LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 5 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. { MB o^U^tz^Oa^L^ £2$. 'titty JV C 3-S-SL.. GERMAN MANUAL OR FIRST INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. BY "3, E. C. f. KRAUSS, INSTRUCTOR AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, BOSTON:, S. R. TJRBINO, 13, SCHOOL STREET. NEW YORK: F. W. CHRISTERN, 763, BROADWAY. PHINADELPHIA: F. LEYPOLDT, 1323, CHESTNUT STREET. 1864. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by S. R. URBINO, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts. ^7 2- tti PREFACE. X his little work does not pretend to be a grammar, but simply, what its title says, a manual. Its successful use requires an able and experienced teacher. But without such even the most elaborate grammar will be of little profit to a beginner. The German grammar, as well in etymology as in syntax, is much more complicated than the grammar of most other modern languages ; and a detailed statement of all the rules, exceptions, etc. must confound and discourage the student to whom the whole language is yet an unknown field ; whereas a statement of the most important grammatical points only — while qualifying him at least to read German under- standingly — will also give him an insight into the general spirit of the language. This insight will enable him who has time and inclination afterwards to undertake a thorough study of the detailed minutiae and of their application in writing German, to do so with profit and interest. in IV The ability to converse in a foreign language, can never be acquired from books. Yet the attempt at conversation cannot be commenced too early ; and for this reason many of the examples given in this manual are specimens of con- versation, such as is really carried on in daily life. But here too, oral instruction must principally be depended upon. Every teacher who is not an automaton, and who does not wish merely to hear his pupils recite their lesson, but really to instruct them, will have his own method ; and for him, a simple manual, containing only the most neccessary facts, will be more welcome than a minute classbook, which prevents his free agency as an instructor. Cambridge, July 1864. THE AUTHOR. COJNTTENTS. Introduction. Page. The letters and their pronunciation. 1. The German alphabet 1 2. Pronunciation of the vowels 2 3. „ „ „ simple consonants 2 4. Compound consonants 3 PART FIRST. Practical Exercises. First Lesson, id) fcitt — predicative adjective 5 Second Lesson, f dj toav — the simple principal sentence 6 Third Lesson, id) tya&e 8 Beading lesson I. £>te Slip en 8 Fourth Lesson, id) Ijatte — numerals, one to ten 8 Reading lesson IT 9 Fifth Lesson, tdj foerfce — id) fcurbe — numerals eleven to a million 10 Beading lesson III 11 Sixth Lesson. i<$ UU, — i^ rcbc 12 Beading lesson IV ; 13 Seventh Lesson, id) Xebte f — id) refeete, — bicfer 13 Beading lesson V. !£>ie alttn £)eutfdjett 15 Eighth Lesson. First declension — i$ toerfce Tefen 15 Beading lesson VI .17 V VI Page. Ninth Lesson. Second declension — 1$ tyafce, tyatte Qete&t, — tnein jc .17 First conjugation 19 Reading lesson VII 19 Tenth Lesson. Third declension — idj werbe gc^en,— id) bin gefcanbert — the subordi- nate sentence 19 Reading lesson VIII 20 Eleventh Lesson. Fourth declension — tooUm, foflen, lonncn 21 Reading lesson IX 22 Twelfth Lesson. Mixed declension — mogen, bitrfen, tniiffen » 23 Reading lesson X 1 25 Thirteenth Lesson. Prepositions 25 Reading lesson XI 27 Fourteenth Lesson. Personal pronouns — passive voice 28 Reading lesson XII 30 Fifteenth Lesson. Declension of the adjective 31 Reading lesson XIII 33 Sixteenth Lesson. Present tense of th e strong conjugation 34 Reading lesson XIV 35 Seventeenth Lesson. Second conjugation 36 Reading lesson XV 37 Eighteenth Lesson. Third conjugation 39 Reading Lesson XVI 40 Nineteenth Lesson. Fourth conjugation 42 Reading lesson XVII 42 Twentieth Lesson. Fifth conjugation 43 Reading lesson XVIII 43 Twenty First Lesson. Irregular verbs 45 Reading lesson XIX. ©fijje au$ einem ZaQthvify 46 Twenty Second Lesson. Separable and inseparable verbs 47 Reading lesson XX 48 Twenty Third Lesson. Reflexive and impersonal verbs 49 Reading lesson XXI 50 Twenty Fourth Lesson. Infinitive 51 Reading lesson XXII 52 VII PART SECOND. Grammatical Kules and Paradigms. I Page. Chap. I. The Article. a. The definite article 1 57 b. „ indefinite „ 2 57 Chap. II. Declension of Courts 3 57 Remarks • 4 59 Paradigms : First declension 5 61 Second „ 6 61 Third „ 7 61 Fourth „ 8 62 Mixed „ 9 63 Chap, III. The Verb. A. Rules and Remarks. Some general remarks 10 63 System of conjugations 11 64 Weak or first conjugation 12 64 Strong conjugation (II., in., IV., T.) 13 64 The augment of the past participle 14 66 Separable and inseparable prefixes 15 66 Terminations of the simple forms 16 67 Ablaut of the strong conjugation 17 67 Second conjugation. First class 18 68 Second,, 19 68 Third „ 20 69 Third conjugation. First class. 21 69 Second „ 22 69 Third „ 23 70 Fourth conjugation 24 70 Fifth „ 25 71 Irregular verbs 26 71 Compound tenses 27.28 72 B. Paradigms of conjugation The auxiliary verb fyafcen 29 73 j» •> » fern 30 74 » n if toerfcen 31 75 First paradigm of the weak conjugation, UUn 32 77 860011(1 » » „ „ rebttt 33 78 VIII First paradigm of the strong conjugation, fyetfen 34 Second ,. „ „ „ fafyren 35 80 Passive voice 36 81 Impersonal verb 37 82 Reflectiive „ 38 82 Inseparable compound verb 39 84 Separable „ „ 40 84 Auxiliary verbs of mood : SBotten 41 85 eottcn 42 85 tfonnen 43 80 Wl'Wn 44 86 Durfen 45 87 TCffen 45 87 2Btffen,Note 46 88 Chap, IV, Declensi on of Pronouns, Personal pronouns 47 88 Demonstrative and relative etc. pronouns 48 89 Possessive pronouns 49 90 Chap, V. The Adjective 50 90 Comparison of adjectives 51 90 Declension „ „ 52,53 91 A. Strong declension 54 92 B. Weak „ 55 93 C. Mixed „ 56 93 Chap, VI. The Preposition, I. Prepositions governing the genitive 57 94 II. „ „ dative 58 94 III. j, „ accusative 59 95 IV. „ „ dative and accusative 60 95 Chap VII. Arrangement of Words 61 95 A. Regular succession of words. 1. Of the principal parts. I. Principal clause. a. Declaratory sentence » 62 96 b. Interrogative etc. sentence t .63 96 II. Subordinate clause 64 97 2. Of modifying expression s 65 97 I, Principal clause. a. Declaratory sentence 66 98 b. Innterrogative sentence 67 98 IX § Page. II. Subordinate clause 68 93 B. Inverted succession of words 69 99 I. Principal declaratory sentence 70 99 II. Interrogative sentence 71 100 III. Subordinate sentence 72 100 Chvp. VIII, Use of the Subjunctive 73. 74 101 Vocabulary I 103 „ H 121 General Index 129 PART FIRST. PRACTICAL EXERCISES. Introduction. The Letters and their Pronunciation. 1. The German Alphabet. Name. Name. 21 a, a, all m n, n, enn 33 &, b, bay D 0, O, oh <£ c, c, tsay ■9 p, V, pay 2) b, a, day n <\, ess © 8/ g> gay X t, t, tay £ *, t, hah u U, u, 00 3 t, », ee 25 »/ v r fow 3 1/ j> vot 355 »/ *» (vay)*) tf f, k, kah X r, x, ix 2 t, 1, ell 3 9/ y, ypsilon W nt/ m, emm 3 J/ z, tset. Diphthongs : at, cm, et, eu. Modified vowels („Umlaute") : a, 5, ii, an. Compound consonants: fy, tf, t>i, ncj, J$, % fj, fd), ft fp,., *) See " Pronunciation of simple consonants'', 1 — 2 — !2. Pronunciation of the Vowels, ft is pronounced like a in father, star. * 99 ?? a „ ^a?g or like e in Jfess. i 5) e# „ deep, „ i „ m7Z. o „ ?> o „ note. K >? o „ 9%0#e, „ w „ bush. a » a „ t?ar£. 8 French g% „ seul (similar to i in bird). u „ ?> w „ sure (no corresponding sound in English), at, ef are ?? i „file. au is „ ?> ou „ house. eu, ClU are ?? oy „ boy. Note. The combination ic is no diphthong but merely an ortho- graphic formation, and is pronunced like ee in feel. 3. Pronunciation of the simple Consonants. The letters b, b, f, $, f, l r {It, tt, p, q, t, r htive the same sounds as in English. C, used only in words of foreign origin, is pronounced like k, wherever it would be so in English i. e. before a, 0, U, CM and before consonants; Sato, (Srebtt,*) like Kahto, Kredit. Where in English it would have the sound of s, it is pronounced like J (ts) ; Gteber, @tVCU3, like Tsader, Tsirkus. g has, even before n, the sound of g in good: gar, ©elb, ©nabe* fy, sounding like h in house, is always pronounced at the beginning, but never at the end or in the middle of a word, except when in a compound it is the first letter of the second component, as in bafyet* j has the sound of y in yes, year. *) In German all nouns begin with a capital letter. — 3 — X has, like the French r a rolling or rattling sound ; rebett, fRofe. f (long s), used only at the beginning and in the middle of a word, and £ (short or final s), used only at the end of a word or of a component in a compound, — are pron ounced like s in so, yes. The pronunciation like z is improper. 'ff, which is used only after short vowels and in the middle of a word, and £j, which in the middle of a word is used only after long but at the end of a word after long and short vowels, — sound like ss in gossip. i before i with another vowel after it has the sound of j Qts), Nation (somewhat like natsiohn) ; this combination occurs only in words, originally latin. i) sounds like/, never like v. XO has no corresponding sound in English (neither v vor w). It resembles b ; but for XO the lips must be closed less tightly, and opened slower. Its pronunciation can only be learned by hearing ; the pronunciation like v is provincial. # $ sounds like ts; ftinn, like tsinn. 4. Compound Consonants. &) a) at the beginning of a word like k, (£l)or, Kofir ; b) in the middle or at the end cf a word its sound has no corresponding one in English. It is an aspira- ted guttural (Greek jf), and has a deep and a high sound, the deep sound (comp. the Scotch loch) after JX, 0, U, an ; £)(*$, S3ud) ; after all other vowels and all consonants the high sound; i§, Tt(i)t, buxty. It can only be learned by hearing it. cf like ck. — 4 — fct like t. ttg lias the sound of ng in singer, never the hard one as in finger. pf) like ph or /. tf) „ t y never like the English th. fcfy „ sA in $A ift she > is c8 ) it ) b. \)CV (masc), bte (fern.), bci§ (neut.), bte (plur.) — the (nom. case). c. In German every noun begins with a capital letter. d. The pronoun id) (I) does not begin with a capital letter. e. When an adjective is used as predicate, it takes no termin- ation of gender or case, but retains its primitive form, which is therefore called the predicative form. alt old Die SWlttter the mother Itnb and l)ier here jnng young ber Stoter the father 5 — 6 — franf sick ba$ §a\\& the house afle all [d)5n beautiful gefunb well ber £ag (pi. Sage) the day gtudPIidt) happy furg short. 2. I am old and thou art young. Where is the mother? She is here. The father and the brother are sick. But we are all well. You are happy. The house is beautiful. The days are short. Second Lesson. ©er S5ater mar franf unb iff mieber gefunb. SBarft bit fleij3tg? 3a, idj mar fleijsig unb aufmerffanu SBir maren gufrieb'en, aber il)r mart nidjt gliicflid). ©tc £age maren angenefym. a. id) mar I was mir maren we were bu marft thou wast ifjr maret (mart) you were er mar he was fie maren they were. b. etn (masc), cine (fern.), ein (neut.) — a, an (nom. case). c. In any principal sentence, whether declaratory or interrog- ative, consisting only of Subject, Copula and Predicate, the arrangement of words is the same in German as in English. [Compare Part Second § 62, 63.] mieber again geftem yesterday fleijng diligent in in ja yes . utele many cutfmerffam attentive ber ©ojbat (pi. bteSoIbaten) the angenel)m pleasant soldier bte (Scfymcfter the sister bort there Kim now ber *pl)Uofopt) the philosopher fort away bie %xa\\ the woman netn no bie imagb the servant (female) nur only ba§ that ein mentg a little ba§ ©d)[oft the castle immol)l unwell bte ^ird)e the church. 4. Where is the sister ? She was here and is now (gone) away. Thou wast sick. No, I was only a little unwell. Where were you yesterday? We were in Boston ; many soldiers were there. Thy brother was a philosopher and a soldier. The woman there was a servant. Was that a castle ? No, it was a church. Third Lesson. ©er Setter tjat ba§ SBitd) tmb ber ©dfjuler bte geber, 3d) fyabt em ^Jfevb, aber mem better fyat mtr emeu $unb. $abt il)r nod) ba§ $au§ tmb ben ©arten? 3a, mtr fyaben nun and) em gelb. 3So l)a(t bit ben Siegenfdjtrm? 3 it $attfe. SBtr fyaben je£t eine $uf) tmb em ©djaf. SBag f>at bte ©cfymefter? ©er ©ruber unb bte ©cfymefter fyaben etnen $ttd)en\ a. id) fyabt I have nnr fyaben we have bu f)a|t thou hast t()r l)abt you have er t)Clt he has fie l)aben they have. b. im (masc), bte (fern.), bct§ (neut.), bte (plur.) — the (accus. case). etnen (masc), ctue (fern.), em (neut.) a, an (accus. case), ber Scorer the teacher &ie $ill) the cow ba§ !6itd) (pi. SJitcfyer) the book bag ©d)af the sheep ber ©filler the scholar hm8 what bte geber the pen ber Stidjcn the cake bait ^ferb (pi. s ^ferbe) the horse ber 3aum the bridle mein my ber Sittfdjer the coachman ber Setter the cousin ba§ ©efd)trr the harness ber $unb the dog ba§ $eu, the hay nod) yet flcnug enough ber ©arten the garden bte $a|e the cat attd) also bag SWeffer the knife ba$ ^clb the field bte ©abel the fork ber Dicgenfdjirm the umbrella ber Soffel the spoon, jejjt now 6. What hast thou here ? I have the bridle. The coachman has the harness. Have the horses hay? Yes, they have enough. — 8 — We have a dog and a cat. Where have you the books ? We have the books here and the pen there. I have a knife, a fork and a spoon. Reading lesson I. $ i t <2t i p t n. THE ALPS. ©ie Slfpen bilben ben Ijodjften ©ebirc^ttg ©nropa'g. ©te gietyen The Alps form the highest mountainrange of Europe. They extend fid) Dom mittellanbifdjen Sfteere bet Sfti^a norblid) nad) ber from the Mediterranean sea at Nice Northward to — ©djroei^, bann in oftltdjer ^ticbtnng bitrcb bie ©cbtneij, ba$ Jtyrol Switzerland, then in an Eastern direction through — . . . , — Tyrol imb bie oftlid) t>on £t)rol flelecienen ^rotun^en SDcftcrrctc^S bi§ nad) . . . . East of ... situated provinces of Austria, as far as Ungam nnb ©roatien &in. ®er ^od^ftc S5ercj berfelben ift ber Hungary .. Croatia — . . . highest mountain of them •• •• 9ftont 93lanc, bierjebn tattfenb fieben ^unbcrt unb fed^Sgig guji Mont Blanc fourteen thousand seven hundred .. sixty feet fiber bent SDfccrcSfptcftel. (Stroct aijt taufenb gufj bod) ift bie above the level of the sea. About eight thousand feet high • • ©cbneelinie, ba$ l)ei^t bie Sinie, fiber tneldjer ber ©djnee nie cjan^ snow line, that is . . line . • which • • snow never entirely berfdjitrinbet. ©elbft im Ijodjften ©omnter fyat bie ©onne nidjt disappears. Even in the highest summer •• •• sun not Sraft flemtg, ibn anf biefen $oben git fcbmelgen. power enough, it on these hights to melt. Fourth Lesson* 7- 9ftein SSater batte bide Sftdjcr. 3d) Ijatte ^mei ^ferbe, bit batteft einen 6nnb, nnb ma§ l)atte beine ©cbrocfter ? ©ie fyatk brei ©djafe. SSier ffittfd&er fatten ad)t $ferbe. SS5ir babcn je£t ba§ $au3, mel* d)e3 ibr bctttet. SBir batten fonft and) einen ©arten. a. icb batte I had tt)ir batten we had bit tjatteft tnou hadst ibr battet you had er bcitte he had fie batten they had. — 9 — b. em, ehte, em (ein§) one fed)§ six gmet two ftefaen seven bret three aA)t eight t)icr four tietm nine fihtf five gel)U ten. beine thy bag *piano the piano bie ©cfyafe (pi.) the sheep fem no (adject.) tt)eld)e§ which bie SStolme (pi. JBiotinen) the fonft formerly violin ber Onfel the uncle bet greunb (pi. ^veunbe)the friend ber ©obn, the son ber ©treit the dispute bie Softer (pi. £od)ter) the ber 33leiftifl the pencil daughter einft, once. 8. My uncle had one son and six daughters. One daughter hatl one house, and one had two (of them). Had you a piano? No, we had no piano, but we had two violins. I had formerly many friends. The brothers had a dispute. Thou hadst a pen and a pencil. We had once five horses, seven sheep and one cow. Reading lesson II. Sim frufyen Sttorgen, tuenn bie Sonne ifjre erften ©tral)len In the early morning. when . . ... his first beams auf biefe ©djneegipfel ttrirft, Ijaben fie eine fdjone gelbe garbe, upon these snowtops throws, . . they . ♦ beautiful yellow color bie aEmciltg, roic bie ©onne Ijofyer fteigt, in inetfj nberciel)t. which gradually, as . . ... higher ascends, to white changes. SBcnn bie Sonne l)od) fteijt, befonber§ am Sftittag, tnirb ba§ £id)t . . stands, particularly at noon, is . . light biefer ©djneeljofyen fo blenbenb tueij*, baj3 man fanm nad) il)nen of there snowy hights so dazzling white, that one scarcely at them fyinblicfen fann. Sim Slbenb bagegen, ftenn bie ©onne fid) neigt, look can. In the evening however . . • . ... stands low, tuerbcn bie ©ipfet aUmcilig rofenfarbig, bi§ biefe garbe nad) turn the tops ... rosy until this •• after ©onnemmtcrgang bem ©djatfen meicfyt. sunset to the shadow yields. — 10 — Fifth Lesson. ©ie gmmbe merben eitdt) crmarten. 3l)r tocrbet balb ba§ $au8 fdjen. 3d) merbe jet^t fortgetjen; e§ tt)irb gletd) gtudlf ll^r fcin; ©it tmrft t)ier bleiben; ttrir roerben tnorgen nrieber fommen. ©it rmirbeft gelobt unb id) roitrbe getabelt; mein SBrubcr ttmrbe fogar beftraft. Sffitr nntrben allc ermaljnt. 3l)r ttutrbet fortgefd)icft. ©reijefyn ©olbaten rourbcn getobtet unb gftangig Derttutnbet. Present tense. Imperfect tense, a. id) merbe mir merben b. id) lnurbe roir nntrben bit ttritft if)r luerbet bit nutrbeft it)r murb.et' er roirb fie roerben. er murbe fie nntrben. 9 c. tt) e X b e tt as a neuter verb signifies to become, grow, turn, get, &cet. But it is principally used as an auxiliary verb, and forms : 1) with the present infinitive, the future tense ; id) inerbe gefyen, I shall go. 2) with the past participle, the passive voice ; id) tncrbe ge- lobt, I am praised ; id) luitrbe gelobt, I was praised. d. elf eleven pei Uttb gfoattjig twenty two gltJOlf twelve Dtei^ig thirty brei^et)n thirteen t)icrgifl forty tnergefyn fourteen fimfgig fifty fi'mfpftn fifteen fec^^icj sixty fe^^e^n sixteen fiebettgebn seventeen ad^ig eighty" a^tje|tt eighteen ItClingift ninety neittt^eljn nineteen bitnbert hundred ^tnan^ig twenty taufenb thousand em unb gman^ig twenty one eine Million a million. e. In any principal sentence, interrogative as well as declara- tory, objects and adverbs precede the predicate, which is the last word in the sentence ; hence the infinitive or past participle of a compound tense must come at the end of the sentence. [Part II. § 61.] end) you (dat. & accus.) gefjen to go emmrten to expect gleid) directly balb soon ^roolf Ufyr twelve o'clock fefyett to see bleiben to remain tebengig (fiebjig) seventy — 11 — morgen tomorrow fycute today fotnmen to come unferc our gclobt praised guritdP fel)ren to return netabelt blamed fptelen to play focjar eveu Utlterbeffen meanwhile bcftraft punished ber §ailptmann the captain ermal)nt admonished tmterricfytet instructed Qcfd)irft sent bit 8lntl)metif arithmetic getobtet killed cmpfo^len recommended uentninbet wounded all as bag Saljr (pi. Sabre) the year unterfltdjt examined ftbermorgcn day after tomorrow Dor ©crtdjt in court tiad)fte SSod)e next week Clltlaffcn discharged. Icfcn to read 10. (2 ) (1 . . . ) I shall be fourteen years old day after tomorrow. Thou wilt (2 . )(i . ) be eleven next week, and thy brother will soon be seventeen. Will you read to day? No, our parents will soon return, and we will play meanwhile. The captain was wounded, and six- teen soldiers were killed. I was instructed in arithmetic. Thou wast recommended as teacher. You were examined in court, but we were discharged. Reading lesson III. Sroifdjen ben IjSfymt ©cbirggfcimmen gteljen fid) biSmetlen ©let- Between .. higher mountainridges run — sometimes glac- fdjer Ijerab, tie in gorm unb 2lu§bel)nung etnem beftanbigen SBed)fel iers down, which., form .. extent to a continual change imteriDorfen ftnb. Siefer Ijinab ftnbet man enge, aber btftoeilen subjected •• Lower down finds one narrow, but sometimes frudjtbetre Scaler, bte — reid) an Cutellen, fdjonen SBafferfallen fertile valleys, which — rich in springs, beautiful cascades unb fetfen SBiefen — Don Stfenfcfyen betooljnt ftnb. • • rich meadows — by people inhabited •• ©ic Sllpenldnber tuaren don SlltcrS l)er ber 2Bol)nort cinc§ • . alpine countries • . from ancient times • • home of a frafttgen unb freten SSolftftammeS, beffen dltere $ehnatt) im 9torben vigorous . . free nation, whose former home in the North giiropaS mar. 12 — Sixth Lesson. it. ©it lebft feljr glitcflid). 3d) arbeite fleiftig, lebe mci^ig, unb bin baber gefunb unb gufrieben. 3Bo arbeitet it)r jetjt? 2Bir arbeiten in ciner gabrif, nnb unfer SWeifter galjlt ting gut. $ter rooljncn utcle reicbe Scute. SBarum aaubern ©ie fo lange? 3d) t)abe nidjt gu eilen. $aben ©ie biefed 23ud) fdjon geftern get)abt? 3a, unb id) roerbe eg aui^ morgen nod) baben. 2Bie lange bleibt 3I)r ©ruber l)ier ? S5t8 nadjften s JWontag. ©ct)en ©iemit il)m? 9tein, er ttritnfd)t bag nid)t. a. id) lebe I live bit lebft ) thoa livest ©ie leben J you live er lebt he lives b. id) rebe I speak bit rebeft ) thou speakest ©ie reben ) you speak er rebet he speaks roir leben we live fic leben they live. tt)ir reben we speak fie reben they speak. c. ©it and il)r are used in familiar, ©ie in polite language. [Part II. § 47. Note 3.] d. The verb — its terminations — the auxiliaries fcin, fyaben, tuerben. [Part II. §§ 10, 16, 29, 30, 31.] arbeiten to work tncifng temperately bal)er therefore bie ftabrif the factory ber SUiciftcr the employer jctljlen to pay gut well tt)ot)nen to live bie Scute (pi.) people rtmrum why gaubem to hesitate fo so lange long guto eilen to hurry biefeg this (neut.) e§ it tnie how bleiben to remain big until nacfyften next (accus.) 9ft out ag Monday rrtit with t[)tn him (dat.) munfd)en to wish loben, to praise it)n him (accus.) Jit too Diel much berbienen to deserve lieben to love fennen to know — 13 — ba% ©ttjjenb the dozen ItJoftitl where ber ©tufjl (pi. @tiil)le) the chair qeticn to go bat) on of them ttt into. gerbrod)en broken You (bit) praise him too much ; he does not deserve that. You (tl)r) do not love him ; but I know him well and love him. We have had a dozen chairs. Three of them were broken. Where are you (@ie) going? I am going to (into the) church (accus.). Reading Lesson IV. 9ll§ in goige Don $rieg obcr UeberDolfertmg fie nid)t meljr When . . consequence . . war or over-population it no longer genttg $taum ober Sprung fur fie fyatte, Derliefkn fie bie alte room .. food for them .. , left .. •• old $etmatl), urn im ©uben eine neue gu fudjen 5 unb fo fatten fie , — in the South a new one to seek; . • fd)on in dorgefd)id)tlid)er Beit Sefifc Don biefen Sltyenlanbern. .©a already . . ante-historical time possession . . these .... Since e§ roenig fianb fur ben Slcferbau gab, fo ttntrbe SSiel^udjt il)re there little land for — agriculture was, — was breeding of cattle their §auptbefd)aftigung; unb tt>ie eg gemofynlid) mit S3ergbemol)uem principal occupation; . . as it usually with mountaineers ber gall ift, fo ttmrben audj fie ein frafttgeS, freieS unb unabl)cingige§ the case is, •• became also they .. vigorous, free .. independent Seventh Lesson. Wdn SJrubcr reifte geftern nad) 9lcnSoxl 6r batte bie SBftdjer in einer fiifte unb bie Sleiber in eiuem Coffer. ®ie Softer wife- mete it)re Beit ber *pflege be§ S5atcr8. ©agteft bit etroar? 3a, id) fagte: ifyr beftelltet btefeS SBilb gu frill). SBir tmmfdjten c3 nod) fruljer; aber ber Scaler arbeitete fet)r langfam. ©iefe Scute lobten e3 fcfjr. $)iefer ©todf getjort bem @ol)n beg SeljrerS. (Sr ergaljlte ben Stnbern beg 9Zad)barn ©efd)id)ten. ©cfyreibe einen SBrief an — 14 — btcfcn 9ttann. 3d) Ijabe fetnc 3rft 3td)tet attf bie 38ortc btefeS ilel)rer^. a. The definite and the indefinite article in full [Part II. §§ 1 &2]. biefeS, this ; biefe, these ; btcfe* biefer biefem biefett biefe* btcfe. In the same way are declined : jener that, jeber each, every, mandjer many a, tneldjer who, which, ber that, who. [P. II. § 48.] Masc. Fern, Nom. biefet btefe Gen. biefeS biefer Dat. biefem biefet Ace. bicfett bicfe c. id) lebte I lived bit lebteft thoulivedst (you lived) er lebte he lived txrir lebtett we lived tl)t lebtet you lived fie lebten they lived d. Imperative [ebe (sing.), [ebt (pi.) live; rebe (sing.), rebet (pi.), speak. [P. II, § 16.] id) rebefe I spoke bit rebeteft you spoke er rebetc he spoke tuir rebeten we spoke il)r rebetet you spoke fie rebeten they spoke. ret)en to go bie tifte the box bie kleiber (pi.) the clothes ber goffer the trunk ruibmni to devote bie Allege the care fa gen to say ettuad anything be ft ell en to order bie ©efd)id)ten the stories fcfyreiben to write ber 95iief the letter an to adjten to mind bie SBorte the words fnd)en to seek ber ©arten the garden glattben to think baS 35ilb (pi. 35itbcr) the picture bie @d)aufel the shovel frftl) soon roiinfdjen to wish nod) fritter still sooner ber Water the painter langfam slowly ber Stucf the cane gcl)5ren to belong erjaljlen to tell bie ffinber (dat. Sinbern) the children bie s Jtad)barn the neighbors bort there braudjen to need lieber, rather ber Spaten the spade berounbern to admire ber SBerftanb the intelligence ber 61)arafter the character Dcrfanfen to sell fd)mftcifen to adorn bie SBanbe the walls bag Bmtmer the room. — 15 — !£♦ What did you (pi.) seek in this garden ? We thought, the shovel was (Subjunct.) there. You needed no shovel ; seek (pi.) rather a spade. Did you love this man? I admired the intelligence of the man, but I did not love his character. Ha sold my father (dat.) these pictures. They adorned the walls of the room. Reading lesson V. Wit altnt ^eutfdjen. ANCIENT GERMANS. 95or gmet tcutfenb Safyren roar ®etttfd}[anb turn etnem SSoIfe Ago (before) . . thousand . • . . Germany by . . people beroofynt, ba§ (groat) au8 oerfd)tebenen ©tammen beftanb, bie oft inhabited, which — of different tribes consisted, who often Srteg gegen rinanbcr fitfyrten, ba§ aber gemeinfamen Urfprung unb against eachother carried on, . . however common origin • • eine gememfame ©pradje fyatte, roenngleid) bie let>tere in Derfdjiebene language .. , although .. latter . . •• ©ialefte jerfiel. dialects was divided. SBir roiffen in ber Zfyat nur roenig fiber unfere SSortmtcr au$ know indeed but little about our forefathers of jetter 3ett, unb ba$ SBenige an$ fremben CtueUen, .-miter roeldjen that .. , .. this little from foreign sources, among which 5tacitu8 bie guderlajjigfte i[t. $lad) ifym roaren fie Don roilbem Tacitus .. most trustworthy ... According to him .. .. of fierce Slnfefyen, Ijatten fyimtnelblaue Slugen unb rotfylidje §aare, roaren aspect, .. sky-blue eyes .. reddish hair, gro£ unb ftarf, aber nicfyt auSbaucrnb; an^alteunb §unger roaren large .. strong, .. .. persevering; to cold .. hunger •• fie geroofynt, aber $ifce unb ®urft fonnten fie nidjt ertragen. • • accostumed, .. heat .. thirst could .. .. endure. Eighth Lesson. 3n biefem Simmer finb jwei Jtfdje, gioci S$aufe unb ginolf @tut)le. ©ie £e|)pid)e auf biefen Sifcfyen finb tljcuer. 3d) tnevbe jiuei SWcfe — 16 faufcn. ©icfe @d)uf)e tnerben balb ferttg fetn. ®ie 9tinge unb ©teine be§ $onig§ finb foftbar. 3ene spferbe merben bic SPfluge leidjt jie^en. SSer rcirb btefe ©djafe unb jene Siilje faufcn ? ®er tWann mtt ben gmct §unben. SBirb biefe Safce SSJfihife fangen? ©ie f)at in brei 9Wd)ten fitnf SWaufe gefangcn (caught). Sljr rocr« M auf ber IRetfe fcfyone ©tcibte fcljcn. ®u mirft in einer ©tabt am Sfteere leben unb oft gifdje effen. 28ir roerben bid) (you) in einigen (some) Safyren gurudf erttmrten. a. First declension of nouns. [P. II.* §3,1; § 4 Eem. 1, 2. 4 & 5 ; § 5.] b. id) roerbe lefen I shall read, mir inerben lefen we shall read bit mirft „ thou wilt „ , ifyr tuerbet „ you will „ er mirb „ he will „ , fie tuerben „ they will „ c. Position of adverbs and objects in principal sentences. [P. II. §§ 65, 66, 67.) ber Sifd) the table bie SBanf the bench ber £ep:pid) the carpet tfyeuer dear ber $todf the coat faufcn to buy ber ©d)tll) the shoe fertia done ?er Sling the ring ber Stein the stone f oft bar precious ber SPflug the plough lctd)t easily giefyen to draw tner who ber Sftann the man bie WattS the mouse fangen to catch bie vtaijt the night bie 9icife the journey bie ©tabt the city gurudF back ermarten to expect bag ftfteer the sea ber gifd), the fish effen to eat lefen to read ber §a[)n the cock fd)lad)ten to kill ber ©aft the guest beibe both ber Sftngling, the youth gefefyen, seen fie them ber §itt the hat ttmfcfyen to wash bie $anb the hand reinigen to clean ber 3af)n the tooth erljaltcn to receive ber 9ting the ring. 18. What will we eat today ? My brothers will kill sheep to- morrow. The sons of the king will come today. They will be the guests of the city. Both (of them) are youths yet. J — 17 — have not seen them for (in) years. I shall have two coats and two hats. I shall wash my hands and clean my teeth. You will receive rings with precious stones and one (etuen) with hair (plur.). Reading lesson VI. ®a§ Sanb befdjretben bte Corner — bie freilid) aneinitalicnifd)e§ country describe .. Romans — who of course .. .. Italian $lmta imb ein fyod)culttDttte§ Sanb geroo^nt maren — al§ eine climate . . • • highly cultivated • • . . . . — • . • • raufye SBilbnif*. 5)er Robert roar Don nngeljenten SSalbern bcbecft rough wilderness. •• soil .. by immense forests covered unb don ©itmpfen bnrcfyjogen, ber §immel meift bitrd) SSolfen swamps broken up, .. sky mostly by clouds nnb 9Zebel tierljitUt. ©ieben SWonate beg 3at)re§ l)crr(d)te ein fogs covered. .. months of the .. reigned «• ranker SBinter nnb tm (Sommer muttjeten gtimme ©emitter. winter . . . . summer raged fierce thunderstorms. SSemt gfeid) ba§ Sanb bemnad) eine SBilbnip tuat, (fo) Although .. •• according to this . . .. ... , — bwrfcn mir bod) feine bamaligen 2}eroot)net nid)t ffttSBilbe tjalten. must . . yet its then inhabitants .. .. savages take ©ie maren mehncfyt ein acferbanenbeS ©efct)Icdt)t. @ie burd|ftrid)en . . on the contrary . • agricultural race. . . roved nidjt — ba$ Sanb al3 nomabifcfye §irten ober Sdger, fonbem . . (through) . . . . . . nomadic herdsmen . . hunters, but fatten iljre feften 2ln(ieblnngen, tuenn gleid) $ rieg nnb SBanberlnft their fixed settlements, . . . . . . . . desire f. travelling fie bierceilen Deranlafjten, tyre SSobnfi^e gu tteranbern. • • sometimes induced, .. residences .. change. Ninth Lesson. 17. 3d} fyabe ba§ SBifb bie[e§ 9#anne3 ge!anft; id) tjatte e§ langft ge- immfdjt. $a[t bn bie Sieber ber 3?inDer gel)5rt? 8ie Ijaben mid) anS tneinem ©d)laf gemecft. ©ie|ntl)ner baben 6tcr in il)re defter gelegt. $?cin 95ater bat bret |>an[er gefduft. SStr babcn bte Scanner in unfern SBalberu gefud)t. Sljr Ijabt crft geructut nnb — 18 bann flefadjt. ®er $aifer Ijatte feme ^erjogtbitmer nnb anbern £cinbcr burdjreift 3l)r fyattet bie 3rrtf)ftmer bicfer Wanner ge- tabelt. a. Second declension of nouns [ P. §6]. b. id) tjabe gelebt c. (I have lived) bit baft gelebt er \)at „ tmr baben „ if)r Ijabt „ fie baben „ N. mein G-. meineS D. meinem A. meinen Fem. meine meiner metner meine Nent. mein meinem meinem mein II. § 3, II ; § 4. Eem. 6 ; id) l)atte gelebt (I had lived) on fjcttteft gelebt er batte tuir fatten ibr battet (ie batten - Plur. metne, my. meiner meinen meine In the same way are declined : bein thy, fein his, il)r her, feitt its, nrtfer our, ener your, and il)r their. [P. II. § 49.] e. First Conjugation of Verbs [P. II. § 11, 32, 33]. f. The augment of the past participle [P. II. § 14]. g. The compound tenses [P. II. § 27]. Icingft long ago bag iiteb the song bag k'xnb the child l)5ren to hear mid) me (ace.) CtltS out of ber ©d)laf the sleep tt)ccfcn to wake bag $ltl)n the hen bag (!i the egg be 6 5Zeft the nest U(\a\ to lay 28 alb woods erft first meinen to weep lad)en to laugh ber $atfer the emperor bag §ergogtl)nm the ducdom anbern other bttrd)rei[en to travel through ber Srrtbnm the error tabeln to blame ber 8lcid)tbutn the riches bag ©orf the village bag JBlatt the leaf gcibten to count. 18> I have heard of the riches of these men. You (bit) have loved the children of these houses. The child has sought his books. In the nests of these hens we counted five eggs. You — 19 — had praised the houses of these villages, and blamed its fields. This man has admired the leaves in our woods. Had you (it)t) bought his books? In these countries had lived great (grope) men. Reading Lesson VII. ©tcibte gab e§ feme, ba bie Sedolferung ntrgenb fefjr bid)t mar, Cities there were none, . . . . population nowhere . . dense . . , imb ber'altc ©eutfdje ol)nei)in eg nic^t liebte, ftt^ in SWauern einja- . . moreover , himself . . walls to fdjltejien. SBoE)I aber gab e§ ©orfer, miemoljl aud) biefe getnoljnlid) enclose, — But .. .. .. , though am gerftreut liegenben ©epften beftanben. ©ie $aufer ttmten of dispersed lying farms consisted. Ilcin, an% gadjmerf errid)tet, unb mit ©trot) ober ©cfyilf bebecft* small, .. framework constructed, .. .. straw .. reed covered. gur bm fatten nnb raufyen SBtnter benn|ten [te aber imterirbtfdje • • •• cold .. rough .. used .. .. subterranean mtt ©fmger bebecfte s Jiaitme al8 SBofynungen unbSorratljSfammern. . • manure . . . . . . dwellings . . store rooms Um ba$> §au3 lagen ©talk unb ©djeunen Don al)nlid^er SBauart Around .. .. lay stables .. barns .. similar architecture ruie jene§ ; unb bag ©anje mar Don einem £>ofe mnfdjloffen, tuner 9 whole .. by .. yard enclosed, with- {jalb beffcn ein uuDerletjlidjer §au8fricbe maltctc. in which .. inviolable domestic peace ruled. Tenth Lesson. 19. '3ene SWuttcr i[t mtt ifjren Sfcodjtern nad) @uropa gereift. ©te toaren in bent ©(auben abgereift, bajj fie in 10 <£agen lanben ttmr- btn. 3d) txntrbe biefen ^ogeln nadjfteHen, menn \d) E>offte fie git fangen. SBift bu gu ben talent gegangen? 3a; ber erfte Don iljnen (of them) fagte, er roitrbe ba§ happen malen, fobalD al§ er Self foatte. ©ie 9tfabcfyen finb in jene§ ©ebciube gegangen; fie fat- ten alle Sorbdjen mit Safe unb SJvob. a. id) itmrbe gel)en, I should go, roir mitrben gefyen bu tuiirbeft „ it)r roitrbet „ er roitrbe „ fie nmrben „ — 20 — b. id) bin Cjettmnbert, I have toir [tub gettmnbert wandered \l)X feib „ bit bift gemcmbert fie jtnb „ er ift „ [P. II. §280 c. Third declension of nouns [P. II. § 3, III ; § 4 Rem. 7, 8, 9, 10, § 7.] d. Arrangement of words in the subordinate clause. [P. II. §64.] reifen to go i>a§ ©elb the money bet ©lauben the believe bet SBagen the wagon abgeretft departed gefaljren ridden lanben to land fftrdjten to fear ber $ogcl the bird ber ©cfyaben the harm nod)[tcllen to set traps leiben to suffer fyojfen to hope ba§ ©etuebe the texture gegangen gone tuofjlfeil cheap ber crfle the first menu if ba§ SSappcn the weapon ber griebert the peace tnalen to paint ber ©djuftcr the shoemaker fobalb at§ as soon as ber @d)netber the tailor baS Stfabdjen the girl bie ©tabt the town ba$ ©ebciube the building ber SBeften the west bae S6rbd)en the little basket roanbern to go ber $(ife the cheese ber £)a(e the rabbit ba§ 35rob the bread nod^ mel)r still more bag Softer the convent fletU small. 20. Where are the daughters of this man. They have gone to (in) two different convents (accus.). He would buy this little horse (dimin.), if he had money enough. Have you already ridden in one of these waggons ? No, I tear to suffer (last word) harm. These textures would be cheap, if we had peace. The shoemakers and tailors of this little town (dimin.) have gone to the west. I have three birds and two little rabbits (dimin.). I should buy still more, if their little house (dimin.) was not too small. Reading Lesson VIII. SSiefcn lmb SBcilber ttmrbett geroot)nlid) Don alien SBetooljncrn Meadows •• woods were .. by — 21 — eme§ ober meljrerer ©orfer gentetufam bettujjt; bon ber SMJerflur • • • • . more • , in common used ; • • • • ploughed field bagegen tottrbe jebe§ 3al)r ba§ fur bic[c3eit gur SBebattung befttmmte .. •• every for cultivation intended £anb unter bie cmgclncn ©lieber ber ©emeinbe je nad) iljrcn • • •• single membres .. community according to Slnfpriidjen bertfjeili Sin ©etreibe tourbe Dorjitglid) $abet gebaut, claims distributed. Of grain .. principally oats raised, au§ bem man einen SBrei fodtjte; f enter ©erfte, toorauS ein ftarfcS of which they •• mush cooked; further barley, of which S3ier ofyne §opfen bereitet tourbe, unb toenig SBeigen. ©er $lad)8* beer without hops prepared •• .. .. wheat, •• cultivation bau tourbe fefyr auggebeljnt betrteben; aud) tottrben gro^eSRettige, of flax . . , . extensively . carried on , . . . . • • radishes, SWoljrruben unb ©pargel gebattt Slnbcfe gelb- unb ©artenfriidjte carrots ., asparagus •• ♦ Other .. .. .. vegetables, fo tote ber SBeinftodF unb bte meiften Dbftarten toaren iljncn unbe- as well as • • grapevine . • — most fruitkinds • • to them un- f cmttt. Known. Eleventh Lesson. 21* ©er Stacbbat bicfcS Pattern totH mtr (me) einen Olaben fcfyenfen. Er tooOte mid) (me) befudjen. 3d) foil au§gel)en, unb iljr fount t)ter blctbcn. SBillft bu bte 3tofen, Sulpen unb aubern (other) 'Blimten be§ ©rafen feljen? ©ber toollen totr bie Sotoinncn unb Jigerinnen anfdjauen? Sfteine ©d)toeftem foQten (were to) geftcru Otefe gratten befudjen, aber fie fonnten nid)t. ©ie tnaben unfcrg #ad)bam toollen Sannen fallen. 3f)r fount bte $naben begletten, rcenn iljr tooEt 3d) faun bteSTOanbeln ntdjt fjaben, toeldje (which) td) totll. Sannft bit fingen? 3d) fonnte fritter fingen; aber id) fann'eS (do so) nidjt meljr. ©u follteft betne fiilten begiefjett. a. Fourth declension of nouns. [P. II. § 3, IV ; § 4. Rem. 11 & 12 ; § 8.] b. 2BolIen, foUen and founen. [P. II. § 41, 42, 43.] SSollen to wish, to want, to intend to ; id) to ill, I will. — 22 — ©oQen to be obliged to..., by moral duty, by injunction of law or of authority ; id) foil, I shall, I am to, I ought to. Sonitetl to be able, to know to, (to be permitted) ; td) farm, I can, (I may), bcr 9tad)bar the neighbor bte SSJlanbel the almond ber Saner the peasant ftngen to sing ber $tcihe the raven fritter formerly fdjenfen to give nicfyt tnefyr no more befudjen to visit bte fitlic the lily an3gel)en to go out ? begiefcen to water bie Slofe the rose mttbrtngen to bring with... bie £ulpe the tulip nnterrtdjten to instruct bte SSlmne the flower lernen to learn ber ©raf the count fdjretben to write ber Qowt the lion finben to find ber Stger the tiger pflegen to attend to cmfdjauen to look at fyelfen to help ber ktiabt. the boy bte ©td)e the oak bte Xanm the pine bie !©ltd)e the beech fallen to fell tljim to do. begletten to accompany Will you (bit) see my roses? I cannot today, but I will to- morrow. I am to (foil) go to my neighbor. You can come and bring your sisters with (you). You are to instruct these boys. They can read, and wish to learn (how) to write. Will you (tfyr) go with these (dat.) women? You can find them (fie) with (bet) their neighbors (fern.). Will your brother attend to these flowers? He was to do so (e§) already yesterday, but he could not. I wished to help him. We wished to visit the count and the countess, but we could not. You ought to (folift) see our oaks and beeches. We will do so tomorrow. Reading lesson IX. S)ie an3gebel)nten nnb fcfyonen SSeibegrunbe ernafyrten grofse extensive .. .. pastures fed §eerben uon s Jlinbern, *Pferben, ©cfyafen nnb ©djtnetnen. Sfjre herds . . cattle, .. , .. .. swine. SPferbe Warm pvax Hem nnb nnanfebnltd), aber fraftig, anSbanernb, it is true . . . . unsightly, . • strong, — 23 — unb tt)oI)l gugerttten. Slu§ ber Stttld) mn Sftljen unb ©deafen «. .. trained. Of •• milk •• .. . . •• beveitete man Safe unb Sutter; Don ©epgel gab e§ ©nten unb prepared they . . • • butter ; . . fowls there were ducks • . ©anfe. ©ie 3agb, bic mit $unben unb galfcn betrieben ttntrbe, geese. .. chase, which .. .. . . falcons carried on was, lieferte SBtlb in 9ftenge, barunter bie nun t)erfd)ttmnbenen fitter- furnished game .. plenty, among which .. . disappeared buf- od)feu unb (SIenntt)iere. 3n bm fyofylm SBSumcn ber SBfilber fanb foloes . . elks, .. .. hollow trees .. •• was fid) $onig, ani bem ba$ beraufebenbe ©etrcinfe be§ SKetljg bereitei found honey, of which .. intoxicating drink .. mead nwrbe. Sin btn giitffen unb ber ©eefufte ttmrbe and) gtfdjerei On rivers . . . . sea shore . . . . fishing gepftegt. practiced. Twelfth Lesson. ©ie ©traljlen ber ©onne mitffen Ijettte feljr tnarm fein. ©ie SBuracr biefe§ ©taate§ finb glM lid) ©te 9terDen beg 2luge§ xuxb beS vl)X$ finb fefjr fein. 3d) barf attggefyen unb bn mttjst git $aufe bleiben. 3d) mag nid)t fd)reiben aber id) mu$. ©it barfft effen, toa8 bu magft. SBir tmrfen brei sjjftmb $km Ijaben, unb mitffen balb tmeberfommen. 3f)r mogt nid)t arbeiten. SWetn ©ruber burfte mebrere Staaten burcbreifen. 3d) modjte nid)t mtt ibm geben. ®u mttjfteft l)ier bleiben. 3t)r bttrftct brei ©Hen 2nd) nebmen. @§ gibt Slugen, bie nicbt feljen, unb ©bren, bie nid)t ($• ten. ©3 gibt Dielc gifdje in biefem gluji. 3Bir mogen fie gerne effen. § a. Mixed declension of nouns. [P. II. § 4 Rem 3 ; § 9.] b. Expressions of measure and weight. [P. II. § 4 Rem. 13.] c. SKogett, bftrfen and mitffen. [P. II. § 44, 45, 46.] SWogen to like, to be inclined to ; id) mag I may (I can), ©ftrfen, to be allowed to, to be permitted, (I can, I may). Note. 3$ barf is etymologycally related to I dare, but never used in this sense except pro viucially. — 24 — SWflffcn, to be compelled to, by necessity of nature or of authority ; id) rttUJ3, I must, I have to. d. The expressions there is and there are are to be rendered by eg Qtfat (literally it gives), followed by the accusative. ber @tral)l the ray bie Sonne the sun tvaxm warm ber 95urger the citizen ber ©taat the state ber %erb the nerve bag Sluge the eye bag £>f)r the ear fein fine bag ^Pfltnb the pound ber $teig the rice fyofen to go for tnieberfommen to return tnebrere several bte ©lie the yard bag <£ltd) the cloth nel)men to take gerne with pleasure tetten to ride gefyen to walk b lei ben to stay nad)f)et afterwards lernen to study planbern to talk tangen to dance ba$ ©erid)t the dish geben to give etttmg anbereg something else fieben to boil baben to bathe ber Regent the ruler tncid)tig powerful bte )Jtepnblif the republic offltcn to open ber Sajfee the coffee bie SBaumiuolle the coton glanben to believe ber ©eift the ghost. 24. I am allowed to ride, and you (bit) must walk. I must stay at home and you may (bftrfen) go out. I do not like to do that. Do you like to do it ? We are allowed to play. Afterwards we must study again. The boy must write ; his sister may paint. They are permitted to talk. The child is permitted to dance. We do not like to eat this dish. You (ii)r) must give us some- thing else. You may boil the eggs. You may (bitrfen) bathe to- morrow. These children are not allowed to come today ; but they may come tomorrow. The ruler of this state is powerful. Those states are republics. The light of the eye is precious. Open your ears. Give (gib) me six pounds of coffee, and ten yards of coton. There are people, who believe yet in (an) ghosts (accus.). — 25 — Reading lesson X. 3m $cmfe wax ber ©crmane doUfommcn $crr fiber feme gamilie. .. .. .. completely master .. .. family, ©ie Scanner txakn nid)t unter bem gmangigftcn, bie grauen nidt)t . . entered .. under .. .. .. •• •• unter bcm fiinfgcfynten 3al)re in bie ©l)e, unb bcr 9#ann faufte bie .... matrimony, .... grau don itjrem 95ater obcr SBormunD gegen ©flatten, *Pferbe, • • . . . . . . guardian for slaves, Otinber, Hegcnbe ©iitcr, 3tinge unb bergleidjen. ®ie gran ttmrbe , real estate, rings .. the like. .. wife baburd) ba$ (gigentljum be§ STOanneS, unb [tanb BettlebenS unter thereby . . property . . husband, . . . . all her life time . . fciner ©ettrntt. (Sr fyatte ba§ 9ted)t, fie gu giid)tigen, in gallcn ber power. right, her . . chastise, . . cases • . 9cott) gu uerfaufen; unb, menu fie iljm untreu rmtrbe, gu Dcrftojkn need . • . . . . . . . . — faithless . . to cast (her) off ober mit ifjrem SBufylen gu tbbkn. ©agegen riitjmcn and) bie Corner paramour . . kill. On the other side praise bie Seufdjfyeit ber ©eutfdjen, fomic uberljaupt il)re 9ld)tung be§ chastity .. .. , as in general .. esteem . . toeiblidjen ©efdjledjtg. Unb, obrooljl ber 2ftann ber §crr ber ga* female sex. •• though .. .. . . •• •• •• milie mar, [o maltete bod) bie gran faft unumfdjranft im $au$- • • — managed . . .. .. almost absolutely •• house- mefen, urn ba§ fid) ber SJtonn nidjt fiimmerte. keeping, about which — . . . . . . cared. Thirteenth Lesson. 3d) bin anftcitt meine? SruberS nad) %cu-8lorf gerciff. 3d) mupte megen eineS ftoeefftS borttjin geben. SBaljrenb tneiner Slbmefen- beit ffiljrte mcin @d)mager ba§ ©efd)cift SBcr fommt bort ou8 bem §anfe? ©er 2lrgt; er mar bei feinem ^patienten, unb tjofft il)n (him) binnen einer Sod)e gu Ijeilcn. SBiQft bu fur obcr gegen je- ncn $?ann ftimmen? 3d) [age nid)t8 mibcr im SJhnn, abcr id) f'ummere mid) nid)t urn ifjn; id) faun otjne ©onner febcn. ®a§ §a\\$ liegt an jener ©trape, auf bem §iigel fjinter ber ,ftirdje. Sftein 2 — 26 — ©ruber fommt bom Warfte; er mar beim Sttejjger, nnb getjt je|t grnn SJatfer. ©ie ©tabt liegt am SJfcere, bie Snfcl im ©ee. ©ic SEaube ftiegt aufe §au§. 3d) gel)e gur Gutter mcine§ greimbeS. a. Prepositions governing the genitive : [P. II. § 57.] ftatt or anftatt instead of; ID a I) r etl b during ; it)egen on account of. b. Prepositions governing the dative : [P. II. § 58.] ait§ out of, from nact) after, behind, to (before bet at, with [eit since, for [places) binnen within Don of, from, by Tltit with git to (before persons). c. Prepositions governing the accusative : [P. II. § 59.] bttrd) through, by ofyne without fill* for \\m around, about 9 eg en toward, against ID i ber against. d. Prepositions governing the dative and accusative : [P. II. §60.] an at, on, to fiber over, above, about aitf on, upon Uttter under, below l)inter behind miter among in in, into t)0t 4 before, in front of neben beside ■ gtutfefyen between. e. Some prepositions, when euphony does not object, are contracted with the definite article : am, betm, im, nam, gnm for an &c. bent; jur for p ber; cm8, aufg, fftrS, in§, fibers, dor8 for an'&cet. ba$. reifen to go ber §iigel the hill ber ^Jroce| the lawsuit ber tf)laxft the market bortt)in there ber 9J£e(3ger the butcher bie Stbtuefenbeit the absence ber 93drfer the baker fflbren to carry on bie Sllfel the island ber ©djlTMfjcr the brother inlaw ber ©ee the lake ba§ ©efd)Ctft the business bie Janbe the dove ber Slr^t the physician fliegen to fly ber patient the patient ber grennb the friend bie 2Sod)e the week ber Onfel the uncle beilen to cure tragen to carry ft tinmen to vote bie ©trape the street nid)t§ nothing ba$ ©elb the money — 27 — fid) Fftmmcrn to care ftefyen to stand ber ©onner the patron bie £afd)c the pocket licgcn to lie • ba§ ©cmalbC the painting Ijangen to hang bie @d)itblabe the drawer ba$ (Sofa the sofa ftellen to set ba§ ^Bctt the bed rftdfen to move bie Watk the mat bie Sampe the lamp bie Sfjftre the door pflcmjcn to plant bie Settling the newspaper bie glafdje the bottle bit SBanb the wall ba§ ©laS the glass. My uncle goes with his children to (the) town, where he has not been for (feit) three weeks. I have received this letter from our teacher and am to carry it to your sister. You must go through this street. The money is in the pocket. The chair stands beside the table. The painting hangs over the sofa. The trunk is under the bed. The mat lies before the door. The picture lies between the newspapers. Hang the coat on the wall. Lay the book on the table or into the drawer. Shall I set the chair beside the piano or behind the table ? Move the table under the lamp. Hang the picture over the sofa. I planted the tree in front of the house. He set the bottle between the glasses. Reading Lesson XI. ©ie fiinber burften, fo lange fein Sropfen fiber ttjrc ttipptn ge- gangen (gone) mar, auSgefefct, unb in gotten Ijodjftcr 9tot\) felbft berfanft merben (be). $i§ gum geljnten Safyre txmren fie gang ber £)bl)iit ber Whtkx itberlaffen (left), ©ann mnrben (were) bie $naben in ber giiljrung ber SBaffen geitbt, ttnb mit bem ffinfgeljn- ten Safyre in offentlicfyer SJolteDerfammltmg roefjrljaft gemad)t. Wit bem einunbgttmngigfien Saljre traten (stept) fie auS ber Dater- lidjen ©ettmlt, nm fid) gn uerfyeiratfyen ttnb ein etgeneS $au8roefen gn grftnben, ober in feltenen gaHen ate $agefto(ge in bie ©ienfte eincS anbern gn treten. ©elangten (lived) bie ©Item fiber ba$ fedjgigfte 3at)r {jinaiiS, fo feljrte fid) ba$ $erl)dltnij$ nm, unb ber ©ol)n uuirbe bann il)r SSormimb, unb fonnte fie nad) SBelieben gn $au§> unb gelbbienft gebraud)en, loc^lialb and) lebenSfattc Sllte, — 28 — jugleid) getriebcn (induced) Don bem ©fanbcn, ba£ bcr (he), ml d)cr im 35ct(e ftarb (died) nidbt nad) SBalfjalla, bept emigen ficbcn ber alten ©etttfdjen, fomme (subjunctive), fid) Ijciufig fetbft tobtctcn. (Snbltd) gcl)5rten 'gur gamilie bie ©HaDcn obcr Scibetgenen, bie (who) tueber (§igentt)um nod) bag 9kd)t freter ©elbftbefttmmung fatten unb fid) Dor ©eridtjt nidjt felbft Dcrtreten fonnten. bcr £ropfen the drop bie Sippe the lip augfcften to expose l)od)ft highest felbft even big to bie £)bl)Ut the care bie ^ftl)rimg the practice bie SBaffen (pi.) the arms it ben to instruct i'tber — binaug beyond fid) ltmfef)ren to be inverted bag $erl)Ciltnif3 the relation bag 23elieben the pleasure §QU8- unb ^elbbienft service in house and field gebraudjen, to employ lDe^fjalb wherefore lebengfatt tired of life gliglcidt) at the same time SBalfyalla (proper name) DJferitlidE) public bie SolfgDerfammlung the meet- eroig eternal tDeljrljaft mad)en to arm [ing bag 2eben the life Dciterlid) paternal itm — git in order to fid) Derl)eiratl)cn to marry eigen own gfitnben to establish feiten seldom bcr ©Ctgeftolg the bachelor ber t)ienft the service bcr anbere the other treten to step fid) — felbft himself [jaitfig frequently enblid) finally ber ^eibeigene the bondsman tneber — nod) neither — nor frei free bie ©clbftbcftimmung self-determ- ination bag ®crid)t the court Dertreten to plead for. Fourteenth Lesson. 27. ■ #eute mar $einrid) ©ream bet mir. ©u fennft i^n bod)? 3d) faun mid) feiner nidjt erinnern, Slber er erinncrt fid) beincr ; cr bat Diel Don bir gefprodjen. ©u l)aft il)m einmal eincn graven ©c- f alien getban, unb er roirb bidt) nie Dcrgeffeu. 2So gel)t il)r bin? SBir geben nad) ber ©tabt. £a$t ung mit end) gclien. ©erne laffen roir end) mit ung geljen. Steal l)at fid) cin Oicitpfcvb gefauft. — 29 — @r Iiebt feme spferbe, unb feine gratt untedjcilt ftd) mit 33ftd)ern. ©cftcrn ttntrbe man a) Don ber ©onnenbt^e faft Derbrannt Static*) mit^ effen, nm gn leben, aber nid)t leben, nm gu effen. ©iefe SBlumc fann man (3) bier nur im JreibfyattS gieljen. 3d) tuerbe jefct beffer gegaljlt ale fritter, ©onft rourbe meine Slrbett fetjr fd)led)t gegaljlt. ©te roerben Don metnem ©ater in g. freunblid) empfangen roerben, roenn ©ie git il)m fommen. a. Personal pronouns. [P. II. § 47.] b. The indefinite personal pronoun man, corresponding to the French em, is used with the third person singular of the verb. It can in English be rendered in various ways : one(i), we (2), you (4), they (people, some one &c.)(5). But in most cases it will be best rendered by the passive voiced). c. The passive voice of the verb is formed by its past parti- ciple, in connection with the auxiliary roerben. [P. II. § 36.] d. Inversion of the principal declaratory sentence. [P. II, § 69, 70.] bod) certainly bte Slrbett the work fid) erinnern to remember fd)led)t poorly gefprodjen spoken freunblid) friendly einmal once empfangen to receive ber ®ef alien the favor tine gel)t c8... (gov.Dat.) how is.„ getljan done ettt)a3 somewhat uergeffen to forget bte Slrgnei the medicine lt)0J)in whither bie *ptlle the pill laffen to let gegeben given gerne with pleasure beljanbeln to treat Sari Charles l)omoopatl)tfd) homeopathically ba$ Dteitpferb the saddle horse etngelaben invited fid) ttnterljalten to amuse oneself getgen to show bie ©onnenljijje the heat of the gut good sun ungered)ter SSeife unjustly Derbrannt burned Derleumben to slander ba$ Steibljattg the hothouse groeimal twice gteben to raise betrogen deceived beffer better ber Stall the ball al8 than ber SSagen the carriage frftljer before abgeljolt taken. — 30 — ■ 38* How is your mother? She is somewhat better. Does she take (nitttttlt fte) medicine yet? The physician has given her pills ; he treats her homeopathically. Where are your brothers ? Yesterday they were at my house (bei TTtir) ; I had invited them and shown them my new (netted) horse. If you (4) would (mill) be happy, you must be good. They (5) say, this house is (fei) three houndred years old. This man has been (3) unjustly slan- dered. You have already twice been deceived by (Don) this man. We have been invited to a ball and shall be taken there (tml)in) in a carriage. Reading lesson XII. ©er grcic lebte im $attfe (o gut ate fcin SSermogen il)m geftat- tctc. ©eine etngigen 23e[rf)aftigimgen maren ber 33att be§ $aufe§ unb beffen (its) Slugbefferung, bie guljrung ber SSaffen tmb bie Sagb. Sllle itbrige Slrbcit, bie notljig mar, mttrbe bitrd) biegrauen, bie and) bag SBeben beg <£u#eg unb bie Serfertigung Don ftleibcrn gu uerridjten fatten, ferner burd) bie 9llten unb ©flatten bolIbrad)t $cmbroerfe gab eg nicfyt; nur eineg mttrbe nad) SSeftclInng unb ge» gen ©ejafjlung getricben, bag ©cfymieben unb ©iefkn in Sifen unb eblen (royal) 9#etallen. ®er §anbel mar fefyr unbebeutenb unb beftanb meift nur attg 9to^ftoffen, befonberg ©ernftein unb ^elj- mcrf. Bur Meibung gebraucfyte man ^elg, SfBolle unb Seinmanb. fo — alg as — as bie SMteflung the order bag SSermogen means bie Scgaljlung the pay gcftatten to permit getrieben carried on eingig only bag ©cfymieben the forging bie 5)e[d)ciftigung occupation bag ©te^en the casting ber Salt the building bag ©fen iron bie 3lugbefferung repair bag 9#eta!imetal i'tbrig remaining ber §anbe[ commerce nStl)ig necessary Unbebeutenb insignificant bag SBebett the weaving beftanb consisted bie SSerfertigung the preparing ber >Jtol)ftoff raw material bie fflciber (pi.) clothes ber JBcrnftcin amber bcrridjtcn to attend to bag ^cljmerf furs Dollbradjt done bie Sleibimg clothing — 31 — ba$ ^embitter! mechanical tradB Qebrattcfyen to use ber $elg fur bie Seinroanb linen, bie SSolie wool Fifteenth Lesson. Here is brown bread and white wine. Give (gib) me (dat.) a bottle of red wine and some old cheese. Do you also wish (some) salted butter? No, I give the preference to fresh butter. White plates please me better than colored ones. That is the taste of many people. I am as well satisfied with white ones as with colored ones. The unworthy artist frequently surpasses the worthy one in favor and success. Because the latter is usually more modest than the former, and the great public often judges wrongly (passes a wrong judgement). You cannot expect a correct judgement from the great mass ; and with (bci) the worthy artist, exaggerated pride and defiance are perhaps oftener to be found (git fi^^e^) than too great modesty. The war of the white and the red rose lasted thirty years. It was a bloody struggle ; but the so called thirty years war in German}?- was still bloodier, and had for all (the whole) Germany the worst consequences, which are partly yet to be felt (311 fit I) let!) . Last year we had a rough winter ; the snow covered the whole country for four months. But then a hot summer followed. We have here no mild climate. I therefore built a greenhouse for my valuable flowers. My friend Charles prefers a German symphony to an Italian opera. He says: the Italian music is the monotonous expression of an effeminate sentimentality, the German (music) however that of a manly character as well as of a deep and rich feeling ; therefore it has higher worth. Ac- cording to his opinion Beethoven was the greatest musician. The next concert will take place on Monday. (The) most (of the) tickets are sold already. a. The adjective. Its three forms of declension. Its com- parison. [P. II. § 50—56.] b. In expressions as " the little one", the word one is not to be translated in German: ber, bie, ba3 fleitte... brown braim white tueip bread ba§ SBrob wine ber SScttt 32 — bottle btc $Iafd)e red roff) some etitmS to wish itnmfdjen salted gefafgeh butter bie Sutter preference ber ©orjltg fresh frifcf) plate ber Seller to please gefallen colored farbtg taste ber ©efdjmacf satisfied jufricben unworthy tmmiirbig artist ber tfmftler frequently fyciuftg to surpass itbertreffen worthy tuitrbig favor bie ©irnft success ber (Srfofg because tneif latter ber Je|tere usually gemotjnlid) modest befcfyeiben former ber erftere great grof public bag ?pub!ifttm to pass fatten wrong fatfd) judgement ba§ UrtljCt! to expect ermarten correct rid)tig mass bie SSftaffe exaggerated iibertrieben pride ber ©tofg defiance ber 2xo£ perhaps Metleicfjt modesty bie SBcftfyeibenfyeit rose bie $o[e to last bnuem bloody bluttg struggle ber Sampf so called (o genannt 80 years breijMgjatjrig (adj.) still nod) whole ganj bad jdblimm consequence bie ^olge partly t^ciltDClfc last ber lejjte rough rcutl) snow ber @tf)nee to cover bebecfcn for four months uier donate lang hot t)eip summer ber Somtner to follow folgen mild milb climate ba$ $tima therefore befUjalb to build banen greenhouse ba% ®lail)a\\i valuable tt)ertf)t)0tl to prefer Dorjiefyen symphony bie @t)mpt)0me Italian italienifd) opera bie Oper music bie SJhtfif monotonous eintonig expression ber 3ln3britcf effeminate tt)ei(i)lid) sentimentality bie ©Ctltimctltali- tat manly manntid) deep ttef feeling ba§ ©efiitjl worth ber SSertt) opinion bie Sfteinnng musician bcr-3)htftfcr concert ba$ (Concert to take place [tattfmben (ftatt is the last word of the sentence) Monday ber 9ftontag ticket ba§ Sillct — 33 — Reading lesson XIII. ©a§ gemoljnlidtftc SIcibungSftftdF beftanb au§ einem geHe ober %nd)t, melcbeg fiber bcr SBruft burd) eine 9label ober bergletdjen ju- fammengeJjalten murbc. 3ttand)e ©tammc trugcn and) eng anlie* genbe diode nnb SBeinfleiber. ®ie3lrbeit in ber Sudje murbc burd) mannlidje ©ienftbootcn getljan, aber bie IBcmtrtljmig beim Wal)k bcforgtcn bte SBeiber unb boten ba$ Srtnftyorn bar, moju man l)du» fig [ifbcrbcfdjlagene SSiiffeU)orner bemifctc. 9?id)t felten murbc bci Srtnfgelagen mttlffiitrfcln gcfoiclt, mobei e£ biSmeilen uorfam (happened), bafi etn SWctnn all fein $ab unb ©ut, [cine SBaffcn, [cine grau unb Sinber, \a (nay) gule^t fid) [elbft, ba§ Ijcipt [eine f^rctyeit tterlor (lost) unb fid) bann in bie ©Hadcrct abfuljrcn la[- [cn muffte. 8lber and) crnftlidje SBcratfjungcn murben bci [oldjen ©elegenfyeiten gepflogen; unb ©e[ange crfdjallten, mcldje ba$ Sin- benfen ber ©otter unb §elben efyrten, unb bie £i)aten ber SJorfa^rcn riiljmten. Stud) gctgtcn bte Ijcranmadjfenbcn Sitnglinge U)re ©e- fd^tdPIidjfeit im gcfaljrlidjcn SBaffcntangc. gctt)6!)nlid) usual mogU for which ba$ $[eibung§[tucf garment [ilbcrbcfd)iagen silver=mounted beftanb consisted ba§ SBitffcI^'orn buffalohorn ba§ gell skin fc benufcen use bie Sruft breast ' ba$ Strinfffefag revel bie 9?abcl pin SBitrfel (pi.) dice gufammengeljalten held together ba§ $ab unb ©ut property ttiandje (ph) some gltle^t at last tragen to wear ba$ fjetfct that is eng anliegenb closely fitting bie gretfjett liberty SBcinflciber (pi.) breeches bie ©flaDerei slavery bie $ud)C kitchen . abfii^ren to carry off tncmnlid) male ernftltd) serious SMenftboten (pi.) servants bie 53eratl)ung counsel getljan done folcfyen such bie SScmirtbung the serving bie ©elegenfyeit occasion ba§ Sftal meal gepflogen held be[orgen to attend to ber ©efang song ka§> 3Seib woman er[d)alleu to resound barbicten to hand ba$ Slnbenfen memory ba$ SErtnffjorn drinking-horn bcr §elb hero — 34 — cljrcn to honor bie ©efifttdflidjfeit skill 3$orfal)ten (pi.) ancestors ber SSaffentang war-dance, fyercmttmcfyfenb growing up Sixteenth Lesson, so. Give me some bread. Do you (bit) eat brown or white bread ? I eat brown, but Charles rather eats white bread. Henry- is reading so eagerly, that he forgets (the) dinner. See, if he does not come yet. Do you (Du) take milk with (511) your coffee ? No (madame) . The world lets many a great and noble man starve ; and when he dies, they (femin. singul., referring to 2Selt) set him a costly monument. My neighbor speaks much of his misfortune and of the ingratitude of the world. Pie forgets the true and wise saying: u help yourself (bit jelbft) then (fo) God will help (present t.) you (dat.)." Those (b) complain most of (ftbet) their misfortune, who are themselves the cause of it (uavatt). If you (bit) fall, it is your own fault; why do you run so fast? I will give five dollars to him (b) who finds my watch and brings it to me. My father always wears a black hat, when he rides to (the) town. This belongs to the same (6) woman who bought oar house. a. Some verbs of the strong conjugations change their radical vowel in the present tense and imperative. [P. II. § 13, 16, 17, 18, a. 19, b. 23, 25.] b. The (correlative) pronouns berjemcje, 7*e, that and berfdbe, the same are compounds ; their first component is the definite article and declined as such, though not separated from the other component, which is declined like an adjec- tive in the week form. rather liebet monument bd§ ©ettftttal eagerly etfHcj misfortune $(1$ Unglftcf dinner bag SSfttttagcffett ingratitude btC Uttbcmftmrfeit not yet nod) Utd)t true tual)r world bie 2Be(t wise toeifc noble ebel saying ba3 SSort starve DerljutiQcm complain flagen set feljcn most, [P. II. § 51, 3. Note& 5] costly Foftbav the cause fcfyitlb (adject.) — 35 — fault ber geljler always immer fast fdjncu wear tragen dollar ber ©oQar black fcfyroarg watch bte Ul)r ride fallen. Reading Lesson XIV. Ram ein grembling, (o ttmrbe cr gaftfrei bemirt^et, bnrfte fid) beim 3lbfd)teb al8 ©efdjenf auSoittcn, roaS ifym gefiel, unb ttmrbe bann roeiter bid gnm ncicbften Sttadjbar geleitet, ber fid) ebenfo gaft- frei bemieg. 2Bar ein $inb geboren, fo mttrbe e§ Dor geiabenen Bcngen gebabet, tmb Don einem berfelben mit SBaffer nbergoffen; babei tt)itrbe il)m ein Stamen gegeben, ben man gem Don etnem ber 3engen, Dom Sutber ber 9Jhttter ober Dom ©roftoater entlefynte: ©in SEobeSfall, befonberg bed gamilienfyanpteS, gab Skranlaffnng git einer S)ol)en geier. 9ftan iibergab ben Seidjnam einem ©(entente: enttueber ber Srbe ober anf etnem ©d)eiterl)anfen bem getter, ober bem SBaffcr be§ Peered; btSroeilen liej* man il)n anf brennenbem ©cbiffein bie ©ee IjinauStreiben. 3Ba8 ber £obte im ikben am meiften geltebt, ttmrbe ibm mitgegeben (given into the grave), bem Wanne SSaffen, and) mot)l fein dto% ber gran ifjr ©cbmncE ober it)re ©pinbel, bem $inbe fein ©pielgeng, bem Strmen tuenig- ften§ ein *|kar nene ©djufye $w $eife nad) SBalljafla. SSon ber SBeftattnng be§ SSatcrS beimgefefyrt, rnftete man ein SRal. £>er altefte ©ofjn nafym ben ©it* be'8 ©erftorbenen ein, tuobnrd) bte 3tecbte foroobl al8 *pfltd)tett begfelben anf il)n itbergingen. ©a§ ©djroert fam it)m al8 tljeuerfteS ©rbe git. ©a§ itbrige ©rbc tljeilte er mit feincn Sritbern nnb anbtvn erbberecfytigten 9$ermanbten. ©ie ©djroeftern erljielten Don ibm, ber mm ifjr SBormunb mar, nnr ttm§ tfym beliebte, nnb and) bie SSittiDe befam nnr tyx Singe* bradjtel ber grembling stranger roett far gaftfrei hospitably geleiten accompany betnirtben treat ebenfo equally ber 5lbfd)ieb departure bettmfen prove ba$ ©efdjenf gift geboren born anebitten ask gelaben invited gejailen please ber 3cnge witness — 36 — babctt bathe ba$ SBaffcr water ftbergoffen poured over ba bet at the same time ber stamen name gent usually ber ©rofjDCtter grandfather entlefmen borrow ber Sobegfall death i>a$ gamiltcnljaupt the head of the family bie s i>eranla(fiing occasion bie §eicr ceremony it ber flab surrendered (imperf.) ber ficidjnam corpse ba$ ©lenient element entmeber either bie 6rbe earth ber ©djeiterfjaufen the funeral i>a§ geiter fire [pile Itef3 let (imperf.) brennen bum ba$ @d)iff ship I)inan3treiben float away ber Jobte deceased tt)ol)l perhaps i>a$ d\o^ steed ber ©d)mtt(f trinket bie ©pinbet spindle ba% ©pieljeug toy arm poor ba$> $aar pair neu new bie SBeftattitltj} interment fyeitnfefyren return ritftcn prepare nafym ein took (imperf.) ber ©if} seat ber SScrftorbenc deceased IDObltrd) whereby bie W&)t duty fiberQincjen were transferred bag ©djroert sword baf!> ©rbe inheritance fam git belonged (imperf.) ftbrig remaining tljeilen divide erbberedjtigt entitled to- inherit ber SJerrocmbtc relative erljielten received (imp.) e§ belicbt it pleases bie SBittrue widow befatll received (imp.) ba§ (Singebradjte dowry. Seventeenth Lesson. si* On Monday I was at my uncle's. We ate venison and drank wine. I have not for a long while drank and eaten so well. We spoke of the artist who died the other day. My uncle had taken six of his pictures. He did not find them very beautiful, but he took them out of (ait3) pity for the family. After dinner (nad) Si jet) ) we sang in the parlor. I saw that on the table several books were lying, which I had not read yet. Uncle had given them to my aunt as a (jltttt) present. Now came my cousin William (2$ill)elm), when we had just sjfcken of him; and since — 37 — we had sung enough, we commenced a lively conversation. While we sat quietly there, we suddenly heard a noice, at (fiber) which we all were startled (imperf.). Soon Robert came out of the sideroom. He had fastened a picture to (an) a nail ; this broke and the picture fell (fid). We helped him now, and fast- ened the picture to another nail, wherein we easely succeeded. He who would ( ID ill) be happy, must be contented with little. Him for whom little is noth enough, even much will never satis- fy. If you have begun anything good, do not despair at a failure. Wherein you do not succeed today, in that you may succeed to- morrow. a. Verbs of the second conjugation. [P. II. § 18, 19, 20.] b. Paradigm of strong conjugation with the auxiliary I) a ben. [P. II. § 34.] c. The pronoun iner, IDaS can be used as relative pronoun, but only when the relative (i. e. subordinate) clause precedes the principal clause. The latter may then begin with Der, bag. d. The verb gelittgetl is impersonal and governs the dative : I succeed in this, biefeg flelitlflt mix. venison i>a$ SBilbpret suddenly plofclid) not for a long while fd)01t lattge noise bag ©crfillfd) nidjt startle erfdjredfen (intrans.) the other day neitlid) soon belli) pity i>a$ 8Witleiben sideroom ba§ Webcngmtmer parlor ha§ 35ef it dimmer nail ber 9toon greiljcit unb 9tedjt gema^rt, aber and) ba§ SBeroujftfein lebenbig mar, baft ber ©ingelne bem ©angen angefyore unb it)m fetnen SStUen untcrorbncn miiffe, 9}£it biefer einfadjen ©taatSderfafjimg ftanb bie $eere3oer- faffung, bie in§ altefte 2lftertl)itm ^inaufretc^t, im enoften 3ufam- menfyang. 9tationalfriege murben in offentltc^er SSerfammlitng beratfjen, mobei ber ^riefter bttrd) SooSmerfen bie ©otter befragte. ©ann murben ciu$ ben Ijeiligen $ainen bie gelbgeicfyeu, meift ftjm- bolifd)e £l)ierbilber, gefyolt, unb ba$ §eer brad) attf gum $ampfe. ©ie Semaffnttng mar biirftig. Slug SWangel an (Sifen maren ©djmerter felten, ganger nod) feltener, unb §elme nur bet menigen git finben. ©a§ $aupt mar gcmoljnlid) ttnbebetft ©ie $attpt= luaffe mar em ©d)aft mit etnem furgen, fc^arfen (Sifen an ber ©pi£e, gleid) geeignet git £ieb, ©top unb SfSurf; anbere trttgen ©d)Ieubern; Diele nur im gcitcr geljcirtete Settlen. ©ingelne ©tamme geidjneten fid) aU 3ieiter auf ungefattelten *JJferben awi. ©ie #auptftarfe aber lag im gujtoolf, meld)c§ biSmeilen mit bm ^teitern untermifdjt angriff. ©er erfte SltipraH -mar furdjtbar, min- ber beljarrlid) bie SiuSbauer. ©ie feften Sager ber Siomer eroberten fie meift mit ©turm; benn bie tuttft, $elagcrung§mafd)inen ober eigene gefluugen gu batten, mar i^nen unbefannt. bilben form unterorbnen subordinate bie ©emeinbe community einfad) simple bie 0ltnbcrtfd)aft hundredship ba& Seer army ber ©au shire bie $erfaffung system bie Slbftltfltng gradation ba§ Slltcrttjltttt antiquity fling went Ijinanfrcidjen reach entfdjieben decidedly enge close ber moglidjft l)ot)e the highest ber Sufammenbang connection possible bie Skrfammlnng meeting ba$ tytafy measure beratfyen deliberate ber (Singelne individual mobei whereat mal)ren secure ber ^pricfter priest ba$ ^Bemuptfein consciousness ba$ i*oo8rocrfcn the casting of the lebenbtg alive lot gang whole bcfragen ask Ctngcljoucn belong ^eiltg sacred ber SBillc will ber §ain grove — 39 — ba§ gelbgetdjctt ensign fatten harden f^mbolifd) symbolic bie Settle club ba§ £t)terlulD the image of an fid) au^eicfyncit distinguish him- animal self fyolen bring ber better rider bract) aitf (imperf.) broke up tmgefattelt unsaddled ber Sampf contest bie ^aitptfttirfe principal strength bte ©eroaffmmg the arming lag lay bftVfttg defective ba$ gitftoolf infantry ber 9ftcmgel want imtermi|d)t intermixed [elteit scarce attgriff attacked (imp.) ber ganger coat of mail ber Sinprall attack ber §elm helmet flird)tbar terrible roenige (ph) few minber less ba§ $aupt head befyarrlid) steady unbebccft bare bie Slu^bauer perseverence bie §anpttnajfe principal weapon feft fortified ber @d)aft shaft ba$ Sager camp fdjarf sharp erobern take bie ©pi£e point ber (Sturm storm gleid) equally bie Sitttft art geeignet fit bie SBelagerungSmafcfyine machine ber §ieb striking of siege ber @toj3 thrusting bie ^eftung fort ber SBttrf throwing bauen build bie ©djleuber sling unbefannt unknown. Eighteenth Lesson. Yesterday I rode the first time my new horse ; he ran very well. When I came to the corner, he suddenly stopped, and I fell off. But the horse remained standing (infin.) quietly. I seized the reins, and mounted again. Have you often been on horseback yet? Yes, but I have never yet fallen from the horse, but have always kept myself well in the saddle. No horse has run too fast for me yet. Today a dog bit our neighbor's boy ; he screamed pitifully ; at first the matter seemed to me danger- ous ; but I soon saw that the clog had bitten him only slightly, so that he suffered but little pain. Why did you cry (perf. t.) — 40 — so (much)? Because I hit (perf.) my foot against (an) a stone. Have I not advised you to go slowly? I have called three times, but you did not stand still (perf.). Why did you run (perf.) so, when I called you? I wished to catch a butterfly. Yesterday I caught four, and have now in the whole caught eighteen. I have written four letters today, and yesterday I wrote two. I do not know, why my friend has been silent so long ; he left (perf.) my last letter long unanswered, and yet he knows, that I am anxiously waiting for (an) answer. I know not, why you had quarreled. We quarreled, because my sister cut the cloth too short ; I had told her, she should cut it longer, but she left my advice unheeded. a. Verbs of the third conjugation. [P. II. § 21, 22, 23.] b. Paradigm of strong conjugation with the auxiliary feitt. [P. II. § 35.] c. The irregular verb ttriffen. [P. II. § 46, Note.] d. Position of modifying expressions. [P. II. §§ 65 — 68.] the first time gum erfteu 2M slight leid)t new neu but mtr corner bie 6cfe pain ber ©djmerj suddenly plojjltd) scream fdjrcictl stop Molten hit ftojicn offfyerunter foot ber gujj stand ftel)en bleiben slow langfam seize grcifen nad) times Wal rein ber J5u$d to stand still ftefyen bleiben mount ftetgen — cwf butterfly ber ©cfymetterling yet fdjon unanswered unbecmtroortet to be on horseback reiten anxious begiertg keep f)tl(ten answer bie Slntluort boy ber $nabe quarrel (treiten pitiful j&mmerlid) tell fyeipen at first flhfanp leave laffctt matter bie Qad^t advice ber Matt) dangerous Qefci^rlict) unheeded Uttbead)tet. Reading lesson XVI. Ucber bie Religion ber alten ®cutfd)cn Ijc.rrfdjt flroJ3cg ©imfel; imb Don bem mai mtr fyicrftber 1 ) ttriffen, fonnen roir l)ter nur \>a$ SBidjtiflftc anfiiljren.' ©o bid ift thu, ba$ bie alten ©eutfd&cn Don — 41 — iljrer aftatifdjen UrtjeimatI) eine 9taturreligion geerbt fatten, erne ^oSmogonie, 2 ) in meldjer trie berf^iebenen Sftatttrfrafte tnel)r ober meniger betttlid) getrennt, unb gttbem perfonifijirt roaren ; unb bap itn fo entftanbenen ©ottfjeiten erft fpciter etfyifdje sprincipien beige- legt murben. ©ret 3lbtf)eilungen treten jebod) beutlid) t)erDor: bic 91 i e f en ober bie gemaltfam tobenben 9laturfrafte unb rofyen 3J?af- (en; fobann bie eig entli djen ©otter ober bte ftetig mir- fenben grojkn (Slementarftafte; unb enblid) bte untcrgcorb- neten ©ottermefen ober bte (tiller mirfenben, tfyeilmetfe an dtanm unb £>rt gebunbenen 3 ) elementarifcfyen Srdfte. ©ie eigentlidjen ©otter, bie ttnter bem genteinfamen iftamen ber 91 f e n befannt tnaren unb in 51 § g a r b mofjnten, erfdjienen bat)er nid)t, rote ber Ijebraifdje Seljobalj, al§ @d)6pfer, fonbern nur al8 Orbner 4 ) ber SBelt, bie mit ibnen au§ einem d)aotifd)en Suftanbe, bem bie Stiefen fdjon angeljorten, IjerDorgegangen mar. ®er l)6d)fte biefer ©otter mar SB it o t a n , and) © b t n genannt. 5 ) 3n grie* ben§3eiten fa£ er auf Ijoljem ©tul)(e, bie SBclt itberfcfyattenb unb re- gierenb; im $riege ftiirmte er auf meifcem Stoffe ben $eerfd)aaren Doran, uerliel) ben ©ieg, unb rief 6 ) bie ©efallenen in feme fyimm- lifdfje Surg. Slujkrbem mar er aud) ©d)it£er 7 ) ber ftaatlidjen SDrb- nung. ©er eigentfidjc, ttngeftitme $rieg£gott aber mar 3iu, mcifyrenb gro, urfprftnglid) eine SKeereSgottljeit, fpciter jebod) ber ©ott be£ 9teid)tbum§ unb beg ©ebeil)en§ ber ©aaten, ber fegnenbe griebenggott mar. 3n © on ar ober £fyor mttrbe ba$ l)immlifd^e getter beg ©emitters tierebrt. 6r mar in ftetem $ampfe mit itn dlitftn (begriffen). ©ie ebelfte (Srfdjeinung ttnter btn 5lfen ift spaltar ober Sal ber, ber ©ttte genannt, ber ben Segriff bef- fen, ma§ recfyt unb rein ift, reprdfcntirt. ©em imljeiluoUer Sob ift eine ber fdjonften (Spifoben in ber germanifdjen s JJ?t)tI)ologie. 1) in regard to it. 2) cosmogony. 3) limited. 4) arranger. 5) called. 6) called (imperf.) 7) protector. Note. Compound words, as Ur*&eimartj, 9?atur-reitgion K. the pupil must henceforth find out by their components. Words like etc* metttartfd), elementary, d)aetifd), chaotic which are the same in English as in German, with only the slight difference of termination, will also be left to the pupils own suggestion. A.11 words, not given at the end of the lessons, are to be found in the vocabulary. — 42 — Nineteenth Lesson. Our soldiers (have) fought with great bravery ; our artillery shot quickly and well ; after a short contest the enemy (plur. ) fled ; they have now lost three battles in one week, and have gone (^iel)en) farther south. Their losses induced them to give up their unjust demands, and peace will now soon be concluded. Why did you not shoot (perf.) the dove? She flew upon the roof and crept into the pigeon-house. It vexed me to lose her ; my neighbor offered me thirty cents for a pair. This man swore that he knew nothing of the affair. But he has lied and sworen falsely. They say, he will have to go to the penitentiary ; but I also heard, that he had been pardoned. It would be the great- est wrong, if he should be pardoned. If I were the judge, I should have him hanged. a. Verbs of the fourth conjugation. [P. II. § 24.] b. Use of the subjunctive mood. [P. II. §§ 73, 74.] soldier ber ©olbat conclude frf)liefcen bravery bie £apferfeit dove bie Saube artillery bie Sirtillerie roof bag Qa&) quick filmed pigeon-house ber £aubcnfd)lag contest ber Sampf cent bet Gent enemy bet ^einb pair bag s $aar battle bie ©d)(ad)t affair bie @ad)e week bie SBodje false falfd) far meit penitentiary bag 3ltd)tf)au3 south ffibtid) pardon begnabigen loss ber SSertuft wrong bag Unrest give up aufgeben judge ber $iid)ter unjust ungered)t hang fyangen (trans.). demand bie gorbcrttng Reading lesson XVII. 95on ben ©ottinnen ftnb faft mtr g r i g g , bie ©emafylin SBuo- tcmS unb $rct) ja, bie ©ema[)lin go«, befannt, tuelcfye bcibe fiber grucfytbarfeit unb ftouStoefen ttmlteten. 9llg ftete SSiberfacfyer ber Slfcn, roeldje bie SSelt au8 bent Gljaog gefjoben fatten unb Dor bem Surucffinfen in bagfetbe beroaljrtcn, galten bie s Jtie[en, bie unbanbigen Sinber beg tefyaog, lueldje fort- — 43 — fc&tfcnb bie Don ben ®3tterit gcfdjajfeue Orbmmg ju brcd)cn be- ftrcbt roarcn. 2lcl)nttd) hen ©riedjen batten 1 ) bte alten ®cut|d)en (id) 1 ) bic Srbe alg etne Dam SBcltmect: umflutljcte 2 ) Sdieibe. 3n brm ©fecre lag etne ungefyeure ©change, bte 3)i ibgarbS- f d) ( a n g e, bte fid) 3 ) urn bte ganje Srbe Ijerumtuanb 3 ) unb bte bie £od)ter etne§ Dxtefen mar. 3cn[eit3 be§ SSeltmeereS mar bie §ci= mail) bcr Stiefen, 3 o U) u n [) e i m ober U t g a r b genannt. ® ie Sticfen tuaren gum 2l)eil roeife, fannten 4 ) bie ©cljcimniffc ber Bit* fituft, unbderftanben 6 ) fid) 5 ) attf 5 ) Battberfunfte ; babct aber maren (ie gemoljnlid) Ijaplid) unb mtpgeftattet, Don bofer, ti'icfifdjer Sftatitr, nub bte getnbe ber SEcnfdjen forooljl ate ber ©otter. Unter ben untergeorbneten SBcfcn ftnb bcfonberS angufuljrcn a) : bie 3 m e r g e ober © d) ro a r g e I f c n 6 ), mcldje fid) Dorgitglid) un- ter ber Srbe au(()ielten, bie ©djafce im Scfyofie ber Grbe bettmdjtcn, unb fid) bttrd) ©e(d)icflid)feit in 9J?ctaHarbeit auejeidjneten. ©ie maren geiuo[)nlid) tucfifd) ; bod) ttjaten 7 ) fie and) l)aufig ben 8Kcn- fd)en ©nteS. SSa[)rfd)ein[idi maren fie ^etfoniftcationen ber l)eim» lid) mirfenben Sfatitrfrciftc. SB 1)1 git untctjd)dbena) Don biefen ftnb bie met pen ©If en, bie in Sllfljeim moljnen, unb fo lidjt mie bie Sonne ftnb. ©iefe (orate bie 9Zijen 8 ), 2S a I b - I c u t e 9 ), $ b 1 b e 10 ) unb anbere untergeorbnete gottlidje SSejen malteten in unb ttber ber ©rbe, in SSSaffer unb Shift, in SSalb unb gclb, fogar in $au8 unb $of. a) The German language frequently uses the infinitive of the active voice, in cases where the English uses the passive voice: fyter tjt ttt1)tS Jit feben, here is nothing to be seen; too ift er JU ftnben ? where is he to be found. 1) thought 2) surrounded by the floods of .. 3) surrounded. 4) knew. Sounder- stood. 6) black elves. 7) did. 8) water-nymphs. 9) forest-people. 10) goblins. Twentieth Lesson. 34. What has here been dug? A well. I dug one last year, which was much deeper. We loaded the earth upon wheelbarrows and — 44 — wheeled it into the garden. Here the earth is loaded upon large carts and taken to that swamp. Did you see, how this man struck his horse? Yes, he is very wrong and deserves, to be struck himself. We have now baked and washed enough ; let us go into the garden. You are right. How beautifully these trees are grown ! Have they borne (any) fruit (plur.) yet? This one bore last year some pears ; the other is not a fruit tree ; it seems to be created only for beauty and shade ; it grew ten feet in three years. Can you tell me the first words of the bible ? In the beginning God created (the) heaven and (the) earth. a. Verbs of the fifth conjugation. [P. II. § 25.] b. You are right and you are wrong are in German : bit l)Clft dkd)t and tut Ijaft Unredjt. well ber SBtunnen some cintge (pi.) last uorig pear bie Sotrne deep ttef fruit tree ber Obft&CUtm earth bte (Srbe beauty bte ©djonfyeit wheelbarrow ber ©cfyubfarren shade ber Scfyatten wheel faijreti foot ber gup [P. II. § 4 (13).] cart ber barren tell fagen take foljrcn bible bie 93ibel swamp ber ©tlttlpf in the beginning am Sfafcmfl deserve Derbienen heaven ber $immel. fruit bie grtidjt Reading Lesson XVIII. ©rojwrtig unb furdjtbar mar bte ©orftellttng, toelcfye fid) bte al- ien ©eutfcfyen Dom SBeltuntcrgangc madjten. 28enn biefc 3eit fid) nal)t, — fo Icfcn roir in ber ©bba, ber alten ©ammltmg Don ffltytytn unb SBciffagungcn — fo mirb bie 95erberbtljeit ber Sften- fdjcn git einem grauenDollen ©rabe ftcigen (rise). ©ruber roerben mit einanber in ©treit geratfyen 1 ) unb einanber tobtcn. SBIutS- freunbc toerben bag SUanb ber SSerroanbtfdjaft lofen. $artfinn 2 ) roirb bie SKenfcfyen erfitllen, Untreue tjciiifig fein. 6? mirb eine 3eit beg ©djrocrteS fein unb ber gefpaltcncn ©djilbe, eine Beit Doll fltHr- tnifdjeu ©inneg unb tDolfrfdjcr 3 ) ©ier. Seiner tuirb be§ anbern tneijr fdjonen ©ann tuirb ber grope fiampf ber ©otter unb Siiefen folgen. Sic — 45 — Crbe bebt, ein (Sturm fegt fiber bic Scmbc unb etftttmrgclt *) ade SBaume, alle ©cbirge bredjen jufatnmen 5 ); bie 3ftibgarbefd)lange malgt unb bciumt fid), baf* bie SBogen bc§ 2J?eere8 ba§ £anb fiber* flittbcn. 8luf einem @d)iffe, ba% fie im fiaufc ber Beiten au8 ben 9iagcln ber SScrftorbcncn crbaut Ijaben, fegcln bie Stiefen Donlltgarb uad) SlSgarb, bem SBofynorte ber 51 fen. 55er SGSoIf % en r i § , ein Stiefenfoljn, fturjt mitaufgeriffenem 6 ) Stadjen t>ormart§; fetnObcr- fiefer reidjt big an ben $imme[, fein Unterfiefer bcritljrt bieSrbe; g'cucr lobert iljm au8 icn Slugen. ©ie 9D?ibgarbefd;(ange erffillt Stfeer unb iJuft mit il)rem ©ifte, unb fommt mit bem SSolfe fyerau 7 ). Slnbere $tiefen fommen au3 bem Slbgrunbe ber Grbe; unb au$ bem gefpaltenen §immel fommen bie geuerriefen; alle tiereinigen fid) gum 2lngriff auf bie Slfcn. 3n bem fid) entfpinnenben furdjt- baren ffampfe tobten bie Slfen unb 9tiefen fid) gegenfeilig. ©a§ Don ben geuerriefen geroorfene geuer derbrcnnt bie gauge SBelt; bie ©onne fdjitmrjt ft ct> 3 ) , bie (Srbe finft in§ 9fteer, unb Dom §im« mel fallen bie ©terne. ®od) fcifyrt bie SBeiffagung fort gu uerfunben, ba$ au$> btm nun nllc8 ftberfd)tuemmenben9J?eere eineneue@rbe[)erDortau^en 9 )iX)irb; ebenfo mirb eine nette Sonne erfdjeinen. ©ie SBclt ber ginfterni^ unb bie 9iiefen finb untergegangenj bie ©otter lebcn erneut unb geliiutert roieber auf, unb fiber ber neuen (Srbe ift ein neuer ^immel, too tugenbl)afte 9Jfenfct)en rooljncn unb alle 3dten fytnbnrdj 2Bonne geniejkn. 1) to get, 2) hardheartedness. 3) wolfish. 4) to uproot. 5) down, 6) gaping, 7) on. 8) to turn black, 9) to emerge. Twenty First Lesson. S3. Last night the carpenter shop in our street burned down. We ran there as fast as we could, and found the whole building in flames. A man whom I did not know came from (aiUo) the dwelling-house, which also commenced burning (infinit.) and brought out a child. He brought out a child? Yes, that with- — 46 — out him had certainly burned to death. In the fright and con- fusion nobody had throught of (an, aceus.) the child. This man had gone into the house, to save what he could. When he came to (in) the upper story, the child stood there crying. After he had brought out the child, he went in once more. I thought, he would be burned himself. But he soon came back and brought an arm full of clothes. He d^d more for the safety of the poor people than any one else ; and after he had done what he could, he quietly went away. Somebody who stood beside me, told me his name, but I have forgotten it. You did not know (perfect) him? No, Sir. Haw much burned down? The house was partly saved ; but, where the shop had stood, is now only a heap of burned timbers and ashes.- a. Irregular verbs. [P. II. § 26.] b. Inversion of the interrogative sentence. [P. II. § 71.] last Dergangen cry mcinen carpenter ber Stmmermcmn after nad)bem shop bic SKevfftcitte once more nod) cinmal down ab arm ber Slrm there bin full Doll flame bie glamme more mef)r dwellinghouse ba§ SEo^nljauS safety bie s Jlettnng certain gettUp poor arm burn to death berbrennen any one else irgenb jcmanb cm- fright bie Slngft berg confusion bie ©ertturrung somebody jemanb nobody niemanb . tell nennen save retten heap ber $aufen upper ber obere timber ber 33alfen story ber ©tocf ashes bie 9lfd)e. Reading Lesson XIX. 3d) Ijatte eben merne Slrbetten fur bie Settle becnbigt. SSie fie roarcn, bag fitmmerte mid) 1 ) ntdjt gar fcljr; roetm fie aud) 2 ) fern befonbereS Sob be§ SM)rerS uerbienten, fo mar bod) id) mit benfelben ferlig 3 ) gemorben unb batte a(fo, tnenigften? nad) meiner 9!tteimmg, mcine ©cfyulbigfcit gct^an. ©omit wax aber and) jeber ©ebanfe — 47 — an Slrbcit, ©djule unb Scorer abgcfd)itttclt nub bie Srljolung, bic mir (bod)) ber eigentlidje 3mecf beS 2cben8 gu fcin fd)ien, ber ein* gii^c ©egcnftanb, momit fid) mein ©eift nun befdjaftigte. 3d) Ijatte bal)cr and) nid)t$ (Siltgere§ 4 ) 311 tljun, al8 mtr bet meiner gutcn Sautter bie ©rlaubnip gu erbitten, gu meinen ©djul- unb ©piel= famcraben anf bie ©trape gel)en (gu bftrfen). ©ie marb mtr ge» gcben, unb nun ging eS 5 ) in Dollem ©alopp bie ©tiege fyinttntcr unb burd) ben £>of anf bie erfcljntc ©trafk. Slber id) ging, ober lief melmeljr, nid)t mit leeren §anben fo fort, fonbern id) mar fool) I bemaffnet mit — einem s Jteif unb bem bagu gel)6rigen ©tab. 3d) trat frol)lid) unter meineSamcraben, ttnb3lpoEo fonnte nid)t ftolger anf feinen g5ttlid)en SJogch fcin, at§ id) auf meinen irbifdjen unb leiber etmaS gebred)licben 3ieif. Slber id) fyatte and) Urfadje bagu ; benn id) mar befonbcrS ttjatig gemefen, ba8 s Jteiffd)lagen 6 ) — cine gar nidjtgu Deradjtenbe iunff — in unferer ©tabt rcd)t in ©djmung gu bringen, unb mar and), morauf id) mir nidjt menig gu ©ute tt)at 7 ), aU ber gefdjitftefte unb bebenbefte 3teiffdf)lager befannt. 1) e$ fiimmert mid) I care. 2) even. 3) fertip Herbert mit. ♦ ., finish. 4) tttd)t$ (Stlt- gere$ nothing more urgent. 5) ging e$ I went. 6) rolling hoop. 7) of which I was not a little proud. Twenty Second Lesson. I do not comprehend, why my brother does not come. .Per- haps b) matters of business detain him. No, he does not allow himself to be detained by matters of business ; something b) must have happened to him. This letter has just now been delivered. -Let us see what it contains. My brother writes, my letter was handed to him too late, he cannot now possibly get away ; but he has proposed to himself, to accept my invitation as soon as poss- ible. I cannot understand, why my letter got there too late. Our mail is very badly managed. It happens so often, that letters miss their way or fail entirely to arrive. Have you read the letter all through? Yes (Sir) it contains not much of interest. My brother has suffered a slight loss in his business. He under- — 48 — takes more than he can carry out. Now he is looking for(nctd)) a bookkeeper. There b) are so many young men running about without employment, but very few of them are good workers . There b) are so many coming that wish to be employed as bookkeepers ; but they usually do not understand their business. a. Separable and inseparable verbs. [P. II. §§ 14, 15, 39, 40.] b. The pronoun e£ frequently takes the place of the subject at the head of the sentence, the real subject following after the finite verb. This somewhat corresponds with the English " there" at the head of a sentence : i&$ flagen tuele £eute fiber bie fdjiuercn 3eiten, There are many people complaining of the hard times. comprehend begreifen mail bie Spoft matters of business ©efd)5fte bad fd)fed)t detain abtjalteit [(pi.) manage einrid)ten allow faff en happen twfommen something ettt)a3 miss uerfel)lcn happen guftopen way ber SBeg just now fo ebetl fail to arrive aitSbletbeU deliver abgeben read through bitrdjlefen (sep.) contain entfjdten of interest SntcreffcmteS hand iibergeben (insep.) suffer crlcibcn late feat " slight flein not possibly Uttmoglid) carry out au§fiU)ren get away abfommen look fid) umfcljcn (sep.) propose to himself ficfydorneljmen bookkeeper 33itd)l)alter accept anncljmcn run about Ijerumloufen invitation bie (Sinlabung employment bie Sefcfydftigung possible moglicfy few mcnigc (pi.) understand Detfteljen worker Slrbctter get there l)infommen employed angcftcllt. Reading Lesson XX. Seiner fonnte feinen s Jieif fo fdjnell tmb gleidjmcifcig fdjlagen x ) ; fetner fonnte auf fo engem Otaume felbft ben grojHen Stetf nad) (in) beliebiger 2 ) 9ttd)tung menben 3 ) nnb brefyen, a($ id). Sljr gfaubt biellcidjt, bajn gemote 4 ) menig^unft; aber Dcrfud)tc8nur(cinmal), einen SJieif don brei guj$ ©urdjmeffer auf einem s Jtaume tton fed)§ gu£ 23rette gtt breljen, oljne md) in ber geljorigen SBcfoegimg imb — 49 — ©djneHigfeit ftoren gu laffen, unb U)r toerbet balb don carer S5er- ad)tung gegen biefc ebte ftimft guvucffommen, unb il)r bie derbiente 2Bftrt>igung imb Slnerfennung gu Sljeil roerben laffen. 6 ) Saum war id) in ben firci8 ber QroptenfyeilS mit Dieifen derfe- l)enen @d)aar getreten 6 ), fo (when) roarb 7 ) id) aud) gleid) gum <2d)iebsrid)fer in einem unfere itmrbige Sunft betreffenben ©trett crroaljlt. (£§ Ijanbelte 8 ) fid) niimlid) urn nid)t8 ©ertngeree 8 ), al8 bie fefyr mid)tige grage, ob man einen 9teif burd) ©d)!agen obcr burd) bloj$e3 5lnlegen 9 ) mit bem &tab raenben folk; unb mem Uracil, ba§ bie erftere Sftetfjobe derroarf, bie gmeite aber ale bie rid>tige gelten 10 ) Heft 10 ), ttmtbe don ben fd^on anfangS berfelben 23eiftimmenben mtt Subel aufgenommen, don ber ©egeupartljei aber al$ underbrfidjlid) anerfannt %ad)bem id) in einem 3teif roettrennen ben @ieg badongetragen u ) unb aud) fonft mid) fo giemlid) fyerumgetummelt l)atte, bemerfte id) mit Seibmefen, baft mein burd) feine geringe ©rojk obnebieS nidt)t fel)r anfel)nlid)er 9teif burd) bie dielen ©trapagen indalib gemorben mar. 3d) fteHte 12 ) tbtn feljr erbaitlicfye S3etrad)tungen fiber bie £$erganglid)feit a(Ie§ 3rbifd)en an 12 ), unb betrauerte ben balbigen 13 ) $ingang nmne§ eblen SieblingS, ber mir lange treu gebient fjatte, al§ mir in meinem Summer ein gutiger Sngel erfd)ien. 1) to roll. 2) whaterer. 3) guide. 4) this requires. 5) §u — laffen, grant. 6) enter. 7) for tourbc. 8) ti — ©ertitgereS, nothing less was at issue. 9) guiding. 10) acknow- ledge. 11) gain. 12) make. 13) approaching. Twenty Third Lesson. I am glad of (fiber) this beautiful weather. Yesterday it rained all day ; but today the sun has again taken pity on us (genit.). I was already vexed, that our excursion, for (nad)) which I had longed so much (|"et)r), should have to be put off again. Had we gone to the mountains last week, we had had no recreation. One day it thundred and lightened, the next it snowed, and I felt cold even here in the plain. But now we shall breath the mountain air. If (c) Charles could have got — 50 — away, he would accompany us. What has he then to do ? He writes for a journal. I was surprised when he accepted the po- sition. If c) he was not compelled by need, he would not sub- mit to such fetters. Let us rest here, I am hungry. Are you not ashamed to be tired and hungry already? If c) you had come as for as I, you would be hungry too. You must remember that c) I had gone already five miles, when I came to you. Quite right ; I saw, that c) your boots were muddy. Well (nun) though I am not hungry, I am at least thirsty. Let us therefore make halt here and rest in the shade. a. Reflexive and impersonal verbs. [P. II. § 28, 37, 38.] b. The inverted subordinate sentence. [P. II. § 72.] c. menu (if) and ba$ (that) are to be left out. [P. II. § 72.] to be glad fid) freucn I am surprised e3 ttumbert mid) weather ba§ SBetter position Die @tellung all day bm gatuen Sag compel gmingen take pity fid) erbarmen need bic 9totl) I am vexed e§ cirgert mid) submit fid) unterroerfen excursion ber 3iit3flltg fetters geffeltt long fid) fefjnett rest rufyen put off auffdjieben I am hungry e§ f)itngert mid) have recreation fid) erljolett I am ashamed id) fd)(ime mid) lighten blijjetl tired mftbe thunder bormern hungry (jmtgrig next ber ncid)fte come t)erfommen snow fdjneien remember fid) erttincrtt I feel cold e§ friert midj right redjt plain ©bene boot ber ©tiefel breath atljmcn muddy fd)mitfcig mountain air bie SBerjjlilft I am thirsty c3 bltrftct mid) get away abfommetl therefore alfo accompany bcfllcitcn halt ber $alt. journal bad Sournaf Beading Lesson XXI. 3m erften Slugenblicf fyielt 1 ) id) biefe Srfdjeimmg freilid) fur fet- nen (Sngel; benn oQe ©ngel, bie id) biefyer gcfeljen i)atk, faljen ttrie frifdje Snaben obcr fd)5ne Sungfranen cut§, fatten ^liigei auf bm $iufen; in ber §anb tuoljl and) einen grimen 3wcig. ©icfe tua* ren jmar nur gemalf; aber meiner Sfteimmg wad) mu^ten bie (§n- — 51 — gel im $immcl gcrabe fo augfcljcn. ®a(3 eitt foldjer Gngel fict> in irbtfdjer ©eftalt geige, fonnte id) burd)au§ nidjt glaubenj aDer t)ier ttmrbc ntein Unglaitben eine§ 2 ) ©effercn 2 ) beleljtt. ®er (Sngel, iDeldjer mir erfdjien, fyatk ftatt be§ gritnen 3roeige§ ein ftarfe§ 23am- bu§rol)r in ber $anb, l)atte and) feine gliigel, urn in ber ihift 311 fdjmeben; im ©egentl)etl ging er fel)r langfam unb befcfymetlid), benn feine Seine fatten eine fdjrocre fiaft $11 tragen — einen harper, ber einem gaffe giemlid) cifynlid) mar. 3J? it einem SSorte: e§ fam ber alte, btdfe §err #auptmcmn, ber in nnfrer SJladjbarfcfyaft mofynte. 3d) madjte .pfltdjtfdjnlbigft 3 ) meinen ©iener 4 ), unb roar fefyr er- ftaunt, a(8 id) il)n feine fdjroerfaUigen ©djritte gcrabe anf mid) gu- Ienfen faf). ®er alte $rieger macfyte aber eine fo frennblicfye Sftiene, ba£ id) itberjeugt mar, er fonne bei biefem Slnmarfd) nnr frieblidje 9lbfid)ten fyaben; nnb beftyalb gemann jejjt bie 9lengierbe bie £)ber- Ijanb itber bie lleberrafdjnng. 3Sa3 fonnte rooljl 5 ) ber^err §anpt» mann, ber groar meinen ©rn£ immer frennbtid) erroiberte, aber mid) nie anjprad), Don mir molten? SIB er benn enblid) Dor mir ftanb, fagte er, ba£ e3 it>n freue, mid) fo mnnter gn fefjen, nnb baj$ er fd)on oft mit SSergnitgen, Don feinem genfter (au§) mein Spiel beobad)- ttt, nnb ba§felbe 6 ) bei fid) belobt fyabe. i) take. 2) better. 3) as in duty bound. 4) obeisance. 5) possibly* 6) it. Twenty Fourth Lesson. 38. As soon as T am allowed to go out, I shall call on you. If will give 1 ) me joy to see you at my house 2 . How doeo your boy get along 3 ) at (in ber) school. Quite well ; he learns (how) to read very easily, and his sister teaches him (how) to write. Why do you remain standing here ? I see Henry coming and will wait for (ailf) him. Where will you then go? We intend to go to the theater. Have you heard the new prima donna sing yet? Yes, and I hope to hear her often yet. Yes, I like to hear but not to see her. Her voice is good, but her playing does not please me. This distorting of the eyes and — 52 — this wringing of the hands are exaggerated ; her sobbing is un- natural, her smile forced ; and she seems not capable of assum- ing a natural position. You are always inclined to criticise ; but you ought also to learn (how) to be just. Her playing is not faultless ; but we (man) must not require, to see everything combined in one person. For him who desires it, it is not diffi- cult, to find faults even in the greatest artist. a. The infinitive with and without 311. [P. II. § 10.] b. The infinitive as noun. [P. II. § 10.] call on . . befudjen capable im 8tcmbe joy bie f^reitbe assume annefymen school bte (Sdjltle natural natftrlid) Henry §einrid) inclined (jcncigt wait marten criticise frttifiren where ft) 1) in ought to follte (Imperf.) intend Dorfyaben just bllltQ theater b(*6 Sweater faultless fel)lerfret prima donna bte *Primct ©Otttta require uerlangen voice bte Stimme everything alle§ playing bag ©ptel combine Derehtigett distort. Derbrefyen person bie s $erfon sob fd)tud)3en desire ttmnfdjen unnatural umtatttrlid) difficult fd)tt)er. smile Icidjeln Reading Lesson XXII. StefeS Sob a\\8 fo unparteiifdjem SKunbe macfyte mid) ntd)t tuenig ftolj; e§ fd)lo£ and) gugleid) mem §erj gegen iljn auf, unb aU fidt) im ©efprcid)e bte ©elegenfyeit barbot, fonnte id) nid)t urn- I)in, x ) tljm meinen Summer i'tbcr bie ©ebred)lid)feit meines Cieb- HngS gu eroffnen. $aum tjatte er fid) Don biefem Umftanbe fiber- geugt, fo (when) fanb ba§ SWitleib (Singang bei iljm, unb er gab mir ben Sluftrag, beim $itttner einen Dteif unb einen ©tab bagtt auf fcine Stemming ju beftellen, $or greube unb (Srftaunen fonnte id) feinen Slbfd)iebSgruj3 faum ermibern. Slttd) tjatte bag ©tattnen meiner tameraben nid)t grower fein fonnen, menu ber $6nig mit mir gefprodjen unb mid) mit feiner ©nabe itberfyauft 2 ) ptte. 3m Dollen ©alopp rarinte id) nun jum Sftttner, mad)te tk SBeftel- — 53 — lung unb fefyrte ftolj gu bm anbertt gurM. gitr biefen Sl6enb mufete freiltd) ber int)alibe Sleif nod) Ijerfjalten 3 ). Slbet fdjon am ncidjften Slbenb ttmrbe er in etnen SBinfel gemorfen — Unbanf ift ber SSelt Soljn — unb ber neue geljolt. 9#ein ©r[te§ 4 ) mar nun natitrlid), biefeg neue Slaf auf bem ge- tnofynlidjen gelbe — nid)t ber ©fyre, aber bod) ber greube, t)er- umgutummeln 5 ). Wit aHer ©eroanbtljeit unb ©rajie parabirte id) bor bem genfter be§ alten biefen $erm $auptmann8, unb er- freute mid) abermalS etneS freunblidjen @ru£e§. @r(t [pat fefyrte id) nad) §au[c guritcf, unb ber ©ebanfe an mem ©liicf tarn nid)t au8 metnem Sinne, bi§ ber ©d)laf mid) in fetner ©eroalt fyatk, unb neue fitxbifdtje £raumbtlber midj umgauWten. 1) I could not but. 2) to heap upon. Z) serve. 4) the first thing. 5) to dance about (transit.). » • ♦ • ♦ PART SECOND. GRAMMATICAL RULES AND PARADIGMS. Chap. I. The Article. 2 1, a) THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, Singular. Plural* Masc, - Femin. Neuter, All three genders, Nom. ber bie ba$ bie the Gen. be§ ber be§ ber of the Dat. bem ber bem ben to the Ace. ben bie bag bie the. 2 2, b) THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. Masc* Femin, Neuter, Nom. ein eine ein a Gen. eineg einer eine§ of a Dat. einem einer einem to a Ace. einen eine ein a. Chap. II. ?3. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. The following table exhibits the therminations of the four declensions of nouns ; below which is stated what kind of nouns belong to the several declensions, and also, where the vowels a, 0, It, ait are in plural to be changed to their respective Umlauts. 57 58 — Umlaut in Plural. § Neut. Fern. Masc. t>OO^A t>bO^ "* O O P CD O B ?' rt ?B r p |B B CO >-»• • P CD g B S3 S ,rt; cd fefll p B 31 fr- B'g era g •3. ►— * -i** CO - P* as o Si 1 1 1 i a S3 1 I I I » CM CO - ^a O-i o P 1=1 S3 CD 3*° 3 O P CD « CD -SB I'g B^ ^ P <*^ <^ <"^ <^> «-$ r-t «t «-< S3 ?«g CD co S® 3 g. s:g.s & S3 5 g P £^B" O • P p ,g/3* <2 «-* O Pi CO >* v* CD § I Qu p p'os P o '1 3 o p CD ■2 5 5? J3" _.. CD «^j T?S3 P ^ iz! - BiB o n » p o g »S* ( * 8 • P CO scr P *^ 2. <^ pi t> t>CQ f ~B ^ CD CD § Is & p 2 B'<» g I, S3 S3 X S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 I: CD - CO — 59 — 54 REMARKS. 1. The preceding table shows the following facts : a. The genitive and accusative plural are always like the nominative plural. b. The dative plural always ends in n. c. No feminine noun belongs to the second, and only two to the third declension. d. No neuter noun belongs to the fourth declension. e. All masculine and feminine nouns in e belong to the fourth declension (eomp. 9). f. No noun of the fourth declension takes the Umlaut in the plural. 2. The first three declensions form, what is called the Strong or Old, the fourth, what is called the Weak or New de- clension. 3. A few masculine and neuter nouns form the singular by the first, the plural by the fourth declension, as^ber ©taat {the state), ha @tral)l (the ray), bag £)l)r (the ear), bag Slitge (the eye), &c. This is also called the Mixed declen- sion. 4. Feminines take the terminations of inflections only in the plural. No feminine changes in the singular. 5. Nouns of the first or second declension, ending in sibilants (g, % ft, fd), g), add in the genitive always eg, as beg $ail- [eg, Sranjeg (of the house, wreath) ; others, if monosyllables, add in select language eg, as beg ©ofyneS (of the son), in easy style g, beg ©ofyttg J if polysyllables, they add only g, beg fotligg, Srrttjltmg (of the king, error). 6. The termination )al in the first declension does not take the Umlaut in the plural, but the termination 1 1) lint in the second declension does, bie 3ieidjtl)umer, S5iet[)umer (the riches, bishoprics). 7. In the third declension, nouns terminating in n do not take an additional n in the dative plural. — 60 — 8. Expressions of a trade or calling in the third declension, as ©d) lifter (shoemaker), tyRaltV (painter), &c, do not take the Umlaut in the plural. 9. To the third declension belongs bet Safe (the cheese, form- erly Sa3, inflected by the first declension) ; also the nouns griebett (peace), gunfen (spark), ©ebanfen (thought), ©lauben (believe), §aufen (heap), 9lamen (name), ©amen (seed), 6d)aben (damage), SSillen (will). These nouns are now frequently used with the nomina- tive-termination e instead of en, but the latter is preferable. 10. To the third declension belong all diminutive nouns. These are formed by adding the syllables cfyen or leitt to the original noun, as Spferb d) e tt (little horse), Sfcifd) I e i It (small table). The radical vowels a, 0, 11, ail are changed to their respective Umlauts, as @acfd)ett (little sack), ©6l)tl« kill (little son), §utd)ett (little hat), $ail§d)ett (little house). 11. In the fourth declension nouns in e, er, at, el add only n, be§ Stabett, $>aitem, 9Tad)bam (of the raven, peasant, neigh- bor), bie SWattbellt (the almonds). 12. Feminine nouns can be formed from corresponding mas- culines, by adding the syllable in : t>CX §itvft, (the prince), bie ^Itrftitt (the princess). If the masculine has the vowel d, 0, 11 or ail, the feminine takes the Umlaut, bet ©raf (the count), bie ©rcifin (the countess) ; if the masculine ends in e, this is dropped in the feminine, bet £6lt)e (the lion), bie Sotuitt (the lioness). These feminines double this tt in the plural, as bie guirftinnen. 13. Expressions of measure, weight and quantity retain the form of the singular after numerals, as btei §llj* lailQ (three feet long). Excepted are the feminine nouns in e, as bie ©lie (yard), 3)?eile (mile) which take the n of the plural. If quantities of materials are given, the names of the ma- terials do not take the genitive-termination, as bier 3J?a$ — 61 — SSaffct {four gallons of water) , fedjg SpfiUtb Suifet (six pounds of sugar) . Paradigms. \ 5. FIRST DECLENSION. 1. 2. 3. Sing, Nom. ber ©ol)tt bte 9to$t bag £l)or {the son) (the night) (£Ae #a£e) Gen. beg Sofyn c g ber 9lad)t beg £f)or e § Dat. bem ©oljn e ber 9?ad)t bem £l)or e Ace. ben ©oljn bie 9?ad)t bag Sttjor Plur. Nom. bie ©ol)n e bte 9?dd)t e bte Sljor e Gen. ber ©Sl)n e ber 9Md)t e ber £f)ore Dat. ben (Soijn e n ben 9Zad)t e n ben Sfyor e n Ace. bte @ot)n e bte SWdjt e bte £l)or e ber §unb (the dog), beg §nnbeg, bie $unbe; ber $6nig (*Ae king), beg ionigg, bie Sonige; bie ^enntnif* (the knowledge), bte Sennt- niffe; bie Jritbfal (the trouble), bie £ritbfale; bag ©ebidjt (the poem), beg ©ebidjteg, bie ©ebtdjte. §6. SECOND DECLENSION. 4. 5. Sing. Nom. ber 9)?artn (the man) bag ®orf (*7*e village) Gen. beg 9ttann e g beg ®orf e g Dat. bem 8J?atm e bem ©orf e Ace. \m\ SOfrmn bag ®orf PZw. Nom. bie 9)?ann e r bie ®6rf e r Gen. ber 9Wann e r ber ©6rf e r Dat. im 9)f cinn em ben ®5rf em Ace. bie SSftdnn e r bie ©orf e r ber 3rrtt)ttm (the error), beg Srrtljitmg, bie 3rrtl)ftmer; bag ©e- fpenft (the spectre), beg ©efpenfteg, bie ©efpenfter. I 7. THIRD DECLENSION, 6. Sing. Nom. ber SSogel Gen. beg SJofld g Dat. bem 2>ogel Ace. ben SSogel 7. 8. bie Gutter bag SBappen (the mother) (the weapon) ber gutter beg SBappen g ber SJhttter bem SBappcn bie Gutter bag SBappen — 62 — Plur. Nom. tic Sogcl bie Gutter bic SBappen Gen. ber &5gel ber Swifter ber SBappen Dat. ben Sogel n ben 9#iitter n ben SBappcn Ace. bte S^ogel bic Gutter Uz SBappen ber SBagen (the wagon), be3 SBagenS, bie SBagen; ber SWalcr (a$ Slitgc (^e eye), be$ 2lugc8, bic Slugen. — 63 — Chap. III. The Verb. A. Rules and Remarks. 1 10. SOME GENERAL REMARKS. All German Verbs form the present infinitive by adding etl to the root; maktt (to paint), fd)lagen (to strike). Excep- tions : The following verbs elide the C of the infinitive and add only n, namely a) the verbs feitl (to he) and t[)ltn (to do) ; b) all verbs whose roots have the final syllables t\, tt, fyanbeln (to act), gaubern (to hesitate). Note. As. in English, so in German, the auxiliary verbs of mood (v. g 11) and a few other verbs, namely fefyett (to see), tyoren (to hear), Met&en (to remain), tyeigen (to bid), fyelfen (to help), lefyren (to teach), leritcn (to learn), are followed by the infinitive without ju (to): idfj fefye ifytt gefyett (I see him go). All other verbs require gu before a following infinitive: icfy Der* fucfyte ju fprecfyett (I attempted to speak). The present participle is formed by adding fc^to the infini- tive, malenb, fdjlagcnb, fjanbelnb. The verbs fein and tljun accept here again the e which they throw off in the infini- tive, fetenb, tfynenb. Notes, a) In German, the present participle is very little used, except as adjective. Expressions like these: "I am going, you were reading" are rendered by the indicative, as if they read: "I go, you read", b) If the action or condition, expressed by a verb, is to be stated as (abstract) noun, the German language uses the infinitive with the article of the neuter gender: bas ©djtoimmett ifl cine gefunbe SBcwegung (swimming is a healthy exercise.) In the terminations of inflection eft and tt, the t may be elided, whenever euphony does not prevent it ; bit Itebeft (thou lovest), er Itebet (he loves) and bit liebft, er lieut. But in the present subjunctive it is preferable to retain it, bil (o* — 64 — beft (thou praisest), ifyr faget (you say). Verbs with the final syllable el or et drop the e of this syllable, when the termination of inflection is e, as id) f)anble, gaitbre. But when the termination is eft, et or en, the e of this syllable of inflection is elided, bit fyanbelft, er tMttbett (he wanders), ttrir gaubern. 1 11. SYSTEM OF CONJUGATIONS. The regular verbs may for practical purposes best be arranged in five conjugations, the first of which is also called the new or weak conjugation, while the four remaining ones form, what is called the old or strong conjugation. The number of verbs belonging to the weak conjugation is almost ten times as large, as that of the strong. But the latter contains principally those verbs which are most commonly used in daily life. The auxiliary verbs fyabett (to have), feitl (to be) and tDCrbett (to become, to be), also the auxiliary verbs of mood: id) faxiM (I can), id) batf (I am permitted to), id) TTtag (Hike to, I may), id) tttilf} (I must), id) foil (I shall) and id) mill (I will), and a few other verbs (v. § 26) are irregular. § 12. WEAK CONJUGATION (I). The verbs of this conjugation have the following character- istics : 1. They retain their radical vowel through all their forms unaltered: id) lobe (I praise), bit lobft, id) lobte, fjelobt 2. They form the imperfect tense by adding te or, when euph- ony requires it, ete to the root : loben, id) lobte, reben (to speak), id) rebete. 3. In the perfect participle besides prefixing the augment ge (v. § 14), they add t or et to the root : gelobt, getebct. i 13. STRONG CONJUGATION (II. III. IV. V.). The verbs of these four conjugations have the characteristic that they form the different parts of the verb not only by termin- — 65 — . ations, but also by means of the "Ablaut" i. e. by changing the radical vowel to another pure rowel. 1. Their imperfect tense has always a different vowel from that of the infinitive (and this "Ablaut" of the imperfect tense determines the conjugation) ; the first person singular adds nothing to the root: ftngen (to sing), icfy fang; fallen (to fall), id) fid; fliegen (to fly), id) flog. 2. The perfect participle, besides prefixing the augment ge (v. § 14) adds ett to the root and takes a) in some verbs a vowel differing from that of the infinitive as well as from that of the imperfect tense ; fingen, id) fang, gefungcn; fter- ben (to die) id) ftarb, geftovben; b) in some, the same vowel as in the imperfect tense ; teiten (to ride), id) ritt, geritten; flicgen, id) flog, geflogen; c) in some, again the radical vowel of the infinitive; geben (to give), id) gab, gegeben; tragen (to bear), id) ttug, getragen. 3. Most verbs of this conjugation which have the radical vowel e, take in the second and third person singular of the pre- sent indicative, and in the second person singular of the imperative the Ablaut i or ie : fted)en (to sting), bit ftid)ft, er ftid)t, ftid); fetjen (to see), bit fiefyft, er fiet)t, fiel). The imperative singular of these verbs takes no termin- ation : gib, ftid). All other verbs (strong as well as weak) take the termination e : fd)reibe (write), ttage, which term- ination may however be dropped : fdjreib, trag. 4. Most of those which have a radical vowel, capable of an Umlaut, take this Umlaut in the second and third person singular of the present indicative: fd)lagen (to beat), bu fcfylcigft, er fd)lagt; ftojten. (to thrust), bit ftofeft, er ftofct; fait- fen (to drink), bit ftiufft, er fanft. 5. All of those which take in the imperfect tense an Ablaut, capable of an Umlaut, take this Umlaut in the subjunctive mood of the imperfect tense : id) gab (I gave), id) gcibe; id) ftofl (tfl™)) id) pgej id) trng (I bore), id) trftge. — 66 — $ 11 THE AUGMENT OF THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE. In §§ 12 & 13 it has been shown, wherein the verbs of the strong conjugation differ from those of the weak, in regard to the formation of the perfect participle. Bat they all agree, in prefixing in this participle the syllable ge, which is called the u Augment", to the root of the verb : lebett, to live, gelebt; tcfen, to read, gelefen; (terben, geftorben. Exceptions from this rule are, on account of euphony, such verbs as begin with an unaccented syllable, viz : 1. All verbs of foreign origin with the ending irett or tetett (which have the accent on ihisi) : ftubtrett, to study, flu- birt ; regterett, to rule, regtert ; not gejtubirt, geregtert 2. All verbs beginning with the inseparable and unaccented prefixes be, tmp, ent, er, flc, t>er, get and mtfji (when this is unaccented) : beftraft, punished, entlctufett, run away, nerloren, lost, miBhmgen, failed. 3. All verbs with the prefixes fcurd), Winter, iiber, urn, unter and Doff, when these prefixes are inseparable in which case they do not have the accent : bltrd)brungett, convinced, umgcutgcn, avoided, boUbrad)t, accomplished. (More of these in § 15.) 4. The verb toerbett also throws off the augment ge, when preceded by another perfect participle i. e. when applied as auxiliary verb for the passive voice, in the perfect, pluper- fect and perfect future tenses : id) but gefd)lageit inorbett, I have been beaten. | 15. SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. A prefix of a verb is separable, if the accent lies on it, but inseparable, if the accent lies on the primitive verb. Therefore are : 1. Separable the prepositions and adverbs ab, art, anf, a\l$ f bet, bar, em, fort, Ijer, fyin (and their compounds Ijerab, fyin- auf, ehtljer, umljttt *c), tnit, nad), nieber, ob, Dor, meg, gu, juriicf, jufcmtmen. — 67 — 2. Inseparable the prefixed syllables be, emp, ent, er, ge, UCt f ger and mif} ; and the preposition tt)tbet\ 3. Sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable, according as they have or have not the accent, the prepositions and ad- verbs burd), tjtnter, fiber, nm, tmter, DoU and roicbcr. 3 16. TERMINATIONS OF THE SIMPLE FORMS. PRESENT TENSE. (Weak & Strong.) Indie. SuJbjunct. Jwiperai. Jnftn. Partic. Sing. 1. prs. — e — t % „ -eft, ft -eft 3. „ — et, t — e — e,— —en — enb Plur. 1. „ — en — en 2. „ -d,t -et, 3. „ —en —en — et, t IMPERFECT TENSE. PERFECT PARTICIPLE Weak. Strong. Weak. Strong. Indicat. & Subjunct. Indicat. & Subjunct. Sing. 1. prs. — etc, te — 2. „ — ete(t,teft —eft, ft 3. „ — ete, te — -eft, ft — e ge— et, t; ge— en. Plur. 1. „ — eten,ten — en 2. „ —tkt f kt — et, t 3. „ — eten,ten — en —en -et,t —en § 17. ABLAUT OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION. Pres t Infinit. Imperf, Per/. Part. II. Conjug. 1st Class et, i, te a e 2d „ e, i (ci, 5) 3d „ { u in. „ 1st „ ei t, te t 2d „ ei ie 3d „ a, o, it, au like infiait IV. „ a, e, t, te, a, 5, it, an v. „ a u a — 68 — SECOND CONJUGATION. § 18. FIRST CLASS, Sec, pers. pres. ind^ iffeft (i&t) Infinitive. a. ©ffento eat (of men) freffcn, to eat (oflfriffeft (friBt) animals) geben, give gefd)et)en, happen lefetl, read tneffeit/ measure fcljen, see treten, tread Dcrflcffcn, forget b. bitten, beg, bat, gebeten liegen, lie, lag, gelegen jffren, sit, fajs, gefeffen Jmperat, gib (gieb) Imperf. frafl gibft (giebft) gib (gieb) gab gegeben gefd)iel)t(3dpers.) gefdja^ gefdjeljen liefeft (lieft) -Hc8 lag gelefen mtffeft (mijst) mip ma£ gemeffen fieljft ftel) faf) gefefyen tvtttft, tritt trat getreten Dergiffeft (bergifctyuergip tiergafc betgeffen Little used is : genefen, recover from illness, ge- na§, genefen. Past part, gegeffen gefreffen 219, SECOND CLASS. a. SBeginnen, to begin, Imperf. In the same way : geminnen, win rinnen, flow fdjmimmen, swim jann, Past. part, begonnen. b.befeljlen, to com mand bergen, hide berften, burst brecfyen, break emp|et)[en,recom- mend erfcfytedfen, be frightened gebciren, bear (child) gclten, be worth l)elfen, help nefymen, take befiefylft birgft -*) orid)ft empfiet)lft erfdjtidfft gebierft flilti l)iif(t nimmft finnen, reflect fpinnen, spin fommen, come. beftefyl bcfatjl btrg bridf) empfie^l erfd^rtdf gebier ilf nimm batg barft brad) empfal)! erfdjraf gebat gait nafym befoljlen geborgen geborften gebrocfyen emp[ol)len erfcfytocfen geboren gegolten gel)olferi genommen *) A dash ( — ) indicates a regular formation. — 69 Infinitive, fd)cftcn, scold fpredjen, speak ftedjen, sting fteljlen, steal fterben, die treffen, hit Derberben, spoil merfaen, engage (woo) tuerfen, throw Sec.pers. pres, ind. WW lprid)|t l'tid)ft l"tiet)lft ftirbft trifffi tierbirbft mtrbft tturfft Imperat. Imperf. fdjctlt jpttd) (prad) ftid) [tad) |ttet)l mi ftirb ftarb trtff iraf uerbtrb Dcrbarb rotrb roarb tDtrf roarf Past part. ge[d) often gefprodjen fleftod)en geftot)Ien geftotben getroffen oerborben geroorben geiuorfen. I 20. THIRD CLASS. SBtnbcn, to bind, Imp. bemb, P. p. gebltnbett. In the same way : bringen, urge fdjlingen, sling fprtngen, spring finbert, find fd)it)inben, decrease ftinfen, stink gelingen, succeed fdjttmtgen, swing trtnfcn, drink fiingen, sound fingen, sing tuinben, wind tingen, wring finfen, sink gmtngen, force. THIRD CONJUGATION. \ 21; FIRST CLASS. ©retfen, to gripe, grasp, Imperf. griff, P. p. gcgriffen. In the same way : befleijkn([id)),endea- [etben, suffer (fitt) [cfymeijkn, fling vor pfeifen, whistle (pipe) |d)neiben, cut beifkn, bite retpen, tear fdireiten, stride erbletd)en, grow pale retten, ride fpleiBen, split gleicfyen, resemble fd)[etd)en r sneak ftreidjen, stroke gletten, slide fd)lei[en, grind ftceiten, combat fnctfen, pinch fdjletfkn, slit rueicfyen, yield. | 22. SECOND CLASS. 58lcibcn, to remain, Imp. blteb, P. p. geblteben. In the same way : gebeifyen, prosper ptetfen, praise fdjemen, seem (shine) leit)en, lend reiben rub fd)retbett, write mciben, avoid fdjeiben, part [djreien, cry — 70 fdjitmgett, be silent fpeien, spit Infinitive. 93tafen, to blow braten, roast fallen, fall fangen, catch batten, hold bangen, hang(intrs.) laffen, let (leave) laufen, run tatfjetl, advise rufen, call fdjlafen, sleep ftojkn, thrust Imperat, fteigen, ascend treiben, drive I 23. THIRD CLASS. Sec, pers. pres, ind. blfifeft (bidft) btcttft (brateft) ffillft fangft fjaltft [)dngft laffeft (lafrt) (dufft ratljft (ratfjeft) tufft wmt ftoficft wit) roetfen, show geiljen, charge (accuse) Imperf, Past part. bliti geblafen brtet gebraten fiel gefallen fing gefangen t)ielt gefyalten tying gebangen liejj gelaffen lief gclaufen rtetl) getattjen rief gerufen fdjlief cjefdjlafen ftiejj Igeftopen. FOURTH CONJUGATION. §24. a. ©refefyen, to thrash lbrifdjeft fedjten, fight fled)ten, plait melfen, milk quellen, spring fdjeren, shear fd)mel^en / melt(int.; fdjroellen, swell erlojdjen, be extin- guished fctltfen, drink (of animals) b. Semegen, to induce, Imp. bemog j P«tft flid)t(t milfft quillft fdjierft fdjmilgcft fct)roiUft etlifdjeft ftafft brifefj brofd) fid)t fodjt flidjt f!od)t molf quill quoll fdjicr fdjor f*mtlj fcbmolj fdjroiH fdjrooll erli(d) erlofd) — (off gebtofefyen gefod)tcn geflocfyen gemolfen gequollen gefefyoren gefcbmoljen gefdjroollen erlofdjen gefoffen. way : Ijeben, lift pflcgen, be in the hab- it of Weben, weave gltmmen, glimmer flimmen, climb P. p. beiDogen. In the same biegen, bend gentejkn, enjoy bieten, offer giejkn, pour fliegen, fly friecfyen, creep flietjen, flee tiedjen, smell flte^en, flow fdjieben, push (shove) frteven, freeze f deepen, shoot — 71 — (djltejkn, lock (shut) fieben (fott), boil fpriejien, sprout . fttebcn, be scattered trtefen (troff), drip Derbriefkn, vex tierlteren, lose roiegen, weigh gteljcn, draw, pull erfuren, elect lltgen, lie (falsehood) triigen, deceive flatten, ferment jd) tUprett, fester roagcn, weigh fcljrooren, swear fcutgen, suck fd)tiauben, snort. FIFTH CONJUGATION. §25. Infinitive. 93acFen, to bake fasten, ride (in a vehicle) graben, dig laben, load mal)len, grind(corn) fdjaffcn, create fdjlagen, strike tragen, bear, carry toadjfen, grow roafcfyen, wash Note, All simple verbs belonging to these four (strong) conjuga- tions are contained in our list. Compound verbs are inflected like the simple verbs from which they are derived : erftnbett, to invent, erfanb, erfunbcn — like ftnben, umge^en, avoid, untying, um$angen — like $e§etu Sec.pers.prts. ind. Imperat. lmperf. Past. part. bacfft bntf gebacfen fS&rft fu&r gefa^ren grabft grnb gegraben — lub gelaben — — gemal)Ien — Wttf . gefd)affen mm fdjlug gestagen tragft trufl getragen roaajfeft — tmtcfyg gemad)(en rt)a(d)eft fettf^ geroafdjen. i 26, IRREGULAR VERBS, Infinitive. a. brennen, to burn fennen, to know nennen, to name rennen, to run fenben, to send tuenben, to turn (intrans.) bringen, to bring benfen, to think b. ge()en, to go fteljen, to stand ttjitn, to do r lmperf. ' brcmnte ■ t annte •ttcmnte rannte janbte roanbte bradjte badjte fling ftanb tfjat Per/. Partic. gebrannt gefannt gcnannt gerannt gefanbt gemanbt gebrad}t gebadjt gegangen geftcmben getfyan. — 72 — c. Ijaben, fern, toerben — the auxiliary verbs ' of tenses ; fonnen, burfen, mogen, miiffen, fallen, mol- > see paradigms len — auxiliary verbs of mood ; ttriffett, to know ; COMPOUND TENSES. These are formed by means of the auxiliary verbs [)aben, fein, toerben. §27. 1. a. Spdb ttl f to have and fettt to be, are used to form the perfect, pluperfect and past infinitive, by combining with the past participle : id} I)abe gefyort, I have heard, id) l)cttte gefyort, gctjort Ijaben ; id) bin gegattgen, I have gone, id? ttmr gegattgen, ge* gangen fetft. b. SSetben is used to form 1) the future tenses and the conditional by combining with the present and past in- finitive : id) rcerbe fcljen, I shall see, id) tuerbe gcfeljen fyaben; id) tuiirbe fel)en, I would see, id) ttmrbe gefeljen l)Ctben. 2) The whole passive voice, by combining with the past participle of the principle verb : id) luetbc ge> fefyen, I am seen, id) bin gefetjen roorben, id) roerbe gefeljeu tuerben jc. §28. 2. The perfect tenses are formed i a. with fyabtti in all transitive, reflexive and impersonal verbs and (with few exceptions) in those intransitive verbs which govern the genitive or dative : id) [)abe gc* f unbett, I have found ; id) l)abe mid) gefreut, I was glad (enjoyed myself) ; c8 l)at gcrCQUCt, it has rained ; id) t)CU)C feiner gefdjont, I have spared him ; id) l)abe il)m gebanft, I have thanked him. — 73 — b. with fcin in all other intransitive verbs, especially those which express change of place or condition : id) bin QC- gangen, I have gone ; id) bin gemacbfen, I have grown. B. Paradigms of Conjugation. I 29, THE AUXILIARY VERB fcafcctt, to have. Infinitive. Pres. baben Past, gebabt Ijaben Participle. Pres. babenb Past, gebabt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) b^be ; bu baft, er l)at, 3d) babe, bu fyabeft, er {jabe, ttrir l)aben, it)r babt, fie baben. ttrir baben, i|r l)abet, fie fyaben. IMPERFECT. 3d) batte, bu Ijatteft, er Ijatte, roir fatten, ifyr fyattet, fie fatten. 3d) fyattz, bu batteft, er Ijatte, ttrir batten, ibr ()&ttet, fie [fatten PERFECT. Scb^abe 1 bu baft er bat ttrir baben ibr babt fie fjaben , -gebabt. 3d; fyabe > bu babeft er babe ttrir baben ibr babet fie Ijaben ; -gebabt PLUPERFECT. 3d) Ijatte >< bu batteft er batte ttrir tyatkn ibr i>attd fie batten ►geljabt. 3d) fjatte *} bu batteft 1 il)r bcittet | fie batten J FUTURE. 3d) merbe bu itrirft er ttrirb tt)ir merben il)r merbet fie merben >i ► djaben. 3d) merbe bu merbeft er msrbe mir merben ifyr merbet fie merben s \ fyabzn. Indicative. 3d) roerbe bit mtrft er mirb mir merben il)r merbet fie merben gefjabt I)aben geljabt Ijaben. Conditional. 3d) mftrbe bu mftrbeft er mitrbe mir ttmrben iljr miirbet fie mtir ben Ijaben. Subjunctive. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) roerbe bu mcrbcft er roerbe roir roerbcn tfyr roerbet fie roerben Past Conditional 34) roftrbe bu rourbeft er tuurbc roir ttmrben il)r roitrbet fie ttmrben IMPERATIVE. gefjabt fyaben. Sing. 2d pers. babe 3d babe er (er fyabz) Plur. „ ^abet (babt) 3d tjaben fie. i 30. THE AUXILIARY VERB fein, to be. Pres. Past. Infinitive. fein geroefen fein Indicative. Pres. Past. Participle. feienb geroefen. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) bin, bu bift, er ift, SBir finb, iE)r feib, fie finb. 3d) mar, bu roarft, er roar, 3d) fei, bu feieft, er fei, roir feien, it)r feiet, fie feien. IMPERFECT. 3d) mare, bu roareft, er mare, roir roaren, tijr roaret, fie roaren. roir roaren, ii)r roaret, fie roaren. PERFECT. 3d) fei bit feieft er fei roir feien tjjr feiet fie feien 3d) bin bu bift er ift roir finb il)r feib, fie finb geroefen. - gemefen. 75 Indicative. 3d) mar bu marft erttmr mir maren ijjr maret fie maren 3d) merbe bu mirft er mirb mir merben ipr merbet fie merben 3d) merbe bu mirft er mirb ttrir merben ijjr merbet fie merben gemefen. fein. getDefen fein. Subjunctive. PLUPERFECT. 3d) mare, bu mareft er mare mir maren il)r maret fie maren FUTURE. 3d) merbe bu merbeft er merbe mir merben ifyx merbet fie merben FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) merbe bu merbeft er merbe mir merben ij)r merbet fie merben gemefen. fein. gemefen fein. Conditional, Past Conditional. 3d) mftrbe bu miirbeft er mitrbe mir mitrben tljr mitrbet fie mitrben fein. 3d) mitrbe bu miirbeft er mitrbe mir mitrben iijr mitrbet fie mitrben IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d pers. fei, Plur. „ feib, 3d pers. gemefen fein. fei er (er fei) feien fie. § 31. THE AUXILIARY VERB tDttbttt, (to become, to be, &c). Infinitive. Participle. Pres. Past. merben gemorben fein Pres. merbenb Past, gemorben. — 76 Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) merbe, bn mirft, er ttrirb, 3d) merbe, bu merbeft, er merbe, mir merben, ii)t merbet, fie merben. mir merben, il)r merbet, fie merben. IMPERFECT. 3$murbe,bumurbeft,ermurbe,*)3d) miirbe, bn miirbeft, er mitrbe, mirmurben,il)rmurbet,fie murben. mir murben, ifyrmitrbet, fiemiirben. Indicative. Subjunctive, 3* bin 3d) fei bn btft bu feieft er ift mir finb ►gemorben. er fei mir feien tl)r feib iijr feiet fie finb fie feien PLUPERFECT. 3d) mar 3d) mare, bu marft bn mareft er mar mir maren ► gemorben. er mare mir maren il)r mart iljr maret fie maren fie maren FUTURE. 3d) merbe 3d) merbe bu mirft bn merbeft er mirb mir merben ► merben. er merbe mir merben if)r merbet il)r merbet fie merben fie merben FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) merbe 3d) merbe bu mirft bu merbeft er mirb mir merben gemorben fan cr raert)e ,cm# mir merben il)r merbet il)r merbet fie merben fie merben gemorben. gettorben. merben. gemorben fein. *) Or {$ »art), t>u ttarfcfr, er ttarfc, only used in poetry and there only in the singula — 77 — Conditional Past Conditional 3d) roitrbe bu ttmrbeft er m fir be rott miirben ibr mitrbet fie miirben merben. Sing. 2d pers. tnerbe, Plur. „ merbet, 3d) ttmrbe bu ttmrbeft er ttmrbe tttir ttmrben if)r ttmrbet fie ttmrben IMPERATIVE, getoorben fein. 3d pers 95 . berbe er (er roerbe) merben fie, § 32, FIRST PARADIGM OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION, adding te and t» Infinitive. Participle. Pres. loben, to praise Pres. lobettb Past, gelobt baben Past, gelobt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) lobe, bit lobft, er lobt, 3d) lobe, bn Iobeft, er lobe, tDir loben, ifyx lobt, fie loben. roir loben, il)r lobet, fie loben IMPERFECT. 3d) lobte, bu lobteft, er lobte, Like the indicative. mx lobten, ifyr lobtet, fie lobten. PERFECT. 3d)M>e 1 bu baft 3d) babe > bu babeft er bat mx babeu ibr babt fie l)aben , ► cjelobt. er babe mx baben ibr babet fie baben ; ► gelobt PLUPERFECT. 3d)f)atte 1 bu batteft er batte mx batten ibr battel fie batten 4 > gelobt. 3d) batte ) bu batteft er l)dtte \ roir batten ibr battel fie fatten 4 ►gelobt. 78 — Indicative. Subjunctive. FUTURE. 3d) tuerbe bit roirft er mirb tDir merben it)t merbet fie merben loben. 3d) merbe bit merbeft er merbe mir merben ijjr merbet fie merben FUTURE PERFECT. loben. 3d) merbe bit luirft mtSerben f B eIoM * aBcn - it)r merbet | fie merben J Conditional. 3d) mftrbe bu mitrbeft er mftrbe tuir mitrben iljr roi'trbet fie nmtbeti loben. 3(f) merbe bu roerbeft er merbe ruir merben ifyr merbet fie merben Past Conditional. 3d) ttiirbc bu mitrbeft er mitrbe mir mitrben il)t mitrbet fie mitrben gelobt fyabm. gelobt Ijaben. IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d pers. lobe Plur. „ lobt 3d pss. lobe er (er lobe) „ loben fie. ■33. Pres. Past. SECOND PARADIGM OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION, adding etc and et* Infinitive. Participle. reben, to speak Pres. rebenb gerebet Ijaben Past, gerebet. Indicative. Subjmictive. PRESENT. 3d) rebe, bu rebeft, er rebet 3d) rebe, bit rebeft, er rebe mtr reben, il)r rebet, fie reben. mir reben, il)r rebel, fie reben. IMPERFECT. 3d) rebete, bit rebeteft, er rebete Like the indicative, mir rebeten, il)r rebctet, fie rebeten. — 79 — Indicative. Subjunctive. PERFECT. 3d) Ijabt, bu Ijaft, it. gerebet. 3d) Ijabe, bit l)abeft, it. gerebet. PLUPERFECT. 3d) l)atte, bu Ijatteft, it. gerebet. 3d) Ijatte, bit fydtteft, k. gerebet FUTURE. 3d) merbe, bit ttrirft, it. reben. 3d) tDerbe, in tucrbeft, ae. reben. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) trerbe, bu mirft, :c. gerebet 3d) tuerbe, bu tocrbcft, it gerebet Ijaben. Ijaben. Conditional. Past Conditional. 3d) tmtrbe, bit untrbeft it rebeu. 3d) ttmrbe, bu ttmrbeft *c. gerebet l)abeu. IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d prs. rcbe 3d prs. rebe er (er rebe) Plur. „ rebel „ reben fie. - § 34. FIRST PARADIGM OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION, with the auxiliary |)afectU Infinitive. Participle. Pres. ijelfett, to help Pres. Ijclfenb Past, getjolfen Ijaben Past, ge'qolfen. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) fyelfe, bu Ijtlfft, er Ijilft, 3d) f)elfe, bit Ijclfeft, er l)elfe, ttrir Ijelfett, il)t ftelft, fie tjelfen. ttrir Ijelfen, tt)r Ijelfet, fie fyelfen. IMPERFECT. 3d) fjalf, bit fjalfft, er Ijalf, 3d) galfe, bu Ijalfeft, er ficilfe, ttrir fallen, il)r tjalft, fie fyatfeu. ttrir l)dlfen, ifyr plfet, fie fjalfen. PERFECT. 3d) fjabe, bit Ijaft it gefyolfeu. 3d) Ijabe, bu fjabeft it. geljolfeu. PLUPERFECT. 3d) fyatk, bu I)atteft,K. gefjolfen. 3d) ijatte, bu fjcitteft it. gefjolfcn. FUTURE. 3d) tuerbe, bu ttrirft it. fjelfen. 3d) tuerbe, bit tuerbeft it Ijelfen. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) tuerbe, bit ttrirft *c. geljolfeu 3d) tuerbe, bu tuerbeft it. geljolfeu Ijabeu. l)aben. 80 — Sing. Plur. Conditional Past Conditional 3d) mitrbe, bu tmtrbeftw. fyelfen. 3dj mitrbe, bit mitrbeft 2c. geljolfcn (jdten. IMPERATIVE. 2d prs. l)tlf 3d prs. fyelfe er (er fyelfe). „ !>elft „ ^elfen fie. 2 35. SECOND PARADIGM OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION, with the auxiliary fcttU Infinitive. Participle. Pres. fa^retl, to ride (in a carriage) Pres. fafyrettD Past, gefa^ren fcin Past. gefaljren. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) fafjre, bu fat)rft, er fafjrt, 3d) faljre, bit faljreft, er fafjre, mir fafyren, i£)r fafyrt, fie fafyretu mir fafyren, ifyr fafyret, fie fallen. IMPERFECT. 3d) fufjr, bu fufyrft, er fitter, 3d) fitljre, bit fitfyreft, er fiifyre, mir fufyren, tyr fupt, fie f uljren. mir fitljren, tyr fitljret, fie fitfyren. , PERFECT. 3d) bin 1 3d) fet "\ bu bift bit feift er ift 1 rotr finb | ► gefatjren. er fet mir feien > gefafyren. ttjr feib 1 iljr feiet fie finb fie feien J PLUPERFECT. 3d) wax 3d) mare bu marft bit mareft er mar mir maren i gefatjren. er mare mir maren [ gefaljren. il)r mart il)r mciret fie maren i fie mar en i FUTURE. 3d) merbe, bit mirft it fal) ren. 3d) merbe, bu mcrbeft it fafyren. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) merbe, bit mirft k. Qefaljren 3d) merbe, bu merbeft it Qefatjren fein. fein. 81 Conditional. Past Conditional. 3d) mitrbe, bit miirbeftK. faljrcn. 3d) mitrbe, bit tuurbeft 2C, gefa^ren fein. IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2dprs. fat)re Plur. „ fat)rt 3d prs. fal)te er (er fatjre) „ fal)ren fie. § 36. PASSIVE VOICE. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. gelobt merben, to be praised Pres. gelobt tuerbenb Past, gelobt morben (em Past, gelobt morben (gelobt). Indicative* Subjunctive* PRESENT. 3d) merbe bit mtrft er mirb mir merben iljr merbet (ie merben 3d) mitrbe bu tuurbeft er nutrbe mtr murben ij)r mttrbet fie nntrben gelobt. gelobt. 3d) merbe bit merbeft er merbe mtr merben tjjr mtrbet fie merben IMPERFECT. 3d) mitrbe bu mitrbeft er mitrbe mtr mitrben it>r miirbet fie mitrben PERFECT. gelobt. gelobt. 3d) bin, bu btft it gelobt morben. 3d) fei, bu feteft k. gelobt morben. PLUPERFECT. 3d) mar, bu marftK. gelobt 3d) mare, bu mdreft k. gelobt morben. morben. FUTURE. 3d) merbe, bu mtrft k. gelobt 3d) merbe, bu merbeft ic gelobt merben. merben. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) merbe, bu mtrft w. gelobt 3d) merbe, bit merbeft :c. gelobt morben fein. morben fein. 82 — Conditional. Past Conditional. 3d) ttriirbe, bit ttriirbeft it. gelobt 3d) ttmrbe, bit miirbeft k. gelobt toerben. tporben fein. IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d£rs. tt>erbe gelobt 3dprs. merbeer(er merbe) gelobt* 5) Plur roerbet^gelobt ^ roerben fie gelobt I 37. IMPERSONAL VERB. Participle. Pres. regnenb Past, geregnet. Subjunctive* PRESENT. e§ regne. IMPERFECT. e§ regnete. PERFECT. e§ fyabe geregnet. PLUPERFECT. e§ fyatte geregnet. FUTURE, e$ merbe regnen. FUTURE PERFECT. (£8 ttrirb geregnet Ijaben e8 roerbe geregnet fyaben. Conditional. Past Conditional. @8 ttmrbe regnen e§ mitrbe geregnet fjaben. IMPERATIVE. 68 regne. §38, REFLEXIVE VERBS. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. fid) fdjamen, to be ashamed Pres. fid) fdjcimenb Infinitive* Pres. regnen, to rain Past, geregnet Ijctben Indicative* (§8 regnet, it rains 68 regnete 68 Ijat geregnet 68 fjatte geregnet 68 tturb regnen Past, fid) gefdjdmt tjaben Past. gefcf)cimt (fid) gefdjeimt fyabenb.) — 83 Indicative. 3d) fd)dme midf) bit fd)dmft bid), er fdjdmt fid), ttrir fdjdmen ang, il)r (djdmt ettd), fie fd)dmen fid). 3d) fdjdmte mid), bit fd)dmteft bid), Subjunctive, 2C. 3d) I)abe mid) bit Ijaft bid) 2C. 3d) Ijatte mid) bit fjatteft bid) 2C. 3d) roerbe midj bit roirft bid) K. 3d) merbe mid) in roirft bid) PRESENT. 3d) fd)dme mid), bit fd)dmeft bid), er fdjciine fid), roir fd)dmen img, il)r fd)dmet eud), fie fd)dmen ftd). IMPERFECT. The same as the indicative. i PERFECT. gefdjdmt. 3d) fjabe mid) bu Ijabeft bid) K. PLUPERFECT. gefefydmt. 3d) fydtte mid) bit ^dtteft bid) FUTURE. fdjdmen. 3dj roerbe midj bu roerbeft bid) It. gefdjdmt. gefdjdmt. fd)dmen. gefdjdmt I)aben. FUTURE PERFECT. 3d) roerbe mid) bu roerbeft bid) 2C. gefdjdmt Ijaben. Conditional. Past Conditional. 3dj nntrbe mid) ") 3d) roitrbe mid) *) bit roitrbeft bid) Madmen. bu roiirbeft bid> > gefdjdmt [jaben. 2C. ) 2C. ) IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d prs. fd)dme bid) 3d. prs. fdjame er fid) (erfdjdme fid)) Plur. „ fdjdmt eud^ „ fd)dmen fie fid). — 84 — g 39. INSEPARABLE COMPOUND VERB. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. untemel)tnen, to undertake Pres. uttternel)inenb Past, unternommen fyaben Past, unterttotrtmen. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) unternefyme, bit unterntmm[t, 3d) untcmeljme, bit untemel)me[t, er unternimmt, er unternefyme, ttrir unterneljmen, itjr utttemefymt, ttrir unterneljmen, it>r untemeljmet, fie untemeljmen, [ie untcrneljtnen. IMPERFECT. 3d) unternafjm, bu unternafymft, 3d) unternafjme, bit unternaf) er unternafjm, meft, er unteruafyme, ttrir unternal)men,if)ruttternal)mt, ttrir unternaljmen, i$r ttnternal)- [ie unternafymen. mtt, [ie unternafymen. PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) fjabe unternommen. 3d) tuerbe unternefymett. ie. IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2d prs. unternimm 3d prs. unterne[)me er (er ttnter- Plur. „ unterneljmt „ unternefjmen [ie. [neljme) 2 40. SEPARABLE COMPOUND VERB. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. anfangen, to commence Pres. an[angenb. Past, angefangen tjaben Past, angefangen. Indicative. Subjunctive. PERFECT. 3d) [ange an, bit fang[t an, er 3d) [ange an, bu [angc[t an, er [angt an, [ange an, ttrir [angen an, it)r [anget an, [ie ttrir [angen an, iljr [anget an, [ie [angen an, [angen an. IMPERFECT. 3d) [tug an, bit fingft an, er [tug 3d) ftnge an, bu [ingeft an, er an, [inge an, ttrir fiugen an, i^r [tngt an, [ie ttrir ftngen an, il)r [inget an, [ie ftngen an. ftngen an. — 85 — PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) l)abe angefangen. 3d) roerbe anfangen. IMPERATIVE, Sing. 2d pers. fange an 3d prs. fattge er an (er fange an) Plur. „ fangt an „ fangen fie an. g 41. AUXILIARY VERBS OF MOOD. SSBottett, to be willing. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. tuoUen Pres. tuollenb Past, getuollt l)aben Past, gemollt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d)rDiE(Iwill),bu JDtllft, er mill, 3d) mode, bit t&oHeft, er tuofle, mir molien, it>r ruoUt, fie roollen. mir mollen, i()r collet, fie mollen IMPERFECT. 3d) luollte, bit tooUteft, er roollte, ttJtr IDOlltcn, if)r tnolltet, fie mod* The same as the indicative, ten. PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) Ijabe gemollt. 3d) merbe moOen. Imperative — not used. I 42. ©otlett, to be obliged to. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. foil en Pres. foflenb Past, gefollt l)aben. Past, gefollt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) foil (I shall), bit follft, er foil, 3d) folk, bit foUeft, er foHe, roir fallen, ifyr follt, fie foUen. xoxx fallen, il)r follet, fie fallen. IMPERFECT. 3d) follte, bit foQteft, er foDte, The same as the indicative. xoxx follten, \\)x foUtet, fie follten. — 86 — PERFECT, FUTURE. 3d) Ijabe gefoUt. 3d) toerbe foUen. it* Imperative — not used. I 43, fidmtett, to be able to. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. fonnen Pres. fonncnb Past, gefonnt fjaben Past, gefonnt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) fcmn (I can), hn fcmrtft, 3d) fonne, bit fonneft, cr Fonne, er faun, ttrir f onnen, iljr fount, fie f onnen. mir fonnen, ifyr f onnet, fie F 5nnen. IMPERFECT. 3d) Fonnte, bu f onnteft, er fonnte, 3d) Fonnte, bit Fonnteft, er Fonnte, ttrir Fonnten, if)r Fonntet, fie Fonn* ttrir Fonnten, il)r Fonntet, fie Fonn- ten. ten. PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) fyabe gefonnt. 3d) rccrbe Fonnen. it. Imperative — not used. § 44. SSJtdgCtt, to like ; to be inclined to* Infinitive. Participle. Pres. mogen Pres. mogenb Past, gemodjt baben Past, gemodjt. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) mag (I may), bit magft, 3d) moge, bit mogcft, er moge, cr mag, ttrir mogen, tljr mogt, fie mogen. ttrir mogen, Ujrmoget, fie mogen. IMPERFECT. 3d) mod)te, bu mod)teft, ermod)te, 3d) modjte, in modjteft, er modjte, ttrir molten, ii)x mod)tet, fie mod)* ttrir mocbten, il)r mod)tet, fie mocb- ten. ten. — 87 — PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) fjabe gemocfyt. 3d) toerbe mogen. Imperative — not used. I 45. ©Utfctt, to be permitted to (to dare). Infinitive. Participle. Pres. burfett Pres. bitrfenb Past, geburft l)abett Past, geburft. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. Sd^ barf (I am permitted to), 3d) Diirfe, bit biirfeft, er bitrfe, bu barfft, er barf, loir biirfeu, iljr burft, fie burfett. ttrir bftrfen, xfyi bitrfet, fiebitrfett. IMPERFECT. 3d) bttrfte, in burfteft, er bttrfte, 3d) burfte, bu burfteft, er bitrfte, iDtr bttrfteu, i\)v bttrftet, fie burf- ttnr burften, il)r bttrftet, fie biirf- ten. teu. PERFECT. FUTURE. 3d) fyabe geburft. 3d) tuerbe burfett. Imperative — not used. § 46. SJtiiffctt, to be compelled to. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. mitffeu Pres. tttiiffettb Past, gemuftt tiabeu Past, gemujit. Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. 3d) mttj3 (I must), bu muj3t, 3d) mitffe, bu muffeft, er mitffe, er muj3, ttnr mitffen, i\)x mitffet, fie mitffen. ttnr mitffen, tl)r mitffet, fie mitffen. IMPERFECT. 3d) mttfcte, bu imtjfteft, er muffte, 3 d) tnujjte, \>u mufjteft, er mitfcte, ttrir rnutten, il)r mttptet, ftemufc ttrir miijiten, tl)r mitfctet, fie miip- tin. tett. — 88 PERFECT, 3d) fjabe gemnjtf. FUTURE, 3d) merbe muffen. It. Imperative — not used. Note. The verb tniffen, to know, resembles in its conjugation the auxiliary verbs of mood : Pres. Indie, id) met{$, bit ti>eiff, er ttmfc, ix)tr foiffen, H)t ttriffet, fie itriffen. „ Subj. id) luiffe ic. (regular). Imperfect Ind. id) ttntftfe 2C; Subj. id) foujfte *C. Perf. Part, geitntftf; Perfect id) fyabe gettmjtt It. Chap. IV. Declension of Pronouns. 2 47. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. First person. Second person. Sing. Nom. t#, I bit, thou Gen. mciner (mem) beinev (bcin) Dat. mir bir Ace. mid) bid) Plur. Nom. ttrir, we if)r, you Gen. unfer euer Dat. un§ end) Ace. nn§. Third person, end). rnasc. fern. neut. Sing. Nom. er, he ; fie, she ; ti, it Gen. feinet(fein) ifyrer feinet (fein) it)m Dat. ibm il)r Ace. ifyn fie eg Plur. Nom. all three gend. fie, they Gen. ifjrer Dat. il)nen Ace. fie. Note 1. The : antiquated form of the genitive mein, bein, fein — 89 — is now only used in poetry and in some common phrases as ber- (}if3 mein nid)t, forget me not. Note 2. The reflexive pronoun fid) (himself &c.) of the third person is the same for dative and accusative of all three genders and both numbers. Note 3. The forms bit and il)r (2d pers.) are only used in ad- dressing near relatives, familiar friends and children. In addres- sing other persons the third person plural @ie is used for one as well as more persons. In this application it is always spelled with a capital letter. The same is the case with the possessive pronoun of the third person plural tf)r, which — when used for the second person is spelled 3t)t (your). Note 4. When the expressions myself, himself, &c. are in the objective case they are to be rendered by the personal — in the third person by the reflexive — pronoun, as : I have enjoyed myself, id) fyctbe mid) amiifirt; he has hurt himself, er t)at fid) tierletjt. But when myself, &c. are in the nominative case (sub- ject), they are to be rendered by id) — felbft, er — felbft It., as : I saw this man myself yesterday, id) Ijabe biefen Sftann geftetn felbft gefefyen. g 48. DEMONSTRATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Singular. Plural. Masc. Femin. Neuter, All three genders. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. biefer biefeS biefem biefen biefe biefer biefer biefe biefeS, this biefe, these biefeS biefer biefem biefen biefeS biefe Note 1. In the same way ' are declined : jener. that, mcmc many a, jeber, every, each, and the interrogative and relative pronoun tt)eld)er, who, which. Note 2. The demonstrative and relative pronoun ber is de- clined like the definite article. But when used without a noun, the genitive is masc. beffen, fem. beren, neut. beffen, plur. beren, which is also the genitive of the relative pronoun tuelcfyer. — 90 — Note 3. The interrogative and relative pronoun tfler, tt)a§, who, what, which is never used with a noun, is thus declined : Ma$c. & Femin. Neuter, Nom. tner ltmg Gen. foeffen (not used) Dat. mem ( „ ) Ace. roen ma§ i 49. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Singular. Plural. Masc. Fern, NeuU All three genders. N. tncin meine mem meine, my G. meine§ meiner meineS meiner D. meinem meiner meinem meinen A. meinen meine mein meine. In the same way are declined bein, thy, feitt, his, \\)X, her, feitt, its, unfer, our, enet, your, i|r> JAeir. Chap. V. The Adjective. §50. An adjective may be used 1. as predicate, in which case it always appears in its pure, primitive form and is unchangeable : reid), rich, alt, old &c. Note. The predicative form of qualitative adjectives is also used as adverb, for instance : er fdjretbt fci)5n, he writes beautifully. 2. as attribute, in which case it is changeable and must agree • with its noun in gender, number and case. I 51. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 1. The predicative form of the comparative is obtained by adding to the predicative form of the positive the syllable — 91 — er, as IjcH, bright, fyeHcr; rein, pure, retner; cbel, noble, cMer 2C. 2. Whenever the comparative is used as attribute, it must agree with its noun in gender, number and case. 3. The superlative is formed by adding eft or ft; the former after the dentals and sibilants b, t, $, % ft, fd), g: gefdjtmnb, fast, gefdjttrinbeft; \U% sweet, ffifcft; the latter in all other cases : f Icitt, small, I letnft ; lieb, dear, liebft. But to this eft or ft the termination of inflection (see declension of ad- jectives) has to be added, since the superlative of the adjective must always be preceded by the definite article : biefer $nabe ift ber ciltefte, this boy is the oldest. Note. The adverb is in the supperlative to be formed with am (an bent) as am fcfyneliften, fastest, am leidjteften, easiest, &c. 4. Most adjectives^ capable of an Umlaut, accept it in the comparative and superlative : Inarm, warm, tncitmcr, ber ttmrmfte ; f urj, short, fitter, ber f itrgefte. 5. A few adjectives are irregular in their comparison : gro£, large grojkr, ber groftfe (for grofkfte) gut, good beffer, ber befte l)od), high tySfjer, ber t)5d)fte nat)e, near ndtjer, ber nfidjfte Diel, much (many) meljr, ber meifte. Declension of Adjectives. §52. As with the nouns, so with the adjectives we distinguish a strong and a weak declension. But while of the nouns some belong to one, others to the other class, all adjectives can and must take either form according to the modifiers preceding them. The strong declension of the adjective has the same termin* ations as the pronominal paradigm biefer. The weak declension has in all genders in the nominative the — 92 — termination e, in all other cases and throughout the plural the termination etl, with the exception of the accusative singular of the feminine and neuter genders, which are always like the nominative. §53. The principle which decides, which of the two forms an ad- jective is to have in any single case is this : Whenever an adjective is preceded by an article or pronoun with a termination of inflection, it takes the weak form ; in all other cases i. e. when it is either preceded by neither article nor pronoun or, by one without a termination of inflection, it takes the strong form. Exceptions : 1 . The accusative singular of the feminine and neuter genders is always like the nominative, as stated above. 2. The genitive singular of the masculine and neuter genders, which in the strong declension according to analogy ought to terminate in e3, takes the weak termination en, because the repeated termination e§ as in QllteS 3$etne3, frifdjeS S5tobe3, infringes upon euphony. A. Strong Declensipn of the Adjective. §54. Singular. Masc, Fern, Neut, N. rotfyer SBeht, frifcfye Sutter, trocfneg $ofg, (red wine) (fresh butter) (dry wood) G. rotten SBetneS, frifdjer Sutter, trotfrten $olge§ D. rotljem SBeitte, frtfcfyer ©utter, trocfttem §olge A. rotten SBein. frifdje Sutter. trocfneS §olg. Plural. N. G. D. A. fd)5ne ^JJferbe, (fine horses) fdjoner tyftxte, fcfyonen s £ferben, fdjone ^ferbe, all three genders alike. N. G. D. A. — 93 — B. Weak Declension of the Adjective. §55. Masc ber trcitc gretmb, (the true friend) bcStreuengreunbeg, bem tveuen greunbe, bentrenengtennb. Singular. Fern., Neut. bie belle garbe, ba§ tnarme SBaffer, (the bright color) (the warm water) bcr better* garbe, beg roarmen SBaffcrS, ber Ijellen garbe, bem marmcn SBaffer, bie tjelle garbe. ba$ roarme SBaffer. Plural. N. bie reifen 9lepfel, (the ripe apples) G. ber reifen Slepfel, D. ben reifen 9iepfeln, A. bie reifen SlcpfeL This form of declension is required after ber, biefer, letter, inci- ter, manner, jebcr. C. Mixed Declension of the Adjective. §56. This differs from B, only in the nominative of the masculine and in the nominative and accusative of the neuter gender in accordance with the above principle. Masc. Singular. Fem. Neut. N. G. D. A. ein fdjroarger $ut, (a black hat) einee fdjroargett §nte§, einemfebroargenfntte, cineu fdjroargen |>nt, cine brette@traj$e, ein ncueS fileib, (a broad street) (a new dress) einer breiten ©trajk, eineg nenen SleibeS, einer breiten ©trafe, einem nenen Sleibe, cine breite ©trajje. ein neueS Steib. Plural. N. ntcine fd)arfen 9Ina.cn, (my sharp eyes) G. meiner fdjarfen Siugett, D. meinen fdjarfen Slngen, A. meine fdjarfen Slngen. — 94 — This form of declension is required after the indefinite article, all possessive pronouns and the pronominal adjective fein, no. Chap. VI. The Preposition. I 57. I. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE GENITIVE. fyalb, Ijalbeu or fyalber, on ac- jenfeitS, on that side of, beyond count of [tdtt, attftatt, instead of Qlljkrljalb, outside of, without ltngead)tet, notwithstanding innerbalb, inside of, within imroeit, unfcrn, not far from oberfyalb, above Dcmxoge, by virtue of ltnterbcilb, below tmbrenb, during f raft, by power of tuegen, on account of laitt, according to um — tuillen, for the sake of tnittels, mittclft or Dermittclft, by lang§, entlang, along means of trot}, in spite of bie$feit3, on this side of gllfolge, according to. Note 1. The last three, lattgS (entlang), tro£ and gttfolge are also used with the dative, entlang even with the accusative. 2. fyalb (Ijalbett, Ijalber) and entlatig stand always after the noun which they govern. 3. tnegen and gufoTge may stand either before or after the noun which they govern. In the latter case gn« fofge is commonly used with the dative. 4. The words unt — ft)illcn have the noun between them, as Uttl be§ gjriebenS mtllctt,- for the sake of peace. I 58. II. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE DATIVE. a It 3, out of, from tttit, with aufter, outside of; beside, except nebft, with bet, by, at, with, near fammt, together with btmten, within (temporal) felt, since nad), after, behind, to, according Don, of, from, by to gu, to, at. — 95 — § 59. EX PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE ACCUSATIVE. buni), through, by oljtte, without fur, for Utn, around, about, for jjegen, toward, against tt)iber, against. I 60. IV. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. an, at, on fiber, over, above, concerning ailf, on, upon Uttter, under, beneath, among fytntet, behind Dor, before, in front of, ago hi, in, into groifdjen, between, ttebett, beside, at the side of Note. All these govern the dative when they signify rest or position, the accusative, when they signify motion or direction. Chap. VII. Arrangement of "Words. §61. 1. The normal form of a sentence is that in which Subject^ Copula and Predicate appear as three separate words (see examples 1, 6, 14). 2. When predicate and copula are united to one word (finite verb), this takes the place of the copula, that of the predi- cate becoming vacant (5, 10, 18). 3. The rules for the position of copula and predicate are to be applied, whenever the finite verb is separate from the pre- dicative word ; hence : 1) In all compound tenses the auxiliaries fyctben, fettt, tt)er» bett take the place of the copula, the principal verb (In- finitive or Participle) that of the predicate (2, 7, 15). 2) The auxiliaries of mood biitfen, fonucn, mogen, tnuffen, foQctt, IDOllen take the place of the copula, the infinitive- with which they are connected, that of the predicate (3, 8, 16). . — 96 — 3) In the separated forms of separable compound verbs (§ 40) the verb takes the place of the copula, the sepa- rated particle that of the predicate (4, 9). In the sub- ordinate sentence, where according to this the particle precedes the verb, they are united into one word (17). 4) The English language uses the verb to do as an auxiliary in negative and interrogative sentences. The German language differs in this from the English, and expressions like: " I do not know; do you see?" are to be trans- lated, as if they read : " I know not ; see you ?" A. Regular Succession of Words. X. Of tlie Principal I»arts. I. PRINCIPAL CLAUSE. g 62. a. Declara tory Sentence: Subject. Copula* Predicate. 2)er SBcutm the tree ift is grim (1) green bie Serdje the lark lot has gefungen (2) sung ba§ Uinb the child fann can Iaufen (3) run ba$ ©a)iff the ship went unter (4) down ber §trfd) lauft - (5) the hart runs §63. b. Interrogative [Opt a tive, ( 11, ) Imperative 12, 13)] Sentence: Copula. 3ft is §at has ©Oil shall Subject ber aftcmn the man Predicate. alt? old (6) bie UI)r the clock Qcfdjlacjen ? struck (7) id) getjen? go (8) 97 Copula. Subject. Predicate. ©el)(t go ©ittflt sings bit you ber ©ogel the bird aim ■ out — ? (9) (10) aasarc were tori (bod)) Charles (jefimb! well (m ©ei be (bu) Qitfmcrffam ! attentive (12) ©cien be ©ie (y° u ) gufrteben ! contented. (13) n. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. §64. Itis either introduced by a subordinating conjunction (14 — 18), or by a relative pronoun or pronominal adverb (19, 20) : (-) Subject. Predicate. Copula. ba since er he reid) rich ift is (14) roetl because ba§ Stub the child geftraft punished ttmtbe was (15) toenn if ber ©olbat the soldier fed)ten fight foil shall (16) when bu thou anfantft arrivedst (17) when ^eftor Hector — fiel fell (18) em ©olbat, ber the soldier, who — fetge a coward ift is (19) ber Ort, mo er the place where he begraben buried ttntrbe was. ■ (20) 2. Of Modifying' Expressions. §65. The general principle is that — the modifying expression precedes the modified one. 98 This principle admits of modifications, on which we shall however not dwell here, as it would carry us beyond the prescribed limits. Since any object or adverb or adverbial phrase may in general be regarded as modifying the predicate, any of these modifiers will in regular succession stand immedi- ately before the predicate (21, 22, 25, 27, 28). Whenever the predicat is united with the copula into one word, the object or adverb will still hold the place before the one which the predicate would occupy, if separated, which however in such a case becomes vacant (23, 24, 26). Subject, id) I bie Suft the air er he i* I I. PRINCIPAL CLAUSE. §66* a. Declaratory Sentence: Copula. have ift is fdjreibt writes fltoltbe believe Modifiers. lijtt him fyeute today jejjt emeu 25rief — now a letter ba§ mofyl — that — Predicate. gcfeljen (21) seen cmgcneljm (22) pleasant Copula. SBirb will ©aljft saw (-) menu if nadjbem after g 67* b. Interrogative Sentence: Subject. Modifiers. Predicate. bein ©ruber balb fommcn? your brother soon come bu bctiSlifc — ? you the lightening. II. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. Subject. Modifiers. Predicate. Copula. er bid) gefeljen licit he you seen has $emridj geftcrn ctbgereift wax Henry yesterday departed was (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) — 99 — ( — ) Subject Modifiers. Predicate. Copula. ah$ id) neulid) bie VOjx — fauftc (29) when I lately the watch bought. In regard to relative sentences we have to observe that the relative pronoun or pronominal adverb must always stand at the head of the sentence, even if it should be the object : Relative pr. or adv. Subject. Modifier. Predicate. Copula. ®a§ ©elb, roeld»e8 tnein SSater bafur — bcgaljltc (30) the money which my father for it paid ber £)rt, ido bag — Dollbradjt rourbe (31) the place where this done was. B. Inverted Succession of Words. §69. The German language gives a great deal of liberty in regard to the arrangement of words, of which the orator and the poet may avail themselves with effect. We shall here speak only of a few inversions which are either necessary under given circum- stances or at least very common. I. PRINCIPAL DECLARATORY SENTENCE. 70. 1. Predicate. Copula. Subject. Stetd) ift rich is ber Snfricbcne. the contented. (32) 2* Modifier. Copula. Subject. Predicate. ®a§ ©la§ Ijabe the glass have id) gerbrod)ett I broken (33) flcftcrn iDitrbe yesterday was ba§ *pferb befdjlagcn the horse shod. (34) 3* (Subord. clause.) Copula. Subject. Predicate > # SBenn eg regnct, (fo) if it rains mufj id) bleiben must I remain. (35) — 100 — These inversions are used when — in order to give emphasis to them — we put the predicate (32), object (33) or adverb (34) at the head of the sentence, or let the subordinate sentence pre- cede the principal one (35). In all these cases the copula (in case 3 that of the principal clause) must precede the subject. In case 3 the conjunction fo, which is not to be translated in English, may be used to introduce the principal clause. 2. II. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE. §71. Subject. Copula. Predicate. ©ein S5ater Your father ift has geftorben? died Predicate. Copula. Subject. (Srtumfen Drowned ift is er? he. (36) (37) These inversions are used when we wish either — to lay the stress of the question, not on the fact expressed but rather on the subject (36) or predicate (37) or, to express surprise or doubt. III. SUBORDINATE SENTENCE. §72. 1. The conjunction tDetltt (if) may be left ont, in which case (as in English) the copula begins the sentence : Copula. Subject. Predicate. ©ollte mctn ©ruber fdjreiben ; . . (38) Should my brother write for inenn tncin ©ruber fdjretben follte ? . .. (39) if my brother write should. 2. The conjunction bctJ3 (that) may be left out, in which case the order of the principal sentence is to be used : — 101 — Subject. Copula. Predicate. 3d) toeiji, er ift unglucHtd) (40) I know he is unhappy for id) meifc, bctj3 er ixnaliidFlic^ iff. (41) I know that he unhappy is. Chap. VIII. XJse of the Subjunctive. §73. The use of the indicative and subjunctive moods depends neither on the external form of a sentence (principal or subor- dinate), nor on the use of single conjunctions, but simply on the form of the thought expressed. The indicative is the mood of reality and certainty ; it has an objective character. The subjunctive is the mood of possibility and uncertainty ; it has a subjective character, representing the statement made, as something merely supposed or reported. Thus we say : 1. 3d) fyabe ge()5rt ba$ er geftorben iff, I have heard he died, i. e., he died, and this fact has been communicated to me, and 2. 3d) I)ctbe geljort, i*a$ er geftorben fet, i. e., his death is to me not an accredited fact, but a rumor, a problematic event. §74., Hence the subjunctive is to be used 1. In the oratio obliqua, when the contents of the subordinate clause are represented as something problematic. This is generally the case after verbs like fagett, to say, Der* ttlittljen, to suppose, fiirdjten, to fear, fyoren, to hear, etc., for instance : er fagt, er tyabt btr gefdjrtcben, he says he wrote to — 102 — you. 3d) bermutljete, bap er fomme, I supposed that he would come. In conditional sentences, when the principal clause speaks of an event which depends on that of the subordinate clause, the latter being itself, not a fact but only an hypo thesis : rucnn id) gefimb ttmre, tt>itrbe id) auSgcljen, if I was well, I should go out. In such cases the conditional mood can be used in the conditioned i. e. principal, but not in the conditioning i. e. subordinate clause. VOCABULARY, i. Explanations: m. = masculine, f. = feminine, n. = neuter. The Roman numbers refer to the declensions or conjugations, the Arabic numbers to the lessons where the respective words are first used, the numbers enclosed in parentheses to the sections in Part II, b, m. I. evening 4* after, but 1, however 7. abermalS, again 24. abfittyren, I. carry off 15. Slbgrunb, m. I. abyss 20. 2lbfd?teb, m. 1. departure 16. abfdjittteltt, I. shake off 21. Sttftdjt, f. IV. intention 23. Stbftufung, f. IV. gradation 17. a&tyettutifl, f. IV. division 18. Slbmefenbett, £ IV. absence 13. adjt, eight 4. ad)tje$tt, eighteen 5. afytm, eighty 5. 5l$tutt$, f. IV. esteem 12. Slcferbau, m. I. agriculture 6. afynlid), similar 19. Cifle, all 1. ailmdtt^, gradually 4. SOpen, pi. f. IV. alps 1. CttS, as 5 ? when 6, than 14. atfo, therefore 21. alt, old 1. SUftertfyum, n. II. antiquity 17. ait, at, on, to 13. Stnbenfen, n. III. memory 15. anbere, other 13. anerlennen, irr. acknowledge 22. SKnerfertnurtg, f. IV. acknowledg- ment 22. anfangen, III. 3. commence (40). anfangs, at first 18. anfitfyren, I. mention 18. angeprett, I. belong 17. angenetym, pleasant 2. Sfoflrtff, m. I. attack 20. Sltmtarfd), m. I. advance 23. anfdjauen, I. look at 11. 9!ttfeben, n. III. aspect 7. anfefyntid), respectable 22. (103) — 104 — Sfaite&Iuttfl, f. IV. settlement 8. cmfpredjen, II, 2. address 23. $rtfpru$, m. I. claim 10. anfratt, instead of 13. Arbeit, f. IV. work 14, lesson 21. ctrbetten, I. work 6. Slrit^ntettf, f. IV. arithmetic 5. arm, poor 16. Street, f. IV. medicine 14. 9Xr^t, m. I. physician 13. Ciudj, also 3, even 21. 2Iuerod)$, m. IV. buffalo 11. auf, on, upon 13. aufklten fid), III, 3. live 19. aufmerffam, attentive 2. Ctufttefymen, II, 2. receive 22. auffdjttegen, IV. open 24. Sluftrag, m. I. commission 24. Slu^e, (mixed) eye 12 (9). Stugertbtttf, m. I. moment 23. au3, out of, from 13. Stugkfferurtg, f. IV. repair 14. SluSbauer, f. perseverence 17. augbauernb, persevering 17. au3c;ebe{)ttt, extensive 11. au$gef)ett, irr. go out 11. au^fe^en, II, 1. look 23. auferbem, besides this 18. auSfe^en, I. expose 13. au^eicfyrtert, I. distinguish 17. SSacfen, v. bake (25). f&ad er, m. III. baker 13. baben, I. bathe 12. balb, soon 5. 23afl, m. I. ball 14. 23cmtbu3robr, n. I. bamboo cane 23. <8anb, n. I. tie 20. 23ctnf, f. I. bench 8. 23cw, na. I. building 14. batten, I. build 17, raise 10. 33attcr, m. IV. peasant 11 (4). SBctum, m. I. tree 11. fcdumett ft$, I. rear 20. 23aumfcofle, f. IV. coton 12. beben, I. tremble 20. beenbicjen, I. finish 21. befefylett, II, 2. command (1§). beftei&en jt$, III, 1, endeavor (21). befrctcjen, I. ask 17. begief?en, IV. water 11. begtnnen, II, 2. begin (19). begtetten, I. accompany 11. 23egrtff, m. I. idea 18. befyartbeln, I. treat 14. betjarrlid), steady 17. fcetyenbe, nimble 21. bet, at 3, with 13. betbe, both 8. beilegert, I. attribute 18. S3ein, n. I. leg 23. SBeinHetber, pi. II. breeches 15. beigen, III, l. bite (21). beijKmmen, I. assent 22. befctnnt, known 18. betefyren, I. inform 23. 23eltebett, n. III. pleasure 13. beloben, I. praise 23. bemerlen, I. notice 22. bemi^ert, I. use 15. beobadjten, I. watch 23. berat^en, III, 3. deliberate 17. 23eratf)Utt3, f. IV. counsel 15. bereiten, I. prepare 10. 58er$, m. I. mountain 3. bergen,II,2. hide (19). 23ern|rettt, m. I. amber 14, berftert, II, 2. burst (19). beritfyrert, I. touch 20. — 105 — befd)afttgert ftdj, I. be occupied 21. Sefdjafttguttg, f. IV. occupation 14. bef$reiben, HI, 2. describe 8. befc&fterltd), wim difficulty 23. befonber, particular 21. befonberS, particularly 4. beforgert, I. attend 15. beffer, better 14. Seftatturtg, f. IV. interment 16. bejMert, I order 7. SefMung, f. IV. order 14. beflrafert, I. punish 15. beftrebt feitt, endeavor 19. befudjeu, I. visit 11. Setracfytuttg, f. IV. contemplation [22. betrctuern, I. mourn 22. betreffen, II, 2. concern 22. Sett, n. (mixed) bed 13. between, I. guard 19. bettaffnett, I. arm 21. Setoaffrtuttg, f. IV. arming 17. bettdbrett, I. preserve 19. befoegen, IV. induce (24). Setoeguttg, f. IV. movement 22. befoetfen, HI, 2. prove 16. betoirttyen, I. treat 16. SBetttOfjner, m. III. inhabitant 8. bettmnbern, I. admire 7. S8ett>U§ tfeirt, n.III consciousness 17. Seact^tung, f. IV. pay 14. btegen, IV. bend (24). Sier, n. I. beer 10. bieten, IV. bid (24). Stlb, n. II. picture 7. bilben, I. form 17. binben, II, 3. bind (20). btnnen, within 13. big, until 4. bi3 nct$, as far as 3. btgtyer, thus far 23. ?8\$fyum, n. II. bishopric (4). biSfoeilett, sometimes 4. bitten, II, 1. beg (18). blafen, HI, 3. blow (23). Slatt, n. II. leaf 9. bleiben,III, 2. remain 5, stay 12 (22). Sleiftift, m. I. pencil 4. blof?, mere 22. Stume, f. IV. flower 11. SlutSfreuttb, m. L bloodrelation 20. Sobett, m. III. soil 8. Sogert, m. III. bow 21. bofe, wicked 19. braten, III, 3. roast (23) braudjen, I. need 7. bredjert, II, 2. break (19). Sret, m. I. mush 10. Sreite, f. IV. width 22. bremtett, irr. burn (26). Srief, m. I. letter 7. bringen, irr, bring (26). Srob, n. I. bread 10. Sruber, m. III. brother 1. Srujl, f. I breast 15. Sud), n. II. book 3. Su$e, f. IV. beech 11. Su§(e, m. IV. paramour 12. , Surg, f. IV. palace 18. Surger, m. III. citizen 12. Sutter, f. butter 11. Siittner, m. III. cooper 24. ©fjarafter, m. I. character 7. ©a, since 6. babei, moreover 19. baburd), thereby 12. bagegen, however 4. bafyer, therefore 6. 106 — cCMtl, then 3. bctrbieien, IV. hand 15. offer 24. t>a$, that 2, which 7. bag, that 4. bein, thy 1, 9. benfen, irr. think (26). bergtetdjen, the like 12. begfyalb, therefore 23. beutltd), clear 1-8. £>eurf$tanb, n. II. Germany 7. btcf, fat 23. bienen, I. serve 22. SMertif, m. I. service 13. SMenjibote, m. IV. servant 15. btefer, this 7. bo$, but 8, yet 8, certainly 14. £orf, n. II. village 9 (6). borr, there 2. bortbitt, there 13. brefcen, I. turn 22. bret, three 4. breifng, thirty 5. bret$el)tt, thirteen 5. brefc&en, IV. thrash (24). brtngen, II, 3. urge (20). bit, thou 1. Dunfel, n. III. obscurity 18. bitrdj), through 3, by 13. burd)au3 md)t, by no means 23. !!Durd)me{]er, m. III. diameter 22 burcbreifen, I. travel through 9. • burfen,irr.tobepermittedto 12(45) burfttg, defective 17. £urft, m. I. thirst 7. £>ugenb, n. I. dozen 6. ©hen, just 21. ebenfo, equally 16. ebet, noble 18. ©foe f. IV. matrimony 12. af)(en, I. choose 22. erfoartcn, I. expect 5. crttubern, I. return 23. es, it 6. efiTett, II, 1. eat 8 (18). etbifd), ethical 18. ettva, about 3. ettoag, anything 7, somewhat 21. end), you (object, case). 5. cuer, your 9. (£urcpa, n. Europe 3. ettug, eternal 13. $&$n n, V. ride in a carriage (25). gatfe, m. IV. falcon 11. gall, m. I. case 6. fallen, HI, 3. fall (23). fatten, L fell 11. gamitte, f. IV. family 12. gamtttenfjaupt, n. II. head of the fa- mily 16. fangen, III, 3. catch 8 (23). garbe, f. IV. color 4. ga§, n. II. barrel 23. fajl, almost 4. fec^ten, IV. fight (24). geber, f. IV. pen 3. fegen, I. sweep 20. geter, f. (no pi.) ceremony 16. fetn, fine 12. gefi>, n. II. field 3. gelbjeidjen, n. III. ensign 17. gett, n. I. skin 15. genfier, n. III. window 23. femer, further 10. ferttg, done 8. fejr, firm 8, fortified 17. gejhwfl, f. IV. fort 17. gtuer, n. III. fire 16. pnben, II, 3. find 11 (20). gtn(lernt§, f. I. darkness 20. gtf4 m. I. fish 8. giafdje, f. IV. bottle 13. fle<$ten, IV. plait (24). fletfng, diligent 2. fUegen, IV. fly 13 (24). Piemen, IV. flee (24). fliegen, IV. flow (24). gliigel, m. III. wing 23. $lu£, m. I. river 11. felflett, I. follow 20. 108 — #orm, f. IV. form 5. fort, away 2. fortfatyren, V. continue 20. forimafyrenb, continually 19. grau, f. IV. woman, 2, wife 12(8), fret, free 13, grei^eit, f. IV. liberty 15. fretltd), to be sure 23, fremb, foreign 7. Srembltttg, m. I. stranger 16. freffert, 11,1." devour (18). greube, f. IV. joy 24. greunb, m. I. friend 4. freimbli$, friendly 14. grteben, m. III. peace 10 (4). frtebtid), peaceable 23. frferen, IV. freeze (24). frif$, fresh 23. fritylidj, joyful 21. gru^tfrarfett, f. IV. fertility 19. fritter, formerly 11, before 14. Siitynmg, f. IV. practice 13. funf, five 4. fimftetyn, fifteen 5. funfjig, fifty 5. ftunfen, m. III. spark (4). fur, for 6, furd)t&ar, terrible 17. fur^tett, L fear 10. gftrft, m. IV. prince (4). §iir|tfn, f. IV. princess (4). gujftof f, n. II. infantry 17. ©abet, f. IV. fork 3. gatyren, IV. ferment (24). ©alo^, m. I. gallop 21. ©ana, f. I. goose 11. ganj, quite 1, entirely 3, whole 17, gar mcfyt, by no means 21. gar fefa very much 21. ©artett, m. III. garden 3, ©a(l, m. I. guest 8. gaftfrei, hospitable 16. ©au, m. I. shire 17. gebdrett, II, 2. bear (child) (19) ©ebaube, n. III. building 10 (7). gebett, II, 1. give 12, (18), e$ gifct, there is 12. ©ebtrge, n. III. mountains 20. gebrau$ett, I. employ 13, use 14. gebre$li$, feeble 21. ©ebre$ti$fett, f. IV. infirmity 24. ©ebanfen, m. III. thought 4. gebetfyen, III, 2. prosper (22). ©ebet&ett, n. III. prosperity 18. ©ebtcfyt, n. I. poem 5. geeignet, fit 17. gefaflett, III, 3. please 16. ©efaflett, m. III. favor 14. ©efatlene, m. IV. fallen 18. ©efluget, n. III. fowl 11. gegen, against 7, toward 13. ©egenpartfyet, f. IV. opposition 22. gegenfeitig, mutual 20. ©egenftanb, m. I. subject 21. ©egentfyeit, m. I. contrary 23. ©efceimnig, n. I. secret 19. ge^ett, irr. 90, 5, walk 12 (26). ge^rett, I. belong 7. getyimg, proper 22. ©cl|l, m. II. ghost 12, mind 21. get&, yellow 4. ©elb, n. II, money 10. ©elegenfceit, f. IV. occasion 15, op- portunity 24. geleiten, I. accompany 16. geltngen, II, 3. succeed (20). gelten, II, 2. be regarded 19, be worth (19). — 109 — getofcr, praised (p. p.) 5. OemaWitt, f. IV. wife 19. ©emalbe, n. III. painting 13. ©emetnbe, f. IV. community 10. gemeinfantv common 7 gemegert, IV. enjoy 20, taste (24). genua, enough 3. gerabe, exactly 23, directly 23. ©eridjt, n. I. dish 12 ; court 13. gertrtg, inferior 22. *geme, with pleasure 12. ©erfte, f. IV. barley 10. ©efartg, m. I. song 15. ©efdjaft, n. I. business 13. gefdjefjert, II 7 1. happen (18). ©efdjenf, n. I. gift 16. ©efdjtcflicijfeir, f. IV. skill 15. gefdjtcft, sent 5. skillful 21. ©efdjirr, n. I. harness 3. ©efd)ledjr, n. II. race 8, sex 12. gefdjen, seen 8. gefyaltert, split 20. ©efpenjt, n. II. spectre (6). ©efprddl), n. I. conversation 24. ©ejtctlt, f. IV. form 23. gejlattert, I. permit 14. gefrerrt, yesterday 2. gefunb, well 1. getdbelt, blamed 5. getljart, done 15. getobtet, killed 5. ©etr&nf, n. I. drink 11. ©etreibe, n. III. grain 10. ©ettalr, f. IV. power 12. geroattfam, violent 18. ©ewanbtrjdt, f. IV. agility 24. ©ettefce, n. III. texture 10. gefoittnen, II, 2. gain 23, win (19) ©emitter, n. IV. thunderstorm 8. gefoityntt^, usual 6. gewoljnt, accostumed 7. ©ter, f. (noplur.) cupidity 20. gtegen, IV. pour (24). ©tft, n. I. poison 20. ©lag, n. II. glass 13. gtaubert, I. believe 12. ©laufcett, m. III. believe 10 (4). gteicfy, directly 5, equally 17. gfetcfyen, III, 1. resemble (21). gtetdjmagig, even 22. gtetten, HI, l. slide (21). ©tetfdjer, m. III. glacier 5. ©tteb, n. II. member 10. gttmmett, IV. glimmer (24). ©fittf, n. I. good fortune 24. gtutflid), happy 1. ©ttCtbe, f. IV. grace 24. ©Olb, n. I. gold 4. ©Otttter, m. III. patron 13. ©Ott, m. n. god 18. ©Ottijetr, f. IV. divinity 18. gotttidj, divine 21. grakn, V. dig (25). ©rab, m. I. degree 20.- ©raf, m. IV. count 11 (4). ©rdfm, f. IV. countess (4). grctuert&otl, horrible 20. ©rajie, f. IV. grace 24. greifen, III, 1. grasp (21). grog, large 7 (51). grogarttg, grand 20. ©roge, f. IV. size 22. grogrentfyeite, mostly 22. ©rogfldter, m. III. grandfather 16. grim, green 23. griinbert, I. establish 13. ©rug, m. I. greeting 23. gut, well 6, good 14 (51). - 110 — (5htt(iie$enbe3),n. II. real estate 12. (Uttt$, kind 22. Upaax, n. I. hair 7. £ah imb ®ut, n. (no pi.) property 15. tyctben, irr. have 3 (29). 4?ctkr, m. III. oats 10. 4?Ct#efrclj, m. IV. bachelor 13* «£)a$n, m. I. cock 8. Spain, m. I. grove 17. fatten, III, 3. hold (23). £attb, f. L hand 8. ^anbcl, m. III. commerce 14. ^crnbeln, I. act (10). 4>Ctnbtt>erf, n. I. mechanical trade 14. $CUt$ert, III, 3. to be suspended, hang (23). fcchtgert, I, to suspend, hang 13. tyartett, I. harden 17. £dfe, m. IV. rabbit 10. ty&§tt$, ugly 19. ^Ctufen, m. III. heap (4). fyauftg, frequently 13. £aupt, n. II. head 17. ^auptmann, m. II. captain 5, (pi. irreg. ) .£>au3, n. II. house 1 (4). 4?augttefen, n. III. housekeeping 12, household 19. $ektt, IV. lift (24). .geer, n. L army 17. .peerfdjaarert, f. IV. (pi.) hosts 18. tyetten, I. cure 13. tyeiltg, sacred 17. «£etmarl?, f. IV. home 5. tyetmfeljren, .1. return 16. fyetmttd), secret 19. ^eigett,!!!, 2. be called, bid (22) bctS §ei§t (b. %.), that is 15. <£elb, m. IV. hero 15. fcelfcrt, II, 2. help 11 (19). £>elm, m. I. helmet 17. fyeranmacfyfertb, growing up 15. £err, m.IV. master 12. £errfdjctft, f. IV. dominion (8). tyenfdjen, I. reign 8. fyerumtummetrt, I. bustle about 22. tyenwge^en, irr. proceed 18. fyer&ortreten, II, 1. appear 18. £er$, n. irr. heart 24. £er$0$tljum, n. II. ducdom 9. fyeute, today 5. tyter, here 1. 4Mmmel, m. III. sky 8, heaven 20. fytmmttfdj, heavenly 18. fytnab, down 5. ^tngatt^ m. I. decease 22. fytttter, behind 13. 4Mrte, m. IV. herdsman 8. $t£e, f. (no pi.) heat 7. ^0$, high (51). $of, m. I. yard 19. tyoffeit, I. hope 10. fyofyl, hollow 11. tyolett, I. go for 12,bring 17. fjom5opatl)tfd), homeopathic 14. $Qni$, m. I. honey 11. Jpopfen, m. III. hops 10. (jorett, I. hear 9. £%!, m. III. hill 13. 4?ufytt, n. II. hen 9. £uttb,m. I. dog 3 (5). tyurtbert, hundred 5. hunger, m. III. hunger 7. 4? Ut, m. I. hat 8. 3§T, you 1 , her 9, their 9. Ill — {mmer, always 23, itt, in 2, into 6, 13. Snfef, f. IV. island 13. insattb, invalid 22. irbifdj, earthly 21. Srrt^um, m. II. error 9 (4). 3a, yes 2. Sctgb, f. IV. chase 11. £fdger, m. III. hunter 8. Saljr, n. I. year 5. je nadj, according to, 8. jeber, every, each 7. jebocfj, however 10* jener, that 7. JenfettS, beyond 19. jefcr, now 3. Subel, m. HI. joy 22. juna, young, 1. Sungfrau, f. IV. maiden 23. Suiting, m. I. youth 8. .Kaffee, m. III. coffee 12. ^aifer, m. III. emperor 9. Mitt, f. (no plur.) cold 7. Earner ab, m. IV. comrade 21. $ampf, m. I. contest 17. $arl, Charles 14. ^dfe, m. III. cheese 10 (4).' faufen, I. buy 8. faum, scarcely 4. f etn, no 4. feitter, none 22. fennen, irr. know 6 (26). ^etttttntg, f. I. knowledge (5). .fteute, f. IV. club 17. $eufd)Ijett, f. (no plur.) chastity 12. $ittb, n. II. child 9. finbif$, childish 24. $ircf)e, f. IV. church 2. Sijte, f. IV. box 7. flax, clear 18. -ftfeiber, (pi.) n.IL clothes 14. ^leibung, f. IV. clothing 14. itleibmtgSftM, n. I. garment 15. Ilettt, small 10. $lima, n. irr. climate 8. Himmett, IV. climb (24). Hingen, II, 3. sound 20. Softer, n. III. convent 10 (3). $ttabe, m.IV. boy 11. fneifen, III, 1. pinch (21). fo$en, I. cook 10. Coffer, m. III. trunk 7. fommen, II, 2. come 5 (19). $onig, m. I. king (4). fonrten, irr. to be able 11 (43). $Br!per, m. III. body 23. fofrbar, precious 8. ilrafr, f. I. power 3. frdfticj, strong 11. franf, sick 1. $ratt$, m. I. wreath (4). ^ret£, m.I. circle 22. .Srteg, m. I. war 6. $rieger, m. III. warrior 23. frted)en, IV. creep 24. ■ftitc^e, f. IV. kitchen 15. ^udjert, m. III. cake 3. $u6, f. I. cow 3. Summer, m. III. grief 22. fummew ftd), I. care 12. $unjt, f. I. art 17, skill 22. fur$, short 1. ^utfdjer, m. III. coachman 3. Cadjen, I. laugh 9. laben, V. load (25). £ager, n. III. camp 17. 2ampe, f. IV. lamp 13. £atlb, n. II. land 6 ; country 8* 112 — tanben I. land 10, fange, long 6. langfam, slow 23. langfl, long ago 9. lajTen, HI, 3. let 14 (23). 2aft, f. IV. load 23. Sctuf, m. I. course 20* laufen, HI, 3. run (23). Itilttern, I. purify 20. leben, I. live 6. Men, n. III. life 13. leknbig, alive 17. leer, empty 21, Ie$en, I. lay 9. Secret, m. III. teacher 3. Seibetijene, m. IV. bondsman 13. let$r, easy 8. £et$nam, m. I. corpse 16. leiben, III, 1. suffer 10 (21). letber, alas 21. £eibtt>efen, n. III. sorrow 22 lei^en, III, 2. lend (22). £ettwanb, f. (no pi.) linen 14. lemen, I. learn 11. lefett, II, i. read 5 (18). le&terer, latter 7. £eute, (no sing.) people 6. Styt, n. II. light 4. Hilt, bright 19. Iteben, I. love 6. Stealing, m. I. favorite 22. £teb, n. II. song 9* liefertt, I. furnish 11. Iteaen. II, 1. lie 13 (18). tte$enbeg ($5ut, real estate 12. £«ie f. IV. lily 11. £ippe, f. IV. lip 13. £ob, n. I. praise 21. loben, I. praise 6. lobertt, I. blaze 20. £offef, m. III. spoon 3. £ofm, m/ 1, pay 24. lofen, I. loosen 20. £ott>e, m. IV. lion 11 (4). £otM!t, f. IV. lioness (4). 2uft, f. I. air, 19. liigen, IV. lie (24). 95td$tta, powerful 12. Wab$en, n. III. girl, 10 (7). Wagb, f. I. female servant 2* Wafyt, n. I. meal 15. ntalen, I. paint 10. Water, m. III. painter 7 (4). man, one etc. 14. manner, many a 7, some 15. SRanbel, f. IV. almond 11 (4). Mangel, m. III. want 17. STOann, m. II. man 8 (6) ; husband 12. tn&nnltd), male 15. Sftarft, m. 1. market 13. 9J?a§, n. I. measure 17. Waffe, f. IV. mass 18. ttt&fng, temperate 6. Watte, f. IV. mat 13. Wau3, f. I. mouse 8. Weer, n. I. sea 8. mefyrere, more 10, several 12. nteiben, III, 2. avoid (22). Weite, f. IV. mile (4). ntein, my 3, 9. Wetnung, f. IV. opinion 21. tttetfr, mostly 8. meiften bte, the most 10. ntelfen, IV. milk (24). Wen^e, f. IV. plenty 11. nteffen, II, 1. measure (18). Weffer, n. III. knife 3. — 113 STOetall, n. I. metal 14, fWcty, m. I. mead 11. 90?e£ger, m. III. butcher 13. SKtene, f. IV. mien 23. mil®, f. I. milk 11. fWiOion, f. IV. million 5. tninber, less 17. nufcttngen, H ; 3. fail (13). ttUffoejtalter, deformed 19. tnit, with 6, 13. yjlithib, n. I. compassion 24. 9D?ittag, m. I. noon 4. mogen, irr. to like 12 (44). 9D?onat, m. I. month 8. 3D?ottta$, m. I. Monday 6. S^orgen, m. III. morning 4. ntorgert, tomorrow 4. Sflunb, m. I. mouth 24. munter, lively 23. tttttffett, irr. to be compelled to 12 (46). Gutter, f. III. mother 1 (3). $tyt$e, f. III. myth 20. 9ta$, to 3; after, behind 33; ac- cording to 7. 9?ad)bar, m. IV. neighbor 11 (4). ^ad^arjajaft, f. IV. neighborhood 23. nadjbem, after 22. ttac^er, afterwards 12. ftctdjt, f. I. night 8 (5). ftabef, f. IV. pin 15. sRagel, m. III. nail 20. ttctfye, near (51). - ttafyen ft*, I. approach 20. fcert)anb, f. (no plur.) upperhand 23, IDkrftefer, m. III. upper jaw 20. Dbfyut, f. (no plur.) care 13. 0hm% though 12. ober, or 6. offentltd), public 13. offnen, L open 12. Oft, often 7. ofjne, without 10, 13. ofynebteS, any how 22. £%, n. (mixed) ear 12 (9). Dnfel, m. III. uncle 4. Drbmntg, f. IV. order 18. Drt, m. I. locality 18. 9$aar, n. I. pair 16. Spatter, m. III. coat of mail 17. parctbtrett, L parade 24. ^Patriot, m. IV. patriot 13. spei*, m. I. fur 14. 114 Steljtoerf, n. I. furs 14. perfoniftrtren, I. personify 18. tfetfen, IH, 1. whistle (21). $Pferb, m. I. horse 3, pflattjm I. plant 13. pflegeit, I. attend to 11. pflegen, IV. be in the habit of (24), gjjKtdjr, f. IV. duty 16. spflug m. I. plough 8. $funb, n. L pound 12 (4). Spfjiiofopfj, m. IV. philosopher 2. gMano, n. (pi. irr.) piano (4). 3>tfle, f. IV. pill 14. ^taubern, I. talk 12. ett, m. III. harm 10 (4). ©djctf, n. I. sheep 3, fdjaffett, V. create 19 (25). (Sdjaft, m. I. shaft 17. flatten, IV. sound (24). fcfydmen ftdj, I. be ashamed (38). fcfyarf, sharp 17. <&<$a%, m. I. treasure 19. <5$aufel, f. IV. shovel 7* fdjeeren, IV. shear (24). djo§, m. I. bosom 19. f^reiben, III, 2. write 7 (22). fdjreien, III, 2. cry 22. fdjretren, III, 1. stride, step (21), ©djrttr, m. I. step 23. ©djubtabe, f. IV. drawer 13. <5d)Ut), m. I. shoe 8. <5d)ulbtgfetr, f. IV. duty 21. (5d)ule, f. IV. school 21. <5d)iUer, m. III. scholar 3. ager, m.IH. brother in law 13, fdjtodren, IV. fester (24). f$tt?ebert, I. float 23. fd)toetgen, III, 2. be silent (22). ©$tt?etn, n. I. swine 11. fd)foetfen, IV. swell (24). fitter, heavy 23. fdjtt>erfdt(tg, clumsy 23. i3rett, IV. swear (24). <£$ttmtt3, m. I. vogue 21, fedjS, six 4. fed)$efjtt, sixteen 5. fed)jtg, sixty 5. (see, m. IV. lake 13. — 116 (Seefufte, f. IV. seashore ll, fegeln, I. sail 20. fegnen, I. bless 18. fe^en, II, 1. see 5 (18). fe$r, very 1. fein, his 9, its 9. fein, irr. be (30). fett, since, for 13. felbfl, even 3. felbft, himself 13. felten, seldom 13. felten, scarce 17. fenben, irr. send (26), fie, she 1, they 1. 0l)t, unwell 2, Ur — (prefix) primitive 18, ttrfacfye, f. IV. cause 21. Urfprung, m. L origin 7, Wfprunglicf), original 18. UrttyeU, n. I. decision 22. $8ater, m. III. father 1, fcaterlid), paternal 13. fcercufyten, I. despise 21, 2Sera$tung, f. (no pi.) contempt 22* aeranbern, I. change 8. fcercmlaffen, L induce 8, 23eranlaffung, f. IV. occasion 16, Jjerfcrentten, irr. bum 20 (26), fcerberkn, II, 2. spoil (19), Serberfcttyett, f. IV. corruption 20* tterbienen, I. deserve 6, tterbtettt, deserved 22, wbriegen, IV. vex (24). tterefyrett, I. worship 18. aeremigen ftd), I. join 20. Serfaffurtg, f. IV. system 17, Serferttgung, f. IV. preparing 14, $ergattgticf}feit,f. IV. perishableness 22. sergeffen, II. 1. forget 14 (18). SBergnugen, n. III. pleasure 23. Serpftmfji, n. I. relation 13, tterfyeiratfjen, I. marry 13. fcerfctufen, I. sell 7. Uxtixnbtn, I. foretell 20. »erleit)en, HI, 2. grant 18, tterfeumben, I. slander 14. sertieren, IV. lose (24), SDermogen, n. III. means 14, tterri^tett, I. attend to 14. $erfammtung, f. IV. meeting 17* tterfdjteben, different 7. »erfe^en, II, 1. provide 22, 119 — SerftCtnb, m. I. intelligence 7. tterftorfcett, deceased 16, tterftogen, III, 3. cast off 12. aerfudjen, I. try 22. fcertljetten, I. distribute 10. 2$ertt>anbte, m. IV. relative 16. $ertt>anbrf$aft, f. IV. relationship 20. fcertterfett, II, 2. reject 22. aerttmnbet, wounded 5. Metier, m. IV. cousin 3. fctel, much 6 (51). fctele, many 2. VkMtyt, perhaps 22. Stelmetyr, rather 21. &ier, four 4. »fer$e{)rt, fourteen 5. Dteratg, forty 5. aSiolin, f. IV. violin 4. *BogeI, m. III. bird 10 (7). %$Qlt, n. II. nation 6, people 7. ttoflbrutgett, irr. accomplish (13). SOlHommen, complete 12. &0tt, of 3, by 10, from 13. DOT, before, in front of 13. scran, before 18. SSorfatyre, m. IV. ancestor 15. SSormunb, m. II. guardian 12. 23or(Mung, f. IV. conception 20. SSorttater, m. III. forefather 17. »crtoarr3, forward 20, fcorjuglid), principally 10. 2Ba$fen, V. grow (25). SBaffe, f. IV. arm (weapon) 13. SBajfettfanj, m. I. wardance 15. £Ba$en, m. III. wagon 10, carriage 14 (7). ttagen, IV. weigh (24). ttatyrett, L secure 17* tta^renb, during 13. nja^rf(^einlt(^, probable 19. SBatb, m. II. forest 8, woods 9. foCtttett, 1. manage 12, rule 19. ttdlaert, I. roll 20. 2Banb, f. I. wall 13. toanbern, I. go (wander) 10. SBaWett, n. III. weapon 10 (7)* tcaxm, waim 12. ttxtrum, why 6. ttCtS, what 3. ttafdjett, V. wash 8 (25). Staffer, n. III. water 16. ttetett, IV. weave (24). SBedjfet, m. III. change 5. ttetfen, L wake 9. tteber — rtocl), neither — nor 13* ttegett, on account of 13. SBeib, n. II. woman 15. tt>eM$, female 12. ttetc&en, III, l. yield 21. SBetbegrunb, m. I. pasture 11. tteitten, I. weep 9. SBeinftotf, m. I. grapevine 10. ttetfe, wise 19. ttetfett, ni, 2. show (22). ttm§, white 18. ^Beiflfagung, f. IV. prophecy 20. tt>eit, far 16. SBet^en, m. III. wheat 10. toetdjer, who, which 4, 7. 2Belr, f. IV. world 18. SBeltmeer, n. I. ocean 19. ttenbett, irr. turn 22 (26). ttentct, little 2. ttentge, few 17. ttemgjrens, at least 1. ttetm, when 4, if 10. ttertn gtei$, although 7. 120 — tt>er, who 8, tterben, II, 2. woo 19* foerbett, irr. become etc. 5 (31), tterfen, II, 2. throw (19). SBefett, n. III. being 18. SBejten, m. III. west 10. SBettremten, n. III. race 22. ttucljttg, important 18. ttiber, against 13. SBiberfadjer, m. III. antagonist 19. tttbmett, I. devote 7. ttte, as 6, how 6. tt)teber, again 2. ttueberfommett, II, 2. return 12. ttiegen, IV. weigh (24). SBiefe, f. IV. meadow 10. ttritb, fierce 7. SBtlb, n « ( no pM game 11. SBilbe, m. IV. savage 8. SBHbtttjj, f. I.' wilderness 8. ffiiUcn, m. III. will 17 (4). fofoben, H, 3. wind (20). SBtnfel, m. III. corner 24. SBinter, m. III. winter 8. ttrirfen, I. work 18. ttiffen, irr. know 7 (46). SBitttte, f. IV. widow 16. tOC, where 1. ttJObet, whereat 17. 2Bo$e, f. IV. week 13. tsoburd), whereby 16. 2Bo$e, f. IV. wave 20. tt>of)l, well 1, perhaps 16. ttofjtfetl, cheap 10. tt>or)nen, I. live 6, dwell 18. 2Bof)ttort, m. I. home 5. SBotf, m. I. wolf 20. 2Bot!e, f. IV. cloud 8. SBofle, f. IV. wool 14. ttoffett, irr. wish 11, desire 23 (41). SBonne, f. IV. bliss 20. 2Bort, n. I. and II. word 23. ttop, for which 15. tt>unf$en, I. wish 6. tturbiij, worthy 22. SBurbtgung, f. IV. estimation 22. SBitrfef, m. III. die 15. tollmen, I. rage 8. 3a$(ctt, I. pay 6. lixljkti, I. count 9. 3af)tt, m. I. tooth 8. Baukrfimjte, I. (pi.) witchcraft 19. gaubertt, I. hesitate 6. 3aum, m. I. bridle 3. jetyn, ten 4. jetgen, I. show 14. 3etf?en, III, 2. charge (22). 3eit, f. IV. time 6, 3ettUtt$, f. IV. newspaper 13. StViQt, m. IV. witness 16, aiefyett, IV. draw 8, raise 14 (24). &temlt$, tolerably 22. 3tmmer, n. III. room 7. ju, to 6, 13, too 6. &U £ctufe, at home 1. 3U$ti$en, I. chastise 12. $ubem, moreover 18. jufrieben, contented 1. $Ugtet$, at the same time 13. 3ufunft, f. I future 19. julenfen, I. turn 23. jittefct, at last 15. $urutf, back 8. prMfefyrett, I. return 24. 3ufammenfycm$, m. I. connection 17. 3u(ianb, m. I state 18. &ttatt$tg, twenty 5. $tt>ar, it is true 23. — 121 3tt>etf, m. I. object 21. $tt>et, two 4. 3tt)et9, m. I. branch 23* 8tteimat, twice 14. 3we% m. dwarf 19. jtmrtgett, II, 3. force (20). attifdjert, between 5, 13. II. Abyss, §HJ£runb, m. 1. 20. accept, anrtetymen, II. 2. accompany, begleiten L 11. acknowledge, cmerfennen, irr. 22. acknowledgment, Slnerfennuncj f. IV. 22. active, ttycitig, 21. admire, fceftUttbertt I. 7* admittance, GEtn^CUtcj m. I. 24. adorn, fcfymutfen I. 7 4 address, anfyre$ett II, 2. 23. advance, SlnmarfcJ) m. I. 23. advice, SRatlj m. I. 18. affair, ©adje, f. IV. 19.. after, na$bem 21. afterwards, nad)t?er 12. again, tx>fet>er 2, abtxmaU 24. agility, ©erocmbt^eit f. IV. 24. air, 8uft f. I. 19. alas, tetber 21. alive, lefcenbta 17. all. Cbtle 1. already, fdjon 6. always, immer 16„ ancestor, $orfat)re m, IV. 15. and, imb 1. angel, ©ttget m. III. 22. answer, Stnttoort f. IV. 18. antagonist, 2Btbcrfa$er, m. III. 19 anxious, fcegtertg 18. apparition, (£rfd)einunci f. IV. 18 appear, erfc^etnen III, 2. 18, $er$or* treten II, l. 18. approach, ftdj n&fyertt L 20. arm, 2Irm m. I. 21. arm, fcewaffnen I. 21. arming, 23ett>affnung f. IV. 17, army, £eer n. I. 17. around, um 13. artist, ilunjlter m. III. 15. ashamed, to be, ftd) f^dmett I. 23. ashes, 2lfd)e f. IV. 21. ask, fcefrct$en I. 17. assent, ktfitmmen I. 22. assume, anneljmen II, 2. 24. astonished, erflcmnt 23. astonishment, (Erjkunung (no pi.) 24. attack, 3trt3rifF m. I. 20. attend, kforgett I. 15. attend to, pflegen I. 11. attribute, Mlegen I. 18. aunt, Xatltt f. IV. 17. away, fort 2. Back, priid: 18. bad, ftfcltmm 15, f$fe<$t 22. ball, Ball m. I. 14. barrel, $a§ n. II. 23. bathe, fcabett I. 12. k battle, ©d)ta*$ f. IV. 19. beautiful, fcprt 1. beauty, ©#ita$cit f. IV. 20. — 122 — because, totxl 15. become, tx>erbett irr. 18. bed. Sett n. (mixed) 13. beech, Sudje f. IV. 11. before, X>qx 13. behind, tjinter 13. being, SBefe-n n. III. 18. believe, glaufcen L 12. belong, ancjepren I. 17. beside, nektt 13. better, fceffer 14. between, ^mifdjen 13. beyond, jenfettg 19. bible, SBiM f. IV. 20. bird, ^oget m. III. 10. black, fcfjwarj 16. blame, tabeln I. 9. blaze, lobertt I. 20. bless, fegrten 1. 18. bliss, SBonne f. IV. 20. bloodrelation, SlutSfreuttbm.I, 20. bloody, Muttg 15. body, Sorter m. III. 23. boil, fteben IV. 12. book, m$ n. II. 3. bookkeeper. 23ud)fjafter m. HI. 22. boot, ©tiefef m. III. 23. borrow, entlefynen 1. 16. bosom, @$ofj m. I. 19. bottle, glaffle f. IV. 13. bow, Socien m, III. 21. boy, Striate m. IV. 11. branch, 3^$ m - 1- 23. bravery, £apferfeit f. (no pi.) 19. breast, SBrujt f. L 15. breathe, atftmen I. 23. bridle, 3aum m. I. 3. bright, Ji$t 19. bring, tyoleit I. 17. bring with, ttttt6rttt$ett irr. 11, broken, ^erfcrodjen 6. brother, 23ruber m. III. 1. brown, fcratm 15. build, fcauen 1. 15. building, ($5eMube n. III. 10. burn, uxbxtnmn irr. 20* but, after 1, nur 18. butterfly, ©$mettertitt3 m. 1. 18* buy, faufen I. 8. by, son 10, bur$ 13. Call on, fcefu^ett I. 24. captain, ^auptmcittn m. irr. 5. carpenter, 3wmermattn m. irr. 21* carriage, SBa^en m. III. 14. carry, tragett V. 13. cart, barren m. III. 20. castle, ©i§ 21. chair, ©tU^l m. I. 6. change, serdnbern I. 8. character, (Jfyarafter m. I. 7* cheap, ttofytfeit 19. child, Stnb n. II. 9. choose, erma^Ien I. 22. church, .ftir^e f. IV. 2. city, ©tabt f. I. 8. clean, reimgen 1. 8. clear, btutlxty 18, Har 18. close, en$ 17. coachman, $utf$er m. III. 3. coat, Stotf m. I. 8. cock, £cri)n m. I. 8. coffee, fiaffe m. (no pi.) 12. colored, farbtg 15. combine, sereimgen I. 24. 123 come, fommen n, 2. 8. commission, $uftrag m. I. 24, compel, janngen II, 3. 23, complain, fta$ett I. 16. comprehend, begreifen III, 1, 22, concern, fcetreffen II, 2. 22, concert, (Concert n. L 15, conclude, fdjftegen IV. 19. confusion, SSerttfrmn^ f. IV. 21. consciousness, 23eftugtfetn n. Ill, 17, consequence, ^oTcje f. IV, 15, contain, ettt^alten III, 3. 22, contest, ^atttpf m, I, 16, continually, forttt>cU?renb 19, continue, fortfaJjrert V. 20, convent, ^icfler n. III. 10, conversation, ©efprtid) n. I. 17, corner, Mt f. IV. 18, correct, HdjUg 15, costly, loPar 16. coton, mumtOOUl f. IV. 12, counsel, $3eratfjutt3 £ IV. 15, count, jafjlen 1. 9. count, ®raf m. IV. 11. countess, ®rdfttt f. IV. 11, country, 2attb n. II. 8, court, ®eri$t n. I. 5. cover, fcebecfett, I. 15, cow, $u$ f. I. 3, criticise, Irttfftrett I. 24. cry, foetttett I. 21. Bance, tattjen I 12, dangerous, gefal)rtt(3j 18, daughter, £tfd)ter f. III. 4, day, £ag m, I. 1. day after tomorrow, ukrmottjett 5 deep, tief 15. defiance, Zx&% m. I. 15, deliver, aBgeBett II, 1. 22. demand, gorberung f. IV. 19. deserve, tterbtenen L 6, desire, ttmnfdjett I. 24, despair, tteratteifeln I. 17, detain, aWjaUett III, 3. 22, different, &erf$ieben, 7. difficult, firmer 24, dinner, SStttttageffm n. III. 16, directly, gtetd) 5, discharged, etttlaffett 5. dish, ®ert(^t n. I. 12, dispute, ©trett m. L 4. distort, serbretyen I. 24, do, tfjurt irr. 11. dog, £unb m. I. 3. dollar, SMar m. III. 16. door, Satire f. IV. 13. done, ferttg 8. down, fcerunter 18, a£ 21. dozen, £)ufjettb n. I. 6, drawer, 24. just now, foebett 22. Keep, fatten III, 3. 18. kill, f$tad)tett L 8. killed, getobtet 5. king, $6tttjJ m. I. 8. knife, Weffer n. III. 3. liamp, £ampe f. IV. 13. last, bauem I. 15. last, the, ber legte 15. late, fpdt 22. lay, te$en I. 9. leaf, SBIatt n. it 9. learn, tenten I. 11. leave, lajfen ni, 3. 18. letter, <8rief m. I. 7. lie, liegen II, 1. 13. light, 8t$t n. II. 4. lighten, blt&ett I. 23. little, foetus 2. live, (ebon L 6. lively, Xeb^aft 17. long, ftrf) fefcnen I. 23. loss, SertuTl m. 1. 19. love, lieben I. 6. Mail, $o|t f. IV. 21. male, mannttdj 15. man, Warm m. II. 7. manage, etrtri$ten I. 22. manly, m&ttttltdj 15. many, iriele 2. mass, 9Kaffe f. IV. 15. 'mat, Watte f. IV. 13. matter, l)Uofopfy m. IV. 2* physician, 2tt£t, m. I. 13* piano, spicmo, n. irr. 4, picture, 23ifb, n. II. 7. pigeon, XauU f. IV. 19* pill, $tfie f. IV. 14. pitiful, i&mmerttd) 18. pity, TOteiben n. III. 17, to take pity, ftd) erfcarmen 23, plain, ©bene f. IV. 23. plant, pflanjen 1. 13. plate, Setter m. III. 15. play, fpteien I. 5. please, gefaflen III, 3. 15. once more; nod) em* pocket, £afd)e L IV. 13* [mat 21. poor, arm 23. new, newspaper, 3eitunfl f. IV. 13 next, the, ber nad)j}e 5. nine, neun 4. nineteen, neun^efjn 5. ninety, neunjtg 5. no, tteitt 2. noble, ebeX 16. nobody, ntemanb 21. noise, ($5erdufd) n. I. 17. not, nt$t 1. now, nun 2. Oak, ffitcfce f. IV. 14. of, t>on 9, 13. old, alt L on, an, auf 13. once, etn(i 4, one, einer 4, only, nur 2. open, ojfnen I. 12. opera, Dper f. IV. 15. opinion, ^etnung f. IV. 15. or, ober 6. otorg the-day, tteulidj 17. position, ©tcttung, f. IV. 23* possible, mogXtc^ 22. pound, Spfunb n. I. 12. powerful, md(^ttg 12. praise, tobett I. 6. precious, foftfcar 8. ought to, foflte (imperf. subj.) 24. prefer, &orjte$en IV. 15. over, liber 13. Fain, ©djmera m. (mixed) 18. paint, maien 1. 10. painting, ®emdtbe n. III. 13. pair, Spaar n. I. 13. pardon, fcegnabtgen I. 19. parents, (Eltern (pi.) 5. parlor, Sefud^immer n. III. 17. peace, grieben m. III. 10. pear, Stnte f. IV. 20. pen, geber f. IV. 3. pencil, 23'lefftift m. I. 4. penitentiary, 3u$t§au$-n. II. 19. preference, $or£UC| m. I. 15, present, ®efdjenf n. I. 17* pride, ©tolj m. I. 15. public, 5)uDttfum n. irr. 15. put off. auffd)tekn IV. 23. Quarrel, jlrettett III, 1. 18. quick, f$neH 19* quietly, ru*)t3 17. Rabbit, £afe m. IV. 10. rather, tieber 7. read, fefen II, 1. 5. receive, erfyatten HI, 3. 8. recommended, empfo^len 5 t — 127 — red, xoty 15. rein, Qu^cl m. HI. 18. remember, ftdj erinnertt I. 23. require, tterlangen I. 24. rest, ru^en I. 23. return, jurudfe^ren I. 5. ' riches, 9ietdjtr)um m. II. 9. ridden, (jefatyren 10. ride, reften ni, 1. 12, fasten V. 16. right, redjt 18. ring, SRh\$ m. L 8. roof, <£a&) n. II. 19. room, 9iaum m. I. 6, 3tmmem.IH. 7. rose, Jftofe f. IV. 11. ruler, Regent m. IV. 12. Safety, SRettung, f. IV. 21. salted, aefafaen 15. satisfied, ^ufrieben 15. satisfy, pfrieben fieflen 1. 17. save, retten I. 21. say, fagen I. 7. school, <5tyvLlt f. IV. 24. scream, fdjreten III, 2. 18. seek, fud)en I. 7. seen, gefetyen 8. seize, greifen nadj III, 1. 18. sell, tterfaufen I. 7. sentimentality, ©enttmentalitdt f. IV. 15. servant (female) 5^agb f. I. 2. set, jtet(en I. 13, fe&en I. 16. seven, fie&en 4. seventeen, ftefcen$er)n 5. seventy, ftebenpg 5. shade, a3 15. some (pi.), etntge 20. somebody, {emanb 21. something, etfodS 22. somewhat, etfoClS 14. son, (gofytt, m.I. 4. soon, fcctlb 5. spade, (S^aten m. III. 7. spoon, Coffel m. III. 3. stand, jter)en irr. 13. startle (intrans.), erftyreden II, 2. 17 state, (Staat m. (mixed) 12. stay, frteiben HI, 2. 12. still, nodj 15. stone, (stem m. I. 8. stop, fatten III, 3. 18. story, (s5rod m. I. 21. street, ©trage f. IV. 13. struggle, $ampf, m. L 15. 128 study, lerncn 1. 12. submit, ftd) uttterfterfen II, 2. 23. success, ©rfoXg m. I. 15. suddenly, plo&Itd) 18. suffer, letben III, 1, 10; erteiben III, 1. 22. surpass, itbertreffen n, 2. 15. surprised, to be, ft$ tourtbem 1.23. suspend, tyattgen I. 13. swamp, (Sitmpf m. I. 20. symphony, ©^mp^Ottte f. IV. 15. Table, £ifd) m. I. 8. tailor, ©djrteiber m. III. 10. take, nefymen II, 2. 12. talk, ptaubern 1. 12. taste, (5kf$mad m. I. 15. teacher, £e()rer m. III. 5. Jell, rjeigen III, 2. (irr.) 18, fagen I, 20. ten, jetyrt 4. texture, ®ewebc n. III. 10* that, bet* 2. theater, Sweater n. III. 24. there, bort 2, ba 17. therefore, be^alfc 15, alfo 23. think, gtaufcert I. 7. thirsty, I am, e$ burjiet tttici) I* 23. thirteen, bretjefyn 5. thirty, breigig 5. this, biefer 7. three, bret 4. thunder, bonrtem I. 23. ticket, 33tHet n. (mixed) 15. timber, fatten m. III. 21. time, SSflatn. I.-18. tired, mitbe 23. to, ju 6. today, ^eute 5. tomorrow, morgcn 8. too, $u 6. tooth, 3a^n m. I. 8. town, ©tabt f. I. 10. treat, betycmbetn I. 14. tree, 33aum m. I. 11. true, foctfyr 16. trunk, Coffer m. III. 7. twelve, jitwlf 5. twenty, Jtoanjig 5. two, $tt>et 4. Unanswered, UttkctttHttOrtet 18. uncle, Drtfel m. III. 4. under, unter 13. understand, tterjtefyett irr. 22. unheeded, un&ead)tet 18. unjust, uttgerecfjt 19. unnatural, urmaturlid} 24. unwell, utmofyl 2. unworthy, utwurbtg 15. upper, the, ber ofcere 21. usually, gettofynttdj 15. Valuable, toertfwfl 15. venison, SBiXbpret n. I. 17. vexed, I am, e$ argert mi$ I. 23 # village, $wf n. II. 9. violin, SBtoline f. IV. 4. visit, befu$en I. 11. voice, <®timme f. IV. 24. Wagon, SBagcn m. III. 10. wait, wctrtert I. 24. walk, gefyert irr. 12. . wall, 2Banb, f. I. 7. warm, toaxm 12. wash, foctfdjert V. 8. watch, Ul)r f. IV. 16. way, 2Beg, m. I. 22. wear, trctgen V. 16, weather, ^Better n. III. 23. week, SBoc^e f. IV. 5. 129 well, foo!)t 1. well, 23runnett m. HI. 20. west, SBejten m. III. 10. what, foaS 3. wheelbarrow, ©(iju&Iarrett, m. III. 20. when, foetm 4. where, too 1, tt)0$ftt 24. white, tt>et§ 15. whole, ganj 15. wine, 2Bettt m. I. 15. wise, toeife 16. wish, tt>unf$ett 1. 15. with, mit 8, 13. woman, grew f. IV, 2, Sett, n.H 15. woods, SBaft m. II. 9. world, 2Be« f. IV. 16. worth, 2Bert$ m. I. 15. worthy, tourbfg 15. wounded, sertounbet 5. write, fdjreiktt HI, 2. 11. wrong, fatf$ 15. wrong, Unrest n. I. 19. Yard, ©ffe f. IV. 12. year, 3atyr n. I. 5. yes, ja 3. yesterday, gejtertt 2. yet, nfld) 8, f$mt 18. young, Jung 1. youth, 3>UttCjlitt(J m. I. 8. GENERAL INDEX. The plain numbers refer to the lessons in Part. L, the sign § to the sections (§) in Part II. SKMatlt, its meaning and use § 13, 5 c, § 36 ; their paradigms, fyaDefl table of § 17. § 29, fein § 30, Herbert § 31. Accusative, governed by preposi- Auxiliary verbs of mood 11, 12, tions, 13 c, § 59, 60. § 41—46. Adjectives, predicative form 1 e, § 50; comparison § 51; declen- Capitals, used with nouns (Introd. sion 15, § 52 — 56 ; u one } ; after 3) 1 c. an adjective 15 b. Comparison of adjectives § 51. of Adverbs, superlative § 51 Note ; adverbs § 51 Note. their position in a sentence 8 c, Compound tenses 9, § 27, 28. § 65. Compound verbs § 25 Note ; inse Arrangement of words ; principal parable, 22, §39; separable 22 sentence 2 c. 5 e. § 62, 63 ; sub- § 40. ordinate sentence 10, § 64; mo- Conditional mood 10 a, § 74, 2. difying expressions 18, § 65,.. ; Conjugation, system of — § 11 ; inversion of principal sent. 14 d, terminations of — § 16 ; present § 70, of interrogative s. 21, § 71, tense 6 a, b, and 16 a, imperf. of subordinate s. 23, § 72. t. 7 c, perfect t. 9 b, 10 b, future Augment of the past participle 9, t. 8 b. Weak conj. § 12, para- § 14. digms § 32, 33. Strong c. § 13, Auxiliary verbs § 27, 28; Jjafcett 17, paradigms § 34, 35. Passive § 34; fein 10 b, 18, § 35; foerben voice § 36. First conj. 9, § 12 ; (130) — 131 — second 17, § 18 — 20; third 18, 4?Clftett, present tense 3 a, imperfect § 21—23 ; fourth 19, § 24 ; fifth t 4 a; as auxiliary 17, § 27, 28, 20, § 25; irregular 21, § 26, paradigm § 29. Correlative pronoun 16 b. ^POcty, its comparison § 51, 5* Da&, left out 23, § 72. 3$, not with a capital Id. Dative, governed by prepositions Imperative mood 7 d, formation 13 b, d, § 58, 60. § 13, 3. Declension, of articles § 1, 2; of Imperfect tense, weak conj. § 12, 2; nouns § 3, 4; first decl. 8, § 5; strong § 13, 1, 5. second 9. § 6; third 10, § 7; Impersonal verbs 23; with tyctlJett fourth 11, § 8; mixed 12, § 4, 3, § 28; paradigm § 37* § 9. Of pronouns, personal § Indefinite article § 2. 47, demonstrative etc. 7b, § 49, Indicative mood § 73. possessive 9 d. § 49, Of adject- Infinitive 19 (a) 24, § 10. ives 15, § 52 — 56. Inseparable verbs 22; no augment Definite article § 1. § 14, 2. 3* paradigm § 39, Demonstrative pronouns ; their de- Interrogative pronouns § 48. clension 7 b, § 48* Intransitive verbs, with ^afcett 17, £>erient$e 16 b. with fein 10 b, 18 ; paradigm § £erfertel6b. 28. Diminutive nouns § 4, 10. Irregular verbs, 21, § 26 ; foiffett, Do as auxiliary § 61, 4. 18, § 46 Note. Diirfen 12, § 45. fljmten, 11, § 43. ©S, as subject 22 b. s^ indef# pron oun 14 b. <£$ 9tbt, meaning of it 12 d. Measure, expressions of 12, § 4, 13. Feminine nouns; their declension Modifying expressions, their posi- § 4, 4 ; their formation § 4, 12. t ion in a sentence 18, § 65. sWogen, 12, § 44. ®e —, augment of the past parti- Moods, indicative § 73 ; subjunct- ci P le § l4 * ive 19 b, § 73, 74 ; imperative ®eben ; e* gi&t, how rendered 12 d. 7 d, § 13, 3 ; conditional 10 a; § Genitive of nouns § 4, 5; governed 74 2 ; infinitive 19 (a), 24, § 10. by prepositions 13 a, § 57. SMffett, 12, § 46. ®dtnaen, how constructed 17 d. ^ ut ter, its declension § 3. ®rc§, its comparison § 51, 5. ®Ut, „ „ „ S^a^e, its comparison § 51,5. — 132 — Nouns, § 3—9 (see declension). 9tect)t $aktt, its meaning 20 b. Numerals; one — ten 4 b, eleven Reflexive pronoun § 47 Notes 2 — million 5 d. and 4* Objects, their position in a sen- Keflexive verbs 23, conjugated tence § 65—68. with ^ aktt § 28 * P aradi g m § 38. One, after adjectives not trans- Relative P rono ™ s §48; mx, tote lated 15 b used as re * at# P ron * 17 c * Oratio obliqua § 74. Ri S ht > to be, how rendered 20 b. ©ein, present tense 1 a; imperfect Paradigms of nouns § 5 — 9, of t. 2 a, infinitive § 10, 1 ; present verbs §29—46, participle § 10, 2; as auxiliary- Passive voice 14 c, no augment of verb 10 b, 18,§ 27, 28; paradigm the auxiliary foerbett § 14, 4; par- § 30. adigm § 36. Separable verbs 22, § 40. Past participle 9 ; weak conjug. § ©ie, as pronoun of the 2d person 12, 3, strong c. § 13, 2; itsaug- 6 c, § 47 Note 3. ment § 14. ©oflen, 11, § 42. Perfect and pluperfect t. 9 b, 10 b. Subjunctive, formation § 10, 3; use Personal pronouns, 14, ©ie for you of it 19, § 73, 74. 6 c; e$ as subject 22b; their Subordinate sentence 10, § 64; its declension § 47. inversion 23, § 72. Possessive pronouns 9d, § 49. Substantives, see nouns. Predicate of sentences 5 e, § 61. Superlative, see comparison. Predicative form of the adjective, 1 e, § 50. There is, there are, rendered e$ Prefixes, separable and in separable gi&t 12 d. § 15; takingno augment§ 14, 2,3. Zfyvin, infinitive § 10, 1 ; present par- Prepositions, governing the geni- ticiple§ 10,2; its conjugation §26; tive 13 a, § 57, the dative 13 b, not an auxiliary § 61, 4. § 58, the accusative 13 c, § 59, £o$ter, its declension § 3. dative and accusative 13 d,§ 60; their contraction with the article Umlaute, (Introd. 1) ; in the plural 13 e. of nouns § 3, § 4, 6; in diminuti- Present participle § 10, 2. ves § 4 10 ; in feminines § 4, 12; Present tense; Umlaut in the strong in the comparison of adjectives conjugation 16 a, § 13, 4. § 51, 4 ; in the present tense 16 a ; Pronouns; personal § 47; demon- § 13, 4; in the imperfect sub- strative etc. 7 b, § 48 ; possess- junctive § 13, 5. ive 9 d, § 49; correlative 16 b. Unrest §d6en, its meaning 20 b. — 133 — Verbs § 10—65; irregular 21, § 26; 5 c, § 27, without the augment compound v. 22,§ 15, § 25 Note; § 14, 4; paradigm § 31. impersonal 23, § 28; reflexive SEBlfien, 18, §46 Note. 23, § 28 : see conjugation. SBflflen, 11, § 41. $iet, its comparison § 51, 5. SBorben for geroorben § 14, 4. w . , . . non 1Q Wrong, to be, how rendered 20 b. Weight, expressions of 12, § 4, 13. &7 2Benn, left out 23, § 72. v - , , , , , ~. A . „ ' . ' ■* t> _ You, rendered by bU and @tc 6c, § S3er,tx>a^ as relative pronouns 17 c. 47 m t 3 SBerbett, present and imperfect t. 5 a, b; its significations and use 3u, with the infinitive 24, § 10.