^/fffF A.-^ 
 
 History of Maryland 
 
 Upon the Basis of M' Sherry, 
 
 From its Settlement, to 1867, 
 mUh lUttstraltons. 
 
 For the Use of Schools. 
 
 By HENKY ONDERDONK, A. M. 
 
 E^ead Master of College of-. St. James, and Late President of the 
 Maryland Agricultural College^ 
 
 Second Revised 
 
 Enlarged Edition, 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 Published by John Murphy & Co. 
 
 Printers, Publishers and Booksellers, 
 182 Baltimore Street, 
 1870. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
 
 JOHN MURPHY, 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, al Washington. 
 
 fin 
 
 JOlTJf MORPSt & Co. 
 
 Printers and Publishers, 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The first edition of this History having met with such 
 
 favor from the public that a second edition is demanded. 
 
 opportunity has been given to correct some typographical 
 
 errors, and to adapt it more thoroughly to the uses of the 
 
 class-room. A portion has been eLtirely re- written. That 
 
 which relates to the period of the civil war has been made 
 
 quite full. The facts have been obtained as far as possible 
 
 from official sources, or from par'-es personally connected 
 
 with the events narrated. In other instances, they are drawn 
 
 from sources regarded as authorities, at least by those who 
 
 were in sympathy with the power controlling at that time. 
 
 The History of the Proprietary government, ' -^r wh'ch 
 
 laryland was established and grew, is also fu.., .or it is \n 
 
 lat government that we find the germs of those principles 
 
 ' popular liberty that resulted in the Revolution; and it is 
 
 1 the free institutions founded under it that we recognize 
 
 .e school in which our father's learned both the true objects 
 
 government, and their own rights as individuals. 
 
 There is perhaps no stimulus to worthy deeds, or at least 
 
 the preservation of self-respect, equal to that which is 
 
 -nished in the legacy of a good name. That our youth 
 
 -^uld know how rich the History of Maryland is in all 
 
 ^t can inspire noble emulation, is not only desirable in 
 
 '\(, but is the surest pledge that they will be animated to 
 
 ds worthy of their sires, and that, by " imitating the vir- 
 
 , the valor, and the liberality of their forefathers," they 
 
 ' hand down the State to posterity with untarnished 
 
 lustre. 
 
 In the hope that this little book may be instrumental in 
 promoting this knowledge among the rising generation of 
 our State, it is submitted to the public. 
 
 HENRY ONDERDONK. 
 
 Baltimore, September, 1870. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— IXTRODUCTORV. 
 
 Motives for comins: to this Country — Religion thought to be 
 a part of Government — Intolerance, the Spirit of the Age 
 — Maryland an Exception— Why Colonists left England^- 
 Different kinds of Colonial Governments 13 
 
 CHAPTER TI.— Lord Baltimore. 
 
 The Founder of Maryland — Early Schemes — Newfoundland 
 — Sails for Virginia — Chesapeake Bay — Return to Eng- 
 land — Death — Cecil Calvert — Opposition of Virginia 
 Colony — Claiborne .' 17 
 
 CHAPTER III.— The Charter. 
 
 Powers granted b}' the Charter — Land and Churches — 
 " Hitherto Uncultivated " Lands — Application of the 
 Term — Claiborne— Swedes and Dutch — Boundary Lines 
 by Charter , 21 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— Early Settleaient of Maryland. 
 
 Preparations — Leonard Calvert — Etnbarkation-r-The "Ark" 
 and the "Dove," and the "Mayflower" — Arrival — Land- 
 ing — Exploration — Interview with Indians — Treaty with 
 them — Advantages enjoyed by other Colonies — The'Strik- 
 ing Features of this Colony 24 
 
 CHAPTER v.— Claiborne's Rebellion. 
 
 Claiborne, the Evil Genius of the Colony — His Claim — Ex- 
 cites the Indians — Resorts to Violence — Flees to Virginia 
 — Sent to England — First Legislative Assembly — Divi- 
 sion of Land 32 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— The Second General Assembly. 
 
 Missionaries — Kent Island — New Hundred — New Code of 
 Laws — Trial of Smith — Claiborne's Efforts in England — 
 Returns to Virginia — Conversion and Baptism of the Tayac 
 — Father White — Privileges of the Governor Extended..36 
 
 1* 
 
6 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. — Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion, 
 
 Death of Calvert — Troubles in England — Insubordination of 
 Claiborne — Calvert visits En2;land — Indian Troubles — 
 Ingle — Gov. Brent— Calvert's Return — Endeavors to obtain 
 Possession of Kent Island — Calvert compelled to Flee — 
 Conduct of the Insurgents — Success of Parliamentary 
 Party — Calvert regains Possession — Death of Calvert. ...42 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— LiBERTV OF Conscience. 
 
 New Guards to Liberty of Conscience — Oath of Office — Acts 
 of Assembly — Protection of Feelings — AVho formed the 
 Assembly 47 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— Puritan Settlements. 
 
 The Liberal Policy attracts Settlers — Richard Bennett and 
 his Puritans — Chivalric Conduct of Marylanders — Influ- 
 ence of Puritans — Reduction of Virginia — Claiborne and 
 Bennett's Descent upon Maryland — The Proprietaryship 
 Abolished — Indian Troubles — Claiborne and Bennett's In- 
 vasion — Puritan Intolerance 50 
 
 CHAPTER X. — Restoration op the Proprietary. 
 
 Rebuke to Gov. Stone — Recovery of Records — Unsuccessful 
 Expedition to Providence — Barbarity of Puritans— Appeal 
 to Cromwell — Decision of the Board of Trade — Bennett 
 makes Terms — Fendall — The last of Claiborne 54 
 
 CHAPTER XL— Peace and Prosperity. 
 
 Calm — Charles Calvert — Increase of Population — Planters — 
 JSIaryland Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — Quakers — 
 Fox — Land of the Sanctuary — Death of Proprietary — 
 Fendall's Attempt at Rebellion — End of the Period of 
 Repose 58 
 
 CHAPTER XIL— State of Society, to 1689. 
 
 Friendship of the Natives — Kind of Government — Trade — 
 Coin — Luxuries — Fruit — The Baltimore Bird — Tobacco — 
 Travelling 02 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— Revolution of 1689. 
 
 James II. Banished — William and Mary — Delay of Instruc- 
 tions— Protestant Association — John Coode — First Royal 
 Governor — Acts of Assembly — Lord Baltimore appeals to 
 the King — Removal of the Capital — Spcond Royal Gov- 
 ernor' — Improvements — Sickness — Effect of the Royal 
 Administrations 64 
 
Contents. T 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— The Restorattox op the Province. 
 
 Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Province restored to his 
 Son — Undisturbed Tranquility — Policy towards Indian? — 
 Establishment of Baltimore — Fell's Point — Commercial 
 Advantages — Elk Ridge Landing — Annapolis — Maryland 
 Gazette — F'rederick — Georgetown — Death of Proprietary — 
 Slate of the Colony 69 
 
 CHAPTER XV,— Boundary Disputes. 
 
 "Watkins' Point — Dispute with Pena — Penn's Grant — Penn 
 Attacks the Charter — Baltimore out of Favor at Court — 
 The King is patron to Penn — His Expulsion — Settlement 
 Postponed — Mason and Dixon's Line — Shrewdness of 
 Penn — Virginia Boundary 74 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. — FREnERicK, last lord op Baltimore. 
 
 English and French War — Claimsofeach — Bold design of the 
 Governor of Canada — Maryland Stands Aloof — Oj)position 
 to Arbitrary Demands — Dinwiddle's Perplexities — Marv- 
 land takes a part — Fort Cumberland — Acts of Assembly. 78 
 
 CHAPTER XVII.— Braddock's Defeat. • 
 
 Braddock's Arrival — Council at Alexandria — Braddock at 
 Frederick — Arrival of Franklin — Franklin's Suggestion — 
 Braddock's Confidence — Franklin's Propos'tion — March 
 over the Mountains — Baggage — Mutual Disgust — Brad- 
 dock rejects the Indians and backwoodsmen — Slow Move- 
 ments— The Contest— the Defeat 81 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII.— French and Indian War. 
 
 Terror and Desolation — Plantations laid Waste — Panic — 
 Expedition against Fort DuQuesne — Grant's Bravado and 
 Deleat — Gallantry of Marylanders — Abandonment of the 
 Fort by the French 88 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. — The Days before the Revolution. 
 
 The Democratic and the Aristocratic Elements — Claims of 
 the two Houses — Peace — Debt — Condition of Maryland — 
 Influence of French War — The old Controversy Revived — 
 Preparatory Steps to the Stamp Act 9i 
 
 CHAPTER XX.— Stamp Act. 
 
 Stnmp Act Imposed — Maryland Assembly Prorogued — JiTo 
 Stamps in Maryland — Protest of Assembly — Treatment 
 of Hood — Acts of Assembly — Frederick County Court — 
 "Sons of Liberty" — Repeal of Stamp Act 97 
 
8 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXr.— The Duty on Tea. 
 
 Tax on Tea, &c. — Massachusetts Circular — Non-Tmpnrta- 
 tion — The "Good Intent'" — Alarm of British Ministry — 
 Defection of other Colonies 100 
 
 CHAPTER XXII.— The Proclamation and Vestry Act. 
 
 Pay of Public Officers — Tithes — Expiration of the Law — 
 Proclamation — Party Spirit — Dulany and Carroll 103 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIL— Chakles Carroll of Carrollton. 
 
 Birth and Education — Return to Maryland — First Entrance 
 into Public Life — "First Citizen" — Duiauy — Triumph of 
 Carroll 106 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV— Revival of Tax on Tea. 
 
 Tax, the Badge of Servitude — The Right to Tax. not the 
 Amount, the matter of Dispute — Aid to Boston — Burning 
 of the Tea at Annapolis — Characteristics of the Act 109 
 
 CHAPTER XXV.— The Lxst P 
 
 ropiuktarv 
 
 FirstyContinental Cono;ress — Attachment of Maryland to the 
 Family of Baltimore — Extinction of the Family — Henry 
 Harford — Condilioa of the Colouy 114 
 
 PAKT II. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— The Revolution. 
 
 Convention — Power of Public Sentiment — Resolution of 
 Maryland to stand by Massachusetts — Xew York and 
 Maryland — Washington, Commander-in-Chief — Forma- 
 tion of Maryland Line — Riflemen — Want of Supplies. ..119 
 
 CHAPTER II.— Lord Dunmore. 
 
 Plans of Lord Dunmore — Attempt to Inflict a Servile Y/ar — 
 Discovery of his Plans — Aid to Eastern Shore of Virginia 
 — Batteries erected near Baltimore — " The Otter " — "The 
 Detence" — State Navy — <iov. Eden — Civil Authority and 
 Military Power — Eden sent to England — Militia sent to 
 the Coast — Flying Camp 124 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Declaration op Independence. 
 
 Vain Hopes of Settlement — Rebels or Freemen — Order issued 
 by the Convention of Maryland — Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence — Charles Carroll ot'Carrollton — State Government 
 —Disposition of Troops 129 
 
Contents. 9 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— The Mahyland Troops at the Battle 
 OF Long Island. 
 Condition of the American Army — Landing of the British — 
 The Macaronis— The Battle — Terrible Charge of the Mary- 
 landers — Loss of Maryianders 131 
 
 CHAPTER v.— Maryland Troops in the Retreat, 
 
 Maryland Troops in the Advance Posts — Crossing the Ferry 
 — Attempt to surround Americans — Disgraceful Retreat of 
 the Connecticut Militia — Maryland Line covers the Re- 
 treat—Battle at Harlem— Battle at Wliite Plains— Attack 
 on Fort Washington — Destruction of the Enemy's Troops 
 by the Maryland and Virginia Rifles 1.37 
 
 CHAPTER VI. — The New Constitution and State 
 Government. 
 
 Convention— Division of Frederick County — Supplies for the 
 Army — Constitution Agreed to — Division of the Govern- 
 ment' — Qualifications for Voters — First State Legislature — 
 Inducements to Enlist — The First Governor — Inaugura- 
 tion , 141 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— Campaign of 1777. 
 
 Increase and Division of Maryland Line — Battle of the 
 Brandy wine — Deborre — Battle of Germantown — Success 
 of the Maryianders — John Eager Howard — Maryianders 
 not Supported — Howe's Attack 145 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 More Troops Demanded — Disaffection — British Evacuate 
 Philadelphia — Battle of Monmouth — Gen'l Lee — Wash- 
 ington's Reliance on Maryland Officers — Landing and 
 Retreat of British Troops 149 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Maryland's Quota large and always Full — Early Harvests 
 — Arrival of French Fleet — Paper Money — Pensions to 
 Troops — Depreciation of Currency — Confiscation — Tax — 
 The Price of Liberty 153 
 
 CHAPTER X.— The Confederation. 
 
 Delay of Confederation — Difficulty of Adjusting Public 
 Lands — Clause Secured by Virginia — Maryland Objects 
 — Compromise proposed by New York — Sovereign States 
 — Maryland's Eflbrts in the Common Cause 156 
 
10 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XL— The Maryland Line South. 
 
 Maryland Line sent to Reinforce Southern Departments — 
 ■ Passage through Maryland — Gates' Folh — Route marked 
 by Delvalb — Changed by Gates — Battle at Camden — 
 Dreadful Charge of the Mary landers— The whole British 
 Force brought against the Maryland Line — Virginia 
 Militia 159 
 
 CHAPTER XII,— The Battle of Cowpens. 
 
 Recruiting — Consolidation of the Line — Col. William!? — Gen. 
 Morgan" Retreats before Tarleton — Makes a Stand — Mary- 
 landers sustain the Battle — Victory 105 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. — Battle at Guilfoud Court House. 
 
 Greene's Retreat — Williams covers the Retreat — Battle — 
 Cornwallis' Desperate Resort — George Fox's Remark — 
 Americans gain Possession of Strongholds — Unsuccessful 
 Attack on Ninety-Six 170 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— Battle op Eutaw Springs. 
 
 Disposition of the Troops — Maryland Line charges the BufTa 
 — Desperate Struggle — Marylanders Compliaiented on the 
 Field — State Threatened with Invasion — La Fayette in 
 Baltimore — Defence of the Bay — Washington's Design — 
 Washington at Annapolis 173 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— The Close of the Revolution. 
 
 New Paper Issues — Tory Conspiracy — Plot Exposed — Exe- 
 cution of Leaders — Success or Failure — Commissioners 
 from England — Spirited Resolution of Maryland Legis- 
 lature—Close of the War 179 
 
 CHAPTER XVI.— The Maryland Li 
 
 NE. 
 
 Their Sufferings- The First to use the Bayonet— Their Bat- 
 tles — Their Losses 183 
 
 CHAPTER XVII.— Seat op Government. 
 
 Annapolis OfTered — Action of Congress — Washington De- 
 termines to Resign — Reception at Annapolis — Resig- 
 nation ; , 184 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL 
 
 Debt — Public Improvements — Susquehanna Canal — Poto- 
 mac Company — Population of Baltimore — (^alleges — Con- 
 stitution of the United States Adopted 187 
 
Contents. 11 
 
 CHAPTER XIX.— The Federal Coxstittjtio^. 
 
 i^eeds of the Country — Convention Proposed — Disputes — 
 The Constitution a Compromise— 'Capital — District of Col- 
 umbia — Property Qualifications for Voting Removed — The 
 Ballot substituted for Viva-voce 190 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Declaration of War — Two Parties — The Position of New- 
 England- — Of Maryland — Riot in Baltimore- — Hartford 
 Convention— Admiral Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence of 
 Havre-de -Grace 194: 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Battle op Bladensburg 201 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Battle of North Point 208 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort McHenry 212 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV.— Reform. 
 
 Internal Improvements — Chesapeake and Ohio Canal — 
 Rail Road — Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail 
 Roads — Colonization Society — Pecuniary Crisis — Mexican 
 War 215 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Boundary Lines, and Baltimore and Onio Rail Road. ...221 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI.— Character op the Period. 
 
 Election of Lincoln — Southern Views of Government — 
 Northern Views — The Sympathies of Maryland — lis 
 Geographical Position — Not Prepared to Secede — Slave 
 Property — Excitement — Riot in Baltimore 226 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII.— Meeting op Legislature. 
 
 Governor's Message — Address to the People — Military De- 
 partments—Scott's Campaign against Baltimore — Butler's 
 Occupation of Baltimore — Non-resistance of Baltimore — 
 Habeas Corpus — Case of John Merryman 2'6Q 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIIL— Legislative Proceedings. 
 
 Arrest of Winans — The Report on Federal Relations — Reso- 
 lutions passed — Governor's denial of the right of Senate to 
 make enquiries 246 
 
12 History op Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX.— PnovosT Mahshai.. 
 
 Arrest of Kane — Arrest of Police Commissioners — Habeas 
 Corpus — Military Occupation of Baltimore — Action of 
 Legislature 251 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. — Arrest op the Legislature. 
 
 Elections— Goneral Dix— Candidates— Success of the Union . 
 Candidate — Oppression — Case of Judge Carmichael — In- 
 vasion of Southern Army — Conduct of Troops — Orders of - 
 Lee — South Mountain and Antietam — Gen'l Wool 255^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI.— Military Departments. 
 
 Gen'l Schenck — His vigorous Rule — Col. Fish— Arbitrary 
 Arrests — Imprisonment of Col. Fish — Invasion of Lee — 
 Alarm in Baltimore — Martial Law — Battle of Gettysburg 
 — Seventh Regiment — General Schenck's Fourth of July 
 order — Enrolment of Negroes .263 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII.— Division of Union Partv. 
 
 Election — Extraordinary orders issued at Chestertown — Gov,. 
 Bradford's Proclamation — Military Suppression of the 
 Proclamation and control of the Polls — Gov. Bradford's 
 Comment 270 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIIL— Constitutional Convention. 
 
 Gen'l Wallace — Questions to Candidates and Voters — Para- 
 mount Allegiance — Abolition of Slavery — The Constitu- 
 tion made Operative before its Adoption — Difference of 
 Opinion between the Executive and Judicial Branches — 
 Soldier's Vote — Inquisition of Voters — Investigation of the 
 Vote ...275 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV.— Confederates again in Maryland. 
 
 Defeat of Wallace — Approach of Raiders to Washington- 
 Excitement and Alarm at Washington — Timely Arrival 
 of Troops — Gen'l Ord — Freedman's Rest 281 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV.— Conclusion op the War. 
 
 Gov. Swann's Instructions — Difficulties with Police Commis- 
 sioners — The New Legislature — Election of Senator — He 
 Declines — His Substitute refused his Seat — New Constitu- 
 tion—Election of Gov. Bowie. ,284^ 
 
History of Maryland. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Motives for coining to this Country — Religion thought to 
 be a part of the business of Goverynnent — Intolerance, 
 the Spirit of the Age — Maryland an exception — Why 
 Colonists left England — Different kinds of Colonial 
 Governments. 
 
 1. The general history of the discovery and set- 
 tlement of North America is presumed to be so 
 familiar to the students of this History, as not to 
 require any recapitulation here. 
 
 2, Many motives induced the people of the Old 
 "World, as Europe was called, afler the discovery of 
 America, to come to this country. Some came to 
 seek for gold ; some, for adventure and the im- 
 provement of their worldly affairs ; and some, to 
 seek an asylum where they could worship God ac- 
 cording to the dictates of their own consciences, 
 
 Questions.— 2. What were some uf the motives that led emigrants 
 to come to this country? 
 
 2 13 
 
14 History of Maryland. 
 
 witliout disobeying the laws of the land, or coming 
 in conflict with those in power. 
 
 3. In that age, it was thought a. part of the 
 business of the government to legislate about reli- 
 gious matters. No one, then, objected to the prin- 
 ciple that the government had this right. They 
 objected to the right being enforced against them- 
 selves. We see this from the history of the Puri- 
 tans, who, however they resisted, or fled from, laws 
 against the exercise of their own religion, did not. 
 hesitate to pass very severe enactments against 
 those who conscientiously differed from themselves. 
 
 4. The case is very different now. None but 
 the most misguided partizans claim that " govern- 
 ment is based upon the religious ideas of those who 
 carry it on, and, that they have the right to con- 
 trol the religion." But at the time of the settle- 
 ment of the colonies, it was thought "that in a 
 well governed and Christian community, matters 
 concerning religion and the honor of God, ought, 
 in the first place, to be taken into earnest con- 
 sideration and endeavored to be settled ;" in other 
 words, that the law should determine each man's 
 belief. 
 
 5. We are not, then, to blame any particular 
 body of Christians for its intolerant spirit, for it 
 was exercised by all denominations alike, — if we 
 
 Questions. — 3. What was thought to be a part of the business of 
 the government ? What is said of the Puritans ? 4. What is the 
 case now? Wiiat was tliought at the time of the settlement of 
 the colonies? 5. Are we to blame any particular body of Chris- 
 tians for intolerance ? Why ? 
 
jU 
 
 Non-Conformists. 15 
 
 exclude the Quakers, or Friends. It was the 
 spirit of the age. 
 
 6. The toleration, and freedom of conscience 
 that characterized the Colony of Maryland, have 
 placed it in advance of its age, and made its his- 
 tory the proudest. of that of any of the colonies. 
 For here, in the language of Bancroft, "religious 
 liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide 
 v/orld. Every other country in the world had per- 
 secuting laws ; but through the benign administra- 
 tion of the government of Maryland, no person 
 professing to believe in Jesus Christ was permitted 
 to be molested on account of religion." 
 
 7. In England the laws bore very hard on all 
 who did not conform to the established religion. 
 These Non-Conformists consisted chiefly of the 
 Puritans and the Roman Catholics. The Puri- 
 tans left the country in great numbers, and settled 
 chiefly in New England. A colony under a Ro- 
 man Catholic proprietary, and governor, and con- 
 sisting mostly of Roman Catholic gentlemen, came 
 k) Maryland. 
 
 '4 8. North America having been discovered by "X 
 English subjects, belonged by right of discovery -" 
 to the crown. Hence, when colonies were formed 
 to settle any part of the newly acquired territory, 
 
 Questions.— Q. What characterized the Colony of Maryland? 
 Vv'hat does Bancroft say? Who could not be molested? 7. What 
 is said of the laws in England? Who were the Non-Conformists? 
 What of the Puritans ? Who formed the Maryland colony ? 8. Who 
 gave the colonies their land, and by what right? 
 
16 History op Maryland. 
 
 the crown gave tliem tracts of land, together with 
 rights and privileges, at the same time imposing 
 certain conditions which the colonists were to 
 fulfil. 
 
 9. The deed or document by which all this was 
 done was called tjie Grant or. Charter. These 
 charters were given by the King to individuals, to 
 companies, or to the colonists themselves. Hence 
 there arose among the colonists three kinds of gov- 
 ernments, viz: The propinetary government, the 
 charter government, and the royal government. 
 
 10. The royal governments were under the im- 
 mediate rule of the crown. The charter govern- 
 ments were those in which the administration of 
 their affairs was in their own hands. The proprie- 
 tary governments were those in which the charter 
 granting territory, conferred upon the person or 
 persons to whom it was made, the right of govern- 
 ing the people who settled within the limits of, 
 their charter. 
 
 11. The charter of Maryland exiiibits to us the 
 form of a proprietary government. The proprie- 
 tary was not a company, but a single person, and- 
 at his death his heir succeeded to his rights and 
 privileges. 
 
 Qwesitons.— 9. What is meant by the Charter f To whom wore 
 they given? 10. What were the royal governments? What, the 
 charter? What, the proprietary ? 11. What kind of government 
 had Maryland ? 
 
Lord Baltimore. 
 
 n 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Lord Baltimore — The Founder of Maryland — Early 
 Schemes — Newfoundland — Sails for Virginia — Chesa' 
 'peake Bay — Return to England — Death — Cecil Calvert 
 — Opposition of Virginia Colony — Claiborne. 
 
 1. The founder 
 of Maryland, Sir 
 George Calvert, 
 afterwards Lord 
 Baltimore, was an 
 English gentleman 
 of finished educa- 
 tion He was one 
 of the principal 
 Secretaries of 
 State, and was sub- 
 sequently a mem- 
 ber of the House of 
 George Calvert. Commons. He al- 
 ways maintained the rights of the king, and pro- 
 tected his interests. The king did not fail to prove 
 his grateful recollection of Calvert's loyalty. 
 
 2. Sir George had early engaged in the schemes 
 of colonization of that period, and very important 
 trusts had been committed to him. His devotion 
 
 QueMiorts.—\. The founder of Maryland ? Who was Lord Balti- 
 more ? What is said of him? 2. Why did he resign his office? 
 
 2* 
 
18 History op Maryland. 
 
 to the duties of his office earned for him the esteem 
 and confidence of the king. But in 1624, he 
 resigned, either because his oath of office was in- 
 compatible with his religions belief as a Roman 
 Catholic, or lest it might become his duty as Sec- 
 retary, to execute the penal laws against the mem- 
 bers of that church, 
 
 3. As was mentioned in the previous chapter, 
 the spirit of intolerance pervaded England, in fact, 
 the whole world. Although Sir George felt as- 
 sured of the protection of the king, he determined 
 to seek another land, and to found a new state, 
 where, what hitherto was unknown, conscience' 
 should be free, and every man might worship God 
 according to his heart, in peace and perfect so-, 
 curity. 
 
 4. At first, he fixed his eyes on Newfoundland, 
 in the settlement of which he had before been 
 interested. But finding the climate and soil un- 
 suitable, he determined to seek a more genial coun- 
 try in the south. Accordingly, in 1628, he sailed v( 
 to Virginia, with the intention of settling within 
 the limits of that colony, or, more probably, to 
 explore the uninhabited country on its border, in 
 order to secure a grant of it from the king. 
 
 5. Being unwilling to subscribe to the oath of 
 allegiance that was tendered him by the colony, 
 
 Que^fiOHs.— 3. What did he deteimine to do ? 4. Where did he 
 first think of settling? Why did he abandon that intention' 
 When did he set sail and for what place? What was his design ? 
 6. Why did he leave Virginia ? 
 
Lord Baltimore. 19 
 
 he left their borders and explored the Chesapeako 
 above the settlements. 
 
 6. He was pleased with the beantiful and well- 
 wooded country, which surrounded the noble inlets 
 and indentations of the great bay, and determined 
 there to found his colony. He felt satisfied that 
 he had selected a territory possessing all the ele- 
 ments of future prosperity, fertile in soil, traversed 
 by mnjestic rivers, and enjoying a climate unsur- 
 passed elsewhere upon the continent. 
 
 7. Lord Baltimore returned to England, it is 
 supposed, in 1629. In 1632, without any diffi- 
 culty, he procured from his Mojesty, Charles I, son 
 of his former patron, the promise of a grant. The 
 patent was prepared by Lord Baltimore himself, 
 but before it was executed, he died, on April 15th 
 1632. 
 
 8. His eldest son, Cecil, having inherited his 
 father's title and estate, received from the king the 
 Charter promised to the father. The date of the 
 Charter is the 20th of June, in the eighth year of 
 the reign of Charles I, or 1632. The country 
 granted by this charter was named Maryland, in 
 honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, instead of Cres- 
 centia, which was to have been the original name 
 
 Qupsiiona. — G. Where did he determine to found his colony? 
 
 7. Whe-n did he return to England? When, and from whom did 
 lie ol)tain his ohnrter? AVho prepared it? When did lie die? 
 
 8. Who leeeived thechariei'? What was its date? What was the 
 country culled? 
 
20 History of Maryland. 
 
 9. The yirf»:inia colony opposed the scheme of 
 Lord Baltimore, claiming that the grant trans- 
 ferred to others, territory belonging to it. Wil- 
 liam Claiborne had, under virtue of powers granted 
 him by the Virginia colony, establislied a trading 
 post on Kent Island, a part of the Maryland grant. 
 
 10. But as the charters of Virginia had been 
 dissolved, the king and his ministers considered 
 that the right was vested in the crown, of re-grant- 
 ing such parts of the territory of Virginia formerly 
 included within the lines of these charters, as had 
 not before lieen given to particular individuals. 
 As will be seen, this was a source of future trouble 
 in the colonv of Maryland. 
 
 Qin:sfi„iis.—<.K Wlio opposed the sdienie ot Bui t inn .re ? Wliy? 
 10. Huvv did the king and his iniui^teis regard this claim? 
 
The Charter. 
 
 21 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TriE Chatitkr — Powers granied hy the Charier — Land 
 and Churches — '■'■ Hitherix) uncultivated " lands — Appli- 
 cation of the term — Claiborne — Sivedes and Dutch — 
 Bounda'^'y lines by the Charter. 
 
 1. By this charter, 
 Cecil, now Lord Bal- 
 timore, and his heirs, 
 were created absolute 
 Proprietaries of Mary- 
 land. The Proprie- 
 tary had Dull, free and 
 absolute power to 
 enact laws, with the 
 advice, assent, and ap- 
 probation of the free- 
 mon of the Province. 
 ,But another clause of 
 the charter seems to 
 Cecil Cai.vbrt. grant this power to the 
 
 Proprietary without the necessity of calling the 
 Assembly, "provided these ordinances be conso- 
 nant to reason, and be not repugnant nor contrary, 
 but (so far as may be conveniently done) agreeable 
 to the laws, statutes or rights of the kingdom of 
 Enu-land," and further these ordinances must not 
 
 Qtiestiom.— l. What were the powers of the proprietary 
 is said of another clause in the charter? 
 
 What 
 
22 History of Maryland. 
 
 interfere with the persons or property of any one. 
 This afterwards led to some disagreement between 
 the Proprietary and the Assembly. 
 
 2. The Proprietary had full power to <i:rant to 
 his colonists such tracts of land as they might pur- 
 chase. He was also granted the " license and 
 faculty of erecting and founding churches, chapels 
 and places of worship in convenient and suitable 
 places, and of causing the same to be dedicated 
 according to the laws of our kingdom of England." 
 
 3. In the second section of the charter, — in tiiat 
 part which is technically called the recital — it is 
 said that Calvert "being animated with a lauda- 
 ble and pi(5us zeal for extending the CJirislian 
 religion, and the territories of our empire, be- 
 sought leave to transport a numerous colony of 
 the English nation to a certain region afterwards 
 to be described, in a country hitherto unculti- 
 vated and partly occupied by savages." 
 
 4. The opponents to this charter claimed that 
 these words hitherto uncultivated rendered the 
 grant void, because, within the limits marked out 
 by the charter, there were already settlements, 
 namely, one on Kent Island, established by Wil- 
 liam Claiborne, and one by the Swedes and Dutch. 
 
 5. Whether there is any validity in these objec- 
 tions or not, there is some doubt whether these 
 
 Questions. — 2. What is said of granting landg? Of building 
 ehnrohes? 3. What is said in the second section of the charter? 
 4. What did the opponents to the charter claim? 5. What is said 
 of this objection? 
 
The Charter. 23 
 
 settlements existed at the time Lord Baltimore 
 visited the Chesapeake, and there can be none 
 that he was perfectly honest in describing the 
 country as " hitherto uncultivated. " It seems 
 that these words in the recital, or preamble to 
 the charter itself, were very general in their appli- 
 cation, and, in this sense, the region marked out 
 by the charter, was uncultivated. The trading 
 station on Kent Island could, with no show of 
 reason, be claimed as rendering a country culti- 
 vated. 
 
 6. The Dutch settlements were afterwards in- 
 cluded in the colony of Delaware, and gave no 
 trouble. They were, however, made^ the plea 
 upon which William Penn deprived the Mary- 
 land colony of a large and fertile territory. But 
 Claiborne, basing his claim upon the words, 
 hitherto uncultivated, asserted his independence 
 of Calvert's grant. 
 
 7. The territories described by the charter, ex- 
 tended from Watkins's Point, opposite the mouth 
 of the Potomac river, northward to the fortieth 
 degree of north latitude, and from the Atlantic 
 ocean and Delaware bay on the East, to the Poto- 
 mac river on the West. By examining a map it 
 will be seen that this included a part of what is 
 now Pennsylvania and the whole of Delaware. 
 
 Questions.— o. What of Kent Island? 6. What, of the Dutch set- 
 tlements? Of Claiborne? 7. What were the boundaries of the 
 province, by tiie charter ? 
 
24 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Eakly Skttlement of Maryland — Preparaiions — 
 Leonard Calvert — Embarkation — The «' Ark " and 
 ''Dove;' and the '' Mavjlower"— Arrival— Landing— 
 Explorations — Liter inevo with Lidiams — Treaty with 
 ih€77i~ Treatment of them— Advantages enjoyed by other 
 colonies — The striking featw-es of this colony. 
 
 1. As soon as 
 the grant was ob- 
 tained, Cecil Cal- 
 vert commenced 
 his preparations for 
 the establisment of 
 a colony. It was 
 originally his inten- 
 tion to accompany 
 it, but deeming that 
 the interest of the 
 enterprise demand- 
 ed his remaining in 
 England, he con- 
 fided his colony to 
 his brother, Leonard Calvert, whom he constituted 
 lieutenant general, or governor. 
 
 2. The colony was soon prepared for embarka- 
 tion, and on the 22d of November, 1G33, it de- 
 
 Leonard Calvebt. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Did Cecil Calvert accompany his colony? Whom 
 did he sead ? 2. Date and place of embarkation? 
 
Leonard Calvert. 25 
 
 parted from tlie Isle of Wight. The company 
 consisted of about two hundred persons, who em- 
 barked in two vessels, The Ark, and The Dove. 
 3. These names are not so familiar to the people 
 of the country, or even of Maryland, as those of 
 the Mayjloiver and Speedwell. Most of our 
 school histories having emanated from that part 
 of the country settled by the emigrants of these 
 vessels, perhaps an undue prominence is given to 
 the Pilgrims of Plymouth Rock over those of St, 
 Mary's. Whatever can be claimed for the Puritan 
 colony, as commanding our admiration, the Mary- 
 land colony can claim with greater justice. Their 
 motive for leaving their homes, their friends and 
 relatives, was not only the selfish one of enjoying 
 their own freedom of conscience, it was that and 
 something more ; it was to open an asylum, where 
 others could enjoy the privileges they claimed for 
 themselves. 
 
 4. Though they have had neither poet nor 
 painter to celebrate from sea to sea their heroic 
 motive, their pious devotion of themselves to the 
 care of Him who rules the raging of the sea, their 
 no less pious thanksgiving on their landing, theirs 
 was none the less a mighty undertaking, standing 
 out in history as an era in the progress of man- 
 kind. 
 
 Quentions.—2. Names of the vessels? 3. What is said of these 
 names? How does their departure compare with that of the 
 Mayflower and Speedwell? 4. What further is said? 
 
 3 
 
26 History of Maryland. 
 
 5. After many difficulties and some dangers, 
 these two vessels, though separated by storms on 
 the ocean, arrived safely off Point Comfort, in Vir- 
 ginia, on the 24th of February, 1G34. Having 
 remained in Virginia a few days, they set sail for 
 the banks of the Potomac, where they found mighty 
 forests, a soil rich and fertile ; the air sweet and 
 balmy ; and they returned tlianks to God for the 
 beautiful lafid which he had given them — for this 
 was Maryland. 
 
 G. Although they beheld groups of armed sav- 
 ages prepared to ])revent their landing, and making 
 other demonstrations of hostility, they succeeded in 
 establishing confidence in the breasts of the natives. 
 Having satisfied them of their peaceful intentions, 
 they, at length, purchased from them the territory 
 they required. Maryland w^as almost the only 
 State whose early settlement was not stained with 
 the blood of the natives 
 
 7. They landed on the 25th of March ou an 
 island, to which they gave the name of St. Cle- 
 ment's (now Blackistoii's.) The colonists took 
 olemn possession of Maryland, with religious 
 services, conducted according to the usages of 
 the Roman Catholic church, and erected a cross 
 as an emblem of Christianity and Civilization, 
 
 Queitions.—5. When did they arrive at Point Comfort? What 
 further is said? 6. What did they see on the shores? How did 
 they obtain the land? 7. When did they hind? What did they, 
 on landing? 
 
Indians. 21 
 
 both of which they were about to plant on those 
 shores. 
 
 8. Ill order to make further discoveries, Gov- 
 ernor Leonard Calvert proceeded further up the 
 Potomac, near to tlie place now called New Marl- 
 boro', where there was an Indian villao^e j?overned 
 by Archihu, uncle to the king, or Wero-wance, who 
 was still an infant. 
 
 9. When the frovernor asked the Indian chief 
 if li(? were willinu!: that his people should settle in 
 his country, he replied, " I will not bid you fjo, 
 neither will I bid you stay, but you may use your 
 own discretion." Using this discretion the gov- 
 ernor concluded it was not safe to settle so high 
 up the river He, therefore, returned down the 
 Potomac to St. Ch-ment's Island, and thence to a 
 small river on the north side of the Potomac, which 
 he called St. George. 
 
 10. He explored the St. George about twelve 
 miles upwards, and anchored at the village of the 
 Yo-a-comico Indians. The Governor explained to 
 the chief, or Wero-wance, his object in coming to 
 his country. 
 
 11. The Wero-wance, after the custom of the 
 Indians, made but little answer to the proposition 
 of Governor Calvert ; but, nevertheless, hospitably 
 
 Questions. — 8. Where did the governor then go? 9. What did 
 thi- governor ask, and vvliat did the chief reply? What did the 
 governor do? 10. What river did he explore? 11. How did tlie 
 chief receive hini? 
 
28 History of Maryland. 
 
 entertained him and his companions, giving: up his 
 own rude bed for the accommodation of the gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 12. Having carefully examined the surrounding 
 country, and finding it possessed of many advan- 
 tages which rendered it an eligible site, Calvert 
 determined to commence, at this place, his first 
 settlement. TJie ship and pinnace which he had 
 left at St. Clement's, were ordered to join him at 
 Yo-a-comico 
 
 13. To prepare the way for a peaceable admis- 
 sion into the country, he presented the Wero- 
 wance and principal men with clothes, axes, hoes 
 and knives, in return for which they grained liim 
 about thirty miles of territory, which he called 
 Augusta Carolina, afterwards the county of St. 
 Mary's. 
 
 14. The character of these presents to the Wero- 
 wance indicates the desire of the colonists, namely, 
 to introduce among the savages the first rudiments, 
 as it were, of civilization — the implements of agri- 
 culture. 
 
 15. The Indians further agreed to give up to 
 the settlers, for their immediate accommodation, 
 one-half of their village, and corn grounds which 
 they had already commenced- to plant, reserving 
 
 Qucsfiovs.—l2. What did he determine upon? 13. Wliat pres- 
 ents did lie malce? 14. What did these presents indicate? 
 15. What a'j,ieeinent did the Indians make? 
 
Indians. 29 
 
 the other part for their own use, until the harvest 
 should be gathered, when the whole of the pur- 
 chased territory was to be surrendered to the 
 colonists Upon the 27th day of March, 1034, 
 the governor took possession of the place, and 
 named the town St. Mary's. 
 
 l»i. Most of the principal men, if not all, were 
 Roman Catholics, and their object in colonizing 
 was to enjoy, without molestation, liberty of con- 
 science, and to secure religious toleration on the 
 American continent. The American historian, 
 Bancroft, in speaking of Calvert, says that " he 
 deserves to be rauked among the most wise and 
 benevolent lawgivers of all ages. He was the first 
 in the history of the Christian world to seek for 
 religious security and peace by the practice of jus- 
 tice and not by the exercise of power. " 
 
 IT. While they lived in company with the na- 
 tives at St. Mary's, the greatest harmony pre- 
 vailed. The natives hunted with the English for 
 deer and turkeys, and received from them in return 
 knives, beads, and such other trifles as they desired. 
 The women and children became domesticated in 
 the English families In the treatment of the sav- 
 ages of Maryland, the colony was always governed 
 by the most exalted principles of Christianity and 
 philanthropy. 
 
 Questions. — 1.5. When did the governor take pos.eepsion? What 
 did he call the place? IG. What does Bancroft ?ay of Calvert? 
 17. L»e.scrihe the life of the colonists with the natives? 
 
 3* 
 
30 History of Maryland. 
 
 is. The rifjrht of the natives to tlieir own land, 
 and other property, was seriipulonsly respected, 
 and earnest and persistent efforts were made to 
 teach thera re]i<]:ious truth and the arts of civilized 
 life. Their hinds were not taken from them by 
 force and without their consrnt, but by honorable 
 negotiation and purchase. The colonist purchased 
 the riuhts of the aborigines for a consideration 
 which gave them satisfaction. They offered no 
 reward for Indian scalps, and their history is not 
 stained with a Kinir Plii lip's war. They extended 
 to the Indians words and acts of love and mercy. 
 10. Fair and beautiful then was the origin of 
 the State. No wrong or injustice towards the na- 
 tive stained the hands of its founders; no perse- 
 cuting domination or exclusive franchise was reared 
 upon its shores, but around the rough-hewn cross 
 on the island of St. Clement's, gathered Catholic 
 and Protestant, hand in hand, friends and brothers, 
 equal in rights and secure alike in the free and full 
 enjoyment of either creed. It was a day that 
 should make the Maryland heart bound with pride 
 and pleasure. 
 
 20. The descendants of other colonies have not 
 only had the happiness of having historians, but 
 also of making literature a business and a trade, 
 
 Questions. — l.S. W.'iat is said of tlie riirlits of (he natives? What 
 did tlie colonists try to teach them? How were tlie lands uh- 
 tained from them? 19. What is said in tliis section? 2U. Wliat 
 happiness have other eolonsts enjoyed? 
 
Treatment of Indians. 31 
 
 and have supplied the whole country with histories 
 of their own maidng. Hence, at least, in school 
 histories of our countr}'- one section has appropri- 
 ated a very larjre share, and the other sections 
 have been treated of in a very few chapters. To 
 such an extent is this true, that these histories of 
 the United States are very much like a Chinese 
 map of the world, the Celestial Empire occupying 
 all but the small corner that is left for the rest of 
 mankind. In this way, the claim that Maryland 
 has to be regarded as the pioneer of Civil and Re- 
 ligious liberty have been made less prominent than 
 those of other colonies, who have, almost with the 
 consent of her own citizens, snatched from her the 
 honor that is justly her own. 
 
 21. The first altar to religious liberty on this 
 Continent was erected in Maryland: and the 
 *' Freedom of Conscience " that characterized the 
 pilgrims of St. Mary's was not, as in other parts 
 of the country, such as stained the annals of its 
 history with the whipping of naked women, or the 
 boiing of the tongue with a red hot iron for being 
 a Quaker. 
 
 22. For the first time in the history of the colo- 
 nies, the savages were treated with justice and 
 mercy in Manjland Their land was bought from 
 
 \Jthem, and their condition was improved. There is 
 
 Qiioitions. — 21. Wiiere was tlie first altar to reli.uious liberty 
 rau-^ed ? Wliat kind of freedom of conscience was in Maryland? 
 22. Wliat is said in this section ? 
 
"32 History of Maryland. 
 
 no national historical painting to perpetuate the 
 memory of this treaty ot amity and good will, but, 
 assuredly, when on this first altar of religions lib- 
 erty, the fires ascended to heaven amid the bless- 
 ings of the savage, the memory of such a peo})le 
 " should not pass away from their descendants as 
 an idle dream." 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 1634-1688 — Claiborne's Kkbellion — Claiborne, ihe 
 Evil Genivs of ihe Cohmy — His Claim — Excites the 
 Jnr/ians — Resorts to Viidejtc.e — Flees to Virginia — S(7it 
 to Erifjiand — First Legislative Assembly — Division of 
 Lund. 
 
 1. The friendly relations which subsisted be- 
 tween the natives and the English were first dis- 
 turbed by the improper insinuations circulated by 
 Claiborne, called by historians the Evil Genius of 
 the colony. 
 
 2. Before the charter had been issued, but prob- 
 ably after Lord Baltimore's visit to the Chesapeake, 
 Claiborne had established a trading post on Kent 
 Island. This he had done in virtue of a license to 
 traffic with the natives, and thereupon, claimed a 
 
 Questions.— 1. What first disturbed the friendly relations of the 
 natives? 2. Where liad Chviborne established trading posts? 
 
Claiborne's Pretensions. 33 
 
 right to the property of the soil, not only of this 
 island, but also of another settlement at the mouth 
 of the Susquehanna. 
 
 3. He obtained his license to trade from Charles 
 I, and afterwards from the Governor of Virginia. 
 He was, therefore, subordinate to that colony, and 
 dependent upon it. But when this island was in- 
 cluded in the grant to Calvert, he was notified that 
 if he remained he would be deemed subject to 
 Maryland. He applied to the council of Virginia 
 for instruction how to act. 
 
 4. This colony being opposed to that of Lord 
 Baltimore, and not being unwilling to thwart it, 
 the council replied they saw no reason why he 
 should give up any territory he had held of them. 
 Lord Baltimore had ordered his arrest should he 
 refuse to submit to his authority. He, however, 
 was not taken, and being enraged that Baltimore 
 had obtained a grant including the places where 
 he had been accustomed to trade, sought every 
 means in his power to defeat the success of the 
 colony at St. Mary's. 
 
 5. As a means to this end he excited the fears 
 and jealousies of the Indians, by persuading them 
 that the new comers were not English, but Span- 
 iards, the enemies of the English. The simple 
 
 Qucitious. — 3. From whom had he received his license? To 
 uiiom was he subordinate? What did he do when his post was 
 included in the Maryland colonies? 4. What did the council re- 
 ply ? What had Lord Baltimore ordered ? 5. What did he do ? 
 
84 History of Maryland. 
 
 natives believed him, and suddenly withdrew from 
 St. Mary's. 
 
 6. To meet any hostile attack that they might be 
 stimulated to, the settlers postponed the building 
 of their own houses and erected a block house, or 
 fortification. At the same time, they rei^ulated 
 their conduct towards the savacres so as to re- 
 awaken the old feelings of confidence and intimacy. 
 The natives became convinced of the falsehood 
 of the insinuations against the settlers, and again 
 resorted to the colony. 
 
 7. Having failed in these efforts to rouse the 
 jealousies of the savages, Claiborne resorted to 
 more violent measures to support his pretensions. 
 These pretensions were based upon the authority of 
 Virginia. But, as has previously been mentioned, 
 the Virginia charter had been annulled ; notwith- 
 standing, he determined to uphold his claim, and, 
 if possible, drive the colony from the ])rovince. 
 
 8. To accomplish this he fitted out an armed 
 vessel, under one lieutenant Warren, with orders 
 to seize and capture any of the government or col- 
 ony of St. Mary's. The second in command was 
 Thomas Smith. The colonists promptly met this 
 hostile demonstration by fitting out two armed 
 boats under command of Thomas Cornwallis. 
 
 Questions.— G. "What did tlie settlers do? 7. Wli.it did Claiborne 
 now resort to? Upon what did he base his pretensions? What 
 did he determine to do? 8. What did he fit out? With what 
 orders? Who was second in command? Who commanded tho 
 boats of the colonists ? 
 
First Assembly. 35 
 
 9. In a battle between the hostile boats, com- 
 menced by Claiborne's men firing first upon those 
 of Cornvvallis, Claiborne's vessel was captured. He 
 was thus deprived of his last resource, and his only- 
 safety was in flight. He sought security in Vir- 
 ginia, but was followed by commissioners sent by 
 Calvert, to demand his surrender. Governor Har- 
 vey, of Yirginia, however, sent him with the wit- 
 nesses to England for trial. This was early in the 
 year 1G35. 
 
 10. During this year it appears that the first leg- 
 islative assembly met. The records having been 
 lost or destroyed, little is known of their proceed- 
 ings. The laws which they passed, whether "whole- 
 some " or otherwise, were dissented to by the Lord 
 Proprietary, it is supposed, because, under the char- 
 ter, he claimed the right of initiating or proposing 
 the laws. He immediately, however, set about to 
 frame a code for their acceptance. By referring 
 to the beginning of Chapter III, the reader will 
 see the clauses in the charter, which refer to this 
 matter. 
 
 11. In accordance with the instructions of the 
 Proprietary, the land was divided among the set- 
 tlers. Under the circumstances of danger, both 
 from the savages and their own countrymen, the 
 colonists were not disposed to extend their settle- 
 
 Questions.—^. What was the result? Where did he go? What 
 did Calvert do, and what, Governor Harvey? What year was this? 
 10. When did the first legislative assembly meet? What is said 
 of the laws they passed? 11. How was the land divided? 
 
36 History of Maryland. 
 
 ments beyond the limits of St. Mary's; within the 
 city, lots of five and ten acres were granted to all 
 who might apply for them. And, in the interior, 
 tracts ranging from one hundred to three thousand 
 acres, were granted, in proportion to the number 
 of settlers, whom the applicant introduced into the 
 colony. A quit rent of twenty shillings for every 
 thousand acres was reserved for the Proprietary. 
 12. These liberal terms were well calculated to 
 induce men of wealth., who were able to bear the 
 expense of transporting servants and dependents, 
 to emigrate to this province, and contribute to the 
 growth and prosperity of the colony. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 1638-1 G42 — The Second General Assembly — Mis- 
 simarles — Kejit Island — New Hundred — Nav Code of 
 Lav]s — Tinal of Smith — Claiborne'' s efforts in England 
 — Returns to Virginia — Missionaries — Conversion and 
 Baptism of Tayac — Father White — Privileges of the 
 Governor extended. 
 
 1. Prior to 1638, the inhabitants of Kent Island 
 had, to a certain extent, submitted to the govern- 
 ment of Maryland, and courts were established 
 there, in the name of the province, for the trial 
 
 ■Questions. — 12. What was the effect of these liberal terms? 
 1. What is said of the inhabitants of Kent Island? 
 
Kent Island. 37 
 
 of civil and criminal cases. The factious fol- 
 lowers of Claiborne, still looking forward to the 
 success of their leader resisted the processes and 
 warrants of the civil courts. A visit from the 
 governor himself with a military force was neces- 
 sary to bring it to complete subjection to his 
 authority. 
 
 2. In the settlement at St. Mary's, the planta- 
 tions had already extended to the west side of St. 
 George's river, and there being large accessions 
 from the northern country, a new hundred— a divi- 
 sion similar to our election district — was erected. 
 
 3. Lord Baltimore now caused the code which 
 he had prepared, to be presented. But the people 
 thinking that the power of making the laws was 
 vested in them, and that the Proprietary had only 
 a veto power, immediately rejected the laws sent 
 by Baltimore, and set about framing such as they 
 thought proper. 
 
 4. After a short time, however, the controversy 
 was concluded by the Proprietary abandoning his 
 c:laim. Preferring the welfare of the colony to his 
 ox^^n individual privileges, and satisfied that the 
 vet^o power was sufficient to protect his authority, 
 he <.^ave to his brother, the Governor, the right to 
 assent to any law, " which he might think good for 
 
 QHCslio>^s. — 1. What was necessary? 2. Where was a New liiiii- 
 drederectod? 'A. What dispute between Lord Haltimore and tlie 
 people? -j'. How was tlie controversy coucMided? What right did 
 he give th e Governor? 
 
38 History of Maryland. 
 
 the government of the province, and not contrary to 
 the laws of England." The Assembly met in 1639, 
 and passed a Code of laws. Among these laws 
 was one interesting to farmers, as it legalized a 
 custom still existing in this State. It was in refer- 
 ence to the measurement of a barrel of corn. "A 
 barrel of new corn, at or before the fifteenth day of 
 October in any year, shall be twice shaked in the 
 barrel, and afterwards heaped as long as it shall 
 lie on ; and at or before the Feast of Nativity 
 (Christmas), shall be twice shaked and filled to the 
 edge of the barrel, or else not shaked and heaped 
 as before ; and after the said feast it shall not be 
 shaken at all, but delivered by strike." 
 
 5. Thomas Smith, who had been captured in the 
 expedition sent out by Claiborne, was tried fc 
 murder. He was found guilty, and sentenced 
 death, though it is not ascertained that he ' 
 executed. A bill of attainder was passed ag' 
 Claiborne by which his property was confis 
 
 to the Proprietary. 
 
 6. Claiborne was still in England ende 
 to accomplish his object through the knr 
 rice and unscrupulousness of the royal cr 
 boldly laid claim to the Isle of Kent f 
 pendencies, and charged the Propriet' >. 
 with having attacked and slaughters 
 
 Questions.— i. Wlien di<l tiie Assembly pass ' 
 done with .Smith? G. Wiiere was Claibonv 
 doing? Wliat did he ciiarge upon the coioi 
 
Missionaries. 39 
 
 In the trial of Smith, however, it was proved that 
 the first fire was from Claiborne's boat. In a peti- 
 tion to tlie kinj?, he offered to pay the crown two 
 hundred pounds sterling for a jxrant of the Isle of 
 Kent and other valuable possessions. 
 
 7. The whole matter having been referred to a 
 proper committee, they reported, after a full inves- 
 tigation, that the lands in question belonged abso- 
 lutely to Lord Baltimore, and that no trade with 
 the Indians could be carried on without his con- 
 sent. 
 
 8. Claiborne, thus baffled, returned to Virginia 
 to carry on his old schemes of annoyance. The 
 legislature, however, interfered and compelled him 
 to desist. Then he dispatched an agent to Mary- 
 land praying the restoration of his property which 
 had been confiscated to the government His 
 prayer was rejected, and, for a while, he aban- 
 doned his efforts. 
 
 9. During the earlier years of the colony, the 
 settlement was circumscribed within narrow limits, 
 md the presence of the two missionaries who had 
 ac-ompanied the colony was required in the settle- 
 nieus. For these reasons their efforts at convert- 
 ing Indians, were confined to those who were in 
 fricpJIy relationship with the settlers. But as the 
 
 Qitesli<.,s.—G. What was proved on the trial of Smith? What 
 diti ClaiLine oWw the king? 7. What was the report of the eom- 
 miuee? •. Wliat did Ciaiborne do? 9. How many missionaries 
 acconiparin.i the colonists? Wiiy did tlioy not go abroad among 
 the In.liaiiT i„-,i ^\^(,y t^ach the Indians in the seltlcment? 
 
40 History op Maryland. 
 
 colony increased, new missionaries arrived from 
 England. 
 
 10. These zealous men immediately began to 
 penetrate into the interior, and visit every tribe 
 and village. The Indians at Patuxent received 
 them very kindly, and bestowed upon them a plan- 
 tation called St. Mattapany, on the Patuxent, 
 where a missionary station and a store house were 
 immediately erected. The missionaries travelle(J 
 in a boat, subsisted by hunting, and at night slept 
 under cover of a slight tent. Confiding themselves 
 to the protection of God, they slept as soundly aa 
 if surrounded by the luxuries of a palace. 
 
 11. In five years they had extended their sta; 
 tions throughout a large portion of the province j 
 they had visited many tribes, and made many con 
 verts ; they possessed four permanent stations, the 
 most distant of which was one hundred and twenty 
 miles from St. Mary's. They went in every direc- 
 tion preaching Christianity to the savages, and b; 
 their gentle influence they maintained the peace ar 
 quiet of the settlements more firmly and secur 
 than could have been done by all the militia of 
 province. 
 
 12. The conversion and baptism of Cliton" 
 the Tayac, was a remarkable event. Thr 
 
 was the chief officer of the Piscataways, -"../■ 
 
 Quesfi072s. — n. When did more arrive? 10. Whn+ 
 How did the Indians receive them ? How di 
 11. What was the result of their labor? 12. I)esr 
 of the Tayac ? 
 
Tayac. 41 
 
 extensive and powerful tribe in Maryland. Shortly 
 afier the arrival of Father White, the missionary, 
 tlie Tayac was taken sick, and forty medicine men 
 tried ail the arts of conjuring within their power, 
 to cure him. The missionary gained permission to 
 treat the sick chief, and by his treatment shortly 
 restore! him to perfect health. After having been 
 properly ]>repared for the rece])tion of the holy 
 rite, the Tayac and his household were baptized. 
 
 13. The Tayac after this abandoned the habits 
 and dress of the savage, adopted those of the 
 English, and learned their language. In a con- 
 versation with the governor on the advantages of 
 trading with the settlers, he is reported to have 
 said : " I consider these as tritling, when compared 
 with this one benefit, that, by their aid, I have 
 arrived at the true knowledge of the one God, the 
 most important of all knowledge." 
 
 14. Thus surrounded by Christian Indians, the 
 colony suffered but little from the hostilities of the 
 
 . natives, nothing that rose to the dignity of an In- 
 dian war. What troubles they had were caused 
 y the Susquehannas, the Wycomeses and Nanti- 
 okes, who were too far from the settlements to be 
 biught under the good intluences of the whites. 
 ' Th promptness and energy, however, of the gov- 
 ernc, ])revented any serious disaster to the colony, 
 
 Qu€s>ns.—\X What i.'s said of the Tayae, after his baptism? 
 Wliat rnarkaV)lo laiig;iuige is attributed to him? 14. What la- 
 
 diflii.s \ve troublesome t 
 i* 
 
42 History of Maryland. 
 
 and in a short time a truce was concluded with the 
 Nanticokes. 
 
 15. The colony had gone on improving, strength- 
 ening their settlements, and extending their legis- 
 lation, and, although by act of the Assembly which 
 met in 1639, the privileges of the Governor had 
 been greatly extended — privileges that might have 
 been of dangerous consequences — the wise and 
 virtuous administration of Leonard Calvert, fully 
 justified the confidence which the people placed in 
 his honor and integrity. 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 lQi?,-M'A7. — Clateorne and Ingle's Rebkttton^ 
 Troubles in Evgland — Insubordination of Claifxrne — 
 Calvert Visitd Evgland — Indian Troubles — Ingle—- 
 Gov. Brent — CalverVs Return — Endeavors to obtain 
 Possession of Kent Island — Calvert compelled to Flee- 
 Condnct of the Insurgents — Success of Farliavienta 
 Party — Calvert Regains Possession — Death of Calv 
 
 1. The contest which had broken out in 
 land, between the King and Parliament, mat 
 affected the good order of the Maryland 
 The government was a royal grant, and 
 prietary was an adherent of the king 
 
 Questions. — 15. What is said of Leonard Calver 
 tion ? 1. What is said of the contest iu England ' 
 did the Proprietary belong? 
 
Rebellion. 43 
 
 cause of the king at home declined, the friends and 
 adherents of Claiborne, and the advocates of the 
 Parliament considered this a favorable moment to 
 throw off the authority of the Proprietary. 
 
 2. Uncertain what course to pursue, and anxious 
 to view in person the tendency of affairs in the 
 mother country, Governor Calvert determined to 
 visit England and consult his brother. Lord Balti- 
 more, lie set sail in the early part of the year 
 1643. During his absence the spirit of disaffec- 
 tion increased, and at length broke out in Clai- 
 borne and Ingle's rebellion. 
 
 3. The Indians, either urged by the malcontents, 
 or perceiving the internal divisions of the settlers, 
 igain began to be troublesome. The Susquehan- 
 
 as were particularly so, having, contrary to the 
 ws of nations, been furnished with fire-arms by 
 Swedes and Dutch. 
 
 '. Whilst the Indians were threatening the 
 
 ly on the north, Captain Kichard Ingle, an 
 
 "ate of Claiborne, a pirate and a rebel, was 
 
 ng about the settlement with an armed ship, 
 
 - communication with the disaffected, and 
 
 ring to strengthen their numbers. Gov- 
 
 rent, who was acting in the absence of 
 
 1. What did the advocates of Parliament thinl< ? 
 
 Ivert return to England? Wliat liappened diirinj,' 
 
 '. What is said of the Indians? Who furnished 
 
 'i? 4. Who was Inele, and v.iiat was he doing? 
 
 ' absence of Calvert? 
 
44 IIiSTORY OF Maryland. 
 
 Gov, Calvert, issued a proclamation ordering bis 
 arrest and the seizure of his ship. Ingle was 
 taken, but soon effected his escape, to join Clai- 
 borne and concoct new trouble for the colony. 
 
 5. On his return in 1044, Calvert found the 
 province in great disorder, the public officers at 
 variance, the Indians encroaching, the pirate Iiiule 
 at large, his enemy, Claiborne, in arms, and once 
 more in possession of Kent Island. 
 
 6. Calvert endeavored to obtain possession of 
 Kent Island, but his efforts failed ; and the rebels, 
 emboldened by success, and certain of assistance 
 from their friends, invaded the Western shore, and, 
 after a short struggle, obtained comi)lete possi^s- 
 sion of the province. Governor Calvert was com- 
 pelled to fly to Virginia. 
 
 7. The conquerors immediately commenced a 
 system of outrage and oppression upon those who 
 had adhered to his fortunes, and had supported 
 the laws of the colony. Many were robbed of all 
 their possessions, and banished from, the province. 
 Even the missionaries, among whom was Father 
 White, called the apostle of Maryland, \vere seized 
 and sent in chains to England. The provincial 
 records were mutilated and destroyed, so that it is 
 almost impossible to get accurate accounts of their 
 
 Questions.— K What proclamation did he issue ? 5. Describe the 
 condition of the colony on the return of Calvert ? 6. What did 
 Calvert endeavor to do? What, the rebels? 7. How insurgents 
 act? Whom did they seize? 
 
Calvert does not Yield. 45 
 
 proceedings, or of the struggle which followed 
 their success. 
 
 8. The parliamentary party being now com- 
 pletely in the ascendant, and having the king in 
 their hands, Claiborne and Ingle acted in the name 
 of parliament. Their success seemed a death-blow 
 to the supremacy of Lord Baltimore in the pro- 
 vince. He felt this, and accordingly, in 1646, 
 directed his brother, the governor, to collect and 
 take charge of his private property, and save what 
 he could from the wreck of his fortunes, apparently 
 abandoning the hope of recovering his rights. 
 
 9. Leonard Calvert was not willing to yield. — 
 The people of Virginia were loyal to their sove- 
 reign, and he believed that the mnjority of the 
 people of Maryland were attached to the mild and 
 parental sway of the Calverts. In Virginia he 
 found not only a safe refuge, but also the means 
 
 ■ for a final effort to subdue the rebels. The out- 
 rage, oppression and misrule of the usurpers in 
 Maryland, soon prepared the people to sustain 
 im in the attempt- 
 
 10. Having completed his arrangements, at the 
 •^ of the year 1646, he crossed the Potomac 
 
 1 military force, surprised the enemy, entered 
 ry's in triumph, and once more took posses- 
 he government. 
 
 S. In whose name did Cliiiborne act? What did 
 
 e direct? 9. Why did not Calvert yield? What did 
 
 nia? 10. When did he return, and with what sue- 
 
46 History of Maryland. 
 
 11. Kent Island, the stronghold of the malcon- 
 tents, did not submit so easily as the rest of the 
 province. It was found necessary to declare mar- 
 tial law; to cut off all communications from with- 
 out, and send an expedition under the governor 
 himself, into the island before the rebels could be 
 reduced once more under the authority of the Pro- 
 prietary. The governor having secured the tran- 
 quillity of the island, granted an amnesty to most 
 of the offenders and returned to St. Mary's. 
 
 12 Just as order was once more restored to the 
 colony, and renewed prosperity began to dawn 
 upon the settlers, they met with a heavy blow in 
 the death of their governor. Governor Calvert 
 died, surrounded by his family and friends, on the 
 9th of June, 1647, having named Thomas (Jreen 
 bis successor. 
 
 18. During the space of fourteen years he had 
 guided the colony through the storms which tuid 
 darkened around its infancy — he had devoted his 
 whole life and energies to its permanent establish- 
 ment — with a disinterested self-devotion, he had, 
 striven in the wilderness for its glory and its pros- 
 perity : and it seemed as if, through a special! 
 providence of heaven, to reward his labors, a bearji 
 of sunshine had broken over the province as he 
 was about to die, at peace with all, triumpl^ant 
 
 Questions. — 11. What did he do on Kent Island? 12. Wh^it mis- 
 fortune befel the Colony? 13. What had been the char acter of 
 Calvert's administration ? 
 
Liberty op Conscience. 4Y 
 
 over the enemies of Maryland, full of honor, and 
 enriched with the prayers and blessings of a res- 
 cued people. His character, public and private, 
 was without stain, his abilities were undoubted, his 
 government, kind and parental, and his memory 
 was long cherished by the colonists with grateful 
 recollection. He was indeed a great and good 
 man. 
 
 CHAPTER YIII. 
 
 "iiBERTY OF Cossci-RSCK— New guards io Liberty of Con- 
 science — Oath of Office — Acts of Assembly — Protection 
 io Feelings — Who formed the Assembly. 
 
 Lord Baltimore now perceived, that, while 
 concessions to the disaffected might be neces- 
 *;o maintain his provinces, new guards were 
 iry to prevent the growing feeling of intoler- 
 ance manifested by the insurgents, and which was 
 • • ' • -* to destroy the sanctuary he had erected at 
 ")f so much care and treasure. 
 ' - refore, in 1648, he appointed William 
 'ernor of the province, and prescribed 
 oath of office, as a further guaranty for 
 nee of liberty of conscience, and full 
 
 ■ ^u lat did Lord Baltimore now perceive? 2. Whom 
 
 did veruor? "What oafh did he m-esp.rihe to tho' 
 
 go 1 
 
48 History op Maryland. 
 
 toleration to all persons who believed in Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 3. The assembly that met on the 2d of April, 
 1649, after enacting severe penalties for the crime 
 of blasphemy, and providing that certain penal- 
 ties shall be inflicted upon any one who shall call 
 another a sectarian name of reproach — such as 
 "heretic," "idolater," "schismatic," "round-head," 
 &c. — declared that "no person or persons profess- 
 ing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth 
 be any ways troubled, or molested, or discounten- 
 anced for, or in respect of his or her religion, nor 
 in the free exercise thereof, nor any way compelled 
 to the belief or exercise of any religion against his 
 or her consent." 
 
 4. The passage of this act, when compared with 
 the intolerant laws existing in other colonies, is one 
 of the proud boasts of Maryland. Whoever was 
 oppressed and suffered for conscience, might here 
 find refuge, protection and repose. 
 
 5. It is said that some of these legislators could 
 neither read nor write. "Two of them at least 
 were in the habit of making their signet mark. 
 But did they not leave a mark also upon the coun- 
 try, and upon the world ? In depth and earnesfi;. 
 ness, in real dignity and propriety, in profoi^incl 
 
 Questioiis. — 3. Against what penalties did the assemblty rnake 
 enactments? 4. How does this act compare with laws f n other 
 colonies? 5. What is said of the learning of some of the ,^e legis- 
 lators i f- 
 
Protection to Feelings. 49 
 
 \\v.ws of linman nature, and in true legislative wis- 
 dom, they were not behind those earlier law givers 
 who bore the ap])ellation of 'The Wise.'"* Their 
 want of culture, though sometimes made the sub- 
 ject of ridicule, adds to the numerous examples 
 in history, that progress is not so much depen- 
 dent upon mental culture as upon force of char- 
 acter. This is the motive power in the progress of 
 events. 
 
 6. No person was allowed to stigmatize his fel- 
 low-man by any term of reproach on account of his 
 religious belief, or the sect to which he belonged. 
 The law protected not only the property and per- 
 sons of the citizens, but also their feelings. It also 
 made it penal to deny the Saviour, and to blas- 
 pheme. It has been objected, therefore, that the 
 " freedom of conscience " was not entire. But 
 freedom to deny and blaspheme God and his wor- 
 ship is not, in any sense, freedom of conscience, for 
 conscience never yet required any man to deny or 
 blaspheme his Maker. There is no conscience 
 where God is denied, for conscience is man's re- 
 cognition of what the law of God commands. 
 
 7. This act, passed by an assembly made up of 
 men of many different creeds, introduced no new 
 principle in the colony, but, in its best provisions, 
 
 *Davis. 
 
 Questions.— G. What was disallowed? What were protected? 
 "What was made a penal offence? What is said of this? 7. Who 
 composed this assembly? 
 
 5 
 
50 History of Maryland. 
 
 was merely affirming and recording the law which 
 had hitherto governed the province. This libe- 
 rality, as we shall see in subsequent chapters, was 
 the cause of greatest misfortune to the province. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 1649-1664— Puritan Settlements— TV^e Liberal Policy 
 attracts Settlers — Richard Bennett and his Puritans — 
 Chivalric Conduct of Marylanders — Influx of Puritans 
 — Reduction of Virginia. — Claiborne and Bennetfs De- 
 scent upon Maryland — The Proprietary ship Abolished 
 — Indian Troubles — Claiborne and Bennett's Invasion. 
 
 1. The liberal policy of Maryland could not fail 
 to attract the attention of the colonies. The Puri- 
 tans, on the James river, in Yirginia, having been 
 ordered to leave that colony, soon found an asylum 
 here. Under the leadership of Richard Bennett, 
 they founded settlements on the Severn. They 
 called the place New Providence. It was near the 
 present City of Annapolis. 
 
 2. These settlers governed themselves entirely 
 independently of any connection with the colony, 
 which received and protected them. They did not 
 even obtain grants for the land they occupied. 
 
 Questions.— 1. Who were ordered to leave Virginia? Where did 
 they go? 2. What is said of this settlement? 
 
Puritans. 51 
 
 3. At this time an event happened that showed 
 the generous and chivah'ic character that has ever 
 marked the sons of Maryland. Charles I, by a 
 tribunal constituted for the purpose, had been put 
 to death, and the parliament had passed a decree 
 declaring: it to be treason for any one to acknow- 
 ledge his son Charles, as king He was imme- 
 diately proclaimed sovereign by the authority of 
 Maryland. Tliis daring act of loyalty aroused the 
 adherents of parliament, and finally led to the 
 reduction of the province. 
 
 4. The Puritans, attracted by the liberal policy 
 of the province, were settling in it, in considerable 
 numbers. Besides those who came from Virginia, 
 a colony came from England, under the patron- 
 age, it is supposed, of Governor Stone ; another, 
 on South river, and also a Protestant settlement, 
 twenty miles from the mouth of the Patuxent, un- 
 der Richard Brooke. When the assembly was 
 called, it was found that the pariizans of Cromwell, 
 who had usurped llie power in England, were in 
 the majority. 
 
 5. Parliament had passed an ordinance for the 
 reduction of Virginia. The armed force that was 
 sent out to effect this, was joined by Claiborne and 
 Bennett, the Puritan, who had been appointed 
 coiDtnissioners. The governor of Virginia made 
 
 (^mesiions. — 3. What happened at this time? What was the effect 
 ol' Uiis daring act? 4. What other Puritans came to the colony ? 
 5. What decree had Parliament passed? Who joined the armed 
 force? What did Virginia do? 
 
52 History of Maryland. 
 
 his submission and received favorable terms. Al- 
 though his duties as commissioner had now been 
 performed, Claiborne could not forego the favora- 
 ble opportunity he enjoyed of gratifying his ancient 
 hostility to the colony of Maryland. The Puritan 
 Bennett, who had lately been so kindly received in 
 the province, when exiled from Virginia, eagerly 
 joined in the schemes of Claiborne. 
 
 6. Having come to St. Mary's, towards the clos^i 
 of March, 1652, they demanded that the colon/ 
 should submit to the Commonwealth, which was 
 the name given to the government ; they insisted 
 that the name of the Proprietary should be erased 
 from all writs and processes ; they removed tho 
 governor from his office, and entirely abolished tho 
 authority of Lord Baltimore, in the province. — 
 Stone was subsequently reinstated, but with modi- 
 fied powers. 
 
 t. Simultaneously with the ascendancy of the 
 Puritans, the Indians began to be troublesome. 
 The Nanticokes broke in upon the Eastern Shore 
 settlers, burning, killing and ravaging, Great 
 efforts were made to raise a force and protect their 
 frontiers. The Puritans of Anne Arundel, how- 
 ever, refused to make their levies, and the expedi- 
 tion had to be abandoned. 
 
 Questions. — 5. What did Claiborne then do? Who united with 
 him? 6. What did they require ? 7. When did the Indians begin 
 to be troublesome ? Who refused aid V 
 
Claiborne and Bennett. 53 
 
 8. Lord Baltimore did not rest quietly under 
 the wrou<r tliat had Leen done him. He imme- 
 diately took steps to call the commissioners to ac- 
 count for their uidavvful proceed! n<2;s, and directed 
 Governor Stone to require all persons to tiike the 
 oath of fidelity, and lo re-estahlish the Proprie- 
 tary government, wliich was accordingly done in 
 1664. 
 
 9. Claiborne and Bennett immediately invaded 
 Maryland with a considerable force, and Stone, 
 either from timidity or disaffection, submitted. — 
 Bennett and his pnrty having seized the govern- 
 ment, disfranchised the very men who had received 
 them into the province when flying from persecu- 
 tion abroad. An assembly was called, but no 
 Koman Catholic < r adherent to the royal cause 
 was allowed to vui' for delegates to it, or sit 
 therein as a meiaber. This body representing a 
 minority of the people, immediately passed a law 
 excluding Roman Catholics and members of the 
 Church of England from the protection of the 
 government. This act, disgraceful as it was, can 
 hardly be called a stain upon the fair fame of 
 Maryland. It was the act not of Marylanders, 
 but of those whom they had received in their 
 midst, and those, who, protected by the arms of 
 
 Questions. — 8. Wh<at did Lord Baltimore do? 9. Who invaded 
 ]\[aryland ? Who were disfranchised ? Who were excluded from 
 the assembly? Can this be called an act of Marylanders ? 
 
 6* 
 
54 History of Maryland. 
 
 the usurping government at home, usurped llrt) 
 government of Maryland, of those who, like tbe 
 serpent in the fable, stung to death the benefactor 
 that had warmed them into life. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Eestoration of the Proprietaky — Rthithe io GoV' 
 ernor Stone — Recovery of the Recorda — Unsuccessful 
 Expedition to Providence — Barbarity of the Puritans- • 
 Appeal to Cromwell — Decision of the Board of Tratlt 
 — Bennett Makes Terms— Fendall— The Last of Clair 
 borne. 
 
 1. When Lord "Baltimore was apprised of tli« 
 proceedings, he dispatched William Eltonhead to 
 the colony, with a severe rebuke to Governot* 
 Stone, for thus yielding up his authority without a 
 blow, and with instructions to resume it immedi- 
 ately. In 1655, Stone began to make levies among 
 the people of St, Mary's, who had always remained 
 faithful to the Proprietary. 
 
 2. He dispatched Eltonhead with a force of 
 twenty men, to recover the provincial records, 
 which the commissioners hnd seized, and to cap- 
 ture a magazine of arms, which the Puritans had 
 gathered. 
 
 Questions.— ^. Who was sent to the colony and for what purpose ? 
 2. Where did the governor send Eltonhead? 
 
Cruelty of Puritans. 55 
 
 8. Being successful in this, he pressed into his 
 service ten or twelve vessels lying in the harbor. 
 Embarking his force npon these, Governor Stone 
 set out agninst the people of Providence. 
 
 4. By the aid of an armed merchantman lying 
 in the harbor, the Puritans were successful. The 
 fight that took place was well sustained, but the 
 undisciplined levies of St. Mary's were no match 
 to the Puritans, many of whom doubtless were 
 used to battle under the victorious banner of Crom- 
 well. 
 
 5. This victory of the Puritans was stained by 
 an act, as cruel and bloody as it was unnecessary. 
 The governor and his council, and others, to the 
 number often, were condemned to death, although 
 they had surrendered themselves upon the pledge 
 of quarter. Four of them were shot in cold blood. 
 The rest escaped at the stern intercession of the 
 soldiers themselves. 
 
 6. The governor and his council were detained 
 prisoners for a long time. They were prohibited 
 from communicating with their friends; and Stone 
 was not allowed even to write to his wife, at St. 
 Mary's, without submitting his letter to the inspec- 
 tion of his keepers. She was subsequently allowed 
 to nurse him during the recovery of his wounds. 
 
 Questions. — :]. What second expedition did he undeitake? 
 4. \Vii:it prevented its s>ucce.ss? 5. Wiiat baibarity were t lie Pu- 
 ritans jruilty ol? G. What was their treatment of the governor 
 aud council? 
 
56 History of Maryland. 
 
 7. Both parties now appealed to Cromwell. — 
 After some delay the controversy was referred to 
 the "commissioners of trade" in England. They 
 reported entirely in favor of the Lord Proprietary. 
 Capt. Josias Fendall was appointed governor, and 
 directed by Baltimore to see that the act for free- 
 dom of conscience was duly observed in Maryland. 
 He was also ordered to reward with grants of 
 land all who had been active in his behalf, and to 
 take especial care of the widows of those who had 
 fallen. 
 
 8. To give aid and countenance to his governor, 
 Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Philip Cal- 
 vert, secretary of the province. The governor and 
 secretary obtained possession of the capital with- 
 out dit!iculty, but beyond the faithful county of 
 St. Mary's, their success did not immediately ex- 
 tend. 
 
 9. The Puritans being determined to consider 
 their authority as undisputed, summoned an assem- 
 bly, which convened on 24th of September, 165T. 
 They levied a tax to pay the public expenses, and 
 appointed commissioners to collect the fines im- 
 posed upon the adherents of the Proprietary. But 
 their domination was at an end. 
 
 Qu€stio7is. — 7. To whom did both pnrties appeal? To whom did 
 he refer the matter ? Their decision ? Who was now appointed 
 governor? What instructions did he receive? 8. Who was ap- 
 pointed secretary to the province ? They obtained possession of 
 wliat place ? 9. What did the Puritans do ? 
 
Fendall. 5Y 
 
 10. The negotiations of Lord Baltimore with 
 Cromwell, began to be successful. The Puritan 
 Bennett, perceiving the turn afi'airs were taking, 
 and despairing of retaining the supremacy of his 
 party, hastened to come to terms with the Proprie- 
 tary. Fendall was a, 'knowledged Governor : and 
 Maryland was once nore restored to the govern- 
 ment of the Proprietiry, after nearly six years of 
 rebellion. 
 
 11. But no sooner had Fendall overthrown the 
 power of the Puritans, than he set about under- 
 mining that of the Lord Proprietary. At the ses- 
 sion of 1659, the house of delegates demanded that 
 the governor and council should no )<^nger sit as 
 an upper house. For a time, Fendall made a show 
 of resistance, but at leugth yielded and took his 
 seat in the lower house. 
 
 12. The upper house was then declared dis- 
 solved. Fendall resigned his commission from the 
 Lord Proprietary, into the hands of the assembly, 
 and accepted a new one from that body in their 
 own name and by their own authority. 
 
 13. The power of this new rebel was of short 
 duration. The people were tired of intestine com- 
 motions, and, remembering the mild government 
 of Leonard Calvert, joyfully submitted to Philip 
 Calvert, who was appointed governor upon intelli- 
 
 Quesiions. — 10. What is said in this section ? 11. What did Fen- 
 dstU do ? 12. What further ? 13. Wliat is said of the people of the 
 colony? 
 
68 History of Maryland. 
 
 j^ence of Fendall's rebellion. Fendall gave himself 
 up, and was respited. He abused this clemency to 
 excite new trouble in after days. 
 
 14. Claiborne, "the evil genins of Maryland," 
 the arch-disturber of its peace, returned into Vir- 
 ginia, where he still continued a man of some dis- 
 tinction. He met his death in battle with the 
 Indians, and was buried in the field. His life and 
 death were those of an heroic adventurer. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 1600-1689 — Peace a]vd Prosperity — Calm — Charles 
 Cnloe)'i—Iric7'ease of Population — Planters — Mai'yland 
 Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — (Quakers— Fox — 
 Land of the Sa.ntiiiary — Death of the Proprietary — 
 FendnlVs Aitetnpi at Rebellion — Etid of the Period of 
 Repose, 
 
 1. After these storms a calm of thirty years 
 succeeded The colony, again under a brother of 
 its founder, having proclaimed Charles II, king, 
 set about to remedy the consequences of the late 
 troubles. 
 
 2. In 1662, Philip Calvert was superseded by- 
 Hon. Charles Calvert, son of the Lord Proprietary. 
 
 Quest iuns.—v:>,. What of Fendall? 14. What became of Clai- 
 borne? 1. What is said in this section? 2. Who superseded 
 Philip Calvert? 
 
Calm. 59 
 
 When Philip Calvert assumed the government of 
 the colony, in 1660, the number of inhabitants was 
 twelve thousand ; in five years, it had increased to 
 fifteen thousand, and in 1671, to twenty thousand. 
 
 3. The number of counties was increased. But 
 as yet there were few towns. St. Mary's con- 
 tained little more than sixty houses. The people 
 were planters and farmers. There were no influ- 
 ences to draw people together in towns, and the 
 people, free from the excitement, turmoil and ambi- 
 tion of commercial communities, laid the founda- 
 tion of that peculiar domestic life, which has always 
 been the characteristic and charm of Maryland. 
 
 4. The first evidence of slavery in Maryland, is 
 to be found in the laws relating to masters and 
 slaves, passed during this period of repose. — 
 Slavery was probably introduced from Virginia.* 
 
 5. There was another species of servant in the 
 colony, of whom mention is frequently made. They 
 were white emigrants, who wanting the means to 
 emigrate, apprenticed their time, for a certain 
 period, to those who would bear that expense. 
 
 *As the Puritans of New England were the first to engage 
 in the traffic of slaves, after the trade was re-opened in South 
 Carolina, and the very last to abandon it, it is not impossi- 
 ble that Maryland is indebted for the existence of slavery 
 in her borders to the Puritans she received from Virginia. 
 
 Questions. —ii. What was the number of inhabitants ? What is 
 said of domestic life? 4. First evidence of slavery? 6. What 
 other species of serrant was there ? 
 
60 History of Maryland. 
 
 This was made a matter of trade. The captain 
 of a ship would bring out a party of emigrants, 
 taking in lieu of passage money an indenture, 
 whereby the emigrant agreed to serve for a given 
 time. 
 
 6. On the arrival of such emigrants, their unex- 
 pired time was sold to the highest bidder. The 
 price was paid in tobacco, which was the currency 
 of the province. 
 
 7. The Quakers or Friends here found peace 
 and refuge. In Massachusetts, the law had pro- 
 scribed them as a "cursed sect.''' They were to be 
 imprisoned " without bail," and "sentenced to ban- 
 ishment upon pain of death." They were to be 
 maimed, whipped, and, " man or woman, to have 
 their tongues bored through with a red hot iron." 
 
 8. In Maryland, on the contrary, George Fox, 
 their zealous leader, tarried and preached. Indian 
 chiefs and their subjects, the legislature and the 
 council, persons of quality, justices of the peace, 
 and the heir of the Proprietary himself, came to 
 listen to his preaching. To the Friends indeed 
 was Maryland The Land op the Sanctuary. — 
 Whatever difficulty they had with the government, 
 it arose from their refusal to perform military duty, 
 and their rejection of oaths, but even of these re- 
 quirements they were subsequently relieved. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What is stiid of the Quakers ? How were they 
 treated in Massachusetts? 8. What is said of the preaching of 
 Fox? 
 
Calm. 61 
 
 9. Charles Calvert continued to act as governor 
 until the death of his father, November 30th, 1675, 
 by which event he became himself the Lord Pro- 
 prietary. Having revised and reformed the laws, 
 and believing his presence no longer necessary in 
 the province, he appointed Thomas Notely to act 
 as deputy governor in the name of his infant son, 
 Cecil Calvert, and returned to England. 
 
 10. While in Europe, he met and refuted the 
 charges that had been made against his colony. 
 He then, in 1680, returned to his province and 
 assumed the government. 
 
 11. In the following year, Fendall, in conjunc- 
 tion with a restless spirit, named Coode, attempted 
 to excite a rebellion among the people ; they failed 
 and were arrested, tried and convicted, but escaped 
 with their lives again to disturb the peace of the 
 province. 
 
 12. After governing the colony for four years, 
 the Proprietary, thinking it necessary for him to 
 return to England, appointed a council to direct 
 the affairs of the colony, and departed from the 
 province, never to return. 
 
 13. Events in Maryland were bringing to a 
 close the long period of repose and toleration en- 
 joyed under the mild administration of the second 
 
 (^iie>>lions.—0. How long did Charles Calvert govern the colony? 
 Wh.iidiii he do upon tlie de.atii of lii« father? 10. Wliat ilid he 
 in ilnt^laii.i? 11. Wliat is said of Kendall? 12. How long did 
 Charles Calvert govern in person after lie was proprietary? 
 y^. What !- «aiil in this section ? 
 
62 History of Maryland. 
 
 Lord Proprietary. Dissensions, excited by tlie 
 troul)les in the mother country, and nourislied I)}/ a 
 sympathisino; sj)irit of intolerance in the colony, nt 
 length broke out in open revolution. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 State of Socikty, to 1689 — Frlenrhhlp of the Nntivps— 
 Kind of Government — Trade — Gdn — Luxvries — Fj-uii 
 — The Baltimore Bird — Tobacco — Travelling. 
 
 1. Up to this time, the aborip;ines and the colo- 
 nists were living side by side upon terms of the 
 greatest friendship. The Chesapeakes had disap- 
 peared from Maryland, and the remnant of their 
 tribe was seated on the banks of the P^lizabeth 
 river, in Virginia, under the dominion of the Povv- 
 hatans. 
 
 2. The Yo-a-comicos lived upon the St. Mary's, 
 and, as has been mentioned, were almost domesti- 
 cated with the settlers. 
 
 o. The Susquehannocks, at the head of the 
 Chesapeake bay, were at some distance from the 
 early settlers, and less under the influence of the 
 whites than the Yo-a-comicos, and were less 
 
 Qucs(ions.—\. Wliat is said of tlie Indians? 2. Of Yo-a-comicos? 
 3. Of the Susqueliaunoclis? 
 
Indians. 63 
 
 friendly to them. They were also hostile to the 
 Yo-a-comicos, and were, therefore, sometimes trou- 
 blesome. 
 
 4. The provernment was essentially a monarchy. 
 But no powers were ever exercised with more en- 
 tire reference to the interest and welfare of the 
 g-overned than this power was by the Proprietary. 
 
 5. Trade was conducted through the midium of 
 barter, or the e.xclrange of one commodity for 
 anotlier. Tliere was, however, a silver coin issued 
 l)y the Proprietary, of various denominations, hav- 
 ing Lord Baltimore's arms on one side, with the 
 motto, GresL'iie et mulliplicamini on the other. 
 Probably very little of this coin was used, tobacco 
 being the most common currency of the province, 
 one pound of it, in 1(»50, being about three-pence 
 English money ; in 1732 it was made a legal ten- 
 der at one penny a |)ound. 
 
 G. The luxuries of the present day were un- 
 l\-novvn. Our forefathers sat upon stools and forms, 
 and dined without forks ; but they paid especial 
 attention to the furniture of their bed chamber. 
 Tea and coffee were scarcely used, but cider and 
 sack were freely drunk. 
 
 7. Great attention was paid to fruit. The waters 
 of the bay furnished the greatest of delicacies — 
 ovsters and canvas-back duck. The oriole was 
 
 (^iKs'iniis. — }. Of wiKit kiml was tlie gnvornment? 5. How wnn 
 Irititi' cMiKliicio.l? WliMt coin was issMod? C. Wliat is said of 
 iuxiiii'.'s? 7. Fniit? Chesapoake bay ? liaitiniore liir.J? 
 
64 History of Maryland. 
 
 common, and the settlers were so pleased with its 
 plumage — black and yellow — corresponding with 
 those upon the arms of the Calverts, that they 
 called it the Baltimore Bird. 
 
 8. Tobacco was the greatest product of the 
 province. It is said, "that a hundred sail of 
 ships" traded in this article. Indian corn and 
 the sweet potato were also cultivated at an early 
 period. The words potato, pone and homony are 
 derived from the Indians. 
 
 9. There was no regular post. Travelling was 
 performed on horseback by land, and in canoes or 
 other small boats by water. Letters were sent by 
 private hand. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Eevolutionof 16S9 — Ja^nes II Banished — William and 
 Mary — Delay of Instructions — Protestant Associaiion 
 — John Coode — First Royal Governor — Acts of Assem- 
 bly — Lo7'd Baltimore Appeals to the King — Removal of 
 the Capital — Second Royal Governor — Improvements — 
 Efforts of the Royal Administration. 
 
 1. In England, James II, who had succeeded 
 Charles II, had been banished, and was succeeded 
 by William and Mary. 
 
 2. Upon their accession, the Lord Proprietary 
 immediately gave in his adherence, and sent in- 
 
 Qu est ions. —S. Tobacco, Ac? 9. Travelling? 1. By whom \vs>* 
 James II succeeded? 2. What did the proprietary do ? 
 
William and Mary. G5 
 
 structions to have them proclaimed in the province. 
 Unfortunately, these instrncMons did not. arrive in 
 due time, and, even after the new tvOvcreiLnis h id 
 l»een ackno\vled<2:ed by the nei«i-hhoriii<>: colonic-^, 
 the authorities hesitated to aet until they should 
 receive instructions from the Proprietary. 
 
 3 The ill-will of the ))eoi)Ie had been excited 
 aixainst the deputies, and eve'ry measure tliey 
 adopted vras looked upon with sus))icion. The 
 public arms were collected, in fear of a general 
 outbreak. At lenirth the unfortunate dehiy to pro- 
 claim William and Mnry lirouuht affjirs to a crisis. 
 
 4. In April, 1689, ''An as.sociation in arms for 
 the defence of the Proff'i^fant relirjion, and for 
 asserting the rights of King WiUiain aru- Queen 
 3Iary to the prorinc^^ of Maryland r/,""' aH the 
 Enriliah Dominions'''' \N-i\^ formed. Ji/lin <-oode, 
 
 .wdio had already been once <ruilty of treasou and 
 rebellion, was at the head of this assoeiatifvn. 
 
 5. The character of this man may, perhaps, cast 
 a light upon the professions of relijjion and of loy- 
 alty made by the association. He was a man of 
 loose morals and desperate habits. Assuming: (o 
 be in holy orders, he was yet so depraved that he 
 was presented by the grand jury for atheism nnd 
 V)lasphemy. To escape trial he lied to Virginia, 
 whence he would frequently come back, declaring 
 
 Quc>itioni^.—2. Wliy did not tlie authorities net? 3. What i.« said 
 in this section? 4. Wliat assoeiiition was formed? Who was at 
 the head of it? 5. What was the character of this man? 
 
 6* 
 
66 History of Maryland. 
 
 as he had overthrown one government he would 
 pull down another. 
 
 {). The knig sustained the acts of a revolution, 
 which was, in fact, only a continuation of that 
 which placed hini on the throne, and, in IfiOl, ap- 
 pointed Sir Lionel Copley, first royal governor of 
 the province. 
 
 7. Early in lCt)2, Governor Copley summoned 
 a General Assembly, which met at St. Mary's. — 
 Their first act was the recognition of William and 
 Mary ; their next, the overthrow of equal tolera- 
 tion, and the establishment of the Church of Eng- 
 land as the State Church of Maryland. 
 
 8. The legislature proceeded to pass oppressive 
 acts against all who differed from the creed of the 
 dominant party. These laws, in time, were modified 
 or repealed, though some of the obnoxious restric- 
 tions continued until the revolution of 1776, when 
 religious liberty was the acknowledged right of all. 
 
 9. They next endeavored to deprive the Pro- 
 prietary of his personal rights in the province. 
 Lord Baltimore appealed to the king, who issued 
 a royal letter authorizing him to collect his reve- 
 nues. The convention refused to submit, and threw 
 his agents into prison. The king and council, 
 however, having expressly decided in favor of Lord 
 
 Question.^.— C^. What is .eaid of the king? 7. Wliat was the first 
 act of the Assembly? 8. What further aots did the le.irislature 
 puss? 9. What did they attempt? What did Lord Baltimore do? 
 and what the convention? 
 
Oppressive Laws. 6Y 
 
 Baltimore, the assembly at length yielded, as far 
 as port and tonnage duties were concerned. 
 
 10. From the Proprietary the assembly turned 
 to old St. Mary's. In that part of the province 
 his firmest supporters dwelt, and the assembly de- 
 termined to punish them by removing the seat of 
 government from their capital. Another weighty 
 reason was that the colony had now so extended 
 that St. Mary's was inconveniently situated for 
 those who had business before the legislature and 
 the courts. 
 
 11. As the very existence of the town depended 
 upon its being the seat of government, it is natural 
 that its inhabitants prayed and protested against 
 this change. Their prayers and protests were in 
 vain. The seat of government was removed to New 
 Providence,which thenceforth was called Annapolis. 
 
 12. Sir Lionel Copley was succeeded by Francis 
 Nicholson, who was principally active in securing 
 the success of the established Church, and promot- 
 ing the cause of Education. He was commissioned 
 in 1691, but did not enter upon his duties until 
 1694, the government being administered by Sir 
 Edmond Andros, after the death of Copley, till the 
 arrival of his successor. 
 
 13. During the administration of Nicholson, 
 several beneficial improvements were effected. In 
 
 Questions.— in. What was the next step of the assembly ? 11. Why 
 did the town of St. Mary's protest? Wliere was the capital re- 
 moved to? 12. By whom was Copley succeeded? 13. What took 
 place during the administration of Nicholson? 
 
68 History of Marylajjd. 
 
 1G95, a public post was established ; the route ex- 
 tended from the Potomac, through Annapolis, to 
 Philadelphia. The system, in some of its features, 
 was well suited to the condition of the province. 
 
 14. Under the royal g:overnment, the population 
 did not increase as rapidly as formerly. Three 
 principal causes operated to check immigration, 
 namely, universal toleration had ceased ; lands 
 were no longer given as a bounty to the immi- 
 grants ; and, the fluctuations in the tobacco trade. 
 To add to these misfortunes, a destructive disease 
 made its appearance among the stock of the farm- 
 ers and planters ; and, two years later, a violent 
 and raging mortality made its appearance among 
 the people of Charles county. 
 
 15. During the administration of the royal gov- 
 ernors, th(^ hand of the crown seemed to weigh like 
 an incubus upon the prosperity of Maryland. For 
 a quarter of a century the limits of the settlements 
 were but little advanced ; the population but feebly 
 increased, and the foreign and domestic resources, 
 at best, remained stationary. Religious liberty 
 had taken flight, and with the overthrow of equal 
 toleration, and the establishment of a church, was 
 destroyed that true civil freedom which cannot exist 
 for the body while the spirit is enchained. 
 
 Questions.— 14:. What is said of the population under the royal 
 government? What were the causes? 15. What is said of the 
 prosperity under the royal governors? 
 
Charles Calvert. 
 
 69 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 1714-1751 — The Restoration of the Province — 
 Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Province restored 
 to his Son — Undistii7-bed Tranquillity — Policy towards 
 Indians — Establishment of Baltimore — Fell's Point — 
 Commercial Advantages — Elk Ridge Landing — Anna- 
 polis — Maryland Gazette — Frederick — Georgetown — 
 Death of Proprietary — State of the Colony. 
 
 1. Charles, Lorcl 
 Baltimore, expired on 
 the 20th of February, 
 1714, at the age of 
 eighty-four years. His 
 title and his province 
 descended to his son, 
 Benedict Leonard 
 Calvert, who, having 
 abandoned the faith of 
 his father, and become 
 a Protestant, secured 
 Seal of BALTurouE. the favor of the king, 
 
 and had the government of the province restored 
 
 to him. He only lived long enough, however, to 
 
 be acknowledged Lord Proprietary, 
 
 2. By his death in 1715, the province fell to his 
 
 infant son, Charles, who was educated in the Pro- 
 
 Que.stions. — 1. Who succeeded Cliarles, Lord Bultimore? What 
 is said of him? 2. How long did he live, and who succeeded liim? 
 
70 History op Maryland. 
 
 testant religion. Governor Hart, the last royal 
 governor, was continued in office as representative 
 of the Proprietary. The restoration produced but 
 little change in the province. The Roman Cath- 
 olics were still disfranchised 
 
 3. For a period of forty years the colony en- 
 joyed almost undisturbed tranquillity. It had no 
 greater troubles than contests between the gov- 
 ernor and council, who formed the upper house, 
 and the delegates of the people, in the lower house. 
 These struggles were the germ of that mighty con- 
 test in which the liberties of the people were finally 
 secured. 
 
 4. From the earliest period, the government of 
 the colony had pursued a peaceful and just policy 
 towards the Indians. In 1698, an act was passed 
 to assure to the Nanticokes, the possession of their 
 lands in Dorchester county. 
 
 5. Thus even the warlike Nanticokes had yielded 
 to the mild influence of the colonial government, 
 and became peaceful dwellers under its protection. 
 But the red man cannot long remain in the vicinity 
 of the white, and by degrees they began to remove. 
 
 6. In 1729, Baltimore, the great emporium of 
 the State, was first laid out on the lands of Charles 
 Carroll, in sixty lots of one acre each, by commis- 
 
 Qurstio7ht. — 3. What was the condition of the colony? What is 
 said of these straggles? 4. What act had been passed in 1C9S? 
 5. What is said of the Indians? G. Wlien was Baltimore founded ? 
 On whose land ? 
 
Elk Ridge Landing. 11 
 
 sioners appointed by the legislature. The iiortli- 
 western corner lot was that whereon St. Paul's 
 church now stands. In 1732, it was increased by 
 an addition of ten acres east of the falls, com- 
 mencing where the Gay street bridge now stands. 
 In 17G3, Edward Fell laid off a farther portion 
 called Fell's Point, which, in the year 1773, was 
 added to Baltimore Town. In 1781, he laid 
 off " the addition to Fell's Point," which was 
 annexed to Baltimore, by act of assembly of that 
 year. 
 
 7. The commercial advantages possessed by Bal- 
 timore Town soon drew population, and the town 
 grew and flourished. For a time, the town of Elk 
 Ridge Landing contended with it for the commerce 
 of the northern part of tlie colony, and was a great 
 tobacco market. But the superior advantages of 
 Baltimore soon enabled it to surpass its rival.* 
 
 ♦The original linos of Baltimore were as follows: From 
 near the corner of Pratt and Light streets to McCJellan's 
 alley, from that point to the corner of St. Paul and Sara- 
 toga streets, thence east to about 165 feet from Gay street, 
 including Fish street; thence south to near where Water 
 street is, and following the line of that crooked street — 
 which was the line of the low lands — back to the begin- 
 ning. Old Town was so-called from an early settlement 
 made by Coles, or Gorsuch, or Jones. 
 
 It was not originally a part of Baltimore Town, but was 
 called Jones' Town. It consisted of ten acres, and was laid 
 
 Questions— G. When increased and by what addition ? 7. What 
 is said of the advantages of its position ? What rival had it ? 
 
T2 History of Maryland. 
 
 8. At Elk Ridge Landing, where now there is s 
 meadow and a marsh, rather than the channel of a 
 river, vessels came for their cargoes of tobacco 
 The greater part of this tobacco was still housed 
 upon the plantations on which it was raised, await- 
 ing notice of shipment. 
 
 9. When this notice arrived, there was great stir 
 and activity. The huge and stout hogsheads were 
 fitted up with rough shafts, fastened to cleats, in 
 which revolved the strong axle-like pins inserted 
 in either end. A single horse was attached, and 
 the driver, walking by the side, began to *'roll'^ 
 his tobacco to the little port. Some of the roads 
 near Baltimore, leading to Elk Ridge Landing are 
 still known as " Rolling roads." 
 
 10. Annapolis, which had been erected into a 
 port of entry in 1683, continued to increase after 
 it had been made the seat of government. In 
 1745, the earliest, and, for a long time, the only 
 newspaper in the colony was issued. It was called 
 the ** Maryland Gazette," and was continued, by 
 the descendants of the founder, until 1839. The 
 early wealth of Annapolis is still shewn m the 
 
 off in twenty lots in the year 1732. It was bounded by 
 Pitt, now East Fayette street, by Jones' Falls and by French 
 street. It was connected with Baltimore by the Gay street 
 bridge in 1732, but was not made part of Baltimore until 
 1745. 
 
 Quesiions.—S. Describe Elk Ridge Landing? 9. The Rolling of 
 tobacco ? 10. What is said of Annapolis ? 
 
District of Columbia. 73 
 
 ancient buildings, many of them displaying by 
 their decorations the taste and resources of the 
 original owners, 
 
 11 Frederick, for a long time the second city 
 of the State, was laid out in 1745. It was made 
 county town in 1748, at which time Frederick 
 county was formed, having been carved out of 
 Prince George's. 
 
 12. Georgetown was laid out in 1751. Falling 
 within the limits of the "ten miles square" that 
 were ceded to the United States by the States of 
 Maryland and Virginia, it has ever since formed a 
 part of the District of Columbia. 
 
 13. In 1751, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, 
 having ruled his province, in person or by his gov- 
 ernors, for the space of thirty-six years. This 
 period was marked by general peace and increas- 
 ing prosperity ; it was also full of evidences of the 
 unyielding spirit of the people in defending their 
 rights, and in the acquisition of new ones. 
 
 14. New counties were added ; the population 
 had increased, and the internal resources of the 
 province were developed by the establishment of 
 factories, mills and furnaces. Domestic wine was 
 manufactured as earlv as 1748. 
 
 Questions.— 11. When was Frederick laid out? When made 
 
 county town? 12. What is paid of Georgetown? 13. When did 
 
 the proprietary die, and how long did he govern i 14. What tor. 
 ther is said? 
 
74 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XY. 
 
 Boundary Disputes— TFa^/cms' Point— Disputes with 
 Penn — Penn's Grant — The Proprietary will not be 
 Robbed — Penn attacks the Charter — Ikiltiviore out of 
 favor at Court— The King is Patron to Peyin — His 
 JE.rpulsion — Settlement Postponed — Mason and Dixon'' s 
 Line — Shrewdness of Penn — Virginia l*oundary. 
 
 1. Notwithstanding the clearness with whicli the 
 boundaries of the province were laid down in the 
 charter, it was nevertheless subjected to great diffi- 
 culties about the limits. 
 
 2. The first contest was with Virginia about the 
 position of Watkins' Point, on the Chesapeake 
 Bay, this being the starting point of the line of 
 Southern boundary. After some difficulties be- 
 tween the two colonies, the dispute was finally 
 adjusted on the 25th of June, 1668; and the line 
 was distinctly indicated and exists as the present 
 boundary of the two States. 
 
 3. The most serious difficulty, however, was that 
 respecting the Northern boundary. The Swedes 
 and Dutch, in 1629, had made a settlement within 
 the limits of the present State of Delaware, v/hich 
 was included in Baltimore's grant. In 1681, Wil- 
 liam Penn received a grant of territory comprising 
 
 Questions.— 2. What was the first contest about? 3. With whom 
 was the most serious diflficiilty? What is said of Penn's grant? 
 
Dispute with Penn. 75 
 
 twenty-six millions of acres. The Southern boun- 
 daries of this tract encroached upon the grant to 
 Lord Baltimore. 
 
 4. To further his plans, Penn found it necessary 
 to procure a grant of that part of the present State 
 of Delaware which was excluded from the original 
 grant, namely, the town of New Castle and all the 
 territory for twelve miles around it. This grant, 
 as well as a release of his rights in Pennsylvania, 
 was obtained from the Duke of York, to whom 
 had been previously granted, by his brother King 
 Charles II, all the territory from the mouth of the 
 Connecticut to the shores of the Delaware Iliver. 
 
 5. Penn produced this grant and a letter from 
 Charles II, directing the Proprietary of Maryland 
 to assent to an adjustment of his Northern boun- 
 dary by measuring two degrees from his Southern 
 •boundary, at the rate of sixty miles to the degree. 
 The Proprietary, resting firmly upon the terms of 
 his charter, namely, the 40th degree, declined to 
 submit to be robbed of territory which Penn had 
 no right to take, and the Duke of York, no right 
 to give. 
 
 G. To shake Baltimore's confidence in his char- 
 ter, he attacked it by objecting that the Delaware 
 settlements had been planted by the Dutch, before 
 that charter was granted. The Proprietary at 
 
 Qttestions.—4:. What did Penn find necessary? From whom was 
 it obtained? 5. What did Penn produce? Did the proprietary 
 submit ? G. How did Penn attack the charter ? 
 
Y6 History of Maryland. 
 
 that time was under the displeasure of the crown, 
 and upon the king's referring the matter to the 
 board of trade, it was decided that Lord Balti- 
 more's grant included only "lands uncultivated" 
 and inhabited by savages, and that the territory 
 along the Delaware had been settled by Ciiristians 
 antecedently to his grant, and was not therefore 
 included in it. 
 
 Y. At the time of this decision, 1685, Lord Bal- 
 timore was not in a condition to resist it. Through 
 the avarice of the crown, he was threatened with 
 a total loss of his whole grant. Where power was 
 on one side, and only right on the other, resistance 
 would have hastened and ensured his loss of the 
 province. 
 
 8. But James II, the patron of Penn and the 
 author of the grant, who was now king, was about 
 to experience in his own person, how little rights 
 are respected when they come in conflict with 
 power. He was expelled from the throne, and the 
 final settlement of the boundary question was post- 
 poned until 1732, when an agreement was entered 
 into by the Proprietary, to adopt the border fixed 
 by the decree of 1G85. 
 
 9. The matter being subject to further dispute, 
 it was not until 1766, that Messrs. Charles Mason 
 
 Questions.— (j. What was the decision of the board of trade ? 
 7. What was the condition of Lord Baltimore atthis time? 8. What 
 advantages had Penn? Why was the settlement postponed? VVlien 
 was the agreement entered into? 1). Who marked the line agreed 
 upon? 
 
Mason and Dixon's Line. T7 
 
 and Jeremiah Dixon, astronomers of celebrity, in 
 England, chosen by the respective Proprietaries 
 for the purpose, completed the division line be- 
 tween the two provinces. This line is known as 
 "Mason and Dixon's," and was marked by setting 
 at the end of every mile a stone with the letter P 
 and the arms of the Penns, on the north, and the 
 letter M, with the escutcheon of Lord Baltimore, 
 on the south side. 
 
 10. Thus, after a strugo^le of more than a cen- 
 tury, by the shrewdness of Penn, in availinj:: him- 
 self of a mere quibble, a large and fertile territory 
 was lost to Maryland. 
 
 11. The last of the boundary disputes has never 
 been settled. The charter of Maryland defined 
 the western boundary by the meridian passing 
 through the first fountain of the Potomac. The 
 question arose whether the north or south branch 
 of the Potomac was the main head. A ghince at 
 the map will show that the decision involved a 
 large tract of land. Several attempts had been 
 made to adjust the line prior to the revolution, and 
 in 176G, Virginia recognized the rights of the ter- 
 ritory contained within the charter, but it yet holds 
 the disputed district 
 
 Questions. — 9. How? 10. How was a large and fertile territory 
 lost to Maryland? 11. What w;is the dispute with Virginia? 
 
T8 History op Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 1751-1755 — Frederick, last Lord Baltimore — Eng- 
 lish and French War — Claivis of each — Bold design of 
 the Governor of Canada — Maryland stands aloof — Opj)o- 
 sition io Arbitrary Demands — Dinvnddie's Perplexi- 
 ties — Ma7'yland takes a j^art — Fort Cumberland — Ads 
 of Assembly. 
 
 1. 1751, Frederick, last of the Lords Baltimore, 
 became Proprietary of Maryland. 
 
 2. A contest was now approaching; in which 
 Maryland was deeply interested. It was the last 
 war between the English and French, for dominion 
 in the New World. 
 
 3. Immense regions in America were claimed by 
 both nations, and each was eager to forestall the 
 other by getting possession of them. The most 
 desirable of these regions lay west of the Alleghany 
 mountains. 
 
 4. The French claimed all this country by 
 right of discovery, because in 1673, Father Mar- 
 quette, and Joilet, of Quebec, French subjects, 
 had passed down the Mississippi in a canoe, as 
 far as Arkansas. 
 
 5. The English claimed all land west of the 
 Alleghany mountains to the Mississippi. This 
 claim was based upon a purchase that had been 
 
 Questions.— l.y^ho was the last Lord Baltimore ? 2. What contest 
 was now approaching? 3. What were the grounds of this contest? 
 4. What was the French claim ? 6. What was the English? 
 
French Claims. 19 
 
 raade by commissioners from Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land and Yirginia, and the Six Nations. The 
 Indians had a tradition that this land had been 
 conquered by their forefathers. 
 
 6. Such were the foundations of claims which 
 plunged two nations into a series of wars ending 
 in a loss to England of a great part of her Amer- 
 ican possessions, and, to France of the whole. 
 
 7. In furtherance of the French claim, the gov- 
 ernor of Canada conceived the bold design of con- 
 structing a chain efforts along the Mississippi and 
 Ohio rivers, where the English had already estab- 
 lished trading posts. 
 
 8. Virginia was chiefly interested in the contro- 
 versy. Maryland became involved simply in self- 
 defence. The legislature of Maryland stood aloof, 
 in spite of the commands of the crown, the remon- 
 strances of the governor, and the entreaties of 
 Yirginia. They declared, however, their deter- 
 mination to resist foreign invasion, and contribute 
 to the assistance of the neighboring colonies when 
 they conceived their necessity required it. 
 
 9. Even in Virginia, which was so deeply inter- 
 ested in the controversy, the growing spirit of 
 Republicanism led to an opposition to the arbi- 
 trary demands of the governor for means to carry 
 
 Qiiefiiions. — 7. What design did the governor of Canada conceive ? 
 8. Who was ehietly interested in this controversy? How was Mary- 
 land drawn in? Why did she stand aloof at first? What did sho 
 declare ? 9. What trouble was tliere in Virginia? 
 
80 History of Maryland. 
 
 on the war airainst the French, wlien all efforts at 
 a peaceful settlement had failed. 
 
 10. Governor Dinwiddle, of that colony, was 
 sorely i)erj)lexed, and exclaimed, "There appears 
 to me an infatuation in all the assemblies in this 
 part of the world." He urged the home govern- 
 ment to tax the colonies for the benefit of the 
 common cause, independently of assemhliea. 
 
 11. But the time was come when Maryland was 
 compelled to take part in the war. The Yirginia 
 troops under Colonel Washington had been cap- 
 tured by the French and Indians, who, from Fort 
 Duquesne, erected on the present site of Pittsburgh, 
 poured their savage and ])lnndering bands on the 
 unprotected frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and Yirginia. 
 
 12. The Assembly at Annapolis, in 1754, voted 
 supplies and assistance to the Virginians in their 
 efforts to reduce this fort. Many of the people 
 of the province had, before this, organized compa- 
 nies of rangers and frontier guards for the protec- 
 tion of the border settlements. A fort had been 
 erected at Cumberland, far beyond the settlements, 
 which served as a resting point in the expeditions 
 undertaken against the French on the Ohio. In 
 these expeditions the people of Maryland bore a 
 
 Quciitions.—\0. Wliat did Dinwiddle exclaim ? Wliat did he urge ? 
 11. Why was Maryland now compelled to take a part? 12. AVhat 
 did the assembly vote? What had the people already done? 
 Where had a fort been erected ? 
 
General Braddock. 81 
 
 part. Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, was, by a 
 royal commission, commander-in-chief of all the 
 forces engaged against the French, on the Ohio. 
 
 13. On the 24th of December, 1754, the Gene- 
 ral Assembly of Maryland was again convened, 
 and passed a law for the levying of troops for the 
 ensuing campaign. In the session of February, 
 1755, they passed other laws providing for the en- 
 ergetic prosecution of the expedition which ended 
 so disastrously for the whole country, known as 
 Braddoch^s Defeat. 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 1755-1758 — Braddock's Defeat — Braddock's Arrived — 
 Council at Alexandria — Braddock at Frederick — Arri' 
 vol of Franklin — Franklin's Sugfjesiions — Braddock" s 
 Confidence — Franklin'' s Proposition — March over the 
 Moun tains — Baggage — Mu tual Disgust — Braddock re- 
 jects the Indians and Backtvcodsmen — Slow Movements 
 —The Contest— The Defeat. 
 
 1. Although the expedition which resulted in 
 Braddock's defeat belongs more properly to the 
 history of Virginia, yet as the disaster involved 
 
 Q;/(,s/;(;Hi.— 12. Who was commander-iii-eliief of all the forces? 
 13. When did the assembly meet ? What act did ihey pass ? 
 
82 History of Maryland. 
 
 serious consequences to Maryland, and the story- 
 is one of jieculiar interest, it calls for more than a 
 passinp^ notice. 
 
 2. Early in the year, Gen. Braddock, at the 
 head of a stronji; body of troops, embarked for 
 the colonies. On his arrival at Alexandria, a 
 council of colonial governors was summoned to 
 meet him at Annapolis, on the 3d of April. Gen. 
 Braddock, Gov. Dinwiddle, and Commodore Kep- 
 pel, arrived at Annapolis, where they were shortly 
 after joined by the governors of Massachusetts, 
 New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 3. The place of meeting having been changed, 
 these gentlemen, together with Gov. Sliarpe, of 
 Maryland, proceeded to the General's head-quar- 
 ters at Alexandria. 
 
 4. In the council three expeditions were deter- 
 mined on : the first, against Fort Duquesne, under 
 Braddock himself, reinforced by the Maryland and 
 Virginia levies; the second, against Niagara and 
 Fort Frontignac ; and the third, against Crown 
 Point. 
 
 5. Gov. Sharpe immediately proceeded to Fred- 
 erick, where a portion of the army was already 
 quartered. He was joined here by Gen. Braddock, 
 who had left Alexandria, on the 20th of April. 
 Braddock intended to remain at Frederick, until 
 
 Questions.— 2. When did Braddock embark for the culonies? 
 Wtiat council was held ? 3. Where did they adjourn to ? 4. What 
 expeditions were determined upon? 5. What delayed Braddock? 
 
Franklin. 83 
 
 his stores should be forwarded to Fort Cumber- 
 land. The Yirginia contractors having failed to 
 fulfil their engagements, his stay at Frederick, 
 very much to his chagrin, was protracted beyond 
 his expectation or his patience. He was com- 
 pelled to send round the country to buy food and 
 cattle for the subsistence of his troops. 
 
 6. While Braddock was venting his spleen 
 against army contractors, Benjamin Franklin ar- 
 rived at Frederick. He came ostensibly in the 
 character of Post Master General, to arrange for 
 the transmission of dispatches, but in reality was 
 sent by the Assembly of Pennsylvania to concili- 
 ate Braddock, who, they understood, was incensed 
 against them. 
 
 7. Notwithstanding the entire confidence Brad- 
 dock had in himself and his regulars, Franklin, 
 relying upon his better knowledge of the difficulties 
 of the country, and the peculiarities of Indian war- 
 fare, modestly observed to the general, that if he 
 arrived before Fort Duquesne, with his troops and 
 artillery, the fort could probably make but a short 
 resistance, but that he himself feared the ambus- 
 cades of the Indians. 
 
 8. Braddock smiled at what he thought Franklin's 
 ignorance, and replied ; " These savages may indeed 
 
 Questions.— 5. What was he compelled to do? 6. Who joined 
 Braddock at Frederick ? For what purpose had he been sent ? 
 7. What suggestions did Franklin make ? 8. How did Braddock 
 receive the suggestions? What did he reply? 
 
84 History of Maryland. 
 
 be a formidable enemy to raw American militia, 
 but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops, 
 sir, it is impossible for them to make any impres- 
 sion." 
 
 9. During his stay at Frederick, he was joined 
 by George Washington, then Colonel, whom he 
 had invited to join him as aid-de-camp. It was 
 to the skill and courage of Washington, that the 
 remnant of the army owed its preservation. 
 
 10. As the whole delay of the army was caused 
 by the want of wagons and teams, the few in the 
 neighborhood of Frederick having been all im- 
 pressed, and found insufficient, Franklin, one day, 
 expressed his regret to the general that he had not 
 landed in Pennsylvania, where almost every farmer 
 owned a wagon. 
 
 11. Braddock immediately commissioned Frank- 
 lin to contract for one hundred and fifty wagons, 
 and a proper supply of draught and saddle horses. 
 The reluctant Pennsylvania farmers, however, would 
 not yield their property without the further secu- 
 rity of Franklin's personal responsibility. 
 
 12. On the 10th of June, Braddock set off from 
 Fort Cumberland. The march over the mountains 
 proved a tremendous affair. Owing to the difficul- 
 ties of the way, the line of wagons and troops often 
 
 Questions. — 9. Who joined him at Frederick? What is said of 
 Washington? 10. What caused the delay? What did Franklin 
 say? 11. For how many wagons did he order him to contract? 
 What did the farmers require ? 12. When did Braddock start 
 from Cumberland? What of the march? 
 
Mutual Disgust. 85 
 
 'Xtendcd for three or four miles. Wasliington was 
 )utrag;ed at the number of wagons required for the 
 )ao:gage and luxuries of the officers, — backvvood's 
 campaigning admitting only what could be carried 
 n a portmanteau. He thought that men who 
 equired so much for their comfort, could hardly 
 )e efficient in the field. On the other hand, the 
 3ritisli officers were disgusted at the "languid, 
 ipiritless, unsoldier-like appearance" of the colo- 
 lial levies, " which gave little hope of future good 
 )ehavior." The sequel proved how much de- 
 ceived both parties were in their estimate of each 
 )ther. 
 
 13. Braddock, in his blind confidence in his 
 'egulars, rejected the aid of Indians and back- 
 voodsraen, acquainted with Indian warfare, saying, 
 le had " experienced troops on whom he could rely 
 or all purposes." 
 
 14. The military education of Braddock was in 
 lis way. He could not adapt himself to the na- 
 ure of circumstances in which he was placed. — 
 Hence his march was exceedingly slow, sometimes 
 lot advancing more than twelve miles in four days. 
 A.lthough a stranger to fear, he was charged at 
 lome ''with not marching as if at all impatient 
 he scalped.''^ 
 
 Questions.— 12. "Wliat Were Washington's feelings ? At what 
 pere the British disgusted? 13. What is said of this section? 
 4. What was in Braddoclv's vay ? What was the result ? 
 
86 History of Maryland. 
 
 15. In this march Washington saw enough of 
 British regulars to have his confidence in them 
 shaken, when it should come to wild bush-fighting. 
 He ventured to suggest that the Virginia rangers, 
 being accustomed to the country and Indian war- 
 fare, might be thrown in advance. The veteran, 
 indignant that a young provincial should presume 
 to make a suggestion to him, gave him only an 
 angry reply. 
 
 16. On July 9th, the army was in the neighbor- 
 hood of the fort, marching " as if in a review in 
 St. James' Park," without having sent out scouts 
 or rangers in advance, when suddenly was heard a 
 quick and heavy firing in front. The van of the 
 advance had been taken by surprise : a murderous 
 fire broke out from among trees and a ravine on 
 the right, and the woods resounded with unearthly 
 whoops and yellings. 
 
 IT. A perfect panic seized the troops, all orders 
 were unheeded ; in their fright they shot at ran- 
 dom, killing their own troops. In a short time 
 most of the officers and many of the men of the 
 advance w^re killed or wounded. The advance 
 fell back upon the working party, which was equally 
 dismayed, and which, together with the advanced 
 party, fell back upon the reinforcement sent up, 
 and all was now confusion. 
 
 Questions. — 15. What did Washington suggest? How was it re- 
 ceived? 16. What is said in this section ? 17. Describe the panic ? 
 
The Defeat. 87 
 
 18 When the p:eneral came upon tlie ground, 
 he tried to rally the men. "They would fig'ht," 
 they said, " if they could see their enemy ; it was 
 useless to fire at trees and bushes, and they could 
 not stand to he shot down b}' an invisible foe." 
 
 19. The Yirp^inia troops scattered themselves, 
 and took post behind trees. In this way they, in 
 some degree, protected the rejrulars. Braddock 
 would not consent to depart from the system he 
 had been trained in, and, instead of adopting the 
 same plan, insisted upon forming his troops in pla- 
 toons. The result was they were cut down as fast 
 as they could advance. 
 
 20. The bravery of the oflScers was now seen. 
 Their courage seemed to kindle with the thicken- 
 ing horrors. In the vain hope of inspiriting their 
 men, they would dash forward singly or in groups. 
 They were invariably shot down. 
 
 21. Washington was the only aid left alive. He 
 was sent to the main body to bring the artillery 
 into action. The men who served the guns were 
 paralysed. Had they raked the ravine with grape 
 shot the day might have been saved. But the men 
 could not be kept to the guns, 
 
 22. Braddock was undaunted ; five horses had 
 been killed under him, still he kept his ground, 
 
 Quest ions.— ^S. VVliat did tlie general try to do? What did the 
 men reply? 19. Wliat did the \'irginia troops do? What Brad- 
 dock? 20. What Is said of the bravery of the ofHeers? 'Zl. What 
 is said of Washington ? What of the men ? 22. What of Braddock ? 
 
88 History of Maryland. 
 
 vainly endeavoring to check the flight of his men. 
 At length a bullet passed through his right arm, 
 and lodged itself in his lungs, inflicting a mortal 
 wound. 
 
 23. The rout now became complete. Out of 
 eighty-six officers, twenty-six had been killed, and 
 thirty-six wounded. The rank and file lost up- 
 wards of seven hundred. The Virginia corps 
 suffered most, one company had been almost anni- 
 hilated — another had lost all its officers, even to 
 the corporal. 
 
 24. The victorious force of the enemy consisted 
 only of thirty Frenchmen and three or four hun- 
 dred Indians, of whom seven Indians and four 
 Frenchmen were killed. 
 
 CHAPTER XYIII. 
 
 1755-1758 — French and Indian War Continued — 
 Terror and Desolation — Piantations laid Waste — 
 Panic — Expedition against Fort Duquesne — Grant's 
 Bravado and Defeat — Gallantry of Marylanders — 
 Abandonment of the Fort by the French. 
 
 1. A, period of terror and desolation ensued — 
 the settlements were attacked and broken up. The 
 
 Questions.— 2"^. Describe the rout? 24. What did the victorious 
 force consist of? 1. What is said in this section? 
 
Terror. 89 
 
 out)3osts were driven in, and some of the smaller 
 posts captured, and their crarrisons massacred. — 
 The panic spread even to the bay shore. Many of 
 the inliabitants from the interior fled to Baltimore. 
 Preparations were made by the citizens of that 
 town to embark their women and children on board 
 of vessels, preparatory to a flight to Virginia ; 
 while some of the Virginians even believed there 
 was no safety short of England itself. 
 
 2. As soon as the disastrous intelligence of Brad- 
 dock's destruction reached Annapolis, Governor 
 Sharpe set out for Frederick ; the militia were 
 called out, and volunteers were raised. 
 
 3. In this disastrous year, more than twenty 
 plantations were laid waste, and their occupants 
 massacred or carried into captivity. In Novem- 
 ber, it was reported that a body of French and 
 Indians were within thirty miles of Baltimore, and 
 immediately two thousand men assembled to meet 
 their advance. 
 
 4. Even the people of Annapolis, far removed 
 as they were from the frontiers, caught the infec- 
 tion, and began to fortify their town. The excite- 
 ment was allayed by the return of several volun- 
 teers from the West, who reported affairs as in a 
 better condition. 
 
 Questions.— \. How far did the panic extend? 2. Gov. Sharpe's 
 movements? 3. What is said of the ravages of the Indians? 
 4. What of Annapolis? 
 
 8* 
 
History of Maryland. 
 
 5, Fort Cumberland being so far from the fron- 
 tier, was found to afford no protection. Governor 
 Sharpe, tlierefore, selected a site for a new fort, 
 near the present town of Hancock, to be called 
 Fort Frederick, which was ready for the reception 
 of troops by the middle of August, 1750. 
 
 Ruins of F o it t F n k n k n i c k . 
 
 6. Provision having thus been made, the confi- 
 dence of the people to the westward was somewhat 
 restored. But the petty warfare of posts and 
 defensive expeditions, while it exhausted the force 
 of the colony, could produce no permanent results. 
 
 T. The neighboring colonies of V^irginia and 
 Pennsylvania, at length, with that of Maryland, 
 became convinced that the only way to protect 
 
 Questions.— 5. Whnt new pi(e for a fort was selected ? 0. What is 
 said in tills section 2 7. Of what were the colonies now con- 
 vinced? 
 
Active Measures. 91 
 
 their frontiers was by expelling tlie enemy from 
 their stronghold. 
 
 8. It was hoped by the colonies that active and 
 energetic measures would now be taken. Virginia, 
 which was most interested, had one regiment in the 
 field. The forces of Maryland amounted to five 
 hundred men, aided by Indian allies, under Col. 
 Dagworthy. 
 
 9. In September, 1758, an advanced body hav- 
 ing proceeded about ten miles beyond Laurel Hill, 
 Major Grant, with a body of more than eight hun- 
 dred men, consisting of three hundred and thirty 
 Highlanders, one hundred royal Americans, one 
 hundred and seventy-six Virginians, ninety-five 
 Maryland, one hundred and twelve Pennsylvania, 
 and thirteen Carolina troops was detached to re- 
 connoitre. 
 
 10. In the night, unobserved bj the French, 
 Grant took a post upon a hill about eighty rods 
 from Fort Duquesne, and in the morning, by way 
 of bravado, beat the reveille, and sounded the bag- 
 pipes in several places. 
 
 11. As soon as the English were discovered, 
 the Indians sallied out from the fort, and having 
 reached a height that overlooked Grant's position, 
 surrounded him and commenced the attack. 
 
 Qurstions. — S. What forces were now in the field? 9. What 
 ir> said of Grant? 10. What further? 11. What did the In- 
 dians do? 
 
92 History of Maryland. 
 
 12. The Highlanders, suffering from the deadly 
 fire, at length gave way. The Maryland troops, 
 joined by the Carolinians, took cover in bushes 
 and behind trees, and keeping the enemy at bay, 
 sustained the action. The Virginians were two 
 miles behind guarding the baggage; as soon as 
 the action began they hastened up to the assist- 
 ance of Grant, but were unable to maintain their 
 ground. The English were defeated with a loss 
 of two hundred and seventy-three killed, and forty- 
 two wounded. 
 
 13. The Marylanders behaved with great gallan- 
 try, and, although they suffered severely, succeeded 
 in covering the retreat of the remainder of the 
 troops. Oat of ninety-five men, their loss was 
 twenty-three privates and one officer. 
 
 14 The main body was still toiling on its way, 
 and did not reach the scene of the conflict until a 
 month after the battle. It was determined to de- 
 fer any attack until the next campaign. But the 
 enemy were not so slow The troops from the fort, 
 with the Indians, to the number of one thousand 
 men, attacked the English on the 12th of October. 
 After a hard fight, they were repulsed. Lieut. 
 Prather, of 'Maryland, was killed. 
 
 Questions. — 12. What the Highlanders? Who kept the enemy 
 at bay? What about the Virginians? 13. How did the Mary- 
 landers beliave? 14. What about the main body? Who attacked 
 it? Result? 
 
Defeat op French and Indians. 93 
 
 15. After this battle, several skirmishes ensued. 
 In one of these, Capt. Evan Shelby, of Frederick 
 county, killed, with his own hand, one of the lead- 
 ing chiefs of the enemy. 
 
 16. The Indians now abandoned their allies, and 
 left the fort, saying it was an easy matter to deal 
 with the regulars, but impossible to withstand the 
 provincials. On the 22d of November, after a 
 painful march, the English succeeded in reaching 
 Fort Duquesne, which they found had been aban- 
 doned and burnt by the French. A new fort was 
 built, named Fort Pitt. 
 
 17. Gov. Sharpe, in sympathy with the joy that 
 filled the colony, appointed a day of public thanks- 
 giving and praise. The Assembly appropriated 
 money to be divided among the brave men who 
 had served in their forces. 
 
 18. From this time, Maryland had little concern 
 in the war, and the principal features of its history 
 are of a pacific and legislative character. Yet that 
 legislative history is full of interest, for it is the his- 
 tory of that continuous struggle for the rights of 
 the people, that led eventually to the war of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Questions.— 15. Who was killed? IG. What did the Indians do? 
 When did the English reach the fort? What did they find? 
 17. What is said in this section? 18. And what in this? 
 
94 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Days before the Revolution — The Democratic 
 and th^ Aristocratic Elements — Claims of the Ttco 
 Houses — Fence— Debt — Condition of Maryland — Influ- 
 ence of the French War — The Old Controversy Revived 
 — Preparaiory Steps to the Stamp Act. 
 
 1. The Charter of Maryland contained the p^erms 
 of two contenduig prhiciples — the aristocratic and 
 the democratic. From the earliest period of its 
 history, there had been contests between the par- 
 ties representing these principles. 
 
 2. The result of the contest, in every stage, was 
 in favor of the democratic element. The spirit of 
 the people, and the necessities of the times, contri- 
 buted to its vigorous growth. The contest was 
 now verging to its final issue 
 
 3. The representatives of the people, who sat in 
 the lower house, insisted upon the right to frame 
 and amend bills for raising money. The upper 
 house, consisting of the governor and his council, 
 claimed for themselves a share in the imposition of 
 taxes. 
 
 4. As long as danger was threatening the exist- 
 ence of the colony, the commons did not insist upon 
 
 Questions.— \. What is said of Hie charter? 2. What was the re- 
 sult of every contest? 3. Upper and lower houses? 4. What was 
 the chiim of the commons* t. 
 
Peace. 95 
 
 their claim, but when the war was over, they planted 
 themselves firmly upon their old position — " that 
 the people could only be taxed by their own con- 
 sent. " 
 
 5. Peace was declared in 1763, and the French 
 colonies were ceded to England. But to counter- 
 balance this acquisition, she found herself laboring 
 under a heavy war debt. To aid her in managing 
 this, she turned her eyes towards the colonies, all 
 of whom, excepting Maryland alone, which had re- 
 sisted, had been compelled to furnish requisitions. 
 
 6. The condition of Maryland was prosperous. 
 In 1761, its population amounted to 164,000 per- 
 sons. The greatness of its resources was undis- 
 puted. Its people were frugal and industrious, 
 and had spread themselves almost to the utmost 
 limits of the province. Its physical features made 
 it peculiarly fitted for commerce and navigation ; 
 its soil was rich, and exuberantly productive to the 
 labor of the husbandman and planter. This con- 
 dition of prosperity being shared by the other 
 colonies, England determined to avail herself of 
 their increasing wealth to replenish her own ex- 
 hausted coffers. 
 
 7. Disastrous as the French war apparently was 
 to the colonies, it was not without great advan- 
 tage to them. The spirit of independence and 
 
 Questions.— 5. WJien was peace declared? What was the condi- 
 tion of England? 6. Condition of Maryland? Character of her 
 people? What further is said? 7. Influence of French war? 
 
96 History of Maryland. 
 
 self-reliance had had time to grow, and opportuni- 
 ties to develop itself. With an active and watch- 
 ful enemy ready to seize upon the colonies, England 
 was 'too dependent upon them to offend them. — 
 She, therefore, in a measure, closed her eyes to the 
 growing spirit of independence, while the colonies 
 learned their power to maintain that spirit. 
 
 8. Now that the war was over, England on the 
 one hand was determined to make the colonies feel 
 her authority, and the colonies, on the other, re- 
 solved to re-assert their old rights. It was a con- 
 test for supremacy on one side, and for freedom on 
 the other. 
 
 9. In 1T63, the English government began to 
 take preparatory steps. The Prime Minister gave 
 notice to the colonies that, at the ensuing session 
 of Parliament, he intended to propose a duty on 
 stamps for the purpose of raising a revenue from 
 the provinces to defray the expenses of the war. 
 The colonies had always insisted that they should 
 not be taxed without their own consent. The 
 Minister hoped they would propose a compromise, 
 and thus commit themselves to an abandonment of 
 their principle by negotiating instead of resisting. 
 
 10. In the session of Parliament which followed, 
 a resolution to the same effect was adopted, but 
 not yet executed. The trade of the colonies was 
 
 Questions.— 7. Effect upon mother country? 8. What contro- 
 versy now arose? 9. What steps did the English government 
 take? 30. What is said in this section ? 
 
Stamp Act. OT 
 
 interfered with and injured. But all this, instead 
 of arousing the spirit of compromise, had the con- 
 trary effect. The indignation of the people was 
 aroused. They saw the design was to deprive 
 them of their liberties and make them the mere 
 subjects of the British Parliament. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Stamp Act — Stamp Act Imposed — Maryland Asscmhhj 
 Prorogued — No Stamps iJi Maryland — Protest of As- 
 sembly — Treatment of Hood — Acts of Assembly — 
 Frederick County Court — ''Sons of Liberty'' — Repeal 
 of Stamp Act. 
 
 1. On the 22d of March, 1765, the Stamp Act 
 was finally passed. The interval between its first 
 proposal and final passage had enabled the people 
 to gather their energies for universal resistance. 
 
 2. In open manifestation Massachusetts and Vir- 
 ginia took the lead, but the silence of Maryland 
 was not the result of lukewarmness. Her assembly 
 was disabled from declaring its hostility to the 
 measure, as its meeting was prevented by proro- 
 gation. 
 
 Questions. — 1. When was the stamp act imposed? 2. Why could 
 not Maryland declare her hostility? 
 
 9 
 
98 History op Maryland. 
 
 3. It is the proud boast of Maryland that hor 
 soil was never polluted by the obnoxious stamps. 
 In unanimity, firmness and success, she exceeded 
 all the other colonies. The Assembly could not 
 speak until September, 17 G 5, when it solemnly 
 protested against the measure, and indignantly 
 com])lained that they had for two years been de- 
 prived of the power of publicly declaring their 
 lastinir opposition. 
 
 4. The people of the colony, however, had pre- 
 viously taken the matter in their own hands. — 
 Hood, a native of Maryland, was appointed stamp 
 distributor for the province. On his arrival at 
 Annapolis with the stamps, there was a great ex- 
 citement. The people would not suffer him to 
 land ; the vessel was compelled to draw off', and 
 land Hood secretly, at another time and place. 
 The country people gathered into the city, pre- 
 pared to show their detestation of the man who 
 could consent to become the instrument in enslav- 
 ing his own country. 
 
 5. The people not only refused to buy his goods, 
 which he offered at reduced prices, to secure favor, 
 but they even destroyed the house in which he was 
 to place them, lest it should also be a depository 
 for the hated stamps. Having insulted him in 
 various ways, they at length threatened personal 
 
 Questions.— 5. What is the boast of Maryland? When did the 
 assembly protest? 4. How had the colony shown its hostility? 
 5. What was Hood compelled to do? 
 
Frederick County Court. 99 
 
 Tiolence. He fled for refnge to the jjovernor, who 
 could not protect him from popular fury. He tlieti 
 escaped to New York, but was followed even there 
 by a number of daring spirits, who compelled him 
 to renounce and abjure forever, under oath, his 
 office and the exercise of its functions. 
 
 G. When the Assembly met, it made a solemn 
 declaration of their rights, which the people had 
 vindicated, by measures in which the principal men 
 in the province had borne a part. The Assembly 
 appointed representatives to the " Congress of 
 Deputies," and instructed them to see that what- 
 ever petition was presented to the English govern- 
 ment, it should contain an assertion of the right of 
 the colonies to be free from taxation "save by their 
 own consent, or that of their representatives, freely 
 chosen and ai^fjiointed." 
 
 • 7. The law had made stamps necessary in many 
 business transactions; for a time, therefore, there 
 was a cessation of business. The Frederick county 
 court had the high honor of first deciding, in a 
 legal manner, the unconstitutionality of the stamp 
 act. In the public offices at Annapolis, however, 
 business sfill continued to be interrupted. The 
 officers hesitated to treat the law as a nullity, and 
 feared to attempt its enforcement. 
 
 8. To meet this difficulty the inhabitants of Bal- 
 timore and the adjoining country formed themselves 
 
 Quations.—G. What did the assembly do? 1. What court made 
 the first decision? 8. What did the people of Baltimore and the 
 conntrv do-) 
 
100 History of Maryland. 
 
 into an association, called " The Sons of Liberty," 
 and adjourned to meet at Annapolis. They came 
 together in great strength and compelled the courts 
 and public offices to be kept open, without the 
 stamps. Business was again renewed, and the 
 stamp act, though still unrepealed, was a dead 
 letter in Maryland. 
 
 9. In 1766, the obnoxious act, long since dead 
 in all the colonies, and never enforced in Maryland, 
 was repealed. The House of Delegates did not 
 fail to express their sense of gratitude to those 
 who had, in the British Parliament, proved them- 
 selves the friends of the colonies. They decreed a 
 statue of marble to Chatham, and a portrait by 
 some eminent hand to Lord Camden, but through 
 the action of the upper house, the decree was 
 never carried into effect. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 The Duty on Tea— Ta.r on Tea, ^c. — Massachusetts' 
 Circular — Non- Importation — TI^e ^^Good Intent " — 
 Alarm of the . British Ministry — Defection of other 
 Colonies. 
 
 1. The English government still clung to the 
 idea of raising a revenue from the colonies. But 
 
 Question/^. — 9. When was the stamp act repealed? How did the 
 HoLlse of Delegates show their gratitude to the friends of the 
 colonies.? 1. Hovv did the English government now proceed ? 
 
Massachusetts' Circular. 101 
 
 they determined to proceed in a more cautious 
 manner. A tax, under the specious pretence of 
 rejjulating commerce, was laid on tea, paints, glass 
 and p:)]!er, imported into the colonies. 
 
 2. Tno old spirit of resistance broke out ; the 
 press teemed with apjieals to the public ; aiid the 
 colonists were soon prepared to meet it, as they 
 had met the stamp tax. The Legislature did not 
 assemble until the 24th of May, 17G8, but public 
 opinion had already settled its course. Instruc- 
 tions had been received by the various governors 
 to dissolve the assemblies of their provinces, if they 
 manifested any disposition to unite in measures of 
 opposition. 
 
 3. But the Assembly of Maryland v/as too wary 
 to be thus circumvented. It prepared its measures 
 in advance. Massachusetts had issued a circular 
 advising the sister colonies to frame petitions to 
 the crown. The Assembly took into consideration 
 the Massachusetts circular, and appointed a com- 
 mittee to draft a petition to the king. 
 
 4. The governor warned them that they would 
 be prorogued if they persisted. Without reply or 
 delay, they instantly adopted the petition, passed 
 a series of resolutions, which they had already 
 framed ; and, having taken every step the occa- 
 sion demanded, drew up a sharp reply to the gov- 
 
 Quextions. — 2. What is said of the press? Instructions to gov- 
 ernors? 3. What had the Assembly of Maryh^nd done? 4. What 
 further took place? 
 
 9* 
 
102 History of Maryland. 
 
 ernor, stating their readiness to be prorogued. — 
 They were accordingly dissolved. 
 
 5. Tlie colonists were not yet prepared for an 
 appeal to arras. Having tried petition and remon- 
 strances, they determined to resort once more to 
 *' non-importation " which had been introduced in 
 the days of the stamp act. 
 
 G. At an early period of the struggle, county 
 associations had been formed in Maryland. For 
 the pur[)Ose of united action, it was now deemed 
 expedient to embody them together. On the 20th 
 of June, 1709, the people assembled at Annapolis, 
 and entered into articles of non-importation of 
 British superfluities, for promoting frugality, econ- 
 omy and the use of American manufacture. 
 
 7. In the beginning of the ensuing year, the 
 spirit of the associators was put to the test. " The 
 Good Intent," a British bark, arrived in the harbor 
 of Annapolis, with a cargo of obnoxious articles. 
 Tt was resolved that the goods should not be 
 landed, and the bark was compelled to return to 
 London with her whole cargo. 
 
 8. Long before the destruction of tea in Boston 
 harbor by disguised men, the patriots of Maryland, 
 calmly, openly and in the presence of the governor 
 and the provincial officers, discussed and set at 
 
 Questions. — 5. To what did the colonies now resort? G. What 
 is said of county associations? Of the meeting at Annapolis? 
 7. What test of their determinations did they now have? 8. What 
 is said iu this section 2 
 
Pay of Public Officers. 103 
 
 defiance this obnoxious act, and more effectnally, 
 though more peacefully, prevented its execution. 
 9. The British merchants sent no more pro- 
 hibited goods to Maryland ] and the ministry, 
 alarmed at the opposition, promised the repeal of 
 the duty on all articles except tea. While Mary- 
 land stood firm, the other colonies began to give 
 way. New York deserted the association ; Phila- 
 delphia followed. Several merchants of Baltimore 
 requested the associators to consider the matter. 
 Delegates from all the counties met at Annapolis, 
 but so far from yielding their consent, they de- 
 nounced both the proposition and its authors. At 
 last, Boston gave up the system. Maryland never- 
 abandoned its pledge. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Proclamation and the Vestry Act— Pay of 
 Public Officers — Tithes — Expiraiion of the Lata — Pro- 
 clamation — Party Spirit — Dulany and Carroll. 
 
 1. The public officers did not receive regular 
 salaries, but were paid by fees given for each 
 service performed. The profits of some officers 
 became enormous, and the people became restless 
 under these exactions. 
 
 Questions. — 9. What did the ministrj' promise? What is said of 
 Maryhxnd? Did Boston yield? Did MaryJaad? 1. What is said 
 of the pay of public officers i 
 
104 History of Maryland. 
 
 2. There was also another burden. The cleriry 
 of the Church of England, which had been estab- 
 lished by law, were supported by tithes, or taxes. 
 The rate was, at first, forty pounds of tobacco a 
 head, afterwards, thirty pounds. As the popula- 
 tion increased, the income of the parishes became 
 (enormous. 
 
 3. In the spirit of opposition to unjust burdens, 
 these too did not escape. The legislature endea- 
 vored to diminish the amount of the fees, and 
 obtain other reforms. The House of Delegates, 
 having: ordered the arrest of a clerk for taking 
 illegal fees, was prorogued by the governor. 
 
 4. The law that gave the clergy thirty pounds 
 of tobacco a head, instead of forty, having expired, 
 they claimed that the old law was in force, and the 
 governor issued a proclamation fixing the old rates 
 of fees. 
 
 5. The intolerant spirit which had cheerfully 
 sustained the tax for the support of the clergy, as 
 a weapon of offence against non-conformists, was 
 now passing away. The clergy moreover being 
 appointed by the governor, the sympathies, there- 
 fore, as well as the interests of that body, were 
 likely to be with the governor and his party, who 
 were the representatives of arbitrary power. 
 
 Questions.— 2. What other burden ? 3. What did the legisla- 
 ture endeavor to do? 4. What haw expired? What did the 
 clergy claim? What proclamation 2 5. What is said in this 
 section ? 
 
Daniel Dulany. 105 
 
 6. The people, therefore, were generally opposed 
 to the clergy, and as they never would submit to 
 the exercise of arbitrary power, the proclamation 
 at once roused up all the fire of " The Sons of 
 Liberty." 
 
 T. Parties were immediately formed. The gov- 
 ernor, officials, and their adlierents, formed one 
 party ; the body of the people, headed by the 
 lawyers, the other. Great excitement prevailed ; 
 public opinion was appealed to in every mode. 
 
 8. Prominent among the disputants were the 
 leaders of the two parties. That of the party of 
 privilege, was Daniel Dulany, at that time the most 
 eminent lawyer in the province, who also had done 
 the people good service in the days of the stamp 
 act, but who now formed an exception to his class, 
 which was all with the people. He held the most 
 lucrative office, and resisted every attempt to in- 
 fringe upon the profits of place. The leader of 
 the popular party was a young man, spirited, 
 wealthy, and highly educated, one of the brightest 
 in the galaxy of bright names that have shed lustre 
 upon the history of Maryland — Charles Carroll of 
 CarroUton. 
 
 Questions.— G. What, was the effect of the pvoelamation ? 7. What . 
 parties were formed? 8. Who were the leaders ? 
 
106 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII, 
 
 Charles Cakroll or Carrollton — Birth and Educa- 
 tion — Return to Maryland — First entrance into Public 
 Lije — ''First CUizen" — Dalany — Triumj)h of Carroll. 
 
 1. This eminent 
 man, and intrepid 
 champion of liber- 
 ty, was descend- 
 ed from a family 
 which had settled 
 in the province be- 
 fore the revolution 
 of 1689. He was 
 born at Annapolis 
 in 1737, and at 
 eight years of age 
 'was sent to France 
 to be educated. 
 Charles CAnnoLL, of Carrollton. 2. At the age of 
 twenty he commenced the study of law in London. 
 He returned to Maryland in 1764, just in time to 
 enter into the strife which his countrymen were 
 waging against tyranny. As he was a Roman 
 Catholic, he was numbered among the disfran- 
 chised. But this personal injustice, while it ex- 
 cluded him from the councils, did not prevent him 
 from sympathising in the wrongs of his people. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Bii'th and education ? 2. Why disfranchised? 
 
Charles Carroll. lOT 
 
 3. His first entrance into the conflict was his 
 opposition to the stamp act, and the taxation of 
 commerce. Bat now he had to deal with a power- 
 ful and skilful adversary. Mr. Dulany was his 
 equal in education, his superior in age, experience 
 and reputation; in fine, with all the odds in his 
 favor. 
 
 4. Trusting, however, in the justice of his cq^ise 
 and the integrity of his purpose, Carroll did not 
 hesitate to enter into the contest. The dispute 
 was carried on under the names of " First Citi- 
 zen'''' and '* Aniilore,^^ Carroll adopting the first 
 name. 
 
 5. The way by which he came to adopt this 
 singular title was as follows: Dulany had written 
 a dialogue, as if held by two citizens, and, instead 
 of giving them names, he called thera " First Citi- 
 zen" and " Second Citizen." He so managed this 
 supposed discussion that the " First Citizen," who 
 was meant to represent the party oi)posed to the 
 proclamation, was defeated in the argument, Car- 
 roll assumed the name of the " First Citizen," and 
 carried on the dialogue with more justice to the 
 side represented by that character. 
 
 6. Dulany found a foeman worthy of his steel, 
 and the man of straw which he had made proved a 
 
 Questions.— :i. What was his first entrance into the conflict? 
 Who was his opponent? 4. What name did he adopt? 5. How 
 came he to adopt it? 6. Who was his opponent? 
 
108 HiSTonY OP Maryland. 
 
 giant in his path. Though attacked with invec- 
 tive, and taunted with that, which if not his glory 
 was their shame — "that he was a disfranchised 
 man, and could not even vote at an election/^ — 
 Carroll calmly fought the fight of liberty, and 
 triumphed. 
 
 7. Re triumphed with the people ; he lived to 
 see them free, and great, and prosperous. He was 
 the last survivor of the noble band of patriots who 
 signed the Declaration of Independence, and when 
 he died, in the ninety-sixth year of his age, the 
 tears not only of Maryland, but of the American 
 people flowed for him. 
 
 8. The election that took place in the midst of 
 all this excitement, resulted in the complete success 
 of the popular party. The people acknowledged 
 their gratitude to their able champion. They 
 could not select him as their delegate, for though 
 the champion of their liberty, he was himself en- 
 thralled. But, in accordance with instructions 
 given by the people in public meetings held in 
 Frederick, Baltimore and Annapolis, the delegates 
 presented the thanks of the people to " The First 
 Citizen." 
 
 Questions.— 7. What is said of his triumph? 8. What party suc- 
 ceeded at the election ? How did the people shew their gratitude 
 to Carroll ? 
 
J^. 
 
 Tax. the Badge of Servitude. 109 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 177o-4— PvEVivAL OF THE Tax ON Tea — Tax, the Badpe 
 of Servitude — The r'lciht to Tax, not the Amount, the 
 matter of Dispute — Convention — Aid to Boston — Burn- 
 ing of the Tea at AnnapoLis — Characteristics of this Act. 
 
 1. During all 
 these excitements, 
 the colony had 
 \ been free from the 
 -? ditficulties with 
 the mother coun- 
 ^^ try, which so agi- 
 ■^i tated the Northern 
 . colonies. From 
 the nature of the 
 Proprietary gov- 
 ernment, the crown 
 State TTottsk. Annapolis. COuld not exercise 
 
 any control over the affairs of the province; it was 
 therefore free from many of the dissensions arising 
 under the royal governments. 
 
 2. But Maryland was not less ready to contend, 
 when a principle was at stake. The tax -on tea 
 had not yet been repealed, but the hatred to it, 
 for it was the badge of servitude, kept the people 
 
 Qi'fstions. — 1. From what had the colony been free? W' liy ? 
 2. AVhiit is said of the lax on tea? 
 
 10 
 
110 History of Maryland. 
 
 faithful to their pledge that they would not use the 
 article. 
 
 3. Great quantities of tea, therefore, accumu- 
 lated in the store-liouses of the East India Com- 
 pany, and their business was interferred with. The 
 English goA'erment offered the company to pay 
 them back the duty on all tea which they exported 
 to the colonies. This would enable the company 
 to sell the tea as cheap in the colonies, with the 
 tax added, as they sold it in England ; and at the 
 same time the government would not be giving up 
 their right to impose the tax. 
 
 4. But it was about the right to impose the tax, 
 and not the price of tea, that colonists were con- 
 tending, and they were too shrewd to be deceived. 
 The duty on tea was the badge of English suprem- 
 acy, and they never consented to wear it ; they 
 knew too, that the most successful resistance is 
 that which is prompt, and they acted accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 5. Public meetings were held, and resolutions 
 adopted to prevent the landing of the tea. In 
 Charleston, it was landed, but never exposed for 
 •sale; the vessels containing it, that arrived in New 
 York and Philadelphia, were compelled to return. 
 In Boston, the tea was thrown overboard by per- 
 sons disguised as Indians. 
 
 Questions. — 3. What did the English government propose ? 4. Why 
 did not the colonies accede ? 5. What was done to the tea in dif- 
 ferent places? 
 
Maryland Convention. Ill 
 
 6. The people of Maryland called for a conven- 
 tion. This body proposed an absolute cessation 
 of all intercourse with the mother country, and 
 directed subscriptions to be made for the relief of 
 the Bostonians, who were suffering; the vengeance 
 of the thwarted and enraged government. This 
 was the second time Massachusetts had experi- 
 enced the generosity of Maryland. The first, was 
 on the occasion of a disastrous fire in Boston, 
 when the governor of Maryland ordered collec- 
 tions to be made in all the churches, for the relief 
 of the sufferers. And it was done. 
 
 7. In August, 1774. the brigantine "Mary and 
 Jane," arrived in the St. Mary's river, with tea on 
 board for merchants in Georgetown and Bladens- 
 burg. The committee of Charles county summoned 
 the master, and one of the consignees to appear 
 before them. But as the tax had not teen paid, 
 they were discharged upon their pledge that the 
 tea should not be landed, but sent back to Eng- 
 land. The committee of Frederick county pursued 
 a similar course with the consignees at Georgetown. 
 
 8. Every child is familiar with what is called 
 " the tea party of Boston," but an affair equalling 
 it in every respect was transacted at Annapolis, 
 namely, the tea-burning — open and undisguised^ 
 shewing the high toned and manly trait that has 
 
 - 
 
 Quest ions.— G. What did the people of Maryland do ? What assist- 
 ance did tiiey render Massachusetts? 7. What vessel arrived with 
 tea ? What was done? 8. Wliat is said in this section ? 
 
112 History of Maryland. 
 
 always characterized a true Marylnndcr — n willino;- 
 ness to assume the responsibility for all he does, 
 and to abide the conseqiiences. 
 
 9. On the 14th of October, the hv\fi: Pe^rgy 
 Stewart, arrived at Annapolis, haviriji; in its car<;o 
 a few i)ackap^es of tea. The duty was paid by the 
 owner of the vessel. The ])eople were outrr!<red 
 at the attempt to fi.x upon them the badge of ser- 
 vitude, by the payment of the tax. 
 
 10. A meeting was iield, at which it was deter- 
 mined that the tea should not be landed. The 
 owner, fearing further trouble proposed to destroy 
 the tea. But that was not sufficient punishment. 
 The offence was a grave one, for had this attempt 
 succeeded, it would have been followed by others 
 more aggressive, and thus the very principle which 
 was contended for, would have been overthrown in 
 the end. It was the head of the ugly beast that 
 was thrust in the door, and it must not only be put 
 out, but driven out by blows, lest growing bold it 
 should push its whole body in 
 
 11. After much discussion, it was proposed to 
 burn the vessel. The meeting did not consent 
 to this, but many expressed their determination 
 to raise a force to accomplish the brig's destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Que.^tio7is. — 9. Wliat otliei- ves.«el nrrived? What hiul the own or ' 
 done ? Feelings of the people? VVIiat was tlie payment ol' th"- (mx 
 regarded as? 10. What was detei-mined? What did the owner 
 propose? 11. What was proposed at the meeting? 
 
Burning of Tea. 
 
 113 
 
 12. Actinj^ under the advice of Mr. Carroll of 
 Carrollton, the owner seeiuji; that the loss of his 
 {)ro])erty was certain, and willing to repair his <:^ood 
 name, even by that loss, proposed to destroy the 
 vessel with his own hands. In the presence of the 
 assembled multitude, he set fire to it with the tea 
 on board — expiating his offence by the destruction 
 of his property. 
 
 BuRN^rfJ-tf THE Tea, Annapolis Jla. i,, ,-. 
 13. The striking features of this transaction, 
 were not only the boldness with which it was exe- 
 cuted, but the deliberation and utter carelessness 
 of concealment in all the measures leading to its 
 accomplishment 
 
 Qjjrsfiniif:. — 12. What di.l the owner now piopo:?e? lo. Wijut wen 
 the stnkiiia; features of this act? 
 
 10* 
 
IH History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXY. 
 
 TiiTC Last Proprtktary — Firf<t Omibienial Congrpuft — 
 Altacliynpid of Maryland to Ihe fninily of Bnlt.nnore — 
 Extinction of the Family — Henry Harford — Condition 
 of the Colony. 
 
 1. The First Continental Con.crressraet at Phila- 
 delphia, on 5th of September, 1774. It issued a 
 manifesto setting forth the rights and grievances 
 of the colonies, and proposing the scheme oi non- 
 importation of British goods. 
 
 2. On its adjournment, the Maryland Conven- 
 tion agnin assembled, and approved of the proceed- 
 ings of the Congress; with the organization of 
 this convention closed the power and dominion of 
 the Inst Proprietary of Maryland. 
 
 3. The people of Maryland had always loved 
 and revered the family of the founder of the pro- 
 vince. Under the government of his descendants, 
 they had enjoyed Ji large liberty, and a constantly 
 increasing prosperity. They ever bore testimony 
 to the kind and paternal rule of the Proprietaries. 
 
 4. It seemed as if Providence, when the great 
 struggle for independence was approaching, sev- 
 ered the link, which might have so held them to 
 their old allegiance, that they would have been less 
 ardent in the common cause. 
 
 Questions.— I. Meetina; of Congress? Wliat did it issue ? 2. Meet- 
 ing of the Maryliind Convention? .'i. What had been tlie feelings 
 toward the family ol the founder of the colony ? 
 
State of the Colony. 115 
 
 5. In 1758, Frederick, last of the lords of Bal- 
 timore, became a widower. He had no children 
 by his wife, and he never married acrain He was 
 in the same year charged with a criminal ollence, 
 of which he was acquitted, but it is known that he 
 led a dissolute and degraded life. lie died at the 
 age of forty, in Italy, in 1771. 
 
 G. lie devised the province to his illegitimate 
 son, Henry Harford, I]sq. The title of Lord Bal- 
 timore could not descend to him, and thus the ntime 
 of tiie founders of the colony passed from their 
 descendants just as the rule over it was about to 
 cease The people of Maryland cared nothing for 
 the man who was an alien in name, nnd of illegiti- 
 mate birth. A Proprietary of this kind could only 
 increase the discontent. 
 
 7. Henry Harford was the last Proprietary, and 
 Robert Eden was the last English G<3vernor of 
 Maryland. After the close of the war of the Rev- 
 olution, the late proprietary and his governor re- 
 turned together into the State. Eden died shortly 
 after, near the City of Annapolis. 
 
 8. A period of one hundred and forty years had 
 passed since two hundred pilgrims, under Leonard 
 Calvert, landed at the southern extremity of the 
 province. Their descendants had extended them- 
 selves to its northern boundary, covered its eastern 
 
 Qiir.stinns.—r,. Wliat is said of Fredpriok, Inst lor] of R iltimoi-e ? 
 0. WliM was Ills heir? 7. Wlio was tlie la.«t propiiftary ? Wlio the 
 hut Eiigli.sh governor? 
 
116 History of Maryland. 
 
 shore with wealth and civilization, crossed the Bine 
 llidpre, tilling its valleys with a bold and hardy 
 populatioii. Commerce was filling its bays and 
 rivers with fleets; the forge and the furnace were 
 already at work ; in short, though hampered by 
 the restrictive laws of England, the germs of her 
 future ]irosperity were budding forth and giving 
 promise of the greatness which this day sees real- 
 ized. 
 
 9. Thus stood the colony in the crisis which was 
 approaching, with a people liberal in their senti- 
 ments, proud of their liberties, prepared to extend 
 them, and ready to maintain them with their 
 blood. 
 
Lords Proprietary — Governors. 117 
 
 THE LOPvDS PROPRIETARY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 1632 — Cecilius Calvert Second Lord Baltiviore. 
 
 1675 — Charles Calvert Third Lord Baltiviore. 
 
 1715 — Benedict Leonard Calvert... Fo?.<7-^A Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1715 — Charles Calvert ...Fifth Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1751 — Frederick Calvert. .../S^j.ri/i and lant Lord Baltiviore. 
 1771-1776 — Henrv Harford, Esq Last Proprietary. 
 
 THE COLONIAL GOVERNORS. 
 Proprietary Governors. 
 
 1633 — Leonard Calvert. 
 
 1647 — Thomas Green. 
 
 1649 — William Stone. 
 
 ]654 — Commissioners under Parliament. 
 
 1658 — JosiAH Fendall. 
 
 1661 — Philip Calvert. 
 
 ]662— Charles Calvert. 
 
 1667 — Charles. Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1678 — Thomas Notelv. 
 
 1681 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1685 — William Joseph, Bres. of Depufirs. 
 
 1689 — Convention of Protestant Association. 
 
 Roya I Go vern o rs . 
 
 1691 — Sir Ljonel Coplev. 
 169:5 — Sir Edmond Andkos. 
 1694 — Francis Nicholson. 
 1699 — Naihanikl Blackistone. 
 17113 — Thomas Tr.Ncii, Bres. 
 1794 — John Levmour. 
 17119 — Edward Llovd, Bres. 
 1714— John Hart. 
 
118 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 Projyrietary Governors. 
 
 1715 — John Hart. 
 
 1720 — Charles Calvert. 
 
 1727 — Benedict Leonard Calvert. 
 
 1732 — Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1733 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1735 — Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1742 — Thomas Bladen. 
 
 1747 — Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1752 — Benjamin Taskeb, Pres, 
 
 1753 — HouATio Sharpe, 
 
 1769 — Robert Eden. 
 
 COLONIAL POPULATION OP MAKYLAND. 
 
 1634 about 200 
 
 1660 12,000 
 
 1665 16,000 
 
 1671 20,000 
 
 1701 30,000 
 
 1715 50.200 
 
 1748 130.000 
 
 1756.. ..154,188 
 
 1776 about 200,000 
 
 FORMATION OF COUNTIES UNDER COLO- 
 NIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1633— St. Mabv's. 
 
 — Kent. 
 ,1650 — Anne Arundel. 
 1654— Calveut. 
 1658 — Charles. 
 1659 — Baltimore. 
 1661— Talbot. 
 1666 — Somerset. 
 1669 — Dorchester. 
 
 1674— Cecil. 
 1695 — Prince George's. 
 1706 — Queen Anne's. 
 1742— Worcester. 
 1748 — Frederick. 
 1773 — Caroline. 
 1773 — Harford. 
 1776 — Washington. 
 1776 — Montgomery. 
 
The Convention. 119 
 
 Part II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Revolution— Cowven/ion — Power of Public Senii- 
 ment — Resolution of Maryland to stand by MassachU' 
 setts — New York and Maryland — Washingtoji, appointed 
 Co^nmayider -in-Chief — Fortnaiion of Maryland Line — 
 Riflemen — Want of Supplies. 
 
 1. The convention called upon the people of 
 Maryland to bury all private animosities, all re- 
 ligious disputes, all memory of past persecution, 
 and " in the name of God, their country, and 
 posterity, to unite in defence of the common rights 
 and liberties." 
 
 2. On the 8th of December, 1774, the conven- 
 tion again assembled to make preparations for an 
 armed resistance to the power of England. The 
 old government still retained the form and ma- 
 chinery of power; the new, without these, pos- 
 sessed an irresistible authority throughout the 
 colony. The source of its power was not its legal 
 form, but public sentiment. Resting on this it 
 
 Questions.— I. What did the convention call upon all to do? 
 2. When did the convention again meet? For what purpose? 
 "What was the source of the power of the convention? 
 
120 History of Maryland. 
 
 needed not penalties and judicial tribunals, for the 
 dominion that has public sentiment for its throne 
 is irresistible. 
 
 3. All who refused to submit to the decrees of 
 the convention were denounced by that body, and 
 from that moment the offenders became the object 
 of the withering scorn and contempt of their 
 countrymen. And this has more terrors than the 
 stalve. 
 
 4. Having provided for the exercise of their 
 authority, the convention resolved that if the crown 
 attempted to carry out by force the measures 
 against Massachusetts, Maryland would assist her 
 to the last extremity. They then ordered all 
 males from sixteen to fifty years of age, to be en- 
 rolled and organized into companies ; to be armed, 
 equipped, and drilled, ready for instant service. 
 
 5. These resolves were immediately carried out ; 
 old and young enrolled with the greatest enthusiasm. 
 Maryland was girding herself for the struggle in 
 which she won so glorious a name. The con- 
 vention was to meet again on the 24th of April, 
 1775; on the 19th the struggle broke out into 
 open conflict, and the first blood shed in the revo- 
 lutionary war was at Lexington. The blow was 
 struck and the American people sprung to arms 
 for the defence of their liberties. 
 
 Questions.—^. What wrs done to those who refused to pubmit? 
 4. What did the convention resolve to do? 5. When wa.s the con- 
 vention to meet again? What tooli place on the 19th. 
 
Washington Nominated. 121 
 
 6. Klsewhere, it was siig-gested by the timid that 
 Sui)mission would ensure reconciliation. The city 
 of New York was cold, but in Maryland, the people 
 were long: since prepared for the resort to arms. 
 The Connecticut troops had to be placed within a 
 short distance of New York, to overawe the tory 
 tendencies of many of the people. But subse- 
 quently, the Connecticut troops themselves were 
 charged by Washington with deserting the cause 
 of their country at the most critical moment. 
 Their ill-timed yearning for home was bad enough ; 
 but they not only took themselves off, but the 
 ammunition also, leaving none for the Maryland 
 troops, whose fondness for home never overcame 
 their sense of honor. 
 
 7. After the battle of Bunker Hill, there was no 
 more hesitation. Congress determined, not only to 
 defend the rights of the people, but to drive out the 
 British troops. Boston was ordered to be invested. 
 Thos. Johnson, of Maryland, had the honor of nom- 
 inating Gen. Washington, as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the American forces. The election was by ballot, 
 and was unanimous. Washington's modesty in ac- 
 cepting this important trust, was equalled only by 
 the confidpnee the country reposed in his abilities, 
 and was the surest evidence of his fitness. 
 
 QuebtioiK-i—G. Wliat did the timid suggest' Whut is said of New 
 York, and oi Maryland? 7. What was the result of the battle of 
 liuiiUer Hill? What did Congress determine? "SVho uoniiuated 
 (.Ten. Washington as comniander-in-cliief? 
 
 11 
 
122 History op Maryland 
 
 8 Although Johnson, of Maryland, nominated 
 Washington, Adams, of Massachusetts, claimed the 
 honor of first bringing him forward as the proper 
 person for the emergency. Hancock, of Massachu- 
 setts, who was presiding, shewed evident marks of 
 disapprobation and resentment at Adams' honora- 
 ble allusions to " a gentleman from Virginia," for 
 he did not mention Washington by name. New 
 England was desirious of having one of their own 
 men made commander-in-chief. 
 
 9 On the 26th of July, the convention of Mary- 
 land again met, and their first step was to adopt 
 the famous "Association of Freemen of Maryland.'' 
 This became the written constitution of the pro- 
 vince until the new system was framed in 1776. 
 
 10. They also set about the formation of a regu- 
 lar force, to be composed of a battalion, of which 
 Colonel Smallwood received the command, and of 
 seven independent companies, numbering in all 
 1444 men, besides two companies of artillery, and 
 one of marines. 
 
 11. By a resolution of Congress, two companies 
 of riflemen were called for, from Maryland. These 
 companies were soon filled with the hardy pioneers 
 of Western Maryland. Capt. Cresap's company 
 numbered one hundred and thirty men, who were 
 
 .—8. What is said of Hancock ? What did New England 
 desire? 9. When did the convention again meet, and what was 
 their first step? 10 What did they set about? 11. What is said 
 of riflemen? 
 
Maryland Riflemen. 123 
 
 armed with tomaliawks and rifles, were painted like 
 Indians, and were dressed in hnntinp^ shirts and 
 moccasins. Tiiese men were ordered to march to 
 the camp aronnd Boston, beings joined by like com- 
 panies from Yirjrinia and Pennsylvania. 
 
 12. The arrival of these stalwart fellows, such 
 as Washinu-ton had known in his early campaigns 
 — many of them upwards of six feet hig:h, and of 
 vigorous frame — in their fringed frocks and round 
 hats, excited great wonder among the rustic visitors 
 I of the camp. Their dash, their skill — they could 
 hit a mark while advancing at quick step, at the 
 distance of two hundred and fifty yards — their strik- 
 ing costume, caused them to be looked upon with 
 some jealousy by the plainer troops about them, 
 who seemed to think that all valor, as well as vir- 
 tue, was enclosed in the round jacket and trowsers 
 of Marblehead ; and it was well for the gaily clad 
 sons of the South, that their behavior in battle was 
 always equal to the expectation they excited. In 
 the sharpest conflicts of the war, it was they " who 
 stemmed the current of the heady fight." 
 
 lo. The officers of these were Michael Cresap, 
 Thomas Warren, Joseph Cresap, Jr., Richard 
 Davis, Thomas Price, Otho H. Williams and 
 John Ross Key. 
 
 14. Many were too impatient to endure the 
 delay of organizing these troops, and hastened to 
 
 Quefitions. — 12. What is said of tiieir appearance in camp? What 
 is said of tiieir skill? 13. Who were their officers? 14. What did 
 many do ? 
 
124 History of Maryland. 
 
 join the camp before Boston, at their own expense. 
 Among these was James Wilkinson, afterwards a 
 Major-General in the United States service. 
 
 15. The great difficulty to be contended against 
 was the want of supplies. The arsenal at An- 
 napolis, was almost empty. To overcome these 
 difficulties, the convention offered bounties and 
 encouragement for the manufacture of such arti- 
 cles as were most needed — such as saltpetre, mate- 
 rials for clothes, and munitions of war. Powder 
 mills were erected, and Mr. Hughes, of Frederick 
 county, agreed to furnish the province with cannon. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Lord Dunmore — Plans of Lord Dunmore — Attempt to 
 inflict a Servile War — Discovery of his Plans — Aid to 
 Eastern Shore of Virginia — Batteries Erected near 
 Baltimore — " The Otter " — " The Defence " — State 
 Navy — Gov. Eden — Civil Authority and Military Poiver 
 — Eden Sent to England — Militia Sent to the Coast — 
 Flying Camji. 
 
 1. As yet Maryland had not even been threat- 
 ened with hostilities. But a period of real danger 
 was approaching. This arose from the attempts 
 
 Questions.— \5. What was the great difficulty to be contended 
 against? How did the convention overcome these difficulties? 
 1. What danger now threatened Maryland? 
 
Dunmore's Plan. 125 
 
 of Lord Dun more, the late royal irovcrnor of Vir- 
 ginia. It was his plan to raise an army in the 
 western parts, and cut off all eommnnication l)e- 
 tween the northern and southern provinces. The 
 tories and Indians were to be enrolled, an army 
 to be formed with artillery p^athered up from the 
 line of fortresses on the north and west, and this 
 army was to cut its way to Alexandria, where 
 Dunmore would join it, bringing with hira servants 
 and negroes, and others belonging to rebels — in the 
 words of Washington Irving — to inflict upon Vir- 
 ginia, the horrors of a servile war. 
 
 2. His plans, however, were discovered by the 
 arrest of one of his agents, in Frederick county. 
 While endeavoring to organize a force in the west, 
 Dunmore was actively engaged in scattering the 
 seeds of disaffection on the Eastern Shore of Mary- 
 land, lie succeeded in raising several companies 
 of men pledged to support the royal cause, if arras 
 and ammunition should be furnished them. But 
 this conspiracy was crushed out by the committee 
 of safety of the Eastern Shore. 
 
 3. Two companies of militia from Kent and 
 Queen Anne's, under Captains Kent and Henry, 
 marched to Northampton county, on the Eastern 
 Shore* of Virginia, to repel the invasion of that 
 
 Queitions.—'l. What was Dunmore's plan ? 2. How were his plans 
 discovered? What was Dnnmore doinji on tl)e Eastern Shore? 
 What success had he? 3. How was the Eastern Shore of Virginia 
 protected ? 
 
 11* 
 
126 ITisT> RY OF Maryland. 
 
 section. They remained there loner after their terra 
 liad expired, rather than leave their neighbors un- 
 protected. 
 
 4. To prevent the harbors of Maryland from be- 
 iu":: l)oml)ardod by Dunmore, batteries were erected 
 near Baltimore and Annapolis, and several mer- 
 chant vessels were manned and armed as vessels of 
 war. The basin at Baltimore was also obstructed 
 l)y three heavy chains of wrought iron stretched 
 across its monrh, and by vessels sunk in the cha.n- 
 nel. The oublic records were removed from An- 
 napolis to Upper Marlborough. 
 
 5. Early in iMarch. 1776, the Otter, a British 
 sloop of war, with two tenders, captured several 
 small vessels in the (Jhesapeake bay. She an- 
 chored a few miles below Baltimore, with the 
 intention of destroying the State Ship Defence, 
 then nearly completed, in that harbor. Captain 
 Nicholson, who commanded the Defence, hastily 
 prepared his vessel, with the intention of recaptu- 
 ring the prizes. Accompanied by several smaller 
 vessels, on a hazy morning, he bore down upon the 
 Otter. The British were completely surprised ; 
 the tenders escaped with ditliculty, and all the 
 prizes were retaken. 
 
 6. The Otter bore away for Annapolis, but find- 
 ing this place fortified, she dropped down the bay 
 
 Qnrstionf;.—i. Whntvvas (lone to the harbors in the Ikiv' What 
 at Baltimore? At Annapolis? 5. AVhat British vess.-l threati^ned 
 Baltimore? What was her desi.!^a? Wliat did Capt. Nieholson do? 
 6. Where did the Otter now go? 
 
 i 
 
Governor Eden. 127 
 
 without having won either booty or success. The 
 militia followed her down the bay shores as fast as 
 possible, and succeeded in preventing her from 
 capturing a prize that was almost within her grasp. 
 
 7. On the 5th of June, the gallant Nicholson 
 received a commission in the new Continental 
 Navy, and took command of the frigate Virginia. 
 Many other Marylanders entered into the service, 
 among whom none were more distinguished than 
 Captain Willinm Ilalleck ai\d Joshua Barney. 
 
 8 Mr. Eden, the last English governor, still 
 remained in the province, although the real su- 
 premacy was in the hands of the convention. Ilis 
 politic course, his want of power to hurt, and his 
 personal popularity preserved him from the exile, 
 which had been the fate of other provincial gov- 
 ernors. J)Ut letters to him from the English min- 
 istry, commanding him to hold himself ready to 
 assist the crown, having been intercepted, it was 
 no longer deemed prudent to permit him to remain. 
 
 9. He was arrested by the military. The com- 
 mittee of safety of Maryland, who were the civil 
 authority, immediately resented this usur|)ation of 
 their prerogative ; they summoned the officer, rep- 
 rimanded him, and ordered him to return to his 
 post. The people of Maryland were not disposed 
 
 Qtir.-^tKtns.—O,. Whai did the militia do ? 7. Wlmt is said of Niehnl- 
 pon, ail I other ottieers? S. Wliat is said of 3Ir. E.len ? Wiiy was it 
 tliouirht pi-iuleiit that he should not remain ? <j. By wliom was he 
 aiiebttid2 Wluit did the civil autliority do? 
 
128 History of Maryland. 
 
 to submit to the military dogma inter arma leges 
 silent.'^ Military men, whose business is violence, 
 are apt to confound physical power with legal and 
 moral right. For that reason a republican people 
 are always jealous of military rule, and keep it 
 subordinate to civil authority. The military is the 
 servant of the civil power, and when the master 
 yields to the servant, liberty is gone, and tyranny 
 is the result. 
 
 10. The committee of safety, however, consid- 
 ered the presence of Eden dangerous, and gave 
 him notice to depart, which he did, on board the 
 ** Fowey," dispatched by Lord Dunmore to receive 
 him. 
 
 11. Dunmore was threatening Maryland with 
 his vengeance, and the militia was ordered to the 
 coast to cut off his communication with the disaf- 
 fected. At the same time the convention set about 
 organizing the flying camp, called for by congress. 
 The quota to be furnished was three thousand four 
 hundred and five men. 
 
 *In the din of arms, the laws are silent. 
 
 Quediom.—'X Wliat is said of military men ? Wlmt is the office 
 of tiie mihtary? 10. What was done with Eden? 11. What was 
 Dunmore threatening? Where were the militia ordered? What 
 camp did tlie convention organize? 
 
Declaration of Independence. 129 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Declaration- of Independence — Vain Hopes of Set- 
 i/ement — Rphels or Freeynen — Order issued by the Con- 
 venlion of Mnrylnnd — Charles Carroll oj CarroUioii — 
 State Government — Disposition of Troops. 
 
 1. For a long time the people of America hoped 
 and thought they could obtain their rights without 
 severing their allegiance to the mother country. 
 But the course of England in pouring troops into 
 the country to conquer, rather than conciliate, 
 aroused the spirit of hostility, and taught them 
 that they had not only to resist encroachments 
 upon their rights, but that they must advance to 
 the position of independence. They must be either 
 subdued rebels or triumphant freemen. Their vic- 
 tories during the last year convinced them that 
 they had a reasonable hope for the latter. Mary- 
 land was in full sympathy with these feelings. 
 
 2. On the 28th of June, 17 76, the convention of 
 Maryland unanimously withdrew the instructions 
 previously given to her delegates in Congress, ** to 
 disavow all design of independence," and ordered 
 that they should unite on behalf of the province in 
 declaring the colonies free and independent, reserv- 
 ing to the State, however, complete internal sove- 
 reignty. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What did the people for a long time hope ? What 
 raised the spirit of hostility ? What did they learn ? 2. What did 
 the Maryland Convention order? 
 
130 History of Maryland. 
 
 3. Charles Carroll was chieHy instrumental in 
 obtaining the passage of this act. He iiad been 
 on a mission to Canada with Chase and Franklin, 
 to induce that province to form a union with the 
 United Colonies, for their mutual interest and com- 
 mon destiny. On his return, he found the Mary- 
 land delegates hampered with the "instructions" 
 mentioned above. The loss of a single hour might 
 deprive his beloved State of a share in the glori- 
 ous act then about to be performed. In these cir- 
 cumstances he and his friends brought all their 
 energies, eloquence and arguments to bear upon 
 the Convention in favor of the immediate repeal of 
 the old instructions, and in favor of the new. — 
 The new instructions were received on the 2d of 
 July. On the 4th of July, together with Matthew 
 Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Jr., William Paca, 
 Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, and Robert Alex- 
 ander, he was chosen delegate to Congress. 
 
 4. On the 2d of July, the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence had been prepared, and was introduced. 
 On the 4th, it was adopted, but was not signed 
 until the second of August. Carroll, having been 
 chosen delegate after its passage, might have 
 avoided the signature which would have been the 
 evidence of his treason, had America failed. As 
 it was said there were several Charles Carrolls, and 
 
 Questions. — 3. Who was chiefly instrumental in this? When was 
 he chosen delegate to congress? Wiio else were chosen? 4. Oa 
 what day was the Declaration of Independence adopted? 
 
Small wood's Battalion. 131 
 
 that he could not be identified, he immediately 
 added " of Carrolton," the name of his estate, 
 remarking as he did so, " They cannot mistake me 
 now." From this circumstance he ever afterwards 
 bore the surname " of Carrolton." 
 
 5. The declaration of independence having been 
 made, it was necessary to frame a permanent gov- 
 ernment for the new State. The convention or- 
 dered an election of delegates to assemble and form 
 a constitution. Then having confided the supreme 
 power in the hands of thp committee of safety, it 
 adjourned. One of its last acts was to place the 
 State troops at the disposal of congress. The bat- 
 talion under Col. Smallwood, and the independent 
 companies in the counties, attached to his com- 
 mand, were ordered to Philadelphia, to be mar- 
 shalled at once into the national service. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Thk Maryland Troops at the Battle of Long 
 Island — Gmdltion of the American Artny — Landiiig 
 of the British— The Macaronis — The Battle — Terrible 
 charge of the Marylanders — Loss of Marylanders. 
 
 1. It was at a dark hour that the Maryland line 
 was destined to enter the field. The British gene- 
 
 Quefi(ions.-~4. What took place when Carroll signed it? 5. What 
 steps were taken to form a new state government? What did the 
 convention do about the state troops ? Where were they ordered ? 
 1. What was the number of troops of the British ? 
 
132 History of Maryland. 
 
 ral's forces amounted to 30,000 men, while the 
 American were only 17,000, and nearly one-fifth of 
 these were sick and unfit for duty. 
 
 2. On the 10th of July, six companies under 
 Smallwood himself, from Annapolis, and three 
 from Baltimore, embarked for the head of Elk 
 river, whence they marched to New York, and 
 were incorporated in Lord Sterling's brigade. — 
 They were well appointed and organized, com- 
 posed of young and spirited men, who had already 
 acquired the skill and pr|cision of drilled soldiers. 
 " There was none by whom an unofficer-like ap- 
 pearance and deportment could be tolerated less 
 than by a Marylander, who, at this time, was dis- 
 tinguished by the most fashionable cut coat, the 
 most Macaroni cocked hat, and hottest blood in 
 the Union." 
 
 3. Arriving at a time when the army was lamen- 
 tably deficient in discipline, they immediately won 
 the confidence of the commander-in-chief; and, 
 from the moment of their arrival, were thrown 
 upon the advanced posts, and disposed as cover- 
 ing parties. 
 
 4. The four independent companies remaining 
 in Maryland, were ordered to join Col. Small- 
 wood, as was also the flying camp, now rapidly 
 organizing. 
 
 Questiom.—l. Of the Americans? 2. What is said of Small wood's 
 battalion ? What of their appearance ? 3. What of their arrival ? 
 4. What is said of the independent companies? 
 
Smallwood's Battalion. 133 
 
 5. From the 21st of August to the 27th, the 
 British were landinjj: their troops on Long Island. 
 On the 20th, the Maryland troops were ordered 
 over to the scene of the approaching conflict. 
 Putnam, who was in command of the American 
 forces, having been out-manoeuvred by the British 
 genera], ordered Sterling, with two regiments, to 
 liold the enemy in check. One of these regiments 
 was Smallwood's battalion — the Macaronis in 
 scarlet and buff. They turned out with great alac- 
 rity, and placed themselves along a ridge, having 
 Col. Atlee with Pennsylvania troops in ambush in 
 advance. 
 
 G. As the British came up, the Pennsylvanians 
 gave them two or three volleys and then retreated, 
 and formed on Sterling's left. For several hours 
 a severe cannonading was kept up on both sides, 
 but no general engagement was sought by cither 
 party. Sterling's object was to keep the enemy 
 in check. The instructions of the British general, 
 Grant, were, not to press an attack until aware 
 that Sir Henry Clinton was on the left flank of 
 the Americans. 
 
 7. At length the left wing of the Americans 
 having been turned by Clinton, and the centre 
 broken, the situation of Sterling became danger- 
 
 QiiCbtions.—5. When did the British land their troops? What did 
 Putnam order? What is said of Smallwood's battalion ? G. What 
 did the Pennsylvanians do? What was Sterlinj^'s oViject? AVhat 
 were tiie British General's instructions? 7. What is said of the 
 situation of Sterling? 
 
 12 
 
134 History of Maryland, 
 
 ous in the extreme. Washington, who had come 
 on the field during the battle, saw the danger 
 to which the brave fellows under Sterling were 
 exposed, though they themselves could not. He 
 saw the enemy's reserve under Cornwallis, march- 
 ing down by a cross road to get in the rear, and 
 thus place them between two fires ; and with 
 breathless anxiety he watched the result. 
 
 8. The sound of Clinton's cannon apprised Ster- 
 ling that the enemy was between him and the lines. 
 Grant, too, who had held back all the morning, 
 was closing up. In the rear lay an extensive 
 marsh, traversed by a deep and dangerous creek, 
 eighty yards wide at its mouth. 
 
 9. Leaving part of his men to face Grant, he 
 selected four hundred of the Maryland battalion, 
 and, ordering the rest of the troops to make the 
 best of their way to the creek, marched to meet 
 Cornwallis' brigade. Washington and others, who 
 watched every movement, had supposed that Ster- 
 ling and his troops would surrender in a body, but 
 as the Marylanders, with fixed bayonet rushed to 
 the charge upon the overwhelming force opposed 
 to them, Washington wrung his hands, exclaiming : 
 " Good God I what brave fellows I must this day 
 lose." 
 
 Qi(cstions.—7. What did Washington see ? 8. What first apprised 
 Sterling of his danger ? 9. How did he meet the danger? What 
 did Washington suppose ? What did he exclaim ? 
 
Game Spirit of the Macaronis. 135 
 
 10. It was indeed a desperate fight. And now 
 Small wood's Macaronis showed their game spirit. 
 Five times this little band charged upoji the pow- 
 erful forces of Cornwailis ; five times they were 
 driven back to gather new energies for a fiercer 
 assault. Under the sixth, the heavy column of the 
 British reeled and began to give way. 
 
 11. At the moment victory was in their grasp, 
 Grant's brigade assailed them in the rear, and the 
 Hessians came to the aid of Cornwailis in front. 
 Already outnumbered more than ten to one, with 
 their ranks thinned by the terrific slaughter, and 
 worn down by long fighting, these devoted men 
 coiiid no longer make head against their foes. 
 
 12. Three companies cut their way through the 
 crowded ranks of the enemy and maintained their 
 order until they reached the marsh, where, from 
 the nature of the ground, they broke and escaped 
 as quickly as possible to the creek. This despe- 
 rate conflict gave time to the remainder to make 
 good their retreat across the marsh. They swam 
 the water, bringing with them twenty-eight priso- 
 ners, and their tattered standard. 
 
 13. The loss of the Maryland troops in this 
 deadly struggle was murderous. From sunrise, 
 until the last gun was in the field, they were hotly 
 
 Qnr\fions.—\0. "What is said in this fseotion ? 11. What prevented 
 tlif vicuuy? 12. l)id they h^urrender ? Wliat was the effect of 
 this (U'speiale tight? 13. What is said of the loss of the Maryland 
 troops 't 
 
13G History op Maryland, 
 
 engap^ed, and when the rest of the army had been 
 routed, or luid fled, maintained the battle unaided, 
 against two brigades of the enemy. Nearly half 
 of their force was annihilated. Their loss in killed 
 and wounded was 256, officers and men. To this 
 day, the people of Long Island point out to 
 strangers the spot where half of the Maryland bat- 
 talion stemmed the advance of the whole left wing 
 of the British army, when no other troops were 
 left upon the field, and where the best blood of the 
 State was poured out like water. 
 
 Qf/esC/ons.— 13. How long were they engaged? What do the peo- 
 ple of Long Island still do I 
 
The Ketreat. 
 
 13t 
 
 CHAPTER y. 
 
 Maryland Troops in the Ketreat — Maryland Troops 
 in the Advance Posts — Crossing the Ferry —Attempt to 
 Surround the Americans — Diftgrncejul Retreat of the 
 Connecticut Militia — Maryland Line Cover the Retreat 
 — Battle at Harlem — Battle at White Plains— Attack 
 on Fort Washington — Destruction of the Enemy's 
 Troops by the Maryland and Virginia Rifles. 
 
 1. It havinscbeen 
 found necessary to 
 retreat from Long 
 Island, it was de- 
 termined to do so 
 before the ferry 
 should be occu- 
 pied by the ene- 
 my. This masterly 
 movement was ef- 
 fected on the 29th 
 of August. 
 
 2. Althoujrh the 
 Maryland troops 
 mall WOOD. had enjoyed but 
 
 one day's rest since their bloody conflict, they were 
 ordered on duty at the advanced post of Fort Put- 
 nam, within two hundred and fifty yards of the 
 
 Questions.— I. Why was it neeessary to be prompt in the retreat? 
 When was the retreat etfected? 2. Where were the Maryland 
 troops ordered 2 
 
 12* 
 
138 History of Ma^iland. 
 
 enemy's line, and, with two Pennsylvania rep;imcnts 
 on the left., were to protect the retreat of the army. 
 
 3. Under cover of a fogfry night and morning, 
 the movement was happily effected, in spite of the 
 disorder of the eastern troops ; and it was not dis- 
 covered by the enemy until the last detaciiment 
 of Marylanders and Pennsylvanians was half way 
 across the river and out of reach. 
 
 4. The British now attemi)ted to snrronnd the 
 Americans on 'Sew York Ishmd, and, it being 
 found impossiI)le to defend tlie city, in the disor- 
 ganized condition of the troops, Washington re- 
 solved that the army should be withdrawn into the 
 lines below Fort Washington. On the 15th of 
 September, the enemy effected a landing without 
 opposition, in the face of two brigades of Connec- 
 ticut militia, who fled disgracefully at the fire from 
 sixty of the British infantry. 
 
 5. Disgusted with such cowardice, General 
 Washington immediately sent an express for the 
 Maryland regiment, drew it from its brigade, and 
 ordered it down towards New York, to cover the 
 retreat of the army. He knew well he could rely 
 upon its maintaining its position against all odds. 
 
 G. Smallwood posted his regiment, and they 
 remained under arras the best part of the day until 
 
 Questions.—:). How was the retreat effected? 4. What did the 
 British now attempt? What did Washington resolve? AVhen did 
 tlie enemy eff(^et a handing? What is said ofthe Connecticut mil- 
 itia? 5. Wliatdid Washington do? C. What did Smallwuod do? 
 
The Retreat. 139 
 
 tlie last troops bad passed. Havinf^ maintained 
 his position as long as it was necessary, and hav- 
 ing received notice to retreat, he retired in good 
 order, and readied the lines about dusk. 
 
 7. On the next day, a body of three hundred 
 British appeared in the plains below the American 
 position. Having been attacked, and receiving a 
 reinforcement of seven hundred men, Gen. Wash- 
 ington ordered up Major Price, with three of the 
 Maryland independent companies, and Colonels 
 Richardson's and Griffith's regiments of the Mary- 
 land flying camp. These troops attacked the 
 enemy wiih the bayonet and drove them from their 
 position. 
 
 8. In the battle at White Plains, the militia 
 having taken to flight, and the artillery having re- 
 tired in confusion, Smallvvood's Maryland regiment 
 was immediately advanced to meet the enemy. A 
 long and severe conflict ensued ; but, overpowered 
 by sufjerior numbers, it was compelled to give 
 ground. 
 
 9. The Maryland regiment suffered severely ; 
 Col. Smallwood was himself among the wounded. 
 The regulars of that gallant corps, worn down by 
 the hard service they had endured, and the effects 
 of their wounds, had been much weakened. Yet 
 under all these trying circumstances, almost with- 
 
 Que.'itioii.'i.—l. What took place the next day ? 8. What is said 
 of Maryland regiment in battle of White Plains? 9. Wlio was 
 wounded? 
 
140 History of Maryland. 
 
 out field offjcers, the Mnryland line displayed its 
 wonted valor at White Plains, and won new laurels 
 for its State. 
 
 10. In the attack on Fort Washinp;ton, we a^rain 
 find the Marylanders distinguishing themselves. 
 Posted among the trees, Ravvling's riflemen, the 
 hardy sons of the Maryland and Virginia moun- 
 tains, poured upon the advancing column a mur- 
 derous fire. The Hessians broke and retired. 
 Again they were brought to the attack, and again 
 repulsed with dreadful slaughter. The Maryland 
 riflemen remembered the destruction of their breth- 
 ren at the battle of Long Island by the Hessians, 
 and did not forget to avenge it. 
 
 11. A single battalion of riflemen, whose weap- 
 ons, from frequent discharges, had become foul and 
 almost useless, could effect little, when opposed to 
 five thousand men with the bayonet. They could 
 not hope for victory, but they won great glory. 
 
 12. The fort was compelled to surrender. — 
 Among the captives were Mujor Otho H. Wil- 
 liams, Lieutenants Luckett, Lingan, Davis and 
 Evans. Some few Marylanders escaped across 
 the river. The loss of the enemy was nearly twelve 
 hundred, more than half of which was inflicted by 
 Kawling's Maryland and Virginia riflemen. 
 
 Questions. — 9. What further is said of the Maryland line? 
 10. What is said of the attack on Fort Washington? 11. Wh?t 
 of the riflemen? 12. What was the result? What was the loss oj' 
 the enemy? 
 
Trenton and Princeton. 141 
 
 13. The victories of Trenton and of Princeton, 
 during this ceujbrated retreat, were successful 
 strategetic movements, rather than battles. They 
 served to show the master-mind of Washington, 
 but there was little of that hard fighting that shews 
 the stuff the men were made of; hence in them, 
 there are no particular instances of heroic deeds to 
 record. 
 
 14. The campaign of lY'lG, was a dark and 
 bloody one, but full of glory to the Maryland line ; 
 which, a powerful regiment in the month of August, 
 was now reduced to a mere handful of men, under 
 the command of a captain. In the battles from 
 Brooklyn, Long Island, to Princeton, the old or 
 first line was almost annihilated. 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 The New Constitution and State Government — 
 Convention — Division of Frederick County — Supplies 
 for the Army — Consiitniion agreed to — Division of the 
 Government — Qualifications for Voters — First State 
 Legislature — Inducements to Enlist — The First Gov- 
 ernor — Inauguration. 
 
 1. An election having been held for delegates to 
 a new convention to form a new constitution, this 
 body assembled on the 14th of August, 1776, and 
 
 Que^iiom.— V^. What is said of the battles of Trenton and of 
 Princeton ' 14. What is said of the campaign of 1770? 1. For what 
 u.as a new convention called? 
 
142 History of Maryland. 
 
 orf^anized, by unanimously electing Matthew Tilgli- 
 man, President. The committee, appointed to pre- 
 pare and report a declaration of rights, and form 
 of government, was composed of Messrs. Tilghman, 
 the President, Carroll, Paca, Carroll of CarroUton, 
 Plater, Chase and Goldsborough. 
 
 2. On the 6th of September, the convention 
 divided Frederick county, cutting off from it the 
 counties now named Washington and Montgomery. 
 The pressnre of public business prevented the con- 
 sideration of the bill of rights, and the constitution, 
 which the committee had reported. This subject, 
 therefore, was postponed, that they might give 
 their attention to the condition of the troops, and 
 the deficiency of all the material of war. 
 
 3. Ample supplies were determined upon, the 
 committee of safety was ordered to import fonr 
 thousand stand of arms, as many gun locks, four- 
 teen cannons, twenty tons of powder, and forty 
 tons of lead, to be purchased with wheat, tobacco, 
 flour and other Maryland produce. 
 
 4. The quota of troops set down by Congress, 
 to be furnished by Maryland, was eight battalions, 
 numbering four thousand men, one-tenth of the 
 whole army. This was larger in proportion than 
 that levied on the northern States ; still, Maryland, 
 
 Questions.— I. What committee was formed, and who composed 
 it? 2. What counties were set off? What was said of the bills 
 proposed by the committee? 3, What was the committee ordered 
 to do? 4. What was Maryland's quota? What is said of this quota? 
 
State Government. 143 
 
 in her zeal for the j^eneral welfare, made no effort 
 to get her quota reduced, but immediately took 
 steps to furnish the troops. 
 
 5. On the 8th of November, after much delibera- 
 tion, the new constitution of the State was finally 
 agreed to, and elections were ordered to carry it 
 into effect. The election took place in November 
 25th, 1776. 
 
 6. The government was composed of tliree dis- 
 tinct branches — the legislative, the executive, and 
 the judiciary. The legislative authority was vested 
 in a Senate and House of Representatives. The 
 House of Delegates was composed of members 
 from the counties, from Baltimore, and from An- 
 napolis. The Senate consisted of fifteen members. 
 The executive authority was in the hands of the 
 governor. The judiciary was composed of the 
 courts of the State. 
 
 7. Every voter was required to be the owner of 
 fifty acres of land in the county in which he resided, 
 or to possess property within the State to the value 
 of thirty pounds current money. Delcirates must 
 own property to the value of five hundred pounds; 
 Senators a thousand pounds; and the governor 
 must possess a freehold of lands and tenements, of 
 the value of a thousand pounds, and have resided 
 three years within the State, prior to his election. 
 
 Questions. — 5. When was the State constitution finally agreed to? 
 6. How was the government divided? 7. What were the qualifica- 
 tions of voters ? Of senators? Of governor^ 
 
144 History of Maryland. 
 
 By the bill of rights, the conscience was left as free 
 and untrammelled as in the days of Leonard Cal- 
 vert. 
 
 8. The first State Legislature, met on the 5th of 
 February, 1*3; 7 7. The first business that occupied 
 their attention was the recruiting service. Daring 
 the retreat from Long Island, the Maryland troops 
 had been so reduced, that Sraallwood's battallion, 
 and the seven independent companies, which had 
 entered the service fourteen hundred strong, had 
 been worn down to a mere captain's command, and 
 in the face of this great loss, it required corres- 
 ponding exertions to fill up the quota of eight 
 battalions. 
 
 9. To favor enlistments, every recruit was ex- 
 empted from arrest for debts under twenty pounds, 
 and his property was entirely freed from oTtacli- 
 ment and execution. To provide blankets for the 
 soldiers, every family was obliged to give up one- 
 half of their surplus articles of that kind for the 
 use of the army. 
 
 10. On Frida}', the 21st of March, 1777, Thomas 
 Johnson was proclaimed first republican Governor 
 of Maryland. The announcement was hailed by a 
 salute from the military. Annapolis was the scene 
 
 Questions. — 7. What about freedom of conscience? 8. When did 
 the first State legislature meet? What was the condition of 
 Maryland troops? 0. What was done to favor enlistments? How 
 were blankets provided? 10. Who was first republican governor 
 of Maryland? 
 
Maryland Line. 145 
 
 of great festivities on the inauguration of the new 
 government. The general and county committees 
 of safety surrendered up their powers and ceased 
 to exist. The State was under the law of the con- 
 stitution. 
 
 CHAPTER yil. 
 
 Campaign of 1777 — Increase and Division of ihe Mary- 
 land Line — Battle of the Brandyioine — Dehorre — Battle 
 of Germayiiown — Success of the Marylanders — John 
 Eaqer Howard — Marylanders not sujiported — Howe's 
 Attack. 
 
 1. The Maryland line, having been increased 
 to seven battalions, was divided into two brigades. 
 One, composed of four battalions, was placed under 
 command of Smallwood, now promoted to the rank 
 of Brigadier General. The commander of the other 
 was General Deborre, a French officer, in the ser- 
 vice of the confederacy. 
 
 2. On the 25th of August, the British army 
 landed at the head of Elk river, and began their 
 march upon Philadelphia. The Americans took 
 post behind the Brandy wine, and on the 10th of 
 September, the British advanced to force their 
 
 Questions.— I. How was the Maryland line divided? Who were 
 the officers? 2. When and where did the British land? Where 
 did the Americans post themselves? 
 
 13 
 
146 History op Maryland. 
 
 position. The Maryland line constituted a part 
 of tlie division which was ordered to meet Corn- 
 wallis. But before the line could be formed, the 
 Maryland division was attacked by the enemy. 
 Deborre's brigade broke after a slight resistance, 
 and subsequently the whole gave way. The Mary- 
 land line, while it behaved gallantly, scarcely sus- 
 tained its ancient reputation — nor equalled its 
 subsequent glory, when led by its own chiefs in 
 the South. 
 
 3. Deborre was a foreigner, unpopular with his 
 men, and entirely without their confidence. Gen. 
 Smalhvood and Col. Gist, leaders whom they would 
 follow against any odds, were absent at the head of 
 the militia. The troops had lain the night before 
 on their arms, had slept but little, they had been in 
 line all day without food, and were hurried into 
 action only half-formed, after a rapid inarch, and 
 sudden change of position. 
 
 4. The next fight in which we find the Mary- 
 land troops, was the battle of Germantown. This 
 battle, though unsuccessful, was one that redounded 
 very much to the credit of Washington and the 
 American arras. Why it was not successful is not 
 known. An unaccountable panic seized the Ameri- 
 cans after orders to retreat had been given by the 
 •officers of the enemy. 
 
 -2. What is .said of Deboire's brigade? 3. What is 
 said of Deborre ? What of the troops? 4. Where do we next find 
 the Maryland line? 
 
Battle of Germantown. 14(1 
 
 5. A rep^iment from the second Maryland brigade 
 was detached to drive in the enemy's pickets. The 
 pickets were reinforced by all the light infantry. — 
 The attacking regiments, however, maintained their 
 ground firmly, until the whole Maryland Division 
 was brought to their assistance. They advanced 
 in gallant style, and with such resolution, that the 
 light infantry were driven from the field, after a 
 sharp action, and their encampment fell into the 
 hands of the victorious line. 
 
 6. In the pursuit, a company under Capt. Daniel 
 Dorsey, was engaged with a body of the enemy. 
 As the Maryland Division was pressing on, being 
 already in advance of the rest of the army, Col. 
 Hale attempted to disengage and bring up Dor- 
 sey's company, but was disabled by accident. 
 
 7. The command of his regiment devolved upon 
 Major John Eager Howard, who immediately hur- 
 ried the men forward through the camp of the light 
 infantry, and captured two six-pounders. Being 
 now fired upon by the enemy, who had taken shelter 
 in a strong building. Col. Hazen, then in command 
 at the left of the Maryland line, halted in the rear 
 of that position. 
 
 8. The remaining regiments of the line under 
 Sullivan, pursued the flying light artillery, and 
 came upon the main body of the enemy drawn up 
 
 Questions. — 5. What is snid in this section? 6. What happened in 
 the pursuit? 7. Upon whom did the command devolve? What 
 did he do? 8. What did the remaining regiments do? 
 
148 History op Maryland. 
 
 to receive them. A severe conflict followed. Sul- 
 livan at once ordered his Marjlanders to advance 
 upon them. They obeyed without hesitation. The 
 enemy after a sharp resistance retired. 
 
 9. The firing at the dwelling house gave rise to 
 the fear that the enemy was in force in that quar- 
 ter, and the morning being dark and hazy, it was 
 impossible to discover the exact position of either 
 the British or American forces. The result was a 
 considerable confusion, through which, the Mary- 
 land line — assisted by a regiment of North Caro- 
 linians and part of Conway's brigade — were now 
 left open on their flank. Having pursued the 
 enemy for a mile beyond the house, and having 
 expended all their ammunition, they found them- 
 selves unsupported by any other troops, and, as 
 the enemy were rallying on the left to attack them, 
 were compelled to retire. They, however, brought 
 off their cannon and their wounded, 
 
 10. Early in December, Howe marched his 
 forces out of Philadel]>hia, as if to attack the 
 American army. On the seventh, he approached 
 near the main army, Washington, believing a 
 general engagement at hand, threw Gist, witli the 
 Maryland militia, and Colonel Morgan's rifles for- 
 ward, to attack their front and flank. The assault 
 was made with great spirit, and after a severe 
 
 Questions.— Q. What is said of the firing at the dwelling house? 
 What further is said of the Maryland troops? 10. What is said 
 of Howe? Repeat the section? 
 
Valley Forge. 149 
 
 skirmish, the enemy's advanced parties were driven 
 back. Being reinforced, they, in their turn com- 
 pelled Gist and Morgan to retire. 
 
 11. Washington withheld his reinforcements, and 
 prepared to defend his camp, and Howe, finding it 
 impossible to take him at disadvantage, retired to 
 the city. His loss in the action with the Maryland 
 militia, was one hundred killed and wounded ; that 
 of the militia was seventeen wounded, and of the 
 rifles, twenty-six killed and wounded. 
 
 12. While Washington was wintering at Yalley 
 Forge, the Maryland line, under Small wood, was 
 stationed at Wilmington. They succeeded in cap- 
 turing a British brig, in the Delaware, laden with 
 stores and provisions, which made their winter 
 quarters comfortable, when compared to those of 
 Yalley Forge. 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 1778 and 1770.— More Troops Dem a n dtzti— Dlsa fee - 
 Hon — British Evacuate Philadelphia — Battle of Mon- 
 mouth — Genej'al Lee — Washington'' s ReliaJice on Mary- 
 land Officers — Landing, and Retreat of British Troops. 
 
 1. On the ITth of March, 1778, the legislature 
 again assembled at Annapolis. Congress had 
 
 questions.— W. What did Howe now do? What was his loss? 
 What, of the militia? 12, Where did Sraallwood winter? 1. When 
 did the legislature again meet? 
 
 13* 
 
150 History or Maryland. 
 
 called on the several States for an increase of their 
 forces. The quota demanded from Maryland was 
 two thousand nine hundred and two men. 
 
 2. While this quota was filling, Count Pulaski, 
 a gallant Pole, was busily engaged forming his 
 legion partly in this State and partly in Delaware. 
 
 3. He succeeded in raising a corps which did 
 good service to the country. He perished in 
 storming a battery at Savannah. 
 
 4. The drain upon Maryland was very great, in 
 some parts of the State a great degree of disaffec- 
 tion still continued, and the population was scanty. 
 Yet with all these drawbacks, before the other 
 States had well moved in the matter, except New 
 Jersey, the Maryland line was raised to its full 
 number. 
 
 5. The severe winter spent by the army at Val- 
 ley Forge, had almost exhausted the State. The 
 northern and southern States had been very slow 
 in sending their proportion of the provisions; 
 the array, had, therefore, to depend largely upon 
 Maryland, and it was feared that her resources 
 were nearly consumed. But the energy of the 
 governor in aiding the quartermaster's depart- 
 ment, and the patriotism of the people were equal 
 to the emergency. 
 
 Questions.— 2. What is said of Count Pulaski? 3. What further 
 is said of him? 4. What is said of the condition of Maryland' 
 5. What of the encampment at Valley Forge ? What of the States 
 north and south? 
 
Evacuation of Philadelphia. 151 
 
 6. As the spring advanced, the British prepared 
 to retreat from Philadelphia. Many were anxious 
 to drive the enemy from the city, but the weakness 
 of the American array rendered it too dangerous 
 to make the attempt. None of the States, except 
 Maryland and New Jersey, had filled up their 
 quotas, although constantly urged by Washington 
 to do so. 
 
 7. On the l8th of June, 1718, the British army 
 evacuated Philadelphia, and crossed the Delaware, 
 They had encamped at Monmouth Court House, 
 in a strong position. Washington determined to 
 attack them the moment they began to retire from 
 the posts, and directed Lee to carry this design 
 into execution. 
 
 H. General Lee having taken upon himself to 
 judge of the propriety of engaging on the ground 
 he occupied, ordered his troops to retire. At the 
 first sound of the artillery, Washington moved on 
 with the troops to support the advance. After a 
 speedy march of five miles, he came upon Lee in 
 full retreat, without having made an effort to main- 
 tain his position. 
 
 9. The crisis required promptness of action. 
 Stopping only long enough to administer a stern 
 
 QHrsfi(ms.—C>. What did the British prepare to do ? Wiiat is said 
 oi" the quotas of tiie State? 7. When did the Britisii evacuate 
 Piuhidclpiiia? Where did it eneamp ? What did Wasilin^.■ton de- 
 torinine to do? S. What is said of Gen. Lee? What did Washing- 
 ton do ? ii. Wliat further did lie do and say? 
 
152 History of Maryland. 
 
 and even fierce rebuke to Lee, Washington turned 
 to Ramsay, who commanded a Maryland battalion, 
 and Col. Stewart, commanding a regiment, and 
 called to each of them that he " was one of the 
 officers he should rely upon to check the enemy 
 that day." 
 
 10. The enemy now opened their artillery upon 
 Kamsay and Stewart, who were soon sharply en- 
 gaged with the infantry. Though compelled to 
 fall back before superior numbers, the obstinate 
 defence made by the Marylanders, gave Washing- 
 ton time to draw up his lines of battle. 
 
 11. As soon as the scale of victory began to 
 turn, Washington ordered up Patterson's division 
 and Sniallwood's brigade to secure the day. The 
 Britisli were driven back. But night coming on, 
 the battle had to be suspended, and in the morning 
 it was found that the British had retreated. 
 
 12. In November, the Maryland line was 
 marched to Middlebrook, New Jersey, where 
 Washington had established his head-quarters. 
 
 13. In February, 1779, the British landed a 
 body of troops in New Jersey, with the design 
 of taking Elizabethtown. Smallwood, with the 
 Maryland line, and St. Clair, with the Pennsylva- 
 nia division, were immediately ordered forward. 
 
 Questions.— 10. Upon whom did the enemy open? What is said 
 of tlie Marylanders? 11. "What did WashiVigton do? What fur- 
 ther is said? 12. Where did the Maryland line now go? 13. WJiat 
 is said in this section? 
 
Maryland's Quota. 153 
 
 The British, however, retreated without venturing 
 a battle. 
 
 14. In July, the army was concentrated at West 
 Point, New York. The Maryland line formed its 
 right wing. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 1779 AND 1781 — MarylancV s Quoia Large and always Full 
 — Early Harvests — Ay^rival of French Fleet — Paper 
 Money— Pensions to Troops — Depreciation of Currency 
 — Confiscation — Tax — The Price of Liberty. 
 
 1. Maryland had always kept its quota of troops 
 full, and at one time its quota was one-third more 
 than any other State, except Delaware, according 
 to proportions fixed by congress. 
 
 2. Bnt it was not only for men that the State 
 was looked to; its wheat, ripening before that of 
 the other wheat-growing States, was always re- 
 quired for the first supplies of the army. It was 
 also bought up by the north for the use of the 
 States, in that section. 
 
 3. This gave rise to a commerce that had to be 
 protected from the British fleet. Maryland was, 
 therefore, obliged to keep up a marine force of her 
 
 Questions.— '[. Wh.it of the Maryland quota? 2. Wliat besides 
 men was required from Maryland? 3. What did this give rise to? 
 
154 History op Maryland. 
 
 own. The fleet consisted of the ship Defence and 
 several galleys, a sloop of war, and four barges. 
 
 4. The prize money, arising from captures made 
 by these vessels, was distributed among the victo- 
 rious crews, and was an incentive to exertion, which 
 increased their usefulness. 
 
 5. The arrival of the French fleet, however, at 
 a later period, rendered it unnecessary to maintain 
 this force. The distressed condition of the finances 
 made the reduction of the marine very desirable, 
 as thereby the State was relieved of a great ex- 
 pense, and the men were employed as a portion of 
 the State's quota for the campaign. 
 
 6. The expenses of the war increased so rapidly 
 that it was found impossible to keep up with them 
 by taxation. To furnish money, therefore, to pay 
 the troops and to supply the necessities of trade, 
 the States resorted to the means with which this 
 generation is so familiar, namely, of issuing bills of 
 credit, or paper money, which were made legal 
 tender for the payment of debts. 
 
 7. The difference between the nominal value of 
 this paper money and specie, was so great that 
 forty dollars in paper were worth only one dollar 
 in gold, or silver. An oflicer having been dis- 
 
 Questionx.—:^. What did the State fleet consist of? 4. What is 
 paid of the prize money? 5. What is said of the arrival of the 
 French fleet? Wliat was done with the marines? 6. To what did 
 the State resort to raise money? 7. What is said of the value of 
 this paper money? 
 
Governor Lee. 155 
 
 patched to Baltimore to buy cloth for coats, after 
 great difficulty, bought fifteen yards, for fifteen hun- 
 dred pounds. 
 
 8. To ensure a just payment of the troops, the 
 legislature of Maryland resolved that the officers 
 of the Maryland line, who should serve to the close 
 of the war, should be entitled to half-pay during 
 life, to commence after the expiration of their pay 
 from congress. This provision was also extended 
 to their widows, during widowhood. 
 
 0. Thomas Johnson, having served three years 
 as governor, was succeeded by Thomas Sim Lee. 
 The depreciation of the currency, and the conse- 
 quent high prices of provisions, compelled the 
 legislature to enact very stringent laws against 
 speculators, who bought up the necessities of life, in 
 order to grow rich upon the distresses of the army. 
 
 10. It was also determined, as a matter of relief, 
 to confiscate the estates of all those who had ad- 
 hered to the royal cause. Their property was sold 
 as that of British subjects, found within the State, 
 as fair spoil of war. That injustice might not 
 be done, an opportunity was allowed to the owners 
 to come in and take the oath of allegiance to the 
 State, prior to the first of March, 1782. This 
 measure of confiscation, necessary as it was, was 
 not passed without reluctance and serious opposi- 
 
 Questions. — 8. What did the legislature do ? 0. Who succeeded 
 Gov. Johnson? What laws did the legislature pass? 10. What 
 measure of relief was determined upon ? What opportunity was 
 given the disaffected? 
 
156 History op Maryland. 
 
 tion, but the tax was one hundred pounds of paper 
 money for every hundred pounds worth of prop- 
 erty, nominally the whole worth of their property, 
 but as paper money was worth only one-fortieth, 
 the real tax was two and a half per cent, on all 
 property, amounting often to more than half of the 
 owner's income. 
 
 11. This tax was endured the more cheerfully 
 because it was part of the price of liberty, and men 
 knew that no price was too dear for that blessing. 
 It was not a tax to support a party or a power, nor 
 was it a tax to pay the cost of conquest; yet, even 
 with all these advantages in its favor, the currency 
 was in effect repudiated, and the governor's salary 
 had to be paid in wheat, at the rate of forty-five 
 hundred bushels per year. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Confederation — Delay of Cojifederation — Diffi- 
 culty of adjusting Public Lands — Clause secured by 
 Viy^ginia — Maryland Objects — Coynprornise proposed by 
 New York — Sovereign States — Maryland's efforts in the 
 Common Cause. 
 
 1. Early in the revolutionary struggle, a plan 
 was introduced into congress for the confederation 
 
 Qwes^ions.— 10. What rendered this act necessary? 11. What is 
 said of the tax? How was the governor's salary paid? 1. What 
 plan had been proposed in congress t 
 
Public Lands. 157 
 
 of the colonics. Tlie matter had to be deferred 
 from time to time, to give way to the pressing 
 needs of the army. 
 
 2. One source of difficulty was the adjustment 
 of the question of the public lands. Maryland 
 was determined not to relinquish her claim to a 
 portion of them, and was the last to hold out. 
 Virginia claimed the unsettled territory of the 
 west; Maryland maintained that if the dominion 
 of those lands should be established by the blood 
 and treasure of the United States, such lands 
 ought to be considered as common property. 
 
 3. Virginia had succeeded in securing, in the 
 articles of confederation, a clause, '* that no State 
 should be deprived of her territory, for the benefit 
 of the United States." Maryland would not give 
 in her adherence while that clause existed. 
 
 4. The compromise proposed by New York was, 
 that each State should limit its western boundary, 
 and cede to congress its claim to lands beyond it, 
 in the purpose of erecting new States hereafter, 
 and for no other purpose whatever. This effected 
 a settlement and the articles of confederation were 
 signed on the first day of March, 1781. 
 
 5. This was the germ of the Union. Each 
 State preserved its separate and distinct sover- 
 
 Questions.—2. What was one source of difficulty? What position 
 did Maryland take? 3. What clause had Virginia secured? 4. What 
 eompromise was offered, and by whom? 5. What is said in this 
 section ? 
 
 u 
 
158 History of Maryland. 
 
 eifjnty. The United States, being the creation 
 of the States, could not be greater than the power 
 that created it. It could only exercise acts of 
 authority delegated to it. It was the agent to 
 exercise the power belonging to the States. 
 
 6. Questions were to be decided not by the 
 people at large, but by the States themselves, a 
 majority of them being required to carry a question. 
 
 7. The States agreed that congress, which rep- 
 resented them in their collective capacity, alone 
 should exercise certain acts of sovereignty, — such 
 as declaring war, laying imposts, and coining 
 money, — which were essential for the common 
 good. 
 
 8. Though Maryland had held aloof from the 
 confederation, she had not relaxed her efforts in 
 the common cause. At the very time when she 
 was contending for her own rights with Virginia, 
 her sons were fighting on the soil of this sister 
 State for its defence, shedding their blood without 
 stint upon every battle-field — the Maryland line 
 and the Virginia regiments, side by side, bearing 
 the brunt of the hard-fought southern campaigns. 
 Her valor in the field, and her wisdom and firm- 
 ness in the cabinet, have left their impress upon 
 the country, however they may be ignored by 
 partial writers of its history. Her valor in the 
 
 Questions.— G. How were questions to be decided ? 7. What did 
 the States agree to? 8. What is said of Maryland? What is said 
 of her valor and firmness ? 
 
Major General DeKalb. 159 
 
 field citlicr determined the victory, or saved the 
 army in many a hard foufjht strLigg:le, and her 
 firmness in the cabinet gave rise to the formation 
 of those States which this day constitutes the pride 
 and power of the Republic — the great West. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 The Marylaxd Line Sovtu — Mnj-yland Line sent io 
 Reinfo7'ce the Soid/icrn Department— - Passage through 
 Maryland — Gates' Folly — Route marked by De Kalb — 
 Changed by Gates — Bailie at Camden — Dreadful Charge 
 of the Marylanders — The whole British force brought 
 against the Maryland Line — Virginia Militia. 
 
 1. During the year 1779, the southern army had 
 been unfortunate. Georgia and South Carolina 
 were re-conquered by the enemy, and North Caro- 
 lina was invaded. 
 
 2 In this critical state of affairs, it was resolved 
 by congress that the Maryland and Delaware lines 
 should be dispatched to reinforce that department. 
 
 3. In April, 1780, they were accordingly de- 
 tached, under the command of Maj. Gen. De Kalb, 
 and, after marching through New Jersey and Penn- 
 sylvania, embarked at the head of Elk river. 
 
 Questions.— \. What is said in this section? 2. What did con- 
 gress resolve? 3. Under whose command were they placed? 
 
160 History of Maryland. 
 
 4. The first and second brigades passed tbrougli 
 the State early in May. They numbered about 
 two thousand men, and most of that gallant and 
 veteran army looked for the last time upon their 
 beloved State. Yet proudly conscious of their 
 noble bearing, and the honor they had won for it, 
 they cheerfully marched on to new fields of glory. 
 
 5. The south was calling for their aid, and these 
 men, who had shewn their prowess at the north — 
 some, sharers with Gist of the bloody day upon 
 Long Island, some, who fought at Harlem Heights, 
 White Plains, Fort Washington, and through five 
 severe campaigns — were hastening thither to cross 
 their bayonets with British steel again. 
 
 6. The legislature directed the sura of three 
 thousand dollars to be paid to each officer, and, to 
 welcome their passage through the State, gratuities 
 were distributed among the non-commissioned offi- 
 cers and privates. 
 
 T. On their march, they were overtaken and 
 joined by Genl. Gates, who had been appointed to 
 the command of the southern department. 
 
 8. The broken remains of the cavalry, which had 
 served the preceding campaign, had been with- 
 drawn to North Carolina to recruit. Its officers 
 desired Gates to use his influence to fill his corps. 
 
 Questions.— i. What is said of their passage through the State ? 
 5. What is said in this section? G. How were they welcomed? 
 7. By whom were they joined? 8. What is said of the cavahy? 
 What did the officers desire 2 
 
 I 
 
Battle at Camden. 161 
 
 He refused to do so, thinking he had a sufficient 
 force for his purpose. He learned to regret his 
 folly. 
 
 9. De Kalb had ah*eady selected a route for the 
 army, somewhat circuitous, but through a fertile 
 country, where provisions and supplies could be 
 obtained. Gates changed the course to a more 
 direct one, but through a barren and exhausted 
 district. 
 
 10. The result was disastrous; the men were 
 compelled to live on green corn and tmripe fruit, 
 producing sickness and death. The horses, desti- 
 tute of forage, were unable to support the forced 
 marches, and the whole army, when it approached 
 the enemy, was broken down, and scarcely lit for 
 service. 
 
 11. The first battle in which they were called to 
 engage was at Camden. Lord Cornwallis, the 
 leader of the British, and Genl. Gates, had formed 
 the design of surprising each other, and the advance 
 parties of each met at half past two o'clock in the 
 morning. 
 
 12. After some skirmishing, as if by mutual con- 
 sent, both armies ceased their fire, and drawing 
 back awaited the dawning of day. The artillery 
 opened on both sides at day-break. To teach the 
 
 QuestiGns.—O. What had DeKalb done? What did Gates do? 
 10. What was the result? 11. What was the first battle they were 
 called upon to engage in? 12. When did the battle commence? 
 
 14* 
 
162 History of Maryland. 
 
 Yirginia militia to stand the fire of the enemy, Col. 
 Otho H. Williams, of Marj'land, with a party of 
 volunteers, moved in their front ap^ninst the British 
 artillery, to draw and sustain their fire. Cornwal- 
 lis immediately threw forward his veteran corps. 
 The Virginia militia, scarcely waiting to deliver 
 one fire, threw down their arms and fled. One 
 regiment of North Carolina militia followed their 
 shameful example. Another North Carolina regi- 
 ment, however, cheered by the firm bearing of the 
 Marylanders, maintained its ground. 
 
 13. At the moment the left wing broke, Corn- 
 wallis elated with success, ordered a charge to be 
 made on the right. But Gist's brigade was im- 
 movable. For a while the terrific struggle seemed 
 of doubtful issue — "bold was the pressure of the 
 foe," exclaims an eye witness, " firm as a rock the 
 resistance of Gist — now the Marylanders were 
 gaining ground." 
 
 14. The gallant Howard, at the head of Wil- 
 liams' regiment, impetuously broke upon the enemy, 
 and drove the opposing corps before him. At 
 this moment, Webster, second in command of the 
 enemy, brought his veteran guards upon their 
 flank. They were instantly met by the second 
 Maryland brigade under Smallwood. 
 
 Questions.— 12. What did Col. Williams do? What did Cornwallis? 
 "Wiiat, the Virginia militia? Who followed? 1:5. Wliat is said ia 
 this section? 14. What is said of Howard? Of Webster? Who 
 met him? 
 
 
General Gist. 163 
 
 15. Finding his flank once more protected, and 
 his Marylanders bearinf^ up with unflinching valor, 
 the brave De Kalb, although outnumbered two to 
 one, resolved to make one great and final effort 
 with the bayonet. Dreadful was the charge. The 
 two lines seemed mingled with each other, the 
 weaker going down before the stronger. The vet- 
 eran troops of Cornwallis were beginning to give 
 way ; a single corps of cavalry would have com- 
 pleted the victory. The folly of Gates in refusing 
 to recruit that arm of the service, when entreated 
 to do so, rendered this impossible. 
 
 16. The advance movement left Small wood's 
 brigade exposed on the flank, which was imme- 
 diately attacked by the enemy. But Gist and 
 DeKalb continued to maintain their ground. — 
 Cornwallis, alarmed at the unexpected resistance 
 of the Maryland line, and having before experi- 
 enced its desperate valor with the bayonet, now 
 brought his whole force upon it. The whole 
 British army was poured upon these two devoted 
 brigades. 
 
 IT Eight hundred men stood their ground 
 unsupported, and surrounded by more than two 
 thousand British regulars, but fighting on with 
 unflinching hearts. The cavalry was suddenly 
 
 Qucslions.—lo. Describe the charge of the Blarylanders? What 
 rendered their charge useles-? IG. How were the Marylanders 
 left? What did Cornwallis have to do 2 17. What is said in this 
 section 2 
 
164 HiSTOBY OF Maryland. 
 
 thrown upon their front and rear ; the inequality 
 was too great. These gallant men were compelled 
 to fly. 
 
 18. The loss was severe, De Kalb was slain. 
 The North Carolinians lost four hundred men 
 taken prisoners, sixty killed and wounded. But 
 the Maryland line and the Delaware regiment suf- 
 fered most. The Virginia militia, to the regret of 
 all, escaped with the loss of only three men. 
 
 19. The thanks of congress were voted to Gist 
 and Smallwood for their exemplary skill and 
 bravery on this disastrous day. Lieut. Col. Wil- 
 liams was everywhere in the heat of the battle, and 
 Lieut. Col. Howard gave proofs of that cool and 
 daring courage which distinguished him as one of 
 the first and bravest of Marvland's sons. 
 
 Questions.— IS. What is said of the loss? What, of the Virginia 
 militia' 19. What did Congress do? What is said of Williams 
 and Howard? 
 
COWPENS. 
 
 165 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Battle of Cowpens — Recruiting— Consolidation of 
 the Line — Col. Williams — General Morgan retreats he- 
 fore Tarleton— Makes a Stand— Mary landers Sustai7i 
 the Battle — Victory — Col, lloivard. 
 
 1. Smallwood 
 and Gist remained 
 at Charlotte with 
 about one hundred 
 and fifty officers 
 and men to rally 
 their scattered sol- 
 diers. By certain 
 cool and skilful 
 measures Small- 
 wood succeeded, in 
 about ten days, in 
 
 - - '» ^5% HA-K^ii\ ? collecting upwards 
 ^^- -^/ 'Y ^ "vte^Ht tr^%« of seven hundred 
 Gen. Otho Williams. non -commissioned 
 
 officers and men, which number was increased by 
 the recapture of a hundred and fifty continental 
 prisoners taken at Camden. They were recap- 
 tured by Marion, on their way, under escort, to 
 Charleston. 
 
 Questions.— \. What did Smallwood and Gist now do? How many- 
 did they collect? 
 
166 History of Maryland. 
 
 2. The seven Maryland regiments of the old 
 line, were rednced into one, to be called the first 
 Maryland, and placed under Colonel Otho H.Wil- 
 liams. The officers who thus lost their commands 
 were ordered back to Maryland to take charge of 
 recruiting stations. General Smallwood was re- 
 tained in the army. General Gates was superseded 
 by General Greene. 
 
 3. Smalhvood's detachment was drawn into the 
 main army ; and a chosen body of troops, four 
 hundred of whom were of the old Maryland line, 
 under Colonel Howard, was placed under the com- 
 mand of Morgan, to operate on the western quarter. 
 
 4. Cornwallis, learning the movements of the 
 American forces, determined to strike a blow at 
 Morgan, before he could be joined by the hardy 
 mountaineers of the west. 
 
 5. He dispatched about one thousand men under 
 Lieut. Col. Tarleton, to pursue him, while he, him- 
 self, put the main body in motion to cut off his re- 
 treat, if he should escape that active officer. 
 
 6. Morgan retreated with reluctance, although 
 he was compelled to do so by the advance of Corn- 
 wallis, parallel to his route. Having at length 
 gained sufficient time to risk an action with Tarle- 
 ton, and having been joined by Geu'l Pickens with 
 
 Questions. — ?. How were the regiments of the Maryland line re- 
 duced? Under whom was the regiment placed? 3. What was 
 done with Smallwood's detachment? What, with Howard's? 
 4. What is said of Cornwallis? 5. Whom did he dispatch? 6. What 
 did Morgan do ? When did he determine to venture a battle ? 
 
General Morgan. 167 
 
 a body of five hundred militia, he determined to 
 await the coming of the enemy. 
 
 7. The ground was open and favorable to Tarle- 
 ton, whose cavalry outnumbered that of Morgan 
 three to one. As the enemy advanced, Morgan 
 addressed his men ; lie directed the militia to 
 deliver but two or three volleys, and then to retire 
 and form behind the main line. He reminded the 
 Marylanders of their past glory, and that victory 
 was largely dependent upon them. 
 
 8. Tarleton advanced rapidly. The skirmishers 
 delivered their fire, and fell back. The British 
 pressed with loud shouts, upon the first line, 
 which, undismayed, poured in a close and de- 
 structive fire. The enemy continued to advance 
 with the bayonet, and the militia having only 
 rifles retired in haste. 
 
 9. Believing the victory in their grasp, the 
 enemy charged upon the continentals. They were 
 met with unshaken firmness. The conflict was 
 desperate, and for a time seemed doubtful, but 
 the unconquerable spirit of the Marylanders at 
 length prevailed, and the enemy began to falter. 
 Being reinforced by the reserves, they again ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 10. Howard ordered his flank company to 
 change front, but mistaking the order it fell back, 
 
 Questions. — 7. What is said in this section? 8. What is said in 
 this section? 9. How was the charge of the enemy met? 10. What 
 is said in this section ? 
 
168 History of Maryland. 
 
 upon which the line commenced to retire. Morgan 
 directed it to retreat towards the cavalry and as- 
 sume a new position. 
 
 11. The British, thinking this movement was 
 precursor of a flight, rushed forward with im- 
 petuosity and in disorder, to complete the triumph. 
 Howard had not yet reached the position marked 
 out by Morgan, but perceiving their condition, he 
 suddenly faced about, and poured in upon the as- 
 tonished enemy a close and murderous fire, and 
 then cheering his men, broke in upon them with 
 the bayonet. ^ 
 
 12. The charge was terrible and decisive; and 
 the day was won. The slaughter of Camden was 
 repaid; the whole British infantry was killed or 
 taken. The enemy's cavalry had pursued the re- 
 treating militia to their horses, and had begun to 
 sabre them when Col. Washington charged upon 
 them, and drove them before him. 
 
 13. Never was a complete or more glorious 
 victory. The force of Morgan did not much ex- 
 ceed eight hundred men — only half of whom were 
 regulars — and only eighty cavalry — while that of 
 Tarleton reached a thousand, comprising three 
 hundred and fifty cavalry. This force was entirely 
 destroyed. 
 
 Questions.— 11. What did the British think? Wnat did Howara 
 do? 12. What is said of the charge? What further is said? 
 13. What was the force of Morgan ? What was Tarleton's ? 
 
Colonel Howard. 169 
 
 14. "The weight of the battle fell upon How- 
 ard, who sustained himself admirably in those try- 
 ing circumstances, and seized with decision the 
 critical moment to complete with the bayonet the 
 advantage gained by his fire." Yet he had won 
 the battle without orders ; and after he had swept 
 the field by his glorious charge, Morgan rode up 
 to him and said severely : " You have done well — 
 for you are successful — had you failed, I would 
 have shot you." 
 
 15. At one moment, Howard held in his hands 
 the swords of seven British officers, who had sur- 
 rendered to him. Congress awarded him a silver 
 medal. 
 
 16. Morgan's aid on this memorable day was a 
 young Maryland officer, Major Edward Giles, who 
 distinguished himself, and was one of the five offi- 
 cers named in the resolution of thanks passed by 
 Congress in 1781. 
 
 Questions.— 1i. Who deserves the credit of the victory? What 
 did Morgan say? 15. How many British officers surrendered to 
 Howard? 16. Who was Morgan's aid? 
 
 15 
 
no 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Battle of Guilford Court House— Greene\s Retreat 
 — Williams Covers the Retreat — Battle — CornicalUs' 
 Defjierate Resort — George Fox's Remark — Americans 
 gain Possession of Strongholds^- Uasuccessjul Attack 
 on Ninety-Six, 
 
 1. Greene, not 
 finding himself 
 strong enough to 
 compete with 
 Cornwallis, who 
 had been rein- 
 forced, commenced 
 his retreat from 
 the Yadkin to the 
 Dan. This retreat 
 was remarkable for 
 its masterly ma- 
 noeuvres, its rapid 
 marches and se- 
 Gen. John Eager Howard. vere duty. At 
 
 times the two armies were within musket shot of 
 
 each other. 
 
 2. Had Williams' corps, which was in the rear, 
 
 become involved with the advance of the enemy, 
 
 Qucstioms.—l. What was Greene compelled to do? What was this 
 retreat remarkable for? 2. What would have been the result of 
 conflict? 
 
General Greene. HI 
 
 the strength of the army might have been de- 
 stroyed, and Greene, no longer covered with light 
 troops, would have fallen an easy victim to Corn- 
 wallis. 
 
 3. The burden of the retreat, therefore, fell upon 
 Y>^illiaras, and nobly did he bear it Scarcely a 
 single mnn was killed or captured, in the face of 
 an active, energetic and superior enemy, whose van 
 for days was constantly in sight of the retiring 
 rear. 
 
 4. Having crossed the Dan, Greene rested his 
 army and recruited. Being reinforced, he thought 
 he could venture an engagement with Cornwallis, 
 which he did in the battle of Guilford Court House, 
 on the ISth of February, 1781. In this fight the 
 first Maryland regiment checked the left wing of 
 the enemy, but the second, which had just been 
 raised, fled. 
 
 5. The battalion of guards, which had turned 
 the second Maryland, was now attacked by Col. 
 Howard. Like a torrent the old Maryland regi- 
 ment broke through their ranks, driving them head- 
 long from the field with terrific slaughter. 
 
 6. To save his favorite corps from utter annihi- 
 lation, and to arrest the progress of the pursuers, 
 Cornwallis was compelled to open his artillery upon 
 
 Questions.— S. Upon whom did the burden of the retreat fall? 
 4. Wliere did Greene rest and recruit? What battle did he ven- 
 ture? 5. Describe the charge of Howard's battalion? 6. What 
 was Cornwallis compelled to do? 
 
112 History of Maryland. 
 
 them, althouf^h every discharge swept throngli his 
 own men. The Maryland brigade lost in this fight 
 one hundred and fifty-four officers and men. The 
 British General lost nearly one-third of his men. 
 
 t. Ther enemy remained masters of the field, but 
 the victory was almost as destructive to Cornwallis 
 as a defeat. George Fox, in the British House 
 of Commons, said of it, "another such victory will 
 ruin the British army." 
 
 8. Six days afterward, February 25th, Greene 
 was surprised at Hobkirk's hill. The first Mary- 
 land regiment, worn down by sufferings, emaciated 
 from the scantiness of their food, and brought sud- 
 denly to a charge when only half-formed, was seized 
 with panic and fled. They rallied, but too late to 
 retrieve the day. 
 
 9. Notwithstanding the defeat at Guilford Court 
 House, the Americans succeeded in gaining pos- 
 session of all the strongholds in the south, with 
 the exception of Charleston and Ninety-Six. This 
 latter post Greene now hastened to invest. 
 
 10. Learning that Lord Rawdon was approach- 
 ing at the head of two thousand men to relieve 
 Ninety-Six, Greene determined to attempt it by 
 assault. The resistance was desperate and success- 
 ful, and Greene was forced to retire. 
 
 Questiom.—l. What is said of victory? What did George Fox 
 say in parliament? 8. What is said of Hobkirls's hill? 9. What 
 did the Americans succeed in gaining? 10. What is said of 
 Kinety-Six. 
 
EuTAW Springs. 173 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Cattle of Eutaw Springs — Disposition of the Troops 
 — Morylmid Line charges the Buffs — Desperate Strug- 
 cle — Marylanders Complimented on the Field — State 
 Threatened with Livasirm — La Fayette in Baltim.ore — 
 Defence of the Bay — Washing ion's Design — Washing- 
 ion at Annapolis. 
 
 1. On the 21st of Aujrust, Greene broke up his 
 encampment, and hastened to the south to seek the 
 enemy now under the command of Lieut. Col. 
 Stewart. He overtook them at Eutaw Sprinirs. 
 
 2. Greene advanced in two lines — the militia in 
 front, the continentals in the rear. The ]\Iaryland 
 bri.i^-ade under Col. Williams, seconded by Lieut. 
 Col. Howard, was on the left wing. 
 
 3. The militia advanced with spirit, and opened 
 a heavy fire upon the enemy, which was soon V)riskly 
 returned ; but they maintained their ground until 
 the British troops pressed close upon them. 
 
 4. The North Carolina troops were immediately 
 ordered up to cover their retreat and check the 
 advance of the enemy. This corps, consisting of 
 newly raised regiments never before in action, 
 pushed forward in good style and the conflict be- 
 came warmer. 
 
 Qiirxfions. — 1. When did Greene return south? Where did he 
 overtake the enemy? 2. What was the position of the troops? 
 3. What is said of the militia? 4. What, of the North Carolina 
 militia? 
 
 15* 
 
IH History of Maryland. 
 
 5. Greene now brouciht up the Maryland and 
 Virginia lines, which advanced with a shout, and 
 poured in a destructive fire upon the enemy. 
 Stewart called up his reserve ; the North Caro- 
 linians began to fall back, when Greene ordered 
 the Marylanders and Virginians to charge with 
 the bayonet. 
 
 6. At trailed arms, cheering vehemently, these 
 two gallant brigades, led on by Williams, Howard 
 and Campbell, rushed upon the enemy heedless of 
 the close and deadly fire, which was repeatedly 
 poured in upon them, as they advanced at a rapid 
 pace. . The shock was terrible. 
 
 *7. Howard's regiment v/as received by the Bufl's, 
 an Irish corps, which had just joined the army ; 
 and here the fiercest struggle ensued. Neither 
 would yield ; but, crossing bayonets their ranks 
 mingled together, opposing files sank down, each 
 pierced with the bayonet of his antagonist. 
 
 8. Tlius they were found, grappled in death and 
 transfixed together upon the field of the slain, 
 marking the spot where the Marylanders and 
 Buffs had met in deadly conflict. The ofBcers 
 fought hand to hand. So bloody a strife could 
 not continue long. The rest of the British line 
 gave way, and the gallant Buffs, unable to main- 
 tain the conflict with the veteran Marylanders, 
 
 Questions. — 5. Wliom did Greene now bring forward? C. De- 
 scribe the charge? 7. By whom was Howard's regiment re- 
 ceived ? 8. What is said ol' this struggle ? Who gave way 2 
 
Marylanders Complimented, 175 
 
 broke and fled. Greene rode up and complimented 
 the Marylanders and their commander in the midst 
 of the action. 
 
 9 The victory was complete, and the British 
 were compelled to retreat. Having obtained an 
 unassailable position, the pursuers were recalled, 
 bringing with them three hundred prisoners and 
 two cannons, one of which was captured by Lieut. 
 Daval, of the Maryland line. 
 
 10. Greene attributed his success to the free use 
 of the bayonet by the Maryland and Virginia 
 troops. The thanks of congress were voted to 
 each of the corps engaged. 
 
 11. The spirit of the hostile army was broken, 
 and the royal supremacy in the south may be said 
 to have terminated, overturned in a great part by 
 the bayonets of Maryland. 
 
 12. Whilst the Maryland line was thus gloriously 
 occupied in the south, its native State seemed, for 
 a time, threatened with invasion. Arnold, the 
 Traitor, had been detached to Virginia, at the head 
 of an active body of British troops. Cornwallis 
 hastened into Virginia, and forming a junction 
 with the forces there, took the command of the 
 whole upon himself. 
 
 13. La Fayette was at once dispatched by 
 General Washington to Virginia, with a small 
 
 Qiiestio7is.—8. What did Greene do? 9. What is said of the vic- 
 tory ? 10. To what did Greene attribute the victory ? 11. Whai i^ 
 said of the hostile army? 12. What invasion threatened Mary- 
 land ? 13. Who was despatched to malce head against Cornwallis ? 
 
116 History of Maryland. 
 
 force to make bead against Cornwallis. He passed 
 through Maryland on his way, and was hospitably 
 received by the merchants of Baltimore. 
 
 14. Being invited to a ball, he was there ob- 
 served to be grave and sad. On being questioned 
 by the ladies, a^ to the cause of his gloom, he re- 
 plied he could not enjoy the gayety of the scene, 
 whilst his poor soldiers were without shirts, and 
 destitute of the necessities of a campaign. "We 
 will supply them," exclaimed these patriotic women. 
 
 15. The pleasures of the ball-room were ex- 
 changed for the labors of the needle, and on the 
 next day they assembled in great numbers to make 
 up clothing for the soldiers. The husbands and 
 fathers furnished the materials. The distresses of 
 his corps were relieved. The history of this city 
 during the last few years has proved that the 
 women of the present day, whose kind hearts and 
 fair hands have contributed to alleviate the wants 
 of the suffering, are worthy descendants of those 
 noble women of the revolution. 
 
 16. Great efforts were made to organize a force 
 to repel an hivasion, which the open condition of 
 the bay might invite. The glory of the southern 
 battles had re-awakened the spirit of the people 
 of Maryland, and the measures proposed were 
 promptly carried out. Provision was made for 
 
 Questions.— li. What anecdote is related of La Fayette? 15. What 
 was done the next day ? 16. What is said of the defence of the 
 bay? 
 
Washington in Baltimore. 117 
 
 tlie defence of the bay, and several severe actions 
 took place with the stragglinj^ cruisers of the 
 eneray. A regiment was ordered to join La Fay- 
 ette in Virginia. 
 
 17. Washington, having formed the design of 
 destroying Cornvvallis, was now anxions to con- 
 centrate as strong a force as possible in that quar- 
 ter, while the French fleet seized the mouth of the 
 bay to cnt off the retreat of the enemy. 
 
 18. On the 8th of September, Washington 
 passed through Baltimore, where he was received 
 with every mark of respect. An address was pre- 
 sented to him on behalf of the people, and the city 
 was illuminated. 
 
 19. On the 19th of October, 1781, Cornwallis 
 surrendered with his whole force of seven thousand 
 men. In this hard contested siege, a portion of 
 the Maryland troops w^as engaged, maintaining the 
 honor of the State and the fame of the old Mary- 
 land line. 
 
 20. In a letter to Governor Lee, of Maryland, 
 Washington says, " my present engagements will 
 not allow me to add more than my congratulations 
 on this happy event, and to express the high sense 
 I have of the powerful aid which I have derived 
 from the State of Maryland." 
 
 Questions. — 17. What design had Washington formed? What was 
 done in order to carry out this plan? IS. When did Wasliingtou 
 pass throngli Baltimore? 19. When did Cornwallis surrender? 
 20, What does Washington, in his letter to Gov. Lee, say? 
 
178 History of Maryland. 
 
 21. On Washington's passing through Annapo- 
 lis, to join the army in the nortli, that venerable 
 city was crowded to overflowing with happy spec- 
 tators, and presented one constant scene of enthu- 
 siastic rejoicing. 
 
 22. Maryland had the honor of first " saluting 
 him as the Patriot, the Hero, and the Saviour 
 OF HIS Country." She had been the tirst to pro- 
 pose him for that station which resulted in liberty 
 to his country, and in the admiration of all posterity 
 to himself. She was the first to announce to him 
 the gratitude of the nation, and to confer upon 
 him those titles which were to render his name 
 universal and immortal. 
 
 Questions.— 2\. What is said of Washington's passage through 
 Annapolis? 22. How did Maryland salute him? 
 
New Paper Issues. 179 
 
 CHAPTER, XV. 
 
 The Close of the Revolution— iVg-jo Paper Tssrips — 
 To7'T/ Conspiracy — Plot Exposed — Execuiion of Leaders 
 — Success or Failure — Commissioners from England — 
 Spirited ResoliUion of Maryland Legidature — Clobe of 
 the War. 
 
 1. The Legislature bad made every effort to 
 prepare for the campaign of 1781. Knowing the 
 impossibility of meeting the necessary expenses by 
 means of the usual paper money, they determined 
 to have recourse to the patriotism of the wealthier 
 citizens, 
 
 2. There was a large amount of confiscated land 
 unsold, that had belonged to British subjects. The 
 Legislature determined to issue two hundred thou- 
 sand pounds in notes, secured by these confiscated 
 lands, which were pledged to the amount of four 
 hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 3. The wealthy and patriotic planters and mer- 
 chants agreed to take at their par, or nominal value, 
 such amounts as they subscribed for. As the secu- 
 rity was sufficient, nearly the whole amount w^as 
 subscribed. For a time the scheme was success- 
 ful, but such was the want of confidence in paper 
 money of any kind, that in three months, even these 
 
 Questions.— \. What is said of the legislature? 2. How did the 
 legishxture proceed to raise money? 3. Did the plau succeed? 
 Did the paper money retain its value? 
 
180 History of Maryland. 
 
 bills had depreciated to less than half their nominal 
 value. 
 
 4. An extensive alarm was created by the dis- 
 covery of a conspiracy to excite an insurrection of 
 the disaffected within the State. 
 
 5. At the opening of the campaign of IT 81, a 
 design was formed of invading the western frontier 
 from Canada. A body of British troops was to 
 strike at Fort Pitt; and Col. Conolly, already 
 once baffled in his designs in Maryland, was to 
 assemble a tory force to co-operate with him. 
 
 6. Large numbers had been enrolled in Fred- 
 erick count}^, when the conspiracy was discovered 
 at Frederick. It is said that a British officer in 
 disguise was to meet a messenger of the conspira- 
 tors at a designated place, and put into his hands 
 papers containing every information concerning its 
 progress. 
 
 7. The British ofiQcer was deterred from attend- 
 ing at the appointed place, and the papers fell into 
 the hands of an American officer, who by a singular 
 coincidence was at that moment standing where the 
 tory expected to meet his correspondent. 
 
 8. The plot and the names of the leaders were 
 at once exposed, and efficient measures were in- 
 stantly taken. The leaders were arrested and 
 convicted. Seven were brouorht to trial before a 
 
 Questions. — 4. What alarm was excited? 5. What design was 
 formed? 6. & 7. How was the conspiracy diseoyered? 8. What 
 was done with the leaders of the plot? 
 
Commissioners. 181 
 
 coniraission presided over by Judge Hanson, found 
 guilty and sentenced to death. 
 
 9. Three of their number were executed in the 
 Court-house yard of Frederick. They persisted, 
 to the last, that they were only guilty of doing 
 their duty as lawful subjects of the King of Eng- 
 land, and asserted that their judges were more 
 truly deserving the name of rebels and traitors. 
 
 10. Had the result of the revolution been differ- 
 ent, a different name would have been given to 
 their fate — which they met with firmness; for 
 whilst one side stigmatized them as traitors, the 
 other mourned over them, and honored them as 
 true and loyal martyrs. Success makes a revo- 
 lution glorious, the want of it leaves the reproach 
 of disgrace upon the unfortunate. Without suc- 
 cess the patriots of the Maryland line would have 
 been called traitors and rebels to this day, and the 
 name of tory, now a reproach, would be proudly 
 assumed as a token of loyalty. 
 
 11. As soon as the arrival of commissioners 
 j from Great Britain, with power to make either 
 peace or war with the revolted colonies, was an- 
 nounced, the Maryland Legislature unanimously 
 resolved, that " though peace with Great Britain 
 and all the world, was an object truly desirable, 
 war with all its calamities was preferable to national 
 
 Questions.— 0. How many were executed? What did they insist 
 upon to the last? 10. What is said in this section ? 11. What did 
 , the Maryland legislature resolve ? 
 
182 History of Maryland. 
 
 dishonor. That this State could never consent to 
 treat with Great Britain, except upon the footing 
 of an equal, and would never enter into any treaty 
 with that power, which would sully its own honor 
 or violate its obligations to France, its great and 
 good ally." 
 
 12. The bay-shores were still infested by armed 
 galleys and barges, manned by tories and refugees, 
 who plundered and sometimes murdered the inhabi- 
 tants. The Legislature determined to re-establish 
 the marine, and by its rigorous measures the com- 
 merce of the bay was relieved, and the inhabitants 
 of its shores were protected. 
 
 13. The war was now at an end. Throughout 
 the whole contest, Maryland had been distinguished 
 for its zeal in support of the common cause. Be- 
 sides those enlisted in the independent corps, the 
 State companies, and the marine and naval forces, 
 she had furnished during the war, to the Conti- 
 nental army, fifteen thousand two hundred and 
 twenty-nine men, and five thousand four hundred 
 and seven militia. ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Questiunn.—VI. W'Uixl is i-.iid ol tho bay-shores? 13. What of the 
 war? What of Maryland, during the war? 
 
The Maryland Line. 183 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Maryland Line— TA^?> Sufferwgs—The First to 
 use the Bayonet — Their Battles — Their Losses. 
 
 1. No troops in the Continental army had ren- 
 dered better service, endured more fatigue or won 
 greater glory than the Maryland line. In propor- 
 tion to their number, no body of men suffered more 
 severely. 
 
 2. They were the first to use the bayonet against 
 the experienced regulars of the enemy, and that in 
 the earliest battle — and throughout the succeeding 
 struggles of the war, they were most often called on 
 to lead with that bloody weapon into the ranks of 
 the foe. They seldom shrank from the encounter. 
 
 3. At Long Ishmd, a fragment of a battalion 
 shook, with repeated charges, a whole brigade of 
 British regulars. At White Plains, they held the 
 advance columns at bay. At Harlem Heights, 
 they drove the enemy from the ground. At Ger- 
 mantovvn, they swept through the hostile camp, 
 with their fixed bayonets, far in advance of the 
 whole army. At Cowpens, and at Eutaw, their 
 ranks with unloaded muskets bore down all oppo- 
 sition. At Guilford, and at Camden, though the 
 victory was not theirs, they fought with a courage 
 
 Questions.— I. What is said of the Maryland line? 2. What were 
 they the first to do ? 3. Mention the several battles in which they 
 distinguished themselves ? 
 
184 History of Maryland. 
 
 that won tlie admiration and surprise of the enemy, 
 aud brouijht from Fox, in the House of Commons, 
 the exclamation: "one more such vietory and the 
 British army is rr.ined " Everywhere they used 
 the bayonet with terrible effect. 
 
 4. Entering into the war two strong battalions, 
 they were soon reduced to a single company — 
 Again swelled up to seven regiments, they were 
 again thinned by their losses to a single regiment, 
 and before the campaign was well passed, they 
 were once more recruited to four full battalions of 
 more than two thousand men. 
 
 5. Two of their Colonels, Williams and How- 
 ard, were considered the best officers of their 
 grade in the army. Grunby, Hall, Smith, Stone, 
 Kamsey and Ford, were equal to any others in the 
 whole continental service. 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 Seat of Govkrnmknt — Annnpnlis 0/J^erff7 — Aci'mn of 
 Concfress — Wasldnfjton detenni.nes to Resign — Recep- 
 tion at Annapolis — Rcsig?iativn. 
 
 1. It was now an interesting question where the 
 seat of national government should be placed. — 
 The central position of Maryland drew attention 
 
 Questicns.—i. What is said of their losses? 5. What of tlieir 
 officers? 1. What was now a question? 
 
Seat of GoverNxMent. 185 
 
 in this quarter, and the corporation of Annapolis 
 addressed a memorial to the legislature in 1783, 
 offerinp; the city to the general government. 
 
 2. The legislature, therefore, offered to the gov- 
 ernment the use and possession of the State House 
 for their sessions. Other inducements were offered 
 to make Annapolis the permanent seat of govern- 
 ment. Congress determined to fix the capital in 
 Maryland, yet deemed it more prudent .to select 
 some other place than that already occupied by 
 the State legislature. 
 
 3. They resolved to select a point upon the Poto- 
 mac, near Georgetown, but for the present, accepted 
 the accommodations tendered them by the State. — 
 They, therefore, adjourned from Princeton to An- 
 napolis. The legislature welcomed thera with great 
 cordiality, gave up one of their halls for their use. 
 Governor Paca surrendered the government house 
 to their president. 
 
 4. General Washington had already notified the 
 several States of his intention to resign his com- 
 mission, and retire to private life, lie now has- 
 tened to Annapolis, where he arrived on the ITth 
 of December, to consummate his purpose. 
 
 5. He was met a few miles from the city by 
 Generals Gates and Smalhvood, with the most dis- 
 tinguished citizens of Maryland. lie was greeted 
 
 Quesiions.—l. What is said of the position of Maryland? 2. What 
 did congress determine? ?.. What did the legislature do? 4. What 
 is said of Washington? 5. How was he received 2 
 
 16* 
 
186 
 
 History op Maryland. 
 
 with enthusiasm by the people. Every one vied in 
 doing him honor. 
 
 6. At twelve o'clock, on the 23d of December, 
 the gallery, and a great part of the floor of the 
 hall of congress, were filled with ladies, with public 
 functionaries of the State, and with general ofi&cers. 
 The members of congress were seated and covered, 
 as representatives of the sovereignty of the union. 
 The gentlemen present were standing: uncovered. 
 
 7. After a decorous 
 silence of a few min- 
 
 utes, Washington rose, 
 and in a dignified and 
 impressive manner, de- 
 livered a short address. 
 When he had con- 
 cluded, he placed into 
 the hands of the Presi- 
 dent that great com- 
 mission, under which 
 he had achieved the 
 liberty and indepen- 
 dence of America, 
 "commending the in- 
 terests of our dearest 
 country to the protec- 
 tion of Almighty God, and those who have the 
 superintendence of them, to his holy keeping." 
 
 Questions.— e. Describe the scene in the Slate House? 7, What 
 did Washington do? What did he say? 
 
 
Washington Resigns. 18T 
 
 8. The editor of the Maryland Gazette, who 
 was present, says : " Few tragedies ever drew so 
 many tears from so many beautiful eyes, as the 
 moving manner in which his Excellency took his 
 final leave of congress," 
 
 9. Then calmly, as if he had not just resigned 
 the highest place in his country's gift, and broken 
 the sword of his own power for its lasting good, 
 that great man retired from that hall which had 
 thus been consecrated forever by this noble scene. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 1783-1789 — Debt — Public Improvement — Susquehanna 
 Canal — Potomac Company —Population of Baltimore — 
 Colleges — Constitution of the United States Adopted. 
 
 1. The great difficulty the country now had to 
 contend with was the debt incurred both by the 
 general government and the several states. The 
 treasury was empty and credit was gone. So great 
 was the scarcity of money that taxes had to be 
 paid, to a great extent, in merchandise, or, as it is 
 called, in kind. 
 
 Quc^iion.s. — 8. What is said by lui eye-witness? 9. Repeat this 
 pe(;ti(ni? J. What great difficulty had the country to contend 
 witli ? How had taxes to be raised? 
 
188 History op Maryland. 
 
 2. Maryland was the most prompt of the States 
 to take efficient measures to raise money, and re- 
 store her credit ; and looking forward to her future 
 growth, she laid the foundations of those public 
 works which have contributed so materially to her 
 subsequeut prosperity. 
 
 3. " The Proprietors of the Susquehanna Ca- 
 nal" were incorporated in 1784. The object of 
 tiiis company was to construct a canal from the 
 Pennsylvania line, along the Susquehanna to tide- 
 water. 
 
 4. In the same year, the Potomac Company was 
 organized- The object of this organization was, 
 ''the opening and extending of the navigation of 
 the Potomac." The idea originated with the 
 greatest men of the day, and General Washington 
 took great interest in it. It would open a high- 
 way for the already increasing travel from the 
 Atlantic to the west. 
 
 5. The Potomac Company was subsequently 
 merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Com- 
 pany, and the designs for rendering the river navi- 
 gable were abandoned, and other plans adopted. 
 
 6. The removal of the dangers and impediments 
 which had obstructed commerce during the war, 
 gave the city of Baltimore a new impulse. In 
 
 Questions.— 2. What is saiu of Maryland ? 3. What company was 
 incorporated? 4. What other company? 5. Into what was the 
 Potomac company subsequently merged? 6. What gave Balti- 
 more a new impetus ? 
 
Colleges. 189 
 
 1182 it only numbered eight thousand inhabitants, 
 but from that time it has moved on with rapidity 
 and power, and is now regarded as one of the 
 most prosperous cities in the Union. 
 
 *7. As early as 1782, Washington College, at 
 Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, was incorpo- 
 rated. In 1T84, St. John's College at Annapolis 
 was instituted. These two colleges, at which many 
 of the principal men of the State have been edu- 
 cated, were in 1805 united under the name of the 
 University of Maryland. 
 
 8. On the expiration of the term for which 
 William Paca was eligible, in 1785, Maj. Gen'l 
 Smallwood was elected governor. Though he 
 was honored by the people of Maryland with the 
 highest office in their gift, yet, his memory seems 
 nearly forgotten. He is buried in a lonely grave, on 
 his paternal estate, now in the hands of strangers. 
 He who won so much glory for Maryland lies un- 
 honored, without a stone to mark the spot, or an 
 enclosure to protect his last resting place from 
 desecration. 
 
 9. During the administration of Smallwood the 
 Constitution of the United States was adopted. It 
 was acceded to by Maryland on the 28th of April, 
 1788, by a vote of sixty-three to eleven. 
 
 Questions.— G. How many inhabitants had it in 1782? 7. What 
 college was established in 1782? In 178i? 8. Who was elected 
 governor in 1785 ? What is said of him ? 9. What important step 
 was talien during his administration ? 
 
190 History op Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Federal Constitution — Needs of ihe Country — 
 Convention Proposed — Disputes — The Coyistifutlon a 
 Compromise — Capital — District of Colianbia — Property 
 (Qualifications for Voting Removed — The Ballot substi- 
 iutedfor viva voce. 
 
 1. The old articles of confederation were found 
 not adapted to the wants of the country in its new 
 condition. There was need of a more centralized 
 power, by which the States could be brought into 
 closer union, and the general government could act 
 more efficiently for the general good. 
 
 2. A convention of all the States, to devise some 
 means to give stability to the confederation, having 
 been proposed, the legislature of Maryland elected 
 five delegates to represent the State. 
 
 3. The convention met at Philadelphia, and 
 agreed upon the present Constitution and form of 
 government of the United States, which was laid 
 before Congress. That body immediately directed 
 that copies should be transmitted to the several 
 legislatures to be submitted to a convention of 
 delegates, ch(jsen in each State by the people. 
 
 4. The condition of the country was such, that 
 every one acknowledged the necessity of immediate 
 
 Questions.— I. What is said of the confederation? What did the 
 country need? 2. What was proposed? 3. Where did the con- 
 vention meet? Wliat did the convention present to congress? 
 What was tlie action of congress? 4. What two parties were tliere 
 in the country? 
 
The Federal Constitution. 191 
 
 change. But there were two parties ; one was 
 desirous of strengthening State authority, fearing 
 that too great centralization of power would ulti- 
 mately destroy State independence and popular 
 liberty itself, by leaving minorities entirely at the 
 mercy of majorities ; the other hoped to derive 
 from an efficient general government, unity and 
 stability, which would ensure prosperity at home, 
 and respect abroad. 
 
 5. The Constitution was a happy compromise. 
 The popular majorities were represented in the 
 House of Representatives, and State sovereignty 
 was represented in the Senate. This protected 
 the weak from the strong. It is the remark of 
 an ancient philosopher, and history confirms the 
 truth of it, that " the weak always desire what is 
 equal and just : but the powerful pay no regard 
 to it." 
 
 6. The immense popular majorities of a large 
 State, regarding only their own interests, could 
 control legislation to the disadvantage of the 
 smaller States ; but in the Senate the smallest 
 State is equal to the largest. Hence, under ordi- 
 nary circumstances, the necessities of concurrent 
 majorities would prevent unjust legislation, and 
 the strong would be compelled to listen to the 
 weak, and respect their rights. 
 
 Questions.— 5. What is said of the constitution ? How ? 6. Ex- 
 plain further ? 
 
192 History op Maryland. 
 
 T. This most admirably contrived compromise 
 and compact called the Constitution, was ratified 
 by the Maryland convention. A certificate of their 
 ratification was signed by the members, on the 
 28th of April, 1788. 
 
 8. On the 2d of July, 1188, the ratification of 
 the constitution by nine States, was laid before the 
 old Congress, then still in session, and preparations 
 were immediately made to carry it into effect. The 
 States were directed to appoint their electors to 
 cast their votes for president and vice-president. 
 The vote of Maryland was cast for Washington for 
 president, and Robert Hanson Harrison for vice- 
 president. 
 
 9. The general government had not yet adopted 
 any permanent capital. After having hesitated 
 between the Potomac and the Delaware, Congress 
 concluded to accept the proposition of Maryland, 
 and the Potomac was selected. 
 
 10. Commissioners were appointed in 1790; the 
 district was laid out on both sides of the Potomac, 
 embracing nearly equal portions of Virginia * and 
 Maryland, including Georgetown and Alexandria, 
 and called the " Territory of Columbia." The new 
 
 *The Virginia portion was afterwards ceded back to that 
 State. 
 
 Questions. — 7. When did Maryland ratify the constitution? 
 8. When was the ratification laid before congress ? Who was the 
 first president? 9. Had the capital been adopted yet? 10. When 
 were commissioners appointed? 
 
Keform. 193 
 
 city, whose site was pelected for the Federal Metro- 
 polis, was named Washington. 
 
 11. On the 18th of September, 1793, the corner 
 stone of the north wing of the capitol was laid by 
 Washington in person. 
 
 12. Prior to 1801, no person was allowed to 
 vote unless he possessed a certain amount of prop- 
 erty. It was thought necessary that there should 
 be a property qualification in voters, in order to 
 give them a personal interest in the management 
 of public affairs. 
 
 13. The first States to break through this cus- 
 tom were Vermont and Maryland. In Maryland 
 there was great opposition at first to the extension 
 of the right of suffrage, on the part of the senate. 
 But it was coi^tended that property was not the 
 only interest at stake in the community, or to be 
 effected by its government and legislation. The 
 rights of life, liberty and character, are to be re- 
 garded as paramount to those of mere property. 
 
 14. It is not always the property holders who 
 have interest enough in the general welfare, in the 
 hour of danger to the commonwealth, to stake their 
 lives or liberty in its defence. But being powerful 
 in the State, by reason of their wealth, the danger 
 is that they will use that power for their own ag- 
 
 Questions.— 10. What site was selected? 11. When and by whom 
 was the corner stone of the capitol laid? 12. What was neces.«ary 
 prior to 1801 ? 13. What States were the first to break through 
 this custom? What was contended in favor of enlarged suttVage? 
 14. What is said of property holders ? 
 
 17 
 
194 History op Maryland. 
 
 grandizement, indifferent to the rights, or even the 
 sufferings of the masses, who alone can protect 
 them in their wealth. 
 
 15. Hence the people of Maryland insisted that 
 the power of wealth, in producing class legisla- 
 tion, should be checked by the power of numbers, 
 every one of whom had life, liberty and character at 
 stake, and they succeeded in passing a law giving 
 the right of suffrage to every free white male citi- 
 zen, twenty-one years of age, who had resided 
 twelve months in the State, and six in the county 
 prior to the election. 
 
 16. The ballot and the ballot-box were also sub- 
 stituted for viva voce vote. In 1809, all clauses 
 of the State constitution requiring property quali- 
 fications for office holders, were repealed. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 1812 — War with England — Deday-ation of Wat — Two 
 Parties — The Position of New England — Of Maryland 
 — Riot in Baltimore — Hartford Convention — Admiral 
 Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence of Havre de Grace. 
 
 1. Difficulties, which arose from the jealousy of 
 England and her haughty spirit, and which led to 
 an interference with the commerce of America, and 
 
 queations.—lb. What did the people of Maryland insist upon? 
 16. What method of voting was introduced? 3. What led to diffi- 
 culties with England ? 
 
Commerce versus Honor. 195 
 
 an iiifriiio'ement on her rights as a nation, at last 
 resulted in a declaration of war. This was made 
 by the United States, on the 11th of June, 1812. 
 
 2. There were two political parties in the coun- 
 try, known as the Federal and Democratic. The 
 former, as its name implies, favored a strong cen- 
 tral government, the latter adopted the theory of 
 Slate-rifrhts. The Federal party opposed the war. 
 
 3. The New England States, at first, were quite 
 eager for it, because the measures adopted to pre- 
 vent so great a calamity, interfered with their com- 
 merce. They looked upon war as a remedy for the 
 evil, but finding the remedy worse to them than the 
 evil, they were thenceforth bitterly opposed to war, 
 as both wicked and expensive. 
 
 4. ^Maryland, and the agricultural States gene- 
 rally, thinking the honor of the republic, as well 
 as its commerce, were at stake, favored active 
 hostilities. The legishiture of Maryland voted 
 an address to the President of the United States, 
 declaring they were ready to submit to all the 
 hards!ii}»s and dangers of war, rather than permit 
 outrages upon the honor of the country to pass 
 unpunished. 
 
 5. The '* Federal Republican," a newspaper pub- 
 lished in Baltimore, made such a violent attack 
 upon the administration and the war measures, that 
 
 Questions.— I. When was war declared? 2. What two political 
 parties? 3. What is said of the New England States? 4. What of 
 Maryland? 5. In what lawless manner did the people of Mary- 
 land shew their zeal? 
 
19G History of Maryland. 
 
 a riot was the result ; the office of the paper was 
 torn down, and one person was killed. 
 
 6. In New England, on the other hand, where 
 the Federalists were in the majority, opposition to 
 the war was popular. The Massachusetts legisla- 
 ture proposed to call a convention of delegates 
 from the several States of New England, to meet 
 and enquire what ought to be done. This was 
 called the Hartford Convention. 
 
 7. It is claimed by the New England historians 
 that the objects of this convention were patriotic, 
 and that "as the mists of passion fade away this 
 becomes more apparent." Whether so, or not, 
 it is certain the convention was considering the 
 propriety of withdrawing New England from the 
 Union, for, in its journal it says, " whenever it shall 
 appear that these causes of our calamities are radi- 
 cal and permanent, a separation by equitable ar- 
 rangement will be preferable to an alliance by 
 constraint, among nominal friends, but real ene- 
 mies." The somewhat unexpected close of the 
 war prevented further action. 
 
 . 8. Divided by these elements of internal discord 
 the United States went into the war. Whether 
 owing to this want of unanimity on the part of the 
 people, or to want of skill on the part of the offi- 
 cers, the first year of the war was one of misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 Questions. — 6. How did New England shew its liostility ? 7. What 
 is claimed by the New England historians? What is certain? 
 
Admiral Cockbuun. 197 
 
 0. Maryland bore part in the deeds of the wnr 
 only tliroui^h her privateers. Her soldiers and 
 sailors were distributed throughout the Federal 
 army, and were not, as formerly, distinguished in a 
 Gcparate corps. 
 
 10. In 1813, Admiral Cockburn made his an- 
 pearance in the Cncsaneake with four ships of the 
 line and six friuates. He directed his operations 
 against detached farm houses and seats of private 
 gentlemen, uni)repared for defence; these were 
 robbed, and the owners treated in the rudest mnn- 
 ner. The cattle, which could not be carried awuy, 
 were destroyed ; the slaves were armed against 
 their owners, and persuaded to attack defenceless 
 families. 
 
 11. Althoutih it wns impossible to station a force 
 at each farm house to repel these incursions, yet 
 the spirited citizens of Maryla!id formed bodies of 
 cavalry, which were stationed at intervals along the 
 shore. In several instances Cockburn and his ruf- 
 fians were bravely repelled by a collection of neigh- 
 bors, under no authority and without a leader. 
 
 12. Cockburn took possession of several islands 
 in the Bay, particularly Sharp's, Tilghman's and 
 Poplar Islands, whence he could make a descent 
 upon the neighboring shores. 
 
 Questions.— d. How did Maryland bear lie r part? 10. When did 
 Admiral Coelvburn arrive ? What was his conduct? 11. How did 
 the Jlarylanders protect their shore t 12. What places did Cock- 
 burn seize? 
 
 IT* 
 
198 History op Maryland. 
 
 13. Among: the places that suffered by this famous 
 or infamous Admiral, were Frenchtown, Havre-de- 
 Grace, Fredericktown, (on the Eastern Shore), 
 and Georgetown, which were taken, plundered and 
 burned. 
 
 14. Frenchtown was a small village, consisting 
 of six dwelling houses, two store houses and seve- 
 ral stables. It was of some importance, however, 
 as a place of deposit on the Hue of packets and 
 stnges between Baltimore and Philadelphia. — 
 Against this village he sent a force of five hun- 
 dred marines. A small party of militia from Elk- 
 ton collected to oppose him, but moved off as the 
 Admiral approached. 
 
 15. Havre-de-Grace was, at that time, a neat 
 village, containing about twenty or thirty houses. 
 The attack on this place was made on the third 
 of May, before day-light. The approach of the 
 enemy was announced by cannon shot and the 
 firing of rockets. The inhabitants, roused from 
 their sleep, leaped up in the greatest consternation. 
 The more courageous repaired to the beach, where, 
 a fcvv' small pieces of artillery had been planted on 
 a kind of battwy. 
 
 16. On the approach of the barges, nineteen in 
 number, they all, with the exception of an old citi- 
 zen of the place, an Irishman named O'Neill, fled. 
 
 Questions.— V.i. What towns were plundered and burnt? It. What -. 
 is paid of Frenchtown? 15. What is sai<l of lluvre-de-Grace? What 
 of its attack? 16. What is said of O'JSeill 1 
 
His Deeds. 199 
 
 O'N'eill manned a gun himself and kept up a fire 
 on the approaching enemy until he was disabled 
 by a wound in the thigh, received from the recoil 
 of the cannon which he was firing. He then con- 
 tinued the fight with two muskets, until he was 
 captured by the enemy. 
 
 17. Cockburn's men no sooner landed than they 
 set about plundering and destroying. The houses 
 were burned, the women had their clothes torn 
 from their backs, the horses were maimed and the 
 stage coaches were broken to pieces. The church 
 edifice was defaced but not burned. The house of 
 Commodore Rodgers was also saved. Most of 
 the women and children of the place had collected 
 here, and at their earnest solicitation the torch was 
 not applied. 
 
 18. The enemy now divided his force into three 
 parts. One remained at Havre-de-Grace ; one 
 party followed the road to Baltimore for several 
 miles, plundering the farm houses, and robbing the 
 travellers on the road of their clothes and money ; 
 the other proceeded up the river, committing simi- 
 lar outrages. 
 
 19. On the sixth, they returned to their fleet, 
 taking O'Neill with them They threatened to 
 hang him as a British subject found in arms ; but 
 the determination of the Americans to execute two 
 
 Qiic>itions. — n. What wa.s the conduct of Coekburn't: men? 
 18. Wliat did the enemy now do? 19. What did they do with 
 O'iSeai. 
 
200 History of Maryland. 
 
 British sailors in reprisal, induced them to spare 
 his life. 
 
 20. Frederlcktown and Georgetown were two 
 beautiful villages on the Sassafras river, situated 
 opposite each other, one in Kent, the other in 
 Cecil county. On the sixth, placing himself at the 
 head of six hundred men, in eighteen barges, he 
 ascended the river towards Fredericktown. Col. 
 Veazy had collected here about fifty militia. 
 
 21. On the approach of the barges, which im- 
 mediately commenced a heavy tire, the greater part 
 of the militia fled. Yeazy, with a few dauntless 
 spirits, kept his ground, and maintained a steady 
 fire until the enemy was so near that he was com- 
 pelled to retreat. The houses were plundered and 
 burnt. Georgetown was then treated in a similar 
 manner. 
 
 22. Men of the stamp of Cockburn, who do 
 not regard the tender years of childhood, nor the 
 weakness of women, who illuminate the skies with 
 incendiary fires of peaceful hamlets, who, instead 
 of alleviating the horrors of war, make it the 
 means of gratifying their passions and their ava- 
 rice, are not considered as true specimens of the 
 soldier. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, 
 that we do not find him exposing himself to any 
 risks. He threatened Annapolis, but finding it 
 prepared for defence, retired. He approached 
 
 Questions.— 20. What is said of Fredericktown and Georgetown? 
 21. Describe the attack? 22. What is said of men like Cockburn? 
 
Battle of BLADENSBURa 201 
 
 Baltimore, but five thousand citizens were in arms, 
 and he shrunk from the encounter. He preferred 
 the safe and profitable, though at that time thought 
 inglorious, warfare of destroying or carrying off 
 private property. If he won no laurels, he at least 
 could console himself with the tobacco and furni- 
 ture which he stole. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Battle of Bladensburg. 
 
 1. The termination of the European war, which 
 was waged at this time against Napoleon, enabled 
 England to supply a powerful land force to invade 
 the interior. 
 
 2. Anticipating that Baltimore or Washington 
 would be made the points of attack, a new mili- 
 tary district, composed of Maryland, the District 
 of Columbia, and part of Virginia, was formed, 
 and on the fifth of July, 1814, the command was 
 given to Gen'l Winder. 
 
 3. The forces assigned to him were some frag- 
 ments of regulars — less than five hundred, mostly 
 raw recruits, and some two thousand militia from 
 the District of Columbia. He had, also, authority 
 
 Questions. — 1. What enabled England to send more forces to this 
 country? 2. What new military district was formed, and why? 
 3. What forcfo were assigned to Gen. Winder? 
 
202 History of Maryland. 
 
 to call upon the State of Maryland, in case of 
 invasion, for six thousand militia, upon Virginia 
 for two thousand, and upon Pennsylvania for five 
 hundred. 
 
 4. Gen. Winder proposed to call out this militia, 
 and to form a camp of three thousand men between 
 the Eastern Branch and the Patuxent, and to mass 
 the remainder in Washington. Had his plan been 
 carried into execution the cities of Baltimore and 
 Washington would safely have bid defiance to the 
 enemy. But his plan was opposed by the Secre- 
 tary of War. 
 
 5. This army of over ten thousand men, existed 
 only on paper. When the requisitions were made 
 upon the States for their quota, the men were not 
 forthcoming. At the beginning of August he had 
 only about a thousand regulars upon whom he 
 could depend, and about four thousand militia, 
 the greater part of whom were quietly at their 
 homes. 
 
 6. Such was the condition of affairs when, in the 
 beginning of August, news reached Washington 
 that a new and large British fleet, under Admiral 
 Cochrane, had arrived. This fleet brought Gene- 
 ral Ross and four thousand of Wellington's troops. 
 To this fleet Cockburn's squadron was added. 
 
 Questions.— i. What did Gen. Winder propose? 5, What is said 
 of this army? How many were there at the beginning of August? 
 6. Who arrived at this time ? 
 
The American Squadron. 203 
 
 T. The American squadron in tlie Chesapeake 
 had been placed under the command of Joshua 
 Barney. He was blocked up in the Patuxent, 
 where he succeeded, however, by the help of the 
 militia, in repelling one or two attacks. 
 
 8. The enemy divided his force into three parts, 
 sending one up the Potomac, under Captain Gor- 
 don, to open the way to the city of Washington ; 
 the other, under Sir Peter Parker, as if to threaten 
 Baltimore ; while the main body, under Commo- 
 dore Cochrane, consisting of twenty-seven vessels, 
 ascended the Patuxent as if to attack Commodore 
 Barney's flotilla, but with the real intention of 
 attacking Washington. 
 
 9. The enemy reached Benedict on the 19th of 
 August, and on the next day landed six thousand 
 regulars and seamen. On the 21st, they moved 
 toward Nottingham, and on the following day 
 reached Marlborough. The British flotilla, con- 
 sisting of barges and launches, ascended the river, 
 under Cockburn, keeping on the right flank of the 
 army. On the 23d, the flotilla of Commodore Bar- 
 ney was set fire to by sailors left for the purpose, 
 the Commodore, with his men, having already 
 joined General Winder. 
 
 Questions.— 7. What is said of the American squadron? 8. What 
 were the movements of the enemy? 9. What place did the enemy 
 reach? How many did they land? What is said of the British 
 flotilla? 
 
204 History of Maryland. 
 
 10. The enemy reached Bladensburg, a village 
 about six miles from Washington, without oppo- 
 sition or resistance, on the 24th of August. The 
 American forces here were re-inforced by a body 
 of twenty-one hundred men, under Gen. Stansbury, 
 including the fifth regiment, the favorite regiment 
 of Baltimore, under Colonel Sterrett, together with 
 several rifle companies, commanded by Maj. Pinck- 
 II ey, and two companies of artillery, under Myers 
 and Magruder, as well as by the sailors and ma- 
 rines, already mentioned, under Com. Barney. It 
 wa§ determined to make a stand here, and risk a 
 battle for the defence of the capital. The action 
 commenced at on-e o'clock. 
 
 11. General Stansbury was stationed on the 
 left of the road leading to Washington, with his 
 artillery in a breast work near the bridge over the 
 Eastern Branch, with the Baltimore volunteers in 
 advance. Col. Beall, with eight hundred militia, 
 was placed on the right of the road, and General 
 Winder in person commanded the main body, a 
 short distance in the rear. The heavy artillery, 
 under Commodore Barney, was placed so as to 
 command the road. 
 
 12. As soon as the enemy appeared in sight, 
 they formed, and moved towards the bridge, but 
 
 Questions. — 10. When did the enemy reach Bladensburg? By 
 whom were the Americans re-inforced? What was determined 
 upon? 11. What was the disposition of the troops? 12. What Is 
 said i» this section ? 
 
Barney's Battery. 205 
 
 were received with a destructive fire from the bat- 
 teries and the Baltimore rifles, and driven back in 
 disorder. 
 
 13. They immediately formed again and ad- 
 vanced a second time. The head of their column 
 was again thrown into confusion, but they at length 
 forced their way across the bridge and drove back 
 General Stansbury's force, capturing one piece of 
 artillery. 
 
 14. Col. BealPs militia retreated with great pre- 
 cipitation, and a detachment of Annapolis militia 
 was thrown back in disorder on the main body. — 
 The enemy now advanced briskly along the road, 
 certain of an easy victory, when Barney's battery 
 opened upon them in front, and Colonel Millar 
 with the marines poured in a heavy fire upon their 
 flank. 
 
 15. The first discharge of Barney's pieces swept 
 across their columns with terrible effect. Moving 
 obliquely to the left, to escape the range of the 
 cannon, the British grenadiers fell upon Millar's 
 marines. From these they received so warm a 
 reception that the advance was driven back upon 
 the main body in disorder. 
 
 IG. The moment was critical, but from the want 
 of a sustaining force, the Americans were unable 
 
 Questions.— \?>. Describe what further is said? 14. Who checked 
 the advance of the British? 15. What was the effect of the dis- 
 charges of artillery? How did they try to avoid it? 16. What 
 prevented the Americans obtaining the victory? 
 
 18 
 
206 History of Maryland. 
 
 to follow-up the advantage, and Ross having ral- 
 lied his men, extended his front so as to attack the 
 marines in front and on both flanks. Being thus 
 assailed, the marines could not hold their ground ; 
 Col. Millar having been wounded, Capt. Sevier 
 ordered them to retire. Barney, no longer sus- 
 tained by the infantry, was unable to maintain his 
 position, though his gallant sailors worked the 
 guns until they were surrounded and some of their 
 number bayonetted at their posts. Then, only, 
 they retired, leaving their gallant commander cov- 
 ered with wounds in the hanlJs of the enemy, who, 
 admiring his gallant resistance, treated him with 
 great consideration. 
 
 17. The main body of militia and a body of 
 regular cavalry and infantry, eager to join in the 
 fight, in the moment of victory, by the folly of 
 their officers, were ordered to retire. When once 
 undisciplined troops look back, a panic seizes 
 them ; it was so at Bladensburg ; an unwilling 
 retreat became a rout. 
 
 18. Washington thus fell into the hands of the 
 enemy, who burned the capitol, the president's 
 house and all the public offices. They then re- 
 turned to their shipping at Benedict, having lost 
 in the expedition four hundred men-, killed and 
 wounded, and five hundred prisoners. The loss 
 
 Questions.— 11. What is said in this section? 18. What did the 
 British do at Washington? How many did the British lose? 
 How many the Americans ? 
 
Sir Peter Parker. 20t 
 
 of the Americans was about thirty killed, fifty 
 wounded, and one hundred and twenty taken pris- 
 oners, 
 
 19. The squadron under Capt. Gordon ascended 
 the Potomac as far as Alexandria, which was plun- 
 dered of all the merchandise of every description, 
 whether in town, or removed within the past ten 
 days. 
 
 20. Sir Peter Parker, who ascended the Chesa- 
 peake, was not so fortunate as the other officers, 
 lie landed at ni<rht, in the neighborhood of Moor's 
 fields, near Belair, Kent county, with the view of 
 surprising: a party of militia under Col. Reed. In 
 this he was disappointed, for the militia, having 
 heard the approach of the barges, were prepared 
 to receive them. Sir Peter Parker landed with 
 two hundred and thirty men. The militia under 
 Colonel Reed consisted of one hundred and sev- 
 enty men. Sir Peter was repulsed, and soon after 
 died of his wounds. 
 
 Questions.— ^0. What is said of the squadron under Capt. Gordon ' 
 20. What was Parker's success? 
 
208 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 Battle op North Point, 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Battle of North Point. 
 
 1. General Koss now turned his eyes upon Bal- 
 timore. Anticipating his design, the governor had 
 ordered the militia of the State to hold themselves 
 in readiness, and large bodies were marched to the 
 city for its defence. About seven hundred regu- 
 lars, several volunteer and militia companies from 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia, increased-their strength 
 to about fifteen thousand men. 
 
 Qu€sfir,77K.—\. Where did Ross now turn? What had the gov 
 cruor oidered? Who had xissembled:? 
 
Defence of Baltimore. 209 
 
 2. They were commanded by General Samuel 
 Smith, who had distinguished himself in the revo- 
 lution by his gallant defence at Fort Mifflin. One 
 division of the army was confided to General Win- 
 dei', the other to General Strieker. 
 
 S. As soon as it was announced that the British 
 were approaching the city, the militia flocked in 
 from all quarters in such numbers, that neither 
 arms, ammunition nor provisions could be supplied 
 them,, and the services of many were necessarily 
 declined. 
 
 4. The fleet threatening Baltimore consisted of 
 about forty vessels — the largest of which anchored 
 across the channel — and landed troops at North 
 Point, about fourteen miles from the city. 
 
 5. On the 12th, eight thousand troops were 
 ready for marching, and sixteen bomb vessels 
 proceeded up the Patapsco, and anchored within 
 tvv'o and a half miles from Fort McHenry. 
 
 6. The defences of the city consisted of tliis fort, 
 commanded by Lieut. Col. Armistead ; two bat- 
 teries were erected on the south side, one at the 
 Lozaretto, under Lieut. Butter, the other a six 
 gun battery under Lieutenant Steuber, Lines of 
 entrenchment were hastily thrown up ; along these 
 
 QacalioH.-i. — 2. Dy whom commanded? Hovv were tho divisions 
 commanded? 3. What was the effect of the announcomeut of the 
 apprnaeh of the British? 4. What did the fleet consist of? How 
 many tr- ops were huided? 5. What is said in tliis scetiuu ? G. Of 
 what did the defences of the city consist? 
 
 18* 
 
210 History of Maryland. 
 
 breastworks were stationed about four thousand 
 men. 
 
 7. As the British advanced towards the city, 
 General Strieker was ordered .forward with three 
 thousand two hundred men, to oppose their j)ro- 
 ^ress. He took a position about eifi:ht miles from 
 the city, his ricjht resting on Bear Creek, and his 
 left covered by a marsh. 
 
 8. In a skirmish with the rifles, who were thrown 
 in the advance, the British commander. Gen. Ross, 
 was killed. Amono: these rifles were two appren- 
 tice boys, named Wells and McComas. There is 
 a tradition that these boys, concealed behind some 
 bushes, flred upon the General as he was advanc- 
 ing, and that then rising to see the effect of their 
 shot, themselves received the fire of a whole pla- 
 toon. Their remains are buried in the City of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 9. General Brook, the second in command, con- 
 tinued to advance,' and, at half-past three, action 
 commenced with the main body by a heavy can- 
 nonade. 
 
 10. The fifty-first regiment having fallen into 
 confusion, while executing an order, failed to keep 
 its ground, and by its retreat the American force 
 was reduced to about one-third of the enemy. — 
 Notwithstanding this disparity the line maintained 
 
 Questions.— 7. Who was ordered forward? 8. Who was killed? 
 What is said of Weils and M(;Coraas? 9. Who succeeded him? 
 10. What is .said of the fifty-first? 
 
I 
 General Koss Killed. 211 
 
 its Q^round with the greatest firmness, pouring in a 
 destructive fire upon the advancing cohimns of the 
 enemy. The artillery opened with terrible effect 
 upon the left, which was opposed to the gallant 
 fifth, which sustained the laurels won at Bladens- 
 burg. The front ranks of the enemy were fre- 
 quently observed throwing themselves upon the 
 ground to avoid the unerring fire that was poured 
 upon them. 
 
 11. Finding his force unable to make, head 
 against the superior strength of the enemy, and 
 having given them a severe check. Gen. Strieker 
 ordered his line to retire to the position occupied 
 by the reserve. This position being too exposed, 
 he fell back nearer to the city. 
 
 12. The enemy did not attempt pursuit, and 
 the brigade assumed a position near the entrench- 
 ments, ready for another struggle with the invader. 
 Although the American loss was heavy, it bore no 
 comparison to that of the British. The loss of the 
 former was twenty-four killed, one hundred and 
 thirty-nine wounded, and fifty prisoners; that of 
 the latter was nearly twice as great. The British 
 lost their leader, General Ross, who had boasted 
 that he would take up his winter quarters in Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 13. On the 'morning of the 13th, the British 
 made their appearance within two miles of the 
 
 Questions.— W. What further is said ? 11. What did Strieker now 
 do? 12. iJid the enemy pursue? What was the loss oq eacli 
 side ? 13. Where did the British next appear ? 
 
212 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 entrenchments, on the Philadelphia road, as if 
 endeavoring to gain the flank of the American 
 position ; but being baffled by Gen. Smith, they 
 retired to their former position. 
 
 Battle Monument. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 BOMllAEDMENT OF FORT JMcHeNRT. 
 
 1. Having failed to take the city by land, the 
 enemy hoped that an attack by water would be 
 more successful, and on the evening of the 13th, 
 the fleet began to bombard the fort. 
 
 Question.— 1. What took place on the 13th? 
 
Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 213 
 
 2. The garrison was composed of three com- 
 panies of United States artillery, and three vol- 
 unteer city companies, under Capt. Berry, Lieut. 
 Pennington and Capt. Nicholson, besides six hun- 
 dred infantry ; in all about one thousand men, 
 under Col. Armistead. 
 
 3. The fleet being anchored two miles from the 
 fort, and out of reach of its guns, the latter was 
 compelled to receive the fire in silence. But a 
 supposed advantage having been obtained, several 
 vessels were brought within range. The batteries 
 immediately opened upon them with such effect, that 
 they were driven back to their former position. 
 
 -OU-MUAUUMEKT UF FOKT McIIeNUY. 
 
 Questions.— 2. What composed the garrison ? 3. What is said in 
 this section? 
 
214 History op Maryland. 
 
 4. During the night several rocket vessels and 
 barges, with fourteen hundred men, supplied with 
 scaling ladders, passed silently by the fort, and 
 entered the Patapsco. Suddenly as they drew 
 opposite the six gun battery, Lieut. Webster, its 
 commander, opened upon them with terrible effect. 
 The fort and ten gun battery, also poured in their 
 fire. The havoc was dreadful. One of the barges 
 was sunk, and the cries of the wounded and drown- 
 ing, could be plainly heard upon the shore. The 
 rest, having suffered a heavy loss, retreated to the 
 fleet. 
 
 5. Just previous to the bombardment, Francis 
 S. Key, Esq., had, under a flag of truce, gone on 
 board of the enemy's fleet, to obtain the release of 
 a friend who had been taken captive. He was 
 himself detained until after the bombardment. — 
 During the night he composed the national song, 
 " The Star Spangled Banner," descriptive of 
 the scene which was passing, and of his own 
 excited feelings. 
 
 6. Baffled by land and by water, the enemy de- 
 termined to abandon the expedition. The troops 
 were embarked on the 15th, and, on the 16th, the 
 hostile fleet dropped down the Chesapeake, leaving 
 the city filled with joy at her triumphant preserva- 
 tion, mingled with sorrow for the brave men who 
 had died to defend her. 
 
 Questions.— 4^ What was done during the night? How were they 
 received? 5. What national song was composed this night? 
 6. What is said in this section? 
 
Peace. 215 
 
 T. Early in the ensuing year, the war was closed. 
 The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on the 
 24th of December, 1814, and ratified by the United 
 States, on 17 th of February, 1815. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIY. 
 
 1815-1818 — Keform — Internal hnprovemenis — Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Canal — Rail Roads — Baltimore and 
 Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail Roads — Colonization 
 Society — Pecuniary Crisis — Mexican War. 
 
 1. The people of Maryland began now to turn 
 their attention to the affairs of their own State. 
 Baltimore had grown very rapidly and under the 
 existing constitution, her representation in the 
 legislature was not proportioned to her popu- 
 lation. 
 
 2. By the system of that day, a minority of the 
 people could determine the choice of the senate, 
 the governor and council, and the legislature. 
 
 3. The senate was not chosen directly by the 
 people, but by electors, two from each county, and 
 the governor was appointed by the legislature ; 
 thus the influence of ten small counties, if brought 
 to bear, could overpower that of the larger. 
 
 Questions.—!. What is said of Baltimore? 2. What of the senat* 
 and goveinor? 3. How were they chosen? 
 
216 History of Maryland. 
 
 4. After many years of fruitless efforts, a reform 
 was effected. The election of the p:overnor was 
 given to the people, and liis term of office fixed for 
 three years. The council was abolished, and a 
 secretary of State provided. The senate was re- 
 organized and was to be elected by the people. 
 
 5. The constitution of the house of delegates 
 was materially altered, and the number of dele- 
 gates was distributed more in accordance with the 
 population of the several counties and towns. 
 
 6. In 1823, the subject of internal improvements 
 became an absorbing theme in Maryland. The 
 immense mineral resources of the western part of 
 the State, the iron and the coal made it important 
 that the designs of the Potomac Company should 
 be completed. But after repeated efforts, it was 
 found that the mode of navigation proposed by the 
 Potomac Company was insufficient. 
 
 7. It was, therefore, proposed to incorporate a 
 new company, to which the old one should surren- 
 der its privileges, for the purpose of making a 
 canal along the river to its head, and thence to 
 the Ohio. In pursuance of this plan, the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Canal Company was incorporated 
 in 1824. 
 
 8. This canal had its terminus at Georgetown. 
 The city of Baltimore naturally feared that the 
 
 QucstioTts.—4:. What change was made? 5. What change in the 
 house of delegates? 6. AVhat is said of internal improvements? 
 7. What new company was formed? 8. What is said of Baltimore ? 
 
Internal Improvements. 217 
 
 trade with the west would be drawn from her. As 
 she had no means of competing by canal or water 
 routes with the interior, her attention was drawn 
 to railways. 
 
 9. At this time, rail roads were an untried nov- 
 elty. In England, the engineers and capitalists 
 were agitating the subject of this means of trans- 
 portation between Liverpool and Manchester, — the 
 first passenger rail road ever constructed^-^and 
 simultaneous with this movement the leading citi- 
 zens of Baltimore were contemplating the organi- 
 zation of a company to build the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Rail Road — the first in this country. 
 
 10. The first persons to propose this measure 
 were George Brown, Esq., and his associate, 
 Philip E. Thomas, Esq. The far-reaching saga- 
 city of these men, and the wonderful results that 
 have developed themselves in connection with this 
 road, render their names as worthy of honorable 
 mention as those of any that grace the history of 
 Maryland. 
 
 11. In February, 182t, these men called a meet- 
 ing of the citizens of Baltimore, and a memorial 
 was, at once, presented to the legislature : in ten 
 days after a charter was granted. 
 
 12. A rail road was also projected from Bal- 
 timore to York, Pennsylvania, and an act of 
 
 Questions.— 9. What of rail roads? 10. Who were the first to pro- 
 pose the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road? 11. Wlien was the first 
 meeting called? 12. What other road was projected? 
 
 19 
 
218 History of Maryland. 
 
 incorporation was obtained, under the title of the 
 ** Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road." The 
 title was subsequently changed to " Northern Cen- 
 tral Rail Road." The "Western Maryland Rail 
 Road " was also projected, but for many years it 
 was suspended. The Washington Branch of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road was also built. — 
 This branch has proved very profitable to the 
 State.. 
 
 13. During this period, the American Coloniza- 
 tion Society was formed, for the purpose of estab- 
 lishing colonies on the western coast of Africa, and 
 of settling there those emancipated blacks, who 
 should be willing to return to the land of their 
 forefathers. A. branch of this Association was 
 immediately formed in Maryland. Finding that, 
 by its connexion with the National Society, it was 
 liable to the vexatious interference of Northern 
 abolitionists, it determined to form an independent 
 organization, and plant a separate colony under 
 the name of " Maryland," in Liberia. This society 
 received aid from the State, by an annual appro- 
 priation of one thousand dollars. 
 
 14. In 1837, a great financial crisis occurred. 
 There was great distress in all parts of the coun- 
 try. Suspensions and failures in business became 
 of every day occurrence. In addition to private 
 distress, the national treasury itself was plunged 
 into a state of bankruptcy. 
 
 Queations.—lS. What is said of the Colonization society? 14. What 
 occurred in 1837? 
 
Financial Crisis. 219 
 
 15. Of course, Maryland did not escape. Her 
 liabilities were very great, as the State had sab- 
 scribed very liberally to the public improvements. 
 It was found that, on the first of December, 1840, 
 there would be a deficit in the treasury of six hun- 
 dred thousand dollars — an amount almost twice as 
 great as the whole revenue of the State. 
 
 IG. Instead of following the example of some of 
 the other Slates, by repudiating her debts, it was 
 resolved that a direct tax should be levied on the 
 property of the people ; as a means of revenue, it 
 also adopted the stamp system on all pecuniary 
 obligations. By the energetic measures recom- 
 mended by Governor Pratt, she redeemed her 
 credit, and her financial condition has ever since 
 been highly prosperous. 
 
 IT. In the Mexican war, which broke out in 
 1845, Maryland was represented by many brave 
 and distinguished heroes, among whom was Maj. 
 Samuel Ringgold, who, at the head of his battery 
 of light artillery, had distinguished himself through- 
 out that conflict. He was killed at Point Isabel, in 
 Texas, May 11th, 1846. He is buried in Green- 
 mount cemetery, near Baltimore. 
 
 18. Colonel Wm. H.Watson distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of Monterey. He fell a victim 
 to his ardor. Struck by a cannon ball, he sunk in 
 
 Questions.— 15. What is said of Maryland? 10. How did she re- 
 Jieve herself of her difficulties? 17. What is said of the Mexican 
 war? Of Major Einggold? 18. What is said of Col. Watson? 
 
220 History of Maryland. 
 
 the arms of Capt. Oclen Bowie one of his com- 
 rades, since made Governor of this State, and 
 expired. 
 
 19. Lient. Randolph Hidsreley, who distin,ijuished 
 himself at the battle of llesaca de la Palmn, and 
 who had passed unscathed tlirouo'h so many scenes 
 of blood, was instantly killed by being thrown from 
 his horse. 
 
 20. In the battles of the valley of Mexico, the 
 Maryland company of Voltigeiirs was distinguished 
 in the storming of the Castle of Chapultepec, where 
 they were thrown in the advance. Captain John 
 Eager Howard, grandson of the hero of Cow[)ens, 
 was the first officer to cross the parapet, and to leap 
 down amidst the bayonets of the foe, slaying seve- 
 ral of the enemy with his own hand. Capt. Archer 
 and Lieut. Swan were also distinguished for their 
 courage. 
 
 21. Thus stood Maryland in 1848. Its credit 
 established ; its property redoubled ; its internal 
 improvements hastening to completion ; its me- 
 tropolis growing with a rapidity almost beyond 
 precedent; its commerce, agriculture and manu- 
 factures flourishing and improving, and its people 
 proud of its past history, were welcoming home 
 those gallant sons who had so sustained her repu- 
 tation with the brave old Maryland Bayonet. 
 
 Qiuiitions.--19. What is paid of Lieut. Ridgeley? 20. Wliat is paid 
 of the Maryland company in tlie battle.s of the valley of Mexico? 
 Of Howard ? 21. What is said of Maryland In 1848 ? 
 
New Constitution. 
 
 221 
 
 ^sc^ 
 
 The Thomas viaduct on the Tataprco. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 He-Survey of Mason and Dixon's Line— A^ew? Co7i- 
 stituiion — Completion of Baltbndre and Ohio Rail Road 
 — Its C'jTiunitnica.iion with Europe — Sotitkem Boun- 
 dary Line of the State — Commissio^i apjniinted io Re- 
 trace the Line. 
 
 1. Yerj little of interest occurred after the Mexi- 
 can war, until the civil war of 1861. In 1849, a 
 revision was made of the boundary line between 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania. The re-survey was 
 made by commissioners appointed by the States of 
 Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania. So aecu- 
 
 Quedion.—l. What is said ot the re-survey of Mason and Dixon's 
 line ? 
 
 14* 
 
222 History of Maryland. 
 
 rate was the work of Mason and Dixon, tliat tlie 
 chan.c:e involved by the corrections amounted to 
 less than two acres, which were added to the area 
 or Marylnnd. 
 
 2. In 1851, a State Convention was appointed 
 to form a new constitution. By this constitution 
 lotteries were made illegal ; im})risonment for debt 
 was abolished; the judiciary was made elective; 
 and, the fees of the officers were not allowed to 
 exceed three thousand dollars ; al! in excess of 
 this amount was to be paid into the State treasury. 
 Other changes were made, but they were not of a 
 permanent character. 
 
 3. On the first day of January, 1853, the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Rail Road was finished to the Ohio 
 river. It had been promised two years befuie, that 
 it should be completed on that day, and true to the 
 time appointed, the first passenger train from Bal- 
 timore arrived at the bank of Wheeling Creek. 
 
 4 Thomas Swann, Esq., subsequently governor 
 of the State, was president of the road at that 
 time. It was to his boldness, eloquence and con- 
 fidence, sustained by the skill, experience, energy 
 and caution of the chief engineer, Benjamin H. 
 Latrobe, Esq., that this work was ctirried through 
 its difficulties to a successful completion — a work 
 
 Questions. — 2. State some of the changes made by the Consti- 
 tution of LSol? 3. When was the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road 
 completed? What had been promised two years before? 4. Who 
 was president of the road at that time? To what was the com- 
 pletion of the road due? 
 
Southern Boundary. 223 
 
 whose importance to Maryland, and particularly 
 to Baltimore, can never be over-estimated. 
 
 5. Upon its completion, Mr. Svvann resipjncd. 
 The presidency of this corporation, which exercises 
 so controlling an influence over the whole business 
 of Maryland, and even of neighboring States, has 
 fallen into able and trustworthy hands. Such 
 judicious connections have been made with western 
 roads, that the distance between the seaboard and 
 the great west, finds its shortest line along the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio Rail Road, whicli is, therefore, 
 destined to form a part of the great liighway be- 
 tween the two Oceans. 
 
 6. Availing themselves of this fact, the company 
 have made direct communication with Europe, by 
 means of two lines of steamers, one to Liverpool 
 and the other to Bremen. By the exercise of 
 energy and tact, Baltimore was, in 18G8, in this 
 way, the only American owner of Trans- Atlantic 
 steamers, and that, too, without the aid of govern- 
 ment subsidy. 
 
 7. The southern boundary line of this State was 
 described in the charter as " a right line drawn 
 from the promontory, or head-land, called Waf- 
 kiii.-i^ Point, unto the main Ocean on the East." 
 In l()G.l, a dispute arose as to the precise location 
 of Watkins' Point. 
 
 Qiirsfinns.—'). When did Mr. Svvann resiirn? Who is tiie preseiit 
 prrsidcnt V What c-onneotions have been made? (i. Wiiat Is said 
 ot (•(iuinmnication with Europe? 7. How was the southern boun- 
 dary of tlie State described in the charter? When did a dispute 
 arise ? 
 
224 History of Maryland. 
 
 8. This dispute was settled by articles of agree- 
 ment between Philip Calvert, commissioner for 
 Maryland, and Edmund Scarbrugh, commissioner 
 for Virginia, in the year 1G68 (See page 74 ) 
 By this agreement, Watkins' Point was detined to 
 be the ichole body of land between the north side 
 of the Pocomoke bay and the south side of Aniia- 
 messex bay, now Big Annamessex river. 
 
 9. The commissioners ran what was intended to 
 be an east line, from "the extremest part of the 
 westernmost angle of the said Watkins' Point " 
 
 10. All of the existing maps of Maryland and 
 Virginia being incorrect, the points named did not 
 conform with the ])rovisi()ns of the charter; and, 
 the t'me and manner of the early settlement uf tlie 
 boundary line being almost forgotten, the old ques- 
 tion of the locality of Watkins' Point was revived. 
 In 185S, Thomas J. Lee, Esq., was appointed 
 commissioner for Maryland, in conjunction with a 
 commissioner from Virginia, "to retrace and mark 
 the boundary between Smith's Point, at the mouth 
 of the Potomac, and the Atlantic." 
 
 11. The commissioners, in retracing the line 
 from Watkins' Point, discovered that it did not run 
 east. By the agreement in 1668, it was intended 
 to be an east line, or a parallel of latitude ; and 
 
 Questions. — 8. How was the dispute settled? 9. What was the 
 line intended to be? 10. What is said of the maps of Maryland? 
 Of the settlement of the dispute? When was a commission ap- 
 pointed to retrace the line? Who was appointed for Maryland? 
 11. What did the commissioner discover? 
 
Southern Boundary. 
 
 225 
 
 such a line would add about twenty-three square 
 miles to Maryland. But as the error in the line 
 was probably due to not taking into the account 
 the variation of the compass, and as its direction 
 was fixed by marks, the commissioners simply 
 renewed such landmarks as were either lost or 
 destroyed, and did not look to any change in 
 the present limits of the State. 
 
 
 IN'ear View op Thomas' Viaduct. 
 
 '■^ap>it[ons.—\\. What is the probable cause of this error Did 
 they propose any cliange? 
 
226 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Chat?\cter of the Period — Election of Lhicoln — 
 Southern Vieios of the Government — Northern Vleios 
 — The Feelings of Maryland — lis Geographical Posi- 
 tion — Not 'prepared to Secede — Slave Properly — Excite- 
 ment — Riot in Baltimore. 
 
 1. The period upon which we are about to enter 
 is one of great gloom. It was characterized by 
 that civil war, from the effects of which the whole 
 country is still suffering. 
 
 2. The election in 1860, of Abraham Lincoln as 
 president of the United States, by the anti-slavery 
 party, alarmed the people of the South for the 
 safety of their institutions. They declared that 
 the compact of the constitution had been violated 
 by previous acts of the Northern States, and that 
 their rights, both political and personal^ were now 
 in danger. They, therefore, asserted and exercised 
 the right of separation from the Union. 
 
 3. There had always existed two parties in the 
 country, differing in their ideas of the fundamental 
 principles of the government; one had favored a 
 strong central, or a federal government, the other, 
 as was mentioned in the chapter on the Federal 
 Constitution, fearing that too great centralization 
 
 Quei^iinns. — 1. What is said of this period? 2. What was the 
 effect of tlie electiou of Lincoln ? 3. What two parties had always 
 existed? 
 
Southern Yiews. 22T 
 
 would ultimately destroy State independence, and 
 popular liberty, asserted, the States Rights doe- 
 trine. 
 
 4. Although Massachusetts, as early as 1811, 
 was perhaps the first to avow and maintain that 
 withdrawal from the Union was the " privilege of 
 all and might be the duty of some," the States- 
 rights party had its strength mostly in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 5. The State in which he was born ; the laws 
 under M'hosc protection he lived ; the institutions 
 by which he was surrounded ; the common inter- 
 ests and sympathies of his section ; the scenes of 
 his childhood ; his home ; the history of his State 
 as a State, in which he had so much pride, and of 
 which he himself, or his ancestors were a part ; 
 these made for the Southerner his country, these 
 claimed and received his allegiance. 
 
 6. The interests, the sympathies, and the habits 
 of thought of the Northerners were different, and, 
 in many respects, opposed to those of the South- 
 erners. The population of that section was greatly 
 modified by immigration, and its bulk increased far 
 beyond the natural increase by births. 
 
 7. This vast army of foreigners, with their de- 
 scendants, had no social or historic associations 
 
 Qucslions.—i. What State first asserted the right of secession ? 
 Where was the States-rights party the strongest? 5. What is said 
 of the people of tiie South ? G. What, of the North ? 7. How did 
 the foreigners regard the country? 
 
228 History of Maryland. 
 
 connected with the State which chance, interest, 
 or necessity had determined as their future home, 
 and it is natural that they should look upon the 
 country as a unit; not as a union of several States, 
 but as a consolidated nation. And thus when the 
 Federal Government determined to resist, with all 
 its power, the act of secession on the part of the 
 Southern States, the old party divisions in the 
 North were, to a great extent, obliterated, and 
 nearly all united on the idea of a national unity. 
 
 8. The people of Maryland were devoted to the 
 union, and loyal to the Constitution ; but the sym- 
 pathies of the majority of the State were upon the 
 side whose interests and institutions were identical 
 with their own. These people looked upon the 
 preparations of the Federal Government as a viola- 
 tion of the Constitution, and as an unlawful aggres- 
 sion upon the rights of the Southern people. 
 
 9. The geographical situation of Maryland ren- 
 dered it desirable to the Southern States that she 
 should join them. The Federal Capital was within 
 her border, and should Maryland secede, Wash- 
 ington would become the capital of the Southern 
 Confederacy. But this geographical position, on 
 the other hand, operated to deter her from that 
 step. On the north and east she was bounded by 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware whence, as there was 
 
 Questions.— 7. At the breaking out of the war which side did theV 
 espouse ? 8. What is said of the people of Maryland ? 9. What, of 
 its geographical situation ? 
 
Slave Property. 229 
 
 PO barrier to previ'iit an invasion, she could be 
 overrun l)y the Northern forces. The South, to 
 meet these forces, would be compelled to send 
 adequate numbers to the borders of Maryland, 
 and thus this State would be the battle-ground 
 of the two sections. 
 
 10. Xotwitlistanding their sympathy with the 
 Southern brethren, and their belief that the South- 
 ern States were exercising a natural and constitu- 
 tional right, the people of this State were not yet 
 prepared to think they had sufficient cause to leave 
 the Union, but thought they should contend for 
 their rights in the Union, and, therefore, were not 
 willing to make their territory desolate in order to 
 enforce an act of which they doubted the wisdom. 
 
 11. Again, many thought her large slave prop- 
 erty would, in the event of Maryland's seceding, 
 immediately leave for the neighboring free State of 
 Pennsylvania, and thus, beside depriving her citi- 
 zens of property valued at fifty millions of dollars, 
 the State would be left comparatively bare of labor 
 for the cultivation of the soil. She w^ould cease to 
 be a slave State, and hence have less interest in a 
 a ui^ion with slave States, and at the same time 
 would be in a hostile position towards the free 
 Slates. There were also not an inconsiderable 
 
 Questions.— 9. What other effect had this geographical situation? 
 10. Did the people of Maryland think the act of secession a wise 
 one ? 11. What other cause deterred Marj'land from uniting with 
 the South ? 
 
 20 
 
230 History of Maryland. 
 
 minority, with the Governor at their head, who 
 looked upon secession as treason, and upon all 
 acts or words looking that way as treasonable. 
 
 12. A feeling of intense excitement, therefore, 
 pervaded all classes, especially in the city of Bal- 
 timore. Many prominent men had expressed their 
 views on both sides, and meetings had been held 
 in favor of uniting with the South, and also against 
 any such step. On neither side, however, was there 
 any organization. Great efforts were made to in- 
 duce Governor Hicks to call an extra session of 
 the Legislature. The Governor opposed this, 
 thinking it involved a seizure of Washington, and 
 the prevention of the inauguration of President 
 Lincoln. The Governor was supported in his 
 course by a large number of citizens on the East- 
 ern Shore and in the Western counties. The 
 Southern counties, however, and the city of Bal- 
 timore were emphatic in their denunciation of the 
 executive. 
 
 13 When in obedience to the President's call for 
 seventy-five thousand volunteers, the sixth Massa- 
 chusetts regiment reached Baltimore, on April 
 19th, 1861, a disposition was manifested to inter- 
 fere with their passage through the city. After 
 some of the troops had been transported by car 
 
 Questions.— \2. What was the state of feeling? What was the 
 governor desired to do? Why did the governor oppose this? 
 Who supported, and who denounced him? 13. What happened 
 on the 19th of April? 
 
Riot in Baltimore. 231 
 
 to the Washing-ton Depot, obstructions were placed 
 upon the track in the city, wliich stopped the 
 progress of the remainder. Tiiese alighted and 
 proceeded to march to the Washington Depot. 
 
 14. As the police authorities had no i<nowledge 
 that troops were expected that day, until within 
 an hour of their arrival, but a short time was 
 allowed to make proper arrangements to preserve 
 order. The marslial of the police, Geo. P. Kane, 
 Esq., immediately called out a large portion of his 
 force, which came, in squads, to the Washington 
 depot. 
 
 15. Whatever disturbance there may have been 
 in that neighborhood havinj^ been quelled by the 
 police, an alarm was given that there were more 
 troops at the Philadelphia depot, and that the mob 
 was tearing up the track. Having sent a hasty 
 summons to a body of police to follow him to the 
 scene of the riot, the Mayor, Geo. Wra. Brown, 
 Esq., proceeded alone to the Philadelphia depot. 
 When he reached the obstructions on the track, he 
 ordered the few policemen that were on the ground 
 to remove the obstructions, and his authority was 
 not resisted. When he approached the troops, he 
 found an attack upon them by a mob had already 
 commenced. He immediately placed himself by 
 the side of the officer in command, and marched 
 with him, doing what he could by his presence and 
 personal efforts to allay the tumult. 
 
 QueMio)is.~l'l. Wliat is said in this section? L5. Wliat did the 
 mayor do? Wiiere did he place himself 
 
232 History of Maryland. 
 
 16. Missiles were, notwithstanding, thrown at 
 the troops, and some of them were injured. The 
 soldiers fired upon the crowd, with fatal effect upon 
 distant and innocent spectators. An intense and 
 irrepressible feeling was at once aroused ; one of 
 the mob seized a musket from a soldier and fired. 
 Fire-arms were then freely used on both sides. — 
 Three of the Massachusetts regiment were killed. 
 
 17. At this moment, Marshal Kane, with about 
 fifty policemen, from the direction of the Washing- 
 ton depot, rushed to the rear of the troops, and 
 formed a line across the street, with their drawn 
 revolvers, checking and keeping off the mob. 
 Under the escort of this body of policemen, the 
 troops fff.ially reached the Washington depot. 
 
 18. The police authorities insisted that they had 
 both the disposition and the power to prevent the 
 riot had timely notice been given of the arrival of 
 the troops, and that, had it not been for the effi- 
 ciency of the marshal and his men, the bloodshed 
 would have been great. 
 
 19. In the meanwhile, another body of troops 
 arrived at the Philadelphia depot. These troops 
 were protected by the police until they were sent 
 back to Ilavre-de-Grace, whence they were taken 
 in transports to Annapolis. From Annapolis they 
 marched to the Washington rail road and were 
 thence transported in cars to the Federal capital. 
 
 Questions— IG. State what happened? 17. Who appeared at this 
 time? IS. What did the police authorities declare ? 19. What is 
 said of another body of troops ? 
 
Destruction of the Bridges. 233 
 
 20. The Governor of Massachusetts telegraphed 
 to the Mayor of Baltimore to have the killed sent 
 forward to him. The Mayor, in promising to do 
 so, reminded the Governor that the Massachusetts 
 soldiers were considered as invaders of the soil of 
 Maryland. He also told the Governor that the 
 wounded were tenderly cared for, and said : " Bal- 
 timore will claim it as her right to pay all the ex- 
 penses incurred." 
 
 21. By night, the excitement in the city was so 
 great that it was regarded by the police authori- 
 ties as impossible that soldiers from other States 
 could pass through the city without a lierce and 
 bloody conflict at every step, and that great loss 
 of life, and possibly the destruction of the city 
 itself might ensue 
 
 22. As the readiest method of averting such a 
 calamity was by stopping the immediate arrival of 
 more troo|)s from the North, it was suggested that, 
 to this end, the bridges on the roads leading to 
 the city should be disabled. Governor Hicks hav- 
 ing agreed to these views, and given his consent 
 thereto, instructions were issued for carrying them 
 into effect. 
 
 23. On the 2 1st, Gen'l B. F. Butler arrived with 
 troops off' Annapolis. He requested permission 
 
 "Questions. — 20. What did the governor of Massachusetts do? 
 Wliat was the reply? 21. What was the condition of the city? 
 
 22. What was thought the best method of averting the cahamity ? 
 
 23. Who arrived on the 21st? 
 
 20* 
 
234 History op Maryland. 
 
 from Governor Hicks to land bis forces. The 
 Governor, in his message to the General Assem- 
 bly, says be refused his consent. The troops, 
 however, wete landed. The Governor protested 
 against this act, as well as against the forcible 
 seizure of the Annapolis and Elk Ridge rail road. 
 
 24. Great excitement prevailed on the same day 
 in Baltimore. A body of troops, on their way to 
 the South, had been stbpped at Ashland Station, 
 on the Northern Central rail road, by the destruc- 
 tion of the bridge. Many of the citizens, both of 
 the city and county, armed themselves to resist 
 their passage. The troops returned to their State, 
 and were sent forward by another route, the Presi- 
 dent having agreed with the Governor of the State 
 and the Mayor of Baltimore, that no more troops 
 should be sent through that city. 
 
 25. Among the troops that were compelled to 
 return, was the Seventh regiment of New York, 
 the favorite corps of that city. Their trip to 
 Washington was regarded by these gay young 
 men as a party of pleasure, and they were sur- 
 prised to find that they were to be resisted in Bal- 
 timore l)y those with udiom, in former days, they 
 had exchanged hospitalities. 
 
 20. It was tlie remark of the officers of tliis 
 regiment that, if the fortunes of war sliould brini^: 
 
 Quriitioris.—2::i. State what further is said? 2i What was the con- 
 dition of Baltimore ? What did the troops do? 25. What rej^imcni; 
 was among those compelled to return? What is said oi them? 
 26. What remark was made by their officer? 
 
KiOT IN Baltimore. 235 
 
 tliera in conflict with their old friends of Baltimore, 
 at the first fire, they would present arms ; at the 
 second, they would defend themselves. As this 
 re,o:iment was never under fire, it cannot be known 
 whether the g'nliantry of their deeds would equal 
 the courtesy of their language. 
 
 27. The exasperation felt towards Baltimore in 
 Northern States was intense and universal. At- 
 tacks were threatened, not only by troops in the 
 service of the General Government, but also by 
 independent organizations, sworn to the perpetra- 
 tion of all kinds of excesses. 
 
 28. The people of the North regarded secession 
 as treason, and the acts of the 19th and 21st of 
 April, by the people of Baltimore as aiding and 
 abetting treason. The South regarded the right 
 of separation from the Union as a sovereign right, 
 and while denying the charge of treason, retorted 
 that the acts of the Federal Government were 
 aggressive, tyrannical, and a usurpation of power 
 subversive alike to political and personal liberty. 
 Eacli side may have acted conscientiously, but 
 neither side had charity sufficient to make allow- 
 ance for the dilferent views of the nature and rela- 
 tions of the General Government to the States that 
 had prevailed ever since the adoption of the Con- 
 stitutii'M 
 
 Qi.c^tic'i.^ —-{>. Was ilus i-L-.!iiiiient ever nnder tiie? z7. What is 
 paid ol tlie feeling towards Balcimore in the north? ZS. Wiiut is 
 said in this section? 
 
236 History of Maryland. 
 
 29. The people of Maryland, while opposed to 
 the policy of secession, jrenerally conceded the 
 right of a State to secede. Believing that the 
 Federal Government had no right to wage war 
 against a State for the purposes of subjugation or 
 conquest, they refused to regard those as guilty of 
 treason who struck a blow at the invaders of their 
 soil, on their way to slay their kindred. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Meeting of Lkgislaiukk — Gove.moT's Mpf>mge — Ad- 
 dress to the P>'nj)le — Militiry Deparinients — ScoiVs 
 Caitipnign of/ai/ist Baltiviore — Hutlers Ocnfj)af.iofi of 
 BaUiniore — Non-Rf.si stance of Baltimore — liubeas Cor- 
 pus — Cose of John Merry man. 
 
 1. Washington being now safe from the supposed 
 seizure by the Southern sympathisers in Maryland, 
 there was no reason why Governor Hicks should 
 decline to call an extra session of the Legislature. 
 But as Annapolis was now in possession of the 
 Federal troops, by a proclamation, dated April 
 24, he appointed Frederick as the place of meeting. 
 
 2, Accordingly, that body met at Frederick on 
 the 2Gth. The Governor, in his message, briefly 
 
 Questions.— 'I'd. What view did Marylanders take? 1. What is 
 said of calling an extra session of the legislature? 2. When did it 
 meet and where ? 
 
Governor's Message. 23T 
 
 detailed the startling events that had induced hini 
 to summon them together^ and stated his views of 
 the proper course to be pursued by Maryland in 
 the present crisis. 
 
 3. His convictions were, " that the only safety 
 of Maryland lay in preserving a neutral position 
 between the North and the South ; that he could 
 not counsel Maryland to take sides against the 
 General Government until it shall commit outrages 
 upon us that would justify us in resisting its autho- 
 rity; that the geographical position of the State 
 forces it to declare for Union and Peace, if it 
 would not have every material interest of its 
 people destroyed." 
 
 4. On the 2Tth, the day after their assembling, 
 the Senate and House of Delegates issued an ad- 
 dress to the people, stating that the fear that their 
 deliberations might result in committing the State 
 to secession, was groundless, and that they had no 
 constitutional authority to take such a step. 
 
 5. In the meanwhile, the General Government 
 had created the military department of Annapolis. 
 This department embraced the country twenty 
 miles on each side of the Washington rail road, 
 as far as Bladensburg. Gen'l Benj. F. Butler was 
 placed in command of it, with ample discretionary 
 power to make him a sort of military dictator. 
 
 Questions.— 3. What were his convictions ? 4. What did tlie leg- 
 islature do on the 27th ? 5. What is said of tiie military depart- 
 ment? Who was in command? 
 
238 History of Maryland. 
 
 6. General Scott, at that time Lieut. Gon'l of 
 the United States army, devised a irrand caini>aign 
 a<?ainst Baltimore. His plan was to send a column 
 of three thousand men from Washinj^ton ; another, 
 of the same number from York, Pennsylvania, and 
 a third column of three thousand men from Perry- 
 ville, or Elkton, by land, or by water, or both, and 
 a fourth, of equal strenp^th, from Annapolis 
 
 T. Either the military education of Gen'l Scott 
 was in his way, or he was totally ignorant of the 
 condition of alfairs in Baltimore. However wil- 
 ling the people may have been to resist the Govern- 
 ment in sending troops to coerce States, they were 
 utterly without arms or organization to carry any 
 such wish into execution. 
 
 8. General Butler, however, knew very well how 
 utterly unprepared the city was to make opposition 
 even to a single regiment, if brought unexpectedly 
 to the citizens, and prepared for any emergency. 
 He, therefore, asked permission to take a regiment 
 or two from Annapolis and march to the Relay 
 House on the Baltimore and Ohio rail road. The 
 request was granted. 
 
 9. On the 4th of May he issued orders for two 
 regiments and a battery of artillery to be ready to 
 march at two A. M. The troops were in Wash- 
 ington city. In two hours after starting, they were 
 at the Relay House. 
 
 Qitektions — 6, What was Gen. Scott's plan against B.iltinvi" ? 
 7. What is said of this plan? 8. What is said of General Butler? 
 9. What order did he issue on 4th of May? 
 
Relay House. 
 
 239 
 
 10. Not only the utter inability to resist the pas- 
 sage of troops, but even the want of disposition to 
 do so on the part of the citizens, was shewn by the 
 fact that on the 8th of May, Col. Patterson landed 
 at Locust Point with twelve hundred men. There 
 was no other demonstration than the usual assem- 
 bling of a crowd to witness the soldiers. Mar- 
 shal Kane was present with a body of police, and 
 tendered the services of the officers of the civil 
 law. His offer was accepted, and there was no 
 disturbance. 
 
 ■Rklav House, WasMrtgton Junction, B. & 0. R. R. 
 11. Butler remained at the Relay House for a 
 week. On the 13th, in the night, when those who 
 
 Questions.— \Q. Was there any ability to resist troops' Who 
 landed at Locust Point? 11. How long did Butler remain at the 
 Relay House, and then what did he do? 
 
240 History of Maryland. 
 
 were not in bed, were kept in doors by a violent 
 rain storm that was raging, he marched with a 
 thousand men to Federal Hill. Lieut. Gen. Scott 
 called this " a hazardous occupation of Baltimore," 
 and regarded it as a " God-send that it was with- 
 out conflict." 
 
 12. Scott, whether he really thought that Butler 
 had acted with temerity, or whether he was an- 
 noyed to find himself so deceived about the condi- 
 tion of affairs in the city, insisted upon the recall 
 of General Butler 
 
 13. Butler was succeeded by General Cadwalla- 
 der, and the troops were temporarily withdrawn. 
 Afterwards, Duryee's Zouaves occupied Federal 
 Hill and built a strong earthwork, whose cannon 
 commanded both the town and Fort McHenry. 
 
 14. The first act of resistance to the civil law 
 on the part of the military, was on May 14th. On 
 that day, Judge Giles, of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court, issued a writ of habeas corpus for the 
 release of a man confined in Fort McHenry. — 
 Major Morris refused to obey. 
 
 15. The most noted case, however, of a refusal 
 to obey the writ of habeas corpus, was that of 
 John Merryman, of Baltimore county, who was cast 
 into Fort McHenry, on May 25th. 
 
 Questions.— 12. What did Scott insist upon, and why? 13. By 
 whom was Butler succeeded ? 14. What was the first act of resis- 
 tance to the civil law by the military? 15, Which was the most 
 noted case? 
 
Case of Mr. MerrYxMan. 241 
 
 16. Mr. Merryman was charged with holding a 
 commission as Lieutenant in a company avowing 
 its hostility to the General Government ; with being 
 in communication with the army at the South, and 
 with various acts of treason. His counsel had an 
 interview with the commander of the Fort, and 
 requested that he might be permitted to see the 
 papers under and by which Mr. Merrjman was 
 detained in custody. The request was refused. 
 
 17. Mr. Merryman at once forwarded a petition 
 to Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, praying for a writ of 
 habeas corpus to be issued, commanding General 
 Cadvvallader to produce the petitioner in Court 
 and shew cause for his detention. The writ was 
 issued for May 27th. General Cadwallader's re- 
 sponse to the writ was a letter to the Chief Justice 
 stating the charges against the accused ; that he 
 was satisfied of the guilt of the prisoner, and that 
 he was duly authorized by the President of the 
 United States to suspend the writ of habeas cor- 
 pus. He concluded his letter to the Chief Justice 
 by giving his views of that venerable officer's duty 
 in the case. 
 
 J^uestions.—\%. What was Mr. Merryman charged with ? 17. What 
 did Mr. Merryman do? What was Gen. Cadwallader's response? 
 
 21 
 
242 
 
 History of Maryland. 
 
 18. The Chief 
 Justice immediate- 
 ly ordered that an 
 attachment forth- 
 with issue ag'ainst 
 Gen'l Cadwalhider, 
 for contempt in re- 
 fusing to produce 
 the body of John 
 Merry man, accord- 
 ing to the command 
 of the writ of ha- 
 beas corpus. On 
 the day appointed 
 for the return, the 
 Marshal replied that he had proceeded to the fort 
 to serve the writ, that he was not permitted to 
 enter the gate, and that he was informed, "there 
 was no answer to his card." 
 
 19. The Chief Justice remarked in court that 
 the detention of the prisoner was unlawful upon 
 two grounds : 
 
 1. That the President, under the Constitution, 
 cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas 
 corpus, nor authorize any military ofHcer to do it. 
 
 2. That "a military officer has no right to arrest 
 and detain a person, not subject to the rules and 
 articles of war, for an offence against the laws of the 
 
 CiiiKF Justice Taney, 
 
 Questions.— \8. What did Chief Justice Taney do? What was the 
 effect? 19. What did the Chief Justice decide? 
 
Case of Mr. Merryman. 243 
 
 United States, excepting as subject to the control 
 of the judicial authority ; and that it is the duty of 
 the military to immediately deliver over persons so 
 arrested, to the civil authority, to be dealt with 
 according to law. It is, therefore, very clear that 
 John Merryman is entitled to be set at liberty and 
 discharfred immediately from imprisonment." 
 
 20 The Chief Justice subsequently reduced his 
 opinion to writing, and filed it with the archives of 
 the Court. In this opinion he recited the history 
 of the arrest, as given in the petition, and said that 
 Gen'l Cadwallader in his return did not deny any 
 of the facts alleged in the petition, but had stated 
 that the jirisoncr was arrested by order of General 
 Keim, of Pennsylvania; that it was not alleged in 
 the return that any specific act, constituting an 
 offence against the laws of the United States, had 
 been charged against the prisoner, upon oath, but 
 that he appeared to have been arrested upon 
 charges of treason and rebellion without proof, 
 and without the names of witnesses being given, 
 or the acts specified, which, in the judgment of the 
 military otiicer, constituted these crimes. 
 
 21. After discussing the constitutional right of 
 the President to suspend the writ of habeas cor- 
 pus, the Chief Justice uses the following language : 
 " Such is the case now before me ; and I can only 
 say that if the authority which the Constitution has 
 
 Questions. — 20. State what is said in this section? 21. "What lan- 
 guasie did the Chief Justice use? 
 
244 History of Maryland. 
 
 confided to the judiciary department, and jndioial 
 officers may thus, upon any pretext, or under any 
 circumstances, be usurped by the military power 
 at its discretion, the people of the United States 
 are no longer living under a Government of laws, 
 but every citizen holds life, liberty and property at 
 the will and pleasure of the army officer in whose 
 military district he may happen to be found." 
 
 22. After stating that his constitutional power 
 had been resisted by a force too strong for him to 
 overcome, and suggesting the possibility that the 
 military officer may have misunderstood his instruc- 
 tion, and exceeded the authority intended to be 
 given him, and stating his intention to have a copy 
 of the proceedings transmitted to the President of 
 the United States, he thus concludes : " It will 
 then remain for that high officer, in fulfilment of 
 his constitutional obligation 'to take care that the 
 laws be executed,' to determine what measures he 
 will take to cause the civil process of the United 
 States to be respected and enforced." The Chief 
 Justice declared that the prisoner was improperly 
 held, and was entitled to his liberty. 
 
 23. The Legislature of Maryland passed a reso- 
 lution declaring ''that we deem the writ of habeas 
 corjjus the great safe-guard of personal liberty, 
 and we view with the utmost alarm and indigna- 
 tion the exercise of despotic power, that has dared 
 
 9uafion,s.— 22. What further did he say? 23. What resolution 
 did the legislature pass 1 
 
Habeas Corpus. 245 
 
 to Kiispond it in llie case of John Merryman, now 
 confined in Fort Mc Henry." 
 
 24. Within six montlis no loss than one linndrcd 
 prisoners of State, to wliom the privile^je of haheas 
 corpua had been denied, were confined in Fort La 
 Fayette, N. Y., alone; and in December, the com- 
 manding^ officer read a document to the prisoners, 
 to the eifect that the United States would not re- 
 co<!:nize any one as attorney for political offenders, 
 and that all applications through this usual method 
 would be regarded as sufficient reason for detain- 
 ing them in custody. They must make their appli- 
 cation to the State Department, or in other words, 
 to their accusers. 
 
 25. The Attorney General of the United States, 
 and a i)rominent lawyer of Philadelphia, ])ubli>hed 
 answers to the Chief Justice's decision. The num- 
 ber of replies to those answers that appeared 
 throughout the North, shewed the deep interest 
 taken in the subject of personal freedom, and that 
 the minds of many, even in the strife of the hour 
 were startled from the fancied security to their 
 liberties. 
 
 2G. Mr. Merryman was subsequently released on 
 bail, but was never tried, although on two occa- 
 sions he demanded this right. On the first occa- 
 sion. May, 1863, the case was dismissed by the 
 
 Qa-sfioiis. — 24. Were others deprived of tlieir civil lights? 
 
 25. Who published replies to Chief Justice Tauey's decision? 
 
 26. What further is said of Mr. Merry mun? 
 
 21* 
 
246 History of Maryland. 
 
 orders of the Attorney General of the United 
 Stntes. In June, however, he was re-indicted, 
 and held so until 1867, when by the direction of 
 the United States District Attorney, the case was 
 tinally dismissed. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Legtst.ativk Prockedings — Ai'7'esi of Wlnans — T/ie 
 Jieport on Federal, Relations — Re-^olutionfi Passed — 
 Governor'' s Denial of the Right of Senate to mnke 
 Enqniru'S. 
 
 1. Shortly after the assemblinf? of the Legisla- 
 ture in their extra session, Ross Winans, a member 
 of the House of Delegates, was arrested in the 
 presence of the Governor of State by an armed 
 force under orders of the Federal Government. 
 
 2. The General Assembly passed resolutions 
 condemning in the stronges,t terms this act, and 
 declaring " the same to be subversive of the most 
 sacred guarantees of the Constitution, and in flag- 
 rant violation of the fundamental principles, of free 
 government." 
 
 3. Other important resolutions were passed by 
 the Le<?islature. The Committee on Federal Rela- 
 
 QnesUons.—\. Who was phortly afterwards arrested? 2. What 
 resolutions did tlie legislature pass? 
 
Federal Relations. 247 
 
 tions, composed of S. T. Wallis, J. H, Gordon, 
 G. W. Goldsboronch, Jas. T. Briscoe and Barnes 
 Compton, presented a report and resolutions wliich 
 were adopted. 
 
 4. The report contended "that the President in 
 calling upon the militia of other States to enforce 
 the laws of the United States in those States where 
 the execution thereof was obstructed, was unconsti- 
 tutional, and a summons to the people of the two 
 sections to shed each other's blood. It further de- 
 clared that the war was chiefly obnoxious to the 
 people of Maryland because it was one of sectional 
 aggression and domination; that the dominant sec- 
 tion had seized upon the name, and flag, and re- 
 sources of the General Government to establish its 
 dominion over the other section; that the name and 
 sacred memories of the Union were prostrated; that 
 it was a war waged against a people of our own 
 name and blood, who sought peace and kindly rela- 
 tions with us, and who only asked to be let alone, 
 and to govern themselves ; that subjugated pro- 
 vinces could not be sister States ; that a govern- 
 ment maintaining its authorities by armies, could 
 not be other than the most uncontrollable of de- 
 spotisms ; that the South had entrenched itself 
 upon the principle of self-government, and that un- 
 less the American llevolution was a crime, the De- 
 claration of Independence a falsehood, and every 
 
 Questions.— 3. & 4. What is said of the report ou Federal rela- 
 tious? 
 
248 History of Maryland. 
 
 patriot and hero of IIIQ a traitor, the Sonth was 
 right and the North was wrong upon that issue." 
 
 5. The report further discussed the constitu- 
 tional right of the President, and insisted "that the 
 lawless outl)reak in Baltimore on the 19th of April, 
 was primarily the fault of those who marched the 
 Massachusetts soldiery through that city upon an 
 illegal and unconstitutional errand." The report 
 then discussed the Governor's proposition of neu- 
 trality, and pronounced it futile, saying '' that the 
 only possible position of the State was an attitude 
 of submission." It discouraged the calling of a 
 convention, "since the military occupation of the 
 soil by Northern troops, against the wishes of its 
 people, and the solemn protest of the tjovernor, 
 would render futile any attempt at the performance 
 of an act of sovereignty." 
 
 6. The resolutions proposed by the committee, 
 and adopted by the legislature, were in accordance 
 with the views in the report, viz : " that the State 
 of Maryland registers her solemn protest against 
 the war which the Federal Government has declared 
 npon the Confederate States ; that it anxiously de- 
 sires the restoration of peace between the bellige- 
 rent sections, and implores the President of the 
 "United Slates to accept the olive branch held out 
 to him, and in the name of God and humanity to 
 cease the unprofitable strife ; that it desires, and 
 
 Questions.— o. What further did the report discuss ? 6. What res- 
 olutions were passed?. 
 
Governor Hicks. 249 
 
 gives her assent to, a recognition of the Confede- 
 rate States ; that the military occupation of the 
 State v/as in violation of the Constitution ; and, 
 finally, that it was inexpedient to call a Sovereign 
 Convention of the State, or to take any measure 
 for the organizing of the militia." A committee 
 was appointed to lay these resolutions before the 
 President of the Southern Confederacy, and if 
 possible to obtain a general cessation of hostili- 
 ties until the meeting of Congress in Jnly. The 
 committee consisted, from the Senate, of Messrs. 
 Brooke, of Prince George's County ; Yellott, of 
 Baltimore City ; Lynch, of Baltimore County, and 
 McKaig, of Alleghany County. From the House 
 of Delegates, Messrs. Harding, of Montgomery ; 
 Goldsborough, of Caroline County ; Compton, of 
 Charles, and Morgan, of St. Mary's County. 
 
 7. Governor Hicks having changed his attitude 
 of neutrality, and taken that of open hostility to 
 the South, and fearing that the arms belonging to 
 the militia might be used against the Federal 
 autliorities, had them seized and sent to Fort 
 Mc Henry. 
 
 8. Early in June, the Senate ordered that the 
 Governor be requested to furnish that body with 
 a statement of the facts which induced him to 
 reclaim these arms, and why they were sent to 
 
 Questions.— 6. What committee was appointed? 7. What is said 
 of Gov, Hicks? 8. Wlxat order did the senate pass? 
 
250 History of Maryland. 
 
 Fort McHenry ; and also what security he had for 
 the restoration of said arras, when demanded by 
 the proper authorities of Maryland. 
 
 9. The Governor, in his message, denied the 
 right of the Senate to make the enquiries, but said 
 that "he was satisfied that many of them had been 
 carried beyond the limits of Maryland for disloyal 
 purposes ; that he had good reason to believe 
 more would be carried off for a like purpose ; that 
 he had placed them in Fort McHenry as a place 
 of security ; that his guarantee for their return 
 was in the honor of the United States Govern- 
 ment and its loyal officers." 
 
 10. This message of the Governor was submitted 
 to the committee' on judicial proceedings, who re- 
 ported that " the action of the Governor was a 
 palpable usurpation of authority, which ought not 
 to be tolerated ; and that if the Governor was 
 right in assuming the position he did, there is no 
 power in the State to question his authority or stay 
 his hand." 
 
 11. The Legislature passed a resolution that the 
 Governor be requested to return to the armories of 
 the State the arms, that had been removed, and 
 that he return to the militia the arms reclaimed 
 from them." It does not appear to have been 
 done. 
 
 Questions. — 9. What reply did the Governor make? 10. To whom 
 was the message submitted, and what was the report? 11. What 
 resolution was passed by the legislature? 
 
Arrest of Kane. 251 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 Provost Ma-rshals— .4r?'e.s^ of Kane — Arrest of Police 
 Commissioners — Habeas Corpus — Military Occiqjation 
 of Baltimore — Action of Legislature. 
 
 1. The administration of General Cadwallader, 
 as commander of the department, havinn; been 
 thought too mild by the Federal authorities, h« 
 was superseded, on June Sth, by General N. P. 
 Banks. 
 
 2. On the 27th of the month, General Banks 
 ordered a large body of soldiers, armed and sup- 
 plied with ball cartridges, to march from Fort 
 Mc Henry into the city and arrest Marshal Kane, 
 and incarcerate him in Fort McHenry. 
 
 3. Gen'l Banks issued a proclamation announc- 
 ing that it was not his design to interfere with the 
 legitimate government of the people of Baltimore, 
 or Maryland, but that the government regarded 
 the Chief of the Police as at the head of a force 
 liostile to its authority and acting in concert with 
 its enemies. For this reason he arrested him and 
 detained him in custody. 
 
 4. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus 
 rendered it impossible for any competent tribunal 
 to decide whether the government was correct in 
 
 Questions. — 1. What is said of Gen. Cadwallader? 2. What did 
 Gen. Banks do? 3. What proclamation did he issue? i. What 
 was the effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus f 
 
252 History of Maryland. 
 
 in its opinion, either in this instance, or in many 
 others that occurred. The people of Maryland 
 were powerless to prevent interference with the 
 exercise of the functions of the civil courts by the 
 military, and the people of the other parts of 
 the Union, though many of them saw a threaten- 
 ing danger, were willing, for a time, to sacrifice 
 their liberties for the accomplishment of an ol'ject 
 dearer to them than liberty, trusting to be able to 
 reclaim all they had yielded, after they had gained 
 the object for which they were struggling. 
 
 5. Mr. Kane, after a tedious confinement at Fort 
 Warren, Massachusetts, was released on bail. His 
 bail bond having expired, and not being called on 
 to appear on the appointed day, he left the State. 
 
 6. Col. J. R. Kenly was appointed Provost Mar- 
 shal by the military commander, "to superintend 
 and cause to be executed the police laws provided 
 by the laws of Maryland." Colonel Kenly took 
 possession of the headquarters of the Police Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 7. The Commissioners of Police, however, having 
 maturely considered their duties and obligations 
 under the law, protested against the proceedings of 
 Gen'l Banks as an arbitrary exercise of military 
 power, not warranted by any provision of the Con- 
 stitution, and declared that they did not recognize 
 
 Questions. — 5. What further is said of Kane? 6. Who was ap- 
 pointed Provost Marshal, and what did he do? 7. What did the 
 commissioners of police do? 
 
Arrest of Police Commissioners. 253 
 
 the right of any of the officers and men of the 
 police force *to receive orders from any other 
 authority than from the Board of Police Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 8. On the 1st of July, at 3 o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, all the members of this board, excepting the 
 Mayor, were arrested and taken to Fort McHenry. 
 They were transferred to Fort Lafayette, in New 
 York harbor, and on the 6th of August, Judge 
 Garrison, of Brooklyn, issued a writ directing Col. 
 Burke to produce the persons in court. Colonel 
 Burke declined on the authority of an order from 
 Lieut. Gen'l Scott. As in the instance of Gen'l 
 Cadwallader, Burke was cited to answer for con- 
 tempt of court. He did not appear, and on the 
 22d of August, Judge Garrison, " submitting to 
 inevitable necessity," dismissed the proceedings. 
 The prisoners were subsequently removed to Fort 
 Warren. 
 
 9. When the morning of July 2d, dawned, the 
 principal places of the city of Baltimore were 
 found occupied by masses of artillery and infantry. 
 The Court House, the Exchange, and many public 
 places belonging to the city, were appropriated to 
 the use of the troops, who thronged the streets and 
 squares by night and by day. 
 
 Questions.— 8. What was done with these commissioners? What 
 further is said of them? 9. What is said of the city of Baltimore? 
 
 22 
 
254 History of Maryland. 
 
 10. Meanwhile, Mr. Brown, the Mayor of the 
 city, expressed his readiness to Gfn'l Banks to 
 undertake the management of the police. Gen'l 
 Banks declined, but appointed Mr. G. K. Dodge 
 Provost Marshal, in place of Col. Kenly, who was 
 relieved at his own request. 
 
 11. On the appointment of Dodge, the military 
 were removed from the heart of the city. On the 
 21st of July, Congress, in spite of the protests and 
 solemn remonstrances of the Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives from Maryland, passed a bill appropria- 
 ting one hundred thousand dollars for the payment 
 of the police organization of Baltimore employed 
 by the United States." 
 
 12. The reports and memorials of the Police 
 Commissioners to the Legislature, were referred to 
 a joint committee of the Senate and House of 
 Delegates. This committee submitted a report 
 denouncing the act of the United States authori- 
 ties as a revolution and usurpation " in the garb of 
 government, and depending for its legitimacy upon 
 bayonets;" asserting that the State under such 
 dominion was no longer in the Union, in effect, 
 whatever she might be in name. " She has no 
 constitution, no government, no laws that she can 
 call her own. She is ruled by external and arbi- 
 trary power. Her people are no longer free." 
 
 Questions.— 10. What did the mayor propose? 11. What is said 
 in this section? 12. What was the report of the committee? 
 
Arrest of the Legislature. 255 
 
 13. The Lep:islatnre passed a series of resolu- 
 tions pronouncing these acts a gross and uncon- 
 stitutional abuse of power, and a revohitionary 
 subversion of the Federal compact. They ap- 
 pealed, in the most earnest manner, to the whole 
 country to come to the rescue of the free institu- 
 tions of the republic, and ordered copies of their 
 resolutions to be forwarded to the Senators and 
 Representatives in Congress, and also to the Gov- 
 ernors of the several States, and to the Legisla- 
 tures. These resolutions were passed August Gth. 
 On the next day, the Legislature adjourned to 
 meet on the Itth day of September. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Arrf.st of the Legislature — Elections — General Dix 
 — Candidates — Success of the Union Candidate — Oppres- 
 sion — Case of Judge Carmichael — Invasion of Southern 
 Ainny — Conduct of Troops — Orders of Lee — South 
 Mountain and Antietam — General Wool. 
 
 1. This Legislature never met again. On the 
 11th of September, the Secretary of War issued 
 orders to General Banks to arrest all, or a part of 
 the members. On the morning of the 13th, the 
 Provost Marshal, George R. Dodge, arrested the 
 
 Question,.— YA. What resolutions were passed? 1. What happened 
 on September 11th? 
 
256 History of Maryland. 
 
 Mayor of Baltimore, and the members of the 
 Legishiture from Baltimore city, and also those 
 from Baltimore county. As f:ist as the members 
 arrived in Baltimore, on their way to Frederick, 
 they were arrested. Other members, and the offi- 
 cers of the Legislature were seized in Frederick. 
 
 2. No charge was ever made against these men ; 
 they were confined for fourteen months, and when 
 discharged were as ignorant as on the day of their 
 arrest, on what account they had been deprived 
 of their liberty. The orders of the Secretary of 
 War to Gen'l Banks were, that "the passage of 
 any act of secession must be prevented. If neces- 
 sary all or any part of the memliers must be ar- 
 rested." There is no evidence that any such act 
 was contemplated. Among the baggage of one 
 of the members, it is said were found papers that 
 looked like amendments to a secession ordinance, 
 which, however, had never been proposed. 
 
 3. On November Gth, the regular election for 
 Governor and Legislature took place. On the 
 28th of October, the Secretary of War had issued 
 an order to Gen'l McClellan, that, in order to have 
 a full vote in Maryland, he should grant a furlough 
 to the soldiers of the first, second and third regi- 
 ments of the Maryland volunteers. These soldiers 
 were sent home at the expense of the government. 
 
 Questions.— 2. Wliat were the orders of the Secretary of War? 
 What fiutlier is said in this section? ",. What election took 
 ph^ee ? What order had the Secretary of War issued? 
 
State Election. 25 Y 
 
 4. General Dix, who had succeeded General 
 Banks in command of the department, issued an 
 order to the Provost Marshal of Baltimore, "to 
 have the polls unobstructed," saying, " we have 
 shewn that we can control Maryland by force ; 
 we now wish to shew we can control it by the 
 power of opinion." 
 
 5. A States-Rights and a Union candidate for 
 Governor were proposed. The latter, A. W. 
 Bradford, Esq., was chosen by a majority of over 
 thirty-or.e thousand votes. The whole number of 
 votes cast was nearly eighty-four thousand. The 
 number cast at the presidential election, a year 
 before, was about ninety-eight thousand. A presi- 
 dential election always brings out a larger vote 
 than any other, and during the year many of the 
 voters had left. Some were fearful that Baltimore 
 was not a safe place of residence, and had gone 
 North ; others had gone to join the Southern army. 
 
 6. It would seem, therefore, that ihe majority of 
 the voters in the State were not only adverse to 
 any movement to join her fortunes to the South- 
 ern Confederacy, but were even willing to commit 
 themselves to the policy pf the administration in 
 coercing the seceded States. But on the .other 
 hand, it was claimed that the returned soldiers 
 boasted that they had voted as often as they 
 
 Quexiions.—4. What was Gen'l Dix'.s order? 5. What candidates? 
 Wlio was elected? What further is said in this section? G. What 
 is said in thi.s section? 
 
 22* 
 
258 History of Maryland. 
 
 pleased, and, that any one wearing the uniform of 
 a Federal soldier, voted without question, whether 
 he were a citizen or not. 
 
 7. Among the first acts of the new Legislature, 
 after making provision for the relief of the fami- 
 lies of the Massachusetts soldiers, who were killed 
 and wounded by the rioters on the 19th of April, 
 was the passage of resolutions, which were pre- 
 sented to the United States Senate on the 2d of 
 January, 1862, declaring the unalterable attach- 
 ment of the people of Maryland to the Union, but 
 that their loyalty was untouched by any shade of 
 servility, and that they regarded with jealousy all 
 attempts to make the war for the restoration of the 
 Union the means of interfering with the domestic 
 institutions of the States; that, notwithstanding 
 the necessity might exist for the resort to extraor- 
 dinary measures, yet, the dangers of a departure 
 from the ordinary forms of law, which are the 
 protection of individual rights, ought never to be 
 forgotten. The resolutions also expressed their 
 approval of the President's course thus far in the 
 conduct of the war, and their confidence in his 
 honesty and firmness. 
 
 8. Notwithstanding the decided stand in behalf 
 of the Union — which, by preserving the capital of 
 the Republic to the Federal Government in the 
 
 Qtiestionii.—7. What were the first acts of tliis legislature' 
 8. What had Maryland done for the Federal Government? 
 
Arrests. 259 
 
 beginning of the war, had saved that government 
 from total overthrow, and, notwithstanding this 
 decided majority for the Union candidates, the 
 United States, while calling Maryland a loyal 
 State, yet acted upon the theory that she wonld, 
 if supported by the Southern army, unite with the 
 South, and pressed her hard with its military hnnd. 
 9 General Dix was very strenuous in his cflbrts 
 to break up all communication with the South. — 
 To prove his efficiency, he instituted a system of 
 midnight arrests and domiciliary visits. Parties, 
 whether old men or delicate women, were seized, 
 and in a few hours hurried away, and carried be- 
 yond the Federal lines in Virginia, to find friends, 
 food and shelter as best they might. The celerity 
 with which the military orders were executed, 
 afforded no time to examine into the truth of any 
 of the charges, and in cases where lenity was 
 shewn, it was not on the score of innocence, or 
 doubt of guilt, but was due to the personal influ- 
 ence of such as might have the ear of the military 
 commander. Among the arrests that caused great 
 sensation, was that of the Hon. Richard B. Car- 
 michael. Judge of the Talbot county court, on a 
 chai'ge of treason. The arrest was made when the 
 Judge was presiding on the bench. The Judge 
 refused to acknowledge the authority by which he 
 
 Q)U'.stlons.—8. How was she ti'eated by tliatsovermnont? 9. What 
 i« said of Gen'l Dix? Wliat is said of tliese arrests? Who was 
 among those arretted? 
 
260 History of Maryland. 
 
 was arrested, and resisted the officer detailed to 
 seize his person. The othcer then struclc him seve- 
 ral times u])on the head with his pistol, cuttinj^ and 
 wonnding him. The arrest having been made, 
 he was placed on a steamer and carried to Fort 
 McHenry and placed as a prisoner in charge of. 
 Col. Morris, commanding the post. 
 
 10. In September, 1862, the Southern army, 
 under Gen. Lee, entered Maryland. It crossed the 
 Potomac near Point of Rocks, and qnietly entered 
 Frederick. ** These soldiers were in a destitute 
 condition in respect to clothes and shoes, yet the 
 most scnipnlons regard was had to private prop- 
 erty. They had no tents, and no baggage wagons. 
 If cndnring great hardships without a murmur, 
 and most bravely and heroically fighting, are evi- 
 dences of good soldiers, seldom has the world 
 witnessed better than those who composed the 
 army of Gen. Lee "* 
 
 11. Gen. Bradley Johnson, a former citizen of 
 Frederick, was appointed Provost Marshal, and an 
 address was issued to the people of Maryland, 
 stating that the army came as friends, and not as 
 enemies ; that they did not purpose to interfere 
 with non-combatants, or to disturb private prop- 
 erty, or to inquire into the opinions of citizens j 
 
 ■■'^" Appleton's Annual Gazetteer. 
 
 Questions.— \0. What hnppened in September, 1862? 11. What is 
 said of Gen'l Bradley Johnson? 
 
General Lee. 261 
 
 and that whatever stores they required would be 
 paid for. At night, the soldiers were all ordered 
 to their camps outside the city. 
 
 12. On the 8th, Gen. Lee issued an address re- 
 counting the grievances under which Marylanders 
 were suffering, inviting them to throw off their 
 yoke, to accept the assistance of his army, and 
 once more enjoy freedom of thought and speech. 
 The response was not equal to the expectations of 
 Gen. Lee. There was as yet no certainty that 
 Lee would maintain his position, and owing to the 
 divided state of opinion, — a man's enemies were 
 often of his own household, — any demonstration 
 in favor of the Southern troops would be sure to 
 be visited by military punishment, after the de[)art- 
 ure of Lee. 
 
 13. The battle, therefore, that was preparing, 
 was that which was to determine the destiny of 
 Maryland, if not of the LTuited States. Had it 
 been successful, the United States troops would 
 have been withdrawn to the main army, and Mary- 
 land, free to make her choice, with whatever side 
 she united, would become the fighting ground of 
 the contending hosts, and probably have been 
 ground to atoms between them. It was too late 
 for Maryland to unite with the South, even if it 
 had been her wish to do so. 
 
 Questions.— V2. AVliat orders did General Lee issue ? 13. What is 
 said of tlic approaching battle? 
 
262 History op Maryland. 
 
 14. Lee was met by McOlellan. The first hnttle 
 was fouf^Iit at South mountain, on the 14th. Tliree 
 days after, on the 17th, the celebrated battle of 
 Antietam was fought. Night brought an end to 
 the battle with the advantage on the side of the 
 Federal troops. Gen. McCIellan devoted the next 
 day to recruiting his troops before renewing the 
 attack, but on the night of the 18th, Gen. Lee 
 withdrew his forces across the Potomac, and re- 
 turned to Virginia. 
 
 15. Gen. Dix was succeeded by Gen. Wool, an 
 old army officer, who had rendered distinguished 
 services to the country in the Mexican war. Al- 
 though his rule was less galling than that of his 
 predecessor, the arrest of citizens without legal 
 process was carried on to a greater extent in j\Iary- 
 laiid, than in any other State. Among those 
 arrested were Thos. 11. Gardner, Clerk of the 
 Criminal Court ; Col. Thos. R. Rich, Aid to the 
 Governor; Alfred Evans and Thomas Sewall. 
 
 16. These parties were a committee appointed 
 at a large Union Mass Meeting, in Baltimore, to 
 investigate charges of disloyalty and official cor- 
 ruption. While making their report to the vice- 
 presidents of the meeting they were arrested by a 
 company of soldiers under an officer of Gen. Wool's 
 
 Questiovs.— 1A. What is said of the battle of Antietam ? 15. By 
 vvhovn was General Dix succeeded? What is said of his rule? 
 Wfio were arrested? 10. Who were these parties, and what wa.s 
 the effect of their arrest? 
 
Military Departments. 263 
 
 staff, and sent to Fort Delaware. Immediately a 
 great outcry was raised by those who had been 
 most zealous in procuring military arrestg. Gen. 
 Wool's course was denounced as tyrannical, arbi- 
 trary and unlawful. He was denounced as a 
 favorer of the secessionists, and petitions were 
 ^circulated among the active friends of the govern- 
 ment for his removal. The President released 
 these men. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXr. 
 
 Military Bet a-rtuents— General Schenclc—His Vigo- 
 rous Rule — Col. Fish — Arbitrary Arrests — Lnpy-ison- 
 inetit of Col. Fish — Invasion of Lee — Alarm in Balti- 
 more — Martial Law — Battle of Gettysburg — Seventh 
 Regiment — Gen'' I Schenck's Fourth of July Order — 
 Enrolment of Negroes. 
 
 1. In a division of the country into departments, 
 a part of Maryland now lay in the middle military 
 department, which embraced several of the con- 
 tiguous States, with head-quarters at Baltimore. 
 Gen. Wool was severely censured for leniency to- 
 wards Baltimoreaus, by the people and press of the 
 North. 
 
 {^^uestions.—l. What is said in this section? 
 
264 ' History of Maryland. 
 
 2. His successor, Gen. Robert C. Sclienck, was 
 obnoxious to no such complaint. Ttie strictness 
 of the n^ilitary vigilance in Baltimore, will long be 
 remembered by those who knew for the first time 
 what it was to live under a government, in the 
 making of which they had no part, and to criticise 
 which was a crime visited by arrest and imprison- 
 ment. 
 
 3. Spies were every where, and every man was 
 at the mercy of his enemy. No oath or process of 
 law was necessary to deprive a man of his liberty. 
 Any one, whether instigated by patriotism, avarice 
 or revenge, had only to charge another with dis- 
 loyalty, or seditious language, or uttering treasona- 
 ble sentiments, and the Provost Marshal, Col. Fish, 
 would have him, or her, arrested. 
 
 4. As Gen. Schenck's time was occupied, ac- 
 cording to one of the papers of the day, in the 
 interest of the commanding General, "he could not 
 be expected to give such matters a thorough in- 
 vestigation," and therefore, the parties ''must cul- 
 tivate a spirit of contentment." In the month of 
 July, 1863, no less than three hundred and sixty- 
 one arrests were made. The nature and founda- 
 tion of the charges in many instances were known 
 only to Col. Fish. By his command, a lady, Mrs. 
 Sterrett, was arrested in this way by Lieut. Marcus 
 
 Questions.— 2. Who was Gen'l Wool's successor, and what is said 
 of his rule? 3, What is said in this section? 4, What is said of 
 Gen'l Schencli ? How many were arrested in July? 
 
Arrests. 2G5 
 
 Steilliifr. She was seized in her house, hurried in 
 a earriaji^e, ))laced on a steamer and sent South, 
 without any examination at the simple dictation of 
 the subordinate to a man " who could not be ex- 
 pected to give such matters thorough " or even 
 any " investigation." 
 
 5. One man was arrested because he had gun- 
 powder in his pocket ; two, for using abusive lan- 
 guage to some negroes ; another, because he ren- 
 dered assistance to some wounded prisoners. Two 
 women were arrested upon the same charge; 
 another for throwing some pieces of bread in the 
 cars to Southern prisoners. Several were im- 
 prisoned for charging too much hack hire to 
 Federal officers. 
 
 6. A young man, a native of Baltimore, having 
 joined the Southern army, was mortally w^ounded, 
 and after his death had been buried by the Federal 
 soldiers. At the instance of his mother, his re- 
 mains were brought to Baltimore, and his friends 
 desired to give him a Christian burial in the lot of 
 the family. Gen. Schenck promised they should 
 not be molested if the proceedings were conducted 
 without display. As soon as the services were 
 over, several military officers appeared and arrested 
 the male attendants of the funeral. 
 
 7. Mr. B. H. Richardson, a gentleman over 
 sixty years of age, his son, and several others were 
 
 Questions.— 5. Describe the arrests in this section? 6. What 
 happened at a funeral ? 7. What is said of Mr. Richardson? 
 
 23 
 
266 History op Maryland. 
 
 arrested, for publishing in their paper a poem 
 called the Southern Cross. They were not allowed 
 to communicate with any one. The wording of the 
 order precluded them from receiving a change of 
 clothing, or having an interview with the members 
 of their families, or of receiving assistance of any 
 kind. They were sent South. Through the in- 
 tervention of some friends, the commanding Gen- 
 eral found time to attend to the matter, and allowed 
 him to take some money with him in his exile. 
 
 8. Hundreds were arrested upon the vague 
 charge of disloyalty and uttering treasonable senti- 
 ments ; some were sent to Fort McHenry, some to 
 Washington, some North, and some South. The 
 outrages of the Provost Marshal, his dishonesty 
 and corruption, became so rank that he was con- 
 victed of felony, and sent to the Albany Peniten- 
 tiary. In a few months, however, he was quietly 
 pardoned and discharged. 
 
 9. In June of this year. Gen. Lee again entered 
 Maryland. A false alarm having been raised that 
 a body of Southern cavalry were within seven 
 miles of the City of Baltimore, a great excitement 
 prevailed. 
 
 10. In expectation of an attack, the city authori- 
 ties had taken steps to fortify the city by means 
 
 Questions.— 8. Upon what charge were many arrested? Wliat 
 became of Col. Fish? 9. When did Lee again enter Maryland? 
 ^Vhat is said of the alarm in Baltimore? 10. What was done in 
 Baltimore? 
 
Passage of Lee's Army. 267 
 
 of barricades, composed of large casks filled with 
 stones, 'and surmounted with a sort of board fence. 
 On the occasion of this alarm, men went about 
 shouting, "to arms, to arms;" the military were 
 under arms all night, and several thousand citizens 
 collected at the barricades. 
 
 11. The next day, Gen'l Schenck declared mar- 
 tial law. No person was allowed to leave the city 
 without a pass. Gunboats were also brought to 
 bear upon the city. 
 
 12. The Confederate forces, however, were not 
 moving towards the city. Gen'l Lee issued very 
 stringent orders that his men should respect pri- 
 vate property, and not make the helpless and inno- 
 cent suffer. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
 however, being regarded as government prop- 
 erty, was injured through a range of eighty miles, 
 between Harper's Ferry and Cumberland. Bridges 
 and water stations were burned, and machinery 
 and telegraphs were destroyed. 
 
 13. The Confederate army passed through Mary- 
 land to Pennsylvania. Having met the Federal 
 army at Gettysburg, it was defeated, and returned 
 to Virginia. The battle raged during the 1st, 2d 
 and 3d days of July. 
 
 Questions.— 11. What did General Sehenek do? 12. What were 
 General Lee's orders? What did the Confederates destroj'? 
 1:{. Where did the Confederate army meet the Federal army, and 
 what was the result? 
 
268 History op Maryland. 
 
 14. During the absence of the fighting soldiers, 
 who were needed in the field, the seventh regiment 
 of New York returned to Baltimore, to act as a 
 sort of provost guard, or military police. Their 
 neat uniforms and cleanly appearance, as well as 
 their social position with those of their own party, 
 formed a striking contrast to the men who had 
 gone to the front of the battle. They were of 
 great service in executing military arrests and en- 
 forcing the military enactments, such as the closing 
 of club-houses, instituted whether for social inter- 
 course, mental improvement, or the cultivation of 
 art. 
 
 15. On the 2d of July, Gen'l Schenck issued 
 an order prohibiting the citizens from keeping 
 arms in their possession. Houses were searched, 
 and every kind of gun, whether warlike or sport- 
 ing, was seized and carried away. On the 3d, an- 
 other proclamation from Schenck required every 
 house in the city of Baltimore to display a national 
 flag on the following 4th, under threat of being 
 regarded as disloyal if the order was not obeyed. 
 
 16. As this display was upon compulsion, it was 
 no evidence of the real sentiments of the people, 
 but only tended to deepen a lately awakened anti- 
 pathy to a goverment that, little more than a year 
 before, had the support of the majority of the 
 
 Questions. — 14. "What is said of tlie seventh re.i^iment? 15. What 
 was Gen'l Sehencli's order of 2d July? What, of 3d? 16. What is 
 said in this section? 
 
Difficulties in Enrolment. 2G9 
 
 people of the State. Tliey were beginning; to feel 
 the tyranny of a consolidated g-overnment. 
 
 17. Whether by accident or otherwise, the barn 
 of an enrolling officer was burned down. Gen. 
 Schenck immediately issued an order for an assess- 
 ment of three thousand dollars upon "persons 
 known to be disaffected to the loyal government, 
 who reside within six miles from where the barn 
 was burnt" In like manner, innocent parties were 
 made to bear the loss of fourteen hundred doHars, 
 in Anne Arundel County. 
 
 18. Great ditficulty existed in mnking up the 
 quota of troops required from tiie State. There 
 was a great disinclination on the part of the citi- 
 zens to enlist in a war so unpopular with them. 
 The State, moreover, was greatly exhausted of her 
 young men, from their determination that if they 
 had to fight at all, they would fight on the side 
 their principles and sympathies inclined them, and 
 their joining the Southern army. To meet this 
 dilficulty, the Government determined to enlist the 
 negroes. At first, only the free blacks were re- 
 ceived, but subsequently, slaves also. In many 
 cases the officer entered upon farms and took away 
 whole families, women and children included. An 
 asylum for the latter was opened at Washington. 
 
 Questions. — 17. What order of Gen'l Schenck is mentioned in 
 this section? IS. Why was it dilficult to make up the qu'.ta of 
 troops required from the State? What was doue about tiie ne- 
 groes ? 
 
 23* 
 
210 History of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Division in the Union TAUTY—ElecHon—Exlraordi' 
 nary orders issued at Chestertown — Gov. Bradford' s 
 'Proclamation — Militai-y suppression of the Proclama- 
 tion, and control of the Polls — Guv. Bradford's com- 
 ment. 
 
 1. About this time, a. division took place in the 
 Union party of the State. One section demanded 
 tlie immediate emancipation of the slaves. The 
 other, a conservative party, thouo'iit that the ag- 
 gressive policy of the administration party would, 
 retard, rather than facilitate, a restoration of the 
 Union ; and that this course was developing the 
 fact that the paramount and leading issue of the 
 war was not for the Union, but for emancipation. 
 
 2. Tlie contest for State officers in the coming 
 election was between these two divisions of the 
 Union party. The conservative Union men in one 
 of their county conventions, expressed their views 
 in a series of resolutions. Among them was one 
 containing the following words : " That we are 
 opposed to the exercise by the General Govern- 
 ment of all unauthorized powers, deeming it of 
 little consequence if the Constitution is to be sac- 
 ridccd, whether it is to be effected bv usurpation 
 or rebellion." 
 
 Qurstirmsi.—T. What is f^aid of the division of the Union party? 
 2. Wliat views had tlie conservative Union party expressed? 
 
The Governor's Proclamation. 211 
 
 3. The day of the election was Tuesday, No- 
 vember 4th. Late in October, General Schenck 
 issued an order to the effect '* that there were evil 
 disposed persons, who have either been engiii^ed 
 in rebellion af>:ainst the government, or have given 
 aid and encouragement to others so engaged, who 
 may embarrass the approaching election, or tlirough 
 it, force enemies of the Uuited States into power." 
 The order required the Provost Marshal, and other 
 military power, to " arrest such persons found at, 
 or hanging about, or approaching any place of 
 election, and that those officers shall support the 
 judges of election in requiring an oath of allegiance 
 to the United States, as the test of citizenship." 
 
 4. A Lieutenant Colonel of Dragoons, who was 
 sent by Gen. Schenck to enforce this order at 
 Chestertown, issued an order of his own, excluding 
 from the election all who were not prepared to 
 give "a full and ardent support of the whole Gov- 
 ernment ticket, upon the platform of the Union 
 League Convention." 
 
 5. Two days before the election. Gov. Bradford 
 issued a proclamation protesting against any such 
 invasion of the privileges of the ballot box, and so 
 offensive a discrimination against the rights of a 
 loyal State. 
 
 6. He stated this extraordinary order of Gen. 
 Schenck had been issued without any notice to, or 
 consultation with the constituted authority of the 
 State, and at a time when the result of the election 
 could in no way endanger the Government, or the 
 peace of the community. 
 
 Qite->liiiiis. — :{. What did GenM -Sclienck issue? 4. VVluif order 
 was Issued at Clu'siettowii ? 5. What proelaination did Goveiaor 
 Bradlord issue '! 0. Wliac did lie say? 
 
272 History of Maryland. 
 
 Y. The Governor considered the order particu- 
 larly oppressive, as all the Congressional candi- 
 dates, with, perhaps, one exception, were loyal to 
 the Federal Government, and because persons were 
 not only to be arrested at the polls, but approach- 
 ing them ; and, he enquires, " who is to judge 
 whether voters thus on their way to the place of 
 votins", have given aid or encouragement to persons 
 engaged in rebellion ?" " The Provost Marshal, 
 and other military officials were made the sole and 
 exclusive judges ; " "an extent of arbitrary dis- 
 cretion the most odious, and more especially offen- 
 sive, from the fact that two of the five Provost 
 Marshals were candidates for important offices, and 
 sundry of their deputies for others." 
 
 8. The proclamation further stated "that the 
 order was without justification ; it was obnoxious 
 by the means appointed for its execution ; it was 
 offensive to the sensibilities of the people and the 
 authorities of the State, who had given such re- 
 peated proofs of their devotion to the Government." 
 
 9. The Governor then reminded the judges of 
 election that they were clothed with the necessary 
 authority and power to preserve the peace ; that 
 it was their special duty to give information to the 
 officers of the civil law of all infractions of the 
 State laws on the subject of elections, and that by 
 these laws it was forbidden for any military officer 
 to bring any troops within the view of any place 
 of election, during the time of the election ; that 
 they are required by oath to permit all persons to 
 vote who "shall, according to the directions con- 
 tained in the Constitution and Laws, be entitled to 
 
 Qiiestiovft.—":. Wfij"- did he think the order particularly oppres- 
 sive? 8. What (iid the proelatnation further state ? 9. Of what 
 did the Governor remind the judges? 
 
The Governor's Proclamation. 273 
 
 do so ; that it is the judgment of the judges of 
 election alone that must determine the right of 
 any person to vote when offering himself for that 
 purpose ; that they must discharge their duty un- 
 deterred by an order to Provost Marshals to re- 
 port them at head- quarters." 
 
 10. The President revoked the first part of Gen. 
 Schenck's order, and substituted another, which, 
 however, had the obnoxious feature of requiring 
 the presence of the military at the places of elec- 
 tion. As there was no change in the general 
 principles of the order, the Governor made no 
 change in his proclamation. 
 
 11. A correspondence took place between the 
 Governor and the President, in which the latter 
 justified the action of Gen. Schenck. The reply of 
 the Governor was a complete and spirited answer, 
 and refutation to every position taken by the Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 12. The military authorities immediately sent 
 orders to the Eastern Shore, directing the circula- 
 tion of the proclamation to be suppressed. The 
 public papers were forbidden to publish it ; and 
 lest the steamers from Baltimore might carry it, 
 they were prevented from leaving the port. In his 
 message to the Legislature, the Governor states 
 that the officer who had himself landed in Kent 
 County, commenced his operations of arresting and 
 sending across the bay jo ne ten or more of the 
 most estimable and distinguished of its citizens, in- 
 cluding some of the most uncompromising loyalists 
 of the Shore. The jail of the county was entered, 
 
 ^HCsfiona.—lO. What did the President do? What further is 
 said? 11. What is said of the correspondence between Gov. Brad- 
 ford and Pre«i<lent Lincoln? 12. What steps did the military- 
 take? What did the Governor state in his message? What was 
 done on the Eastern Shore? 
 
2H History of Maryland. 
 
 the jailer seized, imprisoned, and afterwards sent 
 to Baltimore, and prisoners coniined therein were 
 set at liberty. The "Government ticket" was 
 designated by its color, and armed with that a 
 voter conld run the gauntlet of sabres and carbines 
 that guarded the polls, whether a lawful voter or 
 not In fact, voters were invited to avail them- 
 selves of the op))ortunity to establish their lo^'alty 
 "by giving a full and ardent support to the whole 
 Government ticket," and it asserted that many 
 known sym]iatiiizers with the rebellion, whether to 
 avert suspicion from themselves or for other reasons, 
 voted ; while others, loyal to the union, but adverse 
 to the administration ticket, were not allovvfd even 
 to approach the polls. The color of the ticket in 
 their hands was the test of their right to vote. 
 
 13 In one district, the military otlicer took his 
 stand at the polls and declared that none but the 
 "yellow ticket" should be voted, and excluded all 
 others In another district, a similar officer ex- 
 amined every ticket, and unless it whs the favored 
 one, the voter was cnmpelled to take an oath un- 
 known to the laws of the cState, and administered 
 by an alien to its soil In another, after one vote 
 was taken, the polls were closed, and the judges 
 were arrested, and sent out of the county, and 
 military occupation taken of the town. The ticket 
 favored by the military was elected. The admin- 
 istration and opposition parties ni Congress were 
 nearly equal, hence the strenuous exertions to 
 secure from Maryland and West Virginia, where 
 the military had control, the return of men pledged 
 to the support of the administration. By forcing 
 these States to the administration side, that party 
 
 Questions.— 12. What is said of the " Government ticket ?" What 
 was the test ol the rigiit to vote ? 13. What is said in this section? 
 
General Wallace. 275 
 
 secured ninety-eiirht out of one hundred and eighty- 
 five members of Congress, or a ma[ority of eleven. 
 14. The Governor, in calling the attention of 
 the Legislature to the abuses, says : "a statement 
 of them presents a humiliating record, and that 
 unless it indeed be a fallacy to suppose that any 
 rights whatever remain to the State, or that any 
 line yvdiatever marks the limit of Federal power, a 
 bolder stride across that line, that power never 
 made even in a rebel State, than it did here on the 
 3d of November. A part of the army which the 
 people had supplied for a very different purpose, 
 was engaged on that day in stifling the freedom of 
 elections in a faithful State, intimidating its lawful 
 officers, violating the constitutional rights of its 
 citizens, and obstructing the usual channels of com- 
 munication between them and their Executive." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Constitutional Convention — General Leiv. Wallace 
 — Questions to Candidates and Voter's — Paramount 
 Al/ef/iavce — Abolition of Slavery— The Constitution 
 ruade Operative before its Adoption — Difference of 
 Opinion betioeen the Executive and Judicial Branches 
 — Soldiers' Vote — Inquisition of Voters — Investigation 
 of the Vote. 
 
 1. The success of the government party in the 
 election for legislature for 1864, ensured the call- 
 ing of a convention to remodel the Constitution of 
 the State, with the view of extinguishing slavery 
 in her borders. 
 
 QMesiioHs.— 14. What did the Governor say in his message? What 
 did he say a part of the army was engaged in ? 1, For what pur- 
 pose was a convention oailed? 
 
276 History of Maryland. 
 
 2. A bill was passed calling upon the people to 
 decide whether there should be a convention or 
 not, and, at the same time, to elect the members of 
 that convention should the affirmative receive the 
 largest vote. There was a provision in this bill, 
 that " if any military or armed force of the United 
 States shall appear at the polls, or in any way in- 
 terfere with the elections, the election shall be set 
 aside and a new one held, from time to tim6, as 
 long as the grievance shall continue." 
 
 3. Gen'l Lew. Wallace, who was now in com- 
 mand of the middle department, and whose admin- 
 istration was a continuance of the acts that had 
 characterized Gen'l Schenck's, issued certain ques- 
 tions to be asked of the candidates for the Con- 
 vention, and where the answers were not agreeable 
 to him, the candidate was withdrawn. 
 
 4. A set of questions was also prepared and 
 asked in some counties, which precluded a vast 
 number from voting. The result of an election 
 held under such circumstances was a majority of 
 more than twelve thousand in favor of the Con- 
 vention. Of ninety-eight members elected, sixty- 
 eight were emancipationists. The Convention met 
 on April 27th, Henry H. Goldsborough having 
 been chosen President. 
 
 5. The Bill of Rights proposed by this Con- 
 vention, contained two articles that met with very 
 strenuous opposition. The first of the two declared 
 that every citizen of the State owed paramount 
 allegiance to the Constitution and the government 
 of the United States. It was contended that this 
 
 Questions.— 2. What bill was passed by the Legislature? What 
 provision was in this bill ? 3. What did Gen. Wallace do? 4. What 
 other questions were prepared? 5. What article in the Bill of 
 Rights was much opposed? Mention tlie arguments against it? 
 
New Constitution. 277 
 
 was a new aoctrine, and could not be found embo- 
 died in any constitution of any of the States; that 
 the States were always recognized as sovereign ; 
 that it is impossible, in the nature of things, for a 
 sovereign to alienate its sovereignty, or to make 
 the thing created greater than the creator ; that 
 the government created by these States was of a 
 limited character ; that to it has been delegated 
 the performance of acts of sovereignty, but that 
 the power remains with the people of States as 
 States ; that the Constitution of the United States 
 itself recognized no such doctrine ; that it sub- 
 verted the intention of the founders of the Consti- 
 tution and government by removing the checks to 
 arbitrary power; that paramount allegiance to the 
 government might prevent allegiance to the Con- 
 stitution and involve a citizen or State in a loss of 
 constitutional rights. It was further contended 
 that the government consisted of three depart- 
 ments, the executive, the legislative and the judi- 
 ciary, and should any two of these, for instance 
 the executive and judicial, differ, as in the case of 
 Merryman, who should decide to which obedience 
 is due ? and disobedience to which of them would 
 constitute treason ? Obedience will be enforced 
 by the department having superior physical force, 
 and disobedience to this physical force would be 
 treason, and thus, individuals and States would 
 eventually become the subject of an irresponsible 
 military dictation. 
 
 6. On the other hand, it was contended that 
 at the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the 
 States had surrendered the sovereignty to the 
 
 Qucsiiom.—&. What arguments in favor of it? 
 
 24 
 
218 History of Maryland. 
 
 people of the United States ; that even if it were 
 not so, and the fact were otherwise, the doctrine of 
 States-rip^hts was wron^!; in principle, as it made 
 the Federal Union wealc, and that it onglit to be 
 abolished in order that the power of the (govern- 
 ment might become consolidated, independent and 
 effi(;ient ; that whatever danger there may be in 
 centralization, of cripi)ling individnal action of 
 the different parts, yet centralization is essential to 
 the healthy activity, no less than the perfection of 
 the body. 
 
 7. The other article that met with prolonged 
 opposition was that of abolishing slavery. It, how- 
 ever, finally passed. This constitution also pro- 
 vided who should, and who should not vote on its 
 ado))tion by the people, by prescribing an oath to 
 be taken by every one offering to cast his ballot. 
 It was objected that this was making the constitu- 
 tion operative before it was adopted by the people; 
 that this new constitution had no vitality until it 
 should be accepted by the people, and proclaimed 
 by the Governor as the fundamental law of the 
 State; that until this was done, the citizens were 
 living under the constitution then existing ; that 
 the convention had been appointed to make a draft: 
 of a constitution, and when that was done, their 
 functions were at an end ; that they exceeded their 
 powers when they limited the rights of the people 
 and took away privileges they enjoyed under the 
 then existing constitution ; that what were claimed 
 as precedents of other States to the contrary, were 
 where the privileges were enlarged and not cur- 
 tailed ; that a people, through a sovereign con- 
 
 Questions.—7. What other article met with opposition? What 
 else did this constitution provide? What objection was made to 
 this ? 
 
New Constitution. 2Y9 
 
 vention, miVht demand rights not before enjoyed, 
 but that it was contrary to the nature of a sove- 
 reio;n to deprive itself of its own immnnities, and 
 tliat, therefore, such precedents were without force. 
 8 Another article provided that the vote of the 
 soldiers absent on duty, could be taken at their 
 several camps. It was objected that here also the 
 convention transcended their powers ; that the ex- 
 istinn^ constitution, which was the law, provided 
 how electio!)s should be held, and that votes must • 
 be cast at the polls in the county and district in 
 which the voter resides ; that the nature of mili- 
 tary discipline was such that it could not be certain 
 that the soldiers voted otherwise than as suited 
 their commanders, — who were to be judges of the 
 election, — and under their dictation. 
 
 9. The Governor was called upon to interpose 
 his authority to prevent these infrin2:ements of the 
 existino^ constitution, but he replied that he con- 
 sidered the question a judicial, and not a political 
 one, and that he did not consider it his province 
 to prevent the operation of what at least had the 
 color of law. The remedy was in the courts. It 
 was replied that the courts could not meet the dif- 
 ficulty until after the wrong had been inflicted, and 
 that then there was no remedy; that the courts 
 to whom the appeal would be taken, would them- 
 selves be the creation of the new constitution, if 
 adopted. 
 
 10. After the election, but before the constitu- 
 tion went into operation, an application was made 
 to the Superior Court for a mandamus requiring 
 
 QuesfionK.—S. What other article met with opposition? 9. What 
 \v:i>' tile Governor palled upon to do? How did he regard tlie 
 question ? What was the reply to the Governor? 10. Wimt meas- 
 ures were talien before the proclamation of the constitution? 
 
280 History of Maryland. 
 
 the Governor to exclude all votes given outside 
 the State of Maryland from the count on the adop- 
 tion of the constitution. The court dismissed the 
 application, and an appeal was taken to the Court 
 of Appeals. This court decided that it was a 
 political and not a judicial question, and that it 
 was, therefore, a matter of executive and not judi- 
 cial action. Each branch threw the responsibility 
 of settling the question upon the other. It was, 
 however, regarded as a foregone conclusion, that 
 the constitution prepared was to be adopted. 
 
 11. A set of questions, which were to be an- 
 'swered under oath, was prepared for the judges to 
 
 ask each voter. The questions concerned not only 
 the acts and words of the voter, but entered even 
 into his very inmost and secret thoughts. 
 
 12. Notwithstanding this inquisition, and the re- 
 pugnance of men to subject themselves to a ques- 
 tioning so new and so abhorrefit to the feelings of 
 freemen, the vote against the new constitution was 
 so large that it was sup])osed to have been rejected. 
 When, however, the soldiers' vote was brought in 
 from Virginia, it was found that the constitution 
 had been adopted by 375 majority. 
 
 13. Before tiie proclamation of the new consti- 
 tution, the Governor was requested to allow coun- 
 sel to investigate the soldiers' vote. Several days 
 were passed in the examination, but nearly all the 
 objections were overruled by the Governor. 
 
 Qtiesfinns.—U. What, question,? were prepared for the voters? 
 12. 1)1(1 many vote against the new constitution? Whose vote 
 caused tiie adoption of this constitution ? 13. What was done 
 lielore tlie new constitution was prociaimed? How were the 
 objections treated? 
 
Defeat of Wallace. 281 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIY. 
 
 Thk Coxfederatks again in Maryland — Dpfmf. of 
 Woll(ice—Appronch<'f Rtilders 1o Wns/ungt(m — Exrile.- 
 VTPiii and Alfnnn at Wffshinr/foii — Timely Arrivnl of 
 Troi'pH — Geii'i Orel — Freedmaii's Rent. 
 
 1. Early in July, of this year, a Confederate force 
 appeared again in Western Maryland. Hatrers- 
 town having been occupied by them, a requisition 
 was made on the inhabitants for $20,000 This 
 money was paid, and the raiding party left. 
 
 2. In the orders of the commanding officer, it 
 was required of the officers and men, when en- 
 camped, to remain in camp, and upon march, to 
 observe silence, "the silly practice of whooping 
 and hallowing is forbidden ; destruction of fences 
 and crops of farmers is positively prohibired. and 
 such outrages will be paid for from the i)ay of the 
 officers of the command nearest where such dei>re- 
 dations may be' committed." 
 
 3. A few days afterward, another body of Con- 
 federate cavalry entered Hagerstovvn and burned 
 some buildings. In the evening of tlie same day. 
 Gen Wallace withdrew from Frederick to Monoc- 
 acy Junction, and on the next day, the South- 
 erners, under Gen'l Early, entered and levied a 
 contribution on the inhal)itants. 
 
 4 Having swept Gen. Wallace from their path, the 
 Confederate force pushed towards Ellieott's Mills. 
 Dividing their force, a [jortion of them went towards 
 Baltimore, and burned the Governor's residence, sit- 
 
 Qticstions. — 1. Whore did the Confederates now come ? 2. What 
 were the order-! of their coiiiinamling general ? .i. What is ?ai(l 
 in this seetion ? 4. Wliat did the Confederates now do? What 
 did another portion do? 
 
 24* 
 
282 History of Maryland. 
 
 uated within five miles of the city. Twenty-five miles 
 of the Northern Central rail road were destroyed, 
 and a train on the Philadelphia road was captured 
 and burnt. The bridge over the Gunpowder was 
 also partially burned. Another portion, under Brad- 
 ley Johnson, crossed the country to Beltsville, on the 
 Washington road. The troops posted there, four 
 hundred in number, precipitately retreated without 
 waiting to fire a shot. The Southern troops, after 
 resting for three hours, followed, towards Washing- 
 ton, coming within eight miles of the city. 
 
 5. The defeat of Gen. Wallace, who was missing 
 for several days, and the bold movement of these 
 raiders, caused the greatest excitement in Wash- 
 ington, and throughout the North. The Federal 
 city, at that time, was almost destitute of troops.- 
 Reinforcements were hurried forward from Peters- 
 burg, and the 19th army corps, sent from New 
 Orleans to reinforce Gen. Grant before Richmond,, 
 appeared at this juncture in the Chesapeake Bay, 
 and was at once sent to Washington. 
 • G. This timely arrival saved Washington. Forty 
 thousand troops were concentrated there, at about 
 the same time the Confederate party arrived. Gen. 
 Bradley Johnson, therefore, crossed the country 
 during the night, and joined Gen. Early, who had 
 halted before Fort Stevens, on Seventeenth street, . 
 on the outskirts of the city. 
 
 t. After some skirmishing here. Gen, Early 
 withdrew and succeeded in recrossing the Poto- 
 mac. A large proportion of the men of this com- 
 mand were Mary landers, and however cold their 
 reception was in the Western part of the State, it 
 
 QucH(ions.—5. What was the effect of the defeat of Wallace ? What 
 was the condition of Washington? How was it saved? G. Whut 
 is said in tiiis section ? 7. What is said of Gen'l Early? What, 
 of his men, and of their reception? 
 
General Ord. ' 283 
 
 cannot Joe denied that they were cordially received 
 by the farmers of Prince Geori2:e's county. 
 
 8. Gen'l Wallace was superseded in his com- 
 mand at Baltimore by Gen'l Ord, who had l)een 
 an officer of the regular army. His administra- 
 tion was a short one. Finding, it is said, that the 
 duties of the command were utterly repugnant to 
 his feelings as a man and a soldier, at his own re- 
 quest, he was relieved. Gen'l Wallace was rein- 
 stated, and under him the old system of arbitrary 
 arrests was continued. 
 
 9 In November, shortly after the new consti- 
 tution became operative, Gen'l Wallace, assuming 
 that the State would not carry out the provision 
 of its own laws, issued an order placing the eman- 
 cipated slaves under special military protection, 
 creating a " Freedman's Rest," and notifying the" 
 people tliat if the voluntary contributions for the 
 support of the negroes were not sufficient, he would 
 levy upon those who sympathized with their South- 
 ern brethren, for the necessary funds to sustain the 
 *' Freedman's Rest." 
 
 10. If, in the language of Governor Bradford, 
 ''the statement of these acts presents a humiliating 
 record," it must be borne in mind that this record 
 is not the history of the State. The record of the 
 acts of a government constitutes a history of the 
 State when the government represents the State. 
 But when the name of the State is seized upon for 
 purposes aside from the good of the State, the 
 record is only that of the individuals, or govern- 
 ment that control by military power, but do not 
 represent, the people. 
 
 Questions. — 8. By whom was Wallace .«uperseded, and what i.s 
 said of him? 9. What new order did Wallace issue? 10. What 
 is said of this record of evenis? 
 
284 History op Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 Conclusion of the War — Gov. Swami's Insimctlons 
 to the Ixef/isiers — Difficulties toith the Police Onmnis- 
 siojiers — The New Leginlature — Election of Srnnior — 
 lie declines — His Substitute refused his Seat — Neio 
 Constitution — Election of Gov. Bowie. 
 
 ' 1. The war having been concluded by the sur- 
 render of the Southern armies, the Provost Mar- 
 shals were recalled, and the citizens were once more ■ 
 under the frovernraent of the civil law. 
 
 2. An effort was immediately made to have the 
 Ke<;istry law declared unconstitutional. The courts, 
 however, decided otherwise, and Gov. Swann, who 
 was elected to succeed Gov. Bradford, in his mes- 
 saire to the Legislature, discouraged any repeal or 
 modificntion of the law. 
 
 3. But prior to the election of State officers in 
 November, 1866, the Governor instructed the reg- 
 isters that the registry law was to be so interpreted 
 that it should secure the citizen in his rights, and 
 not deprive him of them, and that every one who 
 presented himself, and would take the prescribed 
 oath, should be registered without any further in- 
 quisition by way of questioning, excepting what is 
 usual wliere fraud is suspected. The judges of 
 the election were also to regard the registration of 
 the voter as an evidence of his legal right to vote. 
 
 4. A difficulty, however, arose in Baltimore by 
 the refusal of the judges of the election, in the char- 
 ter election of October, to recognize the new reg- 
 istration. These judges were appointed by the 
 Police Commissioners. The Governor, therefore, 
 
 Questions. — 1. What is said in this section? 2. What effort was 
 made? 3. Wliat instructions did the Governor give to tlie regis- 
 ters? 4. What ditfieulty arose in Baltimore? 
 
Election of Senator. 285 
 
 immediately removed the Commissioners and ap- 
 pointed others in their stead. 
 
 5. The difficulty at one time assumed a threaten- 
 ing aspect, and a riot appeared imminent. Threats 
 were made, out of the State, of marehinp: troops 
 within the borders to sustain the Police Commis- 
 sioners in their refusal to vacate their office to the 
 new Commissioners, and even to destroy the city. 
 
 6. The Governor issued a proclamation, threat- 
 ening, in case of any such movement, to use the 
 whole power of the State for its suppression, and 
 the punishment of its authors. The Commis- 
 sioners were cited to appear before the Governor 
 to answer the charge of being guilty of illegal 
 acts. The charges were sustained, and the Com- 
 missioners submitted to their removal. 
 
 7. New judges of the election having then been 
 appointed, the November elections were held on 
 the basis of the new registration, and a complete 
 change was made in the Legislature. 
 
 8. This Legislature met January 2d, 1867. One 
 of its first duties was to choose a United States 
 Senator. By an existing law, it was required that 
 one of the Senators in Congress should be from 
 the Eastern Shore. In order to elect Gov. Swann 
 who, under this law, was not eligible, the law was 
 repealed, but immediately re-enacted, to resume its 
 operation on the 1st of April. Mr. Swann was 
 then elected. However, at the request of nume- 
 rous prominent citizens that he should not leave 
 the Executive chair, he declined the senatorship. 
 
 9. Subsequently, Philip F. Thomas, Esq., a 
 former Governor of the State, was chosen to fill 
 
 Questions. — 5. AVhat threats were made ? G. What was the proc- 
 lamation of the Governor? 7. What was, of appointing new judges 
 of elections? 8. Who was elected to Senate of U. S. ? Did he ac- 
 cept ? 9. Who was choseu in his place ? 
 
286 History of Maryland. 
 
 the vncancy. He was not allowed to take his seat 
 in Conirr<^'ss on the charire of havino; "oiven aid 
 and comfort to those in arms a<i;ainst the United 
 States." He had sui)))1ied his son, when about to 
 go South and join ihe Confederate army, with 
 souje money, G 11. Tickers, E>:q., was appointed 
 ill his stead 
 
 10. Tlie Legislature passed resolutions addressed 
 to tlie Coiifcress of the United States, to the eileet 
 that the Union bein": restored, each State is enti- 
 tled to all the riiihts and immunities of all the 
 others, and all have an equal right to participate 
 in the administration of the government ; that atiy 
 attempt on the part of Congress to interfere with 
 the elective franchise in any State would be a fla- 
 grant violation of \he spirit of the Constitution, 
 and an encroachment on the rights of the States. 
 11. The provisi(jji in the Constitution restricting 
 the suffrage, authorized its own repeal by a two- 
 thirds vote of the General Assembly. It was 
 enacted by this Legislature, that all the rights of 
 citizenship should be restored to the citizens. 
 
 1'2. A strong desire existed to abolish the con- 
 stitution of 18()4. But the existing constitution 
 provided that a reference to the people of the mat- 
 ter of calling a convention for forming a new con- 
 stitution could be made only when two-thirds of 
 the General Assembly might think it necessary ; and 
 that in case of such necessity appearing, and the 
 peoi)le deciding in favor of a convention, that the 
 next Lesrislature should i)rovide for calling the same. 
 13. The Legislature decided, however, that the 
 power to Veter to the people questions concerning 
 
 Qiii/,ti(my. — 10. What i-e.-^oliitHJiLs (li(i the Le^isl.-itiire pci .-^ '.' 
 11. Wli.'it is !-aid in this section? 12. Whut de.iire existed ? What 
 proviso of the existing Constitution was there? 13. What did 
 they decide? 
 
Governor Bowie. 287 
 
 the ori^anic law, cannot be limited, and tl at any 
 such limitations were in conflict with the Bill ot 
 Rights, which declares that the peo.jile havr, at all 
 times, the unalienable right to alter, reform or 
 abolish their form of government. 
 
 14. A reference to the people was made in April, and 
 resulted in favor of holding the convention The conven- 
 tion met on the 8th of May, and selected Hon. iCichaid 
 B. Carniichael as their President. 
 
 15. In the Bill of Rights appended to the Constitution 
 prepared by this convention, the ai'ticle oti '-jiaramt unt 
 allegiance to the Constitution and govern nicnt of the 
 United States" was moditied so a? to read, '-The Con* 
 etitution of the United States, and the laws uiadc in pur- 
 suance thereof, are and shall be the supreme law of the 
 State, and all the people of this State shall be bound 
 thereby, anything in the Constitution and l>a\vs of this 
 State to the contrary notwithstanding;." '> Tiie powers 
 not delegated to the United States by the Constitution 
 thereof, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
 people thereof." ''That the people of this State have the 
 sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal gov- 
 ernment and police thereof, as a free, sovereign and in- 
 dependent State." 
 
 IG. Another article declared that any departure from 
 the constitution, either of the United States or of this 
 State, whether in time of peace or war, under the plea of 
 necessity, or any other plea, is subversive of good gov- 
 ernment, and tends to anarchy and (iespoti.>-m. 
 
 17. The constitution was adopted by a majority of 
 24.110. The first election under it took place in Novem- 
 ber, 18H7. The rival candidates for the office of Gov- 
 ernor were Oden Bowie, Jisq , whose name has already 
 been mentioned in connection with the Mexican war, 
 and the Hon. H. L Bond. Gov. Bowie was elected by 
 a majority of 41,712 votes. 
 
 (J?<fsr(o>?.s.— l-t. When a reference to the people made? 15. What 
 changes were made? IC. What did another article declare? 17. By 
 what majority was the new constitution adopted ? When was the 
 first election'under the new constitution ? 
 
 \ 
 
1 
 
 GOYERNOKS OF MAEYLAND. 
 
 1777 — Thomas Johnson. 
 
 1779 — Thomas Sim Lee. 
 
 1782— William Paca. 
 
 1785 — William Smallwood. 
 
 1788— John Eager Howard. 
 
 1791 — George Plater. /^ 
 
 1794— John H. Stone. 
 
 1797 — John Hknry. 
 
 1798 — Benjamin Ogle. 
 
 1801— John Francis Mercer. 
 
 180?) — Robert Boavie. 
 
 ISOO — Robert Wright. 
 
 1809 — Edward Llovd. 
 
 1811 — Robert Bowie. 
 
 1812— Levin Winder. 
 
 1815— Charles Ridgeley, of Hampton, 
 
 1818— Charles Goldsborough. 
 
 1819- Samuel Sprigg. 
 
 1822— Samuel Stevens, Jr. 
 
 1825 — Joseph Kent. 
 
 1828— Daniel Martin. 
 
 1829— Thomas King Carroll. 
 
 1830- Daniel Martin. 
 
 1831— George Howard. 
 
 1832 — James Thomas. 
 
 1835— Thomas W. Veazey. 
 
 1838 — William Grason. 
 
 1841— Francis Thomas. 
 
 1844— Thomas G. Pratt. 
 
 1847 — Philip Francis Thomas. 
 
 1850— E. Louis Lowe. 
 
 1854— T. Watkins Ligon. 
 
 1857 — T. HoLLiDAY Hicks. 
 
 1861— Augustus W. Bradford, 
 
 1865— Thomas Swann. 
 
 1867 — Oden Bowie. 
 
 288