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'missions 
 
 THE MORAVIANS 
 
 AMONG TUE 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS 
 
 INHABITING THE MIDDLE STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 
 Wntttii for the American Suuda^bohool Union, and revised 
 by the Coiiimittce of Publication. 
 
 
 AMERICAN SUNDAY SCHOOL UNION. 
 
 PHII. ADHIiPHI A : 
 
 No. 145 Chesnut Street. 
 
 1831. 
 
SAO 
 
 ff 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress in tlie year 1831, by 
 Paul Beck, Jr. Treasurer in trust for the American Sunday 
 School Union, in tlie Clerk's Office of the Eastern District of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The United Brethren, or as they are 
 more commonly called, the Moravians, 
 whose missionary labours among the In- 
 dians of North America will form the 
 subject of this book, are a very ancient 
 body of Christians, and date their origin 
 from the Greek church in the ninth cen- 
 tury. At that time, the kings of Bulgaria 
 and Moravia, being converted to the faith, 
 through the ladours of Methodius and Cy- 
 rillus,two Greek monks,they were together 
 with their subjects, united in communion 
 with the Greek Church. Methodius was 
 their first bishop, and for their use Cyrillus 
 translated the scriptures into the Sclavo- 
 nian language. During several centu- 
 ries, which preceded the reformation, 
 the Moravians, in common with several 
 other sects, which still preserved the 
 
 A 3 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 true spirit of the gospel, were exposed to 
 the fury of persecution. At the Reforma- 
 tion, their correspondence with Luther 
 and Calvin and others, brought on a per- 
 secution, which, with their own religious 
 disputes, threatened entirely to destroy 
 their existence. In 1575, they obtained 
 an edict for the public exercise of their re- 
 ligion; but in the civil war of 1612, which 
 raged in Bohemia, they were again perse- 
 cuted, and completely dispersed. One 
 colony of these, which retained the faith 
 in its purity, was in 1722, conducted by a 
 brother, named Christian David, from 
 Fulneck, in Moravia, to Upper Lusatia, 
 where they put themselves under the pro- 
 tection of Nicholas Lewis, Count of Zin- 
 zendorf, and built a village on his estate. 
 The Count showed every kindness to the 
 poor emigrants; but being a zealous mem- 
 ber of the church established by law, he 
 endeavoured to prevail upon them to unite 
 with it. This they declined; and the 
 Count, on a more minute inquiry into 
 
INTRODUCTION. Vll 
 
 their ancient history and tenets, became 
 himself a convert to the faith and discipline 
 of the United Brethren. Through his 
 means the church was once more built up, 
 and from his friendship with Potter and 
 Seeker, the one Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 the other Bishop of Oxford, the Parliament 
 of Great Britain, after mature deliberation, 
 were brought to acknowledge the United 
 Brethren to be a Protestant Episcopal 
 church. Their eminent benefactor Zin- 
 zendorf died in the year 1760. 
 
 That which particularly characterizes 
 the Moravians, and holds them up to the 
 attention of others, is their missionary 
 zeal. In this they are superior to any 
 other body of people in the world. Their 
 missionaries are all volunteers; for it is an 
 inviolable maxim with them to persuade 
 no man to engage in missions. Their 
 zeal is calm, steady, and persevering. 
 They carry their point by address, and 
 the insinuations of modesty and mildness, 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which commend them to all men and give 
 offence to none. 
 
 Their enterprising piety is shown by 
 the amazing extent, and fearlessness of 
 their labours, in such remote parts of the 
 globe, and amongst the most savage of 
 mankind. They carried the gospel to 
 Labrador and Greenland. They also went 
 to the East Indies, to the Russian part of 
 Asia, and among the Hottentots of Africa. 
 They attempted to propagate the truth 
 in Guinea, among the slaves in Algiers, 
 in the island of Ceylon, and in Egypt. 
 Some of their most effective missions 
 were among the negro slaves of the West 
 India islands. South America also was 
 not neglected by them; and their wonder- 
 ful zeal, perseverance and devotion in the 
 propagation of the Christian faith amongst 
 the Aborigines of our country, their various 
 successes, and their submission to the rod 
 of persecution and failure, will form the 
 interesting subject of the ensuing portion 
 of this work. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOHAYIAN MISSIONS, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 As early as the year 1727, the Moravian 
 brethren began to take the conversion of 
 the heathen into the most earnest consid- 
 eration. After much serious deliberation, 
 the first missionaries were sent from the 
 church of the brethren, in 1732, to St. 
 Thomas, an island in the West Indies, un- 
 der the Danish government. Others were 
 sent to Greenland; but the labours and 
 exertions of these truly excellent men 
 among the North American Indians, par- 
 ticularly those described in the History of 
 the Indians inhabiting the middle States 
 of the Union,* was an attempt of no 
 small difficulty, and will chiefly occupy 
 our attention in this volume. 
 
 When the followers of Schwenkfeld 
 
 * This liistory was designed as apart of the present work, but 
 the subject being found too extensive, is published in a separate 
 volume by the American Sunday Scliool Unit.n. 
 
10 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 were driven by persecution from Germa- 
 ny, such of them as resided ever since the 
 year 1725, in Berthelsdorf (a large village 
 in Upper Lusatia, belonging to Count Zin- 
 zendorf,) resolved to go to Georgia, and 
 the Count endeavoured to procure a free 
 passage and kind reception for them, from 
 the trustees of the colonies in Georgia, 
 residing in London. They therefore left 
 Lusatia in 1734, but on arriving in Hol- 
 land, they changed their minds, and went 
 to Pennsylvania. The trustees of Geor- 
 gia, however, not willing to break oflf their 
 engagement with Count Zinzendorf, offer- 
 ed him a tract of land in Georgia, to be 
 cultivated by the brethren. The offer was 
 accepted, and some missionaries resolved 
 to go to preach the gospel to the Creek, 
 Chickasaw, and Cherokee Indians. 
 
 The first company set out from Herrn- 
 hut, in November, 1734, conducted by 
 John Toeltschig and Anthony Seyffart, 
 attended by the wishes and prayers of 
 the whole congregation. Zinzendorf gave 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 1 1 
 
 them written instructions — thatthey should 
 submit themselves to the guidance of the 
 Almighty in every situation, preserve lib- 
 erty of conscience, avoid religious dis- 
 putes, always to bear in mind that they 
 were called to preach the gospel to the 
 Indians, and to endeavour, as much as 
 possible, to earn their own bread. 
 
 In London they met with the Rev. 
 Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, who had, 
 some time previous, joined the congrega- 
 tion of the Brethren. He was commis- 
 sioned to treat with the trustees of Geor- 
 gia, and Gen. Oglethorpe, then governor 
 of that province. The worthy general 
 procured all the money necessary for the 
 equipment of the missionaries, and the 
 trustees granted them houses in the town 
 of Savannah, till they could settle and 
 cultivate a district given them on the river 
 Ogeeche. Spangenberg went with them, 
 and they arrived in Georgia in the spring 
 of 1735: their number was afterwards in- 
 creased by a larger company, which fol- 
 
12 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 lowed in the summer, conducted by David 
 Nitschman. These brethren settled in 
 Savannah, and God blessed their industry 
 in such a manner, that, in a short time, 
 they not only procured a sufficient main- 
 tenance for themselves, but even repaid 
 the money advanced for them in London. 
 The governnaent were very willing to pro- 
 mote the.exertions of the Brethren, which 
 appeared so advantageous to the state, 
 and with the reputation of peaceful, quiet, 
 and pious people, they began to teach and 
 preach to the Aborigines, and had many 
 reasons for believing that their efforts were 
 successful. 
 
 In 1737, the Rev. Peter Boehler joined 
 the colony in Georgia, and Spangenberg, 
 after establishing the mission in Georgia, 
 and visiting the mission in St. Thomas, re- 
 turned to Pennsylvania, where he remain- 
 ed till 1739. Here he was first made 
 acquainted with the several Indian nations, 
 but especially the Iroquois, or Six Nations, 
 through Conrad Weisser, a justice of the 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 13 
 
 peace, and interpreter to the government 
 of Pennsylvania. This man had been 
 sent by the governor and proprietor of 
 Pennsylvania, in the w^inter of 1736, to 
 settle a dispute between the Iroquois and 
 the Indians of Virginia. During his jour- 
 ney of nearly 500 miles, he suffered great- 
 ly on the road; but happening to meet 
 two Indians, they bid him take courage, 
 adding, that what a man suffered in body, 
 cleansed his soul from sin. These words 
 made an impression on Weisser, who re- 
 lated them to Spangenberg, and the breth- 
 ren immediately became desirous to in- 
 struct these blind, yet thinking heathen in 
 the truth. 
 
 Meanwhile, the prosperous colony in 
 Georgia received an unexpected check, for 
 the neighbouring Spaniards commenced a 
 war against the English in Georgia, and the 
 brethren refused to take up arms, having, 
 from the very beginning, stipulated that 
 they were to bear arms on no consideration. 
 They were obliged to leave their flourishing 
 
14 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 plantations and joined their brethren in 
 Pennsylvania. Some time after this, an 
 offer was made to them by the Rev. Mr, 
 Whitefield, to assist him in his establish- 
 ment in Georgia, and John Hagen was 
 sent thither, bait his efforts proved unsuc- 
 cessful. Much consternation prevailed 
 about that time, for it was believed that 
 the Indians had determined to kill one 
 European for every Indian who had died 
 of the small pox, and to clear the country 
 of the whites. 
 
 On his return to Germany, Spangenberg 
 gave such an account of the deplorable 
 state of the poor Indians, that many offer- 
 ed to go on this mission, and one of them 
 Christian Henry Rauch, was sent, in 1739, 
 from Marienborn to New York, where he 
 arrived July 16, 1740. He knew no- 
 thing of the I-ndians, nor did he even 
 know where, and in what manner he 
 should seek for them. In New York, he 
 unexpectedly met with the missionary 
 Frederick Martin, from St. Thomas, by 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 15 
 
 whom he was introduced to some pious 
 people. These all informed him of the 
 many well-meant, but vain attempts which 
 had been made to christianize the Indians, 
 and that they were so addicted to drunken- 
 ness, that no European could dwell among 
 them. 
 
 Some days after he heard that an em- 
 bassy of Indians had arrived at New York. 
 He immediately went in search of them, 
 and was rejoiced to find that some of them 
 could speak a little of the Dutch language. 
 These savages were ferocious in their man- 
 ners, and very much intoxicated. Hav- 
 ing waited till they were sober, he spoke 
 to two of them, named Tschoop and Sha- 
 basch, and asked them without ceremony, 
 if they wished a teacher. On their reply- 
 ing in the affirmative, brother Ranch im- 
 mediately made up his mind to accompany 
 them, but by some accident they missed 
 him, and proceeded on their journey. 
 
 He soon learned that they lived at She- 
 komeko, an Indian town, about twenty- 
 
16 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 five miles east of North River, on the 
 borders of Connecticut, and proceeded 
 thither immediately, where he arrived 
 August 16, and was received after the 
 Indian manner with much kindness. 
 Rauch at once addressed them: *^I come 
 hither from beyond the great ocean, to 
 bring the glad tidings, that God, the Cre- 
 ator, so loved us, that he became man, 
 lived 30 years in this world, doing good 
 to all men, and at last, for our sins, was 
 nailed to the cross, and died for us, that 
 we might have everlasting life. On the 
 third day he rose again from the dead, and 
 ascended into Heaven; and though we 
 cannot see him, he is always present, and 
 desires only to show his love to us.^' They 
 listened with attention, but he found, to his 
 sorrow, that this doctrine, which was so 
 newto them, excited derision, forthey at last 
 openly laughed him to scorn. Not discour- 
 aged, brother Rauch continued to preach to 
 them, travelling from one Indian town to 
 another, mocked and laughed at wherever 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 17 
 
 he went, and suffering great hardships, 
 because no one would receive him into 
 his house. But his zeal and perseverance 
 were, in the end, rewarded, for several 
 began to listen to the truth, and Tschoop, 
 the greatest drunkard amongst them, and 
 afterwards Shabasch, were both convinced 
 of their folly, and set about the work of 
 reformation. 
 
 About this time, some white people, 
 fearing that their interests would be injur- 
 ed, if the Indians became Christians, be- 
 gan to stir them up against Ranch, as one 
 who only sought to deceive and mislead 
 them, by which they were so irritated that 
 they threatened to shoot him, and he was 
 obliged to seek shelter in the house, of a 
 farmer of the name of Rau, to whose fa- 
 mily he became school-master. Rauch still 
 continued, however, to make daily visits to 
 Shekomeko, though at the hazard of his 
 life. False accusations were circulated 
 concerning him, in all quarters. It was 
 even said, that he only intended to kidnap 
 B 2 
 
18 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 their young people to sell as slaves. Even 
 Tschoop and Shabasch gave him up, and 
 several white people sought an occasion ta 
 beat and abuse him. This he avoided by 
 great caution and mild deportment. Some 
 threatened to hang him up in the woods ; 
 others endeavoured to get the Indians to 
 murder him in a drunken frolic. Once 
 an Indian ran after him with his hatchet, 
 and would doubtless have killed him, had 
 he not stumbled and fallen into the water. 
 Shabasch avoided him ; but Tschoop, whom 
 he cordially loved, was so hostile, that he 
 sought an opportunity to shoot him. 
 
 The Indians, at last, began to admire 
 his perseverance and courage, and changed 
 their giinds. He frequently spent half a 
 day in their cottages, ate and drank with 
 them, and even lay down to sleep amongst 
 them, with the greatest composure. This 
 last fact made a great impression upon 
 them, and especially upon Tschoop. Once, 
 observing the missionary lying in his hut, 
 fast asleep, he confessed that he was struck 
 
20 
 
 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 21 
 
 with the following thought. *<This man 
 cannot be a bad man ; he fears no evil, not 
 even from us, but sleeps comfortably." 
 In a short time after, they were convinced 
 that all the accounts spread by the whites 
 against the missionary, arose from malice, 
 and the confidence and friendship between 
 Rauch and the Indians were restored. 
 Tschoop was the first to wipe away the 
 tears from the eyes of his former friend, 
 and Shabasch was soon after reclaimed. 
 The Indians of Shekomeko, and the neigh- 
 bouring towns, attended the meetings re- 
 gularly, and a very visible change was 
 effected in their lives and manners. 
 
 In June, 1741, Rauch paid a visit to the 
 Brethren in Pennsylvania, whither all 
 who had been obliged to leave Georgia, 
 had retired, and by desire of Mr. White- 
 field, settled on a piece of land pur- 
 chased by him for the establishment of a 
 negro school. The foundation of the 
 house, which he himself had actually laid, 
 was called Nazareth^ and thence the town 
 
2S MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 was afterwards named. The Indians here, 
 threatened to murder the brethren, and 
 they were compelled to leave this place, 
 in 1740. After this, a respectable mer- 
 chant offered to sell them a piece of land 
 ten miles south of Nazareth, in the forks 
 of the Delaware, and Bishop David Nitsch- 
 man, arriving about that time, with some 
 brethren and sisters from Europe, they 
 resolved unanimously to buy the land. la 
 this place they built a settlement, and call- 
 ed it Bethlehem. 
 
 About the time of Ranch's visit to 
 Bethlehem, many Delaware Indians of 
 those parts were not well disposed; but 
 one of the brethren. Christian Froelich, 
 had succeeded, by gentleness and kind 
 acts, to secure their attachment to himself 
 and attention to the gospel. Rauch soon 
 after returned accompanied by Nitscbman, 
 who laboured with him; and on his return, 
 gave a very favourable account of what he 
 had seen in Shekomeko. 
 
 In the mean time Martin Mack, one of 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS^ 23 
 
 the brethren from Georgia, joined them; 
 and not long after several others arrived 
 from Europe to assist in the mission. Ranch 
 was faithfully employed, both in instruct- 
 ing his host's family and in convert- 
 ing the savages. At the end of the year 
 1741, Count Zinzendorf came to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and soon after Buettner, who had 
 recently arrived from Europe, visited 
 Ranch at Shekomeko, and was delighted 
 at the wonderful fruits of his labours. In 
 a few days Rauch and Buettner left She- 
 komeko on a visit to the brethren in 
 Pennsylvania, accompanied by three con- 
 verted Indians, Shabasch, Seim, and Kiop. 
 Tschoop, to their great regret, (being 
 lame) was not able to go with them. The 
 11th Feb. 1742, was an important day, for 
 on it Rauch administered baptism to three 
 Indians, calling them Abraham, Isaac, and 
 Jacob, and some time after he had an op- 
 portunity of performing the same duty for 
 his dearly beloved Tschoop, whom he 
 called John. In April of the same year, 
 
24 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the sacrament was for the first time ob- 
 served at Shekomeko. These things raised 
 the astonishment of the savages, numbers 
 repaired to listen to the gospel, and the 
 difference between the countenances of the 
 believing Indians, and the others, was re- 
 marked by all who saw them. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 In 1742, Count Zinzendorf, who ardent- 
 ly desired the conversion of the Indians, 
 undertook three different journeys amongst 
 them. He started from Bethlehem with 
 his daughter Benigna, eleven brethren and 
 three sisters. In the course of this journey, 
 the count perceiving a party of Indians on 
 the opposite bank of a shallow river, im- 
 mediately waded over, but was received 
 by them with such marked coolness, that 
 he returned with a heavy heart. An In- 
 dian followed him, however, and brought 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 25 
 
 the cheering tidings that they wished his 
 whole party to cross over to them. He 
 preached the gospel to them at their own 
 request, and this journey was of conse- 
 quence, because it tended to establish a 
 better acquaintance and friendship with 
 the Indians, and the Indian guide whom 
 he had employed, and a great many in- 
 habitants of different places became sincere 
 converts. 
 
 In August of the same year, the Count, 
 with Conrad Weisser, began a second 
 journey, in the course of which he met a 
 deputation of the six nations, returning 
 from Philadelphia, and was extremely de- 
 sirous of preaching to them. They were 
 very wild, and had that day shot one of 
 their own people. At first they seemed 
 not well disposed; but the wife of one of 
 the deputation just then entering the hut 
 with a child in her arms, it ran to the 
 Count and began to play with him. This 
 little circumstance was followed by an ex- 
 change of friendship between the brethren 
 c 
 
26 MOk AVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 and the six nations, which was confirmed 
 by presents of wampum, according to the 
 Indian manner. The importance of this 
 covenant was considerable, for the influ- 
 ence of the nation was so great, that they 
 could easily have obstructed the progress 
 of the gospel. During the Count's abode 
 in Shckomeko certain articles were drawn 
 up, and the first regular congregation of 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. -i / 
 
 believing Indians, consisting of ten pre- 
 sons, was established in North America. 
 
 Towards the end of September the 
 Count set off on his third journey, to visit 
 the Indians who lived on the banks of the 
 Susquehannah. Martin Mack, Conrad 
 Weisser, and two Indian converts, Joshua 
 and David, accompanied him. After much 
 fatigue and many hardships, they arrived 
 on the 2Sth of September at Shomokin, a 
 populous Indian town. One day while 
 they were residing here, the brethren had 
 assembled to pray; but the Indians having 
 just then a feast, and making a great noise, 
 the Count sent word to Shikellimus one of 
 their captains, that they were going to call 
 upon their God; upon which they all ob- 
 served profound silence. 
 
 The Count proceeded along the river as 
 far as Wajonick, then inhabited by the 
 Shawanese, a depraved and cruel tribe, 
 always at war with the whites, and their 
 hearts seemed wholly shut against the 
 truth. It appeared afterwards that these 
 
28 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 savages had conspired to murder him and 
 his whole company. But God in mercy 
 prevented it; for Weisser, who could not 
 possibly know any thing of the wicked 
 design, being detained in a neighbouring 
 town beyond his appointed time, became 
 so uneasy, that he hastened back to Wa- 
 jonick, and arrived just in time to discover 
 and prevent the execution of the plot. 
 
 At the end of the year 1742, the num- 
 ber of baptized Indians in Shekomeko was 
 thirty-one. About this time the brethren 
 became more convinced of the necessity 
 of caution; for many tribes bore irrecon- 
 cileable hatred to Europeans. For these 
 reasons, suspicions might arise in the 
 minds of the Christian magistrates, that the 
 hrethren were secretly in league with the 
 hostile Indians. Soon after, the worthy 
 nobleman Count Zinzendorf, having done 
 all in his power towards the conversion of 
 the heathen in North America, returned 
 to Europe in the beginning of 1743. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 29 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The flourishing state of Shekomeko 
 called for the assistance of more labourers, 
 and several missionaries and their wives 
 joined Rauch at that place. The others 
 spent most of their time in visiting various 
 towns, the inhabitants having repeatedly 
 desired the brethren to come and instruct 
 them. Some of these Indians informed 
 the missionaries, that certain white people 
 of the town of Freehold had offered them 
 rum, if they would kill Rauch. The 
 brethren always made it a rule to earn 
 their own bread. They also lived and 
 dressed in the Indian manner, so that in 
 travelling to and fro they were taken for 
 Indians. 
 
 About this time the missionary Mack 
 
 and his wife went on a visit to Pachgat- 
 
 goch about 20 miles from Shekomeko, in 
 
 Connecticut, and took up his abode, by 
 
 c 2 
 
30 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 invitation, with the Captain of the town, 
 whose whole family was awakened. The 
 savages received him with greatjoy, and saidj 
 that he and his wife must love them very 
 much to travel so far, at a bad season of the 
 year, to visit them. From this place, he 
 went next to visit Potatik, seventy miles 
 further inland. He was expressly invited by 
 the captain of this place, who had formerly 
 threatened to tomahawk or shoot any one 
 who should dare to speak a word of Jesus 
 Christ. On the day after his arrival an 
 English gentleman visited the missionary, 
 and kindly offered him a lodging in his 
 house, representing the danger of con- 
 stantly living with the Indians. But 
 brother Mack answered, that having come 
 hither merely on their account, he wished 
 rather to stay with them. Some Indians 
 overhearing this conversation, were greatly 
 surprised, and told the rest, who all ex- 
 pressed thanks to the missionary and his 
 wife in the kindest terms; and when they 
 set out on their return to Pachgatgoch, 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 31 
 
 the inhabitants could hardly make any 
 reply for weeping. Brother Mack and 
 several of the other brethren continued 
 frequently to visit the different places, and 
 always with great satisfaction, to behold 
 the advance of the truth amongst them. 
 
 The missionaries at Shekomeko now 
 began to think it was their duty no longer 
 to withhold the sacrament of the com- 
 munion, and it was accordingly adminis- 
 tered with great solemnity to the convert- 
 ed Indians for the first time. The new 
 chapel at Shekomeko was now finished 
 and consecrated. It was a building 30 
 feet long, and 20 broad, and entirely 
 covered with a smooth bark. The con- 
 gregation usually met every forenoon to 
 hear a discourse. Every evening a hymn 
 was sung. A monthly prayer day was 
 established, on which accounts were read 
 of the progress of the gospel in different 
 parts of the world. 
 
 But the pious labours of the missionaries 
 created many enemies, especially among 
 
32 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 those whites who had been accustomed to 
 make the dissolute life of the Indians, and 
 chiefly their love of liquor, subservient to 
 their own gain. These people, were in- 
 duced by a clergymen of another persua- 
 sion, to join in the hostile measures which 
 were taken against the brethren; and the 
 consequence was that the missionaries were 
 branded with the names of papists and 
 traitors, and brothers Mack, Sharr, and 
 Pyrlaells, were taken up, and dragged 
 about the country for three days, till the 
 Governor of Connecticut, hearing the case, 
 honourably dismissed them. 
 
 Meanwhile the missionary Ranch had 
 visited the country about Albany, on 
 the North River, and on the 23d August 
 arrived at Freehold, where he found a 
 number of Indians gathered around a dying 
 person. As soon as the patient heard that 
 a teacher had arrived from Shekomeko, 
 he exhorted his countrymen to hearken to 
 his words, and he bequeathed to the mis- 
 sionary his hut. Brother Rauch having 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. S3 
 
 made known to them the object of his 
 visit, the Indians held a council, and sent 
 him word, that they had resolved to en- 
 treat him to dwell with them, and instruct 
 them in the knowledge of God; for that 
 they had long wished to become like the 
 people in Shekomeko. Much oppositioQ 
 to the gospel, however, was shown by 
 many at first, but some of the most savage 
 became at last zealous Christians, and one 
 of them publicly burnt his idols. The 
 brethren continued to preach the gospel in 
 all quarters with the most unremitting 
 ardour, and to make themselves acquainted 
 with the various Indian tongues. For all 
 their labours they thought themselves 
 amply rewarded by the success of the 
 mission in Shekomeko; where at the close 
 of the year 1743, the congregation of bap- 
 tized Indians consisted of 63 persons, ex- 
 clusive of those in Pachgatgoch, and a 
 great number of constant hearers, some of 
 whom were powerfully awakened. 
 
34 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Hitherto the labour of the brethren had 
 met with noopposition of any consequence, 
 and in the first months of the year 1744, 
 the church had rest, and was edified. But 
 suddenly a persecution arose, which threa- 
 tened to put an end to all their hopes and 
 usefulness. Among the numberless false 
 reports which were propagated concerning 
 the brethren, the most dangerous was, that 
 they were allied to the French in Canada, 
 that they fomented the disputes which 
 then took place, and intended to furnish 
 the Indians with arms to fight against the 
 Knglish. These falsehoods were spread 
 about with so much industry, that the 
 whole country was alarmed and filled with 
 terror. It became the duty of the magis- 
 trates to examine into the tenets and views 
 of the brethren, and to ascertain what their 
 real character and business were. The 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 35 
 
 Only fault which could be found after 
 much scrutiny, was, that the brethren 
 were unwilling to take an oath, although 
 they were perfectly willing to assent to 
 every thing contained in the oath, as also 
 to submit to the punishment inflicted upon 
 perjured persons, if they w^ere found to act 
 contrary to their assertion made by yes or 
 no. In one of their examinations, they 
 were called upon in open court to prove 
 that they were privileged teachers. Buett^ 
 ner, produced his written vocation, and 
 his certificate of ordination, duly signed 
 by Bishop Nitschman, adding also that the 
 Protestant church of the Moravian brethren 
 had been declared by the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury to be an episcopal and apostolical 
 church. All these evidences being reject- 
 ed, Buettner said in court to the judge, 
 <* Well, sir, since nothing will suffice, we 
 submit, and you have power to dictate our 
 punishment. We are subject to the magis- 
 trates, and can not oppose them, nor would 
 we if we could. We rather choose patiently 
 
36 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 to suiTer." This lutdress nppeai e^"! to have 
 some good effi-ct, for the}- were di.smirised 
 for that time by the justice Mr. Beckinan, 
 and even invited by the latter to dinner; 
 but they were desired to appear again at 
 Pikipsi, (now Poughkeepsie,) in the Oc- 
 tober following, by order of the Governor 
 of New York. 
 
 Persecution and prejudice continued to 
 run very strong against them. They w^ere 
 detained in town to await the final decision 
 of the Governor; and at last when he dis- 
 missed them, with a command, that on 
 their return home they should live in such 
 a manner that no suspicions should arise, 
 the secretary was obliged to give them a 
 written certificate of acquittal, to secure 
 them from the violence of the mob. 
 
 It now appeared very plain to every 
 candid observer, that the accusations against 
 the brethren arose either from misconcep- 
 tion or malice. But the enmity of their 
 adversaries was not extinguished. They 
 adopted other measures, and now endea- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 37 
 
 voured to make them take oaths, or to 
 leave the country altogether. This scheme 
 succeeded. They obtained an act of as- 
 sembly in New York, dated October, by 
 which all suspicious persons were enjoined 
 to take the oath of allegiance, and in case 
 of refusal, to be expelled the province. 
 Another act positively forbade the brethren 
 to instruct the Indians. On the 15th 
 December, the sheriff and three justices of 
 the peace arrived at Shekomeko to enforce 
 these acts, and summoned the brethren 
 again to Poughkeepsie; where the acts 
 were read to Ranch and Mack, Buettner 
 being too ill to attend. The latter wrote 
 to Bethlehem, " We are either to depart, 
 or to incur a heavy penalty. They threaten 
 to seize upon all we possess. We have 
 but little, and if they take away that 
 little, then we shall even yet have as 
 much left as our Lord had, when on 
 earth." Amidst these heavy trials the 
 brethren adhered to the scriptural advice, 
 
38 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 quietly to wait for the salvation of the <|! 
 Lord. 
 
 Meanwhile Bishop Spangenberg, to i 
 whom the affairs of the brethren in NortK | 
 Americahadbeenentru^ted, arrived in New 
 York. His first step was to visit the per- 
 secuted congregation at Shekomeko, where 
 he found much reason to rejoice at the 
 course of the church, and the declarations 
 of the believing Indians. Two of the 
 baptized Indians, who had deviated, were 
 about this time restored. Buettner wrote 
 thus of one of them to Spangenberg, " My 
 heart followed Jonathan wherever he 
 went.'^ It being resolved to go in pursuit 
 of him, the good Ranch set out upon this 
 errand. When Jonathan perceived him 
 coming, he was frightened, and stood like 
 one thunder-struck. Ranch accosted him 
 affectionately, offered forgiveness and 
 peace, and entreated him to return. The 
 heart of Jonathan was touched. '^ Are 
 you come," said he with emotion, "merely 
 to seek me ? Have you nothing else to do 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 39 
 
 here? Does Buettner remember me still?" 
 Like a lost sheep, the reclaimed Indian 
 returned to the fold. Buettner ran to meet 
 him, and received him as the father re- 
 ceived his prodigal son. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The faithful Buettner, whose constitu- 
 tion was broken by hardships, and his 
 mind weighed down by the persecutions 
 and afflictions of the church, was about 
 this time removed to a better world. On 
 his death bed he exhorted the sorrowing 
 Indians, who stood by his side, to continue 
 faithful to the end; he desired them to sing 
 ^ hymn, during which he gently breathed 
 his last. Tiie Indians wept over him as 
 children over a beloved parent. His re- 
 mains were interred with great solemnity 
 at the burial ground at Shekomeko, and 
 an affectionate memorial was inscribed 
 upon his tomb-stone. 
 
40 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 The death of Buettner and the departure^ 
 of the other missionaries for Bethlehem, 
 involved the congregation at Shekomeko ' 
 in gloom; but the arm of persecution was 
 still uplifted. David Zeisbergcr, who had 
 been from boyhood devoted to the cause 
 of the heathen, was travelling with the 
 missionary Frederick Post, into the country 
 of the Iroquois, in order to become better 
 acquainted with the language. The ene- 
 mies of the mission soon accused them of 
 treacherous views, and accordingly they 
 were arrested in Albany, and after much 
 abuse, brought to New York, and confined 
 in prison. In this sad condition, they 
 still found some friends, who visited and 
 relieved them. After repeated examina- 
 tions they were found innocent of every 
 charge, and dismissed, having been seven 
 weeks in their confinement. 
 
 When Mack, with several of the sisters, 
 and some small children, returned from 
 Shekomeko to Bethlehem, they were ar- 
 rested on their route and detained by the 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 11 
 
 enraged justices, as a company of traitors, 
 and even after they were set at liberty by 
 the providential arrival of Colonel Loewen- 
 stein, they were insulted by the mob with 
 curses and reproaches, and had to suffer 
 much in the open street, from the cold and 
 rain, before they were permitted to pro- 
 ceed on their journey. 
 
 In the April following, two persons, a 
 man and his wife, were baptized in Beth- 
 lehem, and called Gottleib and Mary. 
 They were the first fruits of the missionary 
 labours among the Delaware nation. Being 
 both of the royal family, their high-born 
 relations were greatly displeased, and as 
 they could not persuade them to return, 
 determined to take them away by force. 
 Accordingly thirty-six persons, among 
 whom were several young warriors, came 
 to Bethlehem with this view; but being 
 kindly treated, and plentifully served with 
 meat and drink, Gottleib and Mary partak- 
 ing also of their repast, their minds were 
 softened, and when they opened their 
 d2 
 
42 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 commission and told them that they had 
 heard they had become slaves to the 
 whites, Gotlleib seized the occasion to 
 exhort them with great energy. Some 
 time after he was entreated by a message 
 to come and instruct his people, and had 
 soon the joy to see his own brother bap- 
 tized, and called Joachim. 
 
 A synod being called at Bethlehem this 
 year, the Indian congregation at She- 
 komeko were desired to send a deputy. 
 Nothing could be a stronger proof of the 
 sincerity of the change wrought amongst 
 them, than their wish to have their chil- 
 dren educated at Bethlehem. For the 
 love of the Indians towards their children 
 is so excessively strong, that they cannot 
 bear to have them out of their sight; but 
 now, they besought the brethren to take 
 their offspring, and educate them in the 
 fear of the Lord. 
 
 In consequence of the numerous ob- 
 stacles to all Christian communication with 
 the] congregation at Shekomeko, it was 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 43 
 
 resolved to propose that the Indians 
 there should remove to some eligible spot 
 in Pennsylvania. The plan was first to 
 place them near Bethlehem, and then to 
 remove them to Wajomick, or Wyoming, 
 on the Susquehannah. For this purpose 
 Zeisberger, Weisser and another set out 
 for Onondago, where the great council fire 
 of the Iroquois, (to whom the country 
 about Wajomick belonged,) was kept. 
 They were well received by the Iroquois, 
 who renewed the covenant they had made 
 with Count Zinzendorf, and received free 
 permission to remove the congregation. 
 
 The Indians at Shekomeko, however, 
 did not remove till an event happened, by 
 which they were compelled to do so. The 
 white people, at last, came to the resolu- 
 tion, that they would drive the believing 
 Indians away by main force, under pre- 
 tence that the ground belonged to other 
 people. They accordingly seized upon 
 the land, appointed a watch to prevent all 
 visits from Bethlehem, whither some of 
 
^"^ MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the emigrants had retired, and thus reduced 
 the congregation of Shekomeko to a situa- 
 tion truly distressing. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 In the beginning of this year, 1746, 
 Bishop Cammerhof came from Europe to 
 assist Spangenberg, and they both exerted J 
 themselves for the relief of Shekomeko. *' 
 His excellency George Thomas, governor 
 of Pennsylvania, had given orders that all!^ 
 the Christian Indians who took refuge in 
 that state, should be protected. Eut no 
 persuasions could bring them to fall in 
 with the plan for their settlement at Wa- 
 jomick. Their persecutions soon after 
 were so severe, that many fled from She- 
 komeko to save their lives, and forty-four 
 persons accepted the invitation from tlic 
 brethren, and built cottages near Bethle- 
 Iiem. This small settlement, called Fried- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 45 
 
 enshuetten, was only a temporary con- 
 venience, and not long after a tract of land 
 was purchased near the junction of the 
 rivers Mahony and Lehigh, beyond the 
 Blue Mountains, about 30 miles from 
 Bethlehem, and the same distance from 
 Wajomick. Here the missionary Mack, 
 and some Indian assistants, marked out a 
 new town, which they called Gnaden- 
 huetten, or Tents of Grace, whither many 
 of the Indians from Shekomeko and Pach- 
 gatgoch repaired. 
 
 •Soon after, Shekomeko was almost ut- 
 terly forsaken, and the converts dispersed 
 in different places. Gnadenhuetten now 
 became a very pleasant and regular town. 
 The church stood in the valley, on one 
 side, the Indian houses forming a crescent 
 upon a rising ground, and on the other 
 was the house of the missionary, and 
 the burying ground. Rauch and Mack 
 were the first who resided here, but some 
 of the brethren still occasionally visited 
 the old settlements, being anxious to pre- 
 
46 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 vent the spark of truth, yet glimmering 
 in those places, from being entirely extin^' 
 guished. 
 
 The brethren perceiving, that, notwith- 
 standing the rage of their enemies, God 
 blessed their labours, their desire to spread 
 the gospel daily increased. In the fore- 
 going year, Mack and his wife went to 
 Shomokin, (now called Sunbury,) a town 
 belonging to the Iroquois. Here he la- 
 boured faithfully for some months, with 
 little success, frequently an eye-witness of 
 horrid abominations, and several times -in 
 danger of being murdered by drunken 
 Indians. His return to Bethlehem was 
 also attended by many difficulties, espe- 
 cially to his wife, who was in delicate 
 health, for they were oftentimes obliged to 
 creep up the steep moyntains upon their 
 hands and feet. 
 
 Soon after this, that dreadful and fatal 
 disease, the small-pox, broke out among 
 the Indians, first at Bethlehem, and then 
 at Gnadenhuetten, and eighteen persons 
 
AMONG THB INDIANS. 47 
 
 died, among whom were several useful 
 . and sincerely lamented converts. Of this 
 t number was the faithful John, whose In- 
 '" dian name, the reader will recollect, was 
 Tschoop. He died a sincere Christian. 
 .Towards the close of this year. Bishop 
 Spangenberg and other brethren paid a 
 visit to Wajomick, where they were receiv- 
 ed with uncommon cordiality. 
 
 The internal regulations of Gnaden- 
 huetten being all established, the congre- 
 gation continued almost uninterrupted, in 
 a pleasing and regular course till 1754. 
 In the mean time, the brethren from Beth- 
 lehem and Gnadenhuetten continued to 
 visit the different iowns. Mack and his 
 wife went to superintend the mission at 
 Shomokin, where they found much cause 
 to lament the wicked and vile practices of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 In January, 174S, Bishop Cammerhof 
 and brother Powel visited Shomokin. 
 They suffered so much on this journey, 
 from the quantity of ice, water and snow, 
 
48 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 that they were frequently in danger, and? 
 their journal cannot be read without as- 
 tonishment ; but the Lord helped theni* 
 through all difficulties. The chief object? 
 of this journey was to make some regula- 
 tions, by which the gospel might be more/, 
 easily propagated among the Iroquois/* 
 Shomokin being a central town. The,, 
 brethren, however, were assailed by many 
 troubles. Their house was frequently in- 
 jured by violent storms of thunder and 
 rain ; sometimes the fruits of the earth* 
 were destroyed by hail; earthquakes shook 
 their dwellings, and the fury of drunken 
 Indians at times menaced their lives. They 
 were also alarmed by parties of warriors ! 
 of different nations, then at war with the • 
 Catawas, passing to and fro with prison- 
 ers, whom they treated with shocking 
 cruelty. The brethren, because they were 
 whites, -were often in danger of being 
 murdered in their riots. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 49 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The years 174S and 1749 were distin- 
 guished by the return of many lost sheep, 
 and a particular blessing followed Bishop 
 Johannes Von Watteville, who visited 
 North America in September, 1748, and 
 preached the gospel at the different settle- 
 ments. He also, in the course of his 
 journeyings, renewed the covenant made 
 between Shikellimus, chief of the Iroquois, 
 and Count Zinzendorf, of which we have 
 already made mention. The former sent 
 a very kind message to the Count, who, 
 as has been said, had long since returned 
 to Europe. Watteville, with several others 
 then visited Shekomeko, and it was truly 
 a melancholy spectacle. They found every 
 thing destroyed, but the burying ground. 
 A few faithful Christians were still there, 
 but the greater number had backslidden. 
 The missionaries were not discouraged. 
 
 £ 
 
50 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 They did all that lay in their power to 
 re-assure the penitent and reclaim the wan- 
 derers. Soon after they went to the In- 
 dian town of Meniolagomeka, (situated in 
 what is now called Luzerne county, near 
 the Susquehannah,) where, from that time, 
 a regular establishment of Christian In- 
 dians was formed. 
 
 In May, many of the Indians of Gna- 
 denhuetten, went to Bethlehem, to see 
 three Christian Greenlanders, who were 
 there. A boy and girl, also, from Berbice, 
 in South America, were at Bethlehem, 
 60 that the Brethren had the joy to behold 
 heathen of three different nations and 
 languages, assembled under their fostering 
 care. But the town of Gnadenhuetten 
 was the object of admiration to the whole 
 country, and the increasing number of its 
 inhabitants -afforded a convincing proof of 
 the power of the gospel to change the 
 hearts of men. In the year 1749, several 
 persons died, among whom was Shikelli- 
 mus, the friend of Zinzendorf, and head 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 61 
 
 chief of all the Iroquois Indians. Bro- 
 ther Zeisberger attended him in his last 
 moments, which were distinguished by- 
 faith and hope. 
 
 The most remarkable occurrence in the 
 year 1750, was the journey of Cammerhof 
 and Zeisberger to Onondago, the chief 
 town of the Iroquois, for which purpose 
 they had previously obtained a passport 
 from the governor of Pennsylvania. They 
 were well received by the Nantikoke tribe, 
 and were conducted by an Iroquois guide, 
 to Tioga, about one hundred and fifty 
 miles up the Susquehannah, the inhabitants 
 of which were surprised to find that the 
 brethren were acquainted with the head 
 chiefs of the Six Nations. They reached 
 Onondago on the 19th of June, and were 
 received with great cordiality. A coun- 
 cil was called, consisting of twenty-six 
 venerable Indians, and after much consul- 
 tation and many ceremonies, a covenant 
 was entered into, by which the brethren 
 and Iroquois became brothers, and two 
 
53 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 missionaries were to live either in Onon- 
 dago, or some other town, that they might 
 learn the language and preach the gospel. 
 They thanked God for the success of their 
 application, and after having travelled 
 about 1600 miles, arrived on the 17th 
 August at Bethlehem. 
 
 In 1757, a very severe loss was suffered 
 by the death of the excellent Bishop Cam- 
 merhof, who was universally beloved. 
 There was so much sweetness and benevo- 
 lence in his character, that the wildest 
 savages held him in great esteem. It is 
 related that on one occasion an Indian had 
 become so exasperated against him for re- 
 proving his wickedness, that he followed 
 him into the woods, either to beat him 
 violently or put him to death; when over- 
 taking him, he found him so mild and 
 friendly, that he repented of his design, 
 listened to the admonitions of the bishop, 
 and was, not long after, baptized by the 
 very man whom he had purposed to des- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 troy. He died deeply lamented, and his 
 grave was watered by many tears. 
 
 CHAPTER Vni. 
 
 Bishop Spangenberg, who had gone 
 back to Europe, returned, to the great joy 
 of all, in 1752, and resumed his labours at 
 Gnadenhuetten. He had known this con- 
 gregation from its infancy, was esteemed 
 as a father, and knew how to guide its 
 members with that patience, wisdom, and 
 gentle restraint, best adapted to their 
 character and circumstances. 
 
 A very large deputation from the Nan- 
 tikoke and Shawanese nations, consisting 
 of 107 persons, arrived at Gnadenhuetten 
 on the 15th July, for the purpose of es- 
 tablishing a covenant with the brethren. 
 Of this important transaction, notice was 
 immediately sent to the government 
 in Philadelphia. This was the more ne- 
 E 2 
 
.'54 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 ccssary, as calumniating reports had been 
 circulated in the pubhc papers, concerning 
 the late Bishop Cammerliof's visit to 
 Onondago. Bishop Spangenberg waited 
 upon the governor himself, and gave a full 
 and satisfactory explanation; showing in 
 •the most unequivocal manner, that the 
 brethren were, from every public and pri- 
 vate motive, attached to the government. 
 This declaration had the desired effect. 
 
 In July 1751, Zeisbcr^rcr and another 
 set out for Onondago, agreeably to the 
 treaty by which the great council permitted 
 two of the brethren to reside and learn the 
 language. They were treated with the 
 utmost kindness, and every facility grant- 
 ed tlicm of accomplishing their plans. 
 
 Agreeably to a promise made by the 
 former deputation, another deputation of 
 Nantikokes and Shawanese arrived at 
 Bethlehem in March 1753. But these 
 frequent visits were found to have a bad 
 effect, and really did more harm than good 
 to the inhabitants of Gnadcnhucttcn. Not 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 55 
 
 only the people at large became fond of 
 forming alliances, but even some of the In- 
 dian brethren began to think of their hea- 
 thenish customs. Some even forsook the 
 congregation, but it was observed that they 
 did not become enemies, but retained a sin- 
 cere love for the brethren. A number of 
 these were afterwards brought back. But 
 the severest troubles arose from a proposal 
 which had been made by the deputation, 
 to transplant the congregation to Wajo- 
 mick. The fact is, the savages had de- 
 termined to join the French against the 
 English, and they wished first to secure a 
 retreat for their countrymen, the Indians 
 of Gnadenhuetten, that they might the 
 more easily fall upon the whites. With 
 this view the Iroquois had called the 
 Nantikokes from Wajomick into their 
 neighbourhood, to make room for the 
 Christian Indians. They supposed this 
 step would not be disagreeable to the 
 brethren, since the believing Indians of 
 Shekomeko had, nine years ago, obtained 
 
56 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 leave from the great council at Onondago, 
 by means of a treaty with Bishop Span- 
 genberg, to move to Wajomick. The 
 consequence was, that many of the in- 
 habitants of Gnadenhuetten departed, being 
 led away by Abraham and Gideon, who 
 were the most active in promoting this 
 affair. The faith of the latter, formerly 
 called Tadeuskund, had always been un- 
 steady; being like a reed shaken by the 
 wind. He had been nominated by the 
 Delawares as their chief. 
 
 The loss to Gnadenhuetten, however, 
 was soon after supplied by the believing 
 Indians of Meniolagomekah, who had 
 been banished thence by the proprietor, 
 and to their inexpressible joy were re- 
 ceived at Gnadenhuetten. Soon after, 
 from the impoverished state of the soil, 
 and other circumstances, it became neces- 
 sary for the inhabitants to remove to the 
 opposite side of the Lehigh, in which la- 
 bour, they were assisted by the brethren 
 of Nazareth and Bethlehem. Unanimity 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 57 
 
 and diligence contributed so much to the 
 progress of this work, that the first twenty- 
 houses were inhabited by the 4th, and the 
 foundation stone of the new chapel laid on 
 the 11th of June. The dwellings were 
 soon after completed, and proper regula- 
 tions made. They were placed in such 
 order, that the Delawares occupied one 
 side and the Mohikans the other. The 
 old land on the opposite side of the river, 
 still continued to be cultivated by the 
 brethren. 
 
 Towards the end of June, brother Mack 
 feeling a strong impulse, visted the emi- 
 grants at Wajomick. To accomplish this 
 visit, owing to the bad season of the 
 year, he was obliged to encounter many 
 dangers. But he felt himself rewarded 
 by finding them in a better state than he 
 expected, and anxiously desirous for a 
 missionary to come and reside amongst 
 them. 
 
 This year, 1754, Zeisberger returned to 
 his post at Onondago, and a counciLheld 
 
56 MORAVIAN MISSION^ 
 
 soon after his arrival deserves notice. 
 They were called upon to weigh the 
 causes of the diminution of the number of 
 Indians, which was alleged by the Nan- 
 tikokes, who brought forward the subject, 
 to proceed entirely from drunkenness, and 
 it was proposed not to touch a drop of rum 
 for four years. But the proposal was never 
 carried into effect, and Zeisberger and his 
 companion were so annoyed by their 
 drunken frolics, that they obtained leave 
 to build a small house for their private 
 use. The brethren earned their livelihood 
 by various occupations, though they often 
 suffered from want, and the Indians could 
 not help expressing their astonishment, 
 that they should submit to live in poverty 
 merely out of love to them. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 59 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 In the beginning of 1755, the inhabi- 
 tants of Gnadenhuetten were involved in 
 deep troubles. They received a curious 
 message from Paxnous, an old Shawanese 
 chief, and Tadeuskund, the import of 
 which w^as, that if the believing Indians 
 did not remove to Wajomick, the Iroquois 
 would clean their ears with red hot iron. 
 Meanwhile the brethren ascertained that 
 the removal of the Indians to Wajomick, 
 was only the plan of the Oneida tribe, 
 with some Delawares and Mohikans, and 
 falsely attributed to the Iroquois in general. 
 While they were still in great perplexity, 
 not knowing what course to take, they 
 received another message, commanding 
 in a severe tone, the baptized of Gnaden- 
 huetten for the last time, to go to Wajo- 
 mick. Upon this, the greater portion de- 
 termined to abide and place their reliance 
 on the Lord. 
 
60 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 A period of rest ensued, during which 
 several of the brethren took occasion to 
 visit different settlements. At this time 
 all was peace at Gnadenhuetten; but sud-- 
 denly the scene changed. A cruel Indian 
 war, occasioned by the contest between 
 the English and French, burst into flame, 
 carrying horror and desolation throughout 
 the country. About five miles from Sho- 
 mokin, the French Indians murdered four- 
 teen white people and burned their dwell- 
 ings. Every day disclosed new scenes of 
 barbarity, and all Pennsylvania was in 
 uproar and consternation. Notwithstand- 
 ing these appalling dangers, the brethren 
 made a covenant together, to remain un- 
 daunted in the place allotted them by Pro- 
 vidence. 
 
 But heaven had ordained an awful visi- 
 tation. On a sudden the mission house, 
 on the Mahony, which stood where Gna- 
 denhuetten was before its removal across 
 the river, and which at that very time 
 was inhabited by a number of the brethren. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 61 
 
 was, late in the evening of the 24th No- 
 vember, attacked by the French Indians, 
 burned, and eleven of the inmates butch- 
 ered. The family were at supper, when 
 
 .i^*^*";^*^ 
 
 ,^- 
 
 hearing a great noise of the dogs barking, 
 brother Senseman went to the back door 
 to see what was the matter. On the report 
 
 F 
 
62 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 of a gun, several ran to open the doori 
 The Indians stood with their pieces point-' 
 ed, and as soon as the door opened fired, 
 by which several were wounded, and 
 Martin Nitschman killed. His wife was 
 wounded, but fled with many others to the 
 garret, whither the infuriated savages pur- 
 sued them, but not being able to break 
 open the door, they set fire to the house. 
 In the despair, terror and confusion, a few 
 providentially escaped, by leaping froni 
 the roof and windows, and flying to 
 some distance. The rest were all burnt 
 alive. Of those who thus perished, seven 
 were brethren and four sisters. This me- 
 lancholy event, however, proved the sav- 
 ing of the congregation of Gnadenhuetten 
 on the other side; for they heard the 
 tumult, and saw the flames, and were 
 enabled to make their escape. 
 
 On the 25th of November, at 3 o'clock 
 in the morning, Zeisberger arrived at 
 Bethlehem, and related to the whole con- 
 gregation the dreadful calamity, which 
 was listened to with deep affliction, but at 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 63 
 
 the same time mingled with resignation to 
 the will of God. Indeed, the brethren 
 thought they could trace the special hand 
 of a kind providence in this disastrous 
 event, which, in permitting one evil had 
 graciously averted a much greater. The 
 enemies of the gospel and of the brethren 
 had been at work, and by cunning and 
 malicious reports, had propagated a strong 
 belief that the brethren were really con- 
 nected with the French and the hostile 
 Indians. So strong was this belief that 
 the public papers were filled with these 
 falsehoods, and the brethren never appear- 
 ed in any part of the country except at the 
 hazard of their lives. In the Jerseys, a 
 public declaration was made with beat of 
 drum, that Bethlehem should be destroy- 
 ed, and the most dreadful threats added, 
 that in Bethlehem, Gnadenhuetten, and 
 other places, a carnage should be made, 
 such as had never before been heard of in 
 North America. But after the massacre 
 of the brethren became generally known, 
 the eyes of the people began to be opened. 
 
64 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 and hundreds of persons visited the settle- 
 ment and saw the mangled and burnt j 
 corpses of the brethren and sisters. Thus I 
 their innocence and the untruth of the re- 
 ports which were circulated against them, 
 were made manifest to all, and the wisdom '• 
 of heaven saw fit to adopt this plan, though* 
 painful, to save his people from the more 
 extensive destruction with which they 
 were threatened. 
 
 The situation of the brethren had now 
 become very critical. The savages in-/ 
 sisted upon their taking up arms against 
 the English, threatening to murder them 
 in case of refusal. Moreover, a set of 
 fanatics sprung up, who demanded the 
 total extirpation of the Indian tribes, lest 
 God's vengeance should fall upon the 
 Christians for not destroying them, as the 
 Israelites by his command had destroyed 
 the Canaanites of old. These people were 
 greatly exasperated against Bethlehem, on 
 account of the protection and assistance 
 given to a race of beings, deemed by them 
 accursed. But the brethren continued to 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. ^S 
 
 put their trust in God, who they knew 
 was able to deliver them from all their 
 enemies, and their courage in remaining 
 in their settlements proved a comfort and 
 protection to the neighbours. If they fled, 
 the whole country to Philadelphia would 
 have been exposed to the murderous 
 savages. The brethren, however, ne- 
 glected nothing which was necessary to 
 their safety and defence; hundreds of per- 
 sons took refuge within their intrench- 
 ments, and government considered their 
 settlements as a bulwark for the defence of 
 the country. The savages continued to 
 lay waste the neighbourhood, and the 
 flames from plundered villages in the vi- 
 cinity could often be distinctly seen at 
 Bethlehem. The wretches even approach- 
 ed very near the place, lurking about 
 with torches, and trying to set fire to the 
 thatched roofs, by shooting wadding on 
 fire upon them. Once, even in the day 
 time, a party of them came to attack a 
 large field, in which about forty sisters 
 F 2 
 
C}C) MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 were picking flax, whom they intended to 
 carry oil' as jirisoncrs. But i)crcciving a 
 strong guard of Indian hrctlircn with their 
 guns ready, they retreated, while the con- 
 gregation thanked God that tliey had not 
 been obliged to shed the blood of their 
 enemies, which they certainly must liavc 
 done, liad they attacked the women and 
 children. Not long afterwards, the greater 
 part of the savages, at the instance of one 
 of their chiefs, who was friendly to the 
 brethren, returned home, and the few who 
 remained, not thinking themselves a match 
 for the guard, dispersed. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 At this period, tlie Indian congregation 
 had rest, but as a reward was oflbred by 
 the English for every Delaware scalp, and 
 the governor of Pennsylvania had warned 
 the Christian Indians of the danger they 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 67 
 
 would incur by straying far from home, 
 they could no longer supply themselves 
 with any food by hunting. 
 
 The savages continued their depreda- 
 tions, and the governor of Pennsylvania 
 published a proclamation, by which he 
 declared war against all Indian nations 
 who should persist in liostilities, inviting 
 all those who would lay down their 
 hatchets, to meet for the purpose of con- 
 cluding a treaty of peace. The confidence 
 placed in the brethren was so great, that 
 both English and Indians wished to hold 
 the congress at Bethlehem; but at the ear- 
 nest entreaty of the brethren, who knew 
 too well the evil consequences of these 
 riotous assemblages, the place of meeting 
 was appointed at Easton. On their jour- 
 ney thither, the captain of the savages, 
 who had attacked and murdered the bre- 
 thren on the Mahony, was killed by 
 Tadeuskund, in a violent dispute. No 
 final agreement was made at Easton, and 
 many roving parties of the very Indians 
 
68 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 who had attended the congress, and been 
 treated with kindness, continued to com- 
 mit murders whenever they got a good 
 opportunity. 
 
 A large number of Christian Indians had' 
 now been residing a long time at Bethle- 
 hem as guests, and it was thought expe- 
 dient to make a new settlement, and the 
 government giving them land for the pur- 
 pose about a mile from Bethlehem, the 
 first house was built on the 10th of June, 
 1757, and the place was called Nain. The 
 troubles of war, however, greatly impeded 
 the progress of the work, and it was not till 
 the following October that their chapel was 
 consecrated, to the great joy of the believ- 
 ing Indians. The same regulations were 
 made at Nain, as before at Gnadenhuctten. 
 
 The French having burnt fort Duquesne, 
 abandoned the place, and the English oc- 
 cupied it, it forming now the site of the 
 flourishing town of Pittsburg. After this 
 the whole scene of the war changed, and 
 from the beginning of 1759, neither Penn- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. GO 
 
 sylvania nor the neighbouring provinces 
 were disturbed by the Indians. This 
 caused universal joy in all the settlements, 
 and public thanks and praises were offered 
 up to Almighty God, by all the brethren. 
 
 The number of inhabitants at Nain in- 
 creased so fast, by the return of many who 
 had strayed during the troubles, that it 
 became necessary to divide the congrega- 
 tion. With tliis view, 1400 acres of land 
 were purchased, behind the Blue Moun- 
 tains, where a new settlement was begun, 
 and called Wechquetank. The town was 
 completed on the 2Gth of June, 1760. 
 Bishop Spangenberg went tliither fre- 
 quently, and a continual intercourse was 
 kept up between this place and Nain. 
 
 In 1701, a report of war was again cir- 
 culated, which filled the whole country 
 with fear and dread. Tadeuskund also, 
 returning from Philadelphia, brought the 
 sad news that war would soon break out 
 again, and that the Indians ascribed it 
 solely to the whites, and their rum trade. 
 
70 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 However, the troubles ceased for the pre- 
 sent, and peace and order were restored. 
 Soon after a baptized Indian of the name 
 of Augustus, and his wife Augustina, w^ho 
 had both been seduced by Tadeuskund, 
 the brother-in-law of Augustus, visited 
 Nain, confessed their errors, and were re- 
 admitted into fellowship with the congre- 
 gation. 
 
 In the year 1762, Bishop Spangenberg 
 returned to Europe. The pain the Indian 
 congregation felt, at taking leave of this 
 beloved and respected servant of the Lord, 
 was very great. From the year 1736, 
 God had blessed his labours in North 
 America. 
 
 Nothing could be done as yet to serve 
 those baptized Indians with the gospel, 
 who had retired to the Ohio. Brother 
 Post chose to live about 100 miles beyond 
 Pittsburg, in Tuscarora town, intending 
 to begin a mission among the Indians 
 there. The brethren wished him all suc- 
 cess, and upon his sending to Bethlehem 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 71 
 
 for an assistant, who might have an op- 
 portunity of learning the Delaware lan- 
 guage, brother John Heckewelder offered 
 to go thither, and soon made good progress. 
 The mission, however, failed. 
 
 CHAPTER Xr. 
 
 At the commencement of this year, 
 1763, all was peace and prosperity, and 
 the congregations at Nain and Wechque- 
 tank were in a most flourishing state. 
 Nothing occurred to damp the joy of the 
 brethren, except the death of Tadeuskund, 
 who was burnt in his house at Wajomick, 
 without giving any proof of repentance. 
 In May, Zeisberger went up the Susque- 
 hannah as far Machwihilusing, or Wya- 
 lusing, where an awakening had taken 
 place. 
 
 But in the midstof all this joy, Zeisber- 
 ger was unexpectedly called to Bethlehem. 
 
72 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 The flame of war had again broke forth. 
 Several hundred white people had been 
 murdered by the Indians near the lakes 
 and on the Ohio. They had begun to make 
 incursions into Pennsylvania. The fanatics 
 of whom we have already spoken, revived 
 their furious doctrines, and declared that 
 all Indians, without exception, should be 
 put to the sword. At Nain and Wechque- 
 tank the alarm was so great, that they 
 humbly entreated the governor of Penn- 
 sylvania to extend his protection. Ac- 
 cordingly some companies of soldiers, 
 dressed like Indian warriors, were sent to 
 protect the frontiers, and went to the 
 neighbourhood of Nain and Wechquetank. 
 But it so happened, that what promised to 
 ensure their safety, proved a source of in- 
 expressible distress. Four strange Indians ' 
 from the Ohio, pretending to wish to hear 
 the gospel, visited the congregation. They 
 proved afterwards to belong to a band of 
 murderers, who were meditating an attack 
 upon the country, but were desirous of 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 73 
 
 first removing their friends and relations 
 from Wechquetank. Finding so many sol- 
 diers stationed about, they were obliged to 
 retreat, but not without leaving many 
 suspicions as to the nature of their cor- 
 respondence. In August, an Indian named 
 Zachary, and his wife, were put to death by 
 some of the soldiers, who, naturally sup- 
 posing that his four brothers living in 
 Wechquetank, would revenge his death, 
 became still more uneasy with regard to 
 all the inhabitants of that place. A party 
 of Irishmen had declared in a rage, that if 
 a single white person should be murdered 
 in the neighbourhood, the whole Irish set- 
 tlement would rise in arms and kill all the 
 inhabitants of Wechquetank. 
 
 While things were in this dreadful state, 
 the savage Indians actually attacked an 
 Irish settlement, eight miles from Bethle- 
 hem, and killed several persons. This 
 melancholy event filled the congregations 
 of Nain and Wechquetank, and their mis- 
 sionaries, with great consternation; both 
 
74 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the savages and whites being now their 
 enemies. On the same clay a party of out- 
 rageous Irish freebooters, came to the latter 
 place, fully intending to murder all the 
 Indians there, and were with the greatest 
 difficulty prevented from executing their 
 horrid purpose. 
 
 No time was now to be lost. To post- 
 pone flight would have been folly, and to 
 assist their escape wagons were sent to 
 them from Nazareth, where, after many 
 dangers, from which the protecting hand 
 of God alone delivered them, they arrived 
 in safety. 
 
 In the mean time Nain was besieged on 
 all sides. The savages killed most of the 
 New England people living in Wajomick, 
 or Wyoming. This increased the fury of 
 the white people against the Indians in 
 general, and the Christian Indians of Nain 
 could no longer move from their settlement 
 without imminent peril. In this awful 
 situation, they held out for four weeks, 
 adopting every measure necessary for their 
 
 1 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 75 
 
 security, yet not knowing at what moment 
 to look for an attack, and ignorant whether 
 it would first proceed from the exasperated 
 white people, or the savage Indians, who 
 were equally their enemies. 
 
 On the 19th of Octoher, a harmless In- 
 dian, of the name of Renatus, was seized 
 as the murderer of one of the Irish settlers, 
 and his person being even sworn to by the 
 widow, he was dragged to Philadelphia 
 and imprisoned. This report, which was 
 founded in falsehood, spread far and wide, 
 and the rage of the whites rose to such a 
 pitch, that an express arrived from Phila- 
 delphia, bringing an order, that all the 
 baptized Indians of Nain and Wechque- 
 tank should be brought to the city for pro- 
 tection from the authorities. 
 
 It was an affecting sisrht to behold these 
 poor persecuted people, proceeding pa- 
 tiently upon this sad pilgrimage, and not 
 knowiiiji what fate mi";ht await them. The 
 sick, the aged, and the little children were 
 conve3''ed in wagons, and the rest on foot. 
 
76 ' MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 The roads were heavy from rain. Some 
 were exhausted from fatigue. And they 
 were compelled to suflfer the malice of the 
 white people along their route, who loaded 
 them with abuse and cursing. When they 
 at length reached the barracks in Phila- 
 delphia, where, by order of government 
 they were to be lodged, the soldiers for- 
 cibly refused them admittance, they were 
 detained in the street for five hours, and 
 the mob which gathered round them re- 
 viled them, charging them with all the 
 outrages committed by the savages, and 
 threatened to kill them on the spot; which 
 they certainly would have done, had the 
 Indians returned evil for evil. 
 
 To extricate them from the fury of the 
 misguided mob, it was resolved to conduct 
 them from Philadelphia to some place of 
 safety. As they passed through the streets, 
 thousands followed like ravenous wolves 
 prowling around sheep, till they reached 
 Province Island, about six miles below the 
 city, where with the assistance of their 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 77 
 
 missionaries, they settled as well as cir- 
 cumstances would permit. 
 
 While the persecuted congregation were 
 returning thanks to the Almighty for their 
 safety, a deed of horror was perpetrated in 
 the village of Conestoga by a party of fifty- 
 seven monsters from the town of Paxton. 
 These wretches are commonly known by 
 the name of the "Paxton boys." They 
 attacked a party of inoffensive Indians, 
 who had long lived quietly among the 
 white people, and butchered fourteen of 
 them. The rest fled to Lancaster, where 
 the magistrates protected, and lodged them 
 in the work house, a strong building and 
 well secured. They were, however, fol- 
 lowed by the murderers, who marched 
 into the town at noon day, broke into the 
 workhouse, and though the Indians begged 
 their lives on their knees, yet these barba- 
 rians cruelly murdered them all, throwing 
 their mangled bodies into the street. They 
 then departed with a dreadful shout of 
 victory, threatening that the Indians in 
 c;2 
 
78 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 Province Island should share the same 
 fate. 
 
 Proclamations were issued against these 
 outrages, but the people generally were so 
 excited that little respect was shown to 
 the government. Some of the ringlead- 
 ers even appeared before the governor's 
 door, and openly bade him defiance. The 
 rioters became more numerous and daring, 
 and both in Paxton and other parts of the 
 county of Lancaster, many hundred per- 
 sons agreed to go to Philadelphia, and 
 not to rest till all the Indians taken under 
 the protection of government were mas- 
 sacred. 
 
 ^ 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The government now resolved to send 
 the persecuted Indians to the English 
 army by the way of New York. Prepara- 
 tions were made, and a party of seventy 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 79 
 
 Highlanders, under Captain Robertson, 
 appointed for their escort. In all places, 
 but especially in the towns through which 
 their path lay, the mob insulted the In- 
 dians; but they arrived safely at Amboy, 
 where two sloops were ready to convey 
 them to New York. They were just 
 ready to go on board on 11th of January, 
 1764, when strict orders came from New 
 York, forbidding a single Indian to put his 
 foot on their territories. Information was 
 immediately sent to Philadelphia of their 
 situation, and a new guard of 170 men 
 from General Gage's army was sent to 
 convey them back. During their route 
 they suffered dreadfully from cold, for it 
 was the depth of winter. Near New 
 Brunswick they were in great danger in 
 passing over the ice, and the infirm and 
 aged were obliged to creep over the frozen 
 rivers upon their hands and feet. At last 
 they arrived in Philadelphia, and were 
 lodged in the barracks. 
 
 Large bodies of rioters now marched 
 
so MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 towards the city, declaring they would 
 not rest till all the Indians were delivered, 
 up to them. The magistrates resolved to 
 repel force by force. The guard was 
 doubled, the cannon planted, and the ci- 
 tizens, among whom were even some 
 young Quakers, took up arms to defend 
 the unhappy Indians. On the 4th February, 
 intelligence was received of the approach 
 of the rioters. The whole city was in 
 an uproar. The heavy cannon were dis- 
 charged, and the poor Indians, who had 
 never heard such large pieces of ordnance, 
 were excessively terrified; for they stood' 
 so near the building that the windows 
 were broken by the shock. The rebels, " 
 however, did not venture to approach. 
 
 Soon after these alarms, some persons 
 were deputed from the government to ask 
 the rioters what they had to complain of. 
 After much insolence they demanded cer- 
 tain persons among the Indians whom 
 they said they knew to be murderers. To 
 pacify them, one of the ringleaders was 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS, 
 
 81 
 
 invited to enter the barracks and point out 
 the persons; but after a strict scrutiny he 
 could not discover one whom he could 
 charge with any crime. They then gave 
 out that the Quakers had secretly removed 
 six of the Indians to a place of security. 
 This was also investigated, and found to 
 be false; the fact is, their real object was 
 first to murder the poor Indians, and then 
 taking advantage of the general conster- 
 nation, to overthrow the government. 
 
 The present situation of the Indians, 
 though rendered as easy as possible, was a 
 hard trial, and to many seemed little bet- 
 ter than imprisonment. Their confine- 
 ment had continued so long that their 
 health suffered, and many were lov/ spi- 
 rited; some of the younger people became 
 even refractory, and as [the summer ad- 
 vanced, fevers, and the small-pox broke 
 out amongst them, which caused such 
 dread and horror, that many meditated 
 their escape from the barracks. On the 
 4th July, however, poor Renatus, who had 
 
53 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 been falsely imprisoned under a charge of 
 murder, was, after a full investigation, ac- 
 quitted by the jury, to the great satisfac- 
 tion of all. 
 
 On the 4th December, 1764, peace was 
 once more proclaimed, and the Brethren at 
 Bethlehem seriously considered, in what 
 manner to provide a settlement for the 
 believing Indians, where they might en- 
 joy more safety. The Indians who had 
 been so long in the barracks, after a trou- 
 blesome journey, arrived at Nain, whence, 
 as soon as the necessary arrangements 
 could be made, they were to set off for 
 Wyalusing on the Susquehannah. Wa- 
 gons were provided, but their journey was 
 attended by numberless difficulties. They 
 were often obliged to make long circuits 
 to avoid the enmity of many white peo- 
 ple. They also met with stormy weather 
 and snow, and were obliged to keep up 
 fires all night in the woods. Hunting was 
 their chief support. They carried the 
 loads which were put in the wagons, over 
 
 1 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 83 
 
 the hills, in small parcels. In some parts 
 they cut their way for miles through the 
 woods. The Brethren waded and swam 
 across brooks and rivers; but for the wo- 
 men and children they cut down trees and 
 constructed rafts with great labour. In 
 some places they were compelled to en- 
 camp on the banks, till they could build 
 canoes. They also suffered from hunger. 
 When their whole stock of provisions fail- 
 ed, they were reduced to live upon wild 
 potatoes, and even the bark of trees. They 
 had frequently no other drink but the 
 muddy water they found in puddles. Some 
 died upon the journey. But during all 
 these afflictions, they never lost their 
 cheerfulness and resignation, and when at 
 last they arrived at Wyalusing, on the 9th 
 May, after a journey of five weeks, they 
 forgot all their pain and trouble, for joy 
 that they had reached the place of their 
 future abode. 
 
 Thus ended in 1765, the painful pilgrim- 
 age of the Indian congregation, which 
 
84 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 commenced with their fliglit from Wech;- 
 quetank and Nain in 1763: and all declar- 
 ed, with one accord, that unless God had 
 spread his wings over them, they never 
 would have lived to see that happy day. 
 Unto him, therefore, they gave all the 
 glory. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 As a mariner rejoices, who, after a long 
 and severe storm, has reached his desired' 
 haven; so did the Indian congregation and^ 
 her faithful teachers rejoice. They pitch- 
 ed upon a convenient spot on the banks of 
 the Susquehannah, and built a regular set- 
 tlement, which they called Friedenshuet^ 
 ten, (Tents of Peace.) It consisted of 
 thirteen Indian huts and upwards of forty 
 houses, built of wood, after the European 
 manner, covered with shingles, and provide 
 ed with windows and chimneys. A small 
 
AMONa THE INDIANS. 85 
 
 dwelling was erected for the missionaries, 
 and in the middle of the street, which was 
 eighty feet broad, stood the neatly built 
 chapel. During the building of Frieden- 
 shuetten, it was delightful to see, with 
 what cheerfulness, order and industry, the 
 work proceeded. Some were employed 
 in building houses; others in clearing lands; 
 some in hunting and fishing, for those who 
 worked; and others cared in the details 
 for the housekeeping. Hundreds of per- 
 sons attracted by the reports concerning 
 this settlement, resorted thither, and heard 
 the truths of the Gospel for the first time. 
 Wishing to live here in peace and safety, 
 the Christian settlement soon sent to the 
 chief of Cayuga, who was also at the head 
 of the Iroquois, to inform him that the 
 Governor of Pennsylvania had defended 
 them against the rage of the white peo- 
 ple, had provided them with food for a 
 whole year, and had approved of their 
 present settlement, if their uncle, the 
 chief of the Iroquois, would also approve 
 
S5 
 
 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 of It. The messengers were very gracious- 
 ly received by the chief, who immediate- 
 ly made known thjeir request to the Great 
 Council at Onondago.*' The answer which 
 they at length received, threw the whole 
 congregation into great distress; because it 
 was proposed that they should rather settle 
 near the upper end of Cayuga Lake. Four 
 deputies, accompanied by Brother Zeisber- 
 ger, went to Cayuga, where their success 
 was so great, that the Council gave them 
 a larger tract of land than they desired, 
 extending beyond Tioga. 
 
 Their joy at the unexpected success was 
 soon disturbed by an Iroquois Indian, who 
 declared that the Cayuga chief had been 
 reprimanded for what he had done, and 
 that it was contrary to the wish of the* 
 Iroquois nation. Brother Zeisberger went 
 to Bethlehem for advice; and the Brethren 
 desired him to make a journey to Onon- 
 dago, which he accordingly did, in com- 
 pany with Brother Senseman, and an In- 
 dian brother. After enduring many hard- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 87 
 
 ships, they arrived, 26th October, 1766, at 
 Onondago, where they were well received. 
 On the following day, the council was call- 
 ed, and Zeisberger made a long address, to 
 which they paid the strictest attention. 
 An exchange of kind offices followed, and 
 the council, according to their custom, re- 
 ferred his message to a future deliberation, 
 promising an answer. 
 
 Zeisberger and some of his party made 
 use of this interval to visit Cayuga, and 
 on the road met with a dangerous passage 
 over the outlet of a large lake, which was 
 remarkably deep, crossing it upon two 
 slender trees, which bent so much under 
 them, that they were up to their knees in 
 water. On their arrival, they had a con- 
 versation with the chief, by which they 
 learned that the alarming account which 
 had been the occasion of their toilsome 
 journeys was utterly false, and in a few 
 days after they received the answer of 
 the council, confirming the acts of their 
 head chief of Cayuga. However, they had 
 
SS MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 no occasion to repent what they had done; 
 because, by the deliberate declaration of 
 the great council of the Iroquois, the Bre-. 
 thren received for the first time legal pert 
 mission to preach the Gospel among them. 
 ^ An extraordinary number of Indian vi- 
 siters flocked from all quarters to Frieden- 
 shuetten, and were much struck with thif 
 beauty of the place, and the regularity 
 with which every thing was conducted. 
 Many who had strayed, during the trou- 
 bles of war, now returned and were glad- . 
 ly received, and numerous proofs were 
 constantly given of the influence of Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 Evils, however, insensibly grew up, and 
 the fear of having some of their young 
 people seduced by the strangers who often 
 made long visits, compelled them to adopt 
 strict rules with regard to their visiters, 
 and some of the oldest and most respected 
 members of the congregation appointed to 
 enforce them. Another perplexity arose 
 from the rum trade. Frequent attempts 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. S9 
 
 had been made to introduce it, and it re- 
 quired the most watchful care to prevent 
 casual visiters from bringing it into the 
 place. The white traders also gave them 
 very great trouble and tried very hard to 
 make Friedenshuetten a place of common 
 
 resort. 
 
 In this year, a solemn deputation arriv- 
 ed, sent by the Delawares on the Ohio, 
 representing many Indian nations. Their 
 view was to establish a general peace 
 among all the Indian nations. The In- 
 dians of Friedenshuetten agreed to it of 
 course, and gave a string of wampum in 
 confirmation. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Friedenshuetten increased so fast, and 
 the numbers who attended constantly were 
 so great, that, in January, 1767, they be- 
 gan to build a more spacious church, which 
 H 2 
 
90 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 being completed by the ISth February, wa§. 
 consecrated to the service of God. The 
 Christian Indians were always willing to 
 feed the hungry; nor did they even com- 
 plain at the imposition of some, who, abus- 
 ing their generosity, ate up their provi- 
 sions, leading an idle and profligate life, 
 without ever attending to the w^ord of 
 God. 
 
 Brother Zeisberger, hearing that some 
 Indians on the Ohio were desirous of re- 
 ceiving the Gospel, set out with several 
 others on a visit to Goshgoshink, on 30th 
 September, though he every where was - 
 cautioned against the inhabitants. He was 
 not intimidated either by these accounts, 
 or the dangers and difficulties of the way, 
 a detail of which would hardly be believ- 
 ed. They had frequently to cross over 
 plains many miles in extent, overgrown 
 with such high grass, that a man on horse- 
 back was completely covered with it : and 
 when either dew or rain had fallen, our 
 travellers were wet through. The further 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 91 
 
 they penetrated, the more horrid the wil- 
 derness appeared; and it cost them im- 
 mense labour to work their way through 
 the thicket. Upon their arrival at the 
 first Seneca town, the appearance of a 
 white man was so uncommon, that they 
 sent thirty miles to the next town to an- 
 nounce it to the chief. At first the chief 
 spoke roughly, but after much conversa- 
 tion he became quite friendly, and assured 
 Zeisberger, that he at first had suspected 
 him as a spy sent by the whites. On the 
 16th October, they reached the place of 
 destination, where, to their great surprise, 
 they were lodged in the house of a rela- 
 tive of one of the Christian Indians who 
 was of the party. 
 
 The whole town seemed to rejoice at 
 the novelty of this visit; the missionary 
 preached the glad tidings of salvation to 
 them, and it seemed as if many could ne- 
 ver be satified in hearing the great truths 
 of religion explained. Still Brother Zeis- 
 berger found that the evil reports he had 
 
^3 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 heard about the people, were, alas! too 
 true. He had never yet seen the abomi- 
 nations of heathenism practised in such a 
 degree, and the people were under the 
 baleful influence of certain preachers of 
 their own, who promulgated the most de- 
 structive doctrines. With these Zeisberger 
 had many controversies; but the council, 
 at his departure, even requested that a 
 missionary might be sent to reside perma- 
 nently among them. The report made of 
 his journey, when he returned to Frieden- 
 shuetten, caused universal joy, and he 
 soon set out for Bethlehem to give an ac- 
 count of the state of afiliirs on the Ohio. 
 
 In February, 1768, intelligence was re- 
 ceived, that a white man had murdered 
 ten Indians near Shomokin. The congre- 
 gation was exceedingly alarmed, lest the 
 Indian nations should join and revenge 
 this horrid act, which, of course, would 
 render the condition of their teachers ex- 
 tremely perilous; for to have a white skin 
 was sufficient whenever the Indians deter- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 03 
 
 mined to revenge a murder committed by 
 the white people, upon an Indian. Great 
 exertions were made on the part of go- 
 vernment; the various chiefs were all sum- 
 moned to an amicable covention, and hos- 
 tilities were fortunately prevented. 
 
 It was now resolved that Brother Zeis- 
 berger should go again to Goshgoshink, 
 with Brother Senseman and several In- 
 dian families, and endeavour to establish 
 a regular mission. After a laborious and 
 perilous journey of five weeks through 
 the wilderness, they arrived at the place 
 and were well lodged. The missionary 
 now embraced every opportunity of preach- 
 ing the Gospel. All these meetings were 
 attended by great numbers, and it was cu- 
 rious to see so many assembled to hear 
 the word of God, with faces painted black, 
 and vermilion, and heads decorated with 
 feathers and fox tails. 
 
 The Brethren now resolved to build a 
 block-house for themselves, and they chose 
 a spot near the town. In their work they 
 
^4 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 were assisted by the inhabitants, some of 
 whom even erected their own huts around 
 the missionary's dwelling. However suc- 
 cessful the mission appeared to be in the: 
 first instance, many secret or open ad- 
 versaries soon began to disturb their pros- 
 perity. Evil reports were raised against* 
 the brethren. Preachers opposed the Gos- 
 pel, and the sorcerers endeavoured to 
 frighten the people. It was even said that 
 as soon as the brethren had sufficient pow- 
 er, and the baptized Indians were superior 
 in number, they would kill all the un- 
 baptized. Things, at last, got to such a 
 pitch that the lives of the Brethren were 
 every moment in danger, and they were 
 even surrounded constantly with a guard 
 of friends. The missionary never omitted 
 to preach the Gospel, relying on the Lord 
 for safety and defence; and it is worthy 
 of remark, that at this very time, when 
 they were daily threatened with death, 
 their serious remonstrances had so good an 
 effect, that the rum trade was entirely 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 95 
 
 stopped. Had not this been the case, the 
 Brethren would have found it impossible 
 to remain. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 At the request of the inhabitants of 
 Tschechschequannink, a town about thirty- 
 miles above Friedenshuetten on theSusque- 
 hannah, Brother Rothe was sent to reside y 
 amongst them to preach the Gospel. In 
 Friedenshuetten, also, the labours of the 
 Brethren were crowned with success, and 
 many in both places were brought to a 
 knowledge of the truth. From the chiefs 
 who now visited them, the Brethren learn- 
 ed with certainty that the Iroquois had 
 sold to the English the lands which they 
 had given to the congregation. They 
 therefore sent deputies to Philadelphia, to 
 obtain a new grant of the land from the 
 Governor of Pennsylvania. To this they 
 
06 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 received a satisfactory answer in writing, 
 assuring them that they should not be 
 disturbed, and that the surveyors had or- 
 ders not to take up any land within five 
 miles of Friedenshuetten. However, they 
 were frequently annoyed by Europeans,, 
 who pretended that the Governor had ei- 
 ther sold or given the land, and contrary 
 to the orders received, even the surveyors 
 came to measure the land, and were with 
 difficulty convinced of their error. 
 
 Towards autumn of this year (1769,) 
 the congregation suffered very much from 
 want of provisions. The little they had 
 left, was consumed by visiters and travel- 
 lers. It was very affecting to see families 
 of five or six children without food, oblig- 
 ed to go ten or a dozen miles from home 
 in quest of bilberries. Happily no one 
 perished from hunger. ''The barrel of 
 meal wasted not, neither did the cruse of 
 oil fail." 1 Kings xvii. 16. 
 
 In Goshgoshink the Brethren had this 
 year cause both for joy and sorrow. Many 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 97 
 
 were brought to the knowledge of God; 
 while the powers of darkness exerted them- 
 selves with renewed force against this 
 growing mission. The hostility of the In- 
 dian preachers became extremely violent. 
 They raved in a furious manner, and com- 
 mitted the most heathenish abominations, 
 even in presence of the Brethren. At 
 length, the rum-trade was forcibly intro- 
 duced, and this the believing Indians and 
 Brethren considered as a sign from the 
 Lord for their departure. 
 
 The congregation chose Lawunakhan- 
 nek, a small town on the opposite side of 
 the Ohio, about fifteen miles higher. Their 
 view was not to establish a regular mission- 
 settlement, but only to dwell here for a 
 time, till matters should be better settled. 
 Among their numerous visiters at this 
 place was Glikkikan, an eminent warrior 
 and counsellor of the Delawares, who had 
 determined to confound the Brethren, but 
 was himself so influenced by the truths 
 I 
 
98 
 
 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 of Christianity that he became a firm be- 
 liever. 
 
 In their new settlement they were so 
 much distressed for want of provisions that 
 Brother Zeisberger was obliged to visit 
 Pittsburg in July, where he was so for- 
 tunate as to procure a supply. At this 
 place the missionary found the greatest 
 consternation prevailing for fear of an In- 
 dian war. Some treacherous Seneca In- 
 dians had murdered several whites and 
 committed other outrages. An opinion 
 thus prevailed that all the Indian nations 
 had broken the articles of peace. But Bro- 
 ther Zeisberger, who was better acquainted 
 with the state of Indian affairs, advised 
 the Governor and officers to lay aside 
 their resolution of considering all the In- 
 dian nations as enemies, and to send dele- 
 gates to the various tribes and complain of 
 the Senecas. This advice was taken, and 
 it was followed by good results; for the 
 Senecas were declared enemies, and all the 
 other Indians friends of the English. 
 The period so long and so eagerly look- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 99 
 
 ed for by the missionaries at length arriv- 
 ed, when the first baptism took place on 
 the Ohio. The persons baptized consisted 
 of a married couple and their child, and 
 the happy consequences were so manifest, 
 that the Brethren were richly rewarded 
 for all their sorrows and afflictions. 
 
 Every thing went on in a satisfactory 
 manner at Lawunakhannek, where there 
 was not a house in which the Gospel 
 was not preached. It is related that a 
 stranger Indian was conveying a barrel of 
 rum to Goshgoshink for sale, but calling 
 at Lawunakhannek by the way, he heard 
 the Gospel, and immediately resolved to 
 stay with the Brethren, and alter his way 
 of life. He returned the rum he had 
 bought from a trader at Pittsburg, declar- 
 ino- he would neither drink nor sell any 
 more rum, as it was against his con- 
 science. 
 
 About this time a singular circumstance 
 happened, which' occasioned another emi- 
 gration. The Cherokees caught two Se- 
 
100 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 necas, cut off their fingers, and sent theru 
 to their nation, saying, that because they 
 would not hold on to the chain of friend- 
 ship with their hands, therefore, they cut 
 them off. It shouhl be observed, that the 
 Senecas had previously murdered some of 
 the Cherokees, and thus hostilities com- 
 menced. 
 
 The resolution to depart was received 
 with joy, and all hands were employed in 
 
 building canoes, and preparing for the jour- 
 ney. They set out on the 1 7th April, 1 770, 
 in sixteen canoes, passing down the river 
 Ohio, by Pittsburgh, to the mouth of the 
 Beaver Creek, which they entered. Here 
 they met Glikkikan with some horses, 
 which was a providential aid, in convey- 
 ing their goods and canoes by land past 
 the falls. 
 
 The site of the new town was well 
 chosen, all the formalities usual on such 
 occasions with the neighbouring Indians 
 were duly observed, and the place was 
 called Laguntouleiiuenk, or Friedens- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 101 
 
 stadt, the Town of Peace. Glikkikan now 
 desired to dwell with the Brethren, and 
 although they endeavoured to dissuade him, 
 begging him to consider that he would ex- 
 change honour, power and friends, for re- 
 proach and persecution, yet he was firm 
 and sincere, and they could not refuse his 
 
 request. 
 
 Onthe'28th October, the missionary, John 
 George Jungman and wife, arrived to take 
 charge of the congregation, and Brother 
 Senseman returned to Bethlehem, having 
 been a faithful and useful assistant to Zeis- 
 berger, with whom he had willingly shared 
 distress and danger. In Friedensstadt a 
 general awakening had taken place, and 
 the missionaries were more particularly 
 rejoiced to see Glikkikan, and another 
 chief named Genaskund among the most 
 humble and contrite. They were both bap- 
 tized on the 24th December, and remained 
 living and distinguished examples of the 
 divine truth of that Gospel they profess- 
 ed. 
 
 I 2 
 
102 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Brethren began to be convinced 
 that the congregations at Friedenshuetten 
 and Tschechschequanink would not be 
 able to maintain themselves long in those 
 places, partly, because the Iroquois had 
 sold the land, and various troublesome de- 
 mands upon them were continually re- 
 newed, partly on account of a contest be- 
 tween the New Englanders and the In- 
 dians of Wajomick, by which Friedenshu- 
 etten was much disturbed by reason of its 
 vicinity. Besides this, the Senecas by their 
 bad behaviour, gave them much trouble. 
 One of the most powerful arguments in fa- 
 vour of their emigration was this, that the 
 number of European settlers daily increas- 
 ed, both above and below Friedenshuet- 
 ten, and the rum-trade tended to seduce 
 the young people. A final resolution was 
 therefore taken, to advise the Indian con- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 103 
 
 gregation, to accept the proposal repeated- 
 ly made to them, to remove to the Ohio. 
 The advice was immediately taken by both 
 congregations. They resolved to move in 
 the following spring, and first to go to 
 Friedensstadt. In the mean time some 
 families went on immediately to lay out 
 plantations of Indian corn. 
 
 In this year, 1771, the Susequehannah 
 overflowed its banks to such a degree, that 
 all the inhabitants of the upper town on the 
 Susequehannah, were obliged to save them- 
 selves in boats; and the repairs of this in- 
 undation cost them much trouble and ex- 
 pense. Many persons followed the Bre- 
 thren from Goshgoshink on the Ohio, to 
 Beaver Creek, some of whom promising 
 to live in conformity to the rules of the 
 congregation, obtained leave to live at 
 Friedensstadt. 
 
 The most daring falsehoods were pro- 
 pagated by the savages, who even coun- 
 terfeited letters and messages from various 
 chiefs, for the express purpose of annoy- 
 
104 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 ing the Brethren. Rumors of war began 
 to be circulated, and Friedensstadt was 
 surrounded by troops of savages, who were 
 riotous and drunken, and even threaten- 
 ed to put to death all the inhabitants. Bro- 
 ther Zeisberger was often in danger of be- 
 ing shot, and on one occasion a party of 
 malicious persons came late in the even- 
 ing and would positively compel the inha- 
 bitants to get drunk. When they found 
 all their efforts vain, they threatened to 
 murder first the teachers, and then the 
 whole congregation. 
 
 About this time the Brethren received 
 a kind message from the chief and coun- 
 cil living at the head waters of the Mus- 
 kingum, inviting them and the two con- 
 gregations on the Susquehannah to come 
 and settle in their country, near the river 
 Muskingum, upon whatever tracts of land 
 they pleased. It was now resolved that 
 Brother Zeisberger should previously 
 make a journey to consult and settle eve- 
 ry thing relating to this affair with the 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 105 
 
 chiefs, which he accordingly did, and on 
 his return, having arranged every thing to 
 the satisfaction of all parties, set out with 
 several families, and after a safe but tedious 
 journey, arrived on the third of May at 
 the new land on the Muskingum. Here 
 Zeisberger immediately began to preach 
 the Gospel, he gave it the name of Shoen- 
 brunn (I3eautiful Spring,) and on the 27lh 
 June, the Brethren partook of the holy 
 communion. 
 
 In the mean time preparations were 
 made for their emigration. The Iroquois 
 were very much displeased when they 
 heard of it, and endeavoured to make the 
 Christian Indians forget their treachery by 
 fair words and promises. On the 1 1th June, 
 all was ready, and the company consisting 
 of 240 persons, proceeded with great 
 cheerfulness. Brother Ettwein conduct- 
 ed those who went by land, and Brother 
 Rothe those by water. This journey was 
 a practical school of patience. The fa- 
 tigue attending the emigration of so many 
 
106 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 persons, through such a country, with all 
 their goods and cattle, can hardly be con- 
 ceived. The land travellers had 70 head 
 of cattle and a greater number of horses to 
 care for, and had to force their way through 
 thick woods and swamps, thickets and 
 pathless wilds. It rained almost incessant- 
 ly. In one part of the country they were 
 obliged to wade thirty-six times through 
 the windings of the river Munsy. 
 
 The party which went by water were 
 every night obliged to sleep on shore, 
 where they suffered much from cold. They 
 suffered also from sickness, and were often 
 molested by inquisitive and drunken peo- 
 ple. The many falls and dangerous ra- 
 pids in the Susequehannah caused im- 
 mense trouble, and frequent delays. How- 
 ever, by God's blessing they passed safe 
 by Shamokin or Sunbury, beyond which 
 they joined the land-travellers on the 29th 
 of June, and now proceeded all together 
 by land. 
 
 At the mountains their difficulties in- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 107 
 
 creased. They had not horses sufficient, 
 and the rattle-snakes kept them in constant 
 alarm. Brother Ettwein happened to tread 
 upon one with fifteen rattles, but without 
 being harmed ; several horses, however, 
 were destroyed by them. They were also 
 troubled by various tormenting insects. In 
 some places the woods were almost impe- 
 netrable. Brother Ettwein was once in 
 danger of losing his life by a fall from his \fj/ 
 horse, and the wife of Brother Rothe fell 
 several times from her horse with her 
 child, and once her foot was dangerously 
 entangled in the stirrup. 
 
 On the 29th of July, they arrived on 
 the banks of the Ohio, where they imme- 
 diately commenced building canoes, and a 
 few days after Brother Heckewelder and 
 some Indian Brethren arrived with horses, 
 by means of which they reached Friedens- 
 stadt on the 5th of August Here they 
 were received with every mark of affec- 
 tion by the whole congregation, who join- 
 ed them in praising and thanking the Lord 
 
108 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 for his grace and protection during their 
 journey of eight weeks, for giving them 
 health and strength to sustain their griev- 
 ous trials, and for protecting them from 
 famine, innumerable dangers and unfore- j 
 seen accidents. | 
 
 Soon after their arrival in Friedensstadt 
 Zeisberger came from Shoenbrunn, and 
 several conferences were held concerning 
 the mission in general. Several of the , 
 Brethren then visited the Indians by whose ■ 
 invitation they had come to the Muskin- 
 gum, in order to procure renewed assur- 
 ances from the council, and to inform them 
 that they intended to build one, or per- 
 haps two settlements besides Shoenbrunn. 
 The speaker of the deputation (an Indian 
 of the name of Papunhawk, who had been 
 a heathen preacher and was now a sincere 
 convert) took the opportunity to give the 
 council a full explanation of the sentiments, 
 constitution, doctrines and worship of the 
 converted Indians. The answer of the 
 council was kind. Some time after a great 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 109 
 
 part of the Indian congregation went from 
 Friedensstadt to the Muskingum, and built 
 a settlement about ten miles below Shoen- 
 brunn, which they called Gnadenhuetten. 
 During the building of these two places, 
 Brother Zeisberger, with two Indian Bre- 
 thren, made the first journey into the coun- 
 try of the Shawanose, who were generally 
 considered as the most savage among the 
 Indian nations. Their reception was un- 
 expectedly kind, their preaching was lis- 
 tened to with the most devout attention, 
 and on the eve of their departure they re- 
 ceived a message from the chiefs and 
 council, which concluded with these en- 
 couraging words, "We therefore desire 
 and pray, that not only believing Indians, 
 but also white teachers would dwell among 
 us, that they may teach us how to be 
 saved." 
 
 Zeisberger promised to lay their re- 
 quest before the Brethren at Bethlehem, 
 but desired them maturely to consider 
 whether th§y were in earnest, in wishing 
 
110 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 to live conformably to the Gospel, adding 
 that they would be obliged to forsake all 
 their heathenish practices. They declared 
 not only their willingness to part with 
 every thing in preference to the Gospel, 
 but assured him they would build a new 
 town, where only those should reside 
 who had resolved to believe in God. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The congregations at Shoenbrunn and 
 Gnadenhuetten being surrounded by sa- 
 vage tribes, were obliged to walk with cir- 
 cumspection, lest their young people, or 
 newly baptized converts, should be se- 
 duced by the intrigues of their neighbours, 
 or drawn into political affairs. 
 
 The situation of Friedensstadt became 
 more alarming than ever. The savages 
 encroached daily, and the rum trade be- 
 came an insupportable evil. . Sometimes 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. HI 
 
 they would bring a great quantity of rum 
 close to the town, and there drink and 
 rave like madmen. In this state of in- 
 toxication they frequently entered the 
 town, and the inhabitants were obliged to 
 fasten their shutters, and burn candles by 
 day, as the drunken savages broke all the 
 windows that were left open. It was cer- 
 tainly owing to the gracious providence of 
 God, that they were protected, for it hap- 
 pened several timesj when they were fully 
 bent upon mischief, that they quarrelled 
 among themselves and mutilated each 
 other with their knives. One day a sa- 
 vage came running into the settlement ex- 
 claiming that he would kill the white man, 
 meaning the missionary. He proceeded 
 at full speed to Brother Rothe's, burst 
 open the door, and entered the room like 
 an enraged wild beast. The missionary, 
 who was sick in bed, sat up, and in silence 
 looked with great calmness at the savage, 
 which so discomposed him, that he stop- 
 ped short, and was soon after seized by 
 
112 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the Indian Brethren who came to their | 
 teacher's relief. J 
 
 It became necessary now to quit the 
 place, and on the 13th of April, the be- 
 lieving Indians with their teachers set out 
 in twenty-one canoes, down the Beaver 
 Creek to the Ohio, proceeding to the | 
 mouth of the Muskingum, and up that ri- ^1 
 ver to Gnadenhuetten and Shoenbrunn. 
 Brother John Heckewelder accompanied 
 those who went by water; but many went 
 by a direct route across the country with 
 Brother Rothe. The journey lasted three 
 weeks, and not a day past but they found 
 cause to thank God for his gracious help. 
 Soon after arrival they were comfortably 
 fixed in their new abode. 
 
 External troubles, however, were not 
 wanting. The Iroquois were intriguing 
 to force the Indian nations into a war with 
 the English. Petty wars of the Indian 
 tribes still continued, and great confusion 
 generally prevailed. A proposal was even 
 made by the Dclawares to send a deputa- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 113 
 
 tion over the great ocean, to the king of 
 England, to desire that he would make 
 peace between the implacable Iroquois and 
 Shawanose; and, at the same time to beg 
 his majesty to inform them, which of all 
 the Christian persuasions under his govern- 
 ment was the best, that they might arrive 
 at some certainty concerning that point. 
 A question which the king was as little 
 qualified to settle as any body else, and one 
 which showed any thing but a love of God 
 and a desire to know the truth; they who 
 love God and seek him sincerely, find lit- 
 tle trouble about this matter, while the 
 infidel and the savage make it an objec- 
 tion to Christianity. The great question 
 i"s, <' What shall I do to be saved?" Let 
 thi. be settled in the heart of the sinner, 
 and. he will have little difiiculty in decid- 
 ino- for himself with whom to worship, and 
 whose peculiar faith conforms most with 
 his own views of truth. It was not the 
 Christian Indians who made this inqui 
 ry, nor they who made it their object to 
 k2 
 
114 MORAVIAN MISSIONS " 
 
 "seek first the kingdom of God and his 
 righteousness," but the wild and untamed 
 savage; and this might appear to these 
 people a greater difficulty than it can be 
 even to unbelievers in Christian lands, who 
 see these great divisions united in carry- 
 ing on the grand objects of Christian be- 
 nevolence and enterprise, by which the 
 light of the Gospel is shed abroad upon 
 the hearts of men. 
 
 In September, Zeisberger, Glikkikan 
 and another visited again the Shawanose; 
 but their reception was unlike the first, 
 and it was quite evident that the chief and 
 the people were so exasperated against 
 the w^hites, that no mission could at pre- 
 sent be established among them. 
 
 The year 1774 was one of trial. War 
 raged between the Virginians and the 
 Cherokees, Shawanose and Senecas. The 
 Indians determining to kill all the whites, 
 the Delawares were obliged to hide the 
 white traders, and the Indians of Shoen- 
 brunn and Gnadenhuetten kept a strict 
 
AMONG Tira INDIANS. 115 
 
 watch for fear of an attack on the mission- 
 aries. The exertions made by the Dela- 
 ware nation to preserve peace, exposed 
 them to the hatred and derision of the 
 other tribes. The two settlements were 
 in imminent danger, and would inevita- 
 I bly have been destroyed, had nqj: God in 
 ' his mercy protected both with his al- 
 mighty hand. 
 
 The missionaries were obliged to fly to 
 Bethlehem, and the rumours of war and 
 peace, which varied every day for months, 
 kept the believing Indians .in distressing 
 suspense and danger. At length the Eng- 
 lish government were obliged to- march 
 H troops into the field. They attajcked the 
 Shawanose, defeated them, took many 
 prisoners, and burnt several of their towns. 
 But as they still refused to make peace, 
 Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, 
 marched into their country and compell- 
 ed them to submit, taking hostages as se- 
 curity for peace. 
 
 A day of public thanksgiving was ap- 
 
116 
 
 MORAVIAI^ MISSIONS 
 
 pointed on the 6th of November for this 
 joyful event, and the missionaries were 
 happy to find, that in the midst of these 
 troubles, th.e internal establishment of the 
 congregations had rather gained than lost 
 ground. A striking contrast was exhibit- 
 ed between the believing Indians and the 
 savages. The former, though frequently 
 interrupted, continued in their usual ha- 
 bits of industry, &c. while the latter neg- 
 lected every thing on account of the war. 
 The missionaries found a firm friend in 
 an Indian of the name of White Eye, first 
 captain among the Delawares. This man 
 kept the chiefs and council in awe, and 
 would not suffer them to injure the Ere- ^ 
 thren, being in his own heart convinced 
 of the truths of the Gospel. He likewise 
 declared that no prosperity would attend 
 the Indian affairs, till they received the 
 word of God, sent by the Brethren. This 
 exposed him to great reproach and suffer- 
 ings, and his greatest enemy was the old 
 chief Netawatwees, who with many others 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 
 
 117 
 
 had declared that they would never hear 
 and believe the word of God. White Eye 
 was firm, and demanded that the Christian 
 Indians should enjoy perfect liberty of con- 
 science, and the teachers be protected in 
 safety. Finding his remonstrances vain, 
 he separated himself from his nation, who 
 were surprised and alarmed, because they 
 considered his presence absolutely neces- 
 sary. They accordingly commenced a ne- 
 gotiation, the result of which seemed pro- 
 vidential; for the old chief Netawatwees 
 not only acknowledged the injustice done 
 to Captain White Eye, but changed his 
 mind with respect to the believing In- 
 dians and their teachers, and remained 
 their constant friend till his death. 
 
 Captain White Eye now repeated the 
 proposal which had been formerly re- 
 jected; and the council agreeing to it, an 
 act was made in the name of the whole De- 
 laware nation in favour of the Gospel, and 
 promising liberty and protection to the 
 believing Indians and their teachers. At 
 
1 
 
 118 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the end of this year Gekelemukpechuen 
 was forsaken by its inhabitants, and a new 
 town built on the east side of the Musk- 
 ingum, opposite to the confluence of the 
 Wahalding. This town was called Gos- 
 chachguenk, and Netawatwees chose it for 
 his future residence. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The rest enjoyed by the congregation in 
 the year 1775, was peculiarly pleasing, 
 and much favoured the visits of strangers, 
 who came in such numbers, that the chapel I 
 at Shoenbrunn, which might contain about 
 500 hearers, proved too small. 
 
 In this year the disputes between Great 
 Britain and her colonies (as our country 
 was then called,) had risen to such a height, 
 that the disturbances reached the Muskin- 
 gum and Ohio. The Indian mission was 
 brought to an extraordinary dilemma by 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 119 
 
 this war, and it is incredible, with what 
 circumspection the missionaries were obli- 
 ged to act, not to offend either the English 
 or Americans, or the various Indian na- 
 tions inclining to one or the other party. 
 In October and November, a treaty of 
 peace was set on foot at Pittsburg, with 
 the six nations, which did not fully suc- 
 ceed, and soon after a message came from 
 Goschachguenk to Shoenbrunn, to desire 
 that a third settlement might be made, 
 the deputies proposing two places. After 
 due deliberation a spot was chosen about 
 three miles below Goschachguenk, on the 
 east side of the Muskingum, and called 
 Lichtenau, where in a short time they 
 built a town and settled it, being assisted 
 by the Brethren of Gnadenhuetten, and 
 large parties of friendly Indians. 
 
 The believing Indians, consisting at the 
 close of 1775, of 414 persons, lived now 
 in three settlements, not far asunder, and 
 a constant intercourse subsisted between 
 them. Many were added to the church. 
 
120 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 and the affairs of the mission may be con- 
 sidered to have been, at this period, in a 
 most prosperous state. But externally, 
 they were greatly embarrassed. They re- 
 ceived various messages from all quarters, 
 in the name of his Britannic majesty, from 
 the American Congress, and also from In- 
 dian nations. These and various rumours 
 perplexed them not a little. Being re- 
 solved at all events not to meddle with 
 the war, they saw plainly that they should 
 stand, as it were, between three fires, the 
 English, the Americans, and those Indian 
 nations who were displeased with their 
 neutrality. But their greatest concern 
 was on account of their teachers, who in 
 case of an Indian war, must either fly and 
 leave their congregations, or every day be 
 in danger of losing their lives. 
 
 The missionaries, however, resolved to 
 stay with the people committed to their 
 care, though surrounded with danger; for 
 about this time the Hurons and Mingoes 
 came into the vicinity and murdered 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 121 
 
 eleven whites. One morning brother 
 Heckewelder was not a little alarmed on 
 opening his house door, to find some of 
 these savages standing before it. Some 
 Indian brethren came to his assistance, and 
 they owned that they came in search of 
 white people, but did not mean to kill 
 their teachers. 
 
 It now became evident why the provi- 
 dence of God had placed Lichtenau so near 
 to Goschachguenk ; for the believing In- 
 dians could neither have defended them- 
 selves nor their teachers, had they not 
 been protected by the chiefs of the latter 
 place. One circumstance was very per- 
 plexing. The Delaware chiefs received 
 letters from Pittsburg and other places, 
 which they being unable to read, would 
 get the missionaries to explain. It would 
 have been not only unkind, but even dan- 
 gerous to refuse the request, as the chiefs 
 would have had occasion to doubt their 
 friendship. Innocent as their compliance 
 was, the missionaries wished much to be 
 
 L 
 
123 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 spared this office, fearing lest people, who 
 knew not the nature of the business, might 
 suspect that they were themselves carrying 
 on a correspondence with th.e Americans. 
 The prejudice of the English, and the event 
 proved their fears to be just. 
 
 In the mean time the Hurons continued^ 
 their ravages in all places attached to the 
 American cause. The Delaware chiefs, 
 more concerned than ever for the safety 
 of the missionaries, invited them to Gos- 
 chachguenk, that they might protect the 
 white brethren in their own town. But 
 they did not think the step necessary, 
 trusting to the Lord, who had preserved 
 them in so many dangers under the shadow 
 of his wings. 
 
 Various unsuccessful attempts were made 
 to drag the Delawares into the war, ^nd 
 the Governor of Fort Detroit and the Hu- 
 ron chief could not comprehend why they 
 were so firm in maintaining peace. At 
 last it was ascribed to the influence of the 
 missionaries, and it was ascertained some 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 123 
 
 time after, that, at that very time, a pro- 
 posal was made to seize them, and carry 
 them to Fort Detroit. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 In the year 1777, the troubles increased. 
 Accounts were now received that the 
 savages intended first to massacre the 
 white people, and then all those Indians 
 who^ad not joined in the war. The 
 chiefs of the Delawares rem.ained firmly 
 resolved not to interfere; but the Monsys, 
 one of their tribes, was secretly contriving 
 to separate from the nation, and join the 
 Mingoes. They endeavoured first to gain 
 a party among the enemies of the mission, 
 'and at last commenced their intrigues in 
 the settlements. Newallike, a distinguished 
 chief, was one of the first in Shoenbrunn 
 who was seduced back to heathenism, pre- 
 tending that he had long endeavoured to 
 
124 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 believe, but was now convinced that the 
 Christian doctrine was a fable. 
 
 The bad example of Newallike was 
 followed by many, and a strong party of 
 apostates at once sprung up in Shoenbrunn, 
 who caused great distress to the servants 
 of God, when they found all their efforts 
 to bring back these poor backsliders, ut- 
 terly vain. Added to this, intelligence 
 was received that the savages, in league 
 with the apostates, were on their way to 
 attack Shoenbrunn. On the 19th of April, 
 brother Zeisberger delivered his last dis- 
 course in the town, the chapel was pulled 
 down, and they departed with sorrowful 
 hearts to take refuge in Gnadenhuetten and 
 Lichtenau. 
 
 A variety of treaties were entered into 
 during this year by the conflicting parties, 
 but the hopes of peace were entirely de- 
 feated in consequence of a party of the 
 Americans having fired into a body of 
 Senecas who came to attend a treaty. The 
 Hurons offered the Delawares the great 
 
AMONft THE INDIANS. 125 
 
 war belt three times, and were refused by 
 them, declaring at the J^ame time, that 
 they had promised, that as long as the sun 
 shoidd shine and the rivers flow, they 
 would not fight against the whites. The 
 Hurons were greatly displeased, and no- 
 thing appeared more probable, than that 
 the Delawares, and of course the Christian 
 settlements, would soon be attacked by the 
 surrounding savages. The lives of the 
 missionaries being in such danger, it was 
 resolved that some of them should return, 
 and the brothers Heckewelder and Jung- 
 man, parted with their beloved flock and 
 reached Bethlehem in safety. 
 
 The day after their departure news ar- 
 rived at Lichtenau, that 200 Huron war- 
 riors, commanded by their so-called Half- 
 King, were approaching. This was very 
 alarming, but the brethren determined to 
 show no signs of fear, but to try to gain 
 them over by a kind reception. Abundance 
 of provisions was prepared, and when the 
 Hurons perceived great numbers of per- 
 l2 
 
126 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 sons coming out to meet them, and carrying 
 food, they were both surprised and pleas- 
 ed. Next followed a solemn deputation 
 to the Half-King, Glikkikan being spokes- 
 man. The event was truly pleasing. The 
 answer of the Half-King soon set their 
 hearts at rest. He assured them that 
 nothing should harm them, and bade them 
 obey the instructions of their teachers. The 
 Half-King then visted Lichtenau, where 
 they were also most richly entertained. 
 The consequence was that he sent messen- 
 gers to the English Governor at Detroit, 
 and to the Huron chiefs, giving an account 
 of the covenant made with the believing 
 Indians, and adding, that his warriors had 
 acknowledged the white brethren to be 
 their fathers, and would ever own them as 
 such. 
 
 Zeisberger and Edwards were left alone 
 to serve two congregations, twenty miles 
 asunder; yet they could plainly perceive 
 how great a favour the Lord had conferred 
 upon them, in giving so favourable a turn 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 127 
 
 to their affairs. Without this covenant 
 with the Huron warriors, their very lives 
 would have been in danger; and now they 
 could go about even to the wildest savages, 
 who treated them with respectand kindness. 
 
 The maintenance of so many people be- 
 came a grievous burden, and the inhabi- 
 tants were glad to see them depart, espe- 
 cially as so much rum had been brought 
 from Pittsburg, that the country around 
 became one scene of drunkenness, riot and 
 uproar. 
 
 Towards Autumn a dreadful account was 
 received, that an American general had 
 arrived at Pittsburg, who denied quarter to 
 any Indian whether friend or foe, being 
 resolved to destroy them all. This made 
 the Delawares at length take up arms, 
 alleging that they must die, whether they 
 fought or not. On September 23, late at 
 night, another message arrived from an 
 American general, assuring the Delawares 
 that they had nothing to fear, and the 
 
128 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 chiefs returned now to their former system 
 of peace. 
 
 In October a troop of American free- 
 booters went, contrary to the express 
 orders of the governor of Pittsburg, to 
 destroy the Delaware towns, and the mis- 
 sionary settlements. They were defeated 
 by Half-King, who fell in with them ac- 
 cidentally, and killed the greatest part of 
 them. 
 
 During this period of confusion and ca- 
 lamity, when the spirit of murder and the 
 power of darkness greatly prevailed, the 
 work of God proceeded unmolested among 
 the Christian Indians. The public preach- 
 ing of the gospel at Lichtenau was so nu- 
 merously attended that there was want of 
 more accommodation. Many were bap- 
 tized and received as members of the con- 
 gregation. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 129 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The war still continued, from 177S to 
 the middle of 17S1, and consisted chiefly 
 of small excursions, which though very 
 troublesome, did not materially interrupt 
 the congregation. The missionaries and 
 their people were often affected, when on 
 the return of the savage warriors from 
 their murderous expeditions, they saw 
 them leading prisoners of both sexes, some 
 of whom were wounded, and some small 
 children; or carrying dead bodies and 
 scalps through the settlement. 
 
 Amongst a group of prisoners on one 
 *f6'ccasion, were seen an old man of vener- 
 able appearance, and two youths. The 
 Christian Indians greatly commiserated the 
 former, and offered a large sum to the 
 warriors for his release, but in vain. When 
 they got home the two young men were 
 tortured and burnt alive. The old man, 
 
130 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 was condemned to suffer the same treat- 
 ment, but being informed of it by a child, 
 he escaped, seized a horse and fled to the 
 woods. The savages pursued him, but 
 without success. At the end of 10 days 
 he was ahiiost famished, having eaten 
 nothing but grass during that time, when 
 an Indian brother found him lying in the 
 woods more like a corpse than a living 
 creature. He was well nursed at Lich- 
 tenau and recovered. 
 
 The greatest exertions were made to 
 persuade or frighten the Delawares into 
 war, but in vain. By their neutrality 
 many other nations were kept quiet, not 
 being willing to offend the Delaware, na- 
 tion, whom they called grandfather. The 
 governor at Pittsburg admitted that the 
 deportment of the Indian congregation was 
 a benefit conferred upon the country at 
 large; and it was observed that the fury of 
 the Indian warriors was greatly mitigated 
 through their influence. 
 
 The perpetual vexations to which the 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 131 
 
 Delawares were exposed, at length ex- 
 hausted their patience. The United States, 
 the title which the colonies had assumed, 
 began now to call upon the Delawares to 
 make war against the Indians in the En- 
 glish interest. This caused the chiefs to 
 waver in their resolutions, and at length 
 they resolved to join the English. At 
 the same time they became the enemies of 
 the missionaries and of the Christian In- 
 dians. 
 
 About this time the Brethren experien- 
 ced numerous instances of the preservation 
 of God. A party was to have been sent 
 from Detroit to carry off the missionaries, 
 but the design was frustrated by the sud- 
 den death of the commander. On another 
 occasion a false report prevented another 
 body from taking the route they at first 
 intended for the same purpose. Never- 
 theless, all the accounts received about this 
 time agreed on this point, that the destruc- 
 tion of the Indian congregations was re- 
 solved upon, and it was the occasion of 
 
133 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 much backsliding. The political divisions 
 among the Delawares, too, increased daily. 
 Lichtenau now became too much crowd- 
 ed, and a resolution was taken to return to 
 Gnadenhuetten, and to rebuild Shoenbrunn, 
 not on the same spot, but on the opposite 
 bank of the Muskingum. The building of 
 this place was extremely troublesome. The 
 part of the congregation which had gone 
 thither with Zeisberger, dwelt, for the 
 greater part of the year in huts, and met 
 to worship in the open air, till at length 
 they were enabled to occupy the new 
 town in December 1779, and consecrate 
 the church. 
 
 It soon became necessary to abandon 
 Lichtenau. The people of Goschachguenk, 
 having changed their minds with respect 
 to the believing Indians, endeavoured to 
 molest them in various ways. The rob- 
 beries, drunkenness, and consequently 
 outrages, became insupportable to the con- 
 gregation. Added to this, the warriors 
 made it a constant practice to pass through 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 133 
 
 the place. A spot about five miles below 
 Gnadenhuetten was fixed upon, and the 
 settlement called Salem. 
 
 In their new town they were molested 
 by the now evil-minded Delaware chiefs; 
 but the internal state of the congregation 
 was distinguished by particular grace, and 
 the work of God continued to increase in 
 the midst of trouble. 
 
 Captain White Eye, who had so often 
 advised other Indians, with great earnest- 
 ness, to believe in the gospel, but had 
 always postponed joining the believers 
 himself, on account of his being yet en- 
 tangled in political concerns, was unex- 
 pectedly called into eternity, and died of 
 the small pox at Pittsburg. The Indian 
 congregation, to whom he had rendered 
 very essential services, was much affected 
 at the news of his death, and could not but 
 hope that God had received his soul in 
 mercy. 
 
 In May, 1780, brother Grube, then 
 minister of Litiz, in Pennsylvania, went^to 
 M 
 
134 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 hold a visitation in the Indian congrega- 
 tions. On this journey they met many 
 difficulties and dangers. Three white men 
 who were seeking to get Indian scalps, a 
 large premium being then offered for them, 
 lay in ambush near the road and shot at 
 an Indian in brother Grube's party, but 
 providentially the ball only passed through 
 his shirt. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Ever since the autumn of 1780, the con- 
 gregation had enjoyed peace and rest; but 
 it appears that God, for wise purposes, had 
 ordained, that this his Indian flock, and 
 their teachers, should give eminent proofs 
 of Christian patience, in the most grievous 
 tribulations. Their new calamities arose 
 from various calumnies, by which the mis- 
 sionaries were represented as American 
 spies, and the governor of Fort Detroit 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 135 
 
 determined to rid himself at once of neigh- 
 bours so troublesome and dangerous. He 
 accordingly sent a request to the great 
 council of the Iroquois, that they would 
 carry them away. To this they argreed, 
 but being unwilling to lay hands on them, 
 they sent a message to the Chippeways 
 and Ottawas, intimating that they here- 
 with made them a present of the Indian 
 congregation to make soup of, which in 
 the war language of the Indians, meant ' to 
 murder them.' They refused the message; 
 but as last the Half-King of the Hurons, 
 who formerly treated the congregations so 
 kindly, accepted the message, declaring, 
 however, at the same time, that he only 
 did it to save the believing Indians from 
 total destruction. The Delaware captain, 
 Pipe, a noted enemy of the Gospel, and 
 whose wife was a convert, was the chief 
 instigator in the business. 
 
 Arrangements being made, a large body 
 of savages commanded by the Half-King, 
 Captain Pipe, and an English officer, pitch- 
 
13G MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 ed their camp, on the 11th August, close 
 to Gnadenhuetten. In the beginning they 
 appeared friendly. At a meeting called 
 for the purpose, the Half-King made a 
 speech, in which he informed the congre- 
 gations and their teachers, that it was ex- 
 pedient for them to remove. As the con- 
 gregations did not give a definite answer, 
 the English officer and Pipe urged him to 
 proceed. The consequence was that the 
 Half-King, in a rough speech, expressed 
 great displeasure. To this another remon- 
 strance was made, declaring thatif they were 
 compelled to travel to so distant a country 
 before they had made good their harvest, 
 they must certainly perish. The country to 
 which they were going, however, had been 
 falsely described as a paradise, and divi- 
 sions began to occur among the believing 
 Indians; some advising to go, and others 
 declaring they would rather die on the 
 spot. 
 
 To add to the perplexities of the congre- 
 gation, some of their members proved un- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 1 37 
 
 faithful, and insinuated that if the mis- 
 sionaries were only seized and carried off, 
 the rest would soon follow. Besides this, 
 the savages had very strong suspicions that 
 they had sought for succour from the Ame- 
 rican troops at Pittsburg, and the heads of 
 the party held several consultations, in 
 which it was resolved to kill all the Bre- 
 thren and Sisters. The only thing which 
 prevented this catastrophe was the threats 
 of one of their own sorcerers, whom they 
 consulted. 
 
 The savages now became more bold and 
 violent, committing outrages, and offering 
 insults in such a manner, that to use the 
 missionaries own phrase, the whole atmos- 
 phere seemed infested with evil spirits. 
 The Half-King insisted, in a council of 
 war, to which they were summoned, that 
 they should instantly make answer, whe- 
 ther they would go with him or not. They 
 appealed to their former answer, and im- 
 mediately the three missionaries were de- 
 clared prisoners of war. As they were drag- 
 M 2 
 
1 38 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 ged off, a Huron aimed a blow at Brother 
 Senseman's head, but missed him. A 
 Monsy seized the missionaries by the hair, 
 and shook them in derision, and when 
 they were brought to the camp, the death 
 song was sung over them. 
 
 Soon after, about thirty savages arrived 
 at Salem in the dusk of the evening, broke 
 open the mission house, and took Brother 
 Jung, Sister Heckewelder and her child 
 prisoners, the former having narrowly es- 
 caped being killed by a tomahawk. On 
 the same night, some Hurons went to 
 Shoenbrunn, and having plundered the 
 church and private houses, set off with 
 their booty and prisoners. Among the 
 prisoners no one was more to be pitied 
 than Sister Senseman, who had an infant 
 born but three days before, and now with 
 her infant was hurried away by these mer- 
 ciless barbarians in a dark and rainy night. 
 Had she been too weak to follow the sa- 
 vages, she and her infant would have been 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 139 
 
 instantly murdered, according to their 
 usual practice in similar cases. 
 
 For four days and nights, the prisoners 
 suffered in the most cruel manner, during 
 which time uproar and distress of every 
 kind prevailed in their once peaceful and 
 pious homes. At last, the savages were 
 convinced that the believing Indians would 
 never be persuaded to leave the settle- 
 ments, unless they were led by the mis- 
 sionaries. The missionaries were then de- 
 clared free, and advised to encourage the 
 Indians to prepare for emigration. 
 
 Never did any people forsake a country 
 with more regret. They bade a painful 
 adieu to their three beautiful settlements, 
 having already lost above 200 head of 
 cattle, and 400 hogs. They left behind 
 a quantity of Indian corn in store, and 300 
 acres of corn land, when the harvest was 
 just ripening, besides their gardens of fruits 
 and vegetables. They also lost all their 
 books and papers, compiled with great 
 trouble, for the instruction of youth. 
 
140 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 The savages now drove them forward 
 like a herd of cattle. The white Bre- 
 thren and Sisters were usually in the midst 
 surrounded by the believing Indians. The 
 road was exceedingly bad. Sister Zeis- 
 berger fell twice from her horse, and once 
 hanging in the stirrup, was dragged for 
 some time. After many sorrows, they 
 reached Sandusky Creek on the 11th Oc- 
 tober, about 125 miles from their lost 
 homes. Here the Half-King with his 
 Huron warriors left them without any or- 
 ders or aid, and marched into his own 
 country, and they found themselves left in 
 the wilderness, like the children of Israel 
 without any certain means of subsistence! 
 depending alone on the goodness of Al- 
 mighty God. In this dreary waste, they 
 'determined to build huts to screen them- 
 selves from cold, having neither beds nor 
 blankets, for the savages had stolen every 
 thing on the journey. Captain Pipe boast- 
 ed that he had made the believing Indians 
 and their teachers slaves. The Half-King 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 141 
 
 informed them that they were now under 
 his dominion and bound to go to war in 
 his service. 
 
 But the poor persecuted people had 
 scarcely a breathing time in this place, 
 when a message arrived from the Governor 
 of Detroit, requesting that Captain Pipe 
 would conduct the teachers and some of 
 the believing Indians to him. The Bre- 
 thren were glad of an opportunity of de- 
 fending themselves, and Zeisberger, Sense- 
 man, Heckewelder, and Edwards, set out, 
 with four Indian assistants, for Fort De- 
 troit. 
 
 They arrived on the 3d November, and 
 were brought before the governor, who 
 was at first displeased, having expected all 
 the missionaries and families, whom he in- 
 tended to send all together to Philadelphia. 
 The governor informed them that the only 
 reason of his sending for them, was be- 
 cause he had heard they corresponded 
 with the Americans to the prejudice of the 
 
142 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 English interest. The missionaries only 
 demanded a strict investigation of the mat^ 
 ter, and their trial was postponed till 
 the arrival of Pipe, who was their chief 
 accuser. But it soon became evident that 
 God had changed the heart of this man ; for 
 after a short struggle, he confessed that the 
 missionaries were innocent, and fully ex- 
 plained the innocent correspondence car- 
 ried on through the missionaries, in the 
 name of the Delaware chiefs, of which we 
 have spoken above, and which had proved 
 the source of so much misery. 
 
 The governor having done nothing in 
 this whole affair, but what his duty re- 
 quired, now declared publicly, that the 
 Brethren were innocent of all things laid 
 to their charge, and with many sincere ex- 
 pressions of kindness and offers of aid, he 
 permitted them to return to their anxious 
 congregations. Both the missionaries and 
 their Indian assistants returned thanks to 
 God for their preservation, and they arrived 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 143 
 
 on the 22d November at Sandusky, where 
 the joy of their families and the congre- 
 gations was inexpressible 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The year 1782 was big with new and se- 
 verer disasters to the afflicted congregation. 
 Famine, as was foreseen, began to spread 
 among them. Many of the poor lived 
 merely upon wild potatoes, and at last 
 their hunger was such, that they greedily 
 ate the carcasses of horses and cows which 
 were starved to death. The savages, who 
 visited Sandusky, expressed joy at their 
 sufferings. At this melancholy period, 
 the accusations of- their enemies were re- 
 newed, and the result was a written order 
 to the Hurons, to bring all the missiona- 
 ries and their families to Detriot. The 
 missionaries would rather have met death, 
 than thus abandon their precious flock to 
 
144 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the wolves; but remonstrance was vain, 
 and the whole congregation lifted up their 
 voices in lamentation, exclaiming, they 
 were left as sheep without a shepherd. 
 The day before their departure, and their 
 anguish was increased by a dreadful ru- 
 mour, which proved afterwards too well 
 founded. 
 
 This bloody catastrophe to which we al- 
 lude, took place on the river Muskingum. 
 A party of murderers, hearing that differ- 
 ent companies of the believing Indians 
 came occasionally from Sandusky to the 
 settlements on the Muskingum to fetch 
 provisions, about one hundred and sixty 
 in number, assembled and determined first 
 to surprise those who were then at the 
 settlements, and then march to Sandusky 
 to cut oflf the whole Indian congregation. 
 
 Meanwhile the murderers marched first 
 to Gnadenhuctten. About a mile from the 
 place, they met young Schebosch in the 
 woods, and although he begged for his 
 life, they cut him in pieces with their 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 145 
 
 hatchets. They then approached the In- 
 dians, assuringthem that they would do them 
 no harm. They even pretended to pity 
 them, went into their houses, where they 
 were treated in a hospitable manner, and 
 even told their unsuspecting victims that 
 they would carry them to Pittsburg, where 
 they would be out of all danger. Deceived 
 by these assurances, and ignorant of the 
 murder of Schebosch, they gave up all 
 their weapons, and even informed these 
 wretches where they had secreted all their 
 valuables, being assured that tliey would re- 
 ceive every thing back at Pittsburg. No- 
 tice was sent to Salem of the arrival of 
 these people, who had come to afford them 
 protection and an asylum. A party of 
 them even went to Salem, where they pre- 
 tended to have the same good will towards 
 them also, and they easily persuaded them 
 to return with them to Gnadenhuetten. 
 On the road they even feigned great 
 piety, and conversed on religious matters 
 with seeming devoutness. On arriving, to 
 
146 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 their astonishment, they were all seized 
 and bound, and at a council which was 
 immediately held over them, it was re- 
 solved by a majority of votes, to put them 
 all to death the next day. 
 
 They were led into two houses, in one 
 of which the brethren, and in the other the 
 sisters and children were confined like 
 sheep ready for slaughter. They were 
 then iaformed of the terrible fate which 
 awaited them. They protested their in- 
 nocence, but bowed themselves to the will 
 of their Father in Heaven. To him they 
 poured out their hearts, and in prayer and 
 praise to him, they passed their last awful 
 night here below. 
 
 The 8th of March. The day of execu- 
 tion came. To the two houses in which 
 they were confined, their wanton butchers 
 gave the name of "slaughter houses. '^ On 
 their expressing some impatience at the 
 delay, the brethren replied, that they 
 were ready to die, and Iiad commended 
 their immortal souls to God, who gave 
 them assurance of eternal rest. Inime- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 147 
 
 diately the carnage commenced. The 
 poor innocent people, men, women and 
 children were led, bound two and two 
 together with ropes into the "slaughter 
 houses," and there scalped and killed. 
 
 Of ninety six persons, only two youths, 
 between fifteen and sixteen years old, 
 escaped as it were by miracle. One of 
 them slipt unperceived through a narrow 
 window into the cellar of the house in 
 which the sisters were executed. Their 
 blood ran in streams into the cellar. Here 
 the lad remained till night, when he fled 
 to a neighbouring thicket. The other 
 youth's name was Thomas. The mur- 
 derers struck him only one blow on the 
 head, took his scalp, and then left him as 
 dead. After some time he recovered his 
 senses, saw himself surrounded by bleeding 
 corpses. Among these he observed one 
 brother, called Abel, moving and trying to 
 raise himself up. But he remained as if 
 dead, and this caution saved him; for soon 
 after one of the murderers coming in, and 
 observing Abel's motions, killed him out- 
 
148 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 right with two or three blows. At night 
 Thomas made his escape, a ghastly spec- 
 tacle! The two 3'ouths afterwards met, 
 and God enabled them to reach Sandusky. 
 The last scene they witnessed of this awful 
 drama, represented the inhuman actors 
 making merry, while they set fire to the 
 slaughter houses filled with corpses. 
 
 At such scenes the heart sickens, and 
 while we wonder at the deep depravity of 
 man, we should adore that merciful God 
 who has sent to us the gospel of his Son. 
 Such is man without the light of the Gos- 
 pel; such have been men in all ages and 
 climes where the light of God's revelation 
 has not come to soften the heart, to correct 
 the mind, and to lead men to the love of 
 God and each other, and to the practice of 
 holiness. How should we cherish that holy 
 word, and guide all our conduct by its 
 rules, and seek the aid of almighty God to 
 enlighten our minds by his own truth, and 
 to give us his spirit in our hearts! 
 
 The Indians at Shoenbrunn were pro- 
 videntially warned of their danger, and 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 149 
 
 having very narrowly escaped, arrived, 
 after many perils and difficulties, safe at 
 Sandusky. To describe the mingled hor- 
 ror and lamentation of the people, when 
 they learned this cruel massacre, is im- 
 possible. They were literally stunned by 
 the affliction. Parents and children, hus- 
 bands and wives, brothers and sisters, joined 
 in the general voice of grief, and melted 
 into one common and almost inconsolable 
 sorrow. They did not murmur at Provi- 
 dence — they did not call down vengeance 
 on their terrible foes; but their hearts 
 healed under the consoling reflection, that 
 their murdered relatives were translated 
 to a better world, and they freely forgave, 
 nay, even prayed for their cruel enemies. 
 
 We now return to the missionaries who 
 had been summoned with their families, 
 as we have already said, to Detroit. Soon 
 after their departure they were informed 
 of all the particulars of the horrid murder, 
 the report of which they had already heard, 
 and were filled with inexpressible anguish, 
 n2 
 
150 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 Torn, too, as they were, at the time, entirely 
 from their beloved flock, a circumstance 
 which, in all their former sufferings and 
 trials had never happened, they were ut- 
 terly at a loss to discern the ways of the 
 Lord; all appeared dark and mysterious. 
 After being detained a considerable time, 
 and exposed to many sorrows and persecu- 
 tions from their enemies, the governor of 
 Detroit at length sent two vessels with a 
 guard of riflemen, and orders to treat them 
 with every possible kindness. On their 
 arrival ^t Detroit he visited them, assured 
 them, that, though many new accusations 
 were brought against them, that he be- 
 lieved them innocent, and that in removing 
 them their safety alone was consulted, for 
 that he had received the most authentic 
 intelligence that their lives were in dan- 
 ger, as long as they resided at Sandusky. 
 He also left it to their option, to remain at 
 Detroit, or return to Bethlehem, and gave 
 orders that they should be supplied with 
 every thing of which they stood in need. 
 The missionaries heard afterwards, ac- 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS- 151 
 
 cidentall)^, but with the truest py, that the 
 Indian assistants continued, during their 
 absence, to meet and exhort the congrega- 
 tion, which still performed all the duties 
 of religion. But this pleasing course was 
 of short duration. Many troubles beset 
 them. Among the rest the Half-King of 
 the Hurons was so incessantly tormented 
 by his evil conscience, that he could not 
 rest, as long as any Christian Indians were 
 in his neighbourhood; for their presence 
 continually reminded him of his cruel and 
 treacherous behaviour to them and their 
 teachers. He therefore sent them a pe- 
 remptory order to quit the country. It 
 really seemed as if no place was left where 
 these persecuted people could rest the soles 
 of their feet; but they resolved patiently 
 to submit, since it appeared to be the 
 will of God that they should be scattered. 
 Part went for a refuge into the country of 
 the Shawanose; the rest resolved to pro- 
 ceed westward to the Miami river. 
 
 This dispersion put an end to the ex- 
 n3 
 
"^52 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 istence of the congregation for a time; hut 
 in this the gracious providence of God 
 could be distinctly traced. The same gano; 
 of murderers marched in May 1782, to 
 massacre the remnant of the congregation 
 at Sandusky, where they found nothing 
 but empty huts. Thus their dispersion 
 proved their safety, and thus too it became 
 evident that the removal of their missiona- 
 ries happened by the kind permission of 
 God. It is proper to state, that the gang 
 of murderers fell in with a party of English 
 and Huron warriors, who were made in- 
 struments of their punishment; for they 
 were attacked, and the greater part cut to 
 pieces. 
 
 CHAPTER XXHI. 
 
 The missionaries did not avail them- 
 selves of the liberty given them by the 
 Governor of Detroit,- but resolved from 
 motives of duty and affection, to use all 
 their exertions to gather their scattered 
 
 I 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 153 
 
 people. A piece of land for a settlement 
 was offered with the consent of the Chip- 
 peways, in whose country it lay, about 
 thirty miles from Detroit on the river Hu- 
 ron. The governor generously sent to all 
 the believing Indians, inviting them to join 
 their teachers. In the course of a short 
 time they began to assemble from all quar- 
 ters, and the Brethren, Zeisberger and 
 Senseman, accompanied the first party to the 
 place destined for their future residence. 
 They arrived on the evening of 21st July, 
 1782, and on the following day, chose a 
 convenient spot on the south side of the 
 river Huron, where they marked out a 
 new settlement, which they called Gna- 
 denhuetten, in remembrance of their for- 
 mer home on the Muskingum. On No- 
 vember 5th, the re-assembled congrega- 
 tion to the number of fifty-three, met to 
 consecrate their new church unto God, and 
 closed this year of weeping and sorrow, 
 with thanksgivings and praise. 
 
 In May, 1783, the missionaries received 
 N 4 
 
154 V MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 the joyful news of peace between England : 
 and the United States, and in July, they ^ 
 had the pleasure to see the Brethren, Wey- 
 gand and Schebosch from Bethlehem, from 
 whom they received an account of the 
 sympathizing share which all the Brethren 
 both in America and Europe had taken in 
 their afflictions. The success of the en- 
 deavours made to collect the dispersed 
 congregation was gradual; many returned, 
 but some could not be reclaimed from hea- 
 thenism. 
 
 A most extraordinary frost set in with 
 the year 1784. The rivers and lakes were 
 all frozen, and the snow in some places lay 
 five and six feet deep. As no one expect- 
 ed so severe and long a winter, there was 
 not sufficient provision made for man or 
 beast, and much suffering ensued. At length 
 a general famine prevailed, and the hol- 
 low eyes, and emaciated countenances of 
 the poor people, were the sad tokens of 
 their distress. Providence in due time 
 relieved them from this dreadful scourge, 
 and every one once more began to smile. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 155 
 
 Many circumstances conspired to ren- 
 der it adviseable for the congregation once 
 more to abandon their sweet homes, now 
 doubly dear, on account of the terrible 
 scenes of trouble and calamity through 
 which they had passed. For the Chippe- 
 ways, after the peace, became dissatisfied, 
 studied new vexations, and even threaten- 
 ed to murder them. Added to this, the 
 governor would not permit them to clear 
 any more land to build on, because no- 
 thing was yet fixed as to the territory or 
 government. The missionaries, therefore, 
 thought it most prudent to take steps to 
 return to the south side of Lake Erie, and 
 to settle near the river Wahalding. Pre- 
 parations were consequently made to emi- 
 grate in the following spring. 
 
 The year 1785, which was one of great 
 peace and prosperity, brought also a varie- 
 ty of contradictory reports, which render- 
 ed it inexpedient to emigrate at present, 
 and in the mean while several of the mis- 
 sionaries returned to Bethlehem, leaving 
 the mission under the care of the Bre- 
 
156 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 thren Zeisberger, Heckewelder and Ed- 
 wards. They learned that Congress had 
 expressly reserved the district on the 
 Muskingum to be given back to them, but 
 the disordered state of the Indian nation, 
 and various other impediments tended to 
 delay removal. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1786, they 
 received such a hostile message from the 
 Chippcvvay chief, that the missionaries re- 
 solved, notwithstanding they were threa- 
 tened also by the savages beyond Lake 
 Erie, to emigrate; and if they could not 
 at present take possession of the settle- 
 ments on the Muskingum, to settle in the 
 first convenient place they should find. 
 They reached Detroit without much diffi- 
 culty, where they were kindly treated, and 
 on the 2Sth of April, went on board of 
 two trading vessels belonging to the North 
 West Company, which had been generous- 
 ly offered them, and orders at the time 
 given to the Captains to treat their pas- 
 sengers with every attention, and to run 
 no risks. 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 157 
 
 They had a good voyage till they ar- 
 rived at a certain island, where they were 
 detained by baffling and unfavourable 
 winds for the space of four weeks. At 
 last, after passing an uncomfortable time 
 upon the islands, a brisk gale wafted them 
 swiftly towards Cayahaga, but suddenly 
 shifting, drove them back to their old sta- 
 tion. Most of the Indians were so sick 
 that they lay on the deck half dead and 
 senseless. To prevent their rolling over- 
 board, they were fastened to the deck. 
 
 The missionaries now proposed to be 
 landed at some nearer place, and after much 
 trouble, one division, with Brother Zeis- 
 berger, landed about SO miles above San- 
 dusky bay, where they encountered ex- 
 cessive hardships in cutting their way 
 through the thickets, and over the high 
 and steep rocks. But they were all glad 
 to set their feet on land again. On the 
 4th of June, the second division, with Bro- 
 ther Heckewelder, overtook them along 
 the shore in their slight canoes, and they 
 now all proceeded in a body. On the 7,th 
 
158 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 of June, they reached the cclcl^ratetl rocks, 
 which rise forty or fifty feet perpendicu- 
 larly, and are in many places so under- 
 mined, that they project over the lake. 
 
 Here they landed, and being in want of 
 provisions, continued their voyage up the 
 river Cayahaga, till they arrived, on ISth 
 June, at an old town about one hundred 
 and forty miles distant from Pittsburg. 
 They immediately set to work to make 
 themselves as comfortable as possible; and 
 very soon were convinced that they were in 
 greater safety, than they would have been 
 on the Muskingum. 
 
 The first Indian brother who departed 
 this life at their new settlement (which 
 was called Pilgerruh, or Pilgrim's Rest) was 
 Thomas, the lad who made his escape after 
 being scalped at Gnadenhuetten, as we 
 have before described. He was drowned. 
 Since he lost his scalp, he was afflicted 
 with so violent a rheumatism of the head, 
 that it frequently took away his senses. 
 This was probably the occasion of his 
 death, for he was an excellent swimmer, 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 159 
 
 and his body was found in shallow water. 
 In October, 17S6, Brother Heckewelder 
 took an affecting leave of the Indian con- 
 gregation, which he had served for many 
 years with great faithfulness, and return- 
 ed to Bethlehem, attended by the best 
 wishes and prayers of all the people, by 
 whom he was greatly beloved. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Congress continued to give the most fa- 
 vourable assurances to the Brethren at 
 Bethlehem, doing all in their power to 
 establish the believing Indians once more 
 at their former settlements on the Mus- 
 kingum; but reports had arrived that the 
 Americans had been committing some new 
 outrages, and so completely were the 
 imaginations of the people terrified by the 
 horrid massacre on the Muskingum in 
 17S2, that they frequently, on the least 
 alarm, fled to the thickets for conceal- 
 ment. 
 
160 MORAVIAN MISSIONS 
 
 But the year 1787 was still begun under 
 the pleasing hope that they might yet be 
 enabled to conclude it in tranquillity on 
 the Muskingum. New troubles however 
 arose. Towards the close of the year they 
 received a message from Captain Pipe, 
 who proposed to place them in Pettquot- 
 ting, far to the west of Cayahaga, and 
 between it and the river Sandusky. In 
 this year, at a great council of the Indians, 
 held at Sandusky, it was resolved, that 
 the war with the United States should 
 begin with new vigour, and that if the 
 Christian Indians would not of their own 
 accord, give up the idea of settling on the 
 Muskingum, they should be obliged to do 
 it by force; that the missionaries should 
 not be taken prisoners, but killed, in order 
 to put an end at once to the mission. 
 
 Thrown thus into the greatest perplexity, 
 they determined, after mature deliberation, 
 to give up all thought of returning to the 
 Muskingum for the present, and at the 
 same time not remain on the Cayahaga; 
 but rather to seek some spot between that 
 
AMONG THE INDIANS. 161 
 
 river and Pettquotting, where they might 
 procure a peaceable and safe retreat. They 
 set out on the 19th of April in two parties, 
 and arrived on the 25th, at the place fixed 
 upon for their future abode. It appeared 
 like a fruitful orchard. They had never 
 settled upon so good and fertile a spot. 
 The lake abounded with fish; and wild 
 potatoes, which are very much esteemed, 
 grew plentifully. The brethren rejoiced 
 at the prospect of settling in this pleasant 
 country, especially as they would here be 
 out of the reach of the troublesome savages. 
 But their joy was of short duration. 
 They were again obliged to break up, and 
 entering once more upon their pilgrimage, 
 sought and found near Pettquotting, an 
 uninhabited place, situated on a river called 
 also Huron, which empties into Lake Erie 
 at Pettquotting. Here they began their 
 plantations and houses, and called the 
 place New Salem. On the 6th of June 
 they finished and consecrated their new 
 chapel, and the missionaries were glad- 
 
162 MORAVIAN MISSIONS, &C. 
 
 dened once more at the prospect of rest, 
 which they so much needed. 
 
 They were visited hy the Indians living 
 about them, many of whom turned to the 
 Lord. 
 
 The mission had now stood forty-five 
 years. From a registry of the congrega- 
 tion dated in 1772, we learn, that up to 
 that period 720 Indians had been added 
 to the church. The number of the con- 
 verted since that period, cannot be fixed 
 with certainty, since all the books and 
 writings of the congregation had been 
 burnt on the Muskingum in 1781. It is, 
 however, more than probable that the 
 number was fully equal to the former, 
 from which it would follow that one thou- 
 sand four hundred and forty Indians had 
 been converted to Christianity through the 
 instrumentality of these faithful and much 
 tried servants of God, and that this flock, 
 however small, still continued a light of 
 the Lord, shining unto many heathen 
 nations. 
 
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