Pass rXsS? . Book 7<£?~ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/investigationofcOOrich ^52. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CHEMICAL DIVISION. BULLETIN No. I. AN" INVESTIGATION THE COMPOSITION AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. CLIFFORD RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT CHEMIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1883. / DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CHEMICAL DIVISION. BULLETIN No. I. A.N INVESTIGATION 751 THE COMPOSITION AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN CLIFFORD RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT CHEMIST WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1883. 3538 W C 1 <^ <& ■* . Victor. Grown in Ontario, Canada. 0. Silver Chaff. Grown in Ontario, Canada. 7. Fnizy. Grown in Oregon. 8. Brazilian. Grown in Oregon. 0. Polish. Grown in Maryland. 10. White. Grown in Oregon. Spring Wheats: 11. Improved Life. Grown in Ontario, Canada. 12. Champlain. Grown in New York. 13. Defiance. Grown in Xew York. 14. Chili Club. Grown in Oregon. 15. Noah Island. Grown in Oregon. Wheats grown in Colorado by Prof. A. E. Blount in 1881. 719. Blounfs Hybrid, Xo. 10. Across of the Xew York Diehl on Vir- ginia Golden Straw. 720. Blount's Hybrid, Xo. 15. A cross of the Sonora on the Lost Nation. 3 4 AMERICAN W HEAT A ND CORN. 721. Blount's Hybrid, No. 16. A cross of the Improved Fife on the Uussian. 722. Blount's Hybrid, No. 36. A cross of the Odessa on the Sonora. 723. Blount's Hybrid, No 17. A cross of the Australian Club on the Improved Fife. 724. Blount's Hybrid, No. 19. A cross of the Improved Fife on the Oregon Club. 725. Blount's Hybrid, No. 20. A cross of the Oregon Club on the Sonora. 726. Seed from New South Wales. 727. Black Bearded Centennial. "From seed originally from New South Wales. Probably the heaviest wheat known, 74 pounds per struck bushel. It is an enormous feeder and an enormous yielder, 2 ounces producing, in 1880, 25 pounds 6 ounces." 728. Eldorado. "An improvement on the old Egyptian wheat, other- wise called Pharaoh's wheat, Seven-Bearded wheat, Mummy wheat, &c. In Larimer County, Colorado, it produces 90 bushels per acre." 729. White Mexican or White Siberian. "It originally came from Si- beria. It has held its own more tenaciously than any of the standards. It is liable to rust on damp soils and has a weak straw. It has im- proved on Colorado soil in ten years of growth." 730. JudMn. "A Pennsylvania wheat, and one of the best winter varieties." Professor Blount turned it into a spring wheat in 1878, ■and it has since proved to be one of the best. 731. Australian Club. "One of the most prolific and successful va- rieties for the farmer. It produced 416 from 1 in 1880. The straw, color, and grain can hardly be excelled. It is no kin to the hard and soft Australian wheats. It is hard and has a large amber kernel." 732. White Fountain. " From Montana, and grown in Colorado but one year. It yields 404 from 1, has a stiff, strong, straw, does not rust, and ripens early. It gave 101 pounds from 4 ounces, of smooth, white wheat of great value." 733. Perfection. "From Palestine, in 1880, under a variety of names. A half ounce gave 6 pounds of grain and 7 of straw, the latter coarse, strong, and stiff; the grain large, white, and uniform in color." 734. Russian. " From Moscow in 1880. One of the best red wheats. Its failing is, shelling too easily when cut too ripe. The first year it produced 76 from 1, the second, 172 from 1, the third year, 448 from 1." 735. Bio Grande. "It shells badly." 736. Touselle. " From France. It is the finest looking of all the bearded French wheats. It improves rapidly by selection and cultiva- tion." 737. German Fife. "From Saxony. Grown in Colorado but one year. One of the best wheats grown anywhere; a bearded red variety. One ounce produced 7 pounds of grain and 8 of straw, 112-fold." 738. Oregon Club. "This variety has deteriorated by bad selection. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 5 It is prolific, nevertheless, producing, in 1881, 480 from 1. The seed from Oregon." 739. Sonora. "Produced the first year 5(3 from 1,110 from 1 the second year, and 448 from 1 the third year. It came from Mexico below the Gulf of California.'' 740. Improved Fife. "It has exhibited no failing iu three years, producing, first, 56 from 1, second, 126 from 1, and the third year, 416 from 1." 741. Lost Nation. "Seed from Chester County, Pennsylvania, three years before. It produced 352 from 1 in the third year, having given 96 pounds in the second, and 76 from 1 in the first year." 742. Pringle's Hybrid, No. 4. 743. Pringle's Hybrid, No. 6. '-These varieties are from Vermont, and are not profitable, as they shell badly." 747. Clawson. "This winter variety refuses almost entirely to be transformed into a spring wheat. In Colorado it has produced the first year 68, the second .130, and the third year 544 from 1." 74."). Hedge Roic White Chaff. " From an unknown source. Too chaffy." 746. Hedge Row Red Chaff. " Like the preceding." 747. White Chaff. "A bearded variety yielding 400 from 1." 748. Triticum. " From Samara, on the Volga River." 749. Durum. 750. Doty. "These wheats came from Saratov, Russia, in 1880." 751. Meekins. "From St. Petersburg." Seed distributed by the Department in 1882. 752. Russian Spring Red. Imported. 753. French Imperial Spring. Imported. From Michigan Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. 754. Shumaker. Crop of 1881. Raised four years consecutively on the college farm. Yield, 15 bushels per acre. 755. Clawson. Crop of 1881. Sixth year on college farm. Yield, 20 bushels. The soil at the college farm is a sandy loam, and the season, considered a poor one for wheat in that locality. From Missouri Agricultural College, Columbia, Mo. 756. Fultz. Crop of 1S79. " Grown in Missouri more than any other." 757. Shumaker. Crop of 1S79. "Much esteemed." 758. Zimmerman. Crop of 1879. " Much esteemed." 759. Claicson. Crop of 1S79. "Yields best of any sure wheat, but not liked by millers." 6" AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN 760. Russian, No. 2. Crop of 1879. " Is a new wheat with us, but promises well." 761. Smooth Mediterranean. Crop of 1879. " Highly esteemed." 762. ^Silver Chaff. Crop of 1879. "Most productive. Apt to rust." In addition to the above comments, Dr. Swallow says that he has sent these varieties -as typical of those doing best in Missouri, and has selected the 1879 crop as being above the average. From F. H. Hosford, Charlotte, Yt. 763. A crossed wheat. Labeled ° '78. From D. Stecli, Pennsylvania. 764. Hybrid Winter. Originated by Daniel Steck, Hughesville, Ly- coming County, Pennsylvania. From J. F. Jones, Georgia. 765. Purple Straic. Hogansville, Ga. From J. 0. McGehee, Virginia. 766. Hybrid Winter. Originated by J. O. McGehee, Bellefont, Notto- way County, Va. From D. 0. Landreth & Son, Philadelphia. 767. Landreth. Originated by H. S. Bonnell, Seneca County, New York. From James Tioamley, Dakota. 76S. Castle Fife. Seed imported and raised by James Twamley. Grand Forks, Dak. From J. F. Jones, Georgia. 769. Italian White. Hogansville, Ga. . 770. Spring wheat. Hogansville, Ga. From G. Belshaiv, Oregon. 772. Hudson Bay Winter. Crop of 1881. George Belshaw, Eugene City, Lane County, Oregon. 773. Violet Chaff Winter. 771. Bed Chaff Spring. Seed distributed by the Department in 1S82. 775. Tennessee Amber. Grown by J. W. Sparks, Murfreesborough, Tenu. Crop of 1881. 776. Osterey Winter. Imported from Osterey, Russia, in 1876, and AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 7 since theu has been grown upon the college farm at Columbia. It is a beardless white wheat. Crop of 1SS2. Sixty -five pounds per bushel. It is said by millers to have good milling qualities. 778. Swamp. Grown by J.W. Sparks, Murfreesborough, Tenn. It is the product of Ohio Swamp, grown for several years in Tennessee. 779. White Mediterranean. Imported. Weighs sixty-five pounds to the bushel. From Pickering Dodge, Virginia. 780. Bed Winter, Grown at Shenandoah Alum Springs, Va., on new ground ; no fertilizers. Sown broadcast after moistening and rolling in plaster. Yield, 7 bushels per acre. Crop of 1S82. 781. Bed Winter. The same wheat as 780, grown after corn. Drilled in with lime and manure. Crop of 1S82. / Bed Winter. Grown at Mount Jackson, Va., on limestone land. Crop of 1882. From Judge J. M. Robinson, Maryland, 783. Fultz. Crop of 1SS2 used as seed for 1SS3. The crops for 1883 were collected later, and are numbered 1821 and 1822. Seed distributed by the Department in 1882. 784. Red Mediterranean. Imported seed. Seed distributed by the Department in 1881, and crops grown by Professor Blount, Fort Collins, Colorado, in 1882. 785. McGehee'sBed. Crop of 1S81. Originated by J. McGehee, Belle- fontaine, Ya. 7S6. Crop from 785. By Professor Blount,of Colorado. 787. Finlay. Department distribution. 788. Finlay. Professor Blount's crop from 787. 789. Champion Amber. A hybrid variety, originated Jby J. M. Hughes. York, Pa. Crop of 18S1 . 790. Champion Amber. Crop of Professor Blount, from 789 in 1SS2. 791. Bill Dallas. A wheat originated in Georgia. Crop of 1881. 792. Bill Dallas. Professor Blount's crop, 1882, from 790. 793. Bennett. Department distribution, 1881. 794. Bennett, Professor Blount's crop, 1882. 795. Lemon, A hybrid of the Champion Amber and Hughes' Prolific, yielding 35 bushels to the acre. Originated by J. M. Hughes, York, Pa. Crop of 1881. 79G. Lemon. Professor Blount's crop of 1882, from 795. 797. Gold Medal. Department distribution of crop of 1881. 798. Cold Medal. Professor Blount's crop of 1882 from seed of 1881 distributed by the Department. 799. German Amber. Department seed of 1881. 8 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 800. German Amber. Professor Blount's crop in Colorado in 1882. 801. Rice. A variety grown by Milton E. Rice, Frederick, Md. 802. Bice. Crop grown by Professor Blount in 18S2 from seed of Milton Rice.' S03. Washington Glass. Seed distributed in 1881 by the Department. 804. Washington Glass. Crop of 1882, raised by Professor Blount in Colorado. 805. Swamp. The variety described under 778. Another lot dis- tributed by the Department in 1881. 806. Swamp. Crop of 1S82, grown by Professor Blount from seed dis- tributed by the Department in 1881. 807. Wysor. A variety raised by Hugh C. Wysor, Newbern, Pulaski County, Virginia. Crop of 1881, distributed by the Department. 808. Wysor. Crop raised by Professor Blount in Colorado, in 1882,. from previous seed. Seed distributed by the Department in 18S2. 809. Rice. Another portion of that described as 801. Seed from J. R. Baker, Johnstown, Bale. 810. Scotch Fife. Yield, 27£ bushels per acre. From North Carolina State Fair, 1882. 811. Rivet. Grown by J. Reich, Winston, N. C. 812. Kivet. Grown by Glenn & Franklin, Winston, If. C. 813. Rust Froof. Grown by S. A. Osborn, Winston, If. C. 814. Rust Proof. Grown by George Mitchell, Winston, If. C. 815. Earnhardt. Grown by J. P. Crews, Winston, K C. 816. Golden Premium. Grown by D. Endsley, Winston, If. C. 817. Winter Green. Grown by George Mitchell, Winston, N. C 818. Baltimore. Grown by M. M. Stewart, Salem, If. C. 819. Baltimore. Grown by Wm. Myers, Salem, If. C. 820. White. Grown by J. E. Mickey, Salem, If. C. 821. White. Grown by Albert Ebert, Salem, If. O. 822. Davis. Grown by J. L. Pratt, Mount Tabor, If. C. 823. Davis. Grown by J. A. Petree, Mount Tabor, If. C. 824. Purple Straw. Growu by J. A. Petree, Mount Tabor, If. C. 825. Purple Straw. Grown by J. J. Marshall, Lewisville, If. C. 826. Rust Proof. Grown by A. E. Conrad, Lewisville, If. O. 827. Hicks Prolific. Grown by A. E. Conrad, Lewisville, If. C. 828. Baltimore. Grown by R. L. Cox, Ledge Garden, If. C. 829. Kivet. Grown by R. L. Cox, Ledge Garden, If. C. 830. Da-vis. Grown by E. If. Spear, Bethania, If. C. 831. Kivet. Grown by Jacob Glenn (colored), Winston, If. C. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 9 From Pasey & Shclmire, Avondale, Pa. 832. Mountain White. " Forty-four bushels per acre." Crop of 1882. 833. Mediterranean. "Sixty-one pounds per bushel." s:!4. Fultz. "Sixty-two pounds per bushel." 833. .Swamp. "Sixty-four pounds per bushel." From Louis Floolc, Dallas Co., Texas. 1010. Xicaraguan Wheat. Yield, 40 bushels per acre. Valued at only 75 ceuts per bushel ou account of its poor milling qualities, being flinty hard. From V. M. Metcalf, Hoplcinsville, Ky. 1280. Fultz. Crop of 1S79. From Eastern Experimental Farm, West Grove, Chester County, Penn- sylvania. 1281. Swamp. Crop of 1879. 1282. Hedge's Prolific. Crop of 1879. 1283. Click. Crop of 1879. 1284. Champion Amber. Crop of 1879. 128.-). Mediterranean White Chaff. Crop of 1S79. 1280. Sandimika. Crop of 1879. 12S7. Fultz. Crop of 1879. 1288. Gold Dust. Crop of 1879. 1280. Eureka. Crop of 1879. 1290. Washington White. Crop of 1879. 1291. Ctawson. Crop of 1S79. 1292. Gold Medal. Crop of 1879. From Michigan Agricultural College. Lansing, Mich. 120.:. Silver Chaff. Crop of 1870. 1294. Louisiana White. Crop of 1879. 1295. Jersey Bed. Crop of 1879. 1200. Power's White. Crop of 1S79. 1207. Dot. Crop of 1870. 1298. Michigan Wick. Crop of 1879. 1299. Schaeffer. Crop of 1879. 1340. Lancaster Red. Crop of 1879. 1341. Velvet Chaff. Crop of 1S79. 1342. Shumaker. Crop of 1879. • 1343. Armstrong. Crop of 1879. 1344. Muskingum. Crop of 1879. 1345. Mediterranean. Crop of 1S79. 134G. Red Russian. Crop of 1879. 1317. Dichl. Crop of 1879. 10 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 1348. Clawson. Crop of 1879. 1349. Jennings' White Winter, Crop of 1879. 1350. Buckeye. Crop of 1879. 1351. Trump. Crop of 1879. Seed distributed by the Department in 1879. 1352. Fultz. Grown in Pennsylvania in 1S79. 1353. Centennial Black Bearded or New South Wales. Grown in Bal tirnore County, Md. Crop of 1879. Grown in Greene County, Pennsylvania. Crop of Grown in Prince George County, Maryland. 1354. Clawson. 1879. 1355. Midge Proof. Crop of 1879. 1356. White Australian. Grown in North Carolina. Crop of 1879. 1358. Silver Chaff. Grown in Province of Ontario. Crop of 1879. 1359. Midge Proof. Grown in Province of Ontario. Crop of 1879. 1360. Arnold Victor. Grown in Province of Ontario. Crop of 1879. 1361. Harrison. Grown in Cumberland County, Virginia. Crop of 1879. ^From the exhibit of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad, at the Department of Agriculture. 1900. Egyptian. Probably crop of 1881. 1901. Scotch Fife. Probably crop 1881. 1902. Bed Fern. Probably crop of 1881. 1903. Fife. Probably crop of 1881. 1904. Old Letters. Probably crop of 1881. 1905. Red Fern. Probably crop of 1881. 1906. Fife. Probably crop of 1881. 1907. Golden Drop. Probably crop of 1881. 1908. White Fife. Probably crop of 1881. .From the exhibit of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, at the Depart- ment of Agriculture. 1909. Amber. Grown in Henry County, Tennessee. 1910. Fultz. Grown in Henderson County, Kentucky. 1911. Red. Grown by J. W. Harris, Henry County, Tennessee. 1912. Bearded. Grown in Carroll County, Tennessee. Odessa. Grown by C. J. Kaufman, Russellville, Ky. Fultz. Grown by W. C. Warfield, Montgomery County, Ten- 1913. 1914. nessee. 1915. nessee. 1916. 1917. Fultz. Grown by J. B. Killebrew, Montgomery County, Ten- German Amber. Grown in Hopkiusville, Ky. White. Grown by Wilson & Co., Lebanon, Ky. 1918. California Gold Chaff. Prom Nashville, Tenn. 1919. Fultz. Grown by J. J. Hill & Son, Bowling Green, Ky. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 11 From the exhibit of the Texas Pacific Railroad) at the Department of Agri- culture. 1920. Red. Grown in Comae Comity, Texas. 1921. Red. Crown in Beaver County. Texas. 1921'. Red. Grown in Traverse County, Texas. 192.'?. Red. Grown in Beaver County, Texas. 1924. Amber. Grown in Williamson County, Texas. 1925. White. Grown in El Paso County, Texas. 1926. Amber. Grown in Williamson County, Texas. , 1927. Amber. Grown in Kaufman County, Texas. 1928. lied. Grown in Tarrant County, Texas. 1929. Amber. Grown in Traverse County, Texas. 1930. Amber. Grown in Dallas County, Texas. 1931. Nicaragua)!. Grown in Milan County, Texas. 1932. White. Grown in El Paso County, Texas. 1933. Red. Grown in Tarrant County, Texas. 1934. Red. Grown in Traverse County, Texas. From the exhibit of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, at the Department of Agriculture. 1935. White. Grown in Kansas. 193G. Red. Grown in Kansas. 1937. White. Grown in Kansas. 193S. Red. Grown in Kansas. 1939. Red. Grown in Kansas. 1940. Red. Grown in Kansas. 1941. Amber. Grown in Kansas. 1942. White. Grown in Kansas. 1943. Amber. Grown in Kansas. 1944. Red. Grown in Kansas. From the Alabama Agricultural Mechanical College, at Auburn, Lee County. Alabama, through Prof. W. C. Widths. The following wheats were grown on a poor and sandy soil, with no fertilizers, whieh had been in cotton three years without manure. They were sown about the end of November, 1882, and harvested early in June, 18S3. They are named and described as follows : Seed obtained in Philadelphia. 1S01. Lancaster Red. Yield 450 pounds per acre, 7i bushels. A bearded variety. 1802. Smooth Mediterranean. Yield COO pounds, 10 bushels to the acre. 1803. Tuscan Island. Yield 690 pounds, 11J bushels per acre. A bearded variety with long yellow heads ; rusting slightly. 12 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 1804. Rogers 7 Red. Yield, 210 pounds, or 3i bushels, per acre. Short head; rusted; very late, and mixed. 1805. Dot. Yield, 620 pounds, or 10J bushels, per acre. Bearded; dark colored ; long' heads ; no rust. 1S0G. Glaicson. Yield, 310 pounds, or 5 J bushels. Beardless; rusted. Seed from the Department. 1S07. Rice. Yield, 520 pounds, or 8| bushels, per acre. Busted. 1808. Bill Dallas. Yield, 455 pounds, 7ff bushels, per acre. Busted but slightly. Seed obtained in 1881 from the Department. 1S09. Tennessee Amber. Yield, 320 pounds, or 5^ bushels, per acre. No rust ; long, bright heads. Seed from Philadelphia. 1810. Emporium Scott. Yield, 285 pounds, or 4§ bushels, per acre. No value. Busted. 1811. LoveWs Neiv White. Yield, 30 pounds, i bushel, per acre. No- value. Busted. 1812. Washington Glass. Yield, 170 pounds, 2f bushels, per acre. Late, with rust. 1813. Eureka White. Yield, 105 pounds, or 1§ bushels, per acre. Late, with rust. Seed long groton in Lee County. 1814. Purple Straib. Yield, 30 pounds, £ bushel, per acre. Very early. No rust. Seed from Lowther, Lee County, Alabama. 1815. Kilpatrick Rust Proof. Yield, 175 pounds, or 2ff bushels, per acre. Long, bright heads. No rust. Seed from W. jS'. Hughes, Athens. Ga. 181C. Hughe's Rust Proof. Yield, 440 pounds, or 7J bushels, per acre. No rust. Long heads, and very bright. Seed from Department. 1817. Red Mediterranean. Yield, 239£ pounds, or 4 bushels (nearly)' per acre. From Judge J. M. Robinson, Queen Anne County, Maryland. 1821. Fultz. Grown in 1883, from seed analyzed as No. 783, on corn ground, with application of complete commercial fertilizers. 1.822. Fultz. Same as previous number, but from fallow ground. Seed distributed by the Department in 1883. 1827. Michigan Amber. Grown near Springfield, Ohio, from the va- riety originally grown in Michigan. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN 13 1828. Red Mediterranean. Seed imported by the Department in the autumn of 1882. and partially distributed then. This sample is from another portion of the same lot, and is a duplicate of No. 784. 1841. Black Sea. This is au imported Russian variety distributed in the autumn of 1883. 1S42. McGheds White. A wheat originated and grown by J. O. Mc- <5hee, at Bellefont, Ya. Distribution in the autumn of 1883. From Christian Dale, Lemont, Centre County, Pennsylvania. 1831. Burkholder. "A variety which yields from 30 to 35 bushels per acre. It is considered the best wheat in the neighborhood." 1832. Pennsylvania Amber. " Yields as much as the Burkholder." 1833. Fulte. " Yields from 25 to 30 bushels per acre." These wheats were grown on limestone soil. From Hugh L. Wysor, Newbern, Pulaski County, Virginia. 1S44. Dallas. From seed distributed by Department in 1SS1. 1845. Fultz-Clawson. Originated by Mr. Wysor. These wheats were grown on a very light sandy soil which had no fertilizers. Had been in clover for four years. It was sown broadcast and plowed in. The Dallas is badly winter-killed in Virginia, three- fourths of it being lost. The remainder yielded 15 bushels per acre, weighing G8 pounds per bushel. The Fultz-Clawson is particularly suited to the northwest and middle wheat country. CROPS FROM DEPARTMENT SEED, 1882-83. In June, 1S83, a circular letter was addressed to a large number of correspondents who had received wheat from the Department from the seed distributed during the previous autumn. They were requested to return samples of the crop which they had been able to raise, and to answer the following questions : 1. Name. 2. Town, County, and State in which the wheat was grown. 3. Name of cereal. 4. Character of soil. 5. Fertilizers applied, and previous treatment of the soil. 0. Method of cultivation. 7. Yield per acre and weight per bushel. In reply the following specimens and answers were received : 1S07, 1808, 1817. 1. W. C. Stubbs. 2. Auburn, Lee County, Alabama. 3. 1807. Rice Wheat. 1808. Bill Dallas. Distribution of 1881. 1817. Red Jlediterranean. 14 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 4. Sandy, and very poor. 5. No fertilizers. In cotton the past three years without manure. 6. Sandy, broken with one-horse turn-plow, seed sown broadcast by hand, slightly plowed in with scooter, and harrowed. 7. 1S07. Eice, 520 pounds grain = 8| bushels. 1808. Bill Dallas, 320 pounds grain ±= 5£ bushels. 1817. Eed Mediterranean, 239 pounds grain = 4 bushels (nearly). 1818. Red Mediterranean. 1. Thos. P. McOonnell. 2. Fayette, Payette County, Alabama. 3. Eed Mediterranean. 4. " Eed clay with some sand." 5. No fertilizers, continuous cropping. 6. Sown broadcast and plowed in. 7. Seven bushels per acre, medium quality. 1S19. Red Mediterranean. 1. C. B. Eichardson. 2. Henderson, Bush County, Texas. 3. Eed Mediterranean. 4. Eeddish sandy. 5. Had been cultivated in turnips previous autumn. Wheat sown 13th January, cut down by hard freeze on the 22d January. The furrows had some cotton seed thrown in when the wheat was planted, and was cultivated by the sweep with two farrows only, once. It rusted, as all wheat I ever tried on my place has done, except the hard Nicaraguan, 7. The yield might have been 3 bushels per acre if it had been gathered. 1820. Red Mediterranean. 1. J. J. Barclay. 2. Lawrence County, Alabama. 3. Eed Mediterranean. 4. Clay loam. 5. No fertilizers. In corn previous year. 6. Wheat sown after breaking ground on 15th October, and har- rowed in. 7. 14 bushels; 60 pounds per bushel. 1823. Red Mediterranean. 1. B. J. Eussell. 2. Milford, Baker County, Georgia. 3. Eed Mediterranean. 4. Sandy, with clay subsoil. 5. Thoroughly pulverized, harrowed, and 200 pounds compost of cot- ton seed and cow manure well rotted applied to the acre. Seed and compost harrowed in together. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 15- 6. Sown broadcast and harrowed once in the spring. 7. Twenty-five bushels per acre. 1824. White Mediterranean. 1. B. F. Jarrell. 2. Rover, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 3. White Mediterranean. 1S25. White Mediterranean. 1. J. M. Strattou. •2. Benvanue, Clay County, Texas. 3. White Mediterranean. 4. Chocolate loam of Bed Biver Valley. 5. No fertilizers. 6. Eaised on millet stubble turned under, sown broadcast, and har~ rowed in. 7. Twenty bushels- per acre. 1826. Red Mediterranean. 1. I. L. Goforth. 2. Bear Creek, Parker County, Texas. 3. Bed Mediterranean. 1. " Gray lime, valley land." 5. No fertilizers; last year in wheat. 6. Mowed the land off in September; set fire to it and burnt clean in October; broke 3 inches deep ; harrowed and sowed by drill; oue bushel per acre, 7. Twenty-three and twenty-sixtieths bushels per acre; 61 pounds per bushel. 1829. White Mediterranean. 1. Lewis B. Thornton. 2. Tuscumbia, Colbert County, Alabama. 3. White Mediterranean. 1. High lands, rich and sandy. Fair sample of Tennessee Valley soiL 5 and 6. No fertilizers, except natural growth plowed in. Soil broken and wheat harrowed in late. Heavy rains till harvest. 7. Poor yield; 5 bushels per acre, which might weigh 60 pounds per bushel. 1830. Osterey, 1. John E. Dye. 2. Philadelphia, Hancock County, Indiana. 3. Osterey. 4. Heavy clay. 5. None. 6. The ordinary cultivation for wheat, except that this was drilled in corn. 7. About 10 bushels. 16 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 1S3L White Mediterranean. 1. Irving Spence. 2. Snow Hill, Worcester County, Maryland. 3. White Mediterranean. 4. Light, rather sandy loam, with red clay subsoil. 5. 3STo fertilizers applied. The land had raised a crop of Indian corn in 1882. 6. Wheat not received till November. Seeded last of that month. A succession of heavy rains followed ; but for this would have had a good yield. 7. Seeded at the rate of one bushel to the acre, or three-fourths peck ■on three-sixteenths acre. Harvested 2 bushels. Weight, 60 J- pounds per bushel. 1835. Tennessee Amber. 1836. Bice. 1. E. H. Query. 2. Shawnee Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. 3. Tennessee Amber and Eice. 4. Clay with humus, clovered. 5. No fertilizers. Second crop of last year's clover turned under about 1st September. Harrowed once before seeding. 6. No further cultivation. 7. Twenty-two and one-half bushels per acre, 62 pounds per bushel for the Tennessee Amber. One pound of Eice yielded 32 pounds of grain. 1837. Eice. 1882 crop. From seed of 1881. 1838. Bice. 1883 crop. 1. J. F. Brents. 2. Albany, Clinton County, Kentucky. 3. Eice. 4. Limestone, with some clay and gravel. 5 and 6. Sod turned under, cultivated in corn, corn cut, and a heavy •sod of crab grass turned under. Wheat sown broadcast and harrowed. 7. Yield 1882, 12 bushels ; in 1883, 8£ bushels ; 63 grains to the head. 1S39. Bed Mediterranean. 1. W. D. H. Johnson. 2. Holton, Bibb County, Georgia. 3. Eed Mediterranean. 4. Dark red clay loam. 5 and 6. No fertilizers. In corn previous year*. Land broken 4 inches •deep ; wheat sown at the rate of one-half bushel per acre, and a drag run over it. 7 Eate per acre, 7 bushels. Weight, 57 pounds per bushel. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 17 1840. Rice. 1. Thomas J. Mason. 2. Loudon, Loudon County, Tennessee. 3. Rice. Second crop. 4. Gravelly soil, with clay subsoil. Second class land. 5. G, and 7. No fertilizers used the first year. The 'land was in wheat the year before. It was turned, harrowed, and rolled, and the wheat then drilled in in the first week in October. It rusted, but there were harvested 8 bushels. This was drilled the second year on 8 acres and yielded in 1883 22| bushels per acre. 1843. White Mediterranean. 1. Dr. Thomas W. Roane. 2. Covington, Tipton County, Tennessee. 3. White Mediterranean. 4. Dark loam. In cultivation thirty years. Medium fertility. 5. None applied. Land worked in cotton ; grain seeded on the stand- ing cotton stalks and put on with cultivator 1£ to 2 inches deep. Too late for wheat when seeded, and consequently rusted. 7. Eight bushels. CHARACTER OF THE SPECIMENS. The wheats included in the preceding list are with a few exceptions winter varieties. They are as a rule selected specimens, and are, if any- thing, rather above than below the average composition of the portions of the country from which they came. This is probably the case with the railroad exhibits where the fairest and finest grain has been col- lected for the display of the possible resources of the neighboring- lands. In several instances, however, samples typical of the poorest wheat which is grown have been obtained, so that the extremes of pro- duction are well represented in the analyses. The seed which has been distributed by the Department has of course been from selected lots of grain, and together with the crops produced should be above the aver- age of the country. It is plain, then, that our averages which are deduced from the analy- ses of these samples will be favorable to a higher and better composi- tion of the grain than actually exists. METHOD OF ANALYSIS. The samples of grain were immediately catalogued on their receipt and given a serial number by which they were known throughout the sub- sequent work upon them. Thirty or more grams were carefully cleaned from dirt, chaff, and foreign seed, and one hundred grains or kernels, selected at random, weighed, and the result recorded in grains and milli- grams. The specimen was then rubbed up in a large iron mortar until the. whole passed a sixty-mesh sieve, after which any iron which might have been introduced was removed by a magnet. 3538 w c 2 18 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. The fine flour was then analyzed as follows : One gram was dried in a porcelain crucible at 100°-105° C. until it ceased to lose weight. It was then burned in a gas muffle furnace and the ash weighed. In a few analyses, where the water falls below 8 per cent., the determina- tions may be a per cent, too low, owing to the fact that they were made in a drying oven with a temperature of only 95° C. They are so few in number as not to essentially modify the result. For oil two grams were extracted in a continuous percolation appa- ratus with ether or petroleum ether, either solvent giving the same re- sult. A battery of eighteen percolators allowed this work to be doue very rapidly. The fiber was obtained by alternate treatment with acid and soda in the usual manner, except that as the operation was conducted on a large ■steam bath of fifteen holes heated by live steam from our boiler, the length of time for digestion was increased to two hours and the strength of acid and soda to 5 per cent., the heat of the bath never raising the liquid above 95° 0. Comparisons of this modification and the original Weende method, of actual boiling with weaker acid, showed the results to be concordant. The nitrogen was determined by combustion with soda-lime, receiving the ammonia in fifth normal standard oxalic acid and titration with standard sodic hydrate which had been compared with normal hydro- chloric acid standardized gravimetrically In several analyses after the extraction of the oil by ether, the residue was percolated with 80 per cent, alcohol in the same apparatus, remov- ing sugar and soluble albuminoids which were separated by water. The albuminoids, of course, included the soluble portions of the gluten of the wheat, and the difference between the amount found in the alcohol extract and the total amount obtained by multiplying the nitrogen, found by combustion, by the factor 6.25, was stated as insoluble albumi- noids, and consisted of the true albumen or cerealine and the gluten casein. After the extraction with alcohol the residue was rubbed up with water and allowed to stand a short time at ordinary temperatures. v An aliquot portion of the filtrate, evaporated and dried, was stated as dextrine. It is a question, if this was ready formed in the grain to any extent; at times soluble starch was present, and there is a suspicion that both were formed by the action of some ferment on the starch in presence of water. It also, of course, contained a small amount of sol- uble albumen. As these determinations were very troublesome and did not furnish results which adequately repaid the labor involved, they were given up in the later analyses. Determinations of specific gravity were attempted, but with such variable results that they were of slight value and were given over. Piknometers were used with water and with oil, but different samples from the same specimen of grain would apparently vary as much as quite different varieties. ANALYSES OP WHEATS FROM OTHER SOURCES THAN THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Name. White extTa . Rod Dichl do do do Seniles do do do Lincoln do Fultz do Treaclwoll .... do do Buclceye Tappahannoch Lancaster Asiatic Gold Medal.... do Egyptian ClawsoD do Locality. Michigan . Missouri . do do do do do do do do do Weehs Powers Armstrong. Tuscan I do . Post |....do .. SonoraClub Oregon Michigan ... do ... do ...do ....do British Columbia do Michigan do ...do .-..do ....do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do .. do ...do .. do .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Oregon Michigan . . do do Year Weight of 100 grains. Minnesota No. 1 Minnesota No. 2 Minnesota No. 3 Umuauured P2O5 + K2O PaOs+KaO + iN do PsOs + KsO+jN do PsOs + KsO+sN do Manured do Minnesota ...do do Pennsylvania . .. do 1877 1877 1876 1870 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 I 1876 J 1876 1876 I 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 1882 Water. 2.732 2.109 2.037 Per cent. 12. 75 13.52 9.64 12.18 12.68 10.25 11.02 8.51 11.22 10.07 13.38 10.78 11.45 12.53 12.69 9.94 10.00 12.73 11.21 11.93 11.11 10.55 10. 12 11.48 12.29 11.30 12.29 10.36 11.19 11.09 11.08 10.43 10.31 13.00 12.99 10.03 10.85 12.21 13.77 10.27 10.91 12.34 11.31 11.85 13.33 13.04 13.16 13.06 12.59 12.41 Ash. Percent 1.56 1.55 1.72 1.82 1.77 1.50 1.73 1.63 2.09 1.89 1.56 1.75 1.74 1.74 1.71 1.80 1.76 1.38 1.77 1.82 1.70 1.73 2.00 1.69 1.64 1.74 1.79 1.64 1.76 1.64 1.49 1.70 1.60 1.79 1.77 1.59 1.70 1.97 1.72 1.58 1.46 1.59 1.92 1.97 2.04 1.99 2.03 2.98 1.83 2.09 Per cent. 1.26 1.47 Carhhy- drates. Per cent. 70.90 69. 95 Fiber. Albu- minoids. 76.26 72.22 73.74 76.37 75.44 77.61 74.81 74.59 73.16 76.09 75. 22 71.20 73.10 76.57 76.36 74.92 73.46 72.25 74.94 76.57 74.82 75.64 74.19 76.02 74.70 76. 19 74.99 74.89 75.18 75. 18 75.84 73.84 74.74 77.38 75.42 72. 94 73.14 76.90 77.90 1. 1.97 1.90 1.90 1.92 1.89 70.98 71.40 70.12 69.02 09.35 69.24 68.90 69.53 70.10 Per cent. 1.83 1.72 2.03 2.37 2.50 2.76 2.65 2.51 2.47 2. 53 2.37 Per cent. 11.64 11.79 12.38 13.78 11.81 11.88 11.81 12.25 11.88 13.45 11.90 11.38 11.59 14.47 12.50 11.69 11.88 10.97 13.56 14.00 12.25 11.15 13.00 11.19 11.88 10.94 11.16 11 81 12. 06 12.38 12. 25 12.69 12.25 11.37 10.50 11.00 12.03 12.88 11.37 11.25 10.63 13.06 13.00 13.56 10. 80 10.50 11.16 11.69 11.70 11.04 Nitrogen. Per cent. 1.87 1.89 1.98 2.20 1.89 1.90 1.89 1.96 1.90 2.16 1.90 1.82 1.86 2.31 2.00 1.87 1.9* 1.75 2.17 2.24 1.96 1.78 2.08 1.79 1.90 1.75 1.78 1.89 1.93 1.98 1.96 2.03 1.96 1.82 1.68 1.76 1.92 2.06 1.82 1.78 1.70 2.09 2.08 2.17 1.74 1.67 1.78 1.87 1.88 1.76 3538 w c— face p. 19. Analyst. Atwater. Do. Kcdzie. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Noyes. Do. Do. Jordan. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 19 Determinations of gluten mechanically were of more interest, and were made in all cases where the grain was received fresh from the harvest and in amount sufficient to allow it, but, as will be shown later, attempts with wheats which had been preserved a year or two led to erroneous results. How far the methods and results can be depended on is, I think. shown in the following analyses of two samples of Red Mediterranean wheat taken from the same heap, the one in 1SS2, the other in 1883. RED MEDITERRANEAN WHEAT. 1882. 1883. Water Ash oil Carbhydrates . Fiber Albuminoids. . 9.83 9.88 1.70 1.62 2.21 2.06 73.73 73.80 1. G8 1.79 10.85 10.85 It may be said, too, that no one engaged in these analyses had the slightest idea that the two specimens were duplicates. The work has been often duplicated in the matter of single determinations, which seemed irregular, and with the systematic methods of carrying it on it is known that the results can be depended on. Our facilities are at present equal to the analyses of twelve wheats a day, and it is hoped that specimens typical of several portions of the country, such as New York and California, which have not been examined, may be obtained for a continuation and extension of the work. THE RESULTS. The results which have been obtained by the methods just described are presented in the following tables, and for a clear exposition are arranged by States. The headings to the columns explain themselves, merely repeating that the weight of 100 grains or kernels is in grams and milligrams; that the carbhydrates, which include the sugar, dex- trine, and starch of the grain, are found by difference between 100 per cent, and the amount of water, ash, oil, and fiber determined, and that the albumen or albuminoids is equivalent to the nitrogen multiplied by the factor 6.25. A table of analyses which have been made by other investigators is presented, and the results contained therein have been distributed among the several States to which they belong, and properly accredited, in order that a complete list of the wheat analyses which have been made in this country might be collected in one place. The special rail- road exhibits have, in addition, been arranged by themselves. 20 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN, ■crasojjT^i; < < Rococo jRCfiflR si 6 6 ?P3 asfi-pfljaasasssaaRflfiPHaan 13 &< a p HWHHrt rt •spioaitcmqjy ft. m Tf O O O r HrHH^OOr OT CI O-Cl - '.wqij P H c» 13 CO CO r ft< c; cm co cd ad i-5 cocdcococ-ii^cocdcot^cocio^oJor-it- 001 jo it[Si9j\i_ 00 00 «o Sotc t--S" CM CO OfflCl © , rM ... i .-* .... . lO , . . . cct-oXHcot-coomwinoMiooxci t~t-Ht~co^i<«3c:io-^iooc i r-cMcoci(rJf-'H ciTtioojr-ooffiiClQOOciiocqinHint- S* CO CO COC5 1M -r , -* .... COCOCOlMCO^rOCOCOCOCMCOCaCOCOCONC-l •t[lJ\0J§ JO JT39X CC X X O ff. Cl -H 00 00 CI iNMWCIClCl-^HHHHOifflOlfflaftaiOroaiOOCl t- IT- L- t- r- f- 00 L— t— CO 00 a X 'X X X X X X' CO 00 M> t- t- N N t- t- t- N t- N 00 co ac co oo co oo oo co oo oo co oc co x x x x x x x x x x x /. x co x oo x i x co x •Xongq-Sienoo "SoOOOOOOOOOOOCOOC.+a ■.igquraa iin.iag moHcoao a io i- ffl m o ci co t(i o o i- x o o h « « x, en ~ ~ — x x x x x x x x x ~ o — . re c- r- c- r- M N Cl 71 Tl CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CM X AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 21 a fioooooooo ;qsB^sAa v-z~: gdddddoddod ; o o c o c o ips t^saosn 300CCOOOCOOO ■fiSfififissssaa HNHTlrtHrtrtrH NrtNWnHr NMHrtHHN i ht inooooic '- '~ ^ - :i :i ^ ^ 3 12.43 14.53 9.98 12.25 12.08 10.85 9. K0 10.85 12.08 13.65 11.72 12.78 14.011 11). 15 11.55 11.73 12.43 12.78 10.50 12.00 12.00 14.00 9, 45 11.20 10. 15 12.43 12. 00 Cfl«U5DOniO»MOOU5QO HCOtlfflOOOOHQOrH 2. 30 2. 1 1 1.90 2. 22 1.93 1.91 1.40 2. 07 2.32 1. 98 2, 18 2. 1 1 1.93 2.27 1.55 1.77 2. 40 - - 2. 1 8 2. 56 2.38 2. 40 1 . 85 2.01 2. Hi K 71 XO?1«5 -T 7t .7 -V rH r^ O ri :i ri :i :i -i ?! 2.22 2.11 2.15 2.32 2.39 2.33 2.25 2.28 2.32 2. 25 2.06 2.10 moooocooot- :; X -r -. .« a: =7. Si t- i"7 m — i - >o to ~r pa i- DinuoooonoA >" ia o o o *#«o iR30oK5iflooifiini*K; it>»ioimo-tfco»ii>ffla3i3 7 1 7 1 ^ ~ C) CI rH H " HHHH ' H .'~ 1 w ^ ^ ^ KA- l-1 i— i o t- w eo fo i-i cm cc- « « -^ -^* eo n a t~ a :i -ft N i— I CI 1j< i— i e» era © c-i co cs ift go cc ■>* eo ■>* eq ^ « w © oo x i. - : h io co to m w o ift ~ ?i x /, 3^:i3^ 71 re >- M N CO e m (O M ^ XCOI-I-XCCOOX oc en x x x x x x oo — ci c-i ~ © -to :« to I— X X X (- t— X X X x x x x x x X> x> oo -h:i:im:i*j)ccmh ' •. X 70 I— X X X X X 00 X X OC X X X X X X —I — CI 71 CI ce :- X X X X X X X 00 00 00 aC X 00 00 I CI CI 71 71 CI CI CI CI CI : x oo x x -jj x x x x ; oo x> oo x x x x x x CI CI X X 00 X : a : H ; :«i n :9 : : : : fOOOOQO C O O O O rt O - -o "Zn^n u*tin : *•&< r-CCOCCC™— c 5 *cr -o — -o _ t , 3-73 ,S o c o^ o o^: o z o o ■^ r o" 'd ^ o^"^ » ^ ^ ~ "^ :k : :(* aococoooo -^ W v W W v w — ■- 3 -s -^ nr nz ~c -=, c *° ^ : ms : : .COD pjooooooooo -— ^ *"0 ^ ■_ "77 '"CT ^ '"O ^ s : 2 as P^tcpH^^q^ 3 S i-H ?■! CO ■z k n coo, ■cr-o! ; p a a ; O©ooo*;oo*j bM « f 5 : o o o o cc -r ci t -r — 4 ci ro co co m '" -^ re re re X X :: :*, c- X CO 30 C •— i :■: cv ct ■" -^ 7 1 -v O X w uCj >0 C I CI 77 x i- x .-c re x x x t-M-t-t-i-nxxX'to i-(CMCJSr-iCO-TCD00CS ©.-IX Hi4WeaHrl«HHW CI 71 xxxxxxxxxaoxx 22 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. •traSoi^ijj be «1 £666666666 ■gppppppppp £6666666666666666 So ^poppprrpppprrppp rp r -3 y £"" H H fl H Ol H rH rH ■spiOTnmnqjy Maqiit •eo^ap^qq.iBQ •MV3J& ■<0!M01fflO!0!0 CJHOOOaHOHHGlOr J W>-l IM rH O rHrH tti ft; m m w ci (H w oi ci (M* ci rtNMNWHHNCIIMWMINMWnw can ** rH.J •T[BY •«otomoiooooioo t— rH CO C- 00.CS Pll>(OHON(DHiOOOH mooHHoot-raoiHHaocoao 00 OS to co IN ftj r« rH rH rH rH r-< rH rH rH rH CT « W fi W « W iH ri H N Cl H H H H CT THrl •ri w ' H • O) O M « r 5 00 rH rH O O OS O OS O r OOT jo i^Sie^ •TliAiOjS JO J«9_£ 'jCdhs^sistioo •io\oq ■jg^atii jo Saudg •joqranii lupag «9OO(0.MlNHij't>C!« cmcrjinconot-fflHin *J (M t- L- (M t— OS CO lfl rH CO omioHofMHOO-Himtoinmw-i'C- nicmHHTtco-fj'. c, X s i~ ci o o r~ fflC)OOt'Nl''»'J"H'rt-©(BWinO CO E- C- CO OS CO 00 CO Sj-cocMcococororHcococo COCCrH"raoicicorHCO(NC^e^(rQCTrHCOrH coco CM TOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQO COOQOOCOOCCOOCCOCOCCOQGOCOXOOXX CO CO C-00 00 CO ^ © O C O+jO Op r 3 a : : . s : a ■ 2 ; : : ; ■'H ■ rrtO O^^^TO £hS O O O © tURln ( a ,T-^+-cDd^ciI>T3'u;^lT3c3 , <-r HJOOO O^ O Or; O rrj O O O O^rj^rSH^^c ti ° ° K : ; : ,tx : ';m : m ; ; : ; r* « i ;i t- -t f 1 H M ^ « CO « I* H f 1 O) t- O t- ffl h> C» * CI Oi " : ~. X h- CS O CC !■- N O ij IS ". t' t- O II O t- O ^ Q © 1- to 00 W H H M IM iH iH M f 1 Cl H H HMClr-iHflHHHHHHi-iHfli-iHHM?li-HHHi-(«H r--Ci:i N HCKIHl-lH HOMflli-l.-Cr "flMWflNr oocoiooio x ^ » o o o r; x — i" • "> f 1 CO rt o x o » * c o h o n t- o c, 3 :]-r'r--i'COj)?ioot>t;c'ioiotr-W')'OfitDcsoicsxxfT)'xeititioonC"-^xoacxfiOHXH?irt :u- .- ^ >: ^ c ri ?i h ift n o * w o o x » « ; i~ « o x « h x x w ^ ~. n o a 1^ ^ s o » * ~. co n o o ■* .*i r- - -j -i x cd 1.-5 ^t" co to to —J m id cd -i" cd ci -* cd -•* in -j> cd -# cd -* -* o id. m m t> id ci rc> ts « n ri id h ri :: ci x - ?i d ' ci >-i si : i ~ t- t- o t' t- t^ t» t- t* t- t- i~ ^ t- t- t^ t- t- b- r- i-- t- t- t- t* n [^ t* r^ t- i- i' i' t» t- t^ t- c t* L' t' o ca t- t~ t- cs t- [> t> t- o t~ n oi n o n h m- o co x -h ■* o o t-O— t~CMOMPlrlC5Mr40nr-iWCl .-H ci ci i-3 ci ci ci ci ci ih ci ci i-h ci c i 7 i — '■ cit— cofcscjcoio-*-** — ocoxt-no^ o) os -f -* ~ -^~co^* ~ o :o Tin ; i- :i x c5~^T~i~<"7=: ainoiaia ooionici 1 : o X t- O l- X U-j t- t~ t- t- X t- M t» * W t- O CO CO t- t~ CO l> C3 ■* [- C t- in t- C5 t-liO OOt-e5S'JCSXOMt-*f)Ot"COJl x«iocN(^xxinma-tomHroHOfqxcsoo)coc)C!X«HO«inHr.[-"i.'5aifiQ3ioi.'jooooinooooi.-j HO:i30Mt-.TfiOCPO)Ot-MO}rtlOritWMNrtHOO'J'MOO»Ml'-l~NMOt-t-CO«ffliOHCOMC)i'r. -f CO ritNdddoJdHNdftdNHHHdo'^'wHNOHiHHddosddw co oo ^- i— ift i-t ci m i.i 'O re; o ci es ci co -o — . .-7 v - ^ .i co :i :- :i x h c — ■ td 00 7 1 f-focomocicoHioojoc»X'*ooi CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO- CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO' CO CO o. o cc 0-. OC ~ O". ~ ~ ~ ~ — ~ re cr. 07 ~ 1- t- t- r- t^ 1- t- t- t- 1- t- t~ 1- i- 1- t- i~ i~- t- t- l- t- t- 1- 1- 1- I- 1- 1- r- r~ t- ■- t- 1 - 1- 1^ c- 1- 1- c- t- 1- 1- t- 1- t- 1- t- 1- i~ X X f. X X X X X X X' X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X. X X X X X X X X f :s .^ ^5 "H o o^r-r £ o o o-S o « C'c.-— r - ■ p-. r* - i*-» r^ ^ --. ij — * ! ? -C^ = ii£ , ^ , ^r :>? ©eooooooooooooooooosoooooscocoooosococcccooocoooo ■ cs as J 2 iq j?PP 53 a 3'^3 r^^ r r-E'7 — Is -P*^OOOOOOOww HHnHO HO : : - t~ r -± ■- = ft x ShSc to :_' 3 a « Uf , ■7 x <■■ ^ ! = t ==-« aosoi x ^ - « 3 - Cm ea & -SO ,« e =f r . •-^^3 co +j — — — c\. ■ ■2 I 9 £ z ~^-- ■r:cc!-_t>r = x~- a' _ cc.3 - 5= - 3 3 K P O ^ fi :i fl 7171 7)^rorCr7:7CrCTCQCOCOC-3 24 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. -e o o o o SPRPR _g 6660000 •gRRPPPRR 3OOOOO06066066 Co iRRRRPRRRRRRRp -gR •fi e ■naSoajtj^ ^ ■ 1? 5 95 010ffllMOH ■i ci n O O) OCftftl'JWCOt^OD omoTXcoomfiooowNin HaaioMHooomojtDffit-o O O CM OO es cm t- m IQ OS OS OS £"""- iHH 1-5 1-5 i-5 1-5 CI* r-5 MHHNlMQIHHHHi-lnHH NH rH r-H iH i-l « m m cm mcOCD-i-QOCD^CO icsioostjicocqosco oo^ow'tooico'ffoam HOJIMHOtOOirtCOOSCCtOCTffl CO 00 os es «* —1 IO -^ OS CO CO if 'zaysM. OOOCMOOSOS- t-00000; OO (M f-t i-H O 00T jo 'iq£to_M_ toOHt-CS cDirjira-rncoosiioci ffl CD rjl N t CO OS O CO 't CO IM H l-O CIS KS ®-+-J-#ClOT^COCOCOHt~HC CO C ITS dS CD r: ^t'DTICOCOOC! owmt-t HCM**ont-t-rec» CO IO l-HOCO co co co co co co r CIMtNCNCONCOCpm COM CM CM CM CO •qiAiOXo JO JU9J£ C:C.C)« CMCCCO ■— ' CM CM CO ."O CO CO CM CM (73 i— r— ao eo co cc co ■ ■ — — ■ — - -c cc A s. no -j. :o — — ■— —• — ■ — co com CO 00 X CO CC' CO CC ■'■^^.^.'^-w COMCOOOOO'XX C^!.^.J.tJ.^-ti 0000 ■^onyjsisaoQ ig^sg ■? l, O O O -~ i :s ; : :| :,■ o'o.^ ^-^'3 o'H ^H3 o-g ct 5 ^ O'o ca r 00 .'ScoWmS ,w £000 S'S'3^ w ■ •joioo t* I -ON £< Ma^nTAi. jo Strrnlg •jaqranu leiiss H 02 O <1 c5 CD 02 3 O C. ^PhPh j5„ ' H am, 11 £|=,tf hoap^Zr/jHicSF H MRS s^5 s 2 a ;<« t> Or-COOCOCOL-es v. :: i-i h w -^ r- rt CMCOCOOSCSCSOSOS COC-t>aC0C0t>35OO0S0SCS00 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN". 25 5 < co a t- t~ ~ — — ~\ 71 ■ = i i i i i , jobooooooa Sooo-oooooc 4J O n : i - i : I : I - — -f [~ -j — i- t~ m - 1 ' mfiot>a>o '-. t--- i- - . i — r C3 « L- T) -!■ ~ Tl 5 1 1 "- t- ea — l- r~ t- 1~ t~ ce ■ n - 1 ~ i - 1 m X nc 3> o -r CS t- t- t- t- l> I- I- t- V- v~ t- r- t- D- (~ t- I- t> t- t- l- i~ t- I- t- I- [^ -o t~ t~ r- l— 777 l- l- t~ 777 l~ 777 l- x so com os cq r. r. Si » i-t O 00 iH ci ri ci i-i ri ri — ^ ri 1.47 2, 11 'J. 38 •J. 85 •J S3 1.80 2.42 2. 36 2. 37 1.98 •J 117 2. 01 1.91 2.02 1. 83 2. in 1. 96 2.12 1. 83 a. so 1.114 2.15 2 llll 1. 89 1.86 1. 96 1.76 1. 92 1. 72 1.83 2. in 2. Ill 2. S3 2. 34 2. IIS 1.59 2. 29 C « ^ l- n 3 « O c: r- 1- lo ■* m io co iO - O Ci - h G T; M r X » inocoaoaiococ4ooo« 1- 30C-m*#U3CDt>CO l- nc9HO tftooeawiRsa Ti re - .-. .-: r c- z~. x i- - iz - :i — :- ZKSC-Mt:! iO n ci 3 -r ^i .-- — . rt -r cb m x - ea -; i- x -^ c. -r -^r 'c -.c r~ — i- o in i- re t- co co ?c (M rc rt c-i re ci ?i ci ci ci ci ci r: ri ri ri ri r i re -r n ti :* re r x aa ~ c. — -r. c^ c^ ri re re re rr re ei - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - C -TT ' - ' - i- i - ' - t - ( - r - x x *. . . ~ ,— .- ~ ,~ — ~ r~ ~ - ~ ~ ^r C" ~ C CT -T ~ -" ~ ~ -~ C _ ■ _ _ x x x x x x x x r x > ._ -_ _ ^ x x x x ^ .k3 itc :3 W M " -/. — ^ : m S : = V} • W ^ . QC -- ".;- .-- < > M :-« s pi ^ ^ , ;«]>"-3 . 'p3< Pfle s l_ : ,< P < M pc < s < - < PHfS pi , .Pea : ; i Z = - -r — -r -r — — — r-:-T;~ s c c - ^ : ; : a 3 § a r" - a -_ 3s /. ~ ! : ; ' p ; : * rr • • • ~ '•'.'.'■ z ','. '.~ : : : : ?l .- : : ; = : : a : o'Stta : i^ : -m s g a* - o > : 2 s3 ea c g -« ^ £> ; J ■ /. ■ f. ' < be ga - - ' ! « : p ■ o • a • a • ^ : - " ■ i - - « bt 1^1 re co t~ x ~ o i-( woo co in in -^r r- »oo - i.e o.~oocooo© M P ooawocoooxxo W IQ DC ^ u: r- oo w n x t".-: H O C H H t- m — r-: GO t- I- t- t^ t- t- O t- CX-t T lO — *j m r, -( a o ciTf .-ot:i:i jau- = -h » era f o-n a r-t us co oo oo ?h ^ » =» -i ci n cj N ci ci n « J ih pi ci ?> h c i ei h J e-ot-coommocom t-TOinot-Ofit-n m cj to o — ~i si — 1-1 ci — o cs nHr-f-:in«Mr^n H« Of xr.xxxox fioct-a^ooxa tOClfCCOOi-HTf-^CO ci ci ci ci ci ;i ci 7i ci xxxa/. xkx x X X /. 30 GO CO CO CO CD XXXC1NN I- I- l> CO CC 30 OC OC 00 0O 00 CO SW <1K co fH &n Hi ^ 3 ■spioTtxranqxY •joqt^ 5«H«WMr SmOC*COMMrtr gUaCOMOOQQOiaOCSOO sa^Bip^qqiBQ ■no •qey gojc-iccroiriot-oio § d cW ci f i ci h h ro .C-C-SDCOC-L-C-t-t- MCTrlHr HcScJtrir-lMWi-HC-i ■J9^AV ■uH'IMiiHOCCTl'OO g>#©i>mHorar-o SodrJcdoHr-ci 001 JO iqStOAV •j£onaq.sisuoQ. MOIOO g-WriHomwHioto ^cdrtcdcdeococoed^ o g o O oX o ti ™ 'S 'd ?3 ^ 'd'^ ^ 3 ^ En 3 a big oS;2 ©a oc ■.raqraua [uijsg Ki £ oo?m«ooo3»coon Diwon^wntMrtM t~~JCO^-t-COCD-#T*,-(W HHrtnpiflnwwnn 70. 95 69. 44 71.57 69.71 71.75 70.87 71.11 69 95 71.22 68.72 69.26 tDNOn^©t-C!W3050 WrHDlWrHNiHpHrHrHr-* CUDOOOOflCOt-WO) lDl>QO!t-CDffir-Ot-CO r-ir-lrHWrH^H^-lrHCl^iH 11.10. 12. 44 11.85 11.30 10.68 10.64 10.66 9.86 9.94 10.26 11.68 cin-d-Wr oo -* oc eo CO r-t L— CI I CO t-i J.1 **t~cooi*d.cocococioco eo CT iro CO tM L— i— iro co co o oi co c-i co pi ff-l CO co CO CO CO -3 I b "si? .§| : :5wa h ts g ho s d a> o tfi [3 £C t» O) ffl 05 03 sW A a p -a p. (D >;« « nO a S a S5 J Sw : Iflfl a =o s B o o o o « S fe is i g t> t. >-;a a ca c3 csg O © t^ ® h. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 29 i e i o 1 - 1 r i e i ■: i — ; i e i M ^ K f ) t t Tf> O f) - i mcvooocnoo©© r. t a » «e l- - 4 1- *D w r-j C) ci ci ci ci « ** ci ?i £ :W3 :£w£ :S © fe ■ ; m ' £ d ! ■ * (!j M 3 >" -r g H E = is i >t* £h g fe 3 s B o 3°§'§§p o ioso - 0«aOo °111 2 Jig s m *£ H H ,->. p2?S °?p2 1HH <3Wf l" o r- 'j; r. : - n ^ ^ 71 Tin r i r i rt ~ ,~t M -? 03 ~. ~. ~. C. C. C3 35 Ol OS 1*1 CO "to s -» iH r-HN Cl CI - •f :i c. i.-: -i m ir. o ^- o :i ^ t a n c i- o do o f n cc a m t* 1 ffl m oo » «4- fli'M c r£ 3 DQ & gs - 71 M -r B r. —. c: ci - I ~ — ~ 30 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. AVERAGES. Prom the data contained in the previous tables, excluding the incom- plete analyses of Kedzie and ISToyes, a table of averages has been calcu- lated, which includes — 1. The average composition of the wheats of America. 2. The average composition of the wheats of the Atlantic and Gulf States from Canada to Alabama, inclusive. 3. The average composition of the wheat of the Middle West limited by the Mississippi Eiver. 4. The average composition of the wheats of the West beyond tbe Mississippi, including Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Minne- sota. 5. The average composition of the wheats of the Pacific slope, un- fortunately only represented by eight samples from Oregon. . 6. The average composition of the wheats grown in each of the States where as many as six specimens have been analyzed. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN 31 ■epion -iiunq[Kjsa.u.o r j •spioa •ramqie'}soq2ijj L~ I ". 1 ~ O m m © m m n o i-imcs^Hioxitneo qo os m © © © ac ocjoooooo .--. in CO L~. r- o 00 in ea- rn © o o © T^. © X CO 93 IT. co © o © lO 71 CO CM i - t- m cc ~- in -f M :: CO >-. CO '- n m ■r- OJ K CO C O -$> in m © ■**■ © i-< © co t- co co oc, .-i 51 O O CO M t- O *• r-J — i CM CM ■<* 717171 'SOIOlS a cm -t in t— © ci -* © cc m-^mm co ■* m ■»* tj< CJ © 00 OO CO CO CO N n M M CI 00 Tf> © o» 00 oo «*■ © © CJ t- ■<* in CO CM **• coeococococoinin ■qoSoiit^ --i •* ■* t- ■-* cm co m 00 O © CO t* 00 oo _ t— © CM t- © © oo © t— a co h o tH t-< CM CM CO 00 © CO Ir— © t- >-l l-H CO M rH ei ci i-J ■spionnnnqi-v' m cs CO CO ia CO O 00 oc BO m © t- K :- © -"O o t- © m ..- ID m © to IQ -T- n CO — ri 7J OO — CI - -i r^ 71 :i DO CO 00 CM © t~ © t- CO -^ OO t- Oi oo o t» t- t- t- CO < O H ■< uaqi^ t- ••* 00 © CM © i-h © © © © m HCIflNNNCJrtH r- m m t— N Ci r- LO m rH X •e^tJjpA'qq.icQ ci — — .-h eM © -< © © © t- r- t» t- t- t» r- no t» <-i cm oo MOM© So) ci ci :i ci n pi M ei w « n CNHplNClrtPlMPl r- t- o oo i- m © © m cs cm t— co m © ocot-oocat— cogocmoo •qsy © © « COOOOOMt-t COrl»OCOOWl> ■i9;«^. © © © o> © © © © © © © © © CI © © ci a 001 jo ^qgia^i © © © CM t~ © «r i— t- ©oo© co co in co o t— co co co co w w co co co co co n « & a « S *3 '-rt -*©eM^Tjit*eM-* fliOSiOOtHf •>»«.- O £ «1 SSWHSSi4HUO 'S9S^[BaB jo -o^i co t- r- co to cm O CM OJ © © m oo 32 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. The question arises at once as to whether the average American wheat can compare with that produced in foreign countries. The anal- yses of foreign wheats have been collected and averaged by several continental investigators, and their results furnish us with a means for making the comparison. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF FOREIGN WHEATS. Locality, Authority. So. of analyses. Water. Ash. 24 Per cent. 11.49 14.40 14. 00 13.82 14.43 13.56 14.30 Per cent. Wolff 1.70 Continental Do Do World Millon Eeiset 14 16 20 200 1.60 • 1.57 1.99 1.79 Do 1.70 i Locality. Authority. Oil. Carbhy- drates. Fiber. Per cent. 1.57 1.50 1.20 1.74 Per cent. Per cent. Wolff . 66.40 66.90 70. 13 3. 00 Peligot 1.70 Do 1 7ft Do World Do 1.70 1.60 70.58 67.87 66.20 2.66 3. 00 Locality. Authority. Albumi- noids. Highest al- buminoids. Lowest al- buminoids. Per cent. 19.48 13.00 14.60 11.04 13.00 12.42 13.20 Per cent. 24.56 Per cent 10.68 Wolff Peligot 21.50 13.81 17.94 24.16 24.10 10 60 Do 9.92 Do 10.69 World 8.19 Do 8.20 At a glance it is apparent that the main failing of our wheats is their deficiency in albuminoids. In other regards they seem to be a degree lighter per hundred grains ; they contain less water and about the same ash, more oil and a smaller amount of fiber. The variation in some of the constituents is quite large and should be' taken into consideration with the averages. In the 260 wheats which I have examined, the fol- lowing are the highest and lowest determinations made : Limits and variation in the percentages of the constituents of wheats, and in the weight of 100 grains. Constituents. Highest percentage. Lowest percentage. Variation. Above average. Below average. Water 12.'44 3.57 3.93 78.66 7.85 .80 1.40 64.84 .44 8.05 4. 59 2.77 2.53 13.82 2.61 9.10 2.02 1.82 1.76 6.68 1.25 5.20 2. 57 Ash Oil 7.14 Fiber 17.15 3.90 Weight of 100 grains grams . - 5.924 1.830 1 4.094 j 2.286 j 1.808 i AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 33 The extremes here given are due iu no case, with the exception, per- haps, of the lowest water, to errors in analysis. All the determinations on which the table is based have been repeated in duplicate and veri- fied, and the figures, without doubt, exhibit about the extremes which one may expect to find in any equal number of wheats. Ash, oil, and albuminoids have the most striking variations, and it will be observed that they never will fall as far below the average in amount as at times they rise above it. In proportion to their importance and amount, the extent of variation of the albuminoids forms the most re- markable feature of the wheat grain. In our wheats, however, it is not so great as has been found iu those of other countries, as may be seen in the following table : Maxima and minima of albuminoids, percentage of nitrogen, and weight of 100 grains of wheat. © no Locality. Authority. a ■= -— — - - Z -A . z •* a = •= y ft Albuminoids. Weight of ioo grains. - a IT. © 6 3 = 'y. ea M c3 Z > < a" J a a S '5 25 20 14 North German South German Scotch E^'Vpt Australian Algerian Spanish Riissian Do Von Bibfa ... do ... do ....do — do ....do ....do ....do.. Laskowskv Lawes A: Gilbert Woifl Millon 2.20 2.13 •_'. lit 1.1)6 1.60 2.20 2.30 2.45 3.13 2. 20 2.20 2.08 1.88 2. 23 2.04 1.98 2.11 13.76 13.28 12.95 9.10 9.98 ia ::. 14. 35 15.31 19.48 13.76 13.75 13.00 11. 75 13.97 12.78 12.35 13. 20 Pr cent 18. 25 17. ,sl 14. 68 9.94 15.50 24. 13 21.70 24.16 15.50 J'i cent. !>. Ml 9.08 11.06 s. -:, 9.94 11.25 11.25 111.44 10.68 11.25 Grams. 4.270 4. 47:i 4.679 ',, owns. 7.450 7.000 5.200 Grama. 3.200 2. S75 3.850 9 13 9 5.540 1. 278 3.950 6.525 .'. 125 5.350 4. CdO 3.850 1.800 ' England 15 Do . 12. 63 21.56 17.90 21.37 24.10 9.88 9.90 10.68 7.61 8. 20 12 Do Peligot 20 Do 17t> Average, excluding Kiihn While among our wheats the highest percentage of albuminoids was found to be 17.15 in a wheat from Minuesota, Russian grain has been analyzed by Laskowsky which contained 24.50 per cent., twenty -four different specimens averaging 19. 4S per cent., the lowest having 10.6S per cent, of albuminoids. The range is by these analyses largely ex- tended, and if the wheals of all countries are taken into consideration it rises to 19.23 per cent., and the great susceptibility < if wheat in this direc- tion is made manifest. As the albuminoids are regarded, and probably rightly, as the most valuable part of the grain when properly elab- orated, the effect of environment on this constituent will be one of the most important considerations in the study of the American grain, after its comparison with the foreign article has been completed in re- gard to the less important constituents. It is difficult to say for what reason our wheats contain so much less water than is given iu the for- eign averages quoted. We have never seen a sample which contained as much even as the average of Wolff for German wheat, and are aware 3538 w c 3 34 AMERICAN WHEAT AND COEN. of only one analysis made in this country, and that by Jordan of a Pennsylvania wheat grown by himself, which exceeded 13 per cent. At times it seemed that it might be dire to a drying out of the small speci- mens which were furnished us, and again to method of preparation for analysis, but neither explanation has been found to be correct, and it must be considered as some inherent peculiarity of our wheats which is due perhaps to our hotter and drier summer weather. When we come to consider thewheats of the/different sections of the country it will be seen that the variation due to locality is imperceptible, but this again may be owing to the manner of preservation and preparation of the samples in our laboratory. In oil our averages are hardly comparable as the larger amount found may be due to more thorough methods of extraction than were em- ployed in the older analyses of foreign investigators before the continu- ous percolation apparatus was brought into use. In ash the averages are quite alike, but it will be seen that in some portions of the United States, on new and rich soil, this constituent is much increased. The amount of fiber present in our wheats is decidedly smaller as was found in a previous investigation to be the case in a large number of grasses when compared with continental varieties. A decrease in the albuminoids seems to be often accompanied by a decrease in fiber. It was found to be so in oat straw and grain by Beseler and Maercker in an investigation of that plant which they have recently published- How large an effect the changes in the small amount of fiber present in the grain may have on its milling properties it is not possible to say, but it is not probable that it is directly proportional to the percentage. The average weight of one hundred grains is considerably smaller in this country than abroad, but allowance must be made for the averages which I have collected for foreign countries, as they are comparatively few in number and perhaps from selected samples, while the averages for our owii wheat include all sizes grown under all conditious. The importance of this determination cannot be too strongly insisted upon as the confusion which may arise from mere chemical analyses without some knowledge of the physical properties of the grain will be shown in some analyses given in a later portion of this paper. As has been shown, our average American wheat does not equal the average foreign wheat in albuminoids, except those from Egypt and Australia, but the averages for these localities are derived from too few data to be depended on. In studying the wheats of this country, how- ever, according to the different portions of it from which they come, it becomes apparent that the averages for these localities differ from the general average of the whole country in a marked degree. The aver- ages which were described for the Atlantic and Gulf States, for the Middle West, and for the West, and for the Pacific Coast, show that in the East our wheat is the poorest in the land, falling below the gen- AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 35 era! average in albuminoids and ash, and in the size of the grain. A regular gradation of improvement from East to West, however, is found iu examining the other averages, until the Pacific coast is reached, where there is a most remarkable falling oft' in everything but the size of the grain. It is in the country between the Mississippi and the mountains that the best grain is produced. It has a higher average ash and a larger average amount of oil and albuminoids than that of any other part of the country, and it will be noticed that the highest extremes for ash, oil, albuminoids, and for weight of 100 grains are also found in this region. The Middle West, represented by Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, holds an intermediate position between this district and that on the Atlantic coast. The latter shows plainly that its soils have be- come more or less worn out, the Middle West that it is losing its fertil- ity, and the far West the fact that it contains those stores of plant food, and nitrogen especially, which make a rich grain of wheat. Why noth- ing better has been done in the way of production than a percentage of albuminoids as high as 17.15 is difficult to say, but the conditions undoubtedly do not equal those to be found in Russia. The regular increase in the size or rather weight of 100 grains from the Atlantic to the Pacific is undoubtedly due to the greater amount of plant food supplied as we go westward; but we are again surrounded with difficulties when, the weight remaining large, an attempt is made to explain the great falling off in nitrogen in the Pacific coast wheats. It merely makes more prominent the peculiar susceptibility of this grain to its surroundings, and the fact that the largest grain and crops can be produced where there is an inability to assimilate nitrogen or a lack of nitrogen to be assimilated. The wheats of California have not yet been examined, but from what it has been possible to learn we understand that they are as fair in appearance as those of Oregon, but of poor milling qualities, which would point to a low percentage of albuminoids. In 1878 a number of spring wheats were analyzed at the Department, and it was found that they contained much more nitrogen than ordinary winter varieties grown under the same conditions, with the exception of the spring wheats from Oregon. There they had been unable, even as spring wheat, to assimilate an average amount of nitrogen. The analyses are quoted: Locality. Albuminoids in — ■ Winter wheat. Spring wheat. Per cent. 9.45 9.89 Per cent. 14.70 15.40 14.00 Ohio 11. 59 8.40 9.45 8.14 9.80 These figures, together with other analyses of Oregon wheats, seem to warrant the conclusion that it is a peculiarity of Oregon and proba- 36 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. bly California wheat to contain a comparatively low amount of albumi- noids, although the grain is large and handsome. The other States, considered individually, appear to vary very much as wheat producers, even in relation to their own sections; that is to say, no one of the sections of the country which I have selected pro- duces wheats of similar composition in its several states. The Atlantic States are more nearly uniform in this respect. Virginia apparently produces the finest wheat, hut it must be said in explanation that the eleven samples from this State were not of such a nature, as may be seen from their description, as to represent its average production. It is a fact, however, that the Maryland and Virginia wheats bring a some- what higher price in the Baltimore markets than any from other sec- tions of the country. The samples from North Carolina are the lowest in percentage of albuminoids, but they w r ere all fine-looking grain, and of larger average size than any I have seen from the East. The varia- tion in the averages is not large, nor does it furnish us with any evi- dence that latitude has any effect upon the composition of the grain. The middle portion of the sectiou produces a slightly better wheat, in fact is more of a wheat-growing country, and with the rational method of cultivation and fertilization which are rapidly becoming known and put in practice it will undoubtedly improve its average. The middle, west, or central portion of our country is represented by averages for Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, among which Ken- tucky easily holds the supremacy, if the eight wheats from various parts of the State actually furnish an average to be depended on. The sam- ples from both Kentucky and Tennessee were mostly collected by the Louisville and Nashville Eailroad, and were no doubt as good as could be found; but since no wheat among twenty-two has fallen below 10 per cent, of albuminoids, the States may be regarded as producing a good grain for this country which in one State averages 13.15 and in the other 12.51 per cent, of albuminoids. After crossing the Mississippi the averages show that in Missouri and Kansas wheats are deficient in nitrogen, while Texas produces a grain rich in nitrogen but injured by too small weight per hundred. Minne- sota has a much larger grain, not quite as well supplied with nitrogen. It is Colorado which leads our country in the production of a large grain, containing a large amount of albuminoids. This State shows what the possibilities are of raising a perfect wheat, and the conditions which must be taken into consideration. Perhaps Texas, with the same care, would produce as fine a wheat, and the same may be said of Minnesota. The conditions, in addition to soil and climate, which have been observed in Colorado, and some of which are certainly too much neglected else- where, are careful selections of the seed as to quality, sources, and avoidance of contamination and reversion, careful cultivation, irrigation where necessary, and, most of all, close observation. These conditions have been strictly attended to in the case of the Colorado wheats. The same care would have undoubtedly improved the wheat in other locali- AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 37 ties. Iu Texas, for instance, the seed has probably been of poorer quality, the cultivation less careful, and the necessary water supply lacking. The wheats from Colorado which have been analyzed were from the experimental farm of the Colorado Agricultural College, at Fort Col- lins, on the Cache" la Poudre River, where the soil is alluvial, containing plenty of lime from the neighboring cretaceous shales. They were grown under the direction of Prof. A. E. Blount, who has done much in the past few years to improve the varieties of wheat which have come into his hands by careful selection, hybridization, and continuous culti- vation on the rich soils of Colorado. Of his experiments and their re- sults iu 1SS1 he says, alluding to the wheats which were analyzed : These hybrids (see analyses of Colorado wheats) are hut two years old, and hence ha\je not become fixed. I crossed them in order to make the offspring better in quality and quantity for both farmer aud miller. The objects attained by crossing wheats, or hybridization, as it is improperly called, are manifold. It improves the plant in various ways. It makes it more vigorous, less liable to the attacks of veg- etable parasites; the straw is stiffer, better glazed and more healthy, the leaves better feeders as well as the roots; the glumes are more compact and better tilled; the heads longer, and fertilization takes place more surely and successfully. Secondly, it im- proves the grain ; makes it more plump, heavier, harder ; consequently better suited to milling purposes; the bran in made thinner, more free from fluff and cellulose, the two obstacles which interfere so materially with milling ; the grain is entirely trans- formed, being made to contain more or less gluten, starch, and other elements that make good flour. The whole operation is very similar to breeding stock. The experimenter must thoroughly understand the entire vegetable and physiological structure of both wheats before he can make a cross with improvement on either parent. WHEATS FROM COLORADO. - . £ o ■a rZJ •r ■E *c ft ■a ,=> . J rz >. >--o -- $ . V. — »1 T. -« '1 S ■ ^ o r. N 3 H- = i +i _ = +3 _ «5 7 2. 32 3.64 2.66 63 32 3.71 8. 54 1.67 !i.47 2.18 2.40 4.22 3.08 64.68 5.05 7. 57 1. 55 9.66 2.35 2.00 3.06 2.10 67.67 4.26 7. 80 1.10 Total nitrogen X 6.25 . 100.00 100.00 100.00 13.75 12.25 11.75 100.00 100.00 100. 110 100.00 13.62 12.94 12.44 12.25 100.00 12. 62 100. 00 12.06 38 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. WHEATS FROM COLORADO— Continued. I Color i Yellow Hardness Hard . . "Weight of 100 grains . Specific gravity Fresh gluten Dry gluten . . Total nitrogen. Moisture Ash Fat Sugar, &e Dextrine, &c Starch, &c Albuminoids, soluble in 80% alcohol Albuminoids, insoluble in 80% al- cohol Crude liber , Total nitrogen X 6.25. 1.242 25.06 9.49 10.55 2.24 2.43 3.28 1.82 66.83 3.83 7.92 1.10 100. 00 11.75 Yellow Soft... 42.21 14.33 2. 21 9.91 2.60 1.89 3.46 2.20 64.61 4.20 9.61 1.52 Red. 33.59 12.10 1.96 9.75 2.57 2. 42 4 96 2.80 63. 55 1.97 10.28 1.70 Amber Hard.. 5.506 1. 305 25.23 8.91 1.79 9.78 1.85 2.23 3.30 1.92 68.28 3.01 8.18 1.45 Yellow Hard.. 35.15 11.93 2.18 10.58 2.70 2.15 2.86 2.32 64.36 3.53 10.29 1.32 100.00 13.81 100. 00 12.25 100. 00 11.19 100. 00 ; 13.62 Yellow Hard.. 5.536 1.330 35.36 12.07 2.27 9.93 1.99 2.32 2.84 1.80 65.39 4.34 100. 00 14.18 Red.. Soft... 4.131 1.311 32.41 12.13 2.32 9.55 1.99 2.62 3.70 2.20 63.96 3.81 10.68 1.49 100. 00 14.49 Red... Soft... 5.906 1.310 35.01 12.34 2.35 9.51 2.08 2.96 2.86 2.58 63.53 3.19 11.50 1.79 100. 00 14.69 o SH to co tr- h 1 8 a a 5 a o tl) o 5 CO =3 o o ci CO 740. Imperial Fife. o i CD 6 bn a d •a CO "mi a CO Color Yellow Med'm 5.214 1.301 33.25 10.90 2.16 10.23 2.10 2.35 3.24 1.88 65.05 4.01 9.49 1.65 Red... Soft... 5.368 1.283 38.33 14.45 2.41 10.42 2.31 2.79 2.02 1.50 63.42 4.24 10.82 1.48 Yellow Soft... 4.434 1.326 28.92 10.06 1.96 9.59 1.91 2.19 3.10 1.50 67.86 4.34 7.91 1.60 Yellow Soft... ' 4.739 1.344 34.86 11.80 2,27 10.17 2.02 2.13 3.18 3.00 63.92 6.51 12.67 1.40 Yellow Hard. . 4.147 1.325 39.47 14.23 2.55 9.43 2.64 2.31 4.04 2.06 61.95 5.96 9.98 1.63 Red... Soft... 3.851 1.323 29.52 11.23 2.07 10.24 2.17 2.99 3.52 2.40 64.01 1.64 11.29 1.74 Yellow Med'm 5.145 1.304 34.78 11.83 2.10 9.89 2.13 2.52 3.52 2.20 65.85 5.25 7.88 1.70 Hard.. "Weight of 100 graius 4.636 1.347 33.69 12. 01 2.49 Ash 9.89 2.23 Fat.... 2.20 2.94 2.06 Starch, &c 63.68 Albuminoids, soluble in 80% alcohol Albuminoids, insoluble in 80% al- 3.40 11. 85 1.78 Total nitrogen X 6.25 100. 00 13.50 100.00 15.06 100.00 12.25 100. 00 14.18 100. 00 15.94 100. 00 12.93 100. 00 13.13 100. 00 15.25 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. WHEATS FROM COLORADO— Continued. 39 744. Clawson. a o a, M g o a its. •a s M « 5 e P 5 IS tr- | "-2 B H DO a sd r. = a | p a a ■* o a d in 751. Meekins. Color Hardness Yellow Soft... 4. 565 1.289 26.91 9.99 1.88 10. 14 1.94 2.31 4. in ■_'. 30 65. SB 3.44 8.31 1.60 Yellow Meil in 4. 072 1.357 34. 01 12. 11 2.18 9. 07 2. 08 2.11 2.80 2.02 66.68 4. 66 8. 96 1.62 Amber Hard.. 4.499 1. 338 30.14 10.69 2.(17 9.17 2.59 2.09 3.12 2. 10 60.66 4.19 8.75 1.33 Red. . . Soft... 4.214 1.233 32. 44 11.37 2. U4 9.57 2.13 2.44 4.80 2.00 62.88 4.89 9.11 2. IS Yellow Hard.. 5.754 1.315 34. 32 13.08 2. 18 10.02 2.67 2.65 4 60 2.84 62.09 5.65 7.97 1.51 Med'm Hard.. 5.924 1.326 37.54 13.51 2.44 9.91 2.32 2.00 4. 28 3.00 61.30 0.48 8.77 1.54 Red... Soft... 4.373 1. 284 35.81 12. 52 2.24 9.41 2.35 2.50 3.68 2. :si> 63.94 5.69 8.31 1.80 Eed... Soft... 5.193 1.293 38.01 13.83 2.44 9.38 Ash 2.53 Fat 2.97 5.12 ">. 04 Albuminoids, soluble in 8ii", h alcobol Albuminoids insoluble m 8C96 al- cohol. 61.17 5.36 9.89 1.59 Total nitrogen X 0.25 100. 00 11.75 ioo. oo 13. 62 100. 00 12. 94 100. 00 14.00 100. 00 13.62 100. 00 15.25 100. 00 14.00 100. 00 15.15 All examination nf the tallies of analyses will show successes and failures ill my work. A success cannot always be made in the first trial or the second. The experi- menter is compelled to cross and recross sometimes in order to make a wheat that will suit lmth farmer and miller. Take Hybrid Xo. 18 for example. It is a failure so far as being fit for the mill is concerned. Why ? Because the percentage, of gluten, 10.74, is very much less than that of its mother. Improved Fife, 14.23, and but little, very little higher than that of its father, Australian Club, 8. ill. Had it been 11.57 or the average of both or more, there blight have been a chance of making it a success. One more trial (the third) will settle the question whether or not it is worth}' to be placed among the standards. How far it is a success or failure for the farmer remains to be detenu ned. Many wheats are splendid in the field and of no account in the mill and rice versa. Please notice No. 19 iu the table. The fattier wheat. Improved Fife, contains 14.23 per cent, of gluten; the mother, Oregon Club, 10.00 per cent. ; average, 12.14 per cent. — exactly the per cent, that No. 19 contains. Now both these parent wheats were good for both farmer and miller, and I have reason to conclude that this off- spring will be better than either parent when it is fixed. It is now only two years old, aud will not become fixed or a standard until next year. The above gives an idea of Professor Blount's method of working, and the analyses, which were made in more detail than usual, are repre- sented to show his results. The parents of the different hybrids are given in the descriptions of the wheats under their serial numbers iu the Mist part of this report. The first wheat, iu all cases, is the father. The effect upon the yield of the different varieties of a few years' growth upon Colorado soil is very marked. 40 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. For the samples of 1881 which were analyzed Professor Blount gives e following data : Yield from one grain of different varieties of wheat introduced into Colorado. Variety. Fold ffrst year. Fold second year. Told third year. Black Bearded Centennial. Judkin Australian Clnb White Fountain Russian Touzelle German Fife Oregou Club Sonora . Improved Fife Lost Nation Clawson 440 76 56 112 172 128 110 126 136 203 320 416 448 480 480 448 416 352 544 All these wheats have been improved in this remarkable manner by selection, cultivation, and irrigation. The average composition of the thirty-three varieties grown in 1881 is : Weight of 100 grains grams . . 4. 865 Water per cent . . 9. 86 Ash ■_. do.... 2.28 Oil do.... 2.41 Carbhydrates do.... 70.48 Crude fiber do 1. 57 Albuminoids do 13. 40 100. 00 Nitrogen 2. 14 which is better than the averages for foreign grain, with the exception of Russia, but if the six wheats from that source are averaged by them- selves they prove to be much superior to the remaining varieties. Colorado wheats from Russian seed — 1881. Weight of 100 grains grams . . 5. 075 Water per cent.. 9.69 Ash do 2.41 Oil do.... 2.44 Carbhydrates do 69.49 Crude fiber do 1.59 Albuminoids do 14, 54 100.00 Nitrogen 2.32 and the same holds good when all the wheats whose seed had been obtained from foreign sources, except Australia, are averaged. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 41 Colorado wheat from foreign seed — 1881. Weight of 100 grains grams . . Water per cent . . Ash do Oil do.... Carbliydrates do Crude fiber do Albuminoids do Nitrogen . 5. 1 87 9. 86 2.32 2.45 69.46 1. 57 14.34 100. 00 2.29 The remaining wheats from American seed, or seed which was not received direct from foreign sources or which came from Australia, give a correspondingly low average, showing that the tendency of foreign seed was to produce a better grain than domestic seed. Average of Colorado wheat from domestic seed. — 18bl. Weight of 100 grains grams.. 4. 714 Water per cent.. Asli do Oil do... Carbliydrates do Crude fiber do Albuminoids do Nitrogen. 9. 85 2.27 2.38 70.87 1.58 13. 05 100. 00 2.09 The superiority of the crops from foreign seed is marked. The analyses which have just been discussed were of wheats of the harvest iu 1881. In the autumn of that year thirteen selected seed wheats were sent to Professor Blount by the Department, and after harvest a portion of the seed furnished, and of the crop, was returned for inspection and analysis. To the eye alone they had all improved in appearance, and as a whole their average composition was very close to the average of the domestic varieties grown in 18S1, as is seen by com- parison. Average composition of wheats from American seed, Colorado, 1881 and 1882. 1881. 1882. 24 4.714 9.85 2.27 2.39 70.87 1.58 13.04 12 Water 8.80 Ash do... 1.99 Oil do 2. 38 do... 72.08 do.... 1.76 do 13.04 100. "II 100. 00 2.09 2.09 42 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. The albuminoids are exactly the same both years, showing that the seasons which 'were somewhat different had not had a marked effect in this direction. The changes which took place during one year's growth on Colorado soil of these seed is shown on a table which has been prepared with all the analyses calculated to a common basis of 10 per cent, of water. COMPARISON OF DEPARTMENT SEED AND COLORADO CROP. Variety. McGehee's Ked : Department Colorado Finlay : Department Colorado Champ. Amber : • Department Colorado Dallas : Department Colorado Bennett: Department Colorado Demon : Department Colorado Gold Medal : Department Colorado German Amber: Department Colorado Rice: Department Colorado Washington Glass : Department Colorado Swamp : Department Colorado Wysor : Department Colorado Average Seed : Department . Colorado Gain for crop . Loss 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10. 00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Ash. Per cent. 1.04 1.80 1.59 1.83 1.88 2.16 2.10 1.85 2.01 2.15 1.87 2.02 1.77 1.78 1.66 1.77 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.92 2.04 2.05 1.54 2.22 1.80 1.97 Oil. Per cent. 2.46 1.92 2.37 2.34 2.19 2.42 2.43 2.46 2.17 2.52 2.46 2.10 2.33 2.24 2.57 2.39 2.28 2.35 2.19 2.37 2.01 2.30 2.14 2.16 2.30 2.30 Carbhy- drates. 71.57 70.85 73.22 71.60 73.70 72.24 71.54 69.34 70.77 70.00 68.87 72.01 74.89 72.11 74.01 71.84 69.73 69.70 72.20 73.16 68.05 68.89 72.11 71.13 71.72 71.07 Fiber. Per cent. 1.46 1.76 1.17 1.72 1.33 1.52 1.61 1.73 1.35 2.00 1.50 1.65 1.36 1.72 1.02 1.73 1.60 1.94 1.81 1.16 1.79 1.85 1.72 2.09 1.47 1.74 Albumi- noids. 13.47 13.67 11.65 12.51 10.90 11.66 12.32 14.52 13.70 13.33 15.30 12.22 9.65 12.15 10.74 12.27 14.28 13.95 11. 88. 11.39 16.11 14.91 12. 49 12.40 12.75 12.92 Weight, of 100 grains. Grams. 2.811 4.159 3.285 4.125 3.278 4.347 4. 023 4.610 3.218 3.976 3.417 4.335 3.076 4.374 2.938 4.027 3.586 4.103 3.741 4.450 3.660 4.423 3.796 3.402 4.299 12 The average composition of the seed is, to begin with, remarkably good, showing, that they were of fine quality, or at least a majority of them. The average for the crop shows a slight gain over the seed in ash, no change in oil, a slight loss in starch, and slight gain in fiber and albuminoids. The first question that arises is: Why have the albumi- noids failed to improve more"? This is explained by a study of the analyses separately. It has been shown that the average amount of albuminoids found in Professor Blount's wheats of 1881 from domestic sources was 13.04, and in the analyses of the 1882 crops it will be seen thatthose which were from seed containing high amounts of albuminoids fell toward the average figure, while those low in albuminoids had a tendency to rise toward it ; that is to say, six increased and six decreased AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 43 their albuminoids, the average agreeing with that of 1881, which seems to point to the fact the Colorado soil has a capacity for supporting a percentage of albuminoids in a wheat of about thirteen, and that if a variety in the seed has more than this it will tend to decrease to that figure, and vice versa. For example: A wheat having 16.11 per cent, in the grain sown, contained only 14.91 per cent, in the grain harvested, and one having 9.<>3 in the seed increased to 12.15 per cent., but of course a fall happens much more readily than the reverse. The Wash- ington Glass having only 11.88 per cent, of albuminoids in theseed failed to improve, but this is owing to an inherent dislike of this wheat where- ever it grows to assimilate nitrogen, a peculiarity which Colorado could not overcome. In the other constituents the ash increased in nine cases out of twelve, the new soil furnishing a large supply of mineral food, the oil in seven, and the fiber in eleven cases. The increase of the latter seems to be a common accompaniment of flourishing growth. In every case the size and general appearance was much improved, and, as a consequence, the weight of -one hundred grains of the crop was much heavier than of the seed — in fact, averaged over twenty-six per cent, heavier. Of the forty-four wheats from Colorado grown during two years, only one fell below Hi per cent, of albuminoids, and only six below 12 per cent. Only two of this number weighed less than 4 grams per hundred grains. In Forth Carolina, on the contrary, twenty-two of whose wheats were analyzed, only two exceeded 12 per cent, of albumi- noids, while the weight of one hundred grains averaged as high as 3.776. In Oregon another phase is preseuted, as has been before mentioned. Out of eight wheats which were analyzed by us, none contained more than 9.47 per cent, of albuminoids, or weighed less than 4.253 grams per hundred grains. In Virginia a .stinted wheat was found, weighing only 1.830 per hundred grains, and yet having 14 percent, of albuminoids. The effect of locality is well represented by these few facts, and the necessity for a determination of the weight of one hundred grains is apparent when a few of these exceptional analyses are printed side by side. From the chemical analyses alone we should be misled as to the value of the wheats which follow: Analyses of wheats from different Statin. 1 IregOD. Colorado. Xortb Carolina. Virginia. Weight of 100 grains 5. 74.-. 5.193 4.628 1.830 Water 10.68 2. 20 2.16 74.91 1.65 8. 40 9. 3S 2. •";: 2. 97 68.38 1.59 l 5. 1 i 9.30 1.80 '_•. 27. 77. 42 1.95 9.28 9.45 Oil 2.18 Fiber.' Albuminoids 1.90 14.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nitrogen 1.34 | 2.43 "1.43 2.24 44 AMERICAN "WHEAT AND CORN. Too much confidence, it is seen, cannot be placed on the size and ap- pearance of a wheat, or, conversely, on the chemical analysis alone. When both these elements in its constitution are favorable, then alone can it be pronounced a good wheat. The effects upon the composition of the grain which we have studied seem to be largely dependent on the soil, seed and cultivation being the same. A good illustration of this is furnished by some analyses which were lately made of seed which was sown in 18S2 on both corn ground and fallow land on a farm in Maryland belonging to Judge John M. Robinson, and of the crops from the two fields. Fultz wheat, Queen Anne County, Maryland. Seed wheat, 1882. Corn ground, 1883. Fallow, 1883. 3.198 3.685 3 602 11.06 1.85 1.98 73.43 1.70 9.98 11.34 1.66 2.30 73.18 1.72 9.80 11.38 Ash 1 64 Oil 72 99 10 85 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1.60 1.57 The better wheat season of 1883 produced a heavier grain than 1882, but as the soil was unchanged in itself or by unusual applications of fertilizers, the albuminoids increased only slightly on the fallow field. The latter, as one would expect, produces a grain richer in nitrogen than the corn ground, from its accumulated store of nitrogen. The fallow crop, too, was larger in amount than that from the corn ground. Further information as to the effect of soils upon wheat has been sought by analyzing the seed distributed by the Department in the last two or three years, and as many samples of the crops raised therefrom as could be obtained. The results have already been given for Colo- rado and proved of great interest. In no other State has there been such an extended interest taken in the subject, and the specimens are therefore more scattered. The results which have been worked out ap- pear in the table. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 45 . tJ" CDC iiirt in ■»*• to nmr is ^ ^ rH 71 — ?1 -" - 7i C 5 e-i ci ^A >-* rA —J 1 1 t i ;i ?i ?i d 1 ih _; ^ I ^ , Hi || a.2 « 00 PJ ^» SB M O "tf « i : s m owo i-h oi ireoit- = 3 C es HMrlift ci ?i c i :i io m co o ?i c > e il-jj ^;^;^ — ^ ho 1 d 3 a © t>o Lies;; _^ 1 1CC wt- ci in o -^ so i-h ir ■ 'S" t- O t— CO o = | W co x> ro o c ~ ^ t- t- so t- so t- t- - t»- t^SOSO t— t- t-'c- t- 5' o ~ — 1 rH 05NN" a a CO CO CJ C5 »-t — O -~ ?i ri rA ri ri ri :i r : j W HMrii-Je' r~ * oi w rA i-4 c-i e-i ?i ci ci ^ - O 00 N CO CO c c <1 £* r-3 ?i ri —> ?i -A ri r- r-I cn ri -h — j ^ CM -HrHrH rH rH ^1C1 C ^ 1| t- TJ1 t- SO tJ< r- lO O t~ L— t* tt co* "* ri •& co m ri r p- B CO mc CO CO CO CO CO j> to © a a o 9 O -3 ■ t =S o o o c £ oc t^ - - ' •/ X . 'C tr W"^^ tc w x >« : ^ « ^ D HI • O +^ O o c •S^4 •a- o r- rs t. -^J ^3 "0 'Z 3 : ^ i= P « : >^ t> ps Prt P= fiff Spring or winter. p t* '. E n o o © c c a © c a c ^IIITT r 'i"--T-~- is ^l" s ?" 6 ea CO (M fir c\ a HHrJ " H ^ r " T^T^T^T^T- rHrHr- rH r- i "h a o a : : © • 0J ■ = F in 3 > c c < s = o "S = = s : : « T z ) 5 2 >» c r - = t? ' 2 |3; a , Sui a :-sa c "". | i &# = -.= _' = ; — r = u go : - : ifili S O '_ ' E- ' 1 a-5 S8 ■i 5 I P < ~~ -z £.% = -.-=-- = = = - - -" — - « - ■ - - — & - - p a P e - OM c a C £■1 Or= n ^'-^■^z,iztz - - ^u - rlrA = | ; ; P - ■ z '■ © 3 ;. t£ C efl fc a S-8-i ; z z a s a • - — — C - - ^ ^ X -E c a 1 g = C © — ■ .= - ? o © ^ £h • : : : fe * : ES s ps 1 3 c- t i. - : 7; f r COC^ X a t- c X a X GO X a 46 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. "g OS t- W E- 00 t- as ^■iH r-5 I-H 1 r-i H >- .a m id « O O IT £3 — ' o fl,rH . 1 •" rH o P p = 1 5 H a " & Hi < I a a ■i c o -4- O (S o„ o I g (- rfc p w c ,2 4) a oi ) ca £ a: a CD DO . > e p a s k- H C o ^ 1-1 Is 4 ~ 5 - — 4 41 :). - rp ■S & 4 rfl * 1 — — c H3 ,C +r - - a: 4 H 4 — ! _ 13 — — — H i — ' 4 1—1 '5 P •rH 41 41 £ — n 41 >, d A' ID 01 += OS C!i ^ -ci ,S 4 - a - 4 - s _ I/! +-> cti 4' 7. -t— 4 a. d 4 4 ^ £ Js) d 4 CI t> OJ -d +J 4 .o M-H u — 4 -r a 4) nd += 5S o -d O .. — cS i— i — -1 r> . : . 4-J - .- 4 - "tf a ® ? O -d 2 S EH ^ bJD . 'd S -73 oj C s "^ 4 Vi 4 O rQ 4 r/7 '"rt r// S t- > L» L- f t» o o ■no S jiMOOOWOHffJO « ^§CNCNCNrOc4MC>icN^i M ■qey ^UiHrHiHOJr-^rHiHr-J'-H rH l -hi ~* U5 i— t eft co oc us -^ oo o H ■ja:)E_4i W TO \ CO < » •emujg s oor jo:mSi9M. 53 ~: a < •^ona^sieaog ■^■Bfi ^'SJe'S J r. »«« ^R *a;3 . t5 © 1 - ! ' © ! 5 - •joioo c O 0"SrrJ O B O S !tab « H a -triii jo Sujjdg ^1%-^if ■J^9^ X rH r-C rt r-l r-i rH r-i r-( r- ft S5 rt - I=i fe"- (si ' -r= o o o "CTJ i-q >^ '■n S p*ci £ = 2®-^ = s^ < H :^^«Sh '■ ' ■ (3 ' p n « . S a l^fl S b <1 S^s^^:S s ri AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 47 With the exception of the small sized Black Sea wheat sent out in the autumn of 1883, they do not sustain the reputation of foreign wheats derived from the analyses which have been quoted. The results of the analyses of the crops of the Red and White Mediterranean show that although poor in themselves, the foreign wheats had a tendency to, and in almost every case did, increase their percentage of albumen wherever they were grown. They often diminished in size, however. The crops from domestic seed, on the contrary, never improved even under circum- stances where the foreign seed did so. The irregularity of the way in which the specimens were grown makes any conclusions based upon their analyses unsafe, and the results are merely recorded until they can be added to and completed. It may be said, however, that the two lots of rice wheat, distributed in 1881 and in 1882, differed in a marked degree in the amount of albuminoids they contained, and the crops from them differed in quite as marked a man- ner, being easily identified as from one source or the other by the albuminoids which they contained. Such a permanent difference would scarcely last any length of -time if the soil were unable in any case to sustain the higher albuminoids of the 18S1 seed. In Kentucky, in two cases, the high percentage was found in two successive crops, but fell off a per cent, in the second year more, and there seems to be no reason from the analyses which we have made to characterize a variety of any one name as containing under all circumstances a higher percentage of nitrogen than another. ANALYSES IN GREATER DETAIL. In the description of the methods of analyses an account was given of a more elaborate proximate examination than we have usually em- ployed, and which was followed in the analyses of the Colorado wheats of 1881. Those analyses have been already printed in this form, and it merely remains to refer to certain others in the annual report of the Department for 1878 and to record in a like manner several made lately, which in the large tables by States are only given in their abbreviated form. 48 AMEKICAN WHEAT AND COEN. Detailed analyses of wheat. to M ».a *> p. gen Color Consistency Weight of 100 grains Specific gravity Fresh gluten Dry gluten Total nitrogen Moisture Ash Fat Sugar, &c Dextrine, &c Starch - Alb. sol. in 80 per cent, alcohol. . Alb. insol. in SO per cent, alcohol Crude fiber Total N. X 6.25 Bed. Soft, 3.458 29.12 10.54 1.99 11.01 1.98 2.53 4.04 2.40 63.90 4.19 8.25 1.70 100. 00 12.44 Ked. Soft. 26. 12 9.26 1.90 10.39 2.53 3.05 4.24 2.34 63.55 4.44 7.44 2.02 Med. h'rd 19.76 7.65 1.46 10.05 2.08 2.45 3.70 1.74 68.57 4.53 4 60 2.28 Soft. 26.57 9.07 1.71 11.22 1.97 2.18 3.12 2.00 66.47 5.66 5.03 2.35 Eed, Med. h'rd 3.454 1.353 23.45 7.80 1.68 10.28 1.80 2.28 3.46 1.60 67.80 3.43 7.07 2.28 Eed. Med. h'rd 3.349 1.384 29.83 9.91 1.99 8.64 1.99 2.33 3.60 1.68 66.83 4.15 8.29 2.49 100. 00 11.88 100. 00 9.13 100. 00 10.69 100.00 10.50 100. 00 12.44 Color Consistency Weight of 100 grains.. Specific gravity Fresh gluten. Dry gluten Total nitrogen . Moisture Ash Fat Sugar. &,c Dextrine, &c Starch Alb. sol. in 80 per cent, alcohol — Alb. insol. in 80 per cent. alcohol- Crude fiber Total N. X6.25. Eed. Med. h'rd 3.867 1.373 28.49 9.79 .18 .01 .35 36 54 3. 1. 67.61 3.64 7.74 2.57 100. 00 11.38 Yellow. Hard. 3.860 1.364 25.24 9.16 1.79 9.18 1.91 2.16 3.70 1.68 67.90 5.17 6.02 100. 00 11.19 Yellow. Hard. 1.384 28.29 9.79 1.76 8.43 2.09 2.23 3.14 1.56 68. S3 4.92 6.08 2.72 100. 00 11.00 ss Amber Med. h'rd 3.583 1.352 29.58 9.97 9.45 1.89 1.80 3.12 1.86 67.45 5.30 6.45 2.68 100. 00 11.75 Amber, 3.492 28.97 10.03 1.79 10.99 2.22 2.42 3.40 1.76 65.73 4.58 6.61 2.29 100. 00 11.19 OP Glassy. Hard. 4.073 1.413 26.37 9.27 1.71 10.87 1.75 2.04 3.18 2.00 66.95 3.97 6.72 2.52 100. 00 10.69 [Locality, &c. : !N"os. 752, 753, spring wheat distributed by Department, Nos. 754, 755, W. J". Beall, Lansing, Mich. Nos. 756-762, Missouri Agricultural College. jSTo. 763, Hosford, Vt.] At present no attempt at interpretation of these data seems desir- able. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 49 GLUTEN. In a large number of the wheats which have been analyzed, determi- nations of gluten have been made mechanically. The results are here tabulated : "d a — •5 'c g in] number. •- a o ^ ^ z ■S2 a 43 — o . i OB -~i S - c £ 5 o V OD to to to to M PH 731 1.79 11.20 25.23 8.91 35.3 4.97 744 1.88 11.73 26.91 9.99 37.1 5.31 721 1.88 11.73 32.92 11.19 34.0 6.48 7'JS 1.88 11.73 25.06 9.49 37.8 5.05 727 1.93 12.08 23.80 9.22 38.7 4.77 720 1.96 12.25 32.24 11.38 35.3 5.81 725 1.96 12. 25 35. 22 11.74 33.3 6.00 730 1. 96 12. 25 33.59 12. 10 36.0 6. 17 738 1.96 12. 25 28.92 10.06 34.8 5.13 724 1.99 12. 43 36.96 12.14 32.8 6.10 726 2.02 12. 60 28.31 111 64 37.6 5.26 723 2. 07 12.95 32. JJ 10.74 33.3 5.19 741 2. »7 1J. 95 29. 52 11.23 38.0 5.41 746 2. 07 12. 95 30. 14 10.69 35.5 5.16 742 2.16 13.48 34. 78 11.83 34.0 5.63 736 2.16 13.48 33.05 10.90 33.9 5.04 721- 2.18 13.65 34.16 11.88 34 8 5.45 732 2. 18 13. 65 35.15 11.93 33.9 5.47 745 2. 18 13. 65 34. 01 12.11 35.6 5.55 748 2.18 13.65 34. 32 13. 08 38.1 6.00 729 2.21 13.83 42.12 14.33 34.0 6.49 747 2. 24 14.00 32. 24 11.37 35.3 5.08 750 2.24 14.00 35.81 12.52 34.9 5.58 733 2.27 14.18 35.36 12.07 34.1 5.31 739 2.27 14.18 34.86 11.83 33.9 5.19 734 2.32 14.53 32.41 12.13 37.4 5.23 735 2.35 14.70 35. 01 . 12.34 35.2 5.25 737 2.42 15. 05 38.33 14.45 37.7 6.00 743 2.44 15.23 33.69 12.06 35.8 4.94 749 2.44 15. 23 37.54 13.51 35.9 5.54 751 2.44 15.23 36.61 13. 8:1 37.8 5.66 740 2.55 15.93 39.47 14.23 36.0 5.58 Average. 2.14 13.38 33.12 11.74 35.5 5.49 Wheats from Colorado, 1882. Seed from Department, 1881. © a >> 6 3 43 >i * •— & -3 © a aJ . s *- . © a rt . a *w . v. . "S-S » a ^ V. ri ° a a c c ° a o © . ® a a ~~-<- is ii s| a t"i B-S p = a 3 le © © z - © g M © §s ©M § M u u u u a © © CO to to to to * to to to to 786 785 788 2. 02 12.60 32. 71 12.37 787 1.88 11. 72 24. 24 10, 15 790 1.90 11.90 28. 62 11.57 789 1.76 11.03 24.29 9.27 792 2.32 14.53 33.61 13.16 791 2.02 12. 60 23. 48 9.16 794 2.18 13.65 36.42 13.19 793 2. 24 14. 00 34. 35 13.27 796 1.99 12. 43 33.58 12.35 795 2.49 15.58 46.17 17.19 798 1.90 12. 25 32.55 11.86 797 1.57 9.80 9.67 3.82 800 1.99 12. 43 37.79 799 1.76 11. 03 in. f^ 8.08 802 2.27 14. IS 45.26 15. 54 801 2.32 14.53 38. 66 13.99 804 1 . 85 11.55 26.29 10.16 803 1.93 12. I)K 25. 84 9.78 806 2. 38 14.88 40.95 15. 06 805 2.06 16.^)3 47. 57 17.83 808 2.02 12. 60 36.90 13. 18 807 2.02 12. 60 36.35 12. 83 Average. 2. Oil 13.06 34.69 12. 89 Average. 2.07 12. 94 30. 63 11.66 Highest Z 14.88 45.26 15.54 Highest 2.66 10. 63 47. 57 17.83 Lowest . 1. 85 11. 55 26. 29 10.16 Lowest . 1.57 11.03 9.67 3.82 3538 w c- 50 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. "Wheats from North. Carolina, 1882. 6 &-. 6 3 -^ .0 -3 ^3 .3 p-j 3 & . a o 3 rt . a . «H 1 1 5 -w 3 ■32 . O o s . o 3 a 3 a = a .i£ 3 3 M . o ■S.9 o 3 0) o ■3 V ga u g fcn H ^ u ffi ro ft ft ft ft m ft ft ft ft 811 1.76 11.03 27.68 10.56 824 1.62 10.15 23.98 9.18 812 1.43 8.93 12.78 5.16 825 1.90 11.90 30.55 11.55 813 1.65 10.33 17.47 6.99 826 1.48 9.28 17.62 7.12 814 1.62 11.15 23.01 9.02 827 1.54 9.63 18.31 7.18 815 1.60 9.98 24.45 9.25 828 1.82 11.38 27.32 10.63 816 1.54 9.63 17.77 6.92 829 1.96 12.25 32.49 12.05 817 1.51 9.45 25.23 9.55 830 1.99 12.43 32.39 12.38 818 1.60 9.88 22.14 8.46 831 1.60 9.98 22.18 8.74 819 1.79 11.20 30.43 11.30 820 1.46 9.10 18.81 7.73 Average. 1.67 10.50 23.94 9.26 822 1.71 10.68 23.00 9.54 823 1.88 11.73 31.24 11.97 Highest . 1.99 12.43 32.49 12.38 Lowest.. 1.43- 8.93 12.78 5.16 "Wheat from Oregon. "Wheat from Virginia. ^ CO t-. 3 t>> _£j ,3 *o ■3 & j= -3 P =3 . a . r\i subseance. Ash .62 1.48 1.86 1.84 82.22 4.79 6.74 .45 .73 1.61 1.74 2.30 82.89 2.33 7.95 .45 .73 1.52 1.80 2.34 80. 62 3.83 8.57 .59 1.75 .52 2.44 5.20 75.82 2.02 11.19 1.06 2.81 1.22 5.73 4.80 69.53 1.88 12.17 1.86 .51 Fat 1.37 1.97 2.36 Strtrrh 78.93 Soluble albuminoids Insoluble albuminoids Fiber 2.24 10.59 2.03 100. OU 1.84 11.53 100. 00 1.64 100. 00 1.09 100. 00 2.11 13. 21 100. 00 2.25 14.05 100. 00 2.05 10.28 I 12.40 12.83 Original substance. 11.95 .55 1.30 1.64 11.40 .65 1.43 1.54 11.05 .65 1.35 1.80 36.07 1.12 .33 1.56 3.33 48.47 1.29 7.15 .68 33.22 1.88 .81 3.83 3.20 46.43 1.26 8.13 1.24 11.70 Ash .45 Fat 1.21 1.74 1.62 2. 04 2. OS 2.08 Starch Fiber 72. 39 4.22 5.93 .40 73.44 2.06 7.04 .40 71.71 3.41 7.62 .53 69.70 1.98 9.35 1.79 100. 00 1.62 10.15 100. 00 1 46 100. 00 1 76 100. 00 1.35 8.44 100. 00 1.50 9.39 100. 00 1.82 9. 10 11 OS 11.38 FLOURS. 1180. Bran 1178. 1181. Biscuit, Wisery. 1182. Flour, Wisery. 1194. Biscuit, Wisery. 1195. Loaf, Wisery. 1196. Flour, AVisery. Dry substance. Ash .77 5.58 7.21 3.69 59. 27 1.86 13.06 8.56 1.37 3.61 4.27 6.80 71.73 1.47 10.18 .57 .45 1.49 1. 55 2.02 81.55 3.58 8.63 .73 .11 5.08 3.88 8.55 68.47 1,35 11.22 1.34 1.20 4.74 3.42 8.89 68.88 1.75 10.13 .99 .55 1.21 2. 17 2.30 80.89 Soluble albuminoids 2.74 9.88 .31 100. 00 2.39 14.92 160.00 1 100.00 1. 86 1. 96 11. 65 ! 12. 21 100. 00 2.01 12.57 100. 00 1 90 11.88 100. 00 2.01 12.57 Original substance. Water 8.50 .70 5.11 6.611 3.38 54. 2:: 1.70 11.95 7.83 33.40 .91 2.41 2.84 4.53 47.77 .98 6.78 .38 11.10 .40 1.32 1.38 1.80 72.50 3.18 7.67 .65 34. 69 32. 94 9.55 Ash .07 3.32 2.53 5.58 44.72 ,88 7.33 .88 .81 3.18 2.29 5.96 46.19 1.18 6.79 .66 .50 Fat 1.09 1.96 2.08 73.16 2.48 Insoluble albuminoids Fiber S.90 .28 100. 00 2.18 13.65 100. 00 1110. 00 1. 24 ' 1. 74 100. 00 1 .32 100. 00 1.27 7.97 100. 00 1.82 7.76 10 85 1 8. 21 11.38 56 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. The flours, as a whole, contain, average albuminoids, 10.09 per cent., and the difference between those from spring and winter wheats is small — 10.05 winter, and 10.79 spring. They may be said, as far as the analyses go, to be equally good. Considered in comparison with Hungarian flours, they are low in al- buminoids, but this might be expected from our previous experience ■with wheats. Taken by themselves, they show a rather wide variation the highest having 12.0S per cent., and the lowest 9.10 per cent., the greatest variation being among the spring wheats. The average seems to be as high as could be expected from the wheats which we have ana- lyzed from the sections from which these flours came, there being al- ways a slight falling off in the amount of nitrogen in the best flour from that iu the grain. In their other constituents the flours show a plain and marked de- crease, as compared to the grain, in ash and fat, these two substances being contained in much larger amount in the outer coats of the grain which are removed than in the portion which forms the flour. The fiber, for the same reason, is, as we should expect, much smaller. The amount of starch necessarily increases proportionately as the other constituents diminish. The average of all these flours is compared below, with analyses of Hungarian flours given by Horsford. American. 1. Imp. Extra. 4. Roll flour. 6. Bread flour. 11.67 .54 1.25 1.71 1.79 71.72 2.80 7.90 .62 10.70 10.62 .42 10.42 .59 10.75 Ash .76 Oil 71.02 67.30 65. 63 Fiber 11.56 12.37 14.56 The original Hungarian wheat containing 14 per cent, of albumi- noids and the average American certainly not more than 12 per cent., it appears that our flours are related to our wheat iu fully as advan- tageous manner as the Hungarian, if they can be considered as corre- sponding either to the Imperial Extra or Eoll flours, which seems allow- able. Kedzie and Atwater have analyzed twenty-eight flours from Michi- gan, Kansas, Minnesota, and Connecticut, and the results have been collected by Dr. Jenkins in the Eeport of the Connecticut Agricultural Station for 1879. Kedzie found that the flours from spring wheats contained more albu- minoids than those from winter wheats, but the average for all varie- ties is very nearly the same as for the flours which we have analyzed. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 57 Per < < n | Kedzie's spring wheat Horn- 12.58 Kedzie's winter wheat flour 10. 54 Average of twenty-eight flours 10. 89 A\ erage of Department of Agriculture flours 10. 70 The flours are shown by Kedzie's analyses to be somewhat independ- ent of the composition of the grain, but, as a rule, there is a greater or less loss of ash and albuminoids in the making of flour. Uis paper will be found in the Michigan Agricultural Eeport, 1877. As has been said before, the condition of the nitrogen, or, rather, the amount present as gluten, has much to do with the quality of the flour for baking purposes. Iu the six flours from Mr. Seitz's the gluten has been determined mechanically. Gluten in flours. No. ■ Name. Nitrogen. Albuminoids. Moist gluten. Dry gluten. 1135 Eagle llluff, Minois Spring Per cent. 1.93 1.71 1 . 54 1.62 1.46 1.76 Per cent. 12.08 10.68 9.63 10.15 9.10 11.03 Per cent. 39.46 7.32 24.89 28.13 25. 14 31.20 Per cent. 12.98 1136 1137 1138 Wife's Delight, Wisconsin Spring 2.80 10 30 10.37 1139 1140 E. A. Schriver, Maryland Winter Red "S," Ohio Winter 9.92 11.67 1.67 10.45 26.02 9.67 The Hungarian flours, according to Horsford, average 37 per cent, of moist gluten, so that ours, with the exception of that from Illinois spring wheat, are below the average. That from Minnesota wheat would certainly make a poor bread and must have deteriorated by keeping. Kedzie's determinations of gluten in sixteen flours, having an average of 10. <;9 per cent, albuminoids, showed an average of only 10.72 per cent, of gluten, slightly better than in the Washington flours, but still low. Under these circumstances, the question arises, can we have as good bread, that is to say, as light flours and palatable as the Vienna? Al- though Horsford sees no reason why we cannot, it seems to me that while our wheats and consequently our flours remain so poor in gluten we can- not, without particular care to find such a brand as the "Eagle Bluff," and even that would probably vary on every grinding. In the analyses of different grades of Hungarian flour which were mentioned above, the decrease iu amount of the albuminoids in the higher grades is apparent. The difference between the flour and the bran which is mixed with it at the Kraft bakery shows that the same is true in our mill products and that the Graham bread contains the greater percentage of albumi- noids, and the same would be found to be true in regard to the valuable ash constituents. It has been a moving question for a long time 58 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. whether this ought not to be avoided aud whole flour preferred to that which has been so highly elaborated. Becent experiments by Dr. Max Eubner, published in the Zeitschriffc fiir Physiologische Ohemie, 1883, p. 45, seem to prove that, in addition to the argument in favor of white bread on account of its palatability and many other advantages, it is, in fact, much more thoroughly di- gested, aud consequently is really cheaper, weight for weight, to the poor man than the bread made with unbolted flour. We can only hope, then, for an improvement in the character of our wheats to add to their nitrogen content, and to improved methods of milling which we are fast becoming possessed of, to make it possible to produce a flour with the highest amount of nitrogen in the higher grades, and at the same time with it in the best physical condition. Then we may expect to improve our breads. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BREADS, ETC. The changes which take place in flour during its conversion into va- rious forms of bread and cake is well illustrated in the analyses given in the table. The amount of water in the numerous kinds analyzed extends from nearly 38 in the breads to 9 per cent, in the sugar cakes, the beaten rolls and buns occupying a medium position. The amount of water, however, decreases very rapidly on exposure to the air, as the following determinations in a white and Graham loaf show, and in some rolls of domestic make: WHITE LOAF FROM KRAFT'S BAKERY. j (Serial ~Xo. 1177.) Weight. Per cent, lost of the total water pres- ent. Per cent of water in the bread on the day named. On leaving bakery : August 22 On exposure : August 23 August 24 August 25 August 26 August 27 August 28 August 29 August 30 August 31 Sepleniber 1 September 6 Grams. 452 422 390 379 364 346 333 326 323 318 307 18.39 38.04 44.77 53.98 65. 01 73.00 77.27 79. 12 82.17 88.97 36.07 31.51 25.90 23.75 20.60 16.47 12.91 11.35 10.52 9.12 After drying two weeks there had disappeared all but 11.03 per cent, of the original water, and the air dry material only contained 5.8G per cent, of water. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 59 GRAHAM LOAF FROM KRAFT'S BAKERY. (Serial Xo. 1178.) On leaving bakery: August 22 ..."... On exposure to air : August 23 August 24 August 25 August 26 August 27 August 28 August 29 August 30 August 31 September 1 September6 Weight. Per eent. lost of total wa- ter pres- ent. Grams. 464 440 412 403 355 350 346 338 323 15.58 33.77 39.61 51.95 61.69 70.78 74.02 76. 62 81.82 85.06 Per cent, water in bread. 33.22 29.55 24.75 23. 07 19.27 15.99 12.68 11.43 10.40 8.28 4.02 BREAKFAST ROLLS. (Serial No. 1194.) "Weight. Per cent, lost of total wa- ter pres- ent. Per eent. water in bread. On leaving oven: August 23 ... . On'exposure : August 24 — August 25 August 26 August 27 — August 28... August 29.... August 30.... August 31 September 1 . . September 6 . Qrams. 364 328 314 293 277 266 261 259 259 256 28.50 39.59 57.00 68.88 77. 59 81.55 83 14 83. 14 85.51 27.44 23.17 18.77 14.08 10.53 8.81 8.11 8.11 7.03 The loaf breads dry more thoroughly, but do not lose their water as rapidly at first as the rolls. The rolls, it may be said, which were used in this experiment, were eight in number from a pan of twenty, and were not broken apart during the course of exposure. The changes of a chemical nature displayed are those which are already tolerably well known, namely, the conversion of some of the starch by fermentation into sugar, and by baking into dextrine. The albuminoids which in the flour are soluble in alcohol become in- soluble, showing that change has taken place in the gluten. The apparent increase in ash and fat is, of course, due to salt and but- ter or lard added in making the dough. 60 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. CORN (MAIZE). The varieties of maize or corn which have been analyzed by us and by other investigators whose analyses have been collected include — Dent : Red, Yellow, White, and Miscegenation ; Flint: Yellow, White, Blue Mexican, and Miscegenation; and Sugar or sweet corn. They amount to one hundred and thirty-three in number, of which thirty -two field and three sugar corns are by Johnson, Atwater, and Kedzie. The latter have been included, with proper acknowledgment, among our analyses, as a valuable addition to our data for the calculation of local averages. The specimens which we have had in hand are for the most part suf- ficiently accurately identified in the tables of analyses. It is only nec- essary to add that Nos. 18-24 Sugar corns were of the Department distribution of seed in 1878. Nos. 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45 were collected by the New Hampshire Board of Agriculture in 1878. JSTos. 1244-1254, 1256-1271 were from the Missouri Agricultural College in 1879. No. 1255 was from V. W. Metcalf, Hopkinsville, Ky., in 1879. Nos. 1272, 1273, 1275, 1277 were from the Eastern Experimental Farm, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1879. Nos. 1945-1967 were from the exhibit of the Texas and Pacific Rail- road in the Department museum. Nos. 1961-1967 were from the exhibit of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6 Railroad. Nos. 1968-1970 were from the exhibit of the Texas and Arkansas Railroad. Most of these samples had been preserved some time before they came into our hands, and had, consequently, dried out, making the deter- minations of moisture rather lower than would be found in fresh corn. The specimens, it will be seen, are not from so many localities as the wheats, but they are widely scattered and furnish data which are en- tirely suited for a study of the variations in composition and for a com- parison with wheat. The methods of analysis have been exactly the same as were used with wheat, and the more detailed analyses of corn correspond in every particular with those, made in the same way, of wheat. RESULTS. The results upon which the conclusions in regard to corn are based are arranged in the following tables by States, in the same way as was done with the analyses of wheats. They explain themselves. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 61 _ ZZZZCZZZZZ ■naSojjijj JO ">* i-i CO T* 1T0 ir--j.-rji^Tf'tsc--»--ir;-»"j-T}. 'lev •J9^EJi S>-Hooa5 MOO 71 ft CN O ' O O i-i S: 33 iH 0) 00 CD 00 OO t~t-CQOOt-oot-aoaot>oce© 001 jo w9»AV oortmcct-r-CJHu LlXOrMlOtOmOt ■»^a * X X X 00 X 00 X X CO 00 t- r- o t~ t- i- t— i~ t- c- t- 00000000X000000000000 XXC1 t- t> 00 00 00 00 eg t* N a E *- o £o ID'S ~ o r o M Pin :n« a q 6 , 000000 £ ^ .a -=:-= ^ ^ uoqranti ■- zu r :r ^« — s. - -> *£ ■ Ssgs 5 „ g«"i:2 = : = P4 cd ~ £ a Bra 5 si ^ tt o — r^a>,.t ~^ * 2 ~ - r- a a n % '- ~ a a > Ah o 6c) N - s o^O c a .g I lil Phs ^>- 5^ 2 to X *> '" ~ Tl CJ 9S P3 W t- CM CM OM ■^■Irtmt— » ft C r- M K ■* .S -r t -r t ~^* - •* ' * ' " 1 ~ >~ o o 71 71 717)71717-171 71717171 62 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. •° « .<4^ aP CO P ^S odooodod ARPBRRRR « W ,00006660060 ao do £ o QPflfipQflppPPP °flfifl 03 tf tf £ •UQSOJ^IJJ ■epioniranojy goo m ^00 ^OOOOafflHHOOH -I CJ O i-l o o 00 co ci a> •joqi^ H .-( 1M rH i-H i-l (M i-i i-H i-( iH i-H « CI f I (M W M CI i?J N CI N H iH N N ■ee^'EJp^iiqi'BO t- 1- 1- 1- •no ^ cd iri ■■# ■*# irf •<* in co tri -^ -* »* -* •* >6 ■* ^j! ■* irf t)5 iri ^ w Tji -^i •* ■* \r> iri co-^iri-** •t[sy ■io^Jt ■iinOOfflOOfflffiOOr (MCOCOfOC^tHCOIM-^CCCO'* ■B[9tU93[ 001 jo m*io.M_ •0^Q[ oot~ooooooooccooooir- t-t-c-t-t-t— c-r-c-c- OOUQOODOOOOGCCQOaOOO 0000 CO 00 00 OOO Co OOOCOOOm o ■a r^ r^ -^ t3 n 'O'O'o^'a'd'a^'C'a * t> h R fe a ft = f ^s !i (D fl !r« s l» t II _j as >a HO ■jaqran^ AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 63 <1 •II o © o ; bbs; z o o o '^ 3000 4^ 4aoooooeoooooooogoo o o BB ^ o o '-5 3 B R B — — — C t- ^ t~ T T X- O O t- /. ri ifl ci w — © -j © © -v t- o © r, l- -j o -n r 1 1- x f w h ut o rt c- n h : l: 7 ] © © L- © L- © i0 © r- © t- O © r- in © t- t> © W w oi CO Oi — CO © I- CO t- x s x X' — x r: w >- x «o .- x © x i- © co © © © < o © © x o in co m o xi i- — 70 i-l —. W © GO ce :t re x x m © o i" l~ x co ro x icxrtnw co re 3 c ; - x l". x •- ^ " r: "- x h b o cc h X X o Ct-H i-i © 71 .-J 0©:J303XX-'r. © © © r © © © = os OOfHO'd = ©©©©©©©© ©©©t-io© t- 00 © © © — i 9iniaon iq >x >.o oo ro © in era ff.K53;;oiOoin:i:ic-f TfOmOHiB CO cixcix«iox-*HOMi m CS OJ OI — - >* T t C u- L* * t t ■» t l' t T l'. 1> -t id — • id i " l." c i* i.: c o c i.*: ■«> o ic m to u; c co o e- W *d? CD id © lAiaoiQiooiooioooia w lo © >.e -t x o t- m m r- co t- OS © © W © -* o w m o m v © LI t O C - ■* = - CI O .1 X O O! IM X f 1 N t- » ^■^t>-3-a4-©tr:cO"*©cocO"*icco-*7ccOi-H w -f O in t- O OI X-* tji os i- IOOOOOCS i- lOOOO fc- m l- ir. i- w ** a>C C- r~ x co 41001000 X — 71 77 -r © ■© = ~ oots^WTfoMO^oujat-ooocoN t ^ i- = r: t i.-. x 'c t :i ™ r. - -; • 7 1 lo © — • oo m o\ © CO W i-i OS ci* od x t- x i- i- i- c x' cc xi » i-« cj r> ri — ri ~ X©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© — 71— i — © iH X l-H X) H -~ — © I - I It 71 CO ■* OI O t- i- CO t- © CO 71 © © t- O t- W C4 co o ac — © © c i l~ = x © © © X X t- CO © IO © -f X ■*NHNOJ«D © -r © i- m us © — m i-O X t- l» K M LO O CC H CO © © 7 1 — © -*■ © x co m x -i- >e c i x -. i.o © i- © t-7o©ir;-) cico x f x s; ir. 'j l: if. h h n x « sa = - - — ■ • • ■ i "'H 3 "o . < *a O © O ~P PP © P "S ■*# cm -* o •naSojjt^i £ "JS mo o co ~ WO ^i i-H ^ dt-' od co ■epTontturLqxY *. l~l t~t ^ "S m CO OM S coo cm co •jaqi^; « ' ngn mm ft T3 O CO •sa^ujp^qqjBO « —3 co -a^ co ;_ t-C- t-CD 0* rt Oi CO CO CO 2 CM iH W CO "HO 1? "2 w in o co S »Ot- CO CO ■qsy S rlrA r^r-j (5 *£ o uo us — j § -rfi CO Ci CD UOIHJ4. °. ci co t^ od *. &H oo cm in -* •8X8na93i s5 coo co i- c-co c- J* US CO o" 00X jo ^qgp^. Qj CM CM ■* © CM 00 If CO t- cS 00 00 p iH "2« "S : S-fi • 5 ' fe Bl-sJ-g .2 t> 5'lne'n ieldC Com lintC rate PhB E=,>~ a _! e3 |Zi d u Pjo 2d -S " - C H ^ SS.H .So o S R S5 g 0> * §* -* -* cc m uaqranjj cm c- r— ■<* CM CM CM AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 65 o u pi < o S a ■ -i- o = rt 50 * 5 ^ d o d 6 6 d 6 d 6 3 d 6 6 6 6 ■-; ■ ■noSoJij^ •spiouiuniqfY" M9qi£ •eo^jpXqqiT;3 ■no '1«T •j^t?^ uOOfl'MTlOOCCXi-HOOlOIOOBeOHOO jj* ^ WN f^ r4 rH iH rH rH t-1 i-5 *H »H i-5 rH rt©3 rH r^ ^■r-^ccxaonminioxooooMmwooow V "' "3" fi f) -< O — rH r- C) ffi O OJ 6 r- O •)■' "' ?i atsooaoion.TXQOwottoowi'Mwi.-i .oocet'fiooinoinNHr'HD'oaet- Olftt-05rtQO©3^iHiH"tOOa)*t-OXO Lag^"ii*'t-'X 7 i c. ~I cd i ■' 30 id «d 1^ co uS eel uOfOintCX«fflOKNM!0!SHiftrt«Di» . O — o o cjo «o .-> » -* ^oooicst^xoo6-H^t>ocoit^Q6oit^cit^t^ U««W(NOin OififlWiOOWOffifafflO! .WOlfflOlQffit^reOlNt-HHOOOOOOXO) f iH* H H H r5 ri H N i-i W ri f J fi H rt w M H H uO?i«*r-nc:aj-*oi{:ooaiiOi-it-r-^^a(i36oio'adffi ^ rt rt rH 001 jo ?qSi9ji WLOS1QC ci -T in i^ C3 SO P3 tJ< t- cs i-« m ™i - - m t» o c- co ci "* m ■9JB(I CO X 00 - 1> r- t^ D00 OC X I ueqnm^j 3538 w c- CCWNNM ■ X X t> t— x x x x ■ t- t— r— XXX XX .XXX •—■ - £*— '. '■•-• '. '. c 5 wi ■ •■& • ■ -SS b- '"-S 5 PCC3&-. rtOOOtoC © « ,;©■■■« 4. ■ ■ • 3;H GO . go H l»g El. -*"» .2 - « TJ O CD a ^ w CD e» rs !- -X cs eg a ° © s> u s- 53 =2 53 a> it u a s^ 02 J ® m " s> H -° ■tf "S 3 ® *5 .a *> & -s «„ a © * a> S -/- ^ cs o • o o CD Frt ■a -5 +3 CD a » OS •- a w rh H r— ' *" M S a P « o -«1 a on O O "3 S 4 cj a a 9 0) - CD « x> a „ a> cd _ > P ® <£ SB ~ -5 » cd cs W> « 1 § CD t*i Sh OC n> C! 7. 66 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. cj 2 "S ^ 3 3 ^ s 3 a -t3 CO "3 61 1 © o OS t- c OS 00 OS © © rH ■epiou -lamqje ' ^soqSiH CO CO rH o o t- © £s M ri « W W O CO rH O rH rH s ?; CM © r- © rH o 00 ■ei9ai05[ 001 £ ^ CO CO CO CO 00 ijson 13 ™ J° W5i9 a\ S" o • CO 00 CM o CO © oo CO CN •8l9tU93[ 001 $S9£.rei jo ^q3i9^\ s 10 "^ ■* IN • 1(0 -* T* uO CO ■* co th m •H9Sojit^ t- 00 CM W r- in h co •* •spioninmqjy V" rH rH rH 1-1 rH rH "" OS co co in t> CO oo oo •jgqij &, « h n v o rl n W W N ri HHHH iH « « H C3 CM CM CM CM rH CM rH «1 to CO •* !C t- CO CO -~ o cs cs rf 1(3 ■# i* 19 ffl 1C o « n- i3 -* m m ■>* -* in rj- m m t> m w ■g in •qey ft, " O * ^ !D cc © oo os c; 00 tJ- © ■■# w o 'JQlUjtt. ft,r 1-1 rH r- rH S e c c- rH r-l © CT © 1 P 1 > n. = P ■- c = g ri ■ > a ! 1 1 Z c 1 • r JO a > i b i ► AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORK 67 The average American corn as compared with the averages of foreign investigators, which no doubt include many of our corns, stands in quite a different position from wheat. AVERAGE OF A1IEK1CAN CORN COMPARE!' WITH AVERAGES OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. Richardson. Koenig. Wolff. 10.04 1.52 5.20 70.69 2.09 10.46 13.12 1.51 4.62 68.41 2.49 9.85 14.40 Ash 1.50 Oil 6.50 62.10 Fiber .* 5.50 10.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1.67 114 1.58 145 1.60 There is nojnarked difference between the averages, except in the matter of water, where, as in wheat, our grain is much drier. The American corn is rather better than the foreign article, if anything. In the averages for different sections of the country another fact is discovered which, after our experience with wheat, is still more surpris- ing than the result of the comparison of American and foreign corns. There is apparently the same average amount of ash, oil, and albumi- noids in a corn wherever it grows, with the exception of the Pacific slope, where, as with wheat, there seems to be no facility for obtaining or assimilating nitrogen. The amount of water is variable, but, as has been said, many of the samples had been on exhibition for a considerable time, and were con- sequently dried out. The increase in the fiber from East to West is not paralleled in the wheat, but, as we have seen, is often a feature of increased vigor. Corn is, then, an entirely different grain from wheat. It maintains about the same percentage of albuminoids under all circumstances, and is not affected by its surroundings in this respect. A study of the averages for each State shows that the samples from Pennsylvania and from Oregon and Washington Territory fall much below the average and that those from New Hampshire rise above it. The preponderance of averages for single States which do not vary 1 per cent, proves, however, that corn is much more stable in its composi- tion than wheat, even though New Hampshire contains an extreme of 11.67 per cent, average albuminoids, aud Pennsylvania, Oregon, and Washington Territory, extremes of 8.88, 8.40, and 7.88 per cent.. Only two analyses have been made from the Pacific slope and more are needed for confirmation, but as the two analyses, like those of the wheats grown there, are low in albuminoids it may safely be assumed to be a characteristic of that portion of the country. 68 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. Having discussed the averages it is of interest to see how wide the variations in composition are: VARIATIONS OR EXTREMES FOR EACH CONSTITUENT OF CORN. Constituent. Water Ash Oil Carbbydrates Fiber' Albuminoids Weigbt of 100 kernels grams Higbest. percentage. Lowest, percentage. 15.10 2.10 7.49 75.73 3.10 13.65 53. 679 7.40 1.18 3.92 65.97 .78 7.00 Variation. 7.70 .92 3.57 9.76 2.32 6.65 23. 605 29. 074 Above average. 5.06 . .58 2.29 5.04 1.01 3.19 15. 769 Below- average. 3.64 .34 1.28 4.72 1.31 3.46 13. 305 The variation in water has been explained, that of ash is remarkably small, of oil and fiber proportionately the same as in wheat, while albu- minoids has not nearly so wide a variation, and, in fact, in the analyses of the one hundred and fourteen corns only three contain less than 8 per cent., two more than 13 per cent., and seven more than 12 per cent., so that the usual limits may be said to lie between 8 and 12 per cent., and this is true of the analyses of foreign maize given by Koenig. Our conclusion must be, then, that corn can supply itself with nitro- gen under varied circumstances, but that it rarely is able to assimilate more than a certain amount, nor will it fall far below this amount. The bushels of crop may vary and the size of the grain, but the quantity of albuminoids is practically unchangeable. Under these circumstances it is perhaps needless to say that there is but slight variation in composition between different kinds of corn. Eed Dent is slightly inferior, but the remaining varieties are practi- cally of the same composition. Sugar corn is, however, quite distinct from the field or hard corns. Its average composition compared with the average of all the hard corns shows a much higher percentage of oil and somewhat higher ash, fiber, and albuminoids. The grain dries out more than the field corn and weighs less. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OP SUGAR AND FIELD CORN. Sugar, j Field. Number of analyses Water ., per cent. . Ash do Oil do..-. Carbbydrates ■. do Fiber do .. Albuminoids do Nitrogen do Weigbt of 100 kernels grams . . 19 8.44 1.97 8.57 66.72 2.82 11.48 1.84 22. 236 114 10.04 1.62 5.20 70.69 2.09 10.46 1.67 .910 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 69 OTHEE CEREALS THAN CORN AND WHEAT. Sufficient analyses of other American cereals have not been made to determine what effect environment has had upon them. From foreign analyses it is possible to calculate the variations which are usually found, and it is fair to suppose that as the agreement is close with corn and wheat, it would be so in the remaining cereals. For this purpose the large collection by Koenig of analyses of cereals has been employed. The analyses of each serial are divided into percentages of the whole number made, according to the amount of albuminoids which they con- tain. It was then found that of this number 75 per cent, would fall within certain limits which might be regarded as the ordinary varia- tion to be expected. The extremes are as follows : Extremes of albuminoids in different cereals. Wheat Barley Oats.. Rye... Corn.. For all analyses. Highest. Per cent. 24 18 18 15 15 Lowest. Per cent. 5 6 6 8 5 For 75 per cent, of the analyses. Highest. Percent. 14 14 13.8 13 10 Lowest. Per cent. 9 9.25 The probable variation in a wheat, therefore, is 6 per cent., barley 6 per cent., oats 4.S per cent., rye 3.75 per cent., and corn 2.3 per cent. Wheat and barley have the widest variation, followed by oats and rye, corn having the smallest. It is apparent then that wheat and barley must be more susceptible to their supply of nitrogen than corn, which coincides with the results of Atwater's field experiments with various iertilizers. He found that corn responded less than other cereals to nitrogenous fertilizers. In closing this paper it must be said that many of the conclusions arrived at in the preceding pages are not intended as final or advanced in the light of anything more than possible deductions from the data at hand. Their absolute truth can only be decided by a more extended investigation. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. 4. ATNT INVESTIGATION THE COMPOSITION AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN SIMO-VJ) REPORT. CLIFFORD RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT CHEMIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1S84. 2. 1 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. 4. AN" INVESTIGATION THE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. Sl< OM» REPORT. CLIFFORD RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT CHEMIST. WASHINGTON: GOVEENMENT PEINTING OFFICE. 1SS4. 4443 BUL 4 CH £ » Cl ift CO 00 O 1-1 MCN »-l o — t O r« r* H fO ff*l *■ o a I c NHNN HHflMr 'WNrtH IN 00 CI CO M EC h m t ^ ai o ci io :i - s T a a oo o t» t- n 3 fidooifidHodoHHoidddoiod S r a 02 3 a 3 U0 ITS ■^ tr- ie -*• eo co IM N a CO O =■ 3 - =: X 5 r- X iA L* MO O ■* N « O3woo*i.";; x — x r i o ■- x oi oo ■**• cd iir:"co^cocooicoe^oJ^ x oo x> x x oc oo oo oo oo oo wa £3 = -3 * 4) 3"c5 o o — g-H C O O • © 0"-tJ ■W r-j --J t. *j S_ T3 *C n— <— ^ufCO t->* * «^ o s s a » o.Sa-3 5 ■5 - •«•= h H q o O O O p o P-? *J O-S J) o I S O O I h :::::, : :K^ Ik^ :t,a ; .p,a S^ 5 S2 „ 3 a ® 5"* R . = |aa 2>a 1 :3 B :* Sip < !•§ i § i O i.ij^- « = c: -C £ .9 .5 < Hfintoar-xc: ~ t— i oi "-tcosxaort o o r; o 3 o ^ c; r: i-< i-h i-> ~- 1-1.-11— i-Hi-i.— CM'M t- t- t- c- i— t- l- r- t- t- c~ r— t— t— c— r>- 1- t~ t~ c- t— ci w o N oi oi oi oi ri ;i ;i c-i oi n ti -m n oi ci ci C4 ^■--J: E- ^ sic? 2hS!?s«!S£ 14 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. M a Km .OriNnMNWHNffinrtnnWriWMf ci t- r> t- 1- 1 $~~ r P)HW«HNN«NH0iriN«Hr f jOO0)0)CSrHOOOO0SOi- O COCO 00 O ■'"■ ttft-i goi loccr-oooHMfflmwt 3(NCMOOi-lCMWOt>Csr-eO«- Mfflcooncoioo co co co co co co ^* co co co co co co co co co co co co c*j oocst- NNCiw o co co co co co co co co ro co ro ro c~ co co co co co co co co aoacooacooaoooaoxaocc x X x x x X ao co oo cocococococooocoooooco-xcccc^ccoccocococo CO CO CO CO co oo co ao CO CO CO 00 ' p 2 ' ' I'd' '''£'" SE Sffl SH a :w Sl^g? SUIT'S S.iJ ■»IM :f|x<«m M a O ft &.-= : p. : : 0.3 : : Sjoooooooooo2?j:S(-ogS^o • a ■ , BE p. • s|b 8 ^ £ 3 P a." 3a R INJ. Sg.sa D t>* a el's an o — . — i t- c. ■- -', ;» Si~i'H a ■'10 q»3SiJ!MMfHSc5>-:Sni>iMaa&(Wc5Sa) IS : o 6 :fefc ■/. Z ~ - ^ o o o a. " co m J ,j fl fl CO ci ci ci ?i ;i ?i ?i ?i co co co ro ro -co co ro co co -j- -t ■>* CI CM CM CM CI CI 71 CI CJ CI CI CI 71 C3 CI CI 71 C3 C) N l-H T-i T- C-1 NMNNNflNHNNN' - CI CI tl M H W r «C»t-MKXXCOOi« 00 CO 00 bi 00 OS OS OS *■ 'X 30 CO 03 OC ~ X- CO C£ X X c; OS CS OS OS O X~ OS O) Cs Cs OS C* OS OS © HHNMXfflHOtift ^t-HOWXNChW aot-ccxcococst-oco w w m f i m r: w w n to 5XWXHHMaKt-lftU-tP3MOt»CCI>H h t x o o i- K- ffl h n ? r t m •)> t : 1 1 c i- x. -t ci ~ as ci J-t~00 ooooooo® :oo£o :o£ocSooOcoooooooo 3 5 'S'S^t^"-;^ '^-^'C'^ ~~'~.~ r 2zz\ 'VS'G'&'VZ r-^-C ^f £ » ; I ; l 2 * , , = 3541 ;3;©p ;*© .,;;;,;;;; *; O o C © 3 c Ph ' - © © 00000 3 032- oouuouo © ©3 I. * L 7. <. ! 7. £ — ~~~~ — — ~ni © ■ . » & ffi d o" < ©Q£; cs ; £2 - 5 ; K O < ™ c c i b o P g ci£ H*3 ,H oo' » o ® fflOOOOOroaJONCOHOH CJ -* to © a> OS oo © © © cm 00 wcn CD CO ^HNHNHrtHT-HNHHlMNNNNW r-t cq— . l-( IN CM rH cm 1-1 i-icn £ 2 3 a COWNfJOOr -I CM CM -* rf- CO CM CO GO lO t-CM © cm CO © CO © © CO CO eoco o© »n co CM CM rH CO CM CM N 1-1 © -* ©OS 1.1 £C-r- C- I> t- t- I> C- co ■* r- 1> m t- t <1 HMMCqC^lCVlCqirJCMtM^lMCMtMCMNCvlCM CM CO t-I i-i CM CM CM a P SB H IS o O ■a § ^©©©^©©©cccjiaiooi^^ccceocicc HWOCOt^^OW 00 iri CM CO 0O 00 r-< CO Ol -rh :oa-*cc»ococoeo»nc^-*Tt'Mm-*- ®$ fl bebfica Ba^O B 1:0 *® odd «= m .2 .2 .2 4i " += 4* += C3 M O O O p o 43,2,2 1— 1.— 1 o o o WWOOQ Ph Ph .§ a" J3^f S = ^ a - s s - — OQj O fe P5 ^ -* (O CJ rH CC t- r- rt 3" S» r && 00000 o o>; oS.SS.Scjo = 00 * rz ?^:^! 9^ 0^5 o^i P-^3 00 ^ B B hoo S-g3 : We O Q O O O O s o o OO o o Pi Hi c3 O o a CMC31CMCMCMCMCMCMWCN:MC<1CM CM CM CCI CM CM N AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 17 ■*aw- 1 a a ?i s t-t- t^od - o o o o o c X 3 3 3 * m m M CI -. lO M •* to fiifimininiooiowinmio .fcOo©°«©®co©o HO a. x fc PU fc £ £ h5 b, £ o f - — rt - a tBO-fin3fXC3C1t i« '£ -r ~r -*r *r *» -r ** u- >.-; l-; t» t~ i- r- t> f- t- t- t~- r- t- t- NWNM CI CI CI CI CI CI N CI 4443 BUL 4 CH- 18 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. CONCLUSIONS DERIVED FROM TEE DATA. The analyses in the preceding tables when combined with those pre- viously published modify to a certain immaterial degree the average composition of the wheat of the whole country. The few scattered anal- yses from the Eastern States change the averages for those States very slightly, the greater number of specimens coming from Ohio, Minnesota, Dakota, and California, localities which were not represented before, or at most indifferently well ; and from Colorado, where wheats from the same farm have been examined for three consecutive years. OHIO. The wheats from this State were grown on the farm of the Ohio State University, near Columbus, Ohio. A number of them were the result of experiments on the yield and other qualities of the grain, which have been carried on by the farm superintendent, Mr. W. Brotherton, for three years. The crop of 1883 averaged, it is said, about 30 bushels per acre. It was not, however, entirely plump, " owing to a wet spring succeeded by dry weather before ripening," and the weight per bushel was therefore light, about 57 pounds. The fact that the grain was shriveled was very likely due to a lack of ability to fill the floury portion with its full quantity of starch, and the relative percentage of nitrogen is therefore higher than would be found in a well-developed grain. From the data derived from the experiments above mentioned, the following averages have been published by Mr. Brotherton : Average yield per acre, crop of 1883. Grain bushels.. 39. 33 Straw pounds.. 4727. Pounds straw to bushel of wheat 120. 1 AVeight of wheat per bushel pounds.. 56.6 Average yield and weight of red wheat, compared with wlrite wheat. Average yield. Average -freight. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1881.* 1882. * 1883.t Bed Bushels. 21.6 20.8 Bushels. 24.1 24.6 Bushels. 38.9 35.5 Founds. 60.1 60.0 Pounds. 57.9 59.5 Founds. White Average yield and weight of smooth wheat, compared with bearded wheat. Average yield. Average weight. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1881.* 1882.* 1883.t Bushels. 20.2 22.5 Bushels. 23.5 24.6 Bushels. 37.6 42.7 Founds. 59.7 60.7 Pounds. 59.2 59.5 Founds. 56.9 57.4 * As cleaned for seed. t As from machine. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 19 The red varieties and the bearded wheats seem to possess a trifling advantage in Ohio, at least for the years during which the experiments were carried on. MINNESOTA. The specimeus previously analyzed from this State were from the ex- hibits of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad in the De- partment Museum, but as they were not considered representative wheats by prominent millers, aud the results were unsatisfactory to them, they were invited to send samples of their own selection from the crop of 1883. The analyses given in this bulletin will, therefore, show the composition of the best spring wheat of Minnesota, but it can hardly be said to represent the average of the State, as the samples were all of No. 1 hard wheat. The average of the aualyses previously published, of the four made this year and of all taken together, are giveu below : Railroad No. 1 hard exhibits, wheat. , All. ■ gen. Seed. Crops. Seed. Crops. Seed. Crops. Seed. Crops. Seed. Crops. 2173 Qrams. 4.152 Qrams. 4.182 3.650 4.594 4.957 3.231 3.818 "am' Per ct. 9.84 9.40 9.74 9.90 11.35 10.50 10.38 9.48 Per ct. 9.69 9.50 9.55 10.25 11.11 9.44 9,21 9.92 Per ct. 1.73 1.94 1.94 1.86 1.75 "i.'95" 1.89 2.56 Per ct. "2.19' 2.10 1.95 2.10 2.04 2.17 2.04 2.20 Per ct. 9.98 11.73 12.60 10.33 12.60 9.80 10.15 16.45 Per ct. 11.20 13.' 65 12.95 12.43 12.60 ""ii.3s" 10.33 14.53 Perct. 1.60 1.88 2.02 1.65 2.02 1.57 1.62 2.63 Per ct. 2174 2175 3.650 2176 2177 2. 820 2178 2179 4.336 2180 , 1 99 2181 2.612 2182 2.02 2183 4.084 2184 1.82 2185 3.062 2186 1.65 2187 3.138 2188 4.064 2.32 Ayerage 3.482 3.922 10.07 9.83 1.95 2.10 11.71 12.38 1.88 1.98 6 2 3 5 7 1 7 1 7 1 The averages show that the crop, notwithstanding unfavorable condi- tions, has improved in ash and albuminoids and size of the grain, and that the conclusions of previous analyses are verified. The last variety? No. 2187-8, was the only one to lose in percentage of albuminoids, and this was plainly because it contained in the seed a higher amount than could be supported by Colorado conditions in the crop.* This same wheat, the Geiger, a spring variety from Asia, it will be noticed con- tains a large amount of ash in connection with its high percentage of albuminoids, and loses tbe one with the decrease of the other. Atten- tion has already been drawn to the intimate relation between ash and albuminoids in the whole grain in the previous report, and the reason of this will appear in later analyses where it is shown that the bran and germ, both storehouses of nitrogen, contain large amounts of ash. That Colorado is a place where a rich and fine wheat can be raised is evident from the work of the past three years; but it is also plain that all the aid which human agency can control must be given to this end. Two samples of wheat grown in another part of the State, Fremont County, which have been in the Department Museum for some time, are not rich in albuminoids, containing each only 9.80 per cent. This variation shows that great care is always necessary to keep the grain at a high standard and that in the case of the wheats from Fremont County something was lacking. THE PACIFIC COAST. The conclusion was drawn from analyses completed last year that Oregon produced a wheat extremely poor in albuminoids, although the *See Bulletin No. 1, p. 43. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 25- appearance of the grain was fair and large ; and it was surmised that grain from the whole Pacific slope might possess the same peculiarity. Surprise having been expressed at this statement, it was suggested that an analysis should be made of a selected sample of Oregon wheat, of the crop of 1883. For this purpose a specimen was chosen which the Northern Pacific Railroad presented to its guests at a dinner in Walla Walla, during the excursion given by the road in the autumn of 1883. The result (serial ~No. 1854) was a complete confirmation of previous analyses. The percentage of albuminoids found was 7.70, and this de- termination having been confirmed by duplication, the wheat was proved to be the lowest in albuminoids of any that have been examined in this country. Its appearance was fine, but the size of the grain smaller than one usually expects iu Oregon wheats. Further on it will be seen that this peculiarity of poverty in albuminoids among Oregon wheats is confirmed by the analysis of a new process flour made in thatState which was found to contain only 7.18 per cent. All attempts to obtain typical samples of the crops of 1883 from Cali- fornia having failed it was necessary to fall back upon a series of wheats from that State in the Museum of this Department, which were of the crops of 1875 and were exhibited at the Exhibition at Philadelphia. While more recent specimens would be more desirable, there can have been no changes iu the amount of nitrogenous constituents, the chief alteration of the grain being in the amount of water which it would contain. The average derived from the ten analyses follows : Average composition of California wheat from San Joaquin, Contra Costa, and El Pas» Counties. Wheat of 100 grains grams.. 3. 8924 Water per cent.. 10.73 Ash do 1. 66 Undetermined do 76. 47 Albuminoids do 10. 94 Total 100.00 Nitrogen per cent.. 1.75 This average is not as low as that for Oregon, but is far below (1 per cent.) the average of the country. It represents but a limited portion of the State, and while it points to the correctness of the assumption of the poverty of the wheats of the Pacific slope in albuminoids it does not render it positive, as several of the specimens contain over 12 per cent. In the report of the Census for 1880, Professor Brewer, in his collec- tion of analyses of cereals, gives four of California wheat, two of which, described as hard, are the celebrated Macaroni wheats and contain 26 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 13.76 and 12.84 per cent, of albuminoids, and two are white wheats con- taining only 8.25 and 9.69 per cent. From these results it would seem that the hard wheats are more able to collect nitrogen than the soft white varieties, aud as the specimens from Oregon have been all of the latter kind, the low percentage of nitrogen may be due to that fact. It would be of interest to examine a hard red wheat grown in that State. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES. Allusion has been made to the collection of analyses of cereals by Professor Brewer in his report to the Census of 18S0.* Such of the wheat analyses as have not been inserted in the previous bulletin are here published for the purpose of presenting, as a whole, all analyses which have been made of American specimens. *Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. Ill, Statistics of Agriculture, p. 414. AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 27 - - < O t- Z ~. ci ci co e i co co eo" ci cccoco'inTTCOiri^ « ci - ?1 P) MNHr-r . © © CI ?] CI C :hiooim h ci ©"©'©' oo p2 Hf4Nl-IHH iOSIQOO — 1 X ~ ~ T. ~ ~ I. . 'X. f. r. ~ 3! Z: © . CO © 00 t- X CO =C U0 © O — < 00 ift a so c» t t- ci oo C CO CO CO CO CO CO CI CI CJ X tO OB '.O lO t- CO CO T CO CO ^" CO Q in f 1 ffl m io m to CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO & is o> - ■■»■ ci ci ci — - S c3 B 'i 733 « - l £g as - 00 CD Jjjj I « b > .a c -■=-•- cj a = — t- - . -- ~ 30 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. o hi OS o oo i> o soiSscoaoooHOO ootnaciatst* 60 s SO S 00 nu;u;on«a« o 1-3 CO CO to x to M H LO Ifl 05 H N « N M C3 CO r 00MHO«-*O0) CICMCIMNCOCOCO CJ CI CI CO CO CO •* es o -# m to O CO Q l- O in m" iri m" co CO CJ CO in t^ CO pi«t|'Oc:'xiso cDcscooocntocnco t- o es — CO t~ CI CO CJ OC lO CO 'if CI "tCSCS OQ H t- t— p tj- in co co -■* co mnn-^cominf HHHrlHHHNMNHHWNWNHNWr 25 33 s B ?! •< O K W S o o «T-lCNCM>--l ooa»oooooooQO)ao](OHCC]a)aosiO) O a< o o s o • ^»a o t- co — m 00C0O05W ■** m c* o co co r— co 71 to c; •»* to rs -s* en c-i t~ ci co er. t- r~ - 1 1- o in cd o coiO-^coc-m-t-^i-iTrOin co co co Th co 3COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CTCNCDCTOOIOOOO© cococococi'tcococoirico * % t~ ocean M iH r-i 5 e3

£ = HceSp a> ■*■* « 2 --=^ ■- P- 3 c c m c3 3 & 0~ fc. 3 £> * ©J3 obfcO—pg 3° OS "^ P ■Jj \ $ 5 £ co^ 03 5 s OTjim t 5|§ -■8 ° -J'=a ; HS"3a52 3 ocaS o ® + 3 ^-« O HNM^O«t-00010HC]MHiiO(OI>»0)Oi- Ooi-KaaOifl-^Mr T~. x ^ ~. xi r- — \r. . ■i ■* » t- » — .-^ -r x - iCOiflOiCrtB' -csocr-oomt-t-- <0 t- » o » » : • cr.ccict>»xt''Xi-xtS!D('Xi( -n'jxtaaKxai-i-oQioififflffluioer l(«act-!Ot»a'. t-Xti(!!DI»!Ot-»Ct«t-«iOeift ■«•" CO Tf »ft — ■ MS i^ co .pa so oce'Hosoo'Soooocoo'Sooo'Soolo'Hoooe'Oo co .ccWcoPa oj - a- — « oa^a .com co ■ P3co oo«oeo .090* •tjo.a* % ccod ? ; * C ' . ® ; .ta. a *- , C ® a ^ . . ; ; x ; ;- o o o a :J £ 4> d) Sg'sS.: _ 10 ncoT^O': -TTjlt>«0Ofr-IM'*lOO)tDI>M00r ■(WrtMrnr -MOJNOC 1 oicn--lt;©MCCCDXr.(OI>t-XC-ClXI>«)t-C,0000 J o'H ° o o o © a & = I 5: r* = = a ■Si's a) ^ aj o©oooooo S 5 « ■ Cg o S ^ , torn : 6(COI>H|!r.oM>?' ! )ot (D fl .en S ° -2 OSS fc s ligiiiiiiiiiiitiriiisi^i - £ ^ ® C ' WSSi?o5c^R5iSi3S«Hw : zS!S >~ » M « » « 00 - -" !S = X tfl M "X l- 3 -* *# S> f~ -£ 7 ] tft o O 71 00 «5 -t *0 ~ ;V- .-? X O OI r«s■cC'J^•t■'O'»•l^TJ<^0'^■^^■^^'»^l'^•m^»■ -* »* o -* Tf ■-T.-^'t-r-^co^'"* «j" in "ti'^^fo-Ti-'^tsift'f'Oor- t»onwco»omirtminci3t~i-t'C'ioo3t-o«r-i>Hii:'xt-toiXt>incrtir. >j'm(0t-iftC)(Dat-i'h.C!6OMMt» «tM5miTtio:i-Nri^K"OWifiifi>«^!DMcow;ifiONf i «rtiftHroHHH-™(.Hr»Bt»nr-i.*3Mjjt' 12 ->'n-;-- ■ O s O g MOO" 3 :33?| io-- « s- » £ fa. 's 9 - a » <& O) « 5 *L S kii^ •"! H o e < aWH?aiO 323" 3 © r WoWcswi»HP3&KWtoNMt> i2St> t cPSSSSt !-2 3§o.sS^ W !M IM M N ri CI M 14 Of his method of cultivation Professor Blount says: It is quite simple.. I sow only one ounce of picked seed per square rod iu eight rows, or in field culture only thirty pounds per acre. On each square rod I put home- made fertilizers, horse, cow, hog, and sheep manure, the latter being by far the best in this climate. In the case of cow and hog manures, one cubic foot is used, but two cubic feet of horse manure. There are also plots with no manures. My crops are hoed twice and irrigated twice. Of the seasons he says : 1879 was a fair wheat year, no rain from April to harvest ; 1880 two showers, doing more damage to wheat than none; 1881 and 1882 fair wheat seasons; 1833 hail killed everything, and 1884 a fine season with some rain. A description of his methods of crossing and selection will be found in the Annual .Report of this Department for 1881-'S2, and in the report of the agricultural department of the Colorado State College for 1884. In addition it is necessary to say that it must be borne in mind that these wheats have been grown upon an experimental scale and with greater care and regularity of condition than could be often found in field culture iu this country. While they do not represent, therefore, the ordinary product of the State from which they come, they are more val- uable for purposes of scientific comparison and as a guide to what may be done by the farmer in the improvement of his seed and crops. Physical properties of Colorado wheat, 1884. Name. Oregon Club Australian Hard Sonora White Mexican Improved Fife Brooks Rio Grande Canada Club Judkin Lost Nation Touzelle Australian Club Golden Globe Mediterranean Spring Cbina Tea Chili China Spring Egyptian Fife Saxon Fife Danunian Prussian Pringle Hedge Row, White Chaff. Italian Hybrid No. 10 NbxNo.l HybridNo.13 Hybrid No. 15 HybridNo. 16 HybridNo. 17 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3500 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 Color. Light amber ...do Yellow ...do Light amber Amber .. do ...do Dark amber Amber Lighter amber Amber white Amber ...do do Yellow Dark amber Yellow amber Bed Red and yellow Dark amber Liirht amber Yellow amber Red and yellow Pale yellow Yellow and amber Amber Yellow and amber — Red and amber Red Bus. 50| 52 56 41* 56 503 56 503 53* 41* 451 50J 48* 50* 56 45* 58J 48 64 66| 50| 45* 48 454 61* 50| 45* 56 40 56 Lbs. 63.7 67.3 63.5 65.8 65.0 67.1 66.1 64.1 64.5 65.7 64.8 66.5 66.2 67.0 64.9 65.4 63.8 65.3 62.5 64.0 65.9 64.1 63.9 64.8 62.7 63.6 62.8 66.8 Grains. 3.647 4.041 3. P30 4.890 3.072 3.841 4.743 3.764 3.920 4.147 4.300 4. 536 4 670 4.640 5. 0U0 4.440 3.990 4.840 6 3. 690 6 4.110 6 3.610 6 4.300 6 3.170 6 5.620 6 4.690 5 3.980 5 3 160 5 3.200 5 4.110 5 4.740 5 15 Physical proportiet of Colorado wheat, 18S4 — Continued. Name. Andriola Ambei , 66 3530 Red ClawsoD 112 3531 Big Mai v | 117 3532 Hybrid No. 26 122 3533 Hybrid No. 28 , 124 3534 Hybrid No. 33 129 3535 H\bridNo. 34 130 3536 Casaca 131 3537 Monmouth 148 3538 Russian Spring 149 , 3539 Vermillion 150 3540 Edenti.n Fife 152 3541 Nox 2 153 3542 Nox 4 155 3543 Nox 3 156 3544 Nox 5 157 3545 Pringle No. 17 158 3546 Wile* 160 3547 Northcote's Imperial 162 3548 Northcote's Amber 163. 3549 Black Chaff 168 3550 Hybrid No. 35 169 3551 Hebron 171 3552 Mediterranean White 173 3553 French Imperial .... 175 3554 Nebraska .. 176 3555 Northcote's White 177 3556 Kivet 178 3557 Baltimore 180 3558 Davis ... 181 j 3559 Gold Premium 183 ' 3560 Hick's Prolific 184 3561 Wintergrccn '. 186 J562 Geiger 192 3563 Hybrid No. 37 193 3564 Sea Island 194 3565 Edenton 195 .1566 Winnipeg. Russian 196 3567 Manitoba 197 3568 Winnipeg 198 3569 Hall, tt's Pedigree 200 3570 China No. 2.. 213 3571 Mo. Turkey 214 3572 Mo. Mediterranean 215 3573 Scotch Fife 222 3574 Rye- 223 3575 Sandomiika 233 3576 Hopetnn n 235 3577 Ked and amber Dark amber Dark yellow Light amber. Dark yellow. do Glassy amber Red Light red Ked ...do ... do Yellow amber Light red Glassy amber Yellow amber do . Light amber Yellow Light red Ked A n Iter yellow . do ..' Deefi yellow Ked ' Aid Bar Light amber Deep yellow ... ... Light red do do Ileil & oilier . . Illl Amber yellow Ked . . . .' Amber Light red Ked Glassy amber Amber and yellow. . . . Ambei do Li^bt red Red Dark and light red... Dark red Ainln-r X S* Bus. Lb: 6H 66.4 58= 66.0 56 63.5 Grains. 3.790 3. 660 4.710 5. 339 4.683 3.586 6.620 3. 299 4.830 3. 880 3.500 4.100 4. 170 4.670 5. 505 4.239 4. 167 5 073 3. 576 4. 120 3. 420 3.800 3. 500 3.580 4.880 4.440 4. 400 4. 220 5. 060 4. 220 4. 120 3. 890 .J. 9311 4. 240 3 850 3. 420 5. 180 4. 120 3. 580 5. 560 3.880 3.180 4.000 4.480 3 440 4.760 4.060 4.500 16 G? -CONOWr «c*anoo: CO ■«*■ CM « OJ M r -wnmw ■tllMOlS jo noeeap cooaoEScoosoEscoEQEScsiBawciOiDWOL'jAAininiannnnnnnejnKO ■noSo-iux 1.79 1.88 1.96 1.85 2.27 2.10 1.99 1.99 1.96 1.93 2.27 1.85 2.21 2.13 2.10 1.82 2.24 1.99 2.30 2. 13 1.62 1.90 1.60 1.90 1.51 1.85 2.07 1.93 1.82 1.96 2.27 2.04 1.79 1.93 1.79 1.57 1.93 1.88 2.04 2.16 2.35 •epio •isqu 89JB.ip l!0 Pr. ct\ 2. 13 j 1.95 2.27 1.94 2.21 1. 90 2.49 2. 14 2.27 2. 25 1.94 1.98 2.67 2.61 2.58 2.02 2.49 2.11 2.38 2.22 1.22 2.24 2.43 2.17 1.78 2.08 2.59 2.32 2.27 2.55 2.01 2.19 2 09 2.01 2.32 2.31 1.99 2.55 2.68 2.36 2.34 ■qsy Pr. ct. 1.98 2.05 1.90 2.05 1.78 1.80 1.52 1.87 1.94 ■ 1.53 1.79 1.16 1.97 1.69 1.18 1.61 1.23 1.61 1.28 1 75 1.91 1.85 1.50 1.91 1.75 1.62 1.78 1.75 1.95 1.60 1.90 1.85 2.05 1.95 2.10 1.84 2.25 2.10 2.05 1.95 2.00 '.ia^jii. Pr ct. 6.93 7.46 7.31 7.27 8.72 6.68 8.74 7.85 7.63 7.29 6.98 7.16 7.08 7.53 7.38 6.55 6.39 6.98 6.51 6.26 7.01 6.97 5.95 6.92 6.57 6.35 7.13 8.19 7.04 7.00 8.07 7.51 7.16 8.12 9.15 8. 79 8.42 8.65 8.24 8.41 7.84 •eaiE.13 001 jo JHSPA\ • ^ o aovjti y F n ^ ro n ^ co ;o ^ ^ ^MiOOCO^OOO!OHOn^O©3JHW-C.fO[-mOir. 3n»«io 8 -.igqainn IBU9S Maqtunu uopooijoo s c« o £ S O « t. o ■3 +j 0*T3 ^: — 3->; ;»•§■! **£ = = 2 * ' "I » S _£•=" c=-3 ^--= "^ a >. o a 1*. i o « ■ ■=3 a a :SS 1.3.2.3.2 B Bug's 3^->J o-J^iw-tiooi-oojio — pi.-o-^oot-woo — WM-tintot-oofflo-HWco-^itsfflr-oooo 000 = Cj o — ■ 3 3 3 - h ph -j h h - - -h r- :i :i :i :i -i :i :i ti -i :i .^ .~: ^ ^ ^ ^ .-? .-c ^ .f; it ■ re m i- I" i- >r. L- ir. i- o ■" ir: >- >.- i~ i.- l^ m ~ i~ .- >.-: .- i- .,- i_c .- ,_<-_ i.~ i.- u- >~ •- i~- io i~ u- it- it- io jccococ^c^ro^^^ro^rcccroc^cv;^;^rcr^^ror^rTr^^rocoro^coGocoTor^coco?5ccrocQ ■em '5 : !3 0-4 « 3 S3 --- cS = O ffl ~ h m — ce r i - .i n - « - h n" : CjC CI cq to MMMMWC:.- SMNdnMMeJWNwrjNwwcJWMcaMMC)- - ^- w w m n n ?j o o ri n n cj -— ■■ HNNNMN &MoMiaoiftci8:s3M5MKoex3xo«iflM3«rt«aiioinoooino nwa)mw«MiftxiMi«3-oXrt5oai3r-«'-:i^(D5WH o © oj © © ds as « CO « .— -* c-i cm © © © — = v m N m n * Pi i"t n n ?! :i ?i ei ?i m t n c j i ■ftn:iM rf © o o © o tr. ^ m l- x in © u-s oc*n in m x ifl -c x ce co x >n m a « m in w W5 o m o x nmioot-oo.-ct't-nifli-iaxxccr-CBt'Oi'-xi-mo DO«ttt-m©ce(Oi 2.50 2.16 2. 51 2.80 2.21 2. 73 1.97 1-34 2. 38 2. 03 2. 42 i. no 1.95 2. 7(i 2. 52 2. 85 2. 29 1.98 2.56 2. in •J. 25 2. 68 2.07 2 56 2.62 ;l. 86 2. 84 2.63 ■_'. 211 2.21 2. 50 2. IM 2.36 2. 17 1.03 2.30 1.05 2. 05 1.45 2.00 1.50 1.95 2. 05 1.60 1.50 2.10 1.75 2. mi 2, 15 1. 50 1.95 2. 05 1.05 1.95 1.45 1. 35 2.0(1 2.05 1.40 1.65 2. 15 2. OS 2.00 2, 35 2. 15 1.90 1.95 2.00 .95 ■ ac co to t r- . » - ■ : io iA in l*. ift i/; io rt m if. >•" ■"- i " •" <~ '"- — "— — — — — — — — — t- t- r- t— t— r- t- t— i" i.~. i* i," '"■ •'• •" i~ i ~ '" i~ iC '." i" i.; i- in in tn ■-" >n u"I in "C i.~ in in iO « n co n m rt w m c^ r: r: r. ,r w ro w w m k r. m rt x « m n « n MC l 5iOtCt-«3mTtXOi~« L "'£t-XC;-n-tOTK"CtiCfi in l 1 : c ic w. ir. o ^ -i -^ © t- c~ r- t- t~ t- x x x x x © © © © © © © © — — — ? i n ,-n r: ^^-^-,_.__H_„,-,„,__ ,_ r- «— HP>f-"i „ r. w H - f. ri ri M M M f 1 IN W PI :i ;;;;;;; o i ::::::: p- a ••: ^ £ i : : '■■£ 1S%£ :S o * * ■ * * ua J, o as ^«*w«n ex £ -= J .a 'E £ ■- * W MX M S^ t4 U H — J*= 13734— No. •— ■ "2 :I|. :« 4 *> ~. n y « * *- a r. 9- • o — •>-; 5 : a _ bis, -• jg r ►« lML.x>,3| f ill it' S3igS§ Ha s ii-»s oSis > 5 © --a > — -*•-- v.= --"T 18 The data in the preceding tables have been averaged for comparison -with the averages of previous years as well as of those wheats which had been grown different lengths of time in Colorado. Average composition of Colorado wheat grown in 1884. n 5 R.-: B.0 Red . do Yellow . ...do .. P. ct 9.53 8.70 7.04 9.93 8.9(1 7. 00 P.c. 2.04 2. 13 5. 100 4.191 4.214 3.252 5. 536 5.032 10. 5> 8. 2-; 9.57 7.95 9.93 10.29 Red |5.368 110.42 Amber 4. 546 10. 0512. 28 12. 60'2. 02 P.et. P.c\ 11.75 1.8811881 11.03 1.7611883 I. 951l.38'l. 821884 2. 0713.62 .'. 23 14. 35 1. 60112. 25 ■'.. 59] 12. 94 2.19 12.95 .'.7li 111. .'.14 11.90 2. 03 14. 04 2. 05 12. 08 1.9914.18 2. 08 12. 95 2.31 15.06 18 1881: 2. 30; 1883 1. 96U884! 2. 07'l88l! 2.071883 2. 18|188l| 1.9011883' 2. 251881 1.9311883! 2.27 2.07 2.41 Yellow .'5.754 ..do A. 861 8.98 Amber 5. 924 Yellow '4.761 Red 15.193 ...do 4.414 122 2146 Yellow 3.! 12233331 Ligbtamber 15. 124 21481 Yellow 3. 827 124 3534 Dark yellow. Ii9 2152 Yellow 129,3535 Dark yellow . Hybrid No. 35 169 Do ..... 169 Mediterranean "White 173 Do 173 French Imperial I 175 Do ! 175 Gold Premium | 183 Do 183 Hick's Prolific. Do Geiger . .. Do . Hybrid No. 37 1 193 Do -.- 2155| Amber 3536 Amber and glassy 2171 Amber 2172 do 3539 Red 2156 Yellow 3551 Amber and yellow 2174 Yellow 3553: White . 2178 Amber . 3554 Red 4.683 2.716 3.587 5.179 6.620 3.438 10.02 9.91 8.70 9.38 10.15 9.40 8.12 9.32 9.15 10.15 8.00 2. 67 13. 62 2. 02 14. 00 2.32:15.25 2. I(i!l4. 35 >. 53 15. 15 2.05113.48 2. 2U14. 1.95112.08 1.87 8.93 1.84 9.80 8.82 2.43 12.60 8. 42 2. 25 12. 08 8.92 9.68 8.41 3.055 ' 9.37 3.800 ! 7.53 4.182 9.69 5. 580 7. 74 2184 3560 21HU 3561 2188 3563 2158 3564 Yellow ... Light red . Amber Red Yellow . Amber . 4.594 4.880 3.818 4. 120 2.879 3.890 4.064 4.240 Yellow Amber and yellow. 3. 559 3.850 9.55 7.00 9.44 6.80 9.21 6.88 9.92 6.23 10. 72 6.08 2. 3l! 12. 78 2.14:12.25 1. 95 13. 48 2. 27 10. 50 2.17 11.20 1.7513.13 1.9512.95 2. 00 12. 60 2. 18 2.24 2. 44 2.30 2.43 2.16 1881: 1883' 1881 1883: 1881! 1883 1881, 1883 1881 1883 2. 38 1883: 1. 93 1884: 1.60,1883 I. 79 18841 j 1. 43 l 1883j 1.57 1884: ! I 2. 02 1883' 1. 93 18841 2. 04 1882J 1.9618831 2. 16 1884 1. 1.68 1883 1884 2. 10 1884; 2. 07 1883 1 2. 02,18841 2. 17 11.38 1.9514.00,2.241884 1 I 2. 04110. 33 1. 65 1883 1.4512.78 2.024884 2. 20 14. 33 2. 32 1883 : 2.00 13. 13(2. 101884 2. 44 11.901. 9018831 2. 05 12. 20:1. 96 1884' III Among the varieties which were analyzed in 1884, and also pre- viously, six have shown a tendency to continued degeneration in their percentages of nitrogen and size. The rest have shown signs of im- provement or remained stationary. The changes, then, which have been observed from year to year must be attributed to season and not to 21 the soil, although continued cropping on one soil, even with fertilizers, appears from the experiments of Lawes and Gilbert to somewhat di- minish the percentage of nitrogen. Another year's crop will furnish in- teresting data upon this subject, no doubt confirming the views of the experimenters .just mentioned that season has a greater effect upon grain than any other condition. Among these analyses are found samples of wheat which have the greatest weight per bushel and per hundred grains of any which have been examined. These extremes are not, however, coincident, as may be seen from the following figures : Extremes among Colorado wheats of 1*84. Highest. Number. Lowest. Number Yield per acre bushels so; Weight per bushel pounds.. 68.6 Weight per 100 grains grams.. 6. 200 Albuminoids per rent.. J 4. 88 3560 3570 3569 3559 2'i 02.2 3. 100 9.45 3575 3534 3526 3524 The weight per bushel is dependent on various causes. High weight is almost, if not always, an evidence of high quality, but not always of a large, plump, well-ma' ured grain. The hard red spring wheat of the Northwest, which is small in size, and not well matured in the sense of having a plump berry, with its usual amount of starch, is very heavy in its weight per bushel, while the large full wheat of Oregon, which is very starchy, is light in weight. The following data show the variation: Weight per bushel, <)V., of It aril, soft, ami immature wheats. HARD RED SPRING WHEAT. No. Star.-. Weight per bushel. Weight per loo grains. Grams. 3.312 2. 802 3. 308 3. 389 2.921 2.780 3. 700 3.465 3. 074 3.331 2.926 Field. Hush. 25J 26J 27 ■i'i 36 (.'i (!) (') (?) (?) Quality. Albumi- noids. 1803 1864 Dakota do Pounds, 05. 3 00. 5 66.2 05.2 65.2 65.5 86. S 67.1 63.4 64.9 64.3 No. 1 do do . do Per cent. 14.53 15.23 1865 do 17.33 1806 1867 do do 1 lakota Manitoba Minnesota do 14. 00 14.35 1868 1869 2109 2111 1644 do . do .. do do 16. 35 16.28 13.48 18.03 13. 65 2107 No. 1 13.83 SOFT WHITE OREGON' WHEATS. 772 773 Oregon . do 779 57. 2 59.8 4.253 Extra .. 5. 144 do . IMPORTED SOFT WHEAT. 62.2 4.710 Extra. 8.58 8.05 10.33 22 No. 832 759 1288 1293 1355 1356 1853 2112 Weight per bushel, cfc, of hard, soft, and immature wheat — Continued. OTHER SOFT WHEATS. State. Pennsylvania .. Missouri Pennsylvania... Michigan Maryland North Carolina . West Virginia Virginia Weight per bushel. Weight per 100 grains. Pounds. 60.4 62.7 62.1 62.1 63.4 66.2 64.5 65.0 Grams. 2.710 3.860 2.526 4.196 3.077 3.653 3.392 3.569 Yield. Quality. Bush. 44 Ordinary . do'.. 15 20 .do .do .do Good Albumi- noids. Per cent. 9.98 11.19 10.50 10.85 10.85 10.55 11.30 12.60 IMMATURE AND POOR WHEATS. 1804 lTO Alabama do do do do do 52.3 62.3 49.8 63.5 48.1 57.0 2.011 1 3.5 ' Poor 3.710 10.3 Fair 10.85 10.85 1806 2. 242 5. 2 Bad 9.98 1809 3.486 5.3 Fair 11.03 1812 2. 166 2.8 Bad 9.80 1813 2.675 : 1.6 Poor 11.38 AVERAGE OF 42 POOR WHEATS FROM OHIO Itf 1883. 2701- 2742 Shriveled . WHEATS WITH HIGHEST AND LOWEST ALBUMEN AND LARGEST SIZE. 2111 Dakota 1854 3536 Washington Territory. Colorado 63.4 63.5 64.4 3. 074 . High albumen . 2. 584 | Low albumen . - 5.560 3570 : Colorado. HIGHEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL. 18.03 7.70 12. 08 :.6 4.060 Hard red. 12.95 1812 Alabama . LOWEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL. 2.160 Ininia 48 From these figures, which have been obtaiued by weighing miniature bushels which were graduated by comparison with the weight of large amounts of grain in struck bushels, it appears that hard spriug wheat will average about 65£ pounds per pushel, soft white Oregon 584- pounds, the ordinary soft wheat of the East 62.5, the poorly-matured grain of Alabama 55.5, the crop of 1883 in Ohio 56.6, while we have seen that the large plump Colorado grain weighs 65.2 pounds. The averages for different seasons in Colorado vary directly as the percent- ages of albuminoids, although among the. less fully- matured grain the lighter often contains more nitrogen from lack of starch, as in the case of the Ohio crop of 1883. This was found to be the case by Lawes and Gilbert in their experiments, but does not always hold true, as may be seen among the Alabama wheats and some others. The Oregon wheats finely matured, rich in starch, and low in nitrogen, which are very spongy and light in weight, are illustrative of this point. 23 Conditions of growth and seed formation are so many and so varied that what may be true for one locality will often not apply to another which is far distant. RELIABILITY OF SPECIMENS AND SAMPLING. The question has been raised as to whether any specimen or sample of wheat would represent the average composition of a field or large crop, or of a large mass of wheat in elevator, for instance, and whether the analyses of the specimens which have been examined in this and previous reports could he relied on on this account. An attempt has been made to solve this cpiestiou, and with satisfac- tory results. In Bulletin No. 1 of this division analyses are given of two samples of wheat from the same lot of grain purchased by the De- partment as seed, the one selected in 1881 and the other in 1882, and analyzed without it being known to any one that they were intended to- be identical. The results were closer than would probably be the case in most sampling. lied Mediterranean wheat. 1882. 1883. Water Asb Oil Carbh.vdrates Crude filter . . Albuminoids . Per cent. Per cent. 9.83 9.88 1.70 1.62 2.21 2.06 73.73 73.80 1.68 1.70 10. 85 10.85. To decide as to variations in composition in different parts of the same field and of the same farm, and of different varieties on the same farm and of differently developed heads and sized kernels of the same variety, personal selections were made from a wheat farm in CarrolS. County, Maryland, belonging to Mr. Alastair P. GordonCumming. The specimens may be described as follows, with a determination of albuminoids — a point which, it was believed, will settle any large varia- tion in com position ; From a field of Full:, bottom land, test quality. i - B M - . a albu- a = *r — & ~ — ' = — - ; — - « c 3 s - £ Name. "5 ~ 2a .act. = - 33 - £ g o to - ►J > < 3 is 14.07 © - ft 2769 21 0.80 -two 325 79.3 4.517 9.80 Kakingg. Fro m tv 'enb ivera, *e hea ds we re sel< jcted : 2770 ' i 4.0 .89 30 .535 1.621 12.78 Longest, not well filled. 2770 2 i 3.8 1.89 45 1.282 2.085 11.81 Next longest, well filled. 2770 3 8 3.5 1.40 285 9. 055 3.177 12. 78 Long. . 2770 1 9 3.3 1.21 273 8.035 2.943 12.78 Short. 2770 5 ^ 3.0 1.04 73 2.260 3.096 12.60 Shortest. 24 A patch of white Mediterranean seed from Department, second year's growth. Serial No. 2768, 33 heads, weighing 37.5 grams and yielding 567 grains, or 75.2 per cent., weighing 28.197 grams, of which 461 were sound and 106 sprouted in the stack. The sound weighed per 100, 4.875 grams ; the sprouted, 5.400, and contained albuminoids; the sound, 12.08 per cent.; the sprouted, 13.48. A field of Fultz, from a different portion of the same farm, gave among 14 average heads, weighing 391 grains: Serial number. ■ Number of grains. Weight. Weight per 100. Albumi- noids. 2771' 2771 2 240 150 8.792 4.085 3.663 2.723 14.00 11.88 Among the Fultz sports were found : 2772 1 4.184 3.995 11 03 2772* 14.00 The results show that where the divisions Lave been made on marked characteristics there is a difference in composition; but that for aver- ages from the same field, even where some physical differences could be noted, there is little variation on aualysis. Three of six samples from a field of Fultz were exactly alike in their percentage of albuminoids, another was only .18 per cent, differe'it, or practically the same, while the rakings Irom the field were, as might be expected, low in albumi- noids. One selected head also fell below the average composition for some unexplained reason. In this field of Fultz, therefore, there seems to be sufficient evidence'to give us confidence in our results. The next samples were taken from a shock of wheat, and the grain was found on preparation for aualysis to have sprouted. It was there- fore divided into two parts. The grain which sprouted was the heavier and best developed and contained the most albuminoids. This is also the case in another field of Fultz on the same farm, where an average sample was divided into large and small grains, the larger having the most albuminoids. That this is not by any means always the case, how- ever, it seems fair to believe from our experience with high relative pro- portion of nitrogen in specimens of shriveled wheat from other parts of the country. These kernels were none of them shrivelled ; on the contrary, plump, and that some were merely more vigorous than others must stand as an explanation. Sports or stragglers in the same field of Fultz were found to vary very largely from eacli other and a little more than the different-sized grains of Fultz. This must be attributed to peculiarities in the variety and their different ability to assimilate nitrogen under the circumstances. 25 These remarks must be regarded as suggestions only, as airy abso- lute interpretation of the results is impossible. They serve, however, to show the constancy of the average composition of an average head, and of the average of the crop. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WHEAT GRAIN. From observations in this and previous reports it may be said that of all grain wheat is probably the most susceptible to its environment. Oats in certain directions are more variable, but in their general char- acteristics are much more permanent, as will appear in subsequent pages. The inherent tendency to change which is found in all grains is most prominent in wheat. It may be fostered by selection and by modifying such of the conditions of environment as it is in the power of man to affect. The most powerful element to contend with is the character of the season or unfavorable climatic conditions. The injury done in this way is well illustrated in Colorado; and it would seem advisable in such cases to seek seed from a source where everything had been favorable, and begin selection again. It must be borne in mind that selection must be kept up continuously, and that reversion takes place more easily than improvement. It took but one season to seriously injure Professor Blount's wheats, but it will be two or more years before they have recovered from that injury. Hal left in England was able to make his celebrated pedigree wheat by se- lection, carried on through many years, but the same wheat grown by the ordinary farmer under unfavorable conditions for a few years with- out care has reverted to an ordinary sort of grain. The effect of climate is well illustrated by four specimens of wheat which are to be seen in the collection of the chemical division. Two of these were from Oregon and Dakota some years ago, and present the most extreme contrast which can be found in this variable grain. Oue is light yellow, plump, and starchy, and shews on analysis a very small proportion of albuminoids; the other is one of the small, hard, and dark- colored spring wheats of Dakota, which are rich in albuminoids. Be- tween these stand two specimens from Colorado, which have been raised from seed similar to the Oregon and Dakota wheat. They are scarcely distinguishable except by a slight difference in color. The Colorado climate is such as to have modified these two seed wheats, until after a few years' growth they are hardly distinguishable in the kernel. All localities having widely different climates, soils, or other condi- tions produce theirpeculiar varieties and modify those which are brought to them. The result of these tendencies to change and reversion from lack of care in seed selection or other case has led to the practice of change of seed among farmers. A source is sought where either through greater care or more favorable conditions the variety desired lias been able to 26 hold its own. Sometimes this change is rendered necessary by condi- tions which are beyond the power of man to modify. As an example, No. 10 of Professor Blount's wheats, known as "Oregon Club," a white variety from Oregon, has been deteriorating every year since it has been grown in Colorado, whereas if the seed had been supplied every season directly from Oregon the quality would probably have remained the same. In extension of this illustration, the fact may be mentioned that annual renewal of the seed from a desirable and favorable source often makes it, possible to raise cereals where otherwise the climatic condi- tions would render their cultivation impossible through rapid reversion. This is particularly the case with extremes in latitude, the effect of which is found not so much upon the composition of the crop as on the yield and size of the grain. In the South the warmer climate, to- gether, of course, with poorer soil and cultivation in many instances, reduces the yield. The average in different States is given by Mr. Dodge as follows : Yield per acre of wheat. State. Pet- cent. Iper state - cent. State. Per cent. 15.2 15.0 16.3 16.4 14.1 17.6 15.7 12.7 13.5 13.4 14.1 8.7 5.2 South Carolina 5. 6 Georgia- 6. 6 Florida 5.2 19.5 New Hampshire Indiana 18.0 15.9 Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Mississippi . 5. Nevada 16.8 Louisiana 3.4 Texas 1 6.8 i Wisconsin j Minnesota j Iowa | Missouri | Nebraska California , Oregon ! Colorado 12.8 11.4 ID. 2 12.0 9.3 9.4 22.0 Maryland Virginia West Virginia 10. 2 Kentucky | 9. 8 Ohio 18.0 15.8 18.9 It must be remembered, however, that three quarters of the wheat crop has beeu produced in the ten States of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Penn- sylvania, and that a State like Minnesota must not be considered as furnishing the largest part of the supply merely because wheat is the prevailing crop in that State. Having shown the conditions under which unfavorable and favorable variations occur, it is hoped that these investigations will be the means of aiding those who are engaged in the improvement of the yield and quality of the crop of our country. It seems proper in this place to allude also to the immense amount of the best food elements of our soils which are yearly being taken from the farm and exported from our ports in the shape of nitrogen and the mineral constituents of the grain, the loss of which is continually ren- dering our wheat lauds poorer and forcing the cultivation into new parts of the country where the soil is still of virgin richness. If grain is sold off the farm the loss of nitrogen and minerals must be replaced 27 by fertilizers. In the East this is already done, but in the West it seems that nothing but experience of wasting fertility will teach the lesson. OATS. Oats, the third in importance of our cereal crops, as far as production is concerned, are grown under as varied conditions as any of them and arc as a crop the most variable in their appearance. They will grow and can be made to pay on almost any soil, and, al- though flourishing in cold climates, can be successfully raised in the far South by sowing as a winter grain and so reaching maturity in the cool part of the year. In consequence of these variations in the conditions of growth there are to be found the greatest differences in weight and size of the grain, its plumpness, and the relative proportion of kernel and husk. De- pendent on these differences many classifications have been proposed, but as there seems to be a regular gradation from the one extreme of the white potato oats to the other of red rnst proof, there seems to be no definite basis for varieties due to color, shape of the grain, or plump- ness. Botanically, there seem to be three varieties recognized — the common Arena sativa L.,and two others, A. orientals Schb., having the kernels all on one side of the stem, and A. nuda L., to the grain of which the hnsks or chaff are not adherent. For our consideration, from a chemical and physical point of view, these distinctions are of small importance, as the same variations are found among each species. To the farmer the most important characteristic, and the one by which this grain is usually valued, is its weight per bushel. In close relation to this is the proportion of kernel to husk — a point which has been little, if at all, investigated. In the specimens which have been collected from the most prominent regions where oats are grown these characteristics have been determined, as well as the size and weight of the kernels, with the purpose of studying not only the way in which they are affected by surrounding causes, but also their relation to the composition of the grain. The sources of the specimens examined, their color and shape, and other physical characteristics are here presented. 28 29 *. P-P c_5 *-d t- = = 3,2 « ;t« 13*353 8 SBS t-"^ = »22b2=5=S« S at! '■'■ z a >i p. p. a. & p. ft a p. « jc *2 & .h & < <5 -"I <1 ^ <$ & <$ S S £3 «1 £3 :^^.h ^ tJ ^ ^ t'» uP-. >i^ . tZ h i "^««ojs,o h PhOjPmP4P , s^Pi app-ts ' +3 *" qj'u JJOSs P- * P. P S a -Si: ■ .P *^ . r— s aj S a ; :oo c *> e ® « * e p3 T3 T3 -IS -O r MM 2 Sj= i- t— l— r- x x x x t. cic: c 3o--'Hr-?iciM^.-op:ij>^ciotni/:(oa©!OOr-ft-t-i'-«ao(»QDi»«)aoajaoi O^OO^SOOC^^^ — •— — — — ^- — « — — — ^h-^^h — », _i _- _■ _ ,- I — i— . -H ^- .-I ,— — Hi- — — — rt«-Hrt,-lr-l * •— ■ -_7 p p « a> MM a a 30 a wB 0) o ft* :a ' i- ■ 03 u 'C P/.OS.O d a 1 S fe g M B g -I § S = 3 ® 3 % r a a) ■S = s -. ■O-S-l ■ -,S p . . U v M,o o - 3 b. \^ hr'P , =2 >. fc-o • *§■§ ^gtscs^hjceo)_3mSSfeoMSSSsa o Is. •8 CO to C S Kr © 2 Ci. ° ^ © © ,§3,3 8.8 g «-^ +j p p^* ,9 rt 3 m o^ o p fcm sjg ft - - J °la:o 1 M .>. o £.2§ § 5s ftJ='E S i p.i Sg| °£ S-S § l-g S'3 S § g 03 o.g go= « «3.gg £ oQQOOtccoOO^maPKaiMfctiJMccPPPPcqKlPo - H _ "' M _j . C H © O ■2 9 S S 2.3 §— * P o f a'r 3 te-S.-S Oj= 5 o- * Cr.2 0.0 £ "50-500 03 3 D >r. <1 "^ ""I "^ *s > b£ bfl bo 3 3 33 3 3 3 "< «1 «j fa > '- — — PI •S^-B'a^ g 3 oj rttT 03 p. 2°CB3 ■ 'p« otM moo cd rH ^1 -- —i ^1 TT>T TOCi HHHNNNN NMNNM 1 o f^s mmmmwmm rocococom •ok COOrHN«TMftOM05HK!ifi©t-0-'Nt-CCaOHNint*C mnnw:i:i?i:.i:] ?i ?i n ^1 e-i "i "i -1 ?i :i.:i:.kjn«Mws ■ c3 - ft * ^4 J s a ■= i* fc O 03 « 03 ■3^B Hi 03 O !2i^ 31 SI ; ■ St ' a« : i • ■ ■ i-S = := J5* = x v © = - = M '-i-~ -i>-i t. >-. c D a a a ~ a - 9 • 2.|?h ">^ ^--stefe fe ._! fe - _' cj fe .-.-^ t J " ._■ S ,_■ 1 ^ [J J l-ri 5 fe TJ 01 "■' 71 71 71 71 71 77 1 _ _ —, ,_ f 1 -,j -j -] - t 77 77 77 77 :-770r"77^cir7r777.-3 7777 77 77 77 co r-iM^T^roTCMr-t^rtcr 5 e flllll'S.-S'Sl g£J .g'S.S a s a b M =.= ria ci — ■^'int-'-'irjtat^oo— icot-o— 1 (?) « « cc « i- 1- ~r -r -r m o« (o w ir: 77 07 c^ « 77 77 " ''■ 77 77 77 77 & n C^r777rOT777rO«71C-Jr^C^77n70 p > **- 32 a o O I e © <« H ax M Hi 3 og 3 > 2 M 3h j-Ciy o ^ SS ^ vJPhK^ S ' a 3 ■3 ; .S-s fe M" K "3 3 a ? .« ££ MtOXTrCCONTtintSO-^NWIftHtOt-HlrtO^cSom COOONC-COCC XOCXfflSCiCJT-tOCw M M 1- w m CO c^ co tz cc r^ ro cv^ cc co ^o cc c^ co co ^ *t" ^ *^ ^ ^ *# ^ ^ ^ ^J 1 coccncrjcomnccnnKwmmmmmccramnnwMCQ Bg B ! Hills :s "3 «g :s £O.S333'33fc a Oco 33 Physical properties of oats. State. Maine Do Do "New Hampshire Do Do Vermont Do Do Do Connecticut Do Do Do Total Average New York Do Color. Light. White. Light. lello wand green. Yellow. Light. White. Light. Do. Do. Yellow and green. Light. White. Light hrown. Light. Mixed. Light. Do. Do. Do. White. Bmwn. Do. White. Light. Do. Do. White. Light. White. Light. Do. Do. Do. Yellow and gTeen. Light. Light. White. Light. White. Light. White. Do. Light. Do. Mixed. White. Light. Light brown. Light. Brown. Mixed. Do. Light. Mixed. White. Do. Do. Light hrown. White. Do. Light. White. Mixed. Do. White. Light. Do. White. 42. 1 Mixed. 38.-S Light. 37. 1 ! Brown. 13734— No. 9- 34 Physical properties of oats — Coutiuued. State. Missouri.- Do Do Nebraska Do Do Dakota Do Do Do Do Montana Do Do Maryland ' Do Delaware Virginia Do Do Do "West Virginia;. . Do Do Do North Carolina . Do Do Do Do Do South Carolina.. Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Kentucky Do Do Do Tennessee Do .: Do Do Georgia Do Do Do Do Do Do Florida Do Do Do Do Alabama Do Do Do Do Mississippi Do Do Do Do Louisiana Do Do Arkansas Do Texas Do Do Do Serial num. ber. 3190 3191 3411 3198 3200 3200 1 3030 3035 3036 3390 3391 3196 3197 3415 3140 3141 3038 3331 3334 3335 3337 3345 3346 3347 3348 3249 3251 3253 3255 3256 3257 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3429 3116 3117 3119 3122 3302 3303 3304 3309 3047 3049 30491 3049* 3050 3052 3395 3041 3043 3044 3045 3392 3001 3002 3007 3008 3363 3181 3183 3184 3185 3187 3126 3127 3441 3012 3368 3310 3311 3313 3314 Weight of 100 grains. Grains. 2.016 1.630 1.956 2.194 1.582 1.512 2.057 2.367 2.957 2. 844 2.372 2.528 2.010 2.691 1.850 2.637 1.976 2.720 2.771 2.480 Clean grain. Per cent. 97.84 97.70 98.85 99.00 97.20 97.40 96.43 92.04 96.12 92. 33 87.70 94.49 90.16 88.54 94.86 91.65 98.04 93.00 96. 92 94.09 Hulled grain. 1.872 3.386 1.969 2. 773 2.060 1.834 3.362 2.470 2.314 2. 935. 3. 039 2.823 2.055 2. 052 2. 831 3. 176 2.981 3. 179 2.270 1.968 2.897 1.860 1.897 2.378 2. 920 2. 160 2.236 3.255 2. 388 " 2.609 2.830 2.334 2. 880 2.018 2.966 2.531 2.315 2. 924 3.068 2.498 3.127 3. 190 3.034 2.950 2.792 2.113 2.868 2.993 2. 775 3.104 2.760 3.055 2.491 2.920 2.841 Per cent. 71.45 68.60 69.28 73. 20 68.30 68.79 67.90 72.39 62.20 73.16 55. 37 70.10 69.15 72.36 71.70 71.36 69. 59 72.40 59.00 64. 29 97.19 96. 55 93. 55 96.45 93.94 97.10 94.30 88.84 96. 20 96.77 98.51 93.76 96.22 96. 90 94.01 97. 59 93.78 97.17 98.52 98.23 92. 22 90.56 99.29 91.39 97.11 94.86 98.44 97.39 91.34 91. 64 96.42 90.99 94.29 99.69 98.70 93.95 95. 26 98.33 97.36 97. 23 94.86 94.10 98.81 96. 50 96.50 91.20 70.00 97.80 99.29 90.03 95.65 Hulls. "Weight per bushel. Percent. 28.55 31.40 30.72 26.80 31.70 31.21 32.10 27.61 37.80 26.84 44.63 29.90 30.85 27.64 28.30 28.64 30.41 27.60 41.00 35.71 71.26 67.59 64.48 62.60 70.50 70.30 68.70 70.44 73. 34 ' 68. 95 ! 69. 95 67. 24 68.65 68.72 i 68.48 | 71.20 I 73.33 68.61 72.70 71.49 68.51 67.27 68. 24 68. 75 67. 66 57.01 70. 95 68.88 71.18 73.52 65.17 67.78 62.47 67.13 68.61 71.69 69.40 67.85 68.34 66.48 69.39 68.47 69.50 67. SO 73.69 74.60 67.00 69.34 68. 19 72. 16 Pounds. 36.7 " '38.Y 39.5 30.2 29.7 40.2 44.7 48.6 44.3 38.8 45.0 45.4 39.5 35.0 40.0 "'39.6' 41.4 35.5 40.8 28.74 37.4 32.41 ■ 38.3 35. 52 38. 5 37. 40 36. 4 29. 50 47. 8 29. 70 36. 4 31. 30 37. 2 29. 36 39. 5 26.66 41.1 31.05 36.6 30. 05 39. 5 32. 70 38. 5 31.35 35.7 31.28 I 35-9 31.52 28.80 41.5 26. 67 37. 8 31.39 J 39.8 27.30 I 28. 51 33. 3 31.49 21.9 32. 73 i 29. 9 31.76 I 31.4 31.25 38.3 32. 34 35. 5 42. 99 39. 9 29. 05 ! 33. 4 31.12 , 28.82 1 26.48 ' 34. 83 31. 4 32. 22 1 32. 37. 53 I 29. 6 32. 87 i 31. 5 31.39 26.9 28.31 31.0 30.60 ! 31.5 32. 15 24. 2 32.0 31.66 24.7 33. 52 32. 4 30. 61 36. 31.53 33. H 30. 50 34. 5 32. 20 34. 8 26.31 I 30.1 25.40 33.00 30.66 31. SI 27.84 97.08 98.62 96.48 96.37 98.73 64.10 70. IS 71.79 73.51 69.78 35.90 29. S2 28.21 26.49 30.22 34.4 33.0 35.3 42.6 36.5 33.8 31.4 34.8 34.8 37.6 Color. Mixed. Yellow. Do. Mixed. Do. White. Yellow. Light. Do. White. White and brown White. Yellow. Light. Do. Brown. White. Light. White. Do. Light. Do. Light brown. Brown. Mixed. Brown. Black. Light brown. Brown. Do. Do. Light brown. Yellow. Brown. Light brown. Brown. Mixed. Brown. Light. Brown. Do. Do. Do. Light. Brown. Do. Do. Brown. Yellow. Brown Do. Yellow. Brown. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Yellow. Brown. Do. Do. 35 Physical properties of nais — Continued. S. 371 2.686 2.256 2. 767 2.188 2.350 2.487 2, 416 2.245 1.867 1.763 2.519 2. 410 2.244 1.976 2.657 2.500 2.496 2.767 2.249 2.089 2.609 2.542 2.961 2.751 2.957 2.700 2.442 2. 924 2.560 2.019 2.402 3.602 3.279 O Per cent 95.00 95.63 94.18 94.93 95.37 95.82 97.38 93.83 94.97 95.78 97.16 95.32 98. 50 92.24 96.42 96.22 93.36 97.21 94.81 96.09 96.99 98.13 97.87 92. 92 91.06 93.26 98.04 94.67 95.94 94.52 95.99 94.88 95.06 93.39 97.79 96.47 90.40 94.99 97.08 90.16 96.29 90.72 95.05 97.67 98.34 96.97 s Per cent 69.97 70.60 69.08 69.52 69.69 72.20 70.29 71.54 69.52 67.44 67.27 71. 00 72.75 68.55 71.44 72.31 72.00 72. 02 70.77 71.67 71.63 69.78 70.10 66.20 70.54 71.53 69.69 65.23 66.48 70.37 69.52 69.99 65.42 68. 50 68.94 68.17 70.52 69.90 64.10 69.80 71.56 61.17 66.01 73.21 76.10 66.12 Per cent 30.03 29.30 30.92 30. 48 30.31 27.80 29.71 28.46 30.48 32.56 3173 29.00 27.25 31.45 28.56 27.69 28.00 27.98 29. 23 28.33 28. 37 30.22 29.90 33. 80 29.46 28.47 30.41 34.77 33.52 29.63 30.48 30.01 34.58 31. 44 31.06 31.83 29.48 30.10 35.90 30.21 28.44 38.83 33. 99 26.79 23.90 33.88 Lis. 37.2 38.0 34.5 43.2 37.0 37.8 38.6 38.3 39.4 35.6 32.3 39.8 36.6 38.0 39.8 42.3 36.7 39.4 39.0 43.6 38.4 37.8 33.1 43.3 30.0 37.5 39.2 39.2 39.8 38.4 31.7 36.3 31.6 29.0 31.7 34.4 36.9 35.2 43.3 36.5 43.6 41.1 41.8 43.4 45.1 Oats having tiie husk (pallets and at times glumes) adherent is neces- sarily lighter than wheat in weight per hundred grains. The heaviest is from the Pacific slope, and the South ranks next, owing, as has been said, to its large size. In weight per bushel, however, the fluffy husk of the Southern grain makes it the lowest in the country, while the Pacific slope retains the highest weight per bushel, as also size and weight per 100, showing it to have a plump, well-filled grain. The average for the country, 37.2 pounds, appears rather high in com- parison with the most common legal weight, 32 pounds, but, as in the case of wheat, the determinations have been proved correct for the specimens examined, and are not mere estimates. The samples are, too, apparently fair averages, as the figures giving percentages of clean grain in the specimens as received show that no particular pains was taken to prepare them for exhibition before reaching us. The range 37 with this cereal is larger than with any other. The extremes iu weight per 100 grains were, serial No. 3200, the lightest, from Nebraska, 1.582 grams, and serial No. 3277, from Oregon, the heaviest, 3.786 grams. Cleanliness varied from 99.8 per cent, to 70.0 per cent., but of course had nothing to do with locality. The heaviest weight per bushel was found iu specimens from Colorado, serial No. 3020, and Dakota, serial No. 3036, weighing 48.8 and 48.6 pounds. The lightest were from Ala- bama, serial No. 3002, and from Florida, serial No. 3043, 24.7 and 26.9 pounds, respectively. In milling oats the relation of kernel to waste is about one-half. Our ' results show that the relation of kernel to husk averages for the whole country 7 to 3, those from the Western States being a little less husky, and those from the South considerably more so. It is, however, the inflated nature of the husk in the Southern grain and the fact that the glumes or outer husk is often adherent that affects the weight per bushel more than the slightly larger proportion. The extremes found were 79.28 per cent, of kernel in a specimen from Washington Territory, serial No. 3 435, and 55.37 per cent, in one from Dakota, serial No. 3391. Washington and Oregon sustain their repu- tation for fine looking grain, while the small proportion of kernel in the Dakota specimen is due entirely to cutting before it was quite ripened. It is hardly a fair example, other specimens from the Terri- tory reaching over 70.0 per cent, of kernel. In weight per bushel the warm climate of the South so affects the form of the grain as to lower its average 2.7 pounds. This' is hardly as large as would be expected, and leads to the conclusion that the climate has a greater effect than some other characteristics. Oue of these is yield, which, from an average of 30 bushels in the North, falls to about 10 in the South, and, as has been said, the color and shape of the grain is much changed. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. In examining the physical relations of the specimens they were sep- arated into kernel and husk, and for several reasons they were sepa- rately submitted to analysis with, as it appears, results furnishing much more information thau would otherwise have been obtained. Corn, wheat, and rye were analyzed in the clean kernel, and comparison is more readily made between them and oats. The variations, independ- ent of the proportion of husk, are easily arrived at, and since the analysis of the hull and its relative amount are given it is easy to cal- culate for any specimen its composition as it would be used for feed. The data obtained are here preseuted, together with averages derived therefrom : 38 Composition of American oats, arranged by States. CD IT State. d "c3 "m o 03 ,2 "a p a p P o © * «f s a O E < £ Pr. ct. Pr.et Pi: ct. Pr. ct. Pr. ct. Pr. ct. Pr. ct. 3131 3133 7.20 7.26 1.80 2.29 9.03 8.54 66.65 ! 1.67 60.41 1.85 13.65 13.65 2.18 ! 2.18 9 3134 7.10 1.64 8.08 60.15 ; 1.80 15.23 2.44 3208 7.20 2. 13 8.41 65. 11 1. 40 15.75 , 2.52 3209 7.02 2.31 8.46 66. 10 J 1. 23 14.88 ! 2.38 3210 6.95 2.45 8.21 64. 61 ! 1. 33 16. 45 i 2.63 3322 3323 7.60 7.00 2.09 2.06 8.65 8.12 65.76 63. 16 1.20 1.46 14.70 IS. 20 2.35 2.91 3324 6.15 1.70 8.30 67.85 1.30 14.70 1 2.35 3326 6.58 2. 26 7.15 67.81 1.42 14.88 : 2.38 3024 3027 6.24 6.52 2.30 2.20 7.54 8.23 67. 56 ! 1. 48 69.27 1 1.53 14.88 12.25 ! 2.38 ! 1.96 3028 7.62 2.25 8.72 67.46 | 1.35 12.60 2.02 3029 5.77 2.46 7.74 67.99 1 1.51 14. 53 2.32 3294 3228 3228 7.52 7.33 7.20 2.02 2.09 2.15 8.71 8.13 7.15 68.66 ! 1.01 69.07 ' 1.48 67.56 i 1.22 12. 08 11.90 14.35 1.83 1.90 2.30 3230 7.50 2.20 8.46 66.01 1 1.48 14. 35 2.30 3231 7.46 2.43 8.01 64. 81 : 1. 54 15.75 2.52 3232 7.20 2.37 7.13 66.24 1.31 15.75 2.52 3233 7.58 2.23 7.79 67.50 , 1.89 12.95 2.07 3234 9.24 1.93 9.63 64. 88 1 1. 19 13.13 2.10 ' 3235 7.28 1.78 8.52 67. 74 1. 20 13.48 2.18 3243 6.34 2.03 6.98 65. 02 ' 1. 60 IS. 03 2.88 3214 3215 7.26 7.57 2.34 2.24 6.86 7.42 67.18 1.31 65.93 1 1.26 15.05 15.58 2.41 1 2.49 Pennsylvania ' 3282 6.73 2.64 8.41 62.91 J 1.43 17.88 | 2.85 3285 6.86 2.08 8.08 67.82 J .98 14.18 I 2.27 3286 7.88 2.30 7.90 67. 02 j 1. 25 13. 65 2.18 3286 6.92 2.40 7.62 65.67 1.64 15. 75 1 2. 52 Ohio 3260 3261 7.04 7.00 2.43 1.92 7.75 8.01 66.29 | 1.23 64. 11 1. 46 15.26 17.50 2.44 2.80 3262 6.78 2.07 7.40 63.21 1.10 19.44 3.11 3267 6.45 1.96 8.67 64.80 .97 17.15 2.74 3268 6.76 2.65 8.67 64.56 1 1.26 16.10 2.58 •3269 6.83 2.12 8.85 66.84 ! 1.18 14.18 2.27 3270 6.77 2.20 8.88 66. 37 , 1. 25 14.53 1 2. 32 3271 6.71 2.40 8.34 66. 13 | 1. 19 15.23 2.44 3444 6.55 2.50 8.33 66.19 j 1.03 15.40 2.46 3151 7.95 2.10 8.42 65. 55 1. 10 14.88 2.38 3153 0.67 2.94 7.42 05.43 1.26 16.28 2.60 3156 6.89 2.57 7.40 68. 15 | 1. 16 13.83 2.21 3158 7.44 2.06 7.48 68.31 1.23 13.48 2.16 3160 7.10 2.33 7.52 67. 69 1. 18 14. 18 2.27 3406 0.60 2.12 8.17 70.50 ( 1.23 11.38 1.82 3084 3086 8.15 7.29 1.65 2.13 7.40 8.23 66.25 1.15 15. 40 16.10 2.46 65.09 1.16 2.58 3089 8.72 1.98 7.83 65. 72 1.40 14.35 2.30 Illinois 3055 3060 6.18 5.88 2.66 2.16 7.22 7.59 68.38 68.82 1.38 1.55 14.18 14.00 2. 27 2.24 3062 7.00 2.64 7.09 67. 89 1.55 13.83 2. 21 3063 5.41 2.24 8. 12 67.95 1.40 14.88 2.38 3065 6.29 2.06 8.09 66.53 1.80 15. 23 2.44 3066 5.28 2.49 7.23 67.27 1.98 15.75 2.52 3067 6.11 2.42 7.70 68. 34 1.43 14.00 2.24 3008 6.60 2.15 7.85 67. 62 1.43 14.35 2.30 3068 6.92 2.37 7.82 66.41 1.43 15. 05 2.41 3351 3353 6.82 7.84 2.30 2.28 7.35 7.82 68.14 68.90 1.56 1.26 13.83 11.90 2.21 1.90 3357 6.86 2.02 7.55 69.58 1.39 12.60 2.02 3360 7.12 1.45 7.32 67.83 1.75 14.53 2.32 3361 7.72 2.25 7.21 67.82 1.48 13.48 2.16 Minnesota 3166 3168 6.69 7.15 2.15 2.45 8.24 8.70 69.36 1.30 12. 25 14. 18 1.96 66.35 | 1.17 2.27 3169 7.63 2.35 7.30 69.11 1.01 12. 60 2.02 3170 6.88 2.23 7.90 66.26 ! 1.33 15.40 2.46 3172 8.07 2. 18 7.97 68.09 1.09 12. 6(1 2.02 3175 7.07 2.38 7.73 67.52 1.47 13.83 2.21 3175 6.95 2.10 7.88 67.75 1.84 13.48 2.16 3176 6.82 2.38 7.61 71.22 1.29 10.68 1.71 3179 7.15 2.19 7.90 69.32 1.19 12.25 1.96 3094 I 3097 6.46 6.40 1.92 2.07 6.94 7.75 65.50 69.44 1.50 1.04 17.68 13.30 2.86 2.13 3098 7.38 2.61 9.60 65.15 1.08 14.18 2. 27 39 Composition of American oats, asrangedby States — Continued. Tennessee Georgia Alabama Mississippi 40 Composition of American oats, arranged by States — Continued. 03 State. o 1 CO ID W s h ,a o ■■o CO O o p a 3 5 § o u 2 Per ct. P.ct. Per ct. 8.18 7.83 Per ct. P.ct. Per ct. P.ct. 3126 3127 9.50 8.00 2.20 2.10 64.99 67.72 1.13 1.05 14.00 13.30 2.24 2.13 3441 6.85 2.10 8.25 66.93 1.34 14.53 2.32 3012 3368 4.67 6.94 2.10 2.14 8.12 7.71 69.35 65.83 1.93 1.63 13.83 15.75 2.21 2.52 3310 3311 7.08 6.92 1.74 2.08 8.09 11.20 68.07 65.24 1.12 1.55 13.30 12. 95 2.13 2.07 3313 8.57 2.15 9.06 62.82 1.65 15.75 2.52 3314 6.70 1.86 8.80 67.26 1.03 14.35 2.30 3315 7.14 2.26 8.75 67.58 l.H 13.13 2.10 3316 6.80 1.82 8.08 68.62 1.20 13.48 2.16 3317 6.95 2.10 8.19 68.63 .83 13.30 2.13 3430 7.10 2.30 7.45 67.81 1.16 14.18 2.27 3020 3021 4.80 5.08 2.08 2.40 7.27 8.67 66.82 68.98 1.00 1.14 18.03 13.13 2.88 2.10 3385 6.56 2.29 7.67 65.75 1.10 10.63 2.66 3583 7.20 2.45 7.59 68.46 1.17 13.13 2.10 Utah 3319 3321 6.05 7.30 2.37 2.40 8.17 8.81 69.71 66.89 1.62 1.82 12.08 12.78 2.04 3205 6.80 2.27 9.72 66.21 1.17 13.83 2.21 3218 6.61 2.12 9,89 60.02 1.88 13.48 2.16 3420 7.05 2.50 9.43 66.30 1.59 13.13 2.10 3341 7.08 1.79 7.99 71.56 1.95 9.63 1.54 3435 6.55 1.55 10.57 68.36 1.07 11.90 1.90 3275 3277 6.72 7.01 2.28 2. 42 8.89 7.87 68.73 60.80 1.48 2.07 11.90 13.83 1.90 2.21 California ! 3016 7.95 1.93 8.83 66.33 1.83 13.13 2.10 3374 7.22 1.58 9.67 67.94 1.86 11.73 1.88 3378 6.58 1.79 10.10 70.02 1.88 9.63 1.54 3380 6.52 2. 14 9.11 66.35 1.70 14.18 2.27 3382 7.12 1.35 9.32 68.80 1.27 12.08 1.93 Composition of hulls of American oats, arranged by States. State. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Connecticut Rhode Island — New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . Ohio Michigan . 6 f5 ,3 CO £ «1 Per ct. P.ct. 3133 4.60 4.30 3208 3209 6.46 3.90 4.50 4.36 3210 4.30 5.00 3322 3323 4.08 4.80 5.40 4.10 3324 3.60 3.60 3326 4.14 3.66 3024 6.60 5.95 3028 5.60 4.44 3029 5.74 3.71 3294 5.00 4.50 3226 4.70 4.00 3231 4.50 4.90 3235 3243 5.00 4.40 3214 2.90 6.30 3282 3.68 4.30 3286 4.36 4.50 3286 4.30 3.20 3260 3.18 7.40 3201 3.52 5.60 3262 4.81 4.20 3267 5.58 5.80 3269 5.12 5.30 3270 4.84 7.70 3444 5.00 6.80 3153 4.96 3.84 3156 3.83 6.33 3158 4.82 5.20 3406 4.44 6.40 Per ct. 65.99 66.50 70.48 67.59 68.99 68.74 73.59 72.98 65.37 67.13 69.69 73.12 72.07 68.52 a 33 ,3 o 74.02 68.46 70.54 70.11 69.10 66.99 70. 54 72.08 69.57 68.30 66.80 68.55 63.96 69.55 71.38 Per ct. 23.36 19.56 19.16 20.13 18.20 19.73 17.46 16.94 19.80 20.20 18.06 15. 10 16.43 18.93 13.95 19.19 18.85 18.40 21.15 20.68 16.84 15.55 17.12 18.30 18.56 20.02 23.78 18.50 16.38 P.ct. 1.75 2.98 2.10 2.98 3.33 2.63 1.75 2.28 2.28 2.63 2.80 2.28 2.80 3. 15 1.75 2.63 3.15 2.63 2.63 1.75 1.75 3.50 3.33 1.93 2.98 2.10 2.28 2. 63 2.10 1.93 1.40 41 Composition of hulls of American outs, arranged by States — Continued. Static Indiana Illinois . on sin Minnesota Iowa . Missouri Nebraska . Dakota Montana - Maryland Virginia. . . West Virginia. . Noitl) Carolina. Sooth Caroliua. Kentucky . Tennessee. Georgia — Florida Alabama . .. Mississippi . Louisiana .. Arkansas. Texas Colorado. Utah Washington Tetritory. Oregon California 02 3 oo < a. — ' ij Per ct. — B » 3-0 £ 8 S (Jfi o 5 Per ct. P.ct. Per ct. P.ct. P.ct. 3084 4.80 5.20 68.17 19. 38 2.45 .39 3055 2.10 .34 3060 4.4S 7.10 64. hi) 1 21.40 J. 28 .36 3062 7.70 5. Til 67.31 14.56 4.73 .76 3063 15. 16 7. 80 52. 62 21.44 2.98 .48 3067 5. 16 7.20 07. 44 17. 92 2. 28 .36 3068 4.56 7.44 71.41 14.14 2. 45 .39 3068 5, 12 65.78 2L 12 2.10 .34 3353 4.40 7. 10 7n. 4ii 15.45 1 .42 3357 4.70 6.90 69 1 1 17.71 1.58 .25 3300 ::. 56 5. 80 71.00 17.54 2. 10 .34 3361 2. 20 6.50 70.35 19. 20 1.75 .28 3166 4.71 7. 10 04.41 21. 85 1.93 .31 3170 4. 35 6. 21 68. 27 IS. 44 2. 63 .42 3172 5.36 :.. in 68.75 18. 04 2. 45 .39 3175 4. III'. 7. 35 1. 75 .28 3176 6. 54 7 mi 67. 70 16. 76 2.10 .34 5. L'H .- 4 ■ I 1.75 .28 310+ 4. 511 6 22 64 7ii 22. 14 2.45 .39 3107 6. "ii ii 66 69. 37 16.22 1.75 .28 3191 5.13 6.55 69.11 16.58 2.63 .42 3411 I 30 5.90 ,n. 60 15 .-7 3.33 .53 3198 4.10 7. Ml 63.40 17.0H 2.10 .34 3035 3390 IS. 12 18. 12 1. 75 2. 28 .28 5. t" 7.70 66. 50 .36 3197 :: mi 9. 50 65. ^2 17.65 4. 03 .64 3115 4. Ill 4 18 70. 25 19. 12 1.75 .28 3140 1.40 5. 02 07. 82 17. 43 4.73 .76 3141 4.0H 4.62 01 68 24. 42 2. 28 .36 3038 16. 54 3.15 .50 08 3.90 74.41 16. 16 2.45 . 39 3335 4 06 5. 50 69.94 17. 52 2. 98 .48 5. in 3.70 64. 97 23. 42 2.81 .45 3345 1.30 5.60 67.38 20. 62 2. in .34 3347 3.76 ::. oo T2. 32 17.69 2. 63 .42 3249 4.70 70.61 J 5. 04 35 .62 3251 2 .-1) 2. 45 .45 3253 4.30 7, 50 i.;i 86 15.89 .39 3255 5. 4n 50 72. 13 12.82 3.15 .50 3256 4.76 5. oo 68.16 19. SO 2. 28 .36 3257 4 82 5 90 71.63 15.37 2. 28 .36 3295 3.86 3.90 76. 64 13.50 2. 10 .34 3297 2.98 5.00 75. 32 14.95 1 75 .28 3299 1 10 3.4H 73. 62 13.90 2.98 .48 31 « 10 4.2(1 8.10 70.55 15.40 1.75 .28 3402 6.00 5. 80 71.21 11.91 5. 08 .81 3116 5.10 4. SO 64. 80 23. 55 1 . 75 .28 3117 17.411 4.90 ' 57. 13 17.17 2 Sll .45 3122 9.90 5.30 ! 60.08 19.22 4.90 .78 3304 8.90 0.50 67.30 14.85 2. 45 .39 3309 4.S6 5.50 65.91 21.03 2.10 .34 3(147 5.71 5.31 68.47 18.06 2.45 .39 3(149 5.96 5.76 70.51 10.00 1.75 .28 3049 5.70 5.15 71.24 15. 46 2. 15 .39 3050 5.30 4. 00 69 50 19.10 2.10 .34 3052 5.50 4.40 67. 17 20.48 2. 15 39 3395 5 02 6.06 70.16 14. 56 4.20 .67 3044 5.50 1.90 73.39 16.58 3 63 .42 3045 5.78 2. 98 74.79 14.70 1.75 28 3392 :;. 30 3.86 7:.. 13 15.26 2.45 .39 3002 14.94 4 80 63. 17 14.75 2. 28 .36 3363 4.50 5.10 OS. IK 20.12 2.10 .34 3185 5.20 7.80 67.70 16.67 2. 63 42 3187 5. 40 6.75 OS. 20 17.72 1. 93 .31 3126 15.00 : 4.60 58.13 19.57 2.10 .34 3127 5.00 5. 20 68. 62 18.90 2. §8 .36 3012 6.00 5.14 62. 77 16 80 2.98 .48 3310 4.40 7. 60 66. S3 20. 12 1.05 .17 3311 4.20 6.20 72. 62 14.35 2.63 .42 3313 4.00 7.10 72.10 14.70 2. 10 .34 3315 3.90 ! 3.30 7.70 7.70 2.63 1.75 .42 3317 71. 95 15.30 .28 3430 4. 4H 7.50 71. 56 15.31 1. 23 .20 1385 4.30 7.84 67.71 17.56 2 3 ; .42 3583 4.04 , 5.40 65. 92 22.54 2.10 .34 3321 4.70 5.20 21). 59 18.34 3.50 1.93 .56 3135 7.16 67.37. .31 3277 5.12 4.80 71.37 16.96 1.75 .28 3374 4.20 6.02 71.63 16.40 , 1.75 .28 42 Average composition of American oats, arranged by States. States. S a United States 179 AtlnnticSlope I 64 Northern States 92 "Western States 54 Southern States : 69 Northwestern States I 8 Pacific Slope 18 Maine i 3 New Hampshire j 3 Vermont j 4 Connecticut 4 Rhode Island ' 1 New York | 9 New Jersey ; 2 Pennsylvania . , i 4 Ohio.'. 9 Michigan , 6 Indiana ; 3 Illinois 9 Wisconsin 5 Minnesota ! 9 Iowa 7 Missouri } 3 Nebraska | 3 Dakota . 5 Montana ] 3 Maryland 2 Delaware 1 Virginia 4 West Virginia i 4 North Carolina 6 South Carolina 8 Kentucky 4 Tennessee 4 Georaia 8 Florida 5 Alabama. 5 Mississippi 5 Louisiana 3 Arkansas : 2 Texas 8 Colorado - 4 Utah 2 Nevada 1 New Mexico 2 "Washington Territory 2 Oregon 2 California 5 7.07 6.98 6.79 7.38 6.71 7.19 7.06 6.33 6.54 7.52 7.46 7.42 7.10 6.76 7.11 8.05 6.19 7.27 7.16 7.01 7.11 7.42 6.74 8.44 7.01 5.94 6.63 6.64 6.84 7.07 7.34 6.81 6.15 6.03 6.40 7.41 8.12 5.80 7.16 6.06 6.07 6.80 6.83 6.82 6.86 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.12 2.23 2. 10 1.91 2.30 2.00 2.30 2.02 2.14 2.29 2.36 2.25 2.35 1.92 2.34 2.06 2.27 2.03 | 1.91 2.16 | 2.25 I 2.20 I 2.36 | 2.27 , 2.43 2.29 2.06 2.09 2.10 2.22 2.28 2.08 1.94 1.97 2.13 1.12 2.01 2.31 2.39 2.27 2.31 3.67 2.35 1.76 8 14 8.22 8.02 7.91 8.23 8.54 8.87 8.55 8.36 8.06 8.06 8.71 8.02 7.14 8.00 8.32 7.74 7.82 7.64 7.45 7.91 8.02 8.35 7.98 8.10 9.18 7.91 7.75 7.93 7.51 8.27 8.48 7.80 8.09 8.54 8.49 8.42 7.86 8.09 7.92 8.71 7.80 8.49 9.72 9.66 9.28 8.38 9.40 cSxJ 67.09 67.10 66.88 67.06 67.22 66.96 67.78 60. 40 65.27 66.15 68.07 68.66 66.53 66. 55 65.85 65.39 67.61 65.69 67.69 68.46 68.33 66.72 65.54 66.64 67.39 66.23 66.39 66.09 66.03 64.86 68.28 68.19 65. 97 67.33 67.65 67. 85 07.55 67.48 66 55 67.59 67.08 67.50 68. 30 66.21 66.16 69.96 67.77 67.90 a i S'S 1.38 1.37 1.37 j 1.37 1.35 1.28 1.53 1.77 I 1.32 1.34 1.47 1.01 j 1.44 1.29 1.32 1.19 1.19 1.24 1.55 1.49 1.30 1.44 ; 1.51 1.51 1.28 1.29 1.46 1.35 i 1.49 ; 1.46 | 1.63 1.00 ! 1.74 1.42 1.35 1.37 1.16 1.28 1.17 1.78 1.21 1.10 1.72 1.17 1.73 1.51 1.78 1.71 14.31 14.30 14.47 14.49 14.29 13 61 13.01 14.18 15.69 15.62 13. 56 12. 08 14.41 15.31 15.37 16.09 14.00 15.28 14.59 13.27 13.03 14.78 15.58 14.29 14.28 12.66 14.87 16.60 15.49 17.24 12.92 13.17 15.05 14.13 14.13 14.18 14.53 14.00 13.94 14.79 13.80 15.23 12.43 13.83 13.31 10.76 12.86 12.15 Average composition of hulls of oats, arranged ~by States. State. United States Atlantic Slope Northern States Western States Southern States Northwestern States Pacific Slope Maine New Hampshire Vermont Connecticut Rhode Island New York New Jersey Pennsylvania 100 43 52 33 43 17 2 1 I 3 I 4 3 1 | 3 1 3 i 5.22 4.73 4.89 4.99 5.71 4.57 5.16 4.00 4.88 4.15 5.98 5.00 4.73 2.90 4.28 5.59 4.78 5.69 6.39 5.40 6.25 5.98 4.30 4.62 4.19 4.70 4.50 4.43 6.30 4.00 o a P 70.35 68.52 67.88 69.20 68.80 67.87 65.99 68.19 71.08 67.40 73.12 71.54 68.46 69.92 a 6S -a 3-n S '3 fH -3 17.88 2.48 17.50 2.64 18.42 2.48 18.30 2.44 17.15 2.54 18.35 2.03 19 15 1.84 23.36 1.75 19.62 2.69 18.08 2.50 19.35 2.57 15.10 2.28 16.44 2.86 19.19 3.15 19.47 2.33 1 43 Average composition of hulls of outs, arranged by Stales — Continued. State. Nnmber of analyses. .3 1 Undeter- mined. a If £1 c 2.60 2.02 2.45 2.81 2.01 2.28 2.10 2. 10 2. 98 2. 28 2.89 :i. 50 2.75 2.36 2.80 2.73 3.15 2. 27 2.57 _. 28 2. 10 2.28 2. 19 2.98 1.75 2.36 1.93 1.75 1.75 i o ('. 4 4.51 4.51 4.80 7.01 3.71 5.24 5.25 4.10 4.72 5.40 7. 40 4.20 4.08 4. 03 5.02 4.23 10.80 6.88 5.53 4.86 9.72 5.30 10.30 6.00 4.06 4.17 5.20 5. 12 4.20 6.00 5.44 5. 2u 6.85 6.58 6.43 6.43 7.80 6.23 7.70 6 99 5.12 4.37 4.60 5.92 5. 64 5.00 6.00 5. 13 2.19 4.98 7.28 4.90 5. 14 7. 22 0.62 7.16 4.80 6.02 no. ii:. 68. 36 68.17 64.90 70.22 I 67. 28 1 67.04 , 68.40 69.85 66.50 68.04 66. 24 69.77 69.85 70.48 73.47 60.87 66.61 69.51 74.44 S3 68 67.95 63.38 69.08 71.01 66 82 07. 37 68. 37 71.63 17.84 19. 67 19.38 18.43 17.48 18.77 19.18 17.60 :>; 22 18.12 18.38 20.94 19.03 19.16 15.78- 13.93 20.18 18. 'J4 17.28 15.51 17.43 17.19 19.23 16.80 15.96 20. 03 18.34 19.96 10. 40 .42 .32 1 6 .39 .45 4 3? 4 2 .36 .34 1 9 .34 .48 1 .36 .46 '> .56 .44 2 .38 5 .45 5 .44 3 :::::::: I .50 .36 .41 3 .36 9 2 2 1 .35 .36 .35 .48 .28 .38 .31 1 1 .28 .28 The chemical composition of the specimens appears from the preced- ing data to be rather surprising. It was reasonable to suppose that as oats deteriorate so readily, and are apparantly so easily influenced by their environment, great variations would be found in their composition under different climatic conditions, as is the case with wheats. Brewer remarks in his census report that a hundred or more analyses would be requisite to set at rest all questions in regard to this grain, and that they would be an extremely valuable contribution to our knowledge of the comparative nutritive values of the oats grown in different portions of the United States and their relative economic values. One hundred and seventy-nine analyses have been made, and we learn that there is not that variation in the oat kernel itself which was expected to be due to climatic condition. The proportion of husk to kernel and the com- pactness of the grain prove to be the all-important factors, and the weight per bushel the best means of judging of the value of the grain. The only peculiarities noticed are that the eighteen specimens from the Pacific slope are lower in albuminoids aud richer in fiber than the averages for other parts of the country. The average for the hulls from the West show the presence of more ash than in those from the East, and more fiber, and, like the kernels, they are slightly deficient in al- 44 buminoids. Actual analysis of the mixed remainder from the individ- ual analyses of the hulls furnished the following results: North. South. "West. Water Per ct. 7.71 5.57 .79 62.47 20.83 2.63 Per ct. 7.83 5.50 .74 63.84 19.64 2.45 Per ct. 8.10 Ash 6.22 Oil 1.01 60.09 21.45 3.13 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 The small number from the West contained rather more albuminoids than the average results for that part of the country, but for the other sections there is a close agreement. In these samples, oil was deter- mined and found to be extremely small in amount, following the per- centage of albuminoid,'-, the largest amount of both of these constituents being in the Western hulls, and there seems to be a more or less intimate connection between them. Of all the cereals this is the richest in oil and albuminoids, the aver- age for the former being 8.14 per cent, and for the latter 14.31 ; of course diminished relatively in the grain as fed, the average composition of which would probably be, as calculated from the average for each por- tion — Kernel. Hull. Whole grain. Per cent. 4.85 1.50 5.70 46.96 .97 10.02 Per cent. 1.57 1.68 .24 20.41 5.36 .74 Per cent. 6.42 Ash 3.18 Oil 5.94 67.37 6.33 10.76 70.00 30.00 100. 00 An average of 20 analyses of oats in the husk given by Brewer and 153 given by Koenig are given as follows for comparison : Brewer. Koenig. Richard- son. Per cent. 10.56 2.95 4.97 61.10 9.01 11.41 Per cent. 12.37 3.02 5.23 57.78 11.19 10.41 Per cent. 6.42 Ash 3.18 Oil 6.64 66.67 Crude'flbbr 6.33 10.76 45 The average albuminoids in the grains as fed, calculated in this same manner, is as follows for different sections: Per cent. Northern States Soul hern States. . - Pacific slope Atlantic slope Western States.. 10.96 i 10.66 9. 60 10.76 11. 24 The lowuess of the Pacific slope is purely climatic, as has been found to be the case with all the cereals. In appearance the oats from that section are the finest. The fullness of the husk in the Western States or the plumpness of the grain make this the richest in albuminoids as it is fed.- The South is poorest for reasons which have been mentioned. That these figures are entirely dependent on the percentage of husk, and not on peculiarities of the kernel, a study of their analyses will show; for, among 179, only 3» fell below 10 percent, of albuminoids, 4 be- low 11 per cent., and 12 below 12 per cent., while at the same time only 13 are above 17 per cent., and 23 above 10 per cent.; that is to say all but 28, or 84.4 per cent., are within the limits of 12 and 16 per cent., a small variation, although the albuminoids are higher in amount than wheat; and as the averages for the different States and sections of the country do not vary far from 14.3 per cent., with the exception of the Pacific coast, oats cannot be said, as far as the grain itself is cencerued, to be in chemical composition very susceptible to their environment, al- though extremes widely apart are found. These were as follows: Extremes in composition of kernels of oats. Highest. SIat,>. Lowest. Per cent. 4.67 .87 6.50 62.82 .88 9.10 Stat,-. l'.r cent 11.13 2. 94 1 1. 20 71.91 2.08 19.44 Ash Oil Kenoirk v and 1 tregoa .. Ohio The highest percentage of albuminoids was 1.41 per cent, higher than has been found in any other cereal in this country, and the lowest 2 per cent, higher than was found in wheat. The analysis of the heaviest and largest, of those having the greatest and least weight per bushel, of those having highest and lowest per- centage of albuminoids and of the smallest in size and in weight per bushel, have been selected as a study of the effect of these contrasts on the chemical composition. 48 Composition of specimens exhibiting extreme characteristics. $ a o o Si Pi-' to CD DO •a '3 a a to© '33 ^ i a w S'jj © < 3 D 5 1 Gr'ms P.ct. Lbs. P.ct. P. Cc P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. Smallest 3200 Nebr . . . 1.512 31.21 29.7 7.32 2.24 8.72 66.39 1.33 14.00 Largest i 3277 Oreg.... 3.786 40.85 43.3 7.01 2.42 7.87 66.80 2.07 13.83 Cleanest j 3041 Fla 31.5 5.83 2.52 7.68 68.93 1.56 13.48 Chattiest ! 3185 Miss 2.113 25.40 38.2 7.05 2.10 7.81 6", 32 1.54 14.18 Highest per cent, of kernel 3435 Wash... 3.148 20.72 43.2 6.55 1.55 10.57 68.36 1.07 11.90 Lowest percent, of kernel 3391 Dak .... 2.372 44.63 38.8 8.75 2.15 9.47 66.17 1.56 11.90 Highest albuminoids 3262 Ohio .... 2. 670 39. 17 40.0 6.78 2.07 7.40 63.21 1.10 19.44 Lowest albuminoids i 3249 N.C.... 2.060 29.50 47.8 7.78 2.02 7.32 71.91 1.87 9.10 Heaviest weight per bushel 3020 Col 2.958 30.24 48.8 4.80 2.08 7.27 66.82 1.00 18.03 Lightest weight per bushel | 3002 Ala 3.068 31.66 24.7 6.59 1.80 8.98 66.20 1.20 15.23 Average "weight for United ! r. s .... 2. 507 30. 03 37.2 ' 6.93 2.15 8.14 67.09 1.38 14.31 States. | From the preceding figures nothing can be deduced which shows any such difference as we might expect between the largest and smallest oats, between the cleanest aud most chaffy, or between those having the highest and lowest proportion of kernel iu the grain. The weight per bushel of the specimen having the lowest percentage of albuminoids is extraordinarily high, while that containing the highest percentage is also above the average. Differences, too, between the weights per bushel of the extreme specimens are in no wis 3 connected with their chemical composition. The largest and one of the finest and heaviest oats from Oregon had i. early the maximum of husk, and, while the lowest propor- tion of husk corresponded, of course, with a high weight per bushel, the largest proportion of husks was coincident with a weight per bushel above the average. An immense number of conditions seem, therefore, to affect the char- acteristics of this grain, and while in many' ways, at first glance, it seems to be less changeable than one would expect, on examination it seems to be quite largely influenced by all the circumstances of its environ- ment, and in a more irregular way than wheat. Throughout all the averages it will be seen that oats are much drier than other grains, owing largely to their small size. In ash and fiber they are not exceptionable. Grown in the same locality, under similar conditions, two specimens of different varieties may vary considerably as was found to be the case with wheat. For examples the following determina tions of albuminoids will serve: Serial No. Albuminoids. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Illinois Illinois Minnesota ... Minnesota ... ' cent. 13.65 15.75 13.48 14.88 15.93 14.18 14.35 15.05 13.83 13.48 47 In the last locality there is little difference ; bat there is no reason why iu some cases, iu fact many, there should not be an agreement where the varieties possess similar capabilities of assimilation. One specimen, Serial No. 3200, from Nebraska, was by accident ana- lyzed twice from the same bag. The results show the differences which may be expected in work of this kind which we have had in hand : No. 1. No. 2. Weigbl of 100 kernels grams: grain per oenl . Kernels do. . . Hulls do... "Weight, per bushel .pounds. Water per cent. Ash do... Oil do... Carbhyd rates do. . Crude fiber do.. . Albuminoids .do... 1.582 1. 512 97. '20 07. 40 68. 30 68.79 31.70 31.21 30.2 29.7 ti. 90 7.32 2.21 'J. 24 8.32 H. 72 66.72 66.39 1.85 1.33 14.00 14.00 It may be said that the duplication was unknown to any one until after tabulation, and the coincidence in all the results, which are not variable in the preparation of the sample for analysis, was even better than is to be expected. Moisture, even in the tightest-stoppered bot- tles, is liable to change, as has been shown in previous reports, and with fiber, when present iu so small amount, it is difficult to secure duplicates which will not at times differ as much as half of one per cent. Ash, oil, and albuminoids admit of determination with almost the accuracy of inorganic work. A study of the analysis having shown that variations in chemical composition for any one season arc not accompanied by any corre- sponding change in physical qualities, that the variations in any one locality are often quite as large as over the whole country, and that the Pacific coast alone produces a grain whose average composition is to any degree different from that of other States, it seems probable that the differences in composition are as largely due to soil as to other causes. In this connection reference must be made to the recent valuable and instructive experiments with oats, conducted at the experiment at Halle, Germany, by Dr. Maercker, the results of which have appeared in the Zeitschrift des landwirthschaftliehen Yerein der Provinz Sachsen, from which it has been learned that the condition of the soil and manures have a marked effect not only on the yield, but the composition of the crop. The following are some of th? valuable conclusions reached in lS,s;>: (1 1 38 pounds of oats sown to the acre, in spite of a heavy application of artificial manure, was not able to give so high a product as tin- same area sown with s4 pounds. (2) The application of phosphoric acid alone did not increase the product essen- tially, in spite of the fact that the experimental field was in good condition and did not suffer at all from the lack of nitrogen. 48 (3) The application of nitrogenous manure in general increased the product de- cidedly, proportional to the amount of applied nitrogen. (4) Small or large quantities of phosphoric acid, together with weak nitrogenous manuring, furnished in the form of Chili saltpeter, showed themselves of paying efficacy. (5) With strong nitrogenous manuring neither large nor small applications of phos- phoric acid brought about any action worth mentioning. (6) The product of grain and straw was increased in about equal degrees by the artificial manuring. (7) The proportion of corn to straw was by thick sowing, on the average 47 to 53 or 1 to 1.13 ; by thin sowing, 45 to 55 or 1 to 1.22. (8) The harvest showed throughout a tolerably low percentage of nitrogen, in the case of the straw ; not, however, an extremely low one, plainly because the rooting up of the weeds and the strengthening of the stems of the oat plant by drilling and harrowing produced plauts which were, on the average, poor in nitrogen. (9) By thin sowing the plants were somewhat richer in nitrogen than by thick. (10) The application of phosphoric acid alone was not able to raise the percentage of nitrogen. (11) On the contrary, the percentage of nitrogen was essentially raised by the ap- plication of nitrogenous manures. (12) An application of phosphate manures, together with that of nitrogenous man- ures, did not alter the percentage of nitrogen. (13) The greater the harvest the greater also was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain and the straw ; from this it appears that the more that was harvested, the better was the quality of the product. A rational method of manuring brings about, not alone greater crops, but also better grain. (14) The small and poorly-shaped grain harvested with the application of large amouuts of nitrogen, and in consequence of this somewhat stalled, possess a higher percentage of nitrogen than the fully-developed grain ; they cannot, therefore, be looked upon as of less value. (15) By au application of phosphate manure alone the percentage of oil in the grain was not increased. (16) On the contrary, by an application of nitrogenous manure alone the oil was decreased. (17) A weak application of phosphoric acid at the same time with one of nitrogen reproduced the original amount of oil ; a stronger application of phosphate even in- creased it, plainly through assistance in ripening. (18) The grain manured more strongly with nitrogen was on the whole somewhat richer in fiber and somewhat poorer in nitrogen free nutrients than the grain manured less with nitrogen and more with phosphoric acid. . (19) By a rational method of manuring the albuminoid content of the crop can be almost doubled. (20) In these experiments 55 per cent, of the nitrogen applied in the manures was recovered in the crop. In bis report on the work of the experiment station in 1884, Dr. Maercker continues, in regard to the investigations: During this year the same experiments have been carried out (with oats) again. It is the second year of which I here give an account, and the results of the first year are completely confirmed : (1) That plauts relatively poor in nitrogen have been obtained by drilling and har- rowing. (2) That thin sowing has in no case produced as much as thicker sowing. (3) That a nitrogenous manuring raises strongly the percentage of nitrogen in oats. Further that in this year it has been found that, by manuring with phosphoric acid, the albuminoids were materially decreased, although the formation of starch has been 49 increased. Phosphoric acid hastens the ripening and in general the tendency of the plants to fill out the kernels completely, on which account there is more starch and less protein. Plants relatively poor in nitrogen are therefore produced. The availability of plant-food is therefore the prime cause of there being so many variations in any one locality corresponding to the soil and manuring on which the crops are dependent. Our analyses of oats extend over only one year, but Dr. Maercker in two has shown, as our work has with wheat, that " oats appear, to be extraordinarily dependent, even in the same locality, in their compo- sition, on the climatic conditions ruling during the opening period." The crops raised in 1882 and 1883, iu exactly the same manner, compared in albuminoids, are as follows: Per cent . Uumanured, 1882 7.8 Unmanured, 1883 10.2 600 pounds per acre of Chili saltpeter, 1882 10.5 600 pounds per acre of Chili saltpeter, 1 883 12. 8 The difference between these figures for the same year illustrates the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the percentage of that element in the grain, it being greater iu the manured grain by 2.7 per cent, iu 1882 and 2.6 per cent, in 1883; and at the same time the effect of the variation in the seasons is as markedly visible. Comparing the production per acre with the percentage of nitrogen on the grain it was found that those varieties giving the largest yield were poorest in nitrogeu, and the reverse. No. Name. Anderbecker . Danish . Original Probsteier. Liineburger clay . . . Hallet's Canadian .. Australian Hopetown. Pounds per acre. IJlack Californian White Tartarian Swedish. Ky lberg pedigree 3, 564 3,496 2,928 2,874 Albumi- noids. Per cent. 8.7 8.5 9.3 9.8 11.7 11.2 12.2 9.8 10.1 9.5 These results, calculated to the amount of nitrogen harvested per acre by the whole plant, explain the differences bj r showing that all va- rieties collect about the same amount ; consequently, if there is much grain the nitrogen is divided up among it, or if there is much straw the grain is thereby deprived of a certain amount. In 1883 the results were quite different from this. High yields had high percentages of nitrogen, as appears from conclusion 13, previously given. This point, therefore, hardly seems to be entirely settled, but to be largely depend- ent on the climatic conditions of varying seasons. For more complete details, reference must be made to the original report upon the experiments, which are models of what should be un- dertaken in our own country. It is of interest, however, to copy cer- 13734— No. 9 4 50 tain tables which are of value for comparison with our own analyses and for filling out our knowledge of the plant in directions towards which our investigations did not extend. EFFECT OF THICK AND THIN SOWING. The following tables give the chemical composition of the grain har- vested after thick and thin sowing. The average weight per bushel in both cases was 36.7 lbs. All the analyses are calculated to 15 per cent, of water, and the units of nutritive value, being calculated on a German basis, are to us of only relative value. Composition of crops. GRAIN. [Thick sowing, 44 kilograms per hectare.] Manuring. No. Ash. Oil. GO g o c 09 '3 p a a < 'u . ■sg 03 (J) .-£ > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3.1 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.2 60.0 58.7 59.4 58.7 59.2 58.2 59.7 58.6 56.9 58.9 58.2 56.4 10.4 10.0 10.5 10.6 9.8 10.4 9.4, 10.2 11.1 8.6 9.3 11.0 7.7 8.7 8.0 9.3 9.9 10.5 9.3 9.6 10.4 10.2 10.2 9.8 118.0 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. - 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 121.7 110.9 120.7 124.2 125.2 123.7 123.6 126.4 131.4 130.7 126.4 | Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare.] TJnmanured — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. - 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 13 3.3 3.8 59.6 10.4 7.9 14 3.1 4.0 60.0 10.4 7.5 15 3.3 3.1 58.8 9.9 9.9 16 3.1 3.7 59.7 9.2 9.3 17 3.1 3.7 58.0 9.9 10.3 18 3.1 3.6 59.3 9.6 9.4 118.1 117.5 123.8 124.7 128.0 124.3 CHAFF. [Thick sowing, 44 kilograms per hectare. ] 1 2 13.9 14.1 41.9 41.7 24.9 24.4 4.3 4.8 63.4 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 65.7 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 3 14.0 41.8 24.9 4.3 63.3 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate . 4 14.3 42.2 23.7 4.8 66.2 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, kilograms superphosphate. 5 13.6 41.3 24.9 5.2 67.3 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 6 15.0 40.7 24.0 5.3 67.2 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 7 13.0 42.8 23.9 5.3 69.3 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 8 13.7 41.8 24.1 5.4 68.8 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 9 15.1 40.4 23.6 5.9 69.9 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 10 14.6 41.8 23.6 5.0 66.8 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 11 14.2 41.9 23.9 5.0 66.9 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. .12 13.9 42.3 23.1 5.7 70.8 [Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare.] TJnmanured — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. — kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms superphosphate - 400 kilograms superphosphate. 13.8 14.1 13.9 13.1 14.2 14.4 43.2 42.1 41.6 43.8 42.4 41.4 23.5 23.9 24.2 23.5 24.0 24.8 [Kilo, per hectare -{- .8923 = lbs per acre.] 4.5 4.9 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.4 65.7 66.6 68.8 65.8 64.4 63.4 51 Composition of crops — Continued. STRAW. [Thick sowing. 44 kilograms per hectare.] Manured. Ho. Ash. Oil. S a u ■g o Crude flher. Alhuminoius. H "3 > a > as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a 12 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.9 38 6 36.9 39.2 39.3 37.7 33.7 37.9 37.1 37.4 36.4 36.0 38.4 38.9 1 f3 40. 5 1. 66 39. 5 1. 51 38. 2 1. 55 39.5 1.62 43. 2 1. 86 39. 7 1. 62 39.8 ' 1.71 39. 5 2. 04 41.2 1.51 41.9 1.36 39. 2 1. 69 48. 1 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate . kilograms- Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter-, — kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter. — kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 4i'0 kilograms superphosphate.. 45.4 46.7 47.3 45.7 43.2 45.9 45.6 47.4 43.9 43.0 46.9 [Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare. Unmanured — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate . . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. . 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, '200 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 13 5.5 .. . 38.1 40.1 1.27 14 5.3 39.0 39.5 1.24 15 5. 4 37.7 40.4 1. 411 16 5.2 38.2 40.3 1.27 17 5.5 1 39.0 38.9 1.63 " 5.6 1 37.9 40.0 1.46 44.6 45.2 45.2 44.7 47.0 45.4 COMPOSITION OF THE GRAIN. Thin sowing. Thick sowing. By J ulius Kiihn. B s a i 3 a S a a 1 ea I 1 a a E a 1 B 3 s a 3 Ash 3.7 4.3 60.0 11.1 10.5 3.0 2.9 56.4 8.6 7.7 3.2 3.7 58.6 10.1 9.5 3.3 4.0 60.0 10.4 10.3 3.1 3.1 58.0 9.2 7.5 3.2 3.7 59.3 9.9 9.0 2.7 9.2 72.7 16.1 18.5 2.7 4.4 48.0 4.1 6.3 2.7 Oil 6.0 56.6 9.0 12.0- COMPOSITION OF THE CHAFF. Asb Oil Carbh yd rates. Crude fiber... Albuminoids . 15.1 13.0 14.1 13.1 13.1 13.9 11.0 11.0 42.8 24.9 5.9 40.4 23.1 4.3 41.7 24.1 5.1 43.8 24.8 5.3 41.4 23.5 4.4 42.5 24.0 4.6 43.2 35.1 7.0 28.2 25.9 3.7 37.4 31.7 4.9> COMPOSITION OF THE STRAW. Ash 6.2 89.2 43.2 2.0 5.7 33.7 38.9 1.4 6.0 37.3 40.1 1.7 5.6 39.0 40.4 1.6 5.2 37.9 38.9 1.2 5.4 38.3 39.9 1.4 4.4 48.9 50.2 7.0 4.4 24 9 30.0 1.3 4.4 35.6 39.7 4.0- 52 All these results show how variable the oat plant is both for the same year and for different seasons, and that conclusions drawn from the studies of specimens of one season's growth alone may be quite reversed by a wider examination. Many causes, however, influencing the variations in quality have been explained and the field for future investigation made evident. ETfE. Of this cereal, which is of the least importance of any grown in the United States, only 5 samples have been analyzed up to the present time. To supply this deficiency, 56 specimens were collected from the Department correspondents and the principal rye-producing States, at the same time with those of oats and barley. Their sources were as follows : 53 a a © S5 ^ 2 2 : : a- -9, 035*5,' w 2 m -"•• a i_i c '-3& : ^fH&l-5H »Ea|o o 3 o H^C 1 = - . ° o fcOo ca 9£ ^"£ c 2 S "HJIflOH Hs m .-I N rl -I .-H 3 a 3 3 3(2 3 3 3 3 3 13 3 3 3 3 3 3 OS 3° a. o. a* — —"5 0.0. g.ft^ H, 5 — S. — — S r. an r. . x x — x x x x _ x ^ x < x x 3 *■■» 5. o ^ o « ^ Cl CI x oeSc X X . sa 9 aS 2S5S O -= >-= ►a ^ >-5 T-s >-= ^< i-s i-i <-> -j 'a "a "2 sso — 00 o o £S =? 0n m ■"■ — 1 1" -c = rein -^ -~z © ci 5—i 1-. tt -* -~ to t~ "X — : — — ? 1 " 1 ^ ^w^i-i; ^ x x x rr. ■© ^w„hh-«-«-i:i:i.im:i:i-i.i:i:i ri :i:ici7i 10 in 10 m m o «! li 10 10 c m m o m m o >n m m m c m m m «0Q 54 s.2 80 f ..= ■ a • £ • © £ US'® s a © s) o o >-. o o 3& oS>.S a «.= « a «■§_ ■S'9'9? — a & Mo «a MPPfe EoOCSO •©o ? O © >> EqS« JJtJ be a © o © ■ -gfl l>> . :-55 1-3 ' . © © 5 p ©*# STT ;o o =>S*" CM 1-3 ■fra.*? 6 d : > ■ a d : 'c TJ >- l-jl-S< : ha o A ■^ -^ *£ u ' b£ • u ftP-^OS s£ a, « : £* -_. ._, fc.S © — 5J w asS" 3 B3.2 ' «p.8» e-a - a ® ©^ o BJ2 ® .SfM 2.074 2.189 2.074 1.981 1.745 2.030 2.200 2. 320 2.150 2. 220 2. 150 2.610 2. 130 2.100 1.780 -Ar. "S 3 60.9 61.2 60.8 61.2 60.0 61.4 61.7 61.5 60.' 5 61.2 61.7 61.7 63.5 59.7 State. Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Nebraska Maryland Virginia West Virginia . North Carolina . South Carolina . Kentucky Georgia Colorado Washington Ter IP J3 =3 2.070 2.270 1.660 1.300 2.370 1.920 2.250 1.770 2.040 1.920 1.240 1.810 3.450 61.1 61.5 59.5 62.6 60.3 61.0 60.1 61.1 62.2 61.4 56 Composition of American ryes, arranged by States. State. "Vermont Connecticut . Rhode Island New York... New Jersey. - Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Wisconsin . Minnesota Iowa Missouri Nebraska Maryland "Virginia "WestVirginia North Carolina South Carolina Kentucky Georgia Colorado "Washington Territory 5322 5323 5324 5024 5027 5028 50211 5290 5223 5225 5231 5234 5235 5214 5215 | 5282 5286 5286 5260 5269 5086 5060 5062 5063 5066 | 5067 5068 5070 5075 5079 5351 5353 5357 5360 5361 5167 5168 5179 5094 5097 5107 5188 5198 5140 5141 5334 5346 5348 5248 5250 5299 5116 2 5116 5052 3582 3581 5021 5341 7.80 8.07 8.90 8.84 7.74 9.17 9.69 9.75 3.02 9.12 7.35 9.05 8.93 9.35 8.75 9.35 9.81 8.15 9.60 9.57 9.99 8.85 7.62 8.85 8.73 9.45 8.45 9.18 8.65 8.41 8.80 8.38 10.00 9.13 8.75 7.25 7.69 8.50 8.32 7.27 8.27 9.70 9.64 8.60 8.87 8.35 8.75 8.60 8.44 9.82 8.24 9.05 8.05 6.85 7.00 1.68 1.85 1.60 2.00 2.20 1.97 1.88 2.10 2.55 2.40 2.16 1.77 2.16 2. 10 2.03 2.15 2.14 1.70 2.55 1.70 1.57 1.93 3.72 1.80 2.73 2.15 3.37 1.60 2.36 1.62 2.32 1.55 1.96 1.90 1.95 1.94 1.85 2.40 1.98 2.80 2.08 1.93 1.31 2.10 1.80 2.30 2.67 2.68 2.01 1.55 1.76 1.93 1.91 2.80 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.00 2.12 1.80 1.91 2.09 1.74 1.80 1.71 2.09 1.58 1.69 2.10 2.13 2.16 1.74 1.86 1.76 1.92 1.79 1.93 1.73 2.16 1.98 2.09 2.06 1.85 1.1-6 1.92 1.98 1.70 1.86 1.59 1.84 1.38 1.69 1.63 1.94 2.46 2.16 2.48 1.93 2.19 ?. 25 1. 93 1.65 1.77 1.90 1.75 1.85 2.33 1.73 2.27 1.93 2.17 1.98 2.91 2.01 2.05 76.84 75.03 75.32 75. 02 75.72 75.55 75. 38 74.40 71.43 74.96 74.37 76.42 75.37 75.61 74.34 73.71 74.63 74.31 74.00 74.26 77.22 74.59 72.41 76.01 72. 68 75.05 71.33 75..08 72. 48 75. 15 74.50 76.97 74.50 74.88 74.13 74.70 74.38 73.51 75.81 73.32 75. 01 75.82 77.54 73.16 74.63 73.10 73.70 73.60 74.46 74.64 76.01 72.86 72.90 68.74 72.38 76.23 76.27 1.35 1.38 1.35 1.38 1.75 1.32 1.45 1.89 1.38 1.26 1.25 1.33 1.61 1.10 1.23 1.20 1.34 1.52 1.35 1.88 1.13 1.42 1.35 1.10 1.95 1.25 1.58 1.45 1.60 1.15 1.47 ! 1.15 1.35 1.56 1.38 1.40 1.18 1.95 1.68 1.53 1.28 1.59 1.39 1.38 1.43 1.80 1.31 1.54 1.55 1.63 1.56 1.70 1.38 1.83 1.85 1.76 1.48 1.55 10.33 11.55 11.03 10.85 10.50 10.25 9.80 10.15 14.53 10.68 11.55 9.45 11.38 9.98 11.73 11. 73 11.38 11.20 10.50 12.08 8.75 10.33 10.55 10 15 12.96 10.85 13.13 10.50 13.13 11.20 11.20 10.33 11.55 11.90 10.85 11.20 11.90 12.43 10.68 11.38 11.38 11.20 9.28 11.73 10. 85 12.43 11.55 12.08 11. 38 12. 25 10. 50 12.25 12.08 12.95 15.58 12.95 11.38 11.03 57 Aver aye composition of American ryes, arranged by States. State. United States Atlantic Slope Northern States Western States Southern States Pacific Slope Vermont Connecticut Rhode Island . New York New .Tersey Pennsylvania Ohio.! Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Nebraska Maryland Virginia . West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Kentucky Georgia Colorado Washington Territory 57 25 43 25 10 4 3 4 I 1 I 5 I 2 1 9 5 3 :: l 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 [ 1 9 % ■a * ■4 8.67 2. 09 8. 75 1.99 8.78 2.08 8.71 2.12 1 8.80 2.07 1 7.74 2. 23 8.26 1.71 S.86 2.01 I 0. 75 2.10 8.48 2.21 8. 99 2. 06 9.15 1.99 8.98 2.13 9.60 1.57 8. 96 2.36 8. 85 1.94 1 8.36 2.06 8.17 2.29 7.27 1.93 8.27 1.31 9.67 1.95 8. 60 2.30 8.61 2.67 8.17 1.78 8.44 1.76 9.82 1.93 8.24 1.91 7.98 2.24 7.00 2.10 1.94 1.91 1.92 1.94 1.90 2.24 1.97 1.88 1.71 1.92 1.95 1.85 1.80 1.73 1.96 1.67 2.01 2.19 2.19 2.25 1.79 1.77 1.83 2.09 1.73 1.93 2.17 2.30 2.05 74.52 74.74 74.74 74.62 74.01 73.40 75.73 75. 4 1 74.44 74. 51 74. 98 74.22 74. 13 77 22 7:i! 87 74. 99 74.20 74.71 75.82 77. 54 73.90 73.10 73. 65 74. 55 76.01 72. 86 73.90 72. 4." 76.27 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.44 1. 54 1.66 1.36 1.48 1.89 1.36 1.16 1.35 1.61 1.13 1.43 1.38 1.51 1.50 1.59 1.35 1.40 1.80 1. 42 1.59 1.56 1.38 1.83 1.70 1.55 11.32 11.26 11. 10 11. 17 11. 08 12. 73 HI. 97 10.33 10.15 11.52 10.86 11.44 11.29 8.75 11.42 11.17 11.84 11.14 11.20 9.28 11.29 12.43 11.82 11.82 10.50 12.08 11.35 13. 20 11.03 1.81 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.88 2.04 1.75 1.65 1.62 1.84 1.74 1.83 1.81 1.40 1.83 1.79 1.89 1.78 1.79 1.48 1.81 1.99 1.89 1.89 1.68 1.93 2.07 2.13 1.76 The largest specimen was from Washington Territory, weighing 3.450 grams, the next from Minnesota, weighing 2.780 per 100 grains, and the heaviest weight per bushel from Vermont, <>4.1 pounds. The smallest were from Iowa and Nebraska, weighing 1.300 grams per hun- dred, and the lightest from New York, 56.2 pounds per bushel, the aver- age for the country being 2.074 and 60.9. The largest and heaviest ryes were found on the Atlantic coast and in the Northern States. The Pacific slope was not well represented. The average weight per bushel is much higher than is usually ac- cepted for rye, but the specimens in hand certainly reached those figures perhaps being very clean or selected samples above the average pro- duction. Illinois, which in the last census year produced more of the crop than any State except New York, sends the smallest and the lightest average grain. In chemical composition the following extremes were found : Highest. Per cent 10.00 3.72 2.91 77.54 1.90 15.58 State. Lowest. State. Water Ash Wisconsin — Illinois Colorado Nebraska .... Minnesota Colorado Per cent. 7.00 1.31 1.38 68.74 1.10 8.75 Washington Territory. Oil Carbhvdrates Wisconsin. Colorado. Indiana. 58 But 5 were below 10 per cent, of albuminoids, and all but 4 were be- low 13 per cent. The grain cannot be said to be extremely variable. The averages for the country is here given, together with an average of 49 analyses of ryes from all sources given by Koenig : United States. Koenig. Water Ash 8.67 2.09 1.94 15.06 1.89 1.79 Oil 74.52 1 67.81 1.46 ' 2.01 11.32 11. 52 ! The extremes of albuminoid in Koenig's analyses were 16.93 and 7.91 per cent., which is wider than among our specimens. The difference between our grain and that of the Continent appears in the greater moisture of the latter, as is to be expected, together with more ash and oil and less fiber. For different parts of tbe United States the averages are very nearly concordant, the only variation being the difference of half a per cent, albuminoids and a little more fiber in ten specimens from the South. The nitrogenous constituents are practically the same. This cereal is richer than corn in this element, and not quite so rich as wheat. Eye cannot be considered as being very susceptible to climatic con- ditions; in fact, it will flourish where other cereals will not. It re- quires therefore no greater care in its improvement than the selection of the variety giving the largest yield, and careful cultivation. BARLEY. Of American barley, from any point of view, but little has been known hitherto. Until lately, only nine chemical anaylses have been made, and, as Professor Brewer remarks, these are too few in number for gen- eralizations. Statistics show that we have not produced enough of the cereal to supply the demand, and that it is always necessary to import a large amount every year. A study, therefore, of the conditions which affect the production of barley in the United States, which portions pro- duce the most valuable grain, and how the composition varies in differ- ent localities as the result of climate and general environment, will be of interest, as showing the possibilities and best localities for the exten- sion of the growth of this cereal. Before discussing the results of our examination of the numerous American specimens collected through our agents, it will be of interest to give abstracts of some investigations on the production of barley in certain portions of Germany and this country, showing the yield, weight, physical characters and composition, and the directions in which it is considered desirable that this grain should be developed. 59 Dr. Maercker, of Halle, in a report on " Barley Experiments with Seed from Various Sources," a copy of which he has been good enough to send us, says that the problem of the production of the best barley has be- come an important one in the last few years in the province of the Salle, which has heretofore produced the best quality, but recently has met with much ill luck. To the end of studying the conditions affecting this cereal and learning the physical and chemical characteristics of the best varieties, seed selected by a mixed jury from a large exhibition of barleys were devoted to the experiment, and distributed among the leading agriculturists of the province. The varieties were grown with different supplies of nitrogenous manures, all the seed having been judged extremely fine (hochfein), and found to possess the following characteristics : Albuminoids. Mealy kernels. Per cent. 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.1 Per cent. 92 9U 90 80 Mravian From the experiments it was found that in the matter of yield the higher was obtained with the larger supply of nitrogenous manure, but that the cpiality was somewhat injured thereby, as the percentage of albuminoids was considerably raised, as can be seen from the deter- minations which were made : Saalish. Danish. Moravian. Slavonian. 8.10 8.19 8.48 7.70 9.16 9.56 7.70 9.18 9.78 7.70 100 kilograms Chili saitpeter, per hectare 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, per hectare 8.92 9.52 The quality or consistency of the original seed was found in most cases to be lowered ; and although the Slowakisch barley was superior to the rest, three samples out of seventeen being extremely fine, three fine, and eight good, it was nevertheless apparent that although the quality of the seed is an essential factor in the quality of the harvest, it is not the only one, but that climate, soil, manuring, aud cultivation are much more important and of greater intinence. One can in no way ex- pect that the production of barley can be improved by selected seed alone. Oare iu other directions and favorable climatic influences, over which we have no control, are necessary as well. The heavy manuring of nitrogenous material, as has beeu said, in- jured the quality, and how much so iu comparison with a light one can be seen by enumerating the number of experimental samples which were found to be below the mean iu quality. Of 89 manured with 100 kilograms of Chili saltpeter per hectare, only 6 were below medium ; of 60 78 having 200 kilograms per hectare, 16 were below medium. Nitrogenous manures are not, accordingly, to be considered advisable on barley. As to the relation of percentage of albuminoids, weight per bushel, and consistency to the quality of the grain, Dr. Maercker remarks : For a long time the author has busied himself with the question whether the amount of albuminoids stood in any relation to the value of barley, and in many cases this question could be answered that with few exceptions a barley rich in albuminoids is of poor quality, while a low content of albuminoids in general was an expression of high quality. It is, of course, understood that exterior conditions, rain, moisture, &c. r can injure their value and make the barleys of low albuminoids of less worth than others richer in nitrogen. In proof of this, the decisions of the judges and the testi- mony of the laboratory furnish all that is desired. The albuminoids in the crop as given in the previous table were over 1 per cent, higher than in the seed, and the quality was adjudged corre- spondingly poorer, and the specimen considered to be the worst was found to have increased 2.08 per cent, over the seed. Comparing the decision of the judges with the percentages of albuminoids the following coinci- dence was found : Specimens denominated— Mean per cent, of al- buminoids. 8.09 8.67 8.93 9.78 10.24 Good Prom these figures it cannot be denied "that high content of albumi- noids appears to be incompatible with high quality." To the weight the judges paid little attention. The determinations showed no relation between quality and weight. Weight per hectoliter in kilograms* of the seed was as follows: Per cent. 68.7 70.8 69.0 69.2 Danish And of the crops in the mean : Saalish. Daniah. Moravian. Slavonian. 67.2 67.2 67.1 2.1 67.2 66.8 67.0 2.0 66.6 67.5 67.1 3.7 67.3 66.7 67.0 1.7 The weight of the crop is on the average less than the seed ; but be- tween the different varieties there is no difference in the mean weight, despite the fact that there is a difference in quality. * Kilogram per hectoliter x .7752 = pounds per bushel. 61 In regard to the mealy consistency of the grain the following figures furnish an explanation : Per cent, of mealy kernels. Seed 100 kilograms saltpeter . 200 kilograms saltpeter . Mean Less than seed Saalish. Danish. Moravian Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 80.0 90.0 90.0 62.4 70.1 68.7 64.9 65.9 66.8 63.7 68.0 67.8 16.3 22.0 22.2 Slavon- ian. Per cent. 92.0 77.5 64.7 71.1 20.9 The mealiness of the crop is much less than of the seed, which agrees again with the decision of the judges, who it may be remarked placed the greatest dependence on the consistency of the kernel in formiug their opinion, and in other respects with the conclusions derived from other characteristics. Among a collection of 50 barleys which were submitted with the ex- perimental specimens already mentioned, there were found none worthy of mention except the crop of one gentleman who had used no nitrogen but heavy manuring with phosphoric acid. His barleys were graded as follows : Extra fine (a). Extra fine (6). Extra Extra fine (c). fine (d). Fine. Per cent. 8.8 Per cent. 7.9 69.1 88.0 Per cent. Per cent. 1.1 8. 4 68. 1 70. 3 82. 86. Per cent. 8.2 Weight 70.0 88.0 67.3 86.0 From the preceding experiments we learn that the characteristics of a first quality barley are its consistency, color, and its albuminoid per- centage, the latter in fine barleys not exceeding 8.67. Several other investigators in previous years have not found the aver- age up to the standard which has been set by the judges just mentioned. The results of Eeischauer* show that the barleys which he had in hand were somewhat richer in nitrogen thau those of Miiercker. In 100 parts of dry substance. ; N x 6.25 Xitrogeu. Albumi- noids. Ash. Phos- phoiic acid. Silioa. Iron oxide. Lime. Per cent. 2.856 1.282 Per cent. 17.85 8.01 Per cent. 3.34 2. 12 Per cent. 1.145 0.614 Per cent. 0.845 0.460 l''r cent. 0. 0694 0. 0019 Per cent. 0. 151 0.043 1.729 10. 804 2.799 0.902 0.641 0. 0200 0.068 * Zeitschrift fur das gesauite Brauwesen, 353-303, Bted. Ceutralblatt 11, 42-43. 62 In 100 parts of dry substance — Continued. Source of barley. Nitrogen. N x 6.25 Albumi- noid. Ash. Phos- phoric acid. 1.564 1.655 1.658 1.750 1.806 2.121 1.661 2.188 1.699 1.769 1.833 9.77 10.34 10.36 10.93 11.29 12.36 10.38 13.67 10.62 11.05 11.46 2.818 2.848 2.860 2.923 2.853 2.515 2.720 2.753 2.802 2.936 2.730 944 0.962 1.019 0.841 0..928 0.921 880 0.897 0.781 Louis Mars has also examined a large number of barleys — four hun- dred — from various countries, extending over six years' crops. His results have furnished the following averages for the amount of albu- minoids usually present : Series. Source. Mean. First series . Second, series. Third series . Fourth series . (1) Russia (2) Bttden (3) Sweden {4J Danube Province (5) Brunswick [Potsdam, 12.21 .. (6, North Germany. gg»teoo^ 11^ tSaal, 10.49 (7) Bavaria (8) Alsace (9) Hungary f Champagne, 10.90 (10) France, v Bourgoigne, 10.86 I Auvergne, 9. 90 (11) Hesse (12) Wurtemberg (13) Denmark , (14) England ^Slavonia, 9.90. (15) Austria . . \ Moravia, 9. 79 I Bohemia 9. 12 Per cent. 12.76 12.38 11.97 11.68 11.49 10.76 10.70 10.62 10.55 10.43 10.38 10.91 9.69 9.61 Iii Russia, as with wheats, barley was found to be rich in albuminoids, one reaching 16.00. Bohemia and England, both celebrated for their malt, furnished but few samples with over 10.00 per cent. Bavaria, with 68 samples, had only 6 over 12.00 per cent. The thick-hulled barleys were as a whole poorer in nitrogen, the hull being, of course, poor in that element. There was found to be no rela- tion between nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Some analyses by Lunter of barleys of the crop of 1883, used in the experimental brewery at Munich, have been published lately in Bieder- mann's Gentralblatt fiir Agrikulturchemie, without great comment. He finds in the experimental field that continuous cultivation for years can be carried on without essential alteration of the quality. 63 Source of barley. Dry substances. Erding rnti'ifranken Bayer Landegerstel Franken Freisinger Gerstel . Moosburger Langenbacher Landshuter Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. 1.646 1.800 1.661 1.6U1 1.623 1. 585 1.680 1.722 10. 29 11.20 10. 38 10.0(1 11. 14 9.90 10.50 10.76 1.003 0.931 1. 0J7 0.913 0.951 0.930 0. 935 1.034 71.28 59. 62 66.45 66.61 65.84 65. 16 65.82 64.18 8.46 17.84 16.58 14. 82 12. 28 12.47 12. 67 13. 26 30.80 88.60 90.10 95.40 80.15 83.14 90.00 89.20 These samples, in albuminoids, certainly do not attain the high standard of quality set by Maercker. Of American barleys, the only investigation, in addition to uiue an- alyses collected by Professor Brewer, is that of eleven specimens at the Brewers' Experiment Station in New York, in 1883 or 18S4,* the results of which are here given in one hundred parts of dry substance: Source. Canada Iowa Bald barley (Kansas) Western barley do Scotch barley (Waukesha County. Wis.) New York State California Wisconsin barley Wisconsin barley {Farmer barley) New York State Mean . ► Lbs. 50} 4S| 57} 4.-.'. 48} 48 54 48} 47 50 50j Percent. 10.04 9.22 10.41 9.56 9.36 10.21 12.05 12.40 11.89 11.56 14.06 t. n Per cent. 89.% 90.78 89.59 90. 44 90.64 89.79 87.95 87.60 88.11 88.44 85.94 Dry substance. Per cent. 63.63 59.48 64.49 60.30 61.36 59.54 66.31 66.54 65.98 66.29 63.70 3 * Per cent. 10.73 11.18 10.16 12.39 11.36 8.18 12.79 13.60 10.27 12.23 11.62 Per cent. 2.78 3.16 2.86 3.21 3.31 3.77 2.59 2.45 2.84 2.96 2.51 Per cent. 0.950 1.149 0.997 1.124 1.278 1.582 11.32 1.030 1.139 The investigation proves principally that the weight per bushel is hardly a safe guide as to quality, but one must rather judge from the percentage of moisture and nitrogenous constituents which the grain contains. The specimens examined were certainly not extremely starchy, nor were they very dry. Being so few in number, they hardly form a basis for rational conclusion in regard to our grain and its comparison with that of other countries, but they were considered by the editor of the Prag. Agricultural Journal as showing that American barleys were quite equal to those of the Continent. * Bied. Centbl. j. Agrikcheinie 13, 491-2. 84 The results which have been quoted, while showing that the standard to be reached if possible is a large mealy grain with not more than 8 per cent, of albuminoids as described by Maercker, seem to prove rather conclusively that little barely of this quality is produced on the Conti- nent or elsewhere. Tbe best ranges in the neighborhood of 9.5 per cent, and from 10 to 11 is a fair average. The sixty samples from all parts of the United States and twelve from Canada, collected for the present investigation, will, when exam- ined in connection with the previous results at home and abroad, give us a reasonable basis for deciding as to our shortcomings and peculi- arities. AMERICAN BARLEY. The samples of American barley have been collected through our agents from those parts of the country where it is a crop of prominence. They represent fairly well the production of the United States. The largest number of analyses are not for the largest areas of production — New Tork, Wisconsin, and California, which raise more than half the crop — but they are scattered through all the States where any amount of barley is grown. In considering the average features of the crop as it is found in market, regard must be had especially for the figures for Canada and the three States named, although the California barley never reaches our Eastern markets. The other cereals have been analyzed free from any hulls or chaff. It would have been of interest for comparison to have been able to sep- arate the barleys in the same way. Owing to the close adherence this is very difficult, but in a few cases it was attempted and the analyses of these specimens are given, together with a few of the naked varieties. The sources of the barleys are described in the following tables. 65 "to I & £ i — a „l| ; . p . *■- ft- ft^'r." CO tc 23 ^s &n S iso H M RS ■ ® °fe 2>SJ« o g s s o.H»'2sn° ^ w ss~p a •- : .2 •« • * ■ ft • ? « 2 E 1135 X~.J Ills is" 1 ! «=.; :go 1 :|S ■ss a q - i' C3 * . >* >. >j >vP Sei a co >a *~< ^Wu • ft • . to • ft"~-S « o ft*" P-ftfto 5 S3 z, =J ft E O ft :j ; - ~ — O S ; ' i. C . ft o o ■I "| 'I » 3 s a S S § in to « 3 io o ^i « n -* — ci « tr. ro it o l= — = o = so = =o •-=.= , ■3S-S»s1ft 9Sl- = .33.5 SSB: - 3.2,2 =i= e*'i.a*2 <5 E 5- si 5J«fc -•= = 5^ sOOWfi » IS _. r? ! 2S o a ?tS.p 2.2 ; — ' w (A^^ s- o ® 9 ftT- ™ § 0.2.9 ".B!§ Sf *.2.S^ **S4 § SaS ? = 1 3 =Ss 5 ^ «^ n— t: ®-^£.o p- °i»^— — ^*1^ - p » o «P3 »xfL,Pt.>, >> ai S *g tljj bi 9 bi p 3 a 3 = =55 =5 ° 5 p ; *^» c 1-1 CI I- 9 5 . -. . : s ; eaocoaoaoeiQoeoG4ioisu}io(oe(stot>t>t- , - > 0~300~0 = — — — — ^.— 1 — — <^H . I- QO Ol Ci C: O = C 1 71 I ? OS 13734— No. 9- -!■ r. Po ■=p = - ss 05 J3 - cj 66 . o c o gPPR o : 5*g l-iCSpH o ; a'g fe be to - ^ P-E- . Cr • *H zr-. a b « s ' a «- IS H'ft, >"3 &. Pu 1-5 l-j _ 1-3 .I-J d>-=" O • O £ • « '5 9> v. - ^ Z to o: ja — P.S-2 S |2iO!Efe. sgc ■is y3tx p a d c ijtd III illl CD 7* p i' . F> :ia> a <° 3.2 . 'OS := E-,2: ra i; c.-'B cs « * « £ — 5 o . « MP 6 cs ? r -S 2,2, t, ~,a s- l ■ S*JJ & a Q 2 Ot>t £3 : s »■§ mi ill! il- 1 PcmgSHHPoRcB .& .2a B >! C2P so >»faCfcXfcfl a a 3 3 >-3^3 >. t>-. >= C e3 « ce p. ■4fc +=<) £© B»^1"S1 h9 >> >-. & >v «-g s rt ri rt soaaaa <)Sp r^" ss o 1 ci a '■ a b : sBE ■ a | •? s tts a :i = ?3 ' ° O B S O o K B ■g n 3 «^ B 3 _-_ St «§3 •jgqninu Xcueg o be m — 2 s - a b Phco P> b « « ,=-ta .B= ■« o S <^o P S3 II 67 CANADIAN BARLEYS. The specimens of Canadian barleys were obtained by application to Hon. A. Blue, of the Bureau* of Agriculture and Arts, in Toronto. He forwarded them to the Department with the following letter: I was uot able until yesterday to get the samples of Ontario barley asked for by yon for analysis. Tbey were sent on by express, and I trust will reaeh you safely. The samples have been collected from four districts of the Province, and graded 1, 2 and 3 by the Government inspector here. The districts are indicated as A, B, C, and D, and the localities are shown on the inclosed map. Asa rnlc, our best barley is produced in the counties north of Lake Ontario, and especially in those bordering on the Bay of Quinte, viz, Prince Edward, Lennox, and Addington and Hastings; but this year it was injured there, by rains at the har- vest season. The western district is much more subject to summer rains, owing to its situation between the Great Lakes, and the barley is often discolored. The brightest grain this year is found in the counties of Peel, York, Ontario, and Durham. I shall be greatly obliged if you will send me the results of your analysis. The districts as indicated included — A, the counties north of the central part of Lake Erie; B, the coun- ties north of the northwestern part of Lake Ontario; O, the counties north of the central portion of Lake Ontario; D, the counties north of the northeastern portion of Lake Ontario, bordering on the Bay of Quinte. B, C, and D are therefore the best barleys, and especially D, which was, however, unfortunately injured this year, and the brightest grain found in B. How these practical opinions of quality agree with the facts learned from chemical analysis and with the investigations of Maercker will ap- pear in our discussion of the results. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA. In the following tables are arranged the data which have been ob- tained from au examination of the specimens which have been described, together with averages for the United States and Canada, and for the various States aud geographical divisions : 68 Canadian barleys. Grade. First gnality . Do'.'.'.'.'. Do Average . Second quality Do Do Do Average . Third quality . Do Do Do Average Average A locality. . . Average B locality. . . Average C locality... Average D locality. . . Grand average . Ci a p EG fi Composition. 6041i A : 6044! B 1 6047] C 1 6050 Di P.ct. 7.58 8.35 6.95 8.35 P.ct 2.98 2.73 2.08 2.88 8] 2.82 2.67 I E P. ct. P. ct. IP. ct. 2. 70 73. 49! 3. 10 2.69 73.23 2.64 74.28 2. 67 73. 13 6042 A 2 ! 7. 85! 2. 95 2. 72 6045; B 2 ' 7. 03| 2. 80 2. 80 6048; C 2 10. 08 1. 62i 2. 78 605l! D 2 I i ; 8. 43| 3. 18 .| 8.35! 2.64 6043 : 6046; 6049 6052 A 3 B 3 C 3 D 3 8.78 6.751 8.13; 7.93, 2.70 2.83 3.05, 3.18 73.53 3.50 3. 55 3.65 3.69 72.76! 3.22 73.46| 3.76 72.58 3.49 72.551 3.41 P.ct. 10.15 9.45 9.80 9.28 9.67 10.50 10.15 9.45 2. 731 72. 84! 3. 47! 9. 97 \P.C. 1.62 1.51 1.57 1.48 1.54 1.68 11.62 |1.51 1,57 Weight. &rms. 2.910 3.1 3.206 3. 445 Consistency. Lbs. 54.8 56.1 55.9 52.7 3. 158 54. 9 17 >■ ' « "3 [ 9 > 1 s "ed a at S 9 B 1 s — 3 to 1 4351 4.153 4357 4360 4301 4163 41 liS 4109 4170 4172 4175 4176 3.180 3. 300 2. 950 3.390 3. 720 3.610 3.503 2.610 3.520 3. 300 2.760 3. 220 3.710 2. 820 3.130 2. 900 3.010 2. 890 3. 320 3.140 2. 042 3. 830 3.370 4.930 2. 780 2. 720 3.000 3. 950 4.360 4.350 2.950 3.360 4.218 4. 291) 4.140 4.180 4.930 4.490 5.110 4. 220 4.920 4.550 5.180 5.630 50.6 50.6 48.5 53.3 53.3 8 1 32 36 J 32 36 1 24 16 1 36 16 28 40 32 24 28 28 20 16 12 20 s 8 56.2 50.8 52.8 50.8 51.8 51.8 55 53.5 52.6 51.4 51.3 51.8 55.3 54.1 53.1 53.2 54.3 56.7 53.0 52.0 58.6 58.1 57. 4 67.9 53.4 12 16 24 40 12 28 24 16 16 24 20 8 8 24 12 4 8 16 20 16 16 44 36 41 36 44 36 60 52 36 36 36 20 32 24 28 28 40 32 36 52 36 32 36 28 24 40 28 16 24 28 28 28 32 44 36 52 40 36 40 32 24 . 28 12 12 4 "■; 8 4090 8 20 12 16 32 16 16 8 28 16 12 8 8 20 • 41191 4097 4098 4101 4104 4107 4188 4198 4030 41135 4036 40> .d « ■°1 OS'S O JO ■4 a © M o u 2 "Vermont 4323 4324 4326 4028 4226 4228 4232 4233 4243 4275 4260 4269 4271 4444 4151 4153 4158 4160 4406 4080 4085 4062 4063 4065 4067 4351 4353 4357 4360 4361 4169 4170 4172 4175 4176 4091 4098 4101 4104 4198 4030 4035 4036 4390 4391 4196 4197 4415 4299 4122 4319 4364 4435 4275 4277 4016 4374 4378 4423 3584 Per ct. 6.70 6.50 6.55 6.50 6.86 6.77 5.90 6.95 7.39 6.27 6.85 6.25 6.81 6.80 6.44 6.37 6.73 5.27 6.55 5.99 5.92 6.06 6.18 6.72 6.52 7.15 7.40 6.60 7.70 6.40 7.60 6.20 6.30 7.22 9.15 6.47 5.69 6.24 6.67 7.58 5.80 5.55 5.75 6.00 5.95 7.55 6.60 4.95 6.85 6.00 7.70 6.26 5.95 6.27 6.20 6.70 4.53 6.18 6.70 8.15 Per ct. 2.22 2.40 2.90 2.99 2.40 2.12 2.70 2.64 2.45 3.05 3.31) 3.07 3.55 3.10 2.97 2.59 2.56 3.05 2.75 3.50 2.95 3.34 3.16 2.73 3.08 2.90 2.30 3.60 2.75 3.15 1.50 3.00 2.51 3.15 2.97 2.85 3.18 2.97 3.33 3.00 3.05 2.90 3.13 3.20 2.65 1.70 3.00 3.15 2.65 2.90 3.40 2.90 3.50 3.05 2.78 2.74 4.43 2.74 2.20 2.77 Per ct. 2.90 2.65 2.75 2.33 2.76 2.77 2.58 2.66 2.48 2.06 3.53 2.40 2.58 2.06 2.70 2.73 2.90 2.71 2.55 3.54 2.73 2.61 2.59 2.81 2.66 2.76 2.74 2.65 2.50 2.49 2.69 3.07 2.76 2.80 2.72 2.63 2.75 2.83 2.65 2.70 3.01 2.46 2.94 2.74 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.56 2.45 2.37 2.53 2.63 2.98 2.06 2.71 3.01 2.72 2.50 2.52 2.87 Per ct, 70. 28 72.37 71.57 75.14 72.85 73.41 74.14 74.47 73.10 72.89 71.84 73.13 72.91 73. 92 71.33 69.73 71.83 73.30 75.45 71.19 75.37 70.88 72.55 72.15 71.77 70.51 73.17 72.03 72. 77 70.88 73.79 73.88 74. 72 71.25 70.69 71.34 72.28 72. 68 69.19 71.12 69.97 74. 19 71.02 72.23 71.34 74.53 74.20 76.79 73.62 75.73 72.99 74.30 70.97 72.89 75.50 74. 32 74.74 75.52 74.03 68.99 Per ct. 3.90 3.48 4. 15 2. 89 3.40 3.55 3.05 3.13 3.73 3.83 3.80 4.65 4.00 4.32 3.43 3 88 3.03 3.71 3.07 4.40 3.58 4.51 4.14 2.64 3.37 4.43 3.83 4.27 3.78 3.95 3.57 4.40 4.43 3.08 3.97 3.93 4.37 3.90 3.81 3.35 3.29 3.35 3.68 3.75 4.25 3.99 3.35 3.10 4.10 4.25 2.88 4.28 4.35 3.83 4.00 4.14 4.48 4.13 3.00 3.92 Per ct. 14.00 12. 60 12.08 10.15 11.73 11.38 11.03 10.15 10.85 11.90 10.68 10.50 10. 15 9.80 13.13 14.70 12. 95 11.90 9.63 11.38 9.45 12.60 11.38 12.95 12.60 12.25 1C.50 10.85 10.50 13.13 10.85 9.45 9.28 11.90 10.50 12.73 11.73 11.38 14.35 12. 25 14.88 11.55 13.48 12.08 13. 13 9.63 10.33 9.45 10.33 8.75 10.50 9.63 12.25 11.90 8.75 9.10 9.10 8.93 11.55 13.30 Per ct. 2.24 2.02 1.93 1.62 1.88 1.82 1.76 1.62 1.74 1.90 Ohio 1.71 1.68 1.62 1.57 2.10 2.35 2.07 1.90 1.54 1.82 1.51 2.02 1.82 2.07 2.02 1.96 1.68 1.74 1.68 2.10 1.74 1.51 1.48 1.90 1.68 2.04 1.88 1.82 2.30 1. 9G 2.38 1.85 2.16 1.93 2.10 1.65 1.51 1.65 1.40 Utah 1.68 1 54 1.96 1.90 1.40 1.46 1.46 1.43 1.85 2.13 71 Average composition of American barley* (tinhiilled), arranged bg States. State. o . Of z » el .a 8 <*> a-" s to 12 'o a S 3 a © 1 60 10 48 30 8 10 3 1 S 4 5 2 4 5 5 4 1 5 • 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 Per ct. 6. S3 6.64 6.55 6 06 6. 02 6.47 6. 58 6.50 6.77 6.27 6.68 li. 27 5.95 6.37 7. 115 7.2(1 6.27 7.58 5.81 6.37 6. 85 6.00 7.7(1 6.26 5.95 6.23 5.80 6.70 8.15 Per c(. 2.89 2. 51 2.87 2.96 2.85 3.05 2.51 2.99 2. 46 3.05 3.25 2.79 3.23 3. U8 2.93 2. 6.1 3.08 3.00 2.99 2. 62 2. 6.-> 2. 911 3.40 2.90 3.50 2.92 3.30 2.20 2.77 Per ct. 2. 68 2.59 2.69 2.73 2.69 2.65 2.77 2. 33 2.65 2.06 2.61 2.72 3. 13 2.67 2.63 2.81 2.71 2. 70 2. 77 2.50 2. 45 2.37 2.53 2.63 2.98 2.38 2.74 2 52 2 87 Per ct. 72.77 73. 02 72. 55 72. 26 73. 03 72.43 71.41 7.V 14 73.59 72. 89 72.95 72. 34 73.28 71.84 71.87 72.87 71.37 71.12 71.75 75.17 73. 62 75. 73 72. 99 74.30 70.97 74 23 74.86 74 03 68.99 Per ct. 3.80 3.57 3.76 3.87 3.59 3.90 3.84 2.89 3.50 3 83 4.19 3.42 3.99 3.66 4.05 4.01 4.01 3.35 3.66 3.48 4.10 4.25 2.88 4.28 4.35 3.91 4.25 3.00 3.92 Per ct. 11.33 11.59 11.58 11.52 11.82 11.50 12.89 10.15 11.03 11.90 10.28 12.46 10.42 12. 38 11.45 10 39 12.56 12. 25 13. 02 9.80 10.33 8.75 10. 50 9.63 12.25 10.33 9.05 11.55 13.30 Per ct. 1.81 1.85 1.85 1.84 1.69 2.06 1.62 1.76 1.90 Ohio * 1.64 1.99 1.67 "Wisi-nnsin 1.98 1.83 1.66 2.01 1.96 2.08 1.57 1.65 Uinh ..*. 1.40 1.68 1.54 1.96 1.65 1.45 1.85 2.13 DISCUSSION OP THE DATA AND AVERAGES. As Canadian barley forms the greater portion of our supply, it will be considered first, and that of the United States compared with it. Maercker found that the finest grain contained not more than 8 per cent, of albuminoids and consisted of at least 80 per cent, of mealy ker- nels. These two factors, together with the brightness of the grain, he considered to be the characteristics by which its quality should bejudged. Of the twelve typical specimens of last year's Canadiau crop none were below 9 percent, of albuminoids, the average being 9.83, and only six contained GO per cent, of kernels which were mealy or half mealy in structure. They cannot be said therefore to be equal to what are considered extremely line barley in Germany. They do, however, reach and in most cases exceed the average production of foreign coun- tries, and may be considered as of extremely good quality for samples from actual trade lots, and better than those produced the world over, as may be seen by comparison with the investigations which have been quoted on previous pages. In weight per bushel they are about the same as the average of Maercker, and in moisture, as with all our grain, much drier than the product of damper climates. The differences in the different grades are marked almost entirely by brightness and perfection of the kernel, there being a remarkably clos 72 agreement in all other respects. This shows how important a factor climate and care in harvesting and handling are in enhancing or de- preciating the value of the grain. The latter factor, care, is almost en- tirely within the control of the farmer, while varying seasons, of course, influence the former. Of the different districts that north of Lake Erie produces the specimens richest in nitrogen, which would therefore be graded lowest as far as this influences our judgment, thus agreeing with current opinion. In mealiness these specimens are much ahead of all the others, and this ought to more than balance the slightly higher per- centage of albuminoids. The summer rains, however, by coloring the grain have the greatest influence in determining quality, and event- ually make the barley of this district the least desirable. The remain- ing districts, north of Ontario, produce grain much alike, that from the B district averaging heavier in weight per bushel, and that from D be- ing a little less nitrogenous. As a whole these Canadian barleys cer- tainly form a very good standard of reference. BARLEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. In comparing the barleysof the United States with those of Canada, it appears at once that, as a whole, the former average about as mealy iji consistency as the latter. Examined by distribution geographically, the. Eastern grain is found to be much less mealy than the Western, that of the Northwest being the richest in mealy kernels. Again, however, we find that but two out of sixty-four samples contained 80 per cent, or over of mealy or half-mealy kernels. In weight per bushel there is no variation from Canadian and foreign grain, but in size the barleys of the United States, as a whole, are larger than those of Canada. Unfortu- nately we have no data for those of foreign production. The Eastern grain is no larger than the Canadian, and the average is increased by the large size of that from the Northwest and the Pacific Slope, which at the same time has an increased weight per bushel. In brightness, the samples from those portions of the country having a dry climate at harvest time, especially the Pacific Slope and the North- west, were far superior. This is an important feature in considering the best areas for the production of good malting barley ; and while Cali- fornia as yet furnishes almost nothing for brewing purposes, it would seem to be one of our best fields. The high percentage of albuminoids stored up in the peculiar climate of the Northwest, while an advantage in the wheat grain, w r ould be a serious objection in barley. lu this respect it appears that the average amount of albuminoids in the barley of the United States is greater than that of Canada, and far ahead of anything which Maercker would consider desirable. California alone is 1 per cent, below the average for the rest of the country, there being 73 less than one-half per cent, difference from 11.50 per cent, in the average for all but California, which has 10.50 per cent. This is higher than was found in the Canadian grain, so that it may safely be said that the latter is at present the best in the market and superior to our own. Among the analyses the following extremes are found : Water Ash Oil - Carbhyd rates Crude fiber AilMIMliltl'I'ls Weight of 100 grains drama Weight per bushel pounds Per ct. of mealy and half raealy kernels . . Highest. Per cent. !». 15 4.43 3.54 76. 79 4.05 14.88 State. Minnesota . California . Indiana . .. Mrmlana .. Obi.. Dakota Lowest. Per cent. 4.53 1.50 2.06 68.99 2.64 8.75 State. California. Minnesota. Oregon. Colorado. Illinois. Kentucky and Oregon. 4.900 California. 60.2 Utah 100.00 Montana... 2. 630 Pennsylvania. 50. 4 Do. 16.0 Vermont. Dakota sustains its reputation for high nitrogen aud Oregon for low, but the variations m this constituent are not as wide as in wheat, bar- ley, like rye, appearing to be less affected in this respect, although Maercker's experiments show that barley responds in its percentage of albuminoids readily to nitrogenous manuring. His seed was, however, very poor in albuminoids — 7.7-8.0 per cent. — and would naturally in- crease when the conditions were made favorable. In Koenig's collection of analyses of this grain he gives as the aver- age of 127 specimens: Water Ash Oil Carbhyd rates Crude fiber . . Albuminoids Total . . . Per e.ent. 13.77 2.69 2.16 64. 93 5.31 11.14 100. 00 This is but little different from the average production of the United States, aud would point to the fact that our country, at any rate in certain portions, produces as good malting barley as others. Canada is a witness to this fact, as shown by the specimens which have been examined from there, which are well above foreign averages in starchi- ness. Experience and care have taught the Canadians, in connection with their favorable climate, the means of producing an excellent grain, superior to other parts of the couutry. It seems quite possible for the farmers in many portions of the United States, and especially California, the climatic conditions of which are such as to avoid dam- aging summer rains, with no too dry and hot a climate, to increase our supply of barley of good quality by attention to the conditions which 74 have been mentioned, and thus prevent the necessity of importing grain which should be produced at home. There is one condition which in the case of wheat was found to be of evident effect. Although almost all the specimens examined were spring-sown grain, twelve of winter barley were found to contain but 10.05 per cent, of albuminoid, as compared to 11.42 in the spring varie- ties. Whether this could be made of any importance in practice cannot of course be decided except by the possibilities of the culture of winter barleys, which as yet seem to be small. Our dry and hot climate, ripen- ing the grain before it has had time to fill out the kernel with starch, and the liability to discoloration from summer showers, are the two dis- advantages we have to contend with. In a few samples the hull or husk was detached from the grain and the amount determined. Barley— percentage of fi. 57 1 5.55 1 6. 55 2 5.80 3 0. 34 1 7.50 2 5.04 2 6.33 1 7.78 Asli. Oil. I Carb- hydrates. Per cent. 2.18 2. 14 2.27 2 14 2.35 2 20 2. 15 2.09 2.02 2.28 2. 32 2.30 Per cent. •>. 66 2.66 2.66 2.40 2.84 2.30 2.66 2.84 2.81 2.62 2.61 2.86 Per cent. 75.53 75. 40 75. 78 75.74 76. 14 73 77 76.63 75. 13 73. 95 78.62 75.26 71. 16 Fiber. Per cent. 1.60 1.58 1.64 1.6H 1.44 1.88 1.30 1.64 1.47 1.83 1.32 1.90 Albumi- noids. Per cent. 11.77 11.88 11.55 11.55 11.38 13.30 11.40 11.90 12.25 9.71 1?. 16 14. U0 Nitro- gen- 1.88 1.90 1.75 1.85 1.82 2. 13 1.83 1.91 1.96 1.55 1.95 2.24 The changes are merely such as one would expect from the removal of the flbrons hull. The percentages of albuminoids, fiber, and carbhy- drates are increased, that of ash and water diminished. The results are merely of value to serve as a comparison of this cereal in its hull less condition with the other cereals in.a similar state. Our investigations as a whole seem to prove that, while, at present Canadian barleys are superior to those grown in the United States, the result is due more to a lack of understanding of the proper localities and methods of cultivation than in any obstacle in the way of extending the production to an extent to do away with our dependence on importa- tion. Field experiments are now most desirable as a means of deciding upon the best varieties and methods as soon as a study of the climatic conditions shall enable us to select those portions of the country best suited to this cereal. In time, no doubt, California, whose climate in many parts is well adapted to the growth of barley for malting pur- poses, will make itself felt if, as appears probable, the quality of her barleys in the market answers to the expectations raised by laboratory examination. ANALYSES OF OATS, BARLEY, AND RYE IN DETAIL. In our first report several analyses of wheat were published in which the carbhydrates were separated into their proportions of sugars, starch, and gum, and the albuminoids into those soluble in alcohol of SO per cent, strength and those iusoluble. In the Annual Report of the De- partment for 1878 several analyses of com were presented in the same way. For comparison with these results, which are of interest, several have beeu made of oats, barley, and rye : 76 Analyses of oats, barley, anil ri. detail. OATS. Number. S044 3045 .... 3049 (4) 3078.... 3098.... 3127.... 3175.... 3187.... 3210.... 3235 3243... 3200 3202.... 3270.... 3323.... 3335.... 3391.... 3411.... 2.090 1.756 1.798 1.878 1.684 1.892 1.495 1.922 1.780 2.139 1.703 1.048 1. 6"G 1.650 1. 5116 1.595 1.313 1.355 a — •=> i 6 (-• m "o CO o ■~ bp 3 CO « 4^ §1, ~ X , 2.71 71.49 71.32 71. 511 72 07 75.52 7:.. 51 71.38 72. 18 71.32 71.73 7::. in 72.55 71. 62 71.76 71.40 72. 99 65. ! 68.1 64. 03. 65. 64. '65. 34 63.44 70. 49 71.32 73. 01 .2, J S £ ■■a ■° 2 3 o •A 1.75 14.35 2.90 11.38 1.95 13. 13 1.24 11.20 1.80 7.00 1.70 7.00 1.90 10.85 1.70 s. 58 2.40 9. 63| 2.15 9.45 1.90 8.58 2.12 9.45 2.02 11.90 2.10 111. 33 2.07 111.33 2. 02 10.33 96 15.58 39 14. 35 11 16.631 71 15. 75 22 13. 83| 82 14. 35 *1.70 11.55 t20. 56 2.10 1.49 12.60 1.40 12.40 1.82 11.55 2.30 1.82 2. 10 1.79 1.12 1.12 1.74 1.37 1.54 1.51 1.37 1.51 1.90 1.65 1. 65 1.65 2.49 2.32 2.66 2. 52 2.21 2.30 •1.85 t. 34 2.02 1.99 1.85 Kernel 70.6 per cent. Hulls 29.45 per cent. It is unnecessary to call particular attention to tbese analyses. Tlie New Zealand wheat was a selected exhibition sample, very large and heavy, and of rather a soft character. It is rather poor in ash and oil, and quite rich in albuminoids. The specimens from California and Dakota sustain the usual reputa- tion of the grain from those States. The samples of corn vary very little in composition for the different localities. The only exception which it is of interest to observe is in the case of the plump and shriveled grains grown in the District of Columbia from seed produced in Kansas. While not varying at all among themselves in composition, the plump and shriveled grains have departed quite remarkably from the composition of the parent seed from Kansas. Among the remaining specimens the usual narrow limits of variation in this cereal are seen. Even Minnesota, which produces a wheat rich in nitrogen, does not excel in its corn in this respect. The analyses of oats show no peculiarities; the sample from New 13734— No. 9- 6 82 Zealand alone is rather low in albuminoids and not corresponding to the wheat with wbich it was associated. The kernels were analyzed free from hulls. ANALYSIS OF WHEATS OF THE CEOP OF 1885. Eecently several Minnesota wheats, harvested during the season of 1885, have been examined. They sustain the averages of previous years, or are slightly richer in albuminoids. The results follows together with those of seed wheats distributed by the Department in the autumn of 1885, the products of which it is hoped may be compared another year. Analysis of wheats from Minnesota, 1885. Variety. 6 3 02 '3 is S cc, is ,Per c. 9.40 9.13 9.18 9.38 8.93 -a) I O Per c.Perc. 2.08 | 2.79 2. 03 | 2. 94 2.43 | 2.65 1. 70 ! 2. 98 2.03 | 2.89 CD I o u CO S o 71 '3 .2 Per c. 13.48 14.00 13.48 15.05 15.40 CO 'o 6000 0001 6002 6003 6004 Grains. 4.114 3.096 2.649 2.190 2.565 Per c. 70.33 69.48 70.47 69. 06 68.75 Per c. 1.92 2. 42 L79 1.83 2.00 Per c. %ie 2.14 2.16 2.41 2.46 Per c. 29. 37 Blue Stem Scotch Fife Scutch Fife 29.41 32. 31 32.67 38.45 Analysis of winter wheats distributed by the Department, November, 1SS5. Variety. Four- Rowed Sheriff j lied Mediterranean . J Diehl-Mediterranean \ Indian Winter > White Crimean McGtan.ee While Extra Early Oakley.. Genoese | Egyptian j is Grains, j 6005 3.734 ! 6000 4. 635 j 6007 4. 222 l 6008 3. 126 j 6009 0.086 6010 2. 990 6011 3. 045 6012 .4. 113 6013 5.306 6040 ' (!) Lbs. 65.8 I 67.2 65.8 j 05.5 66. 5 I 66.4 i 66.3 68.7 68.6 (?) Per c. Per c. 10. 28 11.05 10.45 10.20 10.73 10.48 11.45 9.68 9.83 9.88 1.95 1.63 1 65 2.23 2.00 1.88 1.20 1.73 1.78 1.90 £0 CE £= CO -O o Per c. o D Per c. Per c. 2.29 73.52 1.81 2 22 71.25 1.60 2.25 72. 97 2.00 2.06 72. 24 1.72 ! 2,55 70.63 1.66 ; 2.22 71. 34 1.83 2.29 69. 79 1.79 2.04 74.68 1.89 2.04 74. 52 1.50 2.40 72.11 1.46 CO o a a fee O "A Per c. j Per c- 10. 15 1.62 12. 25 : 1.96 10.68 1.72 11.55 1.85 12.43 1.99 12.25 1.96 13.48 i 2.16 9. 98 1. 60 10.33 1.65 12.25 1.96 Per c. 26.54 31. 66 32. 22 19.' Tfi 00. 00 33.61 32. 05 22.61 29.43 32. 04 CONCLUSION. The results which have been collected and discussed in this and pre vious reports have shown the wide extent of the variations which occur in the physical and chemical properties of our cereal grains. They have extended over but a few years, and with conditions which have not been sufficiently varied or sufficiently under control. They have served to show, however, how many of the modifying causes are in the hands of the farmer or of the experimental stations, and, to a certain extent, the directions in which advance should be made. The co-operation of prac- tical field-work is now necessary, with laboratory examinations of the results. Until this can be accomplished systematically further progress will be slow and uncertain. E \ P '07