quette called it. • 7. Onward they floated, between the wide plains of Illinois and Iowa, until on the 25th of June, Marquette and Joliet disembarked for a time near the mouth of the Des Moines [day-mwaTi] River. They were thus the first white men who trod the soil of Iowa. Here dwelt the Illinois, a mild, dignified, and hospitable race whom Marquette had long desired to see. Their chief inferring the character of the missionary from his attire,* came forth to meet and welcome them. His greeting is beautifully given in Long» fellow's ^'Hiawatha": ' * From the farthest realms of morning Came the Black-Robe chief, the Prophet, He, the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, With his guides and his companions. * The name and fame of the French Black-gown, who taught concerning the Great Spirit, had gone abroad, and were now known to distant tribes who had never seen a white man. 106 EXCELSIOR flTSTORYc Then the joyous Hiawatha Cried aloud and spake in this wise: Beautiful is the sun, O strangers. When you come so far to see us! All our town in peace awaits you, All our doors stand open for you; You shall enter all our wigwams, For the heart's right hand we give you.* " MAKQtnSTTB! PARTING WTTH THE ILLINOIS. With these friendly red-men, Marquette lingered six days to preach the gospel. They besought him to remain longer, but as this he could not then do, they furnished him with provisions for his journey, and a calumet * for his defence. * The Calumet is a large Indian pipe for smoking tobacco. It is also the emblem of peace. Its bowl is usually of soft red stone, and the tube a reed ornamented with feathers. To accept the calumet was to agree to terras of peace, and to refuse it was to reject them. The calumet of peace was used to seal or ratify contracts and alli- ances, to receive stransrers kindly, and to travel with safety Indian legend repre- eented it as the gift of the Great Spirit. MISSIONARIES AT THE KORTH. 107 He, on his part, promised, if his life were spared, to returB and found a mission among them. 8. Marquette in Arkansas.— Having re-embarked, the voyagers went onward, past the perpendicular rocks, the mouth of the swift Missouri, and the primeval forest which then crowned the site of St. Louis; past the Kaskaskia and the Ohio, the St. Francis and the Arkansas rivers, until they reached a land " where the inhabitants never see snow, and never know winter save by the rain which falls oftener than in summer." They were in Arkansas. Having dis- embarked for a time, and learned all that he wished to know, namely, that the Mississippi has its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, Marquette turned the prow of his canoe, and began to ascend the river (July 17th). 9. Marquette's Return. — On his way home, Mar- quette again stopped to preach the Faith to the Illinois and Peorias. At length, after a voyage, on foot or in a birch canoe, of tioo tJiousand seven hundred and sixty-seven miles, he reached his mission at Green Bay (September, 1673). The results of this expedition were to affect the destinies of nations ; the triumph of the age was complete ; the whole valley of the Mississippi, the richest, most fertile, and accessible territory of the New World was thrown open to France. Joliet proceeded to Canada to convey the news; but the humble and saintly Marquette remained at his mis- sion, to recruit his shattered health and renew his labors among the Indians. 10. In the fall of 1674, the eagerly desired orders reached him to go to the Illinois. Though still feeble, he joyfully 108 BXGELSIOB HISTORY. departed, and, after much suffering, arrived at the Indian town of Kaskaskia. Here he was received as an angel from Heaven. For several days, he went from wigwam to wigwam, instructing and exhorting; and, at length on Thursday of Holy Week, he spoke to all in public* His auditors listened with breathless attentionf to the pale and wasted missionary, whose heart was burning to make them know and love Jesus Christ. The seed fell on good ground ; the Mission of the Immacu- late Conception was founded ; Marquette's work was done. 11. Feeling that his days were numbered, and hoping to reach the Jesuit station at Mackinaw, he once more bent his course northward ; but on the borders of a small stream that flows into Lake Michigan, he was obliged to pause. His companions laid him upon the shore, and stretched 3ome birch bark upon poles above him. Here, like St. Francis Xavier, his beloved mission-model, he breathed his last, thanking God for the privilege of dying in the wilder- ness, a missionary of Jesus, and alone. His remains were carried to the Isle of Mackinaw.^^ ** And when fierce storms the lake provoke, And angry waves dash high, The boatmen still his aid invoke, As of a spirit nigh." 12. La Salle's Voyag^e.— The next great explorer )f the Mississippi was La Salle, a French fur-trader, at the time of Marquette's discovery Governor of Kingston (Canada). Filled with great projects of exploration and colonization, he underwent many disappointments and hardships in endeavor- ing to carry out his plans. Having previously navigated * On this occasion, he addressed five hundred chiefs and seniors, who formed the first circle ; fifteen hundred young warriors who gathered behind them ; lastly, the women and children who formed the outer ring. (See p, 91.) t Father Marquette had a remarkable talent for languages. He spoke with fluency, at least six Indian dialects. MISSIOI^A RIES AT THE J^ORTH. 109 Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan, he in 1682, found himself launched on the Mississippi. With him, were several Franciscan priests, twenty-three Frenchmen, and eighteen Indians. 13. Having sailed southward, for more than two weeks, he encamped, for a time, near the Chickasaw bluffs, and LA SAIiiE AT THE GULF OP MEXICO. visited some of the Ar- kansas villages, where the Franciscans endeav- ored to make known the true God. Kesum- ing his voyage, he passed the sites, now historic, of Vicksburg and Grand Gulf, and kept on until the river divided. He, with his party, then explored the three channels; and, at last, " the great Gulf opened on Ms sight, tossing its restless billows, limitless, voiceless, lonely, as when lorn of chaos, without a mil, without sign of life^* 110 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 14. La Salle and his companions now chanted the Te Deum, and planted a cross ; then, in the name of the king of France, amid a volley of musketry, they took possession of the whole country. In the royal honor, it was called Louisiana.* On his way north. La Salle commenced Fort St. Louis, at Starved Rock,'^ on the Illinois. In November 1683, he reached Quebec. Later (1685), he attempted a settlement on Matagorda Bay in Texas, where he built an- other Fort St. Louis. He was killed (March 19, 1687) near a southern branch of the Trinity, (Texas), by one of his own unworthy followers. Although La Salle was not a priest, and possessed not the disinterested and self-denying devotion of the Jesuit missionary, still he was a sincere Catholic, and as such, undertook nothing without fortifying himself by religion. " He stands," writes McGee, " sword in hand, under the banner of the cross, the tutelary genius of those great states which stretch away from Lake Ontario to the Rio Grande. Every league of that region he trod on foot, and every league of its waters, he navigated in frail canoes or crazy schooners. Above his tomb, the northern pine should tower ; around it, the Michigan rose and the southern myrtle should mingle their hues and unite their perfumes." 15. The Cross in the West. — The Illinois missions inaugu- rated by Marquette, were continued by Fathers Allouez, Rasle, and others. In 1683, the modem Kaskaskia was founded by Father Gravier. Mary, the daughter of the chief of the Kaskaskias, became a fervent Christian, and her influence aided much in the conversion of the tribe. Here Gravier remained until 1699. Other missions in the Mississippi Valley followed, and before the close of the 17th century. Catholicity had made the circuit of the country, from Maine to Florida, from Michigan and Wisconsin to Louisiana and Texas. * The Louisiana of La Salle stretched from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Moun- tains ; from the Rio Grande and the Gull, to the furthest soiKoes of the Missouri. STUDY NO. 8. NEW YORK. 1. Henry Hudson. — The harbor of New York was first visited by Verrazani in 1524. After that, history records no voyage of white man over its waters, until 1609. In the autumn of that year, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of Hol- land, while on a cruise in search of a northwest passage, penetrated the Narroivs,^^ crossed the Bay, and sailed up the beautiful stream which now bears his name. hbnbt hudson. A few months earlier, Champlain, on an expedition into the Iro- quois country, had entered the State from the north, and had discovered Lake Champlain.^ 2. Ten days were spent by Hudson in exploring the river. When his little bark, " the Half Moon" had sailed some miles beyond the site of the present city of Hudson, the water became shallow, and he sent a boat as far as Albany. Then he retraced his course to the Bay ; and on the 4th of October, about the time of Smith's return to England, he also set sail for Europe. Hudson never s«Ai. OF New YoRg. . again beheld that beautiful river j 112 EXCELSIOR HISTOHr /^: HALF MOON ASCENDING THE HUDSON. but legends of the daring sailor still linger among the old Dutch families, and when thunder booms over the Palisades, they say : " HendricTc Hudson and his crew are playing ninepins now ! " Staten Island was so named by Hudson, in honor of the Dutch government, Staaten being Dutcb for States. 3. The Dutch in New York. — On account of these discoveries, Holland laid claim to the shores of the Hudson, and called the whole territory New Netherlands. Soon after, (1614), a Dutch trading post was established on the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, and another on Castle Island, near Albany. In 1*623, the Dutch East India Company sent out a number of colonists, who commenced KEW YORK. 113 the first regular settlement, called New Amsterdam, on Man- hattan Island. 4. The Patroons. — To encourage emigration, the company offered to grant lands and extraordinary privileges to any of its members who, within four years, would plant a colony of fifty adults in any part of New Netherland outside of Manhattan Island. Such proprietors were called Patroons (patrons), and they governed their respective domains like feudal lords. The lands of each colony were limited to sixteen miles along one Bhore of a navigable stream, or to eight miles if they occupied both shores. One of these large manorial estates (the Van Rensselaer Manor on the Hudson) existed, with some of its privileges, until late in the present century. The famous anti-rent difficulties grew out of such titles, (p. 28a) 5. Dutch Governors. — Between the years 1626 and 1664, the New Netherland was ruled successively by four Dutch governors. The first, Peter Minuit \inin'u-it\ purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians for the sum of 125. Owing to troubles between the Company and the Patroons, Minuit was recalled in 1633. He thereupon offered his services to the Swedes, and soon after (1637) established a colony of that nation on the banks. of the Delaware. The second governor, Wouter Van Twiller, was chiefly noted for his inactivity and incapacity. Of him, Irving, in his History of New York, has given a spirited caricature. His administration lasted four years, and the colony flourished in spite of him.* The third governor, Sir William Kieft [heeft^ on account of his hot temper surnamed William the Testy, was noted for his cruelty to the Indians and the severity of his rule. His kindness to Fathers Jogues * Of Van Twiller there is a slight memorial in the present Nutten Island, in New York Bay, which he purchas«.6d, and which is known as " Governor's Island.''^ 114 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, (p. 100) and Bressani throws a pleasing gleam of light on an otherwise repulsive character. His unpopularity* at length led to the appointment of Peter Stuyvesant [sti've-sant], often called Hard Koppig Fiet, or Headstrong Peter, the last and best of the Dutch governors. 6. Peter Stuyvesant. — The Dutch had had various troubles with the Puritans of Connecticut, the Swedes on the Delaware, and the neighboring Indians. All these difficulties, however, were overcome during the administration of Stuyve- sant, who was decidedly an able and strong-minded man. Un' fortunately, however, he was inclined to be despotic. Though brave and honest, he hated democratic institutions, and re- fused to yield to the spirit of liberty which began to prevail among the people. He even threatened to make " a foot shorter " any one who appealed from his decisions. 7. Surrender of New Amsterdam to the English. — Accordingly, when in 1664, a hostile English fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, the inhabitants were but too ready to surrender. Stuyvesant stamped about on * The vessel on which Kieft returned to Europe was laden with ill-gotten wealth. It was wrecked on the coast of Wales, and there the governor and hie treasure perished. GOVERNOR STUYVESANT. NEW YOBK. 115 his wooden leg, and tore into pieces, the letter of the English commodore demanding submission ; but the people made him put it together again, and accept the terms offered. From that time forth, with the exception of a brief interval, the colony remained in possession of the English. The name of the whole territory, as well as that of the town on Manhattan Island, was changed to New York, in honor of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. To him, the region from the Connecticut to the Delaware had been granted by the king. The Duke of York being also Duke of Albany, the latter name was given to Fort Orange. 8. English Governors. — Nicolls, the first English governor, ruled wisely ; Lovelace, the second, with mildness. In 1674, however. Major Edmund Andros, who subsequently became noted as the oppressor of New England, was made governor. He ruled eight years, during which period he justly acquired the title of 'HyrantJ' He was at length recalled, and in his stead came Thomas Dongan, an Irishman and Roman Catholic* Dongan called together (1683) the first legislative assembly of the State, one of the first acts of which was to proclaim liberty of conscience, \ In 1686, Don- gan still further signalized himself by granting the famous Dongan Charter^ which to this day, forms the basis of the * Governor Dongan had his private chapel, in which he and his household, as well is all the Catholics of the province could attend mass. The chaplain was a Jesuit Father who had accompanied him from England. t The first General Assembly of the Province of New York was composed of seventeen representatives. It sat thirteen weeks, and passed fourteen acts, all of which were assented to by the Governor and his Council. The first of these was entitled, " Tlie Charter of Liberties and Privileges^ granted by his Royal Highness, to the inhabitants of New York and its dependencies.'''' It declared that supreme legis- lative power should forever be and reside in the Governor, Council, and people, met in General Assembly \ that every freeholder and freeman should be allowed to vote for representatives without restraint ; that no freeman should suffer but by judgment of his peers ; that all trials should be by a jury of twelve men ; that no person pro- fessing faith in God, through Jesus Christ, should at any time be in any way molested or disquieted for any difEerence of opinion. 116 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, laws, rights, and privileges of New York city. Dongan was a man of marked ability, great prudence, and tireless energy. By his vigorous prosecution of various measures, he incurred the displeasure of James II, by whom in 1688, he was re* moved from office. 9. Missions in New York. — After the peace brought about by Garacontie, the missions among the Iro- quois were renewed, and by the year 1668 the cross towered over every Indian village from the Hudson to Lake Erie. The savage Iroquois had become as gentle as a child ; and Oaughnawaga (haw-na-iva'ga), on the Mohawk, the scene of the death of Father Jogues, and now the chief mission-centre, had its schools and its church. Here too lived Catharine Tegahkwita {te-gah-ioe'tah), surnamed ^'the Lily of the Mohawks" an Indian maiden distinguished for sanctity. 10. Catliolicity Proscribed.— The English Revolu- tion of 1688, which hurled James II from his throne, was not unfelt in the colonies. The New York Assembly of 1691 declared null and void the acts of the Assembly of 1683, and Catholicity was proscribed. Many Catholic Iro- quois then emigrated to Canada,* where, at this day, several * "Although the field was laid waste, the fruit had been gathered. In thirty-five years from the capture of Father Jogues, tivo thousand two hundred and twenty-Jive Iroquois were baptized,— many children, but many noble women and the choice of the sachems and orators ; Garacontie, ' the Advancing Sun,"* the grandest statesman of the Five Nations, the bulwark of Christianity for a quarter of a century ; Kryn, the high chief of the Mohawks, who, when his tribe would not listen to his pleadings, raised his wild war-cry for the last time in the streets of the village, gathered forty devoted followers, and, kneeling down amid the graves of their fathers, poured forth a prayer for his nation, then rose, and with streaming eyes led his braves away forever from the fires of their people to the Christian settlement at La Prairie ; Catherine Cfaneak- ten, the Erie by birth, the Oneida by adoption, the foundress of La Prairie, on the banks of the St. Lawrence ; Mary Tsawente, ' the Precious,'' the saint of the Ononda- gas ,• Stephen te Gannonahoa, who suffered purely for the faith, and was cut to pieces almobt with knives before they threw him into the fire ; Onrehouhare, the war chief of the Cayugas, who, when listening on his death-bed to the story of the Passion, cried out, like Clovis, ' Oh, had I been there, they never tvould so have treated my God ! ' These, and many another like them, form the crown of the Iroquois mission- ary in Heaven. But, brightest and sweetest fiower in the Indian coronal of Mary, was Catharine Tegahkouita, ' tJie saint of the Iroquois.'' "—MacLeod. NEW YORK. 117 Iroquois villages exist, preserving at once their nationality and their faith. 11. When the news of William and Mary's accession reached New York, there was a popular uprising, headed by a German citizen named Leisler (lice'ler). The people seized the fort, and Leisler put himself at the head of the colony,— '^for the preservation of the Protestant religion," (1689). The next year. Colonel Sloughter (slatv'ter) was appointed governor. Leisler was tried and executed for high treason. The accession of William of Orange to the English throne led to a war between England and France, in which the colonies, especially New York, were involved. (See King William's War, p. 133.) From this time until the Revolution, New York remained a Royal Province, ruled by King's governors.* 13. New Jersey.— When New Netherland passed into the hands of the Duke of York, he sold the portion between the Hudson and the Delaware, to Lord Berkely and Sir George Car- teret. This tract took the name of Jersey, in honor of Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey in the British Channel. The first settlement, a cluster of four houses, was called Elizabeth to wn,^ after his wife. In 1674, Lord ,,^„,^,„,^„. Berkely sold his share of West Jarsey to a company of Friends or Quahers. Of this pur- chase, the celebrated William Penn was made manager. * Towards the close of the seventeeBth century, British commerce euflfered greatly from the swarms of pirates that infested the Atlantic Ocean. At length, Captain William Kidd, a New York shipmaster, was appointed to go in search of them. He, however, turned pirate himself, and became the most noted of them all, his very name becoming a terror on the seas. Having returned from a guilty cruise, he was cap* tared in Boston, taken to England, tried and executed. 118 EXCELSIOE HISTORY. Eight years afterwards, Carteret also sold his portion of East Jersey to Penn and a number of partners. In 1702, the two Jerseys were united into one royal province, under the name of New Jersey. 13. Manners. — The Dutch of New York were thrifty, tidy, honest, and hospitable. Their dress,* furniture, and equipage were extremely simple. Carpets were hardly known before 1750, and each housekeeper prided herself on the purity of her white sanded floor. While the Connecticut matron spun, wove, and stored her household linen in crowded chests, the Dutch dame scrubbed and scoured her polished floor and woodwork. The family breakfasted at dawn, diued at eleven, and retired at sunset. A fashionable tea-party of those days has been inimitably described by Irving. 14. The houses were of wood, with gable-ends built of small black and yellow bricks brought over from Holland. Each house had many doors and windows, and was often sur- mounted by a weathercock. Many of the citizens had also their country houses, called " loiveries^ with large porches or stoops, on which the men loved to sit and smoke their pipes. Clocks and watches were unknown, and the time was told by hour-glasses and sun-dials. 15. That exceptional class, the patroons, occupied a position not un- like an Englisli baron with feudal retainers. Their social customs were simply those of the best European society of the day. They lived in a * The women wore close white muslin caps, beneath which their hair was put back with pomatum. Their gayly-striped linsey-woolsey petticoats reaching to the ankle, exposed to view blue, red, or green stockings of their own knitting. From each one's girdle depended a huge patch-work pocket, a pincushion and pair of scissors. The men wore broad-skirted coats of linsey-woolsey, with large buttons of brass or silver ; several pairs of knee-breeches, one over another, long stockings, with great buckles at the knees and on the shoes. Their hair was worn long, and put up in *» eel-*kin cue. NEW YORK 119 princely way on their large estates, which passed from father to son for more than a century. When the Revolution broke out, many ol them sided with the king ; thus their lands became confiscated, ana their names ceased to exist in the ruling oflBces of the country. ^^^it^-'^ DUTCH MANSION. 16. Religion. — By the charter of 1640, Protestantism was proclaimed the religion of the colony ; but we do not read of any cases of persecution during the Dutch rule. During Governor Dongan's administration, a Catholic col- lege was opened in New York city ; and between the years 1683 and 1690, three priests were stationed there. By the New York Assembly of 1691, Catholicity was proscribed. STUDY ]^0. 9. MARYLAND. 1. Lord Baltimore. — Maryland was settled by per- secuted English Roman Catholics. Lord Baltimore ( George Calveri) had obtained X ^^.^ from Charles I. the promise of a grant of territory in the New World, but he died be- fore the document was executed. His eldest son, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, carried out his father's plans. On receiving the desired charter, he prepared to send out a colony. It was, at first, his intention to accompany the emi- grants ; but deeming it more to their interests that he should remain in England, he con- fided the colony to his brother, Leonard Calvert, whom he appointed governor. 2. The Ark and the Dove.— Early in the spring of 1634, two vessels, the Ark and the Dove, sailed up the LORD BALXmOBE. MAKTLAND. 121 Potomac, and cast anchor near an island which they called St. Clements. On board, were about three hundred colonists, including four Jesuits (Fathers Altham and White, with two lay brothers). Having landed on the Festival of the Annun- LANDING OF THE MAEYXAND PILGRIMS. ciation, Mass was celebrated for the first time in that wild region. A large cross was. also erected as a symbol of Christianity, which had now taken possession of those shores. Two days later, the town of St. Mary's was founded, nearer the mouth of the river. 122 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 3. Progress of St. Mary's.— Unlike the Plymouth settlers, the Maryland pilgrims were not obliged to con- tend with inclemency of weather or scarcity of food. Around them, the country lay smiling in all the verdure of a Southern spring ; and the Indians, won by the gentle and friendly manners of the strangers, readily gave them all the assistance in their power, even bestowing upon them half of an Indian village, with corn-fields alreaay planted. The Indian women taught the wives of the English how to make bread of maize, and the savage warriors instructed the men where to find game. "Within six months," says Bancroft, "the colony had advanced more than Virginia had done in as many years." 4. Treatment of the Indians. — The Maryland colonists treated the Indians with the greatest kindness and charity. The missionaries, who were soon joined by others of their order, immediately commenced to labor among them, and the red men well responded to their zeal. Before long. Father White had the consolation of baptizing King Chilo- macon, his family, and a part of his tribe (1640). This example was soon after followed by the young queen of the Potopacos and the principal braves of the tribe. Soon after the arrival of the colonists. Governor Harvey of Virginia paid them a visit. He was received on board the Ark with great cere- mony by Governor Calvert, who had prepared a grand banquet. Several chiefs were invited, and the Indian King of the Patuxents sat at table between the two governors. So delighted was this warrior with the kind treatment he received, that before departing for the Patuxent, he thus addressed the Indian braves present : " / love the English so well, that if they were just about to Mil me, and I had breath enough to speak, I loould command that my death should not be a/venged ; for I know they would not do anything of the kind except through my own fault." MARYLA]SrD. 123 5. Religious Freedom. — The distinctive feature of this colony wsisfuU toleration in religious 7natters. Here the Catholic persecuted in England or the colonies, the Puritan expelled from Virginia, and the Quaker or the Baptist exiled from Massachusetts, found an asylum and a home. Peace and religion reigned alike in the wigwam of the Indian and the town of St. Mary. Maryland already well merited the title afterwards bestowed upon it, namely, " The Land of the Sanctuary." * 6. Clayboriie. — About the time of Calvert's arrival, William Clayborne, an Englishman who had received a royal license to trade with the Indians in that part of the country, had located himself on Kent Island, in Chesapeake .Bay. He and his adherents refused to submit to the authority of Lord Baltimore, and they prepared to resist by force of arms. Though defeated for the time, he continued to harass the settlers during a period of ten years, and he is not inappro- priately styled "the evil genius of the colony. ^^ During this insurrection. Father White and the other missionaries were ruthlessly seized and sent back to England in irons, to be prosecuted as " Jesuits!^ 7. The Toleration Act and its Repeal.— In 1649 was passed the celebrated Toleration Act, which pro- * " The happiness of the colony was enviable. The persecuted and the unhappy thronged to the domains of the benevolent prince. If Baltimore was, in one sense, a monarch— like Miltiades at Chersonesus, and other founders of colonies of old — his monarchy was tolerable to the exile who sought for freedom and repose. Numerous ships found employment in his harbors. The white laborer rose rapidly to the con dition of a free proprietor ; the female emigrant was sure to improve her condition, and the cheerful charities of home gathered round her in the New World. Affections expanded in the wilderness, where artificial amusements were unknown. The planter's whole heart was in his family ; his pride in the children that bloomed around him, making the solitudes laugh with innocence and gayety." " Emigrants arrived from every clime, and the colonial legislature extended its sympathies to many nations as well as to many sects. From France came Huguenots ; from Germany, from Holland, from Sweden, from Finland, I believe from Piedmont, tlie children of misfortune sought protection under the tolerant sceptre of the Roman CatUolic."— ^a;icro/({. 124 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. vided that all Christian denominations should be protected in Maryland. Only five years later, the Protestants in the colony obtained control of the Legislature, and by an act of the Assembly, Catholics were declared not entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland. Thus were the foun- ders of the colony excluded from its rights and privi- leges, and treated with base ingratitude by those to whom, in an hour of need, they had extended a helping hand. 8. Civil War. — The result was a civil war (1655), in which the Catholics were defeated. Maryland continued in confusion and turmoil until 1661, when Lord Baltimore was restored to his rights as proprietor. After this, for about thirty years, peace and harmony reigned throughout the province. 9. On the dethronement of James II. (1689), religious bigotry broke out anew. The Protestants, under a wicked and designing man named Coode, seized the government and oppressed the Catholics. Two years later, the colony was made a royal province ; and in 1699, the capital was removed from St. Mary's to Annapolis. Catholics did not recover their rights until the Eevolution. 10. Manners.^ Apart from religion, the manners and occupations of the Maryland colonists much resembled those of the Virginians. There were few large towns, and the people gener- ally lived on plantations, and raised tobacco. Indian corn and the sweet potato were cultivated at an early period, and the waters of the Bay furnished much -prized delicacies, in the oyster and the canvas-back duck. There was no regular post. SXAIi OF MARTLAND. MAKYLAND. 126 letters being sent by private hand. Traveling was per- formed on horseback by land, and in canoes or other small boats by water. It was a delightful termination to a day of weary journeying, when the bridle was loosed before an inviting country home, and the gentlemanly host came forth to offer his courteous welcome. Free, gen- erous, a prince in hospitality, the southern gentleman kept open house for all respectable strangers who might desire food or lodging. 11. On the low verandas and balconies, climbed in wild luxuriance, the yellow jasmine, sweet honeysuckle, or the trumpet flower; while the soft air was fragrant with the breath of scented shrubs, which sprang from the warm moist earth. Within the dwelling, the music of the fiarpsichord was oftener heard than the hum of the spinning-wheel, though the southern matron had, too, her own peculiar round of duties. Black slaves performed all the domestic labors ; but the heart of the kind mistress was mindful of the wants of her large, and, in many respects, dependent household, in which she found sufficient employ. 12. A short distance from the family residence stood the kitchen, which, like the laundry, was always separate from the mansion. Conveniently retired might be found the negro quarters; a cluster of wooden cabins, each with its own little garden and poultry yard, and with numbers of black babies gamboling in the sunshine. The southern planter had, in his retinue of servants, artificers of all kinds: tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, smiths, and so on through all the needful trades of ordinary life. 13. Religion. — Under Catholic rule, all Christian religions were protected by law ; but when Protestants rose to power, a spirit of intolerance unhappily prevailed. STTJDT NO. 10. PENNSYLVANIA.— DELAWARE. 1, First Settlements. — The first settlement in Delaware was made by the Swedes, at New Sweden, near Wilmington (1638) ; in Pennsylvania, by people of the same nation, near Philadelphia. These settlements were subse- quently conquered by the Dutch. 2. Pennsylvania Founded. —In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, an English Quaker, as an asylum for his per- secuted English brethren. Penn had already become much interested in American colonization, through his connection with the Quakers in the Jerseys. The English govern- ment, moreover, at this time owed to his deceased father a large sum of money, and Penn agreed to take 8BAL OF PENNSTXVANIA. •' ° in payment thereof, a grant of ter- ritory in the New World. This tract lying west of the Delaware River, Penn named Sylvania (forest land), but the king insisted that it should be called Pen'N^sylvakia. To this grant, the Duke of York afterwards added the terri- tory included in the present State of Delaware. In the autumn of 1681, a large body of emigrants, chiefly Quakers, sailed from England for their new home. The next year Penn himself arrived. PENNSYLVANIA. 127 3. Philadelphia.— Though on the conquest of New Sweden by the D.utch, such of the inhabitants as Beifused allegiance to Holland were sent back to Europe, many thrifty Swedes remained. From these, (1683), Penn purchased a tract of land extending from the high banks of the Delaware, fi-inged with pines, to those of the Schuylkill ; and here, in the same year in which Father Gravier founded Kaskaskia, he laid out a city which he called Philadelphia^ {brotherly love). Within a year, it contained one hundred houses ; and in two years, it numbered one thousand inhabitants. 4, Penn's Treaty with the Indians.— Emulating ^^.•. penn's tbeatt trbb. the example of Lord Baltimore, Penn treated the Indians with the greatest kindness and humanity. In consequence of this, Pennsylvania was long free from Indian warfare. Soon after his arrival, Penn met a number of the Indian Sachems {say- ishems) under a wide-spreading elm near Philadelphia. With them, he entered into a treaty of friendship and alliance, which was ever afterwards sacredly kept. The savages, de- lighted with his gentle words and kindly bearing, exclaimed : ** We will live in love luith William Penn and his children^ as • hn(ji as the sun and moon shall endure,''* 128 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 5. Penn's Return to England.— In 1684, Penn went back to England, leaving tlie settlers prosperous and happy. He remained absent fifteen years, during which time various dissensions arose in the colony. " The three counties on the Delaware becoming discontented, Penn gave them a deputy-governor and an assembly of their own. Delaware and Pennsylvania, however, remained under one government until the Eevolution. After the accession of William and Mary (1689), Penn was thrice arrested on false charges of treason and conspiracy, growing out of his friendship for the deposed monarch, James II. Dishonest agents involved him in debt, and, on one occasion when he requested a moderate loan from the assembly of his colony, he was refused. 6. Penn's Last Years. — In 1699, Penn again came to the New World and granted to his colony a new charter. This gave the people much additional power. It remained in force until the Eevolution. The colonists of Pennsylvania were unwilling to pay the rents by which Penn sought to reimburse himself for his heavy outlay. They, moreover, constantly sought to weaken the authority of the proprietor. Seeing this, Penn sorrowfully returned to his native land, where he died in want and obscurity (1718). 7. Mason and Dixon's Line.— Lord Baltimore's grant and Penn's covered, in part, the same ground ; hence, the boundary Hue between Maryland and Pennsylvania was long disputed. The point was finally settled in 1767, when two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, ran the line since famous as ^^ Mason and Dixon^sP It was marked by placing at the end of every mile, a stone with the letter P . and the arms of the Penns on the north, and the letter M with the escutcheon of Lord Baltimore on the south side. PEN^NSYLVAN^IA. 139 Till a recent day, this line marked the boundary between the free and the slave States. 8. After Penn's death, his heirs became proprietors of the colony he had established. At the Reyolution, the State of Pennsylvania purchased their claims for the sum of about half a million of dollars. 9. Occupations and Manners. — The early inhab- itants of Pennsylvania were a thrifty and industrious people. They lived by farming, commerce, and ship-building. The great coal mines were not then discovered, but iron furnaces were early established. The houses were generally of brick or stone, and surrounded by gardens and orchards. Most of the English settlers preserved the simplicity of Quaker man- ners. Theatrical exhibitions were at first forbidden, and some other laws were made resembling those of the Puritans; but there was no religious persecution, and only one trial for witchcraft. 10. Relig^ion. — Though WilHam Penn granted reli- gious toleration throughout his colony, still in maintaining it towards Catholics, he was bitterly opposed by his own people. In 1686, he mentions an aged 'priest among the inhabitants. The first chapel in which the Holy Sacrifice was offered, in 1686, was a wooden building on the northwest corner Df Front and Walnut streets. 11. Delaware. — When New York passed into the hands of the Duke of York, Delaware formed a part of bis possessions. For this reason he was able to grant the territory of Delaware to Pennsyl- v^ania. SEAI. OF DBLAWASB. STUDY ]^0. 11. THE CAROLINAS. le First Permaiient Settlements. — As early as 1562, the French had given the name of Carolina to the region south of Virginia; but they failed to colonize it permanently. About the middle of the seventeenth century, a party of persons who had been suffering in Virginia on account of their religion, migrated further south and commenced a settlement near Albemarle Sound. It was hence called " TJie Albemarle Colony:' SEAL OP NORTH CAROLINA. 2. The Clarendon Colony.— Soon after, (1663), Charles II. gave to Lord Clarendon and others, a grant of all the land between Virginia and Florida. Two years later, a settlement was made near the mouth of the Cape Fear River, by a party of emigrants from Barba- does (lar-ba-doze). This was called " The Clarendon Colony." 3. The Carteret Colony .t— In 1670, a third settlement called " The Carteret Colony, '^ was made at Old Charleston, on the south side of the Ashley River.^ Ten years after- wards, these colonists removed to a SEAL OP SOUTH CAROLINA. THE CAR0LINA8, 131 point of land between the Ashley and Cooper Elvers, and there laid the foundation of the present city of Charleston.^ 4. The Grand Model. — The colonies suffered con- siderably from the Indians and from bad government. The English proprietors of Carolina engaged the philosopher Locke to draw up a plan of government for the province. He called it " The Grand Model^^ but it was entirely unsuited for America.* After a trial of some years it was abandoned. THE TAX-GATHEKER DRIVEN AWAT. 5. The attempt to enforce obedience to the new form of government, oppressive taxation, and the commercial restric- tions imposed by the English navigation law^s, produced general discontent. An agent of the government appeared • According to the " Chrand Modd,'''' all the vast territory embracing the present States of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, Missouri, and a large part of Texas and Mexico, was to be divided into counties, each containing four hundred and eighty thousand acres. Over each county there were to be a landgrave and two caciques or barons. They were to hold one-fifth of the land and the proprietors one-fifth, leaving the balance to the people. No one owning less than fifty acres could vote, while tenants were to be merely serfs, and slaves were to be at the absolute will of their masters. 132 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. who demanded a penny for every pound of tobacco sent to New England. The people resisted, the tax-gatherer was often rude, and frequent collisions were the result. On one occasion, lie attempted to drive away a steer in compensa- tion for the unpaid tax on the tobacco of a planter, when the sturdy Wife of the yeoman drove him off with a mop-stick. 6. John Archdale. — In 1695, John Archdale, a Quaker, became governor of the two Carolinas. Under his mild and wise administration, the colonies made consider- able progress. He healed dissensions, established equitable laws, cultivated friendly relations with the Indians, and set the example of Christian toleration in religious matters. 7. With the Spaniards at St. Augustine, Archdale also maintained friendship. Four Indian converts of the Spanish missionaries having been taken prisoners by the Yemmasees and exposed for sale as slaves, were ransomed by Archdale and sent to the governor of St. Augustine. *' / shall endeavor to show reciprocal kindness," was the reply of the latter, ^^and shall always observe a friendly correspondence with you." When, afterwards, an English ship was wrecked on the coast of Florida, the Spaniards joyfully returned the kind charity of Archdale. 8. Rice. — In 1694, the captain of a ship from Mada- gascar^^ gave to the governor a bag of seed rice, remarking that, in Eastern countries, it was much esteemed for food. Having been planted in different soils, it lived, thrived, and afterwards became an important staple. 9. Occupations. — In South Carolina the people lived Dn large isolated plantations, as in Virginia. In the north, the settlers dwelt still further apart, oftentimes in the woods^ where there were no roads, and where they could only travel by paths blazed through the forest, by notches made here and there upon the trees. The general occupations in North Carolina were the cutting of timber, the making of tar and turpentine, hunting the bear and trapping the beavet. STUDY I^O. 12. KING WILLIAM'S WAR (1689-1697). 1. Result of the Accession of WilMain of Orange. — The accession of William of Orange to the English throne led to a war with France, where the exiled king, James " II, had taken refuge. In this contest, the colonies became involved. William, as Prince of Orange, headed at that time, a Protestant league of several powers against Louis. England now joined the coalition and declared war against France. The latter nation, anxious to avoid the horrors of Indian warfare, offered neutrality in America ; but this was rejected, and for the first time Canada was seen arrayed against the English colonists. 2. Massacre of Lacliine.^^ — The Indians of Canada and Maine sided with the French. The English were aided by the Five Nations of New York. The latter, whom Dongan had already supported against the French, were now urged on by the Leisler {Uce-ler) and Bayard {)arties into which the colony was divided (p. 117). Shortly after Leisler's usurpation, a party of 1500 pagan Iroquis fell at midnight (Aug. 4) upon the village of Lachine, on the island of Mon- treal, and in one hour inhumanly massacred two hundred of the inhabitants. They then approached the town of Mon- treal, took about two hundred prisoners, and at length made themselves masters of the island and the fort, of which they maintained possession until October. 3. Frontenac. — Just at this juncture, the celebrated Frontenac was a second time made governor of Canada. 134 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. From the French king, he had received instructions to invade New York and to punish the English for their constant aid to the Iroquois. He accordingly planned three expeditions ; the first against Albany, the second to strike at the border settlements of New Hampshire, the third to attack those of Maine. 4. In the east, blood was first shed at Dover, N. H., (June 27). Here thirteen years before, three hundred unsus- pecting Indians had been treacherously seiz'ed by Major Waldron and shipped for Boston, to be sold into foreign slavery (p. 82). The memory of this act had not faded away, and it was now to be avenged. The Penacook Indians of Maine took the town, massacred Waldron aiid twenty others, and returned to the wilderness with twenty-nine captives. 5. Massacre of Schenectady.^ — At the dead of the night, one of the French and Indian parties sent out by Frontenac reached Schenectady, the farthest outpost of the colony of New York. The town was taken by surprise and sixty-three of its inhabitants massacred. The few who escaped fled half-clothed, through the blinding snow, fco Albany. Another French and Indian party destroyed Salmon Falls, N. H., and a third forced Casco (now Portland) to surrender. 6. Regret and Alarm of the Eng^lish.— The English colonies, thoroughly alarmed, now bitterly regretted their rejection of the proffered neutrality, and began, with reason, to tremble for their own liberties. At a Congress held in New York (May 1st, 1690), it was determined to attempt the conquest of Canada, by attacking Quebec and Montreal. KING WI1.LIAM S WAR. 135 7. Acadia Reduced. — A fleet was immediately sent out under Sir William Phipps, to conquer Acadia. Port Royal and other places were taken, and considerable booty obtained (May, 1690). 8. Attack on Quebec. — In October, 1690, the same' Phipps proceeded up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec, He had with him thirty-five vessels and about two thousand colonial militia.* Frontenac defended the place with in- domitable courage and skill ; and Phipps, after an unsuc- cessful siege of eight days, sailed down the river. 9. Late in November, Phipps reached Boston crestfallen and humiliated. One by one, the rest of his fleet came straggling after him, battered and weather-beaten. To cele- brate Frontenac's success, a medal was struck at Paris ; and in the lower town of Quebec, in memory of the event, a church was named, ^'Oiir Lady of Victory" 10. Expedition ag^ainst Montreal. — While Phipps was besieging Quebec, the English and Indian forces destined to attack Montreal were marching onward, by the borders of the Hudson and Lake Champlain ; but on reach- ing the latter place, they paused. The officers quarreled, the Iroquois became discontented, small-pox broke out, provi- sions failed, and the expedition was at an end. * When Frontenac received from a messenger tbe letter sent by Phipps, demand- inof, in the English king's name, a surrender of the city, he replied: " TeU ycmr general that I do not recognize King William ; and that the Prince of Orange, who sc styles himself, is a usurper, who has violated the most sacred laws of blood in attempt" Ing to dethrone his father-in-law. I know no king of England but King James. Yovnt general ought not to be surprised at the hostilities which he says that the French have carried on in Massachusetts ; for as the king, my master, has taken the king of Eng- land under his protection, and is about to replace him on his throne by force of arms, he might have expected that his Majesty would order me to make war on a people who have rebelled against their lawful prince.'^'' The messenger, astonished and startled, asked if Frontenac would give his answer in writing. "iVo," replied the governor, "7 will answer ymir general (ynk/ by th$ mouths of my cannon, that Tie may learn that a man like me is ru>t to be summoned after this fashion." 136 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 11. These two failures caused a cessation of hostilities, except in the east, where the French recovered Port Royal, and, by their Indian allies, kept the English frontier in a state of siege. The exhausted English colonies, repulsed from Canada, now attempted little more than a defence of their own borders. 12. In the summer of 1691, Major Scliuyler, of Albany, witli three hundred Mohawks, passed Lake Champlain, and at La Prairie^^ engaged eight hundred French troops. After a severe conflict, a number equal to that of his own forces being slain, he effected a safe retreat. In January, 1692, a party of French and Indians burst upon the town of York, and gave its inhabitants no choice but captivity or death. In England, the conquest of Canada was determined on, but the fleet destined to effect it, after a repulse at Martinique, reached Boston freighted with yellow fever, which destroyed two-thirds of the mariners and soldiers on board.* 13. Peace.— The peace of Ryswick {riz'wih),^ 1697, put an end to the war. 14. Before the close of the 17th century, settlements had been made at Detroit, Michigan, by the French (1670) ; at Vincennes,28 Indiana, by the French (1690); at Bexar, Texas, by the Spanish ; and in Mississippi, by the French (1699). * In March, 1697, Haverhill, Mass., was attacked. Mr. Dusten was at work in the field. Having hurried home, he brought out hie seven children, and bidding them "run ahead," he slowly retreated, keeping the Indians back with his gun. His little flock thus reached a place of safety. His wife, who was unable to escape with him, was dragged into captivity. After a weary march of one hundred and fifty miles, she and her Indian captors reached an island in the Merrimac. Here she resolved to escape. A white boy, who had pre- viously been taken prisoner, found out from his master, at Mrs. Dusten's request, how to strike a blow that would produce instant death, and how to scalp. Having learned these facts, she in the night awoke the boy and her nurse, and arranged their parts. Having each taken a tomahawk, they struck vigorously and with wise division of labor. Soon ten Indians were killed ; one squaw only escaped. Having scalped the bodies, in order to prove her story on reaching home, she hastened to the bank of the river, and in a bark canoe the three descended the Merrimac to the Engli»ii settlements. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF REMARKABLE PERSONAGES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. AUouez, Father Claude, (1620-1690), one of the earliest Jesuit missionaries and explorers of the northwestern part of our coun- try, was a native of France. He reached America in 1658, spent some time at the Algonquin missions on the St. Lawrence, became a perfect master of that tongue, and gained some knowledge also of the Iroquois. At length, in 1665, he was sent to his long desired mission in the West, and in this field he labored until his death. For years "The Illustrious Triummrate," Allouez, Dablon, and Marquette, evangelized the vast regions that extend from Green Bay to the head of Lake Superior. In 1676, he was appointed to the Illinois mission begun by Marquette. The latest scene of his labor was among the Miamis, on the St. Joseph River. Here he died. AUouez's contributions to the Jesuit " Rela- tions" are among the most valuable records of the ideas and manners of the Indians at that time. Andros, Edmund, (1637-1713), an English colonial governor, born in London. He was brought up at court, his father being an oflBcer of the royal household. In 1674, he became governor of the province of New York. After a rule of seven years, he was recalled to England, where he received the honor of knighthood. In 1686, he was made governor of New England ; and in 1688, New York and New Jersey were added to his jurisdiction. He was notorious for tyranny, and his arbitrary conduct finally induced the people to take up arms against him. He was imprisoned and sent to England with a com- mittee of accusers ; but was acquitted without a formal trial. In 1692, he was made governor of Virginia, and after a rule of six years, was removed. He died in England. Arg-all, Samuel, (1572-1639), an English adventurer, born in Bristol. He arrived at Virginia several years after its settlement, and his first public exploit was the kidnapping of Pocahontas, in 1612. During the administration of Governor Dale, (1613), he reduced and plundered Port Royal, N. S., and destroyed the French settlement of St. Saviour, on Mt. Desert, I. In 1617, he became deputy-governor of Virginia ; but he demeaned himself so tyrannically that, in 1619, he was recalled. On the death of Lord Delaware, he took charge of his estate, and letters of Lady Delaware, still extant, accuse him of the 138 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. most flagrant peculation. Argall was a man of ability, but was also unscrupulous and grasping. Bacon, Nathaniel, (1630-1677), an eloquent atd talented young lawyer, celebrated as the leader of Bacon's Rebellion, in Virginia, was born in England, He emigrated to the New World in 1675, and soon became very popular among the Virginians. In 1676, the Indians having invaded the frontier of Virginia, and no efficient measures having been provided for the relief of the colony. Bacon assumed the command of the people. Though condemned as a rebel by Governor Berkely, his bravery restored quiet and confidence to the colonists. Having put an end to the Indian war, he was about to besiege Governor Berkely, when death closed his career. Baltimore, Lord, {Sir George Calvert), (1582-1632), the founder and lawgiver of Maryland, was born in Yorkshire. Having graduated at Oxford, he was sent abroad to travel, and on his return was knighted. Soon after, he was made one of the principal secretaries of state. Although brought up in the English Church, the cruel persecution then waged against Catholics, touched his heart, and induced him to make a profound examination into the old Faith. The result was that, in 1624, he resigned his position as secretary and entered the Church. " lam now a Roman Catholic,'' said he, " and would he obliged either to violate my conscience in the discharge of that opce, or he icanting to my trust." James I, nevertheless, retained him in the privy council, and made him Baron of Baltimore, in the Irish peerage. Calvert's great desire now was to found in the New World, a colony for his persecuted brethren in the Faith. After an unsuccessful attempt at a settlement in Newfoundland, his attention was drawn to the shores of the Chesa- peake. From Charles I, he received a grant of territory including what now forms the states of Maryland and Delaware, and with his own hand he drew up a liberal charter, which he also submitted to the king. Before the papers were duly executed, Lord Baltimore died. His title and privilege descended to his eldest son, who carried out his father's designs. " GaZvert deserves to he ranked," says Bancroft, " among the moat wise and henevolent lawgivers of all ages." Baltimore, Lord, {CecU Calvert), (1613-1676), the eldest son of the first Lord Baltimore, was the first proprietor of Maryland. He never resided in Maryland, but appointed as his lieutenant, his brother Leonard, who arrived in the New World, in 1634, with about two hundred colonists, chiefly Catholics of gentle birth. Cecil Calvert discharged his duties to the colonists in a most liberal spirit, and died at an advanced age. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 139 Berkely, Sir William, (-1677), was born near London. He was educated at Oxford, and, in 1641, was appointed Governor of Vir- ^nia. During the Civil War, he sided with Charles I, and maintained the royal authority in Virginia until the death of the king. In 1651, he submitted to Cromwell, and then retired from office. Eight years afterwards, he was again appointed governor of Virginia ; but he ren- dered himself very unpopular by his failure to protect the settlers from Indian raids. After " Bacon's Rebellion," he treated the insurgents with extreme severity. Being recalled to England, he is said to have died of chagrin. Calvert, Leonard, (1606-1647), the first governor of Maryland, was a younger son of George Calvert. He governed Maryland from 1634 until his death. Charlevoix, (shar-le-vicah), Pierre Francis Xavier cle, (1682-1761), a French historian, critic, and traveler, born at St. Quen- tin. At the age of sixteen, he entered the Society of Jesus ; and, while still a scholastic, was sent to Quebec. Here, he was employed four years in teaching. Later, he became professor of Belles-lettres in France. Having published a " History of Christianity in Japan" he returned to Quebec to write his most celebrated work, "The History of New France." He remained for some time at Sault St. Louis, where his room is still shown. Then, having reached the Mississippi by way of the Illinois, he descended to New Orleans, and returned to France by way of Santo Domingo. In 1724, he published the "Life of Mother Mary of the Incarnation" the first superioress of the Ursulines at Quebec ; and, in 1744, the History of New France, which had been completed almost twenty years before. This work, though of immense value, remained untranslated until recently, when an English edition was brought out in New York by John Gilmary Shea. Charlevoix's last work was the " History of Paraguay." He died in France. Cliamplain, Samuel de, (1567-1635), a French navigator, the founder of Quebec, and first governor of Canada, was born at Brouage, France. For services in the West Indies, during the war against the Spaniards, he was pensioned by Henry IV, under whose auspices he made his first voyage to Canada, (1603). In 1604, with De Monts, he began a settlement on the island of St. Croix, in a river of the same name, between Maine and New Brunswick. Between the years 1604-6, Champlain explored the coast as far south as Cape Cod, making care- ful surveys and maps ; and, in 1607, he returned to France. Renewing his enterprise the next year, he ascended the St. Lawrence to the site of Quebec, and there planted a colony, (1608). In 1610, he discovered the lake which bears his name ; and, in 1620, was appointed governor of Canada. He now set himself to labor energetically for the welff>^"^e of 140 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. the colony, ever proving himself the faithful friend of the Indians and the kind patron of the missions. In 1629, the colony met with a severe blow, Quebec being taken by the English, and Champlain carried to England. . In 1632, Canada was restored to the French, and Champlain reinstated. He did not, however, long survive, his death occurring on Christmas Day, 1635. Champlain was remarkable for his sagacity, penetration, and earnestness of character, as well as for his indomitable perseverance and sincere piety. More than two and a half centuries ago, during his sojourn in the West Indies, he conceived the plan of a ship-canal across the isthmus of Panama, " ly which," he says, " the voyage to the South Sea would he shortened hy more than fifteen hundred leagues." His piety is shown by the opening words of his journal : " The saltation of a single soul is worth more than the conquest of an empire." Dongran, Hon. Thomas, (1634^1715), belonged to an ancient and noble Irish Catholic family, and was born in Kildare. His father was Sir John Dongan of Castledown, and one of his maternal uncles was the famous Richard Talbot, Barl of Tyrconnell, who figured so conspicuously during the reign of James 11. Having chosen a military career, he spent some time in the service of Louis XIV, and later received an appointment in the the English army. As the administra- tion of affairs under Andros, in New York, at this time, produced great discontent, the Duke of York transferred the government to Colonel Dongan. This governor reached the New World in 1683, and in the fall of the same year, convoked the first General Assembly of New York, which granted the celebrated " Charter of liberties." Dongan made many improvements in the City of New York, then the capital and seat of government ; settled the boundary line between New York and Connecticut ; and made an important treaty with the Iroquois in West- ern New York. Having at length incurred the displeasure of James II, his ofl&ce was withdrawn from him, and he retired to his estate on Staten Island. Later, he succeeded to the titles and estates of his brother, thus becoming Earl of Limerick. He died in London. Frontenac, Count Louis de, (1620-1698), came of an ancient and noble Basque family. His father held a high post in the household of Louis XTII, who became the child's godfather and gave him his own name. At the age of seventeen, he entered the army, and after- wards served in Italy, Flanders, Germany, and Candia. He was at length appointed governor-general of Canada, by Louis XIV, and reached that country in 1672. He built Fort Frontenac on the present site of Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to keep the Iroquois in check, and became the constant patron of La Salle in his various explorations. Having become involved with the intendant Dncliesneau {du-shay-no), BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 141 and with the ecclesiastical authorities who opposed the liquor trade among the Indians, he was recalled, (1682). When, however, in 1689, from various causes Canada had been brought to the verge of ruin, he was again made governor He now planned and carried out three expeditions against the English Colonies, and completed his vigorous campaign by the repulse of Sir Wm. Phipps, before Quebec, 1690. After this he restored Fort Frontenac, and revived the French influence among the Indians. Having thus restored the fallen fortunes of France in the New World, he soon after died, and was buried in the Church of the Franciscans, to whom he was greatly attached. Frontenac was a man of marked ability and indomitable courage, but of impetuous disposition and haughty manners, and, hence, apt to be arbitrary and prejudiced. "A more remarkable figure, in its hold and salient individuality and sharply marked light and shadow, is nowhere seen in American history.'' Joliet, Louis (1645-1700), was born at Quebec. Having com- pleted his studies at the college in that city, he started westward to seek his fortune in the fur trade. He soon acquired a knowledge of the Indian languages and of western topography, which led the gov- ernment to select him as the explorer of the Mississippi. Father Marquette and he studied over the route, and drew up maps from their own knowledge and Indian reports, laying down rivers, tribes, and natural features. In the summer of 1673, they made the celebrated voyage which has immortalized their names. On his return, Joliet lost all his papers in the rapids above Montreal. His report from memory was necessarily brief, and his map less accurate than that of Father Marquette. He was not rewarded as he deserved, his modest merits being soon thrown into the shade by the exploits of La Salle. In 1680, the island of Anticosti was given to him, and here he built a fort, a dwelling for his family and houses for trade. In 1690, Phipps on his way to attack Quebec made a descent on Jol let's establishment, burnt his buildings, and took prisoners himself, his wife and his mother-in- law. His property was a total loss ; but he recovered his liberty when the English retired from Quebec. In 1697, he obtained the seigneury of Joliette, which still belongs to his family. He died apparently poor, and was buried on one of the islands of Mignon. La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, (1635-1687), one of the most illustrious explorers of our country, was born at Rouen, France. In early youth he entered the Society of Jesus ; but after some years of study he left the order, and started for Canada to build up his fortime, his own patrimony having been forfeited by the unjust provisions of the French law. In 1666, he sailed for Canada, and obtained from the Sulpitians a large tract of land near Montreal, which he named La Chine. In the winter of 1670, he started on an expedition towards the 142 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. southwest, discovered tlie Ohio River, and sailed down as far as the site of Louisville. Having been appointed Governor of Fort Frontenac, he was encouraged by Colbert to pursue the discoveries and explorations which his own genius suggested. He built a vessel on Lake Erie, began his voyage in August, 1679, and passed through Lakes Huron and Michigan. At Peoria, having heard that his vessel The Griffin, had been wrecked, he built a fort called Crhe Gceur {the Broken Heart), and returned by land to Kingston, (1680). In 1682, with a large party, he renewed his enterprise, and descended the Mississippi in canoes from the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico, (April, 1682). The next year he went to France, and having obtained a commission to plant a colony in Louisiana, he undertook a voyage to that region ; but failing to find the mouth of the Mississippi, he landed in Texas. Here he encountered great hardships, and was at length murdered by some of his own fol- lowers. "His capacity for large designs," says Sparks, '' and for procuring the resources to carry them forward, has few parallels amongst the most eminent discoverers." Leisler, {Uce-ler), Jacob, (16 1691), an adventurer and revo- lutionist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, emigrated to America in 1660, and took up his residence in Albany. In 1689, he became the leader of a mob which seized the fort and public funds of New York, "for the preservation," as he said, "of the Protestant re- ligion." Sloughter having been soon after appointed Governor of the colony, Leisler was arrested and executed, (1691). Marquette, {mar-kef). Father James, (1-637-1675), was born at Laon, France, of an ancient and noble family. His mother, Rose de La Salle, was a near relative of the Ven. La Salle, the founder of the Christian Brothers ; and to her early training he owed much of that profound piety which distinguished him in after-life, especially his generous and unwavering devotion to the Mother of God. In his seven- teenth year, he entered the Society of Jesus. Twelve years later, he sailed for Canada as a missionary. As soon as he had mastered the Indian languages, he began his course westward. He first founded the mission of Sault {so) St. Marie. Here, twenty years before, the cross had been planted by Father Jogues, but it had since fallen. The next year, (1669), he took the place of AUouez among the Ottawas and Hurons. His stay here was short. He followed the Huron s to Mack- inaw, and there built the chapel of St. Ignatius. In 1673, he made with Joliet his celebrated exploration of the Mississippi (p. 105), and two years afterwards founded a mission at Kaskaskia. Here his earthly labors ended. Conscious that death was nigh, he attempted to return to Mackinaw ; but, unable to proceed, expired on the shores of the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 143 small river wliicli now bears his name. (See Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley.) Peiiii, William, (1644-1718), the founder and legislator of Pennsylvania, was born in London. In bis youtb he became a Quaker, on which account he was banished from the ancestral home. He, however, continued to preach in public, and to write in defence of the doctrines which he had embraced. In consequence of this he was three times imprisoned, and once brought to trial. Many "Friends" had emigrated to America, and two had become proprietors of New Jersey. Penn acted as umpire between them in a dispute which arose, and thus his special attention was drawn to this country. He now looked with longing eyes across the Atlantic, for a home beyond the reach of persecution. On the death of his father, to whom he had been reconciled, he became heir to an immense fortune ; and in payment of a debt of £16,000 due from the crown, he accepted the territory of Pennsylvania. Towards the close of 1682, Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia, and caused the boundaries of the streets to be marked on the trunks of the chestnut, walnut, spruce, pine, and other forest trees that covered the land. Mementoes of this fact still linger in the names of many streets in that city. In 1684, he returned to England, where hs spent the ensuing fifteen years. As his friendship for James II. was well known, he fell into disfavor with William of Orange, who in 1693 deprived him of his authority as governor. Two years afterwards, however, he was reinstated in his rights. In 1699, he returned to America, and granted to the colony a new charter. Having undergone many pecuniary and other trials, he died in England. Penn was toler- ant in matters of religion, humane in his dealings with the Indians, and benevolent in all his relations with his fellow-men. Pliipps, Sir William, (1650-1695), was born at a rude border settlement on the Kennebec. Until eighteen years of age, he was employed in keeping sheep. He then apprenticed himself to a ship carpenter, and a few years later removed to Boston, where he learned to read and write. Anxious to better his fortunes, he went to England, to procure means to recover a Spanish treasure-ship which had been wrecked near the Bahamas. A frigate was given him, but his search proved unsuccessful. On a second attempt, however, he recovered treasure to the amount of £300,000, a considerable portion of which fell to his share. He was then knighted and appointed high sherift'of New England. In 1690, he captured Port Royal, but failed in an attempt against Quebec. Two years afterwards, the king made him governor of Massachusetts, a post for which he was totally unfit. In 1694, he was summoned to England to answer certain charges brought against him, and there he suddenly died. He co-operated with 144 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Cotton Mather, the Puritan pastor of the North Church of Boston, in the witchcraft delusion ; but his last act as governor was to issue a general pardon to all convicted or accused of that offence. Smith, Captain John, (1579-1631), the founder of Virginia, was bora in Lincolnshire, England. He early showed a great inclina- tion for daring adventure. About the year 1600, he enlisted in the Austrian army and performed many bold exploits against the Turks. He was taken prisoner, reduced to slavery, killed his master, and escaped to Russia. Having returned to England, he accompanied a party of emigrants to Virginia and soon became the leading man in that colony. {See Virginia.) The latter part of his life was spent in England. Stuyvesant, {stives-ant) Peter, (1602-1683), the last Dutch governor of the New Netherlands, was born in Holland. He served in the war in the West Indies, lost a leg in battle, and in 1645 was ap- pointed governor or director-general of New Netherland. Here he conciliated the Indians, who had been provoked to hostilities by his predecessor, Kieft, and restored order in every department. His admin- istration was rigorous and rather arbitrary. In 1664, New Amsterdam was attacked by an English fleet, to which Stuyvesant unwillingly surrendered. The ensuing year, he went to report to his superiors in Holland, but soon returned and spent the remainder of his days on his farm or "howerie," ^en outside the limits of New York city. Peter Stuyvesant forms a conspicuous character in Irving's humorous work, entitled, " The History of New York, ly Diedrich Knickerbocker." Urban VIII, Pope, {Mapo Barherini), (1568-1644), was bom at Florence. He was distinguished for his learning and liberal patron- age of science and art. By him the college of the " Propaganda " was founded. Wheelwrig'ht, John, (1594-1679), a Puritan divine, who emi- grated to this country from England in 1636. He had been the classmate and friend of Oliver Cromwell, and he was the brother-in-law of Mrs. Hutchinson, whose religious views he shared. In 1638, he formed, on the banks of the Piscataqua, a settlement which he called Exeter. He iied in Salisbury, N. H. White, Father Andrew, (1579-1656), tJie ''Apostle of Mary- land," was born in London. Denied by the laws of his native land the privilege of an education there, he made his studies at Douay. Having been ordained priest about the age of twenty-five, he returned to Eng- land to labor for the conversion of his countrymen. He was soon discovered and thrown into prison, and, with forty-six other Catholic priests, sentenced to perpetual banishment, (1606). The next year he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 145 entered the Society of Jesus. His novitiate was spent at Louvain. Twenty-five years afterwards, Lord Baltimore having applied to the Superior of the Jesuits for missionaries for his new colony, Fathers White and Altham, with t^vo lay brothers, were selected for the mis- sion. On the 2oth of March he oflPered up the Holy Sacrifice for the first time on the shores of the Chesapeake ; and during the ensuing years he labored with the ardent zeal of an apostle in this new field. Though fifty-six years of age, he patiently undertook the study of the Indian language ; and so successful was he that he compiled in that tongue a grammar, a dictionary, and a catechism, tne last of which alone is extant. He and his companions were requested to sit in the first colonial Assembly ; but as they earnestly requested to be excused from all part in secular concerns, their request was granted. Father White was soon joined by other members of his order, and the missions were thus rendered very successful. Clayborne endeavored to destroy their influence among the natives, but the Fathers remained undaunted at their posts. In 1640, Father Wliite had the happiness of baptizing Ghilaeomon, or King Charles, the chief of the Piscataquays. Later, he conferred the same Sacrament on the chief of the Potomacs and the queen of Patuxent. In 1644, during the insurrection under Clayborne, Father White and his companions were seized, and in chains sent back to England, to be prosecuted as "priests and Jesuits." During his imprisonment in London, though borne down by old age, he never relaxed his austerities. The keeper, greatly surprised, said to him, " If you continue this fasting and austerity, you icill not be able to stand up under the galloics at Tyburne! " The holy man replied : " My fast- ings give me strength to bear all kinds of sufferings for the love of Jesus Christ." He was at length released, but he never again beheld the shores of America. His last years were spent in apostolic labor in his own country. History gives us few characters purer or more beautiful than that of Father Andrew White. Williams, Rog-er, (1606-1683), the founder of Rhode Island, was born in Wales. He was educated at Oxford, and was ordained a minister of the Church of England. Becoming a dissenter, he emi- grated to Massachusetts, (1631), and preached for a short time at Salem; but he was at length banished from the colony on account of his doc- trines, (1635). He then removed to Rhode Island, where he founded the city of Providence ; also the first Baptist Church in that city. He was for several years president of the colony, and lived in great-peace with the Indians, over whom he acquired considerable influence. He was buried in the family cemetery, near the spot on which he landed. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW^. SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 1604. — First settlement in New England, made on Boone Island, Maine, by De Monts and Clianiplaiu. Champlain explored the coast of Maine, and entered the Penobscot River. 1605. — De Monts and Champlain explored the Maryland coast. Port Royal, Nova Scotia settled. 1607. — Virg^iiiia (I.) settled at Jamestown. 1608.— Quebec founded. 1609,— Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson. 1610. — The "Starving Time" in Virginia. 1612. — A Jesuit mission founded on Mt. Desert Island, Maine. 1613.— New York (II.) settled by the Dutch at New Amster- dam, Rolfe and Pocahontas married. 1615. — The Franciscans in Canada. Champlain discovered Lake Ontario. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 1619.— The first Colonial Assembly. 1620.— Massachusetts (III.) settled at Plymouth. Slavery introduced at Jamestown, Virginia. 1622. — An Indian massacre in Virginia. New Hampshire granted to Gorges and Mason. 1623. — New Hampshire (IV.) settled at Dover and Ports- mouth. 162o. — The Jesuits in Canada. 1633. — Connecticut (V.) settled by emigrants from Massa- chusetts. 1634. — Maryland (VI.) settled at St. Mary's, on the Potomac. 1635. — Clayborne's Rebellion. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. Champlain died. 1636.— Rhode Island (VII.) settled at Providence. 1637.— The Pequod War. 1638. — Delaware (VIII.) settled by the Swedes and Finns. 1640.— Montreal founded. 1643. — The Swedes and the Finns in Pennsylvania. 1646. — Father Jogues martyred. Father Druillettes commenced his mission among the Abnaki Indians. Father De None frozen. 1648. — Father Daniel martyred. CHROKOLOGICAL REVIEW. 147 1 649. — Fathers Breboeuf and Lallemant martyred. The Toleration Act passed in Maryland. 1 G50.— North Carolina (IX.) settled by emigrants from Vir- ginia. 1653.— Onondaga salt-springs discovered by Father Le Moyne. 1654. — Penal laws against Catholics in Maryland. 1655. — Missions among the Onondagas. Civil War in Maryland. 'Sew Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 1660. — The Navigation Act passed. 1663. — Albemarle Colony (North Carolina) formed. 1664.— New York taken by the Dutch. New Jersey (X.) set- tled at Elizabethtown. 1665. — Father Allouez discovered the southern shore of Lake Superior. 1668. — Missions established among the Iroquois. Father Mar- quette founded the mission of Sault Saint Mary. 1661). — Green Bay founded by Father Allouez. 1670. — South Carolina (XI.) settled on Ashley River. Mich- igan settled at Detroit. 1673. — Father Marquette discovered and explored the Upper Mississippi. 1675. — King Philip's War. Death of Father Marquette. 1676. — Bacon's Rebellion. 1680. — Charleston, South Carolina, settled. 1682. — Pennsylvania (XII.) settled by the Quakers under Penn. 1683. — Philadelphia founded. Governor Dongan in New York. Kaskaskia (the Village of the Immaculate Conception), 111., founded by Father Gravier. 1684. — La Salle passed from the Upper Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. 1685. — La Salle attempted a settlement in Texas. Arkansas Post, Ark., settled. 1686. — Andros governor of New England. First Catholic Chapel in Philadelphia. 1689. — King William's War. Catholicity proscribed in New York. 1690. — Indiana settled at Vincennes. Massacre of Lachine. Schenectady burned. Acadia reduced. Unsuccessful attack on Quebec. 1692. — Salem witchcraft delusion. 1695. — Archdale governor of the Carolinas. 1699. — Louisiana settled at Iberville. 148 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY, 1003. — James I. king of England. 1605.— The Gunpowder Plot. 1008. — Galileo constructed the telescope. 16 lO. — Louis XIII. king of France. The Order of the Visitation founded by St. Francis de Sales. 1616. — Shakespeare died. 1617. — The Congregation of the Mission founded by St. Vincent de Paul. St. Rose of Lima died. 1618.— The Thirty Years' War began. 1633. — The Sisters of Charity founded by St. Vincent de Paul. 164:0. — Portugal revolted from Spain and gained her independ. ence. 1642.— The Civil War in England began. 1643.— Louis XIV. king of France. 1649. — Execution of Charles I. Cromwell head of the Common- wealth. 1665. — The London Plague ; 100,000 persons died. 1674. — John Sobieski king of Poland. 1685. — James II. king of England. 1688. — The Revolution in England. William of Orange ascended the throne. 1689. — Peter the Great czar of Russia. 1690.— Battle of the Boyne. 1697.— Treaty of Ryswick. CONTEMPORARY POPES. aement VIII. (1592-1605); Leo XI. (1605-1605); Paul V. (1605- • 1621) ; Gregory XV. (1621-1623) ; Urban VIII. (1623-1644) ; Innocent X (1644-1655' ; Alexander VII. (1655-1667); Clement IX. (1667-1669); Clement X. (1670-1676) ; Innocent XI. (1676-1689) ; Alexander VUL (1689-1691) ; Innocent XII. (1691-1700). GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. a OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. (1.) Ashley, a smaU river in South Carolina, wliicli unites with Jooper River, at Charleston, to form Charleston harbor. (2.) Bermuda, or The Bermudas, a group of islands in the lilorth Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain. (3.) Buzzard's Bay, a large indentation on the south coast of Massachusetts. (4.) Cape Cod, projects from the southeast coast of Massachusetts, and curving inwards like a man's arm bent at the elbow and wrist, encloses Cape Cod Bay. (5.) Champlain, Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, about 130 miles long, between the states of New York and Vermont. (6.) Charleston, the largest city in South Carolina, on a ton^e of land between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. (7.) Cuttyhuuk Island, the most southwestern of the Elizabeth Islands, on Buzzard's Bay, Mass. (8.) Elizabethtown, formerly the capital and principal town of New Jersey, is situated about five miles southwest of Newark. (9.) Green Bay, a large arm on the west side of Lake Michigan. (10.) Jamestown was situated on the west bank of the James River, in Virginia, about fifty miles from Richmond. (11.) Kingston, a post village of Washington County, R. I., 27 miles southwest of Providence. (12.) Keweenaw Point, a peninsula in the north part of Michigan, well watered and generally very fertile. (13.) Lachine, {la'sheen), a post-village of Canada East, on the island, and 9 miles south of Montreal. (14.) La Prairie, {la-pra' -ree), a post-village of Canada East, on the south shore of the River St. Lawrence. (15.) Mackinaw, a village of Michigan, situated on an island of the same name, in Lake Huron. (16.) Madag-a.qcar, a great island in the Indian Ocean, generall;" considered as appertaining to Africa. 150 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. (17.> Mohawk River, a river of New York, wliicli enters the Hudson about three miles above Troy. The chief towns on its banks are Rome, Utica, Little Falls, and Schenectady. (18.) Narragansett Bay, a large body of water extending north from the Atlantic into Rhode Island, between Point Judith on the west and Seconnet Rocks on the east. (19.) Narrows, Tlie, a strait separating Long Island from Staten Island, and connecting New York Bay with New York Harbor. On either side, strong fortifications have been erected for its defence. (20.) Onondaga, {on-on-daw'-ga), a county in the central part of New York State. It contains Cross, Onondaga, and Otisco Lakes, also a part of Skaneateles Lake, and is drained by Seneca River, Chit- tenango, Onondaga and Oneida Creeks, and other smaller streams. (21.) Potomac, a large river forming the boundary between Virginia and Maryland. It passes through several ridges of moun- tains, and the scenery along its banks, especially at Harper's Ferry where it bursts through the Blue Ridge, is in the highest degree beautiful and picturesque. (22.) Providence, chief city and capital of the State of Rhode Island, is situated on the northwest arm of Narragansett Bay (or Providence River), thirty-five miles from the ocean. The river divides the city into two nearly equal parts, which are connected by bridges, (23.) Rysw^ick, iriz-wik), a village of Holland, 2 miles S. E, of the Hague. The peace concluded here, in 1697, between France on the one part, and Germany, England, Spain, and Holland on the other, is commemorated by a pyramidal monument. (24.) Salem, a city in Essex County, Massachusetts. Next to Plymouth, it is the oldest town in New England. The place of execution of those condemned for supposed witchcraft, is a beautiful eminence overlooking the city, and is now known as Oallovfs Hill. (25.) Sault {so) St. Mary, a village of Michigan, on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 400 miles northwest of Detroit. (26.) Schenectady, {sken-ek' -ta-de), a thriving city of New York, on the right bank of the Mohawk River, 16 miles N. E. of Albany. (27.) Starved Rock, a perpendicular mass of limestone and sandstone, 150 feet high, on Illinois River, 8 miles below Ottawa. It received its name from a band of Illinois Indians, who, having taken refuge here, were hemmed in by the Pottowatomies, and who all died of thirst rather than of starvation. (28.) "Vincennes, the oldest town in Indiana, Is situated on the .left bank of the Wabash River, one hundred miles southwest of Indianapolis. SECTION IV, A.i:>. 1700 TO A.D. 1800 STUDY IfO. 1. THE AMERICAN COLONIES DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY. 1. Penal Laws in New York. — The year 1700 was disgraced iu New York by the passage of a law against Catholic priests. It was decreed that any Catholic priest remaining in, or coming into, the province after Novem- ber 1, 1700, should be " deemed and accounted an incendiary and disturber of the puUic peace and safety, and an enemy to the true Christian reli- gion, and should be adjudged to suffer perpetual imprisonment.^^ In case of escape and capture, the penalty was death. Any person who gave shelter to a Catholic clergyman, was liable to a fine of IIOOO and to three days torture in the pillory. 3. In 1701, another law was enacted depriving Catholics of the right of voting or of holding office. In 1702, Queen Anne granted liberty of conscience to all in the province. Catholics excepted. The natural result of this THE puxoby. 153 EXCELSIOR HISTOBY. unjust legislation was to prevent Catholics fronr settling in New York. These laws were not repealed until after the Kevolution. 3, Queen Anne's War. — In 1702, war being de~ clured by England against France and Spain, hostilities con- sequently ensued between their respective colonies in the JNew World. As the contest principally concerned the suo cession to the Spanish throne, it was termed in Europe the War of the Spanish Succession, Here it was called Queen Anne's War,* 4. The English colonies, now entirely surrounded by the French and Spaniards, were filled with alarm. New York through the influence of Schuyler, obtained a neutrality with Canada ; but New England had to contend with the French, and the Carolinas with the Spaniards. 5, Hostilities at the South. — As soon as war was proclaimed. Governor Moore of South Carolina made a descent on St. Augustine. He took the town; but while assailing the fort, two Spanish men-of-war entered the har- bor, and Moore deeming discretion the better part of valor, beat a hasty retreat. The next year, he more successfully attacked the missions on the Appalachicola. ^ The Indian towns were destroyed and several of the missionaries killed, hundreds of converts sharing their fate, or worse still, being hurried off as slaves to the West Indies. * The exiled kins;, James II, died in France (September, 1701). Louis, who had protected him, now acknowledged his son, James Francis Edward (who is known in history as the Pretender) to be the lawful king of England. This act was displeasing to the English, as the crown had been settled upon Anne, James's second and Protestant daughter. Louis also offended the English by placing his grandson, Philip of Anjou, on the Spanish throne, thus increasing French influence among the dynasties of Europe. William was preparing for war, when he suddenly died. He was succeeded by Anne ; and the causes already mentioned, with others of less Importance, impelled her to declare war against France. QUEEN AKNE S WAR, 163 6. The greatest blow was struck in 1704, when St. Marks, the centre of the Apalachee mission, was taken and destroyed by a body of English and Indians. Three Franciscans who directed the mission went out to sue for mercy; but they were seized and put to death with all the horrors of Indian cruelty. Eight hundred of the mission Indians were killed on the spot, and fourteen hundred taken captive by Governor Moore. Some of these he employed in cultivating his fields ; the others he sold for his own pecuniary profit. A thorn was thus planted in the breasts of the surrounding Indians, which rankled for years and finally urged them into fierce retaliation. 7. Hostilities at the North. — A party of New England colonists attacked and plundered a French and Indian settlement on the Penobscot, thus rousing all the eastern Indians to war. The Canadians retaliated, and after several minor attacks, a party of French and Indians fell on Deerfield, killed nearly fifty of the inhabitants, and hurried off one hundred as prisoners.* ( March, 1704.) 8. Acadia Reduced. — The New Englanders under Church were now sent against the French on the Penobscot, but no important blow was struck. This was followed, in 1707, by an expedition against Port Royal, which, though unsuccessful, ravaged the farms of the French settlers. In 1710, the expedition being renewed. Port Eoyal was taken and its name changed to Annapolis, {city of Anne), in honor * Among the captives, were the minister, Mr. Williams, and his family. Mrs. Williams, being too weak to travel, was tomahawked the second day. Her husband and children were taken to Canada ; but after a captivity of nearly two years, they were ransomed and returned home. His youngest daughter, meanwhile, had been adopted by the Indians, and they refused to part with her. She srrew up to woman- hood, became a devout Catholic, and married a young Mohawk brave. Years after- wards, she visited her relations at Deerfield, but no entreaties could induce her to forsake her Indian home. 154 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. of the ilnglish queen. By this conquest, Acadia, undei the name of Nova Scotia, became a British Province. 9. Two expeditions against Canada were now planned by the British ; * one, organized in England, to proceed against Quebec; the other, in the colonies, to attack Mon- treal. The former proved a failure, a large fleet under the command of Admiral Walker, being wrecked on the St. Lawrence, and nearly a thousand persons perishing. (1711.) When the news of this disaster, became known, the second expedition was abandoned. Providence itself seemed to favor the Canadians. 10. The Tuscaroras.— In 1711, the Tuscarora In- dians, mindful of the wrongs of their race, suddenly fell upon the whites in North Carolina and massacred many. They were afterwards conquered by a force from South CaroHna, and soon migrated to New York where they joined the Iroquois, thus forming the sixth nation of that Confederacy. 11. Peace. — The peace of Utrecht, {you4relcty° -^vii an end to Queen Anne's War, and by it Nova Scotia was ceded to England, (1713). 12. The Eng:lish and the Ahnaki.— During Queen Anne's War, New England, which had just passed an act condemning Catholic missionaries to imprisonment for life, endeavored to persuade the Abnaki Indians to remain neutral. Having failed in this, the English determined to retaliate upon the Indians, and especially upon their venera- ble missionary, Father Easle. Twice the New Englanders attacked Norridgewalk, now Indian Old Point, the Abnaki ♦ When the news of these preparations reached the governor at Montreal, every- thing was pnt in readiness for defence. Indian allies were secured, the fortifi- cations were strensrthened, and so enthusiastic were the inhabitants that even women worked on the forts. THE AMERICAN COLON^lES. 155 settlement. The first time, (1705), they burnt the church and village ; the second, (1722), they pillaged the church and his little cabin, carrying off everything, even his papers, ink- stand, and his now celebrated Abnaki dictionary,* the result of years of patient toil. 13. Death of Father Rasle.— In 1724, during the absence of many of the Abnaki warriors at the hunting season, a party of English, and pagan Mohawks bore down upon the Christian village. The aged priest rushed from his little chapel to aid his people ; a yell of exultation and a volley of bullets followed, and Father Rasle lay dead at the foot of the mission cross. Seven chiefs shared his fate. Having mangled the body of the saintly man who had spent a life- time in the wilderness, the English profaned the tabernacle, burnt the church, and withdrew. 14. The Natchez Massacre.— The French at Fort Rosalie having attempted to wrest from the Natchez In- dians f their ancient capital, were cruelly massacred by the latter. Two hundred persons, including two missionaries (a Jesuit and a Franciscan), perished. Shortly afterwards, the Natchez were completely destroyed as a nation, by a French force from New Orleans, (1729). At the Fort Rosalie massacre, the Indians spared the children. Many of these the whites purchased from the savages and committed to the care of the Ursulines, who had just founded a liouse at New Orleans These bereaved little ones thus formed the nucleus of the first orphan asylum in that city. • This dictionary is still preserved with the neatest care at Harvard Colleore, and Is regarded as a precious monument of philological research. + These Indians were by far the most civilized to be found in the valley of the Mississippi. Their peculiar Ian2;ua2:e, their worship, their division into nobles and plebeians, their funeral rites, have given rise to many singular conjectures with regard to their origin. 156 EXCELSIOR HISIORY 15, The Mississippi Scheme.— From 1713 to 1732, Louisiana was under the control of a company which had obtained from the French Government large colonial grants, as well as a monopoly of the foreign trade. On these IS a basis of credit, they issued a large amount of paper noney. The whole scheme, which was managed by an un- scrupulous Scotch lawyer named John Law, then resident in Paris, completely fascinated the French people. Mines were to be opened in Louisiana, and the shareholders to be- come fabulously rich in a short space of time. The shares had risen to forty, fifty, and even sixty times their original value, when suddenly (May, 1720), the bubble burst. Law's bank failed, and those who had been millionaires one day, were penniless the next. 16. Georgia Settled.— In 1733, Georgia, the last of the TJiirteen Original States, was founded by James Oglethorpe, as a refuge for oppressed debtors from England. Under four large pine trees, on the west bank of the Savan- nah Kiver where the city of that name now stands, he first pitched his tent, and for a year this was his only dwelling. He was accom- panied by about thirty-five families, imong whom were some Piedmontese silk- weavers, one of 'he projects of the colony being the manufacture of silk. This industry was continued in Georgia till the Revolution. Ogle- thorpe took to England the first silk produced, and of it a robe was fashioned for the queen. 17. The colony was called Georgia, in honor of the Eng- lish king, and its charter granted lands and religious tolera- SEAL OP GEORGIA. GEORGIA SETTLED. 157 fcion to all settlers except Eoman Catholics. Jews were accordingly sent out by merchants of that faith from Lon- don ; German Protestants from Salzburg founded Ebenezer ; and Scotch Highlanders settled New Inverness. In 1630, John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, arrivec at Savannah ; but his reception was not favorable. On his return to England the next year, he himself wrote : "/, who went to America to convert others, had never been myself converted." Soon after this, George Whitfield, the founder of the Calvinistic Methodists, visited the colony ; and from this period dates the system of revivals and camp-meetings. 18. The Spanish War. (1739.)— This grew out o^ difficulties between France and Spain. It lasted about five years, and then merged into Ki7ig George^s War, In 1740, Oglethorpe made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine. Two years later, the Spaniards retaliated, and appeared in strong force be- fore Frederica, on St. Simon's Island. By a stratagem,* Oglethorpe drove them from the coast. 19. Georgia a Royal Province. — The colonists sent over from England were, for the most part, idle, thrift less, and discontented, and the laws established by the charter was, therefore, surren- GKNERAL OGLETHORPE, AGED 102. (From an Old Print.) trustees were unwise. The * By means of a letter written to a deseiter. as if he had been a spy, Oglethorpe led the enemy to believe that a British fleet WM near at hand, and thus frightened tiie Spaniards awav. 158 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. dered to the crown (1752), and Georgia Decame a RoycA Province. It was never thickly settled, and was the young- est and weakest of the thirteen original colonies when the Revolution broke out. 20. The Negrro Plot. — Several houses in New York hav7ng been rather mysteriously burned, the negro slaves were accused of a conspiracy to set fire to the city and, mas- sacre the people. The accusation was never proved ; never- theless, four white persons were hanged, eleven negroes burned at the stake, eighteen hanged, and fifty transported to the West Indies. A letter from Oglethorpe having led to the idea that a Catholic priest was the guilty party, a poor schoolmaster, suspected of being one, was tried, condemned, and executed, (1741). On the site of the present City Hall, three negroes were burnt at the stake at one time. 21. King George's War,* (1744-1748).— War hav- ing again broken out between England and France, the flame was soon kindled in the New World. The only event of importance was the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, by a combined force of English and colonial troops. Peace was made, in 1748, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle [akes-la-sha-pel). Louisburg was then restored to the French. * So called, because King George U., then on the English thi-one, had espoused the cause of the Empress of Austria, the celebrated Maria Theresa, who fought for the Austrian crown against the Elector of Bavaria. The King of France took the opposite side, and this led to the war. In Europe it was called Thv War oj the Aus- ^riaa Succession. r^ut t Co. Nm Fori. STUDY NO. 2. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. French and English Claims. — France ana England both claimed the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, along the Ohio Eiver. The former claim was based on discovery, exploration, and actual occupancy, the French having more than sixty posts guarding the long line of their possessions ; the latter depended on royal char- ters and Indian deeds. At length, a grant of 500,000 acres on the Ohio, made by the English crown for the purpose of planting settlers beyond the Alleghanies, brought matters to a crisis. 2. The English soon had surveyors at work on the lands, but not before the French had established forts at Le Boeuf [leh-duf] and Venango, in the northwest of Pennsylvania. Dinwiddle, the Governor of Virginia, determined to send a remonstrance to the French commander, and to request his withdrawal from the Ohio Valley. 3. Washington's First Appearance in His- tory.— For this mission, Governor Dinwiddle selected a young Virginian surveyor of great promise, who held the rank of major in the army. His name luas George Washing- ton. The very day he received his credentials, the young envoy set out on his perilous journey through the wilderness, from Williamsburg to Lake Erie. At Fort Le Boeuf he was cordially received by Si Pierre [sang-pe-dre"], the French commander, who, soldierlike, referred him to the Governor of 160 EXCELSIOR HISTORY Canada for explanations, at the same time offering to trans- mit Dinwiddie's letter. France was evidently determined to hold the territory explored by Marquette and La Salle, for the shore in front of the fort was even then lined with canoes ready for an intended expedition down the river. 4. Washing^ton's Return. — The young officer's return was beset with danger. The streams were swollen. The snow was falling, and freezing as it fell. The horses AN INCIDENT OF WASHINGTON'S EETUBN. i^' H gave out, and he was obliged to proceed on foot. With only one companion, and with his compass for guide, he quitted the usual path and struck out boldly through the foresu Here a treacherous ludian fired at him, but having missed bis aim, was captured, and would have been put to death but PREKCH AKD IKDIAK WAR. 161 for the interference of Washington. The travelers* at length reached home and delivered St. Pierre's reply. 5. French and Indian War. — A great struggle now commenced, which lasted from 1754 to 1763. A fort had already been begun by the English, at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, on the present site of Pittsburgh. Dinwiddle now sent a force under Colonel Fry, (Washington being second in command), to protect the works. Before this could be done, the French took posses- sion of the place, and having completed the fort, called it Fort du Quesne f (dic-kane). 6. Fort Necessity. — Washington hastening forward, met and defeated the French at Great Meadows, He now threw up a stockade, which he aptly called Fort Neces- sity. Here Colonel Fry died, and Washington became chief commander. Being attacked by a superior body of French, he was compelled to surrender, though with the honorable privilege of returning to Virginia. 7. Tlie Five Objective Points of the War. — Five points were persistently attacked by the English, and as obstinately defended by the French, namely: (1), Acadia and Loicishurg, which had control of the fisheries, and threat- ened New England; (2), Fort du Quesne [kane], the key to the region west of the Alleghanies ; (3), Grown Point and Ticonderoga, which controlled the route to Canada by way of Lakes Greorge and Champlain, and offered a safe starting- point for French expeditions against New York and New England ; (4), Niagara, which protected the great fur trade * Attempting to cross the Alleghany on a rnde raft, they were caught in the trem- bling ice. Washington thrust out his pole to check the speed, hut was jerked into the foaming water. Swimming to an island, he barely saved his life. Fortunately, in the morning the river was frozen over, and he escaped on the ice. t In honor of Du Quesne, the Governor of Canaaa . 162 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. of the upper lakes and the West; (5), Quebec, which being the strongest fortification in Canada, gave control of the St. Lawrence. 8. Acadia. — Scarcely had the war commenced, when an attack was made by the English on Acadia, (1754). The French forts at the head of the Bay of Fundy were easily taken, and the entire region of the Penobscot fell into the hands of the English. Their victory was disgraced by an act of cruelty almost without parallel in history. Acadia contained many French settlers who, at the close of the war twenty years before, had been promised freedom in religious matters, and exemption from bearing arms against the French. They were a simple, rural. God-fearing people, living in quiet happiness upon their well-cultivated farms. A beautiful picture of their peaceful life is given by Longfellow : " There, in the midst of its farms, reposed the Acadian village. Strongly built were the houses, with frames of oak and of chestnut, Such as the peasants of Normandy built in the reign of the Henries. Thatched were the roofs, with dormer windows, and gables projecting Over the basement below protected and shaded the doorway. There, in the tranquil evenings of summer, when brightly the sunset Lighted the village street and gilded the vanes on the chimneys. Matrons and maidens sat in snow-white caps and in kirtles Scarlet and blue and green, with distaffs spinning the golden Flax for the gossiping looms, whose noisy shuttles within doors Mingled their sound with the whir of the wheels and the song of thr maidens. Solemnly down the street came the parish priest, and the children Paused in their play to kiss the hand he extended to bless them. ******** Anon from the belfry Softly the Angelus sounded, and over the roofs of the village Columns of pale blue smoke, like clouds of incense ascending, Rose from a hundred hearths, the homes of peace and contentment. Thus dwelt together in love these simple Acadian farmerSr Dwelt in the love of Goji and of man„" FRENCH AND IN^DIAN WAR. 163 EXPULSION OF THE ACADIAN8. 9. When their sky seemed serenest, the Acadians were suddenly seized, to the number of seven thousand, deprived of their lands, flocks, and other property, and at the point of tbe bayonet hurried on board an English fleet,* (Sept. 17, 1755). They were then landed penniless at various points along the coast from Maine to Louisiana. No regard was paid to family ties ; parents were separated from children, wives from husbands, sisters from brothers. , Thus, in misery and exile, this once happy people lingered out a sorrowful and weary existence. Long years afterwards, the colonial newspapers contained advertisements from the * "Back from the cold beach, about a mile, stood the Church of Our Lady of \cadie. There they gathered for the last time, while Father Reynal offered the Holy Mysteries for them. Then they marched slowly out, weeping, telling their beads, chanting the Litanies of the Blessed Virgin, singing hymns to her Eternal Son and her. All the way from the chapel to the shore, the mournful procession passed through the kneeliiig ranks of their wild, weeping mothers and wives, of their sisters and little children ; and when the men had passed, these rose and followed to the ships. And so, driven aboard, they passed away over the strange seas." — MacLeod, 164 EXCELSIOB HISTORY scattered members of families seeking reunion with their kindred. The story of two of these exiles has been beautifully interwoven in Longfellow's " Evangeline.^' Such of the children as reached Louisiana foi-med the second inher- itance of orphans which fell to the Ursulines at the South. 10. Braddock's Defeat. — The next year, (1755), anothei expedition was sent against Fort Du Quesne. It was commanded by General Braddock, who WASHINGTON AT BBADDOCK'S DEFEAT. ^ had just arrived with reinforcements from England, Washington acting as aide-de- FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 165 camp. The general was a regular British oflScer, proud and conceited; hence, though ignorant of Indian warfare, he treated with contempt the prudent suggestions of Washing- ton. In consequence, when witliin a few miles of Fort du Quesne, his army was surprised by a small French and Indian force, and routed with great slaughter, Braddock himself being among the slain. The remnant of the army was saved only by the courage and coolness of Washington. 11. During this battle, Washington's life was remarkably preserved. Two horses were shot under him, and four bul- lets passed through his coat, yet he remained unharmed. Many years afterwards, an old Indian chief came "a long way" to see the Virginia officer at whom during the Monon- gahela fight, he had fifteen times fired a rifle, as often failing to reach his aim. 12. Battle of Lake Georg^e. — About the time of Braddock's ill-fated expedition, William Johnson was sent with another force ?.gainst Crown Point. He encountered the French under General Dieskau [de-es-ko], near the head of Lake George. The English were victorious, and in honor of the king, they changed the name of the lake, (Holy Sacra- ment, given it by Father Jogues more than a century before,) to that which it now bears. The expedition against Crown Point was abandoned, and Johnson having built Fort William Henry near the battle-ground, disbanded his troops. 13. Capture of Fort William Henry. — Two years after, (1757), Montcalm {^nont-kalim^, the new French Governor of Canada, besieged and captured Fort William Henry. The English garrison was promised a safe escort to Fort Edward ; but scarcely had the English left the fort, when they were attacked by the Indians. In vain did the 166 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. French officers peril their lives to save their captives. " Kill me" cried Montcalm, " but spare the English ivho are under my protection." The Indian fury was not to be appeased, and the march of the prisoners to Fort Edward became a flight for life. 14. William Pitt. — In the summer of 1757, a great change took place. William Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham, the warm friend of the colonies, was made a member of the British Cabinet, and placed at the head of colonial affairs. Vigorous meas- ures were at once adopt- ed, and an army of English and colonial troops was raised that WnXIAM PITT. aumbered as many as the whole male French population of Canada. 15. Camx^aign of 1758.— In June of this year, Louisburff was retaken from the French, with six thousand prisoners and a large amount of ammunition. FREKCH AND INDIAN WAR. 167 In J'uly, the English met with a disaster at Fort Ticon- deroga. General Abercrombie, at the head of 15,000 troops, made a fierce attack on the fort, but was driven back with great loss. Lord Howe, a gallant and much beloved young English officer, was slain in the first skirmish. The disgrace of this defeat was in some degree retrieved by Colonel Brad- street, who, with three thousand of Abercrombie's troops, captured Fort Frontenac, (now Kingston). In November, Fort du Quesne was taken, mainly by the exertions of Washington who led the advance. As the English flag floated over the ruined ramparts, this gateway of the west was named Pittsburgh, in honor of the great British statesman. 16. Capture of Quebec— The campaign of 1759 was the final one of the war. The genius of Pitt had planned three expeditions against Canada. Forts Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Niagara, feebly defended by the French, were soon taken, and the decisive blow was aimed at Quebec. 17. In June, General Wolfe with 8000 men and a power- ful fleet, sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec. The citadel, far above the reach of his cannon, and the craggy bluff bristling with guns, for a long time resisted every effort. His sharp eyes at length discovered a narrow path winding among the rocks to the top, and he determined to lead his army up this steep ascent, to the plains back of the city. 18. At night the troops sailed silently down the stream* * Wolfe was a great admirer of the poet Gray. As his boat was moving down the river, he softly repeated the stanzas of " The Elegy," which he had just received from England. Like a mournful prophecy, above the gentle rippling of the waters, floated the strangely significant words from the lips of the doomed hero : " The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await, alike, the inevitable hour ; The paths of glory lead but to the grave." " Gentlemen,'''' said Wolfe, as he closed the recital, " / would rather he the author of that poem than to have the glory of beating the French to^mxyrrow " 168 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. to a spot known as Wolfe's Cove, and in the darkness they scaled the precipice. The morning light revealed to the French the whole British force drawn up in battle array on the Plains of Abraham. The engagement which now took place (Sept. 13) turned in favor of the English, and decided the fate of France in America. 19. Last Hours of the two Generals.— Although twice wounded, Wolfe was still pushing forward, when a third ball struck him and he was carried to the rear. " TJiey run! They run!" exclaimed the officer upon whom he leaned. " Who run 9 " he faintly gasped. " The French '^ was the reply. " God he praised !" said he, " / die happy" 20. Montcalm, the French commander, was also mor- tally wounded. When told by the surgeon that he could survive but a few hours, " So much the better" he replied ; " / shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He dictated a letter to the English commander, imploring his care and protection for the French who had been wounded or taken prisoners, gave advice to his officers, and then begged to be left '^ alone with Ood" that he might prepare for eternity. Having received the last Sacraments, he lingered until the next morning, when he calmly expired. 21. Peace.— The Treaty of Paris (1763) put an end to the French and Indian War. By this treaty, Spain ceded Florida to England, and France gave up all her territory east of the Mississippi, except two small islands south of New- foundland, which were retained as fishing stations. New Orleans, and all the country she owned west of the Missis- sippi, France ceded to Spain. 22. Pontiac's War.— The Indians in the valley oi the great lakes, who owed so much to the French, beheld FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 169 with regret the decline of French power; hence when British garrisons took possession of the western forts, great discontent was roused. Finally, a number of tribes, under Pontiac, a celebrated Ottawa chief, united in a general war. In a short time, most of the posts west of Niagara were sur- prised and taken by the savages. The border settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia were laid waste, and hundreds of families driven from their homes or massacred. A furious war seemed inevitable, when, through the mediation of the French ofiQcers in lUinois, the Indians were induced to stop hostilities. Pontiac left Detroit, which he had besieged for some months, and fled to the hunting-grounds of the Illinois, where he was stabbed by a Peorian Indian. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Date of Battle. LOOATION. Commanders. SUCCBSS- PTTL Party. English. French. 1754.... -j 1755... 1756 1757 1758 1759....- Washington . . . Washington.... Moncton .... Winslow .... ■ Braddock Jumonville Villiers English. French. English. French. French. English. French. French. English. French. English. English. English. Fort Necessity .... Near Fort du Quesne Near Lake George Near Fort Edward . . , . Williams Johnson Mercer Dieskau Dieskau Montcalm Montcalm Oswego Fort William Henry Louishur''' ... . Monroe Amherst Abercrombie... Bradstreet .... Montcalm Fort Fronteuac Quebec Wolfe Montcalm a STUDY ]^0. 3. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND ITS FIRST BATTLES. 1. The Remote Causes of the Revolution lay in the very nature of things. The country was isolated; the inhabitants had fled from persecution at home and looked upon freedom as their birthright ; and the colonial govern- ments were, in general, anti-monarchical. To provoke such a people by any injustice was to loosen the ties which bound them to the mother country. 2. How England Treated the Colonies.— The English government was determined to keep the colonies dependent. The laws were all framed to favor the English manufacturer and merchant at the expense of the colonist. The Navigation Acts compelled the American farmer to send his products across the ocean to England, and to buy his goods in British markets. American manufactures were prohibited. Iron works were denounced as "common nuisances." Even the exportation of hats from one colony to another was prohibited, and no hatter was allowed to have more than two apprentices at one time. The impor- tation of sugar, rum, and molasses, was burdened with exorbitant duties ; and the Carolinians were forbidden to cut down the pine-trees of their vast forests, in order to con- vert the wood into staves, or the juice into turpentine and tar, for commercial purposes. CAUSES OF AMERICAN KEVOLUTIOH. 171 3. Attempt to Tax the Colonies.— George III. had DOW become king of Englandv Pitt was dismissed, and the new monarch determined to tax the colonies in order to fill the Enghsh treasury depleted by the expenses of the late war. The first measure was to enforce the odious Navigation Laws, by means of Writs of Assistance. These were war- rants authorizing the king's officers to enter any house or store, to search for smuggled goods. The second measure was the famous Stamp Act, (1765) which ordered that stamps bought of the British goyern- ment, should be put on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc. The assembly of Virginia was the first to make public opposition to this law. Patrick Henry, then a brilliant young lawyer, introduced a resolution denying the right of Parliament to tax America. He boldly asserted that the king had played the tyrant ; and, alluding to the fate of other tyrants, exclaimed, ^'CcBsar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cro7mvell, and George ///." — here pausing till the cry of ^^ Treason! Treason!'^ from several parts of the house had ended, he deliberately added — " may profit hy their examples* If this be treason, make the most of it.^^ The third measure was the sending of troops to enforce the new regulations. The "Mutiny Act" as it was called, ordered that the colonies should provide these soldiers with quarters and necessary supplies. 4. Effects of these Measures. — The colonies declared that, as they were not represented in Parliament, these acts were in violation of their rights, and that " Taxa- tion WITHOUT EEPRESENTATIOI^ IS TYRANNY." The laWS were felt to be unjust, and were resisted in every possible 172 XCBLSIOB HISTORY. way. The houses of Brit- ish officials were mobbed. Prominent loyalists were hung in ef^gj. Stamps were seized, and the agents forced to resign. People agreed not to use any article of British manufacture. As- sociations called the "Sons of Liberty," were formed to resist the Stamp Act. Dele- gates from nine of the colonies met at Kew York and framed ft Declaration of Eights, and a netition to the king and Par- PATRICK HENRT ADDRESSING THB TIReiNIA ASSBMBLT. THE STAMP ACT. 173 liament. The 1st of November, appointed for the law to go into effect, was observed as a day of mourning. Bells were tolled, flags raised at half-mast, and business was suspended. Samuel and John Adams, Patrick Henry, and James Otis, aroused the people over the whole land by their stirring and patriotic speeches. 5. The Mutiny Act, especially, excited the deepest indignation. To be taxed was bad enough, but to shelter and feed their oppressors was unendurable. The New York assembly, having refused to comply, was forbidden to pass any legislative acts. The Massachusetts assembly sent a circular to the other colonies urging a union for redress of grievances. Parliament, in the name of the king, ordered the assembly to rescind this action, but it almost unani- mously refused. Meanwhile the assemblies of nearly all the colonies had declared that Parliament had no right to tax them without their consent. 6. Repeal of Stamp Act. — Alarmed by these demonstrations, the English government repealed the Stamp Act,* (1766), but still declared its right to tax the colonies. Soon new taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, etc., and a Board of Trade was established at Boston, to act inde- pendently of the colonial assemblies. 7. The Boston Massacre. — Boston being con- sidered the hot-bed of the rebellion. General Gage was sent thither with two regiments of troops. They entered on a quiet Sunday morning, and marched as through a conquered * This repeal was carried through Parliament by the strenuous eflforts of Pitt, Burke, Barre and other members of the opposition, who befriended the colonies in §he heartiest way. The eloquent speech of Barre on the Stamp Act has long been familiar to every school-boy. In the House of Commons, Phipps exclaimed, "i/y heart will bleed for every, drop of American blood that shall be shed whilst their griev^ ances are unredressed.'''' 174 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. city, with drums beating and flags flying. Quarters having been refused, they took possession of the State House. The Common was soon crowded with tents. Cannon were planted, sentries posted, and citizens challenged. Frequent quarrels now took place between the people and the soldiers. One day (March 5, 1 770) a crowd of men and boys insulted the city guard. A fight ensued and two citizens were wounded and three killed. 8. Boston Tea Party, (Dec. 16, 1773).— The British government, alarmed by the turn events had taken, rescinded the other taxes ; but to main* tain the principle, left that on tea, making an arrangement whereby, with the tax in- cluded, tea was cheaper in America than in England. This subterfuge exasperated the patriots. They were fight- ing for a great principle, not a paltry tax. At a crowded BOSTON TEA PARTT. CAUSES OF AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 175 meeting held in Faneuil Hall, it was decided that the tea should never be brought ashore. Accordingly, a party ot men, disguised as Indians, boarded the vessels, and emp- tied three hundred and forty- two chests of tea into the water. PANBUIL HALL— "THE CRADLE OF LIBEBTT." 9. Action of Eng- land. — The British govern- ment at once adopted retalia- tory measures. General Gage was appointed governor of Massachusetts. The port of Boston was closed by act of Parliament. Business was, of course, stopped in that city, and distress ensued. The Virginia assembly having expressed sympathy with Massa- chusetts, was dissolved by the governor. 10. Action of the Colonies.— Nine years had elapsed since the passage of the Stamp Act. The desire for liberty was finding new voices continually. The people, inflamed by so many instances of aggression, were now ready to act promptly. Party lines were drawn. Those opposed to royalty were termed Whigs, and those supporting it, Tories. Everywhere were repeated the thrilling words of Patrick Henry, " Give me liberty or give me death !" Com- panies of soldiers, termed "Minute men" were formed. The idea of a continental union became popular. Gage, being alarmed, fortified Boston Neck, and seized powder wherever he could find it. A spark only was needed to kindle the slumbering hatred into the flames of war. 176 BXCELSIOR HISTORY. 11. The First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774) was held in Philadelphia. It consisted of men of influence who represented every colony except Georgia. As yet, however, few members had any idea of independence The Congress voted that obedience was not due to any of the recent acts of Parliament, and sustained Massachusetts in her resistance. It issued a protest against the keeping of standing armies in the colonies without the consent of the people, and agreed to hold no intercourse with Great Britain^ 13. The Quebec Act, ( 1774). — Parliament, in order to prevent the Canadians, who were nearly all Catholics, from joining the colonies, passed a law known as the Quebec Act. This granted certain political privileges as well as liberty of conscience, throughout Canada and the French communi- ties at the west. Thus, " the nation that would not legally recognize the existence of a Catholic in Ireland, now, from political considerations, recognized an the St. Laivrence the free exercise of the religion of the Church of Rome." This concession aroused the bitterest feeling on both sides of the Atlantic. The city of London petitioned the king not to sign the Act. The Continental Congress of this year, in its address to the people of Great Britain, protested against it ; and in New York and New England, still greater hostility to the measure was shown. Had the • English colonies manifested a more kindly spirit towards their Canadian neighbors, the aid of the latter would probably not have been withheld in the desperate struggle which ensued. 13. Battle of Lexington, (April 19, 1775).-General Gage having learned that the people were gathering military stores at Concord, sent eight hundred men under Lieut-Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn to destroy them. The patriots of Boston, however, were on the alert, and hurried out mes- BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, 177 eengers * to alarm the country. When the red-coats, as t^e British soldiers were called, reached Lexington,2o they found the minute-men gathering on the village green. A skirmish ensued, in which seven Americans were killed. The British now pushed on and destroyed the stores but alarmed by the gathering militia, they soon retreated. PAUL REVEKE'S EIDE. The whole region then flew to arms, and every boy old enough to use a rifle hurried to avenge the death of his countrymen. From behind trees, fences, buildings, and rocks, so galling a fire was poured, that but for reinforcements from Boston,i<^ none of the British would have reached the city alive. As it waSi they lost nearly three hundred men. 14. Effects of the Battle. — The news that American blood had been spilled spread quickly through the country, * The most famous of these were Paul Revere and Wm. Dawes. The former caused two lanterns to be hung in Christ Church steeple as a signal to the patriots In Charleston, and then hurried off with his companion to alarm the country. Com- pare with this correct version of the story the one given by Longfellow in his famous poem, "PauJ Revere's Ride " 178 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. and patriots rushed in from all sides. Putnam left his cattle yoked in the field, mounted his fastest horse, and hurried to Boston. Soon twenty thousand men were making intrench- ments to shut up the British in the city. Congresses were organized in all the colonies. Committees of safety were ap- ETHAN ALLEN AT TICONSEBOGA. pointed to call out the troops and provide for any emergency. The power of the royal governors was broken from Massachu- setts to Georgia. 15. Fort Tieonderog^a ^ was surprised (May 10) by a company of '^^ Green Mountain Boys" under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. As Allen rushed into the sally-port at day-break, a sentinel snapped his gun at him and fled. Making his way to the commander's quarters, Allen ordered him to surrender. " By whose authority f " exclaimed the frightened officer who had just been aroused from his sleep. BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, 179 ^^In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!'' shouted Allen. No resistance was attempted. Crown Point ^ was soon after as easily taken. 16. Battle of Bunker Hill, (June 17). The patriotic leader before Boston, Gen. Ward, having learned that the British were about to fortify Bunker Hill, deter- CHARGE AT BUNKER HILL. mined to anticipate them. A body of men under Colonel Prescott accordingly marched toward Charlestown. Breed's Hill was now chosen as a more commanding location. It was bright moonlight, and they were so near Boston that the sentinel's "All's well" was distinctly heard. Yet so quietly did they work that there was no alarm. At day- light, the British officers were startled by seeing the redoubt which had been constructed. Resolved to drive the Ameri- cans from their position, Howe crossed the river with three thousand men. 180 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 17. In the afternoon the battle began. The British, in two assaults, were severely repulsed by the Americans. The latter, however, had now used up all their ammunition, and on the third assault, the Battle of Bunker Hill was a British victory. 18. Though defeated, the effect upon the Americans of this first regular battle was that of a victory. Their un trained farmer soldiers had nobly coped with British veterans. All felt encouraged, and the determination to fight for liberty was intensified. 19. Washingfton Commander-in-chief. — The^ second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, on the very day Ticonderoga was captured. It voted to raise twenty thousand men, appointed General Washington Commander- in-chief of the army, and prepared a petition to the king, which he refused to receive. 20. Expedition against Canada. — Late in the same summer. General Montgomery, leading an army by way of Lake Champlain, captured St. John's and Montreal, and then appeared before Quebec. Here he was joined by Colonel Benedict Arnold with a crowd of half-clad, half-famished men, who had ascended the Kennebec and then struck across the wilderness. Their united force was less than a thousand effective men. 21. Attack upon Quebec. — Having besieged the city for three weeks, it was at last decided to hazard an assault. In the midst of a terrible snow-storm, they led their forces to the attack. Montgomery advancing along the river, lifting with his own hands the huge blocks of ice, and struggling through the drifts, cheered on his men. As they rushed forward, a rude blockhouse appeared through AID FROM THE ABNAKI. 181 the blinding snow. Charging upon it, Montgomery fell at the first fire, and his followers, disheartened, fled. Arnold, in the meantime, approached the opposite side of the city. While bravely fighting, he was severely wounded and borne to the rear. Morgan, his successor, was forced to surrender. The remnant of the army, crouching behind mounds of snow and ice, maintained a blockade of the city until spring. At the approach of British reinforcements, the Americans were glad to escape, leaving all Canada in the hands of England. 22. Aid from the Abnaki.— Early in 1775, Wash- ington asked and obtained aid from the Catholic Indians of Maine. Deputies of all the tribes from Gaspe to the Penob- scot met at Watertown and agreed to stand by the colonists. Orono, the noble and virtuous chief of the Penobscots, bore a commission in our army, and his clansmen fought by his side. Devotedly Catholic, each of the tribes petitioned for a priest. Puritan Massachusetts promised to endeavor to obtain French missionaries for them. 23. " Strange revolution in the minds of men ! " says John Gil- mary Shea, " the very body which, less than a century before, had made it felony for a Catholic priest to visit the Abnakis, which had offered rewards for the heads of the missionaries of that tribe, which had exult- ed in slaying one at the altar, now regretted that it could not give these Christian Indians a missionary of the same faith and nation." 24. Commissioners to Canada. — The tardy jus- tice of England had kindled the loyalty of the Canadians. The colonists, however, still hoped that the co-operation of Canada might be secured, and accordingly appointed an embassy consisting of Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll (of Carrolton), and Rev. John Carroll, to make an alliance, if possible, against Great Britain. But 183 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, the an ti- Catholic conduct of some members of the committee and the recently-expressed hostility of the colonists to the Quebec Act, prevented the provincials from securing aid from the Canadians. Had Congress recognized at the very first, the folly of perpetuating religious bigotry, and welcomed the Canadians with them to a common birthright of liberty, there is no doubt that an alliance might have been perfected and the English been driven from the continent. They saw. when too late, their mistat 3. 35. Evacuation of Boston, (March 17, 1776).— Washington having re- /-^^^^ ~~^ ^xj^ solved to force General Gage to fight or flee, sent a force by night to fortify Dorchester Heights. In the morn- ing, the English were once more astonished by seeing in trenchments which overlooked the city. General Howe, who was then in com« mand, remembering the lesson of Bunker Hill, finally decided to leave, and accordingly set sail for Halifax with his army, fleet, and many loyalists. The next day, Washington entered Boston amid great rejoicing. For eleven months, the inhabitants had endured the horrors of a siege and the insolence of the enemy.* * The boys of Boston were wont to amuse themselves in winter, by building enow- houses, and by skating on a pond in the Common. The soldiers having disturbed them in their sports, complaints were made to the inferior oflScers, who only ridiculed their petition. At last a number of the largest bnys waited on General Gage. " What!''' said Gage, '■'have your fathers sent yon here to e^Jiibit the rebellion they have been teaching you / " " Nobody sent us,'''' answered the leader, with flashing eye EVACUATION OF BOSTON. DECLARATION OF INDEPEKDENCE. 183 26. Attack on Fort Moultrie, (June 28).— Early in the summer, a British fleet appeared off Charleston Har- bor, and opened fire on Fort Moultrie.* Meanwhile, General Clinton, who commanded the British land troops, tried to attack the fort in the rear, but the fire of the southern rifle- men was too severe. The fleet was at last so badly shattered that it withdrew and sailed for New York. 21. Declaration of Independence, (July 4, 1776). — During the session of Congress this summer, Kichard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved that " The United Colonies are, and ought to he, free and independent states^' This resolution was passed by a majority of one colony, and a committee appointed to draw up a Declaration of Inde- pendence, f At two o'clock on the fourth of July, its report was adopted. J '• we have never injured your troops, but they have trampled down our snow-hills and broken the ice of our skating -pond. We complained, and they called us young rebels, and told us to help ourselves if we could. We told the captain, and he laughed at us. Yesterday our works were destroyed for the third ti?ne, and we will bear it no longer.'''' The British commander could not restrain his admiration. " The very children^'' said he, " draw in a love of liberty with the air they breathe. Go, my brave boys^ and be assured, if my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished.'" * This fort was buiJt of palmetto logs, which are so soft that balls sink into them without splitting the wood. Here floated the first republican flag in the South. In the early part of the action the staff was struck by a ball, and the flag fell outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the breastwork, caught up the flag, and springing back, tied it to a sponge-staff (an instrument for cleaning cannon after a discharge), and hoisted it again to its place. The next day Governor Rut) edge ofiered him a sword and a lieutenant's commission. He refused, saying, " lam not fit for the company of officers; I am only a sergeant.'''' t Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston composed this committee. t During the day, the streets of Phil- adelphia were crowded with people anxious to learn the decision. In the Bteecp of the old State House was a bell LIBERTY BELL. 184 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY. 28. The declaration was signed by fifty-four delegates from the various states. As John Hancock, the president, wrote his name in a bold clear hand, he exclaimed : " There I John Bull can read that without spectacles, and may now douUe his reward of five hundred pounds for my head. That is my defiance.^^ Turning to the rest, he added : " Gentlemen^ we must he u7iam?nous ; ive must all hang together/- '^Yes/' replied Franklin, " or ive shall all hang separately." 29. As Charles Carroll affixed his signature, one of the members alluding to his great wealth, remarked : " Tliere go 7nilUons/" ^^ No" said another, " TJiere are several Charles Carrolls ; he cajinot he identified." Mr. Carroll hearing the conversation, immediately added to his name the words "of Cari'ollton" exclaiming as he did so : " They cannot mistake me now I " on which, by a happy coincidence, was inscribed, '■^Proclaim liberty throughout all the land vnto all the inhabitants thereof r"" In the morning, when Congress assem- bled, the bell-ringer went to his post, having placed his boy below to announce when the Declaration was adopted, that his bell might be the first to peal forth the glad tidings. Long he waited, while the deliberations went on. Impatiently the old man shook his head and repeated, " They will never do it ! They will never do it!" Sud- denly he heard his boy clapping his hands and shouting, " Ring ! Ring! " Grasping the iron tongue, he swung it to and fro, proclaiming the glad news of liberty to all the land. The crowded streets caught up the sound. Every steeple re-echoed it. All that night, by shouts, and illuminations, and booming of cannon, the .oeople declared their joy. " How they shouted 1 What rejoicing 1 How the old bell shook the air. Till the clang of freedom ruffled The calm, gliding Delaware 1 How the bonfires and the torches Illumed the night's repose, And from the flames, like Phoenix, Pair Liberty arose I " That old bell now is silent. And hushed its iron tongue. But the spirit it awakened Still lives,— forever young. And while we greet the sunlight, On the fourth of each July, We'll ne'er forget the bellman, Who, twixt the earth and sky, Rang out Our Independence ; Which, please Grod, shaM never dief^' STUDY NO. 4. CAMPAIGNS IN NEW YORK, NEW JERSElT AND PENNSYLVANIA, (1776—1777). 1. Preparations. — General Howe with his army soon set sail from Halifax for New York. Thither also came Admiral Howe, his brother, with reinforcements from Eng- land, and Clinton from the defeat at Fort Moultrie. Wash- ington, divining Howe's plans, gathered all his forces at New York to protect that city. 2. Battle of Long Island, (Ang. 27).— The British army, 30,000 strong, landed on the southwest shore of Long Island. General Putnam, with about nine thousand men, held a fort at Brooklyn and some defences on a range of hills south of the city. The English advanced in three divisions. Two of these attacked the Americans in front, while General Clinton, by a circuitous route, gained their rear. The patriots were fighting gallantly, when, to their dismay, they heard firing behind them. They attempted to escape, but out of five thousand engaged in this battle, nearly two thousand were killed, wounded, or captured.* 3. Had Howe attacked the fort at Brooklyn immediately, the Americans would have been destroyed. Fortunately, he delayed for the fleet to arrive. For two days the patriots lay * Those who were taken - captive were confined in crowded prisons. Nothing could exceed the suflferings of these poor victims. Many died in the Sugar House, but by far the saddest scenes occuiTed on the prison-ships. These were old hulks anchored in the waters around New York. Almost eleven thousand bodies were car. ried out from these loathsome places of confinement during the war and buried in the sand of the beach. In 1808 their remains were reinterred, and now rest in a vault on Hudson avenue, Brooklyn. 186 EXCELSIOE HISTOEY. helpless, awaiting the assault. On the second night after ^ the battle, there was a dense fog on the Brooklyn side, while in New York tlie weather was clear. At midnight, the Americans moved silently down to the shore and crossed the river.* In the morn- THE RETREAT FROM LONG ISLAND. ing,when the sun had scattered the fog, Howe was chagrined to find that his prey had es- caped. * The Americans embarked near the present Fulton Perry. A woman sent her negro servant to the British, to inform them of the movements of the Amencans. He was captured by the Hessians, who were Germans from Hesse Cassel, Mred to fight by the British government. These, not being able to understand English, de- tained him until the morning, when his message was too late. CAMPAIGN IK NEW JERSEY. 187 4, Washington's Retreat.- — The British, crossing to New York,* moved to attack Washington, who had taken post on Harlem Heights. Finding the American position too strong, Howe sailed up the Sound, in order to gain the rear. Washington then withdrew to White Plains.^ Here Howe came up and defeated a part of his army. Washington next retired into a fortified camp at North Castle, Howe, not daring to attack him, returned to New York and sent the Hessians to take Fort Washington, which they captured after a fierce resistance. 5. Flight Through New Jersey, (Noy.-Dec). — Washington, apprehending that the British intended to march next against Philadelphia, had already crossed into New Jersey. Thither Cornwallis quickly followed with 6000 men, in hot chase of the patriot army. For three weeks he pursued the flying Americans, now reduced to thr^e thousand. Many of Washington's men had no shoes, and left their blood-stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. Oftentimes the van of the pursuing army was in sight of the American rear-guard. At last Washington reached the Delaware, and all the boats having been secured, crossed into Pennsylvania.! Howe resolved to wait until the river should freeze over, and * Washington desiring to gain some knowledge of Howe's movements, sent Cap= tain Nathan Hale to visit the camps on Long Island. He passed the lines safely, but on his way back was recognized by a tory relative, who arrested him. He was taken to Howe's headquarters, tried, and executed as a spy. During his imprisonment, he was forbidden all religious instruction, and even his farewell letters to his mother and sister were destroyed. The brutality of his enemies did not, however, crush his noble spirit, for his last words were, " / only regret that I ham but one life to give to my country.'''' t During this retreat, Washington repeatedly sent orders to General Lee, who had been left at North Castle with a portion of the army, to join him at once. Lee hesi- tated, and at last moved very slowly. Five days after this, while quartered in a small tavern at Baskingridge, remote from his troops, he was taken prisoner by English cavalry. His capture was thought a great misfortune to the Americans, who consid- ered him the best oflBcer in the army. Events have since shown him to have been a traitor. 188 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. then capture Philadelphia. In the meantime he quartered his troops along the river, in the neighboring villages. 6. Battle of Trenton.^^ — In this time of gloom, when his army consisted of only a handful of ragged fugi- tives, and the enemy's camp was thronged with persons anxious to take the oath of allegiance to George III., Wash- ington stood firm. Suddenly he struck a daring blow. On Christmas night, in a driving storm of sleet and amid drift- ing ice, he crossed the Delaware, fell upon the Hessians at Trenton, in the midst of their festivities,* captured one thousand prisoners, slew their leader, and escaped back safely to camp, with the loss of only four men — two killed and two frozen to death. 7. The effect of this brilliant feat was to kindle anew the fires of patriotism. Troops whose time of enlistment was expiring agreed to remain, and new recruits were received. Howe was alarmed, and ordered Comwallis to attack the exultant Americans at once. 8. Battle of Princeton,^^ (Jan. 3, 1777).— Wash- ington soon crossed the Delaware again, and took post at Trenton. Comwallis came up with the British forces toward night, and his first onset being repulsed, decided to wait till morning. Washington's situation was critical. Before him was a powerful army, and behind a river full of floating ice. That night, leaving his camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, he swept, by country roads, around the * Hunt, a trader with friends and foes, had invited Rail, the Hessian commander, to a Christmas supper. Amusements were kept up all night long. A messenger came in haste, at early dawn, with a note to the colonel. It was sent by a tory to give warning of the approach of the American forces. The negro servant refused admittance to the bearer. Knowing its importance, he bade the negro to take the note directly to the officer. The servant obeyed, but the colonel thrust it unopened into his pocket. Soon the roll of drums was heard, and before the pleasure-loving offieer could reach his quarters, the Americans were in pursuit of his flying soldiers. OAMPAIGK IN NEW YORK. 189 British, fell upon the troops near Princeton, routed them,* took three hundred prisoners, and by rapid marches reached Morristown Heights in safety. Cornwallis heard the firing and hurried to the rescue, but he was too late. 9. Biu'goyne's Invasion,— In June, 1777, General Burgoyne marched south from Canada, with an army of ten thousand British and Indians. Forts Crown Point,^^ Ticon- deroga,^ and Edward successively fell into his hands. Gen- eral Schuyler, with the small force at his command, could only obstruct his path through the wilderness, by felling trees across the road, and breaking down bridges. The loss of so many strongholds caused general alarm. Lincoln, with the Massachusetts troops; Arnold, noted for his headlong valor; and Morgan, with his famous riflemen, were sent to check Burgoyne's advance. Militiamen gathered from the neigh- boring States, and an army was rapidly collected and drilled. So much dissatisfaction, however, arose with Schuyler that he was superseded by Gates, just as he was ready to reap the results of his well-laid schemes. With noble-minded patriot- ism, he made known to Gates ail his plans, and generously assisted him in their execution. The army was now sta- tioned at Bemis Heights, where fortifications were thrown up under the direction of Kosciusko [kos-se-us'-ko]. 10. Bnrgoyne's Difficnlties. — Meanwhile two * Just before the moment of victory, Washington was in imminent peril of his Mfe. A large British force unexpectedly coming up, the American militia hesitated to advance. Washington dashing to the front within thirty paces of the enemy, reined in his horse just as hoth lines fired a volley. His aid-de-camp, Colonel Fitz- gerald, a warm-hearted Irishman, aware of the danger of his beloved general, drew his hat over his eyes, that he might not see him die. A shout of victory immediate- ly ensued, the smoke cleared away, and there stood Washington as calm and unmoved as if on parade. Fitzgerald, who was celebrated as one of the finest horse- men of the American army, sptirring his steed, dashed forward to the side of the general, exclaiming : " Thank God, your Excellency is safe ! " then, unable to sup- port the sudden transition from despair to joy, he wept like a child. Washington grasped his hand with warmth, and only said: '■''Away, my dear Colonel, and bring up the troops. The day is ours ! " 190 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. events had occurred which materially deranged the plans of Burgoyne. 1. St. Leger's Expedition, — St. Leger had been sent to take Fort Schuyler (now Kome), and thence to ravage the Mohawk valley and join Burgoyne's army at Albany. Gi-eneral Arnold ♦v^as dispatched by General Schuyler to relieve this fort. Arnold accomplished his mission by a stratagem. A half-witted tory THE ALARM AT PORT SCHUTXER. boy who had been taken prisoner, was promised his freedom, if he would spread the report among St. Leger's troops that a large body of Americans was close at hand. The boy, having cut holes in his clothes, ran breathless into the camp of the besiegers, showing the bullet holes and describing his narrow escape from the enemy. When asked their number, he mysteriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. 191 The Indians and British were so frightened that they fled precipitately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them. 2. Battle of Bennington.^ — Burgoyne sent a detachment under Colonel Banm to seize the supplies the Americans had collected at Bennington, Vt. General Stark with the militia met him there. As Stark saw the British lines forming for the attack, he exclaimed, "TJiere are the red-coats ; we must heat them to-day, or Molly 8tarTc is a widoioP His patriotism and bravery so inspired his raw troops that they defeated the British regulars and took about six hundred prisoners.* 11. Two Battles of Saratoga,3o (Sept. 19 and Oct. 7). — Disappointed in his expectation of supplies from both these directions, Burgoyne moved south and attacked Gates' army at Bemis Heights near Saratoga. An obstinate struggle ensued, without advantage to either side. For two weeks afterward, both armies lay in camp, each watching a favorable moment for attack. At last Burgoyne's supplies became so low that he was compelled to take action, and accordingly moved out to attack the Americans. 12. Benedict Arnold, who had been unjustly deprived of his command, rushed into the thickest of the fight. He had no authority to fight, much less to direct ; but, dashing to the head of his old troops, he ordered a charge on the British line. Urging on the fight, leading every onset, delivering his orders in person where the bullets flew thickest, he was at last wounded in the same leg that was injured at Quebec. But he had already won a victory while Gates was staying in his tent. * One old man had five eons in the patriot army at Bennington. A neighbor, just from the field, told him that one had been unfortunate. '■'•Has he proved a coward or a traitor f'' asked the father. '■'■Worse than that,'" was the answer; '■'■he has faUen, but while bravely fighting.'''' ".<1A," said the father, " tJien 1 am satisfied^ 192 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 13. Effects of these Battles.— Surrender of Burgoyne. — Burgoyne now fell back to Saratoga.^ Hemmed in on all sides, there was no hope of escape. Pro- visions were low and water was scarce, as no one, except the women, dared to go to the river for it. Under these circumstances he had no choice but to surrender, and his entire army, nearly six thousand strong, laid down their arms. At the news of this victory, the hopes of the American people rose to the highest pitch of confidence. 14. Battle of Brandywine,ii (Sept. 11, 1777).— Having wintered at New York, Howe, in the spring, sent out several marauding expeditions.* Washington was then in New Jersey watching his movements ; and Howe, later in the summer, made every effort to force the American army to give battle. As Washington was too wary f for him, the British general suddenly embarked 18,000 men on his brother's fleet, and set sail. Washington hurried south to meet him. The patriot army numbered only eleven thousand men, but when Washington learned that the British had arrived in the Chesapeake, he resolved to hazard a battle for the defence of Philadelphia. The Americans accordingly took position at Chad^s Ford, on the Brandy wine. Here they were attacked in front, while Ooniwallis stole around in the rear, * One of these, under Howe himself , ascended the Hudson to Peekskilland burned the military stores at that point. Another, commanded by the notorious Tryon, destroyed the town of Danbury, Conn., the men plundering and destroying every- thing en route. A third, commanded by Gen, Clinton, went up the Hudson after Howe had gone to Philadelphia. It was expected that this expedition would move against Albany, and so create a diversion in favor of Burgoyne, then hard pressed at Saratoga. Clinton easily eluded Gen. Putnam, commanding the American forces on the lower Hudson, and captured Forts Clinton (named after Gov. Clinton of New York) and Montgomery, but, when the way was clear before him, lingered, leaving Burgoyne to his fate. t Washington, at this time, merited tte surname of the American Fabins, from the resemblance of his policy to that of the celebrated Roman general, who, con- tending with Haimibal, avoided engagementB, aud harassed him by continual delay. CAMPAIGN IN^ STEW YORK. 193 as Clinton had done in the battle of Long Island. Sullivan, Sterling, La Fayette, Wayne, and Count Pulaski, in vain per- formed prodigies of valor. The patriots were routed, Phila- delphia was taken, and the British army went into quarters there and at Germantown. 15. Battle of Germantowii,!^ (Oct. 4) —Washing- ton would not let the enemies of his country rest in peace. A few weeks after they had settled down for the winter, he made a night march, and at sunrise fell upon their troops at Germantoivn. At first the attack was successful, but a few companies of British desperately defending a stone house caused delay. The co-operation of the different divisions was prevented by a dense fog, which also hid the confusion of the enemy, so that the Americans retreated just at the moment of victory. 16. Capture of Forts on the Delaware.— Although the British had possession of Philadelphia, the Americans still held Forts Mifflin and Mercer on the banks of the Delaware, and thus prevented the English fleet from ascending to that city. The gallant defenders of these posts held them against assault and bombardment, and it was not until late in the fall that they were compelled to leave, by the approach of Cornwallis with greatly superior forces. 17. Washington at Valley For§:e,^^— The Amer- ican army passed the next winter at Valley Forge. It was the gloomiest season of the war. The continental paper money was so depreciated in value that an officer's pay would not keep him in clothes. Many of the officers having spent their entire fortune in the war, were now compelled to resign in order to earn a living. The men were encamped in cold, comfortless huts. Barefooted, they left their tracks in blood, 194 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. on the frozen ground. Few had blankets ; straw could not be LN CAMP AT VALLEY POKGB. obtained, and they were compelled to sleep, half-clothed as they were, on the bare earth. The sick had no change of clothing, no suitable food, and no medicines. Amid this terrible suffering the fires of patriotism burned brightly. Washing- ton felt that his cause was just, and inspired all around him with his sublime confidence.* • During this winter Washington was quartered at the house of Isaac Potts. One day, while Potts was on his way up the creek he heard a voice of prayer. Softly fol- lowing its direction, he soon discovered the General upon his knees, his cheeks wet with tears. Narrating the incident to his wife, he added with much eicotion. ''''Tinder such a comvMiM^ past. Next bribery was tried. Among those ap- proached was General Eeed of Pennsylvania. He was offered ten thousand guineas and distinguished honors, if he would exert his influence to effect a recouciliation. "/ am not worth purchasing^'' said the honest patriot, ^'hut such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to iuy me.^' 8. Results of the Alliance. — France now openly took part in the war; and in April, 1778, a French fleet under D'Estaing {des-tang) sailed for America. The effect of this was electric. The British authorities at once ordered their army and fleet from Philadelphia to New York. Wash- ington followed from Valley Forge. 9. Battle of Monmovitli,23 (June 28, 1778).— The retreating army was overtaken near Monmouth, New Jersey, where an action took place. Gen. Charles Lee held the ad- vance ; but, instead of attacking the enemy as he had been directed, he ordered a retreat. Washington riding up at this moment of peril, bitterly rebuked Lee, by his personal pres- ence rallied the men, and sent them back against the enemy. 'ALLIAlfCE WITH FEAl^CE, 199 Tne fight lasted all that long sultry day.* In the darkness of night, Clinton stole away with his men to New York. 10. Attack on Newport.^^— Upon the arrival of the French fleet off the American coast, D'Estaing arranged with Gen. Sullivan to aid in an attack upon Newport, R. I. MOLLY PITCHER AT THE BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. {See UOte.) Soon after the French entered Narragansett Bay, (July 29), Howe appeared off the harbor with the English fleet, and D'Estaing went out to meet him. A terrible storm now came on, which so shattered both fleets that they were * In the midst, an artilleryman was shot at his post. His wife, Mary Pitcher, while bringing water to her husband from a spring, saw him fall, aud heard the commander order the piece to be removed from the field, Instantly dropping the pail, she hastened to the cannon, seized the rammer, and with great skill and courage performed her husband's duty. The soldiers gave her the nickname of Major Molly. On the day after the battle, she was presented to Washington, and Congress afterwards voted her a sergeant's commission with half-pay through lifti. JiOO EXCELSIOR HISTORY. compelled to put back for repairs. General Sullivan there* upon retreated, just in time to escape Clinton, who came up from New York with reinforcements. 11. Change of the Theatre of War.— In the fall, D'Estaing sailed to attack the British possessions in the West Indies; and the English fleet followed to aid in their defence. This move had an important efi'ect upon the war. The British deprived of the assistance of the navy, despaired of success at the north, and turned their attention to the less populous south. Thenceforth the principal battles of tho war were fought in that region. 12. The Massacre of Wyoming:.^® — In July, 1778, a band of Indians and Englishmen disguised as In- dians, burst into the beautiful valley of Wyoming, laid waste the settlements, and slew the inhabitants, men, women and children. They even cut out the tongues of the horses and cows, and left the poor beasts to die. 13. Conquest of Georg^ia. — December 23, 1778, the British fleet appeared off Savannah, troops landed, and after a brief engagement at BrewtorCs Hill, captured the city. Soon after, Gen. Prevost led the British forces from Florida northward through the wilderness, and, taking command of the English, by his vigorous efforts, con= quered the entire state. The royal governor was reinstated in office, and everything was restored as it was before the waro 14. French- American Attack on Savannah.^ —In the fall of 1779, D'Estaing, with the French fleet of twenty ships-of-the-line, appeared off the coast of Georgia, and he at once planned with Lincoln for a combined attack upon Savannah. After a severe bombardment, an unsuccess- ful assault was made, in which a thousand lives were lost. CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH. 201 Count Pulaski was mortally wounded. The simple-hearted Sergeant Jasper died grasping the banner presented to his regiment at Fort Moultrie. D'Estaing, dreading the approach- ing winter storms, then returned to the Indies. 15. Capture of Charleston, (May 12, 1780).— Greorgia being subdued, the war was now carried into South Carolina. Charleston was attacked by land and sea, and General Lincoln, having endured a siege of forty days and a terrible bombardment, was forced to surrender. The British at once sent out expeditions in every direction, and the whole State was soon overrun. 16. Partisan Corps. — The Carolinas were full of tories. Many of them joined the British army; others organized companies which mercilessly robbed and murdered their whig neighbors. On the other hand, there were patriot bands which rendezvoused {ron-da-vood) in swamps, and sallied out as occasion offered. These partisan corps kept the country in continued terror. Marion,* Sumter, Pickens, and Lee, were noted patriot leaders, and their bands were often strong enough to cut off British detachments, and even successfully attack small garrisons. The issue of the struggle at the south was largely decided by the bravery of these citizen soldiers. 17. Battle of Camden,^ (Aug. 16, 1780).— General Gates, " the conqueror of Burgoyyie" now taking command of the troops at the South, marched to meet the enemy under Cornwallis, near Camden. Singularly, both generals * A British ofllcer sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisonera, dined with Marion. The dinner consisted of roasted potatoes. Surprised at this meagre diet, he made some inquiries, when he found that this was their customary fare, and also that the patriot general served without pay. This devotion to the cause of liberty so affected the officer that he resigned his commission, thinking it folly to fight such men. 202 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. had appointed the same time to make a night attack. While marching for this purpose, the advance guards of the two armies unexpectedly encoun- tered each other in the woods. At . .{'^'^ '^ -' dawn, Oornwallis ordered a charge. /] v The militia, taken by surprise, fled t^^ at the first fire. De Kalb, ^ '^ with the continental regulars, consisting of Maryland and ^ S A RENDEZVOUS OF MARION AND HIS MEN. Delaware regiments, stood firm, but at last fell, pierced with eleven wounds. His brave comrades fought desperately over his body until they were overwhelmed by numbers. The army was so scattered that it could not be collected. CAMPA.IGK AT THE SOUTH. 203 18. Battle of Cowi^ens,!^ (January 17, 1781).— General Greene, who was appointed to succeed General Gates, found the army to consist of only two thousand half- clothed, half-starved men. A part of his force, under Mor- gan, was attacked at Cowpens by the British under Tarleton ; but the Americans proved victorious. Tarleton himself nar- rowly escaped capture at the hands of Colonel Wm. Washing- ton, by whom he was wounded while retreating from the field. Cornwallis, hearing of the disaster at Cowpens, set out in hot haste, eager to punish the victors and recapture the pris- oners. Morgan started for Virginia, and crossed the Cataw- ba ^^ just before Cornwallis came in sight. Night came on, and with it rain, which raised the river so high as to keep the impatient Cornwallis waiting for three days. 19. This defeat was a source of great mortification to Tarleton. He was occasionally reminded of it in a very disagreeable manner. At one time, after having indulged in much braggart talk about his own gal- lantry, he remarked to a whig lady : "I should like to see your far-famed hero Colonel Washington.'* " Your wish, Colonel, might have been fairly gratified" was the prompt reply, " h^d you ventured to look behind you after the battle of Cowpens." A still more pointed retort was given him by another lady, to whom he observed, " / have been told thxit Colonel Washington is so ignorant a fellow that he can hardly write his own name" '^Ah, Colonel," she replied, "but no one knows better than your- self that he can make his mark." 20. Greene's Retreat. — General Greene now joined Morgan, and conducted the retreat. At the Yadkin,^ just as the Americans had reached the other side, it began to rain. When Cornwallis came up, the river was so swollen that he could not cross. He, however, marched up the stream, effected a passage, arid was soon in full pursuit again. Now came a race, on parallel roads, thirty miles per day, for the fords of the Dan. Greene reached them first, and Cornwallis gave up the chase. This signal deliverance of 204 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. MRS. STEELE AND GENERAL GREENE. Greene's exhausted army awoke a feeling of gratitude in every American heart.* * One night during this famous retreat, Greene alighted at the Salisbury inn after a hard day's ride through mud and rain. The army physician, who had charge of the sick and wounded prisoners, met him at the door and inquired after his well- being. '''■Fatigued, hungry, cold, and penniless,'''' was the heavy-hearted reply. The patriotic landlady, Mrs. Elizabeth Steele, overheard the words. Lighting a cheerful fire, she spread a warm supper before him, and then quietly producing two bags of specie, her hoarded treasure, " Take these,'''' she said ; " you will ivant them, jralist" a profound and lucid treatise on politics ; Thomas Jefferson, (1743-1826), the author of the "•Declaration oj Independence ; " Alexander Wilson, (1766-1813), the founder of American omithol ogy, whose work on The Birds of the United States is not only the earliest, but, in some respects, the best that has been written. 14. Among the poets: Philip Freneau, (1753-1833), the author of many political and mis- cellaneous poems ; Francis Hopkinson, (1737-1791), the author of a once celebrated humorous poem, entitled, " The Battle of the Kegs ; " Joseph Hopkinson, son of the preceding, whose fame rests upon the popular national ballad, "Rail Columbia.'* 15. The first permanent newspaper, " Tlie Boston Weekly News Letter, '^^ was commenced in 1704, and the first sheet was taken damp from the press to exhibit as a curiosity. In 1750, there were only seven weekly newspapers. The first daily, " T)*^ Mderal Orreri/y" was issued in 1792. I STUDY KO. 9. CATHOLICITY AND THE REVOLUTION. 1, Patriotic Spirit among Catliolics. — Al* though in the tliirteen original colonies Catholics had been unjustly legislated against ; although here, as in England, they had been proscribed, loaded with heavy taxes, and deprived of civil rights, — still, when the tocsin of freedom was sounded, they buried the remembrance of their wrongs, and with one accord, espoused the cause of liberty and popu- lar rights. They could not but revere the great principles of liberty cherished by an Edward and an Alfred, and which Catholic Englishmen, led on by their Archbishop, had forced the tyrant John to promulgate in the Magna Charta {kar- tall). Hence we find that the Church gave none but patriots to our country in her days of trial. 2. A Kindlier Feeling. — With the Eevolutioi dawned a new era for Catholicity in the Colonies. " Men began to be ashamed of bigotry when George III. personated it." The necessity for a perfect union among all the colo- nies became evident; and the Convention of 1774 entreated all classes to put away religious disputes and animosities wMcli could only ivitlihold them from uniting in the defence of their common rights and liberties. The French alliance also was not without its effect in this regard. With a Catholic ally, the government could not well denounce Catholicity. 234 BXCELSIOE HISTORY. 3. During^ the Revolution. — The conduct of Catholics during the war made a deep impression. Such men as Charles, Daniel, and Eev. John Carroll ; Paca, Fitz- simon, Moylau, Burke, Barry, O'Brien ; the French noblemen, De Lafayette, De Rochambeau, De Montmorenci, De Lau- 8un, De Grasse, De Chartelleaux (sliar-tet'O) ; the noble Poles, Kosciusko and Pulaski ; and the Indian chief, Orono, — all CathoUcs, — distinguished themselves in the legislature, the council-hall, the army or the navy. Washington's '^Life Guard" a choice body of men, was composed largely of Catholics. The friends of the young Republic were Catholic France, Ireland, and Spain.* 4. Washington's Words. — In his reply to the Address of the Roman Catholics after the Revolution, Washington expressed himself as follows : ** I hope ever to see America among the foremost nations in examples of justice and liberality; and I presume thai, your fellow-citizens wiU not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their Bevolution^ and the establishment of their government, or the important assistance they received from a nation, in which the Roman Catholic Faith is professed.'* ** May the members of your Society in America, animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, and stiU conducting themselves as the faithful subjects of our free Government, enjoy every temporal and spirUual felicity .** G. Washington. * In 1771, Dr. Franklin who visited Dublin, writes: "Being desirous of seeing {he principal patriots there, I staid till the opening of Parliament. I found them imposed to be friends to America V In 1775, the Continental Congress in an address to " The Irish people^'' spoke thus : " We acknowledge with pleasure and with gratitude that your nation has pro- tluced patriots who have nobly distinguished themselves in the cause of humanity and America^ Of France, the immortal Washington writes thus : "In the midst of a war, the nature and difficulties of which are peculiar and uncommon, / cannot flatter myself in any way to recompense the sacrifices France has made. To call her brave were to pronounce but common j^raise. Wonderful nation I ages to come will read wttb astonishment the history of your brilliant exploits." CATHOLICITY AKD THE REVOLUTION. 235 5, Our First Bishop. — Immediately after the ^^Peaa of Paris" the reigning Pontiff, Pius VI., through Dr. Frank- lin, applied to Con- gress for some such arrangement as would enable liim, without interfering with the laws of the youna- Republic,* to appoint a Bishop for the United States. On learning that the American govern- ment claimed m) con- trol whatever in mat- ters purely spiritual, His Holiness, in 1784, appointed Eev. John Carroll, Prefect Apos- tolic, and 1789, Bishop of Baltimore. The new prelate's diocese included the whole United States ; his priests num- bered but thirty or forty, and his flock about fifty thousand. 6. Bishop Carroll's first care was to provide for the edu- cation of youth. He had already begun the erection of Georgetown College ; and, in 1791, it was opened under the care of the Jesuits. The same year he invited the Sulpitians to commence a Theological Seminary in Baltimore. About the same time (1790), a Carmelite Convent was established * The Episcopalians at this time also desired to have a Bishop ; but the Arch- bishop of Canterbury refused to proceed in the matter, unless the candidate would take the oath of allegiance to the English king, and acknowledge the royal suprem- acy. In consequence of this, the American Episcopalians received their first Bishop from Scotland. Subsequently, the English Parliament passed an Act, by which American Bishops might be ordained by English prelates. BISHOP CARBOLL. 236 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. at Fort Tobacco, Maryland; and in 1799, the first Convent of the Visitation in this country, was founded at George- town. 7. Spiritual Help from France. — The French Revolution, such a misfortune to the land in which it Driginated, proved a blessing to America. Between the years 1791 and 1799, twenty-three French priests sought refuge on our shores. Among them were the Ahhes Bene- dict J. Flaget, John Clieverus, John Dubois, John B David, Louis Dutoiirg, Ambrose Marechdl, all of whom subsequently became bishops. 8. The arrival of these apostolic men enabled Bishop Carroll partly to supply the wants of his vast diocese. " The Catholic Church of the United States" says Archbishop Spaulding, ^^is deeply indebted to the zeal of the exiled French clergy, Tliough trained up amid all the refinements of polished France, they could yet submit without a murmur to all the hardships and privations of a mission on the frou' tiers of civilization, or in the very heart of the wilderness.^' 9. The Indians. — Bishop Carroll was deeply inter- ested in the spiritual Avelfare of the Indians. Had it been in his power, he would have revived the Indian missions on a scale equal to those of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies. Soon after his consecration, the Abnaki of Maine, the descendants of Father Rale's devoted flock, hearing that the sovereign Pontiff had appointed a Father over the Amer- ican Church, sent a solemn deputation to Bishop Carroll to ask for a priest (1781). 10. As proof of their sincerity, the deputies bore with them Father Rale's crucifix, which from the time of his death had been sacredly treasured among the Abnaki. Bishop I CATHOLICITY AND THE KEVOLUTION. /^6i -.iiM^TrMi?- INDIAN DEPUTATION. Carroll, deeply moved by their earnest faith, embraced the crucifix, returned it to them according to the Indian custom, and promised to send them the desired "Black Gown.'* Since that time, they have rarely been without a missionary 5 and to this day they remain true to the faith. 11. New York. — During the last year of the war, the Catholics of New York assembled above a carpenter's shop in Barclay street. The first priest who ofificiated for them< was the venerable Father Farmer, S. J., of Philadelphia ; but Father Whelan, a Franciscan, who had been a chaplain iu the French fleet, was the first to assemble a permanent con- gregation in that city (1783). 12. Pennsylvania. — Before the close of the Revolu- tion, churches, or mission stations, had been established at Philadelphia, Lancaster, Conewago, and other places; and ZdS EXCELSIOR HISTORY. the venerable Father Fanner, S. J., was already an old mis- sionary in that field.* At midnight Christmas, 1799, Mass was celebrated for the first time in the wilds of Western Pennsylvania, by the Prince-priest, Demetrius Gallitzin, sur- named the "Apostle of the Alleghanies." 13. The West. — Here Catholicity had already gained a foothold, as the French posts in the Mississippi Valley had been regularly attended by chaplains. Moreover, some of the old Jesuit stations were still in existence ; though, for many years, the only priest in the territory of Indiana and Illinois was the Eev. Father Gibault (gee-io). 14. Missions in California.— Meanwhile Catho- licity had been planting the cross on the Pacific coast. A few days before the Declaration of IndejDendence, the mis- sion, afterwards the city of San Francisco, was founded by the Spanish Franciscans, under Father Serra. Between the years 1768 and 1822, twenty-one missions were founded along the Pacific coast by the Franciscans. The most noted of these posts were San Diego, Monterey, San Francisco, Los Angelos, and Santa Barbara. At their most flourishing period, the missions numbered 75,000 converted Indians. 15. Old Prejudices. — ^Although the Constitution of the United States professed to grant full freedom of con- science, still, in some of the original States, Catholicity had for many years to struggle against old enactments and old prejudices. These, however, are gradually dying out. ** Truth crushed to earth shall rise again, The Eternal years of God are her»; But Error y wounded, writhes with pain And dies among his worshippers.** * St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia, was erected by Father Greaton, S. J.. 1733, and St. Mary's, by Father Farmer, in 1763. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONAGES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. A4ams, John, (1735-1826), an American lawyer and statesman who came into prominence at Boston, during the early stages of the Revolution. He was a member of the first and the second Congress, and nominated Washington as commander-in-chief. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, but Adams secured its adoption in a three- Jays debate. He was a tireless worker, and had the reputation of having the clearest head and firmest heart of any man in Congress. In his position as President, he lost the reputation he had gained as Con- gressman. His enemies accused him of being a bad judge of men, of clinging to old unpopular notions, and of having little control over his temper. They also ridiculed his egotism, which they declared to be inordinate. He lived, however, to see the prejudice against his administration give place to a juster estimate of his great worth and exalted integrity. As a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, he was honored as one of the fathers of the republic. Adams and Jefier- son were firm friends during the Revolution, but political strife after- wards alienated them. On their return to private life they became reconciled. They died on the same day, — the fiftieth anniversary of American independence. Adams' last words were, " Thomas Jefferson still survives** Jefferson was, however, already lying dead in his Vir* ginia home. Allen, Ethan, (1743-1789), a famous leader of the ** Green Mountain Boys,'* and brigadier-general in the Revolutionary army, was born in Connecticut, but was educated in Vermont. He was noted for his early and active efforts in behalf of liberty. In 1775, soon after the battie of Lexington, he captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point. During ihe same year, in an attempt to conquer Montreal, he was taken prisoner and sent to England in irons. After a long captivity, being released, he returned to his home. Generous and frank, a strong and vigorous writer, loyal to his country, and true to his friends, he did much for Vermont, and to no one is that State more indebted for its independ- ence. One of his daughters having become a Catholic, joined the com- aaunity of Hospital Nuns at Montreal, and there died a saintly death. 340 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. The edifying speciacle of her last moments was the cause of the conver. sion of the Protestant physician who attended her. Arnold, Benedict, (1740-1801), best known in history as *' tM Traitor" was born in Connecticut. During the early part of the Revolution, he won great renown. In the capture of Ticonderoga, the attack on Quebec, and in a naval action on Lake Champlain, (Oct. 11, 1776), he manifested unusual skill. At the battle of Saratoga he wag brave; but rash, exhibiting ** the frenzy of a madman rather than the wisdom of a general." After his escape to the British, he led a maraud- ing expedition into Virginia, and another into Connecticut. The former ravaged the country without mercy ; the latter captured Fort Griswold, and massacred the garrison after they had surrendered. On the restora- tion of peace, he went to England, where he lived and died in obscurity, shanned and despised by all. On one occasion, a member of Parliament, rising to address the House, noticed Arnold in the gallery. Pointing to the traitor, he exclaimed : " Mr. Speaker, I shall not proceed while tTiat man is in the House ! " Barry, Commodore John, (1745-1803) the ** Father of the American Navy" was born in Wexford County, Ireland, and early en- tered on a seafaring life. At the age of sixteen, he emigrated to America, which henceforth became his adopted country ; and from this period, he made regular voyages between Philadelphia and the British ports. The intervals between his voyages he devoted to the culture of his mind, by which means he acquired an excellent practical educa- tion. He rose rapidly in his profession, and at the age of twenty-five, he became Captain of the " Black Prince," one of the best packets then running between London and Philadelphia. When the Revolution broke out, he gave himself, with all the en* thnsiasm of his nature, to the American cause, and Congress appointed him to superintend the equipment of the new fleet just then purchased. About the same time, he was named Captain of the *' Lexington ; " w^hile Paul Jones, afterwards so celebrated, entered as first lieutenant on the *' Alfred" The Lexington, soon after, (April 17,) encountered and captui-ed '* The Edward" a British vessel. This being the first aaval victory of the Revolution, caused intense joy throughout the jountry. In 1776, Captain Barry was transferred to the " Effingham " of twen- ty-eight guns. About this time. Lord Howe offered him 15,000 guineas and a commission in the English navy, if he would join the royat standard. The bribe Barry indignantly rejected, adding : ** Not the value, nor the command of the whole British fleet, touLd tempt me from the American cause!" Captain Barrv continued to distinguish himself throughout the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ^41 Revolution. In his famous frigate, the " Alliance," he made many captures, especially those of the British sloop-of-war " Atlanta^' and her consort, the brig '' Trespassy" (May, 1781). In the spring of 1783, returning from Havana with supplies, he encountered a British squad- ron. Being hailed and questioned by the commander, he gave the characteristic reply ; " The United States Ship Alliance, Saitcp Jack Barry, half Irishman, half Yankee! Who are you f " On the establishment of the present navy in 1794, he was named Senior Oflficer, with the rank, of Commodore. Under him were trained Dale, Decatur, Ross, Stewart, and Murray. Barry was, throughout life^ a devout practical Catholic. Dying childless, he made the Catholic Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia his chief heir. In person, he was tall, commanding, and graceful ; in manners, simple, courteous, and digni- fied ; in character, frank, generous, and conscientious. Carroll of Carrolton, Charles, (1737-1832), an eminent Revolutionary patriot, was born at Annapolis, Maryland. He com- menced his studies with the Jesuits in his native State, and continued them in Europe, at St. Omer's, and other colleges. In 1764, he returned to Maryland, a profound scholar and polished gentleman. As soon as the Revolution broke out, he became at once a champion leader of the patriot party. In 1775, he was sent with Franklin, Chase, and his cousin. Rev. John Carroll, on the Canadian embassy ; and m 1776, was chosen to represent his native State in the Continental Congress. He was one of the signers of the " Declaration," and outlived all the others. ** The good and great then made pilgrimages to his dwelling, to behold with their own eyes the venerable political patriot of America.'* Having continued his political career until 1801, he then retired into private life. He was ever a devout Catholic. At his family resi- dence, he had erected an elegant chapel ; and it was a touching sight to behold this illustrious and venerable patriot, even at the advanced age of eighty, serving the priest during Mass with unaflfected simplicity and devotion. His character is well shown in these words of his later days ; *' I ham lived to my ninety -sixth year ; 1 have enjoyed continued health; I have been blessed with great icealth, prosperity, and moat of the good things which the world can bestow, — public approbation, esteem, applause ; — but what 1 now look hack on with the greatest satisfaction to myself, is that I have practised the duties of my Religion." Carroll, Most Rev, John, Archbishop of Baltimore, (1735- 1815), was born in Maryland. As is often the case with great and good men, the virtuous training of liis accomplished and pious mother largely influenced his character and career. He commenced his education with the Jesuits in Maryland ; and at the age of fourteen was sent to St. Omer's College, France, where he finished his collegiate course. Here he was 242 . BXCELSIOB HISTOKY distinguislied for his brilliant talents, close appLcation to study, an(J sincere piety. In 1753, he entered the Society of Jesus, and seven years later was elevated to the priesthood. In 1773, the Society being suppressed, he proceeded to England, and was there appointed chaplain to Lord Arundel. On the breaking out of the American Revolution, Father Carroll hastened to his native land, and for a time took up his residence with his venerable mother, to whose declining years he wag anxious to minister. Meanwhile he devoted himself to missionarj labor in the surrounding country. In 1776, by special invitation of Congress, he formed one of the committee sent to secure the aid of the Canadians. During their association on this embassy, a sincere friend- ' 3hip sprang up between Father Carroll and Dr. Franklin, which was cherished through life. On his return he again devoted himself to his duties in the sacred ministry, which he continued uninterruptedly during the entire Revolutionary War. In 1784, Father Carroll was appointed by the reigning Pontiff, Pius VI., Prefect Apostolic of the United States. In 1789, he was made Bishop, and in 1808, Archbishop. He governed his immense diocese with great prudence and ability ; and before his death, he had the consolation of beholding a rich harvest as the reward of his labors, in the establishment of four suffragan sees, the erection of numerous churches, the increase of the clergy, the establishment of religious orders and collegiate and ecclesiastical insti- tutions, and the general progress of the Faith throughout the country. Archbishop Carroll was below the medium height, yet his bearing was dignified and majestic. He was distinguished for his sincere patriot- ism, varied learning, amiable disposition, and saintly life. Franklin, Benjamin, (1706-1790), a Revolutionary patriot and distinguished philosopher, was born in Boston, Mass. His father was a soap and candle maker, and being very poor and having a family of seventeen children, he could afford the youthful Benjamin but littk opportunity to gratify his desire for knowledge. By abstaining from meat for two years, the boy managed to buy a few books, which he diligently studied. At seventeen years of age, he landed in Philadelphia with a silver dollar and a shilling in copper. As, with his extra shirts and stockings stuffed in his pockets, he walked along the streets, eating the roll of bread which served for his breakfast, his future wife stood at her father's door and watched his awkward appearance, little dreaming of his brilliant future, or of its interest to her. He soon obtained employment as a printer, but being induced by false representations to go to England, he found himself almost penniless in a strange land. With his usual industry he went to work, and soon made friends and a good living. Having returned to Philadelphia, he established a newspaper ; and in 171^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.. 243 he commenced to publish ** Poor Richard's Almanac" which for twenty years was quite as popular in Europe as it was in America. Its common-sense proverbs and useful hints are household words to this day. Retiring from business with a fine fortune, he devoted himself chiefly to science. His discoveries in electricity are world-renowned. Franklin was an unflinching patriot. While in England he defended the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. He helped to draft the Declaration of Independence, and was one of its signers. Having been appointed ambassador to France, he first invested all his ready aioney, $15,000, in the continental loan, a practical proof of his patriot- ism, since its repayment was extremely improbable. His influence at the French court was unbounded. He was much admired for his dignity, genius, wit, and charming conversation. He became to the American cause in the old world, what Washington was to it in the new. On his return he. was elected president of Pennsylvania for three successive years, and in his eighty -second year he was a member of the Constitutional Convention. After his death, which occurred in Philadelphia, twenty thousand persons assembled to do honor to his memory. His services to science and liberty are epitomized in the following famous line by Turgot : " Eripuit codo fulmen, sceptrum que tyrannUy " He snatched the thunderbolt from heaven and the sceptre from tyrants." Gallitziii, Prince Demetrius, (1770-1840), the Apostle of Western Pennsylvania, longf known as " Father Smith" was a Russian Prince. Having, by his entrance into the Catholic Church, forfeited the position which was his birthright at home, he determined to travel. On reaching the United States, in 1792, the spiritual destitution of that country touched his heart, and awakened in his soul a desire to enter the priesthood. Having prepared himself at the Sulpitian Seminary, Baltimore, he was ordained in 1795. For four years he labored on various missions, and in 1799, commenced the grand work of his life, the establishment of the Catholic colony of Loretto, amid the wilds of Western Pennsylvania. For forty-one years he toiled among his flock, 3o that where, on his arrival, he found twelve Catholics, he left at his ieath twelve thousand. The field of his missionary labor is now occu- pied by the Diocese of Pittsburg. Though of a delicate constitution, and nearly always in feeble health, he underwent, especially during his long missionary journeys, the greatest hardships and privations. Never- theless, he bore all with heroic patience and even joy, like the Apos- tles, counting it gain to suffer for Christ. Grasse, Count de, (1723-1788), a French naval officer, our ally during the Revolution, was born at Vallette. His great abilities and zeal in our behalf gained him universal confidence ; and the co-opera- 244 . EXCELSIOR HISTOBT. *.ive measures concerted by Washington, Rochambeau and himself, brought about the defeat of Cornwallis, and virtually concluded the war. Congress tendered him a vote of thanks, and also presented to him four pieces of cannon, taken from the British at Yorktown, " in testimony of the inestimable services rendered hy him on that day." Hamilton, Alexander, (1757-1804), an illustrious general, >rator and statesman, was born in one of the West India Islands. At the age of nineteen he was appointed to the command of a company of artillery. His conduct at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, etc., gained Washington's notice, and he was chosen aide-de- camp. Henceforth he was that great commander's most intimate friend and adviser. With Madison and Jay, he wrote " The Federalist" a series of essays which powerfully contributed to the ratification of the Constitution by the people. His financial policy, when Secretary of the Treasury, established the credit of the rising nation. Having retired from political life, he devoted himself to the law, but was unfortunately Involved in a quarrel with Aaron Burr, and he died in a duel. Henry, Patrick, (1736-1799), an orator and patriot whose mem- ory is inseparably linked with the early triumphs of liberty, was a native of Virginia. Though a young man at the beginning of the struggle, his impassioned eloquence gave him a tremendous influence. Among the greatest triumphs of his eloquence was a speech in the Vir- ginia Convention (March, 1775). He insisted on the necessity of fight- ing for independence, and closed with the words : " Give me liberty ^ or give me death." He was repeatedly elected Governor of Virginia. Always in the advance of his compeers, he headed every movement that looked toward liberty and independence. He was opposed to the Con- stitution, however, and refused any position under the new govern- ment. His sturdy republicanism held out to the last against those who, in his opinion, aped the manners of a monarchy. Jefferson, Thomas, (1743-1826), an eminent statesman and the third President of the United States, was born in Virginia. " Of all the public men who have figured in the United States" says Parton, " he was incomparably the best scholar and the most variously accomplished man.'* He was a bold horseman, a skilful hunter, an elegant penman, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, a superior classical scholar, and a pro- ficient in the modern languages. On account of his talents he was styled '* The Sage of Monticello." That immortal document, the Declara- tion of Independence, was, with the exception of a few words, entirely his work. He was an ardent supporter of the doctrine of State rights, and led the opposition to the federalists. After he became President, however, he found the difficulty of administering the government upon that theory. " The executive authority had to he stretched until ii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 5^4^ cracked, to cover the purchase of Louisiana ;" and he became convinced, on other occasions, that the federal government, to use his own expres- sion, must " show its teeth." Like Washington, he was of aristocratic birth, but his principles were intensely democratic. He hated cere- monies and titles ; even " Mr." was distasteful to him. These traits were the more remarkable in one of his superior birth ani. education, and peculiarly endeared him to the common people. Coming into power on a wave of popularity, he studiously sought to retain this favor There were no more brilliant levees or courtly ceremonies, as in the days of Washington and Adams. On his inauguration day, he rode down to Congress unattended, and, leaping from his horse, hitched it himself and went into the chamber dressed in plain clothes to read his fifteen- minutes inaugural. Some of the sentences of that short but memorable address have passed into proverbs. The last seventeen years of his life were passed at Monticello, near the place of his birth. He died on the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence Jones, John Paul, (1747-1792), a famous naval officer, was born in Scotland. He emigrated to Virginia, entered the colonic naval service in 1775, and in June 1777 took command of the Ranger, a vessel of eighteen guns. Later, he was transferred to the Bon Homme Richard, and in September, 1779, he attacked the Serapis, an English frigate, which surrendered after a long battle. For this victory. Con- gress voted Captain Jones a gold medal. After the Revolution, he entered the Russian service with the rank of rear-admiral ; but having quarreled with one of the Russian admirals, he was soon removed from the command. He died in Paris. Kosciusko, Thacldeus, (1750-1817),an illustrious Polish patriot and general of noble family, was born in Lithuania. He embarked for America in 1776, and soon received a commission as an officer of engineers. He planned the encampment and post of the American army at Bemis' Heights, from which, after two well-fought actions, Burgoyne found it impossible to dislodge the patriots. Later, he was the principal engineer in executing the works at West Point, and became one of the adjutants of Washington, under whom he served with distinction. Finally he was made brigadier-general, and was honored with the public thanks of Congress. At the close of the Revolution, he returned to Poland and took a prominent part in the struggles of 1793 and 1794. He was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russians, and kept in confinement until the death of the Empress Catharine, when he was liberated by the Emperor Paul. The czar, on releasing his prisoner, returned to him his sword. " / have no need of a sword** said Kosciusko, mournfully, " / have no country to defend." Henceforth, his life was passed in retirement. At his death, his re^ 246 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. mains were removed by the Emperor Alexander to the Cathedral Church of Cracow, where they repose near those of Sobieski. At West Point, within the works which he erected, the cadets have raised a monument to his memory. Lafayette, Marquis de, (1757-1834), a celebrated French Qobleman, statesman and patriot, and a distinguished general in the A.merican Revolution. In 1777, having heard the Declaration of Inde- pendence, he favored its principles, and notwithstanding the opposition of friends, he fitted out a frigate at his own expense, and sailed for this country. He fought as a volunteer at the battles of Brandywine and Monmouth, and commanded Washington's vanguard at the sur- render of Cornwallis. On the restoration of peace, he returned t» France, and there espoused the cause of the French Revolution ; but as a commander of the National Guard, he protected the royal family as long as he could. He was finally outlawed for endeavoring to con- duct the king out of Paris (Aug, 1792). Having fled into Austria, he was taken prisoner and confined at Olmutz for five years. Through the influence of Napoleon, he was then liberated ; and from this time until 1814 he remained in private life. In 1824, he visited America, and his progress through the country was one continued ovation. He died in Paris. Lee, Richard Henry, (1732-1794), a remarkable Virginia statesman and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Lee, Henry, (1756-1818), a famous general in the patriot army, often called ** Light-horse Harry ^ He performed many daring exploits. In 1779, he was selected by Congress to pronounce a eulogy on Wash- ington, whom he declared to be "* jirst in waVy first in peace, and fi/rA in the hearts of his countrymen." Marion, Francis, (1732-1795), a distinguished partisan general, inown as " The Bayard of the South." The history of the Revolution in the Carolinas abounds in legends of his daring, skill, and vigilancCc He baffled or defeated every efibrt of the British to capture him, and kept alive the spirit of patriotism through all the dark years of British 3ccupation. Morris, Robert, (1734-1806), a statesman and financier. It has been said that we owe as much to his monetary skill as to the diplo- macy of Franklin or the valor of Washington. He repeatedly saved the army from ruin ; and when funds were wanted to outfit the expe- dition against Yorktown, he supplied the amount ($1,400,000) by his own notes. It is sad to think that this noble patriot, who had so often rescued the republic, in his old age lost his fortune and was confined In prison for debt. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 247 Moylan, General Stephen, (1748-1811), was a native of Cork, Ireland, and brother to the Roman Catholic Bishop of that diocese. Having emigrated to this country, he threw himself heart and soul into the American struggle for liberty. He soon won the confidence of Washington, by whom he was made aid-de-camp and commissary general. Later, he was appointed to the command of a division of cavalry, and in almost every action of the war we hear of " Moylaii's Dragoons." At the close of the war, he ranked a full brigadier-general. He died in Philadelphia, and was interred in the cemetery of St. Mary's Church. Pitt, Wni., Earl of Chatham, (1708-1778), an English orator and statesman. His rare disinterestedness, his contempt of ail that was mean or low, and his wonderful talents made him the favorite of the people. He opposed the ministers who advocated schemes of colonial taxation, and remained the staunch friend of America during the Revolutionary struggle. A proposition having been made in Par- liament to grant the independence of the United States, Lord Chatham was brought in to protest against this " dismemberment of the British Empire." While speaking, he fell in an apoplectic fit and soon after died. Pulaski, Count Casinier, (1747-1779), was a Polish patriot who, having lost his father and brothers in the hopeless defence of his own country, and being himself outlawed, came to fight for the freedom of America. At first he served as a volunteer, and gained distinction at the battle of Brandywine. During the second year, he cominanded an independent corps of cavalry, lancers, and light infan try, called "Pulaski's Legion" with which he did effectual service He was killed at the siege of Savannah. The corner-stone of a monu- ment raised to his memory in that city, was laid by Lafayette, while visiting that city during his triumphal progress through the United States. Putnam, Israel, (1718-1790), a patriot general of rare gifts, was born at Salem, Massachusetts. As soon as the news of the battle 3f Lexington reached him, he left his oxen yoked in the field, and buckling on his sword, started for the camp at Boston. At the battle of Bunker Hill, he was conspicuous for his bravery ; and in 1777, he was appointed to the command of the army of the Highlands above New York City. The most famous incident of his career happened while Tryon was making a marauding tour near Horse Neck, Putnam hastily gathered a few militia and annoye- the British as long as pos- sible, when giving orders to his men to hide in an adjacent swamp, he spurred his spirited horse over a precipice, and descended a zigzag oath, where the British dragoons did not dare to follow, 'Z^S BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Sullivan, John, (1740-1795), an American general of the Revolution, was born in Maine. He acted under Putnam at Long Island, and by a combat of two hours in the woods, contributed to the preservation of the American army ; commanded the right wing at Trenton and Brandywine ; and defeated the Indians and tories, neai Elmira New York, (Aug. 1779). He then resigned his commission on account of ill health. Afterwards, he was thrice elected President oi New Hampshire. Sumter, Thomas, (1734-1832), a Southern partisan leader, known as the " Carolinian Game-cock," and wliom Cornwallis charac- terized as his " greatest plague." Washing^ton, General George, (1732-1799), the first Pres- ident of the United States, deservedly styled the "Father of his Coun- try/," was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. At eleven years of age, he was left fatherless ; and his education was henceforth directed by his mother, a woman of singularly fine character. Through her careful training, he acquired habits of self-command, truthfulness, in. dustry, frugality, and love of the true and good, which clung to him through life. Little did she dream of the greatness of her boy's des- tiny, as he stood at her knee, and listened to her counsel ; but when, long years afterwards, a conqueror and hero, he laid his head upon her aged shoulder and wept his farewell before he started to take his place at the head of the republic he had saved, she more than reaped the fruit of her labors. He had a decided taste for mathematics ; and he passed rapidly from simple arithmetic into geometry, trigonometry, and surveying. He first appears in history when sent by Governor Dinwiddie with a remonstrance to the French commander at Fort Le Bceuf. Having distinguished himself in the French and Indian War, he retired for some time into private life. On the breaking out of the Revolution, he was chosen commander-in-chief of the American army, and from that moment he directed all his energies to the accomplish ment of one object, the independence of his country. When at length the treaty of peace had been signed, he retired once more into private life, but only to be called forth again to receive the highest gift in the power of the people. Having served two terms, he declined a re-elec tion, and again sought repose in the retirement of Mount Vernon. At his death, Europe and America vied in tributes to his memory. He left no children, and it has been beautifully said : '* Providence left him childless, that his country might caU him Father/ " CHRONOLOGICAL REVIE^AT, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 1 TOO. — An Act against priests passed in New York. 1702. — Queen Anne's War begun. Delaware secured a separate legislative assembly. 1 703.— The English from South Carolina destroyed the Indian missions in Florida. 1710. — Port Royal, N.S., captured by English, and named An- napolis. 1713. — Queen Anne's War closed by treaty of Utrecht. 1718.— New Orleans founded by the French. 1724.— Death of Father Rasle. * 1733.— Georg-iii (XIII,) settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah. 1739. — The Spanish War began. 1741 .— " Negro Plot " in New York. 1744. — King George's War began. 1745. — Louisburg captured by English, (June 17). 1748.— King George's War ended by treaty of Aix la Chapelle. 1753* — Washington sent by Dinwiddle to St. Pierre, (Oct. 31). 1 754. — Battle at Qreat Meadows ; Fort Necessity captured. The French driven from Acadia, (1755). 1755. — ^Braddock defeated in battle of Monongdhela, (July 9). The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, (Sept. 8), 1 756. — War first formally declared between English and French, (May 17). French under Montcalm captured Fort Oswego, (Aug. 14). 1757. — Fort William Henri/ surrendered to Montcalm, (Aug. 9). 1758.— Abercrombie repulsed at Fort Ticonderoga, (July 8) Louisburg taken by Am.herst and Wolfe, (July 26). Fort Frontenac captured by colonists, (Aug. 27). Fort du Quesne taken by English, ;Nov. 25). 1 759. — Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French Niagara taken by Johnson, and Quebec by Wolfe. Battle of thePlaim, 9f Abraham. Death of Montcalm and Wolfe. \1^0,— Montreal taken by the EngDsh, (Sept. 8). Pontiac's War, 1763.— Tlie Peace of Paris. 1765. — The Stamp Act passed, (March 8). 1766.— The Stamp Act repealed, (March 18). 250 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 1767.— Tax on tea, etc., (June 29). 1768. — British troops arrived at Boston, (Sept. 27). Upper Call fornia visited by Spanish Franciscans. 17 70.— The Boston Massacre, (March 5). All duties, except on tea, repealed, (April 12). 1773. — Tea thrown overboard in Boston Harbor, (Dec. 16). 1774. — "Boston Port Bill " passed, (March 31). First Conti- nental Congress met at Philadelphia, (Sept. 5). 1775.— Battle of Lexington, (April 19). Ticonderoga taken by Allen and Arnold, (May 10). Grown Point taken, (May 12). Washing- ton elected commander-in-chief, (June 15). Battle of Bunker Hill, (June 17). Washington took command of troops before Boston, (July 2). Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, (Nov 13). Battle of Quebec, —Montgomery killed, (Dec. 81). 1776. — Boston evacuated by the British, (March 17). Embassy from U. S. to Canada, (April). Attack on Foj^t Moultrie, (June 28). Declaration of Independence, (July 4). Battle of Long Island, (Aug. 27). Battle of White Plains, (Oct. 28). Fort Washington taken, (Nov. 16). Washington's retreat through New Jersey, (Nov. and Dec). Battle of Trenton, (Dec. 26). Xlll , — Battle of Princeton, (Jan. 3). Arrival of Lafayette, (April 35). Battle of Bennington, (Aug. 16). Battle of Brandywine, (Sept, 11) First battle of (Saratoga, (Sept. 19). ^Philadelphia captured by the British, (Sept. 25). Battle of Germanto m, (Oct. 4). Second battle of Saratoga, (Oct. 7). Surrender of Burgoyne, (Oct. 17). Washington encamped at Valley Forge. 1778. — American independence acknowledged by France, (Feb. 6). British evacuate Philadelphia, (June 18). Battle of Monmouth, (June 28). Massacre of Wyoming, (July 3). French fleet arrived in Narragansett Bay, (July 29). British capture Savannah, Ga., (Dec. 29). 1779. — Stony Point captured by General Wayne (July 15). Sul- livan defeated tories and Indians near Elmira, N. Y., (Aug. 29). Paul Jones' victory, (Sept. 23). Savannah besieged by Americans and French (Sept. and Oct.). D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah ; death of Pulaski (Oct. 9). 1780. — Charleston surrendered to British, (May 12). Second French fleet arrived at Newport, (July 10). Battle of Hanging Rock, S. C, (Aug. 6). Battle of Camden, (Aug. 16). Treason of Arnold, (Sept. 23). Execution of Andre (Oct. 2). Battle of King's Mountain, (Oct. 7). 1781. — Richmond burned by Arnold, (Jan. 5). Battle of Cowpens, (Jan. 17). Greene's celebrated retreat, (Jan. and Feb.), Battle of Gidl- ford Court-House, (March 15). Battle of Eutaw Springs, (Sept. 8). Bat tie of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis, (Oct. 19). 1783.— Savannah evacuated by the British, (July 11). Treaty of CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 251 Peace signed at Paris, (Sept. 3). New York evacuated by British, (Nov. 25). Wasbington resigned his commission, (Dec. 23). 1784.— Rev. John Carroll made Piefect Apostolic in the U. S. 1786. — St. Peter's Church erected in New York. 1787.— Shay's Rebellion ; the Constitution adopted, (Sept. 17). 1789.— George AVasliiiig-toii (L) first President, (April 30) Georgetown College founded. Dr. Carroll appointed first Bishoi in the U. S. 1790.— The city of Washington laid out by General Washington The Carmelites settled in Maryland. 1701,— Vermont admitted to the Union. St. Mary's Seminary Baltimore, founded. 1792. — Kentucky admitted to the Union, (June 1). 1793.— First priest (Father Badin) ordained in the United States DiflBculties with Genet. 1794. — Indians defeated by Wayne. Whisky insurrection. 1 795.— Jay's treaty ratified, (June 24). Prince Gallitzin ordained. 11 O^,— Tennessee admitted to the Union. 1797.— John Adams (II.) President of the United States. 1 799.— Sulpitian College founded at Baltimore. First Mass offered in Western Pennsylvania. Washington died at Mount Vernon, (Dec. 14) CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY. 1702.— Death of King William III. 1714, — Accession of George I. 1715.— Death of Louis XIV. of France. 1727. — Accession of George II. 1740.— Austrian War of Succession. Frederick the Greatc 1756.— Beginning of /Sd^e/i Tears' War. 1757.— Beginning of the British Empire in India. 1760. — Accession of George III. 177 2.— First Division of Poland. 1 789.— Beginning of French Revolution. 1793.— Execution of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. 1798. — Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt. CONTEMPORARY POPES. Clement XL, (1700-1721): Innocent XIIL, (1721-1724); Benedict XIIL, (1724-1730 ; Clement XII., (1730-1740); Benedict XIV., (1740- 1758); Clement XIIL, (1758-1769); Clement XIV., (1769-1774)- Pius VT . (1775-1791)). GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. 4, OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. (1.) Aix-la-Cliapelle {akes-la-sha-pel), a frontier city of Rlienisb Prussia, 40 miles soutliwest of Cologne. Two celebrated treaties of peace were concluded here : (1) between France and Spain, by which France secured possession of Flanders (1G88) ; and (2) that which ter minated the war of the Austrian Succession. (2.) AIg"iers, a city of northern Africa, capital of Algeria. (3.) Allegliany River, The, rises in the northern part of Penn- sylvania, flows in a generally southerly direction 400 miles, when it unites with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio. (4.) Altamalia, a river of Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee and Ogeechee Rivers. (5.) Appalacliicola, a river of Florida, formed by the union of tne Chattahoochee and Flint, which unite at the southwest extremity of Georgia. (6.) Barbary States, The, are situated on the southern coast of the Mediterranean. They include Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. The name is derived from the Berbers, — the ancient inhabitants. (7.) Baton Houg'e, the capital of Louisiana, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 129 miles above New Orleans. (8.") Bennin§:toii, a town in the southeastern part of Vermont, 37 miles east of Albany. (9.) Bilbao, a city in the north of Spain, enclosed by lofty moun tains. (10.) Boston, the capital of Massachusetts. (11.) Brandywine Creek rises in Chester County, Pennsyl vania, flows southeast, and empties into Christiana Creek, Wilmington Delaware. (12.) Camden, a town of South Carolina, on the Wateree Rivei 142 miles northwest of Charleston. (13.) Catawba, a river of North and South Carolina. In the latter State it is called the Wateree, and unites with the Congaree to form the Santee. C14.) Cowpens. This was a place in the northern part of South GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 253 Carolina, so called because of an enclosure used by neighboring farmers, for herding cattle. (15.) Crown Point, a town of New York, on the west shore of Lake Champlain. (16 ) Deerfield, a village of Massachusetts at the junction of tha Deerfield and Connecticut Rivers. (17.) Eutaw Springs, a small branch of the Santee River, South Carolina. (18.) Genesee, a river of western New York, which flows in a northerly direction, and empties into Lake Ontario. It gives its name to a very fertile and beautiful portion of the State, once famous as the home of the Five Nations. (19.) Germantown, now a part of Philadelphia. (20.) Lexington, a town of Massachusetts, 7 miles east of Con- cord. (21.) Loilisburg", once an important seaport of Cape Breton. Its fortifications were very extensive, and are said to have cost $6,000,000. The English, on taking possession in 1763, demolished these works at an expense of $50,000. The town is now in ruins. (32.) Miami, a river of Ohio, which empties into the Ohio River about 20 miles below Cincinnati. (23.) Monmouth, a central county of New Jersey, drained by the Neversink, Shrewsbury, Shark and Tom's Rivers. The battle took place at Freehold. ' (24 ) Mount Vernon is situated on the Potomac River, 8 miles below Alexandria. (25.) ^ew Orlean§, the largest city of Louisiana, is situated on the Mississippi River, about 100 miles from its mouth. (26.) Newport, a city of Rhode Island, famed as a fashionable watering-place. (27.) Ogrdensburg-, a city of northern New York, situated on th© St, Lawrence River. • (28.) Pensacola, a city on the west coast of Florida, situated on the bay of the same name. (29.) Princeton, a town of New Jersey, 11 miles northeast of Trenton. (30.) Saratoga, a famous watering-place, 38 miles north of Al- bany. (31.) Savannah, the largest city of Georgia. It contains a moa«« ment to General Greene, and one to Count Pulaski. 354 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. (32.) Stillwater, a village of Saratoga County, New York, 24 miles above Albany. (33.) Ticoiideroga, a village of New York, situated at the outlet of Lake George. Two or three miles below this village, are the ruins of the old Fort Ticonderoga, on the west shore of Lake Champlain. (34.) Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, situated on the lefi bank of the Delaware River, 30 miles northeast of Philadelphia. (35.) Utrecht, a city of Holland, 33 miles southeast of Amster dam. (36.) Valley Forg-e, a village of Pennsylvania, situated on the Schuylkill River, 6 miles from Norristown. (37.) West Point, the site of the United States Military Acad- emy, is situated on the right bank of the Hudson, 52 miles north of the city of New York. The natural strength of the place led to its selection for a fortress during the Revolution ; and a heavy chain was stretched across the river (which is here very narrow) to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. (38.) White Plains, a post village of Westchester County, New York, 26 miles northeast of New York City. (39.) Wyoming' Valley, a beautiful and fertile tract on the Sus- quehanna River, in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. (40.) Yadkin, a large river which, rising in North Carolina, flows first in a northerly and then in a southeasterly direction, and entering South Carolina, takes the name of Great PeUee. (41 .) Yorktovvn, a town of Virginia situated on the right bank of tho Tork River, U miles from its mouth. Cegi/riettUabOyjLS AND VICINITY Scale I j, w ^ Ca.Jf»u)YerlcJOtL SOUTHERN REGION OF THE WAR 1812^14 Scale I I 1 100 Mile* SECTION V, A.r). 1800 TO THE PRESENT STUDY l^O. 1 ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON.— WAR OF 1812. 1. Washington, the Capital.— In the summer of 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to Washington.^ A single packet-sloop carried all the office furniture of the several departments, besides the "seven large boxes and four or five smaller ones" which contained the archives of the government. In the same year, a Free School was established, in con- nection with St. Peter's Church, New York City. 2. Tliomas Jef- ferson's Adminis- tration, (1801—1809), was chiefly noted for (1.) The Admission OF Ohio (1802). (2.) The Purchase of Louisiana (1803). (3.) Death of Hamilton (1804). (4.) A War with Tripoli (1801-1805). (5.) Difficulties with Great Britain THOMAS JEFFERSON. 356 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 3. Ohio. — Ohio, the sevGnteenth State, was admitted tc the TJnion November 29, 180?. It was called from the river of that name, signifying the ^'leautiful river" The first explorations were made by the French, under La Salle, about 1680, and the first permanent settlement was at Marietta, in 1788. It was the first State carved out of the great Northwest Territory,* 4. Louisiana. — Louisiana then embraced a vast region chiefly west of the Mississippi, reaching northward to the British Possessions, and westward to the Eocky Mountains. It was purchased from France for the sum of 115,000,000. When the purchase had been concluded. Napoleon remarked . " This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and 1 ham just given to England a maritime rival that tciU, sooner or later^ humUe her pride** 5. Death of Hamilton. — Aaron Burr, the Vice- President under Jefferson, was Alexander Hamilton's bitter rival, both in law and in politics, and at last challenged him to a duel. Hamilton accepted, and the affair took place at Weehawken, N. J. (July 11, 1804). Hamilton fell at the first fire, on the very spot where his eldest son had been killed shortly before, in the same manner. His death pro- duced the most profound sensation. The virtuous were filled with horror, and echoed the sentiments of a senator who exclaimed : " God grant that it may be the last, as it is the first time that a man, presiding in the American Senate, is indicted for murder!^"* * This territory was created in 1787, and included all the public land north of the Ohio. It embraced the present States of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wiscon- sin, and part of Minnesota. It was a part of New France before the French author- ity ceased in 1T63. The British held possession for twenty years, and then the coun try was ceded to the JulLed States, ADMINISTKATION OP JEFFERSOK. 257 Trial of Burr for Treason. — Burr afterward went west and organized an expedition with the avowed object of forming a set- tlement in northern Mexico. Being suspected, however, of a design to break up the Union and found a separate confederacy beyond the Alle ghanies, he was arrested and tried (1807) on a charge of treason Although acquitted for want of proof, he yet remained an outcast. 6r War with Trij>oli. — The Barbary States had for many years, sent out cruisers which captured vessels of all Christian nations, and held their crews as slaves until ransomed. The United States, like the European nations, was accustomed to pay annual tribute to these pirates to secure exemption from their attacks. The Bashaw of Tripoli at last became so haughty that he declared war (1801) against the United States. Jefferson sent a fleet which blockaded* the port and bombarded the city of Tripoli, until the fright- ened Bashaw was glad to make peace. '7* Difficulty Tvith Eng^land. — During this time England and France were engaged in a desperate struggle. England tried to prevent trade with France, and, in turn, Napoleon forbade all commerce with England. As the United States were neutral, they did most of the carrying trade of Europe, and our vessels thus became the prey of both the hostile nations. Besides, England claimed tlie right of stopping American vessels on the high seas, to search foi seamen claimed to be of English birth, and to press them into the British navy. The feeling in the United States was intensified, when the British frigate Leopard fired into * During this blockade a valiant exploit was performed by Lieutenant Decatur. The frigate Philadelphia had unfortunately grounded and fallen into the enemy's hands. Having concealed his men below, Decatur entered the harbor with a small vessel, which he warped alongside the Philadelphia, in the character of a s^hip in distress. As the two vessels struck, the pirates first suspected his design. Instantly he leaped aboard with his men, swept the affrighted crew into the sea, set the ship on fire, and amid a tremendous cannonade from the batteries, escaped without the lOBB of a man 358 EXCELSIOR HISTOEX. the Amencan frigate Chesapeake, off the coast of Virginia The latter vessel, being wholly unprepared for battle, soon struck her colors. Four of the crew, three being Americans by birth, were taken, on the pretence that they were deserters. Jefferson immediately ordered all British vessels of war to quit the waters of the United States, Though England disavowed the act, no reparation was made, 8, Embarg^o Act, — An embargo was then laid by Congress on American vessels, forbidding them to leave port ; but this was so mjurious to our foreign trade that it was re- moved. Tlie Embargo Act * followed, forbidding commerce with England or France. 9. Political Parties.— While the country was in this feverish state, Jefferson's second term exjDired. James Madison, the republican candidate, who was closely in sympathy with his views, was elected as his successor by a large majority. The republicans were generally in favor of a war with England. The federalists, however, were a strong minority, and throughout this administration warmly opposed the war policy of the republicans. 10. Madison's Administration (1809-1817) was chiefly noted for (1.) Contests with the Iitdiaits (1811). (2.) SEcoi^D War with Great Britain (1812-15). (3). The Admission into the Union of Louisiana (1812) AND Indiana (1816). 11. Battle of Tippecanoe (1811).— British emis- saries had been busy arousing the Indians of the north-west to war. Tecumseh, a chief of the Shawnees, formed a strong confederacy against the Americans, and Indian outrages along * The opponents of this Act speiling the name Ijackward ntcknaroed '.! Tbe " d Grab Me " Act MADISON^'8 ADMIITISTEATIOJS. 25S the border became frequent. General Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory, was sent against Tecumseh with a strong force. The Americans were attacked in the night, near the Tippecanoe ; but they routed the Indians with great slaughter, and all the tribes sued for peace. 13. War ag^aiiist England. — This Indian difficulty aroused intense feeling against Great Britain. Meanwhile the Biitish government went so far as to send war-vessels into our waters, and to seize many of our ships as prizes. One day, in May, 1811, the American frigate President having hailed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, received a cannon-shot in reply. The fire was returned, and the sloop soon disabled; a civil answer was then returned. This. state of things could not be tolerated ; and as the British govern- ment* refused to relinquish its offensive course, war was finally declared against Great Britain (June 19, 1812). 13. Surrender of Detroit by Hull (August 16).--As ib the previous wars, it wae determined to invade Canada. General Wll- Uam Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, accordingly crossed ovei irora Detroit and encamped on Canadian soil. He was preparing tc march against Fort Maiden {maul-den), when he learned that the Brit ish and Indians were gathering to attack him, whereupon he ignomin '.ously retreated to Detroit. Here he was pursued by a force of Britislj under General Brock, and Indians under Tecumseh. The Americans tiad the advantage in numbers and position, and awaited impatiently, m line of battle, the order to fire. At this moment Hull seemed to lose ill presence of mind, and, in an agony of fear, raised the white flag. Without stipulating even for the honors of war, he surrendered not only Detroit, with its garrison and stores, but the whole of Michigan. 14. Battle of Queenstown Heights (October 13).— Late In summer, another attempt was made to invade Canada. General Van Rensselaer (ren'-se-ler) sent a small body of men across the Niagara River, to attack the British at Queenstown Heights The English were Iriven from their position, and General Brock wan Rilled Genera* 260 WXOBLSIOB HISTORY- Van Rensselaer now retumed to the American shore to bring over the rest of the army ; but the militia had lost their courage, and denying the constitutional right of their commander to take them out of the State, refused to embark. Meantime their comrades on the Canadian shore, thus basely abandoned, were, after a desperate struggle, com pelled to surrender, 15. Constitution and Guerriere (August 9).- The fight off the coast of Massachusetts, between the Amer OLD IRONSIDES. ican frigate Constitution (populai'ly called Old Irojisides) and the Guerriere (gdre-e-dre) is memorable in our naval history. The latter vessel opened fire first Captain Isaac Hull (a nephew of General Hull) refused to answer until he had brought his ship into the exact position he desired, when he poured broadside after broadside into his antagonist, sweep- ing the deck, shattering the hull, and cutting the masts and rigging to pieces. Within half an hour the Guerriere be- came unmanageable and the captain surrendered. The ship was so badly injured that it could not be brought into port ; vhile the Old Ironsides, in a few hours, was ready for an otber light WAR OF 1812. 26) 16. Frolic and Wasp (October 13).— Tit? next noted achievement was the defeat of the English bri^ Frolic CAPTURE OF THE FROLiC. by the sloop-of-war Wasp, off the coast of North Carolina. When the former was boarded by her captors, her colors were still flying, there being no one to haul them down. The man at the helm was the only sailor left on deck un harmed. 17. Other victories followed. Privateers scoured every sea, inflicting untold injury on British commerce. During the year over three hundred prizes were captured. So many naval triumphs inspired the people with confidence, and made it easy to obtain volunteers for the army. They also helped, no doubt, to bring about by a large majority the re election of Madison STUDY KO, a. MADISON (Continued).— WAR WITH ENGLAND (Continued). 1. Plan of the Campaig^n of 1813 —Three armies were raised this year: (1) the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, on the Niagara River; (2) the Army of the North , under General Hampton, along Lake Champlain; and (3) the Army of the West, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three were ultimately to invade Canada. Proctor was the British general, and Tecumseh had command of his Indian allies. 2. The Armies of the Centre and the North did little. General Dearborn attacked York (now Toronto), General Pike gallantly leading the assault. Unfortunately, in the moment of success the magazine blew up, killing Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. General Wilkinson, Dearborn's successor, was directed • to descend the St. Lawrence in boats, and join General Hampton in an attack on Montreal. At Ghrysler^s Field he repulsed the British, but owing to a disagreement with General Hampton he returned. General Hampton went north as far as 8t. JoJiri's, where he was defeated by the British. He then made the best of his way back to Plattsburg, where, in ihe winter, he was joined by General Winchester's men. Thus inglo- riously ended the campaign of these two armies. • 3. Army of the West.— A detachment of General Hamson't: men was captured at Frenchtown,on the River Raisin, by Proctor, who then besieged Harrison himself at Fort Meigs (megz).^ Repulsed here, Proctor stormed Fort StepJienson, which was defended by a small garri WAR WITH El^^GLAI^D. 263 son under Major Croghan, a young man of twenty-one. Beaten again, he returned to Maiden. 4. The Chesapeake and Shannon {June 1). — Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, having captured the British brig Peacock, on his return was placed in command of the Chesapeake, the ill-starred frigate which struck her flag to the Leopard off the coast of Virginia While refitting his vessel at Boston, a challenge was sent to fight the Shannon, then lying off the harbor. Lawrence, although part of his crew were discharged, and the unpaid remainder were almost mutinous, consulted only his own heroic spirit, and at once put to sea. The action was brief. A hand-grenade having burst in the Chesapeake's arm-chest, the enemy took advantage of the confusion, and boarded her A scene of carnage ensued. Lawrence, mortally wounded, was carried below. As he left the deck he exclaimed, *' Don't give up the ship ! '* But the feeble crew were soon overpowered, and the colors hauled down. 5. Perry's Victory {Sept 10). — When Captain Perry, then only twenty-seven years old, was assigned the command of the flotilla on Lake Erie, the British were un- disputed masters of the lake, while his fleet was to be made. In part, out of the trees in the forest. By indefatigable exer- tion he had got nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns, ready for action, when the British fleet of six vessels and sixty- three guns bore down upon his little squadron. Perry's flag- ship, the Laivre7ice* engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the enemy, and fought them, till but eight of his men were left. He helped these to fire the last gun, and then leaped into a boat and bore his flag to the Niagara. He had to pass within pistol-shot of the British, who turned their guns directly upon him; but though he was a fair mark for every shot, he escaped without injury. Breaking through the enemy's line and firing right and left, within fifteen minutes * From its mast-head floated a blue pennant, bearic'g the worda of the dying Lawrence, " Don^t give up the ship ! " i^64 BXCELSIOB HISTORY. after he mounted the deck of the Niagara the victory was won. Perry then sent his famous despatch ta General Har- rison, " We have met the enemy ^ and they are ours ; two sMpsj two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop.'' This victory filled the Americans with joy, and on it virtually hung the issue of the war. PERRY LEAVING THE LAWRBNCB. 6. Battle of the Thames (October).— Proctor and Tecumseh were at Maiden with their motley array of British and Indians, waiting to lay waste the frontier. Harrison, at Sandusky Bay, was nearly ready to invade Canada, and at the news of this victory pushed across the lake. Landing at WAR WITH ENGLAND. 5i65 Maiden, which he found deserted, he hotly pursued the flying enemy, and overtook them on the River Thames (temz). Having drawn up his troops, he ordered Colonel Johnson, with his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the English in front. Dashing through the forest, they broke the enemy's line, and forming in their rear prepared to pour in a deadly fire. The British surrendered, but Proctor escaped by the swiftness of his horse. Johnson pushed for- ward to* attack the Indians. In the heat of the action, a bullet, said to have been fired by Johnson himself, struck Tecumseh. With his death the savages lost all hope, and fled in confusion. 7. War with the Creeks. — Tecumseh had been (1811) among the Alabama Indians, and had aroused them to take up arms against the Americans. They accordingly formed a league (1813), and fell upon Fort Mimms, massa- cring the garrison and the defenceless women and children. Volunteers flocked in from all sides to avenge this horrid deed. Under General Jackson, they drove the Indians from one place to another, until they took refuge on the Horses shoe Bend, where they fortified themselves for the last battle* (March 27, 1814). The soldiers, with fixed bayonets, scaled their breastwork. Six hundred of the Indians were killed, and the remainder were glad to sue for peace. 8. Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. — Early m the spring of this year, the British commenced to devastate the southern coast. New England was spared because of a * An event occurred on Jackson's march which illustrates his iron will. For A long time his soldiers suffered extremely from famine. At last they mutinied. Gen. eral Jackson rode before the ranks. His left arm, shattered by a ball, was disabled, but in his right he held a musket. Sternly ordering the men back to their place, he declared he would shoot the first who advanced^ No one stirred, and at iast all returned to duty 366 EXOELSIOB HISTOET. belief that the northern States were unfriendly to the war, and that they would yet return to their allegiauce to Great Britain- Admiral Cockburn, especially, disgraced the British navy by conduct worse than that of Cornwallis in the Revolution. Along the Virginia and Carolina coast, he burned bridges, farm-houses, and villages ; robbed the inhabitants of theii crops, stock, and slaves ; plundered churches, and murdered the sick in their beds. COLONEL Mr..LER AT LUNDY's LANE. 9. The Campaign of 1814 was prosecuted by the British more vigorously, as the Peace of Paris released the fleet and army that had been so long employed against Na- poleon. Fourteen thousand veterans, who had served under Wellington, were sent to Canada. 10. Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25).— The iimencan army, under General Brown, now crossed the WAR WITH EKGLAKD. 267 Niagara River once more, and for the last time invaded Canada. Eort Erie having been taken, General Winfield Scott leading the advance, attacked the British at Chippetva (July 5), and gained a brilliant victory. A second engage- ment was fought at Limdy's Lane, opposite Niagara Falls. Here, within sound of that mighty cataract, occurred one oi the bloodiest battles of the war. General Scott had only one thousand men, but he maintained the unequal contest until dark. A battery located on a height was the key to the British position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side, the commander asked him if he could take it. '' TU try, sir,'^ was the fearless reply. Heading his regiment. Miller steadily marched up the height and secured the coveted position. Three times the British rallied for its re-capture, but as many times were hurled back, and at midnight they retired from the field. 11, Battle of Lake Cliamplain (September 11) All but fifteen hundred of the troops at Plattsburg had gone to reinforce General Brown. Prevost, the commander of the British army in Canada, learning this fact, took twelve thousand veteran soldiers who had served under Wellington, and marched against that place. As he advanced to the attack, the British fleet on Lake Champlain assailed the American squadron under Commodore McDonough. The attacking squadron was nearly annihilated. The little army in Plattsburg by their vigorous defence prevented Prevost from crossing the Saranac Eiver. When he found that his ships were lost, he fled precipitately. 12. Ravag^es on the Atlantic Coast. — The British blockade extended this year to the north ; and com-^ merce was so completely destroyed that the lamps in the light-houses were extinguished, as being of use only to the 208 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. English. Several towns in Main were captured. Stoning- ton, Conn., was bombarded. Cockburn, too, continued his depredations along the Chesapeake. General Ross marched to Washington, burned the capitol (August 24) and other public buildings, libraries and records, together with private BRITISH SOLDIERS BURNINO BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. dwellings and storehouses. He then sailed around by sea to attack Baltimore. The troops, which had disembarked (September 12) below the city, were to move upon it by land,* while the fleet was to bombard Fort McHenry from the river. They met, however, with a determined resistance ; and as the fleet had made no impression on the fort, the army retired to their ships. 13. The Star Spang-led Banner. — During the bombardment, Francis S. Key, who bad gone to the British fleet with a flag of truce to * While the British troops were marching toward Baltimore, General Ross rode forward with a part of his staff, to reconnoitre. Two mechanics, who were in a tree watching their advance, fired upon them, and Ross fell mortally wounded. The two oatrlots were instantly shot. WAR WITH ENGLAND. 269 procure the release of a friend, and who was not permitted to return lest he might carry back valuable information, watched the flag of his coun* try waving above Fort McHenry. The British commander had boasted to Key that the place could hold out only a few hours ; but the next morning the flag was still waving defiantly and triumphantly in the face of the foe. The incident inspired Key to write the words of a song which will be sung as long as the flag is. known ; " Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming ? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming ? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air. Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave f* 14. The Hartford Convention. — The greatest excitement was produced by these events. Every seaport was fortified ; militia were organized ; and citizens of all ranks labored in throwing up defences. Bitter reproaches were cast upon the administration because of its mode of conducting the war. Delegates from New England States met at Hartford (December 15) to discuss this subject. The meeting was branded with odium by the friends of the administration, and to be called a Hartford Co7ivention Federalist was long a term of reproach. 15. Peace, as afterward appeared, had been made before the convention adjourned, a treaty having been signed at Ghent,^ December 24. Before the news reached this coun- try, a terrible battle had been fought in the South. 16. Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815).— A powerful British fleet and a force of twelve thousand men, under General Pakenham, undertook the capture of New Orleans. General Jackson, anticipating this movement, had 'Z70 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. thrown up intrenchments* several miles below the city. The British advanced steadily, in solid columns, heedless oi the artillery fire which swept their ranks, until they came within range of the Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen, when they wavered. Their officers rallied them again and again. General Pakenham fell into the arms of the same officer who had caught General Eoss as he fell at Baltimore. Neither discipline nor bravery could prevail. General Lambert, who succeeded to the command, drew off his men in the night, hopelessly defeated, after a loss of over two thousand; while the American loss was but seven killed and six wounded. 17. The Results of the War of 1813 14 were, in general, favorable to the United States. It is true that the treaty left the question of impressment unsettled ; yet it was tacitly understood that England would not again attempt to enforce her claims. We had gained the respect of Euro- pean nations, mainly because our navy had dared to meet on the open sea, and often successfully, the greatest maritime power of the world. The impossibility of any foreign power gaining permanent foothold on our territory was proved. Thcv fruitless invasion of Canada by the militia, compared with the brave defence of their own territory by the same men, showed that the strength of the United States consisted in defensive warfare. Extensive manufactories were estab- lished to supply the place of the English goods cut off by the blockade. The immediate evils of the war were appar- ent : trade ruined, commerce gone, no specie to be seen, and a general depression. Yet the wonderful resources of the * Jackson at first made his intrenchments in part of cotton bales, but a red-hot cannon-ball having fired the cotton and scattered the burning fragments among the barrels of gunpowder, it was found necessary to remove the cotton entirely. The only defence of the Americans in this battle was a bank of earth, five feet high, and a ditch in front. WAR WITH ENGLAND, 271 country were shown by the rapidity with which it entered upon a new career of prosperity. The national debt of $127,000,000 was paid from the ordinary revenue within twenty years. 18o The Algeriiies had taken advantage of the war with England to renew their depredations on American com- merce. In May, 1815, Decatur was sent with a squadron to protect our rights in the Mediterranean. Proceeding to Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, he obtained the liberation of American prisoners, and full indemnity for all losses. The United States was the first nation to effectually resist the demands of the Barbary pirates for tribute. 19. Political Parties. —When Madison's term of oflSce ex- pired, the federalist party had been broken up by its opposition to the war. James Monroe, the Presidential candidate of the repubhcan party, was almost unanimously elected. He was generally beloved, and all parties united in his support. This period is therefore remark- able, and is characterized as the Era of Good Feeling. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812. Date. Location. Commanders. Victor. American. British. 1812... { 1813... J 1814...] 1815 Detroit (surrendered).. Queenstown Heights. . River Raisiu(massacre) Perry's Victory on Lake Erie Hull Brock Brock British. British. British. American, American. American. British. American. American. Van Rensselaer... Winchester Proctor Liindy's Lane Fort Mackinaw Plattsburp: New Orleans Brown Drummond McOomb Prevost Pakenham Jackson . . STUDY NO. 3. MONROE.— J. Q. ADAMS.— JACKSON. 1. James Monroe's Administration, (1817- 1825), was noted for (1.) The Missouri Compromise Bill, (1830). (2.) The Accession of Florida, (1820). (3.) The Promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine, (1823). (4.) The Admission into the Union of Five New States; Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820), and Missouri (1821). 2. The Slavery Question and tlie Missouri Comxjromise. — The slavery question had now become one of vast importance in the political history of this coun- try. At first, slaves were owned in the northern as well as the southern States. But at the North, slave labor was unprofitable, and it had gradually died out; while at the South it was a success, and had steadily increased. Hence when the admission of Missoun as a State was proposed, a violent discussion arose whether it should be free or slave. Finally it was admitted as a slave State (1821), with the compromise advocated by Henry Clay, that slavery should he prohibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and north of parallel 36" SO', the southern boundary of Missouri. 3. Accession of Florida. — Florida was purchased of Spain by a treaty proposed February 22, 1819, though not MONROE AND JACKSONe 273 Signed by the King of Spain until October 20, 1820, while the United States did not obtain full possession before July 17, 1821. (These facts account for the different dates assigned to this purchase in the various histories.) The treaty with Spain which secured Florida, also relinquished all Spanish authority over the region west of the Rock^ Mountains, claimed by the United States as belonging to the Louisiana purchase, but not previously acknowledged by Spain. 4. The Monroe Doctrine.— In 1823, President Monroe in nis annual message declared that the American continents '' are henceforth not to he considered as subjects for future colonization by any European poiver, and that any attempt on the part of Europeans to gain dominion in Amer- ica ivould be deemed hy the United States an unfriendly actJ^ This is known as the Monroe Doctrine, 5. Lafayette's Visit to this country (1824), as ''the nation's guest,'' was a joyous event. He traveled through each of the twenty-four States, and was everywhere wel- comed with delight. His visit to the tomb of Washington was full of affectionate remembrance. He was carried home in a national vessel, the Brandyivine, so named in honor of the battle in which Lafayette first drew his sword in behalf of the colonies. 6. Political Parties, — Divisions now became apparent in the great party wliicli had twice so triumphantly elected Monroe as Presi dent. The wliig party, as it came to be called in Jackson's time, was forming in opposition to the republican, — thenceforth known as the democratic party.* The whigs were in favor of a protective tariflF, and * John Qnincy Adams and Henry Clay were the champions of the whigs ; Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun of the democrats. In 1834, the democrats began to be called Locofocos, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, the lights having been exthiguished, were relit with locofoco matches, which several, expecting such an event, had carried in their pockets. 274 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. a general system of internal improvements ; * the democrats opposed these important measures. No one of the four candidates having obtained a majority of votes, the election went to the House of Repre- sentatives, and John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was chosen. 7. John Quincy Adams' Administration, (1825 -1829), was Doted for (1.) Natioi^al Peace and Prosperity. (2.) The Completiok of the First Railroad in the United States and the Opening of the Erie Canal. 8, An Era of General Prosperity was inaugu- rated by the " era of good feeling'^ which charac- terized Monroe's election. After the ravages of war, all parties gave themselves up to the development of the resources of the coun- try and the progress of its varied industries. There were great financial diffi- culties, the legacy of the war; but both Monroe's and Adams' administra- tions were periods of na- tional prosperity. JOHN QiriNCY ADAMS. 9. The Erie Canal, — An Irishman named Christopher CoUes i3 entitled to the credit of having made the first suggestion of this great undertaking. He came to New York before the Revolution, and in 1785 issued a pamphlet called " Proposals for the Speedy Settlement * A protective tariff i? a duty imposed on imported goods for the purpose of en- couraging their manufacture at home. By internal improvements are meant tbe improving of the navigation of rivers, the building of bridges and railroads, the dredging of harbors, etc. MONROE AND JACKSOK 275 of the Western Frontier of New York" It contained a plan lor the canal, but it was considered utterly impracticable. In 1810, De Witt Clinton advocated the measure in the senate of New York, and it after- wards found strong supporters. Work was not commenced upon it until the 4th of July, 1817, when Governor Clinton, in the presence of many thousands of citizens and amid great demonstrations of joy, threw the 5rst spadeful of earth. Even then the people were incredulous. It was a common remark, ' If I can live until Clinton's ditch is done, I shall be content." On the 26th of October, 1825, the whole canal was formally opened by a magnificent celebration. The governor, State oflScers, and invited guests took passage from Buffalo for New York, in a gorgeously decorated boat, accompanied by a numerous fleet. One of the ceremonies near Sandy Hook was the emptying of a keg of Lake Erie water into the Atlantic, ihus typifying the union of the waters of the Lake with those of the Ocean. lO. The First Railroad in the United States.— The ^^ear 1827 witnessed the building of the first railroad in the United iStates at Quincy, Massachusetts. It was operated by horse-power, and THE FIRST RAILROAD. w&s three miles in length, extending from the granite quarries to the N'eponset River. The next year, the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- pany constructed a road from their coal mines to Honesdale, a locomotive being imported from England. This was the first steam-engine used in the United States. 11. Secret Societies. — Under the administration of the elder Adams, secret societies had been formed in connec- tion with the Jacobins and other clubs in France. On their dissolution they were succeeded by the Freemasons. In 276 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, 1826, the horrible murder of William Morgan, of Batavia, N. Y., who had threatened to reveal their secrets, caused intense excitement, and resulted in the formation of an anti- Masonic party. 13. The TariflF.— The debt of the United States was fast diminishing, and there was a surplus of 15,000,000 in the treasury. A protective tariff, known as the " Ameri- can System,^' now reached its height. It was popular at the east, but distasteful to the south.* Adams was a candi- date for re-election ; but An- drew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans, and the demo- cratic nominee, was chosen. The principle of a protective tariff was thus rejected by the people. 13. Andrew Jack- son's Administration, (1829-1837), was characterized by great vigor and resolution. It was noted for ANDREW JACKSON. (1.) The Nullification Ordinance and Clay's Compromise Bill, (1832). (2.) Troubles concerning the United States Bank, (1833). (3.) The Black Hawk War, (1832). * The southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired to have foreign goods brought to them as cheaply as possible ; while the eastern States, engaged in manufactures, wished to have foreign competition shut off by heavy duties. MONRO AKD JACKSON. 277 (4.) The Florida or Seminole War, (1835). (5.) The Admission into the Union of Arkansas (1836) AND Michigan (1837). 14. Immediately on his accession, Jackson surrounded himself by his political friends, thus establishing the now popular principle of " rotation m office" * 15. Nullification and Compromise, (1832). — South Carolina passed a nullification ordinance, declaring the tariff law of 1828 "null and void," and that the State liiiiiMiiJi^^^^^ HENKY CLAY AJJLd^ii&oUSa THE SJi-NATl!, would secede from the Union if force should be employed to collect any revenue at Charleston. President Jackson acting ♦ " During the first year of his administration, there were nearly seven hundred removals from office, not including subordinate clerks. During the forty years pre- •^eding, there hart been but sixty-four." 278 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. with his accustomed promptness, at once issued a procla- mation announcing his determination to execute the laws, and ordered troops, under General Scott, to Charleston. In the meantime, Henry Clay's celebrated " Tariff Co7npromise Bill " was adopted by the Senate. This measure offering a gradual reduction of the tariff, it was accepted by both sides, and quiet restored. Clay being told that his action would injure his prospects for the Presidency, nobly replied: "/ would rather ie right than he President." 16. Bank of the United States. — During his first term, Jackson vetoed a bill rencAving the charter of the United States Bank at Philadelphia. After his re-election by an overwhelming majority, considering his policy sus- tained by the people, he ordered the public money to be re- moved from its vaults (1833). The bank thereupon contracted 'ts loans, money became scarce, and people being unable to pay their debts, great commercial distress ensued. This measure excited the most violent clamor ; but Jackson was sustained by the democratic majority in the House of Repre- sentatives. Speculations. — Wlien the public money wliich had been with irawn from the Bank of the United States (1833) was deposited in the local banks, it became easy for any one to borrow money. Speculation extended to every branch of trade, but especially to western lands. New cities were laid out in the wilderness, and fabulous prices were charged for building-lots, which existed only on paper. Scarcely a man 20uld be found who had not his pet project for realizing a fortune. The bitter fruits of these hot-house schemes were gathered in Van Buren's time. 17. The Black Hawk War* broke out in the * In this war, Abraham Lincoln (afterwards President) served as captain of the volunteers, and Jefferson Davis as second lieutenant of the regulars. MONBOE AKD JACKSON". 279 Northwest Territory during 1832. The Sacs and Foxes had, some time before, sold their lands to the United States ; but when the settlers came to take possession, the Indians re- fused to leave. After some skirmishes they were driven off, and their leader, the famous Black Hawk, was captured. 18. The Cherokees. — One of Jackson's plans was to remove all Indians beyond the Mississippi ; but the removal of the Cherokees and Seminoles of the South was not effected without much trouble. The Cherokees had been guaranteed the quiet possession of their lands, with promises of future admission into the Union. The neighboring States having infringed on their rights, the Indians appealed to the President; but he declining to defend them, they were forced to leave their villages, and retire to the wilderness. 19. The' Seminole War.— The cession of Florida to the English by the treaty of 1763, proved the death-blow of the Catholic missions. The poor Indians being deprived of their villages, and forced to resume the nomadic life from which Christianity had reclaimed them, took the name of Seminoles {wanderers), gradually lost the Faith, and became the scourge of the whites. In 1832, a few unauthorized chiefs, at the request of the United States government, agreed to migrate ; but the tribe, with their king, Micanopy^ refused to depart. 20. In 1835, the celebrated Seminole chief, Osceola, a half-breed of great talent and bravery, paid a visit to Fort King. While there, his wife was seized and carried off as a slave. Osceola, enraged at this and other injuries, declared war; whereupon he was seized by the government agent, and put in irons. Dissembling his wrath, Osceola consented 280 EXCELSIOE HISTORY, to the treaty ; but no sooner was he released, than he plotted a general massacre of the whites. 21. General Thompson was shot and scalped while sitting at dinner, under the very guns of Fort King. The same day, Major Dade, with over one hundred men, was waylaid near the Wahoo Swamp. All but four were killed, and these finally died of their wounds. After several battles the Indians retreated to the Everglades of southern Florida, in whose tangled swamps they hoped to find a safe retreat. Expeditions that failed to find the enemy, and murders and surprises by an invisible foe, disheartened the army, and dis- couraged the country. Osceola was the soul of the resist- ance. To every overture for peace, he replied: ""Here I hunted when a hoy ; here my father lies buried j here I wish to die!" 23. In October, 1837, while holding a conference with General Jesup in a magnolia grove, under a flag of truce, Osceola was treacherously seized and taken to Fort Moultrie. Here he died the next year. Jesup was severely censured for this violation of the sanctity of a flag. Two months later (Dec. 25), the Seminoles were defeated in a sanguinary battle at Okechobee, by Colonel Zachary Taylor ; but they were not fully subdued till 1842. This war, brought on by the injustice of the whites towards their In- dian brethren, cost the United States multitudes of valuable lives, and millions of treasure. 23. Political Parties. — The democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, was chosen President ; and as no'Vice-President had been elected by the people, the Senate selected Col. R. H. Johnson, the hero of the Thames. The people, by the choice of Van Buren, supported the policy of Jackson— no United States Bank, and no Protective Tariff STUDY NO. 4 VAN BUREN.— HARRISON.— TYLER.— POLK 1. Martin Van Buren's Administration (1837- h 41) was chiefly noted for (1.) The Financial Crisis of 1837. (2.) The Canadian Rebellion (1837-38). (3.) Difficulties concerning the N.E. Boundary. 2. Crisis of 1837. — The financial storm which had been gathering through the preceding administration, now burst with terrible fury. The banks contracted their circu- lation.* Business men could not pay their debts, and failures were every-day occurrences. Those in New York city alone, during March and April, exceeded 1100,000,000. Eight of the States in part or wholly failed, and even the United States government became unable to meet its engagements. 3. The "Patriot War," (1837-1838).— The Canadian rebel- lion, at this time, against England, stirred the sympathies of the American people. Meetings were held, volunteers offered, and arms * The direct causes of this were (1) the specie circular, which was issued by Jaclj son in 1836, jpst at the clofse of his last term, directing that payments for public landg should be made in gold and silver. The gold and silver were, consequently, sooa gathered into the United States treasury. (2) The surplus public money, amounting to about $36,000,000 (about $9,000,000 of the $37,000,000 ordered to be distributed being finally withheld on account of the financial crisis), which, distributed among the States, had served to produce the most extravagant speculation. (3) During the season of high prices and speculatiou, when fortunes were easily made, there had been heavy importations of European goods, which had to be paid for in gold and silver. Thus the country was drained of its specie. (4) A terrible fire in the city of New York on the night of Dec. 16, 1835, which had burned 600 valuable stores, and oroperty to the amount of $18,000,000. 282 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. contributed. Thereupon the President issued a proclamation refusing tlie protection of the United States government to any who should aid the Canadians, and sent General Scott to the frontier to preserve the peace. 4. The Northeast Boundary between Maine and New Brunswick had never been settled. The people of that region threat- 3ned to take up arms to support their respective claims, and for some time there was peril of a war with England. During Tyler's adminis- tration, (1842), the difficulty was adjusted by what is known as the Ashhurton Treaty, which was negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton acting as com- missioners. 5. Political Parties. — The financial difficulties caused a change in political feeling, and for the time weakened the confidence of the people in the wisdom of the democratic policy. Van Buren failed of a re-election, and General Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, the whig nominee, was chosen President. 6. Death of President Harrison, (1841).— General Harrison had scarcely entered upon the duties of his oflSce and selected his cabinet, when he died. John Tyler, the Vice-President, in accordance with the Constitution of the United States, became President. 7. Jolm Tyler's Administration, (1841-1845), was noted for (1.) The Dorr Rebellion, (1842). (2.) The Anti-Rent Difficulties, (1844). (3.) Troubles with the Mormons, (1844). (4.) The Annexation of Texas, (1845). 8. Disappointment of tlie Wlii^s.— Tyler was elected as a whig ; but he did not carry out the favorite measures of his party. Immediately on coming into power, the whigs in Congress passed a bill to establish a United States Bank ; but it vas vetoed by Tyler, to the great disap- TYLER»S ADMIKISTR ATION. 283 pointment of the men who had elected him. Ever^ mem ber of President Tyler's Cabinet, except Daniel Webster, hereupon im- mediately resigned. 9, The Dorr Re- bellion, (1842), in Rhode Island, grew out of efforts to secure a more liberal State constitution. The people were divided into two parties, each of which elected State officers. Thomas W. john tyler. Dorr, who was chosen by the suffrage party, made an attack upon tlie State arsenal, but was driven off by the United States troops. He was afterwards arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life.* 10. Anti-Rent Difficulties, (1844).— The tenants on some of the old "patroon" estates in New York refused to pay their rent. Though very light, it was considered illegal, and therefore resisted. The "Anti-renters," as they were called, assumed the disguise of Indians, tarred and feathered those tenants who paid their rents, and even killed officers who served warrants upon them. The disturbances were suppressed by military force. * The old charter granted to the Ehode Island colony by Charles 11., was stil in force. It limited the right of suffrage to owners of a freehold worth $134, or renting for $7 per year, and their eldest sons. It also fixed the number of deputies to the Assembly from the different towns. In 1840, it appeared that Providence, with a population of over 2.3,000, had four representatives, while Newport, with only 8,000 inhabitants, had six representatives. The injustice of this was apparent, and a new and liberal constitution having been adopted by the people almost unanimously, went into effect in 184.3. Dorr was finally released, under a proclamation of general amnesty to all engaged in this rebellion, and, in 1851, was restored to all his civil rights and privileges. 284 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 11. The Mormons. — About the year 1830, a man named Joseph Smith, living in western New York, pretended to have received from Heaven revelations written in mystic characters on plates of brass. These he translated, according to his own account, by means of two transparent stones found vnth the plates. He now founded a new religion, in which his followers were allowed to have as many wives as they chose. As his character became known, he was for some years driven from place to place ; but in 1840, he and his followers founded the city of Nauvoo, 111. Having by their moral corruption incurred the enmity of the people about them, their leader, Joseph Smith, was taken from the custody of the authorities, to whom he had entrusted himself, and killed. A mob bombarded the city for three days, and finally (Sept., 1845) drove out the inhabitants, who fled to Iowa. After the death of Smith and the expulsion from Nauvoo, a company under the leadership of Brigham Young crossed the Rocky Mountains, and settled near Great Salt Lake, in Utah. 12. Annexation of Texas. — The Texans, under Genera? Houston, having won their independence from Mexico, applied foi admission into the Union. Their petition was at first rejected by Con- gress ; but, being endorsed by the people in the fall elections, it was accepted before the close of Tyler's administration. 13. Political Parties.— The democrats, who favored the admission of Texas, nominated James K. Polk, who, after a close contest, was elected President. The whigs, who opposed its admission, had nominated Henry Clay. 14. James K. Polk's Administration, (1845- 1849), was noted for (1.) The War with Mexico (1845-1848). (2.) The Discovery of Gold ik Oaliforn-ia (1848). (3.) The Admission yj^to the Ukion" of Florida (1845), Texas (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848). 15. Taylor's Campaign in Mexico (1846-18*7). — As had been feared, the annexation of Texas occasioned a war with Mexico, that government not having recognized the independence of the revolted province. General Taylor pole's ADMINISTRATIOl?^, 285 fiaving been ordered with his troops into the disputed terri- tory, advanced to the Rio Grande and built Fort Brown (now Brownsville). Having, on two successive days, defeated the Mexicans in the battles of Palo Alto {pah'-lo ahl'-to), (May 8th), and Eesaca de la Palma {my-sah'-hah-day4ah-pahU mah), (May 9th), he advanced to the strongly fortified city of Monterey {mon-ta-ray'), and compelled it to capitulate (Sept. 24th). CAPTUBE or MEXICAN BATTEKY. 16. During the battle of Resaca de la Palma, the Mexican guns were splendidly served, and the success of the Americans depended upon their capture. Taylor accordingly rode forward to his dragoons, and shouted to their leader, " Captain May, you must take that bat- tery ! " "I will do it, sir," was the gallant reply. Placing himself at the head of his command, May dashed forward through a fire that cost him half his men, leaped over the cannon, sabred the gunners, and cap- tured their commander, General La Vega, as he was in the act of firing agun. 286 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 17. Battle of Buena Vista {hwd-nah vees'-tah) (Feb. 23, 1847).— The flower of Taylor's troops was now withdrawn by General Scott in order to invade Mexico with a powerful army from the east. Santa Anna, the Mexican general, having learned this fact, determined to fall upon Taylor's diminished force. To meet this formidable attack, the little American army took post at Buena Vista, a narrow mountain pass with hills on one side and a ravine on the other. Here they were attacked by twenty thousand of the best troops of Mexico. The battle, which raged from two o'clock in the morning till dark, terminated in favor of the Americans, and secured to them the frontier of the Eio Grande. They were thus left free to direct their whole force against Vera Cruz. 18. Conquest of New Mexico and California. — While these stirring events were transpiring. General Kearney (]cdr-ne),^ho had been directed to take the Spanish provinces of New Mexico and California, had set out from Fort Leavenworth (June, 1846), and by a march of one thousand miles had reached Santa Fe. * * Colonel Doniphan, with one thousand men, the main body of General Kearney's command, marched over one thousand mUes through a hostile country, from Santa Fe to SaltUlo, having fought two battles and conquered the province and city of Cftiihuahua {che-wdh-wah). His men's term of service having expired, he marched them back to New Orleans and discharged them. The men had been enlisted, marched three thousand miles, and disbanded, all in a year. This war was remarkable also for another wonderful march, that of Gen. Wool from San Antonio, Texas. He set out (Sept. 20) with 3000 raw troops, whom he dis- ciplined while marching over desert regions and through mountain gorges, and joined Taylor in time for the battle of Buena Vista. Unfurling here the United States flag, he continued his march toward California. On his way, however, he was informed by Kit Carson, the noted hunter, that he was too late. The winter before. Captain John C. Fremont, with a company of sixty men, had been engaged in sur- veying a new route to Oregon. Having learned that the Mexican commandant intended to expel the American settlers, he went to their rescue, although he was not aware that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico. With greatly inferior numbers, he was victor over the Mexicans in every conflict. By the help of Commodores Sloat and Stockton, and also General Kearney, who came in time to ftid in the last battle, the entire country was conquered. SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 287 19. Scott's Campaign in Meidco.— Capture of Vera Cruz.^— Battle of Gerro Gordo.— Gen. Winfield Scott, who had become commander-in-chief of the American forces in Mexico, was ordered to proceed against the city of Mexico. Having landed at Vera Cruz, he compelled this strongly for- tified city to surrender (Mar. 29, 1847), and then marched into the interior. At the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo, he again defeated the Mexicans, who fled in such haste that Santa Anna himself only escaped on his wheel mule, leaving behind him his wooden leg. 30. Battles before Mexico.— Capture of the City. — Scott was delayed some months at Puebla (piveb-lah) where, reinforcements having been received, the march was resumed (August 7). In three days the army reached the crest of the Cordilleras, where the magnificent valley of Mexico lay stretched before them. The capital was defended by 30,000 Mexicans, and intrenched in a series of works in the vicinity of the city. Having defeated the enemy in the intrenched camp of Contreras {kon-tr ay '-r as), SLtChnruhusQO (choo-roo-boos'-Jco), in the stone building called Molino dsl Key (mo-le'-no del-ray), and at the castle of Chapultepec {chaTi-pool-ta-peh), General Scott and his army entered the city of Mexico in triumph (Sept. 14), and soon the stars and stripes waved proudly over the palace of the Montezumas. During this war, several young officers distinpfuished themselves, who fifteen years later, on a broader field, attracted the attention of the world. Among them were Orant, MeClellan, Lee, Beauregard, Mil, Jackson^ Hooker, Longstreet, Buell, Johnston, Lyon, Anderson, Kear- ney, Reynolds, French, Sherman, Thomas, Ewell, Sumner, and Dams. Of those oflBcers especially mentioned by Scott in his despatches, four teen became generals in the Confederate service, and sixteen in that of the Federals. Foremost among the defenders of Chapultepec, were the students 288 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. of the military school. Amid the storm of the assault, these gallant lads were seen fighting heroically to drive back the invader from the scene of their study and their sports. 21. The Treaty of Guadaloup^ Hidalgo (guad-a-loop'' ay he-dahl'-go) concluded Feb. 2, 1848, ended the war. By It the United States gained the vast territory reaching south to the Gila {ghee-lali), and west to the Pacific. In return, Mexico received a compensation of $15,000,000. 22. The Discovery of Gold in California oc- curred in the same month with the Treaty of Peace. A workman digging a mill-race in the Sacramento valley (Feb- ruary, 1848) found shining particles of gold. A further search proved that the soil for miles around was full of the precious metal. The news flew in every direction. Emi- gration began from all parts of America, and even from Europe and Asia. In eighteen months one hundred thou- sand had gone from the United States alone to this El Dorado, where a fortune was to be picked up in a few days. Thousands made their way across the desert, amid privations which strewed the route with skeletons. The bay of San Francisco was soon surrounded by an extemporized city of shanties and booths. All ordi- nary employments were laid aside. Ships were deserted by their crews, who ran to the mines sometimes, it is said, headed by their oflBcers. Soon streets were laid out, houses erected, and from this Babel grew up, as if by magic, a beautiful city." For a time, lawlessness reigned supreme. But, driven by the necessity of events, the most respectable citizens took the law into their own hands, organized vigilance com- nittees, and administered a rude but prompt justice, which soon reduced the disorderly elements to submission. 23. Irish Immigration. — During the Mexican War (1846), the sympathies of the Americans were roused by the news of a terrible famine in Ireland. Considerable amounts were collected and sent to the aid of the sufferers, and a ves- PEIKCIPAL BATTLES. 289 sel of the United States navy carried over a cargo of provi- sions. The tide of Irish immigration, which had been steadily on the increase for more than a decade of years, now made rapid progress. Between the years 1847 and 1866, the num- ber of Irish exiles who landed at New York alone, amounted CO 3,659,000. On this subject read Thebaud's " Irish Race/* Chap. XV. 24. Political Parties. — Three parties now divided the suf frages of the people. The whigs nominated General Taylor for President ; the democrats Lewis Cass ; and the free-soilers, who were opposed to the extension of slavery, Martin Van Buren. The personal popularity of General Taylor, on account of his many sterling qualities, and his brilliant victories in the Mexican war, made him the favorite candidate, and he was elected. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR. Date. Location. Commander, Victors. American. Mecdcan. 1846...- 1&47. . - Fort Brown Palo Alto Resaca de la Palma. . . . Monterey Buena Vista Vera Cruz (siege). ... Cerro Gordo Brown Ampudia Americans. M t« «( U M -.4 U M Taylor Arista Taylor. . Taylor Taylor . Arista.. Santa Anna Scott Scott Santa Anna Valencia Contreras P.F.Smith Worth Santa Anna Santa Anna Santa Anna.. .... Santa Anna El Molino del Rey Chapultepec. Worth Scott City of Mexico(8urren.) Scott 18 STUDY NO, 5. TAYLOR.— FILLMORE.— PIERCE.— BUCHANAN. 1. Death of President Taylor (July 9, 1850). Gen- eral Taylor, like Gen- eral Harrison, died soon after his eleva- tion to the Presidency. He had been in office sixteen months. Mil- lard Fillmoref the Vice- President, succeeded him. Z AC HART TAYLOR. 2. Millard Fill- more's Adminis- tration (1850-1853) was noted for (1.) The Omnibus Bill (1850). (2.) The Admission of California into the Union (1850). 3. The Slavery Question continued to be promi- nent during this administration, and gave rise to a bitter FILLMORE. -691 sectional controversy. When California applied for admis- sion as a free State, an angry debate arose in Congress, which for a time threatened the disruption of the Union. Henry Clay, the " Great Pacificator^' came forward at this crisis, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged the necessity of mutual compromise and forbearance. Daniel Webster warmly seconded this effort at conciliation. 4. The Compromise of 1850. — The Omnibus Bill, Clay's measure, was thereupon adopted as the best solution of the problem. It proposed (1) that California should come in as a free State ; (2) that the Territories of Utah and New Mexico should be formed without any pro- vision concerning slavery; (3) that Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its claims on the Territory of New Mexico ; (4) that the slave trade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia, and (5) that a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted providing for the return to their owners of slaves escaping to a free State. 5. Invasion of Cuba. — During this year (1850), about six hundred adventurers, "fillibusters," undertook to effect the annexation of Cuba to the United States. The attempt failed, and a second trial the ensuing year ended in the execution, at Havana, of Lopez, the leader of the band. 6. Kossuth. — Near the close of 1851, Louis Kossuth, a Hungarian 3xile, arrived upon our shores. He was received with honors such a? had been paid to no foreigner since the time of Lafayette. The people everywhere welcomed him as the exponent of European democracy, an^ thronged to hear his impassioned appeals in behalf of his native land. He secured about $100,000, with which he returned to Europe ; but events not favoring a political revolution, he made himself comfori;able, it is said, with our generous contributions. 292 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 7. Political Parties. — The democratic and whig parties both declared that they stood by the Omnibus Bill, while the free-soil party was outspoken against it. Franklin Pierce^ the Presidential nominee of the democratic party, was elected by a large majority of votes over General Scott, the whig candidate. 8. Franklin Pierce's Adiiiinistration--(1853- 1857) was noted for (1.) The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Bili (1854). (2.) Civil War in^ Kansas. (3.) The K^^ow-Nothing Movemekt. (4.) The Gadsdei^ Purchase. (5.) Treaty with Japan (1854). 9. Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1853).— The Compro mise Bill of 1850 produced only a lull in the slavery excite- ment. The agitation burst out anew when Stephen A. Douglas brought forward his famous bill organizing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and advocating the doctrine of " squatter sovereignty ; " i. e., the right of the in- habitants of each Territory to decide for themselves whether the State should come into the Union free or slave. This bill being a virtual repudiation of the Missouri Compromise, excited the most intense feeling. It, however, became a law (May, 1854). 10. Civil War in Kansas. — The struggle was now taken from Congress to Kansas. A bitter contest arose between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men — the former anxious to secure the State for slavery ; the latter, for free- dom. Each party sent bodies of armed emigrants to the Territory. Civil war ensued, houses were attacked and pil- PIEBOE. 293 laged; men were murdered in cold blood, and for several years Kansas was a scene of law] ess violence. 11. The Know Nothing Movement about this time greatly agitated the country. A violent prejudice was aroused against foreigners, especially Catholics, and a secret organization called the " Know Nothing" or American partv was formed for the avowed purpose of opposing the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop Bedini, the Papal Nuncio who visited this country by direction of the Holy See, was repeatedly mobbed, and" his life threatened. Catholic churches were destroyed at Newark, N. J. ; at Bath, Me. ; and at Man- chester and Dorchester, N. H. At Ellsworth,^! Me., Father Bapst, a venerable Jesuit, was inhumanly tarred and feathered by a brutal mob. In Louisville, Ky., there was a fearful riot, in which many Catholics were killed, (1855). The Know Nothings carried several of the State elections, at the expense of arousing the sectarian hate of all classes of society. It speaks well, however, for the good sense of the American peo- ple, that the Know Nothings secured in the ensuing Presi- dential election only a single State, after which the entire movement soon faded out of existence. 12. Gadsden Purchase. — Owing to the inaccuracy of the map used in the treaty between the United States and Mexico, a dispute arose with regard to the boundary line. General Gadsden negotiated a settlement whereby $10,000,000 were paid to Mexico, and additional territory, known as the " Gadsden purchase^' was secured to the United States. 13. Japan.— An expedition to Japan (1854), under Commodore Perry, brother to the " Hero of Lake Erie*' ex- cited great attention. He negotiated a treai^v securing great commercial advantages to the United States over any other country. 2d% EXCELSIOB flI8T0BY< 14. Political Parties.— The compromises of 1820 and 1850 having now been abolished, the slave question became the turning point of the election. New party lines being drawn to meet this issue, the whig party ceased to exist. The republican party, absorbing all opposed to the extension of slavery, nominated John C. Fremont, who received the vote of eleven States. The democratic party, retaining its organization, nominated James Buchanan, who was elected President. 15. James Buchanan's Administration (1857- t861) was noted for (1.) The Agita- tion OF THE Sla- very Question. (2.) The Seces- sion OF THE South (1860). (3.) The Admis- sion INTO THE Union ofMinnesota (1858), Oregon (1859),Kan- SAS (1861). 16. The Fiigi. tive Slave Law had JAMES BucHANAH. intensified the existlng angry feeling, and the subject of slavery absorbed ail others. The provision which commanded citizens to aid in the arrest of fugitives was especially obnoxious to the North. Disturbances arose whenever attempts were made to restore runaways to their masters. Seve'-al of the northern States passed "Personal Liberty '* c ills, securing to fugitive slaves, when arrested, the right ^i trial by jury BUCHA^Aiif. 296 17. Dred Scott* Decision, (1857).— The Supreme Court of the United States, through Chief-Justice Taney, now declared that slave-owners might take their slaves into any State in the Union without forfeiting authority over them. At the North, this was considered as removing the last barrier to the extension of slavery, and as changing i^ from a local to a national institution. At the South, it was deemed only a right guaranteed them by the Constitution, whereby they should be protected in the possession of their property in every State. Taney was bitterly assailed for having used the expression : " the negro has no rights which white men are bound to respect.** The Chief-Justice did not state this as his view, but as the prevailing senti- ment at the time of the Declaration of Independenxje. He was not an advocate of slavery ; for in early life he had himself given freedom to all the slaves he had inherited from his father 18. Jolin Brown, a man who had brooded over the exciting scenes through which he had passed in Kansas, until he thought himself called upon to take the law into his own hands, seized upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry (1859), and proclaimed freedom to all slaves in the vicinity. His feeble band was soon overpowered by United States troops, and Brown himself hanged as a traitor. Though it was soon known that in his wild design he had never asked counsel of any one, yet at the time the Southern feehng was aroused to frenzy, his act being looked upon as significant of the sentiments of the North. 19. Political Parties.— The fall elections again turned on the • Scott and hin wife were slaves belonging to a surgeon in the United States army. They were taken into Illinois and resided there and at Fort SneUing, in territory from which, by the ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever prohibited. Afterward they were carried into Missouri, where they and their children were held as slaves. They claimed freedom on the ground that, by the act of their master, they had been taken into free territory. The decision of the court against their claims created an intens* excitement throij^hout the country 296 EXCELSIOB HISTORY question of slavery. The democratic party divided, and made two nominations for President • Stephen A, Douglas, who favored squatter sovereignty, and John C. Breckinridge, who claimed that slavery could be carried into any territoryc The republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who held that while slavery must be protected where it was, it ought not to be carried into any free territory.* Lincoln was elected. 30. Secession of the South.— Throughout the fall campaign, the Southern leaders had threatened to secede if Mr. Lincoln were elected. f They now declared it to be time to leave a government which had fallen into the hands of their avowed en- emies. Since the time of Calhoun, they had been firm believers in the doc- trine of State rights, which taught that a State could leave the Union whenever it pleased. In December (1860) South CaroHna led off, and soon Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas ABBAHA.M LINCOLN. passed ordinances of secession. 21. In February (1861) delegates from these States met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a government called the * The "Union" party put up John Bell, of Tennessee. Their motto was, *' The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws." t This was not a sudden movement on their part. The sectional difference be- tween the North and the South had its source in the difference of climate, which greatly modified the character and habits of the people ; also, while the agricultural pursuits and staple products of the South made slave labor profitable, the mechanical pursuits and the more varied products of the North made it unprofitable. These antagonisms, settled first by the Missouri Compromise of 1830, re-opened by the tariff of 1828, bursting forth in the nullification of 1832, pacified by Clay's com- vromise tariff, increased through the annexation of Texas and the consequent wai 8E0ESSIOK OF THE SOUTH, 297 " Confederate States of America^^ Jefferson Davis, of Mis- sissippi, was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. United States forts, arsenals, mints, custom-houses, and ships were seized by the States iu which they were situated. President Buchanan did nothing to prevent the catastrophe. General Scott urged action, but John B. Floyd, the Secretary of War, a zealous secession- ist, protested, and nothing was done. Moreover, the regular army was small, and the troops widely scat- tered. The navy had been sent to distant ports. The Cabinet largely sympa- thized with the secession- ists. Numerous unsuccessful efforts were made to effect a compromise. It was the general expectation, however, that there would be no war ; and the cry, " No coercion" was with Mexico, irritated by the WUmot proviso, lulled for a time by the compromise of 1850, awakened anew by the *^ squatter sovereignty'''' policy of 1853, roused to ftiry by the agitation in Kansas, spread broadcast by the Bred Scott decision, the attempted execution of the Fugitive Stave Law and the John Brown raid, had now ^cached a point where war was the only remedy. The election of Lincoln was the jivot on which the result turned. The cause ran back through thirty years of con- ;roversy to the difference in climate, in occupation, and in habit of life and thought. Strange to say, each section misunderstood the other. The Southern people believed the North to be so engrossed in money-making and so enfeebled by luxury that it could send to the field only mercenary soldiers, who would easily be beaten by the patriotic Southerners. They said, *' Cotton is King; " and believed that England and France were so dependent upon them for that staple, that their republic would be recognized and defended by those European powers. On the other hand, the North- em people did not believe that the South would dare to fight for slavery, when it had 4,000,000 slaves exposed to the chances of war. They thought it to be all bluster . and hence paid little heed to the threat of secession or of war. Both sides sadly le med their mistake, only too late. JEPFEBSON DAVIS, 398 EXCELSIOR HI8T0BT general. In fact, on the very day that the delegates met in Montgomery (Feb. 4) a Peace Conference, representing twenty-one States, assembled in Washington. But Congress rejected the terms of settlement which were suggested by that body. So affairs steadily drifted on toward war. 23. Fort Sumter. — All eyes were now turned on Fort Sumter. Here Major Anderson kept the United States flag flying in Charleston harbor. He had been stationed in Fort Moultrie; but fearing an attack, he had crossed over (De- cember 26) to Fort Sumter, a much stronger position. The South Carolin- ians, looking upon this as a hostile act, took possession of the remaining forts, commenced erecting batteries, and prepared to reduce Fort Sumter. Major Anderson was compelled by his instructions to remain a quiet spectator of these prepa- rations. The 8tar of the West, an unarmed steamer, bearing troops and supplies to the fort, was fired upon and driven back. The Southern leaders declared that any attempt to relieve Fort Sumter would be a declaration of war. The government seemed paralyzed with fear. All waited for the new President. FOBT SUMTEB. Longitude 87 West from 85 pQuincy [cavenworfh ' Mason IN (spmNGFiETr- MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE CIVIL WAR »-— .-v, i^exinft^^^ \>G]asgow Molerly " " "" t^SOf* Os- X^ SCALE OF MILES ^ - _^ ti> Xl^i^^T^^^^^^e^r^^ v^ 20 Too 4 ■^ I Clinton^ „"W-arsa%v .^^^J ^''TLc^. /^'-^°"'^v^. -./' ^ \ ^ y ^- fOsay}' ^^ ^e^' Xelanc ^^ Pi-a))if, JTayPttevine fir<5ve \^ -3 \ Q 7f i- i-^New Albany ienevieve ^ .^i JEvansville -O /Louisvillej ^ ^Ji*\^<3.iCf^^ Branden'burg -I.P . I/^ ^^%°7>fOwensloro Perry v/77 ^ •Pilot ICnotl^- 10^® fe, ElizaT)e£htowS -fj C-*° ^&^ '^^ "^ JVrunfordsv /Bi^'I'sPoSfa T^V ■^> SBowling.Glasgovr Poplar Bluff^e.^^lTC"'^'^"^^ " " ' \/*^ HickniaD KC~'rt'*'^^ — rToTT— Ti" ,.a.«./^-^T--;^^X^-^-'".«Gall^^^ r<^\o«^ yt.V ^l >-. j--~v^/x/*^artliage , :Bate^-iIIe J^ f-i^ JWo-hnsonvillfs^ASHVlL KT\PranT£lin, ^y, 'l^*'-"*^' ^ -, v~ - ^^rd«^ ^Newport §;^ T E tf^N"^■^^ E*L S S *l ^ i H ,T"rX LITTLTli ^ f» r Jlolly Co"nth- \:^lorence'*?o- i,.;..:„:*^5^-ChirJ W I HotSprmg^ rock( 1^^ ^. Spri^lr-^ ^"^/t^*^ ^ '.. V ^C» -b *^ r, (Tuscuoibia v^'v.^ ' J^fi' Hesaca I Arkadelphia* ^'V^ W7 T^ '^"^'^'^ \cam, ^'^P'^l'^^^ ^?,rV^ J^berdien/ M ^,<^ .-H If \^ ^ ^ V ^Y ^y'^^'^^-Vl i}...^K^ Alla> 324 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 9. The War in Tennessee. — While Rosecrans was moving ou Chattanooga, Burnside, having been relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was sent into East Tennessee, where he met with great success. In the meantime the Confederate President Davis, having visited Bragg, and thinking Chattanooga sure to be captured, sent Longstreet with his corps to the defence of Tennessee. His men were in a deplorable state, — hungry, ragged, and tent- less ; but under this indefatigable leader, they shut up Burn- side*s force in Knoxville^^ (September 17). Meanwhile, Grant, in the moment of his splendid triumph at Chatta- nooga, ordered Sherman's torn, bleeding, barefoot troops over terrible roads one hundred miles to Burnside's relief. Longstreet, in order to anticipate the arrival of these rein- forcements, made a desperate assault upon Burnside (Novem- ber 29), but was repulsed. As Sherman^s advance guard reached Knoxville (December 4), Longstreet's troops filed out of their works in retreat. 10« Attack on Charleston (April 7).— Such was the confidence felt in the ability of the iron-clads to resist cannon-balls, that Admiral Dupont determined to run the fortifications at the entrance to Charleston, and force his way up to the city. The attempt was a disastrous failure. General Gilmore now took charge of the Union troops, and, landing on Morris Island, by regular siege approaches and a terrible bombardment captured Fort Wagner and reduced Fort Sumter to a shapeless mass of rubbish. A short time after, a party of sailors from the Union fleet essayed to cap- ture it by night ; but its garrison, starting up from the ruins, drove them back with great loss, 11. Draft Riots. — The Federal Government passed a conscription law, March 3d, enrolling all able-bodied citizens THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR. 325 between twenty and forty-five years, and in May, the Presi- dent ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men. Th© project was exceedingly unpopular, and was bitterly de- nounced on every hand. In July, a riot broke out in New York City, and for four days the populace ruled. Veterans from the army of the Potomac then arrived upon the scenec and law and order were soon restored. Meanwhile, many murders had been committed, and about $2,000,000 worth of property had been destroyed. Eiots also occurred in Boston, Jersey City, and other places. 12. Indian Massacres. — In the midst of this civil strife, the Sioux (soo) Indians became dissatisfied with the Indian traders, and the non-payment of the money due them. Bands of warriors under Little Crow and other chiefs per° petrated horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota. Over seven hundred whites were slain, and many thousands driven from their homes. Colonel Sibley, after a month's pursuit of the savages, routed them, and took five hundred prisoners, thirty-nine of whom were hanged on one scaffold, at Mankato, Minn., December 26. 13. Summary of the Third Year of the War. — The Confederates had gained the great babies of Chicha- mauga and Chancellor swilUf^^ seized Galveston^ and success- fully resisted every attack on Charleston, The Federals had gained the battles before Yicksburg, and at Chattanooga ^ and Getty shurgP They had captured the garrisons of Vichshurg^ 2indi Port Hudson,^ The Mississippi was patrolled by gunboats, and the supplies from the West were entirely cut off from the Confederate army. Arkansas, East Tennessee, large portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, as far as the Rio Grande, nad been won for the Union. STTTDT KO. 9. LINCOLN (Continued). — FOURTH THE WAR (1864). YEAR 0«^ 1. The Situation. — General Grant was now Lieu- tenant-General in command of all the forces of the Unitea States. Up to this time, the different armies had acted independently ; but thej were henceforth to move in concert, and thus prevent the Confederate forces from aiding one another. The strength of the South lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia, and Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia. Grant was to at- tack the former, and Sher- man the latter. 3. The Overland Canix3aign. — On the 4th of May, Grant crossed the Rapidan. The next day he encountered Lee, in a terri- ble contest, known as the battle of the Wilderness,'^^ GHANT S CAMPAIGN- FOURTH YEAR OP THE WAR. 327 which lasted for two days. This, as well as the battles of Spottsylvania^ North Anna, and Cold Harbor,^ which fol- lowed, had no decisive result. After the battle of Spottsylvania, Grant sent a despatch fco the War Department, in which he said: ^' I propose tojight it out on this line, if it take all summer,^ It took all sum- mer and all winter too. 3. Sieg^e of Petersburg and Richmond. — Grant now crossed the James River, and being here joined by But- ler from Fortress Monroe,^ he prepared to attack Peters- burg^^ and Eichmond.^ The siege of these two cities lasted until the ensuing spring ; but although a number of actions and several important battles took place, there was no decisive combat. 4. Tlie Mine Explosion,— Kn operation from which much was expected, was the mine explosion. From a hidden ravine in front of Petersburg, a mine had been dug under- neath a strong Confederate fort. Just at dawn, the blast of 8000 poinds of powder was fired. The Federal artillery opened along the whole line, and soon an assaulting column rushed forward. But the men stopped in the crater pro- duced by the explosion, while the Confederates turned the artillery in their other works commanding this position, and poured a destructive fire upon the Union troops crowded within the demolished fort. To retreat was only less danger- ous than to stay, yet many of the soldiers jumped out of this slaughter-pen and ran headlong back to the Federal lines. Those who remained were killed or captured. 5. Siege of Washington. — Lee now threatened W"ashington by the Shenandoah Valley, hoping thus to draw off Grant from the siege of Richmond. General Early, with 328 EXCELSIOE HISTORY. twenty thousand men, accordingly hurried northward along this oft-traveled route. Defeating General Wallace at Mo- nocacy River, he appeared before Fort Stevens, one of the defences of Washington (July 10). Had he moved by forced marches, he might have captured the city ; but he stopped a daya Reinforcements having now arrived, he was compelled to retreat ; and, laden with booty, he rapidly recrossed the Potomac. Not being pursued, he returned and sent a party of cavalry into Pennsylvania. They entered Chambersburg, and, failing to obtain a tribute of $50D,000, which they demanded, they set fire to the village, and escaped safely bact into the Shenandoah Yalley. SHERIDAN AT CEDAR CREEK. 6. Sheridan's Campaign. — General Sheridan was thereupon put in command of all the troops in this region. He defeated Early at Winchester'''^ (Sept. 19) and Fisher'' s Hilly and, to use his own expression, sent that general FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 320 *' ivliirling itp tlie Shenandoah Valley. ^"^"^ Sheridan believing the valley to be now freed from Confederates in arms, de- parted for Washington. Early, however, being quickly rein- forced, under cover of a dense fog, surprised the Union army at Cedar Creek'^ (Oct. 19), and put it to flight. When the battle commenced, Sheridan was at Winchester, 13 miles distant. As the sound of conflict fell upon his ear, he put spurs to his powerful black steed, and never drew rein until he reached the scene of combat. On his arrival, finding that the Confederates had becomed scattered in plundering the captured camp, he ordered an instant attack. As his steed thundered over the magnificent stone road which traverses the Shenandoah Valley, he waved his hat, and shouted to his men; ''Face the other way, hoys; face the other way! We are going lach! " In an instant the disordered troops turned, a severe struggle ensued, and very soon Early's army was defeated with great slaughter. This short, but brilliant campaign put an end to hostilities in the Shenandoah. At that time, it is said that the wags in the vicinity were accus- tomed to label cannon designed for the Valley ; ** General Sheridan^ care ofJubaZ Early/* 7. Sherman's Campaign.— While the army of the Potomac was crossing the Eapidan (May 4), Grant, seated on a log by the wayside, penciled a telegram to Sherman to start on his march to Atlanta.* Accordingly, on May 6, Sherman, with 100,000 men, moved upon Johnston, who, with 50,000, was stationed at Dalton, Ga. Both armies were led by profound strategists. Sherman • To prevent any further raids upon Washington from this direction, Sheridan devastated tbe Valley so thorou.^hly, that it was said .''''If a crow wants tofiy down the Shenandoalit. hp must carry his provisions with, hvn^ • 330 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, GBAKT'8 TEIiBaBAH. would drive Johnston into a stronghold, and then with con- summate skill outflank him, when Johnston with equal skill would retreat to a new post, and prepare to meet his oppo- nent again. At Dalton, Resaca, Dallas^ and Lost^"^ and Kene- saio ^fountains bloody battles were fought. Finally, John- ston retired to the intrenchments of Atlanta (July 10). 8. Capture of Atlanta,— Davis, dissatisfied with this Fabian policy, now put Gen. Hood in command. This general fiercely attacked the Union army three times, but was repulsed with great slaughter. Sherman, thereupon re- anacting his favorite flank movement, filled his wagons with fifteen days rations, dexterously shifted his whole army on Hood's line of supplies, and thus compelled the evacuation of the city (Sept 2) * * During this campaign, Sherman's supplies had all been bronght np by a single Ine of railroad from ^saslivilie, a distance of three hundred miles, and exposed FOURTH YEAR OP THE ^V^ A R . 331 9. Hood's Invasion of Tennessee. — Sherman now longed to sweep througli the Atlantic States ; but this was impossible as long as Hood^'s army was in front. With unconcealed joy, therefore, he learned that Hood was to in- vade Tennessee. Relieved of this anxiety., Sherman, at once prepared for his celebrated ''March to the 8ea'^ Thus two campaigns were carried on at the same time. Hood's campaign against Thomas, and Sherman's ''March," 10. Battle ofNashville (December 15, 16).— Hood crossed the Tennessee, and after severe fighting, shut up General Thomas within the fortifications at Nashville. For two weeks little was done. When Thomas was fully ready, he suddenly sallied out on Hood, and in a terrible two days' battle drove the Confederate forces out of their intrench- ments into headlong flight, 11. Sherman's March to the Sea. — While Hood was making his disastrous campaign against Thomas, Sher- man broke loose from his communications with Nashville, burned the city of Atlanta,^ and started with 60,000 men for the Atlantic coast. The army moved in four columns, with a cloud of cavalry under Kilpatrick, and skirmishers in front to disguise its route. The wings destroyed the Georgia Central and Augusta Railroads, and the troops foraged on the country as they passed. In five weeks they marched three hundred miles, reached the sea, stormed Fort McAllister, ^^ and cap- tured Savannah,* (Dec. 21). throughout to the attacks of the enemy. Yet so carefully was it garrisoned, and so rapidly were bridges built and breaks repaired, that the damages were often mended before the news of the accident had reached camp. Sherman said that the whistle of the locomotive was frequently heard on the camp-ground, before the echoes of the skirmish fire had died away> ♦ Sherman sent the news of Its capture with 25,000 bales of cotton and 150 can* non to President Lincoln, as a Christmas present to the nation. 33^ EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 12. The Effect of this march can hardly be over- estimated. A fertile region, sixty miles wide and three hundred long, was deso- lated; three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed ; the eastern portion of the already sundered Confed- eracy was again cut in twain; and immense sup- plies of provisions were cap- tured. 13. Red River Ex- pedition.* — A joint naval * Troops having been sent Trom Vicksburg to join the Red River expe- dition, West Tennessee and Kentucky were left exposed to attack from the Confederates. Forrest, with five thou- sand men, captured Union City, Tenn., With i. 1 earrison oi about five hWtf FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 333 and land expedition, under the command of General Banks, was sent up the Red River in the hope of destroying the Con- federate authority in that region and in Texas. Fort do Uussy^ was taken (March 14), whence Banks moved on toward Shreveport. The line of march, became extended a distance of nearly thirty miles along a single road. At SaMfie Cross Roads^^ (April 8) the Confederate forces, under General Dick Taylor, attacked the advance, and a miniature Bull Run retreat ensued. The Union troops, however, rallied at Pleasant Hill, and the next day, reinforcements coming up from the rear, they were able to repulse the Con- federates. The army thereupon returned to New Orleans,* and Banks was relieved of the command. 14, Naval Operations. — TJie Expedition against Mohile^^^ (^iig- ^)) w^s under the command of Admiral Far- ragut. That he might oversee the battle more distinctly, he took his position in the maintop of his flag-ship, — tJie Hart' ford. The vessels., lashed together in pairs for mutual assist- ance, in an hour fought their way past the Confederate forts, and engaged the iron-clad fleet beyond. After a desperate resistance, the great iron ram Tennessee was taken, and the dred troops, occupied Hickman, and advanced rapidly upon Paducah, Ky. This, protected by the gunboats, maintained so stout a defence, that Forrest retired. Moving south, he next fell upon Fort Pillow (April 12). His men crept along under shelter of a ravine until very near, and then charged upon the intrench- ments. Rushing into the fort, they raised the cry *■' No quarter ! ''"' "The Confed- erate oflBcers," says Pollard, " lost control of their men, who were maddened by the sight of negro troops opposing them." An indiscriminate slaughter followed. * Porter, who commanded the gunboats in the Red River, hearing of Banks's retreat, attempted to return with his fleet ; but the river fell so rapidly that this be- came impossible. It was feared that it would be necessary to blow up the vessels to prevent their falling into the enemy's hands, when, by the happy suggestion of Colonel Bailey, formerly a Wisconsin lumberman, they were saved. He constructed a series of wing-dams below the rapids, and when the water rose, the boats were safely floated over. This skilful expedient was almost the only relieving feature ot the campaign, which was believed to have been undertaken simply as a gigantic cot- ton speculation, in behalf of certain parties, who seemed to be more intent on gather* ing that staple, than on conserving the interests of the Union cause. 334 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. other vessels were either captured or put to flight. The forts were soon after reduced, and the harbor was closed against blockade run- ners. The city was not captured until the next year, after a gallant defence by Gen. Maury. 15. The Expedition against Fort Fisher ^ which de- fended the harbor of Wilmington, N. C, was commanded by Commodore Porter. In consisted of seventy vessels and a land force under General Butler. After a fierce bombard- ment (December 24, 25), Butler decided that the fort could not be taken by assault, and the army returned to Fortress Monroe. Commodore Porter, dissatisfied with the result, POUKTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 335 lay off the place, and asked for a second trial, and the troops were sent back under General Terry. Protected by a terrible fire from the fleet, a column of sailors and one of soldiers worked their way, by a series of trenches, within two hun- dred yards of the fort. At the word, the former leaped for- ward on one side, and the latter on another. The sailors were repulsed, but the soldiers burst into the fort. The hand-to-hand fight within lasted for hours. Late at night, the garrison, hemmed in on all sides, surrendered (January 15, 1865). The fort had been defended with so much skill and courage, that its capture was justly regarded as one of the most brilliant exploits of the war. 16. The Blockade was now so effective that the prices of all imported goods in the Confederate States became fabulous.* Led by the enormous profits of a successful voyage, foreign merchants were con- stantly seeking to run +.he gauntlet. Their swift steamers, making no smoke, long, narrow, low, and of a mud color, occasionally escaped the vigilance of the Federal squadron. During the war, it is said,, over fifteen hundred blockade rimners were taken or destroyed. 17. Confederate Cruisers had practically driven the Ameri- can commerce from the ocean. They were not properly privateers, for they were built in England and manned by British sailors, and were only oflScered and commissioned by the Confederate government. They sailed to and fro upon the track of American ships, plundering and burning, or else bonding them for heavy sums. 18. The Alabama. — The Alabama was the most noted of these Anglo-Confederate steamers. She is said to have destroyed sixty-five American vessels and their cargoes, valued at $10,000,000. Against the urgent remonstrances * Coffee was sold at $50 and salt at $1 per pouncf in Confederate currency; ordinary calico brought from $30 to $35 per yard ; Balmoral boots for ladies were $259 a pair, and French gloves from $125 to $175 ; Irish linen ranged from $50 to $100 per yard, etc. Dried sage, willow, and currant leaves were substituted for tea. A Southern writer, as early as November, 1862, said ; " Pius are now so rare tha/ we pick them up with avidity in the Blreets." 336 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. of the United States Minister at the Court of England, she was allowed to sail, although her mission was well known. An English captain took the ship to the Azores, where other English vessels brought her arms, ammunition, and the Confederate Captain Semmes with an additional crew. After capturing over sixty vessels, Semmes sailed to Cher- bourg, France. While there, he sent out a challenge to the national ship-of-war Keaisarge (keer'-sarj). This was ac- cepted, and a battle took place off that harbor. After a desperate conflict, the Confederate vessel ran up the white flag and soon sank. Cap- tain Winslow of the Kearsarge rescued a part of the crew, and, at his request, the rest were picked up by the Deerliound, an Endish yacht. THE AliABAMA. The latter, however, steamed off to the British coast with those she had saved, among whom was Captain Semmes. The unlawful conduct of Great Britain in this affair, led to diffi- culties with that country which were not settled tDl 1872. Then England paid the United States |15,500,000, in satisfaction of the Alabama Claims. 19. Political Affairs.— Liincoln Re-elected^— At the North, there was much dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war. The debt had become about $2,000,000,000, In July of this year, paper money reached its greatest depreciation, and it required two dollar? and ninety cents in greenbacks to buy one dollar in gold. Yet, in the midst of these discouragements, Abraham Lincoln was renominated by the republican party. George B. McClellan was the democratic candidate. He stood firmly for the prosecution of the war, and the maintenance of the Union, but was not in full sympathy with the FOURTH TEAR OP THE WAR. 337 policy of the administration. He carded only three States. Lincoln had a popular majority of over four hundred thousand. 30. Summary of the Fourth Year of the War. — The Confederates had gained the battles of Olustee, SaUne Cross Eoads, the Wilderness, Bermuda Hundred,^ Spottsylvania, Neiu Market, Cold Harbor, and Moyiocacy ; had defeated the expeditions into Florida and the Eed River country, the two attacks upon Petersburg, and one against Fort Fisher, and yet held Grant at bay before Richmond. They had, however, lost ground on every side. Of the States east of the Mississippi, only North and South Carolina were fully retained. Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia and Florida were overrun by the Union armies. The Federals had gained the battles of Pleasant Hill, Resaca, Dallas,^ KenesaiD, Atlanta,^ Wiiichester,'^ Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek^^ and Nashville.^^ They had captured Fort de Eussy,^ the forts in Mobile harbor, and Fort McAl- lister,^^ and had taken Atlanta and Savannah. Sherman had swept across Georgia ; Sheridan had devastated the Shenan- doah, driving its defenders before him; Thomas had annihilated Hood's army; Grant held Lee firmly grasped at Richmond, and the navy swept the entire coast. STUDY ITO. 10. THE LAST YEAR (1865) OF THE WAR.- JOHNSON. 1. Sherman's March through the Carolinas. Early in February, General Sherman, having taken but a month's rest at Savannah, put his troops (60,000 strong) in motion northward. Describ- ing the difficulties which now beset him, the General wrote : " We began a march ichich, for perils, labor, and results, will compare with any ever made by an organized army. The floods of the Savannah, the swamps of the Combahee and the Edisto, the high hills and rocks of the Santee, the flat quagmires of the Pedee and Cape Fear Rivers, were all passed in midiointer with its floods and rains, in the face of an accumulating enemy. ^' 3, Columbia* was captured (February 17) ; and Charleston,! thus threatened in the rear, was evacuated the * The cotton stored in the city was scattered throughout the streets and de- stroyed by fire. The flames quickly spread to the houses adjoining. All efforts to subdue the conflagration were unsuccessful, and a large portion of the city was destroyei t General Hardee, on leaving, set fixe to every shed and warehouse in which cot- LAST YEAR OF THE WAR. 330 next day. In this emergency, Johnston was again called to the command of the Confederate forces. He gathered their scattered armies, and vigorously opposed Sherman's advance. After fierce engagements at Avery sloro and BentorivilU (March 15, 18), he was driven back, and Ealeigh was cap- tured (April 13). 3. Operations of Sheridan, Wilson, and Stonenian. Meanwhile, Sheridan with 10,000 troop- ers swept down through the Shenandoah, captured most of the remnants of Earlxfs force, cut the railroads north of Eichmond, and took his place in the Union lines be- fore Petersburg (March 26). Wilson, with 13,000 horse- men, rode at large through Alabama and Georgia, cap- turing towns and destroying railroads. Stoneman, with 5,000 cavalry from Tennessee, poured through the passes of the Alleghanies, and waited in North Carolina for the issue in Virginia. 4. Attack on Fort Steadman. — Notwithstanding SHERIDAN. ton was stored. The flames spread to a quantity of powder in the depot, which ex- ploded with fearful destruction. Two hundred lives were lost. In spite of the jfforts of the Union troops, a vast amount of private property was involved in the general devastation. The ravages which the war had made were well illustrated by the appearance of this city after its evacuation. An eye-witness says : " No pen, no pencil, no tongue can do justice to the scene ; no imagination can conceive the utter wreck, the universal ruin, the stupendous desolation. Ruin, ruin, ruin, above and below, on the right hand and nn the left — ruin, ruin, ruin, everywhere and always, Staring at us from every paneless window, looking out at us from every shell-torn «'all, glaring at us from every battered door, pillar, and veranda, crouching beneath 9ur feet on every sidewalk. Not Pompeii, nor Herculaneum, nor Tadmor, nor the file has ruins so saddening, so plaintively eloquent.** 340 EXCELSIOK HISTORY. that Lee's position was fast becoming desperate, he would not give up hope. On the contrary, he planned an attack on the Union lines. This was made (March 25) on Fort Steadman ; but it proved a failure. 5. Grant's Operations.— The Final Cam- paign. — Grant opened the final campaign by sending a force under Generals Sheridan and Warren to attack the tight flank of the Confederates. Concealing the movements of his infantry by a thick screen of cavalry, Sheridan threw a heavy force behind the Confederate position at Five ForhsM The garrison was overwhelmed, and five thousand were taken prisoners (April 1). 6. Captnre of Petersburg* and Richmond, (April 2, 3). — The next day an attack was made along the whole line of works in front of Petersburg. By noon, the Confederate line of intrenchments, before which the Army of the Potomac had lain so long (see p. 330) was broken. That night Petersburg and Eichmond were evacuated, and the next morning the Union troops took possession of the Con- federate Capital, Before night, order had been restored in the streets, and every one was safe under the National protection ; yet sad indeed were the hearts of those who lay down by the side of the blackened wails, amid the quiet of a great desolation, their hearts aching the while with ** a dull sense that the work of yea/rs had been ruined, and that ail they possessed had been swept away." 7. Lee's Surrender. — Lee, with the wreck of that proud army with which he had deait the Union forces so many crushing blows, hurried west, seeking some avenue of escape. Grant pursued with untiring energy, throwing every man, horse, and gun into the chase. The Confederates were reduced to such straits, that often LAST YEAR OF THE WAR. 341 they had only the young shoots of trees to eat. Many dropped their guns from pure exhaustion. If they sought a moment's repose, they were awakened by the clatter of the LEE AND GRANT SIGNING THE TERMS OF SURRENDER. pursuing cavalry. Lee, like a hunted fox, turned hither and thither; but, at last, Sheridan planted himself squarely across the front. Lee ordered a charge, and the half-starved troops, with a rallying of their old courage, dashed forward, when suddenly, the Federal cavalry moving aside, revealed dense bodies of infantry in battle line. It was the last charge of the Army of JSTorthern Virginia. A white flag appeared on the Confederate front. The battle was stayed. General Grant had already sent in a note demanding the 342 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. surrender of the army, and Lee now accepted the terms. The two generals accordingly met in one of the largest of the five houses in Appomattox.^ Having simply greeted each other, they proceeded at once to business. Seated at a plain table, they drew up the papers of the surrender ; then having exchanged bows, they parted. On April 9th, 8,000 men, — the remains of the Army of Virginia, — laid down their arms near Appomattox Court-House, and then turned homeward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but American citizens. 8. The Eflfect. — This surrender was soon followed by that of the other Confederate Generals, Johnston, Dick Taylor, and Kirby Smith ; and the sad civil war which had so long desolated the country, was at an end. Jefferson Davis fled southward, hoping to escape, but was overtaken near Irwinsville, Georgia, (May 11), and sent a prisoner to Fortress Monroe. 9. Losses of the War. — The sacrifices made during the Civil War were as great as those made in the Kevolution ; while the armies and the battles were on a far larger scale. There were few famihes North or South that did not lose some member during the long contest. In the Union armies, probably three hundred thousand men were killed in battle, or died of wounds or disease; while doubtless two hundred thousand were crippled for life. If the Confederate armies suffered as heavily, the country thus lost one million able-bodied men. 10. The Union Debt (Jan. 1, 1866), was nearly 12,750,000,000, at one time, the daily expenses having reached the sum of $3,500,000. The Confederate war debts were never paid, as that government was overthrown. LASTYEAROFTHEWAR. 343 11 . Female Patriotism. — On both sides, th© deyotedness of the women at home, equalled that of the soldiers on the field. The Southern women devoted them- selves to the struggle with all the ardor of the Southern race, and bore with heroism the greatest privations. Their fortitude held good to the last ; and when Lee surrendered, hundreds of delicate ladies were living on half-rations, that fchey might share with his famishing men their few remain- ing comforts. 12. Charity and Piety. — Throughout the terrible struggle, humanity and charity had also their triumphs. The Sanitary and Christian Commissions devised and pro- vided every possible comfort for the sick and wounded, as also decent burial for the dead. Sanitary 'Fairs were held in the principal towns and cities, and voluntary contribu- tions flowed in. The Sanitary Commission alone, thus be- came the almoner of nearly $25,000,000. All over the coun- try, women went to work to prepare lint and bandages for the wounded, and hospital garments for the sick and maimed. Hundreds who had been nurtured in the lap of ease, hastened to hospitals in camps and towns, to perform the duties of nurses, and to minister in every way to the sick and dying. 13. The Sisters of Charity and of Mercy, in particu- lar, gave themselves to the holy work with that devoted self-sacrifice which belongs to their vocation. "What our noble Sisters did around those beds of agony to alleviate human suffering," says Bishop Spaulding, "has not been written. Their deeds belong to God's history, and when the final reckoning is made, they perhaps may weigh more than Tictories won, or battles lost. In the hospitals of Louisville, 344 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. alone, tliey baptized over six liundred men, who, wlien the world was fading from sight, sought the light of Heaven ! '' 14. Hundreds of Chaplains, many of them Cath- olic priests, followed the varying fortunes of the army, to administer the last consolations of religion to the dying. Their devotedness, as Avell as that of the Sisterhoods just mentioned, did much to soften the bitterness of anti-Cath- olic prejudice. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. Date. 1861. Apr. 14.... June 10 July 31. . . Oct. 21.... 1862. Feb. 16.... Mar. 7-8... Apr. 6-7... ^' 7 May 5 "25.... " 27 June26to'l Julyl.... J Aug. 9.... " 30. . . Sept. 14... '^ 15... •' 17... " 19-20. Oct. 8 .... Dec. 13.... " 27-29. 1863. May 1 " 1-4... July 1-4... " 4 »' 9 Sept. 19-20 Nov. 24 . . . " 25 . . . 1864. May 5-6..., " 7-13... LOCATION* Fort Surfiter. Big Bethel.. Bull Run. . . . Ball's Bluff. FortDonelson... Pea Ridge Shiloh Island No. 10.... Williamsburg . . . Winchester Hanover Court H'se COMMANDERi Union. Confederate, Anderson.... Butler McDowell... Baker Seven Days' Battles. McClellan Cedar Mountain. Bull Run (2d battle) South Mountain... Harper's Ferry. . . . Antietam luka Corinth Fredericksburg , . . Chickasaw Bayou, Port Gibson Chancellorsville.... Gettysburg Vicksburg (surren.) Port Hudson Chickamauga Creek Lookout Mountain. . Missionary Ridge . . . Wilderness, . . Spottsylvania, Grant Curtis Grant Pope McClellan Banks McClellan.... Banks Pope McClellan. Miles McClellan . Rosecrans Rosecrans Burnside., Sherman.. McClemand, Hooker Meade Grant Banks Rosecrans... Grant Grant Grant. Grant. Beauregard. Magruder . . . Beauregard . Evans Floyd Van Doru, Johustou,, Makal Johnston,, Jackson , . . Johnston., Lee Jackson..., Lee Lee Jackson Lee Price Van Dorn. . . Lee Pemberton. Bowen Lee Lee Pemberton . Gardiner, , , Bragg Bragg Bragg Conf, Conf. Conf, Conf, Union Union Union Union Union Conf.. Union Indec, Conf,, Conf.. Union Conf,. Indec. Union Union Conf.. Conf.. Union Indec. Union Union Union Conf.. Union Union Loss. TJni'n Conf. 100 3051 1000 2000 1351 13575 2228 904 15249 2000 18000 1568 11583 12649 782 2359 12000 2000 848 1719 23186 4236 3000 16851 Iseia Indec. 29410 Lee Ilndec. 10381 155 13000 1300 10699 6976 130O 397 930 19000 1314 8400 2000 13533 1438 9271 6000 207 580 13000 36000 27000 7208 18000 8000 8000 DEATH OF LINCOLN 345 PRINCIPAL BATTLES— Continued. Date. LOCATION. Commander. i Loss. Uninn. Confederate. UnVn Conf. 1864. June 1-3.... " 27.... July 20-26. . June 15 to) July 30... 1 Aug. 18-2L. Sept. 2 " 19.... " 22.... Oct. 19 Dec. 14 1865. Jan. 16 Mar. 31 to ) Apr. 1.... \ Apr. 2 " 8-12... " 9 Cold Harbor. Kenesaw Mountain. Atlanta . . .^. Petersb'g(3assa'lts) Weldon Railroad . . . Atlanta (captured).. Grant' Sherman Sherman Grant Warren Lee Conf.. Conf.. Union Conf.. Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union 13153 3000 18989 4543 3666 3660 90 646 1000 '835 1600 442 13000 1200 8066 1100 3350 240 2083 6000 27606 Johnston Hood Lee Hill Hood Winchester Sheridan Fisher's Hill shpridan Early Early Early Cedar Creek,. Fort McAllister Fort Fisher (captu'd) Sheridan Terry Shfiridan Whiting Lee Petersburg (eYac'd) , Grant Mobile eanby Appomattox C^^H;T. 'Grant, Lee Taylor Lee 15. Assassination of Lincoln.— In the midst of the universal rejoicings over the advent of peace, on the evening of April 14, the intelligence was flashed over the country that Lincoln had been assassinated. While seated with his wife and friends in his box at Ford's Theatre, he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, who insanely imagined he was ridding his country of a tyrant. About the unconscious body of the President gathered the most prominent men of the nation, who mourned and watched, waiting in vain for some sign of consciousness, until the next morning, when he expired. The body was borne to Springfield over the very route he had pursued when coming to Washington as Presi- dent-elect. The procession may be said to have extended the entire distance. The churches, principal buildings, and even the engines and cars were draped in black; and almost every citizen wore the badge of mourning. 16. The Death of Lincoln produced no disorder. Within three hours afterwards, the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, quietly assumed the duties of the Presideaoy. 346 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 17. Johnson's Administration (1865-1869) is noted for (1.) The RECONSTRUCTioiq^ of the States. (2.) The Adoption of the Thirteenth (1865) akd Fourteenth (1868) Amendments. (3.) The Admission of the State of Nebraska into THE Union (1867). (4.) The Impeachment and Acquittal of the Pres- ident. (5.) Troubles with the Indians. (6.) The Purchase of Alaska. (7.) A Treaty with China. 18. Recon- struction of the States. — In May, 1865, Presi- dent Johnson is- sued a Proclama- tion of Amnesty and Pardon to all who had been engaged in Seces- sion, except certain specified classes. He claimed that the Seceded States, as soon as they had complied with cer- tain conditions, should be fully restored to their position in the Republic. They were required to rescind their ordi- nances of Secession, to declare void the Confederate war debt. BECONCELIATION. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 347 and to vote for an Amendment to the Constitution abolish- ing Slavery. 19. Reconstruction Policy of Congress. — On the assembling of Congress, decided grounds were taken against the policy of the President. It was claimed that Congress alone had power to prescribe the conditions for the re-admission of the seceded States, and his proclamation and orders were treated as of no value. The Freedmen^s Bureau, the Civil Riglits, and the Tenure-of- Office bills were passed over the President's veto. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill provided for tlie establisliment of a department of the National government for the care and protection of the freedmen, i. e., the emancipated slaves, and also of the destitute whites at the South. The GivU Rights Bill guaranteed to the negroes the rights of citi- zenship. T?ie Tenure-of-Office BiU made the consent of the Senate necessary for the removal by the President of any person from a civil oflBce. 30. Tlie Seceded States Admitted. — Tennessee promptly ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , and was restored to her former position in the Union. The other ten States having refused to do this, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867) over the President's veto. This act prescribed the conditions under which those States not then represented in Congress should be recon- structed, and made them subject to military authority until such conditions had been fulfilled. After a bitter and pro- tracted struggle, governments were established in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North and South Carolina, and their representatives* admitted (June 24, 1868) * As a requisite for holding office, Congress demanded that every candidate should swear that he had not participated in the secession movement. Few Southerners being able to take this ''iron-dad oath,'''' as it was termed, most of the representa- tives were Northern men who had gone South after the war, and were, therefore, sailed "" cf*rpet-bagge.rs " 348 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. to Congress over the President's veto. These States had been unrepresented during a period of seven years. 21. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery having been ratified by the States, was declared duly- adopted as a part of the Constitution of the United States (December 18, 1865). 22. The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing equal civil rights to all regardless of race or color, and basing representation in each State on the number of voters,, was adopted July 28, 1868. 23. Impeachment of the President. — The con- stantly-increasing hostility between the President and Con- gress came to an issue, when the former attempted to remove Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. This act being consid- ered a violation of the Temire-of- Office Bill, the impeachment of the President was at last ordered (February 24, 1868). After a long and tedious trial, he was acquitted. The Con- stitution requires a two-thirds vote to convict on impeach- ment ; and in Johnson's case, one vote was lacking. 24. The Indian War along the Southwest having, in 1865 and 1866, increased to such dimensions as to demand active measures for its suppression, General Sheridan was ordered thither. Black Kettle and a large body of his war- riors being surprised and slain by a charge of Custer's cavalry in the battle of the Wacheta {wah-che' -tah), hostilities ceased (1868). 25. The French in Mexico.— While the United States were absorbed in the Ciyil War, Napoleon III., emperor of France, took advantage of the opportunity to secure a foothold in America. By the assistance of the French army, the imperialists of Mexico defeated the liberals, and tendered the crown to Maximilian, Archduke of Austria. The United States government protested against the measure, but was, ^-4 ''•hio. A / -^i ^^ ^ ■^ o; r.!?"*'.,,*' O *^. R A D O 76 iPe -Tii" E VV >2 JM Ej I C 1S53 43 A S I r/T J jVi^rcii'c 4 "V-V-N '^^^^^ ^>' ALASKA o '^' ^ o cea^ JOHKSOK'S ADMIiq^ISTRiLTIOH, 349 at that time, unable to enforce the " Mon/roe doctrine." When the American people had been relieved from the pressure of civil strife, they turned their attention to Mexico, and demanded that the French troops should be withdrawn from this Continent, Maximilian, deprived of foreign aid, was defeated, and, falling into the hands of the Mexican liberals, was shot June 19, 1867. His young wife, Carlotta, overwhelmed by grief and misfortune, became a hopeless lunatic. Thus ended the dream of French dominion on this continent. 26. Purchase of Alaska^ (October, 1867).— Through the diplomacy of William H. Seward, Secretary of State, Alaska was purchased of Russia for $7,200,000 in gold/ It contains about 500,000 square miles, and is valuable for its harbors, furs, fisheries, gold, and coal. 27. Fenian Excitement. — The Fenians, a secret society oiv ganized for the purpose of delivering Ireland from British rule, crossed the Canadian frontier at Buffalo, N. Y., and at St. Albans, Vt., in large numbers. President Johnson issued a proclamation declaring the movement a violation of our neutrality, and sent thither General Meade to execute the laws. After some skirmishing with British troops, the expedition returned. 38. Treaty with China (1868).— An embassy from the Chinese Empire, under charge of Anson Burlingame (formerly the American Minister to China), visited the United States. It was an event of much importance, and the first of its kind in the history of that exclusive nation. A treaty was perfected guaranteeing liberty of conscience to Americans in China, also valuable commercial privileges. 29. Political Parties. — The republican party nominated Ulysses 8. Grant of Illinois, for President, and Schuyler Colfax of Indi- ana, for Vice-President. The democratic party nominated Horatio Sey- mour, of New York, and General Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas were not allowed to vote. As the other South- ern States had been " reconstriicted" had granted negro suffrage, and enforced a strict registry law, they were permitted to participate in the election. Grant and Colfax were elected. STUDY 1^0. 11. GRANT. — HAYES. 1. Grant's Administration (1869-1877) is noted for (1.) The Adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment (1870). (2.) The Treaty of Washington (1871). (3.) The Ci:lebra- TiON OF the Centennial OF American Indepen- dence (J.876). (4.) The Admission OF Colorado (1876). (5.) War with the Sioux ^soo'] (1877). 2. The Fifteenth Amendment, guaran- teeing the right of suf- frage to all, irrespective of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude/' having been ratified by the requisite number of States, was formally announced as a part of the Constitution, by Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, March 30, 1870. 3. Prosperity of the Country. — The nation rapidly recovered from the effects of war. The price of gold fell to 110, and the national debt was reduced $204,000,000 during the first two years of this administration. A general GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. GRANT. 351 amnesty to all connected with the Civil War was proclaimedj and the bitter feelings engendered by fraternal strife fast melted away. The South, devastated and scourged by the march of contending armies, gradually became accustomed to the novel conditions of free labor, and began to rebuild her railroads, cultivate her fields, and repair the ravages of vvar. The census of 1870 showed that the population of the United States was over thirty-eight millions, an increase of about seven millions, while the manufacturing establishments of the country had nearly, if not quite, doubled in number and value during the preceding decade. • 4. Fires. — (1.) A great fire broke out in Chicago, Sunday night» October 8, 1871. For two days it raged with tremendous violence;, devastating 3,000 acres. 25,000 buildings were burned, $200,000,000 worth of property was destroyed, and 100,000 persons were rendered homeless. Contributions for the sufferers were taken in nearly all parts of the world, and over $7,500,000 were raised. (2.) During the same fall, wide-spread conflagrations raged in the forests of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. Entire villages were consumed. In Wis- consin alone, 1,500 people perished. (3.) An extensive fire occurred in Boston, November 9, 1872. It swept over sixty acres in the centre of the wholesale trade of that city, and destroyed $70,000,000 worth of property. 5. Treaty of Washington.— The refusal of the Enghsh government to pay the damages to American com- merce caused by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers, produced bitter feeling, and even threatened war. A High Commission^ composed of distinguished statesmen and jurists from both countries, accordingly met in Washington, and arranged the basis of a treaty between the United States and Great Britam, settling this and other causes of dispute. According to its provisions, the claim for losses was submit- ted to a board of arUtrators. This body having convened at Geneva, Switzerland, awarded the United States $15,500,00G 352 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, HON. HAMILTON FISH. JUSTICE NELSON. EARL GREY. PROF. BERNARD^. GEN. SCHENCK. ATTY.-GEN. WILLIAMS. LORD TENTERDEN. SIR JOHN MACDONALD, THE HIGH JOINT COMMISSION IN SESSION, in gold, (1877). The difficulty with regard to the North- western boundary between the United States and British America was submitted to the Emperor of Germany, and was decided in favor of the United States. All danger of war was thus happily averted, and the great principle of the settlement of disputes by peaceful arbitration rather than by the sword was finally established. 6. Proposed Annexation of Santo Domingo.* — This republic, comprising a large part of the island of * The island of Santo Domingo is the ""New World's dassic tand.^ Here Colum- bus founded the first white colony on this side of the Atlantic, and transporting hither animals, trees, shrubs, vines, and grains, grafted, so to speak, the old world upon the new. Hither, also, flocked the bold, adventurous, ambitious Spanish multitude. Great cities sprung up, rivaling the majestic proportions of Moor- ish capitals. Magnificent enterprises were set on foot and prospered. Here Ponce de Leon renewed his ambition, and set forth afresh on an expedition to Porto Rico, and thence to Florida, in search of the Fountain of Youth (see p. 26). " A century before Henry Hudson sailed vp the noble river that perpetuates Ms name,— more than a century before the PuHtans landed at Plymmth Rock.— the city of Santo Dotninao was a rich and populous centre of industry and trade. Some of its massive and splendid palaces and churches stiU remain ; among them, the great cathedral begun in 151k and WKAJST. 353 Hayti, applied for admission to the United States. A com- mission of eminent men, appointed "by the President to visit the island and examine its condition, reported favorably. The measure, however, was rejected by Congress, 7. ^^The Virgiiilus."— In 1868, Cuba attempted to throw off the Spanish yoke. Great sympathy for the patriots was felt in the United States, and repeated efforts were made to send them aid. In spite of the vigilance of the authorities, the Virginius, laden with men and supplies, escaped from port in the fall of this year. While still on the high seas, and flying the American flag, she was captured by the Span- ish war steamer Tornado, and carried into Santiago. Many of her crew and passengers were summarily shot. The United States consul at that port in vain protested. Presi- dent Grant interfered, and the Virgi7iius was thereupon released, and suitable apologies were made for the insult offered to the United States flag. 8. Political Parties. — The liberal republican party, consist- ing of republicans opposed to the administration, nominated Horace Greeley of New York for the Presidential term commencing 1873. The democratic party endorsed this nomination. The republicans renomi- nated President Grant, who was elected. finished in 15W.'''' But in 1795, when Santo Domingo was ceded to France, it was " abandoned to such a degi^ee that it was a mere wilderness, devoted to the grazing of eatUey Yet, in spite of past tyranny, neglect, and the knowledge that they had been " sold like a herd of cattle " to a foreign master, the Dominicans were loyal to Spain, and when Napoleon I. took possession of Madrid in 1808, they indignantly rose in ai-ms, overpowered the French garrisons, and made themselves masters of theL own country. They then rehoisted the Spanish flag, and in 1814, by the Treaty of Paris, Santo Domingo was formally restored to that country. Meanwhile, the few years of interval had taught them some of the pleasures of liberty, and the seed then implanted grew rapidly. In 1821, they severed their connection with the mother country, but only to be absorbed by the more thriving and populous Hayti. In 1844, the Dominican Republic declared itself free and independent. Gre^t Britain , France, Spain, Denmark, Holland, and Sardinia formally recognized it, and sent representa- tives to its capital. After seventeen years of struggle against European intrigue and Haytien aggression, it again lapsed into a Spanish dependency. Its story for the next four years is successively one of oppression, of revolt, of bloody wars, and of ultimate success. The Spanish fleet took final leave in 1865, and left the brave Do- minicans to their well-earned fi-eedom. 354 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 9. Grant's Second Term.— The Modoc In- dians having refused to stay upon their reservation in Oregon, troops were sent against them. The savages there- upon retreated to their fastnesses in the Lava Beds. The peace commissioners, hoping to arrange the difficulty, held a conference with the chiefs. In the midst of the council, the Indians treacherously slew General Canby and Eev. Dr. Thomas, and wounded Mr. Meachem. The Modocs were then bombarded in their stronghold, and finally forced to surrender. Captain Jack and several of the leaders of the band were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. 10. The Credit Mohilier was a company organized for the purpose of building the Pacific Eailroad. The un- dertaking proved a profitable one, and enormous dividends were paid. An investigation developed the startling fact that various high officers of the government had accepted presents of stock, the value of which necessarily depended largely upon their official action. 11. Railroad Panic. — In the autumn of 1873, Jay Cooke & Co., bankers of Philadelphia, having engaged too extensively in railroad schemes, failed. A financial crisis ensued, and hundreds of prominent firms all over the Union were involved in ruin. A settled stringency of the money market and stagnation of business followed. 12. Centennial Anniversaries. — The year 1875, being the hundredth anniversary of the first year of the Eevolutionary War, was marked by various centennial observances. April 19, the battles of Lexington and Concord were celebrated with patriotic pride. May 20, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, honored the memory of those who, at Charlotte, signed a Declaration of Independence only ten days after the capture of GRAlfT. 355 Hconderoga. June 17 witnessed, at Bunker Hill, an unprecedented gathering from all parts of tlie country, Northern and Southern sol- diers vying in devotioD to the flag of the Union. 13. The Centennial Exhibition. — To commem- orate the signing of the Declaration of Independence, an exhibition of the arts and industries of all nations was held at Philadelphia, during the summer of 1876. The beautiful grounds of Fairmount Park were the scene of this imposing display. The principal edifices were the Main Exhibition Building, the Memorial Hall, tne Machinery Rail, the Horticultural and Agricultural Buildings, and the Woman's Pavilion. The first- named covered an area of over 26 acres. In addition to these structures, there were more than 300 smaller buildings scattered over the exten- sive grounds. In these buildings, thirty-three nations besides our own exhibited the products of their industry, namely : Argentine Republic, Austria, Hungary, Belgium^ Brazil, Canada, Chili, China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, India and British Colonies, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg Grand Duchy, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Orange Free State, Peru, Portu- gal, Russia, San Domingo, Spain and Spanish Colonies, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, Venezuela. The Exhibition opened May 10, and lasted 6 months. The average daily attendance was about 61,000 persons. 14. War with the Sioux, (1877). — The Black Hills, which occupy portions of Dakota and Wyoming Terri- tories, had been set apart by the United States government as a reservation for the Sioux \_soo] Indians. About the year 1873, rumors began to spread that gold was to be found there, and before the close of the year, prospecting miners appeared on the Indian domain. In 1874, a bill was intro- duced into Congress to extinguish the Indian title to a por- tion of the i^lacJc Hill region. These proceedings, together with t^.»^ advent, in 1875, of surveyors and military forces, roused the \x^ of the Indians, and hostihties ensued. June 25, 356 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 1876, General Ouster and his entire command of two hun- dred and fifty soldiers were slain. The Indians were com- manded by an educated and skilful chief named " Sitting Bulir The war was continued through the summer and fall; but the Indians were at length defeated, and in the following spring Sitting Bull and his followers retired into the British possessions, (1877). 15. Political Parties. — The republican partj nominated General Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and WnL A. Wheeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The democratic partj chose Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The independent greenback party selected Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio. The votes for the republi- can and the democratic candidates were so evenly divided, and such irregularities were charged against the elections in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana, that both these parties claimed the victory. In order to settle the dispute. Congress agreed to refer the contested election-returns to a Joint Electoral Commission, composed of five senators, five representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court. This body decided that 185 electoral votes had been cast for Mayes and Wheeler, and 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. The republican candidates were therefore declared to be elected.* * The principal political questions which agitated the country during this cam- paign were (1) the Southern policy of the government, and (2) the civil service reform. It was held on one side that negroes and republicans at the South were intimidated by force and prevented from voting, and that the presence of the United States troops was necessary to the preservation of the rights of the citizens, free discussion, a free ballot, and an enforcement of the laws. It was asserted, on the other side, that the ase of the troops for such purposes was unconstitutional ; that the intimidation was only imaginary, or could be readily controlled by the local authorities ; and that the presence of the military provoked violence and was a constant insult and menace to the states. President Jackson, as we have seen (p. 277), introduced into our politics the prin- ciple of " rotation in officeV This policy steadily gained favor, until Marcy's maxim " To the motors bdong the spoils,'''' became the commonly-accepted view ; and after every important election, the successful party was accustomed to fill even the menial oflSces of government with its favorites. Under such a system, the qualification of the applicant was of much less importance thpn the service he had done the party. Hayes promised to make " no dismissal except Jor cause^ and no promotion except for merit.'''' HAYES. 35? 16. Hayes's Administration (1877-1881) is noted for (1.) Ooi^^ciLiATORY Measures towards the South. (2.) Ii^DiAiT Troubles (1877-1879). (3.) The Fishery Award (1878). (4.) Treaty with China (1880). 17. United States Troops at the Sontli Witli- drawn. — President Hayes's Southern policy was one of conciliation. The troops which had hitherto sustained the republican State governments in South Carolina and Lou- isiana were withdrawn, and democratic officials at once took control of the local affairs. 18. War witli the Nez Perc^ {nay-pair say) In- dians. — In 1877, a war which, like others that had pre- ceded it, originated in the injustice and cupidity of the whites, occurred between the United States and the Nez Perce (Pierced Nose) Indians of Idaho. 19. From time immemorial, these friendly red-men had inhabited the beautiful Wallowa Valley. After a while, whites began to settle on the Indian lands, and when they had become strong enough, they endeavored to dispossess the original inhabitants. Even the United States government took part in the work. From 1856 to 1868, various treaties were made with portions of the tribe to leave their lands, but Joseph the chief, who belonged to one of the most illustrious families of the tribe, refused to depart from the Valley. Settlers still continued to encroach on the lands of the non-treaty Indians ; and in 1873, Grant issued an order prohibiting it. In 1875, however, he promulgated another order revoking the first, and declar- ing that " said described tract of country is hereby restored to the public domain" Hostilities now ensued, with the usual events that mark the wars of our government with the Indians, — slaughter on both sides and the final defeat of the Indians. October 5, 1877, Joseph and his band sur- rendered to General Miles, at Eagle Creek, Montana Territory. 358 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 30. New Indian Troubles (1879).— The Ute In- dians at the White River agency, dissatisfied by the en- croachments of the miners and the non-payment of money promised by the government, took up arms. The U. S. troops were hurried thither, and peace was once more restored. 21. The conduct of the whites towards the Indians has, in general, been characterized by great injustice and cruelty. The latter, at the pleasure of the whites, have been dispos- sessed of their lands and driven to the far West. With the exception of the Catholic missionaries, who have devoted to them their labors and their lives, few seem to consider the rights or the welfare of the Indians as of any account. * 23. Treaty with Cliina (1880).— Two treaties be- tween China and the United States were signed at Pekin, — one in relation to commerce, and the other granting to our government the regulation of the Chinese immigration. 23. Political Parties. — The nominees for President and Vice- President were : republican, General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York ; democratic. General Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, and William H. English, of Indiana : greenback-labor, James B. Weaver, of Iowa, and Benjamin J. Cham- bers, of Texas. After one of the most bitter and exciting contests, the republican oandidates were elected by a small majority on the popular vote. * This the United States government itself is forced to confess, as may be seen from the following extract from the first report of the Board of Indian Commis- sioners appointed by Grant ; " It must be admitted that the actual treatment they {the Indians) have received, has been unjust and iniquitous beyond the power op words to express. " Taught by the Government that they had rights entitled to respect, when these rights have been assailed by the rapacity of the white man, the arm which should have been raised to protect them has ever been ready to sustain the aggressor. " 27ie history of the Government connections with the Indians is a shamefdi BEOORD op broken treaties and UNPULPrLLBD PROMISES." STUDY 1^0. 12. GARFIELD— ARTHUR— CLEVELAND— HARRi SON— CLEVELAND. 1. The Inauguration of Garfield (1881-1885), the twentieth President, marked the hundredth year after the close of the Revolutionary War. 2. Star RoviteFrauds. — The new ad- minist ration promptly set to work to reform abuses in the pub- lic service. A gi- gantic scheme of fraud, in connec- tion with the let- ting of mail con- tracts in the West, was early discovered in the Post-Office Department, and was promptly exposed. 3. Assassination of Garfield. — On the morning of July 2 (1881), the sorrowful tidings flashed over the country that the President, while standing in the railroad depot at Washington, had been shot by a man named JAMES A. GARFIELD. 360 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Charles J. Guiteaii. Party differences were at once hushed in the common sorrow, and the nation awaited in anxious suspense the result of the terrible deed. The illus- trious sufferer expired Sept. 19th, the anniversary of the Battle of Chickamauga. On the last day of June (1882), Guiteau suffered on the scaffold the penalty of his crime. On receiving official information of the death of Presi- dent Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, the Vice-President, imme- diately took the oath, and assumed the duties of President. 4* Arthur's Administration (1881-1885) is noted for (1.) The Exclusion of Chinese Labor (1882). (2.) The Civil Service Bill (1883). 5. The further immigration of Chinese laborers was stopped for ten years by an act passed in 1882, Similar laws have been made from time to time since then. 6. The Civil Service Bill aims to regulate, by means of examinations, the system of civil service appoint- ments and promotions. 7. Political Parties. — The democratic party nominated Grover Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hen- dricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The republican party selected James G. Blaine, of Maine, and John A. Logan, of Illinois. The people's party chose B. F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. M. West, of Mississippi. The national prohibition party nominated J. P. St, John, of Kansas, and William Daniel, of Maryland. The democratic candidates were elected. 8. Cleveland's Administration (1885-1889) is noted for (1.) The Presidential Succession Law (1886). (2.) Subjection of the Apache Indians. (3.) The Agitation of the Tariff Question. HARRISON. 361 9. The Presidential Succession Law provides that if at any time there should be no President or Vice- President, the office of President should devolve upon a member of the Cabinet, the order of succession being as fol- lows : The Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, the At- torney-General, the Postmaster-General the Secretaries of the Kavy and the Interior. 10. The Apaches. — For more than a year these Indians had eluded the pursuit of both United States and Mexican troops, but they were at last captured (July, 1886) by Captain Lawton, an officer under General Miles. 11. Political Parties. — The democrats who advocated a re- duction of the duties on imports, renominated Grover Cleveland for President, with Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice-President. The republican (protectionist) candidates were Benjamin Harrison, of In- diana, and Levi P. Morton, of New York. The prohibition party named Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, and John A. Brooks, of Mis- souri. Besides these, there were five other tickets — namely, union labor, united labor, industrial reform, American, and equal rights. The republican candidates were elected. 12. Harrison's Administration (1889-1893) is noted for (1.) The Admission of North and South Dakota, Montana, and Washington (1889), and Idaho and Wyoming (1890). (2.) A New Tariff Act (1890). 13. The Wasliington Centennial. — On April 30, 1889, tlie centennial anniversary of Washington's inau- guration occurred. It was celebrated by great national re- joicing. Business was suspended for three days, and in Kew York, naval, military, and civic parades took place. 362 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, 14. At the Sub-Treasury Building on Wall Street, which occupies the site of Federal Hall, the scene of Washington's inauguration, commemorative exercises were held, at the close of which the benediction was given by His Grace Arch- bishop Corrigan, of New York, in the following words : " The grace of Our Lord Jesus Christ a7id the charity of God, and the communication of the Holy Spirit be with you cdl ; and may the hlessing of God Almighty, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, descend upon our beloved country and abide loith it forever ! '''' III \\\ Wi lili I'll] ll'ilii liili Hill ilill IlilH ii.n'^lS IP THE EXERCISES ON THE STEPS OP THE SUB-TREASURY 15. Tariff. — In 1890, the McKinley Bill,— so called from the congressman who proposed it, — favoring a high protective tariff, went into effect. CletelanD. 363 16. The World's Columbian Exposition.— In October, 1892, the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- covery of America was celebrated, and in May, 1893, the World's Columbian Exposition was opened at Chicago. 17. Political Parties.— The tariff was still the important issue of the Presidential campaign of 1892. The leading candidates for President and Vice-President were: democratic, Grover Cleveland and Adlai Stevenson; republican, Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw Reid; people's partv, James B. Weaver and James Gt. Field. The democratic candidates were elected. 18. Cleveland's Second Administration (1893-97). — Various causes combined to bring about a monetary crisis in the spring of 1893. President Cleve- land called a special session of Congress for the repeal of a law passed in 1890, which required the government to buy four and a half million ounces of silver each month. After long discussion this law was repealed in November, 1893. 19. In 1894 the Gorman-Wilson Bill was adopted, by which the high tariff of the McKinley Bill (1890) was con- siderably modified. 20. Utah, the forty-fifth state, was admitted in 1896, under a constitution which forever prohibits polygamy. 21. Political Parties. — The main issue in the Presidential campaign of 1890 was the money question. The regular democrats demanded the free coinage of silver as well as gold, and nominated Wm. J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall. The people's party nominated Wm. J. Bryan and Thos. Watson. The republicans, in favor of a protective tariff and "sound money," nominated Wm. McKinley of Ohio and G. A. Hobart of New Jersey. Several smaller parties were also in the field. McKinley and Hobart were elected. STUDY :N0. 13. Mckinley, Ist Term. 1. McKinley's Administration (1897-1901) is noted for (1.) The Dingley Tariff Law (1897). (2.) The Spanish- American War and the Acquisi- tion OF Several Island Possessions (1898). (3.) Freedom of Trade with China (1900). 2. The Dingley Tariff. — This Act was passed at a special session of Congress called by the President soon after his inauguration. It practically revived the McKinley Bill of 1890. 3. Spanish-American War. — For years, Spain had been trying, without success, to suppress a rebellion in Cuba. The friendly efforts of the United States to bring about peace produced little result. 4. Destruction of the Maine. — In February, 1898, the battleship, Maine, was sent on a friendly visit to Havana harbor, for the protection of American lives and interests. On the night of February 15, the vessel was mysteriously destroyed by an explosion. Two of her officers and two hundred and fifty-eight of her crew went down with the unfortunate vessel. Although investigated, the mystery of the explosion was never solved. MCKINLEY^S FIRST TERM. 365 5. War. — The destruction of the Maine acted like an electric shock on the country, and for sometime, the watch- word, "Remember the Maine/^ continued to sway public feeling. The United States immediately prepared for war with Spain. This was formally declared April 21, 1898. The principal events of the Spanish-American War are (1.) The Battle of Manila Bay^ Philippine Islands^ AND the Destruction there of the Spanish Fleet by Commodore (now Admiral) Dewey (May 1st). (2.) The Capture of El Caney and the Storming of San Juan Hill, overlooking Santiago, Cuba (July 1st). (3.) The Destruction of the Spanish Fleet under Cervera (thair-va'-ra) off Santiago, by Commodore Schley (July 3d). (4.) The Surrender of Santiago and Eastern Cuba (July 17th). (5.) The Storming and Taking of Manila (Aug. 13th). 6. Battle of Manila Bay. — Although the object of the War was to compel Spain to abandon Cuba, the first and last blows were struck at Spain on the opposite side of the globe, in the Philippine Islands. Commodore Dewey, who had been with Farragut at the Battle of New Orleans, was now in command of the United States Squadron at Hong Kong, China. The President telegraphed him to proceed at once to Manila and "capture or destroy" the Spanish Squadron guarding that port. The result was the victory of Manila Bay. Every Spanish vessel was destroyed, with large loss of life. The Americans lost neither a vessel nor a man. (May 1st.) . 366 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 7. Capture of Santiag^o. — Meantime, a second Spanish fleet "under Admiral Cervera sailed from the Cape Verde Islands. The American fleet was sent in search of Cervera, and he was finally located in the harbor of Santiago on the southeastern coast of Cuba. As the Spaniards could not be attacked by water, it was decided to r~ .r BATTLE OF MANTEL BAY. capture Santiago. On July 1st, General Shaffer climbed the steep heights of El Caney (ca-na) and San Juan (sahn-hoo-ahn') overlooking the city and in spite of barbed wire and other devices, took and held the earthworks and outer defences of the city. Among those who distinguished themselves on this occa- McKINLEY^S FIRST TERM. 367 sion was Lieutenant-Colonel Eoosevelt with his regiment of volunteers^ the Eough Eiders. This body included cow- boys from the West, college graduates, and the sons of wealthy families. On July 3d, the Spanish fleet under Cervera was de- stroyed off the coast of Cuba, by the American fleet under Admiral Sampson and Commodore Schley. Two weeks later the Spaniards surrendered the City of Santiago together with the eastern end of Cuba, and an army of about 22,000 men. Porto Eico was captured by General Miles with little difficulty. 8. Capture of Manila. — On August 12th, a peace protocol* was signed at Washington. The President then ordered all fighting on land and sea to cease. Before the despatch could reach the Philippines, Dewey and General Merritt had attacked and taken Manila (Aug. 13th). -On December 12th, a formal treaty, the 9. Peace.— Peace of Paris, was signed. This was ratified by the United States, February 6, 1899. By this treaty (i). Spain R E L I NQUISHED ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^'^^ ^I<^0. ALL Sovereignty over, and Title to Cuba. (2.) Spain ceded to the United States the Island fi.oiuda/ ^ KeyWesf-- .>? . <5 ^ ■ 1 . ^ >- 5" Havana .V>$-*^ U^' „ ^ ^ PINES - -._:^4^3,,^^,,^^^^ <£» 'V g Santiago de Cuba ^^^^^ SCALE OF MILES 100 200 300 * Protocol, (pro'-to-kol), the first draft of any public document on which a treaty is based. 368 EXCELSIOR HISTORY, OF Porto Rico, in the West Indies^ and the Island of GuAM^ in the Marianas^ or Ladrones^ in the East Indies. (3.) Spain ceded to the United States^ the Philip- pine Islands, on the Payment by this Country^ of $20,000,000, FOR the Public Works which Spain had constructed there. The acquisition of territory in the far East, which resulted from the war with Spain, has made the United States "a World Power." lO. Annexation of Hawaii. — The republic occupy- KAUAL SCALE OF MILES 6 20 40 60 » HonOl^l^ .^OLOKA. ing the Hawai- ian Islands in the Pacific, at its own solicitation, Hawaiian islands. was annexed to the United States (July 7, 1898). 11. China In 19 0, the United States obtained from China the privilege called "the open door." This gives every American the same right to buy or sell goods in China that any citizen of any other foreign state possesses. (369) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONAGES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. Bragg", Braxton, (1815-1876), an American general. He gained distinction at the battle of Buena Vista ; and in the Civil War, fought on the Confederate side at Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, and Chattanooga, Buchanani James, (1791-1868), the "bachelor President" was born in Pennsylvania. He was sixty-six years old when called to the executive chair, and had just returned to his native country, after an absence of four years as minister to England. Previously to that he had been well known in public life, as Congressman, Senator, and as Secre- tary of State under President Polk. Much was hoped from his election, as he avowed the object of his administration to be " to destroy any sec- tional party, whether North or South, and to restore, if possible, that national fraternal feeling between the different States that had existed during the early days of the Hepvblic." But popular passion and sec. tional jealousy were too strong to yield to pleasant persuasion, and when Buchanan's administration closed, the fearful conjlict was close at hand. He retired to his estate in Pennsylvania, where he died. Burnside, Ambrose E., (1824-1881), a Union general in the Civil War. He was at the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Fred- ericksburg, Knoxville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-House, and Cold Harbor. He was Governor of Rhode Island in 1866-67-68. Calhoun, John C, (1783-1850), a Southern statesmen, cele- brated for his advocacy of the doctrine of " State rights." As a speaker, he was noted for forcible logic, clear demonstration, and earnest man- ner. He rejected ornament, and rarely used illustration. Webster, his political antagonist, said of him, " He had the indisputable basis of all high character, unspotted integrity, and honor unimpeached. Nothing groveling, low, or meanly selfish came near his head or his heart." He was twice elected Vice-President of the United States. Cass, Lewis, (1782-1866), an American patriot and statesman. He became governor of Michigan Territory in 1814, and was henceforth BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ' 371 prominently connected witli its early history. He is said to have nego tjated nineteen treaties with the Indians. The Baltimore Convention of 1848 nominated him as the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, but he was defeated by General Taylor. Under President Buchanan, he served as Secretary of State. Clay, Henry, (1777-1852), the first of American orators and statesmen, whose whole life was devoted to the preservation of the Union and to offices of good-will and peace. With Webster, Calhoun, Benton, Seward, and others, he adorned the political annals of the first half of the nineteenth century. Respected by opponents, he was almost idolized by his friends. In this, he somewhat resembled Jefferson ; but, unlike him, he had not in his early years the advantages of a liberal education. His father, whose means were limited, died when Henry was five years old, and at fifteen he was left to support himself. Meantime he had received some little tuition, in a log-cabin school -house, from very indifferent teachers. With a rare tact for making friends, ready talent waiting to be instructed, and a strong determination seeking opportunities, he soon began to show the dawnings of the power which afterward distin- guished him. He has said : " 1 owe my success in oratory to one single fact, namely, that at an early age I commenced, and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and speaking the contents of some historical and scientific look. These off-hand efforts were sometimes m.ade in a corn-field ; at others, in the forest ; and not unfrequently in some distant ham, with the horse and ox for my only auditors** Rising rapidly by the force of his genius, he soon made himself felt in State and nation An eminent and stern political antagonist once refused an introduction to him expressly on the ground of a determination not to be magnetized by personal contact, as he "had known other good haters'' of Clay to be United with this suavity was a remarkable strength of will and an inflexible honor. His political adversary, but persona] admirer, John C Breckinridge, in an oration pronounced at his death, uttered these words* "If I were to write his epitaph, I would inscribe as the highest eulogy on the stone which shall mark his rest- ing-place I * Here lies a man who was in ths public service for fifty years, and never attempted to deceive his countrymen.** Davis, Jefferson, (1808-1889), an American statesman and mil- itarv leader, was born in Kentucky. He gained distinction in the Mexican War. Having been elected to the Senate in 1847, he became prominent in advocating the doctrine of State rights and the defence of slavery John Quincy Adams, on hearing Davis's first speech in Con- gress, remarked : " That young man, gentlemen, is no ordinary man ; he will make his mark yet.** He resigned his seat in Congress to become 372 • EXCELSIOR HISTORY. the head of the Confederate Government. After his capture at the close of the Civil War, he was confined in Fortress Monroe, but was released on bail, Horace Greeley becoming one of his sureties. The General Amnesty of December, 1868, included Mr. Davis with the others who had before that been refused pardon. Douglas, Stephen A., (1813-1861), an American politician and a popular Democratic orator, known as the "Little Giant," in allusion to his small stature. He is famous as the author of the doctrine of ** Popular Sovereignty." Farragut, David G., (1801-1870), a celebrated American sea- captain, was the son of a Spaniard who fought for the United States during the American Revolution. At the breaking out of the Civil War, he had been in the United States Navy forty-eight years, having been commended for his bravery on board of the Essex, — a famous ship of Revolutionary times, — when too young for promotion. He gained great credit at the capture of New Orleans, at Port Hudson, Vicksburg, and Mobile. The office of Vice- Admiral was created for him, and afterward that of Admiral. Fulton, Robert, (1765-1815), a celebrated American engineer. He was bom in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. In 1786, he went to England and studied painting under the famous Benjamin West. Later he abandoned that pursuit and became a civil engineer. Hence- forward his name is associated with the growth of steam navigation, — an idea to which he devoted the whole energy of his life. Others had conceived the thought, but he, in his little vessel the Clermont, first made it practicable. In the midst of his triumph and the height of his prosperity, he died in New York. Grant, U. S., (1823-1885), was born at Mount Pleasant, Ohio. He was very unwilling to follow his father's trade, that of a tanner ; and, ai seventeen, an appointment was secured for him at West Point. His name having been incorrectly registered. Grant vainly attempted to set the matter right, but finally assumed the change thus forced upon him, and thenceforth signed himself ** Ulysses Simpson*' the latter being his mother's family name. Two years after the completion of his four years' course as cadet, the Mexican War broke out, in which Grant conducted himself with great gallantry, receiving especial mention and promotion. After this, he retired to civil life, where he remained until the opening of the war in 1861 , when he immediately offered his ser- Fices in behalf of the Union. His modesty and diffidence delayed their acceptance, and Governor Yates, of Illinois, was the first to avail him- self of them. Grant finally took the field as colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. His subsequent military history has been narrated in the text. He died July 23, 1885. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHESo 373 He was the republican candidate for the Presidency in 1868. His -letter of acceptance ended with the words, " Let us have peace" which became the motto of the campaign. He was elected as the eighteenth President of the United States, over Horatio Seymour of New York^ the Democratic candidate. After the completion of his second term of office, he spent several years in visiting the countries of the Old World and the East. Everywhere he was received with the greatest enthusiasm, and his dignified bearing and wise conduct re- flected honor on the American name. Greeley, Horace, (1811-1872), an American journalist, distin- guished as an opponent of slavery, was a native of New Hampshire. He early showed remarkable talent, and at the age of fifteen he entered the office of the Northern Spectator, at East Poultney, Vt., as printer. His wages were $40 a year, the greater part of which was saved and sent to his father, then struggling in poverty upon a farm in Pennsylvania. The Spectator having failed, in 1831 Greeley went to New York. He landed with ten dollars and a scanty outfit tied in a handkerchief. Franklin-like, he traversed the streets in search of work. As he had no friends or acquaintances in New York, and his dress was very odd and shabby, he met with many repulses ; but he at last obtained em- ployment, and then diligence, integrity, and ability won him a ready rise. Ten years later he founded the New York Tribune., He served in Congress in 1848-'49, where he was known for his opposition to the abuses of the mileage system. When civil war seemed imminent, he advocated a peaceable division of the country ; but after it opened, he urged a vigorous prosecution of hostilities. At the close of the war, he pleaded for immediate conciliation, and was a signer of the bail-bond which restored Jefferson Davis to liberty, after two years imprisonment in Fortress Monroe. Horace Greeley was pure, simple, and conscientious in character. He had a peculiar disregard for dresSj and neglected many of the courte- sies of society ; but he was a true gentleman at heart, and possessed rare gifts in conversation. He was fond of agriculture, and spent his leisure days on his farm at Chappaqua. Just before the close of the Presidential canvass, his wife died, and this, together with the desertion of friends and the excitement of the contest, unsettled his mind. He was carried to a private asylum, where he died November 39, 1873. Houston [hu'-ston], Sam, (1793-1863), was governor of Ten- nessee in 1837, but resigned his office, and abandoning civilized society, went among the Cherokee Indians. He finally emigrated to Texas, where he took a prominent part in the war against Mexico. After the annexation of Texas, he was chosen to the United States Senate. His life was full of incident and romantio adventures. 374 EXCELSIOK HISTORY. Hughes, Most Rev. John, (1797-1864), the first Archbishop of New York, and one of the most illustrious prelates the American Church has produced, was born in Ireland. Having emigrated to this country about the year 1817, he pursued his theological studies at Mt. St. Mary's, Emmittsburg, and was ordained in 1826. His pecuniary means being limited, he, in tlie beginning of his col- legiate career, took charge of the college garden, in return for his board and tuition, — a lesson and an encouragement to the young. After his ordination, he labored on various missions for several years, and at length became pastor of St. John's Church, Philadelphia. Already had he begun to manifest that strength of character and that magnetic per- sonality which, joined to a spotless and holy life, gave him so remark- able an influence over the minds and hearts of men. He was skilled in controversy ; and more than once was called upon to show, in public, his ability in this respect. In 1838, he was made the Coadjutor Bishop of New York ; and in 1841, succeeded Bishop Dubois in that See. In 1840, he founded St. John's College, Fordham ; and in the fall of the same year, occurred that memorable debate before the Common Council of New York, in which he discussed the Public School system, and opposed alone the eminent counsel arrayed against him. Though his demands were rejected by the Common Council, he did not dismiss the matter, but recommended the Catholics to nominate independent candidates at the ensuing elec- tions. This movement brought to view such unexpected strength that a modification of the school system was soon afterward efiected. The present New York system, though an improvement on that which pre- ceded it, is still false in principle, and afibrds to Catholics no immunity from double taxation for the education, of their children. Bishop Hughes also dealt the death-blow to the Church trusteeism. " Those only" says Archbishop Bayley, " who ham carefully studied the history of the Church can form any idea of the amount of undeveloped evil that lay hid within that system of uncontrolled lay administration of ecclesiastical property." In 1850, he was raised to the dignity of Arch- bishop, and in 1858 he laid the corner-stone of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. He established schools, founded many churches and chari- table institutions, and introduced into the diocese various religious orders. His last attempt at public speaking was made during the draft riots of 1863. His health was already much enfeebled, and it now continued steadily to decline until his death. When informed that he could not recover, he received the intelligence with perfect calmness and resig- nation, and spent his remaining days in communion with God and preparation for eternity. In him, the Church lost a zealous and labo- rious prelate, and an able and devoted champion. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 875 Jackson, Thomas J., (1824-1863), a distinguished Confederate general, commonly known as "Stonewall Jacksofi," was born in Vir- ginia. He gained distinction in the Mexican War, and in 1852 became professor in the Military Institute at Lexington, Va. He served at the battles of Bull Run, of the Shenandoah Valley, the Seven- Days battles before Richmond, and the battles of Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Fred- ericksburg, and was killed at Chancellors ville. He was remarkable for his calm, indomitable courage, the remarkable influence he exercised over his soldiers, and his earnest piety and deep religious convictions. Johnston, Joseph E., (1809-1891), a distinguished Confederate general, was born in Virginia. He won considerable credit in the Mexi- can War, and in 1861 resigned the rank of brigadier-general in the Union army, to take part with the South. He gained great reputation for his promptness at the battle of Bull Run ; he was wounded at Seven Pines ; he resisted Sherman's advance upon Atlanta in a series of desperate battles, and was finally recalled to prop up the fading energies of the Confederacy in North Carolina, after Sherman began to move northward from Savannah. With Lee and Jackson he shared the honor of the first position among the Southern generals. Kearney, Philip, (1815-1862), an able Union general, was born in New York. He served with great credit in the Mexican War, losing an arm at Chapultepec. He participated in the battles of Williams- burg, Fair Oaks, the Seven-Days fight, and was killed at Chantilly (Sept. 1, 1862). Kearney was devotedly loved by his soldiers. liCe, Robert E., (1806-1870), a distinguished Confederate general, the son of General Henry Lee (Light Horse Harry), of Revolutionary fame, was born in Virginia, He was graduated at the head of his class, at West Point, in 1829 ; and in 1832 he married a daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Washington. He served with great credit in the Mexican War as chief engineer of the army of General Scott. In March, 1861, he was appointed Colonel of Cavalry, but in April he resigned his commission, writing thus to General Scott : " My resignation would have been presented at once but for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from a service to which I have devoted all the best years of my life.'* After the war, General Lee became President of Washington College, Lexington, Va. Here he died in 1870. In appearance General Lee was talK erect, and handsome; in manner, dignified and gracious; in char- acter upright, honorable, and pious. He was devotedly loved, and with reason, by his soldiers and by the Southern people. After the war this feeling seemed intensified, and he 376 EXCELSIOK HISTORY. could not move abroad without receiving demonstrations of respect and affection that deeply touched his generous heart. Lincoln, Abraham, (1809-1865), the sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Kentucky. His father was unable to read or write, and Abraham's education consisted of only one year's school- ing. When he was eight years old his father moved to Indiana, the family floating down the Ohio on a raft. At eleven, he met with a severe loss in the death of his mother. Under her care he had learned to read, and to her influence is due much that was good in his charac- ter. When nineteen years of age, the fu'.ure President hired out as a hand on a flat-boat at $10 per month, and made a trip to New Orleans. On his return, he accompanied the family to Illinois, driving the cattle on the journey, and on reaching their destination helped them to build a cabin, and to split rails to enclose the farm. He was now in succes- sion a flat-boat hand, clerk, captain of a company of volunteers in the Black Hawk War, country store-keeper, postmaster, and surveyor ; yet he managed to get a knowledge of law by borrowing books at an office, before it closed at night, and returning them at its opening in the morning. On being admitted to the bar, he rapidly rose to distinction. At twenty.five he was sent to the Legislature, and was thrice re-elected. Turning his attention to politics, he soon became a leader. After his accession to the Presidency, his history is identified with that of his country. He was a tall, ungainly man, little versed in the refinements of society, but gifted by nature with great common sense, and every- where known as "Honest Abe." Kind, earnest, sympathetic, faithful, democratic, he was only anxious to serve his country. His wan, fatigued face, and his bent form, told of the cares he bore, and the grief he felt. His only relief was, when tossing aside for a moment the heavy load of responsibility, his face would light up with a humorous smile, while he narrated some incident whose aptness to the subject at hand, and irresistible wit, convulsed his hearers, and rendered **im- coln's stories" household words throughout the nation. Madison, James, (1751-1836), the fourth President of the United States, was born in Virginia. Entering Congress in 1789, he became one of the strongest advocates of the Constitution, and did much to secure its adoption. From his political principles, he was obliged, though reluctantly, to oppose Washington's administration, which he did in a courteous and temperate manner. After his Presi- dential services, he retired from public station. In disposition he was very pacific ; and he hesitated so long in declaring war against Great Britain as to cause one of the federalists to declare in Congress that '* Madison could not be kicked into a fight.'* This expression passed into a proverb. It has been said of him : " It was his rare good fortune to have a whole nation for his friends." BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 377 Maury, Matthew F., (1806-1873), an American scientist and naval oflBcer. He is most generally known for bis admirable work connected with the coast survey, and his book entitled " The Physical Geography of the Sea." On the outbreak of the Civil War, he resigned his post at Washington and was appointed a commander in the Con- federate navy. He died Feb. 1, 1873. McClellan, Georg-e B., (1826-1885), a distinguished American general. He served with honor in the Mexican War, and on the retire- ment of General Scott, was appointed general-in-chief of the armies of the United States. He participated in most of the great battles of the army of the Potomac, until after the engagement at Antietam. He was the democratic nominee for the Presidency in 1864,. but was defeated by Lincoln. Of the popular vote he received 3,323,035, Lincoln 1,811,754. In 1864 he resigned his commission as major-general of the regular army, and started on a European tour, from which he returned in 1868. In 1877, he was elected Governor of the State of New Jersey. His death occurred in 1885. McCloskey, His Eniinence, John, Cardinal, (1810-1885), the son of Irish parents, was born in Brooklyn, N. T., March 30, 1810. At the age of twelve, he entered Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitts- burg. Here he remained until he had completed his classical and theological studies. He was ordained priest in 1834 ; and soon after- wards, proceeded to the Eternal City, where, for three succeeding years, he followed the courses of the Roman College, laying up a store of theological learning. Having returned to his native land (1837), he devoted himself with great zeal to his priestly duties; and in 1844, at the early age of thirty- three, was made coadjutor to Bishop Hughes, of New York. Three years later, he was appointed to the new See of Albany. Seventeen years of devoted, self-sacrificing labor were given to this diocese, until in 1864, upon the death of Archbishop Hughes, he was promoted to the See of New York. Here for twenty-one years, he continued the work of his predecessors, completing and dedicating the grand Cathedral, and administering the diocese with marvellous success. In 1875, he was elevated to the dignity of Cardinal priest, his title being derived from the Church " Sancti Maria Supra Minervam." (See page 377.) His advancing years and failing health soon made it neces- sary that he should have a helper. The zealous and youthful Bishop Corrigan, of Newark, was accordingly promoted to the See of Petra, and made coadjutor to His Eminence (1880). Thus relieved of much of the burden of his oflfice, Cardinal McClo" 378 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. key prepared for the last great hour, and with the Hail Mary on his lips, calmly expired, Oct. 10, 1885. His name will ever be held in benediction. McCuUoch, Benjamin, (1814-1862), an American general. He served in the Mexican War (1846-47) and took up arms in the Confederate cause (1861). He commanded at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri (Aug. 10, 1861), and was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, March, 1862. McDonoug"li, Thomas, (1784-1825), an American Commo- dore, born in New Castle County, Delaware. As commander of the American fleet on Lake Champlain, he gained a splendid and decisive victory over the British in September, 1814, in an action of little more than two hours. For this service, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He died in 1825. Meade, George G., (1815-1872), served in the Mexican War, and, in 1861, became a brigadier-general of volunteers. He was at the battles of Gaines's Mill, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Just before the engagement at Gettysburg, he was entrusted with the direction of the Union army. During the battles before Richmond in 1864-5, he was second in command of the Army of the Potomac, under Grant, and shared with him the honors of those campaigns. He died Nov. 6, 1872. Monroe, James, (1758-1831), the fifth President of the Un'nted States, was born in Virginia. As a soldier under General Washington, he bore a brave record, and especially distinguished himself in the battles of Brandywine, Oermantoicn, and Monmouth. Afterward, he studied law, and entered political life. Having been sent by Washing- ton as Minister to France, he showed such marked sympathy with that country as to displease the President and his cabinet, who were just concluding a treaty with England, and wished to preserve a strictly neutral policy. He was therefore recalled. Under Jefferson, who was his warm friend, he was again sent to France in 1803, when he secured the purchase of Louisiana. He is said always to have taken particular pride in this transaction, regarding his part in it as among the most important of his public services. Soon after his inauguration as President, he visited all the military posts in the north and east, with a view to thorough acquaintance with the capabilities of the country in the event of future hostilities. This tour was a great success. To remind the people of his former mili- tary services, he wore a blue military coat of homespun, light-colored BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 379 breeches, and a cocked hat, this being the undress uniform of a Revo- lutionary officer. This, with his plain and unassuming manners, completely won the hearts of the nation, and brought an overwhelm- ing majority to the support of the administration. Monroe was a man more prudent than brilliant, and who acted with a single eye to the welfare of his country. Jefferson said of him : " If his soul were turned inside out, not a spot would he found on it" Like that loved friend, he passed away on the anniversary of the independence of the country he had served so faithfully. Rosecrans, William S., (1819-1898), an able American general of the Union army, was born in Ohio. He graduated at West Point, and from 1844 to 1847, was professor of engineering at that institution. In 1854, he resigned his commission ; but at the breaking out of the Civil War he became voluntary aide-de-camp to General McClellan, and was soon made brigadier-general. He participated in the battles of Rich Mountain, luka, Corinth, Murfreesboro, and Chickamauga. He resigned his commission in the United States army in 1867. Scott, Winfield, (1786-1866), one of the most distinguished of American generals. In the War of 1812-14, he won a great reputation for his gallantry at Queenstown Heights ; and at the capture of Fort George, he was the first to enter the fortifications, and tore down the enemy's flag with his own hands. At Lundy's Lane, two horses were shot under him and he was twice wounded. " For his distinguished sermces*' Congress passed him a vote of thanks, and requested the President to confer upon him a gold medal. In the Nullification difficulties with South Carolina, Scott displayed his usual zeal and inflexible firmness m the execution of his official duty. The war with Mexico illustrated his military abilities and won him a place among the great generals of history. In 1852 he was nominated by the whigs for the Presidency, but was beaten by General Pierce. In 1861, he resigned his active duties and retired to private life. Seward, William H., (1801-1873), an American statesman. He became governor of New York in 1838-1842, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1849. Here he persistently opposed the exten- sion of slavery, and every measure like the compromise of 1850. In one of his speeches he declared that there is a "Higher Law than the Constitution." This became an electioneering by-word, and Seward himself was denounced as a " seditious agitator. " He was a prominent republican candidate for the Presidency in 1860, and on the election of Lincoln was appointed Secretary of State. His ability in the conduct of the foreign affairs of the United States, saved the country from European entanglements. 380 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Sheridan, Philip H., (1831-1888), an American general who gained great renown during the Civil War. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga, and was afterwards appointed to the command of the cavalry in the army of the Potomac. His Shenandoah campaign and his attack upon Five Forks before Richmond, were the most noted of his achievements. His famous ride from Winchester to Cedar Creek has been embalmed in Buchanan Read's well-known verses. In 1869, he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-generaL Sherman, William Tecumseh, (1880-1891), a distinguished American general, was born in Ohio. He received a commission as colonel in the Union army, June, 1861, and was at the battle of Bull Run. At Shiloh, ** his induidual efforts " won the Federals the victory, according to Grant's report. In this battle, three horses were shot under him and he was wounded. In the campaign against Vicksburg, the battle of Chattanooga, the advance upon Atlanta, and the famous March to the Sea, his exploits are matters of history. When General Grant became President in 1869, Sherman succeeded bim as general and commander-in-chief of the army. In October, 1874, he removed his headquarters from Washington to Missouri. Sherman, Thomas W., (1818-1879), an American general who served at Bull Run and was in command of the troops in the expedi- tion against Port Royal in 1861. Smet, Father Peter de, (1801-1873), " the Apostle of the Rocky Mountains*^ and the greatest Indian missionary of our age, was a native of Belgium. At an early age he ent-ered the Episcopal semi- nary at Mechlin. While there his zeal was fired by accounts of the missions in the New World, and, with five companions, he offered him- self to the Society of Jesus for the American mission (1821). Having spent a short time at the Novitiate in Maryland, he proceeded to Missouri, and there, at Florissant, pronounced his first vows. For some years after this he was professor in the University of St. Louis. At length, in 1838, to his great joy, he was sent to found a mission among the Potto watomies at Sugar Creek, Kansas ; and two years later, at the earnest entreaty of the Flatheads, he visited and preached to the Indians of the Rocky Mountains. In two months his preaching was rewarded bv the conversion of six hundred, including two chiefs. On his return, in conjunction with his superiors, he planned a series of missions among the Western Indians, reserving to himself the general superintendence and the duty of providing funds. From this period until his death he was devoted to the service of the red men. For them he journeyed, labored and prayed. For their welfare no BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 381 sacriJSce seemed too difficult to him, no hardship too severe. In return, he won from the Indian that confidence, reverence and love, which a Black Robe alone can inspire in these untutored yet wary children of the forest. The United States government, con- scious of his wondrous influence, on more than one occasion employed his intervention to put a stop to Indian hostilities. Would that such mild and gentle measures had always been adopted 1 The blood of the Indian would not then, as now, cry to Heaven for vengeance Father de Smet was joined by many zealous laborers in the field, and the harvest proved abundant. The missions still continue to flourish, except where the government has withdrawn them from Catholic care. After more than forty years of incessant toil, the venerable mis- sionary's once powerful frame began to succmnb, and in the month of May, 1872. he yielded up to God his beautiful soul. His remains were carried to his early home at Florissant, where they now lie entombed. The spirit that animated a Las Casas in the sixteenth century, a Jogues, a Marquette and a Breboeuf in the seventeenth, a Gravier and a Rasle in the eighteenth, found new life in the breast of Peter de Smet in the nineteenth. Taylor, Zachary, (1784-1850), the twelfth President of the United States, was born in Virginia. While he was still an infant, his parents removed to Kentucky. His means of education were of the scantiest kind, and until he was twenty -four years of age, he worked on his father's plantation. Madison, who was a relative, and at that time Secretary of State, then secured for him an appointment in the army as lieutenant. From this he rose, by regular and rapid degrees, to a major-generalship; and his triumphant battles at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palmay Monterey, and Buena Vista, won great applause. He ras the popular hero of a successful war, and the soldiers admiringly called him " Old Rough and Ready." Having been offered the nomina- tion for President, he published several letters defining his position as " a whig, hut not an ultra-whig" and declaring that he would not be a party candidate or the exponent of party doctrines. Many of the whig leaders violently opposed his nomination. Daniel Webster called him " an ignorant frontier colonel" ■ The fact that he was a slaveholder was warmly urged against him. He knew nothing of civil affairs, and had taken so little interest in politics that he had not voted in forty years. His nomination caused a secession from the whigs, resulting in the for- mation of the free-soil party. He felt his want of qualifications for the position, and sometimes expressed his regret that he had accepted it. Yet he maintained as President the popularity which had led to his election, and was personally one of the most esteemed who have filled that o£&ce. 382 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Thomas, Georg-e H., (1816-1870), gained some reputation for his valor in the Mexican War. On the breaking out of tlie Civil War, though born in Virginia, he remained loyal to the Union. His conduct at Murfreesboro and Chickamauga, are matters of history. When in command at Nashville, in 1864, he was engaged in organizing his forces for the field, and delayed so long in moving out of his intrench- ments against Hood, that General Grant issued positive orders to* an advance, and had started to take charge of the troops in persoi^ when he learned of the victory his slow but sure general had achieved In 1868, President Johnson offered him the brevet rank of lieutenant, general, but he declined, saying that he had done nothing since tht war worthy of the honor. Webster, Daniel, (1782-1852), the great American statesman and jurist, was fourteen years old before he first enjoyed the privilege of a few months schooling at an academy. The man whose eloquence was afterward to stir the nation, was then so shy that he could not muster courage to speak before the school. He says, ' Many a "piece did I commit and rehearse in my own roomy over and over again ; yet when the day came, when my name was called, and I saw all eyes turned toward me, I could not raise myself from my seat** In other respects, how- ever, he gave decided promise of his future eminence. One year after, his father resolved to send him to college, — a dream the boy had never dared to cherish. *' / remember the very hiU we were ascending through deep snow, in a New England sleigJi, when my father made known this purpose to me. I could not speak. How could he, 1 thought, with so large a family, and in such narrow circumstances, think of incurring so great an expense for me ? A warm glow ran all over me, and I laid my head on my father's shoulder and wept." — Having finished his collegiate education and entered his profession, he at once rose to eminence. Elected to Congress, in his maiden speech he "took the House and country by surprise.** By rapid strides he placed himself at the head of American orators. His next famous parliamentary struggle was m the debate upon the subject of State Rights in 1830. His speech in reply to Hayne of South Carolina, contained those memorable words, tamiliar to every school-boy, ** Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." Webster's speeches are masterpieces, and may well be the study of every aspirant for distinction. It was a disappointment to many of his friends, as it is said to have been to himself, that he was never called to the Presidential chair. But, like Clay, although he might have honored that position, he needed it not to enhance his renown. His death called out, it is said, a greater number of orations than had any other since that of Washington. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. NINETEENTH CENTURY. 1800. — The Capital removed from Philadelphia to Washington Treaty with France, (Sept. 30). 1801. — Thomas Jefferson (III.) inaugurated. War declared against Tripoli, (June 10). 1S02,— Ohio admitted to the Union, (Nov. 29). . 1803. — A fleet sent against Tripoli. Louisiana purchased, (April 30). 1804. — Lieut. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia, (Feb. 15). Hamilton killed by Burr, (July 11). 1 80o. — The Jesuits restored in the United States. Treaty of peace with Tripoli, (June 3). 1806. — The Dominicans founded a house in Kentucky. 1807. — The Chesapeake fired into by the Leopard, (June 23). Fulton's first steamboat, *' The Clermont" on the Hudson, (Sept. 14). The embargo on American ships, (Dec. 32). 1809. — James Madison (IV.) inaugurated. Mother Seton established the Sisters of Charity at Emmittsburg. 1811.— Action between the " Prm^enr* and iYiQ** Little Belt," (May 16). Battle of Tippecanoe, (Nov. 7). 181 2. — Louisiana admitted to the Union, (April 8). War declared against England, (June 19). Detroit surrendered by General Hull, (Aug. 16). The Con%titution captured the Guerriere» (Aug. 19). Thff Wa^ captured the Frolic, (Oct. 13). 1813.— Perry's victory on Lake Erie, (Sept. 10). 1814.— Battles of Horse-shoe Bend, (Mar. 27), Chippewa, (July 5), and Lundy's Lane, (July 25). Washington captured by the British, (Aug. 34). The Hartford Convention, (Dec. 15). Treaty of Peace, (Dec. 34). 1815.— Battle of New Orleans, (Jan. 8). War with Algiers. Death of Archbishop Carroll. \S1G.— Indiana admitted to the Union, (Dec. 11). 1817.— James Monroe (V.) inaugurated. Mississippi ad- mitted to the Union, (Dec. 10). The Ladies of the Sacred Heart in New Orleans. \S1S,— Illinois admitted to the Union, (Dec. 3). 1819.— Florida purchagad, (Feb. 2S). Alaboma admitted to the Union. (Dec. 14). 384 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY, 1820.— The Missouri Compromise BUI passed, (Mar, 3). Maint admitted to the Union, (Mar. 15). 1821c — Missouri admitted to the Union, (Aug. 10), 1823. — The Western Indian missions renewed under the Jesuits 1824.— The visit of La Fayette, (Aug. 15). 1825.— John Quincy Adams (VI.) inaugurated. 1826. — Jefferson and the elder Adams died, (July 4). 1829.— Andrew Jackson (VII.) inaugurated. 1832.— The Black Hawk War. 1835. — The Seminole War begun. 1836. — Arkansas admitted to the Union, (June 15). 1837. — Michigan admitted to the Union, (Jan. 26). Martin Van Bur en (VIII.) inaugurated. Battle of Okeechobee. The Semi- noles routed by Taylor, (Dec. 25). 1837-8.— The "Patriot War," Canada. 1840. — Father De 8met went on the Indian Mission. 1841.— Wni. H. Harrison (IX.) inaugurated, (Mar. 4), and died, (April 4). John Tyler (X.) inaugurated. 1842.— The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island. 1845. — Florida admitted to the Union, (Mar. 3). James K. Polls; (XI.) inaugurated. Texa^ admitted to the Union, (Dec. 27). 1846. — The Mexican War begun. Iowa admitted to the Union, (Dec. 28). Oregon City made a metropolitan See. 1847. — The City of Mexico taken by General Scott. 1848.— The Treaty of Peace with Mexico, (Feb 2). Gold discov- ered in California, (Feb.). Wisconsin admitted to the Union, (May 29). 1849.— Zacliary Taylor (XII.) inaugurated. 1850.— President Taylor died, (July 9). Millard Fillmore (XIII, ) inaugurated, (July 16). Calif ornia admitted to the Union, (May 29). 1852. — First Plenary Council of Baltimore. 1853.— Franklin Pierce (XIV.) inaugurated. 1854. — Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan, (March). The Missouri Compromise Bill repealed. 1857. — James Buchanan (XV.) inaugurated. 1858. — Minnesota admitted to the Union, (May 11). 1859. — Oregon admitted to the Union, (Feb. 14). I860. — Secession Ordinance passed ly South Carolina, (Dec. 20). 1861. — Secession Ordinances passed by ten other States. Kansai admitted to the Union. Abraham Lincoln (XVI,) inaugurated. Beginning of the great Civil War. First battle of Bull Run. 1862. — New Orleans taken by the Union forces. The Seven Days' Battles. Union victory at Antietam. CHROKOLOGICALTABLE. 385 1863. — The Emancipation Proclamation. Union victory at Mu» freesboro. Union defeat at Chancellorsville. West Virginia admitted to the Union. Union victory at Gettysburg. Capture of Vicksburg by Grant. Draft riot in New York city. Death of Archbisliop Kenrick. 18(>4:. — Death of Archbishop Huglies, (Jan. 3). Campaign of Grant in Virginia. Petersburg besieged. Atlanta taken by Sherman. Ne'cada admitted to the Union. 1805.— Petersburg and Richmond taken. Surrender of Genera] Lee. Em^d of the Civil War. Assassination of Lincoln. Andrew Johnson (XVII.) inaugurated. Slavery abolished. 1866. — The Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1SS7 ^—Mbraska admitted to the Union. The Reconstruction and Tenure-of-office bills passed. Alaska purchased. 1868.— Johnson impeached by the House of Representatives, (Feb. 24); acquitted, (May 26). The seceded States admitted, (June 24). The Fourteenth Amendment declared, (July 28). 1869.— Ulysses S. Grant (XVIII.) inaugurated. 1S70, — The Fifteenth Amendment declared, (Mar. 30). 187 1.— The Treaty of Washington, (May 8). 1875. — The Centennial anniversaries. Archbishop McClos- key created Cardinal, (April 27). \S1 ^.—Colorado admitted, (Mar. 3) The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, (May 10 to Nov. 10). 1877.— Rutherford B. Hayes (XIX.) inaugurated (Mar. 6), The Custer massacre, (June 25). The Railroad Strike. 1878.— The Bland Silver Bill, (Feb. 31). 18 7 9.— The Fishery Award. 1880.— Treaty with China. 1881.— James A. Garfield (XX.) inaugurated. 1881.— President Garfield shot (July 2). 1881.— Clie-ster A. Arthur (XXI.) inaugurated (Sept. 20). 1884. — The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore. 1885.— Grover Cleveland (XXII.) inaugurated 1885.— Death of U. S. Grant. 1885.— Death of Cardinal McCloskey (Oct. 10). 1886. — Archbishop Gibbons created CardinaL 1889.— Benjamin Harrison (XXIII.) inaugurated. 1889. — ^-ZV^. Dakota, 8. Dakota, Washington, and Montana admitted. 1889. — The Centennial of the American Hierarchy. 1893.— Grover Cleveland (XXIY.; inaugurated. 1893. — The World's Fair opened at Chicago. 1 897.— William McKinley (XXY.) inaugurated. 1898 War with Spain. Treaty of Peace. 1899. — Philippine Insurrection begun. CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY. 1800, — Napoleon I, Consul of France. Order of the Ladies of tlie Sacred Heart founded. 1801. — Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 1804, — Napoleon Emperor. 1809, — Napoleon excommunicated. Pius VII. made prisoner. 1812. — Burning of Moscow. 1815. — Napoleon an exile at St. Helena. 1820.— George IV. King of England. 1829, — Emancipation of British Catholics. 1830.— Second French Revolution. William IV. King ol EIngland. 1832, — ^Poland incorporated with the Russian Empire. 1833, — Accession of Isabella, Queen of Spain. 1837, — Accession of Victoria, Queen of England. 1848. — Third French Revolution. Louis Napoleon President. 1849.— Accession of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia. 1 853.— The Crimean War. 1855, — Accession of Alexander II., Emperor of Russia. 1860. — Insurrection in Italy under Garibaldi. 18G1. — Victor Emmanuel assumed the title of King of Italy. 1866. — Austrian and Prussian War. 1868. — Revolution in Spain. Queen Isabella dethroned. 1869.— The Council of the Vatican. 187 O, — Victor Emmanuel seized Rome. Alphonso II. King of Spain. 18 70-1.— Franco-German War. 1872, — Suppression of Religious orders in Germany. 1873. — MacMahon President of France. 1878,— Death of Victor Emmanuel. Russian-Turkish War. 1879,_Resignation of President McMahon. 1881. — Alexander IT. of Russia assassinated. lg85._Death of Alphonso IL of Spain. 1888. — Resignation of President Grevy. 1894, — President Carnot of France assassinated. CONTEMPORARY POPES. Pius VII., (1800-1823); Leo XII., (1823-1829); Pius VIII., (1829- 1831); Gregory XVI., (1831-1846); Pius IX., (1846-1878); Leo Xm., (1878-1903) ; Pius X., (1903- ). GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. S, OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. (1.) Alaska, a territory of the United States, formerly known as Russian America. (2.) Antietani Creek rises in the southern part of Pennsyl- vania, and flowing south into Maryland, empties into the Potomac River. (3.) Appomattox, a railroad station twenty-four miles east of Lynchburg. (4.) Atlanta, the capital of Georgia, and an important railroad center. (5.) Ball's Bluff is on the southern bank of the Potomac, thirty- three miles above Washington. (6.) Baltimore, the largest city in Maryland, from the number and prominence of its monuments called the " Monumental City" is situated on a small bay which extends from the north side of the Patapsco River. (7.) Belmont, a town of southeastern Missouri, on the bank of the Missouri River. (8.) Bermuda Hundred, a peninsula lying between the Jamee and the Appomattox Rivers. (9.) Big" Bethel, a hamlet on the peninsula north of Fortress Monroe. (10.) Boonville, the county seat of Cooper County, Missouri, on Missouri River. (11.) Bull Run, a small stream in Virginia, twenty-five miles south of Washington. (12.) Carthage, the county seat of Jasper County, Missouri, on Spring River. (13.) Cedar Creek rises in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and empties into the Shenandoah River. (14.) Cedar Mountain is about six miles south of Culpeppei Court-House, in North Central Virginia. 388 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. (15.) Chancellorsvllle, a village of Spottsylvtinia County, Virginia. (16 ) Cliattanoog-a, Tenn., on the Tennessee River, one hun dred and forty miles southeast of Nashville. (17.) Chickamauga Creek of Georgia and Tennessee, enters the Tennessee River near Chattanooga. In the Indian tongue it ia called " River of death." (18.) Cold Harbor is ten miles northeast of Richmond. (19.) Corinth, a village in- the northeast corner of Mississippi. (20.) Dallas, Paulding County, Georgia. (21.) Ellsworth, an important commercial town of Maine, situated on both sides of the Union River, which is here spanned by four bridges. (23.) Enimittsbiirg", a post-village of Frederick County, Mary- land, fifty miles northwest of Baltimore. It is surrounded by a fertile and populous country. (23.) Fair Oaks, a railroad station seven miles east of Rich- mond. (24.) Five Forks is situated twelve miles southwest from Petersburg. (25.) Fort de Russy, La., on the Red River. (26.) Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, Tennessee. (27.) Fort Fisher, on the Cape Fear River at its mouth. (28.) Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, Tennessee. (29.) Fort Jackson, on the Mississippi River, eighty miles below New Orleans. (30.) Fort Macon, at the entrance of Beaufort Harbor, South Carolina. (31.) Fort McAllister, (or McAlister), near the mouth of the Ogeechee River. (32.) Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi River, north of Memphis. (33.) Fort Pulaski, at the entrance to Savannah River. (34) Fortress Monroe, at the entrance to Hampton Roads, Virginia. (35.) Fort Sumter, at the entrance to Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. (36.) Fredericksburg, "Va., on the Rappahannock River, sixty-five miles north of Richmond. (37.) Gaines's Mill, ten miles northeast of Richmond. GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 389 (38.) G-alvestoil, the largest city of Texas. (39.) Gettysburg, Perm., 36 miles southwest of Harrisburg. (40.) Glient, a famous fortified city of Belgium. It stands on twenty- six islands, connected by one hundred bridges. The extent to which the cot- ton manufacture is carried on in this city has procured it the name of the "Belgium Manchester." (41.) Guam, the largest of the Ladroue Islands. (42.) Hampton Roads, an arm of Chesapeake Bay, lying between Hampton and Norfolk, Va., forming the estuary of James River. It is com- manded by Fortress Monroe, situated on a point of land on the north shore, near the entrance. (43.) Harper's Ferry, a village of West Virginia, situated at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. The scenery in the vicinity is in the highest degree beautiful and picturesque. (44.) HaAvaii, a chain of islands in the Pacific. (45.) Heart's Content, a bay on the east side of Trinity Buy, Newfoundland. (46.) Holly Springs, a railroad station in the northern part of Mis- sissippi. (4:1.) Knoxville, Tenn., beautifully situated on the Holston River. (48.) Ijadrone Islands, a group in the Pacific. (49.) liexington. Mo., on the Missouri River. (50.) IjOSt Mountain, near Dallas, Ga. (5L) Manila, the capital of the Philippine Islands. (52.) Memphis, a flourishing city of Tennessee, beautifully situated on the Mississippi River, 420 miles below St. Louis. (53.) Mobile, a city of Alabama, situated on Mobile River, just above its entrance into the bay of the same name. (54.) Murfreesboro, a village of Tennessee, thirty miles southeast of Nashville. It was the capital of the State from 1817 to 1827. (55.) Nashville, the capital of Tennessee. (56.) Xewbern (or New Bern), a port of entry of North Carolina. (57.) ^Norfolk, on Elizabeth River, is the second city of Virginia. It has a fine harbor and is noted for its commerce. (58.) Pea Ridge, a post-office of Burton County, Mo. (59.) Petersburg, Va., a handsome town on the Appomattox River. (60.) Philippi, on the Mouongahela River, W. Va. (611*) Philippines, the most northern group of the Malayan Arclii- pelago. 390 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. (62.) Pittsburg Xianding, on the Tennessee River, Tenn. (63.) Port Hudson, on the Mis.sissippi River, above Baton Rouge. (64.) Porto Rico, one of the West Indies. (65.) Port Royal, S. C, the channel by which the Broad River communicates with the ocean. (66.) Ricllinond, the capital of A'irginia, situated on the James River, one hundred miles from its mouth. (67.) Sabine Cross Roads, a locality in the western part of Louisiana. (68.) San Francisco, the commercial metropolis of California, and the western port of the United States, is situated on the magnificent bay from which it takes its name. (69.) Slienandoall, a county in the northeast central part of Vir- ginia. It is drained by the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, from which its name is derived. (70.) Shiloh, a post village of Gibson County, Tennessee. (71.) Spottsylvania Conrt-House, a village about sixty-five miles north of Richmond. (72.) "Vera Cruz, a seaport town of Mexico, on the Gulf coast. It was founded in the latter part of the sixteenth century, near the spot on which Cortez first hmded. (73.) Vicksburg, the largest city of Mississippi, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, four hundred miles from Xew Orleans. (74.) "Wasbington, the capital of the United States, is situated in the District of Columbia. It is a splendid city, adorned with some of the grandest specimens of architecture in the world. (75.) West Point, on the Hudson River, N. Y. (76.) "Wilderness, Tbe, a jungle of scraggy trees, intersected only by narrow roads and paths, in Northern Virginia, south of the Rapidan River. (77.) Williamsburg:, Va., a city six miles from the James River, and sixty miles east of Richmond. (78.) Winchester, Frederick County, Va., a thriving town seventy miles northwest of Washington. SECTION VI. A.D. 1900 TO THE PRESENT. STUDY :no. 1. Mckinley, 2d Term— roosevelt.— taft. 1. The Philippines. — Early in 1900, McKinley ap pointed a new commission of five members, to control and take charge of all matters con- nected with the construction of a government in the Philip- pines and to appoint all neces- sary civil officers of this com- mission. Judge William H. Taft of Ohio was made presi- dent. In June, he entered upon his duties in the Islands. Local governments were estab- lished, and the Filipinos were given a large share of self- government. C^pj^E'JB-EiS SEtA THE PHILIPPINES. 2. Twelfth Census — In 1900 the Twelfth Census of the United States was taken. This showed the population to be more than 76,000,000, but did not include the popula- tion of Porto Rico, Guam or the Philippines. The first census taken in 1790, gave to the country a population of 4,000,000. 392 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 3. Presidential Campaign. — In the Presideu- tial Campaign of the fall of 1900^ the leading issues were Imperialism and the Free Coinage of Silver. In the excite- ment of these topics, the question of the Tariff, for a time fell into a secondary place. The Democrats maintained that a permanent increase in our military forces and the estab- lishment of a colonial form of government in the Philippines were not in accordance with the Constitution. The Demo- crats nominated for President and Vice-President, William J. Bryan and Adlai E. Stevenson. The Eepublicans de- manded a gold standard as opposed to free silver. They declared that as soon as the inhabitants of the Philippines could maintain a stable form of government, it would be granted to them. The Eepublicans nominated William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, who were elected. 4. Pan-American Exposition. Death of McKinley. — In the Spring of 1901, the Pan-American Exposition was opened at Buffalo. The purpose of the Exposition was to show the development of the states of North, Central and South America, and to join in bonds of friendship, the Republics of the Ncav World. On September 6th, President McKinley held a public reception at the Exposition and shook hands with the people as they passed him in line. An anarchist, Leon F. Czolgosz (chol'-gosh), cunningly hiding a revolver in what seemed to be a bandaged hand, advanced in turn and shot the President. After a week's suffering McKinley died, September 14th. The same day Roosevelt, in accordance with the Constitution, took the oath and assumed the office of President. The assassination of McKinley occurred just twenty years after that of Gar- field, and in the same month. ROOSEVELT. 393 5. Roosevelt's Administration (1901-1909) is noted for (1.) The Panama Canal Treaty (1902-04). (2.) The Comple- tion OP THE Pacific Cable (1902). (3.) The Estab- lishment OF THE De- partment OF Com- merce AND Labor (1903). (1.) The Settle- ment OF THE Alaska -i Boundary (1903). (5.) The Louisi- ana Purchase Expo- sition (1904). (6.) The Passage OF THE RaILAVAY Rate, Meat Inspection and Pure Food Laws (1906). (7.) The Admission of Oklahoma {Beautiful Country) INTO THE Union (1907). 6. The Pacific Cable. — Work on the first sub- marine cable across the Pacific Ocean, was completed December, 1902. On the 4th of July, 1903, President Roosevelt sent a message over it, around the world in twelve minutes. The cable extends from San Francisco to the Hawaiian Islands, Guam and the Philippines. 7. Tlie Panama Canal was begun in 1878 by a French Company, which had been compelled by many difR- THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 394 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. culties, to stop. Less than a quarter of the work had been finished, when in 1902, Congress passed a law authorizing the President to purchase and complete it. During the negotiations, Colombia refused to ratify a treaty giving the United States control of the route. Thereupon the Colom- bian province of Panama declared itself an independent republic and soon made the desired treaty. To the French Company the United States paid $40,000,000. In February, 1904, Panama sold to this country, for the sum of $10,000,000, a strip of land, 10 miles wide and 50 miles long, extending across the Isthmus from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This strip, now- known as the Canal Zone, has an area of about 500 square miles. The cities of Colon and Panama, though on the Zone, are still a part of the Eepublic of Panama. The American port of the city of Colon is Cristobel; of the city of Panama, Ancon. A lock canal is now in course of construction, which in a few years will enable the largest ships to pass from ocean to ocean in twelve hours. The names of Roosevelt and Taft will be forever connected with the Panama Canal. Roosevelt's courage, energy, and breadth of view began the work; Taft's honesty, devotion, and good judgment have carried it on. 8. Department of Commerce and Labor. ^ — The commerce of the United States has grown with its population. Today this country stands among the foremost nations of the world in the magnitude of its foreign trade. In 1903, to promote the industrial and commercial develop- ment of the country, a national Department of Commerce and Labor was established. The Secretary of this Depart- ment has a seat in the Presidents Cabinet, making the ninth member. 9. The Cabinet. — The President's Cabinet now con- sists of nine officers : (1) Tboe Secretary of State. (2) The Secretary of the Treasury. (3) The Secretary of War. (4) The Attorney General. ROOSEVELT 395 (5) The Postmaster General. (6) The Secretary of the Navy. (7) The Secretary of the Interior. (8) The Secretary of Agriculture. (9) The Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 10. Alaska Boundary. — For years, there had been a dispute between Great Britain and the United States over the Alaskan boundary. After the discovery of gold in the valley of the Klondike Riv- er, in 1896-7, the question be- came even more i m p r t a nt ; and, in 1903, 't li e decision was left to a tribunal of six members, three being appoint- ed by each country. The t r i b u n al di- vided the land alaska boundary. in dispute, but gave us all the ports. 11. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was opened at St. Louis, on the last day of April, 1904. It commemorated the day on which, one hundred years before, the area of the United States was more than doubled by the acquisition of the Louisiana territory. This territory, a wilderness in 1803, stretched from the Mississippi Eiver to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. This Exposition was the largest the world has ever seen. 396 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. covering over 1200 acres. In addition to our own States and Territories, fifty foreign countries had exhibits or buildings. The Exposition showed the marvelous growth of that part of the great West lying between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. 13. By the Railway Rate Act (1906), railroads, express companies and other common carriers operating in two or more States are to be supervised and prevented from giving unjust advantages to one party. It forbids secret rates and rebates by which the trusts to a great extent have been built up. 13. By the Meat Inspection and Pure Food Acts (1906), Congress provides for the strict examination and labeling of food products, and forbids under heavy penalties, the adulteration or misbranding of foods or drugs. 14. San Francisco Earthquake and Fire. — Just before sunrise on April 18, 1906, part of California was shaken by an earthquake. Many buildings in inany places were damaged, and some were wrecked, causing the deaths of hundreds of people. In San Francisco fires broke out in the ruined buildings, and could not be put out because the water mains were broken by the earthquake. Most of the city was burned, causing losses of $400,000,000. Famine was averted by prompt aid furnished by the government and by individuals all over the country. The people began at once to rebuild their city. 15. Oklahoma. — By an act of 1906, Congress pro- vided for the admission (in 1907) of Oklahoma, the forty- sixth State. ROOSEVELT. 397 16. Voyage of the Fleet In December, 1907, a fleet of twenty of our vessels of war, including sixteen first- class battle ships and carrying fifteen thou- sand men started on a voyage round the world. From Hamp- ton Eoads, Virginia, they sailed south- ward and crossed the dangerous Strait of Magellan, then turn- ing northward reached San Fran- cisco, May, 1908. Afterwards, the fleet visited Seattle and other places on the North Pacific Coast, Hawaii, the Philip- pines, Japan, China and Australia. It crossed the Indian Ocean and passed through the Suez Canal to the Mediterra- nean. Then assembling at Gibraltar, the vessels sailed for the United States. Never before had so long a cruise been made by so large a fleet. WILLIAM H. TAFT. 17. Roosevelt's Administration is noted for his efforts to promote honesty and integrity in the business world. 18. Political Parties.— In the fall of 1908, the Eepublicans nominated for President and Vice-President, William H. Taft, of Ohio, and James S. Sherman, of New York. The Democrats nominated William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, and John W. Kern, of Indiana. The Republican candidates were elected, 398 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 19. The Payne Bill. — One of the first acts of President Taft was to call a special session of Congress to consider the Tariff question. After long debate, Congress passed the Payne Bill;, which is a modification of the Dingley Tariff. STUDY ISrO. 2. THE TARIFF PROBLEM. A REVIEW STUDY. 1. Definitions. — A Tariff is a tax laid on foreign goods imported into a country. The money thus obtained is used for the expenses of the government. A Tariff for Revenue proposes to raise only enough money to meet the expenses of the government. A Protective Tariff goes farther, and is levied on imported goods for the purpose of protecting home manufacturers, by preventing to some extent foreign competition. Internal Revenue is a tax placed on home manufactures. Free Trade is practically a Tariff for Revenue, as it does not take into consideration the protection of home industries, 3. 1789. Tlie First Tariff.— For Revenue. (Washington, 1789-1797.) After the adoption of the Constitution, it was found that the United States Treasury was empty. Then arose the question how to replenish it. After prolonged discussion, the Tariff Act of 1789 was passed. This imposed a moderate duty on certain imported articles. It also placed an Internal Revenue tax on distilled liquors. This Act signed by Washington shortly after his inauguration, proved inadequate. The rates were therefore increased in 1790 and 1793. 3. Objects of tlie Tariff.— The object of this Tariff, as stated in the Act, was (1) The Support op the Government. (3) The Payment of the'Debts of the United States. (3) The Encouragement and Protection of Manufactures. 400 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. 4. Diflferent VieA\ s of the Tariff. — Ever since the time of Washington, there have been two opposite opinions of the Tariff. These differences exist to the present day, and form an issue in almost every presidential election. One party, the Eepublican generally, maintains that the manufacturer should be protected by imposing high duties on articles made abroad. The other, usually the Democratic, argues that high duties are unjust to American consumers, especially the poor. To decide between these views is a difi&cult problem, one to which the best minds of our country have given much time and thought. The solution lies perhaps in the happy medium, as is usually the case, where extremes are possible. 5. Tariff for Protection.— After the War of 1812, and when the United States had commenced to manufacture goods extensively, many people began to favor a Protective Tariff. Such was imposed in 1816, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1842. 6. TheTariffof 1816.— Protective. (Madison, 1809-1817.) This Tariff imposed a duty of about 20% on all imported cotton and woolen goods, and specific duties on salt and iron. It proved objectionable to the South, and a struggle began which was renewed at each session of Congress from 1820 to 1824, and which is not yet over. 7. TheTariffof 1834.— Protective. (Monroe, 1817-1825.) This Act, clamored for by the agriculturists of the West and the manufac- turers of the North, but bitterly opposed by the South, was passed in 1824. It increased the duties on iron, ivool, hemp, and, in some degree, on woolen and cotton goods. The general average on pro- tected goods, which was about 20% in 1816, now became 37%. 8. The Tariff of Ahominations, 1838.— Protective. (J. Q. Adams, 1825-1829.) The advocates of Protection, especially the growers and manufacturers of wool, were not satisfied with the Act of 1824; and, in 1828, a new law was enacted. So many and so high were the duties that the opponents of Protection named it ''The Tariff of Abominations." This Tariff was particularly obnoxious to TARIFF PROBLEM. 401 the South, wliicli had no manufactures and imported largely from Europe. South Carolina, in 1832, passed the Nullification Act, which declared null and void the Tariff Act of 1828. The State moreover threatened to secede from the Union, if force were used to collect the revenue. 9. Daniel Webster argued against the Tariff of 1824 in a speech which contaiins one of the best expositions of Free Trade principles anywhere to be found. In a masterly manner he upheld the Consti- tution and the Union, and denied the right of Nullification and Secession. 10. This was a critical period in our history and foreshadowed, perhaps, the great secession of 1861. President Jackson, though he did not favor the Tariff, felt it his duty to sustain the law. He there- fore ordered the troops, under General Scott, to Charleston, — and quiet was restored. (1832.) 11. Tlie Compromise Tariff. 1833.— (Jackson, 1829-1837.) Meanwhile, Henry Clay, well named the Great Pacificator, though the great champion of Protection, was endeavoring to pour oil on the troubled waters. He succeeded in the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which was accepted by both parties. This provided for a return to the moderate Tariff of 1816, by a gradual reduction extending over 10 years. 12. The Tariff of 1843.— Protective. (Tyler, 1841-1845.) As the ten years of gradual reduction drew to a close, both parties again became anxious. The Protectionists prevailed, and the duties were considerably increased by the Tariff of 1842. 13. The Tariff of 1846.— For Eevenue chiefly. (Polk, 1846- 1849.) The triumphant election of Polk and the consequent return of 402 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Democracy to power, naturally brought about a hange in the Tariff. In 1846, the Walker Tariff Law, so called from Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury, who framed it, was passed. This classified all articles under eight schedules and greatly reduced the rates. The Walker Tariff remained in force until 1857. Parties favoring Free Trade, or Tariff for Revenue only, contend that the prosperity of the country, from 1846 to 185*7, was due to the Walker Tariff. The advocates of Protection maintain that the prosperity was due to other causes. 14. War Tariff of 1861.— (Lincoln, 1861-1865.) In 1857, a re- duction to 20^ per cent occurred. This low tariff proved adequate for all government needs until 1861. Then the enormous expenses of the great Civil War called for the framing of new tariff measures. The Morrill Act of 1861 increased the duties about one-third, and included tea, coffee, and sugar. In 1864, the duties were raised 50% for 90 days. 15= Internal Revenue War Tax. 1863.— The income ob- tained by the tax on imports not proving suflScient, in 1862 an Internal tax was resolved upon. The tax was collected by stamp duties. Deeds, mort- gages, bills of lading, bank checks, patent medicines, wines, liquors, and many other articles were taxed. In three years (1862-1865), $780,000,000 were thus raised. The daily expenses of the war were about $2,000,000. Later the United States was obliged to borrow in other countries. The Tariff of 1862 remained substantially in force for twenty years; but the internal revenue duties were gradually reduced until, in 1872, they were practically abandoned, except on beer, spirits, and tobacco. In 1874 the average revenue Tariff on imports was 38^%. 16. Surplus Revenue.— (Cleveland, 1885-1889.) For some time the revenue of the government had so exceeded its expenses that on Decem- ber 1, 1887, there was a surplus of $50,000,000 in the treasury. By June, 1888, it had risen to $102,000,000. Cleveland, in his message of 1887, asked for the reduction of the annual revenue by cutting down the tariff rates. In 1888, the House passed a new Tariff bill which the Senate rejected. 17. Tlie McKlnley Tariff. 1890.— Protective. (Harrison, 1889-1893.) This same year, 1888, the Democrats nominated Cleveland for re-election, and again called for a Tariff for Revenue only. The Republican TARIFF PROBLEM. 403 candidate, Benjamin Harrison, who favored a high Protective Tariff, was elected. As a result, the McKinley Tariff was enacted in 1890. This placed the duties over the marks reached during the Civil War. 18. Tlie Wilson Tariff.— Protective. (Cleveland, 1893-1897.) The McKinley Tariff had been in operation only about two years, when Cleveland was again elected to the Presidency. Congress soon passed the Wilson Tariff Bill. Though the Democrats had declared for a Tariff for Rev- enue only, this Tariff was essentially a protective one. Cleveland declined to sign it. He did not veto it, however, and it became a law without his signature. 19. TlieDingley Tariff Bill. 1897.— Protective. (McKinley, 1897-1901.) The first act of McKinley on coming to the Presidency was to call an extra session to repeal the Wilson Bill. The result was the Dingley Law, so called from its author, Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine. This put the schedules of duties practically back on the McKinley basis. The Dingley Tariff continued in force for twelve years, or until 1909. The struggle between the two parties also continued. 20. Tlie Payne Tariff Bill. 1909.— Protective. (Taft, 1909- .) When William H. Taft became President he also called a special session of Congress for the revision of the Tariff. After a long and bitter discussion, the Payne Bill was adopted. This is only a modification of the Dingley Tariff. It however relieves the Philippine Islands of the handicap under which they have been laboring for years. The following are the President's own words concerning it: **The bill is not a perfect tariff bill or a complete compliance with the promises made, strictly interpreted — but a fulfilment free from criticism in respect to a subject-matter involving many schedules and thousands of articles^ could not be expected." STUDY NO. 3. ARTS, LITERATURE, ETC. 1. Increase of Population. — At the close of the 18th century, the total population in the United States and in all the National territory, was about 4,000,000. Phila- delphia, then the largest city in the Union, contained a population of about 45,000; New York, 33,000. Since then, it has doubled, on an average, every twenty- five years, and has moved steadily Avestward. 2. Occupations. — Agriculture, commerce, manufac- turing, and mining are now the leading occupations. In colonial times, the restrictive policy of Great Britain kept our commerce within very narrow bounds; but during the 19th century, it had a wonderful growth. 3. Inventions. — Among the more important Ameri- can inventions of the last hundred years are the reaper, the tnower, the thresher, the electro-magnetic telegraph, the seiinng-machme, the cylinder press, the phonograph, the telephone, the typeicriter, the elevator, the electric light, and the air-ship. 4. Tlie Magnetic Telegraph, was invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, of Massachusetts. Its conception first came into his mind in the autumn of 1832, as he was crossing the ocean. After he had undergone a long struggle to bring his discovery into notice, Congress finally appropriated $30,000 to make a trial of his invention. The first, or experimental line, between Washington and Baltimore, was complete*^ ARTS AJ^D LITERATURE. 405 in 1844. The first message ever forwarded by a recording telegraph, " What hath God wrought T was sent May 37, 1844. The first public message was the announcement of the nomination of James K. Polk for Presidency by a Democratic Convention then sitting in Baltimore. At present, there are more than 1,000,000 miles of telegraph in operation in the United States. 5. Tlie Atlantic Telegraph..— A very remarkable application of the electric telegraph is seen in the Atlantic Cable, which, through the untiring efforts of Cyrus W. Field of New York, was successfully laid in 1866. By this wonderful invention, the affairs of one day in THE GBEAT EASTERN LAYING THE CABLE. Europe, are known in the United States within a few hours. In 1902, the laying of the Pacific Cable was concluded,- electric circuit of the world was thus completed. -and the 6. Tlie Sewing: Macliine was invented in 1845, by Elias Howe, of Massachusetts. Having at first met with little success in its sale in this country, he went to Europe. On his return, in 1849, he found a competitor in I. M. Singer, who had made some improvements 406 EXCELSIOK HISTORY in the machine, and was rapidly bringing it into notice, ensued, in which Howe's claim was allowed. A lawsuit 7. The Telephone and Phonograph were invented by Thomas A. Edison, of Michigan. By the former, persons can hold vocal communication through intervening miles; and by the latter, sounds of various kinds, even the intonations of the human voice and the har- monies of music, can be preserved, as it were, and reproduced long after the original agents have disappeared. 8. Steam- Vessels.— An American, Robert Fulton, was the first to apply the steamboat to practical uses, thus prov- ing to the world the pos- sibility of steam-naviga- tion. Though others had conceived, he was the first to realize the idea. On Friday, Sept. 4, 1807, at 9 A. M., he launched upon the Hudson his little boat, the Clermont (by some named ^' Fulton'' s Fol- ly"), and on Saturday, at 9 p. m., it reached Albany. During a part of the way, the wondrous vessel (smaller than the smallest ferryboat of to-day) was gazed upon by crowds of admiring spectators, who gath- ered along the banks of the river. 9. Railroads. — Although it is to Stephenson, an Englishman, that we are indebted for the adaptation of the locomotive to iron roads, still America takes the lead in railroad construction. In 1830 there were in the United States 23 miles of railroad; in 1895, 232,755 miles. In 1869 the first Pacific or transcontinental railroad was completed. This railroad is 1,800 miles long, and it completes the union between the Atlantic and the Pacific. In one week the traveler can pass from Boston to San Francisco. This great highway has linked the West to the East by iron bands, has carried thousands of pioneers into the hith- erto wild country along its route, developed fresh sources of industry and mines of wealth, and opened up the United States to the silks, TUE CLEKMON'l ARTS AND LITERATURE. 407 teas, and spices of Asia. American ingenuity has solved the problem which foiled Columbus and the older navigators, and has made for itself a route to India. 10. Literature. — During the nineteenth century, our literature made remarkable progress. American authors of considerable merit have arisen, and their works are read and appreciated on both sides of the Atlantic. As prose writers, the following are the most noted : Washington Irving (1783-1859), of New York, sometimes called *' the American Goldsmith," the author of Knickerbocker (a humorous historyof New York), Tlie Sketch Booky The Life of Columbus, and The Life of Washington. Wm. H. Prescott (1796-1859), of Massachusetts,the author of i^er^?*- 7ia7id and Isabella, Conquest of Mexico, Conquest of Peru, etc. Unfor- tunately, Prescott is often biased by religious prejudice, and thus the beauty of his works is marred. Jared Sparks (1794-1866), the author of The Life of Washington, Life of Franklin, etc., and the editor of American Biography, in twenty-five volumes. George Bancroft (1800-1891), of Massachusetts, whose principal and not altogether unobjectionable work is The History of the United States, in six volumes. Francis Parkman (1823-1893), author of The Pioneers of France in the New World, The Jesuits in North America, La Salle, The Con- spiracy of Pontiac. As writers of fiction, James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) and Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) are most distinguished. 11. Among American Catholic prose writers of the nineteenth century, the most noted are Right Rev. John England (1786-1842), Bishop of Charleston, whose writings, chiefly on controversial and historical subjects, are comprised in eight octavo volumes. Most Rev. Francis P. Kenrick (1796-1863), third Bishop of Philadel- 408 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. phia and sixth Archbishop of Baltimore, noted for his Dogmatic mid Moral Theology in seven volumes. Most Rev. Martin J. Spaulding (1810-1872), first Bishop of Louis- ville and seventh Archbishop of Baltimore. He wrote The Life of Bishop Flaget, Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky, History of the Protestant Reformation^ The Miscellanea. Orestes A. Brownson (1806-1876), of Vermont, a singularly gifted man, remarkable as an essayist and reviewer. From 1844 (at which time he became a Catholic) until 1864 he supported, almost alone, his celebrated Quarterly Review. He wrote also The Convert^ Liberalism and the Church, The American Republic. Rt. Rev. Mgr. Preston (1834-1891), author of Reason and Revela- tion, Christian Unity , Christ and the Church, the ArJc of the Cove- nant, God and Reason, The Divine Paraclete, The Watch on Cal- vary. Rev. I. T. Hecker, C. S. P. (1819-1888), author of Questions of the Soul, Aspirations of Nature, TJie Church and the Age. Rev. A. F. Hewitt, C. S. P. (1820), author of Problems of the Age and other works. Rt. Rev. Mgr. O'Reilly (1824-1907), author of The Mirror of True Womanhood , True Men as We Need Them, The Life of Leo XIII. The Right Rev. J. Lancaster Spaulding, the author of Education and the Higher Life, Things of the Mind, Means and Ends of Edu- cation. Rev. J. A. Zahn, C. S. C. , the author of Catholic Science and Sci- entists, The Bible, Science and Faith. Rev. Reuben Parsons, the author of Studies in Church History, Some Lies and Errors of History. Brother Azarias (1847-1893), the author of The Philosophy of Lit- erature, Books and Reading, Aristotle and the Christian Church, Phases of Thought, Old English Thought. John Gilmary Shea (1824-1892), the author of The History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States, Dis- covery and Exploration of the Mississippi, History of the Catholic Church in the United States. Rev. Aug. Thebaud, S. J. (1807-1886), the author of The Irish Race, Gentilism, The Church and the Gentile World. ARTS AND LITERATURE. 409 Cardinal Gibbons (1834- ), author of The Faith of Our Fathers, Our Christian Heritage, The Atnbassador of Christ. James J. Walsh, M. D. , LL. D. (1865- ), author of The Thirteenth, the Greatest Century, Makers of Modern Medicine, The Popes and Science, Catholic Churchmen in Science, Makers of Electricity. Agnes Eepplier, the author of Men and Books, Points of View, In the Dozy Hours, The Fireside Sphinx. Eliza A. Starr, the author of Christian Art in Our Oivn Age, Isa- bella of Castile, Pilgrims and Shrines. Among writers of fiction, the best-known names are George H. Miles, Eev. J. Talbot Smith, Eev. Father Finn, S. J., Maurice F. Egan, Mrs. Anna H. Dorsey, Mrs. Mary A. Sadlier, Christian Reid, Anna T. Sadlier, Katharine Eleanor Conway. 12. The most noted American poets are: William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John G. Whittier, James R. Lowell, Oliver W. Holmes, John G, Saxe, Bayard Taylor, Alice Cary. Among our Catholic poets may be mentioned Rev. C. C. Pise, Rev. Abr, J. Ryan (the poet-priest of the South), Rev. Father Edmund (Hill), C. P., John Boyle O'Reilly, Maurice F. Egan, Charles Warren Stoddard, Rev. John B. Tabb, Mrs. Mary A. Ford (Una), and Eleanor Donnelly. STUDY NO. 4. RELIGION. 1. Increase of Bishoprics. — Before his death, which occurred in 1815, Archbishop Carroll had the conso- lation of beholding Baltimore raised to the rank of an Archiepiscopal See, with the suffragan Bishoprics of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Bardstown (1808). 2. Growth of the Church.— Already had com- menced that marvellous growth of the Church in the United States, which to-day engages the attention of the world. Churches and religious houses. Catholic institutions of piety, learning, and charity sprang up on every side ; while the ranks of the faithful were recruited, not alone from the descendants of the early Catholic settlers, but also by the numerous European emigrants who flocked to our shores, and by the many (often illustrious) converts who found in the Ancient Fold, that peace of conscience they had else- where sought in vain. 3. Religious Orders.— The Augustinians were already located in Philadelphia (1790) ; the Sulpitians in Baltimore (1791); the Ursu- lines in New Orleans (1727) ; and the Carmelites in Maryland (1790). In 1803, the Jesuits were restored in the United States ; and that illustrious body then resumed those labors which form so glorious a portion of our country's annals. After this, in quick succession, St. Rose's Dominican Monastery was established in Kentucky (1805) ; a Con- vent of the Visitation -^as commenced at Georgetown (1808) ; and the 410 RELIGIOK 411 American branch of the Sisters of Charity was founded at Emmets- burg, Md,, by the accomplished and saintly Mother Seton (1809). Then followed the establishment of theLazarists in Missouri (1816); the Ladies of the Sacred Heart in Missouri (1818); the Eedemptorists in Baltimore (1832); the Sisters of St, Joseph in Illinois (1836); the Fathers of the Holy Cross in Indiana (1841); the Sisters of Mercy in Pennsylvania (1843); the Christian Brothers in Baltimore (1846). At the present day, there are in the United States more than fifty different religious orders of men, and over one hundred of women. 4. Sanctity of the Confessional.— In 1813, Father Kohl- man, of New York, was cited before the Court in that city to give evidence concerning matter known only through the Confessional. The Reverend gentleman refused ; and after the case had been thor- oughly argued, De Witt Clinton, the mayor, decided in favor of Father Kohlman. The principle of this decision was afterwards embodied in a statute. 5. First Provincial Council.— In 1829, the first Provincial Council met at Baltimore. It was the first ever held north of Mexico ; the first in any English-speaking lan(3 since the rise of Protestantism (16th century), and the first in any country during the 19th century. There were present^ one Archbishop, and five Bishops. Four prelates were absent on account of illness or other grave causes. It is interesting to notice that on this occasion, in accordance with the views of the Holy Father, the Bishops formed an association for thf^ publication of text-books free from objectionable matter, and suitablt for Catholic youth. 6. The First Archbishop of New York.— In 1838, Rev. John Hughes, who had already distinguished himself as pastor of St. John's Church, Philadelphia, was made Coadjutor of Bishop Dubois, of New York, and on the death of the latter (1841), succeeded him in that See. From this time until his death (1864), this eminent prelate contin- 412 EXCELSIOE HISTOEY. aed to exercise a marked influence not only over the Catholics of his own diocese, but even throughout the entire United States. In 1850, New York was made an Archiepiscopal See, and in 1858, the Archbishop laid the corner-stone of that magnificent Cathedral which is now the pride of this Continent. 7. Anti- Catho- lic Feeling. — Be- lt ween the years 1834 and 1844, an anti- Catholic spirit grad- ually gained ground among certain parties bearing the name of " Native Americans/^ and it at length re- sulted in riots. In Philadelphia, churches, schools, ind the houses of Catholics were pillaged and burned, and N'ew York was saved from similar scenes only by the prompt md decisive intervention of Bishop Hughes. In 1853, this feeling again culminated, and New York, Boston, Brooklyn, Newark, St. Louis, and other cities were iisgraced by mobs and riots. The authors of these shameful proceedings bore the name of " Know Nothings," 8. The Blessed Virgin the Patroness of the United States.— In 1846, the Sixth Council of Baltimore RELIGIOK. 413 assembled. Twenty-three bishops took part in its delibera- tions ; and their first act was solemnly to choose the Blessed Virgin Mary, conceived without sin, as the Patroness of the dnited States. This was eight years before the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854). During this Council, the Bishops had the consolation of seeing two Catholic Chaplains, Fathers McElroy and Rey, appointed to accompany the American army then invading Mexico. The two Chaplains were brevetted as Captains to give them rank in the army. About the same time, the Archbishop of New York was invited to preach in the halls of Congress ; and the President, with his ministry, joined the funeral cortege of the Archbishop of Baltimore. These kindly acts were in marked contrast to the proceedings of 1844. 9. The First Plenary Council of the Church in the United States (1852). — This assembly, convened in Baltimore by Archbishop Kenrick, was composed of six Archbishops and twenty-six Bishops. The prelates proposed the erection of several new dioceses, urged the importance of Catholic schools, and solemnly condemned secret societies, especially the Free Masons. 10. Civil War. — During the sad struggle which, from 1860 to 1865, desolated our country. Catholicity took no sides. Her priests and religious ministered alike to the spiritual and temporal welfare of the sick and dying of both armies ; her earnest prayers and entreaties were constantly directed to the reconciliation of the warring brethren ; and the reigning Pontiff, when addressed by the President of the seceding States, counseled peace, and even proffered his services to restore harmony. In 1861, Archbishop Hughes, at the request of the Administration at Washington, undertook a journey to Europe, on business connected with the then unhappy state of the country. The spirit of his riiis- sioB U w^U expressed in his own words : *' I made known to the Presi- 414 EXCELSIOR HISTOEY, dent that if I should come to Europe it would not be as a partisan ot the North more than of the South ; that I should represent the interests of the South as well as of the North ; in short, the interests of the United States just as if they had not been distracted by the present civil war." 11. The Second Plenary Council of the Church in the United States (1866) —This august assembly, convened at Baltimore in 1866, was presided over by Archbishop Spaulding. Seven Archbishops, thirty-nine Bishops, two mitred Abbots, and one hundred and twenty theologians, took part in its deliberations. In point of numbers, it was the largest assembly of Prelates since the Council of Trent. Its objects were the securing of greater uniformity of ^discipline and the general well ordering of the affairs of the Church in America. After a session of two weeks, it was formally brought to a close, amid a scene of solemn gran- deur that belongs only to our Faith. . 13. At the great Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (1869), the United States was represented by forty-nine prelates, a glorious evidence of the progress of Catholicity in this country. 13. The Indian Missions. — The Catholic missions among the American Indians, which commenced with the very discovery of the continent and which have furnished so many beautiful pages in our history, still continue to supply material for record. Maine, New York, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, still have their Catholic Indians, the descendants of the converts of the early missionaries; but the course of our government has always been fatal to the red man, and on the removal of the RELIGION^ 415 Indians to the far West, new fields of missionary labor opened in that region, M. In 1835, the Council of Baltimore confided the Indian Missions to the Society of Jesus; and, soon after, the celebrated Father De Smet was sent to found a mission among the Pottowatomies. In a few years, he and his companions had founded missions among the Flatheads and other tribes of the Rocky Mountains. Often might the traveler in those Western wilds come upon a scene 3uch as Longfellow has described • " Under a towering oak that stood in the midst of the village, Knelt the Black-robe chief with his children. A crucifix fastened High on the trunk of the tree, and overshadowed by grape-vines. Looked with its agonized face on the multitude kneeling beneath it. This was their rural chapel. Aloft through the intricate arches Of its aerial roof, arose the chant of their Vespers, Mingling its notes with the soft susurrus and sighs of the branches. Silent, with heads uncovered, the travelers nearer approaciiing. Knelt on the swarded floor, and joined in the evening devotions. But when the service was done, and the Benediction had fallen Forth from the hands of the priest, like seed from the hands of the sower. Slowly the reverend man advanced to the strangers and bade them Welcome." 15. In 1870, President Grant formed a plan for dividing the Indians among the various religious denominations of the country. Not a single superintendency was given to Catho- lics ; and of the seve7ity-two agencies, but seven* were con- fided to that Church, which has ever proved herself the friend and protector of the Indian. Thus the Catholics of New Mexico, whose forefathers had been converted by Catholic ♦ These seven agencies are those of 7\Ualip and Colvilie, in Washington Terri- tory ; Grnnde Ronde and Umatilla^ in Oregon ; Flathead., in Montana ', ana Standing Book (or Grand River) and DevWs Lake^ in Dakota. 416 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. missionaries long before a Protestant set foot on our soil, and the Catholic Kansas, Osages,* Chippewas, Yakamas, and others, were handed over to the Quakers and various Protes- tant denominations. Tribe after tribe has appealed to the government, but their petitions have been unheeded. Notwithstanding all diflB.culties, the Catholic missionaries were not discouraged. Disappointed time and again in ex- pected and virtually promised support from the govern- ment, they turned for aid to the Catholic laity of the country, and never for a moment faltered in that great work among the aborigines in which our Holy Mother Church has won great glory from the times of the first exploration of the new world to the present day. The result of the un- ceasing toil of these noble missionaries shows in the fact that, out of an Indian population of about three hundred thousand in our country, more than fifty thousand are Cath- olics. Nearly two hundred churches are scattered among the various reservations, and seventy Catholic schools have been established. The missions, though carried on under great difficulties and for the most part poor, are yet in a flourishing condition. Over four thousand Indian children are under instruction in the Catholic Mission schools. * The Indian agent, Isaac Gibson, a Quaker or Orthodox Friend, in his report dated Oct. 1, 18T0, thus speaks of the CathoHc Osages : " This class of Indians are richly endowed by nature, physically and morally. A finer-looking body of men, with more grace and dignity, or better intellectual devel- opment, could hardly be found on this globe. They were once the most numerous and warlike nation on this continent, with a domain extending from the Gulf to the Missouri Elver, and from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains ; but they have been shorn of their territory, piece by piece, until at last they have not a settled and undisputed claim to a single foot of earth. It is strictly true, that one great cause of their decline has been fidelity to their pledges. More than sixty years ago, they pledged themselves by treaty to perpetual peace with the white man. That promise has been nobly kept, — kept in spite of great and continual provocation. White men have committed upon them almost every form of outrage and wrong, unchecked by the government and unpunished. Every aggressive movement of the whites tending to the absorption of their territory has ultimately been legalized." RELIGION. 417 16. Alaskan Missions. — Thirty thousand Eskimos and Indians live in Alaska. Here, in 1887, the venerable Archbishop Seghers, who had laid down the archiepiscopal crozier of Oregon to return to the poor Indians, was treach- erously murdered while endeavoring to found new missions. Since the opening up of the Alaskan gold fields and the in- rush of settlers the results of the mission work among the natives are very gratifying. The natives, prompted by a desire to share the fruits of Christian grace, come to place themselves under instruction, and be prepared for the re- ception of the Sacraments. Thirteen churches have been erected, and the number of Catholic natives is five thousand. 17. Negroes. — There are over ten millions of negroes in this country, of whom more than half do not profess Christianity of any sort, and of whom only about two hun- dred thousand are Catholics. The enormous missionary 'work for the conversion of these millions has been under- taken by the St. Joseph's Society of the Sacred Heart for the Colored Missions of Baltimore, which has forty priests at work in thirty-three missions in nine states, while the hierarchy throughout the land has entered with zeal upon the work of bringing the faith to the negro. 18. The First American Cardinal. — In the year 1875, Pius IX., of blessed memory, manifested his interest in, and his appreciation of, the American Church, by creating the first American Cardinal. This dignity was conferred upon the venerable John McCloskey, Archbishop of New York. The event was hailed with joy throughout the country ; and on the occasion of the conferring of the emblems of the Cardinalate, St. Patrick's old Cathedral, New York, was the scene of ceremonies surpassing in grandeur anything here- tofore seen on this continent. In May, 1879, St. Patrick's new Cathedral was solemnly dedicated to God by His Eminence Cardinal McCloskey. 418 EXCELSIOR HISTORY 19. The Third Plenary Council of the Church in the United States was convened at Baltimore, in the fall of 1884, Arch- bishop, now Car- dinal, Gibbons pre- siding as Apostolic Delegate. Cardinal McCloskey was pre- vented by illness from attending. Thir- teen Archbishops, sixty Bishops, seven Mitred Abbots, eleven Monsignori, twenty- three Superiors of Ke- ligious Orders, seven Rectors of Semina- ries, and ninety theo- logians assisted at its deliberations. CARDINAL GIBBONS. 30. In the Fall of 1885, the vener- able Cardinal McCloskey peacefully expired ; and the fol- lowing spring Archbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, was created Cardinal by the reigning Pontiff. 21. The Catholic Centennial. — In November, 1889, in Baltimore, was celebrated the first Centennial of the establishment of the hierarchy in this country. 23. At the same time, the first Catholic lay Congress in the United States was assembled. It numbered about 1,500 delegates from the various dioceses, men by birth and descent of different nationalities, including Indians and negroes. 23. Apostolic Delegate. — An Apostolic Delega- tion was first established in the United States in 1893. His RELIGIOl^^. 419 Excellency the Apostolic Delegate resides at Washington, and is the personal representative of His Holiness the Pope to the hierarchy of America. 24. Philippine Islands. — Upon the acquisition of the Philippine Islands by the United States, negotiations were opened with Rome which resulted in the withdrawal of the Spanish Friars from the islands, and the payment to the Church by our government of large sums of money for the Friars' lands. These and other questions were amicably adjusted by direct conference between His Holi- ness the Pope and the American government, the latter showing a spirit of fairness and recognizing the rights of the Church in the matter. Since the withdrawal of the Spanish Friars large numbers of American priests and re- ligious have gone to the Philippines, and the Archbishop of Manila and three Bishops are now Americans. 25. Conversions. — During the past few years the spread of the Faith among non-Catholics in the United States has been remarkable. Special efforts to reach those outside the church have been made, and many missions to non-Catholics have been held. In a recent single year it is estimated that over twenty-five thousand adults were con- verted to Catholicity in our country. 26. The Catholic Church in the United States now numbers an Apostolic Delegate, fourteen Archbishops, one being a Cardinal; eighty-eight bishops; more than sixteen thousand priests and over thirteen thousand churches. The parochial schools number nearly five thousand, with more than one million two hundred thousand pupils. The Catholic population of Continental United States is considerably more than fourteen millions. Including the Philippines, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, it amounts to about twenty-two millions. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED PEESONAGES MENTIONED IN THE PEECEDING SECTION. Edison, Thomas Alva, (18i1- ), a noted American inventor and electrician, was born in Ohio. At an early age, he learned telegraphy and showed a marked fondness for experiments with electricity. Among his inventions are the microphone, the carbon transmitter, tlie phonograph, the incandescent lamp. His crowning achievement in telegraphy was his inven- tion of the quadruplex system which made practicable a far greater use of existing telegraph wires. Because of his successful accomplishment of much which seemed almost impossible, he is sometimes called the Wizard. Gibbons, His Eminence, James Cardinal, (1834- ), was born in Baltimore, Md. Having studied for the priesthood, he was or- dained in 1861. In 1868, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of North Caro- lina, and to fulfil the duties of this office he was consecrated bishop. Four years later, he became Bishop of Richmond, Ya. In 1879, on the death of Archbishop Bayley, he succeeded to the dignity of Primate of the United States, this honor being annexed to the See of Baltimore as the earliest in foundation. As Primate he presided over the important deliberations of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1884. Cardinal McCloskey died in 1885, and the following spring Archbishop Gibbons was created Cardinal by the reigning Pontiff Leo XHI. With the second as with the first American Cardinal, his elevation made no difference in the simple unostentatious kindness which endears him to all who know him. Cardinal Gibbons is the author of several works which have had a large circulation. Of "The Faith of Our Fathers "over 500,000 copies have been sold. McKinley, William, (1843-1901), twenty-fifth President of the United States, was born in Niles, Ohio. He enlisted in the Civil War and was promoted for gallant service to the rank of Major. When peace was restored he studied law, and in 186Y began practice in Canton, Ohio, which was thereafter his home. In 1876, he was elected to Congress. Here he was especially noted as an advocate of a Protective Tariff ; and as he was chair- man of the Committee of Ways and Means, his name was given to the Tariff Act of 1890. In 1891, he was chosen governor of Ohio and was re-elected in 1893. In BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 421 1897, McKinley became President of the United States. His sudden death was a great shock to the country and every tribute of respect was shown at his funeral. Roosevelt, Theodore, (1858- ), the twenty-sixth President of the United States, was born in New York City. He was graduated from Harvard University in 1880 ; and from 1882 to 1884 he was a member of the legislature of his native state. During this period he was instrumental in securing the passage of the State Civil Service Reform Law and others relat- ing to the government of New York City. In 1897, he was appointed Assistant-Secretary of the Navy. As such, he did much to prepare our naval forces for the war with Spain. When hostil- ities began he resigned his position and organized the First United States Cavalry Volunteers, popularly known as Roosevelt's Rough Riders. Of this regiment which played a distinguished part in the Santiago campaign, he was lieutenant-colonel and afterwards colonel. Roosevelt was elected governor of New York in 1898, and in 1900, Vice- President of the United States. On the tragic death of McKinley, September, 1901, Roosevelt, in accordance with the Constitution, immediately took the oath of office as President. In the election of 1904, he was continued in office by the vote of the people. His administration was vigorous, and it ac- complished much for the welfare of the Nation. In 1909, he was succeeded by William H. Taft. On retiring from the Presidency Roosevelt spent a year in Africa, heading a scientific expedition fitted out by the Smithsonian Institution. He is the author of many works on history, biography and hunting, also of many essays and magazine articles. Taft, "William HoTVard, (1857- ), the twenty-seventh Presi- dent of the United States, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is the son of Alphonso Taft who was Secretary of War under Grunt. Having been grad- uated from Yale University in 1878, a few years later he began the practice of law in his native city. He rose steadily from one position of trust to another, being successively Judge of the Superior Court of Ohio, Solicitor- General of the United States, Judge of the United States Circuit Court, First Civil Governor of the Philippines, and in 1904 Secretary of War under Roosevelt. As representative of our government he went to Cuba to secure peace after the revolution of 1906. In the presidential election of 1908 he was chosen to succeed Roosevelt as Chief Magistrate of the United States. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW^. TWENTIETH CENTURY. 1900. — Twelfth Census of the United States inchiding Alaska taken. Short War with China. Re-election of McKinley. 1901. — Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. McKinley assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt (XXVI.) President. 1903. — Coal strike in Pennsylvania. Commission appointed. New Republic of Cuba formally recognized by the United States (May 20). Pacific Cable completed (December) 1903. — President Roosevelt sent message over new cable round the world (July 4). Alaska Boundary settled. Panama Canal Treaty with Colombia. Ninth Member (Secretary of Commerce) added to Cabinet. 1903. — Apostolic Delegation established in Washington, D. C. 1904. — Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Purchase of right to build Panama Canal completed. Roosevelt elected. 1905. — Treaty of Peace between Russia and Japan signed at Ports- mouth, N. H. 1906. — Intervention of United States in Cuba. Taft sent to Havana. Earthquake in California. Pure Food and Meat Inspection Laws. 1907.— Oklahoma (46th State) admitted. 1907-8-9. — Cruise of the United States Fleet around the world. 1908.— Death of Grover Cleveland (June 24). 1908. — Centennial of foundation of Dioceses of Baltimore, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Bardstown (now Louisville). 1909.— Taft (XXVII.) inaugurated. Payne Tariff Bill. Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition. Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 1909. — The Centennial of the founding of the Sisters of Charity in the United States by Elizabeth Bayley Seton. 19 lO. — Thirteenth Census taken. The first Census was taken in 1790. CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY. 1900. — Two Boer Republics aunexed to England. Ladysmitb taken. 1901. — War in South Africa. Death of Queen Victoria. Accession of Edward VII. 1903.— End of Boer War (May 31). 1903. — Radium discovered by Madame Curie of Paris, France. 1903. — France attacks the Religious Orders. The religious men and women driven from their monasteries and convents. Their possessions sold at auction. 1903. — England passes the Irish Land Purchase Act, by which t;ov- ernment aid is given to tenants who wish to purchase the soil they cultivate. 1904. — Lord Grey Governor-General of Canada. 1904-5. — Russo-Japanese War. 1905. — Alphonsus XIIL of Spain marries Princess Ena (Victoria), grand- daughter of Victoria of England. 190G. — Fallieres President of France. 1908. — Earthquake in Messina, Italy. 1909. — Lieutenant Sliackleton, an Irishman in the service of England, penetrated to within 97 geographical miles of the South Pole. 1909. — Air-ship successfully crosses the English Channel. 1909. — Death of King Leopold IL of Belgium. Accession of Albert I. 1909, — Peary discovers the North Pole. CONTEMPORARY POPES Leo XIII, (1878-1903). Pius X, (1903- ). GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE NO. 6. Buffalo, the county seat of Erie County, New York. It stands at the head of the Niagara Eiver, twenty miles above the Falls. Cllilia, an empire in' the eastern part of Asia. It is larger than the whole of Europe, and its population is about one-fourth that of the globe. Gibraltar, a strong British fortress, port, naval base and coaling station, on the south coast of Spain, at the entrance to the Mediterranean. Hampton Roads, an arm of Chesapeake Bay (see page 389). Italy, one of the countries of southern Europe. It is a peninsula, shaped like a boot, and is about the same length as California, 100 miles! The Italians ai-e an intellectually gifted race. Japan, is an island empire east of the mainland of Asia. It comprises a chain of about four thousand islands. Magellan Strait. Page 56. Oklahoma, formed by uniting Oklahoma Territory with Indian Ter- ritory, is directly south of Kansas, in the Mississippi Valley. Panama (formerly called Darieii), Isthmus of, a neck of laud joining North and South America. Being one of the routes of comnmnication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it is, consequently, of great im- portance. From a mountain top on this isthmus Balboa first saw the Pacific. Seattle is the largest city and chief seaport of Washington. It is the terminus of large railway lines; and steamsliips sail from this port to all parts of the Pacific Ocean. Across Puget Sound from Seattle are shipyards and a dry dock belonging to the United States Government. Snez Canal, a waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Its length is 100 miles. EEVIEW QUESTIOE"S. SECTION I. - L Who were the earliest inhabitants of America? What memoriale have they left ? Mention some of the contents of these mounds. Are these works of great antiquity ? Give from Bryant an extract concern- ing the Mound-builders. Is anything definite known of the fate- of the Mound-builders? Who succeeded the Mound-builders? Had the Indians any written language ? How did they regard women ? What were their religious ideas ? Give in this connection an extract from Hia- watha. What European nations visited America in the ninth century? When and where did Catholic missionaries first labor on this continent ? Did the Northmen confine their explorations to Greenland ? Where are remains of their works to be seen ? What happened to these early colonists ? Who was Prince Madoc ? (pp. 1-8. ) II, What was the state of our country four centuries ago ? Give Mrs. Sigourney's lines on Indian names. What was the extent of the known world four centuries ago ? What of maritime science at that time ? Who were the precursors of Columbus ? To whom did Colum- bus apply for aid ? Give some account of the kindness of Father Perez to Columbus. What can you say of Isabella's generosity ? How did the mariners prepare for the voyage? Describe the voyage. Describe their landing. What prayer did Columbus say? How did the natives regard the Spaniards? (pp. 9-17.) HI. What further discoveries were made by Columbus ? Describe his return home. His reception in Spain. Give the incident concern- ing the egg. Give an accomit of the second voyage of Columbus. Of his other voyages. Give an account of the Cahots, their voyages and the results thereof. What was the origin of the name America ? By what spirit was Columbus animated? (pp. 18-21.) rV. Give a biographical sketch of John Cabot. Of Sebastian Cabot. Of Colum- bus. Of Cardinal D'Ailly. Of Bishop Eric. Of Vasco da Gama. Of Prince Henry of Portugal. Of Isabella of Spain. Ot Father Perez. Of Toscanelli. Of Amerigo Vespucci. Mention some of the principal European events of the fifteenth century. Name the Popes who reigned during the latter part of the fifteenth century, (pp. S»-25.) 426 EXCELSIOEHISTORY SECTION II. I. Upon what sad scene did the sixteenth century open ? What did Columbus reply to the commander of the vessel ? What occurred on his arrival in Spain ? What lands were occupied by the Spaniards, as early as 1500? What expedition was now sent out by the king of Portugal? When did Las Casas come to America? When and by whom was Darien settled ? When and by whom was Florida discov- ered ? When and by whom was the Pacific discovered ? What did Cordova and Grijalva discover? By whom was Mexico conquered? Give an account of the expedition of Narvaez. Give an account of Verrazani's expedition. Describe Cartier's first voyage. His second voyage. What was the result of Cartier's second voyage ? Give an account of Cartier's third voyage. Give an account of De Soto's dis- covery of the Mississippi. What was his fate ? What happened to the remnant of De Soto's expedition? (pp. 28-35.) II. Give some account of the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico in the sixteenth century. Of the Dominican Missions in Florida. Give an account of Ribaut's and Laudonniere's attempts at settlement. When did Melendez arrive ? Wlien was St. A ngnstine founded ? Give an account of the early Jesuit Missions m Florida. Give an account of Father Segura's journey north to Maryland and its results. What other missionaries arrived in Florida towards the close of the sixteenth cen- tury ? Give an account of the death of Father Da Corpa. Give fur- ther account of the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico. What can you say of these early missionaries ? (pp. 36-41.) III. Who was Frobisher, and what was the result of his voyages ? Who was Sir Francis Drake, and for what is he remarkable ? What was the fate of Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? Give an account of Sir Walter Raleigh's first attempt at colonizing Virginia. How did Raleigh first gain the favor of Queen Elizabeth? Give an account of Raleigh's second attempt at colonization. What tradition lingers among the Hatteras Indians ? Did Raleigh immediately give up hope ? Which were the only permanent settlements in North America at the close of the sixteenth century ? (pp. 42-46.) rv. Give a biographical sketch of Balboa. Of Father Cancer. Of Cartier. Of Cor- dova. Of Coronada. Of Cortereal. Of Cortez. Of Father Da Corpa. Of De Soto. Of Sir F. Drake. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Of Grijalva. Of Bishop Juarez. Of Father Las Casas. Of Father Mark. Of Father Martinez. Of Melendez. Of Nar- vaez. Of Ojeda. Of Father Olmas. Of Sir Walter Raleisrh. Of Ribaut. Of Father Roger. Of Father Segura. Of St. Francis Borgia. Of St. Pius V. Of Ve razzani. Mention some of the principal European events of the sixteenth ceutury, Name the Popes who reigned during the sixteenth century, (pp. 47-56.) REVIEW QUESTION'S. 427 SECTION III. I. Give an account of Gosnold's voyage. Of Pring's voyage. When Was Jamestown settled? What was the character of the colonists? Who was the leading spirit in the colony ? Recount some of his adven- tures. What was the Starving Time ? What did the colonists at last determine to do? Of what treachery was Argall guilty about 1613? Whom did Pocahontas marry? When did she die? Mention some other exploits of Argall. When was he made Governor of Virginia, and how did he act in oflSce? When was the cultivation of tobacco commenced, and with what results? (pp. 59-65.) II. When did the first colonial assembly meet ? When was slavery introduced ? How did the Virginia colonists obtain wives ? What was the cause of the Indian war that followed the death of Powhattan ? When did Virginia become a Royal Province, and how did it gain the title of Old Dominion f What did the Navigation Acts require? What was the cause of Bacon's Rebellion ? Were there any white slaves in Virginia? What says Bancroft on this subject? What says Thebaud? Describe the manners of the early Virginians. What is to be said concerning education in Virginia at that time? What of religion ? (pp. 66-71.) III. When were the first settlements made in Maine ? Give some account ot ;.he explorations of De Monts and Champlain along the New England coast. Give the history of St. Saviour's mission on Mt. Desert Island. Describe the arrival of the Puritans. What can you say of their first winter ? How did the Indians act ? What can you say of the progress of the colony ? When was the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded ? Were the Puritans tolerant in religious matters t Give an account of Roger Williams. When was Rhode Island foimded ? Give an account of Mrs. Hutchinson. When was New Hampshire founded ? How were Quakers treated in Massachusetts ? What Jesuit missionaries established themselves in Maine about the middle of the seventeenth century ? Have the Abnaki been true to the Faith ? (pp. 71-79.) IV. What was the origin of King Philip's War? Describe the Swamp Fight. Describe Winslow's raid into the territory of the Nar- ragansetts. What says Bancroft on this subject ? When and why was the charter of the New England Colonies abolished ? Give an account of the Salem Witchcraft Delusion. WTiat impression did this make ^ upon the Indians ? What was the character of the puritans ? Describe ^ the dwellings of the Puritans. What were their occupations ? What 428 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. was the prescribed religion in New England? How were Roman Catholics treated ? (pp. 80-86.) V. By whom was the coast of Connecticut first explored ? By whom were Hartford and Wethersfield settled? Give an account of the Pequod War. Give an account of the Blue Laws. , (pp. 87-90.) VI. What can you say concerning the Catholic missionaries on this continent ? What explorations were made by them ? What discoveries and improvements ? Give an account of the Franciscan missions in Canada. When did the Jesuits arrive ? What is the origin of the name Sault au Recollet ? What was the grand mission centre of Can- ada in those early times ? Which three Jesuits commenced missions in the Huron country in 1633 ? What can you say of Breboeuf ? When did Father Jogues and Raymbault visit Michigan? Who were the Iroquois? Give an account of Father Jogues' captivity among the Mohawks. What says Bancroft on this subject? By whom was Jogues ransomed? What missionary went to the Abnaki in 1646? Describe the death of Father de Noue. Of Father Daniel. Of Father Breboeuf. Name some of the other missionaries who met death this same year. What effect in Europe had the news from the American missions? Give Bancroft's description of the arrival of the Ursulines at Quebec, (pp. 91-101.) VII. What followed among the iroquois after the deatb of Father Jogues ? What did Father Le Moyne discover ? Who, in 1660, went westward to the Algonquins of Michigan ? What was his fate ? What Father established a mission at the western end of Lake Superior in 1664? Whom did he meet there? By whom was he soon joined? What did they together found ? By whom was the Mississippi explored in 1673? Describe his route. {Trace it on the ma/p.) What was the character of the Illinois Indians ? Give a quotation from Hiawatha descriptive of the Illinois greeting to Marquette. How long did Mar- quette remain among the Illinois? When did he turn northward? When he again reached Green Bay, how long a voyage had he made ? Describe Marquette's last days. Name the next great explorer of the Mississippi. Describe his voyage. What was his fate? Give from McGee a quotation concerning him. Who continued the missions 3ommenced by Marquette ? What other missions followed? (pp. 102- 110.) VIII. By whom was New York Bay visited in 1524 and 1609, cespectively ? Describe Hudson's voyage up the North River. Who in jonsequence claimed the adjacent territory ? Who were the Patroons ? Name the four Dutch governors, and give some account of their rule. What was the character of Stuyvesant ? When was New Amsterdam REVIEW QUESTIONS. 429 surrendered to the Englisli ? Why was the name changed ? Name the first two English governors. What was the character of Andros? For what was the rule of Thomas Dongan noted? What was the religious condition of the Iroquois about the year 1668? What effect upon the American colonies had the English Revolution of 1688 ? Give an account of Leisler's usurpation. Where was the first settlement made in New Jersey ? What can you say of the manners of the Dutch in New York ? What was the style of their dwellings ? What was the religion of the colony? (pp. 111-120.) IX. By whom was Maryland settled ? Describe the landing of the Maryland pilgrims. How did the colony progress? How did the Maryland colonists treat the Indians ? Who paid the colonists a visit soon after their arrival? What was the distinctive feature of the Maryland Colony? Give some account of Clayborne? What was the Toleration Act ? When was it repealed ? What was the result ? What happened on the dethronement of James II. ? What can you say of the manners of the Maryland colonists ? What was their mode of travel ? What can you say of their hospitality? What of their dwellings? What was the religion of the Maryland colonists? (pp. 121-136.) X. When was the first settlement made in Delaware ? In Pennsyl- vania ? When and by whom was the colony of Pennsylvania founded ? GJre some account of William Penn. Give some account of the found ing of Philadelphia. How did Penn treat the Indians? When did Penn return to England? What happened in the colony during his absence ? Give some account of Penn's last years? What is meant by Mason and Dixon's line f Into whose possession did the colony pass after Penn's death ? What were the occupations of the Pennsylvania colonists? What can you say of thp^ir manners? Of their religion? (pp. 126-129.) XI. What was the origin of the Albemarle Colony m Carolina? Of the Clarendon Colony ? Of the Carteret Colony ? What was the Grand Model, and what were its results ? Give some account of Archdale. Under what circumstances was rice introduced into the Carolinas? What were the principal occupations in the Carolinas? (pp. 130-132.) XII. What was the consequence of the accession of William of Orange? Give an account of the Massacre of Lachine. Who was Frontenac? What did he plan ? Where was blood first shed in the East ? Give an account of the Massacre of Schenectady. What were now the feelings of the English ? By whom was Acadia reduced ? Describe Phipp's attack on Quebec. Was the expedition against Mon- treal successful ? What was the result of these two failures ? When was peace declared ? What other settlements not previously mentioned iSO EXCELSIOK HISTORY. had been made, before the close of the seventeenth century? (pp. 133- 136.) Xm. Give a biographical sketch of Father Allouez. Of Andros. OfArgall. Ot Nathaniel Bacon. Of the first Lord Baltimore. Of the second Lord Baltimore. Of Sir Wm. Berkeley. Of Leonard Calvert. Of Father Charlevoix. Of Champlain. Of Gov. Dongan. Of Frontenac. Of Joliet. Of La Salle. Of Leisler. Of Father Mar- quette. Of Wm. Penn. Of Sir Wm. Phipps. Of Peter Stuyvesant. Of Father White. Of Roger Williams. Mention some of the principal European events of the seventeenth century. Name the Popes who reigned during the seventeenth century. (pp. 136-148.) SECTION IV. I. What Penal Laws vf ere passed in New York in 1700? In 1701 and 1702 ? What can you say of Queen Anne's War ? How were the English colonies situated? What hostilities took place at the South f Where was the greatest blow struck? Describe the hostilities at the North. By whom was Acadia reduced ? What expeditions were un- dertaken against Canada, and with what result? What massacre occurred in North Carolina ? When was peace declared ? What was the state of feeling between the Indians and the Abnaki ? Describe the death of Father Rasle. Describe the Natchez massacre. What was the fate of the children? Give an account of the Mississippi Scheme. By whom was Georgia settled? Wliy was it called Georgia? Who came to Savannah in 1636 ? What was the cause of the Spanish War ? How long did it last? When was Georgia made a royal province? Give an account of the Negro Plot. Give an account of King George's War. (pp. 151-158.) II. What region was claimed alike by France and England, and why ? What grant brought matters to a crisis, and how ? Give an account of Washington's embassy to St. Pierre. Describe his return. Give an account of the opening of the French and India,n War. Which were the five objective points ? What region fell into the hands of the English, almost as soon as the war had commenced? Give a quotation from Evangeline, descriptive of the peaceful life of the Acadians. De- scribe their expulsion. Give an account of Braddock's Defeat. Of the Battle of Lake George. Of the capture of Fort William Henry. Who was William Pitt, and what influence had he on the affairs of this country? GUve an account of the campaign of 1758. Describe the capture of Quebec. The last hours of Wolfe and Montcalm. When was pmce signed? What was the result of the Treaty of Paris? Give an account of Pontiac's War. Name the principal battles of the French and Indian War. (pp. 159-169.) III. What were the remote causes of the Bevolution? How did England treat the colonies ? What were Writs of Assistance f What REVIEW QUESTIONS. 431 was the Stamp Act ? What occurred at this time in the Assembly of Virginia? What was ordered by the Mutiny Act? What effect had these measures? Which act in particular excited indignation? When was the 8tamp Act repealed ? Give an account of the Boston Massacre. Of the ''Boston Tea Party.** What action did England now take? What action did the Colonies take ? When and where was the first ContinentaZ Congress held? What was granted by the Quebec Act? Give an account of the Battle of Lexington. What were the effects of this battle ? Give an account of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. Of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Who was chosen commander-in-chief of the American forces? Give an account of the expedition against Canada. From what Indian tribe did we receive special aid ? What does John Gilmary Shea remark in this connection ? Why were commissioners sent to Canada, and who were they? When was Boston evacuated? Give the anecdote concerning the Boston boys {note). Give an account of the attack on Fort Moultrie. When did the Declaration of Independence take place? By whom was the Declaration signed? What remarks were made on the occasion ? (pp. 170-184.) IV. What warlike preparations were now made on both sides? De- scribe the Battle of Long Island. Describe Washington's retreat. His flight into New Jersey. The battle of Trenton. What was the effect of thi3»feat? Give an account of Burgoyne's Iwoasion. Of St. Leger's Expedition. Of the two battles of Saratoga. What was the result of these battles? Give an account of the battle of Brandywiiie. Of the battle of Germantown. Of the capture of the forts on the Delaware. Of the winter at Valley Forge, (pp. 185-194.) V. What characterizes this period of the war (1777)? What help was early given by France? What distinguished French nobleman came to our aid ? What effect had his departure from France {note) ? What Polish nobles gave us their services ? When was the French alliance made? How was the news of this alliance received in this country ? At this juncture what proposals were made by England ? What results immediately followed the French alliance ? Describe the Battle of Monmouth. The attack on Newport. During the fall of 1778 what change was made in the theatre of the war ? Describe the Mas- sacre of Wyo'ming. The conquest of Georgia. The French-American attack on Savannah. The capture of Charleston. What can you say of the partisan corps of the South ? Describe the battle of Camden. The battle of Cowpens. What effect had this defeat on Tarleton ? Give an account of Greeners defeat. What incident occurred during this retreat {note)'i Give an account of the close of the war at the South. What incident occurred during the British retreat from Eutaw Springs 432 EXCELSIOK HISTOEY What aid did we receive from Spain ? How did Bernardo de Galvez, the governor of Louisiana, serve us ? (pp. 195-206.) VI. How was the Northwest secured for the American cause? Describe the capture of Stony Point. How were the Indians in the Wyoming and Mohawk Valleys quelled? Describe the winter of 1779-80. What can you say of the depreciation of currency about this time? In this crisis how did Robert Morris serve his country? Give an account of the treason of Arnold. What was his fate? What can you say of the navy at this time ? What was the first capture on the seas in the name of the United Colonies ? Who was the Father of the American navy ? Give some account of Paul Jones' exploit with the Bon Homme Richard. What further aid did France send in 1780? In the summer of 1780, what attack was planned by Washington and Rochambeau ? Just at this period, whose arrival proved of consider- able importance to the Americans ? Describe the siege of Yorktown. Describe the surrender of Cornwallis. What was the effect of this sur- render? What was the condition of the United States immediately after the war ? What proposal was made to Washington ? How were the troubles concerning the soldiers' pay adjusted? When was the treaty of peace signed ? What was remarked by Archbishop Hughes concerning Washington's abdication ? Name the principal battles of the Revolution, (pp. 207-217.) VII. What can you say of i\iQ Articles of Confederation f What Convention was called at Philadelphia ? When was the new Constitu- tion adopted ? How was the new Constitution received ? What were the principles of the Federalists f Of the Anti-Federalists? Who was elected first President of the United States? Name the principal events of Washington's Administration. Whom did he select for his Cabinet f With what difficulties had the new government to contend ? How were the finances put in order ? What was the Whiskey Rebellion f What Indian wars occurred during Washington's administration? What troubles with England ? What treaty was made with Spain ? With Algiers ? What States were admitted into the Union ? What troubles with France occurred ? What political parties had arisen ? How many terms did Washington serve ? What can you say of his Farewell Address? By whom was Washington succeeded? Mention the principal events of Adams' Ad7ninistration. What were the Alien and Sedition Laws? During Adams' Administration, what trouble oc^ curred between France and the United States ? By whom was Adams succeeded ? What mournful event marked the close of the century ? (pp. 218-226.) VIII. What was the principal occupation of the people up tUl the time of the Revolution ? What can you say of manufactures and com- REVIEW QUESTIONS. 433 merce ? Of the fisheries ? How were the houses furnished ? Was the spinning-wheel much in vogue? How were the houses lighted ? De- scribe the dress of the colonial gentry. Of the ladies. What was the usual mode of travel? Describe Washington's receptions. What discovery was made in 1 752 ? In 1791 ? In 1792 ? What can you say concerning our literature at this time? Mention the most noted prose writers of this period and their principal works. Mention the poets. When was the first permanent newspaper commenced, and what can you say of it ? ii^p. 227-232.) IX. What can you say of the patriotism of Catholics during the Revolution? What brought about a kindlier feeling? How did Catholics distinguish themselves during the war ? How did Washing- ton express himself in his reply to the Address of the Roman Catholics ? Who was our first Bishop, and when was he appointed? To what did Bishop Carroll immediately turn his attention ? What spiritual aid did France now give to the United States? What says Archbishop Spaui- ding on this subject? How did Bishop Carroll feel with regard to the Indians ? What deputation waited on him soon after his consecration ? Where did Catholics assemble in New York during the last year of the war? Where had churches been established in Pennsylvania, before the close of the Revolution ? When and by whom was the Holy Sacri- fice first offered in Western Pennsylvania? What can you say of Catholicity in the West, at this period ? In California ? What can you say of old prejudices? (pp. 233-238.) X. Give a biographical sketch of John Adams. Of Ethan Allen. Of Arnold. Of Commodore Barry. Of Charles Carroll. Of Archbishop Carroll. Of Benjamin Franklin. Of Prince Gallitzin. Of De Grasse. Of Hamilton. Of Patrick Henry. Of Jefferson. Of Paul Jones. Of Kosciusko. Of Lafayette. Of Richard Lee. Of Henry Lee. Of Marion. Of Morris. Of Moylan. Of William Pitt. Of Pulaski. Of Putnam. Of General Sullivan. Of Sumter. Of George Washington. Mention some of the principal European events of the eighteenth century. Name the Popes who reigned during the eighteenth century, (pp. 239-251.) SECTION V, I. What event took place in the year 1800? Mention the prmcipal events of Jefferson's Administration. When and for how much was Louis- iana purchased ? What remark was made on this occasion by Napoleon ? Give an account of the death of Hamilton. What was the after-fate of Burr ? What was the cause of the war with Tripoli ? How did it end ? What was the cause of the diflSculty with England during Jefferson's Administration ? What was the Embargo Act 1 Which was the first State carved out of the Northwest Territory ? Mention the principal events of Madison's Administration. Give an account of the Battle of 434 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Tippecanoe. What was the cause of the Anglo-American War of 1812^ Give an account of the Surrender of Detroit. Of the Battle of Queens- town Heights. Of the contest between the Constitution and the Guer- riere.. Between the Frolic and Wasp. (pp. 255-261.) II. What was the plan of the campaign for 1813 ? What were the operations of the Armies of the Centre and the North f Of the Army of the West? Describe the encounter between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. Give an account of Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. Of the Battle of the Thames. What Indian War occurred in 1813-14? De- scribe the operations of the British along the Atlantic coast (1813). Why was the campaign of 1814 more energetically prosecuted by the British? Describe the Battle of Lundy's Lane. The Battle of Lake Champlain. What happened on the Atlantic coast this year (1814)? What occurred during the bombardment of Fort McHenry ? Give an account of the Hartford Convention. When was the Treaty of Peace signed ? Give an account of the Battle of New Orleans. What were the results of the War of 1812 ? What occurred between Barbary and the United States? Name the principal battles of the War of 1812. (pp. 262-271.) III. Name the principal events of Monroe's Administration. What was the Slavery Question? The Missouri Compromise Bill? How was Florida obtained ? What is the Monroe Doctrine ? Describe Lafayette's visit. Name the principal events of John Q. Adams' Administration. After the war to what did the nation apply itself? Give some account of the Erie Canal. Of the first railroad in the United States. What secret societies had been formed about this time? What was the American Tariff System? Name the principal events of Jackson's Administration. What was the Nullification Ordinance ? The Tariff Compromise Bill f During Jackson's Administration, what happened concerning the United States Bank? Give an account of the Black Hawk War. What was done with the Cherokees? What was the cause of the Seminole War? Who was the leading Indian warrior? What was his fate ? How was the war concluded ? (pp. 272-280.) IV. Name the principal events of Van Bur en's Administration. Give an account of the Crisis of 1837. What was the Patriot War? How long did Harrison continue in office ? Name the principal events of Tyler's Administration. Why were the Whigs disappointed? What was the Dorr Rebellion ? What were the Anti-rent difficulties? Give an account of the Mormons. Name the principal events of Polk's Administration. Describe Taylor's Campaign in Mexico. Describe the Battle of Buena Vista. Give an account of Scott's Campaign in Mexico. Of the capture of the City of Mexico. Who particularly distinguished REVIEW QUESTIOKS. 435 themselves during this war? What did the United States gain by the Treaty of Ouadaloupe Hidalgo ? What discovery was made in 18481! What was the result ? AVhat can you say concerning Irish immigi'a- tion ? Name the principal battles of the Mexican War and the victors (pp. 281-289.) V. How long did Taylor fulfil the duties of President \ Name the principal events of Fillmore's Administration. What about tbe Slavery Question at this time? What was the Omnibus Billf Give, some account of the invasion of Cuba. Who was Kossuth ? Who succeeded Fillmore? Name the principal events of Pierce's Administratioji. When was the Missouri Compromise Bill repealed ? Give an account of the civil war in Kansas. What was the Know-Nothing movement ? What was the Gadsden Purchase ? By whom was the Treaty with Japan negotiated? Who succeeded Pierce? Name the principal events of Buchanan's Administration. On the opening of this Admin- istration, what was the state of feeling concerning Slavery? What was •the Bred Scott Decision? Give an account of John Brown's Raid. Who succeeded Buchanan ? WTiat effect did Lincoln's election have upon the South? Which States seceded? Who was chosen President of the Confederate States ? What took place at Fort Sumter in Decem- ber, 1860 ? (pp. 290-298.) VI. Name the principal events of Lincoln's Administration. De- scribe the capture of Fort Sumter, and the effect. What State became the chief battle-field of the war ? What were the operations in the East ? Describe the battle of Bull Run. What was the effect of this battle? Which was the only operation in the East during the remain- der of 1861 ? What were the movements of the armies in the East ? What were the naval operations of 1861 ? What was the Trent affair? What mission did Archbishop Hughes accept ? Give a summary of the first year of the War. (pp. 299-805.) VII. What was the state of affairs in the hostile armies at the beginning of 1862 ? What were the military movements at the W^est ? Which two forts were captured early in the year ? What was the effect of these victories ? Describe the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and the capture of Island No. 10. What took place in Missouri during this year (1862) ? What battles took place in Tennessee at the close of 1862 and the beginning of 1863 ? Describe the first Vicksburg Expedi- tion. Describe the Capture of New Orleans. What were the move- ments on the Atlantic coast during 1862 ? Describe the contest between the Merrimnc and the Monitor. What was the effect? Give an account of McGlellan's Peninsular Campaign. The Siege of Yorktown, The Battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. Give an account of Stonewall 436 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. Jackson's movements in the Shenandoah. Of the Seven Days* Battles. What was the effect of the Peninsular Campaign? Describe Lee's Invasion of the North. Give the incident concerning Barbara Frietchie, and the quotation from Whittier. Who was killed at Chantilly ? Give an account of the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg. Give a summary of the second year of the War. (pp. 306-317.) VIII. What was issued New Tear's Day, 1863 f Describe the opera- tions in the East during this year. What General was killed in the battle of Chancellorsville ? Describe the battle of Gettysburg. Give an account of the siege of Vicksburg. Of Rosecrans' Campaigns. Who is styled the Bock, of GMckamauga ? Give an account of the ''Battle above ihe Clouds " Give an account of the war in Tennessee during 1863. Describe the attack on Charleston. Give an account of the Draft Riots. What Indian troubles broke out during this year ? Give a summary of the third year of the War. IX. At the beginning of 1864, what were the relative situations, ot the two armies? Give an account of Grant's Overland Campaign. What siege was commenced during the summer of this year? Describe the Mine E.vplosion. The siege of Washington. Describe Sheridan's Campaign. Sherman's Campaign. The capture of Atlanta. The Bat- tle of Nashville. Sherman's March to the Sea. What was the effect of this march ? Describe the Red River Expedition. What were the Naval Operations of this year (1864) ? What about the Blockade ? Con- federate Cruisers ? The Alabama ? In the elections of 1864, what can- didate opposed Lincoln? Give a summary of the fourth year of the War. (pp. 326-337.) X. Describe Sherman's March through the Carolinas. Describe the operations of Sheridan, Wilson, and Stoneman. Describe the attack on Fort Steadman. Describe the final campaign. Give an account of the surrender of the Confederate generals. What were the losses of the war ? What was the Union debt ? What can you say of female patriotism during the war? What of the charity manifested through- out the country? What of the Sisters of Charity and Mercy ? What of the army chaplains ? Name the principal battles of 1861. Name the Union victories of 1862. The Confederate victories. In the Seven Days' Battles, what was the loss on each side ? Name the Union victories of 1863. The Confederate victories. What was the loss on each side in the battle of Gettysburg ? Name the Union victories of 1864. The Confederate victories. What was the loss, on each side, in the battle of the Wilderness? Name the Union victories of 1865. The Confederate victories. Describe the assassination of Lincoln. Give some account of his obsequies. Did the death of Lincoln produce any REVIEW QUESTIONS. 421 disorder? Name the principal events of Johnson's Administration t What was the reconstruction policy of the President ? Of Congress ? What was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill ? The Civil Rights Bill ? The Tenure-of-offi,ce Bill f Which of the seceded States was first admitted ? What other States were admitted June, 1868 ? What was meant by the iron-clad oathf {note). When was the Thirteenth Amendment adopted ? The Fourteenth ? Give an account of the impeachment of the President. WTiat Indian war occurred in 1865-'66 ? Give some account of Maximilian's brief reign in Mexico. When was Alaska purchased ? What was the Fenian excitement ? In 1868, what treaty was made with China ? By whom was Johnson succeeded ? (pp. 337-349.) XI. Mention the principal events of GranVs Administration. When was the Fifteenth Amendment adopted ? What can you say of the state of the country after the war ? What was shown by the census of 1870 ? What great fires occurred in 1871-'73 ? Give an account of the Treaty of Washington. What can you say concerning the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo ? What of Santo Domingo ? {note). What was the affair of the "Virginius " ? How many terms did Grant serve ? What was the Credit Mohilierf What panic occurred in 1873, and with what result ? What anniversaries were celebrated in 1875 ? What exhibition took place in 1876 ? What nations were represented ? Give an account of the Sioux war. What troubles occurred during the fall elections of 1876? By whom was Grant succeeded? Mention some of the events of Hayes' Administration. What was Hayes' South- ern policy ? Give an account of the railroad strike of 1877, and its results. In what did the Nez Perc^ War originate ? Where had the Nez Perces long dwelt ? What can you say, in general, of the conduct of the whites towards the Indians ? Give an extract from the first Presidents who held office after Arthur, (pp. 350-358.) XII. Give a biographical sketch of Braxton Bragg. Of Buchanan. Of Burnside. Of Calhoun, Of Lewis Cass. Of Henry Clay. Of Jefferson Davis. Of Stephen A. Douglas. Of Farragut. Of Fulton. Of U. S. Grant. Of Horace Greeley, 'bf General Houston. Of Arch- bishop Hughes. Of Stonewall Jackson, Of General Johnston. Of General Kearney. Of President Lincoln. Of General Lee. Of Mad- ison. Of Maury. Of General McClellan. Of Cardinal McCloskey. Of General Meade. Of Monroe. Of General Eosecrans. Of General Scott. Of Governor Seward. Of General Sheridan. Of General W. T. Sherman. Of General T. W. Sherman. Of Father de Smet. Of Zaehary Taylor. Of Goneral Thomas. Of Daniel Webster. Mention some of the principal European events of the nineteenth century. Name the Popes of the nineteenth century. What is there remark- able with regard to the length of the reigns of Piu- IX, and Leo XIII. I Who is the reigning Pontiff? Give the principa events of Cleveland's 438 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. first administration. Of his second, when Utah was admitted; what was prohibited in its Constitution ? What Centennial was celebrated during Harrison's admin 'stration? Give some account of the Spanish- American War. What Eepublic was annexed to the United States in 1898? (pp. 359-363.) SECTION VI. I. Give an account of McKinley's death. Name some events of Roosevelt's administration. Give an account of the purchase of the Panama Canal rights. Who succeeded Eoosevelt? (pp. 891-398.) n. Define Tarife, Tariff for Eevenue, Protective Tariff. What was the Tariff Act of 1789? Mention the different views concerning the Tariff. Why was the Tariff of 1828 called the Tariff of Abominations ? Explain the Tariff of 1833, or the Comj)romise Tariff. Give an account of the Tariff of 1861-63. What was the state of the Eevenue during Cleveland's administration? (1885-1889.) Give an account of the McKinley Tariff, 1890. The Wilson Tariff. The Dingley Tariff and the Payne Tariff. What are President Taft's words concerning the Payne Tariff? (pp. 399-403.) III. What can you say of the increase of population in the United States during the nineteenth century? What are the principal occu- pations in this country at present ? What can you say of the inventive genius of the Americans? By whom was the magnetic telegraph in- vented? When was the Atlantic Cable laid? By whom was the sewing machine invented.^ The telephone and phonograph? When was steam first practically applied to navigation ? What can you say of America witn regard to railroad construction ? Give some account of the Pacific Eailroad. AVhat can you say of American literature during the nineteenth century ? Name the most noted American prose writers and their principal works. Name the best known American Catholic prose writers. Name the most noted American poets, (pp. 404-409.) IV. What occurred before the death of Archbishop Carroll ? What can you say of the growth of the Catholic Church in the United States ? Mention the Eeligious Orders established in this country in the early part of this century. What peculiar case concerning the Confessional occurred in New York City in 1813? When was the First Provincial Council held ? What can you say of Archbishop Hughes ? What of the anti-Catholic feeling evinced at various epochs ? Mention an act of the Sixth Council of Baltimore, held in 1846. About the same time, who were appointed Chaplains to the American army then in- vading Texas? When was held the First Plenary Council of the Church in the United States ? What can you say of Catholics during the civil ivarf When was the Second Plenary Council held? What were its objects? What can you say of its decrees? How many American prelates assisted at the Council of the Vatican? What can you say of the Indian missions ? To whom were they confided in 1835? Give from Evangeline a quotation describing a mission scene. Wliat plan with regard to the Indians was devised by Grant ? What honor was conferred upon the American Church in 1875? DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE foIlo\ving preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of Inde. pendence, accompanied tlie resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which waa adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This Declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day : " Agreeably to the order of the day^ the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration : and, after smM time, the president resumed the chair ^ and Mr. Harrison reported that the committer have agreed to a Declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows ;" A DECLAKATION BT THB KKPBESENTATITES OF THE TINITED STATES OP ASCEBZCA, IK C0NGBB9S ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis. BOlve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident— that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governznenta are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, aa to them shall seem most likely to eflfect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for liglii and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to sufifer, while evUs are sufferable, than to right themselves by abol- ishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constraina them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranr-^over tnese States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. 2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- portance, unless suspended in their operations tUl his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legi»i teture — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 440 . EXCELSIOE HISTORY t. tie has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation; have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. 7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage then: migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 9. He has made judges dependent oa his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salarieSc 10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent *>t our Legislatures. 12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. 13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our con- stitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pre- tended legislation : 14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among ns ; 15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; 16. For cutting oflf our trade with all parts of the world ; 17. For imposing taxes on us Avithout our consent ; 18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences ; 20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, estab- lishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; 21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments ; 22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. 24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 25. He is at this time tiansporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- worthy the head of a civilized nation. 26. He has constrained our fellow-citiz'ens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by tlieir hands. 27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rul«^ of warfare is an undistinguished destruction cf all ages, sexes, and conditions. declaratio:n' of independence 441 In every stage of these oppresBions we have petitioned for redress In the moBt ?mmble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury, a prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is iinfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislf*tare to extend an un- warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to dii- ivow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and cor^ respondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinitj. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind— enemies in war ; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of D'viue Providence, we mutually pledge to ea^h other our lives, our fortunes, and oar s*i;red honor. Adams, John, Adams, Samuel, Bartlett, Josiah, Braxton, Carter, Carroll, Charles, of CarroUtoa Chase, Samuel, Clark, Abraham, Clymer, George, Ellert, W n.T.TAw , Flotd, W tt.t.tam , Franklin, Benjamin, Gerrt, Elbridge, GwiNNET, Button, Hall, Lyman, Hancock, John, Harrison, Benjamin, Hart, John, Hbyward, Thomas, Jr.^ Hewes, Joseph, Hooper, William, Hopkins, Stephen, HOPKINSON, FRANCIg, Huntington, Samuel, Jepferson, Thomas, Lee, Francis Lightpoot, Lee, Richard Henry, Lewis, Francis, ^ IdTINaSTON, Pim.TP, Lynch, Thomas, Jr., M'Kean, Thomas, MiDDLETON, Arthur, Morris, Lewis, Morris, Robert, Morton, John, Nelson, Thomas, Jr., Paca, William, Paine, Robert Trsat« Penn, John, Head, George, Rodney, Caesar, Eoss, George, P.USH, Benjamin, M.D., EuTLEDGE, Edward, Sherman, Roger, Smith, James, Stockton, Richabd, Stone, Thomas, Taylor, George, Thornton, Matthew, Walton, George, Whipple, William, Wtt.t. tam a, WlLLIAM, Wilson, James, Witherspoon, Johh, Wolcott, Oliver, WTTHE^ QEOBaB. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. •r-T-TE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, VV establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common de- fence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. •Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shaH be vested in a Congress of «he United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members choa'^u every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age ol twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative : and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. When vacancies happen in the representation- from any State, the exe«utive au- thority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; and Bhall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator Bhall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they BhaU be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators ef the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second CONSTITUTION^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 443 class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration a the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacanciet happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of an/ State, the executive thereof may malie temporary appointments untU the next meet ing of the Legislature, wliich shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, ind been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other oflficers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President ofthe United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United Slates is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal fron^ office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a difiterent day. Section 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be autho. rized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pimish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment equire secresy, and the yeas and nays of tiie members of either house on any question shall, at the desire oi one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their sei'vices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, Bhall be a Dkember of either house during his continuance in office. 444 EXCELSIOR HISTORY Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- tives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other biUs. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shaU likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respec- tively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im- posts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject />f bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-offices and post-roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- coveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on laud and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of traia ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress : CON"STITUTION OF THE UN^ITED STATES. 445 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not ex. ceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over al] places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for tue erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ;— And To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing^powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the govern* ment of the United States, or in any department or ofllcer thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States no^ existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the ceneuB or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ftccept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post- facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Confess, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its in- spection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representatiyw. or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shaU be ap- pointed an elector. 446 EXCELSIOR HISTOKY. [The electoTB shall meet in their respective States, and vote hy ballot for two pe^ Bors, of whom one at least shall not he an inhabitant of the same State with them- selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then he counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one Who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House ol Eepresentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house thall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, th« frotes shah be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votee ol the electors shall be the Vice-President. Bu if there should remam two or toore who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- President.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural-bom citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or Inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a Pr.esident shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation :— " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preBerve» piotect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual aervice of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofifences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treat.ea, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, «nd by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall b^ estabttehed by law : but tU» Congress may by law vest tiie CONSTITUTION^ OF THE UI^ITED STATES. 447 appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, to the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which eliall expire at the end of theij next session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that th« laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, ehall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States ehall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation wliich shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ;— to all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers, and consuls ;— to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ;— to controversies to wliich the United States shall be a party ;— to controversies between two or more States ;— between a State and citizens of another State ;— between citi- eens of different States ;— between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign Btates, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regula- tions as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the Ufe of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV, Sbotion 1. Full Mth and credit shall be given in each State to the public acta records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And ttie Congress may by 448 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the ettect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immu- nities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive author- ity of the State from which lie fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person lield to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of .ind make all needful rules and regu- lations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repub- lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Consti- tution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pur- suance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the seve- ral State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support COXSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 449 this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qoaliflcatlon to any office pr public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estafr liahment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousant' seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASmNGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia NEW HAMPSHIRK John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rupus King. CONNECTICUT. William Samuel Johitbob, ROGEB Shebmai}. DELAWARE. George Reed, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. MARYLAND. James M' Henry, Daniel op St. Thomab Tenifeb. Daniel Carroll. NEW YORK Amixander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. WnxiAM Livingston, David Brearlet, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. NORTH CAROUNA. William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson, PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Frankun, Thomas Mipplin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Pitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, GtoUVEBKEUR MOBBIfii SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledgb, Charles C. I*incknbt, Charles Ptnckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abrahaji Baldwoi. AUeeti: WILUAM JACKSON, Secretary AMENDMENTS •IK) THE CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES, RATIFIED ACCORD ING TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIFTH ARTICLE OP THB FOBB GOma CONSTITUTION. ABTicLS THB FtRST.— Congress Shan make no law respecting an ©staWiehmeot of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. ARTiciiB THE Second.— A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Abticlb the Thibd.— No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Aeticle the Fourth.— The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable liause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Aeticlb the Fifth.— No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger ; nor shall any pevson be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Akticlb the Sixth.— In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- viously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his f^vor, and to have the assistance of counsel for hie defence. Article the Seventh. — ^In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shaU be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined In any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. ABTiciiB THE Eighth.— Excessive bail shall not be required, near esceeHSiye ftnea imposed, nor crue^ and unusual punishments Inflicted. COis^STITUTIOJ^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 451 Aeticle the Ninth.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article the Tenth.— The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con. Btitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article the Eleventh.— The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or eqrity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of *ny foreign state. Article the Twelfth.— The electors shall meet in their respective States, and Tote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, arid of the number of votes fo» each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ;— the presi- dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ;— the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes Bhall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice Bhall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as m the case of the death or other constitu- tional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number ofelectors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose snail consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be ehgible to that of Vice- President of the United States. Article the Thirteenth.— -Sigc^ion 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legia* lation. Article the Fourteenth. — Section 1. All persons bom or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- tion of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whol« number of persons in each State, 452 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representa- tives in Congress, the executive or judicial oflBcers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty -one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens tw6nty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article the Fifteenth.— Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- lation. TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS. 453 .■fl bObO o -3 -E E S ;J o c r OSes- ^ ^Sa^^^fag^i^c ^-g ^=r 00 S2 i i 1 ; ^ ^0; tv ^ » « . •" t- rH ^ "Y ■700 r- 00 00 Oi ^ ) ooiSccooQO "^ •*' ,-iin^i-.r-ir-l «o 00 _a.|o^«^ a a O -c coOOO -I ^ CO 0000 CO 00 CO 00 M 00 00 CO CO cocooossosS o> 10 M* o -* t~ t-- t-. t- 1- cot- OOOOOOCOOOCOOCI To M^ o . &.2 §^ a : o « ■ S . O O t« o O t-^ H 15 IM OS ^ lO 50 s^ >>5 .2i w >.^ .a « a u^ NlS fc -r^ >• ■ti a <^ o c o ClOrt 'M CO'*' rH (M(M (M C^ C^ ^ P ^ 454 EXCELSIOR HISTORY. m 5l rt S E to h <: H CO < I* Eh en a> « 5 0.S0.S O ^ =3 ^< 6a CC St ^ MO ^ga^'Sn^ a.2 tlti Stf 5^<^ fe^S po •0061 NOiiviadOd •sarnu -bs 'Taav CO c^ ■* ■* o 00 1-1 CO JO 10 050 iH US 000 MOO 05 S PI ,S S fi §.g S-S «C5 o^ « 3a>,a?ja . «S5pa^5'3(2 oi n ^ ^ 7^ Q} -S V as t; o > M Tj<»»«Ot- ooo» o TABLE OP STATES. 455 5 I 3 ^ « to aE^.2%/.. _r ^'oQ >»'S !>>rC oS i^S ^ n< .rt oQ +j -g .„ c8 j^ 03 .p- •- .lil sh T3 w aj -fl ^•r: rn 2 ST„:S'^ B O S3 O !- gt: o iiinr 0) »- l< ^S'^.^.SS >>, c3 125 H^ ^ ^3 Iz; 3 fc^«P-l'<-t O) -F^ ^ ti. (-1 .^ >< .,-1 *-. .^ fc- C^ '^^ izi)-^ iJ] ^ iD H^l kI oqP t^ o of cf .2 b.s ^ aj o to § s § s ^ ta^ o CO tH C Izi M o -r 1 eg CQ <1 fl ft g 02 02 c (a PCS ^ J8 O 7-1 -ti- rJ-O "^ 7i »n iO CO OO on t~ GO s s 10 50 S3 . el fl o *^ o a> r II ftp jS a .9 «- 'd r3 *^P *3 Pi a-§ g ^ t.a d « ..<» ^ . (rt 95 S p 1^1 PI •! a --s a a o 02 be bt .a bjD fl p .9 9 o S a la ia a .2^ |o§3 i ad2 .aa ast^ . . ^ . - 03 bSiXi & OS « S 03 s^^? £ o ^ 25 S P* ^.s-a-f^l^l^sls-i^a^ ^ -< 5 K W P=^c« fl K * 2 s S .2 'S a c ^ ^ g -< a o •9 s 5 <» 3 o 1 1 i I ^ a a o .2 el M ^^ ^ o S ^ eo « a5« eo w 456 EXCELSIOR HISTORYo o .jrO •0061 KOixviiiaoj H H 1) O Q ' "S ^ tie oj -p ^ ►-. ^ -g ^ O kJ D^:! i^ o i*i ^ « :2 05 7-I t-eo 03 a §1 ■KOi>;n aiix OXNI KOissire -av AO axvo ^.2 O) 00 II S-^ rtC s.C'C^'r;::, -ct; = a s ^