SF425 
 
1 
 
 Practical Suggestions 
 
 Dairy and Creamery Management. 
 
 DAIRY LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 L. S. GATES, 
 
 DAIRY COMMISSIONER. 
 
 July 6, 1898. 
 
 DES MOINES: 
 
 F. R. CONAWAY, 8TATE PRINTER 
 
 1898. 
 
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PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS IN DAIRY AND CREAM- 
 ERY MANAGEMENT. 
 
 1. It is a good thing to know how to do, but it is a far bet- 
 ter thing to do as well as we know. 
 
 2. Each dairyman should strive to produce the best and 
 sweetest of milk, then see to it himself that it is delivered to 
 the factory in the best possible condition. 
 
 3. Let each patron support his own creamery and do all in 
 his power to make it successful. A successful and paying 
 creamery business can hardly be built up without the patron 
 and the manufacturer working in unison. 
 
 4. Own and milk good cows. If you have poor ones, send 
 them to the butcher. 
 
 5. Never use or sell milk from diseased or unhealthy cows. 
 It is dangerous even to feed it to the pigs. 
 
 6. Keep the cow warm and dry. 
 
 7. Feed clean, bright food in variety to produce good results. 
 
 8. Do not allow a cow to drink water you would not drink 
 yourself. 
 
 9. Keep the cow clean by using plenty of clean, bright 
 bedding. 
 
 10. Milk with clean, dry hands, and as quickly as possible. 
 
 11. Strain milk through cloth thick enough to retain any 
 particles of dust or litter that may be in it. 
 
 12. It takes as much muscle to milk one hard milking cow 
 as it does to milk four or five easy milkers. Sell her. 
 
 13. Treat cows quietly and kindly; excitement affects the 
 quantity and quality of milk. 
 
 14. Remember, when filling cans with skimmed milk at the 
 creamery, that it is not always the other fellow that needs 
 watching. 
 
 15. The cornstalk, either shredded or in ensilage, is one of 
 the best feeds for the cow. Hundreds of thousands of dollars' 
 worth of this feed are annually lost in Iowa. 
 
— 5 — 
 
 16. In freezing weather, scald can covers just before stat- 
 ing the milk for the factory. Then cream will not stick and 
 freeze in them. Also cover cans. 
 
 17. Wish you would write me what the cash value of 
 skimmed milk or whey is to you as returned from the creamery 
 or cheese factory. 
 
 CARE OF CANS. 
 
 1. Rinse cans in cold water, thoroughly wash in warm 
 water, scald with boiling water and turn over stake in the sun. 
 
 2. Set milk in tank of cold water in summer and stir with 
 long-handled dipper. This will eliminate animal odors and 
 add to your test account. Also aerate morning' j milk. Leave 
 covers so that vapors can escape. 
 
 3. Important: In winter kt ep milk out of house and out of 
 barn over night. Build place to keep it where no bad odors 
 will penetrate. 
 
 4. Do not mix night and morning milk. 
 
 5. Fill cans full, so the milk will not churn on the road to 
 the factory. 
 
 6. Put no milk in eld, rusty milk cans. 
 
 7. A load of bright, clean cans, filled with clean, sweet 
 milk, makes the creamery manager happy. 
 
 THE TEST. 
 
 1. There is no question that the Babcock principle for 
 measuring the worth of milk for butter-making is correct when 
 proptrly applied. 
 
 2. Take no milk into your weigh can that is not in good 
 order 
 
 3. Stir the milk thoroughly before dipping for sample. 
 
 4. See that you have an accurate machine, and that bottles 
 used have been tested by D. C. bottle. Also important that 
 you have D. C. pipette. 
 
 5. Be careful to have acid of standard strength. 
 
 6. Have acid and milk of the same temperature. 
 
 7. Ascertain the rapidity at which your machine should run 
 to make accurate measurements. 
 
 8. Keep samples warm until your reading is complete. 
 
 9. As soon as the test is taken record it and post where any 
 patron can see it. 
 
 10. The test is to teach the patron what his milk is worth for 
 butter- making as well as to show the creamery what it can afford 
 to pay for it. 
 
— 6 — 
 
 TO THE MANAGER 
 
 I. The butter-maker and the cheese- maker are the men who 
 handle the product that makes the m mey for the people of this 
 state; easily $15,000,000 in the last year. 
 
 2 Give the butter mak^r your support and an occasional 
 ■word of encouragement. He has many and queer things to 
 contend with, and sees too much of the bad side of human 
 nature to thoroughly ex joy life 
 
 3. Give him good machinery and improved apparatus, and 
 he is very likely to take good care ( 1 it 
 
 4. Important: Be sure ycu have gcod drainage for your 
 creamery or cheese factory. The odor that sometimes comes 
 from the factory prejudices theconsumer against your product. 
 
 5. Pump all separated milk and butter-milk into clean gal- 
 vanized iron or tin tanks. 
 
 6. Wash and scald tank each day. 
 
 7. Never water separated miln to make it hold out, but 
 rather see to it that each patron has the amount of milk to which 
 he is entitled. 
 
 8. Separated milk is of value to the farmer when returned 
 to him in good order 
 
 9. The manager that treats his patrons in such a manner 
 that he receives their confidence isou the direct road to success. 
 
 10. Treat the chronic kicker as fairly as the best patron. It 
 is h*rd, but you should do it 
 
 II. If possible secure the services of a good butter-maker. 
 It pays. 
 
 12. Stand by your butter- maker. Allow no one to browbeat 
 him and continually harass him. It warps his judgment and 
 dulls his ability. 
 
 13. Put all products in neat, clean packages. 
 
 14. Ship only to responsible parties. 
 
 15. It is the part of good management to pay and balance 
 all accounts each month. 
 
 16. Never be persuaded to p <y more for milk than you 
 receive for butter for the month, af er all expenses are paid. 
 The temptation is sometimes very great. 
 
 17. Never ask your batter or ch ese-maker to favor you as 
 patron or manager in the making of tes s. 
 
 18. Lack of Jaith in the ace jracy and honesty of the test is 
 the greatest enemy of the creamery interests of the present time, 
 and every creamery manage r should strive to eliminate this 
 distrust. 
 
_7 — 
 
 TO THE BUTTER-MAKER. 
 
 1. Be honest. It is the best qualification for a man in any- 
 business, as well as for a butter- maker or creamery manager. 
 
 2. Keep the person clean as well as the creamery and utensils. 
 
 3. If every butter and cheese -maker in Iowa would be 
 scrupulously clean in his vocation, it would add much to our 
 reputation and profit. 
 
 4. If possible, keep in touch with your patrons, so that your 
 suggestions and requests will be readily complied with. 
 
 5. It is impossible to make good butter out of poor milk. 
 Send it back. 
 
 6. To make fine butter requires great skill, and the operator 
 should take pains to become thoroughly acquainted with his 
 business. 
 
 7. Strive to keep in touch with the butter-makers of the 
 state. 
 
 8. Make suggestions for the report of the dairy commis- 
 sioner. He would like them. 
 
 It is easily possible to make an increase of 10 per cent in the 
 next year's product of butter and cheese. That would mean an 
 addition of $1,500,000 to the net income of the dairymen of this 
 state. 
 
 Iowa does and should produce the best butter in the world, 
 and the whole world should know of it, that the world's markets 
 may be open to us. 
 
DAIRY LAWS. 
 
CHAPTER 13. 
 
 OF THE DAIRY COMMISSIONER AND IMITATION DAIRY 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 Section 2515. Appointment— bond— powers and duties 
 of commissioner— report. On or before the first day of April 
 of each even numbered year, the governor shall appoint a dairy 
 commissioner, who shall have a practical knowledge of and 
 experience in the manufacture of dairy products, and hold his 
 office fcr two years from the first day of May following his 
 appointment, and until his successor is appointed and qualified, 
 subject to removal by the governor for inefficiency, neglect or 
 violation of duty. He shall give bond in the sum of ten thousand 
 dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties, 
 with sureties to be approved by and filed with the secretary of 
 state. He shall keep on hand a supply of standard test tubes 
 or bottles and milk measures or pipettes adapted for use by 
 each milk testing machine, the manufacturers or dealers of 
 which have filed with the dairy commissioner a certificate from 
 the director of the Iowa agricultural experiment station, which 
 shall certify that said milk testing machine, when properly and 
 correctly operated, will produce accurate measurements of 
 butter fat, and furnish to any person or corporation desiring 
 the same for testing milk one such tube or bottle, and such milk 
 measure or pipette for each factory, of the kind adapted for the 
 machine operated therein, upon request therefor, certifying it 
 to be accurate, reliable and standard, placing thereon the letters 
 "D. C." as a permanent mark; the tubes or bottles and pipettes 
 to be furnished at the actual cost thereof. He shall have and 
 keep an office in the capitol, and preserve therein all corre- 
 spondence, documents, records and property of the state 
 pertaining thereto, and may, when necessary, employ a clerk at 
 an expense of not more than seventy-five dollars per month. 
 During his term of office he shall hold no other official position 
 nor any professorship in any state educational institution, and on 
 or before the first day of November shall make annual report 
 
— 10 — 
 
 to the governor, which shall contain a detailed account of all 
 his doings as commissioner, and the receipts and disbursements 
 of his office since the precading report, with such facts and 
 statistics in regard to the production, manufacture and sale of 
 dairy products, with such suggestions, as he may regard of 
 public importance connected therewith. In the conduct of his 
 office, he shall have power to issue subpoenas for witnesses, 
 enforce their attendance, and examine them under oath, by him 
 to be administered, such witnesses to be allowed fees as in 
 justices' courts, to be paid by the commissioner as part of the 
 expenses of his office, and do such other acts and things as are 
 necessary and proper in the enforcement of the provisions of 
 this chapter. 
 
 Sec. 2516. Imitation butter or cheese. Every article, 
 substitute or compound, save that produced from pure milk or 
 cream from milk of cows, made in the semblance of or designed 
 to be used for and in the place of butter, is imitation butter; 
 and every article, substitute or compound, save that produced 
 from pure milk or cream from milk of cows, made ia the sem- 
 blance of or designed to be usei for and in the place of cheese, 
 is imitation cheese. No one shall manufacture, have in his 
 possession, offer to sell or sell, solicit or take orders for delivery, 
 ship, consign or forward by any common carrier, public or 
 private, and no common carrier shall knowingly receive or 
 transport, any such imitation butter or cheese, except in the 
 manner and subject to the regulations in this chapter provided. 
 
 Sec 2517. Substitute for butter or cheese —regulations 
 as to sale and use— transportation. A substitute for butter 
 and cheese, not having a yellow color nor colored in imitation 
 of butter and cheese as prohibited in the next section, may 
 be manufactured, kept in possession, offered for sale, sold, 
 shipped, consigned or forwarded by common carriers, public 
 or private, if each tub, firkin, box or other package in which 
 the same is kept, offered for sale, sold, shipped, consigned or 
 forwarded shall have branded, stamped or markei on the side 
 or top thereof in the English language, in a durable manner, 
 the words, "Substitute for butter" or "Substitute for cheese," 
 as the case may be, the letters of the words to be not less than 
 one inch in length by one-half inch in width. The defacing, 
 erasure, canceling or removal of this brand or mark, with 
 intent to mislead, deceive, or violate any provision of this 
 chap.er, is prohibited. Such substitute for butter or cheese 
 
— 11 — 
 
 may be kept, used or served as a food or for cookiag in hotels, 
 restaurants, lunch counters, boarding houses or other places of 
 public entertainment, only in case the proprietor or person in 
 charge of such place shall display and keep constantly posted 
 a card opposite each table or other place where the guests or 
 others are served with the same, wh ch card shall be white, at 
 least ten by fourteen inches in size, the words, " Substitute for 
 butter used here" or "Substitute for cheese used here," as the 
 case may be, printed in black Roman letters of the same size as 
 herein required to be placed upon the tubs, firkias, boxes or 
 other package in which substitute for butter or cheese is kept, 
 and no other words or figures shall be printed thereon. No 
 substitute for butter or cheese shall be offered for sale in the 
 manufacturer's original package under the name of or for true 
 butter or cheese made from the milk or cream of cows, nor 
 shall any substitute for butter or cheese be offered for sale or 
 sold unless the purchaser at the time was informed thereof, and, 
 in addition, furnished with a printed statement in the EngLish 
 language in prominent type that the substance sold is such sub- 
 stitute, and giving the name and place of business of the maker. 
 Nothing herein contained, however, shall be so construed as to 
 prohibit the transportation of imitation butter or cheese through 
 and across the state. 
 
 Sec 2518. Coloring — adulteration. No one shall color 
 with aoy matter whatever any substance intended as a substi- 
 tute for buster or cheese, so as to cause it to resemble true dairy 
 products, or combine any animal fat, vegetable oil or other 
 substance with butter or chees3, or combine with any sub- 
 stance whatever, intended as a substitute for butter or cheese, 
 any thing of any kind or nature for the purpose or with the 
 effect of imparting to the compound the color of yellow butter 
 or cheese, the product of the milk or cream from cows, or u ^e, 
 solicit orders for delivery, keep for sale or sell any such sub- 
 stance so colored and disguised as a substitute for butter or 
 cheese; but nothing in this chapter shall be construed to pro- 
 hibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloring matter in 
 making butter or cheese from such milk or cream. 
 
 Sec. 2519. Package branded. No one shall have in his 
 possession or under his control, except for the actual consump- 
 tion of himself or family, any substance designed as a substitute 
 for butter or cheese, unless the tub, firkin, box or package 
 holding the same is branded or marked as in this chapter 
 
— 12 — 
 
 required. Any person having in his possession or under his 
 control such substance, not so branded or marked, shall be 
 presumed to know its true character and name. 
 
 Sec. 2520. Contracts invalid. No action shall be main- 
 tained in any of the courts of the state upon any contract or 
 sale made in violation of or with the intent to violate any pro- 
 vision of this chapter by one who was knowiDgly a party 
 thereto. 
 
 Sec. 2521. Search warrants — samples. Whoever shall 
 have in possession or control any imitation butter or cheese or 
 any substance designed to be used as a substitute for buiter or 
 cheese contrary to the provisions of this chapter, shall beheld 
 to have possession of property with intent to use it as a means 
 of committing a public offense, and all the provisions of the 
 chapter relating to search warrants and proceedings thereon 
 shall apply, except the officer serving the warrant, in addition 
 to his duties. as therein required, shall deliver to the dairy com- 
 missioner, or to a person by him authorized in writing to 
 receive the same, a perfect sample of each article seized by 
 virtue of such warrant, for the purpose of having the same 
 analyzed, and forthwith return to the person from whom it was 
 taken the remainder of each article seized. If any sample is 
 found to be imitation butter or cheese, or substance designed to 
 be used as a substitute for butter or cheese, it shall be ret irned 
 to and retained by the magistrate for the purposes contemplated 
 in said chapter on "search warrants and proceedings thereon," 
 but if any sample be found not imitation butter or cheese, or a 
 substance designed to be used as a substitute theref< r, the 
 value of the same shall be paid by the dairy commissioner as 
 a part of the expenses of his office, to the person from whom it 
 was taken. 
 
 Sec. 2522. Milk dealers — manufacturers and packers — 
 reports. Every city milk dealer, or every person furm&hing 
 milk or cream to such dealer, or the employe of such milk 
 dealer, and every person or corporation, or the employe of such 
 person or corporation, who operates a creamery, cheese or con- 
 densed milk factory, or re-works or packs butter, shall main- 
 tain his premises and utensils in a clean a< d hygienic condition, 
 and shall make, upon blanks furnished by tne dairy commis- 
 sioner, such reports and statistics as may be required for the 
 purpose of compiling statistics authorized by this chapter, 
 and such dealer, owner, operator or business manager shall 
 
— 13 — 
 
 make such returns and reports in the manner and in the time 
 prescribed by the commissioner, and certify to the correctness 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 2523. Milk test. Any person or corporation, or the 
 employe of such person or corporation, who operates a cream- 
 ery or cheese or condensed milk factory, and uses a chemical 
 milk test to determine the quantity of butter fat in milk 
 purchased, used or received, shall so use only such tests as 
 shall be clear oil, free from any foreign substance, and produce 
 correct measurements of butter fat, and every such person or 
 corporation using a milk test shall procure from the dairy com- 
 missioner for each factory so opera .ed one standard tube or 
 bottle, and one standard measure or pipette, for testing milk, 
 certified and marked by Mm as in this chapter provided, which 
 shall be kept for inspection by the patroas and used by such 
 person or corporation in testiag or verifying test tubes or 
 bottles and milk measures or pipettes used. In any action 
 arising between any such operator and patron, the burden of 
 establishing the use of reliable tests and trie results therefrom, 
 equivalent to the standard herein provided, shall be upon the 
 operator. 
 
 Sec. 2524. Samples collected. The commissioner may 
 appoint agents in any city having over ten thousand inhabitants 
 to collect from each dealer, not more than four times each month, 
 samples of milk offered for sale therein. The agent shall make 
 an accurate test of each sample received by him, and keep a 
 true record thereof, with the name and location of the person 
 from whom it was obtained, and report his work in detail to the 
 commissioner, the compensation therefor not to exceed three 
 dollars for each day actually employed therein. 
 
 Sec. 2525. Permits. Any person or corporation who shall 
 sell milk or cream from a wagon, depot or store, or sell or 
 deliver milk or cream to a hotel or restaurant or boarding 
 house, or any public place in a ay such city, shall be considered a 
 city milk dealer. No such city milk dealer shall sell milk or 
 cream from a wagon, depot or store in any such city without a 
 written permit from the commissioner for each wagon, depot 
 or store operated by him, for which he shall pay annually one 
 dollar. All permits shall expire on the fourth day of July of 
 each year, and no permit shall be issued for less than one dollar. 
 
 Sec. 2526. Inspection. He or his agent may open any can 
 or vessel containing milk or cream offered for sale in such city, 
 
— 14 — 
 
 and inspect its contents and take samples there from for testing 
 or analysis. And any city milk dealer, or emr. L ye of such milk 
 dealer, or any other person who shall resist or interfere with 
 the commissioner or his agent in the performance of his duties 
 in executing any of the requirements of this chapter, shall be 
 guilty of a misdemeanor and punished as provided in this 
 chapter. 
 
 Sec. 2527. Penalties. Whoever shall violate any provsion 
 of this chapter shail be punished by a fine rot exceeding five 
 lu dn d dollars, or by imprisonment in the ctunty jail not 
 exceeding six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, 
 at the discreticn of the court. 
 
 Sec. 2528. Compensation — expenses. The commissioner 
 shall be allowed necessary postage, stationery and office sup- 
 plies, and shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dol- 
 lars and necessary expenses, which shall not exceed three thou- 
 sand dollars per year; such expenses to be itemized, verified by 
 him, and, when examined and approved by the executive coun- 
 cil, to be paid upon a warrant of the state auditor drawn upon 
 the state treasurer. The salary of the clerk shall be paid in 
 the same manner. 
 
 FROM CHAPTER 10, TITLE 24, CODE. 
 
 Sec. 4989. Sale of impure or skimmed milk — skimmed 
 milk cheese — labeling. If any person shall sell, exchange, 
 or expose for sale or exchange, or deliver or bring to an ther, 
 for domestic or potable use, or to be converted into any pro- 
 duct of human food, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adultera- 
 ted, unwholesome or skimmed milk, or milk Irom which has 
 been held back what is commonly known as strippings, or mitk 
 taken from an animal having disease, sickness, ulcers, a scess 
 or running sore, or which has been taken from an animal 
 within fifteen days before or five days after parturition; or if 
 any person, having cows for the purpose of producing milk or 
 cream for sale, shall stable them in an unhealthy p'a e or 
 crowded manner, or shall knowingly feed them f oc d which pro- 
 duces impure, unwholesome milk, or shall feed them dibti 'ed 
 glucose or brewery waste in any state of fermentation, O'- upon 
 any substance in a state of putrefaction or rottenness or of an 
 unhealthy nature, or shall sell or offer for sale cream which 
 has been taken from milk the sale of which has been prohib- 
 ited, or who shall sell or offer for sale, as cream, an article which 
 
— 15 — 
 
 shall contain less than the amount of butter fat as prescribed 
 in this chapter; or if any person shall sell or offer for sale any 
 cheese manufactured from skimmed milk, or from milk that is 
 partly skimmed, without the- same being plainly branded, 
 stamped or marked on the side or top cf both cheese and pack- 
 age, in a durable manner, in the English language, the words 
 " skimmed milk cheese," the letters of the woids to be not less 
 than one inch in height and one-half inch in width, he sh, 11 be 
 fined not less than twenty-five nor more than ore hundred dollars, 
 and be liable for double damages to the person or persons 
 upcn whom such frauds shall be committed; but the provisions 
 of this section shall not apply to skimmed milk when sold as 
 such and in the manner and subject to the regulations prescribed 
 in this chapter. 
 
 Sec. 4990. What deemed adulterated or impure milk 
 For the purposes of this chapter, the addition of water or any 
 other substance or thing to whole milk or skimmed milk or par- 
 tially skimmed milk is hereby declared an adulteration, and 
 milk which is obtained from animals fed upon waste as defined 
 in this chapter, or upon any substance of an unhealthy nature, 
 is hereby declared to be impure and unwholesome, and milk 
 which is proved by any reliable method of test or analysis to 
 contain less than twelve and one-half per cent, of milk solids to 
 thte -hundred pounds of milk, or than three pounds of butter fat 
 to one hundred pounds of milk, shall be regarded as skimmed 
 or partially skimmed milk, and every article not containing 
 fifteen per cent, or more of butter fat shall not be regarded as 
 cream. 
 
 C Sec. 4991. Enforcement. It is hereby made the duty of 
 the dairy commissioner to enforce the previsions of the two 
 preceding sections. 
 
 STATE OF IOW A , > 
 
 Office of Attorney-General, J- 
 
 Des Moines, July 7, 189s. ) 
 
 Hon. L S. Gates, Dairy Commissioner, DesMoir.es, Iowa: 
 | Dear Sir— You asked for my e pinion in reference to the necessity of 
 proving the intent cf violaticg the pre visions of section 4989 of the cude of 
 1897. Ytu propound the followh g inquiries: 
 
 Dfs Moines, Iowa, July 6, 189*. 
 Bon. Milton Remley, Attorney-General, Des Moines, Iowa: 
 ' Dear bra — I would like your opinion en the foilowir g point in tbp prcs- 
 ecu ion of ( ffenders who sell milk below standard (3 per i^ent butter fat): 
 I Is it neci s^ary for the state to prove only that the t ffencier s* Us < r < ffeis 
 for sale milk below what the law requires (3 per cent butter fai)? Is it 
 
str o _ 16 _ II II II II MM! i M I li II il I 
 
 002 856 112 A 
 necessary for the state to provethat the one who selis ur uuers iur saie uiuk. 
 below standard had an intent to deceive, or actually watered or skimmed 
 or otherwise adulterated the milk offered for sale? 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 L. S. Gates, 
 Dairy Commissioner. 
 
 Answering, I would say that the statute does not contemplate the neces- 
 sity of proving that the party who adulterates milk, or offers the same for 
 sale when adulterated or in any other condition forbidden by law, has an 
 intent to violate the law. 
 
 In other words, he who offers milk for sale must know that it is pure 
 milk. It must be in no manner "unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated, 
 unwholesome or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been held back 
 what is commonly known as ' strippings,' or milk taken from an animal hav- 
 ing disease, sickness, ulcers, abscesses or running sore, or which has been 
 taken from an animal within fifteen days before or five days after partu- 
 rition.". 
 
 Neither is it necessary to prove that the party offering milk for sale 
 adulterated the same, or that he had knowledge that the same had been 
 adulterated, or that he had any intent to violate the law. 
 
 See section 88, Wharton's Criminal Law, eighth edition. Com. v. Faren, 
 9 Allen, 489; Com. v. Waite, 11 Allen, 264; State v. Smith, 10 R. I., 2E8. 
 
 Section 4990 of the code of 1897, describes what the law contemplates to 
 be adulterated or impure milk. It reads as follows: 
 
 Section 4990. " For the purposes of this chapter, the addition of water 
 or any other substance or thing to whole milk or skimmed milk, or par- 
 tially skimmed milk, is hereby declared an adulteration, and milk which is 
 obtained from animals fed upon waste, as defined in this chapter, or upon 
 any substance of an unhealthy nature, is hereby declared to be impure and 
 unwholesome, and milk which is proved by any reliable method of test or 
 analysis to contain less than 12^ per cent of milk solids to the 100 pounds of 
 milk, or than three pounds of butter fat to 100 pounds of milk, shall be 
 regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk, and every article not con- 
 taing 15 per cent or more of butter fat shall not be regarded as cream." 
 Yours respect 'ully, 
 
 W. H. Redman, 
 Assistant Attorney-General. 
 
IBRAF* 
 
 QF c oNGRESS 
 
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