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 Pulaski County 
 Virginia. 
 
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 A 
 
 "2.1.7 
 
 AND DESCRIPTIVE 
 SKETCH 
 
 
 Designed to show forth the nat= 
 ural advantages, resources and 
 general adaptability of the 
 
 Banner County 
 of Southwest Virginia 
 
 to agriculture, cattle raising, and 
 also commercial and industrial 
 enterprises. : -*. 
 
 Published under the direction of the Committee in charge 
 
 of the Pulaski County Exhibit at the Jamestown 
 
 Exposition held at Norfolk, Va. ( 1907. 
 
 SOUTHWEST PUBLISHING COMPANY. I 
 
 Pulaski, Virginia. 
 
PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 Description and Early History. 
 
 U L A S K I CO UN T Y is situated in the 
 Southwestern portion of the State of Virginia. 
 It is of a rhcmboidal shape, about 20 by 21 
 miles, and has an area of a little over 400 
 square miles. Its principal boundaries, are 
 New River, Little River, and outlying ranges of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. Its lands are almost entirely 
 of a limestone formation, the county being situated 
 upon the same vein of limestone which, starting from 
 Niagara Falls, runs through the most fertile portion: 
 of Pennsylvania and through the famous Shenandoah 
 Valley in Virginia, everywhere making rich lands 
 with an inexhaustible sod of the finest of bluegrass, 
 upon which are fattened beef cattle unsurpassed any- 
 where in the world. 
 
 The county is distant 3C0 miles from Norfolk, 250*' 
 from Richmond, 100 from Lynchburg, and 50 from 
 Roanoke. It was named for the Polish Count Pulaski,, 
 of Revolutionary fame, and was created from portions 
 of the counties of Montgomery and Wythe by an Act 
 of the General Assembly of Virginia passed March 30, 
 1839. 
 
 The boundaries of the county which remain sub- 
 stantially the same today — are thus set forth in the 
 Act: 
 
 "Beginning at a line dividing the county of Giles 
 from Montgomery on New River, thence with said 
 line to the head of a hollow above Hiram Davis', on 
 Little Walkers Creek; thence to a point on the main 
 road between the lands of John T. Sayers and Harvey 
 
4 Pulaski County 
 
 Shepherd, including the plantation of David G. Shep- 
 herd; thence to the mouth of Pine Run on New 
 River; thence to the Grayson county line, including 
 Sally King's plantation on Reed Island; thence with 
 the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same 
 to the mouth of Indian Creek on Little River, and 
 with the same, including the farm of Creed Taylor, to 
 New River, and with the same to the beginning. ' ' 
 
 John Gardner of the county of Montgomery, Cyrus 
 Adams of the county of Wythe and Levi Vermillion 
 of the new county of Pulaski, were appointed by the 
 Act Commissioners to run and mark the lines between 
 the counties of Montgomery and Pulaski on the one 
 side, and the counties of Wythe and Pulaski on the 
 other, the report of the proceedings of said Commis- 
 sioners to be recorded in the Clerk's offices of the 
 counties of Montgomery, Wythe and Pulaski, respect- 
 ively, ' ' and in all controversies which may hereafter 
 arise, touching said lines, shall be conclusive evi- 
 dence. ' ' 
 
 William Campbell of the county of Bedford, Samuel 
 Hale of the county of Franklin, Samuel McCamant of 
 the county of Grayson, Albert G. Pendleton of the 
 county of Giles and Joseph W. Davis of the county of 
 Smyth, were appointed a Commission who, or a major- 
 ity of whom, should ascertain ' ' the most proper place 
 for holding courts and erecting public buildings for 
 the said county of Pulaski. ' ' 
 
 These Commissioners filed a unanimous report in 
 favor of the town of Newbern as the county seat of 
 Pulaski county, and selected for the site of the court 
 house and jail a certain lot belonging to James Lane, 
 together with a portion of a lot owned by John N. 
 Bosang. The Bosang lot was given to the county, 
 and Michael Jordan paid Lane $600 for his lot and 
 gave it to the county. 
 
 Subsequently, in the year 1840, upon petition of a 
 number of citizens, the General Assembly of Virginia 
 passed a special act allowing the citizens of Pulaski 
 county to vote upon the question whether the pub- 
 
Pulaski County 5 
 
 lie buildings should be placed upon the site selected 
 by the Commissioners or should be erected upon a 
 plot of ground consisting of a lot belonging to Thomas 
 Cloyd and a part of the lands of Henry Hance. The 
 election resulted in favor of the latter site; the court 
 house and jail were erected thereon, and the County 
 Court laid a levy and repaid Michael Jordan the $600 
 paid by him for the Lane lot and said Jordan con- 
 veyed said lot to the Justices for the benefit of the 
 county. 
 
 In 1893 the site of the court house and jail was, 
 by popular vote, removed from Newbern to the town 
 of Pulaski. Here an elegant and commodious court 
 house, constructed of Peak Creek sandstone and fit- 
 ted up in handsome style, affords every comfort and 
 facility for the transaction of public business. A jail 
 and jailer's residence are situated on the same street 
 but at a distance of several blocks from the com t 
 house. 
 
 The First County Court. 
 
 The first County Court for Pulaski was held at the 
 residence of James Tiffaney, in Newbern, on the 10th 
 day of May, 1839. It was composed of the following 
 justices of the peace ( the latter word in numerous 
 instances upon the records of that early day being 
 spelled "piece"): John M. C. Taylor, John Hoge, 
 James Hoge, Samuel Shields, Randolph Fugate, John 
 G. Cecil, Henry Wysor, James Crockett, John Calfee, 
 George R. C. Floyd, Joseph Cloyd, Samuel Calfee, 
 David G Shepherd, Joseph H. Howe, David T. Mar- 
 tin, and David F. Kent. 
 
 William B. Charlton was the first clerk of the 
 county, with Lynch A. Currin as deputy. Samuel 
 Shields was appointed sheriff by Governor David 
 Campbell, his commission being dated May 17, 1839, 
 to take effect June 6, 1839, he to continue in office 
 until the first quarterly court in 1840. He executed 
 three bonds, each in the penalty of $30,000, the sheriff 
 at that time performing the duties of treasurer. In 
 
6 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 one of his bonds there is a quaint echo of the former 
 times when tobacco was used as a substitute for 
 money, for he is required ' ' well and duly to pay and 
 satisfy all sums of money, and tobacco by him re- 
 ceived by virtue of such process, ' ' etc. 
 
 At the first term of the County Court Andrew Boyd 
 and James M. Henderson were appointed constables 
 for the whole county. At the ensuing June term the 
 court divided the county into four districts, and con- 
 stables were appointed for these districts as follows; 
 
 -i ? 
 
 
 
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 £ HI 
 
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 LyoflpRlp!''/' 
 
 
 Pulaski County Court House. 
 
 Jas. M. Henderson for the first district, Russell H. 
 Cecil for the second, Gordon Dobbins for the third, 
 and William R. Fugate for the fourth. 
 
 Pulaski county has always been noted for the law 
 abiding character of its cit'zer.s, and the early crim- 
 inal business was confined almost entirely to breaches 
 of the peace, it being then the custcm for men to 
 meet on the court green and settle their differences 
 with only the weapons furnished them by nature. 
 
P ulaski County 7 
 
 The first criminal business of the county was all of 
 this kind, there being seven cases. Three were tried 
 by jury and found ''not guilty;" three (it is pre- 
 sumed they were the other parties to the fisticuffs) 
 confessed and were fined by the court $1.00 and 
 costs; one man of the peculiar name of Seacat was 
 bound over to the peace at the suit of James Lane. 
 
 The act creating the county of Pulaski attached it 
 to the same judicial circuit with with the county of 
 Montgomery. Judge James E. Brown held the first 
 term of the Circuit Superior Court of law and Chan- 
 cery for Pulaski. His first order was a decree in 
 vacation granting an injunction. 
 
 At present there are no County Courts. There are 
 four terms annually of the Circuit Court for Pulaski 
 county, which is in the 21st judicial district, with 
 Honorable Robert C. Jackson as Judge. 
 
 What has been said as to the law abiding disposi- 
 tion of the citizens of Pulaski county is emphasized 
 by the fact that during the year 1906 there were for 
 the whole county only twenty indictments found. 
 This is a remarkable showing for a county with a 
 population of probably 17,000 and numbers of mines, 
 furnaces, mills, and other public works. This happy 
 condition is no doubt in large measures due to the 
 fact that nowhere— not only in the State, but in the 
 United States — is justice more strictly meted out to 
 criminals than in Pulaski county. Pulaski juries, 
 while fair to the innocent, are " strict to mark ini- 
 quity," and evil-doers give the county a wide berth. 
 
 The aphorism, "Happy is that people whose annals 
 are brief," applies with peculiar force to this county. 
 The people have lived quiet, frugal, industrious, and 
 God-fearing lives, and there are few notable incidents 
 in the history of the county. It has been the home 
 of three governors of Virginia — Dr. John Floyd, his 
 son, John B. Floyd, and J. Hoge Tyler. It furnished 
 to the Confederate Armies four full companies, be- 
 sides a number of soldiers who were in other com- 
 mands, the total being about seven hundred. 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 PULASKI IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 The Battle of CloycTs Farm. 
 
 The battle of Cloyd' s Farm, which, in proportion 
 to the numbers engaged, was one of the most san- 
 guinary conflicts of the Civil War, was fought in 
 Pulaski county on May 9, 1864. 
 
 Some fourteen regiments of federal infantry and 
 cavalry, under the command of (jr^-.ieral George Crook, 
 came through on a raid from West Virginia, their 
 object being to strike the railroad at Dublin in 
 Pulaski county, destroy the Confederate stores col- 
 lected there, and tear up the railroad and render it 
 useless. 
 
 To confront the Federal Army General Albert G. 
 Jenkins had only the 36th, 45th and 53rd regiments 
 of the Virginia Infantry; he had also three very effect- 
 ive batteries. 
 
 General Jenkins took up a position on high ground 
 on the Cloyd farm, his batteries commanding the 
 point where the turnpike crossed Cloyd' s Mountain. 
 The Federals attempted to establish a battery in the 
 road on the mountain, but their guns were speedily 
 silenced. Their main force was then guided by a 
 negro slave, by a path across the mountain at a point 
 further east, thus bringing them to a position from 
 which they could attack the right flank of the Con- 
 federates. Their movements were almost entirely 
 screened by heavy woods. By their superiority of 
 numbers they were enabled to throw out troops who 
 threatened to turn the right flank of the Confeder- 
 ates and at the same time to make a direct attack 
 in front on the Confederate line of battle. 
 
 To meet this flanking movement, Confederate 
 troops were transferred, two companies at a time, 
 from the left to the right of the Confederate posi- 
 tion. It was while conducting this movement that 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Edward H. Harman, of thet 45h 
 
Pulaski County 9 
 
 regiment was mortally wounded. General Jenkins 
 was mortally wounded early in the action, and the 
 command devolved upon Colonel John A. McCausland. 
 
 The Federal assault in front was led by Colonel 
 Rutherford B. Hayes, afterwards General and Presi- 
 dent of the United States. He was at the time Col- 
 onel of the 23rd Ohio Infantry, and was in command 
 of the brigade that made the charge. Lieutenant 
 William McKinley, afterwards Major and President 
 of the United States, was in this charge. The first 
 assault was repulsed and a second charge was made. 
 In the meantime, a number of Federal troops, who 
 had not yet been engaged in the battle began to flank 
 the Confederate left, which had been greatly weak- 
 ened by the withdrawal of troops to strengthen the 
 right, and the Confederate forces were in danger of 
 being entirely surrounded. Under these circum- 
 stances, the second charge of the Federal troops, 
 commanded by Colonel Hayes, proved entirely suc- 
 cessful, the Confederates being routed. Company E, 
 of the 23rd Ohio, under the leadership of Lieutenant 
 McKinley, was the first to scramble over the Confed- 
 erate fortifications and silence their guns. In an 
 address upon President Hayes at Delaware, Ohio, in 
 1893, Major McKinley spoke thus of the attack led by 
 Colonel Hayes: "The advance across the meadow 
 in full sight of the enemy and in range of their guns, 
 through the creek and up over the ridge, was magnif- 
 icently executed, and the hand to hand combat in the 
 fort was as desperate as any during the war. Still 
 another charge was made, and the enemy was driven 
 back." 
 
 The routed Confederates were saved from almost 
 total capture or annihilation by a body of troopers 
 from the command of General John Morgan, the 
 General himself having been captured in the preced- 
 ing summer. These troops arrived too late for the 
 battle, but they took up a position across the turn- 
 pike in a body of woods about a mile and a half north 
 of Dublin, near New Dublin church. At this point 
 
1(F Pulaski County 
 
 Morgan's men, although only about 500 in number, 
 held the Federal forces in check for more than two 
 hours and thereby saved the routed Confederate 
 troops and also the town of Dublin, the main body of 
 the Federals, after this check, turning off to the east 
 in the direction of what is now Ingles' Ferry, but 
 where there was then a wagon bridge. This bridge 
 they burned, and the next day they destroyed the 
 railroad bridge at New River Depot. 
 
 Near the latter point the opposing forces engaged 
 in an artillery duel in which the Confederates had 
 rafeer the better of the argument, and General Crook 
 then left the county by way of Pepper's Ferry, and 
 went thence, with frequent encounters, to Staunton, 
 Virginia. 
 
Pulaski County 11 
 
 MUSTER ROLLS. 
 
 Soldiers That Served in the Confederate 
 Army From Pulaski County. 
 
 Co. C, 4th Va. Vol. Infty.— Pulaski Guards. 
 
 Names of the members of the Pulaski Guards, Com- 
 pany C, 4th Virginia Infantry, Stonewall Brigade: 
 
 James A. Walker, Captain, promoted to Major Gen- 
 eral, dead; R. D. Gardner, First Lieutenant, promoted 
 to Lieutenant-Colonel, dead; Thomas I. Boyd, Second 
 Lieutenant, captured at Kernstown; Charles H. Keif- 
 fer, color bearer, dead; George W. Morehead, Lieu- 
 tenant, dead; Capt. J. N. Bosang, captured at Spott- 
 sylvania; R. J. Glendy, First Lieutenant, killed at 
 Gettysburg; William H. Bosang, Second Lieutenant, 
 wounded second Manassas and Wytheville, dead; 
 James F. Cecil, Third Lieutenant, wounded at first 
 Manassas and in Wilderness, dead; J. B. Caddall, pro- 
 moted to First Lieutenant, dead; J. P. Kelly, pro- 
 moted to Second Lieutenant, H. H. Alexander, Orderly 
 Sergeant; John Arnold, wounded first Manassas; Davis 
 Akers, dead; C. H. Baxter; Thomas Baxter, dead; J. 
 R. K. Bentley, dead; G. W. Bennett, dead; Andrew 
 Boyd; William Boyd, killed at Chancellorsville; E. R. 
 Boyd; C. H. Burton, dead; C. T. Burton, dead; G. 
 W. Burton, killed at Cedar Creek; James Burton; 
 killed at Franklin; James Boothe; James Black, killed 
 at Chancellorsville; N. E. Brady; John A. Bosang, 
 killed at the Wilderness. 
 
 S. S. Caddall, promoted to Aide to General Walker, 
 dead; John H. Caddall, dead; T. W. Caddall, dead; 
 W. I. Carper, wounded first Manassas, dead; L. Cal- 
 loway, dead; Witten Cecil, died in hospital; Thomas 
 M. Cecil, wounded at Chancellorsville, Mitchell Cecil, 
 dead; W. R. Cole, dead; David Conner, died in prison; 
 T. I. Cox, Mexican soldier, dead; Fugate Clark, dead; 
 George H. Chumbley; William A. Chumbley, wounded 
 
12 Pulaski County 
 
 at Mine Run; Thomas C. Craig; James Crowell, killed 
 first Manassas; D. C. Crowell; A. N. Crowell, wounded 
 first Manasses; R. M. Crockett, dead; James Cofer, 
 dead. 
 
 J. B. Darst, dead; W. B. Darst; J. W. Darst, killed 
 second Manassas; William S. Dawson, wounded first 
 Manassas: Albert Davis, killed second Manassas; John 
 S. Draper, dead; T. E. Durham, lost arm first Manas- 
 sas; R. S. Dudley, lost arm at Gettysburg; Thomas 
 Dudley, missing at Hagerstown; W. R. Dudley, dead; 
 William Elkins, dead; W. G. Farris, dead; F. M. Far- 
 mer, wounded first Manassas; J. D, Foote, wounded; 
 William Frazier. 
 
 William Gardner, dead; J. D. Graham, dead; Cal- 
 vin Graham, killed; James R. Guthrie; Gibson; 
 
 Thomas K. Hall; Fonrose Haney, killed at Kerns- 
 town; W. E. Haney, died in prison, Elmira, N. Y. ; 
 H. L. Haney, dead; T. P. Hammon, deserted; T. D. ; 
 Hawkins; James Harris, dead; A. G. Haylton, killed 
 second Manassas; G. W. Haylton, killed second Ma- 
 nassas; Jesse Hinkle, killed Mine Run; T. L. Hines, 
 dead; J. H. Hines; John Honaker, killed first Manas- 
 sas; L. D. Howell, died at hospital; H. Hunter, killed 
 at Cedar Creek; J. H. Hughes; Henry Irison, deserted. 
 
 John Jamison, dead; H. A. Jamison, dead; E. S. 
 Johnson dead. 
 
 Ed. Kelly, dead; J. G. Kent, dead. 
 
 William Lane, dead; J. D. Linkous; Wheeler Link- 
 ous, dead; Robert Lorton, wounded first Manassas, 
 dead; Thomas Lorton; John Lowman, died in hos- 
 pital; R. F. Leedy; J. L. Lyon, G. A. W. Lyon, V. Lye, 
 dead. 
 
 William Mabe, W. S. Mathews, wounded first Ma- 
 nassas; J. Midkiff, William J. Monroe, dead; John H. 
 Newby, lost arm battle of Malvern Hill. 
 
 Levi Odell, E. W. Odell; John Owens, dead. 
 
 J. B. Painter, Whitfield Painter; J. D. Pollock, 
 killed first Manassas; D. S. Pollock, -captured at 
 Kernstown; W. L. Pugh, William Pool, dead; W. J. 
 Price, J. W. Price; George T. Pratt, wounded. 
 
Pulaski County 13 
 
 W. W. Raney, N. B. Raines; James Ranking, dead; 
 Edward Ray; S. D. Ray, deac 1 ; James Rittrr, dead; 
 Hiram Saunders, killed first Manass.cs; M. S. Soun- 
 ders, at Soldier's Home, Richmond; James A. Saun- 
 ders; Abner Sayers, killed at Getty sbun?; Jackson 
 Silver, B. P. Stevens; D. S. Scantlin, Mexican soldier, 
 dead; P. M. Sturtivant dead; James Sloan, killed at 
 second Manassas; M. C. Stone, wounded at Chancel- 
 lors ville and Gettysburg; George Snuffer, killed at 
 Malvern Hill; H. Shufflebarger, dead. 
 
 John Tabor, killed at Chancellorsville; Crawford 
 Talley; W. B. Teaney, killed first Manassas; J. W. 
 Teaney, killed at first Manassas; C. L. Teaney, 
 wounded first Manassas; W. D. Thomas, killed first 
 Manassas; T. J. Thompson, dead; P. Thornton, dead; 
 James T. Trolinger, captured at Kernstown; E. S. 
 Trinkle, dead. 
 
 W. T. Vickers; J. W. Vickers, dead; Uriah Ver- 
 million, dead. 
 
 M. C. Wallace, dead; H. C. Wilson, dead; Amel 
 Willis, died in hospital; S. Wimbush, dead; A. W. 
 Williams, dead; R. E. Wright, dead; William Wright; 
 John Wygal, dead; J. S. Wygal, J. B. Wygal; John 
 Woolwine, killed first Manassas. 
 
 J. W. Zirkel; S. C. Zirkel, wounded first Manassas. 
 
 Co. E 24th Va. Vol. Infty. 
 
 (Sketch by Major W. W. Bentley. i 
 
 The second company that Pulaski county furnished 
 for the Confederate armies in 1861 was made up by 
 three young men only a few months from college — 
 W. W. Bentley, W. M. Radford, and James R. Kent, 
 Jr., who were elected to fill the offices of captain, 
 first and second lieutenants in the order named and 
 B. Gunn was elected third lieutenant. It is to be very 
 much regretted that there is no roll to be found of 
 the non-commissioned officers and men of this gal- 
 lant band, who shed their blood on every battle field 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia from Bull Run to 
 Appomattox. 
 
 After the organization was completed and services 
 
14 Pulaski County 
 
 tendered the Governor, the company was ordered to 
 Lynchburg where it was mustered into service and 
 formed Company E, of the 24th Virginia Infantry; 
 thence to Manassas Junction, rendezvous of the Con- 
 federate Army in Northern Virginia, where the regi- 
 ment formed the nucleus of Early's Brigade; partic- 
 ipated in the battle of Bull Run on July 18th and in 
 the battle of the 21st 
 
 This company did special service in a skirmish near 
 Mason's Mill and in sight of Washington, and was 
 highly commended for its conduct; and again in front 
 of our fortified line at Yorktown with three other 
 companies in a night attack upon the enemy's picket 
 line when General Early ordered its captain to take 
 the battery in the rear of their line. At the battle of 
 Williamsburg the losses were very heavy, and among 
 the killed was Lieutenant W. M. Radford. General 
 Hancock, of the Federal Army, said the 24th Virginia 
 deserved the word " Immortal" on its banners for its 
 heroic conduct in this battle. 
 
 A few days before the battle of Seven Pines an 
 order was sent to the regiment for a captain and two 
 other officers and fifty men. The captain of this com- 
 pany was selected and one or two of the other officers 
 and a number of the men also from this company, 
 and the next morning before day light they were in 
 the enemy's camp, and the object of the reconnois- 
 sance was accomplished. The battle of Seven Pines 
 followed in a day or two, and the casualties were 
 heavy, as they also were in the Seven Days battle that 
 resulted in the rout of McCellan's army. 
 
 After the Peninsular Campaign in the spring of 
 1862 the regiment was transferred to the First Bri- 
 gade in Pickett's Division and contributed its full 
 share to the glory of that immortal command in the 
 subsequent great battles of the war. In addition to 
 the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia this 
 First Brigade (Kemper's) was sent to North Carolina 
 in the winter of 1863 and 1864 to check the incursions 
 of the Yankees from the coast and was engaged in the 
 
Pulaski County 15 
 
 siege and capture of Plymouth, where two or three 
 thousand prisoners and a great many guns and stores 
 of all kinds were taken. This strongly fortified p]ace 
 was stormed in a night attack, and this company- 
 together with several others, comprising one wing- of 
 the regiment and commanded by its captain were the 
 first to enter the stronghold of the enemy in the t'ace 
 of infantry and artillery fire from a position well mgh 
 impregnable. 
 
 From this field the brigade was ordered to join the 
 division in Virginia where active operations had com- 
 menced, and was engaged in the very early morning- 
 attack upon Butler's Command when he was ''bot- 
 tled" in the junction of the James and Appomattox 
 rivers. In this fight the company suffered terribly, 
 losing about seventy-five per cent, of the number 
 engaged, including Lieutenant Frederick Saunders, 
 and four or five killed besides the mortally wounded. 
 They were next ordered to Cold Harbor battlefield, 
 and were engaged in the battle and skirmish that fol- 
 lowed to the end of the war. 
 
 Of all the officers the company had during the war 
 only two survived, and both of them had been 
 wounded several times. Lieutenant Gunn had been 
 promoted to Captain and W. W. Bentley to Major and 
 commander of the regiment the last year of the war. 
 The company was admirably disciplined and made a 
 splendid record. 
 
 Co. I, 50th Va. Vol. Infty. 
 
 This company was enlisted in Pulaski county and 
 was regularly mustered into service at Newbern in. 
 July, 1861. Captain S. H. Stone, who commanded it 
 during its last years of service, furnishes the follow- 
 ing partial roll and memoranda respecting it: 
 
 Captain, Thomas Poage, afterward Colonel of the 
 regiment and killed at the battle of Kelly's farm, Jan- 
 uary 31, 1863; First Lieutenant, Stephen PL Stone, 
 lost voice at Gettysburg, July 1863; Charles Lane, 
 Second Lieutenant until time of re-organization;. 
 
16 Pulaski County 
 
 Stephen Hurst, Third Lieutenant, served first year; 
 Ephriam Dickens, captured at Fort Donelson Febru- 
 ary 16, 1862; Albert Bridges, Second Sergeant; 
 wounded in leg at at Fort Donelson February 15, 
 1862; Charles Martin, killed at Fort Donelson Febru- 
 ary 15, 1862; Johnson Warden, killed at Fort Donel- 
 son February 15, 1892; Isaac Smith, wounded at Lew- 
 isburg, West Virginia, May 1862; Alexander Smith; 
 John 0. Smith, wounded and taken prisoner at Lew- 
 isburg; Calvin Smith; Wesley Smith; John Smith, 
 captured at the Wilderness May 5, 1864; Thomas 
 Smith, David Smith, C. B. Smith; James Smith, died 
 in prison in 1864; Asa Quesenberry; Ballard Quesen- 
 berry; Calvin Quesenberry, killed at Chancellorsville 
 May 3, 1863; Samuel Quesenberry, killed at Chancel- 
 lorsville May 3, 1863; James Warden, Jr., killed at 
 Chancellorsville May 3, 1863; Montgomery Quesen- 
 berry; John Quesenberry, died in prison in 1864; Bal- 
 lard W T illiams, died of small-pox in prison in 1864; Dan- 
 iel Arnold, killed in action in the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness May 5, 1864; William Sutton, wounded at Lewis- 
 burg May 1862— wounded in several other engage- 
 ments and finally killed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 
 July 2. 1863;— John C. Sutton, William H. Songer, 
 Isaac Griffith, captured and died in prison in 1864; 
 John F. Hollingsworth, Peter A. C. Honaker; Charles 
 Howery; Alvis Marshall, wounded and captured at 
 Lewisburg May 1862; Stephen Moore, Stephen C. 
 Nickols, John R. Ratcliffe, John G. Redpath, Zachar- 
 iah Wright, Jesse Worrell, Joshua Worrell; Aaron 
 Worrell, died in prison in 1864; Gordon Moore, died 
 in prison in 1864; Crockett Moore, John Moore, Gor- 
 don Bowden, Milton Nunn; James Calfee, died in 
 prison in 1864; Benjamin Smith, died of disease at 
 Blue Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, August 1861; 
 Henderson Bell, died of disease at Sweet Sulphur 
 Springs, West Virginia, September 1861; John Bell, 
 taken prisoner at Spottsylvania Court House 1864, 
 and died in prison; Thaddeus Hawthorne, died of dis- 
 ease at Sweet Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, August 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 17 
 
 1861; Benjamin Duncan, John Duncan, Amos Galla- 
 more, Preston Phillips, Wesley Lindsey, James Hay- 
 maker; Evan Tipton, killed in action at Fort Donel- 
 son February 15,1862; William Tipton, John Brown, 
 Thomas Warden, Oscar Warden, James Warden; Wil- 
 liam King, lost an arm in action in Shenandoah Val- 
 ley in 1864; James King, Chester B. King; Russell 
 King, captured at Spottsylvania Court House May 12, 
 1864, and never returned; Chapman King, missing in 
 action at Lewisburg and never afterward heard of; 
 
 —Pulaski. 
 
 William Galbreth, Ray burn Cofer, Aaron I. Morgan, 
 discharged for disability at Narrows of New River, 
 1862; Isham Puckett; Montgomery Mullen, taken pris- 
 oner in the invasion of Pennsylvania and never after- 
 ward heard of; Jackson Shufflebarger, wounded and 
 left on the field of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 3, 
 1863; John Black, killed at Gettysburg July 3, 1863; 
 William Burton, Jerome B. Davis, Thomas Simpkins, 
 Sr., Thomas Simpkins, Jr., Joseph D. Simpkins, 
 
18 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Joseph Simpkins; Gabriel Simpkins, drummer; A. J. 
 Clark, J. E. W. Lane, Alfred Lyon, Nathan Marshall, 
 wounded and captured at Lewisburg, West Virginia, 
 May 1862; Aaron Caudle, John Galbreth, discharged 
 for disability; Mark Ashworth, discharged for disa- 
 bility at Camp Jackson, Virginia, July 1861; Newton 
 J. Morton, discharged for disability at Bowling 
 Green, Kentucky, 1862; Jesss Nickols, wounded and 
 captured at Lewisburg May 1862; William Mathews; 
 Crockett Patton, killed at the battle of the Wilderness 
 
 Residence of Hon. J. c. Wys 
 
 Pulaski. 
 
 May 5, 1864; William Hufford, wounded in the leg at 
 Fort Donelson February 15, 1862; John Hufford, taken 
 prisoner at Spottsylvania Court House and died in 
 prison; Joseph Hufford, wounded in leg in 1865; Dan- 
 iel Harlen, transferred to Company F, 54th Regi- 
 ment, 1862; William Richardson, John Owen, Isaac 
 Tipton, T. T. Fleager, Jacob Fleager, James Owen, 
 captured at Kelly's Farm, Virginia, January 31, 1863, 
 Jackson Lasley, Samuel Brookman, killed or captured 
 
Pulaski County 19 
 
 and died in prison; Robert Brookman, killed or died 
 in prison; Gustavus Brookman; Jeremiah Odell, 
 wounded in thigh at FortDonelson February 15, 1862; 
 Robert Odell, Sheffey Cooley, William Andrews, John 
 Houchins, Jackson Peak, Stephen Bryson; James Bry- 
 son, discharged for disability; John W. French; John 
 French, discharged for disability; Russell Conley, dis- 
 charged for disability; Joseph Conley, thigh broken 
 at Lewisburg May 1862; Hugh Conley, Preston Snow, 
 James Scott, Whitefield Monroe, died at Greenbrier 
 White Sulphur Springs, October 1861; Rush Calfee, 
 died of disease at Sweet Sulphur, West Virginia,. 
 August 1861; Babe Goad, killed in action at Chancel- 
 lors ville May 3, 1863; James Lorton, killed at Chan- 
 cellorsville May 3, 1863; Ralph Elkins, wounded at 
 Lewisburg May 1862; John Baxter, promoted to Ser- 
 geant-Major, in 1862; Leander Quesenberry, Harvey 
 Darmon, William Mabe, Beverly Griffith; Alexander 
 Bryson, died at Chattanooga of injuries received on 
 
 train; Willis, died on his way returning from 
 
 prison in 1864; John Black (Dice) ; John Cook; Henry 
 Cook ; , William Sayers. 
 
 Co. F, 54th Va. Vol. Infty. 
 
 List of names belonging to Company F, 54th Vir- 
 ginia Regiment, Confederate States of America, from 
 1861 to 1865. Some names are missing. This list was 
 copied and revised by Captain Jacob Anderson, Wil- 
 liam B. Cecil and Henry C. Wysor now living at Dub- 
 lin, Va. 
 
 Jacob Anderson, Captain 1864-65; Moses Akers, 
 Dandridge Akers, Amos Akers, Third Lieutenant 
 1861; J. C. Andrews, Frank A. Allison, Robert 
 Andrews, M. S. Barger, Jasper Barger, W. A. Bar- 
 row. James T. Beard, Third Sergeant; Gordon C. 
 Black, J. F. Brown, William Brown, Abram Brown, 
 E. C. Burton, G. S. Baskerville, D. F. Bailey, T. H. 
 Crawford, First Sergeant 1862-65; J. H. Chinault, 
 Corporal; G. W. Chumbley, Corporal; A. M. Chum- 
 bley, W. B. Carper, L. S. Calfee, W. B. Cecil, First 
 
20 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Sergeant; S. W. Cecil, John N. Carnahan, N. J. Car- 
 nahan, W. F. Carnahan, John Cofer, Joseph H. 
 Cofer, Jacob Carper, James Chinault, A. E. Covey, 
 Robert Craig, Corporal; J. H. C. Craig, Samuel Chin- 
 ault, P. J. Clark, G. W. Clark, Pembroke Charlton, 
 D. C. Charlton, J. H. Douthat, Third Lieutenant; B. 
 W. Dodson, T. W. Dial, James Dial, W. A. Duncan, 
 John Durman, David Durman, W. F. Eaton, Cap- 
 tain 1862-64; J. G. Early, J. W. Farmer, Sergeant; 
 Thomas Farmer, J. H. Fanner, Jerry Farmer, — Stew- 
 
 Kesidence of k. E. Harman 
 
 Pulaski. 
 
 ard, William Farris, C. H. Farris. Valentine Fink, 
 Stephen Fink, John Fieeman, Luke Fleeman, George P. 
 French, John Frost, Lewis B. Gibbs, J. W. Gerbrich, 
 George Goings, George R. Graveley. Decatur Grogg, 
 Robert Harris, William Hannon, P. T. Haley, J. J. 
 Haley, Daniel Harless, William F. Harris, Jno. H. Har- 
 ris, Jesse T. Harris, F. M. Harless, William N. Hoge, 
 0. F. Honaker, Abram Honaker, C. C. Hoy, Gabriel 
 Hyton, — Howry, Henry Journell, James Journell, 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 21 
 
 William C. Journell, Anderson James, A. L. Jordan, 
 Robert Johnson, W. J. Jordan, Captain, '61; C. I. Jor- 
 dan, John T. Kelley, John H. Kibler, Jackson Kin- 
 drick, Fleming King, J. P. Leslie, A. J. Leslie, J. H. 
 Lefler, Isaac Lefler, Charles Lefler, J. R. Lloyd, G. 
 W. Long, William Linkous, Matt Linkous, William 
 McKinnon, M. J. Meredith, W. A. Meredith, John K. 
 Miller, S. W. Miller, D. K. Miller, John Miller, Wil- 
 liam Millirons, David Millirons, A. S. Morehead, B. 
 F. Morehead, S. C. Morehead, R. G. Mullen, Austin 
 
 Residence of H. L. Trolinger. — Pulaski. 
 Mullen, J. N. McCoy, Perry Nunn, — Nester, F. A. 
 Owen, D. M. F. Owen, Corporal; Joseph Owen, James 
 A. Pratt, 3rd Lieut. ; R. H. E. Painter, Martin Payne, 
 Jackson Payne, Chas. H. Pannill, B. F. Pannill, A. 
 A. Phleger, Captain 1865; D. S. Phlegar, — Penn, 
 F. S. Quesenberry, J. A. Quesenberry, F. F. Repass, 
 Turner Ransom, Sergeant; Jackson Richman, D. S. 
 Ritter, Birdine Ritter, James Rogers, Robert Rogers, 
 Thomas Rogers, Harvey D. Ross, John Rcss, Booker 
 
22 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Richardson, James Sayers, William Sayers, Anderson 
 Sayers, Henry S. Sifford, Samuel Sifford, Joseph 
 Sifford, Hamilton Sifford, William Simpkins, — 
 Simpkins, W. J. Shelburne, Second Lieutenant; 
 Joseph Shelburne, Daniel Shelburne, John Shelburne, 
 John Slusher, Solomon Sowers, F. M. Stone, Robert 
 Scott, Solomon Scott, Samuel St. Clair, Gordon 
 Sadler, W. R. Taylor, Joseph Tickle, J. W. Turner, 
 T. B. Tatum, Peter Thornton, H. S. White, M. C. 
 Walton, Samuel Walton, J. M. Wysor, Hen*y Wysor, 
 
 KES1DENOBOF R. R. MOOKE. — Pulliski. 
 
 H. L. Wysor, J. G. Wygal, Wilson White, William 
 Ballard Calfee, Corporal; Jessee Brown, Henry Say- 
 ers, Watson Turner, Samuel Wallace, Coleman Wal- 
 lace, S. F. Moore. 
 
Pulaski County 23 
 
 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 
 
 (Compiled iiv GEN. JAMES MACGILL.) 
 
 This report on the climate of Pulaski county is 
 Ibased on a record that I have kept for the last thirty- 
 seven years— from January 1870 to April 1907. The 
 figures here given are the averages based on a daily 
 record, which shows the temperature at 6 A. M., 12 
 noon and 10 P. M., and it will be seen that Pulaski 
 has an all-year-round climate that is hard to excel. 
 
 During this entire period of thirty-seven years, I 
 find only one morning that the mercury registered 
 above the sixties and this was at 6 A. M., June 14th, 
 1897, when it was 72. 
 
 The thermometer from which my record is taken is 
 located on the north side of the house, twelve feet 
 away from same, and is never reached by the sun. 
 Altitude 2400 feet above tidewater. 
 
 The tables given below are for the period of thirty- 
 seven years mentioned above. 
 
 Average Range of Temperature. 
 
 Winter months 
 Spring " 
 Summer " 
 Autumn " 
 
 Mean Temperatures for Each Month. 
 
 January, 31; February, 30; March, 44J; April, 48; 
 Mi/, 6 0; June, 62|; July, 69; August, 69; September, 
 61; October, 51; November 43; December, 27|. 
 
 The general mean temperature for the entire 
 psriod was 51i. The lowest that the mercury has 
 ever registered during the entire period was 13 below 
 zero, this was January 13th, 1895. 
 
 During the entire thirty-seven years we have had 
 only sixty -three cays that the mercury registered at 
 z ero or below. In 1885, 1893 and 1899 there were. 
 
 in i mu ni 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Mem 
 
 (i A. M. 
 
 12 Keen 
 
 
 27 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 44J 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 59 
 
 77J 
 
 64 
 
 43 
 
 60! 
 
 51 
 
24 Pulaski County 
 
 five such days in each year. In 1893 there were six 
 days when the mercury went to zero and below. 
 
 During twenty-eight of the thirty-seven years the 
 mercury went to zero and below some of these for 
 only one day and from that up to six days in 1896. 
 There were nine years in this time when the mercury 
 did not reach zero at all, 1902 and 1906 being among 
 these. 
 
 The highest point the mercury has ever reached 
 during this period was 99 on July 12th, 1881. This 
 was a very dry summer, when no rain fell from May 
 until September. The next highest point was 93 on 
 July 1st, 1887, but during the remaining thirty-five 
 years there were only eight days in all, that the 
 mercury reached 90 
 
 Rain Fall. 
 
 Though my notes show each day that we have had 
 rain, sleet and snow in the thirty-seven years, I 
 have not kept the number of inches of the rain fall, 
 I therefore give the report of the U. S. Weather 
 Bureau as taken at Wytheville Station, which was 
 kindly given me by Mr. J. I. Wedmeyer, Observer in 
 charge of the Wytheville Station, U. S. Weather 
 Bureau. 
 
 Rain fall for this section of Virginia. Average 
 monthly rainfall in inches; January 3.03, February 
 3.38, March 3.80, April 3.05, May 3.80, June 4.20, July 
 3.73, August 4.51, September 3.39, October 2.74, 
 November 2.21, December 2.77. Average annual 
 rain fall 40.61 inches for thirty-six years. 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 25 
 
 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS. 
 
 Some comparative statistics will be of interest as 
 showing the early and present conditions, of the 
 county. The statistics for the early history are in 
 the main for the year 1850, as there is full informa- 
 tion for that year in the proceedings of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention which met in 1850. 
 
 Total population in 1840, 3,739; in 1850, 5,114; in 
 1890, 12,790; in 1900, 14,609. The population for the 
 present year (1907) is estimated at the same ratio of 
 increase, at 17,000, and probably exceeds that figure. 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 NATURE OF LAND 1850 
 
 1906 
 
 Number of acres 
 
 Value exclusive of buildings 
 
 Value of buildings 
 
 Total assessed value land and bldgs 
 Average assessed vulus per acre. . . 
 
 180,916 00 
 
 s-;:..;.im 00 
 
 118,908 00 
 
 898,0S9 00 
 
 4 9G 
 
 179,(104 00 
 
 $1,266,110 00 
 
 804,677 00 
 
 1,570,7S7 00 
 
 8 79 
 
 ■ 
 
 LOTS 
 
 
 
 Value exclusive of buildings 
 
 Value of buildings 
 
 Total value lots and buildings . . . 
 
 s 6,575 00 
 22,825 00 
 
 29, 40 J 00 
 
 % 1S1,S4100 
 788,950 00 
 920,791 00 
 
 Aggregat? valua lands and lots . . 
 Total State taxes assessed on same 
 
 1 *f)27,489 00 $2,491,578 00 
 983 87 I 8,721 91 ■ 
 
 It should he remembered that in 1850 the rate of 
 taxation on land was only 10 cents on $100; it should 
 also be remembered that for the year 1906 the 
 assessed valuation is not half the actual worth, and, 
 besides that, all land-mountain, upland and valley- 
 good, bad and indifferent— is included. As an exam- 
 ple of the great value of the higher grades of land in 
 Pulaski county, it may be noted that a fine farm of 
 2,000 acres sold, in March, 1907, at a price that 
 averaged $60 per acre for the entire tract. 
 
 An inspection of the foregoing table will disclose a 
 
26 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 striking^increase in the value of real estate in the 
 county. 
 
 The value of lands, exclusive of buildings, has 
 increased more than 60 per cent. 
 
 The value of buildings on lands has increased 
 nearly 300 per cent. This indicates the very great 
 increase of comfort in which the rural population now 
 lives. 
 
 The aggregate value of lands and buildings has 
 increased 75 per cent. 
 
 But the most remarkable increase is in the value of 
 lots and of buildings on lots. 
 
 Hotel Pulaski. 
 
 The value of lots, exclusive of buildings, shows an 
 actual increase of $175,266, or 2,665 per cent. 
 
 The value of buildings on lots has increased $716,- 
 125, or 3,138 per cent. 
 
 The aggregate value of lots and buildings thereon 
 has increased $331,391, or 3,032 p?r cent. 
 
 Personal Property. 
 
 t In 1850 the schedule of personal property subjec 
 o taxation was brief and the rate in th2 main quitet 
 smiU. Th) t)til ti; as^ssei in th3 CDJiby for the 
 State purposes on real estate, personal property, and 
 licenses for the year 1850 was $1,604.58. Of this sum 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 27 
 
 only $349.21 was assessed against personal property 
 (not counting the tax on slaves, of whom those above 
 12 years of age were assessed at 32 cents apiece). 
 
 The rate of taxation on horses, mules etc. , was 10 
 cents each; on watches — gold at $1.00, patent lever 
 50 cents, others 25 cents; on clocks— brass or other 
 metallic at 25 cents; all others 12J cents. The rate 
 on all other taxed personal property was 1J per cent, 
 on the value. 
 
 The population was sparse, roads and public works 
 and improvements were few, there was little done in 
 the way of public education, and the objects which 
 called for public revenue were not numerous. 
 
 A comparison between the items of personal prop- 
 erty taxed in 1850 and similar items for the year 1906 
 will be of interest. The reports for the year 1850 do 
 not give the values, but only the amount of tax 
 assessed, so the values can not be stated for that 
 year. 
 
 PERSONAL PROPERTY, 
 
 SUBJECT 
 
 Horses, mules, etc. . 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Sheep • 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Coaches 
 
 Carryalls 
 
 Vehicles of all kinds 
 Mechanic's tools . . 
 Fanning implements 
 
 Watches 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Sewing machines . . 
 Pianos, etc 
 
 JJI I J, 
 
 I 
 
 1830 
 
 1905 
 
 1,643 
 
 2,274 
 
 no tax 
 
 7,813 
 
 u 
 
 13,099 
 
 1 1 
 
 4,787 
 
 30 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1,260 ! 
 
 no tax 
 
 
 100 
 
 793 
 
 270 
 
 909 ; 
 
 
 1,399 
 
 4 
 
 :;7i> 
 
 VALUE 
 
 1906 1850 
 
 TAX 
 
 190(3 
 
 8118,740 
 
 153,866 
 
 32,899 
 
 10,764 
 
 si 64 30 
 
 19,378 
 
 17,550 
 17,579 
 5.173 
 1,296 
 10,568 
 15,901 
 
 53,63 
 
 it; 72 
 
 51 00 
 50 50 
 
 12 87 
 
 S415 
 538 
 
 115 
 
 87 
 
 It will be observed from the foregoing table how 
 very large in proportion to the population was the 
 number of horses in 1850. There were in the county 
 that year just a few over 800 white males above 16 
 years of age, as the negroes did not then own horses, 
 there were two horses for every white man and boy 
 above the age of sixteen. 
 
 It will also be observed how very much higher was 
 
28 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 the tax on watches and clocks in 1850; and that 30 
 coaches and 20 carryalls paid more tax in 1850 than 
 1260 vehicles of all kinds in 1906. 
 
 The total amount of personal property, tangible 
 and intangible, assessed for the year 1906 was $958,- 
 495. 
 
 Total Taxes and Rate. 
 
 The total assessed value of real estate for the same 
 year was $2,491,578. 
 
 Total assessed valuation of all taxables in the 
 county, real and personal for 1906, $3,450,073. 
 
 On this sum there is a gross State tax of $12,- 
 
 Maple Shade I xx.— Pulaski. 
 
 129,16, of which four-sevenths is for the support of 
 the State government, two-sevenths for public 
 schools, and one-seventh for pensions for disabled 
 Confederate soldiers. 
 
 There is also a State capitation tax assessed on all 
 males over twenty-one, which amounted in 1906 to 
 $4,251. Its payment is a pre-requisite to voting. 
 
Pulaski County 29 
 
 The total county and district levies for the year 
 1906, amounted to $42,130.33. This includes a road 
 capitation tax of $1100, the residue being laid on real 
 and personal property. 
 
 The county levies were appropriated as follows: 
 For county purposes, $12,553.15; for public schools, 
 $15,058.90; for roads and bridges, $14,518.28. The 
 total taxes and levies, state, county and district, 
 aggregated a grand total of $58,500.49. (This is 
 exclusive of license taxes. ) 
 
 Under an assessment made by the State Corpora- 
 
 
 Trolinger-Price Hardware Co. — Pulaski. 
 
 tion Commission, transportation and transmission 
 companies pay county and district levies amounting 
 to $7,156.26. This is not included in the amount of 
 $58,500.49 above. 
 
 The State taxes are assessed at a uniform rate of 
 35 cents on the $100, and the county levy at the rate 
 of 30 cents on the $100. The rates of district levies 
 vary slightly, but the average district and county 
 levies amount to about $1.10 on the $100. This makes 
 the average total rate of taxation $1.45 on the $100. 
 
30 Pulaski County 
 
 LEGAL AFFAIRS, 
 
 With regard to legal affairs Pulaski county has 
 never been a litigious community. In its earner his- 
 tory there was an almost incredibly small amount of 
 business transacted in the Circuit Court. 
 
 The records for the years 1841 to 1849, inclusive, 
 (with the exception of the year 1845, for which the 
 clerk made no report) show that during nine years 
 the court was in session only 58 days; there were only 
 13 criminal cases tried, only 39 final chancery decrees 
 entered, and only 76 judgments rendered in law cases. 
 There being two terms of the court each year, this 
 made the average session of court only three days 
 with not quite one criminal case and a little more than 
 two chancery and four law cases tried at each term. 
 No wonder that the clerk time and again, in the 
 remarks appended to his reports, used the expressive 
 language "Poor pay." 
 
 Of course the County Court, composed of the jus- 
 tices of the peace, tried the minor criminal offenses 
 and small civil cases; but the business was so slight 
 that, for the year ending September 30, 1850, the 
 charges for supporting criminals confined in jail 
 amounted to $11.85. 
 
 This non-litigious character is still dominant. The 
 Circuit Court is now the sole judicial tribunal. It has 
 four terms annually, but its four sessions do not total 
 on an average more than forty days each year. At 
 the end of the year 1906 there were pending on the 
 docket 10 indictments, 44 law cases, and 153 chancery 
 causes, and a very small proportion of the cases were 
 to be litigated. 
 
 With every advantage of soil and climate, with vast 
 amounts of undeveloped wealth, with resources well- 
 nigh inexhaustible, with diversified, industries, with 
 abundant facilities for transportation, with an indus- 
 trious, peaceable, and law-abiding population, the 
 history of Pulaski county discloses the fact that it. 
 offers a most attractive field for home-seekers and 
 prospective investors. 
 
S3 r 
 
 
Pulaski County 33 
 
 AGRICULTURAL FEATURES OF 
 PULASKI COUNTY 
 
 The settlement of the scope of territory in which 
 Pulaski is situated, was considerably delayed by 
 what is known as " Boquet's Treaty," which was 
 negotiated between England and France at the time 
 of the French and Indian Wars. By one article of 
 this treaty there were to be no English settlements 
 made upon the Ohio River and its tributaries. As 
 New River empties into the Ohio, this delayed settle- 
 ments in the territory traversed by New River. 
 
 About the year 1757, however, the land comprised 
 in the county of Pulaski began to be settled. 
 
 The majority of the settlers were Scotch-Irish 
 people who came up the Valley of Virginia. They 
 found here a beautiful country of high table land 
 traversed here and there by lovely streams of spark- 
 ling limestone water. The creek bottoms were cov- 
 ered with a growth of small bushes, averaging about 
 eight feet in height. Wherever the timber was not 
 too thick there was a luxuriant growth of naturaY 
 grass of the finest quality. 
 
 The long distance from market, the absence of any 
 means of transportation other than by wagons, 
 through an almost trackless wilderness, made it impos- 
 sible to market grain from this country in early days. 
 This difficulty, together with the natural adaptability 
 of the country to the production of grass of a supe- 
 rior quality and the innate love of stock in the Scotch- 
 Irish inhabitants conspired to make this a live stock 
 producing country. 
 
 The demand for meat and butter in the only mar- 
 ket then in reach, gradually made cattle and hogs 
 the leading stock produced. Early in its history, 
 this county made a reputation second to no county in 
 the State for its fine cattle. This reputation it has 
 held until the present time. 
 
34 Pulaski County 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 The county of Pulaski produces about 2500 export 
 cattle annually, and 3000 for the markets of the 
 United States. The cattle of this county have a rep- 
 utation in the markets of America and England 
 which might well be envied by any county. Our 
 greatest advantage as a beef producing section exists 
 in the fact that the beef is made almost entirely 
 
 A Buncb of Thoroughbred Polled Angus Cattle Owned by 
 J. R. K. Bell.— Pulaski County. 
 
 upon grass, which is tiue of few other beef countries. 
 We are, therefore, exempt ficm the very heavy 
 and expensive grain feeding in both winter and sum- 
 mer, necessarily practiced in other export cattle pro- 
 ducing sections. The quality of beef produced here 
 has'; held its place at the tcp of the markets of Amer- 
 ica. In 1S78 it was the privilege of the writer to 
 
36 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 take to England one of the first cargoes of cattle 
 exported from the United States. This cargo was 
 made up entirely of Pulaski cattle. At that time 
 American cattle were sold in the open markets of 
 London and Liverpool, and were not subjected to the 
 restriction now put upon American cattle. The 
 butchers who bought this cargo of cattle told me that 
 after being butchered, a large per cent of the beef 
 
 A Bunch of Yearling Shorthorns. — Pulaski County. 
 
 would be sold as Irish heifer beef, which was then, 
 and is still considered the best quality of beef on 
 the English market 
 
 Pulaski County, for many years, has been a leader 
 in the production of thoroughbred cattle. In Ante- 
 Bellum days, when the short horns outstripped all 
 other beef breeds, this county held its own, producing 
 some of the finest specimens of that breed in Amer- 
 
38 Pulaski County 
 
 ica. The work was then carried on by J. — . Sayers, 
 Major Joseph Cloyd. General James Hoge, D. C. 
 Kent, James Cloyd and others. Since the war this 
 work has been ably carried forward with equal credit 
 by Major W. W. Bentley, Ex-Governor J. H. Tyler, 
 N. P. Oglesby, and others. Some of the finest show 
 animals of America, claimed this county as their 
 home. Polled Angus cattle are now being success- 
 
 r 
 
 
 wm 
 
 & ' 
 
 
 
 **-;■_ : ■•' 
 
 
 |B^j^' 
 
 
 L'lWHBr 4 V- *;,'■ 
 
 Hr^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 p->X*MttttJ 
 
 
 
 ^Pjtdl(||Kfl^!V^RBjRHfl^HH 
 
 
 
 
 « ^ftpB5fWsW^**^Sl HfeL *" ■ ' 
 
 
 
 3B&& 
 
 - 
 
 "v. . 
 
 
 . 
 
 "■■/* ' 
 
 , 
 
 fM$&. 
 
 ■ ,.-. v- 
 
 
 Thoroughbred Polled Angus Bull Weighing 1800 lbs. Owned by 
 J. R. K. Bell.— Pulaski County. 
 
 fully bred by J. R. K. Bell. This breed is finding 
 ready sale in other states, as well as in our own, 
 which fact speaks for itself as to the value of Mr. 
 Bell's work. 
 
 The Herefords have their admirers here also. 
 H. B. Howe has, in recent years, brought to this 
 c ounty representatives of the best herds this side of 
 ^he Atlantic, and rich reward seems in store for his 
 jabor 
 
40 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Dairying. 
 
 Practically nothing has been done here in dairying; 
 certainly not in a commercial way. The sun does 
 not shine upon a country naturally better adapted to 
 this occupation. The rolling land with its beautiful 
 carpet of the finest of grasses, free from onion, 
 garlic and other noxious weeds; shady groves, abun- 
 dant supplies of the finest spring water, a climate 
 exempt from the extremes of cold in winter; cool 
 
 Cattle on the Farm of J. H. K. Bell.— Pulaski Connty. 
 
 nights in summer, never the extreme heat in the day; 
 close proximity and efficient railroad communications 
 with the best markets for dairy products, either 
 south, north or east; all of these things conspire to 
 make this an ideal dairy section that the world cannot 
 surpass. Some time in the near future, when the 
 farms are subdivided and the areas are smaller, this 
 
42 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 branch of agriculture will take its natural place, and 
 will easily rank first in importance in the county. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 While wheat is, in a sense, a by-product here, by 
 reason of the fact that it is raised rather as.a'nurse 
 crop for grass than as a money crop. Still, the 
 county shows up well as compared with other sec- 
 tions where much more careful attention is bestowed 
 
 Thoroughbred Hereford Bui 
 H. B. Howe- 
 
 and Lincoln Sheep Owned by 
 ■Pulaski ('ountv. 
 
 upon its production. The average yield is from 12 to 
 15 bushels per acre, while many crops run as high as 
 25 bushels per acre. The quality of the wheat here 
 is extra good, as the millers are always willing to 
 pay an advance over the market as an inducement to 
 get it, claiming for Pulaski wheat that it is harder 
 
44 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 and will make a better yield of first grade flour 
 can be gotten from wheat raised elsewhere. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 than 
 
 While this is not a corn country in the usual accep- 
 tation of the term, as it is not raised here for market 
 except in a small way, still quite a large acreage is 
 devoted to its culture. The crop is mainly fed to 
 cattle, horses and hogs. The quality is unusually 
 
 A Bunch of Export Cattle 
 
 good for both bread and feed. The average yield of 
 the county for a term of years is about 35 to 40 
 bushels of shelled corn per acre. Many crops reach 
 the 70 to 80 bushel mark. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 This county is well adapted to 
 oats. In years gone by, quite a 
 
 the production of 
 large acreage was 
 
46 Pulaski County 
 
 devoted to its culture, but of late, not a great deal 
 has been raised here. The range of quantity pro- 
 duced is from 20 to 40 bushels per acre. 
 
 Other Small Grains. 
 
 Rye, buckwheat, sugar-cane and millet are pro- 
 duced in a small way as feed crops for stock. Their 
 culture so far has been rather a side-line and of 
 secondary consideration, and these crops have not re- 
 ceived the care attention that their importance and 
 value justifies. The good crops of these grains seen 
 over the county indicate clearly the possibilities along 
 this line with proper care and attention. 
 
 Trucking. 
 
 Successful ventures have, in the last few years, 
 been made in trucking here by farmers adjacent to 
 shipping points, the principal products being cab- 
 bage, potatoes and melons. Though this industry is 
 in i ts infancy yet, every indication points to its rapid 
 enlargement in the near future. The short and 
 quick transportation to the coal fields, which is a 
 splendid market for such products, will likely make 
 this a leading line of agriculture in this county. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 The production of hay has become quite an impor- 
 tant factor in the agriculture of the county. The 
 average yield is from lh to 2 tons per acre of fine 
 marketable hay, which finds ready sale, and is in 
 demand in the nearby coal fields of Virginia and West 
 Virginia. This line of agriculture is destined to be 
 largely increased in the near future. The yield will 
 be much increased as more and better attention is 
 bestowed upon its production. No agricultural pro- 
 duction offers to the farmers of this county, better 
 profit where proper care and attention is given to the 
 land devoted to it. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 Attention has been given to poultry raising in the 
 
48 Pulaski County 
 
 last few years. Many persons in the county have 
 done quite a handsome business on improved domestic 
 fowls. Turkeys are easily in the lead, and very fine 
 ones are raised here. The shipments from the town 
 of Dublin alone (in the fall and winter of 1906-7) 
 amounted to the neat sum of $10,000. From the 
 town of Pulaski about $15,000. And large ship- 
 ments were made from other points in the county. 
 
 Mutton and Lambs. 
 
 The county of Pulaski has for years, enjoyed an 
 enviable reputation both at home and abroad for her 
 Spring lambs and mutton. There is none better made 
 in the United States, and New York butchers claim 
 that the world cannot beat Pulaski. The high, well- 
 drained table lands, luxuriant bluegrass sod, and 
 abundant streams of fine, fresh, spring water, make 
 an ideal home for the production of the best mutton 
 and lambs. All the mutton breeds are represented 
 here. The county has, oftener than otherwise, 
 topped the New York market for many years with 
 her June lambs. It is not unusual to see car load 
 after car load of lambs leave here before the 20th of 
 June, averaging in weight from 90 to 100 pounds, 
 perfectly ready and finished for the market. 
 
 There is always strong competition among the 
 buyers for the Pulaski lambs. sSo great is this com- 
 petition that the lambs are all sold sometimes as 
 much as two years before the time of delivery. This 
 county puts upon the market annually 15,000 lambs, 
 which bring from $3.00 to $6.00 per head, and about 
 40,000 pounds of wool; also a large number of grown 
 sheep find their way to the meat market. 
 h In addition to this, there are a number of pure 
 bred flocks, representing the different mutton breeds, 
 whose offspring are sold as fancy sheep, at much 
 higher prices than can be realized upon the market. 
 
 Hogs. 
 
 Hogs thrive well here, and are cheaply made as 
 
50 
 
 Pulaski Ccunty 
 
 compared with ota?r places. Most farmers are able 
 to market two lots per year; one in the Spring, made 
 principally from the waste of cattb in the winter 
 feed lets; the second coming from the fattening 
 pens in the fall. The county produces about 7,000 
 hogs per year. 
 
 For years, the county has been remarkably free 
 from any epidemic disease among hogs, which is 
 always a menace to this business. 
 
 
 
 \ B — 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ■ '. • ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flPI 
 
 ML 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 erss 
 
 
 
 • R& 
 
 
 
 
 
 «0C# 
 
 fe 
 
 !mS 
 
 
 
 
 K < 
 
 
 
 
 H 1 
 
 "Victoria" [mported Percheron Stallion Owned by a 
 Company of Pulaski Fanners. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 There is no country known to the writer, better 
 adapted to horse raising than Pulaski county. 
 
 The' rich grass grown on limestone land, varying as 
 it does'! frcm the low soft creek bottom land to the 
 high hi Us with the limestone jutting out here and 
 
52 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 there, give to the young horses fine development of 
 every syscem of muscles. The rough and rocky places 
 in the pastures make good, solid feet of fine shape, 
 and go:d wearing quality. The bone is generally 
 strong and flat. These youngsters accustomed to 
 racing up and down the hills from their infancy, go 
 into service well fortified against the strain of any 
 reasonable demand that can b2 made upon them. 
 
 Thoroughbred Percheron Stallion bred in Pulaski County 
 Owned by J. R. K. Bell, Job Draper, and 
 
 U.S. KlRBY. 
 
 The climate, the nature of the grass, the lay of the 
 land, the abundance of fresh limestone water, all 
 tend to produce horses of fine style, good size, splen- 
 did bone, elegant action, and above all, unsurpassed 
 endurance. There is put upon the market annually, 
 quite a large number of horses, representing almost 
 every class, except, possibly, the thoroughbred run- 
 
54 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 ning horses. In Ante-Bellum days some attention 
 was paid to ra'sing racing horses, and at that period 
 Pulaski county was frequently winner upon the race 
 track. Since then, however, practically ;,no /attention 
 has been given to the racers. Many fine saddle and 
 harness horses are produced here, '.which ^find ready 
 sale at remunerative prices in the Eastern markets. 
 For the last half century, Pulaski's greatest and 
 
 Pure Bred Percheron Mares Owned by D. M. Cloyd 
 just iii from a hard day's work. 
 
 most extended reputation in the horse business has 
 been made and maintained by her heavy draft ani- 
 mals. In the production of this class of horses, 
 Pulaski can hardly be surpassed in America. 
 
 This county seldom, if ever, gets the credit, but 
 the facts bear out the assertion that Pulaski county 
 was among the first in the United States, to begin 
 thelbreeding of French Percheron horses. 
 
56 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Mr. Walters, of Baltimore, Md., and S. W. Ficklin, 
 of Charlottesville, Va., made the first importation 
 from the Perche in the summer of 1866. John S. 
 Draper, of Drapers Valley, Pulaski county, intro- 
 duced these horses into this county in the Spring of 
 1867 by purchase from Mr, Ficklin. Following close 
 upon this, Colonel Wm. T. Jordan, of Newbern, 
 brought in other fine specimens of the breed. Later 
 
 Old Galbreth Tavern.— Pulaski County.— Once a favorite 
 stopping placa of President Andrew Jackson. 
 
 on, Cloyd and Harman added new and fine specimens 
 of the same breed. At the present time, several 
 companies own as fine, pure bred Percheron horses 
 as can be found on the American Continent. Nota- 
 bly " Perfection," the property of Bell, Draper and 
 Kirby. This horse was bred and raised in this 
 county, and traces directly to Ficklin 's celebrated 
 importation of 1836. 
 
58 Pulaski County 
 
 Recently another company of farmers have brought 
 into the county, "Victoria," the prize winner of 
 two continents. The future of the Percheron horse 
 business seems brighter than ever before. There 
 are now some half dozen stables of pure bred Perch- 
 erons, small in number, but unsurpassed in quality 
 and breeding. For the last thirty years, Pulaski's 
 heavy draft horses have been preferred to any others 
 by Pennsylvania feeders and buyers. 
 
 The county is often stripped of many fine horses 
 that ought not to be allowed to leave, on account of 
 the superior indue 3m en ts offered by Eastern and 
 Northern buyers. These facts demonstrate how 
 these horses are regarded by men who have handled 
 them and know their value. 
 
 There is no reason why, with proper care and 
 attention to the business, Pulaski county should not 
 become one of the largest producers of pure bred 
 heavy draft horses on this continent. 
 
 It is an admitted fact that this section of the coun- 
 try possess advantages over any part of the West. 
 
 Farming land when on the market ranges in price 
 from $50.00 to $100.00 per acre, according to quality 
 and location. 
 
 The present inhabitants of this county are for the 
 most part, the descendants of the Scotch- Irish 
 pioneers, who first discovered this little gem in the 
 mountains, and who here built their humble c abin 
 houses, and here erected their alters. 
 
 The land has descended from father to son until 
 this, the sun-rise of the twentieth century 
 
60 Pulaski County 
 
 MINERAL FEATURES AND 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 While a county that is primarily agricultural, 
 Pulaski has its mountain section in which immense 
 stores of mineral wealth are deposited and which are 
 the basis of the chief industrial activity. 
 
 In the county of Pulaski are Draper's Mountain in 
 which are the valuable Clayton iron mines owned and 
 operated by the Pulaski Iron Company, Max Mountain 
 which contains many rich iron deposits, some of 
 which are now being operated and others that lie 
 awaiting the capital and enterprise necessary to 
 development. And also within the county is Walker's 
 or Cloyd's Mountain that is rich m both coal and iron 
 ores. The coal deposits in this section being more 
 accessible are new profitably operated by the Pulaski 
 Anthracite Coal Company, the Belle Hampton Coal 
 Mining Company, and the Bertha Mineral Company. 
 The 'iron ores of this latter section are as yet 
 untouched, but form one of the many reserves that 
 shall contribute to the future development and 
 prosperity of Pulaski. 
 
 The adjoining counties of Wythe and Carroll are 
 famous for their iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and 
 lead deposits, and are directly tributary to Pulaski, 
 being penetrated by th? N)rth Carolina extensions 
 of the Norfolk and Western Railway, which makes 
 its junction with the main line at Pulaski. And in 
 addition may be mentioned the innumerable lime- 
 stone quarries of this section and the proximity of 
 the celebrated Pocahontas coal and coke region of 
 Virginia and West Virginia, which lie within 100 
 miles. 
 
 The principal iron ore is of the brown hematite 
 class and is associated in at least four well recognized 
 belts extending in a general northeast and southwest 
 direction. The ores of this zone are of an exception- 
 
62 Pulaski County 
 
 ally good quality, rich in metallic iron, showing an 
 analysis of from 43 to 60 per cent. , are low in phos- 
 phorus, comparatively free from silicious matter, and 
 with a generally open cellular structure. 
 
 Thus, the occurrence here of a first-class and 
 cheaply mined ore, the nearness of a magnificent 
 coking field, with limestone everywhere, with a con- 
 stant supply of water, surrounded by a fertile agri- 
 cultural and grazing country capable of supporting 
 a large population and with numerous sites for manu- 
 facturing and industrial purposes, the region of 
 which Pulaski is the center, offers unusual advantages 
 for the investment of capital. 
 
 TIMBER RESOURCES. 
 
 While great ravages have been made upon the 
 primitive forests of Southwest Virginia in the last 
 few years, there still remains a large amount of 
 timber in the mountains and valleys, for which 
 Pulaski affords a natural outlet. 
 
 Although poplar was once abundant, the great de- 
 mand in past years has led to its rapid disappearance 
 but there is still a bountiful supply of oak, white pine 
 and spruce that is easily accesssble for manufactur- 
 ing purposes. 
 
 The great Wilderness forest of Bland County con- 
 tains millions of feet of the finest of oak and pine 
 and is yet untouched. This timber product will 
 naturally come to Pulaski when certain proposed 
 roads are built. 
 
 Max Mountain, near Pulaski, contains an immense 
 quantity of white pine that is highly valuable for 
 commercial purposes, and the recent extension by 
 the Norfolk and Western Railway of its North Caro- 
 lina branch has opened up large timber areas that 
 can contribute to a manufacturing supply at this 
 point. Likewise various tracts of more or less size 
 all over this entire section will produce for years to 
 
64 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 come a sufficient quantity of lumber to maintain 
 many good working industries. 
 
 The lumber industry of Southwest Virginia is one 
 of large proportions, and Pulaski is so situated as to 
 receive the product of an aggregate of 250 miles 
 of railroad within a distance of fifty miles each way 
 radiating from this point. 
 
 L >gs R ;ady for Shipment, Scene at Draper Depot 
 Pulaski ( 'oiuitv. 
 
\i 
 
66 Pulaski County 
 
 INDUSTRIAL FEATURES AND 
 POSSIBILITIES. 
 
 As will be seen from the foregoing pages, while 
 Pulaski is primarily an agricultural county, and has a 
 soil of such character that it will easily raise suffici- 
 ent products for a large population, there are also 
 such other resources of various kinds that when 
 developed will contribute to great industrial possibili- 
 ties in this section. 
 
 With the finest of iron ore, easily accessible, an 
 abundant supply of timber in oak, white pine, spruce 
 and other woods, with zinc, lead, copper and other 
 metals besides the iron already mentioned, with the 
 innumerable quarries of limestone, sandstone and 
 other stones for both building and manufacturing 
 purposes, with an intelligent and prosperous class of 
 labor, and with all these a splendid farming section 
 from which to draw at reasonable prices every neces- 
 sity of life, it can be seen that Pulaski County is 
 indeed a favored section for the establishment of 
 many different kinds of industries, and is a field of 
 commercial enterprise not to be excelled in the South. 
 
 It is recognized that growing industries can only 
 be carried on successfully and economically where 
 the laborer can be supplied with his daily necessities 
 at a moderate price, so that in developing any com- 
 munity the agricultural, commercial and industrial 
 interest must needs go hand in hand. And with a 
 county so blessed by Nature as is Pulaski, it requires 
 only the determined and intelligent development of 
 its natural resources to make this county stand out in 
 a class to itself before the world as the bright and 
 particular star among the counties of Southwest Vir- 
 ginia, whose future greatness in the industrial world 
 will only be limited by the amount of intelligent 
 energy which is expended on it. 
 
 Already has considerable progress been made in 
 the development of this section and in the last twen- 
 
68 Pulaski County 
 
 ty-five years the population of the county has been 
 practically doubled, and this section which a few years 
 ago was only a farming country with here and there 
 a few charcoal iron furnaces scattered about at long 
 distances, is now well settled with a number of young 
 but thriving industries that are but the beginning of 
 what will be done when the required capital shall 
 have been interested and directed with executive 
 energy. 
 
 Furnace Interests 
 
 The principal industries of the county are located 
 at Pulaski, the county seat of Pulaski county, a town 
 of about 5,000 inhabitants. In 1879 the Altoona Coal 
 & Iron Company built the Altoona Railroad to its 
 coal mines in this county about nine miles from 
 Pulaski. In 1880 the Bertha Zinc Company was or- 
 ganized and built its first zinc furnaces. The pres- 
 ent Bertha Mineral Compay is the successor of the 
 Bertha Zinc Company, and this plant has been in 
 continuous operation since its first organization and 
 is today one of the most prosperous of its kind in the 
 United States, giving employment to a large number 
 of men at good wages. 
 
 The Pulaski Iron Company is the pioneer in the pig 
 iron production with the modern blast furnace in 
 Southwest Virginia, having built its large furnace in 
 1887 which has been in blast continuously ever since 
 except for such brief periods as was necessary to shut 
 down for repairs. 
 
 The Pulaski Iron Company owns and operates 
 mines at various places along the Cripple Creek 
 branch of the Norfolk & Western as well as the Clay- 
 ton mines within two miles of town. From these it 
 receives a sufficient supply of ore to produce 150 tons 
 of the finest pig iron per day. This company also 
 operates its own coal and coking plant at Eckman, 
 W. Va., from whence its necessary fuel is received. 
 
 The Dora Furnace is a part of the Virginia Iron, 
 Coal and Coke Company system and is one of its best 
 

70 Pulaski County 
 
 and most productive furnaces, When many other 
 iron furnaces throughout the country were idle the 
 Dora Furnace at Pulaski was running at full blast. 
 This plant was originally built in 1890 under the 
 leadership of Geo. L. Carter and John W. Robinson 
 but was bought and became an integral part of the 
 Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company in 1899. 
 
 The Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company also 
 has a large and complete Foundry in connection with 
 its Dora Furnace, where it does all the repair work 
 for all of the coal mines, coking operations and all of 
 of the furnaces of the entire system. The import- 
 ance and magnitude of this foundry work can be ful- 
 ly comprehended when it is known that it cares for 
 all the work of this corporation which has a $10,000,- 
 000 capitalization. 
 
 The Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company also 
 owns and operates at this place one of the best 
 equipped flouring mills in the State which has rec- 
 ently been enlarged and refitted with new and the 
 most improved machinery. Its daily capacity is 150 
 barrels of flour which is renowned for its excellence 
 and purity. 
 
 The latest acquisition to Pulaski's furnace interests 
 bids fair to become one of the largest and most im- 
 portant plants in this section. This is the Pulaski 
 Mining Company, whose plant utilizes the sulphurous 
 iron ore that is found in large quantities in Carroll 
 County from which it manufactures sulphuric acic as 
 its principal product and iron cinder as a valuable by- 
 product. 
 
 Already a large plant has been erected at a cost of 
 several hundred thousand dollars and employment 
 given to a large number of men. And this company 
 has now begun to increase its plant and proposes to 
 double its capacity at once and make still further en- 
 largements later on. 
 
 This is a new industry for this section and its rapid 
 and permanent development is assured owing to the 
 abundance of the class of ore used. 
 
72 Pulaski County 
 
 Other Industries. 
 
 In addition to the metal producing plants mentioned 
 above, there are a number of other industries in the 
 county including flouring mills, lumber and planing 
 mills, coal mines and others that are just beginning 
 to show the possibilities in these different branches 
 of commercial activity. Chiefly among these are the 
 Pulaski Roller Mills, the Dublin Roller Mills, the Peak 
 Creek Roller Mills, located about four miles from 
 Pulaski, and the roller mills of H. A. Sizer. All of 
 these are equipped with modern machinery and pro- 
 duce a high class of mill products. As has already 
 been mentioned, the wheat raised in Pulaski County 
 is eagerly sought by all millers, as it produces a 
 quality of flour that is unsurpassed. 
 
 In the business of producing lumber there are a 
 number of sawmills located in this section, and from 
 Pulaski, Dublin, Draper and Allkonia, all of which 
 points are in this county, large shipments are made 
 and the annual output runs up into the millions of 
 feet. The one firm alone of J. A. Wilkinson, ship- 
 ping from Dublin, has an output that reaches from 
 five to six million feet a year. Located in Pulaski 
 are the wood working plants of the Rumbarger 
 Lumber Company and the Trolinger Lumber Com- 
 pany, preparing for local and domestic markets the 
 finished products of our forests; but the output of 
 these industries is by no means adequate to the 
 demands. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Mention has already been made of the coal deposits 
 that lie in the Northern section of the county in 
 Cloyd's Mountain, and such development as has 
 already been made show this to be an excellent 
 quality of semi-anthracite, and the operations of the 
 Pulaski Anthracite Coal Com r any and the Belle Hamp- 
 ton Coal Company, which have lately been installed 
 with up-to-date equipment-, demonstrate that this 
 industry is yet in its infancy, and will eventually 
 
74 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 become a large source of fuel supply. In addition to 
 these operations there are sufficient other deposits 
 and veins to indicate an abundant quantity of this 
 coal to furnish, when properly developed fuel for both 
 domestic and. manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Stones and Clays, 
 
 The deposits of limestone, sandstone, shale, clay 
 and sand in this county are of excellent quality and 
 in unlimited abundance. As building stones, the 
 
 Partial View oi I'Uiaski iukv.ii from Western portion of town. 
 
 limestone, sandstone, and others are of excellent na- 
 ture, easily quarried, and susceptible of beautiful fin- 
 ish. There are numerous buildings, including the coun- 
 ty court-house in this county that attest the value 
 and beauty of the Pulaski sandstone as a building 
 stone. Up to this time but little effort has been 
 made to develop this feature of our resources, but 
 sufficient investigation has demonstrated that this is 
 a field which only awaits the enterprising investor 
 
Pulaski County 75 
 
 and will yield large return on the capital to put in it. 
 In the manufacture of Portland cement, lime, red 
 clay brick, and sandstone brick, there is in this 
 county every advantage and opportunity to be desired 
 as all of the necessary material is found in abundant 
 quantity, and up to this time practically nothing has 
 been done in this line al chough there is a large local 
 demand, and in addition large demand from adjoin- 
 ing sections for these products, and no section is more 
 favorably situated for their economical manufacture. 
 
 Needed Industries. 
 
 In addition to the different classes of industry 
 already mentioned, there is still nsaiad in this section 
 factories and manufacturing plants that will work 
 up into finished products the raw matertal and 
 natural resources of the county, and among these 
 are wood-working establishments that use oak, 
 hickory, white pine, and a number of other kinds of 
 wood that are found on the mountains of Southwest 
 Virginia and all of which is within easy reach of 
 Pulaski. And in view of the large amount of tan 
 bark that is within reach of this point, it is an ideal 
 location for a tannery, which is desired and which 
 will be found profitable. 
 
 An immense amount of wool is annually produced 
 on the surrounding farms and with direct railroad 
 connection with the cotton fields of the South, and 
 with abundant natural power and a plentiful supply 
 of labor for such class of manufacturing, Pulaski 
 should be an excellent point for the location of cotton 
 mills, woolen mills, knitting mills and other kindred 
 industries. 
 
 The location of metal working plants and such 
 establishments as produce finished articles in iron, 
 zinc and lead is sought for this county and the advan- 
 tages mentioned above equally apply in this case also. 
 
 Summary. 
 In short there is every reason in the world why 
 Pulaski should be looked upon most favorably when 
 
76 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 the choice of a manufacturing location is to be con- 
 sidered, for with the immense amount of raw 
 material that lies at our very doors and an unlimited 
 supply of natural power that only needs to be har- 
 nessed by the ingenuity of man, and if steam power 
 is desired, the proximity of the great Pocahontas 
 coal fiields from which fuel can be put to this point 
 at a minimum cost and together with these advan- 
 tages are to be considered the healthfulness of the 
 climate and the abundance of labor which can be 
 
 Residence of B. C. Hurst, Pulaski. 
 
 obtained at a moderate price because of the fact 
 that the cost of living together with the educational 
 and social advantages of a high order are within the 
 reach of all persons of an average income. 
 
 Railroad Advantages. 
 
 Nearly every part of Pulaski County lies adjacent 
 
Pulaski County 77 
 
 to the Norfolk & Western Railroad which traverses 
 the county with three lines, and there are some 
 eight or ten depots located at various points affording 
 abundant facilities for the marketing of products and 
 locations for the establishment of enterprise. The 
 town of Pulaski is located at the junction of the main 
 line of the Norfolk & Western and the North Caro- 
 lina branch of the same road that runs for nearly 100 
 miles through the counties of Wythe, Carroll and 
 Grayson and bring the products of these counties 
 into Pulaski. Pulaski is also one of the principal 
 stations on the main line from Norfolk to Bristol and 
 therefore has the advantage of a Southern outlet on 
 two sides together with the additional advantages of 
 easy access to the markets of Washington, Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia and New York, and it will be seen from 
 its location that Pulaski affords unusual advantages 
 for wholesale and jobbing houses because as a dis- 
 tributing center thousands of people can easily be 
 reached at small expense of freight and other items. 
 There are now located in Pulaski two wholesale 
 grocery houses and one wholesale hardware house, 
 together with two commission and brokerage estab- 
 lishments, but the field is yet open for numerous 
 other lines such as dry goods, boots, shoes, etc. 
 
Pulaski County 79 
 
 WATER POWER SITES IN PULASKI 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Big Reed Island Creek, a large, ever-flowing 
 stream, with a water site having a clear fa] 
 feet. This site has been purchased by the town of 
 Pulaski at a sum approximating $5000 for the pur- 
 pose of constructing a hydrc-electric power plant. 
 The minimum horse power of 1000 will be utilized in 
 the beginning. Of the above amount, 250 horse 
 power will be used for lighting the streets of Pulaski 
 and furnishing house lighting to private consumers 
 of the town and the balance furnished to manufac- 
 turers. By raising the dam of this site, 2000 or 2500 
 horse pow T er can be developed (within 14 miles of the 
 town. ) 
 
 The Wheeler Site is within six miles of Pulaski 
 on New River. By taking of an island with a portion 
 of the river only dammed, 800 horse power can be 
 gotten. By damming across the stream, 5000 horse 
 power can be easily developed. 
 
 Peak Creek Near Alliance Mill, six miles from 
 Pulaski, 250 horse power can be developed at a very 
 reasonable cost. 
 
 Big Walker's Creek, twelve miles from Pulaski, 
 800 to 1000 horse power is available. This is on a 
 stream with a fine flow of water, and is a most valua- 
 ble site. 
 
 Reed Island Creek, twelve miles from Pulaski, 
 800 horse power can be developed easily at reasonable 
 cost. 
 
 On New River, within distances ranging from 10 
 to 14 miles from Pulaski, there are at least three 
 other fine water power sites, each capable of furnish- 
 ing several thousand available horse power. 
 
1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 HHi 
 
82 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 EDUCATIONAL FEATURES, 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Although Pulaski County is small and has only 
 about 345 square miles of area with about 17,000 
 population, it is well supplied with educational 
 facilities, and has more than fifty school houses with 
 about 85 teachers that form the public school system 
 of the county, and moreover its location affords easy 
 
 Country Home of Maj. W. W. Bexteey, Pulaski County. 
 
 :access£to£ theTgreaterJ schools [ofJthelState that are 
 devoted to higher and special education. The Vir- 
 ginia'Polytechnic Institute is at Blacksburg, not over 
 twenty miles from the county's eastern border. The 
 University of Virginia at Charlottesville, Washington 
 
84 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 and Lee University at Lexington are both within a 
 few hours' ride of Pulaski 
 
 A moment's study of the following figures will 
 show the condition of^the public schools in this 
 county: ■ , ■ rr ' - * <i^ 
 
 ( lountry Ile-idei 
 
 Draper, Pulaski County. 
 
 Summary of Report of Public School System in Pulaski 
 County, Session 1906-1907. 
 
 Public School Buildings .... 50 
 
 Public School Teachers . . .85 
 
 Schools Doino: High School Work . . 14 
 
 Number of White Pupils Enrolled . . 2,800 
 
 * Number of Colored Pupils Enrolled . . 620 
 
 Total Number 3,420 
 
 Value of Public School Property . . $59,800 
 
 Amount Paid for Teachers . . . $16,000 
 Total Amount Paid for Support of . 
 
 Public School System . . . $19,400 
 
 Average Salary of Teachers . . $35.00 
 *The white and colored schools are separate, the 
 colored having teachers of its own race. 
 
86 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 Pulaski County is also well furnished with splendid 
 private schools, and notable among them are the 
 Dublin Institute at Dublin, and the St. Albans School 
 for boys near Radford, besides others'at the county 
 seat. 
 
 Dublin Institute. 
 
 Dublin Institute is located on a beautiful eminence 
 overlooking the thriving town of Dublin, t Virginia, 
 and is one of the most prosperous preparatoryiSchools 
 
 Country Home of Francis Bell, Pulaski County. 
 
 in the State. Last session the enrollment reached 
 227 students and the graduating class numbered 21 
 students. Nearly all th33e graduates will enter our 
 best colleges and universities, all of which give due 
 credit to the work done at the Dublin Institute. 
 
 The Institute is co-educational, and has separate 
 dormitories for the girls and boys. An unique fea- 
 
88 Pulaski County 
 
 ture of the school is to be instituted with the opening 
 of next session; the younger boys are to be given a 
 dormitory to themselves, and for them a handsome, 
 commodious building is now being erected. The 
 faculty of teachers, who are men and women of large 
 experience, and represent our best colleges and uni- 
 
 Country Home of A. C. Sjm.tts, Pulaski County. 
 
 versities, live with the pupils at the dormitories, and 
 exercise a most faithful and sympathetic guardian- 
 ship over them at all times. The superior advantages 
 and moderate rates maintained at the Institute will 
 continue to increase the enrollment. $144 pays all 
 expenses for full session of nine months. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 There are all told afccut fifly churches in Fulaski 
 
 County, with 35 white congregations and 15 colored. 
 
 Among the white race the various denominations 
 
90 
 
 Pulaski County 
 
 are represented as follows: Southern Methodist, 15 
 congregations; Presbyterians, 8; Missionary Baptist, 
 4; Diciples, 6; Lutherans, 1; Freewill Baptist, 2; 
 Apostolic, 1; Episcopalian, 1. 
 The church property in the county is easily worth 
 
 Country Home of J. Howe Kent, Pulaski County. 
 
 $150,000, and with not less than twenty resident 
 ministers in the county, there is good reason why 
 Pulaski has so good a moral record and is an ideal 
 place for a home. 
 
\J 
 
 .-— . 
 
92 
 
 Pulaski County 
 Banks, 
 
 There are three banks in Fulaski County as fol- 
 lows: The Pulaski National Bank, Pulaski; The 
 Peoples Bank of Pulaski, Pulaski, and The Bank of 
 Pulaski County at Dublin. They are all strong insti- 
 tutions and well officered by men of experience, and 
 do a large business throughout the county. The total 
 assets of the three reach close to $5C0,CC0. 
 
 Country Heme of D. M. Cloyd, Pulaski County. 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 93 
 
 County Government. 
 
 The government of Virginia counties is simple and 
 has been reduced to the minimum of expense com- 
 patible with good government. 
 
 Pulaski County is divided into four magisterial dis- 
 tricts with a supervisor for each, and these al- 
 together form a Board of Supervisors, which have 
 
 Country Home of J. R. K. Bell, Pulaski County. 
 
 the general management of the county's finances and 
 local government. 
 
 The Supervisors are R. M. Chumbley, New River, 
 Dublin District, Chairman; P. R. Hicks, Pulaski, 
 Pulaski District; E. T. Pratt, Draper, Newbern Dis- 
 trict, and W. H. Showalter, Snowville, Hiawassie 
 District. 
 
94 
 
 Pulaski County' 
 Other Officers. 
 
 The other officers of the county are Clerk of Cir- 
 cuit Court, Jesse N. Bosang, Pulaski; Common- 
 wealth's Attorney, John S. Draper; Treasurer, J. F. 
 Wysor, Pulaski; Sheriff, Joseph Graham, Draper; 
 Commissioner of Revenue, W. R. Crockett, Draper; 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, D. S. Pollock, 
 Pulaski. 
 
 Country Home of H. B. Howe, Pulaski County. 
 
 Wealth and Taxation. 
 
 The assessed property valuation of Pulaski County, 
 which contains 345 square miles, is about $3,250,000, 
 and it is conceded that the assessed value is about 
 one-third of its cash value, thus making the wealth of 
 the county approximately $10,000,000, and the total 
 tax rate on the assessed valuation does not exceed li 
 
Pulaski County 
 
 95 
 
 per cent. Thus with a low assessment and a low 
 rate of taxation, the investor avoids the large ex- 
 pense incurred in this item at many other places. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 fc gy g Country Home of E. D. Withrow, Pulaski County. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Pulaski cordially invites all persons desiring good 
 locations for business enterprises, either large or 
 small, to consider her advantages and opportunities, 
 and her gates are open to welcome all comers to join 
 the industrial and commercial activity that is rapidly 
 making Pulaski the progressive leader of Southwest 
 Virginia. 
 
 Parties desiring specific information are requested 
 to wr ite J. W. Miller, Secretary of Pulaski Board of 
 Trade, Pulaski, Va. 
 
96 
 
 Pulaski County 
 Pulaski of Board Trade. 
 
 Any persons desiring further information concern- 
 ing this county and its resources, can obtain same^cy 
 writing to any of the following officers of the Pulaski 
 Board of Trade, Pulaski, Virginia: J. A. Van Mater, 
 president; L. S. Calfee, vice-president; J. W. Miller, 
 secretary. 
 
 Country Home of R.iC.Boothe, Pulaski County. 
 
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