Qass M ( g Book. N\RJdAS THE j I HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, lO V/A, CONTAINING A History of tlie County, its Cities, Towns, &c., A Biographical Directoiy of its Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Re- bellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prom- inent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Mahaska County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellan- eous Matters, &c. IIjX,TJSTI2,J^TE3D. DES MOINES : UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY. 1878. Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1878, by THE UNION HIST(3RICAL COMPANY, In the Ofl&ce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. MILLS * COMPANY, PRINTERS AND STEREOTTPERS, DBS iWOTNES. IOWA. PREFACE. In presenting this work to the people of Mahaska county, we have reason to believe that we are placing it in the hands of its friends. A friendly disposition was manifested toward our representatives during its compilation, and we trust the volume in its completed form may be in no sense a disappointment. If we have accomplished nothing more, we have at least rescued much important matter from oblivion. Ten years more would have made the record of many facts and incidents which we present herewith an impossibility. The first settlers of Mahaska have passed the mountain tops of life. Memory is one of the first faculties of mind which shows signs of decay, and, even among those of the old guard still living, another decade would have found many a link rusted out from their chain of recollection. In this history we have endeavored to present to the reader a picture of the past and pres- ent of Mahaska. We have labored to introduce him to the wigwams of its aborigines, to seat him by the hearth-stone of its pioneers, to trace the history of the county's organization, to compile a sketch of its leading institutions, and to represent the condition of the county while entering the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It is not so much the work of ourselves as of Mahaska's own citizens. We have compiled what these men have long known, and placed it in permanent form for the present generation, and for those to come. We have not the confidence to presume that the work will contain no mistakes. The falli- bility of memory produces a hundred conflicting statements. Dates are slippery things to handle. Names will get twisted. Some of these errors will belong to our informants, some to ourselves. A charitable pubhc will not forget that " to err is human." Only one-third of a century ago a strong argument for locating the county-seat in the southern part of the county was that there was no likelihood that the present century would see the northern prairies of the county populated. Ten years later, and the same argument was sincerely used in respect to the State of Iowa, by shrewd men, on the occasion of the removal of the State capital. Some of these same men have " lived to learn." This work will show the changes of thirty-six years in Central Iowa. It is a source of regret to us that diligent search failed to discover any files of Mahaska county newspapers between the years 1859 and 1864. This very important period, including most of Mahaska's war history, is not so fully presented on these pages as we desired. In our " War Record " we have endeavored to give, in epitomized form, the part taken by individual soldiers from Mahaska. The names of those drafted have been omitted, for the reason that we could not secure a satisfactory list. The especial value of much we have presented, particularly in our biographical department, will be patent a generation hence. It will, we trust, ba endeared to hundreds of firesides. We wish thus publicly to eapress our appreciation of the kindness which has been shown us in this enterprise. To the several hundred citizens who have co-operated with our repre- sentatives in securing the information which made the accompanying work a possibility, we tender our hearty thanks — especially to the editors of the Oskaloosa Herald, The Standard, and the New Sharon Star for the use of files of papers, and general information; to Judge M. T. Williams, for many items of early history; to W. B. Street, Esq., for Indian history; to William T. Smith, Esq., for miscellaneous matter and valuable manuscript; to Henry R. Kendig, Esq., for Masonic history; to Judge Samuel Thompson, for assistance upon the geography of the county; to the various county and city officials, for access to records. IV PKEFACE. Among others to whom we are especially indebted for assistance, might be mentioned Captain A. J. Comstock, Hon. John N. Dixon, Mrs. E. Needham, Mrs. T. G. Phillips, J. E. Ogborne, Esq., Prof. H. H. Seerley, Lieut. W. H. Needham, Porte C. Welch, Esq., Judge J. A. L. Crookham, Dr. E. A. Boyer, Van B. Delashmutt, Esq., T. Baldwin, Esq., Mr. Ephraim Munsell, Prof. Woody, John A. Hoffman, Esq., Ben McCoy, Esq., Samuel McFall, Esq., James Winder, Esq., Heniy P. Ninde, Esq., Captain C. P. Searle and Rev. Thos. Ballinger. The sketches on the Northwest, and the articles, descriptive and historical, on Iowa, em- bracing the first two hundred and fifty-six pages of the work, were prepared by A. R. Fulton, of Des Moines, and we doubt not will prove highly interesting and instructive, as showing the steps by which, within the present century, a vast region, inhabited by savages, has de- veloped into mighty States. We have also consulted the following works: "Pioneers of Marion County," "Iowa Colonels and Regiments," " Iowa in the RebeUion," and a number of State reports. Whatever of satisfaction, instruction or enjoyment these pages may bring to their readers, will be a gratification to The Publishers. CONTENTS. Page. The Northwest Territory : Early French Explorations in the Mississippi Valley, : 7 Early Settlements in the Northwest, : : : 14 The Northwestern Territory, 22 The Louisiana Purchase, : 28 Indian Wars >u the Northwest, 34 Slietches of Black Hawk and other Chiefs, : : 42 Early Navigation of Western Rivers, : : : 56 Archaeology of the Northwest, 59 Sketches of Western and Northwestern States, : 67 Expedition of Lewis and Clarke, : : : 86 Sketch of Chicago, : : 96 History of Iowa: Descriptive and Geographical Sketch, : : : 105 Geology of Iowa, : 117 Economic Geology, : : 125 How the Title to Iowa Lands is derived, : : : 130 Early Settlements and Terri- torial Organization, : 141 Territory of Iowa, : 153 State Organization, : 158 Educational, : : : 162 State Institutions, : : 169 Railroads. : : : 172 Official Record, : : 174 The Judiciary, : : : 176 Congressional Representa- tion, : : : 177 State Agricultural Society, 178 Centennial Awards, : 191 History of Mahaska County : Geography — Descriptive and Physical, : : : 257 Indian Affairs, : : 260 Early Settlement, : : 265 County Seat Contest, : 267 History of names Oskaloosa and Mahaska, : : 269 Life of Mahaska, : 269 Commissioner's Court, : 276 First Court, : : 277 HISTOBICAli, Page. History of Mahaska County : Mahaska County Court House, 284 County Jail, : : : 285 First School, : : : 285 Probate Court, : : 286 Letters of 1846-7, : : 287 Townships, : : : 288 Land Sales, : : : 293 Club Law, : : : 294 Early Climate, etc., : ; 298 An Early Hunt, : : 298 A Mahask County Romance, 299 302 303 304 305 306 An Old lowan, Mahaska in 1850-52, : Flood of '51, : : : Religious, : : Incidents, : : : Mississippi and Missouri R, R. Loan, : : : County Finances, : : Bridges, : : : Poor House, : : : List of County Officers, Illustrious Dead, : Educational, : : The Press, : : : Temperance, : : Political, : : : Statistics, : : Official Votes, : : Railroads, : : : Mahaska County Agricultural Society, : : : Hog Raising, : : : Horticultural, : : Mahaska County Medical So ciety, : : : ; Mahaska County Bible Society, 356 County Sunday School Associ- ation, : : Masonry, : : Society of Friends, Mahaska's Centennial, Casualties, : : The Cause of Science on the Border, : : : Bowen Murder Case, : Love, Desertion and Suicide, 373 Shooting, : : : 373 307 308 311 311 313 318 323 331 338 340 343 344 344 350 352 352 356 Page. History of Mahaska County: Locail Troubles During the War, : : : : 373 War History: Mahaska County War Record, 383 Third Infantry, : : 386 Seventh Infantry, : : 391 Eighth Infantry, : : 397 Fifteenth Infantry. • ; 404 Seventeenth Infantry, : 409 Eighteenth Infantry, : 410 Thirty-third Infantry, : 412 Thirty-Sixth Infantry, : 429 Thirty-seventh Infantry, 429 Thirty-eighth Infantry, : 431 Fortieth Infantry, : 431 Forty-seventh Infantry, : 438 Third Cavalry, • : 440 Fourth Cavalry, ; : 440 Seventh Cavalry, : : 443 Ninth Cavalry, : : 444 Light Artillery. : : 445 . Miscellaneous Enlistments, : 446 Soldiers' Reunion, : 448 The Rice Monument, : 450 Sherman's March to the Sea, 451 Cities and Towns : Oskaloosa, New Sharon, Beacon, : Rose Hill, : Fremont, Muchakinock, Townships : Cedar : Harrison, ; Des Moines, Jefferson, : White Oak, Oskaloosa, : Scott, : Monroe, : Adams, : Madison, : Black Oak, Pleasant Grove, Union, : Prairie, : Richland, 455 601 512 515 517 519 522 624 528 529 530 531 532 534 535 536 537 540 541 542 546 Westward the Star of Empire takes its Way, : : : An Indian Camp, : ; : Indians trying a Prisoner, : A Pioneer Winter, : : : ItiliUSTKATIOXS. Lincoln Monument, Springfield, 17 Illinois, : : : : 33 Chicago in 1820, : : : 49 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 65 I Chicago, 1833, ; : : Page. Old Fort Dearborn, 1830, 72 The " Old Kinzie House, 97 A Prairie Home, : Breaking Prairie : : 97 Page. 103 : PS 129 : 145 lilTHOGRAPHIC PORTKAITS. Page. Page Page. Ballinger, T., 489 Lacey, John F., - 345 Rice, Sam 'I A., - 381 Baugh, Geo. H., - 507 Leighton, Henry C, 327 Rice, E. W., 417 Cooper, Cary, 363 MeCullough, James, - - 525 Seevers, W. H., - 3C9 Dela-hmutt, V. B., - 561 McMuUin, J. W., - 399 Smith, Wm. T., 291 Downing, F. I.., 435 McNeill, H. V/., - 471 Tice, Hardin, - 543 Giluioro, T. U., - 453 Picken Mathew, 579 Wilhams, M. T., - 273 Houtz, Christian 597 VI CONTENTS. BIOGRAPHICAL. TOWXSHIP DIRECTORY. Adams, : Black Oak, Cedar, : Des Moines, East Oskaloosa, EddwiUe ^Harrison Twp.). EarrisOD, : : 677 657 643 617 720 647 Jefferson, • : : Madison, : : : Monroe, : : : New Sharon (Prairie Twp.), Oskaloosa City (Oskaloosa Township), : : : Pleasant Grove, : : Page. 638 : 685 698 624 Prairie, Richland, : Scott, : Union, : West Oskaloosa, White Oak, : Page. : 631 712 : 670 706 : 608 663 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. Page. Adoption of Children, - 203 Bills of Exchange and Promis- sory Notes . - - 195 Capital Punishment - 199 Commercial Terms - - 208 Damages from Trespass, - 201 Descent, . . - 195 Estravs. - - - 201 Exemptions from Executions, 200 Fences - - - 202 Forms: Article of Agreement, - 209 BiUs of Sale, - - 210 Bond for Deed, - - 217 BiUs of Purchase, - 207 Chattel Mortgage, - - 215 Confession of Judgment, Lease, Notice to Quit, Notes, - - - Orders, Quit-Claim Deed, Receipts, Wills and Codicils, Warranty Deed, Oame Laws : Birdfl and Quadrupeds, Fish and Fish Ways, Interest, Jurisdiction of Courts, Page. 208 - 214 212, 213 - 210 207, 215 - 207 216 - 208 211, 212 216 - 217 218 - 195 198 Page. 199 206 199 ■ 2oO 201 204 Jurors, - . - - Landlord and Tenant, Limitation of Actions, Married Women, Marka and Brands, Mechanics' Liens, Purchasing Books by Subscrip- tion, - - - 219 Roads and Bridees, - - 204 Surveyors and Surveys, - 204 Support of Poor, - - 205 Taxes, - - - 197 Wills and Estates. - - 196 Weights and Measures, - 207 Wolf Scalps, - - - 201 Page. Map of Mahaska County, : Front. Statistics, : : : 183 Constitution ot the State of Iowa, : : : : 220 MISCEIiIiANEOUS. Faqe. Constitution of the United States, 240 Practical Rules for every-day use, : : : : 252 Population of Iowa Cities, : 255 Page. The Pioneer, : ; 256 Biography of General Elliott W. Rice, : : : : 548 Addenda (Biographical), : 722 / The Northwest Territory. EARLY FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN THE MISSISSIPPI YALLEY. De Soto — Lo Caron — Samuel de Cham plain — French Adventurers — James Marquette — Louis Joliet — Embarkation to Explore New Countries — Lake Michigan and Green Bay — The "Ouisconsin" — Indian Accounts of the Country — Discovering the Great River — Indian Name of the River — Joy of the Explorers — Interview with Indians on Iowa Soil — Feast — Speech of an Indian Chief — The Des Moines River — " Muddy Water " — The Arkansas — Return — Indian Nations — Marquette's Record — His Subsequent Voyage — La Vantum — Marquette's Death — Removal of His Remains — Joliet's Subsequent Explorations — Robert La Salle — Louis Hennepin — Chevalier de Tonti — De La Motte — Fort Crevecoeur — Henne- pin's Voyage — Falls of St. Anthony — Seur de Luth — Hennepin's Claims as an Explorer — Colonization of Louisiana — Dissensions — Murder of La Salle. The three great colonizing powers of the Okl World first to raise the standard of civilization within the limits of North America were France, England, and Spain. The French made their earliest settlements in the cold and inhospitable regions of Quebec; the Englisli at Jamestown, Vir- ginia, and at Plymonth, Massachusetts; and the Spaniards on the barren sands of Florida. To the French belongs the honor of discovering and colo- nizing that portion of our country known as the Valley of the Mississippi, including all that magnificent region watered by the tributaries of the Great River. It is true that more than one hundred years earlier (1538-41) the Spanish explorer, De Soto, had landed on the coast of Florida, penetrated the everglades and unbroken forests of the south, finally reaching the banks of the Great River, probably near where the city of Memphis now stands. Crossing the river, he and his companions pursued their journey for some distance along the west bank, thence to the Ozark Mountains and the Hot Springs of Arkansas, and returning to the place of his death on the banks of the Mississippi. It was a perilous expedition indeed, characterized by all the splendor, romance and valor which usually attended Spanish adventurers of that age. De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to behold the waters of the Mississippi, but the expedition was a failure so far as related to colonization. The requiem chanted by his companions as his remains were committed to the waters of the great river lie had discovered, died away with the solemn murmurs of the stream, and the white man's voice was not heard again in the valley for more than a liundred years. De Soto had landed at Tampa Bay, on the coast of Florida, witli a fleet of nine ves- sels and seven hundred men. More than half of them died, and the remainder made their way to Cuba, and finally back to Spain. Four years l3efore the pilgrims "moored their bark on the wild New Eng- land shore," a French Franciscan, named Le Caron, penetrated the region of 8 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. the great lakes of the north, then the home of the Iroquois and the Hurons, bnt a French settlement had been established at Quebec bj Samuel de Champlain in 1608. This was followed by the establishment of various colonies in Canada, and the hardy French adventurers penetrated the coun- try by the way of the St, Lawrence and the lakes. In 1625 a number of missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in Canada from France, and during the succeeding forty years extended their missions all along the shores of Lake Superior. In 1637 a child was born at the little city of Laon, in France, whose destiny it was in the fullness of time to be instrumental in the hands of Providence in giving to the world a definite knowledge of the grandest and most fertile region ever opened up to civilization. That child was James Marquette, the descendant of a family of Celtic nobles. He entered the Society of Jesus when seventeen years of age, and soon conceived a desire to engage in the labors of a missionary among the Indians. He sailed for Quebec in 16(>6, and two years later founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary. The winter of 1669-70 he spent at Point St. Ignatius, where he established another mission. Here the old town of Michillimackinac, afterward called Mackinaw, was founded. It was from Indians of the difl'erent tribes who came to this mission that he received some vague intimations of the great river — the father of all the rivers. He at once conceived a desire to penetrate to the banks of the wonderful river, and carry his missionary work to the tribes which he had learned inhabited its borders. He applied to his Superior, Claude Dablon, for permission to "seek new nations toward the Southern sea." The authorities at Quebec were equally desirous of having new regions explored, and therefore appointed Louis Joliet to embark upon a voyage of discovery. Joliet Avas a native of Quebec and had been educated in a Jesuit College. He had at the age of eighteen taken minor orders, but had abandoned all thoughts of the priest- hood and engaged in the fur trade. He was now twenty-s«ven years of age, with a mind'ripe for adventure. He left Quebec, and arriving at Mackinaw, found Father Marquette highly delighted with the information that they were to be companions in a voyage Avhich was to extend the domain of the King of France, as well as to carry the Gospel to new nations of ])eople. The explorers, accompanied by five assistants, who were French Canadians, started on their journey. May 1-3, 1673. Marquette has himself recorded in the fol- lowing simple ianguage their feelings on this occasion: "We were embark- ing on a voyage the character of which we could not foresee. Indian corn, with some dried meat, was our whole stock of provisions. With this we set out in two 1)ark canoes, M. Joliet, myself and five men, firmly resolved to do all and sufifer all for so glorious an enterprise." They coasted along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, entered Green Bay, and passed up the Fox river, carrying their canoes' across the Portage to the " Ouisconsin," now called Wisconsin. At Lake Winnebago, before crossing the Portage, they stopped at an Indian village, which was the furthest out|)Ost to which Dal)- »lon and Allouez; had extended their missionary work. Here they asseml)led the chiefs and old men of the village and told them of the objects of the voyage. Pointing to Joliet, Father Marquette said: "My friend is an envoy of' France to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." The Indians furnished two guides to conduct them to the AVisconsin river. It is related that a tribe of Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous journey THE NORTHWEST TEERITOKY. 9 by telling of desperate and savage tribes that tliey would meet; that the forests and the rivers were infested with frightful monsters; that there were great iish in the rivers that would swallow up men and canoes together, and of a demon who could be heard from a great distance, and who destroyed all who approached. Unmoved by these frightful stories, Marquette, Joliet, and their five brave assistants, launched their little canoes on the waters of the Wisconsin, and moved slowly down the current. After a lapse of seven days, June 17th, 1GT3, they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin and glided into the current of the Mississippi, a few miles below the place now known as Prairie du Chien. Here, and on this day, the eye of the Avhite man for the first time looked upon the waters of the Upper Mississippi. Marquette called the river " The Broad Elver of the Conception." The Indian name is derived from the Algonquin language, one of the original tongues of the continent. It is a compound of the words Missi, signifying great, and Se2)e^ a river. The explorers felt tlie most intense joy on beholding the scene presented to their enraptured vision. Here Avas the great river whose waters somewhere thousands of miles away flowed into a Southern sea, and whose broad va.lley was the fairest and richest in the world, but unknown to civilized man, save as an almost forgotten dream or a vague romance. They had solved one of the great mysteries of the age in which they lived. As they glided down the stream the bold bluffs reminded Marquette of the '-castled shores of his own beautiful rivers in France." The far stretching prairies alternating with forests, on either side, were adorned in all the wild glories of June. Birds sang the same notes that they had sung for ages amid those "forests prime- val," while herds of buffalo, deer and elk were alarmed and fled to the dense retreats of the forest or the broad prairies beyond, l^ot until the 25th June did they discover any signs of human habitation. Then, about sixty leagues, as they thought, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, at a place where "they landed on the west bank of the river, they found in the sand the foot-prints of man. Marquette and Joliet left their five companions in charge of the canoes and journeyed away from the river, knowing that they must be near the habitation of men. They followed a trail leading across a prairie clothed in the M'ild luxuriance of summer for a distance of about six miles, when they beheld another river and on its banks an Indian village, with other vil- lages on higher land a mile and a half from the first. The Indians greeted the two white strangers, as far as their ability permitted, with a splendid ovation. They appointed four of their old men to meet the strangers in council. Marquette could speak their language. They informed hiin that they were "Illini" (meaning "we are men"), and presenting the calumet of peace, invited them to share the hospitalities of their village. JMarc[uette told them of the object of their visit, and that they had been sent by the French, who were their friends. He told them of the great God that the white man worshiped who was the same Great Spirit that'' they adored. In answer, one of the chiefs addressed them as follows: "I thank the Black Gown Chief (Marquette) and the Frenchman (Joliet) for taking so much pains to come and visit us; never has the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright as now; never has the river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, wlii«h your canoes have removed as they passed; never has our tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it to-day. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, anci ^ome ye and dwell with us." After these ceremonies the strangers tV'ere invited to a feast, an account of 10 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. wliicli is given by Marquette. It consisted of four courses. First, there was a large wooden bowel filled with tagamity, or Indian meal, boiled in water and seasoned with oil. The master of ceremonies, with a wooden spoon, fed the tagamity to their guests as cliildren are fed. The second course con- sisted of lish, which, after the bones were taken out, was presented to the mouths of the strangers as food may be fed to a bird. The third course was a preparation of dog meat, but learning that the strangers did not eat that it was at once removed. The fourth and final course was a piece of buffalo meat, the fattest portions of which were put into the mouths of the guests. The stream on whose banks took place this first interview between the explorers and the untutored Indians, after parting with their guides, was the Des Moines river, and the place of their landing was probably about where the town of Montrose is now located, in Lee county, Iowa. One of our sweetest American poets has rendered Marquette's narrative in verse, as follows : " Came a people From the distant land of Wabun; From the farthest realms of morning Came the Black Robe Chief, the Prophet, He the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, With his guides and his companions. And the noble Hiawatha, With his hand aloft extended. Held aloft in sign of welcome, Cried aloud and spoke in this wise : * Beautiful is the sun. strangers. When you come so far to see us ; All our town in peace awaits you; All our doors stand open for you; You shall enter all our wigwams; For the heart's right hand we give you. Never bloomed the earth so gayly, Ne-ver shone the sun so brightly, As to-day they shine and blossom When you came so far to see us.' And the Black Robe Chief made answer, Stammered in his speech a little, Speaking words yet unfamiliar: * Peace be with you, Hiawatha, Peace be with you and your people. Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon, Peace of Christ, and joy of Mary! ' Then the generous Hiawatha, Led the strangers to his wigwam, Seated them on skins of bison, Seated them on skins of ermine. Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood, Water brought in birchen dippers, And the calumet, the peace-pipe, Filled and lighted for their smoking. All the warriors of the nation, Came to bid the strangers welcome; ' It is well,' they said, brother, That you came so far to see us.' " Marquette and Joliet remained at the Indian villages six days, and were then accompanied to their canoes by an escort of six hundred Indians. In- vitations were extended to the strangers to renew their visit, after which the explorers embarked in their boats and fioated on down the stream, passing the sites of future great cities of the valley, and passing the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers, and as far down as the mouth of the Arkansas. THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBT. 11 Marquette named the Missouri river Pekitanou% or " Muddy Water," on account of the now well-known character of that stream. After extending their voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas, where they found a village of the Arkansas tribe, they ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois. They ascended the latter river to its source. Along this stream they found many villages of the Illinois, or lllini^ a large and powerful tribe, who were subdivided into five smaller tribes — the Tamaroas, Michigamies, Kahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias. The country between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers was inhabited by the three last named tribes. The Michigamies resided in the country bordering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas occupied the territory now included in the counties of Jersey, Madison and St. Clair, Illinois. Kaskaskia— also designated by the early explorers as " La Vantum " and " Great Illinois Town " — was the largest of the villages, containing, according to Marquette, seventy-five lodges. With- out the loss of a man, or any serious accident, the party reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discoveries. Marquette made a faithful record of what they had seen and the incidents of the voyage. That record has been preserved. The report of Joliet was unfortunately lost by the upsetting of his canoe while on the way to Quebec. At the request of the Illinois Indians, Marquette soon returned and es- tablished the mission of the Immaculate Conception at La Yantum. In the spring of 1675, on account of failing health, he started to return to Green Bay. While passing along the shore of Lake Michigan, conscious that he was neariug the end of his earthly labors, he observed an elevated place near the moutli of a small river. He told his companions that the place was suitable for his burial, and requested them to land. On that lonely and desolate coast. May 18, 1675, at the age of thirty-eight, James Marquette ended his last earthly voyage, and received burial at the hands of his devoted companions. Two years later some Indians of the mission at Kaskaskia disinterred his remains, and conveyed them in a box made of birch bark, with a convoy of over twenty canoes, to Mackinaw, where they were reinterred at the mission church. The post was abandoned in 1706, and the church burned. The place of burial was finally lost, and remained lost for two hundred years. In May, 1876, the foundations of the old Jesuit Mission were accidentally discovered on the farm of one David Murray, with a number of church relics, the mouldering remains of the great missionary and explorer, and a cross with his name inscribed upon it. Joliet, after his return to Quebec, became again a trader with the Indians. His services were rewarded by the French government by the gift of the island of Anticosta, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Little after this is known of him. He died about 1730. The reports given of the discoveries of Marquette and Joliet, served to encourage other adventurers to engage in the eftort to extend their explora- tions. Robert La Salle, a French navigator, who was born at Rouen about the year 1635, had long cherished a project of seeking a route to China by way of the Great Lakes. Before the return of Marquette and Joliet, he had explored Lake Ontario and visited the different Indian tribes. In 1675 he went to France and obtained from the government a grant to a large tract of land about Fort Frontenac, the exclusive right of traffic with the Five Kations, and also a patent of nobility. He laid before his government his desire to explore the Mississippi to its mouth, and take possession of all the regions he might visit in the name of the King of France. His plans were 12 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. wannly approved, and lie was provided with the means for carrying them into execution. In July^ 1678, he returned to Fort Frontenac, soon after established a trading house at Niagara, and visited the neighboring Indian tribes for the purpose of collecting furs. He engaged the services of thirty mechanics and mariners and built the first ship tor the navigation of the lakes. It was called the Griffin, and was a bark of sixty tons. Having been joined by Louis Hennepin and Chevalier de Tonti, the latter an Indian veteran, on the 7th of August, 1679, they launched the Griffin on Niagara river, and embarked for the valley of the Mississippi. They crossed Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, reaching Green Bay, September 2d. For the pur- pose of relieving himself of some pressing financial obligations at Montreal, La Salle here engaged for a time in collecting furs with which he loaded the Griffin, and sent it in the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors on its return trip, with orders to return immediately; but the vessel was never heard of afterward. He waited until all hope had vanished, and then, with Father Hennepin, Chevalier de Tonti, the Sieur de la Motte, and about thirty fol- lowers, began again the voyage. They ascended the St. Joseph in canoes to the portage, and carried their barks to the Kankakee, a distance of six miles, descended the Kankakee and the Illinois until they reached an Indian vil- lage on the latter stream, at the expansion of the same, kno^vn as Lake Peoria. The village was situated on the west baidv of the lake, and must have been passed by Marquette and Joliet on their voyage up the river in 1673, although no mention is made of it by them. La Salle, Hennepin, Tonti and their followei's landed at Lake Peoria, January 3d, 1680. The Indians received them hospitably, and they remained with them for several days. Here a spirit of discontent began to manifest itself among the followers ol La Salle, and fearing trouble between his men and the Indians, they crossed the river and moved do^vn about three miles, where they erected a fort, which La Salle named Fort Creveeoeur (heart-break) a name expressive of La Salle's sorrow at the loss of his fortune by the disaster to the Griffin, and also his feelings in the fear of mutiny among his men. The party remained here until in Jb ebruary, when Tonti was placed in command of the post, and Hennipin charged with a voyage of discovery to the sources of the Missis- sippi. La Salle returned on foot with three companions to Fort Frontenac for supplies. On his arrival he learned of the certainty of the loss of the Griffin, and also of the wreck of another vessel which had been sent with resources for him from France. Father Llennepin, with two companions, Picard du Gay and Michel Ako, on the 29th of February, 1680, embarked from Fort Creveeoeur in a canoe down the Illinois to its mouth, which they reached in a few days. They then turned up the Mississippi, reaching the mouth of the Wisconsin, April 11th. Above this point no European had ever ascended. They continued the voyage, reaching the Falls of St. Anthony, April 30, 1680. Hennepin so named the falls in honor of his patron Saint. When they arrived at the mouth of St. Francis river, in what is now the State of Minnesota, they traveled along its banks a distance of 180 miles, visiting the Sioux Indians, who inhabited that region. The river, Hennepin so named in honor of the founder of his order. In his account of this voyage, Hennepin claims that they were held in captivity by the Indians for about three months, although they were treated kindly by them. At the end of this time a band of Frenchmen, under the leadership of Seur de Luth, in pursuit of furs, had penetrated to this part of the country by the way of Lake Superior. The THE nokthwj:st tekritory. 13 Indians allowed Hennepin and his companions to return with the traders. Thej descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wisconsin, passing up that stream and down the Fox river, and so on through Green Bay to Lake Michigan. Hennepin went to Quebec, and thence to France, where, in 1683, he published an account of his explorations and a description of the region of the Upper Mississippi. In 1697 (two years after La Salle's death) he publislied an enlarged work, in which he claimed that he had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. His faithful description of the valley for a time gave him credit for veracity, but the impossibility of reconciling his dates, and other circumstances, are by the best authorities regarded as stamping his claim false. Before the time this work was published, as we shall see. La Salle had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Hennepin explained his long silence as to his exploration to the mouth of tlie Mississippi, by claiming that he had feared the enmity of La Salle, who had ordered liim to follow a different course, and had also prided himself upon his own claims as being the first European to descend the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mex- ico. Father Hennepin died in Llolland, about the year 1690. We now return to the further adventures of the brave and intrepid La Salle. He returned to Fort Orevecoeur in the latter part of the year 1680, to find that Tonti had been abandoned by his men, and obliged to take refuge among the Pottawattamies. He spent another year in collecting his scattered followers, finally succeeded, and on the 6th of February, 1682, he had reached the mouth of the Illinois. As they ])assed down the Mississippi La Salle noted the difl^'erent streams tributary thereto. They erected a fort near the mouth of the Ohio, and a cabin at the first Chickasaw bluff. On the 9th of April they entered the Gulf of Mexico. They reascended the river a short distance, founded the Fort of St. Louis, took possession of the whole valley in the name of France, and called it by the name of Louisiana, in honor of the king. La Salle, having accomplished much for the glory of France, now retraced his steps northward. After spending one year about the great lakes, actively engaged in laying the foundations of French settlements in the new regions he had discovered, in November, 1683, he reached Quebec, and soon after embarked for France. The government, with marks of great esteem, be- stowed upon him a commission placing under his authority all the French and natives of the country, from Fort St. Louis to ISTew Biscay. An expe- dition, with four vessels and 280 persons, was fitted out for the colonization of Lousiana; it sailed August 1, 1684. Associated with La Salle, in this expedition, was Beaujeu, as naval commander. The month of the Missis- sippi was the objective point, but by mistake tlie fleet passed on northward. When the error was discovered La Salle desired to return, but Beaujeu per- sisted in advancing. Dissensions arose, and La Salle, with 230 colonists, disembarked. This was in February, 1685. A fortified post, which was called Fort St. Louis, was established, and attempts made at agriculture, but without success. Attempts were made to reach the Mississippi, which they thought near, but failed. La Salle and his followers traversed the wilderness toward New Mexico, and in January, 1687, by sickness and disaster, his party was reduced to thirty-seven. Some of these, following Beaujeu's ex- ample, revolted. La Salle, with sixteen men, then determined to reach the country of the Illinois. Two men, who had embarked their capital in the i.4rAi,-^vvilo,^«were bitter in malignity toward the leader of this unsuccessful expedition. Their feelings found some gratification in the murder of a 14: THE NORTHWEST TEKEITORT. nephew of La Salle. The latter sought to investigate as to the death of his relative, but only shared his fate, as one of them fired upon him from ambush, and the heroic La Salle fell, the victim of quarrels and dissensions among his own followers. This event happened after he had passed the basin of the Colorado and reached a branch of Trinity river, in Texas. We have thus briefly outlined the part taken by this energetic and ad- venturous explorer, in giving to civilization a knowledge of a region that was destined to constitute the richest and most productive portion of the American continent, if not indeed, of the world. EAKLY SETTLEMENTS IN THE NORTHWEST. Early French Settlements — Indian Tribes — Mission at Kaskaskia — Kaliokia — Vincennes — Fort Ponchartrain — Fort Chartres — La Belle Riviere — La Salle — The English Claim •'From Sea to Sea'' — Treaty with Indians in 1684 — English Grants — French and Indians Attack Pick- awillany — Treaty with the Six Nations — French and English Claims — George Washington — French and Indian War — FaU of Montreal — Treaty of Paris — Pontiac's Conspiracy — Detroit — Pontiac's Promissory Notes — Pontiac's Death — France Cedes Louisiana to Spain — Washington Explores the Ohio Valley — Emigration — Land Companies — ^The Revolution — Colonel Clark — Surrender of French Posts in Illinois — Surrender of Vincennes — Gov. Hamilton Taken Prisoner — Daniel Boone — Simon Girty — ^Virginia's " Land Laws." ^ As THE French were the first to explore the region known as the North- west, so they were the first to improve the opening thus made. The earliest settlements were in that part of the country east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes, occupied chiefly by the Illinois tribes of the Great Algon- quin family of Indians. The Illinois were divided into the Tamaroas, Mich- igamies, Kakokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias, and were sometimes designated as the Five Nations. The three last-named tribes occupied the country between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers; the Michigamies the region bor- dering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas, a small tribe, in the same region occupied by the Kahokias, and now embraced in the counties of Jersey, Madi- son, and St. Clair, in the state of Illinois. The French opened the way for colonization by the establishment of missions among these tribes, their efforts in this direction having been attended with great success in Canada. A mission was founded at Kaskaskia by Father Gravier about the year 1698. This at the time of the visit of Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, was the largest and most important of the Illinois villages, and contained seventy- four lodges, or about fifteen hundred inhabitants. By the early explorers it was called by the* several names of " Kaskaskia," "La Vantum," and "Great Illinois Town." Here, in 1675, Father Marquette had attempted to christian- ize the Indians by establishing the mission of the Immaculate Conception. For years it was nothing more than a missionary station, occupied onl}'' by the Nations and the missionary. About the year 1700 missions were also established at Kahokia and Peoria, the latter being near the site of old Fort Crevecoeur. Another of the early French settlements was at Vincennes on the Oubache (Waba, now Wabash) river. Authorities disagree as to the date of this settlement, but it was probably about 1702. For many years this was an isolated colony of Frencli emigrants from Canada, and several generations of their descendants lived and passed away in these vast solitudes, before either they or their savage neighbors were disturbed by the encroach- ments of an expanding civilization. During all this time they b- ,-,., j)'ad~' '. friendly relations with the natives. In July, 1701, a station was estaoiisJicu THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKT. 15 by De la Motte on the Detroit river, called Fort PoncLartrain. While these attempts to colonize the Northwest were in progress, similar efforts were being made by France in the Southwest, but without maintaining like friendly relations with the natives, for in a conflict with the Chickasaws, an entire colony at Natchez was cut off. As these settlements in the North- west were isolated but little is known of their history prior to 1750. In this year Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, near Fort Chartres, writes of five French villages, with a population of eleven hundred whites, three hun- dred blacks, and sixty red slaves or savages. He says there were whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of half-breeds. They then raised wheat, cattle, swine and horses, and sent pork, grain and flour to New Orleans. On the 7th of November, 1750, the same priest writes: "For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwell- ings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans )lantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Germans some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues further up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee they raise excellent tobacco. An- other hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubacbe (Ohio), tlie only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are number- less mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." The fame of Robert Cavelier de La Salle was not achieved alone by liis explorations of the Valley of the Mississippi, for, in 1609, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet, La Salle discovered the Ohio river, or La Belle Ulmere (Beautiful River), as the French called it. Being conversant with several Indian dialects, he had learned from some Senecas of a river called Ohio which rose in their country and flowed a long distance to the sea. La Salle then held the belief that the river flowing to the west emptied into the Sea of California, and longed to engage in the enter- prise of discovering a route across the continent. lie obtained the approval of the government at Quebec, but no allowance to defray the expense. He sold his property in Canada for two thousand eight hundred dollars, and with the proceeds purchased canoes and the necessary supplies. With a party of twenty-four persons he embarked in seven canoes on the St. Law- rence, July 6th, 1069. Crossing over Lake Ontario, they were conducted by Indian guides to the Genesee, about where the city of Rochester, New York, is now located. The enterprise did not receive the approbation of the Indians at the Seneca village then situated on the bank of the Genesee at this point, and they refused to furnish him guides to conduct him further. After a month's delay he met an Indian belonging to the Iroquois tribe on Lake On- tario, who cc'ducted them to their village, where they received a more friendly welcome. From the chief of the Iroquois at Onondaga he obtained 16 THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOKY. guides \vlio conducted tlie party to a river south of Lake Erie. This proved to be a tributary of the Ohio. They descended it, and thence down the Ohio to the great falls where Louisville now stands. By virtue of this dis- covery the French claimed the country along the Ohio, and many years after established military and trading posts at different points. One of these was Fort Du Quesne, erected in 1654, which was taken from them by the English a few years later and called Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt, then prime minister of England. Notwithstanding the discovery of the Ohio by the French under La Salle as early as 1669, the English claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the ground that her sea-coast discoveries entitled her to the sovereignty of all tlie country from "sea to sea." Li 1684, Lord Howard, Governor of Vir- ginia, held a treaty with Indian tribes known as the ]^orthern Confederacy, to-wit: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayngas and Senecas. The Tus- caroras being subsequently taken in, these tribes became known as the Six Nations, and the English assumed their protection. They purchased from them large tracts of land and aimed to obtain a monopoly of the Indian trade. The English government made grants of land west of the Alleghanies, and companies were formed for their settlement. France, seeing the Eng- lish obtaining a foothold by planting trading posts in the Northwest, in 1740 sent Louis Celeron with a small force of soldiers to plant in mounds at the mouths of the principal tributaries of the Ohio, plates of lead with the claims of France inscribed thereon. The English, however, still continued to make explorations and establish trading posts. One of these grants of England was to a company known as the " Ohio Companj^" and embraced a tract of land on the Great Miami, described as being one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. Christopher Gist was sent by this company in 1T50 to inspect thier lands and to establish a trading post. In 1752 a small party of French soldiers, assisted by Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked this post •and captured the traders after a severe battle. The English called this post Pickawillany — the name being subsequently contracted to Pickaway or Piqua. The location of this post was doubtless near that of the present town of Piqua, on the Great Miami, about seventy-eight miles north of Cincinnati. Thus on the soil of what became a part of the state of Ohio was shed the first blood between the French and English for the possession of the Northwest. In 1744 the English had entered into a treaty with the Six Nations at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by which they acquired certain lands described as being within the "Colony of Virginia." The Indians subsequently com- plained of bad faith on the part of the English in failing to comply with some of the stipulations of the treaty. The Governor of V irginia appointed commissioners to hear the grievances of the Indians. They met at Logs- town, on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the present city of Pittsburg, in the spring of 1752. Notwithstanding the comjjlaint of the Indians that the English had failed to supply them with arms and am- munition as they had agreed, they succeeded in obtaining a confirmation of the treaty of Lancaster. In the meantime the French were quietly preparing to maintain their claims to the country in dispute. They provided cannon and military stores in anticipation of the coming conflict. The French were notified to give up their posts, but they failed to comply. Governor Dinwiddle finally deter- mined to learn definitely their intentions, and for this purpose selected Major THE NORTHWEST TEKPaTORY. 17 18 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. George Washington, then twenty-two years of age, as a messenger. Witli Christopher Gist as guide, and four attendants or servants, Washington set out througli the wilderness on his perilous journey. He held a conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations at Logstown in November, 1753. He learned something of the condition of the French, but the Indians desired to remain neutral and were disposed to be non-committal. Washington pro- ceeded to Venango, where there was a French post called Fort Machault. Here he delivered to the French governor Dinwiddle's letter, and received the answer of St. Pierre, the commander of the fort, declining to give up without a struggle. Preparations for war were made in all the English col- onies while the French continued to strengthen their lines of fortifications. It will thus be seen that what is known as the French and Indian war had its origin in this dispute about the possession of what is now one of the fairest and richest portions of our Republic. It resulted, not only in Eng- land maintaining her right to the territory in dispute, but in wresting Can- ada from France. It was a war of eight years duration, commencing with the attack of the French and Indians on the English post at Piqua in 1752, and virtually ending with the fall of the city of Montreal in A])ril, 1700. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec had all previously surren- dered to the English, the first two without resistance. After the fall of Montreal the Governor of Canada signed a capitulation surrendering the whole of Canada to the English. One post, however, that of Detroit, still remained in possession of the French. Major Rogers was sent from Mon- treal to demand its surrender. Beletre, the commander of the post, at first refused, but on the 29th of November, having heard of the defeat of the French arms in Canada, he also surrendered. September 29th, 1760, the treaty of peace between France and England, known as the treaty of Paris, was made, but not ratified until February 10th, 1763. Meantime tlie Northwest territory was enti rely under English rule and settlements began to extend. The Indians who had been the friends and allies of the French during the war were not reconciled to the English, claiming that they had not carried out their promises. Under the famous Ottawa chief, Pontiac, they united in a general conspiracy to cut off all the English posts on the frontier. The Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawnese, Delawares and Mingoes, buried the hatchet in their local quarrels, and united to exterminate the English. Owing to treachery on the part of some of Pontiac's followers, he failed in the complete execution of his plans, but in May, 1763, several British posts fell, and many whites were victims of the merciless tomahawk. In the arrangement among the Indians it was agreed that Pontiac's own imme- diate field of action was to be the garrison at Detroit. He laid siege to the post May 12th, and continued it until October 12th. To obtain food for his warriors during this time, he issued promissory notes, drawn upon birch bark and signed with the figure of an otter. All these notes were faithfully redeemed. Being unsuccessful in reducing the garrison, the tribes generally r sued for peace, but Pontiac remained as" yet unsubdued. To Alexander Henry, an Englishman who visited Missillimacinac the next spring, he said: " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us. We are riot your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, cannot live without bread, and pork and beef ; but you ought to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 19 know that lie, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." Pontiac still en-tertained the hope that the French would renew the war, and finally conquer the English, and endeavored to incite the Indians on the Miami, and in other parts of the West, to continue hostilities. lie applied, but unsuccessfully, to tlie French commander at New Orleans. Being un- able to unite again those who entered so eagerly into his original conspiracy for destroying the English settlements, he went to the Illinois country, where he made a stand, and had for a time the sympathy and co-operation of the French fur traders in that region. Soon, however, all but his immediate followers deserted his cause, and he then reluctantly accepted peace on the terms offered by the English. From this time he had but little influence with the tribes. He was killed by an Illinois Indian, while drunk, at Ka- hokia, in 1769. At the time of his death he was about fifty-seven years of age. Great Britain now held sovereignty over the entire Northwest, and to pre- vent Louisiana from also fixlling into the hands of the English, France by secret treaty, in 1762, ceded it to Spain. The next year the treaty of Paris formally gave to England possession of the Northwestern Territory. The English now began to prepare for settlement and occupation of the country. In 1770 persons from Virginia and other British provinces took up the valuable lands on the Monongahela and along the Ohio to the mouth of the Little Kanawa. In October of the same year George Washington with a party descended the Oliio from Pittsburg to the Kenawa, whicli last named stream they ascended about fourteen miles, and marked out several large tracts of land. Buffalo were then abundant in the Ohio valley, and several of them were shot by Washington's party. Pittsburg was then a village of twenty houses, the inhabitants being mostly Indian traders. The British government was inclined to obserre a liberal policy toward the French settlers in the West. In 1763 the king, by royal proclamation, had forbidden his subjects from making settlements be^'ond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ; but his subjects in the colonies were little disposed to observe this restriction. Finally, in 1771, Governor Dun- more, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the West. A number of settlements were made in the ()hio valley, the settlers often coming in conflict w^th the Indians, Several battles were fought, ending in tlie battle of Kenawa, in July, when the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years following, up to 1770, several land companies were formed, and engaged in extensive operations. One, called the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from the Indians large tracts of land on the Mis- sissippi river, south of the Illinois. An association, styling itself the "Wa- bash Land Company," obtained a deed from eleven chiefs to 37,197,600 acres of land. The War of the Pevolution interfered with these and many other similar schemes of speculation. The parties interested subsequently made efforts to have these land grants sanctioned by Congress, but did not succeed. In 1771, according to the best information we have, Kaskaskia contained eighty houses, and nearly one thousand inhabitants, white and black. Ka- hokia contained fifty houses, with three hundred white inhabitants, and eighty negroes. There were a few families at Prairie du Rocher, on the Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis. At Detroit, there M^ere in 1766, about one hundred houses. This place was founded by Antoine de la Motte Ca- dillac, in 1701, and is the oldest town in the Northwest. 20 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. Wlieii the War of the Hevohition commenced tlie British held Kaskaskia, Kahokia, Vincennes, Detroit, and other important posts in the West. CoL George Ilogers Clark, a master spirit of the frontier, who was familiar with all the important movements of the British in the West, and also with the disposition of the Indians, formed a plan unequalled in boldness, for subju- gating these posts. He repaired to the capital of Yirginia, Patrick Henry being then Governor, and presented to the authorities his plan of operations, which was approved bj Governor Henrj. He was accordinc:ly furnished with two sets of instructions — one secret and the other open. His open in- structions authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, sub- ject to his orders, and serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized liim to arm and equip his troops at Pittsburg, and proceed to subjugate the country. Col. Clark succeeded in raising but three companies, but with these and a few private volunteers, he descended the Ohio as far as the falls, in the spring of 1777. Here he fortified a small Island, known as Corn Island, and then announced to his men their real des- tination. Leaving a small garrison, on the 24:th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, he moved down the river. Under a burning July sun, with his chosen band, he marched to Kaskaskia, reaching that post on the evening of July 4th. Without the loss of a man on either side the fort and village were captured. He easily induced the Indians to give their allegi- ance to the American cause. They accompanied him to Kahokia on the 6th, and through their influence the inhabitants of tliat place surrendered without resistance. The priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gil)ault, hastily joined in rendering all the aid he could to forward the purposes of Clark. He estab- lished a government for the colonies he had taken, and then made ready to march upon St. Vincent, or Vincennes, as it is more commonly kno^vn. But Gibault offered to go alone and induce the post on the " Oubache " to throw oif the authority of England. Clark accepted the ofl*er, and on the 1-ith of July Gibault started on his mission. On the 1st of August he re- turned, with intelligence of entire success, the garrison at Vincennes having taken the oath of allegiance to Virginia. Col. Clark placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and sent orders for the erection of a fort at the Falls of the Ohio, where the City of Louisville now stands. He also sent iloche- blave, the former commander of Kaskaskia, a prisoner of war to Kichmond. The county of Illinois was established in October of the same year, by the Legislature of Virginia. John Todd was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and acting governor. Courts were established, and the colony was provided with a government complete. The Indians acknowledged allegiance to the new government. While Col. Clark was arranging for the government of the Illinois colo- nies, the British Governor, Hamilton, was planning an expedition to move from Detroit down the Wabash to Vincennes, intending to recapture the posts which had surrendered to Clark, and thence extend his operations to Kentucky. He knew nothing of the capitulation of Vincennes until his arrival, when he found the fort in command of Capt. Helm, who had been sent by Col. Clark to take charge of the garrison. Hamilton demanded the surrender of the fort, and being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, Capt. Helm surrendered to a superior force. On the 29th of January, 1879, Clark received intelligence of what had transpired at Vincennes, and of the in- tended operations of Hamilton. Having sufiiciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and dispatched a force down the Mississippi to ascend the Ohio THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 21 and operate witli the laud forces in that direction, on the 5th of February he set out himself with one hundred and twenty men on liis hard march to Vincennes. He reached the fort on the 22d, and was joined by the re- mainder of his command, which had come by water. He immediately com- menced his attack on the fort, and on the 25th Gov. Hamilton surrendered. He was sent as a prisoner of war to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement, and thus failed to accomplish his purpose of uniting the In- dian tribes against the Americans. All the important posts in the North- west, except Detroit, were now in the hands of the Americans. Had Clark received reinforcements, which had been promised, he would doubtless have captured Detroit also ; but Virginia and the other colonial governments at this time doubtless had all they could do to attend to the operations of the war east of the Alleghanies. The Legislature of Virginia passed resolutions complimenting Col. Clark and his men, and in 1781 he was promoted to the rank of general. Previous to this he had taken part with Steuben against Arnold, when the latter invaded Virginia, in 1780. Subsequently, Virginia gave to Gen. Clark and his men one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, wherever they might choose to locate it, north of the Ohio. They made selection of a tract opposite the Falls of the Ohio, between New Albany and Jefferson ville, Indiana. Gen. Clark died near Louisville, Ken- tucky, February 13th, 1808. The years 1781 and 1782 were dark years in the history of the infant set- tlements of the Northwest, in consequence of the many outrages practiced by the Indians. Many deeds of cruelty were committed under the leader- ship of the outlaw, Simon Girty, occurring chiefly in the Ohio Valley, Sev- eral battles between the Indians and frontiersmen occurred north of the Ohio, while in Kentucky the famous Daniel Boone and his companions were engaged in protecting the frontier outposts. In 1783 the treaty of peace, which ended the Revolutionary struggle, was concluded, and by its terms the boundaries of the West were defined as fol- lows : On the north, to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi river, down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude ; thence on that line east to the head of Apj^a- lachicola river, down its center to the junction with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river ; and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. For some time after the cessation of hostilities, General Haldimand, the British commander at Detroit, refused to evacuate, on the ground, as he claimed, that his king had not ordered him to do so. It shortly, however, passed under the control of the United States, and so remained, except when held by the British, through the surrender of Gen. Hull, for a few weeks in August and September, 1812. The war of independence had been fought and gained, and England, as we have seen, had renounced her claim to the Northwest, but the Indian title was not yet extinguished. From 1783 to 1786 various treaties were made, by which the Indians relinquished their title to extensive tracts of territory. The individual States also held claims to the territory surrendered by Great Britain, and acts of cession were necessary to vest the title to the soil in United States ; but of this we shall treat more fully in another place. In 1779 Virginia had passed her "land laws," by which grants made to set- tlers were confirmed, and providing for selling the rest at forty cents per 22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. acre. Kentucky was included in the territory of Virginia until 1792, It was originally explored by Daniel Boone and his compeers about the year 1769. Harrodsburg was founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two later, when the news of the battle of Lexington was fresh in the minds of its founders. THE NOETHWESTERN TEREITORY. Territory held by States — Articles of Confederation — Objections of certain States — Delaware Resolutions — Action of Congress — Maryland — New York — Cession of Territory by States — Ordinance of 1787 — Ten-itorial Organization of the Northwest — Fort Washington — Wm. H. Harrison. Arthur St. Clair — Early American Settlements — New England Company — Gen. Rufus Putnam — John Cleves Symmes — Cincinnati Founded— Treaty with Spain — Division of the Northv/estem Territory — Organization of tlie Territory of Indiana — Division of Indiana Territory — ^Territory of Michigan — Gov. Wm. Hull — Destruction of Detroit by Fire. At the time the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were pend- ing a number of the States held, or claimed, large tracts of territory not now included in those States. New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina, North Carohna and Georgia, all held such territory. Vir- finia claimed all that vast region which now embraces the States of Ohio, ndiana, Illinois, Michigan, W isconsin and that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. That State had made provision, by legislative enactment, to dispose of her lands to settlers. Certain States, claiming that the unoccu- pied western lands were rightfully the common property of all the States, in- sisted on limiting the area of those States claiming western territory. This was a subject of warm and protracted discussion in the adoption of the Arti- cles of Confederation. The delegates from Maryland, under instructions from the General Assembly of that State, declined, in the Congress of the Confed- eration, to sign the Articles of Confederation until provision w^as made for restricting the boundaries of the States, and vesting the soil of the western territories in the Confederation for the common benefit of all the settlers. Virginia had remonstrated against this course. On the 25th of November, 1778, tlie act of New Jersey for rat-ifying the Articles of Confederation was presented in the Congress. Her delegates were directed to sign the arti- cles ''in the firm reliance that the candour and justice of the several States will, in due time, remove as far as possible the inequality which now sub- sists." The delegation from Delaware, after having signed the articles, on the 23d of February, 1779, presented sundry resolutions passed by the legislature of that State, among which were the following: ''''Resolved^ That tliis State thinks it necessary, for the peace and safety of the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate extent of limits should be assigned for such of those States as claim to the Mississipi3i or South Sea; and that the United States in Congress assembled, should, and ought to, have the power of fixing the western limits. ^' Resolved^ That this State consider themselves justly entitled to a right in common with the members of the Union, to that extensive tract of country which lies westward of the frontier of the United States, the property of which was not vested in, or granted to, private individuals at the com- mencement of the present war. That the same hath been, or may be, gained from the King of Great Britain, or the native Indians, by the blood and treasure of all, and ought, therefore, to be a common estate, to be srranted out on terms beneficial to the United States." THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. 23 The same day, after the presentation of these resolutions, Congress passed the following: ''''Resolved,, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegates from Delaware, and read, be tiled; j^rovided, that it shall never be considered as admitting any claim by the same set up, or intended to be set up." Eight States voted in favor of this resolution, and three against it. The State of Maryland still persisting in her refusal to ratify the Articles of Confederation, on the 30th of October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight States to three, and one being divided, passed the following: " Whereas, The appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, during the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Congress, be attended with great mischiefs: Therefore, ^^Resolmd, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia, to reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land ofiice; and that it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circum- stanced, to forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the continuance of the present war." On the 10th of February, 17S0, the Legislature of ISTew York passed an act authorizing her delegates in Congress, for and on behalf of that State, by proper and authentic acts or instruments, "to limit and restrict the boundaries of the State in the western parts thereof, by such line or lines, and in such manner and form, as they shall judge to be expedient," and providing for the cession to the United States of certain " waste and uncul- tivated" territory. This act was fully carried into effect by her delegates on the 1st of March, 1781. On the 6th of Se-ptember, 1780, Congress passed a resolution earnestly recommending the States having "' claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers" as might effectually remove tlie only obstacle to a final ratification of the Articles ot Confederation, and requesting the Legislature of Maryland to authorize her delegates in Congress to subscribe to the articles. On the 10th of October, 1780, a further resolution on this subject was passed by the Congress of the Confederation, as follows: '"''Resolved,, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relin- quished to tlie United States, by any particular State, pursuant to the recom- mendation of Congress of the 6t]i day of September last, shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed into distinct republican States, which shall become members of the Federal Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States; that each State which shall be so formed shall contain a suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit; that the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular State shall have incurred since the commencement of the j^resent w^ar, in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory tliat may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, shall be re-imbursed; that the said lands shall be granted or settled at such times, and under such regulations, as shall here- after be agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled, or any nine or more of them." In pursuance of tlie recommendation of Congress, of September Gth, 1780, several States made cessions of territory to the United States. Yiiginia 24 THE NOETHWEST TEKKITORT. ceded her northwestern territory March 1st, 1784, and by an act of her Legislature of December 30th, 1788, agreed to change the conditions of the act of cession of 1784, so far as to ratify the 5th article of the ordinance of 1787, passed by Congress for the government of the territory. The dele- gates in Congress from Maryland signed the Articles of Confederation at the date of the cession of territory by New York, March 1st, 1781, thus completing the confederation. On the 23d of April, 1784, Congress passed a resolution for the govern- ment of the territory ceded by Virginia, which was superceded by the famous ordinance of July 13th, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the govern- ment of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio." The first part of this important enactment provides for the temporary gov- ernment of the territory, and concludes with six "articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever to remain unalterable, unless by common consent." Tlie provisions of these six articles are of such importance as to justify their insertion here in full: "Article 1. Ko person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory. "Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate repre- sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings accord- ing to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, when the proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishment shall be inflicted. No person shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary for the common preservation to take any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that should, in any manner whatever, in- terfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, honajlde, and with- out fraud previously formed. "Art. 3. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov- ernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. "Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of Amer- ica, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States, in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts, contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure l)y wliich apportionments thereof sliall be THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKT. 25 made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the dis- trict or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon hj the United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary dis- posal of the soil of the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be com- mon highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the Confederacy, withont any tax, impost, or duty therefor. "Aet. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three, nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Vir- ginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to- wit: the Western States in the said terri- tory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and Wabash rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to the ter- ritorial liue between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line and by the said territorial line. The Eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; provided, however, and it is further understood and declared that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever; and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government, provided the constitution and government so to be formed shall be republi- can, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles, and so far as can be consistent with the general interests of the Confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. "Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall be duly convicted; provided, always, that {iny person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid." These articles, sometimes known as the "Compact of 1787," form the basis of the organization of the Northwestern Territory and of the several States into which it was subsequently divided. Although the original act of cession was adopted by Virginia in 1784, it will be seen that it was three years later before Congress agreed upon a plan of government. The 26 , THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKT. subject was one of serious and earnest discussion at various times. At one time a motion prevailed to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery. Another proposition was agreed to by which the territory was to be divided into States by parallels and meridian lines, making ten States which were to be named as follows: Sylvania, Michigania, Chersonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia. When this plan was submitted to the legislatures of the States there were serious objections made, especially by Massachusetts and Vir- ginia. There were objections to the category of names, but the chief ditti- culty was the resolution of Congress of October 10th, 1780, which iixed the extent of each State at not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances might admit. So the subject was again taken up in 1786, and discussed during that year and until July 12th, 1787, when the ordinance finally passed, as stated above. An act of territorial organization was approved August 7th, 1789. G-en. Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor, and William II. Plarrison Secre- tary. In 1788 a town had been laid out by John Cleves Symmes at Fort Washington, and was named Losantiville, but afterward Cincinnati. The place was settled by persons from the l^ew England States and froni New Jersey, but did not extensively improve until after Gen. Wayne's defeat of the Indians in 1794. This became the seat of the new territorial govern- ment. The election of representatives for the territory was held February 4th, 1799. As required by the ordinance of 1787, these representatives met at the seat of the territorial government to nominate ten persons, out of which Congress was to appoint five to serve as the territorial council- The following persons were commissioned: Henry Vandenbnrg, of Yincennes; Kobert Oliver, of Marietta; James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincin- nati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. The first Territorial Legislature met September 16th, 1799, and on the 24th both houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected president of the council. On the 13th of October the legislature elected Wm. Henry Harrison as ^ delegate to Congress. He received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of the Governor. At this session thirty-seven acts were passed and approved. Eleven other acts were passed which the Governor vetoed. The greater part of the legislation of the ses- sion related to the organization of the militia and to revenue matters. The session closed December 19th, 1799. President Adams appointed Charles Willing Bryd as secretary of the territory to succeed Wm. Henry Harrison, elected'' to Congress, and" the senate confirmed the nomination. James N. Varnum, S. II. Parsons and John Armstrong were appointed to the judicial bench of the territory in October, 1787. Having briefly outlined the legislation which resulted in the formation of a Territorial government, we return to notice some of the earlier American settlements in the Territory. As elsewhere stated, a few French settlements had been made by emigrants from Canada and Louisiana, on the Ohio river and in the region known as the Illinois country, but it was not until after the Virginia cession that any permanent American settlements were made. Then several treaties were made with the Indians, in which they relinquished their title to large portions of the territory. The government made several large grants to companies and individuals, for the purpose of colonizing the country. One of these was to a company from Massachusetts and Connecti- cut, called the New England Company, of a tract lying along the Ohio and THE NORTHWEST TEKKITOKY. 27 Muskingum rivers, embracing 1,500,000 acres. Here the town of Marietta was laid out, in August, 1787, at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers. Fort Harmar was built on the opposite, or west bank of the Mus- kingum, the year before. The New England Company sent its first party of settlers in the spring of 1788. They consisted of eight families, and some other persons, and all under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Put- nam. The party, after a long and weary journey over the Alleghanies, and doMm the Ohio, arrived at Marietta on the 7tli of April, 1788. This little baud had the honor of being the pioneers of Ohio, unless the Moravian missionaries may be so regarded. The settlement was first known as the " Muskingum," but on the 2d of July, 1788, at a meeting of the directors and agents of the company, the name was changed to Marietta, in honor ot Marie Antoinette. In 1786, John Cleves Symmes, of Kew Jersey, visited the country be- tween the Miamies, and being pleased with its appearance, made application to the government for the purchase of a large tract of land, to be settled on similar conditions with those of the New England Company. The grant was made to Symmes and his associates the following year. Associated with Symmes, was Matthias Denman, also of New Jersey, who located, among other tracts in the Symmes purchase, the section upon which Cincinnati was laid out. Denman sold to Kobert Patterson and John Filson,each one- third of his location, retaining the other third himself In August, 1788, they laid out the first portion of what, in a few years, became one of the great cities of the West. Fort Washington was erected here in 1790, and was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military govern- ments of the Northwestern Territory. There were but few settlers here until after 1794, when settlers began to arrive rapidly. In July, 1815, the population was 6,500. In October, 1795, the treaty was signed between the United States and Spain, which secured to the former the free navigation of the Mississippi. After this the Northwest began to settle rapidly. During the next year settlements were made at various points along the Miami and Scioto rivers, including those at Piqua and Chillicothe. In September, of the same year, the city of Cleveland was laid out. The great extent of the Northwestern Territory, and the rapid increase of population at the beginning of the new century, began to render the effi- cient action of the courts impossible ; and to remedy this evil a division of the Territory was proposed. A committee in Congress, to whom the mat- ter had been referred, on the 3d of March, 1800, reported in favor of two distinct territorial governments, and that the division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami river, and running directly to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The report was accepted, and an act passed, which was approved May 7th, of the same year, making the division. It provided, among other things, that from and after the next 4th day of July, " all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lies to the northward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky river, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." Tlie same act provided, that until the Leg- islatures of the Territories, respectively, otherwise ordered, Chillicothe, on 28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the Scioto river, should be the seat of government of the Territory east of the line of division; and that Yincennes, on the Wabash river, should be the seat of government of the Indiana Territory. On the 3d of JS^ovember, of that year, the Territorial Legislature met at Chillicothe. William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties in 1801. The new Territory then embraced all that region now comprising the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. Nearly the whole of it was at that time in the possession of the Indians. Soon after the arrival of Governor Harrison at Vincennes, he concluded several treaties with the In- dians, whereby large grants of land were obtained from the various tribes. By a treaty made at St. Louis, August 18th, 180-i, he obtained a relinquish- ment of Indian title to over 51,000,000 of acres. The year before the gov- ernment had obtained Louisiana from France, by purchase, and tliat being divided, the " District of Louisiana " (the " IS^ew Northwest ") was annexed to Indiana Territory, thus extending Gov. Harrison's authority over a vast domain, occupied chiefly by savage tribes. By an act of Congress, of January 11th, 1805, Indiana Territory was di- vided into two separate governments, and the new Territory of Micliigan formed. William Hull was appointed Governor of the new Territory, and Detroit was designated as the seat of government. On the 30th of June the Territorial government of Michigan was to go into operation. When Gov. Hull, and the other Territorial officers, reached Detroit, they found the place in ruins and the inhabitants scattered. On the 11th of that month a fire had destroyed almost every building in the place. Gov. Hull adopted a new plan for rebuilding the town, and in population and importance it soon regained all it had lost by the fire. Other changes were subsequently made in the boundaries of the Western Territories, as new States were from time to time admitted into the Union, until finally, all that vast domain originally designated as the " Northwestern Territory" became sovereign States. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE, Discovery of the Mouth of the Mississippi — Founding of New Orleans — French Grant — John Law — The "Mississippi Bubble" — Territoiy West of the Mississippi— France Cedes to Spain — Spain Cedes Back to France — France Cedes to the United States — Right to Navigate the Mississippi — Particulars of the Negotiations With France — Extent of the Territory — Possession Taken by the United States — Division of the Territory. That vast region of territory once known as Louisiana, came under the jurisdiction of civilized men by the right of discovery — a right which has long been known and recognized among civilized nations, though often necessarily followed by conquest to render it effective. For two centuries the Spaniards had navigated the Gulf of Mexico, so far as we know, ignorant of the fact that it received the waters of one of the largest rivers of the world. About the year 1660 the French, who had re-established themselves in Canada, received some information of this great river, but did not discover its mouth until 1691, when, according to some authorities, La Salle succeeded in reaching it. Iberville founded his first colony in 1699, but it did not assume importance until 171T, when the city of New Orleans was founded. In 1712 Louis XIY of Franco granted to M. Crozart a charter to the whole territory of Louisiana, which was so named in honor of the king. Under THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 29 the leadership of John Law, in 1716, a company was formed at Paris and incorporated as the " Mississippi Comf)any," which purchased Louisiana from the crown, Tlie financial disasters in France caused by Law brought about the failure of his Mississippi scheme, and the explosion of what is known in history as the " Mississippi bubble." Louisiana was then resumed by the crown, and the commerce of the Mississippi was declared free. The French retained possession until 1762, when they ceded it to Spain, includ- ing the whole country to the head waters of the great river and west to the Rocky Mountains. The jurisdiction of France, which had continued for nearly a century, thus ended, until in 1800 Bonaparte, then first consul, induced the Spanish government to cede it back to France. During the time that Louisiana remained a Spanish dependency, that government claimed the exclusive right of navigating the Mississippi river. The free navigation of that river was essential to the prosperity and commerce of the United States. Spain then having jurisdiction also over the Floridas east of the great river, and that river for several hundred miles flowing M'holly through tlie Spanish dominions, the question of its navigation south of the southern boundary of the United States became a serious one to our govern- ment and peo]3le. The people in the western part of the United States especially demanded the free navigation of the river as a right. But Spanisli military posts enforced the collection of duties on imports by way of tlie river for the upper region. Boats descending were forced to submit to reve- nue exactions by Spanish authorities. These exactions were a constant source of trouble and disalfection, and led to a threatening state of affairs between the United States and Spain. Spain, however, by the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, conceded to the United States the free navigation ot the river from its source to the Gulf, and also the free use of the port of I^ew Orleans for three years as a port of deposit. The treaty of Madrid, however, did not quiet all troubles between the United States and Spain. In 1802, during the administration of President Jefierson, there was some apprehension of a war growing out of the continued dis2:)utes respecting the southwestern boundary. These disputes had led to many difficulties between the people of the United States and the Spanish authorities. These afi'airs, however, assumed a new aspect, when in the spring of 1802 the government of the United States received intelligence that, by a secret treaty made in October, 1800, Spain had ceded Louisiana to France. At this time Mr. Livingston was the United States Minister to France, and President Jefferson, soon after learning of the Spanish cession to France, wrote to Mr. Livingston in reference to acquiring the right to deposit at the port of Kew Orleans, and other matters which had been in dispute between the United States and Spain. In his annual message to Congress, in December of the same year, the President alluded to the subject of the Spanish cession to France. Congress passed resolutions asserting the right of navigating the Mississippi, and insisting upon the right to the use of a port or place of deposit. At that time it was understood in the United States that the Spanish cession to France included the Floridas, which, however, was not the case. The policy of the President was to enter into a treaty with France for the purcliase of Kew Orleans and the Floridas, and with this view, on the 10th of January, 1803, he appointed James Monroe minister plenipotentiary to France to act in conjunction with Mr. Livingston. Mr. Monroe's nomination was confirmed by the senate. The instructions to the American ministers only asked for the cession of the city of New Orleans 30 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOET. and the Floridas, together with the free navigation of the Mississippi. The cession at this time of the entire Territory of Louisiana was not a subject of discussion. Mr. Monroe sailed from New York, March 8, 1803, and arrived in Paris April 1. Bonaparte was then first consul, and France was on the eve of a war with England. He supposed the American ministers were authorized to enter into more extended stipulations than they really were. Marquis de Marbois was directed to negotiate with the American ministers. Said the first con- sul to his minister, as recorded bj^ the latter: "Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season. I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede; it is the whole col- ony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I have sufiiciently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since my first diplomatic act with Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I renounce it with the greatest regret. To attempt to retain it would be folly. I direct you to negotiate this affair with the envoys of the United States. Do not even await the arrival of Mr. Monroe; have an interview this day with Mr. Livingston. But I require a great deal of money for this war, and I would not like to commence with new contributions. If I should regulate my terms, according to the value of these vast regions to the United States, the indemnity would have no limits. I will be moderate, in consideration of the necessity in which I am of making a sale. But keep this to yourself I want fifty niillions francs, and for less than that sum I will not treat; I would rather make a desperate attempt to keep those fine countries. To- morrow you shall have full powers. Mr. Monroe is on the point of arriving. To this minister the President must have given secret instructions, more extensive than the ostensible authorization of Congress, for the stipulation of the payments to be made. Neither this minister nor his colleague is prepared for a decision which goes infinitely beyond anything that they are about to ask of us. Begin by making them the overture without any sub- terfuge. You will acquaint me, day by day, hour by hour, of your progress. The cabinet of London is informed of the measures adopted at Washington, but it can have no suspicion of those which I am now taking. Observe the greatest secrecy, and recommend it to the American ministers; they have not a less interest than yourself in conforming to this counsel. You will correspond with M. de Talleyrand, who alone knows my intentions. If I attended to his advice, France would confine her ambition to tlie left bank of the Khine, and would only make war to protect any dismemberment of her possessions. But he also admits that the cession of Louisiana is not a dismemberment of France. Keep him informed of the progress of this affair." On the same day that Napoleon thus confided to Marbois his determina- tion, conferences began between the latter and Mr. Livingston. The Amer- ican minister had been in Paris about two years, endeavoring to obtain in- demnities claimed by American citizens for prizes made by the French during peace, but so far, without result further than vague answers. Mr. Livingston had become distrustful of the French government, and feared the Louisiana overtures were but an artifice to gain still further time. Soon after these preliminary discussions were entered upon, Mr. Monroe arrived in Paris, and the next day began his conferences with Marbois. Rapid pro- gress was made in the negotiations, for both sides had an interest in hasten- ing; the matter. Mr. Monroe was surprised to hear the first overtures made THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 30 frankly by the French minister, when he proposed to cede to the United States so vast a region of conntry, with the largest rivers of the world, in- stead of merely a town and an inconsiderable extent of territory. The offer embraced intinitely more than tlie American ministers were empowered to ask for, or accept. Their powers only extended to an arrangement respect- ing the left bank of the Mississippi, including ISTew Orleans. But the mo- ment was a critical one with France, hostilities being about to commence with England. There was not time for further instructions from the gov- ernment of the United States before the opportunity would pass, perhaps forever. The American ministers therefore assumed the responsibility of treating for the purchase of the entire colony, or territory of Louisiana — an extent of country sufficient in itself for an empire. The terms were soon agreed upon. The United States was to pay for this vast acquisition the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. In the treaty of October 1, 1800, be- tween France and Spain, the latter had reserved the right of preference in 3ase France should cede this territory to another power ; but here again France could not afford to wait. The treaty was concluded and subsequently submitted to the Spanish cabinet. They complained that no regard had been paid to their reserved right, and for almost a year that court delayed its approbation of the treaty. On the lOtli of February, 1804, however, Don Pedro Cavallos, the Spanish minister, wrote to Mr. Pinckney, the American minister, that "His Catholic Majesty had thought fit to renounce his oppo- sition to the alienation of Louisiana made by France, notwithstanding the solid reasons on which it is founded, thereby giving a new proof of his be- uevolence and friendship to the United States." The important treaty that gave to the United States this vast region, with all its wonderful resources, was concluded on the 30th of April, 1803, and four days later the instru- ments, in French and English, were signed by the ministers. After affixing their signatures, the ministers rose and shook hands, each expressing his sat- isfaction with the result. Mr. Livingston said: "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just signed has not been obtained by art, or dictated by force ; equally advanta- geous to the two contracting parties, it will change vast solitudes into flour- ishing districts. From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank ; the English lose all exclusive influence in the affairs of America." The first consul, who had followed the negotiation wdtli a lively interest, acquiesced in the result, and said to Marbois : " It is true, the negotiation does not leave me anything to desire. Sixty millions [francs] for an occupa- tion that will not, perhaps, last for a day ! I would that France should en- joy this unexpected capital, and that it may be employed in works beneficial to the marine. This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maratime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." On the 22d day of May, 1803, England commenced hostilities against France by the capture of some of her merchant vessels, and on the same day Bonaparte gave his formal ratification of the Louisiana treaty of cession. In July, the treaty was received in the United States, and on the 20th of October, 1803, it was ratified by the Senate, by twenty-four against seven votes. The country ceded by this treaty, as estimated at that time, exceeded a million of square miles, all occupied by savages, except a few sparse settle- ments, aggregating from 80,000 to 90,000 inhabitants, about 40,000 of whom were slaves. The whites M^ere chiefly French, or descendants of French* 32 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. Congress, a few dajs after tlie ratification of the treaty by the Senate, passed an act making provision for the occupation and temporary government of the territory acquired. Eleven millions of dollars were appropriated as payment for the purchase — the remaining four millions being reserved, ac- cording to a stipulation- in the treaty, to indemnify citizens of the United States who had sustained losses at the hands of the French. The resolution for carrying the treaty into effect was sustained by the House of Represen- tatives by a vote of ninety to twenty -five. Even before the acquisition of Louisiana, it had been a favorite object of President Jefferson to have an exploring expedition sent across the continent to the Pacific Ocean, and in January, 1803, he had recommended an appro- priation for that purpose. The appropriation was made, and the enterprise was placed under the direction of Captains Lewis and Clarke. The treaty with France, however, was ratified before the exploring expedition was ready to start. On the 14th of May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with their companions, consisting in all of thirty persons, left the banks of the Missis- sippi on their long and perilous voyage of two years and three months, to seek out and give to their country and the world some more accurate knowl- edge respecting this vast region of country, of which civilization at that time knew so little. The expedition was in every way successful, and the report made by Captains Lewis and Clarke enabled the government and peo- ple of the United States to form a better judgment of the immense value of the country acquired. It will be seen that the region acquired by the Louisiana purchase, com- prehended not only the present State of Louisiana, but all the vast region between the Mississippi river and the Pacific Ocean, and as far north as the British possessions. The great States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Ne- braska, Kansas, the greater part of Minnesota, and several of our great Ter- ritories, are but parts of this purchase. On the 20th of December, 1803, in pursuance of authority given by act of Congress, Gov. Claiborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Loui- siana purchase, and raised the American flag at New Orleans. The Span- ish authorities there objected to the transfer, but early in 1804 they acqui- esced and withdrew. The newly acquired territory, by authority of Con- gress, was, on the first of October, 1804, divided as follows : All south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel became the District of Louisiana, and was placed under the authority of the officers of the then Indiana Territory. It so re- mained until July 4, 1805, when the District of Louisiana was given a ter- ritorial government of its own. In 1812, the Territorj'^ of JSTew Orleans be- came the State of Louisiana, and the Territory of Louisiana become the Territory of Missouri, On the 4th of July, 1814, Missouri Territory was divided — that part comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the coun- try west, being organized as the Territory of Arkansas. In March, 1821, a part of Missouri Territory was organized as the State of Missouri, and ad- mitted into the Union. On the 28th of June, 1834, the territory west of tlie Mississippi river and north of Missouri, was made a part of the Terri- tory of Michigan, so remaining until July 4th, 1836, when Wisconsin Ter- ritory was organized. This embraced within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin' , and Minnesota, An act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, created the Territory of Iowa, ambracing not only the present State of Iowa, but the greater part of the present State of Minnesota, and extending northward to the British Possessions. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 34 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOBY. INDIAN WARS IN THE NORTHWEST. Gen. Harmar's Defeat — Gen. St. Clair — His Defeat — Gen. Wayne — His Victory — His Treaties With the Indians — British Posts Surrendered — Death of Wayne — Gen. Harrison — Tecum- seh — The Prophet — Battle of Tippecanoe — Tecumseh's Alliance With the British — Harri- son Appointed Brigadier-General — Perry's Victory — Gen. McArthur — Battle of the Thames — Tecumseh Killed — Peace With the Indians — Indian Titles Extinguished — Military Posts Established at Belle Point, Council Bluft's, and St. Peters — The Ricarees— Gen. Cass — Treaty at Fort Dearborn — Fort Atkinson — Grand Council at Prairie du Chien — Indian Outrages — The Militia Called Out — Gen. Atkinson — Policy of Removing the Indians West — Treaty With the Sacs and Foxes — Black Hawk — He Refuses to Comply With Treaties — Black Hawk War — Battle of Bad Axe — Gen. Henry Dodge — Black Hawk Captured — Taken to Washmgton — Keokuk — Black Hawk Purchase — Gen. Wmfield Scott — Treaties at Davenport — Antoine Le Claire — Removal of Sacs and Foxes to Iowa — Gen. Street — Wapello — Maj. Beach — Sa,c and Fox Villages on the Des Moines — Gov. Lucas — Gov. Chambers — Visit of Hard-Fish to Burlington — An Incident — Speech of Keokuk. Almost every advance of civilization on the American continent has been made at the expense of more or less conflict and bloodshed at the hands of the savage tribes who were the occupants and owners of the soil prior to the advent of the white man. Passing over the conflicts of the colonists in the early settlements of the East, the later struggles of the pioneers of the " Dark and Bloody Ground," and the Indian wars of the South, we shall briefly refer to some of the troubles with the aborigines in the Northwest. With the opening of the new country to white settlers it was necessary to establish military posts for the protection of the pioneers against the attacks of the Indians. In 1790, all pacific means having failed with the tribes north of the Ohio, President Washington sent Gen. Harmar with a military force against them. After destroying several of their villages, he was defeated in two battles near the confluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, and not far from the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1781 Gen, Arthur St. Clair was promoted to the rank of major general, and was entrusted with a command against the hostile Miamis. On assuming his command, the last admonition of Washington was, " Beware of surprise." Gen. St. Clair marched with his troops to the vicinity of the Miami villages on the Mau- mee. On the 4th of November, 1791, he was surprised in camp on the St. Mary's river, and his force of 1400 ill disciplined men was cut to pieces. He soon after resigned his commission. In this defeat St. Clair's loss was about 600 men. The savages were greatly emboldened by their successes, and it was soon found that more vigorous measures were necessary. The Indians continued to commit outrages against the infant settlements. In some cases, doubtless, the whites were the aggressors, for Washington in his annual mes- sage of November 6, 1792, recommended more adequate measures "for re- straining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory." Attempts were made to treat with the Indians, but the attempted negotiations proved unsuccessful. After the unsuccessful and disastrous campaigns of Generals Ilarraar and St. Clair, General Anthony Wayne, who liad won distinguished laurels in the war of the Revolution, was, in April, 1792, promoted to the rank of major general, and made commander-in-chief in the war against the western Indians, In August, 1794, he gained a signal victory over the Miamis, near the rapids of the Maumee, and compelled them to sue for peace. In the same year a fort was erected by his order on the site of the old "Twightwee Village" of the Miami tribe, where the city of Fort Wayne is now located. It continued to be a military post until 1819. THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 35 After his successful campaign of 1794, Gen. Wayne was appointed sole commissioner to treat with the Indians, and also to take possession of the forts still held by the British in the Northwest. He negotiated the treaty of Greenville which was signed by all the principal chiefs of the Northwest. By this treaty the Indians relinquished their title to a large tract of country. That characteristic determination which, during the war of the Revolution, had gained him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," impressed the hostile tribes with a dread of him which operated as a wholesome restraint. Gen. Wayne also took possession of the British posts in the Northwest, which were peaceably surrendered, in accordance with Jay's treaty, and from this time there was assurance of peace on the frontier. He died in the garrison at Presque Isle (Erie), Pa., December 14, 1796. From the date of Wayne's victory up to 1809 the whites maintained com- paratively peaceable relations with the Indians, Daring this year. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes relinquished their title to certain lands on the Wabash river. About this time the noted chief Tecumseh comes into prom- inence as the bitter opponent of any more grants of land Ijeing made to the whites. Tecumseh was a chief of the Shawnees, born on the Scioto river near Chillicothe, about the year 1770. It was said that he was one of three brothers who were triplets. The other two brothers were named Kum- shaka and Elskwatawa. Kumshaka is believed to have died while young, but Elskwatawa be ime the Prophet who co-operated with the chief in all his plans. His fal->er, Puckeshinwa, had risen to the rank of chief, but was killed at the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774. In 1795 Tecumseh was de- clared chief at or near where Urbana, Ohio, is now located. In 1798 he went to White river, Indiana, and his brother, the Prophet, to' tract of land on the Wabash. Tecumseh, by reason of his oratory, had great influ- ence over the sav age tribes, and his plan was to unite all of them against the whites in a conspiracy, similar to that of Pontiac nearly half a century before. For this purpose he visited all the tribes west to the Mississippi, and upon Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. At the same time his brother, the Prophet, pretended to be directed by the Great Spirit to preach against the influence and encroachments of the white men. Their efforts to incite the Indians to hostilities were successful, and they gathered a large force of war- riors, making their headquarters at a stream they called Tippecanoe, near the Wabash river. Meantime Gov. Harrison was watching the movements of the Indians, and being convinced of the existence of Tecumseh's grand conspiracy, had prepared to defend the settlements. In August, 1810, Tecumseh went to Vincennes to confer with the Governor in relation to the grievances of the Indians, but demeaned himself in such an angry manner that he was dis- missed from the village. He returned to complete his plans for the conflict. Tecumseh delayed his intended attack, but in the meantime he was gather- ing strength to his cause, and by the autumn of 1811 had a force of several hundred warriors at his encampment on the little river called by the Indians Keth-tip-pe-ce-Tiunk, or Tippecanoe. Harrison, with a force of eight hun- dred men, partly regulars and partly volunteers, determined to move upon the Prophet's town, as it was called. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the night of the 5th of November his camp was furiously 36 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. but unsuccessfully attacked. On the morning of the Ttli he was again attacked by a large body of the Indians, but Tecumseh's warriors were completely routed, but not without a severe and hotly contested battle, and the loss of about 200 of Harrison's men. President Madison, in a special message to Congress of December 12, 1811, speaking of this engagement, says: "While it is deeply lamented that so many valuable lives have been lost in the action which took place on the seventh idtimo, Congress will see with satisfaction the dauntless spirit and fortitude victoriously displayed by every description of the troops engaged, as well as the collected firmness which distinguished their comnumder on an occasion requiring the utmost exer- tions of valor and discipline. It may reasonably be expected that the good effects of this critical defeat and dispersion of a combination of savages, which appears to have been spreading to a greater extent, will be experi- enced, not only in the cessation of murders and depredations committed on our frontier, but in the prevention of any hostile excursions otherwise to have been apprehended." The result of the battle of Tippecanoe utterly ruined the plans of Tecum- seli, for his arrangements with the different tribes were not yet matured. He was greatly exasperated toward the Prophet for precipitatiiig the war. Had Tecumseh himself been present it is likely the attack would not have been made. The defeated Indians were at first inclined to sue for peace, but Tecumseh was not yet conquered. The breaking out of the war with Great Britain at this time inspired him with new hope, and his next endeavor was to form an alliance with the English. In this he succeeded, and was ap- pointed a brigadier general. He was entrusted with the command of all the Indians who co-operated with the English in the campaigns of 1812-13, and was in several important engagements. After the surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull, August 18, 1812, Har- rison was appointed to the command of the Northwestern frontier, with a commission as brigadier general. As this was in September, too late in the season for a campaign, he did not assume active o])erations until the next year, by which time he was promoted to the rank of major general. After Commodore Perry won his signal victory on Lake Erie in September, 1813, Harrison hastened with his command to capture Maiden. On arriving there late in September he found that Proctor, the British general, had retreated. About the same time Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the Territory of Michigan. Pursuing the British army into the interior of Can- ada West, Harrison overtook Proctor at the Moravian settlements, on the river Thames, on the 5th of October. The British general had an auxiliary force of two thousand Indians under the command of Tecumseh. The battle was opened by the American cavalry under the command of Col. Richard M. Johnson, afterward vice-president of the United States. Early in the engagement Tecumseh was killed at the head of his column of Indians, who, no longer hearing the voice of their chief, fled in confusion. It has been claimed by some authorities that this celebrated chief was killed by Col. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol. This, however, will remain one of the unsolved problems of history. The result of the battle was a com- plete victory for the Americans, with the capture of 600 prisoners, six pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of army stores. This decisive victory over the combined forces of the British and Indians practically closed the war in the Northwest, and as a consequence peace THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 with the Indian tribes soon followed. Other treaties were negotiated with the Indians by which they gave up their title to additional large tracts of territory. The settlement of the country progressed rapidly, and again an era of apparent good will prevailed between the whites and Indians. By the end of the year 1817, the Indian title, with some moderate reservations, had been extinguished to the whole of the land within the State of Ohio, to a great part of that in Michigan Territory, and in the State of Indiana. In 1817 Gov. Cass, of Michigan, in conjunction with Gov. McArthur, of Ohio, obtained a cession of most of the remaining lands in Ohio with some adjoin- ing tracts in Indiana and Michigan, amounting in all to about 4,000,000 of acres, and in 1819 Gov, Cass met the Chippewas at Saginaw and obtained a cession of lands in the peninsula of Michigan to the extent of about 6,000,000 of acres. The next year a treaty was made at Chicago, then nothing but a military post, called Fort Dearborn, with tlie Chippewas, Ottawas and Potta- wattamies, by which a large additional tract was obtained, which completed the extinguishment of the Indian title to the peninsula of Michigan south of the Grand river. By 1820 a number of military posts were established far in the interior, and among them was one at Belle Point on the Arkansas, at Council Bluffs on the Missouri, at St. Peters on the Mississippi, and at Green Bay on the upper lakes. During the month of June, 1823, Gen, Ashley and his party, who were trading under a license from the government, were attacked by the liicarees while trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the partv were killed and wounded, and their property taken or destroyed. Col. Leaven- worth, who commanded Fort Atkinson at Council Bluffs, then the most western post, took immediate measures to check this hostile spirit of the Ricarees, fearing that it might extend to other tribes in that quarter and endanger the lives of traders on the Missouri. With a detachment of the regiment sfcitioned at Council Bluffs, he successfully attacked the Rica- ree village. The hostile spirit, however, still continued and extended to the tribes on the upper Mississi})pi and the upper lakes. Several parties of citizens were plundered and murdered by those tribes during the year 1824, An act of Congress of May 25th of this year, made an appropriation to de- fray the expenses of making treaties of trade and friendship with the tribes west of the Mississippi, and another act of March 3, 1825, provided for the expense of treaties with the Sioux, Chippewas, Menomonees, Sacs and Foxes, and other tribes, and also for establishing boundaries and promoting peace between them. These objects were in the main accomplished, and by the treaties made the government secured large acquisitions of territory. Gov, Cass, in conjunction with Gov, Clark, of Missouri, attended a grand council of the tribes this year at Prairie du Chien to carry out the purposes of the act of Congress last mentioned. During his continuance in office as Gov- ernor of Michigan Territory, Gov. Cass made, or participated in the making of nineteen treaties with the Indians, and by them acquired lands in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to an amount equal to one-fourth of the entire area of those States. During the summer of 1827, when the commissioners appointed to carry into execution certain provisions of a treaty, made August 19th, 1825, with various northwestern tribes, were about to arrive at the appointed place of meeting, several citizens were murdered, and other acts of hostility were com- mitted, especially against the miners at Fever river, near Galena, by a party 38 THE NORTHTWTIST TEBRITORT. of the "Winnebago tribe, which tribe was one of those associated in the treaty. To quell these outrages the governors of the State of Illinois and the Territory of Michigan, made levies of militia. These forces, with a corps of seven hundred IJni ted States troops, under the command of General Atkinson, repaired to the scene of danger. The Indians, overawed by the ap- pearance of the military, surrendered the perpetrators of the murders, and gave assurances of future good behavior. For many years it had been the policy of the government to obtain a re- linquishment of the title of the Indians to all lands within the limits of the States, and as rapidly as possible cause the removal of the tribes to territory beyond the Mississippi. In 1830 the Chickasaws and Choctaws, occupying portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi, agreed to remove, and in due time carried out their agreement in good faith. The same year a treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes, by which they agreed to cede their lands to the United States, and remove beyond the Mississippi. The prin- cipal village of these united tribes was located at the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the Mississippi, near where the city of Rock Island now stands. Here had been an Indian village, according to tradition, for one hundred and fifty years. These tribes had owned and occupied the country borderino- on the Mississippi, to an extent of seven hundred miles, from the mouth of the Wisconsin almost to the mouth of the Missouri. The Indians did not seem disposed to comply promptly with the terms of the treaty, and one band, under the noted chief Black Hawk {Ma-lca-tai-me-she-Ma-Jciak), evinced a determination to keep possession of their old village. John Rey- nolds, Governor of Illinois, construed their continued residence in the ceded territory as an invasion of the State, and under his authority to protect the State from invasion, ordered out seven hundred militia to force their re- moval, according to the treaty. This interference of the governor of Illi- nois with the duties belonging to the Federal Government, obliged the com- mander of United States troops in that quarter to co-operate with him, in order to prevent a collision between the State militia and the Indians. Fort Armstrono-, on Rock Island, had been established as early as 1816, and when the Black Hawk trouble commenced, was in command of Gen. Atkinson. The Indians were overawed by this imposing military force, and yielding to necessity, crossed the Mississippi. Black Hawk, feeling exasperated at the harsh treatment his people had received, resolved to prosecute a predatory war against the white settlements. He united his band of Sacs and Foxes with the Winnebagoes, under the command of the Prophet Wabo-ki-e-shiek (White Cloud), and in March, 1832, recrossed to the east side of the Missis- sippi. They murdered a number of defenseless families, and committed many outrages upon the settlers. The whole frontier became alarmed, and many of the settlers fled for safety. The governor of Illinois ordered out the State militia, which being joined by four hundred regular troops, con- stituted a force of about one'thousand, under the command of Gen. Atkin- son. They pursued the Indians, and after a campaign of about two months, during which two engagements were fought, the war was brought to an end. The last, and the decisive battle of the war, is known in history as the bat- tle of Bad Axe, being fought on a small tributary of the Wisconsin of that name. This battle took place August 2d, 1832, and the force against Black Hawk was commanded by Gen. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin. The Indians lost forty of their braves, and Gen. Dodge one. The Indians made but little THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORY. 39 further resistance, and Black Hawk's " Britisli Band," as it was styled, be- came demoralized and fled. They reached the Mississippi and were making preparations for crossing wlien they were checked by the captain of the steamboat " Warrior," who discharged a six-pounder at them, although they had displayed a flag of truce. The next morning Gen. Atkinson arrived with his army, and made an attack, which tlie Indians were now powerless to resist. Black Hawk escaped, but was taken by some treacherous Winne- bagoe.?, and delivered along with the Prophet, on the 27th of August, to Gen. Street, at Prairie du Chien. Two of Black Hawk's sons, the Prophet and other laaders, were also taken, and by order of the government were con- veyed through the principal cities and towns on the seaboard, in order that they might be impressed with the greatness and power of the United States. For some time Black Hawk was held as a captive, and then through the in- tercession of Keokuk, who had been opposed to the war, and had not par- ticipated in the hostilities, he was allowed to return to Rock Island, and per- mitted to join his people. Treaties were made with the oflending tribes by which they agreed to compensate for the expense of the war, by ceding a valuable part of their territory on the west side of the Mississippi, and to immediately remove from the east side. The United States stipulated to pay to the three tribes annually, thirty thousand dollars for twenty-seven years, and also to make other provisions for their improvement. By this treaty the United States acquired the first territory in Iowa which was opened to settlement. It is what is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," and embraced a strip of territory extending from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, about fifty miles in width, and embracing an area of about six millions of acres. Tliis treaty was made on the 21st day of September, 1832, at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi river, where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Win- field Scott and Gov. John Reynolds, of Illinois, represented the United States, and on the part of the Indians there were present Keokuk, Pashe- paho, and about thirty other chiefs and warriors of tlie Sac and Fox nation. W ithin the limits of tliis purchase was reserved a tract of 400 square miles, situated on Iowa river, and including Keokuk's village. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve," and was occupied by the Indians until 1836. when it was ceded to the United States. This treaty was negotiated by Gov. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, and on the part of the Indians Keo- kuk was the leading spirit. This council was also held on the banks of the Mississippi, near the site of the present cit}^ of Davenport. The treaty stip- ulated for the removal of the Indians to another reservation on the Des Moines river. On this an agency was established, where the present town of Agency City, in Wapello county, is located. Out of the " Black Hawk Purchase " was conveyed to Antoine Le Claire, who was interpreter, and whose wife was an Indian, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the Island. General Joseph M. Street, the agent with the Winnebagoes at Prairie du Chien, was transferred to the Sac and Fox agency on the Des Moines river, and in 1838 took measures for building and making the necessary improve- ments. In April, of the next year, he removed with his family from Prairie du Chien. His health soon began to fail, and on the 5th of May, 1840, Gen. Street died. Wapello, a prominent chief of the Sac and Fox nation, died in 1842, His remains were interred near those of Gen. Steeet. The stone slabs placed over their graves soon after, are inscribed as follows: 40 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORT. In Memory of GEN. JOSEPH M. STREET, Son of Anthony and Molly Street. Born Oct. 18th, 1782, in Virginia^ Died at the Sac and Fox Agency^ May 6th, 181^0. In Memory of WA-PEL-LO, Born at Prairie du Chien, 1787 : Died near the Forks of Skunk, March 15th, lSJf!2 — Sac and Fox Nation. Wapello had requested that at his death his remains be interred near those of Gen. Street. After the death of Gen. Street, Maj. John Beach, his son-in-law, received the appointment as agent for the Sacs and Foxes, and filled the position to the satisfaction of the government. Major Beach was born at Gloucester, Massachusetts, Feb. 23d, 1812. After a course of study at Portsmouth Academy, in ISTew Hampshire, he received at the age of sixteen, the appoint- ment of cadet at the West Point Military Academy, graduating in the class of 1832. Receiving his commission as Second Lieutenant by brevet in the First U. S. Infantry, of which Zachary Taylor was then colonel, he was or- dered to duty on the frontier, and was alternately stationed at Fort Arm- strong, Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, and Jeiferson Barracks, near St. Louis. His hearing having partially failed, in 1838, lie resigned his com- mission in the army, and was, at the time of his appointment as Indian agent, engaged in the U. S. Land Office at Dubuque. He remained at Agency City, engaged in mercantile and literary pursuits until his death which occurred August 31st, 1874. ' At the time of Gen. Street's death, the Indians were occupying their res- ervation with their permanent, or spring and summer villages, as follows : Upon the banks of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, was the village of Keokuk, and above were those of Wapello and Appa- noose. The village of Hardfish, or Wish-e-co-me-que, as it is in the Indian tongue, was located in what is now the heart of Eddyville, where J. P. Eddy was licensed by Maj. Beach, the agent, in the summer of 1840, to establish a trading post. Not far from the " Forks of Skunk " was a small village presided over by Kish-ke-kosh, who, though not a chief, Avas a man of con- siderable influence. Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with Wa2:)ello, still had a village on the bank of Iowa river. It has been remarked above that Keokuk, who was the chief next in au- thority and influence to Black Hawk, was opposed to the war against the whites, and persistently refused to take part in the hostilities. When Black Hawk's attempt to defy the i)ower of the United States resulted so disas- trously to the Indians, and they were obliged to cede still more territory, his influence among his people declined, and that of Keokuk increased. Black Hawk, however, retained a party of adherents, and for some time a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 sort of rivalry existed between the two chiefs, and this feeling was shared to some extent by their respective friends in the tribes. An incident is rela- ted by Maj. Beach to show how the traders were ready to take advantage of tliis state of things for their own mercenary purposes. When Gen.IIarrison became President in 1811, John Chambers, an ex- congressman of Kentucky, was appointed Governor of the Territory, suc- ceeding Gov. Robert Lucas. The governor was ex-officio superintendent over the Indians and their agencies. Gov. Lucas had favored the Black Hawk band, whose chief was Ilardfish. Accordingly when the new gov- ernor was appointed, l)oth Keokuk and Ilardfish felt that it would be some- thing of an object to gain his favor. Tlie latter desired the new governor to pursue the policy of his predecessor, while Keokuk wished at^least an impartial course. Keokuk requested the consent of the agent for him and his principal men to visit the governor at Burlington. As it was the policy of the government to discountenance such pilgrimages of the Indians, Maj, Beach suggested that Gov. Chambers might see proper to visit them at the agency. W ith tliis expectation Keokuk chose to wait. The Ilardfish band, under the influence of some of the traders, were less patient. They hast- ened to Burlington in a large body, and on their arrival encamped near the town, sending to the governor a wi-itten notice of their presence, and a request for supplies. The governor answered, declining to accede to their request, or to hold a council with them. Ilardfish and his men returned over their weary journey of seventy miles to the agency, very much dis- appointed. In the meantime the governor communicated with Major Beach, informing him that he would visit the agency soon, and requesting him to use his influence to prevent the Indians from making incursions through the white settlements. When the governor fixed his time to be present, the bands were all informed, and it was arranged that a grand coun- cil should be held. When the day arrived all the Indians, except the Pow- eshiek band of Foxes, who were so far away on the Iowa river, were en- camped within a convenient distance from the agency. Long before the hour fixed for the meeting, the Ilardfish party, arrayed in all theia* too-jzerv. and disj)laying their richest ornaments, came m grand procession upon the ground. Having dismounted from their ponies, they formed in file on foot and marched into the agency headquarters, where the governor was to receive them. Hardfish and some of his principal men shook hands with the gov- ernor and then sat down. The reader will remember that at this time the nation was in mourning for the sudden loss of a President by death, and that Gov. Chambers had been one of the warmest and most devoted friends of Gen. Harrison, a fact of which Keokuk was fully advised. Chambers had been aid-de-camp to Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812, and they had ever after been as father and son. Keokuk was shrewd enough to make the most of this. The appointed hour for the meeting had passed, and the governor began to become impatient for the appearance of Keokuk. At last the sounds'of the approaching bands were heard faintly floating upon the breeze. After a time the procession marched with slow and solemn tread into view, not ar- rayed in gaudy feathers, ribbons and trinkets, like the Hardfish band, but with lances and staves wrapped around with wilted grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and instead of being painted in Vermillion, their faces presented the sombre hues produced by a kind of clay they were wont to use on occasions of solemnity or mourning. Their 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. appearace betokened sadness and affliction. Mr. Josiali Smart, the interpre- ter, informed Gov. Chambers that this was a funeral march, and that some one of their principal men must have died during the niglit. Even Hard- fish and his men were at a loss to account for what they saw, and wondered who could have died. At last Keokuk and liis men dismounted and filed slowly and solemnly into the presence of the governor. Keokuk signed to the interpreter, and said : " Say to our new father that before I take liis hand, I will explain to him what all this means. We were told not long ago that our Great Father was dead. We had heard of him as a great war chief, who had passed much of his life among the red men and knew their wants, and we believed that we would always have friendship and justice at his hands. His deatli has made us very sad, and as this is our first opportunity, we thought it would be wrong if we did not use it, to show that the hearts of his red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss; and we had to keep our father waiting while we performed that part of our mourning that we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead." At the conclusion of this speech, Keokuk steppped forward and extended his hand. The hearty grasp of the governor showed that the wily chief had touched the proper cord. The result was, that the Hardfish band received no special favors after that, at the expense of the other bands. SKETCHES OF BLACK HAWK AKD OTHER CHIEFS. Black Hawk— Treatjr of 1804— Black Hawk's account of the Treaty— Lieut. Pike— Ft. Ed- wards — Ft. Madison — Black Hawk and the British — Keokuk recognized as Chief — Ft. Armstrong — Sac and Fox Villages — Black Hawk's " British Band " — Black Hawk War — Black Hawk's old age — His death in Iowa — His remains carried away, but recovered — Keokuk — Appanoose — Wapello — Poweshiek — Pash-e-pa-ho — Wish-e-co-ma-qne — Chas- chun-ca — Mau-haw-gaw — Ma-has-kah — Si-dom-i-na-do-tah — Henry Lott — A Tragedy in Humboldt County — Ink-pa-du-tah — Spirit Lake Massacre — Expedition from Ft. Dodge — Death of Capt. Johnston and Wdliam Burkholder. BLACK HAWK. This renowned chief, the " noblest Roman of them all," was born at the Sac village on Rock river, about the year 1767. His first introduction to the notice of the whites seems to have been in 1804, when William Henry Harrison, then the Governor of Indiana Territory, concluded his treaty with the Sac and Fox nation for the lands bordering on Rock river. Black Hawk was then simply a chief, though not by election or inheritance, of his own band of Sac warriors, but from that time he was the most prominent man. in the Sac and Fox nation. He considered the action of the four chiefs who represented the Indians in making this treaty as unjust and refused to con- sider it binding. The territory ceded embraced over fifty-one millions of acres, extending almost from opposite St. Louis to the Wisconsin river. He claimed that the chiefs or braves who made the treaty had no authority to make it, and that they had been sent to St. Louis, where the treaty was negotiated, for quite a difierent purpose, namely: to procure the release of one of their people who was held there as a prisoner on charge of killing a white man. The United States regarded this treaty as a hona fide transac- tion, claiming that the lands were sold by responsible men of the tribes, and that it was further ratified by a part of the tribes with Gov. Edwards and THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 43 Aiiguste Choteau, in September, 1815, and again witli tlie same commis- sioners in 1816. They claimed that the Indians were only to occupy the lands at the Sac village on Rock river until they were surveyed and sold by the government, when they were to vacate them. The treaty of St. Louis was signed by five chiefs instead of four, although Black Hawk claimed that the latter number only were sent to St. Louis for a difierent purpose. One of these was Pash-e-pa-ho, a head chief among the Sacs. Black Hawk him- self thus describes the return of the chiefs to Rock Island after the treaty : " Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length returned, and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared to be dressed in fine coats, and had medals. From these circumstances we were in hopes that they had brought good news. Early the next morning the council lodge was crowded. Quash-qua-me came up and said that on their arrival in St. Louis they met their American father, and explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend. Tlie American chief told them he wanted land, and that they had agreed to give him some on the west side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side, opposite the Jeftreon; that when the business was all arranged, they expected their friend released to come home with them. But about the time they were ready to start, their friend was let out of prison, who ran a short distance, and was shot dead! This was all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been explained to me since. I find, by that treaty, that all our country east of the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon, was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year!" The treaty was doubtless made in good faith on the part of the commis- sioners, and with the full conviction that it was by authority of the tribes. From this time forward Black Hawk seems to have entertained a distrust of the Americans. Although Spain had ceded the country west of the Mississippi to France in 1801, the former power still held possession until its transfer to the United States by France. Black Hawk and his band were at St. Louis at this time, and he was invited to be present at the ceremonies connected with the change of authorities. He refused the invitation; and in giving an account of the transaction, said: " I found many sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village on Rock river, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." In August, 1805, Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike ascended the river from St. Louis, for the purpose of holding councils with the Indians, and selecting sites for military posts within the country recently acquired from France. At the mouth of Rock river he had a personal interview with Black Hawk, the latter being favorably impressed with the young lieutenant. Speaking of this interview. Black Hawk himself said: "A boat came up the river with a young American chief, and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt river. 44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of peo- ple he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Eock Island, and the young chief came on shore with his interpreter, and made a speech, and gave us some presents. We, in turn, presented them M'ith meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." Lieut. Pike's expedition was soon followed by the erection of Fort* Ed- wards and P^ort Madison, the former on the site of the present town of Warsaw, Illinois, and the latter on the site of the present town of Fort Madison, Iowa. When these forts were being erected, the Indians sent down delegations, headed by some of their chiefs, to have an interview with the Americans. Those who visited Fort Edwards returned apparently satisfied with what was being done. The erection of Fort Madison they claimed was a violation of the treaty of 1804. In that treaty the United States had agreed that if "any white persons should form a settlement on their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Fort Madison was erected within the territory reserved for the Indians, and this they considered an intru- sion. Some time afterward a party under the leadership of Black Hawk and Pash-e-pa-ho attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison. Five soldiers who came out were fired upon by the Indians, and two of the soldiers were killed. They kept up the attack for several days. Their efibrts to destroy the fort being unsuccessful, they returned to Rock river. When the war of 1812 broke out, Black Hawk and his band allied them- selves with the British, which was the origin of his party, at a later date, being known as the "British Band." In narrating the circumstances which induced him to join the British, he says: " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see the Great Father. On their return they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied by an x\merican trader. Our chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the fall for guns, powder and goods to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He replied that the trader at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods; that we should go there in the fall, and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." According to Black Hawk, this proposition pleased his people, and they went to Fort Madison to receive their promised outfit for the winter's hunt, but notwithstanding the promise of the Great Father, at Washington, the trader would not give them credit. In reference to their disappointment, Black Hawk says: "Few of us slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morn- ing a canoe was seen descending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an ex- press, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island, with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up im- mediately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 45 through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." Black Hawk and his band then espoused the cause of the British, who, as in the case of Tecumseh, gave him the title of ''Gen. Black Hawk." But a large portion of the Sacs and Foxes, at the head of whom was Keokuk, chose to remain neutral, as well as to abide by the treaty of 1804. Of this party Keokuk was the recognized chief. The nation was divided into the "war party" and " peace party." Black Hawk maintained his fidelity to the British until the end of the war, and was the intimate frieud and sup- porter of Tecumseh, until the death of the latter at the battle of the Thames. At the close of the war of 1813, Black Hawk returned to his village on Rock river, to find Keokuk still the friend of the Americans, and the recog- nized war chief of that portion of the Sac and Fox nation which had re- mained neutral. As stated elsewhere, a new treaty was concluded in Sep- tember, 1815, in which, among other matters, the treaty of St. Louis was rati- fied. This treaty was not signed by Black Hawk, or any one representing his band, but was signed by chiefs of both the Sacs and Foxes, who were fully au thor- ized to do so. This treaty was held at Portage des Sioux, and was a result of the war of 1812, with England. In May, 1816, another treaty was held at St. Louis, in which the St. Louis treaty of 1804 was recognized. This treaty was signed by Black Hawk and twenty other chiefs and braves. The same year Fort Armstrong was erected upon Rock Island, a proceeding very dis- tasteful to the Indians. Of this Black Hawk says: "We did not, however, object to their building the fort on the island, but we were very sorry, as this was the best island on the Mississip])i, and had long been the resort of ouryoung people during the summer. It was our gar- den, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with strawberries, blackberries, plums, apples and nuts of various kinds; and its waters supplied us with pure fish, being situated in the rapids of the river. In my early life, I spent many happy days on this island. A good spirit had care of it, who lived in a cave in the rocks, immediately under the place where the fort now stands, and has often been seen by our people. He was white, with large wings like a swan's, but ten times larger. We were particular not to make much noise in that part of the island which he inhabited, for fear of disturbing him. But the noise of the fort has since driven him away, and no doubt a bad spirit has since taken his place," The expedition which was sent up the river to erect a fort at or near Rock Island, consisted at first of the Eighth Ignited States Infantry, and started from St. Louis in September, 1815, under tlie command Col. R C. Nichols. They reached the mouth of the Des Moines, where they v/intered. In April, 1816, Gen. Thomas A. Smith arrived and took command of the expedition. They reached Rock Island on the 10th of May, and, after a careful exami- nation, the site for the fort was selected. The regiment being left under the command of Col. Lawrence, the work on the fort immediately commenced. It was named in honor of John Armstrong of New York, who had recently been Secretary of War. After the estaljlishment of the fort and garrison at Rock Island settlements began to be made at and near the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the Mississippi. Keokuk, as the head chief of the Foxes, with his tribe, in accord- ance with the treaties they had made with the United States, left in 1828 and established themselves on Iowa river, but Black Hawk and his " British 4/$ THE NOETHWEST TEKRITOET. Band" of about 500 warriors remained in their village and persistently refused to leave. The settlers began to complain of frequent depredations at the hands of Black Hawk's people, and feared that the neighboring tribes of Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, and Winnebagoes, might be induced to join Black Hawk in a war of extermination. Finally, in the spring of 1831, Black Hawk warned the settlers to leave. These troubles culminated in the "Black Hawk War," and the final capture of the chief and some of his prin- <}ipal men, as related elsewhere. The Black Hawk War ended hostilities with the Indians at or near Rock Island. A garrison, however, was main- tained there until 1836, when the troops were sent to Fort Snelling. The fort was left in charge of Lieut. John Beach, with a few men to take care of tlie property. After his capture, Black Hawk and several of his principal men were taken to Jefferson Barracks, where they were kept until the the spring of 1833. They were then sent to Washington, where they arrived on the 22d of April, and on the 26th were confined in Fortress Monroe. On the 4tli of June, 1833, they were set at liberty by order of the government and per- mitted to return to their own country. In the fall of 1837 Black Hawk, accompanied by Keokuk, Wapello, Powe- shiek, and some forty of the principal chiefs and braves of the Sac and Fox nations, again visited Washington, in charge of Col. George Davenport, who by his influence with the Indians assisted the government in making another large purchase of territory in Iowa. This tract adjoined the "Black Hawk Purchase," and embraced 1,250,000 acres. After Black Hawk's release from captivity in 1833, he seemed unwilling to reside in any of the villages of the tribe. His band was broken up and dispersed, as stipulated in the treaty of peace, and he seemed to seek seclu- sion from his people. While the garrison remained at Bock Island, he usually lived near it, and often put up his wigwam close to the fort, where his vision could take in the beautiful country on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, which had been his home for more than half a century. But the time came when he must go Avith his people to the new reservation on the banks of the Des Moines. He was then in the waning years of his life, and the other chiefs of the nation seemed disposed to pay him but little attention. His family consisted of his wife, two sons and one daughter. He established his lodge on the east bank of tlie Des Moines, about three miles below the site of the present town of Eldon. Gen. Street presented the family with a cow, which was a piece of property which exacted much solicitude and care at the hands of Madame Black Hawk. His lodge was near the trading post of Wharton McPherson; and James Jordan, who M^as also at that time con- nected with the post, had his cabin within a few rods of Black Hawk's lodge. This was in the summer of 1838, and the old chief who had defied the power of the United States and caused the expenditure of millions of treasure to subdue him, was nearing his departure for a final remove beyond the power of earthly governments. Near his lodge, on the bank of the river, stood a large elm tree, with its spreading branches overhanging the stream, and flowing from its roots was a crystal spring of pure water. Here during the sultry summer days of that year Black Hawk was wont to repose and dream over the years of his former greatness and the wrongs that his people had suffered. At last, on the 3d' of October, 1838, death came to his relief, and, according to the Indian idea, his spirit passed away to the happy hunt- ing grounds. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 The remains of Black Hawk were interred by his family and friends near liis cabin on the prairie, a short distance above the old town of lowaville. The body was placed on a board, or slab, set np in an inclining position, with the feet extending into the ground some fifteen inches and the head elevated above the surface some three feet or more. This was enclosed by placing slabs around it with the ends resting on the ground and meeting at the top, forming a kind of vault. The whole was then covered with dirt and neatly sodded. At the head of the grave was placed a flag-staff thirty feet high, from which floated the American flag until it was worn out by the wind. Interred with the body were a number of his prized and long-treasured relics, including a military suit presented by Jackson's cabinet; a sword pre- sented by Jackson himself; a cane presented by Henry Clay, and another by a British ofiicer; and three silver medals — one presented by Jackson, one by John Quincy Adams, and the other by citizens of Boston. Near the grave a large post was set in the ground, on which were inscribed in Indian characters, emblems commemorating many of his heroic deeds. The grave and flag-staff were enclosed by a rude picket fence in circular form. Here the body remained until July, 1839, when it disappeared. On com- plaint being made by Black Hawk's family, the matter was investigated, and it was finally traced to one Dr. Turner, who then resided at, a place called Lex- ington, in Van Buren county. The remains had been taken to Illinois, but at the earnest request of Black Hawk's relatives, Gov. Lucas interposed and had them sent to Burlington. The sons were informed that the remains were in Burlington and went to that place to obtain them. While there it was suggested to them that if taken away they would only be stolen again, and they concluded to leave them where they thought they might be more safely preserved. They were finally placed in a museum in that city, and years after, with a large collection of other valuable relics, were destroyed by the burning of the building. In the meantime the relatives of the renowned chief removed westward with the rest of the tribe, and were finally lost to all knowledge of the white man. KEOKUK. Keokuk (Watchful Fox) belonged to the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock river, in 1780. He was an orator, but was also entitled to rank as a warrior, for he possessed courage and energy, but at the same time a cool judgment. He had an intelligent appreciation of the power and greatness of the United States, and saw the futility of Black Hawk's liope to contend successfully against the government. In his first battle, while young, he had killed a Sioux, and for this he was honored with a feast by his tribe. At the beginning of the Black Hawk War an affair transpired which w-as dignified by the name of the " Battle of Stillman's Run," in which some three hundred volimteers under Maj. Stillman took prisoners five of Black Hawk's men who were approaching with a flag of truce. One of the prisoners was shot by Stillman's men. Black Hawk had also sent five other men to follow the bearers of the flag. The troops catne upon these and killed two of them. The other three reached their camp and gave the alarm. Black Hawk's warriors then charged upon Stillman's advancing troops and completely routed them. This failure to respect the flag of truce so exasperated the Indians that it was with great difficulty that Keokuk could restrain his war- riors from espousing the cause of Black Hawk. Stillman's defeat was fol- 48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. lowed hy a war-dance, in whicli Keokuk took part. After the dance lie called a council of war, and made a speech in which he admitted the justice of their complaints. The blood of their brethren slain by the white men, while bearing a flag of truce, called loudly for vengeance. Said he: " I am your chief, and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully con- sidering the matter, you are determined to go. But before you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success. But if you do determine to go upon the war path, I will agree to lead you on one condition, viz.: that before we go we will kill all our old men and our wives and our children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." Keokuk so forcibly portrayed in other parts of this speech the great power of the United "'.I ,toS, and of the hopeless prospect before them, that his warriors at once abandoned all thought of joining Black Hawk. The name Keokuk signified Watchful Fox. As we hav^e seen, he eventu- ally superseded Black Hawk, and was recognized by the United States as the principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation, which, indeed, had much to do in stinging the pride of the imperious Black Hawk. In person he was strong, graceful and commanding, with fine features and an intelligent countenance. He excelled in horsemanship, dancing, and all athletic exercises. He was courageous and skillful in war, but mild and politic in peace. He had a son, a fine featured, promising boy, who died at Keokuk's village on the Des Moines. Keokuk himself became somewhat dissipated during the later years of his life in Iowa. It was reported that after his removal with his people to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, he died of delirium tremens. Iowa has honored his memory in the name of one of her counties, and one of her principal cities. APPANOOSE. Appanoose was a chief who presided over a band of the Sacs. His name, in the language of that tribe, signified "A Chief When a Child," indicating that he inherited his position. It was said he was equal in rank with Keo- kuk, but he did not possess the influence of the latter. He was one of the " peace chiefs " during the Black Hawk War. During the last occupation of Iowa soil by the Sacs and Foxes, Appanoose had his village near the site of the present city of Ottumwa. His people cultivated a portion of the ground on which that city is located. He was one of the delegation sent to Washing- ton in 1837, at which time he visited with the other chiefs the city of Boston, where they were invited to a meeting in Fanueil Hall. On that occasion he made the most animated speech, both in manner and matter, that was deliv- ered by the chiefs. After Keokuk had spoken, Appanoose arose and said: "You have heard just now what my chief has to say. All our chiefs and warriors are very much gratified by our visit to this town. Last Saturday they were invited to a great house, and now they are in the great council- house. They are very much pleased with so much attention. This we can- not reward you for now, but shall not forget it, and hope the Great Spirit will reward you for it. This is the place which our forefathers once inhabi- ted. I have often heard my father and grandfather say they lived near the sea-coast where the white man first came. I am glad to hear all this from you. I suppose it is put in a book, where you learn all these things. As far as I can understand the language of the white people, it appears to me THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 INDIANS TRYING A PRISONEK. 50 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. that the Americans have attained a very high rank among the white people. It is the same with ug, though I say it myself. Where we live beyond the Mississippi, I am respected by all people, and they consider me the tallest among them, 1 am happy that two great men meet and shake hands with each other." As Appanoose concluded his speech, he suited the action to the word by extending his hand to Gov. Everett, amid the shouts of applause from the audience, who were not a little amused at the self-complacency of the orator. But few of the incidents in the life of this chief have passed into history. His name has been perpetuated in that of one of the Iowa counties. WAPELLO. Wapello, or Waupellow, was one of the minor chiefs of the Sac and Fox Nation. He was born at Prairie du Chien, in 1787. At the time of the erection of Fort Armstrong (1816) he presided over one of the three prin- cipal villages in that vicinity. His village there was on the east side of the Mississippi, near the foot of Rock Island, and about three miles north of the famous Black Hawk village. In 1829 he removed his village to Musca- tine Slough, and then to a place at or near where the town of Wapello, in Louisa county, is now located. Like Keokuk, he was in favor of abiding by the requirements of the treaty of 1804, and opposed the hostilities in which Black Llawk engaged against the whites. He was one of the chiefs that visited Washington in 1837, and his name apjDcars to several treaties relinquishing lands to the United States. He appears to have been a warm personal friend of Gen. Jos. M. Street, of the Sac and Fox agency, and made a request that at his death his remains be interred along side of those of Gen. Street, which request was complied with. He died near the Forks of Skunk river, March 15th, 1842, at the age of 55 years. His remains, with those of Gen. Street, repose near Agency City, in the county which honors his memory with its name. The two graves and the monuments have re- cently been repaired by parties connected with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, whose line passes within a few rods of them. POWESHIEK. Poweshiek was a chief of the same rank with Wapello, and near the same age. He also was one of the chiefs who visited Washington in 1837. When the greater portion of the Sac and Fox nation removed to the Des Moines river, he retained his village on the Iowa river, where he presided over what was kno^vn as the Musquawkie band of the Sacs and Foxes. In May, 1838, when Gen. Street organized a party to examine the new purchase made the fall before, with a view of selecting a site for the agency, the expedition was accompanied by about thirty braves, under the command of Poweshiek. At that time the Sacs and Foxes were at war with the Sioux, and after leav- ing their reservation these men were very fearful that they might be sur- prised and cut off by the Sioux. A small remnant of his band make their home on Iowa river, in Tama county, at this time. He also remained the friend of the whites during the Black Hawk war, and the people of Iowa have honored his memory by giving his name to one of their counties. THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 51 PASH-E-PA-IIO. Pasli-e-pa-ho, called also the Stabbing Chief, at the time of tlie treaty of 1804, and until after the Bhiek Hawk war, was head chief among the Sacs. He was also present in St. Louis at the making of tliat treaty, and was even tlien well advanced in years. It has been related that he laid a plan to at- tack Fort Madison, not long after its erection. His plan was to gain an entrance to the fort with concealed arms under their blankets, under a pre- tense of holding a council. A squaw, however, had secretly conveyed intel- ligence to the commandant of the garrison of the intended attack, so that the troops were in readiness for them. When Pash-e-pa-ho and his warriors ad- vanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened, revealing to the astonished savages a cannon in the passage-way, and the gunner stand- ing with lighted torch in hand ready to lire. Pash-e-jja-ho deemed " discre- tion the better part of valor ", and retreated. Some time after the plot against Fort Madison, Pash-e-pa-ho made an at- tempt to obtain a lodgement in Fort Armstrong, though in quite a different way. Several of his braves had the year before, while out hunting, fell in with a party of their enemies, the Sioux, and had lifted several of their scalps. The Sioux complained of this outrage to the Department at Washington, and orders were issued demanding the surrender of the culprits. They were accordingly brought and retained as prisoners in Fort Armstrong, where they had comfortable quarters and plenty to eat during the winter. Having fared sumptuously for several months, without effort on their part, they were re- leased on the payment of a small amount out of the annuities of their tribes, to the Sioux. The next fall Pash-e-pa-ho thought he might avoid the trouble of stocking his larder for the winter. So he voluntarily called on the com- mandant of Fort Armstrong, and informed him that while on a recent hunt he had unfortunately met a Sioux, and had yielded to the temptation to get his scalp. He confessed that he had done a very wrongful act, and wished to save the Great Father at Washington the trouble of sending a letter or- dering his arrest; tlierefore he would surrender himself as a prisoner. The commandant saw through his scheme to obtain comfortable quarters and good boarding for the winter, and so told him he was an honorable Indian, and that his v^oluntary offer to surrender himself Avas a sufficient guarantee that he would appear when sent for. That was the last that was heard of the matter. Pash-e-pa-ho was never sent for. During the first quarter of the present century the Sacs and Foxes were frequently at war with the lowas. The latter had one of their principal villa- ges on the Des Moines river, near where Black Hawk died many years af- terward. It was here that the last great battle was fought between these tribes. Pash-e-pa-ho was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes. Black Hawk was also a prominent actor in this engagement, but was subject to his senior, Pash-e-pa-ho. Accounts conflict as to the date, but the eviden- ces of the conflict were plainly visible as late as 1824. The Sacs and Foxes surprised the lowas while the latter were engaged in running their horses on the prairie, and therefore unprepared to defend themselves. The result was that Pash-e-pa-ho achieved a decisive victory over the lowas. Pash-e-pa-ho was among the chiefs present at the making of the treaty of 1832, when the " Black Hawk Purchase " was made. He was very much given to intemperate habits whenever he could obtain liquor, and it is prob- ble that, like Keokuk, he died a drunkard. 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY; WISn-E-CO-MA-QUE. Quite prominent among* tlie Sacs and Foxes, after their removal to Iowa, was a man known by the name of Ilardiish, or Wish-e-co-ma-que, as it is in the Indian tongue. He was not a cliief, but a brave who rose al- most to the prominence of a chief. He adhered to Black Hawk in his hos- tility toward the whites, and when Black Hawk died, Hardfish became the leader of his band, composed mostly of those who had participated in the Black Hawk war. When the Sacs and Foxes occupied their reservation on the Des Moines river, Hardfish had his village where Eddyville is now lo- cated. It was quite as respectable in size as any of the other villages of the Sacs and Foxes. Hardfish's band was composed of people from the Sac branch of the Sac and Fox nation. One John Goodell was the interpreter for this band. The name of Hardfish was quite familiar to the frontier settlers of Southeastern Iowa. CHOS-CnUN-CA. When, in 1834, Gen. Henry Dodge made a treaty mth the Winnebagoes for the country occupied by them in Wisconsin, they were transferred to a strip of land extending west from the Mississippi, opposite Prairie du Chien, to the Des Moines river, being a tract forty miles in width. The chief of the Winnebagoes at that time was Chos-chun-ca, or Big Wave. Soon after their removal to this reservation they were visited by Willard Barrows, one of the pioneers of Davenport, who had an interview with Chos-chun-ca. He found him clothed in a bufi^alo overcoat, and wearing a high crowned hat. His nose was surmounted by a pair of j/?r/??i spectacles. Mr. Barrows held his interview with the chief just south of the lower boundary of the reservation. Chos-chun-ca was quite reticent as to the afiairs of his people, and refused permission to Mr. Barrows to ex])lore the Winnebago reserva- tion, being impressed with the idea that the whites had sent him to seek out all the fine country, and that if their lands were found desirable, then the Indians would be compelled to remove again. Mr. Barrows, however, with- out the chief's permission, passed safely tln-ough their territory. MAr-IIAW-GAW. The greater portion of the territor}^ embraced within the limits of Iowa» was once occupied by a tribe, or nation of Indians, known in history as the lowas (or loways), who for many years maintained an almost constant war- fare with the Sioux, a powerful rival wlio lived to the nortli of them. The lowas were originally the Pau-hoo-chee tribe, and lived in the region of the lakes, to the northeast, but about the year 1700 they followed their chief, Mau-haw-gaw, to the banks of the Mississip]n, and crossing over, settled on the west bank of Iowa river, near its mouth, and there esta])lished a village. They called the river on which they established their em])ire, IS^e-o-ho-nee, or "Master of Rivers." For some years they prospered and multiplied, but the Sioux began to envy them the ])rosperity which they enjoyed, and with no good intentions came down to visit them. Sending to Mau-haw-gaw the pipe of peace, with an invitation to join them in a dog feast, they made great professions of friendship. The Iowa chief, having confidence in tlicir protestations of good feeling, accepted the invitation. In the midst of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 feast the perfidious Sioux suddenly attacked and killed tlie unsuspecting Mau-liaw-gaw. This outrage was never forgiven by the lowas. MA-HAS-K^UI. One of the most noted chiefs of the lowas was Ma-has-kah (White Cloud), a descendent of Mau-haw-gaw. He led his warriors in eighteen battles against the Sioux on the north, and the Osages on the south, but never failed to achieve a victory. He made his home on the Des Moines river, about one hundred miles above the mouth, and must have been some- thing of a Mormon, for it is said he had seven wives. In 1824 he was one of a party of chiefs who visited Washington. He left his home on the Des Moines to go down the river on his way to j(>in his part}', and when near where the city of Keokuk is now located, he stopjjed to prepare and eat his venison. He had just commenced his meal when some one struck him on the back. Turning round, he was surprised to see one of his wives, Rant- che-wai-me (Female Flying Pigeon), standing with an uplifted tomahawk in her hand. She accosted him with — " Am I your wife ? Are you my hus- band ? If so, I will go with you to Maw-he-hum-ne-che (the American big house), and see and shake the hand of In-co-ho-nee ", meaning the Great Father, as they called tlie President. Ma-has-kah answered: " Yes, you are my wife ; I am your husband ; I have been a long time from you ; I am glad to see you ; you are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to see a pretty woman." Ma-has-kah went on to Washington accompanied by his '"pretty wife ", Rant-che-wai-mie, who received many presents, but saAV many things of which she disapproved. When she returned, she called to- gether the matrons and maidens of the tribe, and warned them against the vices and follies of their white sisters. This good Indian woman was killed by being thrown from her horse, some time after her return from Washing- ton. In 1831: Ma-has-kah was also killed about sixty miles from his home, on the Nodaway, by an enemy who took a cowardly advantage of him. At the time of his death he was fifty years of age. After his death all liis sur- viving wives went into mourning and poverty, according to the custom ol the tril)e, except one named Mis-so-rah-tar-ra-haw (Female Deer that bounds over the ]-)rairie), who refused to the end of her life to be comforted, saying that her husband "was a great brave, and was killed by dogs", meaning low, vulgar fellows. Soon after the death of Ma-has-kah, his son of the same name, at the age of twenty-four, became the chief of the lowas. His mother was Rant-che- wai-me, whose tragic death is mentioned above. Fie also visited AVashing- ton in the winter of 1836-7, for the purpose of obtaining redress for injus- tice, which he claimed had been done to his people by the government, in failing to keep intruders from their lands, and in disregarding other stipu- lations of the treaty made with his father in 1825. SI-DOM-I-NA-DO-TAH. When the whites began to make settlements on the upper Des Moines, the region about Fort Dodge and Spirit Lake was inhabited by Sioux In- dians, made up principally of that division of tlie great Sioux or Dacotah nation known I)y the name of Sisiton Sioux. When, in 18-18, the govern- ment survey's of the lands purchased north of the Raccoon Forks were in pro- gress, Mr. Marsh, of Dubuque, set out with his party to run tlie correction 54 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. line from a point on the Mississippi, near Dubuque, to the Missouri river. In this work he was not molested until he crossed the Des Moines, when on the west bank of the river, he was met by a party of Sioux, under the lead- ership of their chief, Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who notified Mr. Marsh and his party that they should proceed no farther, as the country belonged to the Indians. The Sioux then left, and Mr. Marsh concluded to continue his work. He had not proceeded more than a mile when Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and his band returned and surrounded the party, robbing them of every- thing. They took their horses, destroyed their wairons and surveying instru- ments, destroyed the land-marks, and drove the surveying party back to the east side of the river. Tliis, and other outrages committed on families who, in the fall of 1849, ventured to make claims on the upper Des Moines, led to the establishment of a military post at Fort Dodge in 1850. In the winter of 1846-7 one Henry Lott, an adventurous border char- acter, had, with his family, taken up his residence at the mouth of Boone river, in what is now Webster county, and within the range of Si-dom-i-na- do-tah's band. Lott had provided himself with some goods and a barrel ol whisky, expecting to trade with the Indians, and obtain their furs and robes. In a short time he was waited upon by the chief and six of his braves and informed that he was an intruder and that he must leave within a certain time. The time having expired, and Lott still remaining, the Indians destroyed his property, shooting his stock and robbing his bee-hives. Lott and his step-son made their way to the nearest settlement, at Pea's Point, about 16 miles south, and reported that his family had been murdered by the Indians, as he d< )ubtless thought they would be after he left. John Pea and half a dozen other white men, accompanied by some friendly Indians of another tribe, who happened to be in that vicinity, set out with Lott for the mouth of Boone river. When they arrived they found that the family had not been tomahawked, as he had reported. One little boy, however, aged about twelve years, had attempted to follow his father in his flight, by going down the Des Moines river on the ice. Being thinly clad, the little fellow froze to death after traveling on the ice a distance of about twenty miles. The body of the child was subsequently found. The sequel shows that Lott was de- termined on revenge. In November, 1853, Lott ventured about thirty miles north of Fort Dodge, where he pretended to make a claim, in what is now Humboldt county. He took with him several barrels of whisky and some goods, and he and his step-son built a cabin near what is now known as Lott's creek in that county. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah had his cabin on the creek about a mile west of Lott-s. In January, 1854, Lott and his step-son went to the cabin of the old chief and told him that they had seen, on their way over, a drove of elk feeding on the bottom lands, and induced the old man to mount his pony, with gun in hand, to go in pursuit of the elk. Lott and his step-son fol- lowed, and when they had proceeded some distance they shot and killed Si- dom-i-na-do-tah. That same night they attacked and killed six of the chief's family, including his wife and two children, his aged mother, and two young children she had in charge — including with the chief, seven victims in all. Two children, a boy of twelve, and a girl of ten years of age, escaped by hiding themselves. Some days after, the Indians reported the murders at Fort Dodge, thinking at first that the slaughter had been perpetrated by some of their Indian enemies. Investigation soon revealed the tact that Lott and his step-son had committed the deed. Their cabin was found burned down, and THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 55 a slight snow on the ground showed the track of their wagon in a circuitous route southward, avoiding Fort Dodge. Intelligence of them was received at various points where they had been trjang to sell furs and other articles, and where the chief's pony was noticed to be in their possession. Having several days start, they made their way across the Missouri and took the plains for California, where, it was subsequently learned, Lott was killed in a quarrel. It is believed by many of the old settlers of Northern Iowa that this outrage of Henry Lott was the cause of that other tragedy, or rather series of tragedies, in the history of Northern Iowa, known as the " Spirit Lake Massacre." INK-PA-DU-TAH. Ink-pa-du-tah, it is said, was the brother, and became the successor, of the chief who was murdered by Henry Lott. He is knowu to the whites chiefly in connection with the horrible outrages committed at Spirit and Okoboji Lakes in Northern low^a, and at Springfield in Southern Minnesota. He, in connection with U-tan-ka-sa-pa (Black Bufl'alo), headed a band of about eighteen lodges of Sioux, who, in the spring of ISoT, robbed the settlers and committed the most inhuman outrages, culminating in the massacres of the 8th and 9th of March of that year. During the year 1856 a dozen or more families had settled about the lakes, while along the valley of the Little Sioux riv^er at Smithland, Cherokee, and Kock Rapids there were settlements. Ink-pa-du-tah and his band commenced their depredations at Smithland, and passing up the Little Sioux made hostile demonstrations both at Cherokee and Rock Rapids, killing stock and carrying away whatever they saw proper to take, but committed no murders until they reached the infant settlement at the lakes. There, and at Springfleld, a small settlement in Minnesota a few miles northeast, they killed forty-one, wounded three, and took with them as captives four women — Mrs. Llowe, Mrs. Thatcher, Mrs. Marble, and Miss Gardner. Twelve persons were missing, some of whose remains were afterward found, having been killed while attempting to escape. Of the four women taken captives, two were killed on their night, Mrs. Howe and Mrs. Thatcher. The other two, Mrs. Marble and Miss Gardner, were some months after, through the efl:brts of Gov. Madarie, of Minnesota, and the Indian agent at Laqua Parle, purchased from Ink-pa-du-tah by employing friendly Indians to aflt'ect the purchase. Jjy this raid and massacre the set- tlement at the lakes was entirely swept away. All the houses were burned, and all the stock either killed or taken away. At Springfield the settlers were somewhat prepared to defend themselves, having heard of the slaughter at the lakes. Seven or eight persons, however, were killed at Springfield. The winter preceding these massacres had been unusually severe, and snow had fallen to the depth of from one to two feet. In March all the ravines were filled with drifted snow, with a thick and heavy crust, so that travel in that region was almost impossible. For this reason those infant settlements were almost cut off from intercourse with the thickly inhabited parts of the country. It was, therefore, some time before the news of the massacres reached Fort Dodge, the nearest settlement. The messengers who conveyed the intelligence were Messrs. Bell and Williams, who lived on Little Sioux river. Messrs. Howe, Snyder and Parmenter, of Newton, who had attempted to relieve the inhabitants at the lakes with provisions, also upon arriving there found all the settlers murdered. They, too, hastened as rapidly as possible to Fort Dodge and reported. Messengers were at once 5t) THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. sent to Webster City and Homer to request tlie citizens to turn out for the relief of the frontier, and they responded promptly. Those two places fur- nished forty men and Fort Dodge eighty. The force of V20 men was formed into three companies of forty men each, under Captains C. B. llichards, John F. Dnncomhe, and J. C. Johnston. The battalion was commanded by Major W. Williams. On the 25th of March the battalion started from F(U"t Dodge, the snow still covering the ground and alf the ravines being so gorged with drifted snow that in places it was necessary to cut their way through snow-banks from ten to twenty feet deep. After marching thirty miles ten men had to be sent back, reducing tlie force to J 10 men. In the meantime a force from Fort Ridgely was approaching tVom the north. The Indians, expecting these mov^ements, had taken their tliglit across the Big Sioux river to join the Yanktons, in what is now Dakota. The troops, after almost incredible hardships and sufferings for eighteen days and nights, being without tents, tailed to get sight of a single hostile Indian. They found and buried the bodies of twenty-nine persons. A nnndjer were burned in the houses by the savages, and their remains were found in the ashes. The expedition lost two valuable citizens. Captain J. C'. Johnston, of Webster City, and William Burkholder, of Fort Dodge, the latter being a brother of Mrs. Gov. C. C. Carpenter. They were frozen to death on their return from the lakes. Eighteen others were more or less frozen, and some did not recover for a year after. Several years after his death the remains of young Burkholder were found on the prairie, being recognized by the remains of his gun and clothing. When overcome by the coldhe was separated from his companions, and his fate was for sometime unknown. From this brief account of Ink-pa-du-tah, it will be conceded that there is no reason to cherish his memory with any degree of admiration. He was the leader of a band comprising even the worst element of the Sioux nation, the best of which is bad enough, even for savages. The germ of the band of which he was chief, was a family of murderers, known as Five Lodges, who, it was said, having murdered an aged chief, wandered away and formed a little tribe of their own, with whom rogues from all the other l)ands found refuge. At the time of these hostilities against the whites under Ink-pa-du- tah,"they numbered probably over 150 lodges. They were constantly roving about in parties, stealing wherever they could from trappers and settlers. The subsequent career of Ink-pa-du-tah has been west of the borders of Iowa and Minnesota. EARLY ]S^AYIGATION OF WESTEE^T EIYEES. Navigation of the Mississippi by the Early Explorers— Flat-boats — Barg-os — Methods of Pro- pulsion — Brigs and Schooners — The first Steamboat on Western Waters — The " Orleans " — The "Cornet^" — The "' Enterprise"'— -Cant. Shreve — The " Washington "—The ''General Pike"" — First Steamboat to St. Louis— The "Independence" the first Steamboat on the Missouri — Capt. ISIelson — " Mackinaw Boats " — Navigation of the upper Mississippi — The '•Virginia" — The ''Shamrock " — Capt. James May — Navigation of the upper Missouri — Steamboating on the Smaller Rivers. Wi<: have accounts of the navigation of the Mississippi river as early as 1539, by De Soto, while in search of the "fountain of youth''. His voyage ended with his life, and more than a hundred years passed away, when Mar- quette and Joliet again disturbed its waters with a small bark transported THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. 57 from tlie shores of Lake Superior. At the mouth of the Wisconsin they entered tlie Mississippi, and extended tlieir voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas. Their account is the first which gave to the world any accurate knowledge of the great valley of the Mississippi river. Their perilous voy- age was made in the summer of 1673. The account was read with avidity by the missionaries and others about Lake Superior, and soon after a youno- Frenchman named La Salle set out witli a view of adding further informa- tion in relation to tlie wonderful valley of the great riv^er. His expedition was followed by other voyages of exploration on Vv'estern rivers, but the nar- ratives of the explorers are mostly lost, so that very little of interest remains from the voyage of La Salle to the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the French, then holding Fort Du Quesne, contemplated the establish- ment of a line of forts whicli would enable them to retain possession of tlie vast territory northwest of the Ohio river. Regular navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi, however, Avas not attempted until after the Revolution, when the United States had assumed control of the western waters. Trade with New Orleans did not begin until near the close of the century. .V few flat boats were employed in the trade between Pittsburg and the new settlements along the Ohio river. The settlement of Kentuck}^ gradually increased the trade on the Ohio, and caused a demand for increased iacilities for convey- ance of freight. Boatmen soon found it 2:)rofitable to extend their voyao-'es to the Spanish settlements in tlie South. Freight and passengers were C(>n- veyed in a species of boat which was sometimes called a barge, or hargee by the French. It was usuall}' from 75 to 100 feet long, with 1)readth of beam from 15 to 20 feet, and a capacity of 60 to 100 tons. The freight was re- ceived in a large covered coffer, occupying a portion of the hulk ISTear the •stern was an apartment six or eight feet in length, called "the cabin", where the captain and other officials of the boat quartered at night. The helmsman was stationed upon an elevation al>ove the level of the deck. The barge usually carried one or two masts. A large square sail forward, when the wind was favorable, sometimes much relieved the hands. The work of propelling the barges usually required about fifty men to each boat. There were several modes of propelling the barges. At times all were en<»-aged in rowing, which was often a waste of labor on such a stream as the Missis- sippi. Sometimes the navigators resorted to the use of the co/vlelle, a strong rope or hawser, attached to the barge, and carried along the shore or beach on the shoulders of the crew. In some places this method was imprac- ticable on account of obstructions along the shores. Then what was known as the "warping" process was resorted to. A coil of rope was sent out in the yawl, and fistented to a tree on the shore, or a "snag" in the river. While the hands on board were pulling up to this point, another coil was carried further ahead, and the " warping " process repeated. Sometimes it was expedient to use setting poles, but this method was used chieflv in the Ohio. During a period of about twenty-live years, up to 1811, the inode of conveyance on our western rivers was by flat-boats and l)arges. It required three or four months to make a trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Pass- engers between these points were charged from ,$125 to $150, and freight ranged from $5 to $7 per 100 pounds. It cannot be supposed that under such circumstances, the commerce of the West was very extensive. Previous to the introduction of steamers on western waters, attempts were made to use brigs and schooners. In 1803 several ships were Iniilt on the Ohio, and in 1805 the ship "Scott" was built on the Kentucky river, and 58 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. in the fall of that year made her first trip to the falls of the Ohio. While there two other vessels, built by Berthone & Co., arrived. All of them were com- pelled to remain three months, awaiting a sufficient rise in the river to carry them over the falls. In 1807 Mr. Dean built and launched a vessel at Pitts- burg. This vessel made a trip to Leghorn, and when making her entry at the custom house there, her papers were objected to on the ground that no such port as Pittsburg existed in the United States. The captain called the attention of the officer to the Mississippi river, traced it to its confluence with the Ohio, thence following the latter stream past Cincinnati and Mari- etta, to the new city in the wilderness, more than two thousand miles by water from the Gulf of Mexico! All these vessels were found inadequate for the purpose of trading on the western rivers, and were soon abandoned. They could not stem the current of the Mississippi. They were transferred to the gulf, and the commerce of the rivers was abandoned to Mike Fink and his followers, remaining with them until 1811. In this year Fulton and Livingston opened a ship-3'ard at Pittsburg, and built the small propeller " Orleans ", which was also furnished with two masts. She was a boat of one hundred tons burthen, and the first steamer that was launclied on western waters. In the winter of 1812 she made her first trip to Kew Orleans in fourteen days. As she passed down the river, the settlers lined the banks, and the greatest excitement prevailed. The flat-boatmen said she never could stem the current on her upward trip. After her first trip, the " Orleans " engaged in the ^Natchez and New Orleans trade, and paid her owners a handsome profit on their investment. The next steamer was the " Comet ", and she was built by D. French. She carried but twenty-five tons, and made her first trip to New Orleans in the spring of 1811. Soon after she was taken to pieces, and her engine used in a cotton factory. The " Yesu- vius ", of 48 tons burthen, was launched at Fulton's ship-yard in the spring of 1814, made a trip to New Orleans, and on her return was grounded on a sand bar, where she remained until the next December. This boat remained on the river until 1819, when she was condemned. The "Enterprise" was the fourth steamboat, and was built by Mr. French, who built the " Comet." The " Enterprise " carried seventy-five tons, and made her first trip to New Orleans in the summer of 1814. When she arrived at her destination she was pressed into the service of the army, under Oen. Jackson, then at New Orleans. She was very efficient in carrying troops and army supplies from the city to the seat of war, a few miles below. During the battle of the 8th of January she was busily engaged in supplying the wants of Jackson's army. On the 5th of May following she left New Orleans, and arrived at Louisville in twenty -five days. In 1816 Captain Henry Shreve built the "Washington" with many im- provements in construction. The boilers, which had hitherto been placed in the hold, were changed by Captain Shreve to the deck. In September, 1816, the "Washington" successfully passed the falls of the Ohio, made her trip to New Orleans, and returned in November to Louisville. On the 12th of March, 1817, she departed on her second trip to New Orleans, the ice then running in the Ohio slightly retarding her progress. She made the trip successfully, and returned to the foot of the falls in forty-one days — the upward trip beinff made in twenty-five days. By this time it was generally conceded by the fiat-boatmen that Fitch and Fulton were not visionary fools, but men of genius, and that their inventions could be turned to immense advantage on the rivers of the West. Steamboats from this time on rapidly THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 multiplied, and the occupation of the old flat-boatmen began to pass away. On Captain Shreve's return to Louisville the citizens gave him a public re- ception. Toasts and speeches were made, and the " Washington " declared to be the herald of a new era in the West. Captain Shreve in his speech asserted that the time would come when the trip to New Orleans would be made in ten days. His prediction was more than verified, for as early as 1853, the trip was made in four days and nine hours. While these festivities were going on in Louisville, the " General Pike " was stemming the current of the Mississippi for a new port in steamboat navigation. With a heavy load of freight and passengers she left New Orleans for St. Louis. On her arrival at the latter city several thousand people greeted her as she slowly approached the landing. Steam navigation commenced on the Missouri in 1819, the first boat being the " Independent ", commanded by Captain Nelson. She ascended as far as Chariton and Franklin, at which points she received a cargo of furs and buffalo hides, and returned with them to St. Louis. In 1816 Fort Armstrong was erected at the lower end of Rock Island. On the 10th of May of this year Col. Lawrence, with the Eiglith Regiment and a company of riflemen, arrived here in keel boats. Col. George Davenport resided near the fort and supplied the troops with provisions, and also engaged in trading with the Indians. Most of his goods were brought from "Macki- naw" through Green Bsly, thence up Fox river to the " Portage ", where they were packed across to the Wisconsin river, and carried down the Mississippi in what were called " Mackinaw Boats." The navigation of the upper Missis- sippi was confined to keel-boats until 1823, when the first steamboat — the "Virginia" — from Wlieeling ascended with provisions to Prairie du Chien. This boat was three or four days in passing the rapids at Rock Island. After this, up to 1827, steamboats continued to ascend the upper Mississippi occasionally with troops and military stores. In this year Capt. James May, of the steamboat "Shamrock", made the first voyage with her from Pitts- burg to Galena. This was the first general business trip ever made on the upper Mississippi by a steamboat. Capt. May continued as master of a steamboat on this part of the river until 1834. The first navigation of any considerable portion of the Missouri river was that of Captains Lewis and Clarke, when in 1804 they ascended that river in keel-boats, or barges, from its mouth almost to its source. Of late years steamboats have navigated it regularly to Fort Benton. Steamboat navi- gation has also been employed on many of the smaller rivers of the West, including the Des Moines and Cedar rivers in Iowa. The introduction of railroads has superseded the necessity of depending upon the uncertain nav- igation of the smaller rivers for carrying purposes. The great water-courses, however, will doubtless always remain the indispensible commercial high- ways of the nation. ARCHEOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST. Ancient Works — Conjectures — Works of the Mound Builders in Ohio — Different forms and Classes — Mounds at GalUpolis, Marietta, and Chillicothe — Relics Found— Ancient Fortifi- cations at Circleville and Other Places — Pre-historic Remains in Other States — In Iowa — Excavation of Mounds— Elongated and Round Mounds — Their Antiquity — Who were the Mound Builders? Scattered all over the great Northwest are the remains of the works of an 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ancient people, who must have been infinitely more advanced in the arts than the Indian tribes who inhabited the country at the time of the advent of the European. The question as to whether the Indians are the descend- ants of that people, the Mound Builders, is a subject of antiquarian specula- tion. One thing, however, is certain, that a people once inhabited all this vast region who possessed some considerable knowledge of the arts and even the sciences; a people of whom the Indians possessed no knowledge, but whose works have survived the mutations of hundreds, and perhaps thous- ands of years, to attest that they lived, and acted, and ])assed away. There have been various conjectures of the learned concerning the time when, by what people, and even for what purpose, these monuments of human ingenuity were erected. Their origin is deeply involved in the obscui-ity of remote an- tiquity. Neither history, nor authentic tradition, aftbrd any light by which to conduct inquiries concerning them, and it is probable that no certainty upon the subject will ever be attained. Brief mention of some of these ancient works cannot fail to interest the reader. They are found distributed over the country generally from the Alleghany Mountains to the Ivocky Mountains. They are more numerous and more remarkable, however, in some parts of the country than in others. Some of the most remarkable fortifications in Ohio are at Worthington, Granville, Athens, Marietta, Gallipolis, Chillicothe, and Circleville; also, on Paint Creek, 18 miles northwest of Chillicothe, and on a plain three miles northeast of the last named city. In some localities there are both mounds and fortifications, while in others there are mounds only. The mounds vary in magnitude, and also somewhat in shape. Some are conical, ending sharply at the summit, and as steep on the sides as the earth could be made to lie. Others are of the same form, except that they present a flat area on the top, like a cone cut ofi^ at some distance from its vortex, in a plane coincident with its base, or with the horizon. Others again, are of a semi-globular shape. Of this description was that standing in Gallipolis. The largest one near Worthington is of the second kind, and presents on the summit a level area of forty feet in diameter. There is one at Marietta of this kind, but the area on top does not exceed twenty feet in diameter. Its perpendic- ular height is al)out fifty feet, and its circumference at the base twenty rods. Those in Worthington and Gallipolis are each from fifteen to twenty feet in circumference at their bases. A large mound once stood in the heart of the city of Chillicothe, but was leveled forty or fifty years ago to make room for the erection of a l)lock of buildings, and in its destruction a number of relies were exhumed. Several smaller mounds were located in the saiTie vicinity. Thev are found scattered in profusion in the vallies of the Miamis, Scioto, Hocking and Muskingum rivers, as well as south of the Ohio river. One of the largest is near the Ohio river, 14 miles below Wheeling. This is about 33 rods in circumference, and consequently between ten and eleven rods in diameter at its base. Its perpendicular height is about seventy feet. Ou the summit is an area of nearly sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of whieli is a regular cavity, the cubical content of which is about 3,000 feet. Within a short distance of this mound are five smaller ones, some of which are tliirty feet in diameter. Some of the mounds mentioned, and others not referred to, have been excavated, either by the antiquarian or in the construc- tion of public works, and in most of them human bones have been discov- ered. Most of these bones crumble in pieces or resolve into dust shortly after being exposed to the air; except in some instances, wherein the teeth, NORTH il THE NOKTHWEST TERRITOKY. 61 jaw, skull, and sometimes a few other bones, by reason of their peculiar solidity, resist the effects of contact with the air. From the fact of the find- ing human remains in them many have inferred that they were erected as burial places for the dead. In some of them, however, which have been ex- amined, no human remains have been discovered, but pieces of pottery, stone hatchets, and other relics, are found in nearly all. Many of these mounds are composed of earth of a different quality from that which is found in their immediate vicinity. This circumstance would seem to indicate that the earth of which they were composed was transported some distance. A striking instance of this difference of composition was first noticed some sixty or seventy years ago, in a mound at Franklinton, near the main fork of the Scioto river. This mound was composed alto- gether of clay, and the Ijrick for the court-house in that town were made of it at that time. In it were likewise found a much greater number of hu- man bones than is usually found in mounds of its size. The characteris- tics mentioned in connection with the mounds in Ohio apply to those gen- erally throughout the jSTorthwest. Not so numerous as the mounds, but more remarkable as involving the principles of science, especially mathematics, are the fortifications, or earth walls, found in many places. They are commonly supposed to have been forts, or military fortifications. They generally consist of a circular wall, composed of earth, and usually as steep on the sides as the dirt could con veniently be made to lie. Sometimes, though rarely, their form is elliptical, or oval, and a few of them are quadrangular or square. In height they are various; some of them are so low as to be scarcely perceptible ; some from twenty to thirty feet in height, while others again are of an intermediate elevation. The wall of the same fort, however, is pretty uniformly of the same height all around. They are likewise equally various in the contents of the ground which they enclose, some containing but a few square rods of ground, while others contain nearly one hundred acres. The number of their entrances, or gateways, varies in different forts from one to eight or more, in proportion to the nuignitude of the enclosure. The walls are mostly sin- gle, but in some instances these works have been found to consist of two parallel walls, adjacent to each other. The forts are generally located on comparatively elevated ground, adjoining a river or stream of water. Their situation is usually such as a skillful military engineer or tactician would have selected for military positions. This fact would seem to strengthen the theory that they were designed and constructed for fortifications. The city of Circleville, Ohio, is located on the site of one of the most re- markable of these fortifications, and from this circumstance takes its name. There are, or were, indeed, two forts at that place, one circular, and the other square, as represented in the diagram on the opposite page. In this, it will be seen that a square fort adjoins a circular one on the east, communicating with it by a gateway. The black points in tlie square fort, opposite the gateways, show the location of mounds, each about three feet high. The circular fort consists of two parallel walls, whose tops are, ap- parently, about three rods apart, the inner circle being forty-seven rods in diameter. Between these two walls is a fosse, excavated sufficiently deep and broad to have afforded earth enough for the construction of the exterior wall alone, and no more. From this circumstance and others, the earth for the construction of the inner wall is supposed to have been transported from a distance. The inner wall is composed of clay, and the outer one of dirt 62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and gravel of similar quality with that which composes the neighboring ground, which is another circumstance quite conclusive of the correctness of the conjecture that the material for the inner wall was brought from a distance. There is but one original opening, or passage, into the circular fort, and that is on the east side, connecting it with the square one. The latter has seven avenues leading into it, exchisive of the one which connects with the circle. There is one at every corner, and one on each side equi-distant from the angular openings. These avenues are each twelve feet wide, and the walls on either hand rise immediately to their usual height, which is above twenty feet. When the town of Circleville was originally laid out, the trees growing upon the walls of these fortifications and tlie mounds enclosed in the square one, were apparently of equal size and age, and those lying down in equal stages of decay, with those in the surrounding forest, a circumstance proving the great antiquity of these stupendous remains of former labor and ingenuity. Of course, the progress of modern civiliza- tion in the building of a city over these ancient remains, has long since nearly obliterated many of their parts. The above is a description of them as they appeared sixty years ago, when Circleville was a mere village, and be- fore the hand of modern vandalism had marred or obliterated any of the parts. A somewhat minute description of these ancient remains is given, not because they are more remarkable than many others found in different parts of the Northwest, but as an example to show the magnitude of many similar works. Among others in the same State may- be mentioned a re- markable mound near Marietta, which is enclosed by a wall embracing an area 230 feet long by 215 wide. This mound is thirty feet high and ellip- tical in form. This mound, with the wall enclosing it, stand apart from two other irregular enclosures, one containing fifty and the other twenty-seven acres. Within the larger of these two enclosures there are four truncated pyramids, three of which have graded passage ways to their summits. The largest pyramid is 188 feet long by 132 feet wide, and is ten feet high. From the southern wall of this enclosure there is a graded passage way 150 feet broad, extending 600 feet to the immediate valley of the Muskingum river. This passage way is guarded by embankments on either side from eight to ten feet high. In the smaller square there are no pyramidal struc- tures, but fronting each gate-way there is a circular mound. The walls of these several enclosui*es are from twenty to thirty feet broad at the base, and from five to six feet high. Besides these, many similar embankments may be traced in the same ^dcinity. Squier and Davis, authors of that most elaborate work, entitled "The An- cient Monuments of the Mississippi Yalley", estimated that there were in Ross county, Ohio, at least one hundred enclosures and five hundred mounds. They give the probable number in that State at from one thousand to fifteen hundred enclosures, and ten thousand mounds. These estimates are quite likely to be far below the actual number, as their investigations were made many years ago, when large portions of the State were yet covered with for- ests, and before any general interest had been awakened on the subject of which they treated. Among the remarkable fortifications in Ross county is one at Cedar Bank, on the east side of the Scioto river, about five miles north of Chillicothe. It is of a square form, enclosing an area of thirty- two acres. The west side of this enclosure is formed by the high bluff bor- dering the river at this point. There are two gate-ways opposite each other, one on the north and the other on the south side. Inside of the enclosure, I 1^ X^^ -l— -1 — -^ ■■■^— ill ft 'it a N 'Yt^^lit un & 6 (J « (« f t J. a 1 1(^ W^^^ \M mmm 7 ■"^H^^^'"'**'''" THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 on a line witli tlie ^ate-ways, there is a mound 245 feet long and 150 feet broad. The form of this work is shown by the diagram on the opposite page. When this work first attracted the attention of Mr. E. G. Squier, Dr. Davis, and others engaged in archaeological research, it was in the midst of a dense forest of heavy timber. Trees of the 'largest growth stood on the embankments, and covered the entire area of ground enclosed. About a mile and a half below, on the same side of the Scioto, are other fortifica- tions, both circular and square, even more remarkable than the one last de- scribed, on account of the forms and combinations which they exhibit. Another fortification in this county, in the form of a parallelogram, 2,800 feet long by 1,800 feet wide, encloses several smaller works and mounds, which altogether make 3,000,000 cubic feet of embankment. A series of the most wonderful and most gigantic of these pre-historic works, is to be found in the Licking Yalley, near Newark. They cover an area of two square miles. The works are of such vast magnitude that even with our labor-saving implements to construct them, would require the la- bor of thousands of men continued for many months. "Fort Ancient", as it is called, in Warren county, Ohio, has nearly four miles of embankment, from eighteen to twenty feet high. Mounds and fortifications similar to those in Ohio are found in all the States of the Northwest, and indeed, throughout the entire valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries. In the valley of the Wabash, in Indiana, are many interesting remains of the works of the Mound Builders. Near Kahokia, Illinois, there is a mound 2,000 feet in circumference, and ninety feet high. Many remarkable objects of interest to the antiquary are found in Wisconsin. Scattered over her undulating plains are earth-works, mod- eled after the forms of men and animals. At Aztalan, in Jefferson county, • is an ancient fortification 550 yards long and 275 yards wide. The walls are from four to five feet high, and more than twenty feet in thickness at the base. Near the Blue Mounds, in that State, there is another work, in form resembling a man in a recumbent position. It is one hundred and twenty feet long and .thirty feet across the trunk. At Prairieville there is still another resembling a turtle in shape which, is fifty-six feet in length. At Cassville there is one whieh is said to resemble the extinct mastedon. In some instances these animal resemblances and forms are much defaced by time, while in other cases they are distinctly visible. Fragments of an- cient pottery are found scattered about most of them. Scattered over the surface of Iowa, also, are to be found many of these monuments of a pre-historic race. The mounds especially are numerous, appearing most in that portion of the State east of the Des Moines river, but in a few instances west of it. Groups of mounds are found along Iowa river, in Johnson county, ]iresenting the same genejial appearance with those in the States east of the Mississippi. Near the mouth of this river, in Louisa county, are the remains of an ancient fortificatio7i,withanumber of mounds in the same vicinity, Avhich have attracted the attention of the curious. In the vicinity of Otturawa, Wapello county, are a large number of mounds, several of which have been examined. There is a chain of them in this last named county, commencing near the mouth of Sugar Creek, a small tribu- tary of the Des Moines, and extending twelve miles nortward, with distances between them in some instances as great as two miles. Two of them were excavated several years ago. One of them was about 45 feet in diameter, and situated upon the highest ground in the vicinity. The other was directly 64 THE NOKTIIWEST TERKITOEY. north about oue-fourtli of a mile. Its diameter at the base was about 75 feet. In the center of this last named mound, was found, at the depth ol four feet, a layer of stone, with the appearance of having been subjected to the action of lire. There were also found a mass of charcoal, a bed of ashes, and calcined human bones. A number of relics were also found in the smaller mound first mentioned. These examinations were made by several gentlemen of Ottumwa. Mr. F. C. Roberts, in a Fort Madison paper, writes of the examination of a mound situated about six miles north of that city, a few years ago. It is located on the brow of a hill, is of an elliptical shaj)e, and small in size, being only about 30 feet long, and fifteen feet wide; its height was about six teet. The mound contained a number of separate compartments, con- structed as follows: First, there was a floor made of limestone, which must have been brought a distance of several miles, as none nearer could have been obtained. "This floor was laid regular and smooth, the best stone only being used. Above the floor, with an intervening space of about twenty inches, there was a roof, also made of limestone. The sides of this vault, if it may so be called, seemed to have once had stone walls, but they were more or less caved in. It was also thought that the roof had originally been much hio'her. The compartments were made by partitions or walls of stone. Each compartment was occupied by a human skeleton, and articles of flint and stone, as well as some bones of animals. All the skeletons of human origin were placed in a sitting position, with the knees drawn up, and the head in- clined forward between them. The arms were 23laced by the side, and some- times clasped around the knees. Besides the human bones, there were those of some large birds and of st»me animal. Some of these were charred, and were found in connection with charcoal and ashes. There were numerous flint weapons, and small three cornered stones. In Clayton and other counties in the northeastern part of the State, the Moimd Builders have left numerous monuments of their existence in that region in pre-historic times. The researches of Hon. Samuel Murdoch, of Clayton county, have been extensive and successfid in giving to the scien- tific and antiquarian world much information in relation to these works of an ancient people who once occupied our continent. lie has collected a vast number of relics from the mounds in that portion of the State. After long and thorough investigation, he gives it as his opinion that in Clayton county alone there are not less than one hundred thousand arti- ficial mounds, including the two classes, the round and the elongated, the latter ranging from one hundred to six hundred feet in length. All of them, so far as examinations have been made, contain more or less skeletons. One which was examined near Clayton was estimated to have contained over one hundred bodies. From investigations made, the infer- ence is drawn that the elongated mounds are of greater antiquity than the round ones. The skeletons found in the former are in a more advanced state of decay, and in some of them there is scarcely any trace of bones. In nearly all the round mounds skeletons were found in a remarkably good state of preservation, and can be obtained by the thousand. These tacts in- dicate most conclusively that the elongated mounds were the work of an older race of the Monnd Builders, and'that they were erected ages before the round ones were. The fact that human remains have been found in neai-ly all of both classes favors the theory that they were ei-ected as receptacles for the dead. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 A PIONEER WINTER. 6Q THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. While workmen were excavating a mound for tlie foundation of a ware- house in the city of McGregor, in the summer of 1874, human bones were found, and also a stone axe weighing thirteen pounds. It was embedded twenty feet below the original surface. As stated, the work of the Mound Builders was not coniined to that por- tion of the State embracing the Mississippi drainage. Similar remains, though not so numerous, are observed on the western slope of the water- shed between the two great rivers bordering the State. Some five miles below Denison, Crawford count}'^, in the valley of Boyer river, there is a semi-cir- cular group of artificial mounds. They are situated on a plateau, rising above the first, or lower bottom, and are about nine in number, each rising to a height of from five to six feet above the general level of the ground. Another similar group is located on a second bottom, at the mouth of Para- dise creek, in the same county. Human remains have been found in some of them. Having noticed briefly some of the various forms in which these stupen- dous works of men who lived far back in the centuries, whose annals have not come down to us in any written language, we can say now that the most learned have only been able to conjecture as to the remoteness of their an- tiquity. The evidences that they are of verij great age are abundant and QonoXu^ive, hut how many htindreds or thousands of years? This is the problem that many an antiquary would freely give years of study and inves- tigation to solve. The length of time which elapsed during which these works were in progesss is another of the unsolved questions connected with them, and yet there is abundant evidence that some of them are much older than others; that the process of their construction extends over a large dura- tion of time — a time during which the Mound Builders themselves passed through the changes which mark the monuments that they have left behind them. It is a well known fact that the manners and customs of rude nations isolated from intercourse and commerce with the world, pass through the process of change and development very slowly. The semi-civilized nations of eastern lands, after the lapse of thousands of years, still cling to tlie man- ners and customs, and the superstitions of their ancestors, who lived at the early dawn of our historic period. They use the same rude implements of huslaandry, the same utensils in the household, the same arms in warfare, and practice the same styles of dress — all with but little change or modifi- cation. The changes are only sufiiciently marked to be perceptible after many generations have passed away. Situated as the Mound Builders were, we can but infer that they too passed slowly through the processes of change, and the works which tliey have left behind them thoroughly attest the truth of this proposition. Their older works appear to be more elaborate and more intricate, showing that the earlier workers were possessed of a higher degree of attainment in the mechanical arts than those whose works are more recent. The inference is that probably after long ages, they gradually retrograded, and were finally subdued or driven southward into Mexico and 'Central America, by the ancestors of the Indians, who came upon them from the northwest, as the Goths and Yandals invaded and subverted the Boman Empire. This final subjugation may have resulted after centuries of war- fare, during which time these fortifications were constructed as defences against the enemy. That they were for military purposes is scarcely sus- ceptible of a doubt. This implies a state of warfare, and war implies an enemy. The struggle ended in the final subjugation of that people to whom THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 we apply the name of Mound Builders — their conquerors and successors being a race of people in whom we recognize to this day, traces of the Asiatic type. We, another race of people, after the lapse of other ages, tread to-day, in our turn, on the ruins of at least a limited civilization — a civilization older than that of the Aztecs, whom Cortez found in Mexico. This great Missis- sippi valley was once a populous empire, millions of whose subjects repose in the sepulchers scattered in our valleys and over our prairies. While we bow at the shrine of a more intelligent Deity, and strive to build up a truer and better civilization, let us still remember that we tread on classic ground. SKETCHES OF WESTEKN AND NORTHWESTERN STATES. Legislation in Regard to Ohio — Admission as a State — Description — Climate and Soil — Origin of Name— Seat of Government — Legislation in Regard to Indiana— Description — Lost River — Wyandot Cave — Seat of Goverament — Internal Improvements — "Vmcennes — Illi- nois — Admission as a State — Description — Productions — Towns and Cities — "Lover's Leap" — "Buffalo Rock"— "Cave in the Rock" — Michigan— The Boundary Question — Admission as a State — Description — History — Towns and Cities — Wisconsin — Descrip- tion — Climate and Productions — Objects of Interest — Towns and Cities— Sketch of Mil- waukee — Minnesota— Description — Lakes — Climate and Productions — Natural Scenery — Red Pipe Stone — Historical Sketch — Towns and Cities — Nebraska — Description — Towns and Cities — Missouri — Organic Legislation — The " Missouri Compromise " — Description — Early Settlement — St. Louis — Other Towns and Cities. OHIO. Ohio was the first State formed out of the territory northwest of the river Ohio, which was ceded to the United States by the General Assembly of Virginia in 1783, and accepted by the Congress of the United States, March 1, 1784. This territory was divided into two separate governments by act of Congress of May 7, 1800. Ohio remained a Territorial government until under an act of Congress, approved April 30, 1802, it adopted a State consti- tution, and was allowed one representative in Congress. On the fii-st of November of the same year the constitution was presented in Congress. The people having, on November 29, 1802, complied with the act of Con- gress of April 30, 1802, whereby the State became one of the United States, an act was passed and approved Februarj'^ 19, 1803, for the due execution of the laws of the United States within that State. The State embraces an area of about 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. There are no mountains, but the central portion of the State is ele- vated about 1000 feet above the level of the sea, while other portions are from 600 to 800 feet in elevation. A belt of highlands north of the middle of the State separates the rivers flowing north into Lake Erie from those flowing south into the Ohio river. The middle portion of the State in great part is an elevated plain with occasional patches of marsh land. A large proportion of the State when first settled was covered with forests, but in the central part there was some prairie. Boulders are found scattered over the surface, as they are generally throughout the Northwest. The bituminous coal-field of the State extends over an area embracing nearly 12,000 square miles. It occupies the eastern and southeastern parts, with its northern boundary running near Wooster, Newark, and Lancaster. There are also frequent beds of limestone, as well as sandstone well suited for heavy masonry. The most important of the other mineral productions is 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. iron, which it possesses in great abundance. This is found running througli the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, Yinton, Athens, and Hocking, in a bed 100 miles long by 12 wide. For fine castings it is not surpassed by that found in any other part of the United States. Salt springs are also frequent. The great river of the State is the Ohio, which forms its southern bound- ary, and receives the tributary volume of waters flowing from the Muskin- gum, Scioto, and Miami, as well as those of many smaller streams. The interior rivers mentioned vary in length from 110 to 200 miles. The Ohio is navigable by steamboats of the first-class during one-half the year to Pitts- burg. The Muskingum is navigable by means of dams and locks to Zanesville, 70 miles from its mouth, and at times 30 miles farther up to Coshocton. On the northern slope of the State, beginning at the northwest, are the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, and Cuyahoga, all flowing into Lake Erie, and all flowing their entire course within the State, except the Mau- mee, which rises in Indiana. The last-named river is navigable for lake steamers a distance of 18 miles. Lake Erie coasts the state about 150 miles on the north and northeast, afibrding several good harbors. The climate in the southern part of the State is mild, while in the north the temperature is equally as rigorous as in the same latitude near the Atlantic. Great droughts have occasionally prevailed, but the State is re- garded as one of the most productive in the Union. Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, and barley, are the leading cereals. All the fruits of the temperate latitudes are generally abundant. The forest trees are of many kinds, includ- ing the several varieties of oak, hickory, sugar and maple, beech, poplar, ash, sycamore, paw-paw, buckeye, dogwood, cherry, elm, and hackberry. The State receives its name from that of the river which forms its southern boundary. It is of Indian or aboriginal origin. It is not easy to determine its real signification in the Indian lan^iage, but some writers have claimed that it means handsome or beautiful. This opinion would seem to be some- what plausible from the feet that the early French explorers called it La Belle Riviere., or the Beautiful River, having probably learned the significa- tion of the Indian name, and therefore gave it a French name with the same signification. Ohio was first partially settled by a few French emigrants on the Ohio river, while they possessed Canada and Louisiana, about the middle of the the last century. But these settlements were very inconsiderable until the year 1787 and 1788, when the Ohio Company and others from New England made the settlement at Marietta. The early inhal)itants were mucli annoyed by the incursions of the Indians, who had successively defeated Gen. Harmar and Gen. St. Clair, in 1791 and 1792, but were themselves utterly routed by Gen. Wayne in August, 1794. Fort Sandusky, in the war of 1812, was suc- cessfully defended by Maj. Croghan, then but 21 3^ears of age, with 160 men against the attack of Gen. Proctor, with 500 British regulars and as many Indians. Cincinnati was laid out as early as 1788, but there were only a few set- tlers until after Wayne's victory. It then improved rapidly, having in 1818 a population of upward of 9,000. Chillicothe was laid out in 1796, and in 1818 had a population of 2,600. Columbus, the present capital, was laid out early in the year 1812, and in 1818 contained about 1,500 inhabitants. Cleveland was laid out in 1796, and about the same time a number of set- tlements were made along the Miami. Until the legislature met in Colum- bus, in December, 1816, Cincinnati and Chillicothe had alternately enjoyed THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 69 the distinction of being both the Territorial and State capitals. In 1814 the first State-house, a plain brick building, was erected at Columbus, the per- manent seat of the State Government. In February, 1852, it was entirely, consumed by fire, and was succeeded by the present fine State capitol, which had been commenced prior to the destruction of the old one. The conven- tion which formed the first constitution of the State was held in Chillicothe, in November, 1802. The following table shows the population of Ohio at the close of each decade from 1800 to 1870: '* WHITE. AGGREGATE. 1800. 1810. 1820. 18.30. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 45,028 228.861 576,572 928,329 1,502,122 1,955,0.50 2,302,808 2,601,946 387 1,899 4,723 9,574 17,345 25,279 36,673 6.3,213 45,365 230,760 581,295 937,903 1,519,467 1,980,-329 '^2,339,511 '^2,665,260 * The above aggregate for 1860 includes 30 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 100 enumerated as Indians. INDIANA. Indiana was formed out of a part of the l^orthwestem Territory which was ceded to the United States by the Virginia. It received a separate Ter- ritorial form of government by act of Congress of May 7, 1800, and William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor. At this time it included all the territory west to the Mississippi river, including all now embraced in the States of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi. The seat of the territorial government was established at Vincennes. By act of January 11, 1805, it was divided into two separate governments, and that of Michigan created. Again, February 3, 1809, that of Illinois was created. On the 19th of April, 1816, Congress passed an act to enable the people of Indiana to form a constitution and State government. On the 29th of June of the same year the people formed a constitution, and on the 11th of December, 1816, an act of Congress was apj^roved admitting the State into the Union. The laws of the United States were extended to the State by an act of March 3, 1817. Indiana is 278 miles in its greatest length from north to south, and about 144 miles in width, and includes an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,- 760 acres. It has no mountains or great elevations, but portions south of White river are somewhat hilly. North of the White and Wabash rivers the country is generally level or slightly undulating. The rivers are gener- ally bordered by rich alluvial bottom lands, sometimes extending for several miles in width. Some of the southeastern counties in places present a rocky surface. The eastern part is generally heavily timbered, while the western is chiefly prairie. The State has a gradual inclination toward the Ohio, and most of the streams flow into that river. Lake Michigan borders the State on the northwest for a distance of about 40 miles, while the Ohio forms the entire southern boundary. In the northern part there are some small lakes. The Wabash is the largest interior river, and with its tributa- ries drains nearly three-fourths of the State. At high water it is navigable 70 THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITORY. by steamboats as far as Covington. "WTiite river is its principal tributary. It rises in two branches in the eastern part of the State, the two branches uniting about 30 miles from the Wabash. The Maumee is formed bj the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's in the northeastern part of the State, and passes off into Ohio. The Kankakee, one of the sources of the Illinois, drains the northwestern part of the State. Among other streams are the Tippeca- noe, Mississiniwa, Whitewater, Flat Rock, and Blue rivers. The State yields an abundance of coal, tlie great deposit being in the southwestern portion, and embracmg an area of nearly 8,000 square miles, or some twenty-two counties, in most of which it is profitably mined. There are also iron, zinc, gypsum, and lime and sandstone. Many quarries of stone yield excellent building material. Indiana is not without its natural wonders which have attracted the atten- tion of the curious. Among these is Lost river, in Orange county. This stream is about fifty feet in widtli. It sinks many feet under ground, and then rises to the surface at a distance of 11 miles. Then there is AYyandot Cave, in Crawford county. In beauty and magnificence it almost rivals the celebrated Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. It has been explored a distance of over twenty miles. Its greatest width is about 300 feet, and its greatest height 24:0 feet. Among its interior wonders are "Bandit's Hall," "Pluto's Ravine," "Monument Mountain," "Lucifer's Gorge." and "Calypso's Island." The interior is brilliantly sparred with pendant stalactites. Tlie climate is milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast, but somewhat subject to sudden changes. The soil is generally productive, and in the river bottoms very deep, well adapted to Indian corn and other kinds of grain. The alluvial bottom lands of the "Wabash and its tributaries are especially noted for their fertility. The productions are the various kinds of grain, vegetables, and fruits common in temperate latitudes. Indiana has a large variety of forest trees. Among those indigenous to the State are several kinds of oak, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, maple, buckeye, beech, locust, sycamore, cotton wood, liackberry, mulberry, and some sassafras. Indianapolis is the capital, and is situated on the west fork of "NYTiite river, in Marion ounty. The site was selected for the capital in 1820, while the whole country for forty miles in every direction was covered Math a dense forest. Previous to 1825 the State capital was at Corydon, but in that year the public offices were removed to Indianapolis. The State-house was erected at a cost of §60,000, and at that time was considered an elegant building. It is now unsuited for the purposes of a great State like Indiana and will soon give place to a larger and more elegant structure. Indianapolis, in 1840,had a population of 2,692 ; in 1850 it had 8,900 ; in 1860 it had 18,611 ; and in 1870 it had 48,244. In works of internal improvement Indiana stands among the leading States of the Mississippi valley. Kailroads radiate in all directions from Indian- apolis, and there is scarcely a place in the State of any considerable import- ance that is not connected, directly or indirectly, with the larger cities. Among her early improvements were the Wabash and Erie Canal, connect- ing Evansville with Toledo, and the Whitewater Canal, connecting Cam- bridge City with La^vrencebnrg, on the Ohio. Of the Wabash and Erie Canal, 379 miles are within the limits of Indiana. The Whitewater Canal is 74 miles long. Indianapolis is the largest and most im^sortant city in the State, and among the principal cities may be mentioned IS^ew Albany, THE XOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 71 Evansville, Fort Wayne, La Fayette, Terre Haute, Madison, Laporte. Jeffer- sonville, Logansport, Crawtbrdsville, Lawrenceburf;, SontL Bend and Michi- gan City. Corydon, the former State capital, is 115 miles south of Indian- apolis, in Harrison county. ^Vhen the seat of government was removed from this place to Indianapolis, in lSii4, it remained stationary for a long time. l)ut within a few years it has become more flourishing. Vincennes, the an- cient seat of the Territorial government, is on the left bank of the Wabash river, 120 miles south of Indianapolis. It is the oldest town in the State, and possesses much historic interest, being first settled by the French about the year 1735. Many of the present inhabitants are of French descent. Tlie seat of government was removed from Vincennes to Corydon in IS 13. The following table shows the population of Indiana, at the close of each decade, from 1>00 to 1870: AGGREGATE. ISf/j ■■ 2Mj2 29>< i 2.517 ISIO. 1^20. 1830. 1840. 2:3.890 I 6:30 I 24,520 145.7-58 1.420 147.178 :3:39.:399 i 3,6:32 ;34:3.031 678,698 7.168 ' 68-5.866 l!^.50 : 977,1-54 11,262 | 988,416 1860 ! 1,:3:38,710 ' 11.4-^ i *1.:3.50.428 1870 \ 1.6-5.5.8:37 : 24,-560 I *1.680,6:37 * The above aggregate for 1860 includes 290 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1S70 includes 240 enumerated as Indians. ILLINGIS. Illinois was formed out of a part of the Xorthwestern Territory, which was ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia. An act for divid- ing the Indian Territory, was passed by Congress, and approved February 3d, 1S09. An act to enable the people of the Territory to form a constitu- tion and State government, and authorizing one representative in Congress, was passed and approved April 18th, 1818. By the same act a part of the Territory of Illinois was attached to the Territory of Michigan. The people having, on the 2^th of August of the same year, formed a constitution, a joint resolution was passed by Congress, and approved December 3d, 1818, admitting the State into the TTnion, and on the 2d of March following, an act was approved to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within the State of Illinois. The extreme length of Illinois from north to south is about 3S0 miles, and its greatest width about 200 miles. It embraces an area of 55,409 square miles, or 35.459,200 acres. The surface of the State is generally level, with a general inclination from north to south, as indicated by the course of its rivers. There are some elevated bluffs along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, and a small tract of hilly country in the southern part of the State. The northwest part also contains a considerable amount of broken land. Some of the prairies are large, but in the early settlement of the State there were many small prairies, skirted with fine groves of timber. The prairies are generally undulating, and in their native state were clothed in a great variety of beautiful wild flowers. The State is well supplied with minerals of great economic value. The region of Galena, in the northwest part, has 72 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOET. LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILL. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 for many years yielded vast quantities of lead. The coal fields cover an area of 44,000 square miles. There are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson and Vermillion counties; and medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, have been found in several places. Excellent building stone for lieavy ma- sonry, are quarried at Joliet, La Mont, Quincy, and other places. Illinois possesses pre-eminent facilities for water transportation, the Missis- sippi river forming the entire western boundary, and the Ohio the entire southern, while Lake Michigan bounds it on the northeast 60 miles. The Illinois riv^er is navigable for steamboats 286 miles. Rock river, though having obstructions near its mouth, has in times of high water been navi- gated for a considerable distance. Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Spoon rivers have also been navigated by steamboat, but the construction of railroads has in a great measure superseded the necessity of this means of transportation. Among the rivers are the upper portion of the AVabash, which receives from this State the waters of the Vermillion, Embarras and Little Wabash. The principal tributaries, or sources, of the Illinois river are Kaskaskia, Des l*laines and Fox rivers. Lake Peoria is an expansion of the Illinois river, near the middle of the State. Lake Pishtoka, in the northeast part, is a lake of some importance. Illinois, extending through five degrees of latitude, presents considerable variety of climate. Peaches and some other fruits, which do not succeed so well in the northern part, rarely fail to yield abundantly in the southern part. The State has immense agricultural capabilities, unsurpassed, indeed, by any other State in the Union, unless it may be the younger State of Iowa. Among its agricultural staples are Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, butter and cheese. Stock raising on the prairies of Illinois has, for many years, been carried on extensively. All the fruits and vegetables common to the latitudes in which it is situated are successfully and abundantly produced. Timber is plentiful, but not very equally diffused. The bottom lands are supplied with fine growths of black and white walnut, ash, hackberry, elm, sugar maple, honey locust, sycamore, cottonwood, hickory, and several species of oak. Some of these also grow on the uplands, and in addition white oak, and other valuable kinds of timber. White and yellow poplar flourish in the southern part^ and cypress on the Ohio bottom lands. As we have seen, Illinois did not become a member of the Federal Union until 1818, yet settlements were made within its limits about the same time that William Penn colonized Pennsylvania, in the latter part of the seven- teenth century. These settlements, like other French colonies, failed to in- crease very rapidly, and it was not until after the close of the Revolution, that extensive colonization commenced, Springfield, the capital of Illinois, was laid out in 1822. It is situated three miles south of the Sangamon river, in Sangamon county, and is sur- rounded by rich and extensive prairies, which have been transformed into splendid farms. Large quantities of bituminous coal are mined in this vicinity. This city will ever be memorable as the home of Abraham Lincoln, and as the place where his remains are entombed. In 1840 it had a pop- ulation of 2,579; in 1850 it had 4,533; in 1860 it had 7,002; and in 1870 it had 17,364. Since the last date the population has increased rapidly. A new and magnificent State capitol has been erected, and Springfield may now be regarded as one of the flourishing cities of Illinois. Chicago, on the site of old Fort Dearborn, is now the largest interior city of the United States. It stands on the shore of Lake Michigan, with the 74 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. Chicago river flowing tlirougli it. As the great commercial emporium of the I^orthwest, a special account of this city will be given elsewhere. Among other large and thriving cities are Peoria, Quincy, Galena, Belleville, Alton, Kockford, Bloomington, Ottawa, Aurora, Lincoln, Rock Island, Galesburg, Joliet and Jacksonville. The internal improvements of Illinois are on a grand scale. Tlie rail- roads traverse almost every county, connecting her towns and cities with her great commercial city on the lake, and with the markets of the East. Besides these, she has her great canal, from Chicago to Peru, uniting the waters of Lake Michigan with the Mississippi river. This canal is 100 miles long. A few striking features of the natural scenery of this State may be men- tioned. Along the Mississippi are bold and picturesque bluffs, rising from one to three hundred feet. " Starved Rock " and " Lover's Leap " are eminen- ces on Illinois river, the former being a perpendicular mass of limestone, eight miles below Ottawa, and rising 150 feet above the river. It is so called from an incident in Indian warfare, A band of Illinois Indians took refuge on this eminence from the Pottawattamies, but being surrounded by the latter, they all died, it is said not of starvation, but of thirst. ^Nearly oppo- site " Lover's Leap " is " Buifalo Rock," 100 feet high. Here the Indians formerly drove the buffalo, and with shouts caused them to crowd each other over the precipice. On the banks of the Ohio, in Hardin county, is " Cave in the Rock," the entrance to which is but little above the water. The cave ascends gradually from the entrance to the extreme limit, back 180 feet. In 1797 it was the rendezvous of a band of robbers, who sallied forth to rob boatmen and emigrants. Other outlaws have since made it their abode. The following table shows the population of Illinois at the close of each decade, from 1800 to 1870. TEAR. WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1800 2,275 11,501 53,788 155,061 472,254 846,034 1,704.291 2,511.096 183 781 1,374 2,384 3,929 5,436 7,628 28,762 2,458 12 282 1810 1820 55,162 157,445 476,183 851,470 *1,711,951 *2,539.891 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 *The above ag'gregate for 1860 includes 32 enumerated as Indians, and the same number enumerated as Indians in 1870. MICHIGAN. Michigan was formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia. It was detached from Indiana Territory, and become a separate Territorial government under an act of Congress ap- proved January 11, 1805. It remained for more than thirty years under a territorial form of government, but embraced a vast region not now inclu- ded in the State. During this time there was considerable Ico^islation in I'll ^ regard to its boundaries, the most important of which was the adjustment of the boundary line between Michigan and the State of Ohio, in 1836. In January, 1833, a memorial of the Legislative Council of the Territory was presented in Congress, praying for admission into the Union as a State. The prayer of the memorial was not granted at that time, partly on account THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 75 of the disputed boundary question. Finally, on the 15th of June, 1836, an act was passed '" to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, and to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, upon conditions therein expressed." One of the conditions was, that if a convention of delegates elected by the people of Michigan for the purpose of giving their assent to the boundaries, as declared and established by the act of June 15th, 1836, should first give their assent, then Michigan was to be declared one of the States of the Union. This condition having been complied with, Congress, on the 26th of January, 1837, passed an act de- claring Michigan one of the United States, and admitting it into the Union upon an equal footing with the original States. Michigan occupies two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie, St. Clair and Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west ; and the northern one between Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and Lake Superior on the north. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in extreme length, from southeast to northwest, and 130 miles in its greatest width. The soutliern peninsula is about 283 miles from north to south, and 210 from east to west in its greatest width. The joint area of the two peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 acres. The northern penin- sula embraces about two-fifths of the total area. The southern peninsula is generally an undulating plain, with a few slight elevations. The shores of Lake Huron are often characterized by steep blufis, while those of Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand-hills, ris- ing from one hundred to two hundred feet in height. In the southern part of this peninsula are large districts covered with thinly scattered trees, called "oak openings." The northern peninsula is in striking contrast with the southern, both as to soil and surface. It is rugged, with streams abounding in water-falls. The Wisconsin, or Porcupine Mountains, form the water-shed between Lakes Michigan and Superior, and attain an elevation of 2,000 feet in the northwestern portion of the peninsula. The shores of Lake Superior are composed of sandstone rock, which in places is worn by the winds and waves into many strange and fanciful shapes, resembling the ruins of castles, and forming the celebrated " Pictured Kocks." The northern peninsula of Michigan possesses probably the richest copper mines in the world, occupying a belt one hundred and twenty miles in length by from two to six miles in width. It is rich in minerals, but rigorous in climate and sterile in soil. Coal is plentiful at Corunna, one hundred miles from Detroit. The State is so surrounded and intersected by lakes as to fairly entitle it to the soubriquet of " The Lake State." There are a number of small lakes in the interior of the State, which add to the general variety of scenery, but are not important to navigation. The Straits of Mackinaw (formerly writ- ten Michilimackinac) divide the southern from the northern peninsula, and connect the waters of Lakes Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. There are a number of small rivers, the most important in the southern pe- ninsula being St. Josejslvs, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon and Manistee, all emptying into Lake Michigan; and Au Sable and Siganaw, flowing into Lake Huron, and the Huron and Raisin discharging their waters into Lake Erie. The principal rivers of the northern peninsula are the Menomonee, Montreal and Ontonagon. The shores around the lakes are indented by nu- merous bays. Several small islands belong to Michigan, the most iiripor- tant of which is Isle Royale, noted for its copper mines. J6 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. The climate of Michigan is generally rigorous, except in proximity to the lakes, where the fruits of the temperate zone succeed admirably. The north- ern peninsula is favorable for winter wheat, but Indian corn does not suc- ceed well. In the southern peninsula, Indian corn is produced abundantly, as well as the winter grains. This part of the State is pre-eminently agri- cultural. Portions of the northern peninsula are heavily timbered with white pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, aspen, maple, ash and elm, and vast quantities of lumber are manufactured at the fine mill-sites afforded by the rapid streams. Timber is plentiful also in the southern peninsula, and consists chiefly of several species of oak, hickory, ash, basswood, maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, sycamore, cotton wood, black and white walnut, cherry, pine, tamarack, cj^ress, cedar and chestnut. JSTorthern Michigan abounds in picturesque scenery, among wliich may be mentioned the " Pictured Rocks," composed of sandstone of various col- ors. They extend for about twelve miles, and rise 300 feet above the water. Sometimes cascades shoot over the precipice, so that vessels can sail between them and the natural wall of the rock. This portion of the State every sea- son attracts large numbers of excursionists and pleasure-seekers, on account of its charming and interesting scenery. The State is named for tlie lake which forms a part of its boundary, and signifies in the Indian language, " Great "Water." The first white settle- ments were by the French, near Detroit and at Mackinaw, in the latter half of the seventeenth century ; but these colonies did not progress rapidly. This territory, with other French possessions in North America, came into jDOSsession of Great Britain at the peace of 1763. It remained under the dominion of Great Britain until the American Revolution, when it became the possession of the United States. The British, however, did not surren- der Detroit until 1796. This region was chiefly the scene of the exploits of the celebrated chief Pontiac, after the expulsion of the French. During the war of 1812, Michigan became the theater of several of the battles and many of the incidents connected with that war. At Frenchto^vn, in this State, January 22, 1813, occurred a cruel massacre by the savages of a party of American prisoners of war. Gen. Harrison soon after drove the enemy out of the Territory, and removed the seat of war into Canada, where he fought and gained the battle of the Thames. Lansing, the capital of Michigan, is situated on Grand river, in Ingham county one hundred and ten miles northwest of Detroit. It was selected for the seat of government in 1847, at which time it was surrounded by an al- most unbroken wilderness. The river here affords excellent water power. A new and handsome State capitol has just been completed. Detroit, situated on the river from which it takes its name, eighteen miles from the head of Lake Erie, is the largest city in the State. It was the capital until the removal of the seat of government to Lansing, in 1850. Historically it is one of the most interesting cities in the West, "the French had here a military post as early as 1670. Three Indian tribes, the Hurons, Pottawattamies arid Ottawas, had their villages in the vicinity. With other French possessions, it passed into the hands of the British at the peace of 1763, and twenty years later it came under the jurisdiction of the United States, although, as stated above, it was not surrendered until 1796. June 11th, 1805, it was almost totally destroyed by fire. Gen. Wm. Hull, first governor of the Territory of Michigan, then projected the city on a new THE NOKTHWEST TEKKITOEY. n plau. On the IStli of August, 1812, this same Gen. Hull surrendered it into the hands of the British, but the latter evacuated it September 29th of the same year. In 1870 the population was 79,577, and since then has rap- idly increased. Among the other important towns and cities in the State, are Grand Rap- ids, Adrian, Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Jackson and Monroe, The following table shows the population of Michigan at the close of each decade, from 1800 to 1870 : COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 551 4,618 8,591 31,346 211,560 895,071 736,142 1,167.282 144 174 293 707 2,583 6,799 11,849 551 4,762 8.765 31,659 212,276 397,654 *749,113 *1. 184,059 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 6,172 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 4,926 enumerated as Indians. WISCONSIN, Wisconsin was formed out of a portion of the Territory of Michigan, but was originally a part of the Northwestern Territor}^ ceded by the State of Yirginia to the United States. On the 12th of December, 1832, a resolution passed the house of representatives directing, a committee to inquire into the expediency of creating a Territorial government for Wisconsin out of a part of Michigan. On the 20th of April, 1836, an act was passed and approved establishing a Territorial government. On the 20th of June, 1838, an act was passed and approved to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- lish the Territorial government of Iowa. June 12, 1838, an act was passed designating the boundary line between the State of Michigan and the Terri- tory of Wisconsin. On the 6th of August, 1846, an act was passed and approved to enable the people to form a constitution and State government. On the 21st of January, 1847, the people adopted a constitution, and on the 3d of March of the same year an act of Congress was passed and approved for the admission of the State into tlie Union. By act of May 29, 1848, the State was declared admitted into the Union, to be entitled to three represen- tatives in Congress after March 3, 1849. The extreme length of Wisconsin from north to south is about 285 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west is about 255 miles. . It includes an area of about 53,924 square miles, or 34,511 ,360 acres. It is generally of an elevated rolling surface, with a large proportion of prairie. There are no mountains, properly so called, though the descent toward Lake Superior is quite abru])t, and the rivers full of rapids and falls, which afford valuable mill-sites. The great lakes, Superior and Michigan, lave the northern and eastern borders, besides which there are a number of smaller lakes, the most important of which is Lake Winnebago, southeast of the middle of the State. It is 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates with Green Bay through the Fox or Neenah river. In the northwestern part are numerous small lakes, with clear water, gravelly or rocky bottoms, and bold picturesque 73 THE NOKTHWEST TEEKITOKY. shares. Tlie rivers generally flow in a southwest direction and discharge their waters into the Mississippi, which flows along the southwest border of the State for more than 200 miles. The most important interior river is the "Wieconsin, which has a course of about 200 miles almost directly south, when it changes its course westwardly, and flows about 100 miles further to its junction with the Mississippi. At favorable stages it is navigable for steamboats 180 miles. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix rivers are important streams for floating timber and lumber from the pine region in the northwest part of the State. The streams flowing into Lake Superior are small, but rapid, aftbrding excellent mill-sites. The climate is severe and the winters long, but the State is free from the unliealthy changes which are common farther south. The soutli and middle portions form a fine agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple produc- tion, though all kinds of small grain and Indian corn are raised successfully. Large portions of the State are well adapted to grazing and the dairy. The northern part of the State, about the head-waters of the Black and Chippewa rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, has but limited agricultural capabilities, as in that region are many ponds and marshes, and also large quantities of boulders scattered over the surface. There are many objects of interest to the tourist and the lover of the picturesque. The rivers abound in rapids and falls. In St. Louis river there is a series of cascades which have a descent of 320 feet in 16 miles. The Menomonee river at Quinnesec Falls dashes down over a perpendicular ledge of rocks 40 feet, and has a fall of 134 feet in a mile and a half Among other noted falls are the St. Croix, Chippewa and Big Bull Falls in the "Wis- consin river. Along the rivers are many grand views of blufi*8, rising from 150 to 200 feet, and at one place in Richland county on the "Wisconsin, where it passes through a narrow gorge, the clift's have an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet. On the Mississippi, in La Crosse county, the rocks rise 500 feet perpendicularly above the water. The great lead region extends into the southwestern part of "Wisconsin. The deposit here is intermingled to some extent with copper and zinc, together with some silver. Copper is found in a number of places, and also some iron ore. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region extend into Wis- consin. Beautiful varieties of marble are found on the Menomonee river and in other localities. On the upper Wisconsin river, and other tributaries of the Mississippi, north of the Wisconsin, are vast forests of pine, and immense quantities are annually floated down the Mississippi to supply the markets in other States. Among other forest trees are spruce, tamarack, cedar, hemlock, oak of sev- eral varieties, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, poplar, sycamore and sugar-maple. Wisconsin was visited at an early period by French missionaries, and a settlement was made in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Madison, the capital of the State, is situated on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, 80 miles west of Milwaukee, and 132 miles northwest of Chicago. "Wlien the place was selected for the seat of government in 1836, there were no buildings except a solitary log cabin. The State capitol is a fine looking stone building erected at a cost of $500,000, and stands on an elevation seventy feet above the lakes. The cit^^koverlooks a charming country, diversified by a pleasing variety of scenery. It has steadily and rapidly increased in population. THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKY. 79 The great city of "Wisconsin is Milwaukee (called at an early day "Mil- wacky ") and next to Chicago may be regarded as the commercial metropolis of the Northwest. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, about 90 miles north of Chicago. Milwaukee river empties into the lake at this point. Tlie city is situated on both sides of the river, and has one of the best harbors on the whole chain of lakes. The fine water power of the Mil- waukee river is an important element in its prosperity. Being a port of entry, the government has expended large sums in the improvements of its harbor, and in the erection of public buildings. In 1805 Jacques Yieau, a half-breed trader whose house was at Green _Bay, visited the country at the mouth of the Milwaukee river for the pur- pose of trading with the Indians. This he did annually until in September, 1818, when he brought with him a young man named Solomon Juneau, who became his son-in-law. The young man established friendly relations with the Indians, and in 1822 erected a block-house on the site of the present city of Milwaukee. He remained for 18 years the only permanent white resi- dent, being visited occasionally by fur traders to whom he sold goods. In 1836, the village which has grown to be a large city, began to appear. Jun- eau died in 1856, at the age of 64 years, having lived to see the place he founded grow to a prosperous and flourishing city. In 1836 the population was 275; in 1840, it was 1810; in 1850, it was 19,*873; in 1860, it was 45,286; in 1870, it was 71,640; and at the present time (1878) it is estimated at 123,- 000. Among other important towns and cities of Wisconsin are Kacine, Janes- ville, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, AVatertown, Sheboygan, Beliot, Kenosha, La Crosse, Wauwatosa, ]\fanitowoc. Portage City, Platte ville, Sheboygan Falls, Beaver Dam, Whitewater, Port "V»''ashington, Green Bay, Mineral Point, Shullsburg, Monroe, Prescott, and Hudson. The following table shows the population of Wisconsin at the close of each decade from 1800 to 1870: YKAR. WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1800 115 ' 30,749 304,756 773,693 1,051,351 'i96 635 1,171 2,113 115 1810 1820 1830 1840 30 945 1850 305 391 I860 *775 881 1870 *1, 054! 670 *The above agf^egate for 1860 includes 1017 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 1206 enumerated as Indians. MINNESOTA. The eastern portion of Minnesota formed a part of the territory surrendered by the French to Great Britain at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by the latter to the United States at the close of the Revolution. The western portion is a part of the territory known as the Louisiana Purchase, ceded by France to the United States in 1803. It received a Territorial form of gov- ernment under an act of Congress which became a law March 3, 1849, and was admitted into the Union as a State May 11, 1853. Tlie extreme length of Minnesota north and south is about 380 miles, and 80 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. in width is about 300 miles. It embraces an area of 81,259 square miles, or 52,005,760 acrps. The face of the country generally presents the appearance of an undulating plain, although it is the most elevated tract of country between the Gulf of ]\[exico and Hudson's Bay. There are no mountains, but the summits of the water-sheds rise to a height of nearly two thousand feet above the level of the sea. Minnesota is one of the best watered States in the Union, being drained by many rivers and dotted over with innumerable small lakes and some of con- siderable size. The great Mississippi has its humble origin as a mere rivulet in Lake Itasca. This diminutive stream, here but a few feet in width, first meanders in a northeasterly direction, receiving tribute as it passes from a number of other small lakes, when it changes its course to the south, and after meandering a length of six hundred miles in Minnesota, dashes its waters down over the Falls of St. Anthony, then flows along the border of the State two hundred miles further, and thence grandly pursues its course to the Gulf of Mexico. Several tributaries of the Mississippi drain the southeastern portion of the State. The Red River of the ISTorth drains the northern part, passing oif into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of a number of lakes, among which are Traverse, Otter Tail, and Red. This river also forms the west boundary of the State for about two hundred miles. That portion of the State sloping toward Lake Superior is drained by the St. Louis and its tributaries. St. Ireters, or Minnesota river, has a total length of over four hundred miles within the State. Its principal branch is Blue Earth or Mankato river, which flows nearly north. The St. Peters, Crow- Wing and Crow rivers are tributaries of the Mississippi from the west. Lake Superior forms a part of the eastern boundary, and the Lake of the Woods a part of the northern. Amon^ other lakes of considerable size are Rainy, Red Lake, Lake Cass, and Leech Lake. Devil Lake in the north- west part is about 40 miles long and 15 miles wide, and is said to have no \dsible outlet. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi in the north- eastern part of the State, and is a beautiful sheet of water. The State abounds in small lakes which are mostly clear and beautiful. Owing to the multitude of lakes Minnesota seldom suflers from inundations, as tliey tend to check the sudden rise and violence of the streams. The climate of the northern part of Minnesota is severe, but in the southern part is not so rigorous as to prevent fair crops of Indian corn from being produced some seasons. Wheat and other winter grains succeed ad- mirably in nearly all parts. In the valleys of the rivers the soil is excellent, and even the valley of the Red River of the JS^orth is regarded as a fine agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple and the facilities for manu- facturing flour are unsurpassed, as the water power is practically unlimited. A portion of the State is heavily timbered with pine, and one of the great .industries is the maniifacture of lumber. Extensive forests of pine grow on the Rum, St. Croix, and Pine rivers, and on the shores of the Mississippi, below Pokegamin Falls. Taken, as a whole, however, Minnesota cannot be called a well-wooded country. The river bottoms furnish some very good growths of oak, aspen, soft maple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden and elm. In the swamps or marshy places are found tamarack, cedar, and cypress. Minnesota presents to the tourist many natural objects of interest, especially in her grand and beautiful scenery along the Mississippi and around her lakes. St. Anthony's Falls are celebrated, not so much for their magnitude as a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 cataract, as for their geological interest and the wild scenery connected with them. Like Niagara, the falls are divided by an island, with the larger volume of water passing on the west side. This west division is 310 yards wide. The greatest perpendicular fall of water is but 1 6^ feet, but in- cluding the rapids the descent is 58 feet in 260 rods. The rivers of Miime- sota have numerous picturesque falls and rapids, and are in many places bordered with perpendicular bluffs of limestone and sandstone. So far as revealed by geological examination, Minnesota possesses no great mineral or metallic wealth. There is, however, a rich dej^osit of iron ore in that part of the State bordering on Lake Superior, A thin vein of lead was discovered by the geological corps of Prof. Owen on Waraju river, and some copper was found, but not " in place," having probably been car- ried thither by the drift. Stone suitable for building purposes exists in great abundance. In the southwest part of the State is a singular deposit known as " red pipestone." Of this the Indians made their pipes, and the place of its deposit was held in great sacredness by them. It is said that different tribes at enmity with each other, met here on terms of amity and smoked the pipe of peace. Longfellow has rendered this locality celebrated in " Hiawatha." It was here — " On the Mountains of the Prairie, » On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending, On the red crags of the quarry. Stood erect, and called the nations, Called the tribes of men together." The first white men who are said to have visited the country now embraced in Minnesota, were two fur traders in the year 1654. They returned to Mon- treal two years afterward and gave a glowing account of the country. This was followed by the visits of trappers and missionaries, and to the latter we are indebted for the 'first printed accounts of Minnesota. In 1805 an explor- ing expedition under Pike traversed the country. A military post was established at Fort Snelling in 1819. Excepting a British settlement at Pembina, which was not then known to be within the limits of the United States, no settlements were formed in Minnesota until after 1840. St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, is in Ramsey county, on the bank of the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, and 9 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. The first settlement was made about the year 1840. The population has increased rapidly, and as a manufacturing, commercial and business place it has assumed considerable importance. Minneapolis, a few miles above St. Paul, is a rapidly growing city, and is noted for its great water power and manufacturing resources. Among other important towns are Stillwater, Red "VVing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, and Mankato. The following table shows the population of Minnesota at the close of each ' decade from 1850 to 1870: YEAU. WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1850 6,038 169,395 4:38,257 39 259 759 6,077 *172,023 *439,706 I860 1870 * The above aggregate for 1860 includes 2369 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 690 enumerated as Indians. 82 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. NEBRASKA. ^Nebraska is formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by France by the treaty of April 30, 1804. It was erected into a separate Territory May 30, 1854, the limits subsequently being greatly reduced by the formation of Dakota Territory in 18G1, a right reserved in the act creating the Territory of JS'ebraska. It was admitted into the Union as a State, March 1, 1867. Nebraska is in its extreme length from east to west about 412 miles, and in breadth from north to south about 208 miles, embracing an area of 75,905 square miles, or 48,336,800 acres. The greater portion of the State is an elevated undulating prairie with a general inclination toward the Missouri river. There are no mountains or very high hills. The soil is various, but generally fertile, except in the western portion near the base of the Rocky Mountains. The bottom lands along the rivers are not surpassed in fertility by any in the United States, while the higher undulating prairie is equally productive with that of other western States. When the prairies are once broken they are easy of cultivation, the soil being light and mellow. The staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and other cereals common to the latitude. The climate is mild, as compared with that of the same latitude on the Atlantic. The summers are sometimes very warm, and the extreme western part is occasionally deficient in rain. Taken as a whole, however, this is destined to become one of the foremost agricultural States in the Union. Nebraska is deficient in native timber, but the older settled portions are dotted over with groves of artificial or cultivated timber, which is so rapid in its growth as to require but a few years to produce enough for the ordinary wants of the settler. The rivers and streams aie generally bordered with groves of native trees, including oak, walnut, hickory, cottonwood and willow. Along the Missouri river in places are some heavy growths of cottonwood. The Missouri river forms the entire eastern boundary, and is navigable for steamboats throughout the whole extent of that boundary and for hun- dreds of miles above. Among the important interior rivers are the Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, the Loup Fork of the Platte, the Big Blue and the Nemaha. These rivers are so dis- tributed, as, with their numerous tributaries, to afibrd admirable drainage to all parts of the State, and as a consequence it is free from marshes, conduc- ing to the excellent health for which Nebraska is noted. So far as yet revealed, the State is not rich in minerals. Coal, however, has recently been discovered in the southeastern part, in a vein sufficiently thick for mining. Near Lincoln are some salt springs of sufficient magni- tude to yield large quantities of salt. On Platte river and other streams both limestone and sandstone are obtained of suitable quality for building material. Rapid progress has been made in the construction of railroads in Nebraska. Amon^ them are the Union Pacific and its branches, the Burlington & Mis- souri River and its branches, and others, afibrding railroad advantages to a large portion of the State, and connecting the princij^al towns with the main lines, east, west and south. Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska, is in Lancaster county, in the southeast- ern part of the State. Here are most of the State institutions. It is a thriving young city and is in the midst of a fine agricultural portion of the State. Near it, on a little stream known as Salt Creek, are a number of THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 83 salt springs, and considerable quantities of salt have been manufactured. Kailroads connect it with all the great markets of the country. Omaha is the leading commercial city of the State, and is located on the west bank of the Missouri river in Douglas county. It is 18 miles by land above the mouth of the Platte river. The principal portion of the city is situated on gently rising slopes extending from the river to the bluifs. The elevations are crowned with line residences, and command pleasant views of the river and valley, with the city of Council Bluft's, Iowa, in the distance. Since the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad it has grown in popula- tion and wealth very rapidly. A costly iron railroad bridge spans the Mis- souri river at this point. As a produce, shipping and general commercial point it is rapidly growing into prominence. It was the first capital of the Territory and State, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians. Among other important towns and cities are ISTebraska City, Columbus, Kearney, Grand Island, Hastings, Plattsmouth, Tecumseh, and Niobrara. The following table shows the population of Nebraska by the census of 1860 and 1870: AGGREGATE. I860 1870 28,696 122,117 82 789 28,841 122,993 In the aggregate for 1860, the enumeration includes 63 Indians, and in that of 1870, the enumeration includes 87 Indians. MISSOURI. Missouri was formed out of a part of the territory ceded by France to the United States in 1803. By an act approved March 26th, 1804, the French, or Louisiana purchase, was divided, that part embracing the present State of Missouri being at first designated as the District of Louisiana. The name was changed to Territory of Louisiana, by an act passed March 3d, 1805, and again by an act of June 4, 1812, Louisiana Territory was changed to Missouri Territory. By an act passed March 2, 1819, the southern por- tion was detached and organized as the Territory of Arkansas. During the same year the people of the Territory of Missouri, through their Legislative Council and House of Representatives, memorialized Congress for admis- sion into the Union as a State, On the 6th of March following an act was passed to authorize the people of the Territory to form a State constitution. Missouri being the first State formed wholly out of territory west of the Mississippi, the question of the extension of slavery came up and gave rise to a stormy debate in Congress while the Missouri bill, as it was called, was pending. The propriety and expediency of extending that in- stitution to the new States west of the Mississippi, was powerfully and earn- estly contested, and resulted in a compromise restricting slavery to certain limits, and prohibiting the extension of slavery to certain territory. The bill, however, of March 6th, passed without restrictions. The people on the 19th of July, 1820, adopted their constitution, which was laid before Con- gress November 16th of the same year. The Senate passed a joint resolu- tion declaring the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union. This was referred to a select committee in the House of Representatives, and on 84 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. the loth of February, 1821, Mr. Clay made a report. The House rejected the resolution, and on motion of Mr. Clay, a committee on the part of the House was appointed to join a committee on the part of tlie Senate to con- sider the subject and report. On the 26tli of February, Mr. Clay, from the joint committee, reported a " Eesolution providing for the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition." This resolution was passed and approved, March 2, 1821. The condition was that Missouri, by its legislature, should assent to a condition that a part of the State con- stitution should never be construed to authorize the jDassage of a law by which any citizen of either of the States in the Union should be excluded from the enjojonent of any of the priviliges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled under the Constitution of the United States. What was known as the " Missouri Compromise," was embraced in the act of the pre- vious session, which authorized the people of the State of Missouri to form a State constitution, and consisted of a compromise section in the bill by which slavery was to be forever prohibited in that part of the territory west of the Mississippi (except the State of Missouri), lying north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude. Thus, after fierce and stormy debates, running through two sessions of Congress, Missouri came into the Union, and the exciting question of slavery was supposed also to have been settled. On the 10th of August, 1821, President Monroe issued his proclamation declaring the admission of Missouri completed, according to law. Missouri in its greatest length from east to west is about 285 miles, and in width from north to south, 280 miles. It embraces an area of 07,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres. That portion of it north of the Missouri river is mostly undulating prairie and timber land, while that portion south of the Missouri river is characterized by a great variety of surface. In the southeast part, near the Mississippi, is an extensive area of marshy land. The region forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains is hilly and bro- ken. West of the Osage river is a vast expanse of prairie. The geological features of Missouri are exceedingly interesting. Coal, iron and several kinds of stone and marble for building purposes exist in great abundance. A vast region, in the vicinity of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, produces iron of the best quality, and exists in inexhaustible quantity. It is also found in other parts of the State. There is also lead, which has been mined in considerable quantities. Copper is found throughout the mineral region, but is found combined with other minerals. Silver is also combined with the lead ore. The bituminous coal deposits are mainly on both sides of the Missouri river, below the mouth of the Osage, and extending forty miles up that river. Cannel-coal is found in Callaway county. Missouri possesses the advantages of two of the greatest navigable rivers in the United States — the Mississippi, which forms her entire eastern boundary, and the Missouri, which flows along her northwestern border nearly two hundred miles, and crosses the State in a south-easterly course to its junc- tion with the Mississippi. As both of these rivers are navigable for the largest steamers, the State has easy and read}'^ commercial intercourse to the Gulf of Mexico and the Rocky Mountains, as well as up the Ohio to Pitts- burg. Besides the Missouri, the State has several important interior rivers, to-wit : Grand river and Chariton, tributaries of the Missouri river from the north, and the Osage and Gasconade from the south ; also. Salt river and Maramec, tributaries of the Mississippi. The St. Francis and White river THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 85 drain the soutlieastern part, passing from the State into Arkansas. The Osage is navigable for steamboats about 275 miles. Missouri as a State has many material resources, fitting her for becoming one of the most wealthy and populous States in the Union. The soil is gen- erally excellent, producing the finest crops, while those portions not so well adapted to agriculture are rich in minerals. The greater portion of the State is well timbered. In the river bottoms are heavy growths of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cottonwood, sugar, and white and black walnut. On the uplands also are found a great variety of trees. Various fruits, including apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and strawberries, are produced in the greatest abundance. Among the staple productions are Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hemp and tobacco. A great variety of other crops are also raised. The State has an uneven aud variable climate — the winters being very cold and the summers excessively hot. Chills and fever are common to some extent along the rivers. The earliest settlement in ]^[issouri seems to have been by the French, about the year 1719. About that time they built wliat was called Fort Orleans, near Jefferson City, and the next year v^orked the lead mines to some extent. Ste. Genevieve was settled in 1755, also by the French, and is the oldest town in the State. Missouri's greatest commercial metropolis, St. Louis, was first settled in 1764, the earliest settlers being mostly French. Jefferson City, the capital of the State, is situated on the right bank of the Missouri river, in Cole county. It is 128 miles by land, and 155 miles by water from St. Louis. The location being elevated, commands a fine view of the river, with the pleasant and picturesque scenery which is presented at this point on the Missouri. St. Louis, the great commercial city of Missouri, as well as of a large por- tion of the Korthwest, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri, and 174 above the mouth of the Ohio. It is 744 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 1194 miles above New Orleans. The city enjoys many natural advantages as a com- mercial emporium, being situated nearly midway between the two oceans, and centrally in the finest agricultural region on the globe. With the greatest navigable river on the continent, afibrding her a water highway to the ocean, and to many of the large inland cities of the country, St!" Louis is rapidly and surely going forward to a grand future. Her already great and constantly improving system of railways, is tending every year to open up to her larger fields of business and commercial intercourse! Of late years a strong rivalry has sprung up between St. Louis and Chicago, in regard to population, etc., each claiming to be the third city in the Union. The in- crease of St. Louis since the war has been great, the ascendency being at an annual rate of about ten per cent. At thts increase she is fast earning the soubriquet of the " Future Great City.'' The site on which St. Louis stands was selected February 15th, 1764, by Laclede, as a post possessing peculiar advantages for collecting and trading in furs, as well as for defense against the Indians. For many years it was but a frontier village, the principal trade of which was in furs,'buffalo robes, and other collections of trappers and hunters. A great part of the popula- tion was absent during the hunting and trapping seasons, so that the in- fancy of this city was almost a struggle for existence. As late as 1820, the population Avas but 4,598. The first brick house was erected in 1813. In 86 THE NOKTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 1822, St. Louis was chartered as a citj, under the title given by Laclede in in honor of Louis XV of France. In 1830 the population was 6,694, an increase of only 2,096 in ten years. In 1840 the population had reached 16,469; in 1850 it was 77,950, including 2,650 slaves; in 1860 the popula- tion was 160,773 ; and in 1870 it was 312,963. Kansas City, one of the rapidly advancing young cities of the State, is situated on the Missouri river just below the mouth of the Kansas. In 1870 the population was 32,260. Since that time there has been a rapid in- crease, both in population and business. St. Joseph is one of the flourishing cities, and is situated on the left, or east bank of the Missouri river, 496 miles by water from St. Louis. It was laid out in 1843, and became an important point' of departure for overland emigration to California and Oregon. In 1870 the population was 19,560, but has rapidly increased since then. Among the important and thriving towns and cities are Hannibal, Spring- field, Boonville, Lexington, Chillicothe, Independence, Palmyra, Canton, Iron Mount and Moberly. The following table shows the population of Missouri at the close of each decade, from 1810 to 1870 : COLORED. A6GKEGATE. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 17,227 55,988 114,795 323,888 592,004 1,063,489 1,603,146 3,618 10,569 25,660 69,814 90,040 118,503 118.071 20,845 66,557 140,4.55 383,702 682,044 *1, 182,012 *1,721,295 * The aggregate for 1860 includes 20 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 75 enumerated as Indians. :^XPEDITION OF LEWIS AND CLAEKE. Organization of Exploring Party — Departure — Osage Indians — Strange Tradition of the Ori- gin of the Osage Nation — ^The Missouris — Old French Fort— Artificial Mounds — The Ot- toes and Pawnees — Indian Graves — The Ayauway Indians — Council with Indians at Coun- cil Bluffs — Little Sioux River— Death of Sergeant Floyd — Great Sioux River — Red Pipe- stone Quarries — Buffalo and other Animals — Mountain of the Little Spirits — Council with the Sioux — Indian Idols — The Mandans — "Winter Quarters — White and Brown Bears — Antelopes — Black Hills — First View of Rocky Mountains— Natural Scenery — The Great Falls of the Missouri — Shoshones — Sources of the Missouri — Columbia River — The Tush- epaws — Short of Provisions — Pierced- Nose Indians — Down Lewis River — The Sokulks — Great Falls of the Columbia— The Echeloots — "Wooden Houses — Fingers as War Tro- pies— Sight of the Pacific — Fort Clatsop — Return — Arrival at St. Louis. In January, 1803, President Jefferson, in a confidential message to Con- gress in regard to Indian aflairs, took occasion to recommend, among other things, the organization of a party to trace the Missouri river to its source, and thence proceed to the Pacific ocean. The recommendation was favor- ably considered, and Capt. Merriwether Lewis, was, on his own application, appointed to take charge of the expedition. \Ym. Clarke was subsequently associated with him, so that this celebrated expedition is known in our his- tory as that of Lewis and Clarke. The incidents of this long, tedious, and romantic journey are worthy to be related as among the most interesting THE NOKTHWEST TEREITOEY. 87 in the annals of American adventure. At that time all that vast region bordering on the Upper Missouri and its tributaries, as well as the regions bordering on tlie Pacihc, were unknown and unexplored by white men. By the latter part of the year 1803 the party comprising the expedition was made up and ready to start. The highest settlement of whites on the Mis- souri river at that time was at a place called La Charrette, sixty-eight miles above the mouth. At this place it had been the design of Capt. Lewis to winter, but the Spanish authorities of Louisiana had not yet received official information of the transfer of the country to the United States. For this reason the party remained in winter quarters at the mouth of Wood river, on the east side of the Mississippi. Besides Captains Lewis and Clarke, the party was made up nine young men from Kentucky, twelve soldiers of the regular army, two Frenchmen as watermen and interpreters, and a colored servant belonging to Captain Clarke — twenty-six persons in all. A corporal, six soldiers and nine water- men, in addition to the above, wei-e engaged to accompany the expedition as far as the country of the Mandans, as there was some apprehension of at- tacks by the Indians between AVood river and that tribe. Three boats were provided for the expedition. The largest was a keel- boat, iifty-five feet long, drawing three feet of water, carrying one large square sail, and twenty-two oars. The other two were open boats, one of six, and the other of seven oars. The expedition started from the encampment at the mouth of "Wood river on Monday, May 14, 1804. Captain Lewis, who was at that time in St. Louis, joined the expedition at St. Charles, twenty-one miles up the Missouri, which place they reached on the 16th. Here they remained until the 21st, when they proceeded on their voyage, reaching La Charrette, the last white settlement, on the evening of the 25th. The village consisted of but seven poor families. On the 1st of June they arrived at the mouth of the Osage, one hundred and thirty-three miles on their journey. The coun- try bordering on this river was inhabited by a tribe known as the Osage Indians. They had a remarkable tradition among them as to the origin of their nation. They believed that its founder was a snail passing a quiet ex- istence along the banks of the Osage, till a flood swept him down to the Mis- souri and thei'e left him exposed on the shore. By the heat of the sun he was changed to a man. The change, however, did not cause him to forget his native place away up on the banks of the Osage, and he immediately sought his old home. Being overtaken with hunger and fatigue, the Great Spirit appeared, gave him a bow and arrow, and taught him to kill deer and prepare its flesh for food and its skin for clothing. When he arrived at his original place of residence he was met by a beaver, who inquired who he was, and by what authority he came to disturb his possession. The Osage replied that he had once lived on the borders of that river and that it was his own home. While they were disputing the daughter of the beaver ap- peared, and entreated her father to be reconciled to the young stranger. The father yielded to her entreaties, and the Osage soon married the beaver's daughter. They lived happily on the banks of the Osage, and from them soon came the villages and nation of the Osages. Ever since they entertained a pious reverence for their ancestors, never killing a beaver, for by so doing they would slay a brother. It has been observed, however, that after the opening of the fur trade with the whites, the sanctity of their maternal relations was very much reduced. 88 THE NORTHWEST TERBITOKY. The next tribe mentioned by the explorers was that of the Missouris, once a powerful nation, but then reduced to about thirty families. They finally united with the Osages and the Ottoes, and as a separate nation became ex- tinct. The Sauks, Ayauways (lowas), and the Sioux are mentioned as being the enemies of the Osages, and as making frequent excursions against them. On the 26th of June they arrived at the mouth of the Kansas, 340 miles from the Mississippi, where tliey remained two days for rest and repairs. Here resided the tribe of Indians of the same name, and had two villages not far from the mouth of the river. This tribe at tliat time had been re- duced by the Sauks and Ayauways to only about three hundred men. The party at this stage of their journey, saw numerous buftalo on the prairies. On the 2d of July the party passed Bear Medicine Island, near which were the remains of an old fort, built by the French, the ruins of the chimneys and the general outline of the fortification being visible. On the 8th of July they reached the mouth of the JS'odawa. The river is mentioned as navigable for boats some distance. On the 11th they landed at the mouth oi the Neinahaw. Mention is made of several artificial mounds on the Ne- mahaw, about two miles up the stream at the mouth of a small creek. From the top of the highest mound there was a fine view of the country. On the 14th they passed the Nishnahbatona river, finding it to be only three hundred yards from the Missouri at a distance of twelve miles from its mouth. Platte river and other streams, both in Iowa and Nebraska, are men- tioned and the country described with great accuracy. Along in this part of the country were the first elk they had seen. On the 22d of July the explorers encamped on the north (Iowa) side of the river, ten miles above the mouth of the Platte river, to make observa- tions and to hold an interview with the neighboring tribes. They remained here in camp until the 27th. Among the streams mentioned in this vicin- ity are the Papillon, Butterfly Creek and Moscheto Creek, the last named being a small stream near Council Bluffs. In mentioning them we use the orthography of the explorers, which in some instances differs from that now in use. The Indians who occupied the country about the mouth of Platte river at this time were the Ottoes and Pawnees. The Ottoes were much reduced, and formerly lived about twenty miles above the Platte on the Nebraska side of the river. They lived at this time under the protection of the Pawnees. The latter were also much dispersed and broken. One band of the nation formerly lived on the Republican branch of the Kanzas River. Another band were the Pawnee Loups, or Wolf Pawnees, who re- sided on the Wolf fork of the Platte. Another band originally i-esided on the Kanzas and Arkansaw, but in their wars with the Osages they were often defeated and retired to the Red river. Various other tribes living fur- ther west, are mentioned. On the 2Tth they continued their journey, and about ten leagues from their encampment, on the south (Nebraska) side of the river, they saw and examined a curious collection of graves, or mounds. They were of different heights, shapes and sizes. Some were of sand, and others of both earth and sand. They were supposed to indicate the position of the ancient village of the Ottoes before they retired to the protection of the Pawnees. On tlie 29th they passed the spot where the Ayauway Indians, a branch of the Ottoes, once lived, and who had emigrated from that place to the Des Moines. Mention is here made of an interview with one of the Missouri Indians who lived with the Ottoes, and the resemblance of his language to that of the Osages, particularly in calling a chief inca. THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKT. 89 On the 30th of July the party encamped on the south (]N'ebraska) side ot the river. At tliat place next to the river was a plain, and back of it a wooded ridge, rising about seventy feet above the plain. At the edge of this ridge they formed their camp, and sent an invitation to the Indians to meet them. From the bluffs at this point they mention a most beautiful view of the river and adjoining country. The latitude of the camp was de- termined by observation to be 41 degrees 18 minutes and 14 seconds. The messenger sent to invite the Ottoes returned on the evening of the 2d of August, witli fourteen Ottoe and Missouri Indians, accompanied by a French- man who resided among them, and who acted as interpreter. Lewis and Clarke made them presents of pork, flour and meal, and the Indians returned presents of watermelons. The next morning (Aug. 3d) a council was held with the six chiefs who were of the party of Indians; they were told of tlie change in the government, and promised protection and advised as to their future con- duct. All the chiefs expressed their joy at the change in the government, and wished to be recommended to the Great Father (the President) that they might obtain trade and necsssaries. They asked the mediation of the Great Father between them and the Mahas (Omahas), with wliom they were then at war. At the conclusion of the council medals and other presents were given to the chiefs, and also some presents to the other Indians who were witli them. The grand chief of the Ottoes was not present, but to him was sent a flag, a medal, and some ornaments for clothing. The ex- plorers gave to the place where this council was held the name of Council Bluffs. The reader will remember, however, that it was above the present city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, and was on the Nebraska side of the river. On the afternoon of the 3d of August they resumed their journey, and on the 7th arrived at the inouth of a river on the north side, called by the Sioux Indians, Eaneahwadepon (Stone river), and by the French, Petite Riviere des Sioux, or in English, Little Sioux river. The explorers were informed by their interpreter (M. Durion) that this river rises within about nine miles oif the Des Moines; that within fifteen leagues of that river it passes through a large lake, nearly sixty miles in circumference, and divided into two parts by rocks, which approach each other very closely. Its width is various; it contains many islands, and is known by the name of Lao d? Esprit — Spirit Lake. The country watered by it is open and undulating, and may be visited in boats up the river for some distance. The interpreter further added that the Des Moines was about eighty yards wide where the Little Sioux ap- proaches it; that it was shoally, and that one of its principal branches was called Cat river. The interpreter claimed to have been to the sources of the Little Sioux, and those who are familiar with the country about Spirit Lake, will concede that he described it quite accurately. The explorers speak of a long island two miles above the mouth of the Little Sioux, which they named Pelican island, from the large number of pelicans which were feeding on it, one of which they killed. They also killed an elk. On the 10th they passed the first highland near the river, after leaving their encampment at Council Bluft's. I^ot far from tliis, on a high bluff, was the grave of Blackbird, one of the great chiefs of the Mahas, who had died of small-pox four years be- fore. The grave was marked by a mound twelve feet in diameter at the base, and six feet high, and was on an elevation about 300 feet above the water. In the center of the grave was a pole eight feet high. ISTear this the Mahas had a village, and lost four hundred men of their nation, and a like proportion of women and children by the small-pox at the time that Blackbird died. 90 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. After this dreadful scourge they burned their village, which had consisted of . three hundred cabins. On a hill at the rear of the place where the village stood were the graves of the nation. On the evening of the 18th the ex- plorers were again visited at their camp by a party of Ottoes and Missouris, who entertained them with a dance. The professed object of their visit was to ask intercession for promoting peace between them and the Mahas, but probably the real object was to share a portion of the strangers' provisions and liquors. The next day, August 20th, after passing a couple of islands, they landed on the north side of the river, under some bluffs — the first near the river on that side after leaving the Ayauway village. It was here that the party had the misfortune to lose one of their men — Sergeant Charles Floyd. He had the day before been siezed with a billious colic. Before his death he said to Captain Clarke, " I am going to leave you; I want you to write me a letter." Soon after making this request the brave soldier passed away. He was buried on the top of the bluff, with honors due to a soldier. The place of his inter- ment was marked by a cedar post, on which his name and the day of his death were inscribed. About a mile further up on the same side of the Mis- souri, they came to a small river, to which they gave the name of Floyd river, in honor of their deceased companion. The place of the burial of Sergeant Floyd was but a short distance below where Sioux City now stands. During a great freshet in the spring of 1857, the Missouri river washed away a por- tion of the bluff, exposing the remains of the soldier. The citizens of Sioux City and vicinity repaired to the place, and with appropriate ceremonies, re- intorred them some distance back from the river on the same bluff. The same cedar post planted by his companions over his grave on that summer day more than half a century before, remained to mark the place of inter- ment up to 1857, although during nearly all this time the country had been inhabited only by savages. On the 21st of August the expedition passed the site where Sioux City now stands, and noted in their journal the confluence of the Great Sioux river with the Missouri. From their interpreter, M. Durion, they received an account of the Great Sioux river. He stated that it was navigable for more than two hundred miles, to the great falls, and even beyond them. The reader will remember that this was before the time of steamboats on western waters. He mentioned a creek that emptied into the Great Sioux below the falls, which passed through cliffs of red rock, out of which the Indians made their pipes; that the necessity for procuring that article had caused the intro- duction of a law among the nations, by which the banks of that creek were held to be sacred, and even tribes at war met at the quarries without hos- tility. These were what are now known as the " Ked Fipestone Quarries," in southwestern Minnesota. A few miles above the mouth of the Great Sioux, on the north, or Dakota side of the river, they killed a buffalo, a deer and a beaver. They also saw some elk. The place where the buffalo was killed they described as a beau- tiful prairie, and gave it the name of Buffalo Prairie. They mention on the south side of the river, a bluff of blue clay, rising to the height of 180 or 190 feet. Several miles from this, on the south side of the river. Captains Lewis and Clarke, with ten of their men, went to see a mound regarded with great terror by the Indians, and called by them the Mountain of the Little Spirits. They believed it was the abode of little devils in human form, eighteen inches high, and having large heads; that they had sharp arrows, THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. 91 and were always on the watch to kill those who might approach their place of residence. The Sioux, Mahas and Ottoes never would visit the hill or mound for fear of the vengeance of the Little Spirits. The mound, though extraordinary in its formation, they did not regard as artificial. From its top they could see large herds of buffalo feeding at a distance. On the 26th they passed the mouth of Yankton river, and, on landing, were met by several Indians, who informed them that a large body of Sioiix were encamped near. On the 30th and 31st they held a council with the Sioux, and smoked with them the pipe of peace. The Indians exhibited their skill in dancing and various other amusements to entertain their vis- itors. These Indians were the Yankton tribe of the Sioux nation. Their grand chief was We-u-cha, or in English, Shake Hand. Speeches were made and presents exchanged. On the 1st of September the explorers passed Calumet Bluffs, and the next day Bonhomme Island, near which they visited some ancient earth- works, or fortifications, on the south, or Nebraska, side of the Missouri. They made a minute and careful examination of these works. They embraced nearly five hundred acres. A day or two after, on a hill to the south, near Cedar Island, they discovered the backbone of a fish, 45 feet long, in a perfect state of petrifaction. After several conferences with different tribes, and observations in reo-ard to the coimtry, its formation, and the different animals seen, on the 13th of October the}' reached a small stream on the north side, to which tliey gave the name of Idol Creek. Near its mouth were two stones resembling human figures, and a third like a dog. These were objects of great veneration among the Ricaras (Ricarees), who occupied the country in that vicinity. They had a legend that a young brave was deeply enamored with a girl whose parents refused their consent to the marriage. The young brave went out into the fields to mourn his misfortunes, and a sympathy of feeling led the lady to the same spot. The faithful dog would not cease to follow his master. The lovers wandered away together with nothing to subsist on but grapes, and they were at last changed into stone, with tlie lady holding in her hands a bunch of grapes. When the Ricaras pass these sacred stones, they stop to make ofterings of dress to propitiate the deities, as they regard them. Such was the account given to Lewis and Clarke, by tlie Ricara chief. As they found here a great abundance of fine grapes, they regarded one part of the story as very agreeably confirmed. On the 19t]i they reached the ruins of one of the Mandan villages. It had been fortified. This, they were informed by the Ricara chief, was one of several villages once occupied by the Mandans until the Sioux forced them forty miles higher up the river. In this vicinity they counted no less than 52 herds of buffalo, and 3 herds of elk at a single view. About the 1st of November, 1804, the expedition reached the country of the Mandans, where they went into winter quarters. TJiese Indians had raised considerable corn, some of which they presented to the party. During the winter they obtained a great deal of information in regard to the history, traditions, and manners and customs, not only of this peculiar and remark- able nation, but of other tribes Their huts," or cabins, were all completed by the 20th of the month, and the place was named Fort Mandan. It was on the north side of the Missouri, in a grove of cottonwood. The place, as ascertained by observation, was in latitude 47 deg., 21 min. and 47 sec, and the computed distance from the mouth of the Missouri was 1600 miles. 92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. During the winter they were visited by a great many Indians of the Man- dan and other tribes. A few French and traders of the Northwest Fur Company also visited them. The party remained at Fort Mandan until April 7, 1805, when they resumed their journey. There were then thirty-two persons in the expe- dition, some of the party ha\dng returned to St. Louis. In this portion of the country they began to see numbers of white bear, antelope, and other animals, which they had not seer, lower down on the river. On the 12th they an-ived at the mouth of the Little Missouri, near which they found large quantities of small onions, about the size of a bullet, of an oval form and white. The next day they passed a small stream to which tliey gave the name of Onion Creek, from the great abundance of that vegetable growing near it. Along this part of the Missouri were large numbers of bald eagles, and also many geese and brant. Numerous deserted Indian lodges were noticed, which they supposed to have belonged to the Assiniboins, as there were the remains of small kegs. That tribe was the only one in this region that then used spirituous liquors. They obtained it from the traders of the Hudson Bay Comyjany, bartering their furs for it. Here many plants and aromatic herbs are mentioned, and some resembling in taste and smell sage, hyssop, wormwood and juniper. On the 26th they camped at the mouth of the Yellowstone, where game of various kinds was very abundant. Frequent mention is made of the burned hills along that part of the Missouri for some distance above and below the Yellowstone. Among l^e animals killed by the hunters of the expedition in this part of the voyage were several brown bears. On the evening of the 14tli of May the men in one of the canoes discovered a large brown bear lying in the open grounds about three hundred yards from the river. Six of them, all good hunters, went to attack him, and, concealing themselves by a small eminence, four of them fired at a distance of about forty paces. Each of them lodged a ball in the bear's body, two of them directly through the lungs. The animal sprang up and ran open-mouthed toward them. As he came near, the two hunters who had reserved their fire, gave him two more wounds, one of which, breaking his shoulder, retarded his motion for a moment. Before they could reload he was so near upon them that they were obliged to run to the river, the bear almost overtaking them. Two of the men sprang into the canoe, and the others concealed themselves in some willows and fired as fast as they could reload, striking him several times. The shots seemed only to direct him toward the hunters, till at last he pursued two of them so closely tliat they threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped twenty feet down a perpen- dicular bank into the river. The bear sprang after them, and was within a few feet of the hindmost when one of the hunters on shore shot him in the head, and finally killed him. They dragged the bear to shore and found that eight balls had passed through his body in different directions. On the 20th of May the party reached the mouth of the Muscleshell, a river of considerable size from the south. They were then 2270 miles above the mouth of the Mississippi, in latitude 47 deg., 24 min. Mention is made of what the French traders called Cote Noire, or Black Hills. On the 2Gth of May they had the first view of the Eocky Mountains, " the object," as the journalist remarks, "of all our hopes, and the reward of all our ambition." The view was obtained from what they called one of the last ridges of the Black Mountains. On the 30th they had reached that part of the river which passes through between walls of rocks, presenting every form of THE NORTHWEST TEERITOET. 93 sculptured ruins, and having the appearance of being the productions of art. Of these objects of natural scenery they give a most glowing description. On the 3d of June the expedition reached a junction of two branches of the river, when they were at a loss to determine which was the true Mis- souri river. Parties, one under Captain Lewis and the other under Captain Clarke, proceeded to explore both branches by land. The party under Cap- tain Lewis, on the 13th, reached the Great Falls of the Missouri on the southern branch, which determined the question. One of the men was sent to inform Captain Clarke of the discov^ery. The explorers give a vivid description of the wonderful and beautiful scenery which is here presented. In the vicinity of the faEs they saw a herd of at least a thousand buffalo, one of which they shot. Here Captain Lewis himself had an encounter mth a large brown bear, from which he escaped by plunging into the river. Mention is made of grasshoppers at the mouth of Medicine river, about twelve miles above the Great Falls, in such multitudes that the herbage on the plains was in part destroyed by them. At that point the Missouri is described as being three hundred yards wide, and Medicine river one hun- hundred and thirty-seven yards wide. The party remained here until the 15th of July, examining the surrounding country, constructing canoes, and making general preparations for continuing the journey. On that day they again embarked with eiglit heavily loaded canoes, encountering man}- diffi- cult places for navigating, owing to the rapids. Toward the latter part of July they reached a point where the Missouri is formed of three branches, one of which they called Jefferson, one Madison, and one Gallatin. Here the party divide and explore the several branches, partly for the purpose of finding the Shoshones, the Indians that were known to inhabit that reo-ion. On the 11th of August they encountered a single Indian on horseback, wdio proved to be one of that tribe or nation. Captain Lewis, who had continued his course up the Jefferson, or principal branch forming the sources of the Missouri, reached a point where it had so diminished in width that one of his men in a fit of enthusiasm, with one foot on each side of the rivulet, thanked God that he had lived to bestride the Missouri. A few miles further on they reached the point where issues the remotest water — the hitherto hidden sources of that river, which had never before been seen by civilized man. They sat down by the brink of the little rivulet, and quenched their thrist at the chaste and icy fountain, which sends its modest tribute down to the great ocean thousands of miles away. Crossing over the the dividing line between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, at a distance of three-quarters of a mile, they stopped to taste for the first time the waters of the Columbia, here a stream of clear, cold water flowing west- ward. On the same day Captain Lewis succeeded in gaining a friendly in- terview with the Shoshones. Captain Clarke, with a part of the expedition, was at this time at the junction of the three branches of the Missouri, and Captain Lewis engaged a number of the Indians, with about thirty of their horses, to transport their merchandise and outfit to the Shoshone camp. The Shoshones are described as being a small tribe of the nation called the Snake Indians, an appellation which embraces the inhabitants of the southern parts of the Rocky Mountains and of the plains on either side. During the summer the Shoshones resided about the headwaters of the Columbia, where they lived chiefly on salmon. In their journal the explorers give a long and interesting account of the habits, traditions, and manner of 94 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. life of tliis people. They found them honest, friendly, and ready to render them all assistance in their power. After purchasing twenty-nine horses from the Shoshones, the party on the 30th of August resumed their journey toward the Pacific. On the 4th of September, after many difficulties in finding a practicable route, tliey came to a large encampment of Indians who received them with great cordiality. The pipe of peace was introduced and a council held. They represented themselves as a band of a nation called Tushepaws, a numerous people then residing on the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The In- dians shared their berries and roots with the strangers and received some presents. Several horses were purchased from them. On the 6th they reached a stream to which they gave the name of Clarke river, Captain Clarke bein^ the first white man who ever visited its waters. The route was a rugged one, and in many places almost impracticable, and to add to the difficulties of the situation, snow had been fiilling, so that on the 16th it was six or eight inches deep. The difficulty of procuring game or other subsistence made it necessary for them to kill several of their horses on this part of their journey, for food. They had a little of what was called portable soup which they used by melting some snow. This, and about twenty pounds of bear's oil, was their only remaining subsistence. They were now in a region where their guns were of little service, for there was scarcely a living creature to be seen in those mountains. Captain Clarke and six hunters searched the mountains all day for game but found none, and at night encamped on a small stream to which they gave the name of Hungry Creek. Their only refreshment during the day was a little of the portable soup. On the 26th, Captain Clarke and his hunting party encountered three Indian boys, and sent them forward to the village with some presents. An Indian came out to meet them, and conducted them to a large tent in the village, which was the residence of the great chief. After some introductory ceremonies by signs, the Indians set before the strangers some buffalo meat, dried salmon, berries and several kinds of roots. This, after their long abstinence, was a sumptuous treat. One of the chiefs conducted them to another village, two miles away, where they were received with great kind- ness and passed the night. These Indians called themselves Chopunish, or Pierced-K ose (Nez Perces). With a few articles Captain Clarke chanced to have in his pockets he purchased some dried salmon, roots and berries and sent them by one of his men and a hired Indian back to Captain Lewis. The main body with Captain Lewis had been so fortunate as to kill a few pheasants and a prairie wolf. As soon as it was known in the villages that the wonderful strangers had arrived the people crowded in to see them. Twisted Hair, the chief, drew a chart or map of the country and streams on a white elk-skin, which was of great service in guiding them on their course. From these Indians as many provisions were purchased as could be carried on their horses. After proceeding dovm the river some distance, they determined to continue their journey in canoes, which they set about con- structing. By the 7th of October the canoes were launched and loaded. The horses were branded and left with the Indians to be kept until their return. Accompanied by some of the Indians down Lewis river, the ex- pedition finally reached the Columbia on the 16th, having stopped at a number of villages on the way. The Columbia at the mouth of Lewis river they found to be 960 yards wide, and Lewis river 675 yards wide. Here they found themselves among a nation who called themselves Sokulks, a .THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 95 people of a mild and peaceable disposition. Fisli was their principal article of food. On the 18th they resumed their journey down the Columbia in the presence of many of the Sokulks who came to witness their departure. They passed many different tribes who inhabited the borders of the Colum- bia, all of whom they visited in their villages and encampments, learning their condition, habits, history and mode of living. Wherever they halted large numbers of Indians gathered to see them, and generally manifested tlie greatest kindness and hospitality. All of them had pierced noses. On the 22d of October the party reached the Great Falls of the Colum- bia. Many Indians inhabited this portion of the country, and some of them assisted the party in unloading the canoes, transporting the goods around the falls, and in bringing down the canoes. At one place it was necessary to haul the canoes over a point of land to avoid a perpendicular fall of seventy feet. Some distance below the falls they came to a village of another tribe, or nation, called the Echeloots. Here they found the hrst wooden houses they had seen after leaving the settlements near the Mississip]n. They were made of logs and poles, with poles for rafters and covered with white cedar, kept on by strands of cedar fibres. The inliabitants received the strangers with great kindness, invited them to their houses, and came in great num- bers to see them. They were surprised to find that these Indians spoke a language quite different from that of the tribes above the Great Falls. Some of their customs, however, were the same. Like the tribes they had recently visited, they flattened the heads of their children, and in nearly the same manner. Among the mountain tribes, however, this custom was con- fined to the females almost exclusively, whereas the Echeloots subjected both sexes to the operation. On the 18th they came to another tribe where they saw a British musket and several brass tea-kettles which the Indians prized very highly. In the interview with the chief he directed his wife to hand him his medicine-bag, from which he drew out fourteen forefingers, which he said had belonged to the same number of liis enemies whom he had killed in battle. These fingers were shown with great exultation, after which they were carefully replaced among the other valuable contents of the medicine-bag. This was the first instance in which the explorers had observed that any other trophy than the scalp was ever carried from the field in Indian warfare. On the 2d of November the party passed the rapids which form the last descent of the Columbia, and tide-water commences. On this part of the Columbia they began to meet with tribes who had some knowledge of the whites, and from articles in their possession, it was observed that they had maintained some sort of trade or barter with the whites. The Indians here also began to be troublesome and were disposed to pilfer whenever an oppor- tunity offered, showing that in their intercourse with the whites they had con- tracted some vices that they are free from in the absence of such intercourse. On the lC)th of November, 1805, the expedition encamped in full view of the Pacific Ocean, at Haley's Bay, as laid down by Vancouver. Their long, tedious and eventful journey to the Pacific having ended, they made prepa- rations for going into winter quarters. Some distance below the mouth of the Columbia, three miles above the mouth of a little river that empties into the bay, in a thick grove of lofty pines, they formed their winter encamp- ment. Game was exceedingly plenty, and during the winter they were vis- ited by a large number of the Indians inhabiting the coast region. They called the place Fort Clatsop, from the tribe of Indians inhabiting the imme- 96 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. diate vicinity. Here thej remained until the 23d of March, 1806, when they commenced their return, by the same route. Before leaving, Captains Lewis and Clarke posted up in the fort a note to the following eifect: " The object of this is, that through the medium of some civilized person, who may see the same, it may be made known to the world that the party con- sisting of the persons whose names are hereto annexed, and who were sent out by the government of the United States to explore the interior ot the continent of North America, did cross the same by the way of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, to the discharge of the latter into the Paciiic ocean, Avhere they arrived on the 14th day of November, 1805, and departed the 93d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States, by the same route by which they came out." It is somewhat singular that this note a short time after fell into the hands of a Captain Hill, while on the coast near the mouth of the Columbia river. It was delivered to him by some Indians, and taken to Canton, China, from whence it was brought to the United States in January, 1807. On the 23d of September, 1806, the party reached the mouth of the Missouri, and decended the Mississippi to St. Louis, arriving at 12 o'clock. Having hred a salute, they went on shore, where they " received a most hearty and hos- pitable welcome from the whole village." This is but a very partial and hasty review of that romantic and extraor- dinary expedition — the first exploration by authority of the government of the United States, of that wonderful region which of late years has attracted so much attention. It gave to the world the first authentic account of the upper Missouri and its tributaries, and of the rivers that flow from the west- ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and seek the Pacific Ocean through the great Columbia. It imparted to civilized man some definite knowledge of the strange tribes whose homes were on the borders of those rivers; of their habits, traditions and modes of life; of the fauna and flora of a region hith- erto unknown, and of natural scenery not surpassed in grandeur and sub- limity by that of any other part of the world. Other explorers have since revealed a portion of the hidden treasures of that part of oxr national do- main, but the pioneer expeditien of Lewis and Clarke, so successfully accom- plished, will always possess a peculiar and thrilling interest. SKETCH OF CHICAGO. First White Visitors — ^The Name — Jean Baptiste — John Kinzie — Ft. Dearborn — Evacuation — The Massacre — Heroic Women — Capt. Heald — Capt. Wells — Scalping the Wounded — Ft. Dearborn Re-built — Illinois and Michigan Canal — Chicago Laid Out — Removal of In- dians — City Organization — Pioneer ReUgious Societies — Public Improvements — Location of City — Growth — The Great Fire — Rise of the New Chicago. The history of so great a city as Chicago, like that of London, or Paris, or New York, by reason of its commercial, financial and other relations to the world at large, is a history of world-wide interest. Not that Chicago ma}'^ yet be compared in size, population or wealth witli the great cities named, would we mention it in connection with them, and yet, considering its age, it is greater than either of them. In its ratio of increase in popu- lation, commerce, and general progress, it is to-day outstripping them. In what civilized part of the globe is Chicago not heard of, read of, and known? THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 9T PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STREET BRIDGE. 98 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKT. If, SO many centuries after the founding of Rome, mankind still feel inter- ested in the mythical story of Romulus and Remus, may not the present and future generations read with equal interest the more authentic story of the founding of a great modern city? The Jesuit missionary and explorer, Marquette, first visited the place where Chicago is located, in 1673. Again, in the winter of 1674— 5, he camped near the site of the present city, from December until near the close of March. Upon his arrival, in December, the Chicago river was frozen over, and the ground covered with snow. The name is of Indian origin, and was applied to the river. By the French voyageurs it is variously sjjelled, the majority rendering it Chicagou. The place is mentioned by Berrot in 1770. In 1796, Jean Baptiste, a trader from the West Indies, found his way to the moutli of the little stream known as Chicago river, and engaged in trad- ing with the Indians. Here for eight years, almost alone, he maintained trade and intercourse with the savages, until, in 1804, Fort Dearborn was erected, and a trading post was established by John Kinzie, who became the successor of Jean Baptiste. Fort Dearborn, as first constructed, was a very rude and primitive stockade, which cost the government only about fifty dollars. It stood on the south bank of Chicago river, half a mile from the lake. The few soldiers sent to erect and garrison it were in charge of Major Whistler. For a time, being unable to procure grain for bread, the soldiers were obliged to subsist in part upon acorns. The original settler, Jean Baptiste, or as his full name was Avritten, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, sold his cabin to Mr. Kinzie, and the latter erected on the site the building known to the early settlers as the *•' Kinzie House." This became a resort for the officers and others connected with the garrison. In 1812 the garrison had a force of 54 men, under the command of Capt. Nathan Ileald, Avith Lieutenant Lenai L. Flelm and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only white residents, except the ofticers and soldiers, at that time, were Mr. Kinzie and his family, the wives of Capt. Ileald and Lieut. Helm, and a few Canadians, with their families. Nearly up to this time the most friendly relations had been maintained with the Indians — the principal tribes by whom they were surrounded being the Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes. The battle of Tippecanoe had been fought the year before, and the influence of Tecumseh began to be observable in the conduct of the Indians. They were also aware of the difiiculties between tlie United States and Great Britian, and had yielded to the influences brought to bear by the latter. In April of tliis year, euspicious parties of Winnebagoes Ijegan to liover about the fort, remaining in the vicinity for several days. The inhabitants became alarmed, and the lamilies took refuge in the fort. On the 7th of August a Pottawattamie chief appeared at the fort with an order or dispatch from Gen. Hull, at Detroit, directing Capt. Ileald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and distribute all the government property' to the neighboring Indians. The chief who brought the dispatch advised Capt. Ileald to make no distribution to the Indians. He told him it would be better to leave the fort and stores as they were, and that while the Indians were distributing tlie stores among themselves, the whites might escape to Fort Wayne. On the 12th of August Capt, Ileald held a council with the Indians, but the other officers refused to join him. They feared treachery on the part of the Indians, and indeed ]iad been informed that their intention was to murder the wliite people. In tlic council Capt. Ileald had taken the precaution to oj)en a port-hole displaying THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 99 a cannon directed upon the council, and probably by that means kept the Indians from molesting him at that time. Acting under the advice of Mr. Kinzie, he withheld the ammunition and arms from the Indians, throwing them, together with the liquors, into the Chicago river. On that day Black Partridge, a friendly chiet^ said to Capt, Heald : " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day; be careful on the march you are going to take." On the 13th the Indians discovered the powder floating on the surface of the water, a discovery which had the effect to exasperate them the more, and they began to indulge in threats. Meantime preparations were made to leave the fort. Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, had been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle, and had become chief of a band of Miamis. On the 14tli he was seen approaching with a band of his Miami warriors, coming to assist Capt. Heald in defending the fort, having at Fort Wayne heard of the danger which threatened the garrison and the settlers. But all means for defending the fort had been destroyed the night before. All, therefore, took up their line of march, with Capt, Wells and his Miamis in the lead, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife riding by his side. Mr, Kinzie had always been on the most friendly terms with the Indians, and still hoped that his personal efforts might influence them to allow the whites to leave unmolested. He determined to accompany the expedition, leaving his family in a boat in the care of a friendly Indian. In case any misfor- tune should happen to him, his family was to be sent to the place where ISTiles, Michigan, is now located, where he had another trading post. Along tlie shore of Lake Michigan slowly marched the little band of whites, with a friendly escort of Pottawattamies, and Capt. Wells and his Miamis, the lat- ter in advance. When they had reached what were known as the " Sand Hills," the Miami advance guard came rushing back, Capt. Wells exclaim- ing, "They are about to attack; form instantly." At that moment a shower of bullets came whistling over the sand hills, behind which the Indians had concealed themselves for the murderous attack. The cowardly Miamis were panic-stricken, and took to flight, leaving their heroic leader to his fate. He was at the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the attack was made, and, after expressing to her the utter hopelessness of their situation, dashed into the fight. There were 54 soldiers, 12 civilians and three women, all poorly armed, against 500 Indian warriors. The little band had no alternative but to sell their lives as dearly as possible. They charged upon their murder- ous assailants, and drove them from their position back to the prairie. There the conflict continued until two-thirds of the whites were killed and wounded. Mrs. Heald, Mrs Helm and Mrs. Holt, all took part in the combat. In a wagon were twelve children, and a painted demon tomahawked them all, seeing which, Capt. Wells exclaimed, "If butchering women and chil- dren is your game, I will kill too," and then spurred his horse toward the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses. He was pur- sued by several young warriors, who sent bullets whistling about him, killing his horse and wounding Capt Wells. They attempted to take him a prisoner, but he resolved not to be taken alive. Calling a young chief a squaw, an epithet which excites the fiercest resentment in an Indian warrior, the young chief instantly tomahawked him. The three women fought as bravely as the soldiers. Mrs. Heald was an expert in the use of the rifle, but received several severe wounds. During the conflict the hand of a savage was raised to tomahawk her, when she ex- 100 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. claimed in words had tlie ei warrior att€ blow on t bis scalpi moment in sp sam language, "^rely you will not kill a squaw." Her rto chanaj^^ns purpose, and ber life was spared. Another toii]S!fiawk Mrs. Helm. He struck ber a glancing re, at was ler so tended. Ti woman, ar ulder, w^n she sized Mm and attempted to wrest from him 'knife, wJi^ was in i^i^heatb attached to his belt. At that friendlv/Blacik ParMdge dragged her from her antagonist, and ber^trpS^les CH^'i^i^uer to the lake and plunged her in, at the ;ould not drown. By this means he saved third woman, Mrs. Holt, the wife of Sergeant s strong and brave as an amazon. She rode spirits horse, which more tlian once the Indians tried to take from _ i*. Her husband had been disabled in the light, and with his sword, whicli she bad taken, she kept the savages at bay for some time. She was finally, lowever, taken prisoner, and remained a long time a captive among the lu- ians, but was subsequently ransomed. After two-thirds of the whites had been slain or disabled, twenty-eight en succeeded in gaining an eminence on the prairie, and the Indians de- sisted from further pursuit. The chiefs held a consultation, and gave the sign that they were ready to parley. Capt. Heald went forward and met the chief. Blackbird, on the prairie, when terms of surrender were agreed upon. The whites were to deliver up their arms and become prisoners, to be exchanged or ransomed in the future. All were taken to the Indian camp near the abandoned fort, where the wounded Mrs. Helm had previ- ously been taken by Black Partridge. By the terms of surrender no pro- vision had been made as to the disposition of the wounded. It was the understanding of the Indians that the British general. Proctor, had oflered a bounty for American scalps delivered at Maiden. Here there was another scene of horror. Most of the wounded men were killed and scalped. Such is a hasty glance at scenes that were witnessed on this then wild shore of Lake Michigan. Such were the experiences and the struggles of the heroic men and women who ventured forth into the wilderness to plant the germs of civilization, and to lay the foundations of future cities and States. The site on which now stands a city which ranks among the great- est on the continent, is consecrated by the blood shed by heroes on that bright 15th day of August, 1812. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816, under the direction of Capt. Bradley, and was occupied until 1837, when, the Indians having removed from the country, it was abandoned. Congress, on the 2d of March, 1827, granted to the State of Illinois every alternate section of land for six miles on either side of the line of the then proposed Illinois and Michigan canal, to aid in its construction, from Chi- cago to the head of navigation of the Illinois river. The State accepted the grant, and on the 22d of January, 1829, organized a board of canal commis- sioners, with power to lay out towns along tlie line. Under this authority the commissioners employed Mr. James Thompson to survey the town of Chicago. His first map of the town bears date August 4, 1830. In 1831 the place contained about a dozen families, not including the ofiicers and sol- diers in Fort Dearborn. On the 10th of August, 1833, it was organized by the election of five trustees — there being twenty-eight voters. On the 26th of September of the same year, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of the Pottawattamies, seven thousand of the tribe being ])resent, and on the 1st of October they were removed west of the Mississippi. The first charter of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 101 the city was passed by the Legislature of Illinois, and approved March 4th, 1837. Under this charter an election was held May 1st, of the same year. A coiisus was taken on the 1st of July, when the entire population was shown to be 4,170. The city then contained four ^varehouses, three hundred and twenty-eight dwellings, twenty-nine dry goods stores, five hardware stores, three drug stores, nineteen provision stores, ten taverns, twenty-six groceries, seventeen lawyers' offices, and five churches. It then embraced an area of 560 acres. At this date grain and flour had to be imported from the East to feed the people, for the iron arteries of trade did not then stretch out over the prairies of Illinois, Iowa, and other States. Tliere were no ex- portations of produce until 1839, and not until 1842 did the exports exceed the imports. Grain was sold in the streets by the wagon load, the trade being restricted to a few neighboring farmers of Illinois. Of religious organizations the Methodists were the pioneers, being repre- sented in 1831, 1832 and 1833, by Eev. Jesse Walker. Their first quarterly meeting was held in tlie fall of 1833, and in the spring of the next year the first regular class was formed. The first Presbyterian church was organized June 2(jth, 1833, the first pastor being Rev. James Porter. It consisted at the time of twenty -five members from the garrison and nine from the citi- zens of the town. The first Baptist church was organized October 19th, 1833 ; and the first Episcopal church, St, James, in 1834. The first Cath- olic church was built by Rev. Schofler, in 1833-4. The first great public im])rovement projected was the Illinois and Mich- igan canal, one Imndred miles in length, and connecting Chicago with La Salle, at the head of navigation on the Illinois river. It was completed in the spring of 1848. To the eye of an observer, Chicago seems to be situated upon a level plain, but in reality the height of the natural surface above the lake varies from three to twenty-four feet, and the grade of the principal streets has been raised from two to eight feet above the original surface. A complete sys- tem of sewerage has been established. The surrounding prairie for many miles is apparentl}'- without much variation of surface. Though it cannot be observed by the eye, yet the city really stands on the dividing ridge be- tween the two great rivers that drain half the continent, and is about six hundred feet above the ocean. Chicago river, before being widened, deep- ened, and improved, was a very small stream. It has but very little per- ceptible current, and for several miles is very nearly on a level with the lake. It is formed by two branches, one from the north and the other from south, which unite about a mile from the lake. From this junction the stream flows due east to the lake. These streams divide the city into three parts, familiarly known as North Side, South Side, and AVest Side. Bridges constructed upon turn-tables, or pivots, are thrown across the streams at many places. By swinging the bridges round, vessels are allowed to be towed up and down the river by steam tugs, so that there is very little diffi- culty in the way of passing from one division of the city to another. The stream has been made navigable for several miles for sail vessels and pro- pellers, and immense warehouses and elevators have been constructed along its banks, where vessels are loaded and unloaded with great rapidity. We have seen that when the first census was taken in 1837, the city had a population of 4,170. By 1840 it had increased to only 4,470 ; in 1845 it was 12,088 ; in 1850 it was 28,269 ; in 1855 it was 83,509. The census of 1870 showed a population 298,977. 102 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOEY. One of the gigantic public improvements of Chicago is that for supplying the city with water. Owing to the fact that the water in the lake, near the shore, was polluted by filth from the river, in 1865 a tunnel was cut under the lake, extending a distance of two miles from the shore. This tunnel is thirty-five feet below the bed of the lake. This work is regarded as an ex- ample of great engineering skill, and has proved to be successful. The con- tract price for this work was $315,139. Another great work is the tunnel under the Chicago river at Washington street, cut for the purpose of dis- pensing with the bridge over the river, and to ob^^ate the necessity of the public waiting for vessels to pass. The contract price for this great work was $200,000. There are other great public improvements of the city, which Math her rail- roads leading out in all directions, her immense lake shipping trade, and her population of nearly half a million people, show the greatness that Chicago has attained, all within so short a time. As she has been great in her prosper- ity, so also has she been great in her calamities. On the 8th and 9tli of Oc- tober, 1871, this city was the scene of one of the greatest conflagrations known in the annals of the world — greater than that of London in 160(i, when thirteen thousand buildings were burned. In Chicago twenty thou- sand buildings were swept away by the devouring element, with miles of magnificent business blocks, palatial residences, and costly ornamentations — all covering an area of over fi've thousand acres! In all that part of tlie city between Harrison street and the Chicago river, and on the ]N'orth Side for nearly four miles to Lincoln Park, there was nothing to be seen but the ruins of a city that had suddenly gone down at the merciless bidding of the fire-fiend. It was a scene of desolation and ruin, and its announcement at the time thrilled a sympathetic chord which vibrated throughout the whole civilized world. Like the fabled Phoenix, Chicago rose again from lier own ashes, but grander and more magnificent than she was before. Chicago is now, and has for some years been, the greatest pork packing and grain shipping market of the w^orld. Her commerce is of immense proportions and reaches to all lands where American trade is known. She is the commercial metrop- olis of the great ^Northwest, and the States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wis- consin and Minnesota, pour their tributes of wealth over thousands of miles of railroads into her lap. THE NORTHWEST TEKKIIOUY. 103 OLD FOKT DEARBORN, 1S30. History of Iowa. DESCKIPTIYE AND GEOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. Extent — Surface — Rivers — Lakes — Spirit Lake — Lake Okoboji — Clear Lake — Timber — Cli- mate — Prairies — Soils . Extent. — Iowa is about tliree linndred miles in length, east and west, and a little over two hundred miles in breadth, north and south ; lia\'ing nearly the figure of a rectangular parallelogram. Its northern boundary is the par- allel of 43 degrees 30 minutes, separating it from the State of Minnesota. Its southern limit is nearly on the line of 40 degrees 31 minutes from the point where this parallel crosses the Des Moines river, westward. From this point to the southeast corner of the State, a distance of about thirty miles, the Des Moines river forms the boundary line between Iowa and Mis- souri. The two great rivers of the JSTorth American Continent form the east and west boundaries, except that portion of the western boundary ad- joining the Territory of Dakota. The Big Sioux river from its mouth, two miles above Sioux City, forms the western boundary up to the point where it intersects the parallel of 43 degrees 30 minutes. These limits embrace an area of 55,045 square miles; or, 35,228,800 acres. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by the riv- ers, and the lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural re- sources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. Surface. — The surface of the State is remarkably uniform, rising to nearly the same general altitude. There are no mountains, and yet but little of the surface is level or flat. The whole State presents a succession of gentle elevations and depressions, with some bold and picturesque bluffs along the principal streams. The western portion of the State is generally more eleva- ted than the eastern, the northwestern part being the highest. Nature could not have provided a more perfect system of drainage, and at the same time leave the country so completely adapted to all the purposes of agricul- ture. Looking at the map of Iowa, we see two systems of streams or rivers running nearly at right angles with each other. The streams which dis- charge their waters into the Mississippi flow from the northwest to the southeast, while those of the other system flow towards the southwest, and empty into the Missouri. The former drain about three-fourths of the State, and the latter the remaining one-fourth. The water-shed dividing the two 106 HISTOET OF IOWA. systems of streams, represents tlie highest portions of the State, and grad- ually descends as you follow its course from northwest to southeast. Low- water mark in the Missouri river at Council Bluffs is about 425 feet above low- water mark in the Mississippi at Davenport. At the crossing of the summit, or water-shed, 245 miles west of Davenport, the elevation is about 960 feet above the Mississippi. The Des Moines river, at the city of Des Moines, has an elevation of 227 feet above the Mississippi at Davenport, and is 198 feet lower than the Missouri at Council Bluffs. The elevation of the eastern border of the State at McGregor is about 624 feet above the level of the sea, while the highest elevation in the northwest portion of the State is 1,400 feet above the level of the sea. In addition to the grand water-shed mentioned above, as dividing the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri, there are between the principal streams, elevations commonly called " di- vides," which are drained by numerous streams of a smaller size tributary to the rivers. The valleys along the streams have a deep, rich soil, but are scarcely more fertile than many portions of those undulating prairie " di- vides." Rivers. — As stated above, the rivers of Iowa are divided into two systems, or classes — those flowing into the Mississippi, and those flowing into the Missouri. The Mississippi river, the largest on the continent, and one of the largest in the world, washes the entire eastern border of the State, and is most of "the year navigable for a large class of steamers. The only serious ob- struction to steamers of the largest size, are what are known as the Lower Eapids, just above the mouth of the Des Moines. The government of the United States has constructed a canal, or channel, around these rapids on the Iowa side of the river, a work which will prove of immense advantage to the commerce of Iowa for all time to come. The principal rivers which flow through the interior of the State, east of the water-shed, are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Wapsipinicon, Alaquoketa, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. One of the largest rivers in the State is Red Cedar, which rises in Minne- sota, and flowing in a southeasterly direction, joins its waters with Iowa river in Louisa county, only about thirty miles from its mouth, that portion below the junction retaining the name of Iowa river, although above the junction it is really the smaller stream. The Des Moines is the largest interior river of the State, and rises in a group or chain of lakes in Minnesota, not far from the Iowa border. It really has its source in two principal branches, called East and "West Des Moines, which, after flowing about seventy miles through the northern por- tion of the State, converge to their junction in the southern part of Hum- boldt county. The Des Moines receives a number of large tributaries, among which are Raccoon and Three Rivers (North, South and Middle) on the west, and Boone river on the east. Raccoon (or 'Coon) rises in the vi- cinity of Storm Lake in Buena Yista county, and after receiving several tributaries, discharges its waters into the Des Moines river, within the lim- its of the city of Des Moines, This stream aflbrds many excellent mill privileges, some of which have been improved. The Des Moines flows from northwest to southeast, not less than three hundred miles through Iowa, aiid drains over ten thousand square miles of territory. At an early day, steam- boats, at certain seasons of the year, navigated this river as far up as the " Raccoon Forks," and a large grant of land was made by Congress to the State for the purpose of improving its navigation. The land was subse- quently diverted to the construction of the Des Moines Yalley Railroad. HISTORY OF IOWA. 107 Before this diversion several dams were erected on the lower portion of the river, which aflbrd a vast amount of hydraulic power to that portion of the State. The next river above the Des Moines is Skunk, which has its source in Hamilton county, north of the center of tlie State. It traverses a southeast course, having two principal branches— their aggregate lengtii being about four hundred and fifty miles. They drain about eight thousand square miles of territory, and afford many excellent mill sites. The next is Iowa river, which rises in several branches among the lakes in Hancock and Winnebago counties, in the northern part of the State. Its great eastern branch is Red Cedar, having its source among the lakes in Minnesota. The two streams, as before stated, unite and flow into the Mis- sissippi in Louisa county. In size. Red Cedar is the second interior river of the State, and both are valuable as affording immense water power. Shell Rock river is a tributary of Red Cedar, and is important to Northern Iowa, on account of its fine water power. The aggregate length of Iowa and Red Cedar rivers is about five hundred miles, and they drain about twelve thou- sand square miles of territory. The Wapsipinicon river rises in Minnesota, and flows in a southeasterly direction over two hundred miles through Iowa, draining, with its branches, a belt of territory only about twelve miles wide. This stream is usually called " Wapsie " by the settlers, and is valuable as furnishing good water power for machinery. Maquoketa river, the next considerable tributary of tlie Mississippi, is about one hundred and sixty miles long, and drains about three thousand square miles of territory. Turkey river is about one hundred and thirty miles long, and drains some two thousand square miles. It rises in Howard county, runs southeast, and empties into the Mississippi near the south line of Clayton county. Upper Iowa river also rises in Howard county, flows nearly east, and empties into the Mississippi near the northeast corner of the State, passing through a narrow, but picturesque and beautiful valley. This portion of the State is somewhat broken, and the streams have cut their channels deeply into the rocks, so that in many places they are bordered by blufls f]-om three to four hundred feet high. They flow rapidly, and furnish ample water power for machinery at numerous points. Having mentioned the rivers which drain the eastern three-fourths of the State, we will now cross the great "water-shed" to the Missouri and its tributaries. The Missouri river, forming a little over two-thirds of the length of the western boundary line, is navigable for large sized steamboats fora distance of nineteen hundred and fifty miles above the point (Sioux City) where it first touches our western border. It is, therefore, a highway of lio little im- portance to the commerce of Western Iowa. During the season of naviga- tion some years, over fifty steamers ascend tlie river above Sioux City, most of which are laden with stores for the mining region above Fort Benton. We will now refer to the larger tributaries of the Missouri, which drain the western portion of Iowa. The Big Sioux river forms about seventy miles of the western boundary of the State, its general course being nearly from north to south. It has several small tributaries draining the counties of Plymouth, Sioux, Lyon, Osceola, and O'Brien, in northwestern Iowa. One of the most important 108 HISTORY OF IOWA. of these is Rock river, a beautiful little stream running through the coun- ties of Ljon and Sioux. It is supported by springs, and affords a volume of water sufficient for propelling machinery. 13 ig Sioux river was once re- garded as a navigable stream, and steamboats of a small size have on sev- eral occasions ascended it for some distance. It is not, however, now con- sidered a safe stream for navigation. It empties into the Missouri about two miles above Sioux City, and some four miles below the northwest cor- ner of AVoodbury county. It drains about one thousand square miles of Iowa territory. Just below Sioux City, Floyd river empties into the Missouri. It is a small stream, but flows through a rich and beautiful valle3^ Its length is about one hundred miles, and it drains some fifteen hundred square miles of territory. Two or three mills have been erected on this stream, and there are other mill sites which will doubtless be improved in due time. Little Sioux river is one of the most important streams of northwestern Iowa. It rises in the vicinity of Spirit and Okoboji lakes, near the Minne- sota line, and meanders through various counties a distance of nearly three hundred miles to its confluence with the Missouri near the northwest corner of Harrison county. With its tributaries it drains not less than five thou- sand square miles. Several small mills have been erected on this stream, and others doubtless will be when needed. Boyer river is the next stream of considerable size below the Little Sioux. It rises in Sac county and flows southwest to the Missouri in Pottawattamie county. Its entire length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and drains not less than two thousand square miles of territory. It is a small stream, meandering through a rich and lovely valley. The Chicago and Northwest- ern E-ailroad passes do^vn this valley some sixty miles. Going down the Missouri, and passing several small streams, which have not been dignified with the name of rivers, we come to the Nishnabotna, which empties into the Missouri some twenty miles below the southwest corner of the State. It has three principal branches, with an aggregate length of three hundred and fifty miles. These streams drain about five thousand square miles of southwestern Iowa. They flow through valleys of unsurpassed beauty and fertility, and furnish good water power at various points, though in this respect they are not equal to the streams in the north- eastern portion of the State. The southern portion of the State is drained by several streams that flow into the Missouri river, in the State of Missouri. The most important of these are Chariton, Grand, Platte, One Hundred and Two, and the three Nodaways — East, West and Middle. All of these afford water power for machinery, and present splendid valleys of rich farming lands. We have above only mentioned the streams that have been designated as rivers, but there are many other streams of great importance and value to different portions of the State, draining the country, furnishing mill-sites, and adding to the variety and beauty of the scenery. So admirable is the natural drainage of almost the entire State, that the farmer who has not a stream of living water on his premises is an exception to the general rule. LAKES OF NOKTHERN IOWA. In some of the northern counties of Iowa there are many small, but beau- tiful lakes, some of which we shall notice. They are a part of the system of HISTOKT OF IOWA. 109 lakes extending far northward into Minnesota, and some of them present many interesting features which the limits of this work will not permit ns to give in detail. The following are among ^>he most noted of the lakes of northern Iowa: Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county; Rice Lake, Silver Lake and Bright's Lake, in Worth county; Crystal Lake, Eagle Lake, Lake Ed- ward and Twin Lakes, in Hancock county; Owl Lake, in Humboldt county; Lake Gertrude, Elm Lake and Wall Lake, in Wright county; Lake Caro, in Hamilton county; Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county; Wall Lake, in Sac county; Swan Lake, in Emmet county; Storm Lake, in BuenaYista county; and Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, in Dickinson county. _ Nearly all of these are deep and clear, abounding in many excellent varieties of fish, which are caught abundantly by the settlers at all proper seasons of the year. The name ' Wall Lake,' applied to several of these bodies of water, is derived from the fact that a line or ridge of boulders, extends around them, giving them somewhat the appearance of having been walled. Most of them exliibit the same appearance in this respect to a greater or less extent. Lake Okoboji, Spirit Lake, Storm Lake and Clear "Lake are the largest of the Korthern Iowa lakes. All of them, except Storm Lake, have fine bodies of timber on their borders. Lake Okoboji is about fifteen miles long, and from a quarter of a mile to two miles wide. Spirit Lake, just north of it, embraces about ten square miles, the northern border extending to the Minnesota line. Storm Lake is in size about three miles east and west by two north and south. Clear Lake is about seven miles long by two miles wide. The dry rolling land usually extends up to the borders of the lakes, making them delightful resorts for excursion or fishing parties, and they are now attracting attention as places of resort, on account of the beauty of their natural scenery, as well as the inducements which they afford to hunting and fishing parties. As descriptive of some of the lakes of Northern Iowa, the author would here introduce some former correspondence of his own on the occasion of a visit to Spirit and Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county. At that time he ^vl•ote in regard to Spirit Lake: With a party of delighted friends — seven of us in all — we made the cir- cle of Spirit Lake, or Ifinne-Waukon as the Indians called it. Starting from the village of Spirit Lake early in the morning, we crossed the upper portion of East Okoboji on a substantial wooden bridge about three hundred feet in length, a half mile east of the village. Going around a farm or two, we proceeded up along the east shore of Spirit Lake to what is known as " Stony Point." Here a point of land has been gradually forming, for, we do not know how many years, or even centuries, but large trees have grown from the rocks, gravel and sand thrown together by various forces far back in the past. From the inner edge of the growth of timber, a ridge of rocks extends some forty rods into the lake, gradually lessening until, at the fur- ther extremity, it only afibrds a dry foot-way by stepping from rock to rock. This point is said to be constantly extending and it is not improbable that in time, two lakes may be formed instead of one. " Stony Point" is almost wholly composed of boulders of various sizes and shapes, brought together by the action of water, on either side. It is the resort of innumerable birds and water fowl of various kinds, including pelicans, black loons and gulls. When we approached they were holding high carnival over the remains of such un- fortunate fish as happened to be thrown upon the rocks by the dashing of the waves. Our presence, however, soon cleared the coast of its promiscuous 110 HISTORY OF IOWA. gathering of feathered tenants, but after we left, they doubtless returned to their revelry. We continued our journey up the lake a mile further to the " inlet." Here a small stream makes its way in from the east, and, having higli steep banks, all we had to do was to go round its mouth through the lake, the water being very clear, with a fine gravel bottom, and sufficiently shallow for good ford- ing. Just above this, a sand-beach extends for some distance, jDortions of which are cov^ered with clumps of willows and other small trees. No heavy groves of timber border on the east side of the lake, but scattered trees and small groves extend all the way along. The adjoining prairie land is gener- ally dry, rolling and well adapted to farming purposes. Several farms are in cultivation along the banks of this part of the lake. Nearly east of the north end of the lake, we crossed the Iowa and Minne- sota line. Our road led us about a mile further north, where it diverged westerly to the south bank of a pleasant little sheet of water, known as Loon Lake. This has an outlet connecting it with other small lakes, which lie near the head of Spirit Lake, and which .were doubtless once a ];)art of the same. In a pretty little grove on the shore of Loon Lake, in the sovereign State of Minnesota, we paused for our nooning. From Loon Lake the road turns southward, passing several miles through groves of timber that border the west shore of Spirit Lake. A number of clear and quiet little lakes are nestled romantically in the groves west of Spirit Lake with only sufticient room in many places for a roadway between them and the latter. Of these charming little lakes, the three principal ones are Lake Augusta, Plum Lake, and Round Lake, In the formation of the last named, nature has indulged in one of her most singular and interesting freaks. It is something over a quarter of a mile in diameter, and so nearly round that the eye can detect no irregularity. The bank, all around, rises to the uniform height of about thirty feet, sloping at an angle of forty-five degrees, and giving the lake the appearance of a huge basin. A dense Ibrest approaches on all sides, with large trees bending over the water, which is so deep down in its reservoir that the wind rarely ruffles its surface. There is no visible inlet or outlet, but the water is always deep and clear. It is indeed worth a day's journey to see this charming little gem of a lake, reposing so quietly in the midst of its wild surroundings of lofty trees, tangled vines and wild flowers. Plum Lake is so called from the fact that there are many groves of wild plums around it. It lies between Lake Augusta and Pound Lake. Near the north end of Plum Lake is a commanding elevation called "Grandview Mound." From the summit of this mound there is a fine view of Spirit Lake, and a portion of the surrounding country. There is every appearance that these little lakes were once a portion of the greater one that lies east of them, and they are now separated from it by a strip of land only wide enough in many places for a good wagon road, but it is gradually increasing in width from year to year. It is covered with a groAvth of cottonwood, soft maple, elm, wild plum, and other trees, with a dense profusion of wild grape vines clinging among the branches. The beach along the edge of Spirit Lake here is composed of gravel, sand and shells, with a ridge of boulders, rising and extending up to the timber, through which the road passes. Round Lake, above mentioned, is situated in what is known as "Marble Grove," one of the finest bodies of timber to be found about the lakes, and is so named from its early occupant, who was killed by *the Indians. It was in HISTORY OF IOWA. < HI this grove, after the massacre, that the Indians peeled the bark from a tree, and with a dark paint, made a picture-record of what tliej had done. Tlie killed were represented by rude drawings of persons in a prostrate position, corresponding with the number of victims. Pictures of cabins, with smoke issuing from their roofs, represented the number of houses burned. In the murder of Marble and his child, and the capture of Mrs. Marble, the Indians completed the annihilation of the settlement at the lakes, and thus left a record of their fiendish work. •' Marble Grove " at that time was doubtless a scene of savage rejoicing over the perpetration of deeds which cast a gloom over all Northwestern Iowa, and which the lapse of years only could remove. From the south end of " Marble Grove " to the village of Spirit Lake, the road passes over undulating prairies for some three or four miles, with several new farms now being improved on either side. The principal groves of timber about this lake are at the west side and the north end, while a narrow belt extends around the other portions. The water is deep, and the wind often dashes the waves against the banks with great violence. At other times the surface is smooth and placid. There is a legend which we give briefly, for the beneflt of those who may be curious to know the origin of the name of Spirit Lake. Many moons before the white man took up his abode or built liis cabin on the shores of the lake, a band of Dakota warriors brought a pale-faced maiden here, a captive taken in one of their expeditions against the whites who had ven- tured near their hunting grounds. Among the warriors was a tall young brave, fairer than the rest, who had been stolen from the whites in infancy by the wife of Um-pa-sho-ta, the chief. The pale-faced brave never knew his parentage or origin, but the chief's wife called him Star of Day, and he knew not but that she was his own mother. All the tribe expected that he would sometime become their chief, as no warrior had proved so brave and daring as he. Star of Day, only, had performed deeds which entitled him to succeed to the honors of the aged Um-pa-sho-ta. But all the distinctions or titles that his nation might bestow, possessed no attraction for him wdiile he beheld the grief of the beautiful pale-faced captive. He therefore deter- mined to rescue her, and also made up his mind to flee with her from the tribe and make her his wife. The maiden had recognized in the blue eyes and fair face of her lover, something which told her that he, like herself, was a captive. One night, while all the warriors were asleep in their lodges. Star of Day and the maiden slumbered not. He silently unbound the thongs which fastened her to the lodge frame. Only a few paces through the thick forest brought them to the lake shore, where, under the willows, liis light canoe was in readiness. Soon the lovers were midway across the lake, but the Great Spirit who ruled in the wind and the water, as well as in the forest, willed that tlieir home should be together beneath the waters where no Dakota should henceforth ever disturb them. And so a breath of the Great Spirit in the wind dashed a wave over the little canoe, and it went down with the lovers. Since that time no Indian's canoe has ever dared to venture upon the lake. Only the white man's canoe is always safe, for the spirits of Star of Day and the maiden still abide under the water, in a beautiful cave of shells, guarding only the white man's canoe from danger, as spirits ever know their own. From that time the Dakotas called the lake 2fin7ie-Waukon, or Spirit-Water. Ohohoji. — Okoboji is the most beautiful of all the lakes of Northwestern Iowa. Walter Scott could not invest the historic lakes of Scotia with more 112 HISTOKY OF IOWA. of the wild beauty of scenery suggestive of poetry and romance, tlian we here find around this loveliest of Iowa lakes. Okoboji lies immediately south of Spirit Lake, and is of very irregular shape. Its whole length is at least fourteen miles, but it is nearly separated into two parts. The two parts are called, respectively, East and West Okoboji. A wooden bridge has been erected across the straits, on the road from the village of Spirit Lake to that of Okoboji, the water here being ordinarily not over a couple of hundred feet wide and about fifteen feet deep. West Okoboji is much the larger body of water, stretching west and northwest of the straits some eight miles, and varying in width from one to two miles. As you pass around this lake, the scene constantly changes, and from many different points the observer obtains new views, many of which might furnish inspira- tion to the pencil of the artist. The water has a deep sky-blue appearance, and the surface is either placid or boisterous, as the weather may happen to be. The dry land slopes down to the margin on all sides. Huge boulders are piled up around the shores several feet above the water, forming a complete protection against the action of the waves. These rocks embrace the different kinds of granite which are found scat- tered over the prairies, with also a large proportion of limestone, from which good quick-lime is manufactured. This rock protection seems to be charac- teristic of all that portion of the lake-shore most subject to the violent beat- ing of the waves. But there are several fine gravel beaches, and one on the north side is especially resorted to as being the most extensive and beautiful. Here are immense wind-rows of pebbles, rounded and polished by the vari- ous processes that nature employs, and in such variety that a single handful taken up at random would constitute a miniature cabinet for the geologist. Agates, cornelians, and other specimens of exquisite tint and beauty, are fonnd in great profusion, being constantly washed up by the water. The east end of West Okoboji, at the straits, is some five miles south of Spirit Lake, but the extreme west portion extends up to a point west of Spirit Lake. East Okoboji is not so Made or deep as the other part, but is nearly as long. It extends up to within a quarter of a mile, or less, of Spirit Lake, and is now connected with it by a mill-race, being some four or five feet lower than that lake. At a narrow place near the upper end of this lake, a bridge some three hundred feet long has been erected on the road leading to Estherville. The Okoboji outlet heads at the south end of East Okoboji, and in its passage flows through three lakes called Upper, Middle and Lower Gar Lakes. These little lakes are so named because large quantities of the peculiar long-billed fish designated by that name, are found therein. This outlet has a rapid fall all the way to its junction with the Little Sioux river, some five miles below, and is about being turned to good account by the erection of machiner}'- on it. This outlet is also the greatest of the fishing resorts about the lakes The groves around Lake Okoboji embrace over one thousand acres of good timber. The larger groves are found on the south side, where the principal settlement was at the time of the Indian massacre. There are two or three fine bodies of timber on the north side of West Okoboji, and a narrow fringe of timber borders nearly all the lake shore between the larger groves. On the north side of West Okoboji, near the west end, is a splendid grove of hard maple, of large size, while none of this kind of timber is fouTid else- where about the lake. On the same side in another grove, we observed many red cedars of large growth. We noticed one nearly three feet in HISTORY OF IOWA. 113 diameter, and a fine crop of young cedars, from three to ten inches higli, liave taken root along tlie shore. Burr oak seems to predominate ann)iig tlie various kinds of timber, and the groves on the soutli side are mainlj- composed of this kind, with considerable ash, elm and walnut. In many places the ground is covered with a dense growth of wild gooseberry and wild currant bushes, all now giving promise of a fine yield of fruit. Many plum groves are scattered about the lake, and grapes also grow in profusion. We noticed, however, that the wild crab-apple, so plentiful in other parts of the State, was wanting. =■ The land rises from the lake nearly all the way round, with a gradually sloping bank, to the height of some thirty feet, and then stretches away in undulating prairie or woodland, as the case may be. In some places, the unbroken prairie extends to the beach without a tree or shnib. A s])lendid body of prairie, embracing several thousand acres, lies in the peninsula formed by Lake Okoboji with its outlet and the Little Sioux river. Between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, there is also a good body of prairie with some well improved farms. A lake of considerable size, called Center Lake, with a fine body of timber surrounding it, lies between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. In point of health, as well as in the beauty of its natural scenery, this locality far surpasses many others that have become fashionable and famous resorts. A month or two in the summer season might be spent here with constant change, and a pleasing variety of attractions. The invalid or pleasure seeker might divide the time between hunting, fishing, driving, bathing, rowing, sailing, rambling, and in various other ways adapted to his taste or fancy. lie could pay homage to Nature in her playful or her milder moods; for sometimes she causes these little lakes to play the role of miniature seas by the wild dashing of their surges against their rocky shores, and then ajjain causes them to become as calm and placid as slumberin"* intancy. Clear Lake. — Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county, is among the better known lakes of the State, on account of its easy accessibility by rail, as well as its many and varied attractions. It is a beautiful little sheet of water, and as a pleasure resort has for several years been constantly growing in favor. This, and Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, as well as some others, are deserving of special description, but what is already given will afford some idea of the lakes of Northern low^a. Timber. — One of the peculiar features of the topography of the north- west, is the predominance of pra.iries, a name of French origin, which sig- nifies grass-land. It has been estimated that about nine-tenths of the sur- face of Iowa is prairie. The timber is generally found in heavy bodies skirt- ing the streams, but there are also many isolated groves standing, like islands in the sea, far out on the prairies. The eastern half of the State contains a larger proportion of timber than the western. The following are the leading varieties of timber: White, black and burr oak, black walnut, butternut, hickory, hard and soft maple, cherry, red and white elm, ash, linn, haekberry, birch, honey locust, cottonwood and quaking asp. A few sycamore trees are found in certain localities along the streams. Groves of red cedar also pre- vail, especially along Iowa and Cedar rivers, and a few isolated pine trees are scattered along the bluffs of some of the streams in the northern part of the State. Nearly all kinds of timber common to Iowa have been found to grow rap- ]14 HISTORY OF IOWA. idly when transplanted upon the prairies, or when propagated from the plaTit- ing of seeds. Only a few years and a little expense are required for the settler to raise a grove sufficient to aiford him a supply of fuel. The kinds most easily propagated, and of rapid growth, are cottonwood, maple and wal- nut. All our prairie soils are adapted to their growth. Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College, who supervised the collection of the different woods of Iowa for exhibition at the Centennial Exposition, in 187(3, has given a most complete list of the native woody plants of the State. , Below we present his list. When not otherwise stated, they are trees. The average diameters are given in inches, and when the species is a rare one, its locality is given : Papaw — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. Moonseed— cUmbingr shrub; J^inch. Basswood. Lynn or Linden — 20 inches. Prickly Ash — shrub; 2 inches. Smooth Sumach— shrub ; 2 inches. Poison Ivy — cUmbing shrub; 1 inch. Fragrant Sumach — shnib; 2 inches. Frost Grape — vine; 2 inches. River Bank Grape— vine; 2 inches. Buckthorn— shrub; river bluffs; 2 to 3 inches. New Jersey Tea — low shrub; % inch. Red Root— low shrub; 3^ inch. Bitter-sweet — cUmbing shrub; 1 inch. Wahoo — shrub; 2 inches. Bladder Nut— shrub; 2 inches. Buckeye — 20 to 30 inches. Sugar "Maple — 20 to 24 inches. Black Maple— 12 to 18 inches. Silver or Soft Maple— 20 to 30 inches. Box Elder— 3 to 12 inches. False Indigo — shrub; %mch. Lead Plant— low shrub ; % inch. Red Bud— fi to 8 inches. Kentucky Coffee Tree— 3 to 12 inches. Honey Locust— 12 to 20 inches. Wild Plum— shrub or tree; 2 to 5 inches. Wild Red Cherry— shrub or tree; 2 to 6 inches. Choke Cherry— shrub ; 2 to 3 inches. Wild Black Cherry— 12 to 18 inches. Wine Bark— shrub; ^^ inch. Meadow Sweet — shrub; 14, inch. Wild Red Raspben-y- shrub; % inch. Wild Black Raspberiy— shrub! i^ inch. Wild Blackberry— shrub; % inch. Dwai-f Wild Rose— low shrub; 3^ inch. Early Wild Rose— low shrub; % inch. Black Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. AV^hite Thorn— 3 to 5 inches. _ Downy-leaved Thorn — 2 to 3 inches. Wild Crab Apple— 3 to 5 inches. Sei-vice Berry or June BeiTy — 3 to 5 inches. Small June Berry — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. Prickly Wild Gooseberry — shrub; J^ inch. * Smooth Wild Gooseberry— shrub ; % inch. Wild Black Cm-rant— shrub ; }4, inch. Witch Hazel — shrub ; 1 to 2 inches ; said to grow in N. E. Iowa. Kinnikinnik — shrub; 2 mches. Rough-leaved Dogwood — shrub; 1 to 3 mches. Panicled Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. Alternate-leaved Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. Wolf berry — low shrub; 3=^ inch. Coral BeiTy — low shrub; % inch. Small Wild Honeysuckle — climbing shrub; J^ inch. Blackberried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Red-berried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Tliis one I have not seen, but feel quite sure that it is in the State. Sheep Berry — shrub; 2 inches. Downy Arrow-wood — shrub 2 inches. High CranbeiTy Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Button Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Black Huckleberry — low shrub ; % inch ; near Davenport, according to Dr. Parry. White Ash — 12 to 18 inches. Green Ash — 8 to 12 inches. There is some doubt as to the identity of tliis species. Black Ash — 12 to 16 inches. Sassafras — 3 to 18 inches. Said to grow in the extreme southeastern part of the State. Spice Bush — shi-ub; 1 inch. Said to grow in Northeastern Iowa. Leatherwood or Moosewood — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. In Northeastern Iowa. Buffalo Berry — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Possi- bly this may be found on our western borders, as it occurs in Nebraska. Red Elm — 12 to 14 inches. White Elm— 18 to 30 inches. Corky Elm — 10 to 15 inches. I have seen no specimens which could certainly be re- ferred to this species, and yet I think there is little doubt of its being a native of this State. Hackberry — 10 to 16 inches, Red Mulberry — 6 to 10 inches. Sycamore, or Button wood— 10 to 30 inches. Black Walnut — 24 to 48 inches. Butternut — 12 to 20 inches. SheU-bark Hickory — 12 to 24 inches. Pecan Nut— 12 to 20 inches. Large Hickory Nut— 18 to 24 inches. Pig Nut Hickorj^- 12 to 20 inches. These three last species I have not seen in the State, but from their known dis- tribution, I have no doubt that they are to be found in the southern portions of the State. Butternut Hickory — 12 to 18 inches. White Oak— 20 to 30 inches. HISTORY OF IOWA. 115 Burr Oak — 24 to 36 inches. Petioled Willow — shrub; 2 inches. Chestnut Oak — 5 to 10 inches. Heart-leaved Willow — small tree; 3 to 4 in- Laurel Oak — 5 to 10 inches. ches. Scarlet Oak — 12 to 16 inches. Black Willow — 3 to 12 inches. Red Oak— 15 to 20 inches. Almond Willow — 3 to 8 inches. Hazel Nut — shrub; 1 inch. Lon^-leaved Willow — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. Iron Wood — 4 to 7 inches. Aspen — 6 to 12 inches. Blue Beech — 3 to 4 inches. _ Cottonwood — 24 to 36 inches. White Birch — 3 to 6 inches. Said to grow in White Pine — a few small trees grow in North- Northeastern Iowa. eastern Iowa. Speckled Alder — shrub or small tree ; 2 to 3 Red Cedar — 6 to 8 inches. inches. Northeastern Iowa. Ground Hemlock — traihng' shrub; 1 inch. Prairie Willows — low shrub; % inch. Green Briar — climbing shrub; 3^ inch. Glaucous Willow — small tree; 2 to 3 inches. Total number of species, 104; of these, fifty-one species are trees, while the remaining ones are shrubs. The wood of all the former is used for economic purposes, while some of the latter furnish more or less valuable fuel. GUmate. — Prof. Parvin, who has devoted great attention to the climatol- ogy of Iowa, in a series of observations made by him at Muscatine, from 1839 to 1859, inclusive, and at Iowa City, from 1860 to 1870, inckisive, deduces the following general results : That the months of ]^ovember and March are essentially winter months, their average temperatures rising but a few degrees above the freezing point. Much of the former month is indeed mild and pleasant, but in it usually comes the first cold spell, followed generally by mild weather, while in March the farmer is often enabled to commence his spring plowing. September has usually a summer temperature, and proves a ripening season for the fall crops, upon Avhich the farmer may rely with safety if the spring has been at all backward. May has much more the character of' a spring month than that of summer, and " May day" is not often greeted with a profusion of flowers. The average temperature of May during thirty-two years was 59.06 degrees, while that of September was 63.37 degrees. Prof. Parvin states that during thirty-five years the mercury rose to 100 degrees only once within the region of his observations in Iowa, and that was during the summer of 1870. It seldom rises above ninety-five degrees, or falls lower than fifteen degrees below zero. The highest temperature, with very few exceptions, occurs in the month of Au- gust, while July is the hottest month as indicated by the mean temperature of the summer months. January is the coldest month, and in this, only once in thirty-two years did tlie mercury fall to thirty degrees below zero. The prevailing winds are those of a westerly direction, not for the year alone, but for the several months of the year, except June, July, August and Sep- tember. August is the month in which the greatest amount of rain falls, and in January the least. The greatest fall of I'ain in any one year, was in 1851—74.49 inches, and the least in 1854—23.35 inches. The greatest fall of snow for any one year, was in 1868 — 61.97 inches. The least was in 1850 — 7.90 inches. The earliest fall of snow during twenty-two years, from 1848 to 1869, inclusive, was October 17th, 1859, and the latest, April 29th, 1851. The greatest fall was December 21st, 1848 — 20.50 inches. During that time no snow fell during the months of May, June, July, August and September, but rain usually occurs in each of the winter months. The clear days during the time embraced in Prof Parvin's observations, were thirty-two per cent; the cloudy twenty-two per cent, and the variable forty-six per cent. 116 HISTOKY OF IOWA. The year 1863 was very cold, not only in Iowa, but throughout the coun- try, and there was frost in every month of the year, but it only once or twice during thirty years seriously injured the corn crop. When the spring is late the fall is generally lengthened, so that the crop has time to mature. The mean time for late spring frosts is May 4th; that of early fall frost is September 24th. The latest irost in the spring during thirty-one years, from 1839 to 1869, inclusive, was May 26th, 1847; and the earliest, August 29th, 1863. Prairies. — The character of surface understood by the term lyrairie^i is not a feature peculiar to Iowa, but is a characteristic of the greater portion of the Northwest. Dr. C. A. White, late State Geologist of Iowa, in his re- port says : " By the word prairie we mean any considerable surface that is free from forest trees and shrubbery, and which is covered more or less thickly with grass and annual plants. This is also the popular understanding of the term. It is estimated that about seven-eighths of the surface of Iowa is prairie, or was so when the State was first settled. They are not confined to the level surface, but are sometimes even quite hilly and broken; and it has just been shown that they are not confined to any particular variety of soil, for they prevail equally upon Alluvial, Drift, and Lacustral soils. Indeed, we sometimes find a single prairie whose surface includes all these varieties, portions of which may be respectively sandy, gravelly, clayey or loamy. rTeither are they confined to the region of, nor does their character seem at all dependent upon, the formations which underlie them, for within the State of Iowa they rest upon all formations, from those of Azoic to those of Cre- taceous age inclusive, which embraces almost all kinds of rocks, such as quartzites, friable sandstone, ma^nesian limestone, common limestone, im- pure chalk, clay, clayey and sandy sliales, etc. Southwestern Minnesota is almost one continuous prairie upon the drift wliich rests directly upon, not only the hard Sioux quartzite, but also directly upon the granite. "Thus, whatever the origin of the prairies migiit have been, we have the positive assurance that their present existence in Iowa and immediate vicin- ity is not due to the influence of climate, tlie character or composition of tlie soil, nor to the character of any of the underlying formations. It now remains to say without the least hesitation, that the real cause of the pres- ent existence of prairies in Towa, is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty years ago Iowa would now be a timbered instead of a prairie State. " Then arises questions like the following, not easily answered, and for wliich no answers are at present proposed: "When was fire first introduced upon the prairies, and how? Could any but human agency have introduced annual fires upon them ? If they could have been introduced only by the agency of man why did the forests not occupy the prairies before man came to introduce his fires, since we see their great tendency to encroach upon the prairies as soon as the fires are made to cease ? The prairies, doubtless, existed as such almost immediately after the close of the Glacial epoch. Did man then exist and possess the use of fire that he might have annually burnt the prairies of so large a part of the continent, and thus have constantly prevented the encroachments of the forests ? It may be that these questions Avill never be satisfactorily an- swered; but nothing is more evident than that the forests would soon occupy a very large proportion of the prairie region of North America if the prai- HISTOKY OF IOWA. 117 rie fires were made to cease, amd no artificial efforts were made to prevent their s^rowth and encroachment." iSoits. — Dr. White has separated the soils of Iowa into three general di- visions, viz : the Drift, Bluff, and Alluvial. The drift soil occupies the greater portion of the State, the bluff next, and the alluvial the least. Tlie drift is derived primarily from the disintegration of rocks, to a considerable extent perhaps from those of Minnesota, which were subject to violent gla- cial action during the glacial epoch. This soil is excellent, and is generally free from coarse drift materials, esj)ecially near the surface. The bluff soil occupies an area estimated at about five thousand square miles, in the western part of the State. It has many peculiar and marked characteristics, and is believed to be lacustral in its origin. In some places the deposit is as great as two hundred feet in thickness, all portions of it l)eing equal in fertility. If this soil be taken from its lowest depth, say two hundred feet below the surface, vegetation germinates and thrives as readily in it as in the surface deposit. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, ex- cept when mixed with decaying vegetation. It is composed mainly of si- lica, but the silicious matter is so finely pulverized that the naked eye is un- able to perceive anything like sand in its composition. The bluffs along the Missouri river, in the western part of the State, are composed of this ma- terial. The alluvial soils are the " bottom " lands along the rivers and smaller streams. They are the washings of other soils mixed with decayed vege- table matter. They vary somewhat in character and fertility, but the best of them are regarded as the most fertile soils in the State. As to the localities occupied by each of these difterent soils, it may be stated that the drift forms the soil of all the higher plains and woodlands of the State, except a belt along the western border, which is occupied by the bluff soil, or bluff deposit, as it is generally called. The alluvial occu- pies the low lands, both prairie and timber, along the streams. It may be remarked that the alluvial soil composing the broad belt of " bottom " along the Missouri, partakes largely of the bluff soil, owing to continued wash- ings from the high lands or bluffs adjacent. GEOLOGY OF IOWA. Classification of Rocks — Azoic System — Huronian Group — Lower Silurian System — Primordial Group — Trenton Group — Cincinnati Group — Upper Silurian System — Niag'ara Group — Devonian System — Hamilton Group — Carboniferous System — Sub-Carboniferous Group — Kinderhook Beds — Burlington Limestone — Keokuk Limestone — St. Louis Limestone — Coal-Measure Group — Cretaceous System — Nishnabotany Sandstone — Woodbury Sand- stones and Shales — Inoceramus Beds. In January, 1855, the General Assembly passed an act to provide for a feological survey of the State. Under authority given by this act, Prof, ames Hall, of New York, was appointed State Geologist, and Prof. J. D. Whitney, of Massachusetts, State Chemist. During the years 1855, 1856, and 1857, the work progressed, but was confined chiefly to the eastern coun- ties. A large volume was published in two parts, giving in detail the results of the survey up to the close of the season of 1857, when the work was dis- continued. In 1866 it was resumed under an act of the General Assembly passed in March of that year, and Dr. Charles A. White, of Iowa City, was appointed State Geologist. He continued the work, and in December, 1869, 118 HISTORY OF IOWA. submitted a report to the Governor in two large volumes. From tliese reports we derive a pretty thorough knowledge of the geological character- istics in all portions of the State. In the classification of Iowa rocks, State Geologist "White adopted the following definitions: The term " formation " is restricted to such assemblages of strata as have been formed within a geological epoch; the term "group," to such natural groups of formation as were not formed within a geological period; and the term " system," to such series of groups as were each formed within a geolog- ical age. The terms used in this arrangement may be referred to two categories — one applicable to geological objects^ and the otlier to geological time. Thus: Formations constitute Groups; groups constitute Systems; Epochs consti- tute Periods; periods constitue Ages. In accordance with this arrangement the classification of Iowa rocks may be seen at a glance in the following table constructed by Dr. White: SYSTEMS. AGES. GROUPS. PERIODS. FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. THICKNESS. IN FEET. Cretaceous Carboniferous Devonian Upper Silurian. Lower Silurian Azoic Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous Coal Measures . . Subcarboniferous - Hamilton . . . Niagara ' Cincinnati Trenton Primordial Huronian — Drift Inoceramus bed Woodbury Sandstone and Shales Nishnabotany Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales . Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Sioux Quartzite 10 to '200 50 130 100 200 200 200 75 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 AZOIC SYSTEM. Huronian Group. — The Sioux Quartzite Formation in this Group is found exposed in natural ledges only on a few acres in the northwest corner of the State. The exposures in Iowa are principally upon the banks of the Big Sioux river, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite is given to it. It is an intensely hard rock, breaking with a splintery fracture, and a color varying in diflferent localities from a bright to a deep red. Although it is so compact and hard the grains of sand of which it was originally composed are yet distinctly to be seen, and even the ripple marks upon its bedding surfaces are sometimes found as distinct as they were when the rock was a mass of incoherent sand in the shallow waters in which it was accumulated. The lines of stratification are also quite distinct, but they are not usually sufiiciently definite to cause the mass to divide into numerous layers. It has, however, a great tendency to break up by vertical cracks HISTORY OF IOWA. 119 and fissures into small angular blocks. The process of metamorphism lias been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture, and its color also being so nearly uniform there is no difiiculty in identifying it wherever it may be seen. In a few rare cases this rock may be quarried readily, as the layers are easily separated, but usually it is so compact throughout that it is quarried with the greatest difficulty into any forms except those into which it naturally cracks. It has a great tendency, however, upon its natural exposures, to break up by vertical fissures and cracks into angular blocks of convenient size for handling. Except this tendency to crack into angular pieces, the rock is absolutely indestructible. No traces of fossil remains of any kind have been found in it. As shown by the table its exposure in Iowa is fifty feet in thickness. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. Primordial Grotip. — The Potsdam Sandstone Formation of this Group has a geographical range extending throughout the northern portion of the United States and Canada, and in Iowa reaches a known thickness of about 300 feet, as shown in the table. It forms, however, rather an inconspicuous feature in the geology of Iowa. It is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern part of the State, and has been brought to view there by the erosion of the river valleys. Tlie base of the formation does not appear anywhere in Iowa, consequently its full thickness is not certainly known, nor is it known certainly that it rests on the Sioux Quartzite. The rock is everywhere soft; usually a very friable sandstone, but sometimes containing some clayey material, and approaching in character a sandy shale. It is nearly valueless for any economic purpose, not being of sufficient hardness to serve even the commonest purposes of masonry. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa, but in Wisconsin they are found quite abundantly in it. The Lower Magnesian Limestone Formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam Sandstone has; because, like that formation, it appears only in the bluft's and valley-sides of the same streams. It is a more conspicuous formation, however; because, being a firm rock, it presents bold and often picturesque fronts along the valleys. Its thickness is about 250 feet, and is quite uniform in composition, being a nearly pure buif-colored dolomite. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification which causes it to weather into rough and sometimes grotesque shapes, as it stands out in bold relief upon the valley-sides. It is not gener- ally valuable for building purposes, owing to its lack of uniformity in texture and bedding. Some parts of it, however, are selected which serve for such uses at Lansing and McGregor. It has also been used to some extent for making lime, but it is not equal to the Trenton limestone, near Dubuque, for that purpose. The only fossils that have been found in this formation in Iowa, are, so far as known, a few traces of the stems of Crinoids found near McGregor. The St. Peter's Sandstone Formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent. It is a clean grit, light colored, very friable rock; so pure in its silicious compostion that it is probable some portions of it may be found suitable for the manufacture of glass. It occu- pies the surface of a large portion of the north half of Allemakee county, immediately beneath the drift, and it is also exposed a couple of miles 120 HISTORY OF IOWA. below McGregor, where it is much colored by oxide of iron. It contains no fossils. Trenton Group. — The lower formation of this group is known as the Trenton Limestone. With the exception of this all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa, are magnesian limestones — nearly- pure dolomites. The rocks of this formation also contain much magnesia, but a large part of it is composed of bluish compact common limestone. It occupies large portions of both Winneshiek and Allamakee counties, together with a portion of Clayton. Its thickness as seen along the bluffs of the Mississippi is about eighty feet, but in Winneshiek county we find the thickness is increased to upward of 200 feet. The greater part of this formation is worthless for economic purposes, but enough of it is suitable for building purposes and for lime to meet the wants of the inhabitants. The worthless portions of the formation consists of clayey shales and shaly limestone. Fossils are abundant in this formation. In some places the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals, and fragments of trilobites, together with other animal remains, cemented by calcareous matter into compact form. The upper portion of the Trenton Group, known as the Galena Limestone Formation, occupies a narrow strip of country, seldom exceeding 12 miles in width, but it' is fully 150 miles long. It is about 250 feet thick in the vicinity of Dubuque, but diminishes in thickness as it extends northwest, so that it does not probably exceed 100 feet where it crosses the northern boundary of the State. The outcrop of this formation traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque, and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque county. It is not very uniform in texture, which causes it to decompose unequally, and consequently to present interesting forms in the abrupt bluffs of it, which border the valleys. It is usually unfit for dressing, but affords good enough stone for common masonry. It is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The full thickness of this formation at Dubuque is 250 feet. Fossils are rare in it. Cincinnati Group. — The Maquoketa Shale Formation of this group, so- called by Dr. White, is synonymous with the Hudson River Shales, of Prof. Hall. It is comprised within a long and narrow area, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles long, in the State. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi river, near Bellevue, in Jackson county, and the most northerly one yet recognized is in the western part of Winneshiek county. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales. Its economic value is very slight, as it is wholly composed of fragmentary materials. The fossils contained in this formation, together with its position in relation to the underlying and overlying formations, leave no doubt as to the propriety of referring it to the same geological period as that in which the rocks at Cincinnati, Ohio, were formed. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa Shales, but they contain a large number of species that have been found nowhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and it is the opinion of Dr. White that the occurrence of these distinct fossils in the Iowa formation would seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa Shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group, and that its true position is probably at the base of the Cincinnati group. HISTOEY OF IOWA. 121 UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. Niagara Group. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone Formation is nearly 160 miles from north to south, and between 40 and 50 miles wide ill its widest part. At its narrowest part, which is near its northern limit in Iowa, it is not more than four or five miles wide. This formation is entirely magnesian limestone, with, in some places, a considerable proportion of sili- cious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. Some of the lower portions resemble both the Galena and Lower Magnesian Limestones, having the same want of uniformity of texture and bedding. It affords, however, a great amount of excellent quarry rock. The quarries at Anamosa, in Jones county, are remarkable for the uniformity of the bedding of its strata. Wlierever this rock is exposed there is always an abundance of material for common masonry and other purposes. In some places excellent lime is made from it. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. Hamilton Group. — The Hamilton Limestone and Shales Formation occu- pies an area of surface as great as those occupied by all the formations of both Lower and Upper Silurian age in the State. The limestones of the De- vonian age are composed in part of magnesian strata, and in part of common limestone. A large part of the material of this formation is quite worthless, yet other portions are very valuable for several economic purposes. Having a very large geographical extent in Iowa, it constitutes one of the most im- portant formations. Wherever any part of this formation is exposed, the common limestone portions exist in sufficient quantity to furnish abundant material for common lime of excellent quality, as well as good stone for com- mon masonry. Some of the beds furnish excellent material for dressed stone, for all works requiring strength and durability. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are brachipod mollusks and corals. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. The Suh-Carhoniferous Group. — This group occupies a very large sur- face in Iowa. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern portion of Winnebago county in a southeasterly direction, to the northern jiart of Wash- ington county. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi river at the city of Muscatine. The southern and western boundary of the area is to a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coalfield. From tlie southern part of Pocahontas county, it passes southeastward to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of Eldora, in Hardin county, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper county, thence southeastward to Sigourney in Keokuk county, thence to the northeast corner of Jefferson county, and thence, by sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren county. The area as thus defined, is nearly 250 miles long, and from 20 to 40 miles wide. The general southerly and westerly dip has carried tlie strata of the group beneath the lower coal- measure along the line last designated, but after passing beneath the latter strata for a distance of from 15 to 20 miles, they appear again in the valley of the Des Moines river, where they have been bared by the erosion of that valley. The Kinderhook Bed 8, the lowest Formation of the sub-carboniferous group, 122 HISTORY OF IOWA. presents its principal exposures along the bluffs whicli border the Mississippi and Skunk rivers, wliere they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines county; along English river in Washington county; along Iowa river in Tama, Marshall, Hardin and Franklin counties, and along the Des Moines river in Humboldt county. The southern part of the formation in Iowa has the best development of all in distinguishing characteristics, but the width of area it occupies is much greater in its northern part, reaching a maximum width of eighty miles. The Kinderhook formation has consider- able economic value, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. The stone which it furnishes is of practical value. There are no exposures of stone of any other kind in Pocahontas, Humboldt and some other counties embraced in the area occupied by it, and therefore it is of very great value in such places for building material. It may be manufactured into excellent lime. The qnari'ies in Marshall county and at Le Grand are of this formation ; also the oolitic limestone in Tama county. This oolitic limestone is manufactured into a good quality of lime. The principal fossils appearing in this formation are the remains of fishes; no remains of vegeta- tion have as yet been detected. The fossils in this formation, so far as Iowa is concerned, are far more numerous in the southern than in the northern part. The Burlington Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the Kinderhook Beds, the latter passing gradually into the Burlington Lime- stone. This formation consists of two distinct calcareous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. The existence of these silicious beds suggests the propriety of regarding the Burlington Limestone as really two distinct formations. This is strengthened also by some well marked palaeontological differences, especially in the crinoidal remains. The south- erly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington Limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk river, near the southern boundary of Des Moines county. Northward of Burlington it is found frequently exposed in the bluffs of the Mississippi and Iowa riv- ers in the counties of Des Moines and Louisa, and along some of the smaller streams in the same region. Burlington Limestone forms a good building material ; good lime may also be made from it, and especially from the up- per division. Geologists have given to this formation the name of Burling- ton Limestone because its peculiar characteristics are best shown at the city of Burlington, Iowa. The great abundance and variety of its character- istic fossils — crinoids — have attracted the attention of geologists and nat- uralists generally. The only remains of vertebrates reported as being found in it are those of fishes. Remains of articulates are rare in it, and confined to two species of trilobites. Fossil shells are common but not so abundant as in some of the other formations of the Sub-Carboniferous Group. The Keokuk Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the Burlington Limestone. In Iowa it consists of about fifty feet in maximum thickness. It is a grayish limestone, having usually a blueish tinge. It oc- cupies in Iowa a more limited area than any other formation of the sub- carboniferous group. It is well developed and largely exposed at the city of Keokuk. It is synonymous with the Lower Archimedes Limestone of Owen and other geologists. The most northerly point at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Des Moines county, where it is quite thinned out. It is only in the counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that the Keokuk Limestone is to be seen; but it rises again and is HISTORY OF IOWA. 123 seen in the banks of the Mississippi river some seventj-five or eighty miles below Keokuk, presenting there the same characteristics that it has in Iowa. The upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. These geodes are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The Keokuk Limestone formation is of great economic value, as some of its layers furnish a fine quality of building ma- terial. The principal quarries of it are along the Mississippi from Keokuk to Nauvoo, a distance of about hfteen miles. The only vertebrated fossils in it are those of fishes, consisting both of teeth and spines. Some of these are of great size, indicating that their owners probably reached a length of twenty -five or thirty feet. Several species of articulates, mollusks and ra- diates are also found in this formation. Among the radiates the crinoids are very abundant, but are not so conspicuous as in the Burlington Lime- stone. A small number of Protozoans, a low form of animal life, related to sponges, have also been found in the Keokuk Limestone. The next Formation in the Sub-Carboniferous Group, above the Keokuk Limestone, is what Dr. White calls the St. Louis Limestone, and is synon- ymous with the Concretionary Limestone of Prof. Owen, and the Warsaw Limestone of Prof. Hall, It is the upper, or highest formation of what Dr. White classifies as the Sub-Carboniferous Group, appearing in Iowa, where the lower coal-measures are usually found resting directly upon it, and where it forms, so to speak, a limestone floor for the coal-bearing formations. To this, however, there are some exceptions. It presents a marked contrast with the coal-bearing strata which rest upon it. This formation occupies a small superficial area in Iowa, because it consists of long narrow strips. Its extent, however, within the State is known to be very great, because it is found at points so distant from each other. Commencing at Keokuk, where it is seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, and pro- ceeding northward, it is found forming a narrow border along the edge of the coal-field in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefierson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska counties. It is then lost sight of beneath the coal-measure strata and overlying drift until we reach Hamilton county, where it is found in the banks of Boone river with the coal-measures resting upon it, as they do in the counties just named. The next seen of the formation is in the banks of the Des Moines river at and near Fort Dodge. These two last named localities are the most northerly ones at which the formation is ex- posed, and they are widely isolated from the principal portion of the area it occupies in Iowa; between which area, however, and those northerly points, it appears by a small exposure near Ames, in Story county, in the valley of a small tributary of Skunk river. This formation as it appears in Iowa, consists of three quite distinct sub-divisions — magnisian, arenaceous and calcareous, consisting in the order named of the lower, middle and upper sub- divisions of the formation. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and in places it is quarried to serve a good purpose for ma- sonry. The middle division is of little economic value, being usually too soft for practical use. The lower, or magnesian division, furnishes some ex- cellent stone for heavy masonry, and has proved to be very durable. This formation has some well marked fossil characteristics, but they do not stand out with such prominence as some of those in the two preceding formations. The vertibrates, articulates, mollusks, and radiates, are all more or less rep- resented in it. Some slight vegetable remains have also been detected in it. The Coal-measure CrTOu;p.-—T\iQ formations of this group are divided 124 HISTOKT OF IOWA. into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Coal-measures. Omitting particular reference to the other strata of the Lower Coal-measure, we refer only to the coal which this formation contains. Far tlie greater part of that indis- pensible element of material prosperity is contained in the strata of the Lower Coal-measures. Beds are now being mined in this formation that reach to the thickness of seven feet of solid coal. Natural exposures of this formation are few, but coal strata are being mined in a number of local- ities. The area occupied by the Middle Coal-measure is smaller than that of either of the others, and constitutes a narrow region between them. The passage of the strata of the Lower with the Middle Coal-measure is not marked by any well defined line of division. The area occupied by the Upper Coal-measure formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties in the southwestern part of the State, together with parts of seven or eight others adjoining. It ad- joins by its northern and eastern boundary the area occupied by the Middle Coal-measures, The western and southern limits in Iowa of the Upper Coal-measures are the western and southern boundaries of the State, but the formation extends without interruption far into the States of Missouri, Ne- braska and Kansas. It contains but a single bed of true coal, and that very thin. Its principal economic value is confined to its limestone. "Wherever this stone is exposed it furnishes good material for masonry, and also for lime. The prevailing color of the limestone is light gray, with usually a tinge of blue. The sandstones of this formation are usually shaly, and quite worthless. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. The Nishndbotany Sandstone. — This formation is well exposed in the valley of the East Nishnabotany river, from which circumstance Dr. White has so named it. It is found as far east as the southeastern part of Guthrie county, and as far south as the southern part of Montgomery county. To the northwestward it passes beneath the "Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter in turn passing beneath the Inoceramus, or chalky beds. It reaches a maximum thickness in Iowa, so far as known, of about 100 feet, but the exposures usually show a much less thickness. It is a soft sandstone, and, with few exceptions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The most valuable quarries in the strata of this formation, so far as known, are at Lewis, Cass county, and in the northeastern part of Mills county. Several buildings have been constructed of it at Lewis, but with some the color is objectionable, being of a dark brown color. A few fossils have been found in it, being leaves too fragmentary for identification. The Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These are composed of alternat- ing sandstones and shales, as the name implies, and rest upon the Nislma- botany sandstone. They, have not been observed outside of the limits of "Woodbury county, but they are found there to reach a maximum of about 150 feet. ' Some layers are firm and compact, but the larger part is impure and shaly. Tlie best of it is suitable for only common masonrj^ but it fur- nishes the only material of that kind in that part of the State. Some slight fossil remains have been found in this formation. The Inoceramus Beds. — These beds constitute the upper formation of the Cretaceous System in Iowa, and have a maximum thickness of about .50 feet. They rest directly upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They are HISTORY OF IOWA. 125 observed nowhere in Iowa except along the bluffs of the Big Sioux river, in "Woodbury and Plymouth counties. They are composed of calcareous mate- rial, but are not a true, compact limestone. The material of the upper por- tion is used for lime, the quality of which is equal to that of common limestone. No good building material is obtained from these beds. Some fossil fish have been found in them. Above all the formations above-mentioned rests the Post-Tertiary, or Drift deposit, which is more fully mentioned in connection with the Soils of Iowa. ECOE^OMIC GEOLOGY. Coal — Peat — Building Stone — Lime — Lead — Gypsum — Spring and Well Water — Clays — Mineral Paint. COAL. Every year is adding to our knowledge of, and attesting the importance and value of our vast coal deposits. In some unknown age of the past, long before the history of our race began, Nature by some wise process, made a bountiful provision for the time when, in the order of things, it should become necessary for civilized man to take possession of these broad rich prairies. As an equivalent for the lack of trees, she quietly stored away beneath the soil those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use and comfort of man at the proper time. The increased demand for coal has in many portions of the State led to improved methods of mining, so that in many counties the business is becoming a lucrative and important one, especially where railroads furnish the means of transportation. The coal field of the State embraces an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and coal is successfully mined in about thirty counties, embracing a territory larger than the State of Massachusetts. Among the most important coal produc- ing counties may be mentioned Appanoose, Boone, Davis, JefiTerson, Ma- haska, Marion, Monroe, Polk, Van Buren, "Wapello, and Webster. Within the last few years many discoveries of new deposits have been made, and counties not previously numbered among the coal counties of the State are now yielding rich returns to the miner. Among these may be mentioned the counties of Boone, Dallas, Hamilton, Hardin, and Webster. A vein of coal of excellent quality, seven feet in thickness, has been opened, and is now being successfully worked, about five miles southeast of Fort Dodge, in Webster county. Large quantities of coal are shipped from that point to Dubuque and the towns along the line of the Dubuque and Sioux City Rail- road. A few years ago it was barely known that some coal existed in Boone county, as indicated by exposures along the Des Moines river, and it is only within the last few years that the coal mines of Moingona have furnished the vast supplies shipped along the Chicago and Northwestern Eail- road, both east and west. The great productive coal field of Iowa is embraced chiefly within the valley of the Des Moines river and its tributaries, extend- ing up the valley from Lee county nearly to the north line of Webster county. Within the coal field embraced by this vallc}' deep mining is nowhere necessary. The Des Moines and its larger tributaries have gener- ally cut their channels down through the coal measure strata. The coal of Iowa is of the class known as bituminous, and is equal in quality and value to coal of the same class in other parts of the world. The veins which have so far been worked are from three to eight feet in 126 HISTOKT OF IOWA. thickness, bnt we do not have to dig from one thousand to two thousand feet to reach the coal, as miners are obliged to do in some countries. But little coal has in this State been raised from a depth grea<"er than one hun- dred feet. Prof. Gustavus Hinrich, of the State University, who also officiated as State Chemist in the prosecution of the recent Geological Survey, gives an analysis showing the comparative value of Iowa coal with that of other countries. The following is from a table prepared by him — 100 represent- ing the combustible: NAME AKD LOCAUTY. o o O > Brown coal, from Arbesan, Bohemia. . . Brown coal, from Bilin, Bohemia Bituminous coal, from Bentheu, Silisia Cannel coal, from Wigan, England . . . Anthracite, from Pennsylvania Iowa coals — average 36 40 61 61 94 50 64 67 49 39 6 50 3 16 21 10 2 5 11 00 5 3 2 5 114 123 126 113 104 110 81 80 87 96 90 In this table the excess of the equivalent above 100, expresses the amount of impurities (ashes and moisture) in the coal. The analysis shows that the average Iowa coals contains only ten parts of impurities for one hundred parts combustible (carbon and bitumen), being the purest of all the samples analyzed, except the Anthracite from Pennsylvania. PEAT. Extensive deposits of peat in several of the northern counties of Iowa have attracted considerable attention. In 1866, Dr. White, the State Geologist, made careful observations in some of those counties, including Franklin, Wright, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Worth, and Kossuth. It is estimated that the counties above named contain an average of at least four thousand acres each of good peat lands. The depth of the beds are from four to ten feet, and the quality is but little, if any, inferior to that of Ireland. As yet, but little use has been made of it as a fuel, but when it is considered that it lies wholly beyond the coal-field, in a sparsely timbered region of the State, its prospective value is regarded as very great. Dr. Wliite estimates that 160 acres of peat, four feet deep, will supply two hundred and thirteen families with fuel for upward of twenty-five years. It must not be inferred that the presence of these peat beds in that part of the State is in any degree prejudicial to health, for such is not the case. The dry, rolling prairie land usually comes up to the very border of the peat marsh, and the winds, or breezes, which prevail through the summer season, do not allow water to become stagnant. Nature seems to have designed these peat deposits to supply the deficiency of other material for fuel. The penetration of this portion of the State by railroads, and the rapid growth of timber may leave a resort to peat for fuel as a matter of choice, and not of necessity. It there- fore remains to be seen of what economic value in the future the peat beds of Iowa may be. Peat has also been found in Muscatine, Linn, Clinton, and other eastern and southern counties of the State, but the fertile region of HISTOKY OF IOWA. ' 127 l^orthern Iowa, least favored with other kinds of fuel, is peculiarly the peat region of the State. BUILDING STONE. Thore is no scarcity of good building stone to be found along nearly all the streams east of the Des Moines river, and along that stream from its mouth lip to the north lino of Humboldt county. Some of the counties west of tlie Des Moines, as Cass and Madison, as well as most of the southern counties of the State, are supplied with good building stone. Building stone of peculiarly fine quality is quarried at and near the following places: Keosau- qua, Yan Buren county; Mt. Pleasant, Henry county; Fairfield, Jefferson county; Ottumwa, "Wapello county; Winterset, Madison county; Ft. Dodge, Webster county; Springvale and Dakota, Humboldt county; Marshalltown, Marshall county; Orford, Tama county; Yinton, Benton county; Charles City, Floyd county; Mason City, Cerro Gordo county; Mitchell and Osage, Mitchell county; Anamosa, Jones county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Hampton, Franklin county; and at nearly all points along the Mississippi river. In some places, as in Marshall and Tama counties, several species of marble are foand, which are susceptible of the finest finish, and are very beautiful. LIME. Good material for the manufacture of quick-lime is found in abundance in nearly all parts of the State. Even in the northwestern counties, where there are but few exposures of rock "in place," limestone is found among the boulders scattered over the prairies and about the lakes. So abundant is limestone suitable for the manufacture of quick-lime, that it is needless to mention any particular locality as possessing superior advantages in furnish- ing this useful building material. At the following points parties have been engaged somewhat extensively in the manufacture of lime, to-T;\nt: Ft. Dodge, Webster county; Springvale, Humboldt county; Orford and Indian town, Tama county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Mitchell, Mitchell county; and at nearly all the towns along the streams northeast of Cedar river. LEAD. Long before the permanent settlement of Iowa by the whites lead was mined at Dubuque by Julien Dubuque and others, and the business is still carried on successfully. From four to six million pounds of ore have been smelted annually at the Dubuque mines, yielding from 68 to 70 per cent of lead. So far as Icnown, the lead deposits of Iowa that may be profitably worked, are confined to a belt four or five miles in width along the Missis- sippi above and below the city of Dubuque. GYPSUM. One of the finest and purest deposits of gypsum known in the world exists at Fort Dodge in this State. It is confined to an area of about six by three miles on both sides of the Des Moines river, and is found to be from twenty- five to thirty feet in thickness. The main deposit is of uniform gray color, 128 HISTOEY OF IOWA. but large masses of almost pure white (resembling alabaster)^ have been found embedded in the main deposits. The quantity of this article is prac- tically inexhaustible, and the time will certainly coine when it will be a source of wealth to that part of the State. It has been used to a consider- able extent in the manufacture of Plaster-of-Paris, and has been found equal to the best in quality. It has also been used to a limited extent for paving and building purposes. SPRING AKD WELL WATER. As before stated, the surface of Iowa is generally drained by the rolling or undulating character of the country, and the numerous streams, large and small. This fact might lead some to suppose that it might be difficult to procure good spring or well water for domestic uses. Such, however, is not the case, for good pure well water is easily obtained all over the State, even on the highest prairies. It is rarely necessary to dig more than thirty feet deep to find an abundance of that most indispensible element, good water. Along the streams are found many springs breaking out from the banks, attbrding a constant supply of pure water. As a rule, it is necessary to dig deeper for well water in the timber portions of the State, than on the prairies. Nearly all the spring and well waters of the State contain a small proportion of lime, as they do in the Eastern and Middle States. There are some springs which contain mineral properties, similar to the springs often resorted to by invalids and others in other States. In Davis county there are some " Salt Springs," as they are commonly called, the water being found to contain a considerable amount of common salt, sulphuric acid, and other mineral ingredients. Mineral waters are found in different parts of the State. No one need apprehend any difficulty about finding in all parts of Iowa an abundant supply of good wholesome water. CLAYS. In nearly all parts of the State the material suitable for the manufacture of brick is found in abundance. Sand is obtained in the blufi*s along the streams and in their beds. Potter's clay, and fire-clay suitable for fire-brick, are found in many places. An excellent article of fire-brick is made at Eldora, Hardin county, where there are several extensive potteries in opera- tion. Fire-clay is usually found underlying the coal-seams. There are extensive potteries in operation in the counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Des Moines, Wapello, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, and perhaps others. MINERAL PAINT. In Montgomery county a fine vein of clay, containing a large proportion of ochre, was several years ago discovered, and has been extensively used in that part of the State for painting barns and out-houses. It is of a dark red color, and is believed to be equal in quality, if properly manufactured, to the mineral paints imported from other States. The use of it was first introdneed by Mr. J. B. Packard, of Red Oak, on whose land there is an extensive de- posit of this material. HISTORY OF IOWA. 129 130 HISTOET OF IOWA. HOW THE TITLE TO IOWA LANDS IS DERIVED. Right of Discovery— Title of France and Spain— Cession to the United States— Territorial Changes— ITreaties with the Indians— The Dubuque Grant- The Giard Grant— The Hon- ori Grant— ITie Half-Breed IVact— System of Public Surveys. The title to the soil of Iowa was, of course, primarily vested in tlie origi- nal occupants who inhabited the country prior to its discovery by the whites. But the Indians, being savages, possessed but few rights that civilized nations considered themselves bound to respect, so that when they found this coun- try in the possession of such a people they claimed it in the name of the King of France, by the right of discovery. It remained under the juris- diction of France until the year 1763. Prior to the year 1T63, the entire continent of North America was divided between France, England, Spain, and Eussia. France held all that portion of what now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi river, except Texas and the territory which we have obtained from Mexico and Russia. This vast region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was known as the " Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of Iowa. At the close of the " Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her share of the continent, and Spain came into possession of the territory west of the Mississippi river, while Great Britain retained Canada and the regions northward, having obtained that territory by conquest in the war with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the limits of Iowa remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then went back to France by the treaty of St. Idlefonso, October 1, 1800. On the 30th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States in consideration of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims held by citi- zens of the United States against France, which amounted to the further sum of $3,750,000, and making a total of $15,000,000. It will thus be seen that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory embracing Iowa, but the financial needs of Napoleon aiforded our govern- ment an opportunity to add another empire to its domain. On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved author- izing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory and provide for it a temporary government, and another act approved March 26, 180-1, authorized the division of the "Louisiana Purchase," as it was then called, into two separate Territories. All that portion south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the "Territory of Orleans," and that nortli of the said parallel was known as the "District of Louisiana," and was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as "Indiana Territory." By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1805, the " District of Louisiana" was organized as the "Territory of Louisiana," with a Terri- torial government of its own, which went into operation July 4tli, of the same year, and it so remained until 1812. In this year the "Territory of » Orleans" became the State of Louisiana, and the "Territory of Louisiana" was organized as the "Territory of Missouri." This change took place under an act of Congress approved June 4, 1812. In 1819, a portion of this territory was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1821 the State of Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former "Territory of Missouri." This left a vast domain still to the north, including the present States of Iowa and Minnesota, which was, in 1834, made a part of the " Territory of HISTORY OF IOWA. 131 Michigan." In July, 1836, the territory embracing the present States of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, and organized with a separate Territorial government under the name of " Wisconsin Ter- ritory." By virtue of an act of Conorress, approved June 12, 1838, on the 3d of July of the same year, the " Territory of Iowa " was constituted. It em- braced the present State of Iowa, and the greater portion of what is now the State of Minnesota. To say nothing of the title to the soil of Iowa that may once have vested in the natives who claimed and occupied it, it is a matter of some interest to glance at the various changes of ownership and jurisdiction through which it has passed within the time of our historical period: 1. It belonged to France, with other territory now belonging to our na- tional domain. 2. In 17G3, with other territory, it was ceded to Spain. 3. October 1, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain back to France. 4. April 30, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France to the United States. 5. October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con- gress for the newly acquired territory. 6. October 1, 1804, it was included in the "District of Louisiana," and placed under the jurisdiction of the Territorial government of Indiana. T. July 4, 1805, it was included as a part ot the " Territorj^ of Louis- iana," then organized with a separate Territorial government. 8. June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the " Territory of Missouri." 9. June 28, 1834, it became part of the "Territory of Michigan." 10. July 3, 1836, it was included as a part of the newly organized " Ter- ritory of Wisconsin." 11. June 12, 1838, it was included in, and constituted a part of the newly organized "Territorj^ of Iowa." 12. December 28, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as a State. The cession by France, April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United States, Subject to the claims of the Indians, which it was very justly the policy of the government to recognize. The several changes of territorial jurisdiction after the treaty with France did not affect the title to the soil. Before the government of the United States could vest clear title to the soil in its grantees it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by pur- chase. The treaties vesting the Indian title to the lands within the limits of what is now the State of Iowa, were made at different times. The fol- lowing is a synopsis of the several treaties by which the Indians relinquished to the United States their rights in Iowa: 1. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes^ Aug. ^, 18^ Ij.. — This treaty between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, was made at the City of Wash- ington, William Clark being commissioner on the part of the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri, Iowa then being a part of Missouri. In this treaty the land in the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract," was re- served for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding the title to the same in the same manner as Indians. This treaty was rati- fiad January 18, 1825. 132 IIISTOEY OF IOWA. 2. Treaty with varioiMS tribes^ Aug. 19, 1825. — This treaty was also made at the city of Washington, by William Clark as Commissioner on the part of the United States," with the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, Winnebaffoes and a portion of tlie Ottawas and Pottawattamies. This treaty was intended mainly to make peace between certain contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa. It was agreed that the United States should run a boundary line between the Sioux on the north and the Sacs and Foxes on the south, as follows: Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascendino- said Iowa river to its west fork; thence up the fork to its source; thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar river in a direct line to the second or upr)er fork of the Des Moines river; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet (Big Sioux) river, and down that to its junction with the Missouri river. 3. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country twenty miles in width lying directly south of the line designated in the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending trom the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. 4. Treaty with the Sioux, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty was ceded to the United States a strip twenty miles in width, on tlie north of the line desio-uated by the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending from the Missis- sippi to the Des Moines river. Bj these treaties made at the same date the United States came into possession of a strip forty miles wide from the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. It was known as the "Neutral Groimd," and the tribes on either side of it were allowed to use it in com- mon as a fishing and hunting ground until the government should make other disposition of it. 5. Treaty with various tribes, July 15, 1830. — This was a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris, by which they ceded to the United States a tract bounded as follows: Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines river, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet river, on the east side; thence do^vn said creek and the Calumet river to the Missouri river; thence do"\vn said Missouri river to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northeast corner of said State; thence to the highlands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said highlands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand river; thence along said highlands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Boyer river, and tlience in a direct line to the upper fork of tlie Des Moines, the place of beginning. The lands ceded by this treaty were to be assigned, or allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other purposes. In consideration of the land ceded by this treaty the United States stipulated to make certain payments to the several tribes joining in the treaty. The treaty took efiect by jDroclamation, February 24, 1831. 6. Treaty with the Winnehagoes, Sept. 15, 1832. — This treaty was made at Fort Armstrong, by Gen. Winfield Scott, and Gov. John Eeynolds, of Illinois. By the treaty the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes as a reservation the lands in Iowa known HISTORY OF IOWA. 133 as the ISTeutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts was to take place on or before June 1, 1833. The United States also stipulated to make pay- ment to tlie Winnebagoes, beginning in September, 1873, and to continue for twentj'-seven successive years, $10,000 annually in specie, and also to establish a school among them, with a farm and garden. There were also other agreements on the part of the government. 7. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Sept. 21, 1832. — This was the treaty known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," which opened the first lands in Iowa for settlement by the whites. In negotiating this treaty Gen. Win- fiold Scott and Gov. John Reynolds represented the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a tract of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, and extending from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, containing about six millions of acres. The United States stipulated to pay annually to the Sacs and Foxes $20,000 in specie, and to pay certain indebtedness of the Indians, amounting to about $50,000, due chiefly to Davenport & Farnham, Indian traders, at Rock Island. By the terms of the treaty four hundred square miles on Iowa river, including Keokuk's village, were reserved, for the use and occupancy of the Indians. This treaty was imftle on the ground where the city of Davenport is now located. The government conveyed in fee simple out of this purchase one section of land opposite Rock Island to Antoine LeClaire, the interpreter, and another at the head of the first rapid above Rock Island, being the first title to land in Iowa granted by the United States to an individual. 8. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 1836. — This treaty was also made on the banks of the Mississippi, near where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Henry Dodge, Governor of Wisconsin Territory, represented the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States " Keokuk's Reserve," as it was called, for which the government stipulated to pay $30,000, and an annuity of $10,000 for ten successive years, together with certain indebtedness of the Indians. 9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 21, 1837. — This treaty was made at Washington; Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Afiairs, repre- senting the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to an additional tract in Iowa, described as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract con- veyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the northern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." The tract ceded by this treaty lay directly west of the "Black Hawk Purchase." 10. Treaty with Sacs and Foxes, same date. — At the same date the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers, the United States paying for the same $160,000. 134 HISTOKY OF IOWA. The Sacs and Foxes by this treaty also relinquished all claims and interest under the treaties previously made with them. 11. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 11, ISJ^Q. — This treaty was made at the Sac and Fox Agency, by John Chambers, as Commissioner, on behalf of the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes relinquished to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which tJiey had any claim or title, and agreed to a removal from the country, at the expiration of three years. In accordance with this treaty, a part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder in the spring of 1846. The treaty of 1803 with France, and these several treaties with the Indian tribes, vested in the United States, the title to all the lands in the State of Iowa — subject, however, to claims set up under certain Spanish grants, and also, the claim to the " Half-Breed Tract," in Lee county, which claims were afterward adjudicated in the courts or otherwise adjusted. The following is a brief explanation of the nature of these claims: The Dubuque Claim. — Lead had been discovered at the site of the present city of Dubuque as early as 1780, and in 1788 Julien Dubuque, then resid- ing at Prairie du Chien, obtained permission from the Fox tribe of Indians to engage in mining lead, onfthe west side of the Mississippi. Dubuque, with a number of other persons, was engaged in mining, and claimed a large tract, embracing as he supposed all the lead bearing region in that vicinity. At that time, it will be remembered, the country was under Spanish juris- diction, and embraced in the " Province of Louisiana." In 1796 Dabuque petitioned the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Carondelet, for a grant of the lands embracing the lead mines, describing in his petition a tract con- taining over twenty thousand acres. The" Spanish governor granted the petition, and the grant was confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. Dubuque, in 1804, transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis. On the 17th of May, 1805, Dubuque and Choteau filed their joint claims with the Board of Land Commissioners, and the claim was decided by them to be a clear and regular Spanish grant, hav- ing been made and completed prior to October 1st, 1800, and while it was yet Spanish territory. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. After the death of Dubuque the Indians resumed occupancy of the mines and engaged them- selves in mining to some extent, holding that Dubuque's claim was only a permit during his lifetime, and in this they were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Land Commissioners. In the treaty afterward between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, the Indians made no reservation of this claim, and it was therefore included as a part of the lands ceded by them to the United States. In the meantime Au^iste Choteau also died, and his heirs began to look after their interests. They authorized their agent to lease the privilege of working the mines, and under this authority miners commenced operations, but the military authoi-ities compelled them to abandon the work. But little further was done in the matter until after the town of Dubuque was laid out, and lots had been sold and were occupied by purchasers, when Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who held land under a patent from the United States, for the recover}' of seven undi- vided eighths of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was decided in the United States District Court adversely to the plaintift". It was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed. The HISTOET OF IOWA. 135 Supreme Court held that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than peaceable possession of certain lands obtained from the Indians, and that Carondelet had no legal authority to make such a grant as claimed. The Giard Claim. — The Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in 1795, granted to one Basil Giard 5,760 acres in what is now Claj'ton county. Giard took possession and occupied the land until after the territory passed into the possession of the United States, after which the government of the United States granted a patent to Giard, for the land which has since been known as the " Giard Tract." His heirs subsequently sold the whole tract for $300. The Honori Claim. — On the 30th day of March, 1700, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows: "It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honori Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor Gen- eral, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori retained possession until 1805, but in 1803 it was sold under an execution obtained by one Joseph Robedoux, who became the purchaser. The tract is described as being " about six leagues above the Des Moines." Auguste Choteau, the executor of Robedoux, in April, 1805, sold the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck. In the grant from the Spanish government it was described as being one league square, but the government of the United States confirmed only one mile square. Attempts were subsequently made to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1839. The Half-Breed Tract. — By a treaty made with the Indians, August 4, 1824, the United States acquired possession of a large tract of land in the northern portion of Missouri. In this same treaty 11 0,000 acres were reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox nation. This reservation occupied the strip between the Mississippi and Des Moines rivers, and south of a line drawn from a point on the Des Moines river, about one mile below the present town of Farmington, in Van Buren county, east to the Mississippi river at the lower end of Fort Madison, including all the land between the two rivers south of this line. By the terms of the treaty the United States had a reversionary interest in this land, which de- prived the Indians of the power to sell. But, in 1835, Congress relinquished to the half-breeds this reversionary interest, vesting in them a fee simple title, and the right to sell and convey. In this law, however, the right to sell was not given to individuals by name, but to the half-breeds as a class, and in this the subsequent litigation in regard to the " Half-Breed Tract " originated. A door was open lor innumerable frauds. The result was that speculators rushed in and began to buy the claims of the half-breeds, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp prac- tice on both sides; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being ' half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to 136 HISTORY OF IOWA. which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut dia- mond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the va- lidity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, I808, Edward Jolmstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed commis- sioners, and clothed with power to eiFect these objects. The act provided that these commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The com- mission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidating all that had been done and depriving the commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the commissioners to commence action against the owners of tlie Half-Breed Tract, to receive their pay for their services, in the District Court of Lee county. Two judgments were obtained, and on exe- cution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid and those holding under him were made by both District and Su- preme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the •'•'judgment titles" were finally abrogated, as above, another class of titles was brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the Stli of May, 1841, and certified to by the clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the " Star Spangled Banner," who was then attorney for the ISTew York Lancf Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a lead- ing part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was pre- sented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, presided. The plan of partition divided the tract into 101 shares, each claimant to draw his proportion by lot,and to abide the result. The plan was agreed to and the lots drawn. The plat of the same was filed for record, October 6th, 1841. The title under this decree of partition, however, was not altogether satis- factory. It was finally settled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in January, 1855. SYSTEM OF PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS. In connection with the subject of land titles, an explanation of the method of public surveys will prove interesting to all land owners. These explana- tions apply, not only to Iowa, but to the Western States generally, and to nearly all lands the title to which is derived from the Government! Soon after the organization of our government, Virginia and other States, ceded to the United States extensive tracts of wild land, which, Together with other lands subsequently acquired by purchase and treaty, constituted what is called the public lands, or public domain. Up to the year 1802, these lands were sold without reference to any general or uniform mSTORT OF IOWA. 137 plan. Each person who desired to purchase any portion of the public do- main, selected a tract in such shape as suited liis fancy, designatino- his boundaries by prominent objects, such as trees, rocks, streams, the banks of rivers and creeks, cliffs, ravines, etc. But, owing to the frequent indefinite- ness of description, titles often conflicted with each other, and in many cases several grants covered the same premises. To obviate these difficulties, in 1802, Col. Jared Mansfield, then surveyor- general of the Northwestern Territory, devised and adopted the present mode of surveying the public lands. This system was established by law, and is uniform in its application to all the i^ublic lands belonging to the United States. By this method, all the lines are run by the cardinal points of the com- pass; the north and south lines coinciding with the true meridian, and the east and west lines intersecting them at right angles, giving to the tracts thus surveyed the rectangular form. In the first place, certain lines are established running east and west, called Base Lines. Then, from noted points, such as the mouths of principal riv- ers, lines are run due north and south, which are called Priiicipal Meri- dians. The Base Lines and Principal Meridians together, are called Standard Lines , as they form the basis of all the surveys made therein. In order to distinguish from each other the system or series of surveys thus formed, the several Principal Meridians are designated by progressive numbers. The Meridian running north from the mouth of the Great Miami river, is called the First Principal Meridian ; that running north through the State of Indiana, the Second Principal Meridian; that running north from the mouth of the Ohio river through the State of Illinois, the Third Principal Meridian; that running north from the mouth of the Illinois river, through the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, the Fourth Principal Meridian; and that running north from the mouth of the Arkansas river, through the States of Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, the Fifth Principal Meridian. Having established the Standard Lines as above described, the country was then divided into equal squares as nearly as practicable, by a system of parallel meridians six miles distant from each other, crossed or intersected by lines east and west, also six miles from each other. Thus the country was divided into squares, the sides of which are six miles, and each square containing 36 square miles. These squares are called Toionships. The lines of the townships running north and south are called Range Lines; and the rows or tiers of townships running north and south are called Ranges; tiers of townships east and west are called Townships; and the lines di- viding these tiers are called Township Lines. Townships are numbered from the Base Line and the Principal Meridians. Thus the township in which Sioux City, Iowa, is located, is described as township No. 89 north, in range No. 47 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. The situation of this township is, therefore, 528 miles (making no allowance f>r fractional town- ships) north of the Base Line, as there are 88 townships intervening between itand the Ease Line; and being in range No. 47, it is 276 miles west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, as there are 46 ranges of townships intervening between it and the said Principal Meridian. The township adjoining on the north of 89 in range 47, is 90 in range 47; but the township adjoining on the west of 89 in range 47, is numbered 89 of range 48, and the one north of 89 of range 48, is 90 of range 48, and so on. 138 HISTORY OF IOWA. Some of the townships mentioned in this illustration, being on the Mis- souri and Big Sioux rivers, are fractional. The lines and corners of the townships being estabhshed by competent surveyors, under the authority of the government, the next work is to sub- divide the townships into sections of one square mile each, making 36 sec- tions in each full township, and each full section containing 640 acres. The annexed diagram exhibits the 36 sections of a township: 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 The sections are numbered alternately west and east, beginning at the northeast corner of the township, as shown by the diagram. The lands are sold or disposed of by the government, in tracts of 640 acres, 320 acres, 160 acres, 80 acres and 40 acres; or by the section, half section, quarter section, half quarter section and quarter of quarter section. The annexed diagram will present a section and its sub-divisions: N W 160 A 40 A 80 A 40 A 160 A 160 A The corners of the section, and the comers at K., E., S. and W. hare all been established and marked by the government surveyor in making his sub-division of the township, or in sectionizing, as it is termed. He does mSTOET OF IOWA. 139 not establisli or mark any of the interior lines or corners. Tliis work is left for the county surveyor or other competent person. Suppose the last diagram to represent section 25, in township 89, north of range 47 west, then the sub-divisions shown may be described as the northwest quarter of section 25 ; the southwest quarter of section 25 ; the southeast quarter of section 25, all in township 89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. But these descriptions do not include any portion of the north- east quarter of the section. That we wish to describe in smaller sub-divis- ions. So we say, the east half of the northeast quarter of section 25 ; the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section ^5, and the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 25, all in township 89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. The last three descriptions embrace all the northeast quarter of the section, but described in three distinct tracts, one containing 80 acres, and two containing 40 acres each. Tlie Base Lines and Principal Meridians have been established by astro- nomical observations; but the lines of sub-divisions are run with the com- pass. The line indicated by the magnetic needle, when allowed to move freely about the point of support, and settle to a state of rest, is called the iTfiagnetic variation. This, in general, is not the true meridian, or north and south line. The angle which the magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian, is called the variation of the needle at that place, and is east or west, according as the north end of the needle lies on the east or west side of the true meridian. The variation of the needle is different at dif- ferent places, but in Iowa the magnetic needle points about 9^ degrees east of the true meridian. The lines of the lands are made to conform as nearly as practicable to the true meridian, but owing to the imperfections of instru- ments, topographical inequalities in the surface of the ground, and various other causes, it is absolutely impossible in practice to arrive at perfection ; or, in other words, to make the townships and their sectional sub-divisions exactly square and their lines exactly north and south and east and west. A detailed statement of the manner of sub-dividing a township into sec- tions would be too lengthy for this article. SuiSice it to say, that the frac- tional tracts are all thrown on the north and west sides of the townships. The last tiers, or rows, of quarter sections on the north and west sides of a town- ship generally fall either below or in excess of even quarter sections. Where there is a large district of country of uniform level surface, the errors of measurement "are not likely to be so great, and the fractions in that case may not vary much from even quarter sections. All measurements are made in chains. A chain is a measure of four rods, each link being the hundredth part of a chain, and is so used in the field notes and calculations. For convenience in practice, however, the sur- veyor generaly uses a half chain., equal to two rods, or fifty links, but the surveyor's reckoning is kept, and all his calculations are made in full chains of four rods, and decimal parts thereof. In the measurement of lines, every five chains are called an " out," because at that distance, the last of the ten tally rods or pins, with which the forward chainman set out, has been set to mark the measurement. The other chainman then comes forward, counts and delivers to him the ten tally rods which he has taken up in the last "out," the forward chainman likewise counting the pins as he receives them. At the end of every five chains, the forward chainman as he sets the tenth or last tally rod, calls, " out," which is repeated by the other chainman, and by the marker and surveyor, each of whom keeps a tally of the " outs," 140 HISTOET OF IOWA. and marks tlie same as lie calls them. Sixteen " outs," or eighty chains, make a mile. The corners of townships, sections and quarter sections, are marked in the following manner: On the exterim* township lines, corner posts are set at the distance of every mile and half mile from the township corner. The mile posts are for the corners of sections, and the half-mile posts for the corners of quarter sections. They are required to be driven into the ground to the depth of from fifteen to' twenty inches, and to be made of the most durable wood to be had. The sides of the posts are squared oif at the top, and the angles of the square set to correspond with the cardinal points of the compass. All the mile posts on the township lines are marked with as many notches cut in one of the angles as they are miles distant from the township corner where the line commenced. But the township corner posts are notched with six notches on each of the four angles. The mile posts on the section lines are notched on the south and east angles of the square, respectively, with as many notches as they are miles distant from the south and east boundaries of the township. If it so happens that a tree is situated to supply the place of a corner post, it is "blazed" on four sides facing the sections to which it is the corner, and notched in the same manner that the corner posts are. At all corners in the timber, two or more bearing trees in opposite directions are required to be noted, and the course of each tree noted and recorded. The trees are "blazed" on the side facing the post, and the let- ters B. T. (Bearing Tree) cut in the wood below the blaze. At the qimrter section corners, the post is flattened on ojDposite sides, and marked "^," and the nearest suitable tree on each side of the section line is marked to show the township, range and section in which such tree is situated. More recent regulations require four witnesses, or bearing trees, at the townshij^ and section corners, and two at the quarter section corners, if within convenient distance. In the prairies, and other places where bearing trees could not be noted, quadrangular mounds of earth are raised around the posts, the angles of the mounds corresponding with the cardinal points of the compass. The mounds are required to be two and a-half feet high and four feet square at the base. The earth to form the mound at the section corner is taken from one place to form the pit directly south of the mound ; and at the quarter section corner it is taken directly east of the mound. The posts are squared and notched as heretofore described. More recent regulations require stones or charcoal to be buried in the mound. In the timber the lines are marked in the following manner: All those trees which the line cuts have two notches on each side of the tree where the line cuts it. These are called "station trees," and sometimes "line trees," or " sight trees." All trees within ten or fifteen links on each side of the line are marked with two spots or "blazes," diagonally or quartering toward the line. The names and estimated diameters of all the " station trees," with their distances on the lines, are noted. In the northwest part of Iowa, where the prairie so largely predominates, the landmarks, of course, are chiefly mounds and pits. The original stakes set by the surveyors have mostly been destroyed by the fires, but occasion- ally one may be found. Many of the mounds and pits have also been par- tially obliterated, but the experienced surveyor will generally identify them with very little trouble. A person in search of the landmarks on the prai- HISTOKY OF IOWA. 14-1 rie should provide himself with a compass with which to trace the lines. A small one will answer the purpose of ascertaining lines approximately, but for jfinding the sub-divisions accurately, a good compass or transit and chain are required. The field notes of the original surveys furnish primajj^ly the material from which the plats and calculations of the public lands are made, and the source from whence the description and evidence of the location and boun- daries of those surveys are drawn and j)erpetuated. The surveyors of the public lands were, therefore, required to keep an accurate record of the topography of the country, with a description of everything which might afford useful information. The crossings of streams, lakes, ponds, sloughs, etc., with their location on the lines, were all required to be carefully noted. EAELY SETTLEMENTS, AND TEEEITORIAL OEGANIZATIOX. Julien Dubuque — Spanish Lead Mines — Early Settlement at Dubuque — Settlement at Mont- rose— Old Apple Trees — Fort Madison — Keokuk — First Settlement at Burlinj^ton — First Settlement in Scott County — Organization of Scott County — Murder of Col. Davenport — Band of Outlaws broken up — Some First Things — Territorial Convention — Subject of Pre-emptions — Missouri Boundary — Question of Separate Territorial Organization — Me- morials to Congress. The first white men who are known to have set their feet upon the soil of Iowa, were James Marquette and Louis Joliet, in 1673, as we have seen in a former part of this work. It was 115 years after the visit of these cele- brated French voyageurs before any white man established a settlement, during which time several generations of the Indian tribes occupied the val- leys of the beautiful rivers of Iowa, or roamed over lier broad prairies. Dur- ing all this time they doubtless kept alive among them the tradition of the strange Black-Eobe Chief and his pale-faced companions who came in their canoes to see their fathers so many years before. It was likewise a French- man, Julien Dubuque, who had the honor of making the first permanent white settlement. In 1788, having obtained permission from the Indians, he crossed the Mississippi with a small party of miners for the purpose of working lead mines at the place where the city is now located which bears his name, the lead having been discovered a short time before by the wife Peosta, a Fox warrior. Dubuque was a native of France, but had emigrated to Canada and become an Indian trader. While engaged in that business he reached Prairie du Chi en about the year 1785, and with two other French- men, laid out a village which now constitutes the northern part of that city. As a trader he acquired great influence with the Sac and Fox Chiefs. Six years after he engaged in mining (1796), he wrote a very diplomatic peti- tion to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Baron de Carondelet, to con- firm the Indian grant. The governor referred the petition to a merchant and trader named Andrew Todd, who recommended that the grant be con- firmed, with a restriction prohibiting Dubuque from trading with the Indians, without first obtaining Todd's consent in writing. With this re- striction the petition was granted. Dubuque, as was a common custom among the French traders, had married an Indian woman. He gave to the district embraced in his grant the name of the Mines of Spain, in 1796, in compliment to the Spanish governor. He remained engaged in mining, until his death, which occurred March 24, 1810. He was buried on a bluff near the present city, and at liis grave was placed a cedar cross, hewn square. 142 HISTOKT OF IOWA. and about twelve feet liigli. On the arms of the cross there was, in French, an inscription, of which the following is a translation: JULIEN DUBUQUE, MINER OF THE IQNES OF SPAIN, » DIED MAECH 24tH, 1810, AGED FORTY-FIVE AJSTD A-HALF YEARS. A number of Indians were afterward buried at the same place, and among them the chief Kettle and his wife, who both died some eighteen years after Dubuque. Kettle had requested his tribe to bury him and his wife in the vault with Dubuque. In 1828 their bodies were on the surface of the ground, wrapped in buffalo robes, protected from animals by closed walls and a roof. The cross and vault of Dubuque, it is said, were torn down about the year 1854, by some thoughtless boys, or perhaps men. The vault was built of roughly dressed limestone taken from the edge of the bluff only a few feet distant. But little more than is here stated is known of the first white man who settled on Iowa soil. At the death of Dubuque the Indians claimed that the right, or lease of the whites to work the mines had expired, and but little more mining seems to have been done there until after the Black Hawk War, When attempts were made to engage in mining the military authority interfered to prevent intrusion upon the rights of the Indians. In 1829, James L. Langworthy, a native of Vermont, who had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illi- nois, crossed over the river for the purpose of working the mines known then as the " Spanish Lead Mines." The Indians refused to give him per- mission, but allowed him to explore the country. With two young Indians as guides, he traversed the region between Maquoketa and Turkey rivers. When he returned to the Sac and Fox village, he secured the good will of the Indians, and formed his plans for operating the mines. The next year, with his brother, Lucius IT. Langworthy, and some other miners, he crossed over the river and engaged in mining. In June, 1830, the miners adopted a code of laws or rules, reported by a committee consisting of James L. Lang- worthy, 11. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wren. They erected an independent civil government of their own, the first gov- ernment established by white men in Iowa. Some time after this the War Department issued an order to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in command of the military post at Prairie du Chien, to cause the miners to leave the west side of the river. Notice was accordingly given them and the order was reluc- tantly obeyed, but not until a detachment of troops was sent to enforce it. After the close of the Black Hawk War, and the treaty went into effect which allowed settlement, on and after June 1, 1833, the Langworthy brothers and some others returned and resumed their claims, and soon there was a con- siderable settlement at Dubuque. The first school house in Iowa was erected there the same year, and before the close of the year there were five hundred white people in the mining district. At a meeting of the settlers, in 1834, the place was named Dubuque. Except the mining settlement at Dubuque, the first traces of the white man in Iowa, are to be found in Lee county. On the 30tli of March, 1799, Louis Honori Fesson obtained permission of the Span- ish government to establish himself at the head .of the rapids of the river Des Moines for the purpose of trading with the Indians. The place was at this time occupied by a half-breed Indian named Eed Bird, HISTORY OF IOWA. 143 but known among tlie whites as Thomas Abbott. Subsequently the town of Montrose was located on the ground where Fesson had his trading post and lied Bird his wick-e-up. Settlers of a later day have felt much interest in the existence here of some full grown apple trees which must have been planted by some hand long before the Black Hawk War. It has been claimed by some that they were planted by Fesson as early as the beginning of the present century. Hon. D. W. Kilbourne, one of the early settlers of Lee county, claimed that they were planted by Red Bird some time between the years 1795 and 1798. Mr. Kilbourne was personally acquainted with Red Bird as well as with Black Hawk and other noted Indians of the Sac and Fox tribes, and from them he received what he believed to be an authen- tic account of the origin of the " ancient apple orchard " at Montrose. It was the custom of the Indians once a year to visit St. Louis for the purpose of obtaining supplies of blankets and other articles. The half-breed, Red Bird, then a young man, made his customary pilgrimage in the early spring, and on his return stopped a few days at St. Charles on the Missouri river. There a white man made him a present of about twenty small apple trees and gave him instructions how to plant them. Red Bird carried the trees home with him and planted them near his wick-e-up, placing stakes around them. ISTearly all of them grew and remained to excite the wonder and curiosity of succeeding generations of white men. In 1809 a military post was established where Ft. Madison is now located, but of course the country was not open to white settlers until after the " Black Hawk Purchase." In 1834 troops were stationed at the point where Montrose is now located, but at that time the place was called " Fort Des Moines." They remained until 1837, when they were removed to Fort Leavenworch. At first they were under the command of Lieut. Col. S. W. Kearney, who was afterward relieved by Col. R. B. Mason. The command consisted of three companies of the 1st United States Dragoons, Co. C, Capt. E. Y. Sumner, Co. H, Capt. Nathan Boone, and Co. I, Capt. J. B. Browne. Capt. Browne resigned his position in the regular army in 1837, and remained a citizen of Lee county. In 1838 he was appointed by Gov. Lucas as Maj. Gen. of Militia. He was also elected as a member of the first Territorial Legislature which convened at Burlington, and had the honor of being the first President of the Council and afterward Speaker of the House of Representatives. At the " Foot of The Lower Rapids " there was a place which, prior to 1834, was known as " Farmers' Trading Post." In Septem- ber of that year a meeting of half-breed Indians and their assigns was held in the old trading house then owned by Isaac C. Campbell. The object of the meeting was to petition Congress for the passage of a law granting them the privilege to sell and convey their respective titles to wliat was then known as the " Half-breed Reservation," according to the laws of Missouri. In attendance at this meeting were representatives from Prairie du Chein and St. Louis. At this time there were about nine families residing in the vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting the resident citizens re- paired to the saloon of John Gaines to talk over their prospects when the half-breed title should become extinct. They looked forward to the time when a city should grow up at that point. John Gaines called the meeting to order and made a speech in which he said the time had now come to agree upon a name for the town. He spoke of the chief Keokuk as the friend of the white man, and proposed his name for the future town. The proposition met with favor and the name was adopted. In the spring of 144 HISTORY OF IOWA. 1837 the town was laid out and a public sale of lots took place in June. Only two or three lots were sold, although many attended from St. Louis and other points. Jn 1840 the greater portion of Keokuk was a dense for- est, the improvements being only a few cabins. In 1847 a census of the place gave a population of b20. During the year 1832 Capt. James White made a claim on the pi-esent site of Montrose, and in tlie same year, soon after the close of the I31ack Hawk war, Zachai'iah Hawkins, Benjamin Jen- nings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Ft. Madison. In 1833 these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next summer lots were sold. The lots were subse- quently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. The first settlement made at Burlington and in the vicinity, was in the fall of 1833, Daniel Tothero came with his family and settled on the prairie about three miles from the Mississippi river. About the same time Samuel White, with his family, erected his cabin near the river at what is known as the upper blujff, within the limits of the present city of Burlington, This was before the extinction of the Indian title, for that did not take place before June 1st, 1833, when the government acqidred the territory under what was known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." There was then a government military post at Rock Island, and some dragoons came down from that place during the next winter and drove Tothero and and White over the river, burning their cabins. White remained in Illinois until the first of the following June, when the Indians surrendered posses- , sion of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and on that very day was on the ground and built his second cabin. His cabin stood on what is now Front street, between Court and High streets, in the city of Burlington, Soon after Mr. White's return his brother-in-law, Doolittle, joined him, and in 1834 they laid out the original town, naming it Burlington, for the town of that name in Vermont. The name was given at the request of John Gray, a Yer- monter and a friend of the proprietors. Thus White and Doolittle became the Romulus and Remus of one of the leadina; cities of Iowa. Durincr the year 1833 there was considerable settlement made in the vicinity, and soon a mill was erected by Mr. Donnell, on Flint creek, three miles from Burling- ton. In 1837 Major McKell erected a saw-mill in the town. In June, 1834, Congress passed an act attaching the " Black Hawk Purchase " to the Territory of Michigan for temporary government. In September of the same year the Legislature of Michigan divided this purchase into two coun- ties, Des Moines and Dubuque. The boundary between them was a line running due west from the lower end of Rock Island. They also organized a county court in each county, and for Des Moines county made the seat of justice at Burlington. The first court was held in April, 1835, in a log house. In 1838 Iowa was made a separate Territory and Burlington was made the capital and so remained until after the admission into the Union as a State. The Territorial Legislature met for several years in the first church erected in Burlington, kno^vn as " Old Zion." In this same building the supreme judicial tribunal of the Territory also held its sessions, as well as the district court. The first white man to settle permanently within the limits of Scott county, was Capt. B. W. Clark, a native of Virginia. He had settled and made some improvement on the Illinois side of the Mississipj^i, but in 1833 he moved across the river and made a " claim and commenced an improvement HISTOKT OF IOWA. 145 146 HISTORY OF IOWA. wliere the town of Buffalo was laid out. His nearest white neighbors on the west side of the Mississippi, were at Burlington and Dubuque. David H. Clark, a son of Capt, Clark, born April 21, 1834, was the first white child born within the limits of what is now Scott county. Before the time, June 1, 1833, that the Indians were to give possession to the whites, Geo. L. Davenport had been permitted to make a claim. He had been a favorite with the Indians from boyhood, and for this reason he was permitted to go upon the lands while others were kept off. The land upon which a part of the city of Davenport is located, and adjoining or near Le Claire's reserve, was claimed by R. H. Spencer, and a man named Mc- Cloud. Mr. Le Claire afterward purchased their claim interest for $150. The project of laying out a town upon Mr. Le Claire's claim Avas first dis- cussed in the autumn of 1835, at the residence of Col. Davenport, on Eock Island. The persons interested in the movement were Aiitoine Le Claire, Maj. Thos. Smith, Maj. Wm. Gordon, Phillip Hambaugh, Alexander W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and Col. Geo. Davenport. In the spring of 1836, the enterprise was carried into effect by the purchase of the land from Mr. Le Claire, and the laying out of a town to which the name of Davenport was given, in honor of Col. Davenport. The survey was made by Maj. Gordon. Some improvement had been made upon the ground by Mr. Le Claire, as early as 1833, but none of a substantial character until 1836. During this year Messrs. Le Claire and Davenport erected a building which was opened as a public house or tavern, by Edward Powers. During the same year John Litch from Newburypoi"*, N. H., opened the pioneer wliisky shop in a log shanty on Front street. A ferry across the Mississippi was established by Mr. Le Claire, who was also the same year appointed the first postmaster, and carried the mails in his ])ocket while ferrying. The first white male child born in Davenport was a son of Levi S. Colton, in the autumn of 1836. The child died in August, 1840, at the Indian village on Iowa river. The first female child was a daughter of D. C. Eldridge. Alex. W. McGregor, opened tlie first law oflice in 1836. Rev A. M. Gavit, a Methodist minister, preached the first sermon in the house of D. C. Eld- ridge. At the close of the year 1836 there were some six or seven houses in the town. The Indians still lingered about the place. Col. Davenport still kept a trading house open on Rock Island, and furnished supplies. When the Sacs and Foxes removed from the lands embraced in the first purchase they settled for a short time on Iowa river, and after the second purchase removed to the Des Moines river, where they remained until the last sale of their lands in Iowa when they were removed by the government to Kansas, Scott county was organized and named in honor of Gen. Winfield Scott at the session of the Legislature of Wisconsin in December, 1837. Major Frayer Wilson was appointed sheriff. The election for county commission- ers was held on the third Monday in February, 1838, when" the following were elected : Benj. F. Pike, Andrew ^¥. Campbell, and Alfred Carter. On the 4th of July, 1838, by an act of Congress, Iowa became a separate Terri- tory, and Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed the first Territorial Governor. He made the following appointments for Scott county: Williard Barrows, notary public; Ebenezer Cook, judge of probate; Adrian H. Davenport, sheriff; Isaac A. Hedges and John Porter, justices of the peace. D. C. Eldridge received the appointment of postmaster at Davenport. The first HISTOET OF IOWA, 147 District Court met in Davenport in October, 1838, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, presiding. For two years a contest had been going on between Davenport and a place called Rockingham as to which should have the honor of the county seat. The fourth Monday of August, 1840, was fixed for holding an election to decide the vexed question. It resulted favorably to Davenport, the citizens of the successful town building a court house and jail free of expense to the connty. On the 7th of July, 1838, Andrew Logan, from Pennsylvania, arrived with a printing press, and on the 17th of September following' issued the first number of a paper called louoa Sun arid Davenport and Hock Island, News^ the first newspaper published in the county. On the 26th day of August, 1841, the first number of the Davenport Weekly Gazette was issued by Alfred Sanders. One of the most exciting incidents connected with the early history of Davenport and Scott county was the murder of Col. George Davenport on Rock Island, July 4, 1845. The country on both sides of the river had been infested by a lawless band of freebooters, with their supposed headquarters at Nauvoo. They had organized themselves into bands and engaged in horse stealing, counterfeiting, burglary, robl)er3^, and murder. In some places men in official positions and of good standing in community were associated with them. On the fatal 4th of July, Col. Davenport's family was away at Stephenson attending a celebration when three men attacked him in his house, one of whom shot him with a pistol through the thigh. They then bound him with strips of bark and blindfolded him. They then made a search for the key of his safe but were unable to find it. Returning to the wounded man, they carried him up-stairs where the safe was and compelled him to unlock it. The booty obtained was about $600 in money, a gold watch-chain and seals, a double-barrelled gun, and a few articles of minor value. Col. Davenport lived long enough to relate the incidents of the rob- bery. For several weeks no trace could be found of the murderers. Edward Bonney, of Lee county, Iowa, undertook to ferret out their place of conceal- ment. About the middle of August he went to Nauvoo where he obtained trace of them by representing himself as one of the gang. On the 8th of September he arrested a man named Fox at Centerville, Indiana, and com- mitted him to jail there. On the 19th he arrested two others, Birch and John Long, at Sandusky, Ohio, and brought them to Rock Island by way of the lakes and Chicago. These three men were known at the west as leaders of gangs of desperadoes, but operated under different names. Three others were also arrested as accessories, Richard Baxter and Aaron Long, near Galena, Illinois, and Granville Young, at Kauvoo. Aaron was a brother of John Long. On the 6th of October all of them were indicted by the grand jury of Rock Island county, except Fox, -who had escaped from jail in Indi- ana on the 17th of September. On the 14th of October the two Longs were put upon trial, found guilty, and sentenced to be hung on the 27th of the same month. Birch, the greatest villain, turned State's evidence. Baxter was tried separately, convicted and sentenced to be hung on the 18th of JS"©- vember. In his case a writ of error was obtained and a new trial granted, when he was again found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life, where he died two years after. Birch took a change of venue to Knox county, and while awaiting trial escaped from jail. Upon the gallows John Long confessed all, but died a hardened wretch without sign of repentance or fear of death. 148 HISTORY OF IOWA. During tlie year 1834 settlements were made at various points besides those mentioned, in what are now the counties bordering on the Mississippi river, and soon other settlements began to extend to the western limit of the Black Hawk Purchase. The first post-office in Iowa was established in Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed postmaster. The first justice of the peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difiiculties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was cele- brated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting-house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. By the year 1836 the population had increased so that the people began to agitate for a separate Territorial organization. There were also several other matters in which they were deeply interested. In IS^ovember, 1837, a convention was called at Burlington to take action. Some account of this first Iowa convention, and the action taken by it, will be of interest to every citizen of the State. TEEEITOEIAL CONTENTION. On Monday the 6th of November, 1837, a convention of delegates from the several counties in that portion of Wisconsin Territory west of the Missis- sippi river, then sometimes called Western Wisconsin, convened in the town of Burlington. Among the principal purposes for which this convention was called were: 1. To memoralize Congress for the passage of an act granting the right of pre-emption to actual settlers on government lands; 2. To memoralize Congress on the subject of the attempt then being made by the State of Missouri to extend lier northern boundary line so as to embrace territory claimed as being a part of Wisconsin; 3. To memoralize Congress for the organization of a separate territorial government in that part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. The following were the accredited delegates in the convention from the several counties: Dubuque County.—'?. H. Engle, J. T. Pales, G. W. Harris, W. A. War- ren, W. B. Watts, A. F. Russell, W. H. Patton, J. W. Parker, J. D. Bell, and J. H. Rose. Des Moines County. — David Rorer, Robert Ralston, and Cyrus S. Jacobs. HISTORY OF IOWA. 149 Van Buren County. — Yan Caldwell, J. G. Kenner, and James Hall. Henry County. — W. H. Wallace, J. D. Payne, and J. L. Myers. MuscaUne County. — J. R. Struthers, M, Couch, Eli Reynolds, S. C. Hastings, James Davis, S. Jenner, A. Smith, and E. K. Fay. Louisa County. — J. M. Clark, Wm. L. Toole, and J. J. Rinearson. Lee County. — Henry Eno, John Claypool, and Hawkins Taylor. The officers of the convention were: President, Cyrus S. Jacobs; Yice Presidents, J. M. Clark, and Wm. H. Wallace; Secretaries, J. W. Parker, and J. R. Struthers. The following committees were appointed: To draft and report a memorial in relation to the right of pre-emption — Messrs. Engle, Kenner, Payne, Struthers, Patton, Rorer, and Smith. To draft and report a memorial on the subject of the boundary line — Messrs. Eno, Clay]:>ool, Kenner, Ralston, Davis, Watts, and Toole. To draft and report a memorial on the subject of a separate territorial organization — Messrs. Rorer, Hastings, Caldwell, Myers, Claypool, Rinear- son, and Harris. The convention continued in session three days, and on the afternoon of the last day all the committees reported, and their reports were unanimously adopted. MEMORIAL ON THE SUBJECT OF PRE-EMPTIONS. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : A convention of citizens representing all the counties in that part of Wis- consin Territory lying west of the Mississippi river, have assembled at Bur- lington, the present seaf of government of said Territory, for the purpose of taking into consideration several measures immediately affecting their in- terests and prosperity. Among the most important of these is the passage by your honorable bodies, at the session about to be commenced, of a pre- emption law by which the settlers on the public land shall have secured to them at the minimum price, the lands on which they live, which they have improved and cultivated without fear of molestation, or over-bidding on the part of the rich capitalist and speculator. It is a fact well known to your hon- orable bodies, that none of the land in Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, in what is called the " Iowa District," has yet been offered for sale by the government. It is equally true that that tract of country is now inhabited by twenty-five thousand souls, comprising a population as active, intelligent, and worthy as can be found in any other part of the United States. The enterprise of these pioneers has converted what was but yesterday a solitary and uncultivated waste, into thriving towns and villages, alive with the en- gagements of trade and commerce, and rich and smiling farms, yielding their bountiful return to the labors of the husbandman. This district has been settled and improved with a rapidity unexampled in the history of the country; emigrants from all parts of the United States, and from Europe, are daily adding to our numbers and importance. An attempt to force these lands thus occupied and improved into market, to be sold to the highest bid- der, and to put the money thus extorted from the hard earnings of an indus- trious and laborious people into the coffers of the public treasury, would be an act of injustice to the settlers, which would scarcely receive the sanction of your honorable bodies. In most cases the labor of years and the accu- mulated capital of a whole life has been expended in making improvements on the public land, under the strong and firm belief that every safeguard would be thrown around them to prevent their property, thus dearly earned ;J^50 HISTORY OF IOWA. by years of suffering, privation and toil, from being unjustly wrested from tlieir hands. Shall they be disappointed? Will Congress refuse to pass such laws as may be necessary to protect a large class of our citizens from systemized plunder and rapine? The members comprising this convention, representing a very large class of people, who delegated them to speak in their stead,'^do most confidently express an opinion that your honorable bodies will at your present session, pass some law removing us from danger, and relievino- us from fear on this subject. The members of this conven- tion, for themselves, and for the people whose interests they are sent here to represent, do most respectfully solicit that your honorable bodies will, as speedily as possible, pass a pre-emption law, giving to every actual settler on the public domain, who has made improvements sufficient to evince that it is honafide his design to cultivate and occupy the land, the right to enter at the minimum government price, one-half section for that purpose, before it shall be offered at public sale. MEMORIAL ON THE SUBJECT OF THE MISSOURI BOUNDARY LINE. To the Honorable, the Senate and Souse of Bepresentatives of the United States in Congress assembled: The Memorial of a Convention of Delegates from the several counties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, convened at Bur- lington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, respectfully represent: That your memorialists are desirous of asking the attention of Congress to the adjustment of the boundary line between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Western Wisconsin. Much excitement already prevails among the inhabitants situated in the border counties of the State and Ter- ritory, and it is much to be feared that, unless the speedy action of Congress should be had upon the subject, difficulties of a serious nature will arise, militating against the peace and harmony which would otherwise exist among them. At the last session of the legislature of Missouri, commis- sioners were appointed to run the northern boundary line of the State. They have recently been engaged in the work, and, according to the line run by them, there is included within the limits of the State of Missouri a consid- erable tract of country hitherto supposed to belong to the Territory of AVis- consin, and which is still believed of right to belong to it. The northern boundary line of Missouri was run several years ago by commissioners ap- pointed by the State of Missouri, and will cross the Des Moines river at a point about twenty -five miles from its mouth. This line, if continued on due east, would strike the Mississippi river near the town of Fort Madison, about ten miles above the rapids in said river, long since known as the Des Moines rapids; and this line, so run by the commissioners, has always been considered as the boundary line between the State and Territory. The pres- ent commissioners, appointed by the State of Missouri, giving a different construction to the act defining the boundary line of the State, passed up the Des Moines river in search of rapids, and have seen proper to find them some twelve or fourteen miles further up the river than the other commis- sioners of Missouri formerly did, and, selecting a point which they call the rapids in the Des Moines river, have from thence marked out a line which is now claimed as the northern boundary line of the State. Were this line extended due east, it would strike the Mississippi river at the town of Burlington, some thirty miles above the rapids known, as stated above, as the Des Moines Rapids. HISTORY OF IOWA. 151 Missouri was created into an independent State, and lier boundary line defined, in June, 1820. At that time the country bordering on the Des Moines river was a wildernesii, and little was known, except from the Indi- ans who lived on its banks, of its geographical situation. There was at that time no point on the river known as the Des Moines rapids, and at the present time between the mouth of the river and the Raccoon forks, a dis- tance of two hundred miles, fifty places can with as much propriety be desig- nated as the one selected by the commissioners of the State of Missouri. Your memorialists conceive that no action of the State of Missouri can , or ought to, afiect the integrity of the Territory of Wisconsin; and standing in the attitude they do, they must look to the general government to protect their rights and redress their wrongs, which, for so long a period of time, existed between tlie Territory of Michigan and the State of Ohio relative to their boundaries, will, it is hoped, prompt the speedy action of Congress on this existing subject. Confidently relying upon the wisdom of the general government, and its willingness to take such means as will settle this ques- tion, the people of Wisconsin will peaceably submit to an extension of the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, if so be that Congress shall ordain it; but until such action, they will resist to the utmost extrem- ity any attempt made by the State of Missouri to extend her jurisdiction over any disputed territory. We, therefore, pray that Congress will appoint commissioners, whose duty it shall be to run the line between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Wisconsin according to the spirit and intention of the act defining the boundary lines of the State of Missouri, and to adopt such other measures as in their wisdom they shall deem fit and proper. MEMORIAL PRAYING FOR A DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress asseinbled: The memorial of a general convention of delegates, from the respective counties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, con- vened at the capitol at Burlington, in said Territory, l^ovember 6, 1837, respectfully represents : That the citizens of that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river, taking into consideration their remote and isolated position, and the vast extent of country included within the limits of the present Territory, and the utter impracticability of the same being governed as an entire whole, by the wisest and best administration of our municipal affairs, in such manner as to fully secure individual right and the right of property, as well as to maintain domestic tranquility, and the good order of society, have by their respective representatives, convened in general convention as aforesaid, for availing themselves of their right of petition as free citizens, by representing their situation and wishes to your honorable body, and asking for the organ- ization of a separate Territorial government over that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river. Without in the least designing to question the official conduct of those in whose hands the fate of our infant Territory has been confided, and in whose patriotism and wisdom we have the utmost confidence, your memorialists cannot refrain from the frank expression of their belief that, taking into consideration the geographical extent of her country, in connection with the probable population of Western Wisconsin, perhaps no Territory of the 152 HISTOKT OF IOWA. United States has been so mucli neglected by the parent government, so illy protected in the political and individual rights of her citizens. Western Wisconsin came into the possession of our government in June, 1833. Settlements were made, and crops grown, during the same season; and even then, at that early day, was the impulse given to the mighty throng of emigration that has subsequently filled our lovely and desirable country with people, intelligence, wealth and enterprise. From that period until the present, being a little over four years, what has been the Territory of West- ern Wisconsin ? Literally and practically a large portion of the time with- out a government. With a population of thousands, she has remained ungoverned, and has been quietly left by the parent government to take care of herself, without the privilege on the one hand to provide a government ot her own, and without any existing authority on the other to govern her. From June, 1833, until June, 1834, a period of one year, there was not even the shadow of government or law in all Western Wisconsin. In June, 1334, Congress attached her to the then existing Territory of Michigan, of which Territory she nominally continued a part, until July, 1836, a period of little more than two years. During the whole of this time, the whole country west, sufficient of itself for a respectable State, was included in two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines. In each of these two counties there were holden, during the said term of two years, two terms of a county court (a court of inferior jurisdiction), as the only sources of judicial relief up to the passage of the act of Congress creating the Territory of Wisconsin. That act took eftect on the third day of July, 1836, and the first judicial relief afforded under that act, was at the April term following, 1837, a period of nine months after its passage; subsequently to which time there has been a court holden in one solitary county in Western Wisconsin only. This, your memorialists are aware, has recently been owing to the unfortunate disposi- tion of the esteemed and meritorious judge of our district; but they are equally aware of the fact, that had Western Wisconsin existed under a sep- arate organization, we should have found relief in the services of other mem- bers of the judiciary, who are at present, in consequence of the great extent of our Territory, and the small number of judges dispersed at two great a distance, and too constantly engaged in the discharge of the duties of their own district, to be enabled to afford relief to other portions of the Territory. Thus, with a population of not less than twenty-five thousand now, and of near half that number at the organization of the Territorj^, it will appear that we have existed as a portion of an organized Territory, for sixteen months, witli but one term of courts only. Your memorialists look upon those evils as growing exclusively out of the immense extent of country included within the present boundaries of the Territory, and express their conviction and belief, that nothing would so effectually remedy the evil as the organization of Western Wisconsin into a separate territorial government. To this your memorialists conceive them- selves entitled by principles of moral right— by the same obligation that rests upon their present government, to protect them in the free enjoyment of their rights, until such time as they shall be permitted to provide protec- tion for themselves; as well as from the uniform practice and policy of the government in relation to other Territories. The Territory of Indiana, including the present States of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, and also much of the eastern portion of the present Territory of Wisconsin, was placed under one separate territorial government in the year HISTORY OF IOWA. 153 1800, at a time that the population amounted to only five thousand six hun- dred and forty, or thereabouts. The Territory of Arkansas was erected into a distinct Territory, in 1820, with a population of about fourteen thousand. The Territory of Illinois was established in 1809, being formed by dividing the Indiana Territory. The exact population of Illinois Territory, at the time of her separation from In- diana, is not known to your memorialists, but her population in 1812, one year subsequent to that event, amounted to but eleven thousand five hun- dred and one whites, and a few blacks— in all, to less than twelve thousand iniiabitants. The Territory of Michigan was formed in 1805, by again dividing the Indiana Territory, of which, until then, she composed a part. The popula- tion of Michigan, at the time of her separation from Indiana, your memo- rialists have been unable to ascertain, but in 1810, a period of five years sub- sequent to her separate organization, her population amounted to but about four thousand seven hundred and sixty; and in the year 1820, to less than nine thousand — so that Michigan existed some fifteen years, as a distinct Territory, with a population of less than half of Western Wisconsin at pres- ent; and each of^the above named Territories, now composing so many proud and flourishing States, were created into separate territorial govern- ments, with a much less population than that of Western Wisconsin, and that too at a time when the parent government was burdened with a national debt of millions. Your memorialists therefore pray for the organ- ization of a separate territorial government over that part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. TEREITOEY OF IOWA. Territorial Organization — Members of First Legislative Assembly — Its Presiding OfBcers — Important Acts — The Great Seal of the Territoiy — Provision for Locating Seat of Gov- ernment — Some Prominent Members — The Boundary Dispute — Its Settement — Delegate to Congress — Territorial Governors — Death of Wm. B. Conway — Various Incorporations. Congress considered the prayer of the memorial favorably, and " An Act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial govern- ment of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take efiect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Jus- tice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburg, was appointed Secretary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice; and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; 15i HISTORY OF IOWA. Augustus C. Dodge, Eegister of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thom- as McKnight, Eeceiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Yan Al- len, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette^ was appointed to suc- ceed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a procla- mation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and ap]3ointing the 12th day of I^ovember for the meeting of the Legislature to be elected, at Burlington. The following were the names, county of residence, nativity, age, and occupation, of the members of that first Territorial Legislature: COUNCIL. E. A. M. Swarzy. . . J. Kieth A. Ingram Robert Ralston C. Whittlesey George Hepner Jesse B. Browne. . . . Jesse D. Payne L. B. Hughes J. W.Parker Stephen Hempstead. Warner Lewis J.M.Clark COUNTY. NATIVITY. AGE OCCUPATION. Van Buren. Des Moines. Cedar. Des Moines. Lee. Henry. Scott. Dubuque. Louisa. Vermont. 28 Virginia. 52 Penn. 60 Ohio. 81 New York. 31 Kentucky. 83 Kentucky. 40 Tennessee. 35 Virginia. 34 Vermont. 28 Conn. 26 Virginia. 32 New York. 25 Farmer. Gunsmith. Farmer. Merchant. Merchant. Farmer. Foi-merly in U.S. A Physician. Merchant. Lawyer. Lawyer. Farmer. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. NAME. COXJNTY. NATIVITY. OCCUPATION. Wm. H. Wallace Henry. Wm. G. Coop A. B. Porter La.urel Summers Scott. Jabez Burchard James Brierly Lee. Wm. Patterson H.Taylor Harden NowUn Dubuque. Andrew Bankston Thomas Cox C. Swan C. J. Price Lee. J. W. Grimes Des Moines, George Temple George H. Beeler V. B. Delashmutt Thomas Blair James HaU Van Buren. Samuel Parker G.S.Bailey Levi Thornton Tinm'tsn Wm. L.Toole Robert G. Roberts Cedar. John Frierson Muscatine. b. C. Hastmgs Ohio. Virginia. Kentucky. Kentucky. Penn. Ohio. Virginia. Kentucky. Illinois. N. C. Kentucky. New York. N. C. N. H. N. H Virginia. Virginia. Kentucky. Maryland. Virginia. Kentucky. Penn. Virginia. Penn. Ohio. New York. 27 33 30 24 34 29 37 27 34 51 51 39 37 22 34 39 37 49 27 34 27 42 35 42 34 25 Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer Farmer Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Miner. Farmer. Lawyer. Farmer. Merchant. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Physician. Farmer. Farmer. Farmer. Surveyor. Lawyer. HISTORY OF IOWA. 155 Jesse B. Browne, of Lee county, was elected president of the council. He had been an officer in the regular army, was a gentleman of dignified appearance and commanding stature, being six feet and seven inches in height. William H. Wallace, of Henry county, was elected speaker of the House. Some years after he held the position of receiver at the United States land office located at Fairfield. He subsequently removed to Wash- ington Territory, and at one time served as a delegate in Congress from that Territory. Among the acts passed were those for organizing the counties of Linn, Jefferson and Jones; for changing the name of Slaiighter county to Wash- ington; providing for the election in each county of a board of commission- ers, to consist of three persons, to attend to all county business, and acts providing for the location of the capital and the penitentiary. The Terri- tory was divided into three judicial districts, in each county of which court was to be held twice a year. The counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Henry and Des Moines constituted the first district, to which Charles Mason, of Bur- lington, was assigned as judge. Tlie counties of Louisa, Washington, John- son, Cedar and Muscatine constituted the second district, with Joseph Williams, of Muscatine, as judge. The counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott and Clayton constituted the third district, with Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as judge. Among the proceedings was the passage of a resolution by the council, instructing Wm, B. Conway, the secretary of the Territory, to procure a seal. In compliance with this instruction, on the 23d of November, Mr. Conway submitted to the inspection of tlie council what became the " great seal of the Territory of Iowa." The design was that of an eagle bearing in its beak an Indian arrow, and clutching in its talons an unstrung bow. The seal was one inch and five-eighths in diameter, and was engraved by William Wagner, of York, Pennsylvania. The council passed a resolu- tion adopting the seal submitted by the secretary, but it does not appear that it was adopted by the other branch of the legislature. In his communi- cation to the council presenting the seal, Mr. Conway calls it the " great seal of the Territory of Iowa," but the word "great" did not appear upon it. This old territorial seal appears to have been lost in the removal from Iowa City to Des Moines. Under the act passed for the location of the capital, Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque county, John Ronalds, of Louisa county, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines county, were appointed commissioners, and were required to meet at the town of Napoleon, in Johnson county, on the first Monday of May, 1839, and proceed to locate the seat of government at tlie most suit- able point in that county. They proceeded at that time to discharge the duties of their trust, and procured the title to six hundred and forty acres. They had it surveyed into lots, and agreed upon a plan for a capitol, selecting one of their number, Chauncey Swan, to superintend the work of erecting the building. The site selected was about two miles northwest of what was then the town of Napoleon, a place which now is not known as a town. The new town was named Iowa City, and the first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. In November, 1839, the second Territorial Legislature assembled in Burlington, and passed an act requiring the commissioners to adopt a plan for a building, not to exceed in cost $51,000, On the 4tli day of July, 1840, the corner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, Sam- 156 HI8T0KT OF IOWA. ael 0. Trowbridge acting as marslial of the daj, and Governor Robert Lucas as orator. This first legislative body which enacted laws for the government of the new Territory of Iowa held its sessions in tlie then unfinished Methodist church in Burlington, the lower story or basement being built of stone, and the upper story of brick. It was known in later years as " Old Zion." Of the members of that legislature several afterward held prominent official positions in the State. Two of them, Stephen Hempstead, of Dubuque, and James W. Grimes, of Burlington, held the office of Governor. The latter also became prominent in the United States Senate, and in the National Cabinet. William G. Coop continued to be returned as a member of one or the other branch of almost every General Assembly, up to the change of parties in the election of James W. Grimes, as Governor. His later legislative career was as a member of the State Senate from JeiFerson county. He was the Democratic candidate in that county against James F. Wilson in 1856, for member of the constitutional convention, but was defeated by the latter. He was a man of strong party attacliments, being a Democrat in the strictest sense, but was faithful to his constituents, and honest in his discharge of duty. We recognize other names that were familiar in the subsequent history of the Territorj^ or State, and among them, the following: Asbury B. Porter, who became the first colonel of the Fourth Iowa Cavalry during the Rebellion ; Hawkins Taylor, of Lee county, who, during later years, has resided most of the time in Washington City; Warner Lewis, of Dubuque, who afterward held the position of Surveyor General for Iowa and Wisconsin ; William L. Toole, of Louisa county, after whom the town of Toolesboro in that county was named ; Laurel Summers, of Scott county, and others. In the organi- zation of this first Territorial Legislature party ties do not seem to have been very strictly drawn, for General Browne, who was chosen president of the council without opposition, and Colonel Wallace, who was elected speaker of the house, with but little opposition, were both Whigs, while both branches of the legislature were largely Democratic. Party lines were not tightly drawn until the campaign of 1840, when the young Territory caught the enthusiasm wliich characterized that contest throughout the country. THE BOUNDAUT DISPUTE. One of the exciting questions with which the Territory of Iowa had to deal was that in relation to the southern boundary. The constitution of Missouri in defining the boundaries of that State had defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines, river. In the Mississippi river, a little above the mouth of tlie Des Moines river, are the rapids, which had been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or the Rapids of the Des Moines river. Just below the town of Keosauqua, in Yau Buren county, there are rapids (though very slight and inconsiderable) also in the Des Moines river. The Missouri authorities claimed that the latter rapids were referred to in the definition of her boundary, and insisted on ex- ercismg jurisdiction over a strip of territory some eight 'miles in width which Iowa claimed as being a part of her territory. At the first court held in Far- mington Van Luren county, in April, 1837, by David Irwin, Judge of the Second Judicial District of Wisconsin, an indictment was found against one David Doose tor exercising the office of constable in Yan Buren county HTSTOEY OF IOWA. 157 under authority of the State of Missouri. This, and other similar acts by Missouri officials, were tlie origin of the despute which resulted in demon- strations of hostilities, and very nearly precipitated a border war. Governor Boggs, of Missouri, called out the militia of that State to enforce its claims, and Governor Lucas, of Iowa, called out the militia of the Territory to main- tain its rights. About 1200 men were enlisted and armed. There was no difficulty in raising volunteers, for the war spirit ran high. At this stage, however, it was considered best to send peace commissioners to Missouri with a view of adjusting the difficulties. Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington ; Gen, Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr, Clark, of Fort Madison, were ap- pointed and proceeded to discharge the duties of their mission. When they arrived they found that the county commissioners of Clarke county, Mis- souri, had rescinded their order for the collection of taxes in Iowa, and the Governor of Missouri had sent messengers to Governor Lucas with a propo- sition to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States, This proposition was declined, but afterward both Iowa and Missouri petitioned Congress to authorize a suit to settle the question. This was done, and the decision was adverse to the claims of Missouri. Under an order of the Supreme Court of the United States, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Ilendershott, of Iowa, acted as commissioners to sur- vey and establish the boundary line. They discharged the duties assigned them, and peace was restored. In September, 1838, the election was held for delegate to Congress. There were four candidates in the field, to-wit: William W. Chapman and David Rorer, of Des Moines county; B, ¥. Wallace, of Henry county, and Peter H. Engle, of Dubuque county. William W. Chapman was elected by a majority of thirty-six votes over P. H. Engle. During the time that Iowa remained a separate Territory, from 1838 to 1846, the office of Gov- ernor was held successively by Robert Lucas, John Chambers, and James Clarke. Robert Lucas had been one of the early Governors of Ohio, and was appointed the first Governor of the Territory of Iowa by President Van Buren, John Chambers had been a Representative in Congress from Ken- tucky, and a warm supporter of Gen, Wm, H, Harrison for President in 1840. After the change of the National administration he was appointed to succeed Governor Lucas, James Clarke had been the editor of the Gazette at Burlington, but at the death of Wm, B, Conway, Secretary of the Terri- tory, which occurred at Burlington, November G, 1839, Mr, Clarke was ap- pointed his successor, and afterward succeeded John Chambers as the last Territorial Governor. The death of Wm, B, Conway, Secretary of the Territory, was an event which cast a gloom over the Territory, Prior to his appointment by Presi- dent Yan Buren he had been a resident of Pittsburg, Penn, His remains were taken to Davenport for interment, and on the 9th of November a pub- lic meeting of the citizens of that place passed resolutions expressing the highest esteem both for his character as a citizen and as an officer of the Territory, His remains were taken to St, Anthony's Church where the solemn services for the dead were performed by Rev. Father Pelamorgues. On the 11th a meeting of the members of the bar of the Territory was held at Burlington, in which his associates in the profession also passed resolutions of respect for the deceased. Of this meeting Charles Mason was chairman, and David Rorer was appointed to present the resolutions to the Supreme / 168 HISTOEY OF IOWA. Court of the Territory, for the ptirpose of having them entered on the record of the court. The deceased left a wife and one child. The first Territorial Legislature provided by law that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pending thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage; secured religious toleration to all; vested the judiciary power in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace; made real estate divisible by will, and intestate prop- erty to be divided equitably among heirs; made murder punishable by death, and pro'^'ided proportionate penalties for other crimes; established a system of free schools, open to all classes of white children; provided for a system of roads and highways; enacted a law to prevent and punish gambling, and in fact enacted a pretty complete .code of laws, many of which still remain in force. Among the various institutions and associations incorporated were the fol- lowing: The Wapello Seminary, in Louisa county; the Bloomington and Cedar River Canal Company; the Des Moines Mill Company, in Van Buren county; the Burlington Steam Mill Company; seminaries of learning in Fort Madison, West Point, Burlington, Augusta, Farmington, Bentonsport, Bockinghara, Keosauqua, Dubuque, and Davenjjort; the Burlington and Iowa Ei ver Turnpike Company ; the Burlington and Des Moines Transpor- tation Company; the Keosauqua Lyceum, and the Iowa Mutual Fire Insur- ance Company at Burlington. STATE ORGANIZATION". First Constitution— Proposed Boundaries— Ciianged by Congress— Rejection of Constitution by the People— Congress Repeals its former Provision as to Boundaries and Fixes the Present Limits— The Second Constitution— Its Adoption by the People— Election of State Offiers— First General Assembly— Seat of Government— Monroe City— Fort Des Moines— Fmal Permanent Location— Removal— Third Constitutional Convention— New Capitol — Case of Attempted Bribery in First General Assembly. By the year 1844 the population of the Territory had reached 75,152, and the people began to desire a State organization. In October of that year a constitutional convention was held at Iowa City, which formed a constitution defining the boundaries of the State as follows: "Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river; thence up the said river Des Momes in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is in- tersected by the Old Indian Boundary Line, or line run by John C. Sullivan m the year 1816; thence westwardly along said line to the 'Old northwest corner ol Missouri'; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet river; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peter's river, where the Watonwan river (according to Nicollet's map) enters the same; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel ot the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main chan- nel ot said river to the place of beginnino-." • ^^ ?^ ^^V^^ March, 1845, Congress parsed an act providing for the admis- sion ot the State into the Union, but with boundaries different from those dehned in the proposed constitution. By this act the State was to extend north to the parallel passing through Maiikato, or Blue Earth river, in the " mSTOEY OF IOWA. 159 present State of Minnesota, and west to the meridian of 17 deg. 30 min. west from Washington, These boundaries would have deprived the State of the Missouri Slope and of one of the grand rivers by which it is now boxmded, while in shape it would have been long and comparatively narrow. As a result, at an election held August 4, 1845, tlie j^eople of the Territory rejected the constitution with the change of boundaries as projDosed by Con'o-ress. The vote stood 7,235 for, and 7,656 against it, being a majority of 421 against the adoption. On the 4th of August, 1846, Congress passed an act repealing so much of the act of March, 3, 1845, as related to the boundaries of Iowa, and fixing the boundaries as now defined. On the 4th of May of that year a sec- ond constitutional convention had convened at Iowa City, and after a session of fifteen days formed the constitution which was sanctioned by the people at an election held August 3, 1846. The popular vote stood 9,492 for, and 9,036 agaijist the constitution at this election, being a majority of 456 in favor of it. A copy of this constitution was presented in Congress, and on the 28th of December, 1846, an act was passed and apj^roved for the admission of the State of Iowa into the Union. On the 26th of October, 1846, an election had been held for State officers, when the following were elected: Ansel Briggs, Governor; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Tales, Auditor, and Morgan Eeno, Treas- urer. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties with a popu- lation, according to the census, of 96,088. The first General Assembly under the State organization, convened at Iowa City, November 30, 1846. Thomas Baker was elected President of the Senate, and Jesse B. Browne, Speaker of the House of Representatives. As the latter had been President of the first Territorial Council, so he was the first Speaker of the House when Iowa became a State. • The capitol building at Iowa City being at this time still in an unfinished condition, an appropriation of $5,500 was made to complete it. The boun- dary being so much extended west of the limits of the Territory when the capital was located at Iowa City, the question of removal and permanent loca- tion at some point further west began to be agitated, and the first General Assembly appointed commissioners to locate the seat of government, and to select five sections of land which had been granted by Congress for the erec- tion of public buildings. The commissioners in discharge of their duties selected the land in Jasper county, lying between the present towns of Prairie City and Monroe. The commissioners also surveyed and platted a town, to which they gave the name of Monroe City. Four hundred and fif- teen lots were sold, the cash payments yielding $1,797.43, being one-fourth of the price for which they sold. When the commissioners ma^le their re- port to the next General Assembly, it was observed that their claim for services and expenses exceeded the cash received by $409.14. The report was referred to a committee without instructions, but the location was never sanctioned by the General Assembly, The money paid by purchasers was mostly refunded. Meantime the question of re-location continued to be agitated at each session. In 1851 bills were introduced in the House for removal to Pella and Fort Des Moines, but both of them failed to pass. At the next session a bill was introduced in the Senate for removal to Fort Des Moines, which was also defeated on a final vote. In January, 1855, the ef- fort proved successful, and on the 15th of that month the Governor ap- proved the bill re-locating the seat of government within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and providing for the appointment of com- IQQ HISTOKT 'OF IOWA. missioners for that purpose. Under this act the commissioners made selec- tion of the present site. A temporary building was erected by an associa- tion of citizens of Dos Moines, or Fort Des Moines, as it was then called. On the 19th of October, 1857, Governor Grimes, having "been advised that the building was completed and ready for occupancy, issued a proclamation declaring the city of Des Moines the capital of Iowa. The officers with the archives of the State removed during the fall and winter, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the Seventh General Assembly convened at Des Moines. Meantime a third constitutional convention had been called to frame a new State constitution. It convened at Iowa City, January, 19, 1857, and adjourned March 5th of the same year. Francis Springer, of Louisa county, was chosen President. The constitution as adopted by this convention was approved by the people at an election held August 3d of the same year, the vote beino- 40,311 for, and 38, 681 against it. It took effect by proclamation of the Governor, September 3, 1857. In this constitution the location of the seat of government at Des Moines was made a part of the fundamental law. In 1868 an amendment was made to this constitution, striking the word " white " from the clause defining the qualification of electors. The whole vote cast by the people on this amendment was 186,503, with a ma- jority in favor of striking out, of 24,265. The first capitol building erected in Des Moines being inadequate for the growing wants of the State, being too small and not sufficiently safe, an act was passed and approved April 13, 1870, providing for the erection of a new one. The following were constituted a Board of Commissioners to have charge of the erection: Grenville M. Dodge, of Pottawattamie county; James F. Wilson, of Jefferson county; James Dawson, of "Washington county; Simon G. Stein, of Muscatine county; James O. Crosby, of Clay- ton county; Charles Dudley, of Wapello county; John I^. Dewey, of Polk county, and William L. Joy, of Woodbury county. The Governor was also constituted a member of the Board, and President ex-officio. A. R, Fulton was elected Secretary of the Board. It was provided in the act that the plan to be selected should not be for a building exceeding in cost $1,500- 000, and the sum of $150,000 was appropriated to commence the work. In the fall of 1870 excavation for the foundation was commenced, and on the 23d of November of the next year, the ceremony of laying the corner stone took place. Gen. N. B. Baker was chief marshal of the day, and Governor Samuel Merrill delivered an appropriate address. The Board of commissioners experienced many difficulties in finding stone, especially within the limits of the State, that had been suffi<5iently tested for a building of such magnitude. The law required them to give preference to material obtained in the State, price and quality being equal, and they desired to comply with the spirit of the law. As 'a result, how- ever, some material was placed in the foundation, which being exposed, dur- ing the next winter, was affected by the weather, and the next season it was neccessary to remove a portion of the foundation, involving a large addi- tional expense. Tlie Fourteenth General Assembly convened in January, 1872, and in March a joint committee was authorized to examine and report upon the character of the material used. They reported that unfit material had been placed in the foundation, and recommended its removal. An act was passed at this session appropriating $100,000 for tlie work in 1872, and HISTORY OF IOWA. 161 $125,000 to be used annually thereafter for the prosecution of the work, but the whole cost not to exceed the limit of $1,380,000. The Board were required, however, to direct all their action with a view to the completion of the building for $1,500,000. The same act placed the work in charge of a Board of commissioners consisting of five members, including the Governor, who was also to be President, ex-officio. The following were con- stituted tlie members of the new Board: John Gr. Foote, of Des Moines county; Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton county; Robert S. Finkbine, and Peter A. Dey, of Johnson county, and the Governor, as above stated. Ed. "Wright was appointed Secretary by the Board. This Board proceeded with the work in accordance with the general plan adopted by the former Board, and when completed Iowa will have one of the finest and most substantial capitol buildings in the Union. Having presented a brief review of the legislation in regard to seat of gov- ernment, which, as we have seen, was inaugurated by the first General As- sembly, we return to that session. The contest between the two political parties for ascendency was at that time a very earnest one, and especially in view of the election of U. S. Senators. The two political parties in the legislature were nearly equally divided. The friends of the several candidates were present at the opening of the session to take part in the lobby branch, in behalf of their respective favorites. Keokuk county was represented in the House by ITelson King, a Whig, although his county at that time was regarded as Democratic. Gen. A. G Dodge, of Burlington, was the prom- inent Democratic candidate for Senator, and the name of J. C. Hall, also of Burlington, was likewise favorably mentioned. On the aft'jrnoon of December 9th, Mr. King, of Keokuk county, by consent of the House, rose in his place and made a statement to the following efiect: That since he had presented his credentials, and taken his seat as a member, he had been ap- proached by several different persons relative to the casting of his vote for United States Senators ; that several distinct propositions for the payment of money and other reward had been oftered him, if he would vote for certain candidates, or either of them, as might be determined upon, which deter- mination was to be made known to him previous to casting his vote for United States Senator; and that the said parties oflering thus to reward him for his vote, had promised to secure him from all blame or suspicion, by procuring wi'itten instructions from his constituents, urging him so to vote. He further stated that one Marshall had the day previously given him a five dollar note on the State Bank of Ohio, and told him to call on him at any future time, and he would give him one hundred dollars, or any amount he wanted. He said that Marshall had also surrendered to him two receipts for indebtedness — one for legal service while he (King) had resided in Lee county, and the other in discharge of a claim of two dollars and fifty cents, held against him by one William Stotts. Mr. King having concluded his statement, Mr. Stewart Goodrell, then a member of the House from Wash- ington county, moved the appointment of a committee of five to investigate the charges made by Mr. King. Tlie committee was subsequently increased to seven, as follows: W. J. Cochran, of Lee connty; Stewart Goodrell, of Washington county; Alfred Ilebard, of Des Moines county; Andrew Leech, of Davis county; Samuel Whitmore of Jefferson county; John L. Morton, of Henry county, and Robert Smyth, of Linn county. The com- mittee commenced their investigations on the same day that Mr. King made his statement. Marshal] was arrested, and various witnesses were com^ 11 1^2 HISTOEY OF IOWA. manded to appear before the committee to give evidence in the case, and tlie investigation which was commenced on the 9th of December, 1846, appears not to have ended until tlie 19th of January, 1847. Not until the 4th of February was any report made to the House, and then it did not show that tlie committee had arrived at any conclusions. The report and testimony were ordered to be laid on the table, subject to the further order of the House. The report was never called up. On the same day that Mr. King made his original statement to the House of the attempted bribery, a resolu- tion tendering him a vote of thanks, was laid on the table. ISTear the close of the session (Feb. 24) this resolution was called up, and a substitute oifered for it by Mr. Smyth, of Linn, censuring both King and Marshall. The original resolution and the substitute were both laid on the table, and that was the end of the bribery case, which excited a great deal of interest among the pol- iticians and people of the State at that early day in her political history. It should be stated that Mr. Marshall was not a member of either branch of the General Assembly. The developments on investigation were generally understood at the time to be quite as damaging to the party making the charge as to any other person. The legislature adjourned without electing United States Senators at that session. The next General Assembly elected George W. Jones, of Dubuque, and Augustus C Dodge, of Burlington. A, Clinton Hastings, and Shepherd Leffler, represented the State in the 29th "Congress, 1846 to 1847, being the first Representatives in Congress from Iowa. EDUCATIONAL. Public Schools — How Supported — State University — Its Presidents — Faculty — University Fund — Agricultural College — State Normal School — Other State Educational Institutions — Public and Private Colleges and Schools. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. We have seen that the first territorial legislature made provision for gen- eral education by organizing a system of common schools. The famous or- dinance of 1787 required that " schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged," and this has been the policy of the government in the admission of every new State since that time, as evinced by the liberal grants of the public lands for educational purposes. The public schools are supported by funds arising from several different sources. In the first place, the sixteenth section of every congressional town- ship was set apart by the government for school purposes - being one thirty- sixth ynxt of all the land in the State. Congress also made to the State an additional donation of 500,000 acres, and an appropriation of five per cent on all the sales of public lands in the State. The State also gives the pro- ceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it. The money derived from these sources constitutes the pemiansnt school fund, and,' including the . proceeds of the land still unsold, will amount to oxer four millions o? dol- lars. The interest on this fund is apportioned by the State Auditor semi- aimually to the several counties of the State, in proportion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also generally levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources consti- HISTORY OF IOWA. 163 tiites the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub- district in the State to afford from six to nine months school each year. While Iowa is fostering and building up many excellent institutions of a higher order, the glory of her educational work consists in her admirable system of common schools — her peoples' colleges. The superintendent of public instruction is the highest school officer of the State, and exercises a general supervision over its educational interests, so far as relates to the pub- lic schools. Each county has a county superintendent, who examines appli- cants for teachers' certificates, visits the schools, reports annually to the State Superintendent, and exercises a general charge over the schools of the county. Each civil township constitutes what is called a district township, which is divided into sub-districts, and each sub-district elects a sub-director. The several sub-directors in the district township constitute a board of directors. In towns and cities there are independent districts, which elect officers to manage their affairs independently of the district townships. The common school system has recently been greatly improved by the in- auguration of normal institutes, under the auspices of the superintendent of public instruction, and also by the establishment of a permanent State normal school at Cedar Falls. The total permanent school fund, November 1, 1877, was $3,460,348.76. This is being augmented from different sources, and the interest only is applied toward the support of the common schools. STATE UNIVERSITY. By an act of Congress of July 20, 1840, the secretary of the treasury was authorized to set apart and reserve from sale not exceeding two entire town- ships of land in Iowa, for the use and support of a university. The consti- tution under which Iowa was admitted into the Union contained a provision requiring the General Assembly to take measures for the protection, im- provement, or other disposition of the land granted by Congress for the university, and to create from the proceeds of the same a permanent fund for the use of a university, A bill was passed by the first General Assembly, establishing at Iowa City an institution to be called the " State University," with such branches as, in the opinion of the General Assembly, the public convenience might thereafter require. The same act also granted for the use of the university the public building, with ten acres of ground, at Iowa City, the same to be used, however, for the purposes of the State government until the removal of the capital. By acts of January 15, 1849, and January 16, 1849, two branches of the university, located respectively at Fairfield and Dubuque, were established, and placed upon equal footing, " in respect to funds and other matters," with the university established at Iowa City by the act of 1847. The branch at Fairfield was organized May 6, 1849. A site of twenty acres of ground was purchased and a building erected, upon which twenty -five hundred dollars had been expended. The building was almost destroyed by a hurricane in 1851. No aid from the State or the University fund was ever given in support of the branches. The board at Fairfield requested the termination of its relation to the State, and, in ac- cordance with this request, an act was passed January 24, 1853, severing the connection. The branch at Dubuque was never organized. The new con- stitution, which took effect September 3, 1857, provided that " the State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution and no other." 164: HISTORY OF IOWA. At a special meeting of the board, February 21, 1850, it recognized the "College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," an institu- tion at Davenport established under the laws of the State as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," but with the express stipulation that such recognition should not render the university liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the board to acquire any control^ over the property or management of the medical association. Soon after this the medical college removed to Keokuk. This arrangement was terminated by the operation of the new constitution. In March, 1855, the University was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks, and there was an attendance of from seventy-five to one hundred students during the terra. The first regular catalogue was published for the year lS5d-7. At a meeting of the board, August 4, 1858, the degree of "Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree conferred upon a student of the University. From 1860 to 1877, inclusive, the total number of ladies in the collegiate department was 2,991, and gentlemen 3,941 ; total number of ladies in the law department since its organization, 6, and gentlemen, 632 ; total number of ladies in the medical department since its organization 48, and gentlemen 469. The presidents since its organization have been : Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., elected July 16, 1855. Silas Totten, D. D., LL.D., elected Oct. 25, 1859. Professor Oliver M. Spencer, elected August 19, 1862. Professor Nathan R. Leonard, elected June 26, 1866, as president pro tern., during absence of President Spencer in Europe fifteen months by leave of the board. James Black, D.D., elected March 4, 1868. Rev. George Thacher, elected March 1, 1871. C W. Slagle, of Fairfield, elected president j^ro fern., June, 1877. J. L. Pickard, elected in 1878. The faculty of the University consists of the president, nine professors in the collegiate department, one professor and six instructors in military sci- ence; chancellor, three professors and four lecturers in the law department; eight professor demonstrators of anatomy; professor of surgery and two lecturers in the medical department, and two professors in the homeopathic medical department. The law department was established in June, 1868; the medical depart- ment in 1869; the chair of railtary instruction in June, 1874, and the depart- ment of homeopathy in 1876. ^ From 1858 to 1876, inclusive, the General Assembly has made appro])ria- tions for buildings, and for the support of the University, sums aggregating $264,757. The Seventeenth General Assembly, by an act approved March 22, 1878, made an appropriation, as an endowment fund, of $20,000 annually, and an additional appropriation of $10,000 for repairs of buildings, fences, walks and other purposes. On the 30th of September, the University held interest bearinj^ mortgage notes amounting to $195,423.13; contract notes amounting to $10,357.74, and a fund loiown as the Saline fund, amounting to $4,106.85. These amounts, aggregating $209,887.72, constitute a per- manent fund, the interest of which goes to the support of the University. There were also, September 30, 1877, remaining unsold, 2,059.70 acres of University lands, and 3887.10 acres of Saline lands, making a total of 5,946.80 mSTOET OF IOWA. 165 acres, the proceeds of which when sold, will go to increase the permanent University fund. At five dollars per acre these lands will add to the perma- nent fund $29,734, which amount added to the above will give to the Uni- versity a permanent endowment fund of $239,621.72. AGKICTJLTUEAL COLLEGE. By an act of Congress passed in 1862, a grant of 240,000 acres of land was made to the State for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts. Under this act 240,000.96 acres were appropriated to the State; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual number of acres in the grant was 204,309.30. In addition to this grant Congress also gave its assent to the State to use for the same purpose the five sections of land in Jasper county, which had been selected for the seat of government of the State. There were also donated in Story and Boone counties for the use of the institution 921 acres, making a grand total of 208,430.30 acres. This hist donation of 921 acres was made by citizens of Story and Boone counties. The General Assembly passed an act which was approved March 22, 1858, establishing the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. Under this act a board of trustees was appointed, which at a meeting in June, 1859, received propositions for the location, and in July the offer of the present location in Story county, was accepted. In 1864 the General Assembly ap- propriated $20,000 for the erection of a College building, and in 1866 an additional appropriation of $91,000 was made. The building was com- pleted in 1868. An office was opened in Fort Dodge for the sale of the Col- lege lands, and Hon. George W. Bassett was appointed agent for their sale. From the establishment of this agency in August, 1865, to JSTovember 1, 1867, the amount received on sales of lands was $68,782.81, and the amount of interest collected on leases for the same time was $338,931.78, making a total of $406,714.65, which is a permanent endowment fund. The courses of study in the College, as revised in 1877, are as follows: 1 — The Course in Science as related to Agriculture. 2 — The Course in Mechanical Engineering. 3 — The Course in Civil Engineering. 4 — The Ladies' Course in Science. 5 — Course for Juniors and Seniors" in Special Industrial Sciences. 6 — Post-graduate Courses of Study. 7 — The Prepar- atory Course. From 1872 to 1877, inclusive, the number of graduates of the College was 123. By the terms of the law, tuition in the Agricultural College is made for- ever free to pupils from the State, over sixteen years of age, who have re- sided in the State six months prior to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three pupils, and additional pupils to the extent of the capacity of the College, are distributed by the board of trustees among the counties in proportion to the population. The following constitute the Faculty: — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of Military Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Bot- any, Zoology, Entomology; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stan- ton, Mathematics and Political Economy; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Pre- 166 HISTORY OF IOWA. ceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics; J. S. Lee, B. S , Assistant Professor of Chemistry; Mrs. M. B. Welch, Instructor of the English Lan- guage, and Lecturer on Domestic Economy; J. C. Arthur, M.S., Librarian, and Demonstrator of Botany and Zoology. There are also instructors in Vocal and Instrumental Music. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. The State Normal School was established by the General Assembly, at Iowa Falls, in 1870, and under the law the property of the Orphans' Home, at that place, was transferred for the use of the Normal School. The first Board of Directors organized June 7th, of that year. II. C. Ilemenway, was chosen President; J. J. Tolerton, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. At the same meeting Prof. J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., was elected Principal of the school. The following constitute the Faculty: — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Languages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Profes- sor of Mathematics; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. During the second year 105 ladies and 50 gentlemen were in attendance, 33 counties of Iowa being represented. By an act of the General Assem- bly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $13,500 was appropriated for the maintenance of the school for the next biennial period of two years, By the same act the board of directors were empowered to charge pupils a tui- tion fee of not exceeding six dollars per term, if necessary, in order to prop- erly support the school. COLLEGES, SEMINARIES AND ACADEMIES. There are also in Iowa the following educational institutions: COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. COUNTY, Des Moines . Payette .... Fremont Henry Henry Humboldt . . Jefferson . . . , Linn Linn Mahaska . . . Mahaska . . . Marion Mills Paffe Polk Poweshiek . . Scott Warren Winneshiek. liOCATION. Burlington .... Fayette Tabor Mount Pleasant Salem Humboldt Fairfield Mount Vernon. Western Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Pella Malvern College Springs Des Moines Grinnell Davenport Indianola. . . . . . Decorah Burlington University Upper Iowa University Tabor College Iowa Wesleyan University. Whittier College Humboldt College Parson's College Cornell College Western College Oskaloosa College Penn College Central University of Iowa. Baptist CoUege Amity CoUege University of Des Moines . . Iowa College Griswold College Simpson Centenary College. Luther College HISTORY OF IOWA. ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 1C7 COUNTY. LOCATION. TITLE. Allamakee . . Allamakee . . Allamakee. . . Appanoose . . . Appanoose. . . Benton Benton Benton Benton Black Hawk. Black Hawk. Black Hawk . Black Hawk . Buchanan . . . . Chickasaw . . . Chickasaw . . . Clarke Clarke Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clmton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Davis Davis Delaware. . . . Delaware Des Moines. . Des Moines. Des Moines.. Des Moines . . Des Moines. . Des Moines . . Des Moines.. Des Moines . . Des Moines . . Des Moines., Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dnbuque Dubuque . . . . Dubuque ... Dubuque Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . , Dubuque . . . . Dubuque . . . , Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton . . . Hardin , Waukon Lansing. . . Lansing Moulton C enter ville Vinton West Irving. . . Blairstown Vinton Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Independence . . . Bradford Fredericksburg. . Murray Osceola Elkader Guttenburg McGregor Clayton Center. . Lyons Lyons Lyons Clinton De Witt Olive Township. Bloomfield Troy Hopkinton Petersburg Burlington Kossuth Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dyersville New Vienna Cascade Table Mound. . . Dubuque Sherrill's Mount. Epworth Farley ■lefFerson Grundy Center. . Panora Webster City. . . Ackley ICatholic School Waukon Seminary Sisters' School Mrs. Houghton's School Moulton Normal School Centerville Academy Tilford Academy Irving Institute Blairstown Academy Eclectic Institute Conservatory of Music Cedar Valley Institute Prame Home Seminary Our Lady of Victory Notre Dame Bradford Academy Select School Graded School Osceola Private School Sisters' School Sisters' School Sisters' School German School Riverside Institute Seminary of Our Lady of Angels Latin School Business College .• . . Sisters' School Norwegian Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. Troy Normal and Classical Institute Lenox Collegiate Institute ! Petersburg Catholic School Mr. Gordon's School for both sexes Kossuth Academy Graff's School Young Ladies' School German-American School German Evangelical Zion School First German Evangelical School St. John's Convent St. Paul's School St. Patrick's School German Theological Seminary St. Joseph's College St. Joseph's Academy St. Mary's School St. Patrick's School Academy of Visitation St. Maria, (German) Private Primary Private Boarding School St. Francis St. Boniface Church School Church School Church School St. Peters'. Epworth Seminary Church School Jefferson Academy Grundy Center Academy Guthrie County High School Webster City Academy 168 __.■ HISTOKT OF IOWA. ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTIUTIONS— Conf/nwefi. COUNTY. LOCATION. TITLE. Hardin Hardin Hardin Henry Henry Henr}' Henry Howard Iowa Iowa Jasper Jasper Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson Johnson Johnson Jones Jones Keokuk Keokuk Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Mahaska Mahaska Mahaska Marion Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Mills Mitchell Muscatine Muscatine Muscatine Pocahontas .... Polk Polk Polk Polk Pottawattamie . Pottawattamie . Pottawattamie . Scott Scott Scott Van Bnren Van Buren Wapello Wapello Warron Washington . . . Webster Webster Winneshiek. . . . Winneshiek .... Woodbury Alden . New Providence. Eldora. Mt. Pleasant. Mt. Pleasant. Mt. Pleasant. New London. Cresco . Marsngo. LytleCity. Lyimville . Prairie City. Newton. Pleasant Plaine. Fairfield. Fairfield. Iowa City . Iowa City. Anamosa. Olin. Baden Coal Creek German Township. Algona Denmark Cedar Rapids Grand View Chariton Hopewell Oskaloosa RoseHUl Knoxville Albion Le Grand Le Grand Stanford Glenwood Osage Wilton Muscatine Muscatine Fonda Des Moines Des Moines Des Moines Mitchellviile Council Bluffs Council Bluffs Council Bluffs Davenport Davenport Davenport Birmingham Farraington Ottuniwa Ottumwa Ackworth Washington Fort Dodge Fort Dodge Decorah SpiUville Sioux City Private School New Providence Academy Eldora Academy , Female Seminary, and Howe's Academy German College German Primary , Academy Private School Root's Winter School Catholic School Lynnville Seminary South Side Academy Hazel Dell Academy Pleasant Plaine Academy Fail-field Academy, and Private School High School McClain's Academy, and St. Joseph's Institute. St. Agatha's Seminary Anamosa Academy Olin High School Baden Select School Friends' Select School German Lutheran School Algona College Denmark Academy Collegiate Institute Eastern Iowa Normal School Chariton Academy Hopev/ell Academy Select School Select School Knoxville Academy Albion Seminary Le Grand Christian Institute Le Grand Institute Stanford Institute Private School Cedar Valley Seminary Wilton Seminary, and Collegiate Institute Sisters' School, and German School Business College Teachers' Normal St. Ambrose School St. Mary's School, (German) Business College Mitchell Seminary St. Francis' Boys' School St. Francis' Girls' School German School St. Margaret's, and Sisters' Academy St. Cunigundns' St. Anthony's, and Business College Birmingham Academy. Select School Convent of St. Joseph, and Commercial College. Female Seminary, and Pecks' Normal Ackworth Seminary Washington Academy Convent of Our Lady of Lourdes Gennan School Decorah Institute, and Business College Catholic School German School HISTOKT OF IOWA. 169 STATE INSTITUTIONS. Hospitals for the Insane — College for the Blind — Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb — Or- phans' Homes — Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children — The Penitentiary — The Additional Penitentiary — State Reform School — State Historical Society. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. The General Assembly, by an act approved January 24, 1855, appropri- ated $4,425 to purchase a site for a Hospital for the Insane, and $50,000 for the erection of a building. Edward Johnston, of Lee county; Charles S. Clarke, of Henry county, and the Governor (Grimes), were appointed to se- lect the location and superintend the erection of a building. They made the location at Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, and adopted a plan with suffi- cient capacity to accommodate three hundred patients. Henry Win slow was appointed to superintend the erection of the building. The building was not ready for occupancy until March, 1861. Witliin the first three months about one hundred patients were admitted. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was appinted Superintendent, and in 1865 he was succeeded by Dr. Mark Ranney. From the opening of the Hospital to the 1st of No- vember, 1877, there had been admitted 3,584 patients, of whom 1,141 had been discharged recovered, 505 improved, 589 nnimproved, and one died. The total number discharged was 2,976, leaving 608 under treatment. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTY. In 1868 a bill passed the General Assembly making an appropriation of $125,000 for the erection of an additional Hospital for the Insane, at Inde- pendence, Buchanan county. A board of commissioners was appointed, who commenced their duties June 8, 1868. They made the location about a mile from Independence, on the west side of the Wapsipinicon river, and about one mile from the river. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. On the 1st of October, 1877, the Superintendent, Albert Reynolds, M. D., reported 322. patients in the hospital. COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND, VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an in- stitution at Keokuk for the instruction of the blind. In January, 1853, the General Assembly j^assed an act by which the State adopted the institution at Keokuk, and on the 4th of April, of the same year, it was opened for the reception of pupils, at Iowa City. A board of trustees was appointed, with authority to receive propositions and make a permanent location. Liberal donations were made by citizens of Yinton, Benton county, and that place was selected. In "October, 1862, the institution was opened at Yinton with twenty-four pupils. Up to 1878 about $285,000 have been expended in buildings and improvements connected with this institution. During the period of two years, ending November 6, 1877, about 135 pupils were in attendance. The faculty is presided over by Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M., as Principal. 170 HISTOKY OF IOWA. INSTITUTION FOR THE DE.iF AND DUMB, COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY. This institution was established first at Iowa City, bj an act of the Gen- eral Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. W. E. Ijams was the first Principal. He resigned in 1862, and the board of trustees appointed Ben- jamin Talbot his successor. In 1868 commissioners were appointed to re- locate the institution and superintend the erection of a building, and the sum of $125,000 was appropriated to commence the work. It was located about two miles south of Council Bluffs, and connected with it is a tract ot about ninety acres of ground. The main building and one wing were com- pleted October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied. On the 25th of Feb- ruary, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire, and and on the 6th of August, of the same year, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and tlie walls partially injured by a tornado. About 150 pupils were in attendance at the time of the fire. About half of the classes were dismissed, reducing the number to about sevent3^ The institution re- mains in charge of Benjamin Talbot as Superintendent. By an act of the General Assembly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $40,000 was ap- propriated for the purpose of rebuilding and completing in a plain and sub- stantial manner the main building. soldiers' orphans' homes, davenport, cedar falls, glenwood. In 1866 the General Assembly passed an act establishing three Homes for the soldiers' orphans, as follows: located at Davenport, Cedar Falls, and Glenwood. This was the result of a movement inaugurated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war. In October, 1863, she called a convention at Davenport, to devise measures for the support and education of the orphan children of Iowa soldiers who had fallen in the na- tional defense. An association was formed, and provision made for raising funds. A sufficient amount of funds was raised to open the Home, and at a meeting of the Trustees in March, 1864, they decided to commence op- erations at once. A large brick building in Van Buren county was secured, and on the 13th of July, of the same year, the executive committee re- ported that they were ready to receive pupils. In little more than six months seventy pupils were in attendance. The Home continued to be sus- tained by voluntary subscriptions until 1866, when it was assumed by the State and the three Homes established as above stated. In 1876 the Homes at Cedar Falls and Glenwood were discontinued, and the pupils remaining in them removed to the Home at Davenport. The buildings at Cedar Falls were appropriated to the use of the State Normal School, and those at Glen- wood to the use of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. September 30, 1877, there were in attendance at the Home in Davenport 139 sol- diers' orphans, and forty-one indigent children, the Sixteenth General As- sembly having passed an act opening the Home for the admission of in- digent children. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, GLENWOOD, MILLS COUNTY. By an act approved March 17, 1876, an Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children was established at Glenwood, Mills county. The buildings and grounds for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home were by the same act transferred HISTOKT OF IOWA. 171 to the use of the new institution, whicli was placed under the management of three trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 18T6. The property having been repaired, the Asylum was opened September 1, 1876, and the school organized on the 6th with only five pupils. In Novem- ber, 1877, the number had increased to eighty-seven. THE PENITENTIABY, FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY. The Territorial Legislature by an act approved January 25, 1839, provided for the election by joint ballot of the Council and House of Representa- tives of the Territory, of three directors to locate the Penitentiary within one mile of the public square in the town of Fort Madison, and provided further, limiting the cost of the Penitentiary to an amount not exceeding forty thousand dollars. The same act authorized the Governor to draw the sum of twenty thousand dollars which had been appropriated by Congress for the erection of public buildings ici the Territory of Iowa, to pay for materials and work on the building. The location at Fort Madison, how- ever, was coupled witli a proviso that the citizens of that place and Lee county should execute to the directors a deed for ten acres of ground. All the conditions were complied with, and the erection of the building was commenced July 9, 1839. The main building and warden's house were completed in the autumn of 1841. Since that time additions and other im- provements have been made. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY, ANAMOSA, JONES COUNTY The Additional Penitentiary at Anamosa was established under an act of the General Assembly approved April 3, 1872. Three commissioners were appointed to make the location and provide for the erection of the necessary buildings. They met at Anamosa, June 4, 1872, and made selection of a site donated by the citizens. Work was commenced on the building Sep- tember 28th of the same year, and May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred from the Penitentiary at Fort Madison to Anamosa. The entire enclosure embraces fifteen acres. THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL, ELDORA, HARDIN COUNTY. On the 31st of March, 1868, an act of the General Assembly was approved establishing a State Reform School near the town of Salem, Henry county. A board of trustees, consisting of one from each Congressional district, was appointed. A proposition was accepted for the lease of W hite's Iowa Man- ual Labor Institute at Salem, the buildings fitted up, and on the 7th of Octo- ber, 1868, the first inmate was received from Jasper county. In 1872, an act was passed and approved providing for the permanent location, and $45,000 appropriated for erecting the necessary buildings. The permanent location was made at Eldora, Hardin county. Inmates are admitted at ages over seven and under sixteen years. The object of this school is the reformation of juvenile offenders. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1856, under an act of the Sixth General As- sembly, "for the purpose of collecting, arranging and preserving books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other 172 HISTOET OF IOWA. materials illustrative of the history of this State; and also to preserve the memorj of tlie early pioneers of Iowa, their deeds, exploits, perils, and adven- tures; to secure facts relative to our Indian Tribes; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and to mark the progress of our rapidly increasing common- wealth; to publish such of the collections of the society as it shall from time to time deem of value and interest; to bind such publications and other books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers as they may publish or collect; and to aid in all respects as may be within its province, to develop the his- tory of this State in all its departments." At that time the sum of $3,000 per annum for two years was appropriated. The society is under the man- ao-ement of a board of Curators, consisting of one member appointed by the governor from each congressional district, and of nine additional members elected by the society. The officers consist of a president, secretary, treasurer and librarian. RAILROADS. In May, 1854, the first rail was laid in Iowa, at or near high water mark on the bank of the Mississippi, in the city of Davenport. That year the road was completed to Iowa City, a distance of about 54|^ miles. The first loco- motive in Iowa was landed at Davenport in July of the same year, and was called the "Antoine LeClaire." The road was then called the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad. The first rail was laid at Keokuk, on what was then called the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, on the 9th day of September, 1856, and in October of the same year two locomotives for the road were landed at Keokuk from a barge which arrived from Quincy. They were called the "Keokuk" and the "Des Moines." In the meantime several lines of railroad had been projected to cross the State from points on the Mississippi. On the 15th of May, 1756, an act of Congress was approved making a grant of land to the State to aid in the construction of railroads from Burlington to the Missouri river, near the mouth of Platte river; from Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs; from Lyons northeasterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa thence on said main line, running as near as practicable on the forty-second parallel across the State to the Missouri river, and from Dubuque to a point on the Missouri river at or near Sioux City. The grant embraced the sections designated by odd numbers six miles in width on each side of the four roads named. Where lands had been sold the State was authorized to select other lands equal in quantity from alternate sections or parts of sections within fifteen miles of the lines located. The law provided certain conditions to be observed by the State in disposing of the lands to the railroads for which they were granted. In consequence of this grant the governor called a spe- cial session of the General Assembly which convened at Iowa City in July of that year, and on the 14th of the same month an act was approved accepting the grant, and re^ranting the lands to the railroads named, on certain speci- fied conditions. The roads, with the exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants, and located their lines before April 1, 1857, that being a stipulation in the act of July 14th. The lands granted to the Iowa Central Air Line road were again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company. The act of Congress making this grant named no companies, but designated certain lines, in aid of which they should be HISTOET OF IOWA. 173 applied, leaving the State free to dispose of the lands to such companies as would comply with the conditions. The state granted the lands to the fol- lowing companies: Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company; Mis- sissippi & Missouri River Railroad Company; Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, and Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company, These became the first land grant roads in Iowa. Sev^eral subsequent acts of Congress modified the conditions of the first act, especially with reference to changes in the lines of the several roads. On the 12th of May, 1864, Congress made another grant of land to the State to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City. This grant embraced every alternate section ten miles on each side of the proposed road, with the right to receive other lands for such as might be sold or pre-empted. By an act approved August 8, 1846, Congress granted to Iowa the alter- nate sections on each side of the Des Moines river for the purpose of improv- ing the navigation of that river from the mouth to the Raccoon Fork. In 1847 the State organized a board of public works. The board constructed, or partially constructed, dams and locks at some four or five points on the river, when with the approval of Congress, the lands were transferred to a company styled the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. At this time (1854) the board of public works had disposed of most of the lands below the Raccoon Fork, and 58,000 acres above it, and had incurred an indebtedness of $70,000 over and above the proceeds of the sales made. This indebtedness was assumed by the company. In the meantime there were different and conflicting rulings as to whether the lands above the Raccoon Fork were intended to be included in the grant. This led to a compromise with the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. The company took all the land certified to the State prior to 1857, and paid the State $20,000 in addition to what they had expended, and abandoned the work. Congress, in 1862, settled the question as to the extent of the grant by a definite enactment extending the grant to the north line of the State, and the General Assembly granted the remainder of the lands to the Des Moines Valley Railroad Company to aid in building a railroad up and along the Des Moines valley, and thus this road also became a land grant road. Under the several acts of Congress there have been granted to the State to aid in building railroads, an aggregate of 4,394,400.63 acres of land, including the grant of August 8, 1846, for the Des Moines river improve- ment, as follows: Burlington and Missouri River Railroad 292,806.41 Mississippi and Missouri River (now C. R. I. & P.) 482,374.36 Iowa Central Air Line (now Cedar Rapids & Missouri) 735,997.80 Dubuque & Sioux City & Branch 1,232,359.15 McGregor & Sioux City (now McGregor & Missouri River). . 137,572.27 Sioux City & St. Paul 407,910.21 Des Moines Yalley 1,105,380.43 Total number of acres 4,394,400.63 On the 1st of January, 1877, there were in Iowa 3,938 miles of railroad. Since that time the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, as it is now called, has been extended from Algona to Sheldon, and several other lines have been constructed or extended, making over 4,000 miles of railroad in the State, with an aggregate assessed valuation of over $23,000,000. Several very 174 mSTOEY OP IOWA. important roads in the State have been constructed without the aid of land grants, while others are projected and will be completed in due time. OFFICIAL KECOKD. TERRITOKIAL OFFICERS. Governors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries — ^William B. Conwaj, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke, 1839; O. H. W. Stull, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors — Jesse Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843; Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers —^\i.oxvLi(ya. Bajliss, 1839; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan AV. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward John- ston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. First Constitutional Convention^ 18 ^Jf, — Shepherd Leffler, President; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention^ 18J(.6 — Enos Lowe, President; T/"il- liam Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868; Samuel Merrill, 1868 to 1872; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. Gear, 1878 to . Lieutenant Governors — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1; John R. Needhara, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866- 67; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; Joseph Dysart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 1878 to . Secretaries of State— EX\Q\i^ Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to 1879; J. A. T. Hull, 1879 to . Auditors of State— ^o^e^h. T. Fales, Dec. 6, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 William Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec 4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 I HISTORY OF IOWA. 175 Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliott, 1865 to 1871; John Russell, 1871 to 1875; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of State —Wovgwsx Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2,1850; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 1867; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction — OflSce created in 1847 — James Harlan, June 5, 1847 (Supreme Court decided election void); Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1847, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office de- volved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859- 1863; Gran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Puhlic Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864— Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867; D, Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. von Coelln, 1877 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan. 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875 to 1879; J. K. Powers, 1879 to . State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to 1879;' Matt. C. Parrott, 1879 to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Horn- ish. f853 (resigned Ivlay 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to 1879; Frank M. Mills, 1879 to . Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. AV, McCleary, 1855- 7; Elijah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel B.Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to 1878; Koble Warwick, resigned; G. L. Alexander, 1878 to . Attorneys General — David C. Cloud, 1853-56; Samuel A. Rice, 1856- 60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877 to . Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas Hughes, 1848; John J. Sclman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the Hoiise — Jesse B. Browne, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2: James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 176 HISTORY OF IOWA. 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John Edwards, 1860-1; Paish Clark. 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 1866-7; John Kussell, 1868-9; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 1872-3; John 11. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Constitutional Convention^ 1857 — Francis Springer, President; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. STATE OFFICEKS, 1878, John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sheaman, Auditor of State; Geo. W. Bemis Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land OflBce; John H. Looby, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attorney-General; Mrs. Ada North, State. Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. von CeoUn, Superin- tendent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Register Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Pub- lic Instruction. STATE OFFICEKS, 1879. John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor; J. A. T. Hull, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; J. K. Powers, Register of State Land Office; G. L. Alexander, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attor- ney-General; Mrs. Sadie B. Maxwell, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. von Coelln, Superintendent Public Instruction; Frank M. Mills, State Printer; Matt C. Parrott, State Binder. THE JUDICIARY. 9 SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; Joseph Wil- liams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; George G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; George G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866; Ralph P.Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871. to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan.l, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; Wm. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, HISTOKY OF IOWA. 177 June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Bald- win, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; Geo. G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dillon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1,1864, to 1867; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W. E. Mil- ler, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPEEME COURT, 1879. Joseph M. Beck, Lee county. Chief Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque county. Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Mahaska county. Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fremont county. Associate Justice; Jas. H. Roth- rock, Cedar county, Associate Justice. CONGRESSION'AL REPRESENTATION". UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 1848-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858 — died 1870; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, Iowa City, elected Jan 13, 1866, to fill vacancy occasioned by resig- nation of James Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Twenty-ninth Congress — 181^.6 to 181^7 — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress — 181^,7 to 18 l^B — First District, William Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress — 181^9 to 1851 — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853 — First District, Bernliart Henn ; Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress— 1853 to 1855 — First District, Bernhart Henn; Second District, John P. Cook. Thirty -fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857 — First District, Augustus Hall ; Second District, James Thorington. Thirty -fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859 — First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861 — First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second District. William Yandever. 12 178 HISTOEY OF IOWA. Thirty -seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863 — First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, Jas. F. Wil- son; Second District, Wm. Yandever. Thirty -eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865 — First District, James F. Wilson; Second District, Iliram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District, John A. Kasson; Sixth Dist,, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867 — First District, James F. Wilson; Second District Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District John A. Kasson; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869 — First District, James F. Wilson; Sec- ond District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress— 1869 to 1871— Fiv&t District, Geo. W. McCrary; Second District William Smyth; Third District, William B.Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873 — First District, George W. Mc- Crary; Second District, Aylett R.Cotton; Third District W. G. Donnan; Fourth District, Madison M. Walden; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875 — First District, Geo. W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District, William G. Donnan; Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- trict, William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A Kasson; Eighth Dis- trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth Congress — 1875 to 1877 — First District George W. Mc- Crary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- trict, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth Dis- trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to i<575— First District, J. C. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Bnrdick; Fourth District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth District, Addison Oliver, Forty -sixth Congress — 1879 to 1881 — First District, l^Ioses A. McCoid; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, Thomas UpdegrafF; Fourth District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark; Sixth District, J. B. Weaver; Seventh District, E.H.Gillette; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth District, Cyrus C. Carpenter. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. On the 14th of April, 1853, the following editorial appeared in the Fair- jleld Ledger: " State Fair. — Iowa is an Agricultural State, but as yet her agricultural resources are bat in the infancy ot their development. In some counties, * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission of Bngadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. HISTOKT OF IOWA. 179 however, some attention has been paid to the organization of societies for the promotion of the interests of agriculture. These several societies have had their annual fairs, and in this way much good has been done, but the growing importance of our agricultural and industrial interest now demands a more feneral and extensive arrangement. Let us then have a State Agricultural air sometime in next October or November. Let some central point be fixed upon for an exhibition which will be an honor to our young State. It would not be expected that the first exhibition of the kind would vie with those of older States, where societies have long been established. But in a few years a well organized State Society with its annual fairs, would accom- plish the same good results that have attended them in other States. The mechanical arts, as well as the raising of stock or grain, might be brought to a high state of perfection. We suggest that this matter be taken into consideration in time, and let there be a union of all the county societies that are organized, with such as may be organized, for the purpose of hold- ing a general Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition next fall." The suggestions of the foregoing article Ave re heartily seconded by several papers of the State, and especially by the Iowa Farmer and Horticulturist^ at Burlington, No definite action was taken until the 14th day of October, 1853, when at the close of the Second Annual Exhibiton of tlie Jefferson County Agri- cultural Society, that Society met for the election of a board of ofiicers. At this meeting C. W. Slagle oftered the following resolution: Resolved^ That the officers of the Society be instructed to take immediate steps to effect the organiztion of a State Agricultural Society and use their influence to have said Society hold its first exhibition at Fairfield, in Octo- ber, 1854. This resolution was adopted, and on the 21st of November, a notice signed by P. L. Huyett, O. Baldwin, and J. M. Shatter, was issued to the different county societies, inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held at Fairfield, December 28, 1853, to take part in the organization of a State Society. Pursuant to this call, the meeting was held, and delegates were present from the counties of Henry, Jefferson, Lee, Yan Buren and Wap- ello. Communications from officers of societies, and one from Hon. James W. Grimes, were read, heartily approving of the movement. D. P. Ins- keep, of Wapello county, was chairman of the meeting, and David Sheward, of Jefferson county, secretary. A committee was appointed which reported a constitution for the society. The society was duly organized with the fol- foUowing officers: Thomas W. Claggett, Lee county, President; D, P. Ins- keep, Wapello county. Vice President; J, M, Shaffer, Jefferson county, Secretary ; C. W, Slagle, Jefferson county. Corresponding Secretary, and W. B. Chamberlin, Des Moines county. Treasurer, In addition to the above officers, the following were appointed a Board of Managers : Lee County. — Arthur Bridgeman, Reuben Brackett, and Josiah Hinkle. Van Buren County. — Timothy Day, Dr. Elbert, and William Campbell. Henry County. — Thomas Siviter, Amos Lapham, and J W. Frazier. Jeiferson County. — P, L. Huyett, John Andrews, and B, B. Tuttle. Wapello Caunty. — P. H. Warden, Gen. Ramsay, and Uriah Biggs. Mahaska County.—Wm. McKinley, Sr., Johii White, and M. T. Wil- liams. Polk County. — Dr. Brooks, Thomas Mitchell, and William McKay. 180 HISTORY OF IOWA. Des Moines County. — J. F. Tallant, A. K. Avery, and G. Neelj, Louisa County.— (jQOY^e Kee, Francis Springer, and Joshua Marshall. Muscatine County. — J. H. Wallace, James Weed, and John A. Parvin. Duhuque County. — W, Y. Lovel, Orlando McCraney, and L. H. Lang- worthy. Johnson County. — R. H. Sylvester, LeGrand Byington, and C. Saunders. Scott County. — J. A. Burchard, James Thoringtou, and Laurel Summers. A resolution was adopted providing that the first State Fair be held at Fairfield, commencing Wednesday, October 25, 1854. A resolution was also adopted for the appointment of a committee of five to memorialize the General Assembly for pecuniary aid, and the following were appointed: George W. McCleary, of Johnson county; George S. Hampton, of Johnson county; David Rorer, of Des Moines county; Ralph F. Lowe, of Lee county, and George Gillaspy, of Wapello county. At this meeting the following fourteen persons affixed their signatures to the Constitution, agreeing to become members: Charles Negus, J. M. Shafier, D. P. Inskeep, Amos Lapham, J. W. Frazier, Josiali Hinkle, J. T. Gibson, Stephen Frazier, Evan Marshall, Thomas Siviter, John Andrews, B. B. Tuttle, Eli Williams, and P. L. Huyett. This meeting was held in the court house at Fairfield, and was not very largely attended, for at that time there was not a mile of railroad in the State. THE FIRST STATE FAIR. In accordance with the arrangement made at the organization of the So- ciety, the first annual fair was held at Fairfield, commencing October 25th, 1854, and continued three days. The number of people in attendance was estimated at the time at from 7,000 to 8,000. The exhibition was consid- ered a grand success. All portions of the State at that time settled, were represented by visitors. The fair was held on the grounds which have for many years been occupied as the depot grounds of the Burlington & Mis- souri River Railroad. There was a fine display of stock, agricultural imple- ments, farm products, and articles of domestic manufacture. In the ladies' department there was an attractive exhibit of their handi-work. The nat- ural history of the State was illustrated by Dr. J. M. Shaffer's collection of reptiles and insects, and by a fine collection of birds shown by Mr. Moore, of Des Moines. The dairy was well represented, and a cheese weighing three hundred and sixty pounds was presented to Gov. Grimes by his Lee county friends. The most exciting incident of the fair was the equestrian exhibition by ten ladies. This took place on the afternoon of the second and the forenoon of the third day. The first prize was a gold watch, valued at one hundred dollars. It was awarded by the committee to Miss Turner, of Keokuk. One of the fair contestants was Miss Eliza J. Hodges, then only thirteen years of age. She rode a splendid and high-spirited horse, the property of Dr. J. C. Ware, of Fairfield. The daring style of her riding, and the per- fect control of the animal which she maintained, enlisted the favor and sympathy of the throng present in her behalf. The popular verdict would have awarded the prize to Miss Hodges. A purse of $165, and some other presents, were immediately contributed for the " Iowa City girl," as the neroine of the day was called. Provision was also made for her attendance, HISTORY OF IOWA. 181 free of all charge, for three terms, at the Ladies' Seminary at Fairfield, and one term at Mt. Pleasant, all of which she gracefully accepted. George C. Dixon, of Keokuk, delivered the first annual address. Thomas "W. Claggett was re-elected President, and Dr. J. M. Shaffer, Secretary. The second annual fiiir was appointed also to be held at Fairfield, commencing on the second Wednesday in October, 1855, and continuing three days. Such is a brief account of the humble beginning, and first exhibition of the Iowa State Agricultural Society, which has since grown to be one of the important institutions of the State, attracting to its annual exhibits many thousands of people, not only from all parts of Iowa, but from other States. THE FISH COMMISSION. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to pro- vide for furnishing tlie rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appropriated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the Otli of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello county; B. F. Shaw of Jones county, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk county were appointed to be Fisli Commission- ers by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. During the first year the Commissioners erected a "hatching house" near Anamosa, and distributed within the State 100,000 shad, 300,000 California salmon, 10.000 bass, 80,000 Penobscot salmon, 5,000 land-locked salmon, and 20,- 000 of other kinds. The next General Assembly amended the law, reducing the commission to one member, and B. F. Shaw was appointed. During the second year there were distributed 533,000 California salmon, and 100,000 young eels; in 1877, there were distributed 303,500 lake trout in the rivers and lakes of tlie State, and several hundred thousands of other species. During the years 1876 and 1877, the total number of different kinds distributed, and on hand, was over five and a half million. The Seventeenth General As- sembly, by an act approved Marcli 23, 1878, appropriated $6,000 for con- tinuing the promotion of fish culture in the State. B. F. Shaw was con- tiimed as Commissioner. STATE ENCOUEAGEMENT OF IMMIGRATION. The first legislative act in Iowa designed to promote immigration, was passed in Marcli, 1860. The law provided for the appointment by the Gov- ernor of a Commissioner of Immigration to reside and keep an office in the city of New York, from tlie first of May until the first of December of each y«ar. It was made the duty of the Commissioner to give to immi- grants information in regard to the soil and climate of the State, branches of business to be pursued with advantage, the cheapest and best routes by which to reach the State, and to protect them from imposition. To carry out the objects of the law, the sum of $4,500 was appropriated to be ap- plied as follows: for the payment of the Commissioner two years, $2,400; 182 HISTORY OF IOWA. for printing documents in English, German, and sucli other languages as the Gov^ernor might deem advisable, $1,000, and for office and office ex- penses for the Commissioner, $1,100. Under this law, Hon. N. J. Rnsch, of Scott county, who had previously been Lieutenant Governor, was appointed Immigration Commissioner, and in May, 1860, established an office in oS^ew York. The object of the law seems to have had special reference to foreign immigration. The Commissioner in his report to the Governor, in Decem- ber, 1861, gave it as his opinion, that the establishment of an agency in New York was not the most successful method of inducing immigration to a particular State. He thought far more could be accomplished at less ex- pense by the distribution ot documents. In February, 1862, the law was repealed, and the office of Commissioner of Immigration was discontinued May 1st of that year. The next effijrt put forth by the State to promote immigration was under an act passed by the Thirteenth General Assembly, in 1870. Hon. M. J. Rohlfs, of Scott county, had at the previous session introduced a bill in the House of Representatives for the purpose, but the measure did not then succeed. At the next session he renewed his effi)rts with success. The law provided for the appointment by the Governor of a Board of Immigration, to consist of one member from each Congressional district, and the Gov- ernor, who was ex-officlo President of the Board. It also provided for a Secretary, to be ex-officio Commissioner of Immigration, and to be chosen by the Board. Provision was also made for the appointment of agents in the Eastern States and in Europe, and for the publication and distribution of documents. To carry out its objects an appropriation of $5,000 was made. This was designed to pay expense of documents, salary of Secre- tary, and compensation of agents, the members of the Board receiving no compensation, except mileage for two meetings each year, to be paid out of the general fund. Under this law the following persons were appointed by Governor Merrill: Edward Mumm, of Lee county; M. J. Rohlfs, of Scott county; C. L. Clausen, of Mitchell county; C. Rhynsburger, of Marion county; S. F. Spolford, of Polk county, and Marcus Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo county. At their first meeting, held in April, 1870, they elected A. R. Fulton their Secretary, and authorized him to prepare a pamphlet for dis- tribution, in the English, German, Holland, Swedish and Norwegian lan- guages. Many thousands of copies of a pamphlet entitled "Iowa: The Home for Immigrants," were printed in the several languages named, and distributed throughout the East and in European countries. Many other pamphlets and documents were also distributed, and several agents com- missioned. So successful were the efforts of the Board that the next Gen- eral Assem^bly appropriated $10,000 for continuing the M'ork. The amend- atory law, however, reduced the Board to five members, including the Gov- ernor. The Board, as reduced, was composed of the following members: M. J. Rohlfs, of Scott county; S. F. Spofford, of Polk county; Marcus Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo county; C. Y. Gardner, of Pottawattamie county, and the Governor. The new Board continued the former Secretary, and pursued its work by the distribution of documents, through agents and by correspondence. After four years existence the Board of Immigration was discontinued, but not until it had doubtless been the means of inducing thousands to find homes within the borders of Iowa. Statistics. NUMBEK OF TKOOPS FUKNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DUEING THE WAE OF THE EEBELLION, TO JANUAEY 1, 1865 * No. Regiment. No. of men. No. Regiment. No. of men. 1st 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th l:3th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22d 23d 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th Both 31st 32d 33d 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th Iowa Infantry 959 1/247 1,074 1,184 1,037 ] ,013 1,138 1,027 1,090 1,027 1,022 981 989 840 1,196 919 956 875 985 925 980 1,008 961 979 995 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 984 986 914 910 39th Iowa Infantry 40th " _ " 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry 44th Infantry (100-davs men) 45th " " ■" " 46th " " " 47th " " " 48th Battalion " " 1st Iowa Cavalry 2d " " 3d " " 4th " " 5th " " 6th " " 7th " " 8th " " 9th " " Sioux City Cavahy f Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 1st Battery Artillery 2d " " 3d " " 4th " " 1st Iowa African Inf y, 60th U. S.t Dodge's Brigade Band Band of 2d Iowa Infantry Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1 , '64, for the older Iowa regiments Enlistments of Iowa men in regi- ments of other States, over Total Re- enlisted Veterans for different regiments Additional enlistments Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 1, 1865 933 900 294 867 912 892 884 346 1,478 1,394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 903 14 10 2,765 2,500 61,653 7,202 6,664 75,519 * This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. t Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry. If. Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 184: STATISTICS. »oeoi— ii>-«ticoi-Hu:ii-('>*i ;^a2Hpj^fiHb:!CcW!2^co-*ct--co lO CO C- lO -"ti I— I ■•# C-<(MC- OCOOCOOJOO'^COCDCOi— iCOr-* cqi-icocJC.r-l-<#CDC^O5C0i— iCOi— (O5C01O OOOJCOOOCOiOOSOSCDiOCOCO 1— I 1— ( CO T— H 1— 4 r— I Oi— I CO OS CO 1— I 1—1 1—1 CO rH •spnnoA JO •F^OX ■* -^ CD-^ -^ I •^|(T3:}U8ppDY •noip'B nj i30CO^-*CDCO00COi a <^ > ei fZ <^ _- O - r ^ ->5 33 53 cS.-^, > ,>>i3- &•£• .1 |§|--S-55-|^a|.§ i § 1:5:5 §?S.a S.^l § ^fq;S«« CJ STATISTICS. 187 i^-ccoiococciiiOcar-i'x>oo •ioocor-i •■x>o • 1— ( 1— I T— 1 1— ( I— 1 • 1— I • I— 1 • 1—1 •; l-H §5 eoasO'CCi— lOf'— icoior^ocROi— lOOcooiOcoT— icoc* 1-H ix> -^ CO CO -* c- oa T-i oa >-ir-oaoo(MO ^^ l-H Oi-M-^CS •00 0-T*C0'*OO05C0C
  • --rti(M0;c00iC0C0C0C0 iOOOOO^ • l:-^«>^0.-iCqc- C- T-H (M CO 00 lO >-t 1-H Oi I^- CO (M • (M-Hr-i^cDocorrit-ococDcoc3i—i^^cO'X)0 !:o^^hocoo';0'— irioaca-* oo Cr> 00 CD •* "0 CO lO to O C~ Id "t> iO «D "0 CO lO lO iO "0 lO «0 iJO Tt< -<* CO CO OQO'^ao >— I ':o '-0 O-l coc-ooo ■^ . CO,— I • r-'^oo • Cq-^ • iXiOi-KM (M O 05 CO -^OiO-^1— lCOO>-OCOCO-^COiOC002iCI>-0"OOCO OiOi 0.1lr~Ci'*iO-*(M-*C0^ CO "*050t^COCOr-( COOJOa I— I i-HC^]r-lC^li— Ir-lT-HOa (M rn?— I (Mt-h -r-i,— iCOCO • CO CO (M CO CO -* — ii— i r-Ht^aso^^cMOioaXjQOcocoooc^-^ooi— icaoocoio»Oii>'Oco-*ococ*c^ •c-i>--»tioc5-^-^ cocot^io co-^oi r-t T— ( cot-( 1— (COi— icooa • <— i co co •ooc5oacot~aiOi— looo-^cor-oir-cooicocoosc^ir-coooojc-o C-CO■I:^l^^co^Hcocacc^H(^^,— I,— i-*(>a-*Oi-*co-^r^ c^-"*'— I,— ico-^oooocvio— ^cc^ooocooc^coccoti »-(0».o-*^H-^a3 ,— n— loa--* co c^ojt— II— i.-ir-iT-(r-ic^oaoaa oa c> >ra -e -2 ?"• r- r-r :- !_ 2 C ^ '•-I ^ ClI^CC'<-i'«-;>— 1", Th '"'"a r- ^ — '"' '"^ -1^ -S _s _ fi-kjir;iDiuS>r"-*jii;a', H C C3 R K K S H c-p-ti-tJ-p-p-kJ-ti-ti^-u-ii -.j'.S -P >i >j P>i C>i >i , cja>ai'X)a>a)ajaja)'-''-i'-i'-i'-i'-''-''-''-'^'-''-'"t^??"t^"^"p-^-*^1 n_.!:_.rL_i'L_jCL-iCL_,C_.CL_iCL_iCl_iCL_iCL_iCLjCL_.Cl_:CL_.n_,Il_,Cl_,'L_,Cl_il 188 STATISTICS. TABLE. SHOWING THE DATE Ot ORGANIZATION, AND THE POPULATION OP THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OP IOWA, POB THE TEARS NAMED. COUNTIES. bo AGGREGATE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters. Adair Adams Allamakee . . , Appanoose. . Audubon Benton Black Hawk. Boone Bremer Buchanan. . • Buena Vista. Butler Calhoun CarroU Ca'ss Cedar Cerro Gordo. Cherokee . . . . Chickasaw. . . Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford. . . . Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware. . . Des Moines. . Dickinson . . Dubuque Emmett Fayette Fl6yd Franklin Fremont. . . . Greene. . . .. . Grundy. . . . Guthrie Hamilton. . . , Hancock .... Hardin Harrison .... Henry Howard Humboldt. . . Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson .... Johnson Jones 1854 7045 1853 7832 1849 19158 1846 2370 1855 17405 1846 28807 1853 22913 1849 17251 1853 13220 1847 17315 1858 3561 1854 11734 1855 3185 1856 5760 1853 10552 1836 17879 1855 6685 1856 4249 1853 11400 1851 10118 1858 3559 1838 27184 1840 34295 1855 6039 1847 14.386 1844 15757 1850 13249 1840 16893 1834 35415 1857 1748 1834 43845 1859 1436 1850 20515 1854 13100 1855 6558 1849 13719 1854 7028 1856 8134 1851 9638 1857 7701 1858 1482 1853 15029 1853 11818 1836 21594 1855 7875 1857 3455 1858 794 1845 17456 1838 23061 1846 24128 1839 17127 1838 24654 1839 19168 3982 4614 17868 16456 1212 22454 21706 14584 12528 17034 1585 9951 1602 2451 5464 19731 4722 1967 10180 8785 1523 27771 35357 2530 12019 15565 12018 17432 27256 1389 38969 1392 16973 10768 4738 11173 4627 6399 7061 6055 999 13684 8931 21463 6282 2596 226 16644 22619 22116 17839 24898 19731 984 1533 12237 11931 454 8496 8244 4232 4915 7906 57 3724 147 281 1612 12949 940 58 4336 5427 52 20728 18938 383 5244 13764 8677 11024 19611 180 31164 105 12073 3744 1309 5074 1374 793 3058 1699 179 5440 3621 18701 3168 332 43 8029 18493 9883 15038 17573 13306 777 3131 672 135 735 517 3941 79 3873 2822 854 7264 965 1759 12988 10841 ' " '825 1244 8707 822 7210 1280 9904 4472 3007 1253 1101 821 168 5577 3059 3772 1411 2773 1491 471 1616 1727 3653 527 3679 4778 4877 3515 2656 3890 817 2598 681 1197 2422 393^. 1526 1001 2392 2213 868 5272 5569 1244 3170 3448 2882 3662 6654 394 8759 299 4637 2884 1374 2998 1622 1525 2339 1455 303 3215 2658 4641 1712 695 172 3576 4901 5239 3721 5225 4180 STATISTICS. 189 TABLE SHOWING THE DATE OF ORGANIZATION, AND THK POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF IOWA, FOR THE YEARS NAMED. Continued. COUNTIES. AGGREGATE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters. Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall MiUs Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery. . . Muscatine O'Brien Osceola. ..... Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas . . . Polk Pottawattamie. Poweshiek Ringgold .... Sac Scott Shelby Sioux. . Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren .... WapeUo Warren Washington. . . Wayne Webster Winnebago . . . Winneshiek. . . . Woodbury Worth Wright 1844 1855 1837 1839 1839 1849 1872 1850 1844 1845 1850 1851 1854 1854 1851 1858 1838 1860 1872 1851 1857 1858 1859 1846 1848 1848 1855 1858 1838 1853 1860 1853 1854 1851 1853 1837 1844 1849 1839 1851 1853 1857 1851 1853 1857 1855 20488 3765 33913 31815 12499 11725 1139 16030 23718 24094 19629 10555 11523 2267 12811 10389 21623 2349 1778 14274 2728 5282 2249 31558 21665 16482 7546 2873 39763 5664 3720 13111 18771 10418 8827 17980 18541 19269 23865 13978 13114 24233 2986 8568 4908 3244 Total 1353118 1191792| 674913 192214 43112 284557 194:34 3351 38210 28852 12877 10:388 221 13884 22508 24436 17576 8718 9582 3654 12724 5934 21688 715 9975 13:36 2199 1446 27857 16893 15581 5691 1411 38599 2540 576 11651 16131 6989 6986 17672 22346 17980 18952 11287 10484 1562 23570 6172 2892 '2392 13271 416 29232 18947 10:370 5766 4822 7339 14816 16813 6015 4481 3409 832 8612 1256 16444 4419 1:32 148 103 11625 4968 6668 2923 246 25959 818 10 4051 5285 3590 2012 17081 14518 10281 142:35 6409 2504 168 13942 1119 756 653 18861 5444 4939 471 1179 5989 5482 338 6093 1373 1927 2884 5731 "55! 4513 7828 615 5986 1942 2140 204 12270 8471 961 4957 340 546 6146 1594 4202 773 5709 7274 2899 2464 287 2632 5287 4988 4445 2365 2338 1292 2743 2485 6588 595 498 3222 556 1136 464 6842 4392 3634 1496 657 7109 1084 637 2574 3911 2282 1924 3893 3923 4168 5346 2947 3747 4117 406 1776 763 694 190 STATI8TI0S. YOTE FOR GOYERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. eouNTiEa. Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose . . Audubon Benton Black Hawk . . . Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista. . . Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo . . Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay. Clayton CUnton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines . . Dickinson Dubuque Emmett Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt. ... Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Total vote, 1877. GOVERNOB. Kep. 982 876 1547 1165 410 1433 178C 1612 1180 1390 747 1453 418 633 1592 1315 903 562 1279 1054 517 1873 2444 898 1541 893 1269 1326 2315 197 1587 213 1933 1233 1311 1250 1031 909 1160 843 340 1492 1348 1770 551 383 321 1132 1619 1977 1396 161 397 1540 1049 352 712 1111 981 582 769 192 758 75 744 839 1093 348 74 1107 267 16 1770 2327 651 215 1231 961 1143 1384 8 3415 28 1067 208 336 1331 215 504 496 265 95 661 863 424 647 149 54 1130 1966 1154 753 581 485 69 729 26 567 95 466 196 725 161 19 171 141 116 206 72 383 37 813 20 66 286 19 1241 803 310 32 767 406 162 16 334 551 364 422 29 238 523 1041 201 115 104 642 224 1018 576 Pro. Rep, 1876. PBE8IDENT. 449 244 10 1 223 20 95 74 11 30 446 40 86 94 19 67 167 66 111 80 12 19 525 6 12 53 27 8 21 57 2 154 19 140 519 64 228 15 268 109 1334 1376 1709 1711 427 2901 2979 2018 1737 2227 770 1828 622 799 1876 2328 1274 864 1574 1405 567 2662 3654 1043 2136 1586 1647 2233 3325 259 2798 246 3029 2032 1178 1658 1310 1099 1434 1187 281 2152 1557 2809 1194 523 212 1870 2126 3375 2166 Dem. 593 626 1646 1419 352 1356 1592 1305 757 1416 200 780 196 771 979 1445 448 175 1090 816 94 26211 3398! 638 752 1631 1282 1466 2917 48 4977 36 1709 751 379 1682 510 417 629 425 99 980 1386 1485 600 183 57 1348 2485 1804 1449 Johnsoa Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas . . Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills MitcheU Monona Monroe Montgomery . . Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth . . . . Pocahontas.. .. Polk Pattawattamie . Poweshiek . Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington. . Wayne. .... . . . Webster Winnebago. . . . Winneshiek. .. Woodbury . . . Worth Wright Totals Majorities. . 1877. GOVERNOB. Rep. 188 1 1868 1772 463 2157 2524 1328 1203 261 1792 1823 1976 1448 1435 1396 580 1034 1122 1753 306 295 1166 311 779 370 3171 2223 1496 964 656 3031 888 436 1260 1426 1325 899 1490 1710 1726 1687 1316 850 544 2074 1109 628 391 Dem. 2345 1218 1538 236 2863 2316 817 804 17 1077 1086 1866 837 1102 459 119 928 441 1775 21 40 508 357 487 93 1885 2059 882 71 128 1963 639 132 344 833 293 516 1305 1029 944 1221 832 127 40 1009 867 132 166 18 14 322 13 350 75 89 103 9 616 1011 760 389 98 35 432 247 532 171 201 13 348 77 44 1353 218 420 671 177 309 3 49 644 196 868 830 301 1265 742 303 404 1421 279 226 273 68 105 89 299 585 108 12 14 56 596 95 504 28 36 9 26 47 387 14 33 293 3 39 36 94 121 346 47 13 37 16 187 133 63 130 296 101 112 3 47 238 9 14 121.546 79353 34228 10639 171332 112121 42193 69211 1876. PBESIDENT. Rep. Dem. 2345 2591 3364 638 3160 4331 1920 1478 262 2246 3221 2736 3056 1452 1663 713 1418 1749 2533 463 329 2243 343 835 374 4321 2565 2509 1246 661 3819 897 439 1843 2337 1727 1238 2113 2582 2439 2467 1692 1299 498 2759 1034 703 574 3563 1763 1862 227 3682 i917 1008 1044 46 1538 1701 2304 1189 1165 671 304 1246 759 2075 116 59 861 333 502 141 2382 2414 1083 422 166 2853 631 220 579 1317 676 795 1661 2412 1315 1508 1341 987 39 1617 997 149 184 I 1877, 245,766; 1876 (inclading 9,U01 Greenback), 292,454. Centennial Awards. TO IOWA EXHIBITORS. Undee the system of awards adopted at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, every article exhibited was placed in one of thirty-six groups, numbering from 1 to 36. The examination was not of a competitive character, but upon the merit of the article. Each article of merit was entitled to receive a diploma and a bronze medal of uniform value. The following awards were made to Iowa exhibitors: GEOUP 1^0. I. Wesley Redhead and Mahaska Coal Mining Company are accredited with samples of coal. The committee says: "Commended as samples of bitum- inous coal of Iowa." LEAD OKE. John Harvey, of Dubuque. — Report says a large and instructive exhibit of Galena lead ores of Iowa. W. P. Fox, of Des Moines. — Commended for an instructive exhibit of the stratified deposits of the State of Iowa. [Note. — In this group were shown fifty -five varieties from stone quarries in Iowa, prepared by Donahue & McCosh, of Burlington, in blocks six by nine inches square; also were shown samples of building and moulding sands, and three specimens of glass sands, twelve of fire and potters' clay, six or eight samples of mineral paint, and one sample of peat; also some line samples of geodes from Keokuk. Judge Murdock, of Clayton county, exhibited a collection of relics of the mound builders. The most prom- inent one was his large collection of mound builders' skulls.] GROUP KO. IV. State of Iowa. — Commended as a very fine collection of cereals in the straw, beautifully cleansed; also grasses and seeds — sixty varieties — a fine collection beautifully arranged; also a collection of Indian corn, seventy varieties. BUTTER. Stewart & McMillen, of Manchester, Delaware count}^, Entry No. 880. — Commended for the best samples of 200 lbs. and 30 lbs. respectively, made at Newberg factory, Edgewood and Hebran. 192 . CENTENNIAL AWARDS. Stewart & McMillen, Entry No. 895. — Commended for clean, sweet flavor, firm texture and superior excellency generally, comprising samples ofdiilterent creameries. [jSTote. — The general report of the committee on butter puts the yield of the United States for 1870 at 710,000,000 lbs. Messrs. Stewart & McMil- len had about ninety competitors, among whom were the best butter makers of the world. In addition to the centennial awards, they got the golden medal awarded by the national butter and eo;g association. Iowa creamery butter sells in the Philadelphia market readily with the gilt edged brand. The butter crop in Iowa is an item of interest, and the State owes Stewart & McMillen a debt of gratitude for their very active exertion at the centen- nial in raising Iowa butter to a level with the gilt edge manufacturers of the eastern States. Delaware county, Iowa, is to our State what Chester county is to Pensylvania.] Bryan & Curtis' butter. Strawberry Point, Clayton county. — Commended for tine quality and superior skill in manufacturing. GKOUP NO. VI. Collection of woods by Prof. McAfee, Agricultural College. — Commended as a good State exhibit, containing 160 specimens arranged in vertical and transverse sections. J. C. Arthur, Charles City, No. 185. — Herbarium of plants. The her- barium contains species named and clasitied, neatly mounted, labeled and one in duplicate. The duplicate collection ingeniously arranged for exhi- bition on large sliding frames within a glass case. The whole accompan- ied with a printed catalogue. AWAEDS ON COLLECTIVE STATE EXHIBITS. State of Iowa, No. 11. — Commended for a large display of its minerals, soils, native and cultivated grasses, its pomology in large variety, and col- lection of woods and a valuable collection of mound builders' relics. GKOUP NO. XXYIII. EDUCATIONAL. Board of Education, Burlington, No. 76. — Commended for a creditable display of the work of pupils. State Educational Department, No. 77. — Report good exhibit of the sta- tistics of State school system and work of public schools. Board of Education of West Des Moines, No. 78. — A creditable exhibit of work of pupils. GROUP XXII. PLOWS. Skinner Bros., Des Moines, No. 63. — Commended for excellence of ma- terial, good workmanship and beauty of form. CENTENNIAL AWARDS. 193 GEOUP XO. XXIII. BOOK BINDING AND PAPER INDUSTRY. John D. Metz, Dubuque, No. 94. — Blank books with patent ends and mode of stitching. Report an admirable made book aside from the patent improvement claimed. GROUP XXX. HORSES AND CATTLE. Eli Elliot, West Libert3\— Short Horn bull, Baron French, No. 8.— Re- port in form, quality and useful characteristics he is entitled to rank as a superior specimen of the Short Horn breed. State of Iowa, Short Horn Herd, No. 12. — One bull and four cows. The animals composing this herd, in high excellence of form, quality and useful characteristics, are entitled to be ranked as lirst-class specimens of the Short Horn breed. J. W. Jacobs, West Liberty, No. 13. — Two cows. Maid of Honor and Lucy Napier, commended for high excellence of form and useful charac- teristics, entitled to rank as lirst-class specimens of the Short Horn breed. E. S. Wilson, West Liberty, No. 35. — Heifer, Louden Mirvine, for high excellence in form, quality and useful characteristics is entitled to rank as a first-class specimen of the Short Horn breed. E. S. Wilson, No. 36. — Emma Down and heifer calf Centennial Mine. In form and useful characteristics they are entitled to be ranked as first- class specimens of the Short Horn breed. GROUP XXXYL Henry Avery, Burlington. — Commended for a collection of apples, among which Grimes' Golden Pippin, an excellent kind, is especially mer- itorious in size and flavor. David Leonard, Burlington, No. 16. — Commended for a valuable selec- tion of varieties very well grown, and especially for a seedling named Robinson, which promises well for the northwest, both as respects to tree and fruit. No. 27. — Polk County, by James Smith, Des Moines. Commended for 160 varieties of apples, and for the very large number of valuable varieties and for the very superior manner in which they are grown; also for great care and correctness in naming. No. 30. — E. H. Caulkens commended for twenty varieties and their val- uable characteristics; also great excellence and beauty in growth. R. S. Willet, Malcolm, — Commended for 40 varieties of apples of gen- eral value and the superior manner of growth. No. 39, L. Hollingsworth, Montrose. — Seventy-five varieties of apples, commended for a large number of useful sorts and for the meritorious manner in which they are grown. No. 65, G. B. Brackett, Denmark. — Pears are Plate White Doyenne. 13 194 CENTENNIAL AWARDS. These specimens of this old and important variety reach the highest stan- dard of excellence of large size and beautifully colored. !No. 81, Wilson T. Smith, Des Moines. — Twenty varieties of pears commended for being well grown,^nd handsome collection. The Flemish Beauty and Beaurae Clangean being superior. No. 83, White Elk Vineyard, Keokuk. — Eighteen varieties, creditable display of pears. The Beaurae Clangean having brilliant coloring. Iowa State Horticultural Society wax models of fruit. No. 209. — Three hundred varieties of apples in wax, of perfect accuracy and beautifully dis- played — the work of the Iowa State Horticultural Society. [Note. — There were in all 1020 specimens. The fruit furnished as models was by various members of the State Horticultural Society, crop of 1875, the greatest number of which was by James Smith, of Des Moines, and to whom the nomenclature is mainly due; 610 of the casts were made by Mrs. Wm. Greenland, of Des Moines, and 410 of them by Col. G. B. Brackett, of Denmark. This was the most attractive display made by Iowa, and was universally admired; and in this line Iowa can boast of as line talent for accuracy as to model and coloring as is found anywhere. Two hundred of these casts were sold to and exchanged with the Japanese authorities, and are now doing duty in the archives of their government.] Iowa State Horticultural Society, No. 217. — September collection, report a very good collection, containing many varieties. [Note. — ^The Horticultural Society showed in May thirty-five varieties of apples of late keepers, also the summer varieties were shown in their season. The fall display was very tine, covering seven tables 35x6, and numbering about 335 varieties of apples, and filling over 2,000 plates.] W. W.'vVinterbotom, Fort Madison, No. 191. — Timothy grass seed. The seed is remarkably clean, and every way meritorious. H. C. Gordon, Davis county. No. 204. — His yellow corn was of peculiar weight and good quality, one ear weighing one pound and thirteen ounces. L. T. Chute, Manchester, No. 207. — The cereals and roots in the Iowa collection exhibited are a well grown collection of twenty-five varieties. Potatoes especially meritorious. State of Iowa, September exhibits of the crop of 1876, No. 208. — They make a collection of cereals, grasses and roots, exhibiting the ability of the State to produce these articles in the highest degree. The information contained in the notes is additional to that given in the official reports of the Exposition, and is furnished by Dr. Alex. Shaw, of Des Moines, who held an official position in connection with Iowa exhibits up to August 18, 1876. Abstract of Iowa State Laws. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be al- lowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper fall- ing due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the tJnited States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day previous. No defense can be made against a negotiable in- strument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due dili- gence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guar- antor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by the husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. 196 ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. The widow's sliare cannot be affected by anj will of her husband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of provisions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descendants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or children, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by liis or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent witnesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administrators' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds one-half per cent on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent of sale of real estate, five per cent for first one thousand dol- lars, two and one-half on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasonable for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appoi/ntment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, or are forever h^vra^, sinless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circuinstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. Claims are classed snd payable in the following order: 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 197 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made bj the court. 4. Debts preferred under the laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the Jlrst j[niblieation of the notice given bj the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow ^ in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of the deceased, as head of the family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz, : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including uni- versity, agricultural, college and school lands, and all property leased to the State; property of a coimty, township, city, incorporated town or school dis- trict when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire engines, and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and religious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of the^e institutions, not exceeding 6i0 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit; and all property leased to agricultural, charitable institutions and benevolent soci- eties, and so devoted during the terra of such lease; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of students in any such institutions, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and de- voted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum prescribed by their charter, 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belongino- to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dol- lars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or in- firmity, may, in the opinion of the assessor, be unable to contribute to the public revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farm- 198 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. ing, and the tools of any meclianic, not in either case to exceed three hun- dred dollars in value. T. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or pur- chase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado, or other unavoidable cas- ualty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not heen delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of ad- jacent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for purposes of taxation; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be as- sessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an in- dividual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet the first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Equalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without in- terest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday of October in each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all subsequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a &\rm\2iV penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemp- tion is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. District Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdic- tion. District Courts have exchisive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA 199 Circuit Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, with the Dis- trict Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jn- risdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. Bj consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be ex- tended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed %100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a statute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judg- ment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are compe- tent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons dis- abled by bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own inter- ests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his ab- sence. CAPITAL PUNISHlvrENT was restored by the Seventeenth G-eneral Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. 200 ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. A MAKRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonp^ing to her; may control the same or contract with reference tliereto, as other persons may convey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney iu fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following property exempt from execution: All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles necessary to contain the same; one musket or rifle and shot-gun; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical in- struments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter pro- vided; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool; six stands of bees; five hogs and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bedstead and necessary bedding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels and looms; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public ofiicer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material necessary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper oflftce to the value of twelve hundred dollars; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt tlieir own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. There is also exempt, to a heacl of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improveinents, value not' limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 201 shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy- five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, or have a description thereof recorded by the township clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sun- day not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township trustees assess the dam- ages, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the town- ship, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice^ between the hours of 1 and 3 p. m., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the trustees to the circuit court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any do- mestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by dis- training such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the law- ful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such aniinal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and pro- ceed with it as if token on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make aflidavit where such estray was taken up. 203 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Any swine, slieep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice containing a full de- scription thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the township; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to wliere such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been al- tered, to his knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certi- fied copy thereof to the County Auditor, When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owTier appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has complied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and mod- eration. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquirhig ownership, such ofiencier shall- forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may re- cover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the tinder shall have complied with the law, a com- plete title vests in the tinder. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the tinder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the es- tray. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair; or any other fence, in the opinion of the fence viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more than twenty nor less than sixteen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain parti- tion fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should main- tain, the fence viewers (the township trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insufficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re- build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 203 do SO, and the same being adjudged sufficient bj the fence viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascer- tained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the fence viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land enlosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the partition fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desire to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when di- vided, the fence viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor six months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material within six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be given be- yond the six months to remove crops. ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the: county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by parties consenting, and stat- ing the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties 204 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. ehall acknowledge tlie same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYOKS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as a County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the Count}'' Surveyor, either by himself or his deputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as Boon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assistance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his sur- vey shall be made in accordance therewith. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. mechanics' liens. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other im- provement upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-con trrctor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub-con- tractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was fur- nished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is acustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a prin- cipal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceeding five dollars. ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 205 The prosecution must be instituted on tbe complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within, the boundary lines of any public high- way. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, ma- chinery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when notified in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this pur- pose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or vacant lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when erected and maintained by the public, are parts of the high- way, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township oflScers, that it sulficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditors' office, addressed in substance as follows: The Board of Supervisors of County: The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be). When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or sev- erally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Township Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall ex- tend to the grandparents, iif of ability without personal labor, and to the male grandchildren who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to main- tain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 206 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. "When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or husband, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of tlie Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for re- lief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to provide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and afterward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the premises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the ter- mination of the tenancy to take place on the Ist of March, except in cases of field tenants and croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is harvested; provided, that in a case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later, than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tanancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the prem- ises; or if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building, or on some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for a period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 207 period above described, for rent alono; and the landlord is entitled to a writ of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to re- cover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises de- scribed in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. "Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the con- trary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to wit: Apples, Peaches or Quinces 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseber's, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackber's, 32 Osage Ot-angc Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime. 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Com 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorgum Seed 30 Broom Com Seed 30 Buckwheut 52 Salt 60 Barley 48 Com Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and time of payment are mentioned: $100. Chicago, III, Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowey. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts substituted for money in the above form. OKDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus: Mr. F. H. Coats: Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty -five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. bills of PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, A. A. Graham. $6 60 208 ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus: $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for ser- vices rendered in grading his Jot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Bkadt. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to', fi) tor pounds, and bbl. for barrels; '^ for per or br/ the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft), and Flour at $8@$12 f) bbl. "/o for per cent, and jj for number. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller Jime." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and till his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, ex- pecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. Iowa, , 18 — . after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the whole note to become due and collectible at once. If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. No.—. P.O. , . CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. — vs. — In Court of County, Iowa, , of County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent from , and — hereby confess judg- ment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent from , the interest to be paid — . Said debt and judgment being for . ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 209 It is especially agreed, however, Tliat if this judginent is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, -County. being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the fore- going statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstand- ings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reason- able consideration. General Form of Agreement. — This agreement, made the second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, county of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — Witnesseth: That the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and marketable condition, at the village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year, one hundred tons of prairie hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of November, twenty -five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hun- dred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfill- ment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, one hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. Agreement with Clerk for Services. — This agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, county of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first 14 210 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. part, and Georf^e Barclay, of McGregor, county of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — Witnesseth: That the said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both lire such lengtii of time, without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay, bills of sale. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. Tho purchaser ■must take, actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale inust he ac- knowledged and recorded. Coinmou Form of BUI of Sale. — Know all men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of five hundred and ten dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Flo^^d, party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the farm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned; one pair of horses, sixteen sheej), and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, "and his legal representatatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the aforementioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and any person whomsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and soventy-six. Louis Clay. notice to quit. To John Wontpay: You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy, to-wit: [Insert Description.] on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [Reversed for Notice to Landlord. J ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 211 GENERAL FOEM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the town of Bellevue, county of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, bnt of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament, in manner following, to-wit: J^tf'st. I give, devise and bequeath unto to my eldest son, Sydney II. Mansfield, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixtj' acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars, in bank stock, in the Third National Bank of -Cincinnati, Ohio; and also each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in the township of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the recorder's oflice in the county where such land is located. The north one Inmdred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belong- ing, which said .real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my house- hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farin so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah II. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Vic- toria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relin- quish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may re- vert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney II, Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use forever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testa- ment, have hereimto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eight- een hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield. 213 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for liis last will and testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof, Petek a. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa. Fkank E, Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, 1 do now, by this writing, add this codocil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three; and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mansfield, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to ray deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof. I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, Charles Mansfield, Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mansfield, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof, Frank E, Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa, {Form No. 1.) satisfaction of mortgage. State of Iowa, ] County, ) I, , of the county of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the day of , A, D. 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the county of , and State of Iowa, to-wit: (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the county of , and State of Iowa, on the — — day of , A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M, ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off", satisfied and dis- charged in full, . [seal,] State of Iowa, ) County, \ Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A, D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. . ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 213 ONE FORM OP REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents: That , of county, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the county of , and State of , to-wit: (here insert description) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition tliat the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promis- sory note for the "sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — ■ — , due , 18, — with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagee agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right oi dower and homestead in and to the above de- scribed premises. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed ■ by and between of the county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of part of the second part, Wiinesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said part of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate, sit- uated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit: {Here insert description?) The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said prem- ises, that tliey are free from incumbrance, and that he will warrant and de- fend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do ex- pressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relin- quish and convey all rights of homestead therein. This instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit: First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that 214 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per anmim, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the wliole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amoimt so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing con- ditions or agreements, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immedi- ately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall be- come due and payable, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the de- cree of foreclosure, and shall be made by the sherift' on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract em- bodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, construed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] FORM OF LEASE. This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and — ■ , of the county of and State of Iowa, of the second part, wicnesseth that the said party of the first part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to- wit: {Here insert description.'] for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, at the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to-wit : [Here ifisert terms.'] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be lawful for the said party of the first part to re-enter said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3612 of the Code of 1873; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenable ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 215 by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by supe- rior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ excepted; and at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, dam- ages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. $ , 18—. On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I ])romise to pay or order, dollars, with intesest from date until paid, at ten per cent per annum, payable annually, at , Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall be- come due at once CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county, and State of , to-wit: [Here insert Description.] And do hereby warrant the title of said propertj^ and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annuall}'^ at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 216 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and wiiatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] WARRANTY DEED. Know ALL Men by these Presents: That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, in hand paid by of Countj^, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit: [Here insert Description.'] And I do hereby covenant with the said -that — lawfully seized in fee simple of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . IN PRESENCE of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by , of County, State of , tlie receipt wliereof — do hereby ac- knowledge, have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by tliese presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, botliat law and ip equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the fol- lowing described premises, to-wit: [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . Signkd in Presence of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 217 BOND FOR DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of am held and iirmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind m^'selr' firmly by these presents. Signed the -day of -, A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due -, 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. And pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obli- gor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or par- cel of real estate, situated in the County of , and State of Iowa, des- cribed as follows, to-wit: [here insert description] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the paj^ments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee, terminate his liability under the bond, and resume the possession and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions, this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue; unless terminated by the obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] GAME LAWS. By the laws of Iowa, as amended by the Legislature of 1878, it is unlaw- ful to do any of the following acts: BIRDS AND QUADRUPEDS. 1. To kill, trap, ensnare, or in any manner destroy any of the birds of the State, except birds of prey and game birds, during the open seasons as provided by law; or to destroy the eggs of such birds as are protected by this section — except that persons killing birds for scientific purposes, or preservation in museums and cabinets, are not lia.ble under this section. Penalty, $5 to $25. 2. To shoot or kill any prairie chicken from Dec. 1 to Sept. 1, woodcock from Jan. 1 to July 10, pheasant, wild turkey or quail from Jan 1 to Oct. 1, wild duck, snipe, goose or brant from May 1 to Aug. 15, deer or elk from Jan. 1 to Sept. 1, beaver, mink, otter or muskrat from April 1 to Novem- ber. Penalty, deer or elk, $25; the others, $10. 3. To take or attempt to take at any time with trap, net or snare any bird or animal mentioned in Sec. 2, or to willfully destroy the eggs or nests of such birds. Except that beaver, mink, otter or muskrat may be trapped 2X8 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWlS OF IOWA. or snared during the open season, or at any time for the protection of pri- vate prop^ty. Penalty the same as in section 2. 4. To shoot or kill any wild duck, goose or brant with any kind of gun, except such as is commonly shot from the shoulder, or to use medicated or poisoned food to capture or kill any of the birds mentioned in section 2. Penalty, $25, and thirty days in jail unless sooner paid. 5. To shoot or kill for traffic any prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail or pheasant at any time; for one person to kill during one day more than 25 of either kind of said birds; to ship or take out of the State any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk; to buy, sell, or have in possession any such bird, deer or elk during the close season, except the first five days. Pen- alty, deer or elk, $25; others, $10. 6. For any person, firm, or corporation to have in possession, at one time, more than twenty-five of either prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail or pheasant, unless lawfully received for transportation; to ship to any per- son in the State in one day more than one dozen of the birds mentioned in section 2; and in case of shipment an affidavit must be made that the birds have not been unlawfully killed, bought, sold, or had in possession, and are not shipped for sale or profit, and giving name and address of consignee and number of birds shipped, and a copy of the affidavit shall accompany the birds, etc. Penalty, same as in section 2. The making of a false affi- davit is perjury. 7. For any common carrier, its agent or servant, to knowingly receive for transportation any bird or animal mentioned in section two, during the close season (except the first five days), or at any other time, except in the manner provided by law. Penalty, $100 to $300, or 30 days in jail, or both. 8. The having in possession during tlie close season, except the first five days, of any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk, \& prima facie evidence of a violation of the law. 9. Prosecutions, except under section 1, may be brought in any county where the game is found, and the court shall appoint an attorney to prose- cute, who shall be entitled to a fee of $10; and the person filing the infor- mation to a fee equal to half the fine imposed on the defendant; both fees to be taxed as costs. The county is, however, in no event liable for either. FISH AND FISH WAYS. 10. To catch or kill bass or wall-eyed pike from April 1 to June 1 ; sal- mon or trout from November 1 to February 1. Penalty, $5 to $25. 11. To use any seine or net for tlie purpose of catching fish, except native minnows, and except by the fish commissioner for propagation and exchange. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 for second. 12. To place across any river, creek, pond or lake, any trot line, dam, seine, weir, fish-dam, or other obstruction, in such manner as to prevent the free passage offish, except under the direction of the fish commissioner, and except dams for manufacturing purposes provided with fish-ways. Penalty, $25 to $100, or 10 to 30 days in jail. 13. To continue any dain or obstruction heretofore erected, for an unrea- sonable length of time, after the 6th day of April, 1878, without having fish-ways provided therein. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first ofifense; $20 to $50 for the second, and the dam abated as a nuisance. ABSTBACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 219 14. Persons raising or propagating fish on their own premises, or own- ing premises on which there are waters having no natural outlet, supplied with fish, shall absolutely own said fish. No person shall take, or attempt to take, fish therefrom without consent of the owner. Penalty, $5 to $25, or 30 days in jail. The "close" season is when killing is forbidden; the "open" season is when it is not. PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books bf/ subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possi- ble, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the follow- ing statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the pro- spectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com,mis- sion for each subscriber, and has 7io authority to change or alter the con- ditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional, or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the sub- scriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in con- nection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as loritten is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must he done in writing. It is therefore important that 2i\\ persons contemplating , subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode and have no atithority to do it any other way to the pre- judice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instru- ment, would examine carefully what it is; and if they cannot read them- selves call on some one disinterested who can. Constitution of State of Iowa. TFe, the People of the State of Iowa ^ grateful to the Supreme Being for the hlessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him, J or a con- tinuation of those hlessings, do ordain and establish a free and independ- ent government, hy the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof shall he as follows: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of tlie Mississippi river, at a point due east of the middle of the month of the main channel of the Des Moines river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river, to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri — as established by the Constitution of that State, adopted June 12, 1820 — crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Missouri river, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux river, according to Nicollett's map; thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux river, according to said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes, until said par- allelintersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi river, to the place of beginning. Article 1. — Bill of Rights. Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain in- alienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever the pub- lic good may require it. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any per- son be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 rates, for building or repairing places of worship, or the maintenance of any minister or ministry. Sec. 4. No religions test shall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of re- ligion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use as a witness, or take the testimony of any other person, not disqualified on account of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact material to the case; and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law. Sec. 5. Any citizen of this State wdio may hereafter be engao-ed either directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the Consti- tution of this State. Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privi- leges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens. Sec. 7. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it. appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. Sec. 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to be seized. Sec. 9. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the Gen- eral Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life or liberty of an individual, the accused shall have a right to a speedy and pub- lic trial by an impartial jury; to be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the wit- nesses against him; to have compulsory process for his own witnesses; and to have the assistance of counsel. Sec. 11. All offenses less than felony, and in which the punishment does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty days, shall be tried summarily before a justice of the peace, or other officer authorized by law, on information under oath, without indictment, or the intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal; and no person shall be held to answer for a higher criminal oftense, unless on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in the army or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger. Sec. 12. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same ofifense. 222 GONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. Sec. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or refused when application is made as required by law, unless in the case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Sec. 14. Tlie military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing army shall be kept up by the State in time of peace; and in time of war no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than two years. Sec. 15. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in the manner prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 17. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation first being made, or secured to be made, to the owner thereof, as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who shall not take into consideration any advantages that may result to said owner on account of the improvement for which it is taken. Sec. 19. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud; and no person shall be im- prisoned for a military fine in time of peace. Sec. 20. The people have the right freely to assemble together to coun- sel for the common good ; to make known their opinions to their represen- tatives, and to petition for a redress of grievances. Sec. 21. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. Sec. 22. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter becojne residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, and descent of property, as native born citizens. Sec. 23. There shall be no slavery in this State; nor shall there be in- voluntary servitude, unless for tlie punishment of crime. Sec. 24. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any rent or service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than twenty years. Sec. 25. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others, retained by the people. Article 2. — Right of Suffrage. Section 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- one years, who shall have been a resident of this State six months next pre- ceding the election, and in the county in which he claims his vote sixty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter may be authorized by law. Sec. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the daj's of election, during their attendance at such elections, going to and returning therefrom. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 Sec. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger. Sec. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United States shall be considered a resident of this State by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, or military or naval place or station within this State. Sec. 5, No idiot or insane person, or person convicted of any infamous crime, shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. Sec. 6. All elections by the people shall be by ballot. Article 3. — Of the Distribution of Powers. Section 1. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into three separate departments: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. Legislative Department. Section 1. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, wliich shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- tatives; and the stjde of every law shall be — '•'•Be it enacted hy the General Assembly of the State of Iowa.'''' Sec. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be biennial, and shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing the election of its members; unless the Governor of the State shall, in the meantime, convene the General Assembly by proclamation. Sec. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the Presidential elec- tion, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November; and their term of office shall commence on the first day of January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the House of Representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years; be a free white male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this State one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he may have been chosen to represent. Sec. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place as Representatives; they shall be twenty-five years of age, and possess the qualifications of Representatives, as to residence and citi- zenship. Sec. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one-third, nor more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by lot, that one class being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every two 3'ears. When the number of Senators is increased, they shall be an- nexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in numbers as practicable. 224 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Sec. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the quali- fication, election and return of its own members. A contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Sec. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceed- ings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly of a free and independent State. Sec. 10. Every member of the General Assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals. Sec. 11. Senators and Representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the General Assembl}'-, and in going to and returning from the same. Sec. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the per- son exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Sec. 18. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occas- sions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, al- tered, or rejected by the other; and every hill having passed both houses, shall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses. Sec. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objec- tions. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by ad- journment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the Governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the General Assem- bly, shall be deposited by him in the oflSce of the Secretary of State within thirtj' days after the adjournment, with his approval if approved by him, and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof. Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 Sec. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and and published with the laws at every regular session of the General Assembly. Sec. 19. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Sec. 20. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, and other State offio^rs, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor or m .Ifeasa ice in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under this State; but the party convicted or acquitted shall neverthe- less be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. Sec. "21. No Senator or Kepresentative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. Sec. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the General Assembly.' But offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salar}^, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative. Sec. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- lic moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the General Assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this State, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be liable. Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the ti'easury but in consequence of appropriations made by law. Sec. 25. Each member of the first General Assembly under this consti- tution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and return- ing from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law; but no General Assembly shall have the power to increase the compensa- tion of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall re- ceive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed b}^ law for the regular session, and none other. Sec. 26. No law of the General Assembly, j^assed at a regular session, of a public nature, shall take effect until the Fourth day of July next, after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the General Assembly, by which they were passed. If the General Assembly shall deem any law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the State. Sec. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the General Assembly. 15 226 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Sec. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this State; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. Sec. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be ex- pressed in the title. Sec. 30. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases : For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, or road pur- poses; For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; For changing the names of persons; For the incorporation of cities and towns; For vacating, roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; For locating or changing county seats. In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform ope- ration throughout the State; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be ap- proved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it. Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the con- tract entered into; nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and no public money or property shall be appropriated for local or private pur- poses, unless such appropriation, compensation or claini, be allowed by two- thirds of the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly. Sec. 32. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitu- tion of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of Senator (or Representative, as the case may be), according to the best of my ability." And members of the General Assembly' are hereby empow- ered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. Sec. 33. The General Assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy -five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the State. Sec. 34. The number of Senators shall, at the next session following each period of making such enumeration, and the next session following each United States Census, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties according to the number of inhabitants in each. Sec. 35. The Senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, nor the House of Representatives of more than one hundred; and they shall be apportioned among the several counties and representative districts of the State according to the number of inhabitants in each, upon ratios to be fixed by law; but no representative district shall contain more than four CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 227 organized counties and each district shall be entitled to at least one Repre- sentative, Every county and district which shall have a number ot inhabi- tants equal to one-half the ratio fixed by law, shall be entitled to one Rep- resentative; and any one county containing in addition to the ratio fixed by law one-half of that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional Representative. No floating district shall hereafter be formed. Sec. 36. At its first session under this Constitution, and at every subse- quent regular session, the General Assembly shall fix the ratio of repre- sentation, and also, form into repsesentative districts those counties which will not be entitled singly to a Representative. Sec. 37. When a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely sepa- rated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district. Sec. 38. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva-voce; and the votes shall be entered on the journal. Article 4. — Executive Department. Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of Iowa. Sec. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting tor members of the General Assembly, and shall hold his ofiice two years, frc»m the time of his installation, and until his suc- cessor is elected and qualified. Sec. 3. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall hold his office two years, and l)e elected at the same time as the Governor. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, the electors shall designate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant-Governor. The returns of every election for Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government of the State, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representati^'es, who shall open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the General Assembly. Sec. 4. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be declared duly elected; but in case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the liighest number of votes for either oflice, the General Assembly shall, l)y joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of said persons Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, as the case may be. Sec. 5. Contested elections for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, shall be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, or Lieu- tenant-Governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States; and a citizen of the State two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. Sec. 7. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the army, and navy of this State. Sec. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of gov- ernment, civil and military, and may require information in writing from 228 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Sec. 0. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for tillino; such vacancy, the Governor sliall have power to till such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the General Assembly, or at the next election by the people. Sec. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General As- sembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened. Sec. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the General Assembly, at every regular session, the condition of the State, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient. Sec. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such ad- journment shall be beyond the time tixed for the regular meeting of the next General Assembly. Sec. 11:. No person shall, Avhile holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this State, execute the office of Governor, or Lieuten- ant-Governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided. Sec. 15. The official term of the Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and quali- fied. The Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall receive the same pay as provided for Governor; and while presiding in the Senate shall receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem pay provided for a Senator, and none other. Sec. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commuta- tions and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly at its next meeting, when the General Assembly shall either grant a pardon, com- mute the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to re- rait tines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and shall report to the General Assembly, at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reason therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts remitted. Sec. it. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and dnties of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor. Sec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the Senate, but shall only vote when the Senate is equally divided; and in case of his ab- sence, or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. Sec. 19. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall be impeached, displaced, resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 229 performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; and if the president of the Senate, for any of the above causes, shall be ren- dered incapable of j^erforming the duties pertaining to the office of Gover- nor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Representa- tives. Sec. 20. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of the State of Iowa. Sec. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the Great Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State. Sec. 22. A Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State, shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in office two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; and perform such duties as may be required by law. Article 5. — Judicial Depaetment. Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, and such other courts, inferior to the Supreme Court, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, establish. Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, two of whom shall constitute a quorum to hold court. Sec. 3. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quali- fied electors of the State, and shall hold their court at such time and place as the General Assembly may prescribe. The judges of the Supreme Court so elected, shall be classified so that one judge shall go out every two years; and the judge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, shall be Cliief Justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation. After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the term of each judge of the Suj)reme Court shall be six years, and until his successor shall hav^e been elected and qualified. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State, during the term for wliich they have been elected. Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at law, under such restrictions as the General Assembly may by law prescribe ; and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure jus- tice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the State. Sec. 5. The District Court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be elected by the qualified electors of the district in which he resides. The judge of the District Court shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified; and shall be ineligible to any other office, except that of judge of the Supreme Court, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 6. The district Court shall be a court of law and equity, which shall be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have jurisdiction in civil and 230 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. criminal matters arising in their respective districts,'in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 7. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be conser- vators of the peace throughout the State, Sec. 8. The style of all process shall be " The State of Iowa," and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same. Sec. 9. The salary of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be two thousand dollars per annum; and that of eacli District Judge one thousand six hundred dollars per annum, until the year eighteen hundred and sixty; after which time tliey shall severally receive such compensation as the Gen- eral Assembly may, by law, prescribe; which compensation shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they have been elected. Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into eleven judicial districts; and after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the General Assembly may re-or- ganize the judicial districts, and increase or diminish the number of districts, or the number of judges of the said court, and may increase the number of judges of the Supreme Court; but such increase or diminution shall not be more than one district, or one judge of either court, at any one session; and no re-organization of the districts, or diminution of the judges shall have the effect of removing a judge from office. Such re-organization of the dis- tricts, or any change in the l)oundaries thereof, or any increase or diminution of the number of judges shall take place every four years thereafter, if nec- essary, and at no other time. Sec. 11. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be chosen at the general election; and the term of office of each judge shall com- mence on the first day of January next after his election. Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of an Attorney-General by the people, whose terra of office shall be two years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec. 13. The qualified electors of each judicial district shall, at the time of the election of District Judge, elect a District Attorney, who shall be a resident of the district for wliich he is elected, and who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the carrying into eftect of this article, and to provide for a general system of practice in all the courts of this State. Article 6. — Militia. Section 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eigliteen and forty-five years, except such as are or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States, or of this State; and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assem- bly may provide by law. Sec. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace: pi'ovided, that such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same manner' as other citizens. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 Sec. 3. All commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers excepted) shall be elected hj the persons liable to perform military dutv, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. Article 7. — State Debts. Section 1 The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given or loaned to, or in aid of, any individnal, association, or corporation; and the State shall nev^r assnme, or become responsible for, the debts or liabilities of any individnal, association, or corporation, nnless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. Sec. 2. The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggre- gate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by one or more acts of the General Assembly, or at difterent periods of time, shall never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be applied to the pur- pose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to nu other purpose whatever. Sec. 3. All losses to the permanent, school, or university fund of this State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement, or fraud of officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a per- manent funded debt against the State, in favor of the respective fund sus- taining the loss, upon wliich not less than six per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount of lialnlity so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness authorized by the second section of this article. Sec. 4. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec. 5. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article, no debt shall hereafter be contracted by, or on behalf of this State, unless such debt shall be authorized by some law for some single work or object, to be dis- tinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also to pa}^ and discharge the principal of such debt, within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; but no such law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election ; and all money raised by authority of such law, shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or the payment of the debt created thereby; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, for three months preceding the election at wliich it is submitted to the peo- ple. Sec. 6. The Legislature may, at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same; and may, at any time, forbid the contracting of 232 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. any further debt, or liability under sucli law; but tlie tax imposed by snch law, in proportion to the debt or liability, which may have been contracted in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be an- nually collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid. Sec. 7. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, shall dis- tinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. Article 8. — Corporations. Section 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but the General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit, shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. Sec. 3. The State shall not become a stockholder in any corporation, nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability t)f any corporation, unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. Sec. 4. No political or municipal corporation shall become a stock- holder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly. Sec. 5. No act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating corpo- rations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto shall take effect, nor in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been submitted separately, to the people, at a general or special election, as pro- vided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors voting for and against it at such election. Sec. 6. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the General Assembly may also provide for the establishment of a State Bank with branches. Sec. 7. If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each others' liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended for circulation as money. Sec. 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer of State, of all bills, or paper credit" designed to circulate as money, and require security to the full amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, in United States stocks, or in interest paying stocks of States in good credit and standing, to be rated at ten per cent below their average value in the city of New 1 ork, for the thirty days next preceding their deposit; and in case of a deprecia- tion of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten j)er cent on the dollar, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall be required to make up said deficiency by depositing additional stocks; and said law shall also pro- vide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corporations, the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom. Sec. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her re- spective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accruing while he or she re- mains such stockholder. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 Sec. 10. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the bill- holders shall have a preference over its other creditors. Sec. 11. Tlie suspension of specie payments by banking institutions shall never be permitted or sanctioned. Sec. 12. Subject to the provisions of this article, the General Assembly shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immunities, by a vote of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly; and no exclusive privileges, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted. Article 9. — Education and School Lands 1 . — Education. Section 1. The educational interest of the State, including common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a board of education, whicli shall consist of the Lieutenant Governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. Sec 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall have been one year a citizen of the State. Sec. 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified elec- tors of each district, and shall hold the oflice for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every two years thereafter. Sec 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the seat of government, on the first Monday of December, after their election; after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. Sec 5. The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinarv oc- casions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board^ the Governor may order a special session. Sec 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be the executive oflicer of the board, and perform such duties as may be im- posed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They sliall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be publislied and distributed in the same manner as tlie journals of the General Assembly. Sec 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published, and dis- tributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. Sec 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid from the school or imiversity fund of this State; but all acts, rules and 234 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the Gen- eral Assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted by the board of education. Sec. 9. The Governor of the State shall be, ex-ojfficlo, a member of said board. Sec. 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appro- priations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the General Assembly. Sec. 11. The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Sec. 12. The board of education shall provide for the education of all the youths of the State, through a system of common schools; and such schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to or- ganize and keep up a school, may be deprived of their portion of the school fund. Sec. 13. The members of the board of education shall each receive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and returning therefrom, as members of the General Assembly. Sec 14. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but no rule, regulation or law, for the regulation and government of common schools or other educational institutions, shall pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the board, which shall be expressed by tlie yeas and nays on the final passage. The style of all acts of the board shall be, " Be it enacted by the board of education of the State of Iowa." Sec. 15. At any time after the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or re-organize said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the State in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. 2. — School Funds and School Lands. Section 1. The educational and school funds and lands, shall be under the control and management of the General Assembly of this State. Sec 2. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all moneys belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the State University. The interest arising from the same shall be annually ap- propriated for the support and benefit of said university. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improve- ment. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to this State, for the support of schools, vhich may have been, or shall hereafter be, sold or disposed of, and the five hun- dred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as has been, or may hereafter be, granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 shall be, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the General As- sembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State. Sec. 4. The money which may have been, or shall be, paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which such money is paid, or line collected, among the several school districts of said counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enumeration in such districts, to the support of commen schools, or the establishment of libraries, as the board of education shall, from time to time, provide. Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall take measures for the protection, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may here- after be reserved, or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, to this State, for the use of a university, and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose afore- said, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to pro- vide effectual means for the improvement and jiermanent security of the funds of said university. Sec. 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same, that by law, receive and control the State and county revenue, for other civil pur- poses, under such regulations as may be provided by law. Sec. 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common schools shall be distriljuted to the districts in proportion to the number of youths, between the ages of five and twenty-one years, in such manner as may be provided by the General x\ssenibly. Article 10. — Amendments to the Constitution. Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either House of the General Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be cho- sen at the next general election, and shall be published, as pr()vded by law, for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if, in the General Assembly so next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to, by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner, and at such time as the General Assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Consti- tution of this State. Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same 236 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. time, tliey shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately. Sec. 3. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand eight hunc''.ed and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also at such time as the General Assembly, may, by law, provide, the question: " Shall there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same?" shall be decided by the electors qualified to vote for members of the General As- sembly ; and in case a majority of the electors so qualified, voting at such election for and against such proposition, shall decide in favor of a Conven- tion for such purpose, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall pro- vide by law for the election of delegates to such Convention. Article 11. — Miscellaneous. Section 1. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend in all cases (except cases in chancery, and cases where the question of title to real estate may arise), where the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may be extended to any amount not exceeding three hundred dollars. Sec. 2. IS^o new county shall be hereafter created containing less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles; nor shall the territory of any or- ganized county be reduced below that area, except the county of Worth, and the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of the State, may be or- ganized without ad,ditional territory. Sec. 3. No county, or other political or municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount in the aggregate exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable prop- arty within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last State and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Sec. 4. The boundaries of the State may be enlarged, with the consent of Congress and the General Assembly. Sec. 5. Every person elected or appointed to any office shall, before en- tering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States, and of this State, and also an oath of office. Sec. 6. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring be- fore the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term ; and all persons appointed to fill vacancies in office, shall hold until the next general election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall not locate any of the public lands, which have been, or may be granted by Congress to this State, and the lo- cation of which may be given to the General Assembly, upon lands actually settled, without the consent of the occupant. The extent of the claim of such occupant so exempted, shall not exceed three hundred and twenty acres. Sec. 8. The seat of government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the City of Des Moines, in the county of Polk, and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. constitution of the statp: of iowa. 237 Article 12. — Schedule. Section 1. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the State, and any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The General Assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect. Sec. 2. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent M'ith this C/onstitu- tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. Sec. 3. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints, process, and other proceedings pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of errors, certiorari, and injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts, in the same manner as now provided by law; and all offenses, misdemeanors and crimes that may have been committed before the taking effect of this Constitution, shall be subject to indictment, trial and punishment, in the same manner as they would have been had not this constitution been made. Sec. 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, or ac- cruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, shall inure so the State, county, or school fund, in the manner prescribed by law. Sec. 5. All bonds executed to the State, or to any officer in his official capacity, shall remain in force and inure to the' use of those concerned. Sec. 6. The first election under this constitution shall be held on the second Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, at which time the electors of the State shall elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. There shall also be elected at such election, the successors of such State Senators as were elected at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and members of the House of Representatives, who shall be elected in accordance with the act of apportionment, enacted at the session of the General Assembly which commenced on the first Monday of December, one thouasnd eight hundred and fifty-six. Sec. 7. The first election for Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, Attorney-General, District Judges, Members of the Board of Education, District Attorneys, members of Congress, and such State officers as shall be elected at the April election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven (except the Superintendent of Public Instruction), and such county officers as were elected at the August election, in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-six, except Prosecuting Attorney, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- eight; Provided, that the time for which any District Judge, or any other State or county officer, elected at the April election in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, shall not extend beyond the time fixed for filling like offices at the October election in the year one thousand eight liundred and fifty-eight. Sec. 8. . The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and such county officers as shall be elected at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. Sec. 9. The first regular session of the General Assembly shall be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, commencing on the second Monday of January of said year. Sec. 10. Senators elected at the August election, in the year one thou- 238 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. sand eight hundred and fiftj-six, shall continue in office until the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, at which time their successors shall be elected as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 11. Every person elected by popular vote, by a vote of the General Assembly, or who may hold office by Executive appointment, which office is continued by this constitution, and every person who shall be so elected or appointed, to any such office, before the taking effect of this constitution, (except as in this constitution otherwise provided) shall continue in office until the term for which such person has been or may be elected or ap- pointed shall expire; but no such person shall continue in office after the taking effect of this constitution, for a longer period than the term of such office, in this constitution prescribed. Sec. 12. The General Assembly, at the first session under this constitu- tion, shall district the State into eleven judicial districts, for District Court purposes; and shall also provide for the apportionment of the General As- sembly, in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. Sec. 13. The foregoing constitution shall be submitted to the electors of the State at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the several election districts in this State. Tlie ballots at such election shall be written or printed as follows : Those in favor of the constitu- tion — "New Constitution — Yes." Those against the constitution, "New Con- stitution — No." The election shall be conducted in the same manner as the general elections of the State, and the poll-books shall be returned and can- vassed as provided in the twenty-fifth chapter of the Code; and abstracts shall be forwarded to the Secretary of State, which abstracts shall be can- vassed in the manner provided for the canvass of State officers. And if it shall appear that a majority of all the votes cast at such election for and against this constitution are in favor of the same, the Governor shall imme- diately issue his proclamation stating that fact, and such constitution shall be the constitution of the State of Iowa, and shall take eft'ect from and after the publication of said proclamation. Sec. 14. At the same election that this constitution is submitted to the people for its adoption or rejection, a proposition to amend the same by striking out the word " white," from the article on the " Right of Suffrage," shall be separately submitted to the electors of this State for adoption or rejection, in manner following, viz : A separate ballot may be given by every person having a right to vote at said election, to be deposited in a separate box; and those given for the adoption of such proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word ' white ' be stricken out of the article on the 'Right of Suftrage?' — Yes." And those given against the proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word 'white' be stricken out of the article on the 'Right of Suffrage?' — No." And if at said election the number of ballots cast in favor of said proposi- tion, shall be equal to a majority of those cast for and against this constitu- tion, then said word " white " shall be stricken from said article and be no part thereof. Sec. 15. Until otherwise directed by law, the county of Mills shall be in a,nd a part of the Sixth Judicial District of this State. Done in convention at Iowa City, this fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America, the eighty-first. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names: Attest : Timothy Day, S. Gr. Winchester, David Bunker, D. P. Palmer, Geo. "VV". Ells, J. C. Hall, John H. Peters, Wm. H. Warren, H. W. Gray, Kobt. Gower, H. D. Gibson, Thomas Seelet, A. H. Marvin, J. H, Emerson, R. L. B. Clarke, James A. Young, D. H. Solomon, Th. J. Saunders, /Secretary. E. N. Bates, Assistant Secretary. m. w. e.0bins0n, Lewis Todhunter, John Edwards, J, C. Traer, James F. Wilson, Amos Harris, Jno. T. Clark, S. Ayres, Harvey J. Skiff, J. A. Parvin, W. Penn Clarke, Jere. Hollingworth, Wm. Patterson, D. W. Price, Alpheus Scott, George Gillaspy, Edward Johnston. Francis Springer, President. Constitution of United States. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the hlessings of liherty to ourselves and oxir posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article L Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The Honse of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty -five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and exclud- ing Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. Tlie actual enumer- tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- sand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hariipshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Caro- lina five, and Georgia three. ■ When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu- tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker, and other oflicers and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sen- AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 24l ators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall l)e divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the tliird class, at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 'No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate; but shall have no vote, unless tlie}^ be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tem- pore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the of- fice of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Pres- ident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to Ik >ld and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall, never- theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed, in each state, by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such reg- ulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. Seo. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections returns, and quali- fications of its o\ni members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- bers for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. IS^either house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 16 242 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and, for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person, holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house, during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representaties and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on tlieir journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. It^ any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten dskjs (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a \k\v, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- ment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved by him shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 2'43 To establish post-offices and post-roads; To promote the prog7*ess of science and useful arts, by securinp^, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and oflenses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- cerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies; but no appro])riation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy; •To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the apjDointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock -yards, and other needful buildings; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- tution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or officer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. ISTo bill of attainder, or ex post facto law^, shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another; no? shall vessels, bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall l)e drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appro- priations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, oi- foreign state. 244 CONSTITUTION CTF THE UNITED STATES Sec. 10. ISTo State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- tracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 'No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Yice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and cer- tify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such nuniber be a major- ity of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representa- tion from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall I'on- sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In ev^ery case, after tlie choice of a President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the Yice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Yice-President, The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 245 No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be elii^ible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of tlie President from office, or of his death, resig- nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer sliall then act as Presi- dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensa- tion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for wliich he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath, or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will ffiithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best ot my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The Pi-esident shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- ments are not herein otherwise provided fur, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen dur- ing the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinay occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 246 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Article III. Section 1. Tlie judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, aris- ing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas- sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citi- zens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have orig- inal jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trials shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may, by law, have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- fort. Xo person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to the pub- lic acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged, in any State, with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. Ko person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or laljor may he due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted, by tlie Congress, into this Union; AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 247 but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any- other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- cerned, as M'ell as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for jdto- posing amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratiiied by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- gress; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or Avhich shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath, or affirm- ation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be re- quired, as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 248. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED SPATES hundred and eiglitj-seven, and of the inde^iendence of the United States of America tlie twelftli. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON^, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gokham, RuFus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL. Livingston, Wm. Paterson, David Brearley, JoNA. Dayton. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, RoBT. Morris, Thos. Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll. Gouv. Morris. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. Maryland. James M'Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos, Jenifer. Yirginia. John Blair. James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. William Few, Abr. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. AMENDMENTS To the Constitution of the United States, ratified according to the provis- ions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- tition the government for a redresss of grievances. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 249 Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessaiy to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IY. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- sons or things to be seized Article Y. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same oftense to be twice put in jeapordy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article YI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- sation; to be confronted with the witnesses against liim; to have compul- sory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article YII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law. Article YIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 250 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the'States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab- itant of the same State with themselves; they shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as President, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sIoti and certify, and trans- mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in pres- ence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest num- ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a ma- jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Kep- resentatives shall choose immediately by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- tives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day t)f March next following, then the Vice- President shall act as President, as in the case of the death, or other consti- tutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 251 Article XIII. 1. Neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- lation. Article XIV. 1. All persons born, or naturalized, in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the States wherein they reside. Xo State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life liberty, or property, without due process of law% nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, ac- cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for tlie choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of the State, or members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridge, except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation sliall be reduced in the proportion which the whole number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens, twenty-one years of age in such State. 3. Xo person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elec- tor of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion, against the same, or given aid and com- fort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment ot pensions and bounties for suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but such debts, obliga- tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Miscellaneous. PRACTICAL RULES FOR EVERY DAY USE. How to find the gain or loss per cent, ivhen the cost and selling j)7'ice are given. Rule. — Find tlie difference between the cost and selling price, which will be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. How to change gold into currency. Rule — Multiply the given sum of gold, by the price of gold. How to change ciirrency into gold. Rule. — Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. How to find each partner'' s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quotient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent, the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight.^ or price of hogs ^ when the gross weight or 2JTice is given., and vice versa. Note. — It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent, of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by 34 or 25 per cent. of itself equals the gross weight. To fine the net weight or gross price. Rule. — Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross lo eight or net price. Rule. — Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) How to find the capacity of a granary., Mn., or wagon-bed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cupic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. How to find the contents of a corn-crib. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or by 4 J inSCELLANEOUS. 25?^ ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. Note. — In estimating corn in the ear, tlie quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. KuLE. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31-| gallons. How to find the contents of a harrel or cash. KuLE.— Under tlie square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in reversed order, so that its units will fall under the tens; multi- ply by short method, and this product again by 430; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. How to oneasure hoards. KuLE. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12— the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, joists, planks^ sills, etc. EuLE. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the pro- duct by 12 — the result will be square feet. Ho2v to find the number of acres in a hody of land. KuLE. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the pro- duct by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remain- der); the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. KuLE. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to fi,nd the number of bricks required in a building. Rm.E. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22^^. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. EuLE. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shin- gles are exposed A:\ inches, or by T 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the Jength of the roof by twice the length of the rafters. To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths); at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note. — By % or V^ pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be M or % ^^ width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters. 254 MISCELLANEOUS. How to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Note. — Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is tlie contents of any given plot in square yards; then, giren the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Kow, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others hy adopting the folloiving simple and ingenious contrivance^ may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given. Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. How to find the diameter, lohen the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round stick of timher of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. Rule.— Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. MISCELLANEOUS. 255 To find the nuiiiber of feet of tinxbej' in trees loith the harh on. Rule.— Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Howard'' s new I'ulefor coinjniting interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown b}" simply removing the decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminisli the results to suit the time given. Note. — The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting]the rate; thus 3 per cent, per month, inverted, becomes ^ij.of a month, or ten daj's. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, three ones. Rule for converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. POPULATION OF IOWA CITIES. The following table presents the population of thirteen of the principal cities of Iowa for the years 1870, 1875 and 1878 — the population for the last named year being, in the main, estimated: Pop. in 1870. Pop. in 1875. Pop. in 1878. Des Moines 12,035 14,443 25,000 Burlington 14,930* 19,987 25,000 Davenport 20,038 21,234 26,827 Dubuque 18,434 23,605 27,500 Keokuk 12,766 11,841 15,000 Cedar Rapids 5,940 7,179 11,350 Iowa City 5,914 6,371 8,000 Council Bluffs 10,020 9,287 11,000 Clinton 6,129 7,028 9,000 Muscatine 6,718 7,537 8,000 Sioux City 3,401 4,290 6,000 Ottumwa 5,214 6,326 10,000 Marshalltown 3,288 4,384 6,416 Fort Madison, Mt. Pleasant and Waterloo are, probably, entitled to appear in the above table, as each of them, doubtless, has a population of over six thousand. * Includes whole township. D-r .^ THE PIONEER In the heart of the grand old forest, A thousand miles to the "West, Where a stream gushed out from the hill-side, The J halted at last for rest. And the silence of ages listened To the axe-stroke loud and clear, Divining a kingly presence In the tread of the pioneer. He formed of the prostrate beeches A home that was strong and good; The roof was of reeds from the streamlet, The chimney he built of wood. And there by the winter fireside, While the flame up the chimney roared, He spoke of the good time coming. When plenty should crown their board — When the forest should fade like a vision. And over the hill-side and plain The orchard would spring in its beauty, And the fields of golden grain. And to-night he sits by the fireside In a mansion quaint and old. With his children's children around him, Having reaped a thousand-fold. History of Mahaska County. GEOGRAPHY— DESCRIPTIVE AND PHYSICAL. Mahaska is in the third tier of counties, counting from tlie southern boundary of the State, and is number four from the Mississippi river. It is twenty-four miles square, containing Congressional townships No. 74, 75, 76 and 77, north of ranges 14, 15, 16 and 17, west of the fifth prin- cipal meridian. Tiiese are divided into fifteen civil townships, as follows: Pleasant Grove, Monroe, White Oak, Cedar, Harrison, Oskaloosa, Adams, Union, Prairie, Madison, Des Moines, Jefferson, Scott, Black Oak, and Richland. These follow the Congressional lines generally, except where large streams are near the border, when the channel of the stream is made the boundary line. Oskaloosa is just twice the size of an ordinary town- ship. Six of the above townships, as M^ill be easily recognized, took their names from physical peculiarities of soil or timber, and six from names of Presidents. Oskaloosa took its name from the county seat. Union from its large size at an early day, and Des Moines from the river flowing through it. Mahaska county contains 386,640 acres of surface. Of this amount the last State Census report (1874) gives about three-sevenths under cultiva- tion, and a little less than one-third as unimproved. This last amount in- cludes all timber and swamp lands. The county is bounded on the north by Jasper and Poweshiek; on the east by^ Keokuk; on the south by Wapello and Monroe; and on the west by Marion county. It slopes from the northwest toward the southeast, and is crossed in this direction by five streams at almost equal distances, viz: North and South forks of Skunk river; Des Moines river, and by Muchakinock and Middle creeks. Of these we shall speak more particularly. Bes Moines River. — This stream cuts off about one-ninth of the county on the southwest. The length of its channel within the boundaries of Ma- haska is about twenty-four miles. The average width is forty rods, and and depth not tar from four feet, though there are shallows which prevent the navigation of crafts of any size. The current is rather swift. The banks are composed of alluvial deposits, and the bottom lands are of won- derful fertility. The cliannel for the most part flows over a pebbly bed. The bottoms along the Des Moines are from one and one-half to two miles in width in Mahaska and are frequently overflown. These produce some valuable timber, especially walnut; and up toward the bluffs some excellent white oak. There is likewise a considerable growth of sugar maj)le and 17 258 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Cottonwood. The river is not clammed within the boundary of Mahaska, It is spanned by one bridge and crossed by two ferries. South Fork of ISl'u.n'k. — This is the main brancli of the Skunk river, and cuts off about two-fiths of the northeastern part of the county, stretching across a district of about tliirty miles in extent, but in its meanderings flowing over a bed not less tliau seventy miles within the county lines ot Mahaska. This bed is mostly sandy and the stream is rather sluggish. The banks are of alluvial deposits, quite muddy, of a sour soil and not very productive. The stream is skirted by a belt of timber from one to three miles in M'idth — maple, elm, swamp ash, and cotton wood. Some good oak timber appears along the bluft's which are, on an average, about one-half mile back from the stream. South Skunk is about eight rods wide and some three feet in depth. It spreads over almost its entire bot- toms during a wet season. Its course is interrupted by live mill dams in Mahaska, and its channel crossed by four good bridges. North Shunh. — This fork cuts off parts of three townships on the north- east, and is quite crooked. It is smaller, but in many respects like the South Skunk. The timber, especially, is similar. The bed is deeper, banks higher, and current much swifter. Its water supply is sufficient for mill power during the entire year. The channel averages about two feet. Five mill dams and six bridges have been thrown across this stream. Mnchakinock Creek. — -This is an Indian name and means "bad cross- ing." The stream flows between the Des Moiues and South Skunk, and in the upper part of its course is about equally distant from both. It empties into the Des Moines in Wapello county. The bluffs come close to the stream. The volume of water in this creek will not run a mill more than one-third of the year. It is heavilj' timbered in the lower part of its course and its bluffs afford the best coal exposures in the county. Middle Creek is so named from its location between the north and south forks of the Skunk, and is a small stream about on a par with Mnchakinock. There is some valuable walnut timber on the lower part of its course, and along this part of its valley is some of the richest soil in Iowa. Surface. — The surface of Mahaska is generally rolling, but not so much so as to interfere with agriculture. The flnest prairies are to be found on the divides between the Des Moines and South Skunk rivers, and between the forks of the Skunk. The smoother land is to be found in Cedar and East Harrison townships, and also in Prairie. The bottom land of the Des Moines cannot be excelled in the production of corn, and is much bet- ter than on the Skunk. The soil is a rich dark loam, from three to Ave feet in depth, and never fails to produce a good crop when the season is favorable. The roads are muddy usually in the spring, but from the nature of the soil they dry quickly. During the summer season a heavy rain will scarcely be noticed in its effects on the roads within twenty-four hours after it has fallen. It is not unusual to traverse heavy roads in the morning and return over a dry track in the afternoon. Timber. — Not less than one-eighth of the county is covered with a growth of timber, much of which is valuable. We learn that the amount of tim- ber is on the increase, and that Mahaska has now more "woods" than at the time of early settlement. The principal trees are white, burr and black oak, red and white elm, w^alnut, butternut, hickory, sycamore, cot- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 259 ton wood, swamp asli, siio^ar and white maple, buckeye and hackberry. There is, probably, not a birch tree in the county. Wild fruits. — Crab apples, plums, grapes and blackberries abound in the timber. Strata. — The surface strata of Mahaska belongs to the middle and lower coal measures. Patterns clay. — A good article of potter's or fire clay is found in some parts of the county, especially in the southern. Some six acres of section six, Harrison township, have been bought for its chi}^ by parties who are running a ]>ottery on section nineteen of that townsiiip. Iron. — There are some indications of this ore, but its value has been exaggerated. Tiie prospects for Maiiaska's iron mining are not flattering. The needle of the surveyor's instrument is quite noticeably deflected on section eight, Richland township, indicating the presence of magnetic ore. Building stone. — This county aflbrds some excellent quarries of stone — both lime and sand — especially along the rivers. In the northern part of the county the best quarries are about Peoria. From one of these the stone used in Jasper county court house was procured some twenty years ago. There are, also, good quarries about Union Mills, on South Skunk river, and on section four, Des Moines township. Coal. — liich as are the gifts of Mahaska county in agricultural advantages, it is probable that at no far distant day her coal mining will be her leading industry and first source of wealth. . In the amount of coal mined she is the first county in Iowa. By a gross error in the census report of 1875, Wapello and Monroe counties are placed very much ahead of Mahaska in coal mining. This report is self-convicted from the fact that Mahaska has recorded almost twice the number of miners recorded from the other two counties mentioned. In 1875 Mahaska county mined about 14,000 cars of coal. There are, undoubtedly, veins of coal under the entire county. In fact, with one oi' two possible exceptions, coal has been mined in every township in the county. We make an extract from the report of State Geologist White of 1870, when the mining interests in Mahaska were only a fraction of what they now are: "Kone of the coal counties of Iowa, so far as is now known, exceed Mahaska county in importance as regards its supplies of coal, unless it is Marion county. So far, however, as the coal now annually mined is con- cerned, Mahaska county is much in advance of any of the others. Al- though the greater part of the niines of this county have been examined, the formation whieh contains them has not been studied as a whole, within its limits with sutficient thoroughness, to give a clear statement of the number ot diflerent beds of coal it may contain and their relations with the other strata." Again, when Professor White was asked to make an estimate of the amount of coal probably in the county, he gave it as his opinion that the supply was suflicient for a five foot vein over the entire surface. This sup- ply, if it were mined at the present rate, would last two thousand years. In this same report of the Geologist is given the result of the analj'ses of sixty-four samples of coal from the State of Iowa, the result of which shows Mahaska county to be the peer, if not the superior, of any other coal in the State, in respect to quality. 260 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The following principles are stated in explanation of the report of analyses: "1. The value of coal as fuel is inversely proportional to the amount of moisture contained in it; that is, the more water it contains, the less its value. "2. The greater the per cent of ash tlie less is the value of the coal. "3. The more lixed carbon the coal (jontains the greater is its value. "4. The same holds true with regard to the volatile combustible matter to a limited extent, the precise limits of wiiich cannot be determined until we know the composition of this combustible matter." In the average table, showing the result from fifteen counties, including almost the entire coal field of Iowa, the result shows: 1. That Mahaska county coal contains less moisture than any other in the State, except Jasper county coal, with 4 61-100 per cent; Mahaska being 4 73-100. 2. In the amount of ash produced it is about an average, ranking ninth in fifteen counties. 3. In the amount of fixed carbon Mahaska county ranks first, with Poweshiek second. 4. In volatile combustible matter tlie result shows Mahaska coal to be an average, ranking eighth in the fifteen counties. In compiling the above average eight specimens from Mahaska were examined. The boring of the artesian well revealed a ten foot vein of coal, at the depth of ninety seven feet, under the Oskaloosa public square. A well dug in Jefterson township showed a vein at forty-one feet, and a second vein three feet in thickness at 102 feet. The most extensive mines in Mahaska are those conducted by the Con- solidation and Iowa Coal Companies, on Muchakinock ci'eek. (For full histor}' and statistics of these, see in proper place on following pages.) Mining is carried on quite extensively in slopes, with no steam power, just west and southwest of tlie city of Oskaloosa, as well as along the banks of Spring creek. Mention of all the mines in the county would be tedious. Prairie and Cedar townships give least evidences of coal, and, as yet, little or no encouragement to mining. Climate, elevation, etc. — Oskaloosa public square is about 860 feet above the level of the sea. The bed of the Des Moines river, at the southern boundary of the county, is about 660 feet above the same level. Surface of water in South Skunk river, about the center of the countj', is near 800 feet. The climate is pleasant and healthy. Ague is rare, and the county is subject to no climatical diseases peculiar to its limits. The winters of late years have been greatly modified from the reputed coldness of earlier days. INDIAN AFFAIRS. The territory occu])ied by Mahaska county was a part of the purchase made by the United States Government from the Sac and Fox Indians in October. 1842. This treaty of 1842 was negotiated at the Agency, now Agency City, in October of that j^ear. A number of chiefs were in attendance, the principal of whom "were Keokuk, Appanoose, Poweshiek and Panassa. The commis- HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 261 sioner on behalf of the United States Government was Governor John Cliambers, of Iowa Territory. The council lasted about one week. To give a full history of this negotiation, it is necessary to go back several years. In 1835 Gen. J. M. Street, who had been Indian agent among the Win- nebagos since 1827, was removed to the Sac and Fox agency, first at Rock Island, and in 1838 at Agency City. Gen. Street was a great favorite among the Indians, and they were accustomed to call him their father. This gen- tleman died in May, 1840. His family procured an air-tight coffin, and an- nounced their intention of burying his remains at Prairie du Chien, where some of his relatives were interred. The chiefs held a council and remon- strated, ofiering any part of their country which might be chosen as Gen. Sti'eet's burying ground, and adding that if their wishes were com])lied with, they would give to Gen. Street's widow a section of land, and a half-section to each one of his children. Accordingly, Gen. Street's remains were in- terred near the Agency, and no reference was ever made to the land prom- ised until the time of this treaty. About the evening of the second day ot the treaty-council, one of the Government officers came to Gen. Street's son, Wm. B. Street, now of Oskaloosa, then employed in the Agency, and said, "I do not think we will succeed in making a treaty." ''Why?" "Be- cause," said the officer, " the chiefs demand a reservation of one section for Gen. Street's widow, and a half-section each for her ten children, and also a half-section each for Smart's two children, who are half-breeds. The in- structions of the Government are opposed to an}^ reservation, and positive against reservation for half-breeds." Mr. Street, not wishing a treaty to fail for any such reason, held a consultation with some of the principal chiefs, telling them he did not care for any reservation, and as his brothers and sisters were all in another territory, that he thought they would will- ingly relinquish the offer of the chiefs; and as for airy obligation they were under to the Smart children, they could pay that in money. Keokuk and some of the others assented reluctantly, but old PoM^eshiek insisted that all the reservation they desired should be demanded. Mr. Street remonstrated with him as to the result in failui-e of the treaty, and again told him he did not care for the reservation. " What, do you decline the gift?" said the in- dignant old chief — for this was considered an insult among Indians, to refuse a present. Mr. Street informs us that Poweshiek refused to speak to him for six months afterward, when one day, while Poweshiek was a little merry under the influence of whisky, Mr. Street presented the old chief with a pony, and again they were good friends. Finally, the Indians demanded the reservation of a single section, to be given Mrs. Street. Gov. Chambers would not consent. Then old Keokuk, rising, addressed the council thus: "There lies," said he, pointing to the grave of Gen, Street, " there lies the grave of our father, the best white friend we have ever had, and M'ithout the reservation, this land shall never, never be sold while a single one of our tribe remains." On the next day Gov. Chambers agreed to the reservation of one section, and directed the Indians to make choice. They selected that on which the Agency buildings were situated, and including Gen. Street's grave. Again the commissioner halted. He claimed the Government had spent some $3000 or $4000 in improving that section, and he could not allow that to be reserved. The Indians then proposed to pay for the improvements, which they afterward did, paying $2,500, which was considered a fair valuation at that time. The treaty being thus concluded, Keokuk remarked to the com- 262 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. missioner that if the Senate clianged it by a single scratch of the pen, it wonld not be agreed to by the Indians. It came Ijefore the Senate. A mo- tion was made to strike out tlie reservation. Keoknk's remark was repeated in the Senate. And on March 23, 1843, was ratified an Indian treaty for the first time in the history of the Senate, without an erasure. By this treaty, a tract of land comprising probably more thon two-thirds the present State of Iowa Avas transferred to the United States, for which the Sac and Fox Indians were to receive $800,000 in good State stocks, on Mdiich the Government should guarantee five per cent interest ]:)er annum. In the words of the treaty, they "ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." It was stipulated that they wei'e to be removed from the country at the expiration of three years, and all who remained after that were to remove at their owm expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder in the spring of 1846, In consequence of this peaceable arrangement, the early settlers of Mahaska county encountered no difficulties with tlie red man, and the historian has to record no price of blood paid for the possession of their primitive homes. Few Indians ever put in their appearance after the work of settlement had once thoi'oughly begun, Mr. William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, spent the years from 1828 to 1843 among the Indians of the North w^est. From 1839 to 1843 he resided at Old Agency, near Agency City, and to him we are indebted for a number of in- teresting facts in regard to Indian names and history. By the various treaties made with the Sac and Fox Indians, the Government paid these $80,000 per year, by families. Mr. Street was disbursing clerk for John Beach, Indian agent, during the year 1841, and showed ns the receipts for the part payment of the annuity, in his own handwriting, and tlie marks of the chiefs in signing. We give an extract, including the names of part of those Indians who at that time were living at Kisli-Ke-Kosh's village, in White Oak township, w^ithin the present boundaries of Mahaska county: "We, the chiefs, warriors, heads of families, and individuals without fam- ilies, of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, within the same agency, acknowl- edge the receipt of forty thousand dollars of John Beach, United States Indian Agent, in tlie sums appended to our names, being our proportion of the annuity due said tribes, for the year 1841: MABKS MEN WOMEN childr'n TOTAL AMOUNT Kish-ke-kosh,' - - . - X 1 1 3 4 $ Tl 30 Ko-ko-ach, - . _ . X 1 2 3 6 lOG 95 Pas-sa-sa-she-shiek, - - - X 1 1 2 2 55 65 Mo-ka-qua, X 1 1 17 82 Pa-ko-ka, . . . . X 1 1 2 4 71 30 Ka-ke-wa-wa-te-sit, ... X 2 1 3 53 47 Much-e-min-ne,^ X 1 1 2 4 71 30 Wa-pes-e-qua," - - - - X 1 1 2 4 71 30 Wa-pe-ka-kah,^ . _ . X 2 1 3 6 106 95 Mus-qna-ke,' . . . . X 3 2 2 7 124 78 And fifty-nine others. " Kish-ke-kosh means "The man with one leg off" - Much-i-min-ne means "Big man". 3 Wa-pes-e-qua means "White eyes". 4Wa-pe-ka-kah means "White crow". sMus-qua-ke means "The fox". HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 263 "We certify that we M^ere present at the payment of the above mentioned amounts, and saw the amounts paid to the several Indians, in specie, and that their marks were affixed in our presence, this 19th of October, 1841. "(Signed) JNO. BEACII,^ U. S. Indian Agent. THOMAS McCKATE, Lieut. 1st Dragoons. JOSIAH SMART, Interpreter. " We, the undersigned, Chiefs of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, ac- knowledge the correctness of the foregoing receipts. KEOKUK," his X mark. POWESHIEK,' his X mark." In a record of the old settlers of Mahaska county no one is more strongly entitled to extended notice than Kish-ke-kosh. Though the meaning of his name is "The man with one leg off," few Indians possessed a finer pair of legs and a titier physique than the chief of Mahaska county's Indian village. Tall, straight as an arrow, with fine head and intellectual face, a humorous eye, his whole appearance was such as to challenge admiration, and was a genuine type of the traditional brave, which the present genera- tion believes existed only in poetry, because in this day they only see the Indians as a set of miserable beggars, or find their true nature shackled by an adoption of ,a mode of life for which they were never fitted. Previous to 1837 Kish-ke-kosh was simply a warrior chief in the village of Keokuk, though he was the lattei-'s first "lieutenant. The warrior chief was inferior to the village chief, to which distinction, we have seen, Kish-ke-kosh after- ward attained. For the purpose of forming the treaty known as the "Treaty of '37," a deputation of Sac and Fox Indians, under escort of General Street, was taken to Washington City, and difi'erent parts ot^ the east. This deputation included Keokuk, Black Hawk, Poweshiek, Kish- ke-kosh, and alx)ut fifteen other chiefs. Kish-ke-kosh was regarded among his tribe as the clown and wit, and in the journej^ to the East he did not forget to display his humor and sarcasm. The Indians descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio by steamer, and thence up the latter i-iver to Wheeling, where they took stage across the mountains. Some- where on the route a party of ladies came on the steamer, and a young man who was accompanying the Indian delegation, becotning acquainted with the ladies, took them around to see the Indians. The young man, with the ill manners of some white people, fingered the dress and ornaments of the chiefs for the benefit of the sight seers, a familiarity which Kish-ke- kosh evidently thought should be dispensed with. Accordingly, when the young man was through, Kish-ke-kosh stepped up to him and commenced to sample his coat, vest, pantaloons and watch chain, to feel his hair, ex- hibit his teeth, etc., to his brother chiefs, jabbering away in the Sac tongue, and going through, with perfect mimicry, the self-assumed keeper of a menagerie. The deck of the steamer held a most appreciative crowd ot spectators, and, as peal after peal of laughter assaulted the young man's ^Keokuk means " The watchful fox". ? Poweshiek means " The roused bear". 264 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. tingling' ears, lie doubtless arrived at the conclnsion that barbarism was able to teach a specimen of civilizatioii a lesson in manners, whose impres- sion would not be lost till his dying daj. Wiiile the party were in Washington, at the request of some of the gov- ernnjent officials, a council was held with some chiefs of the Sioux there present, as the Sacs and Foxes were waging perpetual war with the Sioux nation. This council was held in the representative chamber, and, to the great indignation of tiie Sioux, Kish-ke-kosh appeared, dressed in a buf- falo hide which he had taken in war from a Sioux chief, and took his place in one of the large windows, with the mane and horns of the buHalo as a sort of head-dress, and the tail trailing to the floor. The Sioux complained to the officials, claiming that this was an insult to them, but were informed that Kish-ke-kosh hatl a right to appear in his own costume. The first speech was made by a Sioux, who complained most bitterly of their wrongs, of how they had been driven from their bonnes by the Sacs and Foxes, their warriors killed, and villages burned. Then followed Keokuk in reply — the great orator of his tribe — an interpreter repeating his speech after him. There were those present who had heard Webster, Calhoun, Clay and Benton in this same hall, but declared that, for delivery, for native elo- quence, impassioned expression of countenance, the chief surpassed theui all, though they could not undei^tand his words, save as they were inter- preted. Kish-ke-kosh followed. He ridiculed the Sioux, laughed at their weaknesses and mimicked their complaints. From Washington they proceeded to New York, where they were shown little attention, and General Street attempted to show them the city on foot, but on their lirst appearance the Gothamites crowded them beyond en- durance in their endeavors to see Black Hawk and others, so that the whole party was obliged to escape the crowd by passing through a store, and tak- ing the alle}^ way toward their hotel. At Boston they were met at the train by carriages, at the public expense, and the following day, in open carriages with guards on foot, were shown almost the whole cit^-. Governor Edward Everett gave a banquet for them, and there, as everywhere, Kish- ke-kosh made himself the decided favorite by his witticisms, jokes and stories, especially among the ladies. He canie back home loaded with presents, jeweby, rings and fancy work, which, during the i-emainder of liis life, he delighted to display, saying these were given him by the "white squaws." When the Indians returned and were asked about New York City, they only expressed their disgust. Boston was the onl}^ place in the United States, in their estimation, an opinion which they may have im- bibed from Bostonians, who probably in words, as well as in attentions, gave the braves to understand that their city was the " hub," It was in recognition of Kish-ke-kosh's distinction during this visit that he was made a village chief and removed to the banks of the Skunk river, as above mentioned. Here the squaws, after grubbing out hazel brush on the banks of the creeks or the edge of timber, unaided by plow or brave, planted and tended their patches of corn, surronndiivg them by rude fences of willow, which were renewed every year. Here the men trained their ponies, hunted, iished and loafed, until they were disturbed by the incoming of the whites. The following incident is located at this point: Sometime about 18-11 Major Beach, Indian Agent, in company with W. B. Street, and others, came up here from Agency City, on some business with Kish-ke-kosh,. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 265 Arriving late in tlie evening they encamped near the village, and on the following morning Kish-ke-kosh, with his assistants, came over to the camp to receive them. Tlie pipe of peace was lighted and passed aronnd, and bnsiness transacted. After the council the whites were invited to come over in the evening to the feast Avhich the Indians proposed having in honor of their visit. The invitation was accepted, and presently the whites heard a great howling among the dogs, and looking in direction of the village they could plainly see the preparations for the supper. A number of dogs were killed and stretched on stakes a few inches above the ground. They were then covered by dried grass, which was set on fire and the hair singed off, after which, when the dogs had passed through a scraping process, they were cut up and placed in pots, along with a quantity of corn. Thus was the favorite barbecue among the race prepared. The whites were promptly in attendance, but on account of their national prejudice (!) they were provided with venison soup instead of dog stew. After the feast dancing was com- menced, first the Green Corn dance, then the Medicine dance, and closing just before morning with the Scalp dance. Kish-ke-kosh did not take part in the Terpsichoreau exhibition, but sat with the whites, laughing, joking and telling stoi'ies. This village of Kish-ke-kosh contained about two hundred and fifty Indians, and a few months after the treaty of 18-12 they removed to a point about three miles south-east of the present capital of the state on the Des Moines river, where Keokuk had his village at this time. There they remained until the spring of 1846, when the entire party were conveyed in United States Government wagons to a point on the reservation, seventy miles southwest of Kansas City. Some of the bark covered huts of Kish-ke-kosh's village still remained in White Oak township after the white settlers came, and the graves covered by a roof of rude slabs w^ere still to be seen, but now every Indian relic is gone, save as the plowman turns from under the glebe an occasional arrows-head or hatchet. The wigwam has given way to the stately homestead or tapering spire; the war dance and dog feast to the second best county fair in the state. Where once the Indian youth found his early training in drawing his supple bow upon the wary fox, the boys of another race trudge to the district school, or serve an appren- ticeship behind the plow. The soil for centuries unbroken now yields a fruitful reward to an industry unknown to the aboriginies of our prairies. The Indian has read the .Mene, Mens, tehel, upharsin of his doomed race, and his history forces upon every thoughtful mind a feeling of pity, in con- trast with a thought of expediency — a contrast in which expediency has usually had the best of it. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The first dwelling occupied by whites on the soil of what is now Ma- haska county was erected in 1842, by one Macbeth, while the country was yet in possession of the Indians. Eddyville was then an Indian village known as Hard Fish's village, and here J. P. Eddy had a trading point, whence came the modern name of the town. A short distance from this village, but within tlie limits of Mahaska county, Macbeth, by permission of the Indians, built his cabin, though it is doubtful if he ever lived in it. It is said to have been occupied by John B. Gray and his family, during the winter of 1842-3. 266 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Those expecting to make settlements on tlie "New Purchase" were for- bidden to come on the reserve until the time of its deliver}' into the hands of the government by the Indians, May 1st, ISIS. Dragoons were sta- tioned all along tiie border, whose duty it was to keep the whites out of the country until the appointed time. For some weeks previous to the date assigned, settlers came n]) into the new country, prospecting for homes, and were quietly permitted to cross the border and look around, so long as they were unaccompanied by wagon and carried no ax. This latter weapon was sometimes placed without a handle in the knapsack of the traveler and an innjpromjytu handle fitted in by a penknife, when necessity called for its use. During the last few days of April the dragoons relaxed their strict discipline and an occasional wagon slipped in through the brush. The night of April 30th found some scores of newcomers on the ground, Avho had been prospecting the countrj^ who had decided mentally what claims they would make, and had various agreements among themselves. These settlers were mostly along or near the Des Moines river, it then being thought that prairie land was not half so desirable as the river and timber country. As it neared midnight on the morning of May 1st, settler after settler took his place upon the border of his claim with his bunch of sharpened stakes and lantern, or his blazing torch, and when it was thought twelve o'clock had arrived there was some lively surveying by amateur engineers in the dark. The claims were paced off, and strange to say thei-e were few cases of dispute, the matter having been pretty generally understood on the preceding day. Some of the claims were pretty large, more, in fact, than the law suffered the claimants to hold, some of whom were not un- mindful of the wholesome advice of a mother in Hoosierdom, who possibly lived in a later da}', but who counseled "Git a plenty while your gittin," to which the settler added, "and git the best." The first squatter is un- known under these circumstances, thouojh the name of those who claim the honor is legion. In the settlement of the Territory of Iowa, the legislature began by or- ganizing counties on the Mississippi. As each new county was formed it was made to include, under legal jurisdiction, all the country bordering west of it, and required to grant to the occidental settlers electoi'al priv- ileges and an equal share in the county government, with those M'ho prop- erly lived in the geographical limit of the county. Thus did Mahaska county at one time have jurisdiction over the country about Des Moines city. By act of the territorial legislature, February 5, 1844, a provision was made for the organization of this county, including unlimited territory north and west, as far as settled. By the provisions of the act William Edmundson was appointed sheriff", and by judge Williams, of Muscatine, M. T. Williams, then of Mt. Pleasant, was appointed clerk. According to the territorial law it was the duty of these men to perfect the organiza- tion of the county. There was no justice of the peace nor other officer privileged to admin- ister an oath, until Wm. Edmundson was appointed justice, March 10, 1844, by Gov, Chambers, in accordance with the privilege granted him by act of the legislature. If the reader will, in imagination, carry himself back to this time, and consider the condition of the country when these gentlemen come into the HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 267 county lie will have no difficulty in realizin«Z'.— John N. Butler, Henry Bond, Pleasant Parker, B. Stone, and Jacob Hunter. This election was held at the house of Henry Bond. Six Mile Prairie. — G. G. Rose, Thomas Wilson, _Wesley Freel, William Bassett, and John Patches. Monroe. — John Hollingsworth, Isaac Bed well, M. P. Crowder, Robert Ritchey, and George Bailey. Red Bock. — Witliam E. James, Samuel Geddis, Argus A. Martin, John H. Mikesell, and John Jordan. Now in Marion county. Jackson (now Scott). — Jacob H. Majors, Highland, and Hezekiah Gay. White Breast.— iS. B. Hamilton, Albert Yertreese, Elias Elder,^ Osee Matthews, and Green T. Clark. This precinct was a part of what is now Marion county. We were not successful in discovering the number of votes polled at this election, which resulted in the choice of the following officers: John White, Probate Judge; Wm. Edmundson, Sheriff; Wm. Pilgrim, Recorder; Wm. D. Canfield, Treasurer; W. A. Delashmutt, Assessor; Brittain Edwards, Coroner; A. S. Nichols, Wilson Stanley, and Robert Curry, County Commissioners; David Stump, Surveyor; John W. Cun- ningham, Commissioner's Clerk. A few days later these men were sworn into office and the machinery of government was in progress. COUNTY SEAT CONTEST. The act of the Legislature organizing the county appointed three commis- sioners from without its boundary, who were supposed to be an impartial court to decide the question of locating the county seat. This commission was paid for at the rate of two dollars per day for each individual, which seems quite a small remuneration for the hardships and privations of their ten days' tramp through the wilderness. 268 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The commission was composed of Jesse Williams, of Johnson connty; Ebenezer Perkins, of Washington county; and Thomas Henderson, of Keo- kuk county. These men, on May 11, ISl-l, completed their task, and announced their decision as follows: TERRITORY OF IOWA, } Mahaska County. [ Mai/ llfJi, 1844. The undersigned, commissioners appointed by the thirteenth section of an act entitled An Act to Organize the Counties of Keokuk and Mahaska, after being duly qualified, agreeably to the provisions of said act, have come unanimously to the conclusion to locate the county seat of said county, and do hereby locate said county seat, on the southeast quarter of section thirteen (13), in tovraship seventy-five (75) of range sixteen (16). JESSE WILLIAMS, THOMAS HENDERSON, EBENEZER PERKINS. This quarter section, as many of our readers well know, contains the bus- iness portion and many of the dwellings of the present seat of justice, Oska- loosa. Three locations were pressed for the choice of the commission. 1st. Auburn, a site at the head of Six Mile Prairie, its advocates claim- ing as its advantages, its location on the river — an argument, it is said, which had considerable force with the commissioners; it was also claimed that it would be the center of population of the county, under the imj^res- sion that the prairies were so expensive they would not be settled up for gen- erations. 2d. The geographical center of the county, a spot about two and one-half miles north of Oskaloosa. This was objected to as inaccessible, and of bad physical location. 3d. The place known as " The Karrows," the iinal choice of the commis- sion. This was a point on the water-shed between South Skunk river and the Des Moines, where the timber land from either stream ap]>roached al- most to joining. Before the country was settled, this point could be seen for twenty miles as the pioneer approached it froin the southeast, and the ridge lined on either side by the timber skirting the bordering streams, looked like one long vista, with a gateway of green at the limit of vision. This water-shed was the great highway of travel between different points on the Mississippi and Missouri, or far west. These circumstances induced the de- cision of the commissioners in favor of "The Narrows." They favored Os- kaloosa as the name of the proposed town, but some of the citizens wished the county seat to have the same name as the county, Mahaska, and owing to the difference of opinion, the locating commissioners left the name of the town to be settled by the county commissioners, but recommended Oskaloosa as the name. Two of these latter, A. S. Nichols and Robert Curry, met at the appointed place on May 13, 18-44, but the third com- missioner, Wilson Stanley, not being present, they adjourned till the day following, when, being qualified, they proceeded to select jurors for the first term of the District Court, and provide for the survey of the county seat, etc., etc. Wm. D. Canfield, not liking the name Mahaska, asked the commission to choose another name. M. T. Williams proposed Oskaloosa. The sentiment of the bystanders was taken, and a large majority favored the suggestion of HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 269 Mr. Williams, and the following entry was made by tlie clerk of the Board : Ordered, By the board, that Oskaloosa shall be the name of the seat of justice of Mahaska county. HISTORY OF NAMES OSKALOOSA AND MAHASKA. Onr readers will, perhaps, feel interested in knowing the origin of this name. We are informed that the proper spelling is Ouscaloosa. Ousca- loosa, of Indian history or tradition, was a Creek princess. The Seminoles made war upon the Creeks, and destroyed the whole body of warriors. The father of Ousealoosa was among the slain, and she, with all the women of the Creeks, was taken prisoner. Eventually Osceola, a chief of the Semi- noles, made her his wife, and gave her the Seminole name Ousealoosa, mean- ing "The Last of the Beautiful." Apropos, we quote from the Herald of 1853: Oskaloosa! Oskaloosa! "What a beauteous name; Who'd have thought a wee papoose Ever bore the same ? Once it was an Indian baby, Then a chieftain's mate; Now a city, next it may be Capital of state. 'Tis a name of progress fairly, And the poet's song Is in droll diffusions rarely Helping it along. Go ahead, fair Oskaloosa, Great and growing name! Who'd have thought a wee papoose Ever bore the same V November 28th, 1853. G. W. S. For the current spelling of Oskaloosa the first clerk was responsible, who never having seen the name in print, guessed at the orthography. If the clerks at the post-office are to be l)elieved, some other persons who live else- where have " guessed " differently, and with various results, as Oskalusa, Oscalosa, Oscaloosa, Oskalusa, Oscaloocy, Oskeloosa, Oskloosa, Oskalooca, Oskalouisa, Osklusa, Anskalucy, Oskaloosee, Oskalucy, Oskalusee, Oscal- lusa, Oskilucy, Oskalloosy, Oskaleucy, Oskalloosa, Auskaloosa, Auskiloocy, etc., etc. Mahaska, the name of the county, was that of an Iowa chief, meaning, in our language. White Cloud. For the following interesting sketch of his life, we are indebted to a work in the State Library: LIFE OF MAHASKA. "Mahaska, or White Cloud, the elder, was the son of Manhawgaw or the Wounding Arrow, who was principal chief of the Panhoochee or j^ierced nose band of Indians. Mauliawgaw emigrated, some hundred and fifty years ago, from Michillmacinac to the west bank of the Iowa Eiver, and 270 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. selected a jDosition near its mouth, where his band kindled tlieir fires and smoked their pipes to the Great Spirit. The name given to this river by Manhawgaw, was Neohony, or the Master of Rivers. " Having built his village, he was greeted with a salutation from the Sioux. A pipe was sent to him by that tribe, with an invitation to a dog feast, made in honor of the Great Spirit. He accepted the invitation and joined in the ceremony. Whilst at the feast, and no doubt reposing in the most perfect security, he was suddenly attacked; but tliough surprised he succeeded in killing one man and three woman, before he was slain. This outrage upon the national honor has never been forgiven. " The lowas, indignant at the conduct of the Sioux, resolved immediately on revenge. They raised a war party. Of this party, the son Mahaska was the legitimate chief; but being young, and having never distinguislied him- self in battle, he declined taking the command, but by virtue of his right he conferred upon a distinguished and tried warrior, the authorit)" to lead his warriors against the Sioux — stating at the time, that he would accompany the expedition as a common soldier, and fight until he shoukl acquire exper- ience and gain trophies enough to secure to him the confidence of his peo- ple. " Arrangements being made, the party marched into the Sioux country, and gained a great victory; taking ten of the enemy's scalps. Tlie young Makaska brought home, in his own bunch, the scalp of the Sioux chief, in whose lodge the life of his father had been so treacherously taken. "Having thus shown himself a brave, he assumed the command of his war- riors and of his tribe. His war adventures were numerous and daring. He was in eighteen battles against various bands, and was never defeated. In one of his expeditions against the Osages, with whom his conflicts were many, he arrived on the north bank of the Missouri, and while tliere, and enofa^ed in trving to stop and ett'usion of blood from his nose, he espied a canoe descendmg the river, inwhicli were tlu-ee iM-enchmen; wishing to cross over with his party, he called upon the Frenchmen to land and assist him. The Frenchmen not only refused but fired upon the Indians, wounding one of the AVhite Cloud's braves. The tire was instantly returned, which killed one of the Frenchmen. "White Cloud had so far taken no part in this little aftair, but, seeing one of his braves wounded, he called for his gun, saying, ' You have killed one of the rascals, I'll try if I cannot send another along with hiin to keep him company to the Chee.' Chee means the house of the Black Spirit. "As usual, the whites raised a great clamor against the lowas, giving out all along the borders, that they were killing the settlers. A party was raised and armed, and marched forthwith against Mahaska and his warriors. They were overtaken — White Cloud, not suspecting their designs and being conscious of having committed no violence, was captured and thrust into prison, where he remained many months. He finally made his escape and succeeded in reaching his own country in safety. He then married four wives. It is the custom of the tribe, when husbands or brothers fall in bat- tle, for braves to adopt their wives or sisters. White Cloud found, on his return, four sisters, who had thus been deprived of their protector, all of whom he married. Of these Rantchewaima, or the ' Female Flying Pigeon,' was one of the youngest. " Often, after White Cloud had thus settled himself, was he known to ex- press his regret at having permitted his warriors to fire upon the Frenchmen. HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTF. 271 On those occasions he has been seen to look upon his hand, and heard to mutter to himself, 'There is blood on it.' He rejoiced, however, in the reflection that he had never shed the blood of an American. And yet his father's death, and the manner of it, made him restless, and rendered him im- placable against the perpetrators of that outrage, and their allies. " Not long after his escape from prison and return to his home, and soon after his marriage, he planned an expedition against the Osages. He resolved to march with a select party of ten braves, to the Little Osage plains, which lie south of the Missouri river, and about two hundred and fifty miles above St. Louis. Arriving at the plains, a favorable opportunity soon oftered, which was seized by Mahaska and the battle commenced. It was his misfortune, early in the conflict, to receive a rifle ball in his leg, just above the ankle. He had succeeded, however, before he was wounded, in taking three of the enemy's scalps, when he sought a retreat, and found one under a large log tliat lay across a watercourse. The Osages followed close upon him being guided by the blood which flowed from his wound; but they lost the trail on arriving at the watercourse; for Mahaska had taken the precaution to step into the water some distance below the log, by which stratagem he misled his pursuers, for they supposed that he had crossed over at the place where they last saw the blood. He remained under the log, which lay on tlie water, with just so much of his nose out as enabled him to breathe. " In the night when all was silence, save the tinkling of the bells of the Indian horses in tlie plains below, Mahaska left his place of concealment, and coming up with one of the horses, mounted him and made ofl" in the direction of his home, which was on the river Des Moines. Arriving at the Missouri he resorted to the Indian mode of crossing, which is to tie one end of the halter around the head or neck of the horse, av 1 taking the other end between his teeth, he drives the animal into the water, and unites his own exertions as a swimmer, to those of the horse, and is by this means carried over in safety. " In all these difficulties he took care not to part with either his gun or his scalps. On arriving at home he paraded his trophies, and ordered the scalp dance to be danced. Not being able, on account of his wound, to lead the dance himself, he placed the scalps in the hands of Inthehono, or the 'Big Axe', who, being the first brave of his band, was entitled to the dis- tinction. Mahaska accompanied the presentation of the scalps to Big Axe with these words: 'I have now revenged the death of my father. My heart is at rest. I will go to war no more. I told Manshuchess, or Red Head (meaning Gen. Clark), when I was last at St. Louis, that I would take his peace talk. My word is out. I will fight no more.' "In the year 1824 Mahaska left home, being one of a party on an em- bassy to Washington, leaving his wives behind him, their number having increased to seven. When about one hundred miles from home, and near the mouth of the river Des Moines, having killed a deer, he stopped to cook a piece of it. He was seated, and had just commenced his meal, when he felt himself suddenl}^ struck on the back. Turning round, he was aston- ished to see Rantchewaime standing before him, with an uplifted tomahawk in her hand. She thus accosted him: 'Am I your wife? Are you my husband? If so, I will go with you to the Mawhehunneche (or the Ameri- can big house), and see and shake the hand of Incohonee ' (which means great father). Mahaska answered: 'Yes, you are my wife. lam your 272 HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. hnsbaiid. I have been a long time from yon. I am glad to see you. You are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to see a pretty woman.' "The party arrived at Washington. 'A talk' was had with President Monroe. The present of a medal was made to Mahaska, and a treat}' was conchided between the United States and the lowas. It is a treaty of ces- sion of limits, etc., and of consideration thereof. These conditions included a payment, in that year, of five hundred dollars, and the same sum an- nually for ten years thereafter. Provision is made for blankets, farming utensils aiid cattle, and assistance is promised them in their agricultural pursuits, under such forms as the President might deem exj)edient. "The following occurrence happened at Washington: " During that visit Mahaska would occasionally indulge in a too frequent use of ardent spirits. On one of these occasions he was exercising one of a husband's privileges on the ' Fljnng Pigeon.' The agent hearing the scuf- fle, hastened to their room. Mahaska, hearing him coming, lifted up the window sash and stepped out, forgetting that he was two stories from the ground. In the fall he broke his arm; yet so accustomed had he been to fractures and wounds that he insisted on riding the next day, over rough roads and pavements, a distance of at least two miles to see a cannon cast. A few days after he sat to Mr. King, of Washington, for his portrait. "On his return to his country and to his home, Mahaska began in ear- nest to cultivate his land. He built for himself a double log house, and lived in great comfort. This, he said, was in obedience to the advice of his great father. " Soon after his return to his home it was his misfortune to lose his favor- ite wife, and under very fearful circuinstances: They were crossing a tract of country. Mahaska having reason to apprehend that hostile bands might be met with, kept in advance. Each was on horseback, the 'Flying Pigeon ' carrying her child, Mahaska the younger, then about four years of age. Turning at a certain point to look back to see what distance his wife was from him, he was surprised, his position being a high one, enabling him to overlook a considerable extent of country, not to be able to see her. " He rode back, and sad to relate, alter retracing his steps some Ave or six miles, he saw her horse grazing near the trail, and presently the body of his wife, near the edge of a small precipice, with her child resting its head upon her body. The horror stricken chief, alighting near the spot, was soon assured of her death. Standing over her corpse, he exclaimed in his mother tongue: ' Wau-cunda menia-bratuskunee, shimgan-menia-nanga- nappoo! ' which, being interpreted means, 'God Almighty! I am a bad man! You are angry with me. The horse has killed my squaw.' At that moment the child lifted its head from the dead body of its mother and said: 'Father, my mother is asleep.' "The inference was that the horse had stumbled and thrown her. The occurrence took place about four days' journey from his house. Mahaska, within that time, was soon returning to his lodge, bearing the body of Rantchewaime, with his child in his arms. He proceeded at once to dis- pose of the corpse. His first business was to gather together all the pres- ents that had been made to her at Washington, also whatever belonged to her, and to place them, with the body, in a rude box; and then, according to the custom of the Indians of that region, the box was placed upon a high scaffold. ****** HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 275 " In 1833 the son of an Iowa chief of distinction, named Crane, was killed by the Oniahas. A party of lowas applied to Mahaska to head them in the pnrsnitof the enemy. He replied: 'I have buried the toma- hawk; I am now a man of peace.' He added: 'The treaty made with our o^reat father ])rovides for tlie punishment of such outrages.' The party, however, resolved that the}^ would punish the aggressors. They made an incursion into the enemies' country, and returned bringing with them six scalps. The customary feast was prepared, and all was made ready for the scalp dance; but Mahaska refused to partake of the one, or participate in the other. "The murderers having been, on both sides, reported to the Government, Gen. Clark was directed to cause the lowas to be arrested. This duty was assigned to their agent. Gen. Hughes, who called on the chief Mahaska, to whom he made known tiie order. Mahaska answered: 'It is right. I will go with you.' The offenders were arrested and conve^yed to Fort Leavenworth. While confined there, one of the prisoners called Mahaska to the window of his cell, and looking him full in the face said: ' Inca (father), if ever I get out of this place alive, I will kill you. A. brave man should never be deprived of his libert}^, and confined as I am. Yon should have shot me at the village.' "Unfortunately for Mahaska, that Indian succeeded in making his escape from the prison. He forthwith went in pursuit of the object of his re- venge. Mahaska was found encamped on the Nodaway, about sixty miles from his village. -His pursuer and party attacked him with guns, toma- hawks and clubs, and slew him. After he was dead, one of the party remarked that 'he was the hai-dest man to kill he ever knew'. This was in 183-I-, Mahaska being then about fifty years old. The tidings of Mahaska's death soon reached his village. One of the murderers escaped and sought refuge among the Ottoes; but on learning the cause of his visit to them, they shot him in their camp. The other, with the utmost indifference, returned to the village of the murdered chief Young Mahaska, now the successor of his father and ])rincipal chief of the nation, on hearing the news of his father's death, and that one of the murderers had returned to the village, went immediately to his lodge, killed his dogs and horses, and with his knife cut and ripped his lodge in every possible direction. This last act, especially, is an insult, to which no brave man will submit. Having hurled this defiance at one of the murderers of his father, and expressed his contempt for him under every possible form, he turned to the assassin, who had observed, in silence, the destruction of his property, and looking him sternly in the face, said: 'You have killed the greatest man who ever made a moccasin track on the Nodaway; you must, there- ' fore, be yourself a great man, since the Great Spirit has given you the victory. To call you a dog, would make my father less than a dog.' The squaw of the murderer exclaimed to her husband, 'why don't you kill the boy?' He replied, 'he is going to l)e a great brave; I cannot kill him.' So saying he handed the young chief a ]npe, which he refused, saying, 'I will leave you in the hands of the braves of my nation.' To which the inflexible murderer replied, 'I am not going to run away; I'll meet your braves to-morrow.' The Indian knew full well the fate that awaited him. He felt that his life was forfeited, and meant to assure the young chief that he was ready to pay the penalty. 18 276 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. "The next day a general council was convened; tlie case was submitted to it; the unanimous voice was 'he shall die'; it was further decreed tliat young Maliaska should kill him, but he declined, sajiug, '1 cannot kill so brave a man ', whereupon he was sliot by one of the ])rincipal braves. His body was left on the ground to be devoured by wolves, as a mark of the disgust of the tribe, aiid of their abhorrence of the assassin of their chief. "It is customary among the lowas and the neighboring tribes, for their wives and children of the deceased to give away everything which had belonged to him and his family. This custom was rigidly adhered to on the occasion of Mahaska's death. Ilis squaw went into mourning and poverty. The mourning was kept up for six months, and consists, in addition to the blacking of the face, in much wailing and in the utterance of long and melancholy howls. At its expiration, the tribe present the mourners with food and clothing and otiier necessaries of savage life. One of Mahaska's widows, however, named Mis-soi--ah-tar-ra-ha\v, which means the ' female deer that bounds over the plains ', refused to be comforted, saying her husband 'was a great brave and was killed by dogs', meaning low, vulgar fellows. Mahaska was six feet two inches in height, possessed great bodily strength and activity, and was a man of perfect symmetry of person, and of uncommon beauty." COMMISSIONER'S COURT. But to return to the commissioner's court. On Tuesday morning, May 14, 1844, the commissioners chose the following as the FIRST GRAND JURY. James Yance, George Argabright, John Rose, Aaron D. Bowers, Richard Parker, Adam Cline, Michael S. Morris, Osee Matthews, George W. Jones, Jefferson Chitwood, William Bean, James Iliggenbothem, Wellington Nosman, James Comstock, Adam Storts, William Welch, John Shelledy, Harmon Davis, John B, Stewart, Brantly Stafford, Jacob Crane, Alexander May, and John Vance. PETIT JURY. John Newel, Samuel Peters, John D. Baldwin, Thomas Brooks, Alfred Seevei-s, William Bovel, Robert Hammond, Thomas Fancher, Jacob Nor- dike, James Seevers, William D. Brown, James Ross, Alfred Hood, Solo- omon Barber, Pleasant Parker, Green T. Clark, John P. Majors, Joseph H. Benedict, Thomas Williams, Isaac Barker, Wesley A. Freed, Thomas Wilson, Robert Curry, jr., and Benjamin Thomas. On the same day the county was divided into the following elective pre- cincts, viz: 1, White Oak Grove; 2, Muchakinock; 3, Oskaloosa; 4, Harrisburgh; 5, North Fork; 6, Skunk River; 7, Black Oak Grove; 8, Lake Prairie; 9, White Breast; 10, Cedar; 11, West Half Poweshiek; and 12, East Half Poweshiek. The record shows that in the preparation of documents the commissioners were compelled to adopt an impromptu seal, and they selected for the time, the " eagle side of a dime." In that day we find that "corner groceries" enjoyed life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness at a cost of twenty -five dollars per year, and in the same proportion for a shorter time. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 277 Tlie town of Oskaloosa was laid out by David Stamp, county surveyor, and a day appointed in June tor the public sale of lots. On account of the opposition made by the Six Mile Prairie settlers the lots sold very low, and after several had been sacrificed, the commissioners stopped the sale. The reinainino; lots were sold by M. T. Williams, at private sale, ranging in price from live to lifty dollars. M. T. Williams, as lot agent, was required to give certificates of purchase, with the conditions that the com- missioners should not be called upon to make deeds until the board should obtain a title to the same from the United States. The following is the report of the agent for 1845, upon the sale of the above mentioned lots, as taken from the commissioners' records: Whole number of lots sold 192 Whole amount tor which they sold $4,082.30 Whole amount received as first payment 529.55 Whole amount of notes taken 3,502.85 I have paid to Treasurer, in notes 3,092.49 f 410.36 Of which amount I have collected. 352.75 Notes yet in my hands $ 57.81 Add to this the whole amount received by me 882.30 in any way, which amounts to $ , 940.11 Deduct from this the amount disbursed, which is 859.87 Leaves in my hands the sum of $ 80.24 Deduct from this the notes of agent calculated in the above 92.75 Amount due agent $ 12.51 All of which is most respectfully submitted. M. T. Williams, January 8, 1846. Agent. It will be seen by this that the lots were sold mostly on credit, only one- eighth being required in cash, and the remainder in notes. The highest price paid for any one lot which we noticed on the record was fifty-six dollars. Lot 5, block 11>, where the Downing House now stands, was sold June 9, 1844, to Harmon Davis, for |41. At this time (1878) it is prob- ably worth, unimproved, about $8,000, or $133^ per foot front. The legislature, by their act of organization, appointed another election to be held in August of this same year (1844). The county seat question entered largely into the contest, the Six Mile Prairie settlers making strenuous efforts to have it removed. Tickets were nominated according to the views of the candidates upon the seat of justice, and the result was a large majority in favor of Oskaloosa, which forever settled the question of county seat in Mahaska county, save that the Six Mile Prairie people were deeply chagrined, and for a time strongly refused to vote for any candidate who lived in the vicinity of Oskaloosa. FIRST COURT. The first court ever held in Mahaska county was in July, 1844. The judge was Hon. Joseph Williams, of Muscatine, who was judge in the second judicial district of the Territory of Iowa. The names of the jurors have been already mentioned. The court was maintained at the expense 278 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. of the United States government, and had both Federal and local jui'isdic- tion. There was but little business demanding attention at this term of court, and perhaps might have been attended to in a single day. But as the most important business was drawing the fees, it continued in session an entire week, adjourning from day to day. The court was held in an uniinished log house, owned by Wm. D. Canfield and located within the present limits of Oskaloosa. The building was not floored, but a joist was laid across one end, and some loose planks thrown upon cross pieces fur- nished a rostrum for the judge and clerk; a phmk placed upon two flour barrels supplied the lack of a desk. Thus enthroned the court was opened. The grand jury sat in a holh)W about a quarter of a mile north of the square, in the prairie grass. A few minutes session in the morning found them taking a rece«s till afternoon, when an adjournment till the fol- lowing morning would secure another day's fees. The attorneys in attend- ance, so far as we have been able to learn, were W. W. Chapman, Major Thompson, U. S. attorney, Chris. W. Slagle and Geo. Atchison (both of which latter now live in Fairfield), John W. Alley, of Ked Rock, and Henry Temple, of Oskaloosa, now of Cass county. Those attending court were compelled, at night, to spread over the prairies in quest of lodging, as Oskaloosa at that time could scarcely accommodate a corporal's guard. We make the following extract from the oflicial records: Monday, July 15, 1844, being the third Monday of July, the day appointed by law for the commencement of the July term of the District Court for the county aforesaid, at Oskaloosa, the established seat of justice in said county, the Hon. Joseph Williams, judg-e of the second judicial district, failing- to appear, the court was adjourned, from day to day, by the sheriff', in pursuance of an order of the said judge, until the third day. The judge arriving on Wednesday, July 17, Wm. Thompson, Esq., was appointed United States attorney j9?' Indictment for selling liquor to the Indians. Bail, $200. Wilson Stanley. ) United States 1 vs. >• Indictment fof intent to inflict great bodilg injiiri). Jno. p. Majors. ) United States ) vs. V Indictment for larceny. John George. ) On motion of Wm. Thompson, Alfred Lotspeich, Esq., was admitted to practice at the bar as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor in chancery. On motion the temporary seal of the court was declared to be the eagle side of a twenty-five cent piece of American coin. The jury trial above mentioned was that of James Hall., appellee, v. Joseph Koons, a suit of forcible entry and detainer, caused by a conflict of claims. Court adjourned on Saturday, July 20. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 279 In the followino; year, July 28, 1845, by this same court, was issued the first set of naturalization papers granted in this county. For the foUowing sketch of lion. Joseph Williams we are indebted to the pen of W. M. Donnel: As Jndge Williams was a somewhat noted character, more particnlarly for eccentricity than for legal attainments, though we believe he liad the reputation of being a good Judge, w^e deem it proper to give a brief sketch of him. With regard to his history we know but little, either previous to the time at M'hich we are writing or since — at that time he was about fifty years of age and had worn the Ermine many years. In a territorial act fixing the terms of the District Courts, a]»proved January, 1839, we find his name as appointee over what was then called the 2d District, composed of the conn- ties of Louisa, Muscatine, Cedar, Johnson, and Slaughter. He was a person of remarkable good conversational powers, and delighted in telling anecdotes. His mnsieal talent was mnch above the average, both vocal and instrumen- tal. Often, after delivering a temperance lecture full of eloqnence, and inter- spersed with humorous passages, he would sing a favorite song called "Lit- tle Billy Neal," with an efi'ect seldom surpassed, calling up an applause of such hearty boisterous delight as has seldom greeted a star actor. He was master of most musical instruments, but for drawing tunes out of that sweetest toned of all, "the fiddle and the bow," he was particularly distin- guished in this attainment. In addition to his vocal talent as a singer, he possessed that wierd, mysterious power of using his voice as a ventriloquist, and could imitate the cry of various kinds of aidmals so correctly that the uninitiated could not fail being deceived. He would sometimes imitate the squalling of a belligerent cat, to the great alarm and mistification of the ladies, who could neither discover the brawler, nor learn from whence the noise came. At this point we beg leave to introduce a couple of anecdotes bearing upon his notoriety as a musician: Many years ago, on the occasion of a convention at Iowa city, in the interests of a proposed railroad from Musca- tine to that place. Judge Williams and Le Grand Byington were in violent opposition to each other upon some points of which we are not informed, nor does it matter, so far as the interest of this sketch is concerned. After the convention, a young amateur in the art of drawing, produced a carica- ture representing Joe Williams seated astride an enormous l)ull, playing a clarionet. The bull was on the railroad, with tail erect and head down, paw- ing up the dirt, and prepared to combat the further progress of a locomotive which was close upon him, upon which was Le Grand Byington as engineer, and from the whistle of which ascended the words, " Music hath charms, but cannot soothe a locomotive." On another occasion, being that of an election of supreme judge and United State senator, by the state senate, Judge Williams was before the democratic caucus for the judgeship, and Geo. W. Jones (sometimes called Nancy Jones, and known as a dancing master) for the senate. Their com- petitors of the same party were S. C. Hastings, formerly president of the territorial council, for the judgeship, and Hon. T. Wilson for the senate. The last named gentlemen were at Iowa City just previous to the time of election, laboring earnestly with the members of the senate to secure their choice. But at the caucus, which came oft' during the night preceding the day of election, it was decided to elect Williams and Jones. 280 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The followino^ additioiial particulars of this incident are from a letter of Mr. Babbitt, published in the Annals of Iowa for October, 1870: After the adjournment of the caucus, all hands were invited by Jones, Dodge, Williams, and other successful candidates, to partake of an oyster supper and free whisky, at a saloon near by, which invitation was pretty generally accepted, and ai. which the defeate'^ candi- dates partook freely of the last refreshment named. About 12 o'clock the party broke up and the members retired to their rooms. The defeated candidates, Wilson and Hastings, were very much excited over their defeat, so much so. that they walked from room to room, bewailing their fate and declaring that they had been repudiated by the Democracy. A friend attempted to console them, telling them that they were not repudiated, but that other Democrats had more friends in the caucus than they, whereupon Wilson exclaimed, "If I had been beaten by a high-minded, honorable man, I could have sttjod it without a murmm-; but to be defeated by a dancing-master, ruins my reputation forever." To this speech Hastings responded as follows: " Wilson, you have been defeated by a high-minded, honoi-able man, a gentleman, a dancing-master, I congratulate you, but for me there is no consolation, for, by the fiddler beat me." Bnt we liardly dare to close this sketch witliont relatino; an instance of his peculiar power as a ventriloquist It occurred dnrino; the first term of the District Court at Knoxville. Most of those attendino- court there boarded at Babbitt's, and it so happened that one night that the little board- ing house was so full that it was barely possible for all to find sleepinor room. The Judge, with lawyers Kna])p, Wright, and Olney, were supplied with beds in the lower storj^ whilst the jurors and numerous other attend- ants found room to stretch themselves on the loose upper floor, using blan- kcrts, coats and whatever else they had provided for beds. When after luuch ado thej had all got settled down for a nap, they wei-e suddenly startled by the terriflic srpialling of what appeared to be a couple of Tom- cats in mortal combat in the room. Instantly all hands wei-e up and in search of the supposed disturbers, but no cats could be found, and the sur- prised boarders returned to their beds without any very satisfactory conjec- tures as to the whereabouts of the noctui'ual brawlers. But they liad hai-dly composed themselves again for rest, when the loud and boisterous growling and snapping of a couple of be ligerent bull-dogs, a]>parently in tlieir very midst, brougiit them all u]) standing. And then followed an uproar such as language could convey but an indistinct idea of, the dogs maintaining the combat with mingled growling, bai'king, and whining, and the men endeavoring with all the noise they could make, to oust them from the room. How they came to be there was a wonder indeed, but the evidence, of their presence was too unmistakal)le to admit of a doubt, even in total darkness. Presently the fight ceased, and with that the general U])roar al)ated. Then came a solution of the mystery. The judge and lawyers could no longer restrain their merriment at the ex])ense of the frightened and mystified lodgers up stairs, l)ut let it con)e in a gush of laughter that quickly reminded some of the company that the judge was a ventriloquist, and had undoubtedly just played them one of his mysterious tricks. But so far from being offended at it, they took a sensible view of its ludicrons- ness, and all joined heartily in the hxugh. Judge Joseph Williams al)ove referred to should not be confounded by young readers with M. T. Williams, the clerk of the first court, and cur- rently known as Judge Williams. This latter gentleman is not eccentric, nor a great fiddler, nor a ventriloquist. The only analogy we think of is in his temperance proclivities and his ability to tell a good story. M. T. Williams is justly regarded as one of the oracles of Mahaska county. His duties as first clerk of the county brought him in contact HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 281 with its pioneers and territory in such a manner as to afford him a more thorough knowledge of the very early history of Mahaska, than any other man now living. Sometimes Mr. Williams is induced b}' his friends, pub- licly, or in a small circle, to narrate his early experience and reminicences which he can do in a most irresistible manner. Tlie judge is not fond of making a speech, not for the reason which kept "Single Speech Hamilton" in the background, but from an unassuming and retiring disposition, and a probable under estimation of his own abilities, for the judge can make a good address. Tliis peculiarity, the modesty of Mr. Williams, is illustrated by the following anecdote: In an early day when he was running for County Clerk and without any opposing candidate, he was, after much persuasion, induced to go out with a campaign speaker from abroad, to hold a meeting in a school house in one of the border townships. While on the way tiie stranger asked Williams how the Whig ticket was going to run in the county? '"Oh, I guess all right, unless it be the clerk," said M. T. " Clerk! why, what is the matter with that? are you not popular, Will- iams?" " No, not very, I guess. Some of the Democrats are finding fault." "Well, who is running against you?" *'01i — well — ahem — oh — there is not anybody else running in particu- lar." Of course the laugh was on the agitated independent candidate, with no ap]X)nent in the field. Mr. Williams luis served two terms in the Iowa legislature, beginning with 1854 and 1802. He was one of three commissioners appointed to locate the capital of Polk county, in 1846. One of these did not appear, and another was taken sick while on the expedition, so that the act of locat- ing Des Moines City was substantially the work of Mr. Williams alone. He was a trustee of the State Insane Asylum for six years, from ]868 till 1874, and in this position rendered the State good service. We are in- formed by one who knows, that to a plan of Mr. Williams', the visitor to the beautiful grounds of that institution is indebted for the fine avenue and serpentine drive b}' which the asylum is approached — an external adorn- ment which commands the admiration of the explorer above all things else there to be seen. To the stranger Mr. Williams seems somewhat reserved and uncommuni- cative, but to those wiio know" his peculiarities he is in their eyes the es- sence of geniality and good nature. Socially he is most entertaining, and as one of those good hearted old men wluim young peo])le feel like calling *' Uncle," and who is grandfather to all good little- children. His enjoy- ment of company is proverbial, nor do his friends suffer him to be lonely. He is fond of reading, especially of current and magazine literature. The minutm of his life, as given on another page, show him to have been a constant worker, and one who has attended strictly to his own affairs. Mr. W. is not what would be termed a 2)ositive man. He does not surprise nor startle people. No man has a more honorable record. Few men have not more enemies. Mr. Williams is now living in Oskaloosa, and is its oldest inhabitant. He enjoys a good law practice and the comforts of a well deserved and pleasant home. As has been stated, the organizing sheriff of the county and the bailiff of 282 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. this lirst court was Wm. Edraundson. This gentleman has a history quite intimately connected with early times in Mahaska, and of considerable in- terest in and of itself. Mr. Edmundson was a Kentuckian, born in Harrison county, in that State, October 7, 1805. Here he spent his boyhood, and enjoyed a good cojiiraon school education, but never attended college. When a young man of 22, he removed with his father's family to Putnam county, Indiana, and subsequently to Kockville, in that State. From this place, in 1832, he enlisted with a company, raised in Park and the adjoining county, for the Black Hawk war. The company reached the scene of trouble, but we believe was not actively engaged. The most celebrated event in the expedition was the ridiculous fright of a boasting captain over a sham ambush prepared by his own party. The expedition lasted about three months. After his return, Edmundson took a boat-load of provisions to New Or- leans. Here he sold these to a speculator, who took them to Texas, and .Mr. Edmundson went with him to secure his pay. This speculator proved to be a sharper, and Mr. Edmundson staid with him some eighteen months before he recovered the price of his cargo. During tliis time Edmundson's people in Indiana knew nothing of his whereabouts, as he had determined not to write home, nor return until he could come back with a good report of his expedition. He was in Texas at the time of the revolution in that State. In 1836 young Edmundson's father having died in Indiana, the entire family removed to Des Moines county, lowu, where William engaged in farming. Here he served several years as justice of the peace, and one year as county commissioner. January 25, 1838, he vnarried Miss Priscilla De- pew, of Park county, Iiuliana. This wife died May 31, 1843, leaving two children, James D. and AVilliam. Leaving the little boys with their sister, Mr. Edmundson renioved to Fairfield, and in the same year, 1-843, to Mahaska county, where he made a claim and commenced "keeping bach" on the same, not far from what was known as Auburn. His appointment as first sheriff^ and justice of the peace in Mahaska di- verted his attention from farming, and after serving in these capacities some six years, in 1850, he, with his brother David, went to California, and remained there until the spring of 1855, from which time he niade his home in Oskaloosa. It should have been mentioned that Mr. Edmundson represented the county in the Iowa legislature during the session of 1847- 8, being elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John W. Smith. He died at Albia, Monroe county, September, 1862, where he had gone on a business trip. In Mr. Edmundson's character there were many things to admire, and some things unfortunate. He was an honest and upright citizen, and in- spired the confidence of his friends. He was fine looking and intelligent, fond of reading, and of good attainments. He was a dreamer, and some- what visionary. To some extent he lacked decision and executive force, though he made a good sherift". He was not a man of strong afiection, nor eminent social qualities, though when in the spirit was an excellent talker. The following is the first marriage license appearing on the county records : HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 283 Samuel C. Nicholson, Eleanor May. TERRITORY OF IOWA, { ^^ Mahaska County. ) The United States op America. To niif/ person dull/ anihorized to solemnize marriages in said coitnfi/, greeting : You are hereby authoiized to solemnize marriao^e between Mr. Samuel C. Nicholson and Miss Eleanor- May, and this shall be your voucher, and make due return thereof within three months from this date. Given under my hand, with the temporary seal of the district court of said county affixed at Oskaloosa, this 36th day of May, A. D. 1844. M. T. Williams, Clerk D. C. M. Co. TERRITORY OF IOWA, { Mahaska County. \ '^ ' I certify that on the second day of June, 1844, at the house of Alexander May, in said county, I solemnized the rites of matrimony between Samuel C. Nicholson, of said county, twenty-five years of age, and Miss Eleanor May, of the said county, aged nineteen years. Levi Bainbridge, Justice of the Peace. However, the parties above mentioned lived west of tlie present bound- aries of Mahaska county, and, in point of fact, the first marriage in the county was that of George Lienrance and Amanda Jared, who became "one flesh" through the offices of George N. Duncan, justice of the peace, on June 6, 1844. The clerk of tlie court, M. T. Williams, informs us that he has a very distinct recollection of issuing the license in this case. He carried the office in his hat and vest pocket, and when called on by the trembling young- Lienrance for this document, the dignified clerk sat down on a log just southwest of the square, and, with the tricks of a legerdemain, drew forth from his hat a writing-desk, paper, pen and ink, the seal of the court and a territorial Code, proceeded to write out the necessary instru- ment under a blazing sun, and a vaulted roof, such as few clerk's offices of the present day can rival in its silvery splendor, and delicate, cloud-like frescoing. We are informed of the case of the marriage of one Jerry Libby, to a Miss Higgenbothem, on Middle creek, in which the pioneer justice per- formed the ceremony just as a magistrate would administer an oath — re- quiring the parties, with the uplifted hand, solemnly to "swear to take this man or woman," etc., a performance which excited no little merriment among the guests present. Thus knots were tied in various ways, and Hymen's altar was served by butchering priests in the early days of Mahaska. The first bill of divorce found on the records of Mahaska county is dated November 15, 1845, in case of Eebecca Ash versus Thomas Ash, in which the court granted the petition, and declared the complainant to be the inno- cent and injured part}'. Following a marriage notice in the columns of the Herald of the early times we have this sample, which will prove interesting, as showing to what etherial flights the pioneer poet essayed when inspired by the mar- riage of a widower friend: Though Daniel was old. He concluded to marry; And off to see Sarah, He went without tarry. And Sarah being willing, To a bargain they agreed, And up to the altar Daniel Sarah did lead. 284 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The knot was then tied, The work is now done; And old Father Daniel And Sarah are one. In justice to the author of this it should be stated that tliis poem was a communication, and not an editorial effort. The election of August, 1844, resulted in the choice of the following of- ficers: Sheriff, Wm. Edraundson; Commissioner Clerk, John W. Cun- ningham; Recorder, Wm. Pilgrim; Surveyor, David Stump; Commis- sioner, Simon Drouillard; Treasurer, W. D. Canfield. About 350 votes were cast at this election. MAHASKA COUNTY COURT HOUSE. The only court house ever possessed by Mahaska county was built during the winter of 1844—5. Mr. James Edgar, the father of Wm. S. Edgar, Esq., had the contract for building. The means were secured by the sale of town lots, the proceeds of wiiich were by law set apart for the purpose of erecting a court house and jail. The building was a frame structure, about 28x50 feet, two stories high, the second floor being used as offices. The timbers were raised by the settlers who assembled for that purpose on a certain day, when they had a regular frontier frolic. The building was occupied for almost all purposes imaginable, church, opera house, court room, etc, being comfortably seated with ordinary benches. An Indian dance which took place there in the winter of '4S-'49 will doubtless be remembered by some readers of this history who were eye witnesses. The building was occupied by the county as a court room till 1855. It was built on the ground now occupied by the savings bank, and a little more than two years ago it was moved west on High street, where it is now known as the Oskaloosa House. Some wag gave it the name " Noe's Ark" and it is well known by that name to most Oskaloosa citizens. For a number of years previous to its sale the old court house was leased to various commercial purposes, first to H. Tredick & Co., in 1859, and afterward to Mitchell Wilson, to whom it was sold June T, 1867, for $3,800. The question of building a new court house has been agitated a number of times. The present county offices are scattered through difierent blocks in the business parts of Oskaloosa. They are difficult of access, hard for strangers and persons from other parts of the county to find. The records, although most of them are in fair vaults, are much more subject to fire than if they were in a substantial and fire-proof court house; and the rents of these offices is almost, if not quite, the amount required as interest on bonds to build a good court house. These considerations have brought the question of a county court house before the people a number of times. At the October election of 1877 the matter was submitted to the voters of the county, as follows: 1. Shall the board of supervisors of said county be authorized to order the erection of a Court House within the corporate limits of Oskaloosa, in said county, to cost when completed not to exceed the sum of $75,000? 2. For the purpose of raising the money with which to erect said Court House, shall the board of supervisors be authorized to issue and negotiate bonds of the county to the amount of $75,000, drawing interest at the rate of 8 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually, of HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 285 which amount 20 per cent shall be clue in three years, 20 per cent in five years, 20 per cent in ei^ht years, and the remainder due in ten years from the date of the issuance thereof? 3. For the purpose of paying said bonds and interest at maturity, shall the l)oard of supervisors of said county be authorized to levy an annual tax not exceeding two and one-half mills on the dollar of the taxable property of said county, and continue the levy of such rate of tax or so much thereof as may be necessary, from year to year, until said bonds and the in- terest thereon shall be paid ? All those voting for said proposition shall have written or printed on their ballots substan- tially the words "For Court House, bonds and tax," and all those voting against the proposi- tion shall have written or printed on their ballots the words, "Agamst Court House, bonds and tax." The result of the hnlhit was 095 ballots in favor of the proposition and 2866 ballots a<2^ainst the same. This decided answer, of course, will post- pone the question for a period, at least until times are better. The county owns certain lots east of the Square, in Oskaloosa, wdiich have been talked of as a court house site, but the location^ as well as the buildintij, is a question of the future. COUNTY JAIL. The first jail of Mahaska county was built in 1845. It was a loo; struct- ure, and stood on lot 1, block 6, where the present jail is located. This was quite a rude structure, but answered the requirements of a peaceful county for a little more than ten years. A prisoner named Sam Lester, confined in this jail for larceny, excited more or less admiration for his mechanical skill in boring his way out by means of an ordinary augur, and this in the dark. After his escape the building was plated with iron. The present jail was built by J. M. Byers, in 1857, at a cost of $9,000. The building is a two story brick and stone, about forty feet square, and contains ample room for the keeper's tamily, besides the cells. The latter are nine in number, five being on the first floor and four on the second. The lower ones are of stone. The floor is laid with six-inch flag stones, and under these is a four-foot layer of bi'oken rock run together with cement. The walls are of hard limestone, two feet thick, each stone extend- ing through the wall, and with cast iron balls between every joint, to prevent sawing out. The upper cells are of brick. FIRST SCHOOL. The first school in Mahaska county was opened in September, 1844. It was ke]>t by Miss Semira A. Hobbs, now Mrs. T. G. Phillips, of Oskaloosa. This school was located about two miles east of the present town of Oska- loosa, surrounded by the wilderness of a new country. Mrs. Phillips tells us tliat on her way to school she frequently saw wolves and deer, the latter of which were so tame they would not flee from her approach. Nor was the wilderness without more marked than the rustic air M'hich awaited her at the end of her walk. The school house had been built hj the voluntary labor of the settlers. It was constructed of round linn timber, was about sixteen feet square, and was floored with puncheon floor. An opening about five by six feet answered for the fire place. The chimney was built of sod, and stood outside the building. That it might not be all darkness wathin, a log was left out on either side, and an elongated window, one by twelve feet was formed, and to mellow the light these openings were covered by greased paper. These probably answered the purpose of stained 286 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. glass in modern school houses, and kept the urchins from gazing at the buftalo feeding on the distant hill, etc.! A large opening opposite the fire place affoi'ded a means of entrance and exit, and a large coverlet hung over this rendered the absence of the door itself doubly conspicuous. A punch- eon writing desk and puncheon seats completed the furniture. This school afforded opportunity of improvement to about twenty pupils, for whose instruction Miss Hobbs received $1.25 jper capita for a session of thirteen weeks. During the winter following Samuel Caldwell opened a school in Oska- loosa, in the house of Mr. A. G. Phillips. PEOBATE COUKT. John White was the first Probate Judge, and held his first term of court in Oct., 1844. The following is from the first record: TERRITORY OF IOWA, ) Pkob^te Office Mahaska County. f li-ROBAXE uffice. October 3, 1844. At a special term of the Probate Court in and for said county, it is ordered that the lettered side of a half dime of American silver can be adopted as the temporary seal of this court, to be used by this court till a permanent seal be provided for the same. Ordered, That Van B. Delashmutt be and he is hereby appointed administrator of the estate of John Hemisphere, late of this county, deceased, and that Geo. W. Jones and John Rose be appointed appraisers of said estate. Ordered, That tliis court adjourn until Monday next, at ten o'clock a. m. John White, Probate Judge. The following is a copy of first inventor}' and appraisement made in the county, being of the estate of Robert Curry, and filed Nov. 25, 1844: 2 cows appraised at $ 17.00 1 heifer " " 7.00 2calves " " 3.00 5 pigs " " 2.50 1 sow " " 2.00 1 yoke of oxen " " 35.00 1 black mare " '" 30.00 1 wagon " " 65.00 5 stands of bees " " 10.00 3 plows " " 5.00 2 log chains " " 4.00 1 pair stretchers " * ' 1 .50 1 set of harness " " , 10.00 1 saddle, bridle and saddle bags appraised at 4.00 2 axes " " 1.00 2 iron wedges " " 1.00 Hot of irons " " 2.00 3 drawing knives " • ' 1 .00 1 hand saw " " 1.00 1 gun " " 8.00 300 bu. of corn® 25c " " 75.00 Shoes " " 50 2 singletrees " " 50 Improvement on claim " " 90.00 Amount of appraisement $305.50 This list is given as showing the implements, etc., held by early claim- holders, and valuation at that day. In the records the addition is as above, being in error $71.50. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 287 LETTERS OF 1846-7. A certain Joseph Bailey, of Carlton, York county, Eng., came to this country in 1843, and was one of the fh-sb settlers near Oskaloosa. Said Bailey died in August, 1847, and in settlement of his estate two letters were filed with the Probate Judge of Mahaska county, which were written to England by said Baik^y as below indicated, from which we make the fol- lowing extracts: Oskaloosa, Aug. the 5th, 1846. Dear brother: ******* I wrote .vou that I had bought me one hundred and sixty acres of prairie and forty acres of timber hind. When our government lines were run and surveyed Mr. James C Morgan at- tempted to take the advantage of me, and my woodland from me. I cut down trees and James Morgan cut and spht them up. I sued him before the squire and beat him; then he appealed it to the District Court, and I then not being satisfied, he was going to take advant- age by pre-emption, but in this 1 got the start and beat him again. He also tried to take my prairie. Now you wiU want to know what is meant by pre-emption. It is a law made by the Congress of the United States called the pre-emption law, granting a person the priv- ilege, after land is surveyed, of building a house and moving into it; and then, by notifying the opposite party, if there is any dispute, he will attend at the office with a witness to prove that he has fulfilled the law. 1 filed my intention to become a citizen of the United States of America; if I had not done so I coukl not have held my land. 1 have entered one eighty of woodland, and on the 4th of July I entered one hundred and sixty of prairie. My land I have made safe now. I paid one hundred dollars for my prairie; one for my timber. ******* I feel thankful that 1 have got to a free countiy. A land of plenty and a free country where all are free men— one as good as another. 1 am well pleased with Iowa. It is the best land that I ever saw. It is far before Wisconsin or Illinois. I live a mile and a quarter north of Oscaloosa. Henry Blackburn lives one mile out of town. I am boarding with one Jonathan Dillon. Our farms join. Mr. Dillon is a fine man, and his wife too. They are Methodists. Both belong to the church. There has been a Methodist camp-meeting one mile and a half from us. It held four days. It was held m the woods. They bought five acres of land for that purpose. Members of the church build tents to live in during the meeting. People come from far and near to that meeting. They have great times in chant- ing. There were about 32 joined the church at that great time. I got in my harvest and had only seven acres wet. 1 beat most of the farmers in a wheat crop this year. Wheat was good in Mahaska and some other counties. We have four stores, two blacksmiths, two tailors, one druggist, two doctors. It is sickly this season; a great deal of fever and ague. * * * ggg^- regards to brother Eli. He wanted to know if it would do for him to leave England. I would advise him to come to America, and I will write him all he pleases to hear about it. Your affectionate brother, JOSEPH BAILEY. Oskaloosa, June the 3d, 1847. Dear brother: ******* .We have been blessed with reasonable crops. Wheat is worth 50 cents; Indian com 15 to 20 cents; oats 18 to 20; potatoes from 37 to 50 cents per bushel; flour is worth two dollars per hundred; beef is worth four or five dollars per hundred; bacon from six to eight dollars per hundred; butter six cents per pound; eggs four to five cents per dozen ; chickens from 8 to 12 cents apiece; I mean tame chickens, for we have thousands of wild prairie chickens, that devour a portion of our crops; they are as large as the tame chicken; I can drive up thousands of them in a gang. We have wild turkeys and pheasants, deer, bears, foxes, wild-cats, wolves, which catch our sheep, birds of various description, all of which 1 have full hbei-ty to hunt. Sheep are worth $1.50 per head; oxen from 30 to 50 dollars per yoke; cows are worth from $10 to $12 per head; two-year-olds are worth from 6 to 7 dollars; yearlino's are worth $4; calves are worth in the fall $2; horses are worth from 4(J to 60 dol- lars. Prairie breaking is worth 2 dollars per acre. Timber is worth from one dollar to $1.50 per acre. 1 will give the prices of labor: carpenters are worth from $1.50 to $2 per day; common labor on a farm is worth from $8 to $10 per month. ******* The common crop of wheat per acre is from 18 to 22 bushels; Indian corn from 40 to 60 288 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, bushels. The i-aising of this grain is something new to you, of which I will give you the de- scription: First the land must be well broken or plowed up; then it must be crossed both ways with a horse and plow about four feet apart, so as to leave it in rows both ways; the last time crossing the corn is dropped at the crossing, and then it must be ploughed two or three times at least. In sowing wheat we sow from one to one and one-half bushels, and sometimes it is too thick. The winters sometimes freeze out our wheat. * * * * * :»: :^! I will let you know that our land needs no draining. I intend to build on my land when I get able. Tea is worth one dollar per pound; sugar 12 cents; coffee 12 cents; tobacco from 12 to 50 cents; broadcloth from $4.00 to $4.50 per yard; blankets from $3.00 to $5.00: flan- nels 50 cents. 1 drink for a beverage cold water, and sometimes cotFee. I will tell you how much team it takes to break praii-ie: it takes 4 yoke of good oxen and a steer and one cow, two men and a big plough. That is the way prairie is broken in this country. Crow for the people of Oscaloosa: 6 stores, 2 groceries, 2 taverns, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 cabinet maker, 8 house carpenters, 2 shoemakers. 4 tailoi-s, 3 doctors, six lawyers, 1 meeting-house. The Methodists hold a camp meeting on the 1 1th of this month within two miles of me. ******* JOSEPH BAILEY. TOWNSHIPS. On the 7tli of January, 1845, the Commissioners divided Mahaska county into fourteen townships, as follows: 1. White Oak township. Ordered, That congressional townships number 74 and 75 north, 14 west, shall form one township, to be known by the name of White Oak township, and the place of holding elec- tion to be at the house of Mat. Kinsman. 2. Harrison township. Ordered, That congressional township 74 north, 15 west, shall form one township, to be known by the name of Harrison, and the place of holding election at Samuel Tibbets'. 3. Sprinon his return home Johnson set ont in search for them, came to the house where the fugitives were, near one o'clock at night, entered the house, and with drawn revolver dragged Kit from the bed, compelled her to dress herself and mount behind him and ride thus to his home. The following evening about seven o'clock Johnson was shot dead, through a crevice in his cabin, while standing in front of the fire. Job Peck was arrested on charge of the murder, taken to Washington county and lodged in jail. His lawyers were J. C. Hall of Mt. Pleasant, and Colonel Tomp- son. These gentlemen learning that a warrant was out from the northern part of the state, for the arrest of " Kit," as being an accomplice of John- son's, it was arranged that the girl should be secreted, until she could be provided for. This was done, and a young law student of Hall's, named Wamsley, was sent with a buggy to Mahaska county, to the girl's hiding place. This Wamsley, while fording the Skunk river, a short distance from Oskaloosa, met a man on horseback in the midst of the stream. The stranger stated to Wamsley that he was in search of a girl, giving her description, being the same one that Wamsley was after. The latter, to throw the ofli- cer off the track, told him that he had seen such a girl in a certain house in the direction in which he had come. The officer started in pursuit, and Wamslej^ proceeded about three miles and a half to "Kit's" hiding place. She was taken to Burlington, put on a steamboat and sent by Hall to Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. Job Peck was acquitted, having proved an alihi. Sometime after the murder, and during Peck's imprisonment, a stranger stopped at Duncan's and informed them that his name was Bennett; that he was one of the men who had stopped with them, and whom they had so kindly treated; that he and Johnson had been deadly foes. He told the Duncan's that they need not be alarmed in regard to Job's acquittal, as he (Bennett) knew Peck was not guilty, and gave the Duncan's to understand that he knew who was. If we are correctly informed, and we have good authority, the most romantic part of this story is yet to come. During the time that he was imprisoned Peck knew nothing of his wife's whereabouts, nor was he in- formed by his lawyer until some months after his release. Finally her address was given him and he set out for Pittsburgh. There he found her living with people of the highest respectability, in most elegant style. Peck himself stated to our informant that the house was furnished with a grandeur that he had not dreamed of; that his wife was a fine musician; that she had played for him on a piano in that house, and that he had these evidences of her accomplishments which he had not before conjectured. She was ready to come away with him, did come, and for several years lived near Oskaloosa with him. Parties now living remember her well; say that she was a woman of fine education, of refinement and unblemished character, wrote a beautiful letter, and gave every evidence of a good "bring- ing up." No one believes — she herself denies — that Johnson was her father; but who she was, or who Johnson was, possibly her husband, certainlj^ her husband's family never knew. She lived happily with Peck in California, until the latter's death. She has a noble family, and is again married to a devoted husband. Her portrait of late years has nothing of the romantic 302 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. in it, but every lineament marks her intelHo;ence and happiness. To-day this " Queen of a Thousand Isles " is queen of a happy household in a far western home. Since writin^^ the above we have been cited to an article in Scribner's Monthly .for April, ]878, entitled "Amon^ the Thousand Islands." From this article we make the following extracts. " Of late years perhaps no event caused such a stir of excitement in this region as the so-called Patriot war in 1838, a revolt of certain Canadians dissatisfied with the government of Sir Francis Bond Head, then Governor- general of Canada, which was joined by a number of American agitators, ever ripe for any disturbance. "It was a wild, insane affair altogether, and after some time consumed in petty threats of attack, finally reached a climax in tlie burning of the Canadian steamer ' Sir Robert Peel,' one of the finest vessels upon the St. Lawrence, The most prominent actor in this aftair was Bill Johnson — a name familiar to every one around this region— whose career forms a series of romantic adventures, deeds and escapes, followed by his final cap- ture, which would fill a novel. Indeed, we understand that a novel has been written by a Canadian Frenchman on this theme, though we have not had the good fortune to find any one who has read it. ****** -X- -St** -)«•*•» "Johnson was originally a British subject, but turned renegade, serving as a spy in the war of 1812, in which capacity he is said to have robbed the mails to gain intelligence. He hated his native country with all the bitter- ness which a renegade alone is capable of feeling. He was one of the earliest agitators upon the American side of the border, and was the one who instigated the destruction of the ' Peel.' A reward was oftered by the governments of each country for his apprehension, so he was compelled to take to the islands for safety. Here he continued for several months, though with numbers of hair-breadth escapes, in which he was assisted by his daughter, who seems to have been a noble girl. Many stories are told of remarkable acts performed by him, of his choking up the inlet of the Lake of the Isle with rocks, so as to prevent vessels of any size entering that sheet of water; of his having a skift' in which he could outspeed any ordinary sailing craft, and which he carried bodily across necks of land when his enemies were in pursuit of him, and of his hiding in all manner of out-of-the-way spots, once especially in the Devil's Oven, previously described, to which his daughter, who alone was in his confidence, disguised as a boy, carried provisions. He was finally captured and sent to Albany, where after suffering a slight penalty for his oftense, he was subsequently released, although he was always very careful to keep out of the clutch ot the indignant Canadians." a:n" old iowak We have met older residents in Mahaska county, but do not remember seeing anyone who has a longer Iowa record than William B. Street, Esq., of Oskaloosa. His father was Gen. J, M. Street, so well known as the humane and christian Indian agent among the Winnebagos. Gen. Street read law with Henry Clay, was appointed Indian agent by Adams, and re-appointed by Jackson and Yau Buren. He established the Winnebago HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 303 Mission among one of the most unpromising tribes of the Mississippi valley, and through the early seed sown they are now in northern l^Tebraska, perhaps the most civilized of the nativ^e race of the country. Gen. Street died in 1840. William B. came to Iowa in 1834, being a youth of fourteen or fifteen summers, and was constantly among the Indians till 1843, part of the time near what is now known as Agency City. He is perhaps as thoroughly posted in Indian customs, history and language as au}^ man in the state, and has been already mentioned in connection with the early history of Mahaska countj^ He can give the scalp raising whoop of tlie Sacs to perfection, and can even yet, at almost seventy years of age, be sometimes induced to give the Indian war dance, for the benefit of his particular friends. He possesses a number of Indian antiques, and is a very entertaining talker on Indian nuitters. He settled in Oskaloosa in 1844, built the first frame store building within the city limits, being located on the west side of the square. He was engaged in merchandising until 1857, went into banking, met with some reverses, and has since been engaged in railroading on various roads. At present (1878) he is enjoying the leisure merited by a life of toil and usefulness, and we wish him the continued blessing of a green and happy old age. MAHASKA IN 1850-1852. At this time Mahaska had grown to be quite a county, and Oskaloosa bore the appearance of a thrifty town. Upward of 45,000 bushels of wheat had been harvested in 1849, and the county was in a prosperous condition. July, 1850, the Herald had been started as a weekly county newspaper, and though, in comparison with its present size and appearance, it was an insignificant sheet, yet it no doubt was one of the best papers in Iowa at that day. Little attention was given to local matters for some years by the newspaper men, as then jiolitical and national afiairs were considered more properly as the province of the editor. In 1851 we find upward of one thousand votes cast in the county, elect- ing a Whig judge and Democratic sheriff'. At the Presidential election of 1852 the vote of the county stood: Scott, 599, Pierce, 541 — a Whig majority of 58. The assessed valuation of property in Mahaska in 1850 was $754,170. The population of Oskaloosa two years later is estimated at one thousand persons. Tliere were at this time probably a score of saw-mills within the limits of the county, and the work of improvement was going rapidly for- ward. In both town and country houses were springing up, bridges and fences were built, and the work of sowing and reaping was on the increase. The virgin soil of the prairies and the untouched alluvium of the bottom- lands yielded a ready reward to the plowman's labor, and produced with a richness and abundance which later tillage cannot rival. Even at this day great difficulty attended the carrying of the mails and necessary sup]dies at certain seasons of the year. Though Oskaloosa had an eastern and western mail daily, yet letters from St. Louis not unfre- quently occupied ten days in transit. As an illustration of the business and intelligence of Oskaloosa we give the following items: Letters received at the post-office for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1852. . 13,958. Letters mailed during same time 15,762. Subscribers to newspapers and periodicals 429. 304 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Printing paper was also very scarce at tliis period, and the Ilerald was at times delayed as lono^ as three weeks awaiting a supply, which was then usually obtained from St, Louis. We give the annexed market reports, which will prove interesting by comparison. The reader will be struck by noticing the similarity in prices between that of 1851 and the present time, July, 1878. These reports are taken from the tiles of the Herald of the different dates named: OSKALOOSA PRICE-CUERENT. NOV., 1851. MAY, 1857. jan'y, 1865. JULY, 1878. Flour f bbl. - $5.40 @ 6.00 $ 9.00 $ 10.25 $ 6.00®7.50 Wheat f bu. - 60@75 1.25 1.35® 1.50 ■ 80® 90 Oats f bu. - - 16@20 75 40 17®18 Corn '^ bu. 20@25 1.00 60® 70 25® 30 Potatoes f bu. - 45@50 1.00® 1.70 1.50@2.00 15@20 Butter f fe - 10@12 20® 25 35® 40 7 Eggs f doz. - 5 8@10 30® 35 5 Hay f ton 4.00® 5.00 15.00@20.00 13.00®15.00 Sugar f ft - - 9@ll 28® 40 Coffee f ft - 12@15 40® 55 Salt f bu. - - 90@1.00 1.65 FOURTH OF JULY. The 4th of July, 1852, came on Sunday, and the Saturday preceding was the date of a considerable celebration in Oskaloosa. About 2,500 persons were present. The Declaration of Independence was read by M. T. Wil- liams. The laying of the corner-stone of the normal school building was a part of the ceremonies of the day, and in the hearts of the people were mingled the memories of the past and the anticipations of times to come. The orators of the day were Wm. Loughridge and W. H. Seevers. After dinner were numerous toasts and responses, among which we note the following temperate sentiment by S. S. Stewart: May the toper's bottles speedily be broken, And the cause of temperance thiive; May the old maids soon get husbands, And the okl bachelors wives. FLOOD OF '51. The year 1851 is known in Mahaska county as the year of the flood. The rainfall throughout Iowa in that spring was unprecedented, and the smaller rivers of the State attained a high water mark which has not since been reaoiied. The overthrow culminated May 29th, and is thus described in the Herald of the 30th: " One of the heaviest rains we were ever privileged to witness occurred on Wednesday of last week. The rain literally fell in torrents for over an hour, causing the face of the whole country to present the appearance of one vast lake of rushing waters. Much damage has been done in conse- quence by the floating away of fences, bridges, etc. It is said that scarcely a bridge or foot-log remains over a stream in the whole county. HISTORY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 305 " The usually staid and sober Des Moines has been taking a regular 'swell,' literally tearing down and carrying off everything that happened to come in its current. Kot satisfied with keeping in its own channel, it has made free to invade every man's premises in the vicinitj^, in many cases literally driving away families domiciled in the neighborhood. It has left its ' mark ' on the land near the shore so that the settlers may hereafter know how mucii is claimed by it. It is in many places from two to four miles wide. A number of dwellings were carried entirely away. This calamity will be doubly hard on the sufferei's, as it has not only destroyed the present crops, but has taken away the old crop that was in store for the present season. "The Skunk, too, not having the fear of men before its eyes, has been spreadiiuj itself in exevy direction, taking along with it every obstacle that could not withstand a perfect rush of sweeping waters. Judging from ap- pearances one would su|)pose it determined to declare itself navigable (with- out any act of legislature) by removing, without the aid of civil law, ev^ery- thing calculated to hinder small crafts from taking an uninterrupted voyage to the Father of Waters. "On Saturday, a man named Sandert De Yong, a native of Holland, was drowned near Union Mills. He and a number of others were engaged in replacing the flooring of the bridge when he slipped through and perished in the waters without the l)ystanders being able to assist him. "A young man was drowned in the Des Moines near Ft. Des Moines on Friday, and two small boys near Red Rock a ie\Y days since." During this season flour or meal was very difficult to obtain, even in Oskaloosa. A pair of burrs or corn crackers were brought upon the front carriage of a wagon from Agency City, and attached to the gearing of the saw-mill, which stood on the present site of Proudfit's mill, and here was meal and hominy made for the settlement in the midst of this western sea of mud and water. RELIGIOUS. You raised these hallowed walls; the desert smiled, And Paradise was opened in the wild. — Pope. In this day of missionary and benevolent spirit, the Gospel in the West rather precedes than follows tl>e settlement of the country. But in the earlier days of frontier life the progress toward public worship was of necessity slow. Yet the devotional spirit of those who had left godly homes opened up here and there an organized body of worshippers, maiiy months before they had a regular building for their services. It is claimed that the first religious organization in Mahaska county was in the Six Mile Prairie settlement, where, in the winter of 184:4, a Methodist class was or- ganized and Mr. Chestnut chosen as class-leader. In Oskaloosa religious services were frequently held in the frame court house mentioned elsewhere in this work. Even as late as August, 1851, we find the following advertisement: The court house will be open for public worship at all times, but the different religious de- nominations must arrang-e the time of holding their meetings among themselves. Many of the old settlers will remember quite a lively theological discus- sion which was held in the court house in the winter of '51, which lasted 306 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. for several days, and which would be best described by giving the published terms of debate. The undersigned agree to debate the following proposition, to-wit: In the economy of man's salvation as revealed in the scriptures, is baptism a condition of pardon? On the first day Mr. Chatterton atiirms that it is, and gives his arguments in favor of his position and Mr.' Teas replies, each party occupying thirty minutes alternately. On the sec- ond day Mr. Teas affirms that it is not. and gives his arguments m favor of his position, and Mr. Chatterton replies, each party occupying thirty minutes alternately. Said debate to be at the court house in Oskaloosa, to commence on Friday, the .31st day of January, 1851, at 10 o'clock, a. m. The discussion to be conducted under the supervision of Wm. T. Smith, Esq., as chairman, assisted by Esquires M. T. Wilhams and A. M. Cassiday, and be governed by parliamentary rules and usages. No new matter to be introduced into the closing speech by either party. Agreed toby us, January 17th, 1851. ^ ^ A. CHATTERTON, G. W. TEAS. Mr. Smith informs us this debate was long and excited considerable in- terest. The committee appointed were simply to moderate the discussion and preserve order, and the committee made no report upon the merits of either argument. Another discussion of a similar nature took place be- tween Mr. Chatterton and Mr. I. M. Westfall, in October of this same year. INCIDENTS. During the early days in Mahaska it was customary for the young law- yers of Oskaloosa, and others, to go out into the country and enlighten the "bushwhackers " upon the subject of politics, and kindred themes. On one of these occasions the accomplished clerk of the district court, with a party of friends, went down to hold a neighborhood meeting on Six Mile Prairie, in a settler's cabin of the regulation type, having a huge sod chimney out- side. The settler whose doniicil this was, with a characteristic desire for intimacy with his domestics, had his chicken roost at the end of the house, the roost being a pole laid from the sod chimney to the eaves. ^ When the speaking had fairly begun, and a young orator from the capital of the county was pouring forth the eloquence of his soul, a lively concert was started outside. Dame "Ke-tah-cut" and her entire chorus struck out, en- tirely drowning the metropolitan speaker, who yielded the floor with bad grace, and claimed fowl play — wliich claim was not disputed by the amused spectators. In the midst of a mud embargo, in the days when the frontiersman of the western border went eighty miles to mill, Yan Delashmutt and E. A. Boyer found themselves without flour. To go to Bonaparte to mill was impossible. About a week after the barrel of meal had wasted, they heard of a rustic, several miles up the Des Moines, who liad manufactured a hand- mill, so they sent a few bushels of wdieat up there to be ground, but the grist arrived just in time to find the mill broken. Their case was getting unpleasant. However, on the following day Dr. Boyer saw a steamboat ascending the Des Moines, carrying a cargo of flour to soldiers. He hailed her, but to no purpose. Manning a large canoe with a couple of his men he was soon alongside, and demanded two barrels of flour, saying he was ready to pay for it. The captain refused, said it was government property and he could not sell it. Boyer told him it made no difference; his family was starving, and he proposed to have the flour or sink the boat. The cap- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 307 tain was not hard to persuade, and lowered two barrels of flour into the craft, for which he was fifteen dollars richer, and the government probably none the wiser. Bojer got his cargo to land, and rolled it up behind his cabin and covered it with some boards. Presently Yan came up to canvass the discouraging situation with his friendly neighbor, who took him around the house and showed him a sight which probably suggested to Van's mind the story of Elijali and the ravens, if he iiad ever read it, for it seemed a profound mysterj^ where Boyer could have obtained 400 weight of flour in the midst of that wilderness. The pirate explained, and Yan got one barrel of the flour, MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI R. R. LOAN. Sometime about 1850 a great air-line railroad route was projected through Iowa from the Mississippi to the Missouri river. A company named the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company undertook the project, and began work at Muscatine. The route was proposed through Maliaska county. One hundred thousand dollars of county bonds in sub- scription were voted to the company during Judge Crookham's adminis- tration, but were not issued. Shortly after Judge Rhinehart was elected county judge, in answer to petition of more than one-fourth the voters of Mahaska county, under act of the legislature of January 25, 1855, he submitted to the people the question of whether, in addition to the subscription of $100,000 already subscribed, he should, in the name of the county, subscribe $150,000 more, in bonds payable in twenty years, at ten per cent, payable semi-annually, and to be issued at the rate of ten per cent per month. The subscription was voted March, 1856, by a majority of 961. The judge refused to deliver the bonds without security on the part of the company that the road should be built. This security was not giveii, and the bonds were not delivered. Judge Rhinehart made a second proclamation in March, 1859, declaring that an opportunity would be given to the citizens to decide on the matter of rescinding the loan. The result showed 848 ballots for rescinding and 1,610 against. Bonds to the amount of $200,000 were delivered to John A, Dix, president, on the understanding that the road was to be completed to Oskaloosa before September, 1860 (it was then flnished to Washington); that the company would expend a sum not less than $15,000 in Maliaska county during the summer of 1859; that the county should pay the interest on $100,000 of the bonds until the road was completed to Oskaloosa, etc. The company gave its bond for the execution of the contract, and its cer- tificate of stock to the amount of the subscription. Some parts of this agreement not being complied with the sale of the bonds was soon enjoined, and thus the only loan ever made by the county to any corporation was annnlled. The bonds remained in the possession of the company until 1870, when measures were taken to secure them by the county. In June of that year the Board of Supervisors authorized its chairman to take steps for the re- covery of the bonds, at an expense not to exceed $500, This amount was paid the railroad company for their expense in printing the bonds, etc, and at the September meeting Wm, G. Briggs, chairman, reported possession of the documents, and also of a receipt of the company in acknowledg- 308 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. ment of certificate of stock. Mr. Briggs and the auditor were appointed a committee to burn the bonds, which thej did. COUNTY FINANCES. The financial management of Mahaska county has always been an eco- nomical one. Opposed to running the county in debt, its financiers have never permitted useless extravagance, and in the opinion of many have ig- nored the best interests of the county by a too conservative management. The county taxes have been light in comparison with other counties of the State, and they have been judiciously expended. In the early days county orders were sometimes considerably below par, selling at from sixty to sev- ety cents on the dollar; but this was years ago, and the present high stand- ard of county warrants brings contract bids down to a cash basis, and se- cures for the county full work for orders di'awn. No money has ever been paid out of the county treasury for any railroads through the tei'ritory of the county, nor has any considerable amount ever been spent for public buildings. The first court house and jail were built from proceeds of sale of Oskaloosa town luts. A rather badly mixed financial transaction is re- lated in regard to the commissioners of the early day. After the building of the court house there remained a considerable surplus of the lot fund, and the regular treasury was empty. The commissioners, understanding that the lot fund was not available for other purposes, borrowed, in the name of the commissioners of Mahaska county, the sum of $3,000 from the commissioners of Mahaska county, and gave as security the official pledge of the commissioners of said county. This surplus from sale of lots was afterward invested in a new county jail. The present year found a mortgage on the county poor farm of $7,000 and a certain amount of accumulated interest. The law does not permit a sufficient levy to cancel this debt immediately, and in consequence it was decided by the supervisors that the same should be funded. Accordingly bonds to the amount of $8,000 have been issued, bearing the date July 1, 1878, pjiyable in three, four and five years, or earlier at the option of the county, drawing eight per cent interest, payable semi-annually. These will probably be redeemed within two years from date of issue. The outstanding county warrants July 1, 1878, were near $14,000, of which $8,600 belonged to bridge fund, and are not due till April 1, 1879. Thus it will be seen the county indebtedness is the merest trifie, and this exhibit should force upon its citizens the duty of building at an early day a court house which will be a glory to Mahaska county and an ornament to the county seat. From the auditor's books we make the following quotations of the tax lists for 1877: No. of polls in county 5,758 Acres of land (taxed) 359,981 Assessed valuation of land $4,079,298 Assessed valuation of lots 738,631 Assessed valuation or personal property 1 ,775,985 Exempted from taxation ' 28.139 Total value (less exemption) 6,565.770 Consolidated tax for the county 150,485.50 "^y^-^t^-c^,^^ HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 311 State tax $13,131.75 County tax 19,697.82 School tax 6,565.95 Bridge tax 19,697.78 Poor tax 6,565.93 Insane tax 6,565.93 School house 11,153.07 School district 36,105.54 - Contingent 15.882.66 Judgment tax 3,283.11 City tax 12.967.15 Poll tax 2,879.00 Irregular school tax 638.00 Road tax 3,471.30 Total tax $158,604.99. The assessment for 1878 is as follows: 358,703 acres of land valued at $3,772, 177 Town lots 738,631 Railroads 309,367 Personal property 1,593,300 Total valuation $6,413,475. BKIDGES. Few counties have been called upon for larger expenditure for bridges than Mahaska, and in this respect the response of the people has been lib- eral. Crossed as the county is by three large streams and a number of smaller ones, the expense of building and maintaining bridges for the con- venience of the public has been considerable. In most cases substantial iron bridges have been constructed, and there are now in the county about thirty iron structures, both arch and truss, costing amounts varying from $900 to $5,000. These do not include the handsome iron bridge built across the Des Moines river at A\^ilson's Ferry, a point near the Des Moines and Jefferson township lines. This was built in 1877 by Messrs. McKay & iS'elson, of Ft. Wayne, Ind., at an expense of $25,200. It is a heavy iron truss bridare, with substantial stone abutments and piers. It consists of four spans of 162^ feet each, or 650 feet in all. This bridge has brought in di- rect and convenient communication the southwestern part of the county with the county seat and surrounding country — an advantage and improve- ment worth twice the money expended. As above stated the outstanding warrants on this bridge are $8,600, due April 1, 1879, the money for pay- ment of which is now ready in the treasury. ^ POOR HOUSE. Asylums for the poor, the disabled and the orphans, are distinctively christian institutions. It has been frequently remarked, that among heathen nations, Rome, Greece and Macedon, no state institutions were ever estab- lished for the use of the destitute. Mahaska county has performed its duty of public benevolence in providing an excellent poor farm for its paupers; and not only so, but this institution by its last report has been shown to be self-sustaining, thus solving in a practical way a problem which has puzzled continental economists for centuries. 20 312 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The question, " Shall Mahaska county have a poor farm?" was probably submitted to the people for the first time in April, 1864. The question was negatived. The matter was again agitated in a meeting of the board of supervisors November, 1866, but without action. A popular vote was again taken in 1867, which, being favorable, resulted in the purchase of 80 acres on sec. 30, tp 75 north, 15 west, being about three miles southeast of the city of Oskaloosa, and known as the Stanley farm. This was secured at a cost of $4,000, being improved by a good, frame dwelling house; this was fitted up for the oecupaucy of the county poor. The first board of directors having in charge the poor farm was elected by the board of supervisors in January, 1868, and was composed of M, Kins- njan, W. S. Edgar and C. Houtz. Allen Williamson was chosen first steward, being the lowest bidder of fourteen applicants for the position. Mr. Wil- liamson proved a very efficient steward, and retained his office until 1871. The report of the directors for 1868 showed the expenses, including price of the farm, to be $7,983.40. Proceeds from farm products, $132.43. Omitting amounts paid for permanent fixtures, the amount paid for keep- ing the poor at farm was $972.05. The average number of paupers cared for was 5 1-7 persons. January, 1869, lots nos. 27, 28, 33 and 34 were purchased in Forest Cemetery as burial ground for paupers. The directors for 1869 were W. S. Edgar, M. Kinsman and C. Houtz. For 1870 the same were continued. In 1871 a single individual, John Jeffries, was appointed director. He resigned June, 1872, and C. Houtz was appointed to fill vacancy. Mr. N. P. Weaver was steward from 1871 till 1873, when T. W. Hyde was appointed, who gave good account of his stewardship until the farm was sold in 1876. Late Sabbath evening, Dec. 12, 1875, after all the paupers had retired, it was discovered by the steward that the house was on fire, having, it is supposed, caught from a spark on the roof. Eleven paupers were asleep in the building, all of whom were roused only in time to escape with their lives, and in a few minutes an insurance policy for $1,200 was all that the supervisors had to show for the first county poor house. Here was a quandai-y. The paupers were to be taken care of, and the county needed a poor house, but this could not be built without submitting the question to a vote of the people, with doubtful result. Another county in Iowa was in the same predicament. So a special act of the Sixteenth General Assemblj" was secured, by which the board was authorized to pro- vide a new poor house, without submitting the question to the people. After a prolonged discussion of matters, it was decided to buy a new farm. Accordingly on March 8, 1876, the board bought from A. M. Coon rod a farm of 320 acres, being south ^ sec. 24, in Scott township. On this farm was a large brick house, which is now used as a county poor house. The price paid was $16,000 — $1,000 and the old poor farm at a valuation of $4,000 on date of purchase, 4,000 in August, 1876, and the remainder secured by mortgage, $7,000. As the law does not allow a levy sufi lent to li([uidate this it was deemed best to fund the debt, and bonds to the amount of $8,000 have been issued, as already mentioned more particularly under the head of county finances. The payment of these bonds will prob- ably be anticipated, and two or three years hence the poor farm will be substantially without expense to the county. T. H. Lucas is the present steward who has had charge ever since the new farm was bought. The num- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 313 ber of panpers averages at present about twenty-five, a number of whom are aged, infirm and unable to work. LIST OF COUNTY OFFICERS. We regret to be compelled to give this list to the public in an incomplete form. We were unable to find any record of elections prior to 1857, and the list given previous to that was picked u]) by piecemeal and doubtless con- tains iiuiccuracies wdiich were unavoidable as we were sometimes obliged to rely upon the unaided memory of old settlers. The financial afi^fiirs of the county were first managed by a board of com- missioners, viz: April to August, 1814 — A. S. Nichols, Wilson Stanley, Eobert Curry. August, 1844, to August, 1845 — A. S. Nichols, Harmon Davis, Simeon Drowillard. August, 1845, to August, 1846 — A. S Nichols, Simeon Drowillard, Jacob H. Majors. August, 1846, to August, 1847 — A. S. Nichols, Harmon Davis, Jacob H. Majors. August, 1847, to August, 1848 — Jacob H. Majors, Harmon Davis, Nathan Brown. August, 1848, to August, 1849 — ^Ilarmon Davis, Theo. Cox, Nat. Brown. August, 1849, to August, 1850— Nathan Brown, Theo. Cox, M. W. Well- man. August, 1850, to August, 1851 — Nathan Brown, Thos. Boss, Sylvester Phelps. This was the last board of commissioners and by act of the legislature the county afiairs were managed by a county judge. COUNTY JUDGES. Judge John A. L. Crookham, August, 1851, to August, 1855; Jas. Rhine- hart, August, 1855, to January, 1864; Samuel Thompson, January, 1864, to January, 1870, when the otfice was abolished. The management of county afl:airs, however, was virtually taken out of the hands of tlie county judge, in 1861, being given into the hands of sixteen supervisors, by Art. 11, Chap. 22, Revised Code of Iowa, enumerated below, and the judge's oflSce was confined to probate business. SUPERVISORS. Sixteen were first elected, of whom one-half were for two years, and the remainder for one year, divided by lot. 1861. Thos. Paul, Wm. G. Briggs, E. Munsell, P. G. Butler, Thomas Jones, P. Loughridge, Orange Hollister, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. Connor, A. N. Atwood, Wm. Ankeney, S. A. Aiken, Thos. B. Campbell, L. Osborne, J. J. Kinker, J. N. Dixon. 314 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 1862. E. Munsell, P. Lougliridge, E. IT. Bobbitt, Tlios. Connor, A, K Atwood, Wm. Ankeny, J. J. Kl inker, J. K Dixon. G. B. McFall, P. G. Butter, "Wm. G. Briggs, Thos. Jones, S. A, Aiken, Lauren Osborne, John Hiatt, Orange Hollister. CORONERS. No earlv records preserved except 1844. Britain Edwards, April to August, 1844. James E. Alexander, August, 1851, to August, 1853. Alonzo Moore, August, 1853, to August, 1855. , August, 1855, to August, 1857. A. T. Young, August, 1867, to January, 1860. Joseph Kelly, 1860-1861. W. C. Cummings, 1862-1863. Kobert Miller, 1864-1865. , 1866-1867. G. ^Y. Norton, 1868-1869. David Needham, 1869-1873. D. M. Gunn, 1874-1875. J. M. Byers, 1876 — present incumbent. COUNTY SURVEYORS. David Stump, April, 1844-1846. Silas Sawyer, 1846-1848. I. N. Seevers, 1848-1853. Samuel Bresslar, August, 1853, to August, 1855. A. T. Wright, August, 1855, to August, 1857. Samuel Thompson, 1857-1861. N. Caven, 1864-1873. Samuel Thompson, 1874; present incumbent, 1878. DRAINAGE COMMISSIONERS. Yan B. Delashmutt, 1857-1859. S. H. Berry, 1860-1861 (never qualified). E. E. Herbert, 1862-1863 (never qualified). (By appointment) Samuel Thompson, 1861, 1862, 1863. Nat. Caven, 1864-1873 (oflice abolished.) ASSESSORS. Mahaska county had one county assessor, Isaac J. Faucett, 1857-1858, when the office was abolished. PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. A. M. Cassiday, 1851-1855. PROBATE JUDGES, John White, 1844-1849. Jno. Bond, 1849-1851. The probate business then passed into the hands of the county judge. (See above.) HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 315 DELEGATES. First Constitutional Convention, 18-44, Van B. Delashrautt, S. B. Shelle- day. Second Constitutional Convention, 1846, Stephen B. Slielleday. Third Constitutional Convention, 1857, James A. Young. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES. Council Delegate — Enoch Ross. House Delegate — S. B. Shelledaj, 1845. u a a u u i,i a u 1 84B 1863. G. B. McFall, P. G. Butler, Wm. G. Briggs, Thos. Jones, S. A. Aiken, Lauren Osborne, Jno. Hiatt, Orange Ilollister, D. H. Ilybarger, P. Lough- ridge, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. T. Tinslej, A. N. Atwood, W. Ankeny, S. W. Lewis, Martin Hawk. 1864. D. H. Hybarger, P. Loughridge, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. T. Tinsley, A. N. Atwood, AY. R. Ankeny, S. W. Lewis, Martin Hawk, Solomon Shaw, R. A. Haller, P. G. Butler, R. Y. Clark, James Rhinehart, Terry Mays, Cyrus H. Tolbert, R. F. Burden. 1865. Solomon Shaw, R. H. Haller, P. G. Butler, R. Y. Clark, James Rhine- hart, Terry Mays, Cyrus H. Talbert, R. F. Burden, P. Loughridge, A. Ag- new, W. C. Rhinehart, J. A. Stewai't, Wm. II. Darland, Andrew Ruby, Wm. R. Ankeny, Jehu Hiatt, J. H. Fry. 1866. P. Loughridge, A. Agnew, W. C. Rhinehart, J. A. Stewart, Wm. II. Dar- land, Andrew Ruby, Wm. R. Ankeny, Jehu Hiatt, J, H. Fry, J. Y. Simp- son, Aaron Oldham, P. G. Butler, J. F. Hildreth, C. P. Searle, R. F. Bur- den, Hardin Tice. 1867. Jehu Hiatt, J. Y. Simpson, Aaron Oldham, P. G. Butler, J. F. Hildreth, C. P. Searle, Robert F. Burden, Hardin Tice, Stephen Lewis, Mahlon Stanton, Andrew Ruby, Geo. Lay, James S. Chew, Martin Hawk, James Odem, M. Kinsman, Samuel Harlan. 1868. Mahlon Stanton, Andrew Ruby, Geo. La}', James S. Chew, Martin Hawk, James Odem, M. Kinsman, Samuel Harlan, Robert Wharton, Samuel Gil- more, Wm. G. Briggs, D. M. Gunn, W. J. Jackson, R. F. Burden, Geo. Hill.' 1869. Robert Wharton, Samuel Gilmore, Wm. G. Briggs, D. M. Gunn, W. J. Jackson, R. F. Burden, Geo. Hill, J, A. Harrold, Mahlon Stanton, C. J. 316 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Jackson, E. II. MeCann, Wni. Stewart, "Wm. Freeman, S. G. Gary, J. S. Chew, Elwood Fisher. 1870. J. A. Harrold, Mahlon Stanton, C. J. Jackson, E. H. McCann, Wm. Stewart, Wm, Freeman, S. G. Gary, J. S. Chew, Elwood Fisher, John War- ner, Nelson Cone, Chas. Stoddard, James Hiatt, Wm. G. Briggs, W. J. Jackson, D. A. Hurst. 1871. In 1870 the law was again changed, and the county affiiirs placed in the hands of three commissioners. The first board took their seats in Janu- ary, 1871. Jno. K. Barnes, 1871-187 ? James K. Woods, 1871-1874, inclusive. Jehu Hiatt, 1871-187 ? L. P. Shriver, 1873-1875, inclusive. W. F. Schee, 1874-1870. Wm. Stewart, 1875-1877. Samuel Knowlton, 1876-1878. Samuel Gilmore, 1877 — term expires 1879. E. W. Myrick, 1878— term expires 1880. COUNTY AUDITORS. The first auditor under the laws of Iowa took his office in January, 1869. Samuel Thompson, county judge — ex-officio auditor for 1869. James Ruan, 1870-1873. Geo. A. Ross, 1874 — present incumbent. COUNTY TREASURERS AND RECORDERS. These two offices were included under one person until 1865, except in first election. Wm. D. Canfield, treasurer, April till August, 1844. Wm. Pilgrim, recorder, April till August, 1844. TREASURERS AND RECORDERS. AYm. Pilgrim, August, 1844, to August, 1846. Richard Parker, 1846-1847. Geo. W. Baer, August, 1847, to August, 1849. H. Blackburn, August, 1849, to August, 1855. Wesley Moreland, August, 1855. to August, 1857. John il. Shoemake, August, 1857, to January, 1860. John N. Kinsman, January, 1860, to January, 1862. James A. Young, January, 1862, to January, 1864. At this date the oflices were divided: RECORDERS. John Larmer, 1865-1872. W. R. Cowan, 1873— present incumbent (1878). HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 317 TKEASUREKS. James A. Yonn^, 1865-1871. Henry R. Kendig, 1872-1877. John R. Barnes, 1877 — present incumbent (1878). CLERKS OF COURT M. T. Williams, April, 1844, to August, 1854. Wm. S. Edgar, August, 1854, to January, 1863. Richard Duuiont, 1863-1866. Capt. C. P. Searle, 1867-1874. David R. Moore, 1875— present incumbent (1878). SHERIFFS. Wm. Edmundson, 1844, to August, . Kinsman August, 1851, to August, 1853. D. J. Swearingen, August, 1853, to August, 1855. J. K. Keimedy, elected August, 1855— served several months. Wm. Edmundson, elected to till vacancy, 1856-1859. Jas. H. Macon, 1860-1862. J. F. Allumbaugh, 1862-1863. J. W. Hinesley,^ 1864-1873. Jas. E. Iletherington, 1874-1877. Marquis Barr, 1878— present incumbent (1878). COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. (Office established April, 1858.) J. M. Loughridge, 1858-1865. J. F. Everett, 1866-1869. Geo. T. Carpenter, 1870-1871. E. Baker, 1872-1873. Jasper Hull, 1874-1875. i J. W. Johnson, 1876-1877. J. C. Williams, 1878— present incumbent. STATE SENATORS FROM THIS DISTRICT. R. R. Harbour, 1847-1850. Jos. Lowe. 1850-1851, Jno R. Needham, 1852-1855. Wm. Loughridge, 1856-1859. H. H. WiUiams, 1860-1863. J. A. L. Grookham, 1864-1867. Jno. R. Needham, 1868-1869. Jno. N. Dixon, 1870-1871. Jas. A. Young, 1872— resigned 1873. T. R. Gilmore, 1874 — present incumbent; term expires 1879. REPRESENTATIVES. Jno. W. Smith, 1846-1848 (died). Wm. Edmundson was elected to till vacancy, 1847-48. Wm. Jacobs, 1848-1849. 318 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Wm. Jacobs, R. R. Harbour, 1850-1851 (including Keokuk and Powe- shiek counties). Wm. R. Ross, 1852-1853. Samuel Coffin and M. T. Williams, 1854-1855. R. M. Wilson and Jno. H. Fry, 1856-1857. A. M. Cassiday and W. H. Seevers, 1858-1859. Mahlon Stanton and Tlios. Barnes, 1860-1861. M. T. Williams and Samuel G. Castor, 1862-1863. J. N. II. Campbell and Epliiram Munsell, 1864-1865. T. N. Barnes and S. G. Gary, 1866-1867. Chas. Stanley and Thos. Ballinger, 1868-1869. Jno. F. Lacey and M. E. Cutts, 1870-1871. L. F. Ellsworth and W. L. McAllister, 1872-1873. Thos. C. Beach and Kelson Cone, 18'^4-1875. Wm. II. Seevers and Hardin Tice, 18*76-1877. H. W. Gleason and Jno. R. Nichol, 1878-1879. ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. STEPHEN B. SHELLEDAY. Among those of the "illustrious dead" of Mahaska county we can scarcely sketch a more prominent career than that connected witli the name of Stephen B. Shelleday. He came to the state in 1843, spent the first win- ter in Henry county, and the next j^ear moved to Mahaska. With Yan B. Delashmntt, he represented Washington, Keoknk and Mahaska counties in the first constitutional convention, which convened at Iowa City, October 7, 1844. He was elected from these counties to the House of Representatives of the Seventh Territorial Assembly, met May 5, 1845, at Iowa City, and was re-elected to the Eighth Assembly, May 4, 1866. He served as a delegate from Mahaska county to the second consti- tutional convention, at the same place. In 1849, during President Taylor's administration, he was appointed U. S. Marshal for Iowa, which position lie held for several years. He moved to Jasper county in 1849, and later served two terms in the Legislature, and was the first Speaker of the House after the capital was removed to Des Moines. During the war lie served about two years in the greybeard regiment, being promoted from the ranks to first lieutenant. Company C. He was found dead in the field on his farm in Jasper county, December 17, 1870, of heart disease, being nearly seventy years of age. HENRY C. LEIGHTON. Occasionally we find a man who has been the pride of a community in his youth, a brother and friend to his neighbors in manhood, and venerated as a father in his old age, who, when in the fullness of years and honor has wrapped the "drapery of his couch about him, and lain down to pleas- ant dreams," an entii-e section of country sincerely mourns his loss, and experiences, in common with his kinsmen, the feeling of genuine affliction. But rare, very rare, is the case in which one so young as the subject of this sketch is so universally mourned as was Henry 0. Leighton, who died January 31, 1878, at the age of thirty-five. We realize that the com- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 319 munity wliicli so honored him in bis life and remembered him in death, will appreciate a sketch of his life in the History of Mahaska county. Henry C. Leighton was born in Mt. Sterling, 111., November 21, 1842, his parents removing to Oskaloosa in 181:7. With only the common school education wliich has furnished equipment for some of the greatest jour- nalists of the country, he entei-ed the Oskaloosa Herald office at seventeen years of age, in which he worked as a typo. In August, 1862, when not yet twenty years of age, he enlisted as a private in Compan}^ D., of the gallant Thirtj^-third Iowa Infantry, and soon took his place among those who manifested their love for the Union by facing the enemy's guns. Im- mediately after his enlistment he was appointed second corporal, and from there through the office of second to that of first lieutenant. As adjutant of his regiment he mustered out August 7, 1865, just three years after date of his enlistment. Upon his return from the army he re-entered the Herald office as one of its proprietors, and from that time till the day of his death his devotion to his profession was most constant and untiring. He sacrificed to his paper, probably his life. Chivalrous in editorial debate, enterprising in manage- ment, first in every moral reform, his journalistic career made him the idol of his friends, the admired of his rivals aud opponents. In 1870 he was chosen chairman of the Republican Central committee of Mahaska county, and subsequently served two years as chairman of the State Central committee, and for his management received the encomiums of the press throughout the state. He was post-master at Oskaloosa at the time of his death. As secretary of Triluminar Lodge in Oskaloosa, from 1872 to 1874; as Senior Warden from 1874 till 1876; from 1876 to 1877 as its Master, he ffrew in hio-h esteem among: his fellow Masons. He was Eminent Com- mander of De rayen's Commandery from 1874 to 1876. His death at the date above mentioned was sudden and unexpected. The Herald issued just one week previously, January 24, was in part the work of his hands, and a copy of the same was fixed in their cold clasp under the coffin lid. Inside was a paper on wliich was written the following stanza : The good alone are truly great, To him will virtue yield the yjrize, Who seeks to better man's estate, And renders earth a paradise. A meeting of citizens, another of fellow-soldiers, his brother Sir Knights, and members of Lodge, hastened to assemble upon his death to do honor to his memory, and express sympathy to his family. The press of the en- tire state contained expressions of mourning and regret. But the tes- timony of esteem which surrounded his bier was the most tender and touching of all. No such a concourse ever before attended a Mahaska cit- izen to his grave. The secretary and auditor of state, and the lieutenant- governor, his fellow-editors from Keokuk, Des Moines, Ottumwa, Pella, Marshalltown, Knoxville, Albia, Eddyville, Montezuma, New Sharon and elsewhere, testified their mourning by their presence on the Monday, Feb- ruary 4, appointed for his funeral. Two hundred Sir Knights and four hundred Master Masons from various parts of the state assisted in the cer- emony at the open grave, including the recitation of the Lord's Prayer by the entire assembly, a service never to be forgotten by those present. 320 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Thus did Iowa bnry one of her representative men, and Iowa journalism lost one of its brightest ornaments. BENJAMIN ROOP. Every early settler of Mahaska will recognize this name as one of the county's earliest and most enterprising citizens. Mr, Roop came to Oska- loosa from Ohio in 1845, a poor man, but was in the prime of life. He was one of those individuals who seem to have been made business men. He was in various enterprises until about 1850, when he engaged in build- ing the Steam Flouring Mill now occupied in West Oskaloosa by Messrs. Seibel & Co. This establishment, however, was owned by the firm Roop, Harbour & Co., and was completed in 1852, at a cost of about $20,000. To the mill was attached a distillery, and to this source of revenue Mr, Roop was indebted for much of the money so generouslj^ spent for the benefit of those around him. About 1856 he built the building now used as the National House, for his residence, and occupied it about ten years. Shortly after the building of his mill, the problem of fuel to furnish its power engaged his attention. He employed a man named Dascom to prospect for coal in the vicinity of the present town of Beacon, and there was first discovered by this agency a suitable vein for mining purposes. In 1861 he established a large grocery and liquor house in Colorado, and inaugui'ated the business of freighting produce across the Rocky Moun- tains, Once or twice per year trains of twelve to fifteen large wagons were started from Oskaloosa across the Plains. Every enterprise undertaken by Mr. Roop seemed to succeed by magic, until he engaged in building the Eureka Mills at Beacon. Built in 1865, when everything was at a high figure, furnished with the most splendid machinerj', its distillery attach- ment interfered with by the government, the genius of Mr, Roop failed to save his business from financial disaster. With broken fortunes he re- moved in 1871 to Springfield, Missouri, and engaged in milling operations there, and with a reasonable degree of success. Death, however, soon over- took him, and January 25, 1872, he fell a sudden victim to apoplexy, at the age of seventy-two years, Mr. Roop was one of the most public spirited men Mahaska county ever had, and to his liberality and business capacities many laborers have been indebted for good living and comfortable homes. The poor man never applied to Mr. Roop in vain, and he enjoyed one of the surest evidences of nobility of disposition, the esteem and affection of his employes. JOHN R. NEEDHAM. This gentleman was a representative Mahaska citizen. Not brilliant and scintillating, seldom or never surprising his friends by any pyrotechnic displa}', he was one of those men who, like the silent forces of nature, did his life work without sound of trumpets, holding ever the calm and even tenor of his way, continually bringing to mind the truthful saying, " still waters flow deep." Mr. Needham lived a life among the early generation of Mahaska county, such as only true men can live, that of an unshaken friend, an uncompromising enemy of evil, an enterprising citizen and a christian gentleman. He was born in Guernsey county, Ohio, December 18, 1824 He entered public service quite young. His father being sheriff of the county while HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 321 lie was yet a minor, his son John was appointed deputy. While serving in this capacity, he entered a law office as student, in Cambridge, Ohio, where he was admitted to practice. Emigratiug to Mahaska county in 1840, soon after his arrival he taught a three month's school in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. July 2d of the following summer he commenced the publication of the Herald^ under the tirm of Needham & McNeely. lie continued his interest in the paper until 1S65, with such chauge of partners as we have noticed in the history of the Herald. Mr. jS^eedham was an original Whig, and was the first Whig senator ever elected from Mahaska county. His electiou occurred in August, 1852. Soon after his settlement in the county he engaged in the practice of law, and when he devoted his time to his profession enjoyed a good practice. In October, 1861, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the state of Iowa, and took his seat in January, 1862, discharging the duties of his office with credit to himself, and honor to the state. At the close of the legislative session was passed the following resolution: Resolred, That the Senate hereby tender to Lieut. Governor Needham, their thanks for the able, dignified, courteous and impartial manner in which he discharged the duties of pre- siding officer during this session. He was elected senator a second time, October, 1867, which office he held at the time of his decease. lie was universally respected and lamented by his fellow senators, and the eulogies pronounced upon the occasion of his death are testimonials which few men earn. AVe will allow one of his fel- low legislators who knew him well, speak through these pages of his vir- tue of mind and heart. Senator Dixon said: "After an acquaintance of twelve years, I can truly say it has been my fortune to know few such men. Atfable and easy in his address, mild and unassuming in his manners, conscientious in every- thing he did and said, with a heart as tender as that of a child, to know him was but to love and respect. Honesty was his policy; but policy was not his honesty. To those of you who knew him, there is nothing strange about it, that he occupied so high a place in the affections and confidence of the people of his county and state. His constituents never had any fears about their interests while entrusted to his care. " Senator Needham M-as a moral hero. He overcame evil with good. The pathway of his life he strewed with those jewels that do most adorn the human heart; he was God's noblest work — an honest man. Nothing I could say would add to the luster of his fame, or the endearment of his memory. His monuments are planted deeply in the hearts of those who knew him." As an illustration of his ability and fairness as a parliamentarian, it might be stated that he was the only president of the Iowa Senate whose decision was never i-eversed. As president of the Oskaloosa school board during several years, as mayor of the city in 1860 and 1861, as trustee during three years of the Iowa Insane Asylum, he discharged lesser public duties with a care, a kindness, and enterprise in keeping with his character and good name. But, not alone in political life did Gov. Needham receive the suffrages of his fellow citizens, and the encomiums of his friends. To him belonged the two rarely united qualities, of good statesmanship and a practical chris- 322 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. tianity. He was an earnest worker in the M. E. Church, of wliich he was both officer and member, and in the Sunday schooL As president for a time of the County S. S. Association, and as superintendent of the Sabbath school of his own church he was recognized as among tlie foremost of those engaged in tlie christian education of the youth. Mr. I^eedham was an invalid for some iifteeu years previous to his death, a fact which made his public services the more praiseworthy and remarka- ble. His disease was pulmonary consumption, from which his death occur- red July 9, 1868. His widow, Evaline Houtz ISTeedliam, who had been the partner of his life since September 29, 1852, still survives him and lives in Oskaloosa, esteemed not alone on account of her own graces, but also in memory of him whose death she has not mourned alone. BRIGADIER-GENERAL SAMUEL A. RICE. From the work on "Iowa Colonels and Regiments," by Captian A. A. Stuart, we draw the following sketch: "Samuel A. Rice, who received his death wound at the battle of Jenkins Ferry is the most distinguished officer our gallant state has lost in the war of the rebellion. Sprung from the great middle class, without name or wealth, he had, at the age of thirty -live, attained such distinction as to make his death a national calamity. "General Rice was born in Cattaraugus county, New York, January 27, 1828, but passed his boyhood in Belmont county, Ohio, where his parents removed when he was quite young. The death of his father when he was a lad, deprived him of the privileges of more than a common school education in his youth, and placed upon his shoulders, at an early age, the ])artial support of a family. Accordingly he engaged in boating on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, as the most remunerative employment, and as flat boat- man he made one or more trips to New Orleans." Subsequently the enterprise of young Rice secured for him a college education. Defraying his own expenses he graduated at Union College, 'New York, in the literary department of the institution, and attended law school one year in the University. Immediately removing to Iowa he first settled at Fairfield, where he practiced law and occasionally assisted in the editorial room of the Whig paper, at that point. In the fall of 1851 he removed to Oskaloosa. His first public office in Mahaska county was that of prosecuting attorney, which office he filled with such ability as to pave the way to higher civil attainments. lie was accordingly nominated and elected attorney -general of the State in 1856 when but twenty-eight years of age. Re-elected in 1858, the beginning of the war found him in just possession of the term, " one of the best lawyers of the state," He assisted in the organization of the Republi- can party in Mahaska county, and was formost in advocating the Republi- can principles. Gen. Rice was commissioned Colonel of the 33d Regiment of Iowa In- fantry, on the 10th day of August, 1862, and late in November left with his regiment for St. Louis. Of the work of that regiment, and the com- mand of Col. Rice, we have occasion to speak more fully in the History of the 33d. He was commissioned brigadier-general August, 1863, a dis- tinction which he earned by his gallant conduct in the battle of Helena. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 323 The earl}'- part of the battle of Jenkins' Ferry was a most trying one to our troops. Capt. Comstock was quite severely wounded in the midst of the engagement, and tells us tliat as Gen. Rice rode over the field, he dis- mounted and shook hands with the wounded men, and with tears in his eyes expressed botli his sympathy and his fears that the dajMvould be lost. It was in the enemy's last and unsuccessful charge that Gen. Rice re- ceived the wound which resulted in his death. Riding down his left wing he was shut by a musket ball through the right foot, tlie ball passing under the instep just in front of the ankle and driving the buckle of the spur be- fore it. He left Little Rock for his home in Iowa on the 18th day of May. For a considerable time after reaching his home, he supposed he was conva- lescing, but the virus of his wound had permeated his whole system, poisoning the vital fluids and putting his case beyond the reach of human aid. He died July 6, 1864. The night before the general's death. Judge Louglu-idge, of Oskaloosa, his warm and tried friend, watched by his bedside. His pain seemed to be intense, making the night drag heavily, and as he turned restlessly in his bed, the judge inquired: "General, how do you feel now? Are you will- ing to die?" Looking up, and liis eyes brightening, he replied: "I am read}'. ' Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.' " Of the many eulogies called forth by his death, we can give but two or three. Captain Stnart sa_ys: " My admiration of the character of this noble man, I am unable to express. Few as able and deserving as he have been sacrificed to the Moloch of Slavery." An army companion: "But abov^e all, and over all, stands the name of one, whom Iowa will be proud to own, General Samuel A, Rice. I have never ssen his equal, either on the field or in the camp." "The general was kinddiearted and unassuming. He was scarcely with- out a smile u]ion his face, and no one could l)e embarrassed in his presence. Few promised him the success he met in the service. He was as successful with the sword as he had been in his civil profession. He was a noble ex- emplar of our Free State Chivalry." EDUCATIOIS^AL. The schools of our county are sharing with the newsboys' bundle the title of "universities of the poor," and not only so, but they are in a large proportion the final educators of the rich. A close observation of the work- ing of the public schools shows that if the induction of facts be complete it could be demonstrated t\]{it, in fact, the public schools turnout more better fitted for business and for usefulness than most of our colleges. The freedom and liberty of our public schools afibrds less room for the growth of effeminancy and pedantrj'; it educates the youth among the people, and not among a caste or class, and since the man or woman is called upon to do with a nation in which we, the peojde, are the only factor, the education which the common schools afford, especially where they are of the superior standard reached in Mahaska county do, fit their recipients for a sphere of usefulness nearer the public heart, that can be attained by private schools or academies. Mahaska county educational affairs are in a flourishing condition. The 324 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. contrast between tlie settlers school and the present accommodations has been marked. The puncheon floor and desks, and doorless aperture for entrance, have given phice to more flnislied edifices, in some cases elegant ones, possibly not more thoroughly ventihited, but more comfortably so. Maliaska county teachers believe in interchange of thought, and in com- munity of effort. In few counties have institutes been so well attended and noi'mals so well sustained. The profession of teaching has been made a study, and when other counties have reached the standard of Mahaska, it will cease to be a disputed point as to whether teaching is craft or profes- sion. The superintendent's examination grade is of such a standard that all applicants do not attain it. It will be noticed that 170 were refused during the past year, a showing which is creditable to the standing of those who have been successful. The first teachers' institute was held in December, 1856, and a teachers' association was formed. This was before the oflice of county superintend- ent was created. The meeting was held in the Normal School Building, with Henry Thorndike as president, and Charles Ball as secretary. The lecturers appointed for next meeting were Geo. W. Drake, AY. L. Johnson, and Henry Thorndike. The first normal nnder the Iowa law was held in Oskaloosa in 1873, and has been continued from year to year since that time. The lecturer last year was Mr. H. H. Seerley, superintendent of the Oskaloosa schools, and he also conducted the Normal of 1878. The number in attendance at last Nor- mal was 271. Mr. J. C Williams is the present county superintendent, and is endeavoring to secure a somewhat uniform course of study through- out the schools of the county. The Iowa State Teacher's Association was in session at Oskaloosa, Au- gust, 22d, 23d, 24th, and 25th, 1865. The lecturers were O. Faville, State Superintendent, Prof AY. F. Phelps, of Minnesota, Prof. AV. O. Hickey, of Davenport, Hon. Newton Bateman, of Illinois. The association was not so complete a success as some later meetings have been, but yet was a time of profit to those in attendance. A teachers' county library has recently been established in the office of the county superintendent. Three branch libraries are established at Fre- mont, Peoria, and New Sharon, where associations are formed, an initia- tion fee of $1.00 and annual dues of 50 cents, constituting a membership. Each branch is entitled to have on hand from the central library, one-half more books than members enrolled, and these books thus held in the branch are exchanged for a fresh supply from the superintendent's office. This library has only been in existence a short time, and is as yet an infant. There are about 330 volumes in its possession, and something over 200 members. There are three towns in the connty which have a system of Graded Schools: Oskaloosa, New Sharon, and Beacon. These will be more fully described under the sketches of towns. The following Normal Institutes have been held in Mahaska county since the passage of the state law giving assistance to the same: YEAR. PLACE OF HOLDING. CONDUCTOR. TEACHERS ATTENDING, 1874. Oskaloosa. Prof. J. W. Woody. 141. 1875. " Prof. S. P. Lucy. 138. 1876. u Prof. Eklriclge. Prof. H. H. Seerley. 175. 1877. u 271. 1878. <( <> It > 240. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COTJNTY. 325 It should be noticed with pleasure by the citizens of the county that the attendance upon these Normals is quite large, and that the teachers are taking a decided interest in their work, determined to give their schools the benellt of all that can be attained by co-operation. That the teachers have led their patrons in this county in some cases is shown in a rather ludicrous manner by the foHowing documents, which do not belong to the present decade, however: A teacher was dismissed by the board after three days' trial in a certain district in this county, and four reasons were given in writing as the cause of dissatisfaction, 1. Doing away with oral spelling, and substituting therefor spelling on slates. 3. Requiring all the smaller children to have slates and pencils, and having them draw lines, letters, pictures, etc. 3. Would not teach the names of the twenty-six letters at first to the children. 4. Taking up too much time with the recitations, and asking too many questions on the lessons. Verily, here is a modern Galileo and the inquisition. However, they gave the j'oung man a good recommendation, and before a progressive school committee he could present no more creditable credentials than the above. Not many years ago, in Union township, a school-master, finding he had about five different series of text books, and thinking the parents would not object to having old books exchanged for new ones, he requested a meeting of the patrons of the school, for the purpose of deciding what kind of books should be adopted. He received the following note from one fond "parient": " Mister huffmier, I well inform you that we hav hairred you two teach the skool, and if you Can't teach My Childrin in the books that they bring, send them home and you goe two hell, where all of linken purps owt two be, and I will inform you that you are hairred two teach the skol, and you git the pay for hit, and 1 wont yon two make your own tires and I want them that haint got noe books two stay at home and let my child's books alone. You sed that the superintender would be a round to exZamen your skool and you want them two have books all alike I don't Cair a damn for him and you nother that damnable pairty has tride two ruin our Country in Chertz and in poletekel a fares. I must Cloes. from J. M r." From the last report of the county superintendent (1877) we quote as follows: " The People and the Schools. — In America the people are the makers and builders of laws and institutions. Whatever the thoughts and con- sciences of society dictate, that is our life and condition as a people. The schools are pleasant, efficient and progressive, if the people make them so, not otherwise. Anything which can be done by educators to awaken closer sympathy and a deeper interest in the public mind, should be done. We must have for the schools devoted labor and a liberal purse. " Coiirse of Study. — The weakness of country schools is their lack of system. To overcome this evil the teachers of this county voted, at the 326 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. institute of 1876, that the county superintendent should write a course of study for the country schools, and that they would do what they could to introduce and use it. The course has been printed, and put into the hands of school boards and teachers. Its suggestions have been adopted b}' some, and by others carefull}' considered. By this the question of classifying country schools has been brought forward, and is favorably received. If the educators of the state will discuss the matter and try it, a much-needed reform will be commenced. '•'• Norinal Institutes and Normal Schools. — Every institute held in Mahaska shows the wisdom of the law. The attendance this year was two hundred and seventy-one. Among this number were one hundred persons without any experience in teaching, while more than fifty of them held iirst-class certificates, from a careful examination. While yonng persons learn the theory, older teachers understatid their profession better. Our colleges at Oskaloosa have organized normal departments, and are furnish- ing good training for teachers. We need more normal schools in Iowa. " Educational Association, Lib?'ary, etc. — In the latter part of 1876 an educational association was formed among the teachers of the county for general improvement, and the discussion of educational topics. Two meet- ings are held annually for the county at large, beside local meetings in the townships. This is the best means yet discoverred for rousing the people. This association also planned a library to circulate among the members. It now contains almost three hundred books, is kept at the county superin- tendent's office, and does great good among the teachers. Recently branch libraries have been formed, to reach every part of the county. "For more than three years the teachers have kept a department in some of the county papers. In this school questions have been freely discussed. Experience teaches that the library and educational column should be sup- ported in every county in the state." Of those who have received State certificates we note three Mahaska county teachers. Miss Amanda E. Rodgers and Laura Hanson, graduates of the normal department of the State University in 1871, and Prof. H. H. Seerley, graduate of same in 1873. Some idea of the present condition of the schools maj' be gained from the following table: 1877. EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Number of districts in township - 8 " " independent districts 75 " " sub-districts 63 " " ungraded schools 133 " '' graded " 11 Average number of months taught in 1877 7.80 !Nuraber of male teachers employed Ill " " female " " 191 Average compensation of males per month $35.97 " " " females " 30.67 Number of pupils between ages of five and twenty-one 9,792 " " " enrolled in public schools 7,589 Average attendance 4,468 " cost of tuition per month $1 .26 ic'M^. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 329 Number of school houses 139 Value of same _ $200,405.00 Number of professional certificates issued none " " 1st grade " " males 40 " " " " " " females 46 " " 2d " " " males 95 " " " " " " females 100 " " applicants examined 451 " " certificates issued 281 Average age of applicants, males 25 » " " " females 22 Number of schools visited by superintendent 100 Compensation of superintendent, 1877 $939.00 Private schools in county , 4 Pupils attending 245 SCHOOL HOUSE FUND. Paid for school houses and sites $19,534.78 '" " library and apparatus 145.31 '' on bonds and interest 6,902.31 On hand 5,847.61 CONTINGENT FUND. Paid for rent, fuel, repairs, etc $19,402.23 On hand 4,097.33 teachers' fund. Paid teachers $43,910.37 On hand 19,037.65 Total expenditures in the three funds for 1877 $89,895.00 " amounts on hand " " " " 28,982.59 Of the permanent school fund belonging to the State of Iowa $35,000 is in the hands of the auditor of Mahaska county, Mdiose duty it is to keep it loaned out on good security and report interest to the State auditor. The following is an ofiicial list of the teachers in public schools of MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877. NAMES. ADDRESS. h5 NAMES. ADDRESS. It Si P M 03 Jasper Hull Oskaloosa. .. 40 3 7 5 14 11 9 o 10 2 6 10 •d 2 9 2 2 8 6 1 2 Theophilus White Mary E. Root Hattie Vicroy Anna Bovell Oskaloosa. . . a (( u i( 1 1 7 11 1 2 3 15 1 Alice Simmons J. W. Sargent Nannie Russell 1 1 Becca E. Fisher Maiy Pike Clara Clyde Lacey Lottie H. Gay Susie J. Jones Ida M Peny 6 Emma Wood May E. Eastman Laura Morrow Nora Kemble 2 0. H. Brainerd Retta Hambleton Lyda Hartman Emma Waynick «? Ervilla Harris 2 A. M. Davenport 5 21 330 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877 — CONTINUED. HiS ADDRESS. EllaH. Kimball Alice M. Little Mollie J. Stanley Sarah E. Lindley Anna Hawkins Jennie McNeilan H. H. Seerley L. B. Hanson Mary Bauo^hman .... Jennie BeiTy Solomon Hull Flora Bearaan Helen M. Hull Clara Byers Minta Bvers Maiy Bovell Anna McLansborough Wm. A. Clymer M. W. Beach , WilforcIHuU Charles Stanley . . . , T. C. Craven Geo. H. Stone Angle Hughes M.L.Hull Maggie Weltner B. H.McGrew Ben V. Garwood S. E.Pugh T. Corwin Young Maggie V. Sciple. . . . M. D. Hayes Albert Stringfellow . . . Rebecca Johnson Z. W. Thomas Alpheus Hunt Geo. Hull ... Jeptha Hunt T.B.White Rebecca Bailey J. T. Davenport J. D. Yocum Sadie M. Wright Kate A. Wright R. Anna Morris T. C. Hambleton H. T. Pickerell M. P. Gilchrist W. D, Richardson. . . . C. A. Sawin Clara M. Gadd Alice Collins Amelia Ehlers Ella Hollister Lizzie McDonough H. H. Gay Clemmie Perdue Alice Sellers P. L. Kendig G. H. Zane E. 0. Davis Oskaloosa. 3 8 3 I 12 1 10 2 3 17 3 1 5 6 6 2 3 1 6 16 3 1 12 3 6 7 10 4 16 4 9 2 6 2 4 2 4 2 1 10 2 2 C. S.Hull W. J. Brewster. . . . Lida Collins Carrie M. Hawkins G. S. Slagle Sallie Cox Josie Baker Jennie Corse 0. W. Wade Lida J. Pickerell. . J. S. Outland Lou J. Hawkins. . . Alta L. Orvis Stella V. Orvis . . . . Nellie E. Jones Laura Carpenter. . . Lizzie Jones C. F. Ketner J. W. Godfrey. .... W. A. Loughridge. Susie E. Jones .... Flora Cur rie Sarah G. Cope J. M. Hiatt Levi_ M. Hartley. . . Lottie Kibbe Lucy J. Carson Eliza B. Styles .... Alice Kirk Lizzie Adamson . . . Lizzie Johnson. . . . , Mattie J. Michner . , Belle Smith A.J.Wales E. P. Michner J. S. Dean Wm. DoiT Robert Styles R. E. Busby C. E. Hilson Came R. Styles. . . . Hattie Lip part F. D. Reid Blanch Reid Lizzie Johnson Sylvia Hensley Abija Hariis D. A. Baker Annie Miller G. T. Darland T. H. Bradbury. . . . S. J. Jack Frank McCabe A. C. Ross Geo. Fansher W. H. Price Ella Lamer Ella Robertson Mollie Male S. A. Wilhams Ina M. Miller I Oskaloosa. Beacon New Sharon, Indianapolis, Agricola t( Leighton (( It Eddy villa * Years iostead ot tenns. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY 331 TEACHERS IN PUBLIC, SCHOOLS OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877 — CONTINUED. H5 5'a NAMES. L. K. McElroy Mary H. Gibson. . . F. E. Garwood. . . . A. B. Thomas Clara Dashiell Clara Hodler Terzie Stephenson . Alice Davis Mary Mershon MaryMcFall J. W. Slater Nettie Baitsell. . . . M. VV. Bvrain C. G. Byram James L. Byram. . . J. A. Baitsell Emma Baitsell . . . Emma Z. McAuley. Cleo McAuley Iva J. Koontz . . . . Geo. W. Hamilton. Dora Fuller C. C. Wroughton. . Ella Myers Adella Atheam . . . Jos. E. Smith Belle Kisor W. H. Ogborn . . . . M. S. Grace Daniel Zumwalt Reed Brown E. T. Lakin Eddyville. Cedar . . . Fremont. Peoria Rose Hill . . . Union Mills. MauchChunk Muchakinoc' 8 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 8 1 2 3 2 17 8 9 12 8 5 41 8 18 4 5 2 6 5 15 9 12 5 7 3 1 1 9 2 12 6 33 6 2 6 2 3 2 2 1 33 12 5 4 19 8 Luella Whited Lizzie Moore Luella Humphreys. . . J. K. Vorhees W. W. Koek A.C.Bell F. E. Craven Dora Brown Lena McCormick . . . Sadie Carpenter Geo. Hinton W. A. Wray Clara L. Gilmoi-e . . . . Alice Glenn S. M. Brewster W. J. Brewster Mattie Miller Mamie Carter Belle Stevenson Sarah J. Hellings Mattie Woods Jacob A. Garner H. B. Fortney J. L. Billings H. A. VanWie Alice Lord Emma Tanner Albert Richardson. . . J. C. Burkes J. E. King Hannah Edmundson. Hannah Warrington. Albia. Fairfield PeUa . . . Tracy Feriy. . Lovilla. Knoxville... . Bloomfield . . Montezuma . Mt. Pleasant Keota Lacey Grandville . . Hopewell. . Springfield. Flint Coal Creek. 4 2 4 2 1 10 10 1 1 7 1 1 9 1 Total number of teachers, 210. To those within her own boundaries, and to others from abroad wishing to pursue their studies beyond the curricuhim of the public schools, Ma- liaska count)' offers two excellent institutions, Oskaloosa College and Fenn College, both of which receive full notice elsewhere. THE PRESS. No more infallible index to the state of society or the thrift of a com- munity can be found than the press it supports. Decide the question as you may, whether the press is the power behind the throne, or simply the mirror of public thought, the newspaper does not thrive in a virgin soil, but prospers only in a cultivated garden. There are no less than ten monthly and weekly publications in Mahaska county, and of these and their predecessors we take pleasure in mentioning at length. The first newspaper established in the county was the Herald^ which issued its first sheet in July, 1850. It was then but a little more than one- half its present size, and was called for a time the Iowa Herald^ and after- ward changed to the Oskaloosa Herald^ which name it still retains. The first proprietors were John R. Needham and Hugh McNeely, and it was run as a Whig paper until the Republican party was organized, since which 332 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. time it has been a strong supporter of the principles of that party. The phice of its original publication was in an old frame building on the south- east corner of the square, which was in marked contrast with the present complete and comfortable quarters of the journal. Type, presses, and gen- eral appearance of the paper have kept growth with the rapid development of the countrj^, changing a small folio in pica and primer type, to a large, ten column journal in nonpareil, brevier and primer. A year or two after the paper was started MclS^eely sold out to John AV. Murphy, and the office was moved to the west side of the square, in the second story of Street's block. Murph}^ sold to James H. Knox; he to James Brown; the latter, about the close of 1857, to Charles Beardsley — during all of which time John R. Needham continued as a partner. At the outbreak of the war a daily was issued for some weeks. There was no telegraph station nearer than Eddyville, wliere a courier was sent to await the arrival of the train with the Burlington Ilawl'eye, this being the great newspaper of Iowa in that day. The courier secured a copy, mounted, and rode like a Jehu to the Herald office, where the principal items were almost read}' for the press of the Oskaloosa daily before the stage-coach, the usual mail carrier, arrived. Four times during the war, we are in- formed, every employe in the office of this loyal paper enlisted, leaving the proprietors to lind new recruits, whom they might apprentice for the service of Uncle Sam. In the spring of 1S65 JX^eedham and Beardslej^ sold to a company in which C. AV. Fisher was one of the principal stockholders, and C. W. Fisher and W. E Shepherd were editors. Shortly afterward, John W. Murphy again bought an interest. November 16, 1865, Mr. Murphy sold to H. C. Leighton and W. H. Needham. In January, 1867, W. A. Hunter bought the interest of Colonel Fisher, and in March, 1870, sold out his share of property to his partners, and the firm became Leighton and Needham. August 2, 1877, W. H. IS'eedham was bought out by Geo. R. Lee and Wm. M. Leighton, who, with the remaining partner, formed the firm of Leighton, Lee and Leighton. Henry C. Leighton, of whom we make mention elsewhere, was universally lamented in his death, which oc- curred January 31, 1878. Charles Leighton has been appointed adminis- trator of the estate of Henry C. Leighton, and the firm continues under the old name, with Charles as business manager, and Geo. II. Lee, editor- in-chief. Both men are practical printers, have served their days as typos and journeymen. Mi'. Lee was, in his day at the types, one of the most rapid workmen in the state. Wm. Leighton is manager of the joij office, and is recognized as second to none of his rivals in that department. The Herald is the largest weekly issued from a country press in Iowa, and is now printed in its own building, 20x120 feet on Main street, and is most complete in facilities for newspaper printing and job work. This paper lives near the hearts of its patrons, and among its two thousand sub- scribers it has many warm, personal friends, who do not forget to manifest their friendship in a taTigible manner. This mutual good feeling has been the occasion of the growth in the Herald office of one of the finest cab- inets of specimens in the state. In 1872 the Herald requested Mahaska county coal men to bring in specimens of their coal, that they might have on exhibition in the oliice the coal products of this banner coal county. The response was hearty and prompt. Specimens of other kinds came in, and without design began the Herald cabinet. This now contains probably 15,000 specimens in geology, war relics, entymology, coins, shells, natural HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 333 history, agriculture, arcluTSology, etc. These have been the result, for the most part, of voluntary contribution, the only considerable purchase made by the Herald office being a private collection of O. P. Hays, Natural Science professor in Oskaloosa college, some years ago. The cabinet con- tains about 1,500 rare coins, gold, silver, and copper, a medal in memory of the battle of Culloden, most of the one cent pieces for each year since 1793, and many curious specimens from other lands. ISTumerous old books and newspapers have found their way into this collection, among which is a copy of the Boston News Letter^ the first newspaper published in America, and an old book, from the title page of which we read: DE REBUS GESTIS ALEXANDER MAGNI, TYPIS. JOHANNIS BaPTISTAE FoNTANAE, Taukini mccxxvi. John Fontana was one of the first printers, and this book was probably issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century, the date being, perliaps, that of the composition of the work. The cabinet also contains a fragment of the great Iowa meteor of a few years ago, secured at an expense of about fift}' dollars. But general mention of individual specimens is im- possible. The problem now with the Herald is, how to find room for their specimens. A fine walnut case, covering the whole side of the office from floor to ceiling, contains the most valuable contributions upon one liundred and sixty feet of shelving, but accommodations are yet lacking for a satis- factory display of many of their relics. Undoubtedly they will be pro- vided for, as the Herald men are, and justly so, quite proud of their free museum. Most of the time since 1854, Oskaloosa, or Mahaska county, more prop- erly speaking, has supported a Democratic paper. The first sheet of this party was the Oskaloosa Times, being the second paper in the county, and established January, 185-1, by Messrs. Cameron & Ingersoll. The junior partner was the well-known L. D. Ingersoll, or familiarly ''Link," the fa- mous AVashington correspondent for various metropolitan papers, and who, in later days as a radical Republican, probably looks back with regret upon the time when he enlivened Central Iowa by Democratic leaders and Jack- sonian paragra])hs. After a time the paper changed hands, and was ably conducted by R. R. Harbour and David Coomes. Samuel Bressler next bought Coomes' interest. A. A. Wheelock subsecpiently bought out Mr, Harbour, and the firm in 1857 was Bressler and Wheelock. Bressler's share in the concern soon passed into the hands of Richard Wellslager, then post-master. From him Mr. Wheelock purchased entire control of the pa- per, who ran it until 1864, when the veteran troops were here on a fur- lough, and they, not ap]>reciating the bitter criticisms of the editor upon the Union cause, etc., pitched the concern into the street, from which vio- lence it never recovered. We shall have occasion elsewhere to make fur- ther mention of this occurrence. The next Democratic paper was the Watchvian,, edited by Rev. Ira C. Mitchell, owned by a stock company. Its race was soon run, having suffered from starvation for some weeks before its demise. In 1S65 Samuel B. Evans 334 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. SO far exhnmed the Watchman as to issue one number of the paper, when he abandoned the enterprise Geo. W. Seevers and Rnssel Higgins, both men of prominence, made nse of the materials of the old Watchman office to start a Democratic paper called the Reveille, early in 186.5, but issued only one or two numbers. Thus in several instances men of some means and experience had attempted the re-establishment of a Democratic paper and failed. Plence, all tlie more credit to the next attempt, made by a young man from the plow and grain field — Mr. Porte C. AVelch. Without capital, with little encouragement, in ill health, this persevering genius seemed to make a paper out of nothing, save his own talents and energy. The paper first established by Mr. Welch was the Democratic Conservator, Aug. 2, 1866. In 1869 this paper took active steps in advocacy of the organization of a new party, and the name Avas changed to that of the Pro- gressive Conservator. This paper continued with more or less success until June 29, 1871, when the last number was issued. During 1867, in this office, was published '''-Proud Mahasha^'' a monthly advertising sheet. During 1870 was issued the Battle Field, a liberal monthly paper, devoted to the discussion of all questions, and to which contributors were invited of all kinds. Mr. Welch also published a paper at Sigonrnej^ called the Iowa Phenix, commencing Se]^tember, 1870, and continuing until June, 1871. Almost immediately following the suspension of the Conservator, Mr. Welch started in the same office The Iowa Reform Leader, the first num- ber being issued July 13, 1871. This paper in its prospectus and on its title page set forth as its object "the organization of a new party in Iowa," and such was its avowed object so long as it was published. It was in 1872 identified with the Greeley' movement, tliough stubbornly contending that that was not the kind of a reform movement that was calculated to succeed. In 1873 was identified with, but not in complete harmony, the anti- monopol}^ party. In February, 1874, a branch office of the Leader Avas established at Albia in Monroe county. April 2d, of this year, Mr. Welch sold the lead and cast iron of the Leader ofiice to M. G. Carleton, retaining, however, to himself the name Reform Leader. During the same month he established the Malcom Magnet at Malcom, Poweshiek county, which he conducted for a short time, and in the fall of 1874 removed his office back to Oskaloosa, and December 3, 1874, resumed publication of the Reform Leader,yfA\\Qk\ he continued until July 12, 1877, when it suspended. The pa])er in 1876 supported Cooper for the presidency. M. G. Carleton, having purchased Welch's material, issued the first num- ber of tlie OsTcaloosa Standard, April 9, 1874. Shortly afterward he sold a half interest to Dr. D. H. Hare, and in 1875 Carleton sold his interest to Nelson D. Porter. Soon after Dr. Hare sold liis interest to L. H. Boydston. The style of the firm is now N. D. Porter & Co. Counting from the issue of the Conservator, tlie /Standard is now publishing volume thirteen. The Standard is an independent Democratic paper, issued in large folio sheets, and is well conducted. The present circulation is one thousand copies. Temperance Gem. — Tin's was a paper issued monthly during 1867, first conducted by the I. O. G. T., and in the latter part of the year by F. M. Call and H. C. Leighton. Under tlie caption of '■'■ the press'''' is properly recorded the work of the Central Book Concern. This extensive establishment had its rise from a a private ])nblishing firm, formed in 1870, Messrs. Call & Bristol. These gentlemen published a weekly religious paper, and also some books. This HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 335 firm was succeeded in 1873, by a joint stock company, composed of some twenty-five or thirty gentlemen, mostly members of the denomination known as the Christian Chnrcli. These stockholders lived in various parts of Iowa, Illinois and Minnesota. While the Book Concern is not under con- trol of the church, nor is there any organic connection between the church and the publishing company, yet the Central Book Concern is generally regarded as the authorized literary depot and publishing house of the denom- ination in the West. Here are published the various newspapers and mag- azines of the church, the theological works of its divines, and the supplies of its Sabbath Schools. The Concern was incorporated in 1873, and the present capital stock is $30,000. Printing is done by steam, and five presses are kept in almost con- stant use, affording employment to about twenty-five persons. The Concern have the only book press in this part of the state. Some idea of the busi- ness of the establishment luay be had from the knowledge that these presses have spread ink over about $17,000 worth of paper during the past year, and the postage paid on mailed publications for the same time, was $1019.82. Quite a number of books have been issued by the Concern, including some models of neatness in typograph}^ and binding. An enumeration of these works would be tedions. It is suflicient to know that the stereotype plates in possession of the Concern were secnred at a cost for stereotyping alone of $8,500, and the illustrations of various publications at an expense of $2,000. During' the summer of 1878,15,000 copies of a single Sabbath School singing book, published by the Book Concern, have been sold. An- other work of a similar kind has had editions to the number of 25,000. The present officers are G. H. Langhlin, president, M. P. Collins, secretary, though the Concern is practically owned by F. M. Call, J. B. Johnson and G. T. Carpenter. The sale was made to these gentlemen of the Concern, about a year ago, though some of the old stockholders still retain their interest. The publications of the Book Concern includes the following: The Evangelist^ a religious paper of the Christian denomination, first issued in Oskaloosa in 1865, as a monthly magazine, and edited by G. T. and W. J. Carpenter. A sale of the paper was afterward made to Allen Hickey, who removed it for a short time to Adel, then back to Oskaloosa, changed it to a semi-monthly folio, in 1869, and one year later it was sold to Call, Bristol & Co., with B. W. Johnson as editor, who published it as a weekly. Soon after it passed into the hands of the Book Concern. In 1875 it was consolidated with the Record^ a paper published in Bedford, Indiana, the oldest in the church. The name given the consolidated sheet is Record aiul Evangelist, which is now published in a weekly quarto, 31x 44 inches, and has a circulation of 6000 copies. The editors are B. W. Johnson, G. T. Carpenter, and J. M. Mathes. The Christian Monitor was purchased by the Central Book Concern in August, 1877, and is a ladies' monthly magazine, which had been published in Indianapolis, Ind., for fifteen years. It is an octavo of 48 pages and has a circulation of 2500 copies per month. It is edited by Mrs. M. M. B. Goodwin. The Little Christian is an illustrated paper for the Sunday school, and is issued in weekly, semi-weekly, and monthly editions, being in fact three different papers. It has a circulation of 12,000 copies and is edited by B. W. Johnson. Its publication began in January, 1876. 336 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Cotemporary with the publication of tlie Little Christian^ was begun a monthly magazine known as the Christian Sunday School Teacher, by B, "W. Johnson, a magazine devoted, as its name indicates, to Sunday school instruction and interests. This is a monthly publication of 32 octavo pages. Lesson Leaves is a small sheet issued monthly for the use of Sabbath school scholars to aid in studying the international series of lessons. Its circulation is 20,000 copies, edited by B. W. Johnson. It is the purpose of the management to establish two more monthlies at the beginning of 1879, for the infant classes of Sunday schools. In addition to its own publications, the compan^'does the press work for the Temperance Reformer, a paper established in the interest of Temper- ance, by C, H. Browning, in June, 1878. This is a monthly quarto and disposes of an issue of 2000 copies. They also do the press work for the Inter-State Normal Monthly, pub- lished at Moulton, Iowa, and for Common School Teacher, at Bedford, Indiana. Thus far has the fame of the Book Concern extended as a prompt and reliable publishing house. In 1867 at Oskaloosa was started a paper called the Central Lowa Citi- zen, published by M. G. Carleton and R. P. Bacon. It was Eepublican in its politics, and during the time of its existence it shared with the Herald the readers of that party. After continuing about two 3'ears it passed into the hands of Samuel L. and Joseph R. C. Hunter, who continued its pub- lication about two months. On account of limited patronage, they were compelled, December 7, 1869, to display the following head lines: "Good- bye! Suspended! Fizzled! Busted! Petered! Collapsed! The running out process kinder gin eout! Gone up the spout generally! Grand Finale." Thus facetiously the Central Iowa Citizen took its place among the illustrious dead of western journalism — starved to death. NeiD Sharon Star. The publication of this excellent countr^^ paper was commenced by H. J. Vail, January 22, 1873, at New Sharon. Two years previous, Mr. Vail had "started in" at the printer's case to learn the business, and his success in newspaper publishing and editing shows that he not only served a faithful apprenticeship at the types, but knows how to push a pencil for the satisfaction and encouragement of his patrons. The Star began its career as a seven column folio, and when an infant of six weeks' existence, was enlarged to eight columns. December 8, 1875, it became a six column quarto, whicli is its present size. Its circulation varies from 700 to 1,000 copies, being verj' considerably larger in the win- ter, when its former subscribers have more time to read. It has ever been republican in politics, but violently opposes the present administration, neither appreciating Mr. Hayes, nor his policy. cakeiek's address. Tiie following is the first " carrier's address " ever issued in Mahaska county, and was written by Geo. W. Seevers, of Oskaloosa. It made its appearance January 1, 1851, and was addressed to the patrons of the Herald: All hail! and good morning! kind patrons I'm here, To wish you a healthy and happy New Year. Once more has the annual circuit been driven, And all are another year closer to Heaven j HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 337 Rejoice and be happy, and hail with a cheer The glorious birth of the welcome New Year. It is a glad morning; so hail it with joy, And hand out your dimes to the eARRiEU boy. I've served you. kind patrons, in days that are gone. And hope, if I live, to keep serving you on. I've brought you the news from the east and the west, And the north and the south; whatever was best, And newest, and rarest, was brought you by me, And poetry written by Uncle Boozee, And other great bards in the muses' employ; So open your hearts to the carrier boy. 'Mysterious rappings " are heard, it is said; The living are learning to talk with the dead ; The ^ast is enchanted with Jenny Lind's voice; The "Fugitive Slave Law" is i-aising a noise; And great California is fooling mankind. And making them seek what but few of them find, And news of all this you shall have, to enjoy; So fork out your dimes to the carrier boy. The " Herald " does all that it can for your town, And by it your village is gaining renown; The world is beginning to think its location Is "right in the center of all creation "; And this right impression is more or less made By facts in the '* Herald " correctly portrayed; And bearing the " Herald " shall be my employ; So spare a few dimes for the carrier boy. A railroad to run from the east to the west, Tlu'ough fair Oskaloosa is no longer a jest; Besides, that the capital ought to come here. Still plainer and plainer begms to appear; And surely this state of affaks, more or less, Is cau.sed by the aid of your own County Press; So while such a state of affairs you enjoy, Pray, be not unkind to the carrier boy. Ye lawyers so witty, ye sages so wise, Ye preachers well fed on fat chickens and pies; Ye doctors who kindly relieve us from pain. Or fix us, at least, so we cease to complain; Ye store-keepers, tailors and carpenters too. Be manly and give the poor ' ' devil his due ' ' ; And you, ye sweet lassies, so lovely and coy. Remember what's due to the carrier boy. But this I will say, ye enchanting young misses, Your debt's easy paid, for I'll take it in kisses; So crack away freely, and be not afraid. But only remembei-, if thus it is paid. To keep it untold, or you'll raise a great evil. For people would plague you 'bout kissing the devil, And thus would they grieve you and sorely annoy. For harmlessly kissing the carrier boy. And now, in conclusion, kind patrons and friends, My prayer for all of you humbly ascends. May Heaven gi-ant all of you virtue and health, And Plutus consign you a part of his wealth. And the muses and graces and fates be your friends, 'Till a long, hapi3y life in sweet Paradise ends. So now worthy patrons I wish you much joy, And return you the thanks of the CARRIER BOY. 338 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. TEMPEEANCE. The question of temperance has been pretty thoroughly ventilated in all the days of Mahaska count}'. To discover the different phases of the tem- perance cause in all the times since the day in which men were indicted for selling fire-water to the Indians, would be almost an impossibility. From the commissioners' books, we find that in May, 1844, the cost of a grocery license was $25 per year. Why a grocery should be compelled to pay license, and what groceries have to do with the cause of temperance, will not be a question to those who lived in pioneer times in Iowa. Shortly after this the Washington ian temperance movement struck Mahaska County. A temperance society was organized at Oskaloosa; its meetings were held in the court house; its silver tongued speakers were the judge on the bench and the pleaders at the bar; it was quite a judicial aft'air, and from the record, at the July term of court, 1845, we make the following curious extract. "On motion of William W. Chapman, Esq., ordered that the following proceedings of the temperance meeting of Oskaloosa be spread upon the records of this court, to-wit: "At a meeting of Oskaloosa Washingtonian Temperance Society held at Oskaloosa, Mahaska county, and Territory of Iowa, on Thursday evening, July 24, A. D., 1845. Present, M. T. Peters, President. "The meeting was ably addressed by the Hon. Joseph Williams, Judge of the District Court, by Messrs. Wright, Ives and May, Esqs. The following pledge was submitted for signatures, and the following names thereto subscribed, to-wit: "We, the undersigned, pledge our sacred honor each to the other, to abstain from all intoxicating drinks as a beverage : Daniel Altman, Mrs. Lee, Mrs. Baer, Mrs. GaiTison, Miss Cameron, Miss Wellman, Miss Cameron, Mrs. Ash, Mrs. Sheperd, Miss D. Gan-ison, George W. Baer, Levi Bainbridge, Mrs. Long, Miss Murphy, N. Mosier, M. S. Gai-rison, C. Mosier, Mosier, Wellman, Nichols, E. C. Owen, S. A. Roop, EUza Owen, R. I. Baer, M. C. Roop, Jane Wilkins, Wilson, C. Frederick, Cameron, A. E. Wright, Sarah Jones, 0. Wright, S. Gandy, S. Kinsman, S. Knight, 1. Rupert, Knight, Martin Lyon, George G. Wright, Adam Tool, Samuel McFall, Green T. Clark, Allen Lowe, M. T. Williams, Henry Blockburn, Moses Knowles, M. S. Morris, John Miller. Wesley H. Freel, A. B. Miller, Parrish Ellis, Andrew Gossage, James Spurlock, S. W. Babbot, Thomas McMurry, John R. Sparks, Matthew Edmundson, Andrew Ham, Charles Currier, John Vance, E. Muncell, A. G. Phillips. J. B. Hamilton, Lewis Pitts, Edward Long, H. W. Chapman, George May, R. S. Lowry, A. C. Shorpe, George Gillaspy, T. A. Springer, Jasper Koons, John Montgomery, Leonard Fowler, Joseph Williams, Absalom Myers, Thomas Black, » R. M. McPherson, Matthew D. Springer, James M. Dixon, Harry Horton, R. M. Billips, Andrew Storts, Samuel Morgan, Lewis Murphy, C. S. Stedman, John D. Crane, A. W. Blair, Wellington Nossman, Enos Myers, Randolph Harber, C. G. Owen, J. N. Edgar, Isaac Miller, F. S. Cleaves, Joseph Gossage, George Gossage, Johnathan Garrison, J. S. Fredricks, William Edgar, William Drummer, Joseph B. Royale, William Windsor, H. D. Ives, James Edgar, G. S. Lathrop, W. D. Canfield, Noah Whitlash, H. B. Owen, Jacob H. Majors, William Williams, Andrew Stephenson, Henry Humphrey, Joseph Dronellard, John M. Cameron, J. W. Bailey. Charles Blackburn, Miss A. Wright, Mrs. E. J. Jolly. On motion of W. W. Chapman, Esq: Resolved, By the unanimous vote of the meeting, that as a testimony of the respect due to the Hon. Joseph Williams, judge of the second judicial district of the territory of Iowa, for his eminent and distinguished services in the temperance cause, and as a memorial of the unprecedented revival of total abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage, and that the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the president and secretary, and, HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 339 together with the pledge and names, be placed upon the minutes of the district court of said county of Mahaska. W. H. Seevers, Secretari/. M. T. Peter, President. Probably, as a result of this movement, the question of license or no li- cense was submitted to the people in April, 1847, and was decided, no license, by a majority of sixtj'-five votes. This expression of opinion, however, does not seem to have been followed, or, if so, the decision was soon set aside in some manner; for in 1848 we find the count}^ commissioners issuing grocery licenses at $33-^ per annum, or proportion thereof for shorter time. In Oskaloosa city prohibition was voted in May, 1868, and a prohibition ordinance framed, but it soon afterward became of no effect. In the spring of 1874 was the women's crusade. Quite an organization was ef- fected in Oskaloosa, and shortly after the beginning of the excitement a band of sixty women sometimes collected, holding prayer meetings in tlie saloons, etc. This method of work did not accomplish a great deal among the saloon keepers, who were not thus easily induced to leave their profita- ble business. On February 17, 1874, a Women's Temperance band was formed, with a membership of two hundred. In June a Mahaska county temperance organization was formed, and a mass convention was held in Oskaloosa. In the latter town a second prohibition ordinance was framed, wdiich has been pretty generally enforced since its passage. Murphy was liere and lectured in 1875, and though he awakened considerable interest during the time of his stay, the temperance cause did not thrive after his departure — at least the movement he attempted to inaugurate did not at- tain to any great proportions. However, the blue ribbon nwvement which he started in the East during the latter part of 1876, reached Oskaloosa about fifteen months later. In February, 1878, the well-known temperance lecturer and organizer, Jno. W. Drew, made his appearance in Oskaloosa, and held meetings every night for one week. Part of the time he was as- sisted by Fred. Getchell, of Des Moines, who has taken great interest in the temperance reform of Iowa. On the Saturday evening closing Mr. Drew's sta}' was organized the Mahaska County Temperance Peform club, with all signers of the pledge as members. The ofiicers elected were Wm. H. l!^eedham, president; M. T. Williams, W. S. Kenworthy and T. J. Hay- wood, vice-presidents; M. H. Waring, secretary; Jno. M. Huber, treasurer. The secretar}^, Mr. Waring, has since resigned, and Jno. M. Huber elected to fill vacancy. The success of this movement in Oskaloosa, as elsewhere, has been remarkable. Within twenty-four hours after the pledge book was opened there were six hundred names attached — at the close of the week, or upon the organization of the society, there were three thousand and sev- enty persons in and about Oskaloosa who had signed the following REFORM CLUB PLEDGE: "We, the enrolled members of the Mahaska County Temperance Reform club, do solemnly promise, with the divine help, and in the presence of these witnesses, that we will never make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider, and that we will in all proper ways discourage the manufacture, sale and use of the same." At this writing, six months after the inauguration of the movement, there have been very few cases of violation of the pledge, and among those who were hard drinkers before, we might say, none have backslidden. The club holds meetings in Oskaloosa every Tuesday evening, for the transaction of business and the hearing of a lecture from some home or foreign speaker. Membei-s of the club have been sent out through the count}' to organize associations in the different communities, and thirteen subordinate clubs 340 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. have been established; at Leighton, Fairview Church, Beacon, East Center S. H., West Center S. H., Union, Mills, Coffin's S. H., Eose Hill, Indian- apolis, Wing's S H., Peoria and Bellefontaine. There is an independent club at New Sharon. The total membership in the county in August, 1878, is six thousand and thirty. "Will the readers of this sketch, in ten years from now have occasion to look back on this movement with a sneer, and justly pronounce it a faihire, in that it has not accomplished its pur- pose — a permanent moral reform? Will a few months bring about a reac- tion, and an indifference to this vice, which stalks in tremendous and alarm- ing proportions from one end of our land to another, from city to hamlet, and from hamlet to country home; or, will the moral forces of this people continue in united phalanx, determined to slay the monster under their feet? These are questions which the philanthropist must face, and they are hard questions to answer satisfactorily in this world of sin and death, where evil seems permanent and good almost transitory, where the tendency is downward, and abstinence a victory. POLITICAL. In recording the political history of the county it will be our endeavor to avoid giving any partisan coloring to the facts related, which coloring might arise from prejudices of the historian himself, or those parties from whom he drew his information. As is well known, in the early history of the county there were but two parties in the field, the Democratic and the Wliig. Mahaska county usually gave a Whig majority, and did so in the Presidential elections of 1844 and 1848. However, in local politics, attention was given to the qualities of men rather than to their politics, and in almost every county election for a number of years the result was divided between the different parties. The Democrats had treasurer and recorder for some five or six terms, besides some other county offices. As is related elsewhere, in 1851 a Whig majority was voted for judge and a Democratic majority for sheriff'. About 1852 we have the first intimation of a new factor in politics. At this time most of the trading by Oskaloosa merchants was through St. Louis. Some of these men who were at the metropolis buying goods be- came connected with a Know Nothing lodge there, and came back home to organize a similar movement among their neighbors. A lodge was formed in Oskaloosa, and in town developed considerable strength, having in secret conclave over one hundred voters, which was a very considerable portion of the voting population of Oskaloosa in 1852. The movement did not extend to any great distance throughout the county, nor were the far- mers in any considerable number drawn into sj^mpathy with the Know Nothing, or as it was afterward called, the American party The move- ment hung along on the " ragged edge " for two or three years, and a short time after its failure it was almost impossible to find a man in the county who was free to acknowledge his Know Nothing proclivities. Those who had been in sympathy with the American party divided into Old Line Whigs and the New Republicans. Of the rise of this latter party we shall have occasion to speak next. The first intimation of a local Republican movement was in the Herald of April 18, 1856. In this paper appeared the following call: The citizens of Mahaska county opposed to the political principles of the present adminis- tration, and to the introduction of slavery into territory now free, are requested to meet in HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTr. 34:1 mass convention in Union Hall, Oskaloosa, the 3d day of May, at 1 o'clock p. m., for the purpose of affecting a more thorough organization of the Republican party, of appointing a central committee and electing delegates to attend the ensuing congressional convention, and for such other business as may come before the convention. This was signed by quite a number of citizens, but wlien the appointed day and hour came only nine persons assembled in the hall, though a num- ber were on the sidewalk below, but did not wish to place themselves on record as members of the convention; their faith was weak. Those pres- ent have been since quite prominently engaged in the movements of the party which they then adoj^ted, and were the following named gentlemen: S. A. Rice, Wm. H. Seevers, J. A. Young, Jos. Kelly, Jno. R. ISJeedham, Jas. H. Knox, Butler Dunbar, Oliver Smith and Harvey Cruzen. If we are correctly informed there are but four of this number now living, and three of them in Mahaska county. Of this convention Oliver Smith, Sr., was appointed president, and J. H. Knox, secretary. The committee on resolutions, Jno. R. Needham, J. A. Young and Harvey Cruzen, reported the following: United'by a common purpose to maintain Right against Wrong, and believing in the abil- ity of a virtuous and intelligent people to sustain justice, we declare : 1. That governments are instituted among men to secure the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, in the equality of civil privileges and the free exercise of religious belief and worship. 2. That Freedom is National, Slavery Local, and that involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, should not exist in any temtory of the United States. 3. That while we regard the " peculiar institution '' as productive of evil — as antagonis- tic to Republicanism — a disgrace to humanity and a curse to the world, we do not deem that Congress should interfere with it in States where it already exists, but ive do demand that our National Legislature should prevent its extension into territory now free. 4. That the mission of the Republican party is to maintain the Liberties of the People, the Sovereignties of the States, and the Perpetuity of the American Union. 5. That the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the refusal of the Slave Power to abide by the principle on which that repeal was professedly based, makes the National do- main the battle-ground between Freedom and Slavery; and while true Republicans stand on a National basis, and endeavor to cultivate a National spirit, they will shrink from no necessary conflict, and shirk no responsibility on this issue. 6. That we ask no conformity of opinion, and no unity of belief, in minor matters State or National, but we cordially invite men of all political parties who sanction these principles to unite with us m the present contest. A central committee was appointed, consisting of Jno. R. x^eedhara, Judge Seevers, A. E. Dunsmore, Z. T. Fisher, J. A. Young and Dr. J. H. Fry. It will be noticed that some members of this committee had not been present at the convention, but all acquiesced in the action of the meet- ing, and the work of organizing was rapid. During the ten days preceed- ing the Presidential election sixteen township meetings were appointed by this committee, and the resulting vote in Mahaska county was: Fremont, 1,224; Buchanan, 940; Fillmore, 268. The Republican party maintained its ascendency nntil 1873. The ''New Party" reform movement in Mahaska county took its rise among the first, if not the first counties in the Union. This movement was inagurated in 1869, its leading spirit being Porte C. Welch, at that time the editor of the Conse7'vator, at Oskaloosa. Welch was dissatisfied with the action of the State Democratic Convention of that year, and advocated the formation of a new party in Iowa. The division continued with indif- ferent success until 1871, when it culminated in what was known as the "Reform Movement." "The proceedings of the County Mass Conven- tion of May, 1871, were headed ' Anti-Monopoly,' and the first ' Anti-Monop' 34r2 HISTORY or mahaska county. platfonn in Iowa was written, for the most part, by R. R. Harbour." June 24, 1871, a county ticket was placed in nomination. A resolution was adopted favoring the call of a State Reform Convention at an early day, for the purpose of forming a State Reform Party, In July Welch changed the name of this paper, which was the Reform party organ, to that of the ^^loioa Reform Leader,''^ whose purpose was announced, " the organization of a new party in Iowa,"' advocating no special financial policy at that time but the "burial of old leaders, the adoption of free trade," and economic management of public affairs. Of the county ticket, the Reform party succeeded only in electing one candidate, Prof. E. Baker for county super- intendent. In 1872 this local movement merged into the Liberal or Gree- ley movement, and the victory of the Republican party was overwhelming, being 1,281 majority in the county. In the fall of 1872 one Wilkinson came into Mahaska county and commenced organizing Granges of the order " Patrons of Husbandry." At the beginning of this work it was stoutly denied that the Grange would be a political organization, but it was soon perceived that the movement would be fruitless without some political tendency. Finally, in 1873, the several granges proceeded to select candidates to a county convention, and to place in nomination a county ticket. When the convention assembled the move- ment was without any newspaper organ, and the only paper in the county that was hopefully in sympathy with them, was the Reform Leader. The editor, Mr. Welch, who had been announced, as is claimed for a strategic purpose, as candidate for the legislature, withdrew his name after this convention, and gave the support of his paper to the Anti-Monoply (grange) ticket. The Reform party followed with their support, and the result was the election of Anti-Monop candidates as follows: The two members of legis- lature (lower house), county auditor, county supervisor, superintendent of schools and county surveyor, the republicans electing by small majorities their candidates for treasurer, sherifl', the latter by a majority of thirteen votes. This was the first campaign in which Mahaska republicans were defeated since the organization of the party. To a real or imaginary attempt by democratic politicians made in 1874, to " capture " the anti-monopoly movement, is attributed by the friends of that party the defeat they suffered in that campaign. The republicans elected their entire ticket. This caused divisions in the grange, and conse- quent apathy toward grange politics, which ceased to be a factor in Mahaska county political affairs in 1875. For a number of years previous, there was a large element which regarded the financial questions as the issue on which a new party should be organ- ized and in 1875 important steps were taken in that direction. A thor- ough organization was effected in 1876, and now known as the "National Greenback Labor Party." In the campaign of 1877 the party polled from nine to eleven hundred votes on the straight greenback ticket, and through a combination with the den\ocratic element, they elected county treasurer, auditor, and superintendent of schools. In the spring of 1878 the greenback element and workingmen combined in Oskaloosa, and elected their city ticket. In the campaign of 1878 there was a combination of the Democrats with the Greenback Labor Party, on County, Judicial, Congressional and State tickets, which caused a dissatisfaction in the latter party, and resulted in the success of the Republicans. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. STATISTICS. 343 The following' are the votes cast for presidency in Mahaska since 1S52: 1852. Pierce, 541; Scott, 599; Hale, 45. 1856. Buchanan, 940; Freemont, 1,224; Fillmore, 268. 1860. Lincoln, 1.640; Douglas, 1,332. 1864. Lincoln, 1,836; McClellan, 954. 1868. Grant, 2,646; Seymour, 1,511. 1872. Grant, 2,532; Greeley, 1,176; O'Connor, 75. 1876. Hayes, 3,218; Tilden, 1,701; Cooper, 338. In 1876 the following is an abstract of the official vote: NAMES OF CANDIDATES. d NAMES OF CANDIDATES. Presidential Electors at large. John Van Valkenburg William P. Hepburn Daniel F. Miller John P. Irish Porte C. Welch A. M. Dawley District Electors, 6th District. W. 0. Crosby T. B. Pern/ J. W. Murphy Secretary of State. Josiah T. Young John H. Stubenrauch. A. Macready Auditor of State. Buren R. Sherman William Groneweg Leonard Brown. Treasurer of State. George W. Bemis Wesley Jones George C. Fry Register of State Land Office. David Secor N. C. Ridenour. . Geo. M. Walker. Attorney General. JohnF. McJunkin. J. C. Cook Supreme Judge— Cole Vacancy. William H. Seevers Walter I. Hayes Judge Supreme Court. 3218 3218 1701 1686 328 338 3216 1690 340 3217 1703 338 3219 1698 332 3219 1698 332 3217 1697 332 3218 1701 2876 1600 William H. Seevers. Walter I. Hayes Supreme Judge — Vacancy 1879. James H. Rothrock. William Graham Superintendent of Public Instruction Carl W. von Coelln J. A . Nash Representative in Congress. E. S. Sampson H. B. Hendershott. James Mathews D. M. Conley H. H. Trimble Circuit Judge. L. C. Blanchard. D. P.Stubbs Representative. John Dodds.. . . Dr. J. A. Lucy. Clerk of Court. D. R. MooRE Geo. L. Shinnick. Recorder. William R. Cowan. . . John A. Proudfit Board of Supervisors. Samuel Gilmore. G.B.McFall 3209 1644 3215 1697 3214 332 3167 1838 ...4 169 ...1 3224 1730 3168 1711 3210 1985 3199 2013 3202 2010 Republicans in small capitals; Democrats m Italics; Greenbackers in Roman type. Republican majority 1522j Republican gain over vote on Governor in 1875, 906. 344 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. OFFICIAL YOTE OF MAHASKA COUNTY AT GENERAL ELECTION HELD OCTOBER 9, 1877. Names of Candidates. u -a d o "u u C8 W o s 1 1 CO o _o O O -2 'a & o la o a < o 1 o S a 2 S s U a a 2 CS "3 .2 '5" WoVernor. 1 John H. Gear 101 109 61 45 73 555 91 95 100 78 70 86 194 99 66:2327 737 John P. Irish 89 38 16 55 33 290 96 88 54 18 34 100 65 42 68 1086 1).P. Stubbs 12 43 154 55 83 339 18 20 30 36 74 75 30 32 10 1011 *Elia8 Jessup 17 31 4 21 5 361 2 8 6 31 5 7 82 13 3 596 L45 Court House Vote. For bonds aud tax 8 202 5 189 61 123 6 157 12 167 760 527 49 153 12 173 13 153 10 99 23 147 13 228 19 255 4 161 132 989 2876 Agaiust bonds aud tax 1887 Republicans in small capitals. Greeubackers in Italics. Democrats in Roman type. ♦Prohibition ticket. tOu both Democratic and Greenback tickets . Scattering votes were cast as follows: H. W. Maxwell for Governor, 1 vote in Richland; E. Baker for Supt. Public Instruction, 1 vote in Adams; Fred Nelson for Lieut. Governor, 6 votes in Prairie; E. B. Kephart for Supt. Public Instruction, 6 votes in PrairiS and 8 in Oskaloosa; N. R. Hook for Representative, 2 votes in White Oak; A. L. Shangle for Auditor, 1 vote in Richland; H. R. Kendig for Treasurer, 1 vote in Pleasant Grove; J. W. Johnson for Coroner, 8 votes in Oskaloosa; S. T. Ballard for Supt Common Schools, 1 vote in Cedar. KAILEOADS. CENTRAL RAILROAD OF IOWA. As early as 1858 the subject of a north and south line through Central Iowa was agitated, and the project was canvassed by Hon. J. B. Grinnell and others. At this early day the wealth of coal dej30sits in this section was recognized, as well as the demand for fuel among the railroads about to be built in Minnesota and Northern Iowa. But the rebellion breaking ^d^.^ HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 317 out, this project slnnibered along with hniidreds of other northern enter- prises. In 1864 a Quaker named David Morgan (who had come from Ten- nessee to Xew Sharon), with a limited number following, formed an incor- poration with headquarters at Oskaloosa, under the name of Iowa Central Railroad Compan_y. This company was organized at New Sharon, January 5, 1865, with the following officers: David Morgan, president; A. C. Will- iams, vice-president; Z. T. Fisher, secretary; Wm. T. Smith, treasurer. Di- rectors: David Morgan, H. P. Pickerell,AV. T. Smith, W. PI. Seevers, Daniel Anderson, A. C. Williams, Peter Melend}', Z. T. Fisher and Reuben Mickel. After a few meetings Mr. Fisher resigned his secretar^'ship, and Judge Thompson, of Oskaloosa, was elected to that office, which he filled for a long time. During the year 1865 a railroad convention of several counties was called in Oskaloosa to consider the mutual interests of the different delega- tions. The question was discussed by delegates from Monroe, Tama, Black Hawk, Appanoose and Poweshiek counties, and it was generally resolved to be the interest of this section to lend its aid to the Iowa Central Company, al- ready formed. Thus encouraged, President Morgan tlirew the first spade- ful of dirt near Cedar Falls, and at the same time let twenty miles of grad- ing. This grading has never been occupied by the company, as the loca- tion of the road was afterward changed to pass through Marshall county on account of the indifferent aid of the Black Hawk and Tama count}' citizens. At the January meeting of 1866 Wm. T. Smith was elected president, and to his enterprise and push the citizens of Mahaska county are lai-gely in- debted for the Iowa Central road. This gentleman held meetings in various school houses, churches and court houses, in company with others, through the various counties, and private subscriptions were secured to a surprising amount. Mahaska county contributed upward of $130,000 in local sub- scriptions. June, 1866, grading was commenced at the State line, and with one foot in Iowa and the other in Missouri, he threw the first shovelful of dirt on the southern part of the road. Under Mr. Smith's administration a large amount of grading was done, and the road began to attract consid- erable attention. At the end of two years Mr. Smith was succeeded by Jno. White, who resigned in two or three weeks, leaving vice-president Melendy in charge of the road. From this time on until the election of Judge Seevers, the project was at a stand-still. With Judge Seevers' election the enterprise revived, but all efforts to get responsible parties to iron and run the road were without avail. Finall}' a consolidation was effected, through President Gilman, with the Iowa River R. R. Co., under the name of Central Railroad of Iowa. Tlie work of the road was then pushed for- ward with all possible speed, and on February 4, 1871, the road was com- pleted from Albia (about thirt}' miles'north of the State line) to Mason City, '^wa. This is the present extent of the road (July, 1878). The last spike ras driven February 4, 1871, near the bridge across North Skunk river, and die ceremony is thus described bj' the Oskaloosa Herald: The last rail was down and a polished spike, represented as that famous last spike, of which all have read and all longed to hear, was driven. At 5:15 o'clock President Uilnian took the sledge to which was attached the telegraph wire, and handed it to F. W. H. Shef- field, president of the construction company, who struck the spike a fine hck and surrendered the sledge to Judge Seevers, who swung it around, to the great risk of all bystanders, hit the nail a lively whack that would have done credit to any Irishman on the line, and then tried to play " shenanigan " and get another lick at it, but after several ineffectual attempts to hit it, gave up to Hon. G. M. Woodljury. He was followed by Hon. J. B. Grinnell, who spotted it after a trial or two, and then President Gilman took the hammer and drove home the 22 348 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. spike amid clieers.shouts, screeches of five locomotives, music, etc. Tlie spike was driven about thirty feet this side of tlie county Hne. Though the Central Railroad has done a good business, it has shared a disastrous financial state in common with most new western roads, and is now in the hands of a receiver. The first receiver appointed was D. N. Pickering, about 1875; succeeded by J. B. Grinnell, and more recently by H. L. Morrill, appointed during the present year (1878). Mr. Morrill now manages the road pending an appeal before the U. S. Supreme Court, after the decision of which the probabilities are that the road will be secured in the interest of the bondholders. CHICAGO, EOCK ISLAND AND PACIFIC. The terminus of this branch was for a considerable time at Sigourney. In the summer of 1875 Superintendent Riddle proposed to the citizens of Oskaloosa that the company would build the road to that place immediately if the citizens would furnish the right of way and raise the sum of $20,000. This was done by local subscription, and the trains were running to Oska- loosa in February, 1876. The road extends across the county through townships range 75 north, and is now completed to Knoxville. KEOKUK AND DES MOINES. This road was built through the southwestern part of Mahaska county, up the valley of the Muchakinock, during the summer of 1864. It had been completed from Keokuk as far as Eddyville for some years previous, and was in that day known as the Keokuk, Des Moines and Minnesota Railroad Company. This was changed to tliat of the Des Moines Yalley Railroad Companj^, and several years since, to that of the Keokuk and Des Moines Railroad Company. This road has a station at Beacon, two and one-half miles southwest of Oskaloosa, and for several years this was the only railroad station near the county seat, a fact which has long been a source of regret, not only to the friends of the road, but likewise to the citizens of Oskaloosa. It w'ill be remembered that it was, and lias been, a question of a good deal of interest why the road was not built through Oskaloosa, and we will endeavor to answer the same. During the legislature of 1863-4 Geo. W. McCrarj', of Keokuk, was chairman of the railroad committee in the Senate, and B. S. Merriam, of the same place, was chairman of the railroad committee in the House. The building of the Des Moines road was largelj^ in the interest of Keokuk, and as that was the only road pressing legislative aid during that session, the influence of the Gate City was very considerable. While the road was under the name of the K., D. M, & M. R. R., the men who furnished the capital and really owned the road, were Gilman & Son, of New York City. As has been already mentioned, the road was completed to Eddyville pre- vious to 1864. At this session of the legislature it was the desire of the company to secure such legislation as would secure them such a title to certain lands, granted them by the state, that they might raise capital by mortgaging the same, and continue the building of the road. These lands were certain alternate sections along the Des Moines river which had been HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 349 granted by Congress to the Des Moines River Improvement Company, but in the failure of which company were transferred to the K. D. M. & M. E.. R., on condition of their assuming certain claims of tlie improve- ment company. These lands were within ten miles of the Des Moines river, for the most part, though certain indemnity lands were also granted to the company in some of the northern counties of the State. The grade being easy up the Des Moines, and their lands being located there, it was to the interest of the company, or rather to Gilman & Son, to bnild along the high water mark of the river. Messrs. lieid & Kilbourne, of Keokuk, were the western managers and builders of the road. They acted, however, under instructions from Gilman & Son. AVhile the proposed bill was being shaped in the room of tlie Senate committee, a very decided opposi- tion was developed by the Mahaska county delegation, and others, who wished the road to pass through Oskaloosa. Mahaska county was repre- sented by Judge Crookham, and Poweshiek and Iowa counties by M. E. Cutts, who gave his influence in favor of Oskaloosa. These gentlemen, while they favored the grant, and wanted to see the road built, determined to tight tlie bill in order to force the road through Oskaloosa and away from the Des Moines. A corregpondence with Gilman & Son gained the consent of those gentlemen to build the road up Muchakinock creek to the pi'esent town of Beacon, and then back to the Des Moines river, mak- ing about a mile greater distance, this to be done with the understanding that Oskaloosa, or the Keokuk men who favored the Oskaloosa route on ac- count of its additional trade, would pay the additional cost, being about $13,00U, McCrary introduced his bill providing the road should be built up the valley of the Des Moines, with the private understanding that the friends of Oskaloosa would introduce an amendment in accordance with Gilman & Son's proposition. An amendment was introduced through the agency of Judge Crookham, and presented by senator Clarkson providing that tlie road should pass within one-half mile of the square in Oskaloosa. After considerable wrangling the bill passed the Senate on a vote of 33 to 9. It went down to the House. The chairman of the House committee put it in his pocket and refused to report it to that body, he being on the other side of the question. The objection urged by Gilman against the Oskaloosa route was that they would be troubled by the prairie snows, some of the Iowa roads having expended great amounts of money in clear- ing their tracks the previous winter. The main reason, however, was to enhance the value of his own hinds along the river. The raih'oad men de- clared that if the Oskaloosa amendment was insisted upon, they would build fort)' miles of road up the river bank during the next summer, with- out legislation, and leave Oskaloosa out in the cold altogether. At this stage a lobby of Oskaloosa citizens was summoned to the capital. The case was laid before them, and it was tinallj' decided to agree to a bill pro- viding that the road should be built up the valley of the Muchakinock to the point on that stream nearest Oskaloosa, wliere a station should be located, and from there it was expected the road would turn back to the Des Moines. In 1860 a company was organized in Oskaloosa under the name of Ma- haska County Railroad Company, for the purpose of building a road from Eddyville to Oskaloosa, and the road was graded, partly bridged and ties furnished. In 1864 the K., D. M. R. R. built upon this grade to Beacon, and have 350 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. since occupied it, while the Mahaska county company are still whistling for their pay. An offer of some thousands of dollars bonus from Pella relieved Mr. Oilman of his alarm in respect to prairie snows, and instead of passing from Beacon back to the Des Moines river the road does not again enter the valley until it reaches Des Moines city. June 13, 1864, the road was leased to Messrs. Keid, Leighton, Perry, & Kilbourne, of Keokuk, who conducted it as lessees for a numl)er of years. In 1874: the road between Keokuk and Des Moines was bought in the in- terest of the first mortgage bondholders for $1,175,000, and called the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad Company. During the present year a lease of the road has been perfected hy the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Com^iany, which will run it as a branch. It is hoped that the crossing of the two branches of this companj' near Oskaloosa, may be of very material benefit to the town, which it will be if the company decide to locate shops here, which there are strong reasons for their doing. MAHASKA COUNTY AORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mahaska is pre-eminently an agricultural county, and great ijiterest is taken in everything that belongs to the society which encourages the farmer in his work, brings him in contact with his neighbor, gratifies his pride, affords him opportunity to display the fruits of his industry and to stud}' the successes and experiments of others. The first meeting, having in view the formation of a county society, was an assemblage of farmers in the court house in answer to a call in the Os- kaloosa Herald, meeting on the 15th of March, 1852. Of this meeting P. Loughridge was chosen president, and T. F. Seevers, secretary. The matter was pretty thoroughly discussed, and it was the sense of the meeting that it would be for the best interest of Mahaska count}' agriculturists to unite into a permanent organization. For this purpose a committee of five were appointed to draft a constitution. The committee was composed of the following gentlemen: E. W. Eastman, Andrew Williams, Jno. S. Walker, T. F. Seevers and A. M. Galer. At an adjourned meeting held at the same place on March 27th, tlie com- mittee reported a constitution for the "Mahaska County Agricultural So- ciety," and articles of incorporation which were adopted. Of this organ- ization the first officers as elected at this meeting were: President, P. Loughridge; Vice Presidents, John Bond and C. ]^. Smith; Secretarj', Thos. F. Seevers; and Treasurer, Andrew Williams. The society adjourned until June 12th, when a meeting was held at which it was decided to hold a fair at Oskaloosa on the 23d day of October, 1852. The officers elected for the ensuing yenY were: President, P. Loughridge; Vice Presidents, C. I^. Smith and T. Cox; Secretary, Thos. F. Seevers •" Treasurer, M. T. Wil- liams. Board of Managers was composed of E. W. Eastman, Alfred See- vers, W. Lawrence, II. Dobyns, J. F. Moore, and Dr. ]N"ichol. In a short time a premium list was advertised which would not compare very favora- bly with one of 1878, but which oftered premiums to the amount of $11:0, for various agricultural exhibits. The fair was held as appointed, and was located, we are informed, in the public square. Some of the more delicate articles were exhibited in the court house, and the stock was tied along a rail fence in Mark's lots, about the locality of G. H. Baugh's present res- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 351 idence. At tliis time the fair received no assistance from the State. The first county fair, under the hiw, was probably lield in 1856, and in conse- quence the fair for 1S7S is called the 23d annual exhibition, being in fact, however, the twenty-seventh. Twice has Oskaloosa had the state fair, being in 1858 and 1859. It will be remembered that at that time there was not a railroad in Mahaska county and the facilities for reaching Oskaloosa from different points in the state was not what it now is. The year preceeding the fair of 1858 had been a disastrous one. Crops had not succeeded very well and the country was onl}^ convalescing from the financial sick-bed of 1857. The fair was held on the Mahaska county fair grounds, then consisting of about twenty acres, and including a part of the present society grounds. There was a good attendance and a very general intererst manifested. The pre- vious season of almost continual rain had deprived exhibitors the ex])ected pleasure of making a display which should excel previous years. The re- ceipts were $2,813 and the premiums paid were $1,012. It is intei-esting to compare these figures with those of the state and count}^ fairs of 1876, as showing the wonderful agricultural growth of the country and the grow- ing interest in agricultural exhibits. In the state fair of 1876 the receipts were $13,657; premiums paid were $9,020, being about 500 per cent in advance of eighteen years previous. Mahaska county fair receipts for the centennial j'ear were $1,300, and amount of premiums paid $3,000, or nearly double that of the state fair in 1858. In the latter not a single entry of thoroughbred cattle was made from Mahaska county. There are now some hundreds of short horns owned by Mahaska county farmers, and quite a number of them thorough- breds. Among those who have interested themselves in raising the grade of cattle on Mahaska prairies might be mentioned E. II. McCann, A. Lewis, and James Bridges, in Monroe township; II. H. Prine, W.T. Smith, S. L. Pomeroy, and Chas. Hutchinson, in Oskaloosa township; AY. A. Bryan and James Mcintosh, ot Prairie township; and X. Cone, of Jeffer- son. Each of these gentlemen has a fine hei'd of cattle, and through their enterprise a finer line of stock is being distributed throughout the county. Attention is mostly given to short horns, though some Jerseys and Devons are to be found. Messrs. Smith and Prine had a cattle sale on the fair grounds in 1877, which was largelj^ attended. The agricultural society abandoned the old articles of incorporation in 1873. On December 30th, of that year, was incorporated what was called the Mahaska Agricultural Association, but this society met with financial reverses, and a new organization, a joint stock company, was organized and incorporated February 9tli, 1871, under the name and title of Mahaska County Agricultural Society. This is the present organization and has a capital stock paid up of $10,000, with privilege of increasing to $10,000. The society is now on a good financial basis and out of debt. Moreover, the articles of incorporation provide that no indebtedness shall be incurred beyond $5,000, which insures its secure footing financially, if the provision is not violated. The first officers of the present incorporation were James W. McMullen, President; Henry II. Prine, Yice President; Samuel Ingles, Treasurer; John H. Green, Secretary. The grounds of the society are located upon a gentle eminence on the northwest portion of the Oskaloosa plat, and contain about thirty acres. They are enclosed by a substantial board fence, and are easy of access from 352 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. the city. They contain an excellent half mile track, well drained and wide enough for six sulkys abreast. Tlie society is able to offer facilities for speed trials second to no county in the west. The Fine Art Hall is in the shape of a Greek cross, and is ample in accommodation for any prob- able exhibit for years to come. The amphitheater will comfortably seat two thousand persons. For the fair of 1878 the S()ciet3M)ffers nearly $4,000 in premiums, and approaches the state fair in its speed list, $1,700 being offered for the coming fair. It is no exaggeration to say that Mahaska county holds a fair second to no county in the State, save that of Scott, where larger premiums are offered, and larger receipts are realized. HOG KAISING. Considerable interest has been manifested in the department of hog raising for a number of years. At an earlier day, among fancj^ breeders, the preference was given to Chester AVhites, but more recently the Poland China and Berkshire have almost entirely taken their place. Most of the hogs raised in Mahaska county are sliipped to Cliicago, the facilities for shipping in that direction being excellent over the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. We take pleasure in mentioning some of those farmers who liave given their special attention and energy to the raising of fine hogs : A. Lewis, of Pleasant Grove, and E. H. McCann and James Bridges, of Monroe, are engaged in the raising of Berkshires. In Oskaloosa township A. J. Lytle, S. R. Pettit & Sons, and S. L. Pomeroy, have manifested their preference for Poland Chinas. Tlie fine Berkshires in the same township, by M. K. Prine & Sons, have taken premiums at the State and St. Louis fairs. Wile}^ Wray is a breeder of Berkshires, C. N. S?nith of Chester Whites, and W. T. Smith of Essex. In Jefferson township Moore Brothers breed Poland Chinas and cultivate artichokes in large quantities as a feed, claiming that such a diet is a cholera preventive. HORTICULTURAL. Whatever rank Mahaska county ma}^ have taken in fruit raising has been well earned. The lessons of her liorticulturists have been taken in the school of bitter experience. Attention was given to fruit growing with the first settlement of the country. Bushels of peach and apple seeds were brought from the east and planted; hundreds of trees were shipped b}' way of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The favorites of a dozen states from Maine or New York to North Carolina, were brought to the far West, to which it was hoped they might acclimatize. About 1848, Robert Seevers sent to his brothers near Oskaloosa nineteen hundred young apple trees, which were set out and started in a flourishing condition. Some of the more hardy of these trees are still beai-ing. Many fruit trees began to bear about 1854 and 1855. During botli of these j'ears a large crop of peaches was gathered, as these and the winter preceding had not been severe. But the winter of 1855-6 was intensely' cold, and then followed a dry summer. The result was most heartily discouraging. Scarcely a peach tree survived the winter in Mahaska county. The favorite apples, Rhode Island, Greening, Bell Flower, Newton Pippin, Baldwin — in short the cream of eastern HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 353 varieties — were nearly all killed. But in the language of John N". Dixon, in one of his reports, "there were a few men like Wellington at Waterloo, that did not know when they were defeated, or were too obstinate to acknowledge it. These men went to work to select varieties wherever they could he found, from the wreck of our orchards that had survived those terrible winters, and from these selections and other varieties since added, as experience has justified, we have to-day as valuable a list of choice apples as any state in the Union." Through toil and sacrifice other obstacles were overcome. The gopher grubbed the young trees. The county supervisors allowed a bounty of two dollars per dozen for gopher scalps, and in six months claims for 20,000 scalps were allowed, and bounty- paid to the amount of $3,333. 33|-. Isaac Jackson killed 5,207 gophers in a single season. Still the orchard men had no peace: the borer bored, the mice and rabbits girdled the young trees; the crumpler preyed upon the leaves, and likewise the canker worm, cod- dling moth, the caterpillar, etc., and we presume the conflict will continue until the " varmints " give up, for it is evident the fruit growers do not intend to. Though most of the eastern favorites have been abandoned by Mahaska count}' pomologists, yet a flne fruit list remains. Of apples there are many clioice varieties; one hundred and ten kinds were exhibited in 1876 at the Centennial, and one hundred and seventy-five varieties at the State Horticultural meeting from Mahaska alone, in January, 1877. Keither of these lists included the summer varieties. The staple early apples include, among others, Early Harvest, Red June, Yellow June, Red Astrachan and Duchess of Oldenburg. Fall varieties as fine as anywhere in the world. Pound Royal, Lowell, Porter, Dyre, Famense, Early Winter, Rambo. Perry Russet, Grimes' Golden Pippin, White Winter Pearmain. Later: Johna- than, Westfield, Seek-no-further, Ben. Davis, Genitan, Willow Twig and Virginia Greening. Dwarf pears in Mahaska county may be considered for the most part as a failure, though standard pears do very well. Peaches can be raised in this latitude after a moderate winter, and especially on oak ridges on thin land where the trees do not develop too rapidly, and are reasonably sheltei'ed. But, on the prairies, ever}' i'ew years most of the trees are killed by a severe winter, and the work of planting and nursing has to be resumed. Small fruits are raised in abundance, and of various kinds; they grow wild in great plenty. Grapes seem to be a natural product, and the yield is prolific. Mahaska county is privileged to boast of some of the largest orchards in the West. Several of these are deserving of mention: John J^. Dixon, in Oskaloosa township, has an apple orchard of 10,000 trees. In the same township Thomas C. Beach has 3,000 bearing trees, M. K. Prine 2,000, and George Avey 1,500. lu Harrison Township Samuel Low has 1,500 trees, and in Pleasant Grove is the orchard of Albert Lewis, containing 1,200 trees. These fiud a ready shipment north and west, some of them having been sent across the Rocky M(.>untains to Virginia City, Nevada. In one school district in Oskaloosa township are 21,000 apple trees, most of them bearing. Possibly this statement is not true of any other district in the West. A County Horticultural Society was organized in the oflice of Joseph Kelly, January 15, 1869. The first officers elected were D. A. Coleson, President; Amos Kemble, Vice President; W. A. Hunter, Secretary; 354 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. James Tluan, Corresponding Secretary; Treasurer, Mrs. Win. Kemper. This association continued for some years, but the Agricultural Society having given a good deal of attention to fruit growing, it gradually ab- sorbed tlie interest of those connected with the Horticultural Society, and a few years ago the funds in the treasury of the latter were passed over to the agricultural interest, and they have since really, though not formally, united in one association. The meeting of the State Horticultural Society was appointed for Oska- loosa, January 16, 1877. Iowa had taken the ribbon at the world's fair in the previous fall, and considerable interest was manifested in this, the first subsequent meeting. Mahaska citizens determined to make as good a showing as possible. Several citizens spent no little time in going over tlie county to select the finest and greatest variety of apples, and the reward they received amply re-paid them for their time and trouble. The state meeting was held in the court room. Ap])les from various counties were tasteful!}^ displayed upon difierent tables. The meeting began on Tuesday, the 16th, and continued three days. At this meeting from the report of E. H. Calkins, chairman of committee on awards, we make the following extract: "For best collection of fruits grown in any one county we award the first premium to Mahaska county. The exhibit of fruit by Mahaska county de- serves more than a passing notice for its intrinsic value as to varieties, its extent in numbers, the superior quality of its specimens, and the fact that several of the trulj^ valuable varieties originated within its borders. Many of the specimens are immense in size, forcibly reminding us of the fabled story we read in our boyhood days of a certain ambitious frog who one day saw a noble ox grazing near the little puddle in which he reigned, con- ceived he miglit possibly 'attain to the dimensions of the ox and com- menced to swell ' accordingly; r-nly these apples stopped a little short of the disastrous consequences which overtook the frog. Prominent among this collection we find a pyramid of Jonathans, by Thos. C. Beach, grown near Oskaloosa, perfect in form, beautiful in symmetry, and blushing the deepest scarlet. We fully endorse the remarks made last night, that if the title to the term, -Proud Mahaska,' was not rightfully acquired, it should justly be bestowed from this time forward. And we should like to hint to our friend Dixon that if such scenes as he has delineated on canvas and placed in this room are of ordinary" occurrence in his vicinity, he and his friends should direct their best efibrts in the future to teach such persons that they labor under a sad mistake." This last allusion was to a caricature designed by Jno. ]S^. Dixon and ex- ecuted by B. Y. Seevers, of a cadaverous looking Hoosier emigrant who has headed his equipage toward the rising sun, and who is represented as giving utterance to the discouraging sentiment, "Gwine back to Injeanny; my brats must have apples and you can't raise them in Iowa." To M. K. Prine was awarded the premium for the best ])eck of apples for profit, being of the Ben Davis variety. During the session of the so- ciety was read a report on "Orchard Culture and Management," by John 'N. Dixon, who was elected vice-president of the association. Also an es- say was read by Amos Kemble, on "Small Fruits and their Culture," and another paper on "How to Utilize Fruits and Yegetables." As the first premium county in the banner fruit state of the world, Ma- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 355 haska can hope to do no better than to maintain her present rank; and her prospect in fruit raising- is a brilliant one. In this connection it is but proper to notice .the extensive Canning and Pickling Works of A. Ivenible & Co., at Oskaloosa. These gentlemen had been gardening for some years, and the growth, or rather the start of their canning enterprise was the result of accident. In the 3'ear 1873 the Downing House, instead of canning its own tomatoes as had been the cus- tom heretofore, made a contract with Kemble & Co. to put up five hundred cans of this vegetable. This was done without other apparatus than a com- mon wash boiler on a cooking stove. The following year Mr. Kemble resolved to can tomatoes for the trade, and the casual remark of a friend led him tu undei-take also the canning of corn. In a temporary shed Kemble & Co. put up 1,500 cans of tomatoes, and the same amount of green corn. The tomato canning was quite successful, though the corn was a partial failure. JS^othing daunted, preparations were made in 1875, and 7,000 cans of corn and tomatoes were sealed for the market and success crowned the eifort. In 1877 the firm put up no less than 25,000 cans of these vegetables, and the trade of 1878 will probably exceed this. Kemble & Co's establishment is a simple frame building and divided into several apartments. In one of these the cans are made by men employed for that purpose. The cans are prepared to be soldered and a small hole about the size of a pin head is punchen in the center of the can lid. In another apartment the vegetables are prepared and put into the cans cold and soldered up, as also is the small aperture at the top. Then the cans are taken into another apartment, where they are placed in large pans of water and cooked by steam. The process is a delicate one and has been perfected only by much patience and long experiment. The air being confined in the can, if cooked too long without relief, would explode. By the use of thermometors and time pieces the little aperture in the lid is re-opened for a moment and the air allowed to escape, when it is again sealed. This process retains the flavor of the fruit which would be lost to a great degree if cooked in an open vessel. After sufficient cooking the cans are labeled and are ready for the market. Kemble & Co. have facilities for putting up 2,500 cans per day. They ship their goods mostly to surrounding points in this state. This is the only considerable canning establishment in Iowa, except one started in Marshalltown during the present season. Kemble & Co. have never given much attention to fruit canning. This same firm have also been engaged for some time in putting up cu- cumber pickels. These are pickled in tanks holding from 50 to 100 barrels and are kept in brine until the season for marketing, when they are barreled in vinegar. Thus have been put up 130 to liO barrels of pickles annually for a number of years past. Just north of the canning establishment is Kemble & Co's green house, the only one heated by steam in the State of Iowa. Here the business of flower gardening has been carried on quite extensively for three years, and here under 5,000 feet of glass about 15,000 potted plants were in stock for the spring trade of 1878. The steam heating apparatus will produce a temperature of 90 degrees the coldest winter days, but the temperature is usually kept at from 50 to 70 degrees, which lower temperature makes the plants more hardy. 356 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. MAHASKA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in the office of the county superintendent, June 14, 1872. At the first meeting the physicians present were Dr. Smith, of Grranville, Dr. Page, of New Sharon, Dr. Chamberlain, of Beacon, Dr. Gruwell, Dr. Hoffman, Dr. Coolidge, Dr. McMillen and Dr. Hurst, of Oskaloosa. Of this meeting Dr. J. F. Smitli was president, and Dr. Hurst, secretary. A meeting for permanent organization was held on the ISth of July, when officers were elected for one year, as follows: D. A. Hurst, president; W. L. Chamberlain, secretary; J. P. Gruwell, vice-president, and F. W. Coolidge, treasurer; Drs. Huntsman, Page and Chamberlain, censors. A constitution and by-laws were then adopted. The society has held its meetings semi-annually, and of late years in the office of Dr. Hurst, in Oskaloosa. The purpose of the society is purely professional, and for mutual improvement. Diagnoses of remarkable cases are read and discussed. At the last meeting, held July 9, 1878. F. W. Coolidge was elected president, Wm. Butler, vice-president, J. C. Barringer, secretary. The following is the roll of meuibers, August, 1878: F. W. Coolidge, D. A. Hurst, IL K. Page, H. C. Huntsman, W. E. Chamberlain, J. P. Gru- well, Lncian Smith, Wm. Butler, W. L. Chamberlain, W. L. McAllister, S. E. PJiinehart, D. H. Hare, W. M. Bonnet, R. S. Dean, Grover Ilillis, J. F. Smith, J. C. Barringer. MAHASKA COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. This branch of the American Bible Society was probaJjlt/ established in 1845. The official records have been mislaid, of all business and meetings previous to 1855. The contributions to the Bible cause for the year previous to the meeting of 1855 were twenty-two dollars. The society reached its maximum con- tributions in 1868, when the rev^enue from gifts was three hundred and twenty-seven dollars. The last meeting of the society was held September 30, 1877, at which time the officers elected were Chas. Hutchinson, president; Dr. D. A. Hurst, vice-president; Wm. H. Shaw, secretary; Henry Howard, treasurer. The society has not accomplished much in the way of active service since 1876. The contributions last year were about fifty dollars. The county depository is at the store of R. Whitaker, and is quite depleted — the new regulation of the parent society being to send out no more booivs without cash in advance — and the local society is not now prepared to purchase very heavily on those terms. The county has not been canvassed by a Bible agent for several years. COUNTY SUNDAY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. The first Sabbath-school convention in Mahaska county was held in 1863. This was a sort of called or impromptu meeting, and no regular association was formed. The sec,ond convention was held in Oskaloosa, beginning October 31, niSTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 357 1866. Three years had elapsed since the previous meeting, and in nnm- berint^ the conventions we believe the convention of 1866 is usuallj^ called the iirst. The president of this convention was John E.. Needham; secretar}', Dr. J. F. Erving; and treasurer, Henrv Howard. The convention continued in session three days, and a very profitable time seems to have been spent. The speakers from abroad were B. W. Cliidlaw, of Cincinnati, Rev, J. M. Strong, of the American Sunday School Union, and Dwight L. Moody, then an enthusiastic young man from Chicago, a warm friend of the Sun- day-scliool work. Perhaps little did those present at the convention of 1866 think that tliis was a man wlio had power to stir both sides of the Atlantic by the simple eloquence and earnestness of his speaking. Not only angels but great men are frequently entertained unawares. At this convention the following report was presented: NAME OF SCHOOL. O B I O First M. E., Oskaloosa Second M. E., Oskaloosa. . First Presbyterian United Presbyterian .... Cong're^ational '. First Baptist Christian Cumberland Presbyterian . Friends, City Friends, Oskaloosa Six Mile.. Farmersville Given Union Madison Township Spring Creek Friends Pleasant Dale.' Enterprise 341) y:-; 60 12 110 13 S2 13 110 14 128 1-1 144 15 64 11 82 8 65 6 80 8 41 8 79 7 3.5 61 55 4! 65 4 40 6 90 9 500 1.50 250 250 250 300 -500 300 80 400 125 200 200 146 1.50 124 50 In June, 1872, the state Sabbath-school convention was held in Oska- loosa, at which about one hundred and fifty delegates were present from abroad, and a very pleasant and profitable time was spent by those in at- tendance. We believe that county conventions have been held every year since 1866, and usually in Oskaloosa, which, though moderately well attended and in- teresting, have experienced nothing of peculiar interest to the historian. Of the Sabbath-schools of the county we have occasion to speak more par- ticularly in connection w^itli the various churches under whose care they may be organized. MASOXRY. For the following histor}' of Masonry in Mahaska county we are in- debted to Henry R. Kendig, Esq., of Oskaloosa: The written history concerning the introduction of the mystic order in Mahaska county, may never reveal the fact as to when, where, or upon whom the peculiar ritualism of the order was first conferred. 358 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Who knows, but that among the noted chiefs of the once powerful and intellectual Sac and Fox tribe, the ancestors of a "Keokuk" or "Black- Hawk " may have bowed before a rude altar, " on a high hill or in a low dale" of Makaska county's beautiful prairies, bedecked with grasses, serving as the "checkered pavement" and tessellated with flowers native to the land, as the " middle chamber," wliile the " clouded canopy of Heaven" most spaciously and speciously served as the " santum sanctorum," and the morning, evening, and the brightest of the southern stars, serv^ed as the lesser, while the handwriting of Almighty God, as revealed to them in ^Nature, the greater lights of their boundless "Holy of Holies." Of this, however, as already indicated, w^e know not, and never will, and it is more to note the introduction of Masonry into Mahaska county by the present inhabitants who people her borders and interior, than to theorize upon the probabilities of centuries ago, that we write. Among the pioneers of every frontier ever settled by the Anglo-Saxon, there were to be found those who were regularly instructed in mind, and cherished in their hearts a love of the mysteries and principles of the an- cient and time-honored institution. Mahaska county was not by any means an exception to this rule, for among the very first of all comers, when wagons, tents, and rude log-huts hastily constructed, marked the early set- tler's hearth and home, came James Seevers, from Winchester, Virginia, (the father of Hon. W. H. Seevers, one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Iowa), who was chosen the first Worshipful Master of the first Lodge organized in Mahaska county, as will hereafter appear. This gentleman has survived the hardships and toils of the early settler, and yet lives at the advanced age of eighty-six years, an esteemed citizen of Oskaloosa, a zealous votary of Masonry — one, who until prevented within the last year, by the infirmity of age, always identified himself with the order on funeral and all other public occasions, and as far as it was possible for him to do, in the private councils of the Lodge room. Cotemporaneous with his coming, came also Daniel liogers, of whom much of what has been said of James Seevers, is true of the veteran, zealous man and Mason, save that he on July 30, 1878, gathered up his " working tools," and departed to that "bourne from whence no traveler returns," at the ripe old age of eighty-two years. About the same time came James Edgar (father of W. S. Edgar), who also has since died. Likewise James Comstock came about the same time as did also Alfred Seevers, first cousin of James Seevers, above referred to. These fraters longed for the time when a sufficient number could be obtained, and enroll themselves as char- ter members to petition the Grand Master of Iowa jurisdiction, for a dispen- sation to organize a Lodge in Oskaloosa. This day, after "awaiting a time with patience," at last came, and, Janu- ary 16th, A. D. 1849, James Seevers, as AV. M., Thos. A. Freeman, S. W., and David S. Sam pel, J. W., each to serve in his respective station, under appointment by the Most Worshipful Grand Master of Iowa jurisdictions, obtained such dispensation, and in due time, after presenting their doings and workings under dispensation, at the session of Grand Lodge, June 7th, A. D. IS-IO, a charter was granted these brethren, and their newly admitted members. Kaming and numbering it, Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, and afterward the following officers duly elected by their brethren, to serve them for the then ensuing year: James Seevers, W. M. ; Thomas A. Freeman, S. W. : David S. Sampel, J. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 359 W.; W. S. Dart, Treas.; Samuel Bresslar, Sec; Alfred Seevers, S. D.; James Edgar, J. D.; G. C. Kitcliie, Tyler. The present officers are: E. M. Beatty, W. M.; James Atchison, S. W.; Alonzo T. Drinkle, J. W.; A. A. Kendig, Sec; Morris L. Levi, Ti'eas. ; Homer H. Seerley, S. D.; A. W. Warrington, J. D.; J. S. Walker, S. S.; W. P. Ilellings, J. S.; Benj. R. Perdue, Tyler. Total number of present membership, 207. For above five j^ears Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, did good and square work, as was repeatedly attested by resolution in Grand Lodge, offered and passed. AV^hen Dec. Stli, A. D. 1854, a constitutional number of her mem- bers applied for, and obtained a dispensation to organize a new Lodge, with Nelson J. Smith as first W. M.; Geo. W. Baer, S. W.; W. S. Edgar, J. W.; S. Stephens, Treas.; F. B. Mathews, Sec; L. D. Haines, S. D.; Geo. Delong, J. I).; Francis Castles, Tyler; and, at Grand Lodge session, June 6, 1855, obtained a charter, under name and number of Seevers Lodge, No. 54. Oskaloosa village, in Masonry at least, had now grown into city propor tions, having two " Blue Lodges " in full and liealthy working order. Under the workings of the two Lodges, Masonry moved forward with unprece- dented thrift, until January 8th, 1863, when a better and more commodious hall was obtained, and on account of the enlistments into the union armies, of the membership of both Lodges, Seevers Lodge, No. 54, surrendered her charter and consolidated with the parent Lodge, Triluminar, No. 18. War! War!! Who can foresee or foretell the extent of all the evils to fol- low the wake of the desolatins>: and devastating; march? Whose sacred and hallowed homes and altars are absolutely tree from the stealthy insinuation, or protected against desecration by the tainting touch of the blotjdy hands, the tell-tale of the vile butcheries and treachery? Who can successfully withstand the sowings of distraction and dissension? No one. Is it strange then, that the rebellion of 1861 to 1865, which convulsed the entire nation, and made the world interested spectators, as with bated breath they anx- iously looked forward to the close, swayed in ^^artisan spirit, as each indivi- dual interest caused him to incline? Which sought to divide the sentiment of a people hitherto bound in one bond of national union, and, to divide the territorial inheritance of the fathers, by sectional lines, traced by " that sum of all villainies," Slavery? That entered the Holy and sacred home of God, and divided the communicants into factions, and the homes of loved and loving kindred, arraying father against son, son against father, brother against brother. Is it strange we ask, that Masonry could not escajDC the direfnl results of the leprous touch? Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, felt this touch. She had, by the consolidation of Seevers Lodge, No. 54, with her own already numerous membership, a large aggregation of members, who, though not permitted in lodge assem- bled to avow any sectarian or particular political party creed, yet very nat- urally were divided in their preferences as to petitioners presenting their names as candidates for the mysteries of the order. These differences grow- ing out of the issues of the internicine war, the nation's great calamity, through which we were then passing, caused distraction to some extent, and the working of the order was interrupted for a season. To correct the then existing evil, on the 12th day of April, 1866, a large number of the mem- bership of Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, with J. Y. Hopkins as AV. M., Henry R. Kendig S. AV., and M. L. Jackson J. AV., applied to and obtained from the Most AVorshipful Grand Master of Iowa, letters of dispensation to 360 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. organize tlie second time a new lodge, wliich on tlie 6tli day of June, A. D. 1806, was chartered by the Grand Lodge under the name and number of Amity Lodge, No. 186. The war having closed, tlie storm of excitement incident thereto subsided, the troubled waters quieted, Triluminar, 'No. 18, and Amity, No. 186, with their officers and members harmoniously worked together, and emulated each other in that grandest of virtues of " who can best work, and best agree," when in the winter of 187-1, Amity Lodge, l^o. 186, surrendered her charter, and, again, with her membership, old and new, consolidated with Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, making her at present time, one of the most powerful, and the strongest (numerically) lodge in the Iowa Grand Lodge jurisdiction. The reason for the surrender of Amity Lodge's charter and consolidation with Triluminar, No. 18, was that in meantime (though having had a chapter of R A. M's, of which mention will hereafter appear), a council of royal and select masters, and a commandery of Knights Templar were organized, and each having its own peculiar i-itualism, and consequently necessitating separate evenings of holding their meetings, nearly every working evening of the week was occupied, and there were too few for "refreshment and sleejD." It was urged as a means of better attend- ance upon all tlie meetings of the different orders and lessening the labors of the workers in each, to thus gain one evening more, by the consolidation, that they should be united, and now the "peace and harmony" of Trilum- inar, No. 18, flows like a river, and Masonry in Oskaloosa city was never stronger than at present. Many of Mahaska county's noble men (members of the various lodges), at their country's call, to prevent the nation's threatened ruin, enlisted with that patriotism peculiar to the American people alone, and with the flag of their country unfurled, marched to fields of carnage, blood and death. The voices of some are now hushed in death, but their deeds of valor and hero- ism yet re-echo throughout the land that " they died not in vain." The nation lives by and through their great sacrifice; life, and a country and home are vouchsafed to those who shall live after them. In 1866 the several Masonic bodies as then organized in the city of Oska- loosa, in order to own and have a home, through the individual membership contributing of their means, created a loan fund, to build a hall over two buildings erected by Samuel Knowlton, on south side of public square, taking the notes of Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, the foundation stone, or institution of all the other bodies. This hall, 40 feet by 80 feet, was put on the buildings above named as the third story, which was finished in com- fortal.)le and elegant style, superbly furnished in furniture, ornaments and paraphernalia of the chapter and commandery, and nearly all the indebted- ness of the fraternity paid, save $600 borrowed from the Grand Lodge (on which the Grand Lodge subsequently very kindly and graciously extended time of payment without interest for three years) when tlie fire of January 20, 1873, which originated in an adjacent building, in one short hour swept everything before its power, leaving naught but ashes and embers of what was before every Mason's just pride, making a loss in building and costly paraphernalia of about eight thousand five hundred dollars, on which an insurance of two thousand dollars was promptly paid. In this insurance the several bodies have an equal interest, and has ever since served as an interest bearing fund, more than necessary to liquidate the annual expense of rents, leaving each and all of them in a flattering future financial condi- tion. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. dSl Of the membersliip, first and last, but not least, are to be found men who have at various times filled prominent and responsible places of trust, both in the state as well as the Grand Lodge of Iowa, viz: W. S. Dart, Grand Steward in 1849; G. W. Teas, Deputy Grand Master in ; J. Y. Hop- kins, Senior Grand Warden in 1855; H. R. Kendio-, Grand Pursuivant in 1870; C. H. Plielps, Junior Grand Warden in 1870; H. R. Kendig, Senior Grand Warden in 1871; L. C. Blanchard, Grand Orator Elect in 1879; W. S. Easton, District Deputy Grand Master in Illinois. E. W. Eastman, Lieutenant Governor; J. A. L. Crookham, first County Judge, also State Senator; Samuel Coffin, Member Iowa Legislature, two terms; W. T. Smith, County Prosecutor and Democratic nominee for Con- gress in 1870; Capt. S. G. Gary, Capt. Iowa Yolunteers and Member Iowa State Legislature; T. C. Beach, Member Iowa Legislature; John Dodds, Member of Legislature; H, W. Gleason, Member of Legislature; J. N. Dixon, State Senator; L. C. Blanchard, Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit; Samuel Knowlton, Member Board County Supervisors for three years; James Rhinehart, County Judge for eight years; W. S. Edgar, Clerk of Courts for ten years; Samuel Thompson, County Judge and County Audi- tor one term each, and County Surveyor for twelve years; Henry R. Ken- dig, County Treasurer for six years; M, T. Williams, Member of Iowa Legislature for two terms, and United States Commissioner for fifteen years; W. H. JSTeedham, Postmaster for six years; H. C. Leigh ton, Editor of Oskaloosa Weekly Herald for twelve years. Chairman Republican State Central Committee two successive years, and Postmaster for one j'ear and until his decease; John Larmer, County Recorder for eight years; W. R. Cowan, County Recorder for six years; Elliott W. Rice, Commissioned Brigadier General of Volunteers, Union Army, 186- ; Samuel A. Rice, Attorney General of State for two terms and Commissioned Brigadier General of Yolunteers, Union Armj^, 1863. The Grand Lodge of Iowa, in June, 1856, held its session in Oskaloosa in Union Hall, nothing further or noteworthy transpiring than are usual to all annual meetings of the Grand Lodge in its formal business transactions. The foregoing completes the history of " Blue Lodge " Masonry and its membership in Oskaloosa city, the county seat, which necessarily is some- what limited for want of space allotted to a work of this kind. Much more might be said and not exhaust all the matters of interest, were it a history t)f Masonry and eminent Masons alone, that these pages were to re- cord, and we pass to the borders of the county, and note: That, on the 12th day of December, 1861, J. M. Roberts, as W. M., Henry R. Kendig, S. W., C. M. Ewing, J. W., and eight others in and around the village of Belle- fontaine, petitioned for and obtained a dispensation to organize a lodge at that place, and at session of Grand Lodge, June 4, 1862, were chartered regularly under name and number of Bellefontaine Lodge No. 163. This Lodge is now located at Tracy, a station on the Albia tfe Knoxville branch of the C. B. & Q. R. R. in Marion county, where a goodly number of good men and true correctly disseminate the ritual of the Order. The Annals of Masonry, Vol. 1, page 131, recite: "That on the 10th day of November, 1852, Grand Master W. D. McCord granted a dispensa- tion to B. Bates and nine others to open a Lodge at Kirkville, Wapello county, Iowa, and June 2d, 1852, a charter was granted Kirkville Lodge No. 35," and in Vol. 2, page 125, "That Kirkville Lodge, No. 35, peti- 362 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. tioned to remove the Lodge to Fremont, Mahaska county, and that the prayer of petitioner was granted." And of Kirkville Lodge, Ko. 35, so far as the present historian is con- cerned, all trace is lost, but it is found that on tlie 17th day of March, 1868, a dispensation was granted J. D. Cochran, W. M , P. Akerman, S. W., J. C. Keith, J. W., and eight others. Master Masons, to organize a Lodge at the town of Fremont, and on the day of June, 1868, a char- ter was granted by the Grand Lodge, naming and numbering it Toleration Lodge, iS^o. 236. Present officers are: K Allender, W. M.; F. K Byram, S. W.; S. F. McFall, J. W.; Geo. Shavler, Treasurer; M. ^Y. Bvram, Secretary; S H. Heinzman, S. D.; C. G. Byram, J. D.; E. H. White, Tyler. (See History of Fremont.) On the 22d day of June, 1874, G. F. Bates, as W. M., H. J. Yail, S. W., J. W. Upton, J. W., and eleven others, petitioned for dispensation to open a Lodge at the town of New Sharon, and on the 3d day of June, 1875, at ses- sion of Grand Lodije, were duly chartered to do all reyfular Masonic work under the name of Mahaska Lodge, No. 336. (For further particulars see History of New Sharon.) On the 25th day of March, 1869, Industry Lodge, No. 260, was organ- ixed regularly at Springtield, Keokuk county, and by permission of Grand Lodge, in session assembled, the Lodge was moved to the town of Rose Hill, in January, 1877. (For further particulars see History of Pose Hill.) With this close, we pass on to CAPITULAE MASONRY. There has been but one chapter of Poyal Arch Masons organized in the county. On the 15th day of November, 1854, letters of dispensation were granted J. Y. Hopkins, H. P.; Edwin Davis, King; Francis Barker, Scribe; and Companions J. L. Hogin, N. J. Smith, D. Stanley, S. Stephens, M. A. Ma- lone, S. M. Rankin, and L. D. Haines to organize and open a Chapter of R. A. M's, and on the 14th day of December of the same year, T. S. Par- vin, then Tlie Most Excellent Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of L"»wa being present, and, officiating, tlie machinery of the Chapter was successfully put in motion, doing a large amount of work until session of Grand Chapter, June 2, 1855, a charter was granted, and July 7, 1855, by J. R. Hartsock, M. E. Gr. H. P., Lliram Chapter, No. 6, was duly consti- tuted with the following elective and appointed officers, viz: J. Y. Hopkins, H. P.; G. W. Baer, K.; D. H. Colville, S.; W. M. Wells, Treas.; W. S. Edgar, Sec; S. Stephens, Tyler; E. AV. Eastman, C. H.; H. Lyster, P. S.; L. A. Chorn, R. A. C; W. M. Wells, G. M. 3d Y.; Geo. Delong, G. M. 2d Y.; and Francis Castles, G. M. 1st Y. Past Graiid Officers: W. M. W^ells, Gr. King, and Gr. Treasurer, 1872. Members of Gr. Council of Order of High Priesthood in Iowa: J. Y. Hopkins, W. M. Wells, and H. R. Kendig. The Grand Chapter of Iowa convened in Masonic Hall at its annual meeting in 1872, at which session there was a full attendance of the Royal Arch Ci'aft. The eminent and leading men of the subordinate chapters, as well, also, of them of the town and city where they reside. The present officers are Henry R. Kendig, H. P. ; Gideon Dougherty, K. ; (L HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 365 George N. Beecliler, S. ; Henry Howard, Treas. ; T. 11. Green, Sec. ; H. C. Leighton (since decW), C. H.; C. H. Phelps, P. S.; A. T. Drinkle, K. A. C; W. 11. Needham, G. M. 3d V.; H. W. Gleason, G. M., 2dy.; B. F. Beebe, G.M., 1st V.; B. R. Perdue, Tyler. Total number of present mem- bership, 103. And we pass on to CKYl'TIC MASONKY. Oskaloosa Council, Xo, 7, of Ro^yal and Select Masters, was organized under dispensation on the 11th day of April, 1866, with C. "W. Fisher, T. I. M. ; J. Y. Hopkins, R. I. M. ; Henry Howard, P. C. of W., as iirst officers, with 111' Companions W. A. Hunter, Henry Lyster, Reese Jones, J. M. Shaffer and Wm. Shaffer as members, and on June 4, 1866, was duly char- tered by the Grand Council of Iowa. Present officers are D. H. LeSuer, T. I. M.; H. W. Gleason, R. I. M.; C. H. Phelps, P. C. of W.; H. Howard, Treas.; T. H. Green, Recorder; B. R. Perdue, Sentinel. Present number of members, 39. And we close with KNIGHTHOOD. " De Payens " Commandery, No. 6, of Knights Templar, was organized under dispensation, December 1, 1865, with Sirs David A. Hoffman, E. C; W. M. A¥ells, G.; B. R. Perdue, C. G., as first officers, and Sir Knights W. A. Hunter, J. Y. Hopkins, J. S. Iloygin, J. W. Hall and Reuben Mickel co-petitioners, and on the 2d day of June, 1866, was chartered by the Grand Commandery of Iowa, since which time the order has steadily increased its membership, and improved itself in drill, and finally, by the constant persistence of the working Sir Knights, the entire Commandery, nearly, is uniformed with full dress equipments. Among the Sir Knights who have held official positions in the Grand Commandei-y, are Dr. D. A. Hoffman, Grand S. Bearer; H. R. Kendig, Grand Warden; II. C. Leighton, Grand S. Bearer in 1873, and Grand Capt. General in 1877. Present officers: C. II. Phelps, E. C; G. N. Beechler. G.; W. H. Wray, C. G.; R. P. Bacon, Prelate; H. Howard, Treas.; O. C. G. Phillips, Re- corder; W. H. Needham, S. W.; W. C. Perdue, J. W. Total number of Sir Knights, 84. Dear reader, and the fraternity in particular, in closing this part of Ma- haska county's history, we have constantly labored under an apprehension of omitting important dates, or ignoring some individual Mason who has a claim to distinction equal to, or above, tliose of his fellows, whose names have received special mention. Let this be our apology, that limit of space, and want of time, and press of other business upon the writer, have mater- ially interfered with making these sketches as full and complete as they otherwise would be. However this may be, we have the consciousness of having endeavored to cover the entire field spread out before us, and cherish the proud experience of having written about institutions and individual members thereof, who have organized and maintained the various bodies of Masonry in this county, also in ever}' other particular have been important and prominent factors in the early settlement, as well as the after develop- ment of " Proud Mahaska " county. 23 366 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. SOCIETY OF FEIENDS. In sketching a history of tliis society we give tlie growth of a churcli comprising in its limits a very considerable portion of the people of Ma- haska county. Of the principles, belief and origin of this sect, little is known by the general public, and we have considered it a matter worthy of such importance as to preface the history of the society in Mahaska county by a general sketch. The sect arose in England about the middle of the seventeenth century, and the ministry of Geo. Fox was the chief human instrument in their es- tablishment as an organized body. Fox was the son of pious parents, who were members of the Established Church of England. From childhood he felt a deep concern for the salvation of his soul, and spent much time in meditation and prayer. Discovering much formality in the professed re- ligion of his day, he set out on foot, preaching the gospel in its purity, and setting forth substantially the doctrines of the present Quaker churcli. The rapid spread of his teachings was surprising, including several Episcopalian priests, and ministers of other denominations. As early as 1655 the dis- ciples of Fox traveled and preached upon the continent, making many con- verts and suffering much persecution. About this same time Friends began to arrive in America, and to commence their labors in the new world. Per- secution greeted them here, where, it is said, four of them suffered death on the gallows. Large numbers came over in 16S2 with William Penn, the famous champion of their sect, and founded the state of Pennsylvania. Since that time their growth has been steady, and the spirit of persecution has lon^ since died out. They have now in America nine great assemblies called 1 early Meetings, one of which meets at Oskaloosa. The doctrine of the Friends is, briefly, as follows: They believe in "one only wise, omnipotent and eternal God, the creator and upholder of all things, visible and invisible," and in " manifestations, individualities and titles of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." They do not differ materially from orthodox Christians as to the doctrines of atonement, depravity, resurrec- tion of the dead, etc. They believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, in a personal devil, and the immortality of the soul. In church government, in many respects they resemble the Presbyterian form. They have four grades of meetings for discipline or government — the preparative meeting, monthly meeting, quarterly meeting and yearly meeting. The first is the lowest, and each in order is subordinate to the following, the yearly meeting being the court of last appeal. The first meeting is composed of any number worshiping at a certain place or con- gregation. Yiolations of discipline by members are reported by the pre- parative meeting to the monthly meeting, when efforts are made to reclaim them. If dissatisfied, appeal may be taken in turn to the quarterly and yearly meetings, which is the court of last resort. The ministers are chosen from the lay members upon evidence of ability, and are recorded upon application of the preparative meeting to the monthly meeting, and subject to the approval of the quarterly. The ministry are not paid, it being the belief of the sect that they should provide for them- selves. If they are sent abroad on the work of the church, their expenses are usually borne by the meeting sending them. The tenets of the church are opposed to secret societies, do not allow its members to .engage in war- fare, nor to take oaths. Divorce is granted only according to the rules of HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 367 the cliurcTi. The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper are not ad- ministered in meetings of the Friends, they believing that the baptism of "the present dispensation is that of Christ, who baptizes his peoj)le with tlie Iloly Ghost; and tliat tlie true communion is a spiritual partaking of the body and blood of Christ (by faith);' In their manner of life and in their self-examination the Friends are mod- els to the Christian world. This is illustrated by the "Queries" which are each year propounded to each congregation, and answers to which are sent to the superior meetings. 1. Are all our regularly established meetings kept up, and held with be- coming good order? 2. Do Friends avoid and discourage tale-bearing and detraction, and are they preserved in Christian love? 3. Do Friends train their children and those under their care in the knowledge of the promises and precepts of the gospel; do they guard them against pernicious reading, evil company and corrupt conversation, and en- courage them to read the Holy Scriptures; do they teach them that conform- ing to the vain fashions and customs of the world is inconsistent with Christian religion? 4. Do Friends deal with transgressors seasonably and impartially, and evince to them the spirit of restoring love? 5. Do Friends pay due regard to the First day of the week as a day of rest and devotion, avoiding secular business, and all manual labor not really necessary ? 6. Are the circumstances of tJiose who require aid inspected, and their necessities relieved; are they advised and assisted in such employment as is adapted to their capacity? 7. Are there any known cases of a breach of our testimony against war, against judicial swearing, lotteries, and against the use, manutVicture, or trtiffic in intoxicating liquors, except for medicinal or mechanical purposes? 8. Is every family of Friends furnished with a copy of the Holy Scrip- tures; and is family devotion, with scripture reading, practiced in each fam- ily daily; if not all, how many are in the practice? 9. What new meetings settled, and what meetings discontinued? 10. What ministers recorded, and what number of recorded ministers within your limits? 11. What is your number of families, and parts of families, and of members, male and female; what is your increase of membership by re- quest, by birth, and by certihcate from outside the yearly meeting; and "what is your decrease by disownment, resignation, death and removal, be- yond the yearly meeting, separately considered? 12. How many of your members are in the habitual use of tobacco, male and female; and how many are engaged in the production, manufac- ture or sale thereof? It will be noticed that these queries cover pretty thoroughly the whole of Christian life and practice, and the consciousness that these will be put to each individual every year is disposed to beget and maintain a purity of life which most Christians would do well to emulate. The first settlement of Friends in Iowa was made near Salem, in Henry county, in 1837 or '38. Two preparative and one monthly meeting were established at that place about 1840. In 1843 some settlements began to be formed near Oskaloosa, where, in February, 1844, Joseph D. Hoag held the 368 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. first Friends' meeting in the county. It was held at the residence of Thomas Stafford, whose door-step served for a pulpit, from which, in the light of a pile of burning logs, he proclaimed the doctrines of his society, the house being filled with women, and the yard with men and boys. From this time an ^'- indulged''^ meeting was kej^t up until 1848, when a meeting for worship and a preparative meeting were formally established at Spring Creek, where, in 1853, a monthly meeting was also established. The first quarterly meeting was established at Salem in August, 1848. Shortly after this, meetings of this kind were established at Pleasant Plain, Ked Cedar, and Western Plain (now Bangor), in Marshall county. Decem- ber 12, 1858, a committee from these four quarterly meetings met in Oska- loosa, and petitioned the Indiana yearly meeting, to which they had been up to that time attached, to be constituted a separate yearly meeting, to be known as the Iowa Yearly Meeting of Friends. The request was granted in October, 1800, the meetino; to be established in 1863. The first session of Iowa Nearly Meeting was held at Spring Creek meet- ing house, near Oskaloosa, September, 1863. During the years 1864 and 1865 the general society erected a large yearly meeting house just outside the city limits on the north, at a cost of $25,000. This building is a two- story brick structure, 52 by 104 feet, and has a seating capacity of about nine hundred persons on each floor. The women's yearly meeting is held on one floor, and the men's meeting on the other. These meetings are held " to commence on the fourth day following the first First day in the Ninth month" of each year, and usually continue about one week. The attend- ance of Friends outside the county is frequently as high as one thousand persons. Friends from other yearly meetings are provided for by the meet- ing, and though about half the members of the yearly meeting are enter- tained free of charge, the rule is for each Friend to pay his own way. The quarterly meetings composing the Iowa Yearly Meeting are Salem, Pleas- ant Plain, Springdale, Bangor, Ackworth, Oskaloosa, Winneshiek, Lynn Grove, Bear Creek and Honey Creek. These include a membership of 8,846. Of these quarterly meetings, Oskaloosa comprises those subordinate meetings now existing within the bounds of Mahaska county, and has its place of assembling alternately at Oskaloosa city and New Sharon. At each of these points is a monthly meeting, including five meetings for wor- ship about Oskaloosa, and three about New Sharon. Of the former, as before mentioned, the first established was known as Spring Creek, located about two miles northeast from Oskaloosa, Avhere a meeting house was afterward erected, and which still stands. This society was organized in 1848 with about fifty-five members, and it now numbers ninety-five members. The first minister of this meeting was William Pearson. This house is located upon a beautiful spot of ground and sur- rounded by a large number of Friends. The present minister is Agnes Sopher. The next meeting organized in the county was known as Center Grove and was held about two miles north of Oskaloosa. The cono-reffation that worshiped at this place is now known as Oskaloosa meeting, and meets at the yearly meeting house near the city for religious exercises. This society was organized in 1854 with about thirty-five members. Its first ministers were Benjamin Fry and William Pearson. The present membersbip is 192, and the ministry is composed of Dr. Elias Jessup, Micajah Pickerel, David Crispin, and N. Hodgins. HISTORY OF MAFASKA COUNTY. 869 The next meeting in order of organization was " Bloomfield," which was located about four miles southeast from Oskaloosa. Tiiis society was or- ganized in 1801 with about forty-five members. A meeting house was built about 1875 at a cost of near $1,200. The present ministers are Mary Lawson, John AV. Smith, and William Sopher, with a membership of one hundred and twenty-six. The church in "Oskaloosa City '" was organized in 186 — , with about, twenty-seven members, and now numbers in the vicinity of one hundred and eighty-two. The first minister was Dr. Eli Jessnp, since deceased. This society has a comfortable brick meeting house which they purchased from the United Presbyterians in 1865. It is eligibly located, neat and commodious. The ministers are Dorcas Hunt, Sarah Gruwell, James E. Bailey, Jephtha AY. Morgan, Clias A. Tibbits, and Mary Tibbits. This church, in connection with the Oakaloosa meeting, form one preparative meeting. The other three churches have a preparative meeting each. Mahafika meeting. — Five miles west of Oskaloosa on Pella road. No recorded minister. Membership forty-seven. The monthly meeting at New Sharon includes the following preparative meetings. New Sharon meeting. — The first meeting for worship of this society was held, probably, in Frederick Schelp's house. The first minister among this people was Bridget Haiglit, who preached from house to house about 1854. The preparative meeting was first established in 1857, in a school house built by the Society of Friends south of town, for school and meet- ing purposes. AVm. Pearson was the first resident minister. A monthly meeting was also organized in the school house. A meeting house was built in 1860, whichhas been moved into New Sharon, and still stands, and is used by this meeting. They have now six ministers, AVm. Pearson, Mary Morris, Sarah Hughes, Rachel Stiles, George Brings, and Mary Ellis. Prairie Ridge meeting. — Is a preparative meeting held about one and one-half miles northwest of New Sharon, having been established several years ago for the convenience of those who lived in that vicinity and found it burdensome to come to town. This meeting has but one recorded min- ister, Mary Ann Roberts, and has no church building, but meets in a school house. Its membership includes but four or five families. The Friends engage in two distinctive classes of missionarj^ work. The yearly meeting of Iowa is now at work among the Freedmen of the South, and the Indians of the AYest. Among these they establish schools and ed- ucate the youths of either race, to preach the gospel to theii- fellows. AVhile the Friends are not remarkable for their liberality, they do not do theii- alms to be seen of men, but in a quiet way further the cause of their religion, and give abundant aid to the widow and the fatherless. They are gradually laying aside some former austerities of manner and peculiar habits, and, catching the spirit of the age, are disappointing many who suppose them to be slow% or to be lacking in enterprise. The improvements they have made, in and about Oskaloosa, are not in harmony with the statement of Tom Paine, that, " had the Quakers been consulted in the creation everything would have been colored drab." Of Penn College and its tine building we speak elsewhere. 370 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. MAHASKA'S CENTENNIAL. Great preparations were made for a grand ce]e])ration to be lield in Os- kaloosa July 4th, 1876. It was arranged to liave an extensive street parade of various associations, companies and societies. These arragenieiits were in a large measure carried out, save the procession, whicli was interfered .with by a heavy wind and rain storm which visited the county on the even- ing of July 3d. This storm did great damage in diiferent parts of the coun'y, demolishing buildings and destroying crops, Boyer & Son's store building, in Tracy, was blown down, causing a loss of $8,00(1. On the even- ing of the Fourth a similar storm worked great damage in Leighton and the northwestern part of the county. There was quite a large attendance on the Fourth in Oskaloosa, notwith- standing the weather. Programme: Address of welcome by Mayor Baugh; Declaration of Independece read hy Capt. Searle; Rev. I. P. Teter, orator of the day; dinner, toasts and responses. These exercises, with two days of liorse racing, wei-e "Proud Mahaska's" memorial to the hundredth year of our national independence. CASUALTIES. On Saturday, July 21, 1878, two young women named Elizabeth Todd, daughter of Ben Todd, and Dora McAllister, daughter of a widow living in company with Miss Mary Iloenspiess, were all at the residence of Ben Todd who lives about five miles northeast of town, and near the treach- erous Skunk river, and in the afternoon determined to go down to the river to bathe. It seems the girls were in the habit of so doing, and neither they nor other members of the family apprehended danger therefrom. Proceed- ing to the river they entered the water at a point just above where formerly stood the old Currier mill. At this place the current sets in strong from the opposite shore, and besides being quite swift, there is a very deep hole nearby; but for some distance out the bottom slopes out gradually. The two girls, Todd and McAllister, each wearing a light bathing dress, went in leaving their companion on the bank. From some unknown cause, they got beyond the place of salfety, and where they knew the condition of the river, and were drawn into the deep water. As soon as she discovered their peril, Miss Roenspiess screamed and ran into the water, hoping to render assis- tance, but after getting where the water came up to her neck, she saw she could do nothing, and returned to the bank. By that time Mr. Todd, who was working near by, and heard the call for help, ran down, but too late to save either of the unfortnnate girls. The sorrowful news was at once spread, and the search for the l)odies soon began. The body of Miss Todd was found in an hour or so after the accident, about three or fonr rods from where they went in. The other body was not found until the next morning, at eleven o'clock, when it was discovered in a drift about three-fourths of a mile below. The bodies were buried in the cemetery near the Friends' meeting house, east of town, Sunday afternoon, a large concourse of friends and neighbors following them to their last resting place. Miss Todd was 22 years old, and only daughter. Miss McAllister was IS years o'd, and assisted by her labor to maintain her widowed mother. On the following morning in the same river occurred the death of Marion HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 371 Campbell, Captain of Co. F, 8th Iowa Infantry in the late war. Accompanied by his brother Chester, two neighboas, W. J. Boyd and J. H. Horner, he proceeded to South Skunk river for the purpose of enjoying a bath after a week of hard labor in tlie harvest field. The point at which the party entered the stream is in a bend in the river where the current is swift and the treach- erous sands continually shifting. It was soon apparent that Marion was en- gaged in a struggle for life, and his younger brother becoming alarmed there- by, lost presenceof mind, and was rescued with difficulty. This consumed time, that otherwise might have been spent in assisting Marion, and precious time it proved, as now he was beyond all human aid. He sank to rise no more. The dark waters rolled on and death claimed the victory. The remains were found Sunday at 4 p. m., about eighty rods from where tlie drowning occurred. The funeral was held Monday, at 11 a. m., the remains finding a last resting place in the cemetery near Peter Appel's. Thus closed a "brilliant life — one that promised much, and with its sudden close hundreds of brave hearts were filled with grief, for they had come to love the man for his quiet ways and manly bearing. THE CAUSE OF SCIENCE ON THE BOKDEK. In the s])ring of 1850, at the time emigration across the Plains to the "Golden Gate" was at its height, a party of about thirty men in wagons, on tlieir way to California, encam])ed about four miles southeast of Oska- loosa. The company, we believe, was from Push county, Indiana. One of tlieir leaders was quite ill, and he was brought to Oskaloosa for proper medical care and nursing, the company intending to wait a few days in hope of liis recovery; but Death soon claimed his victim, and the traveler was buried in the old cemetery south of town. On the morning following the burial it was found that hyenas in human shape had been at work, and upon examination it was found that the body was missing. The guilty parties, finding tliey were watched, placed the body in a fence corner east of town. Diligent search was made for tlie re- mains of the unfortunate man, but without avail. A day or two later the corpse was discovered by a man not engaged in the search. Two young physicians, Sam])sell and Pearson, of this city, and a young dentist whose name we did not learn, wei'e arrested and brought to trial. Investigation showed that a man named Captain James Moore had been employed by the parties arrested to raise the body; that he had done this in a most barbarous manner, having uncovered the grave and dragged the corpse from the coffin b}^ a rope placed around its neck, and had carried it away to his employers. The indignation of the emigration company was intense, and there was a strong disposition to do violence. The prisoners were guarded until after the com])any had left the country. Then, there being no one to prosecute the case, the matter was finally dropped and the accused sufiered to go free without being tried in the courts — the first trial being before a town mag- istrate. BOWEN MUKDEK CASE. One of the most exciting incidents in the history of Mahaska county oc- curred during the month of August, 1857. At this time political excite- 372 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. ment ran very liigli. Questions between Whigs and Democrats, as well as between temperance and anti-temperance, bad divided tlie voters into sev- eral tactions, and in many cases the feeling of antagonism rose to bitter- ness, and in one case to a fatal termination. At this time Mr. James M. Brown was editor of tbe Herald. He was bitterly opposed to the anti- temperance party, and made liis paper the spokesman of his sentiments. In this way he incurred the enmity of the liquor men. J. W. Bowen had kept a hotel in Oskaloosa, known as the Bowen House, but had disposed of his business a short time before tlie occurrence we are" about to relate, and was keeping saloon. He was the victim of a passion for liquor, and on a certain evening, while nnder the influence of strong drink, was carousing about the S{|uare in Oskaloosa with a number of his companions. About midnight they happened in front of Rice & Lough- ridge's law office, which adjoined the Herald office, and where Brown was talking in front of an open window with E, W. Rice. This office was on the west side of the square, second floor, in the room now occu]ned by M. T. Williams as his office. Bowen proposed, with an oath, that they would go up and see Brown and have a settlement with him, and clean out the Herald office. Bowen reached the head of the stairs and tried the door- latch, but found the door locked. Brown had heard them coming, and fir- ing through the thin door panel, shot Bowen through the breast, killing him almost instantl>\ Brown was arrested, and information was made be- fore several justices, all of whom were afraid to trv the case, lest tliey should make enemies by their decision. Tlie excitement was at highest pitch. Threats of lynching were made, though peace lovers and friends were ready to protect him. Finally information was filed before the Mayor of Oska- loosa, Wm. T. Smith. Brown, after a lengthy trial, was bound over to the next term of court, having given bail for $5,000. The rival newpapers, the Oskaloosa Thnes, in the mean time, did and said everything possible to create public feeling against Brown. The grand jury, however, failed to find an indictment against him, which so enraged his political enemies that they posted notices over the town as follows: TO THE CITIZENS OF MAHASKA. The citizens of Mahaska county are requested to attend a meeting to be held on the public square on Tuesday, Skptember 15, 1857, at 6 o'clock, p. M.. to take into consideration the unprecedented action of the grand jury in acquitting James M. Brown of the murder of J. W. Bowen, without a fair and open trial by a jury of his peers, thereby permitting a murder to remain unpunished in our midst, a course calculated to create distrust in the efficiency of our criminal laws, and indirectly encouraging the mob spirit which is at present so rife throughout our State. MANY CITIZENS. Oskaloosa, September 12, 1857. The place of meeting was changed to Union Hall, where several hundred persons had assembled. Among resolutions passed as the sense of that meeting, was the following: Resoh-ed, That the safety, peace, and above all, the harmony of the community, as also, the welfare of Mr. Brown, requires that he shall no longer remain a citizen of Mahaska county. Mr. Brown fearing personal violence, soon afterward removed to Ohio, and the Herald passed into the hands of John R. Needham, who had for- merly been its editor. HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 373 LOYE, DESERTION AND SUICIDE. . To Leander Dasconi belongs the name of having first opened a coal mine in that prolific mining district which surrounds the present town of Bea- con. His home was Ehnira, New York, where it was afterward learned he had a devoted wife and an only child. In Mahaska county he represented himself as a single man. While living in Oskaloosa, he formed the ac- quaintance of a school teacher, Miss Mary E. Emery, a lady of about 28 years of age, whose parents lived in New Hampshire. He so far won the favor of this young woman as to secure from her a promise of marriage. On Friday evening, January 8, 1858, he visited her and it was arranged that he should marry her the following morning, and they should proceed immediately to her home in New Hampshire. He succeeded in obtaining from her the amount of her savings from a season's work in the school room, and the same night absconded, left for parts unknown, taking with him, it is said, a woman of abandoned character. Learning that her affec- tions had been betrayed, on the following Sunday Miss Emery committed suicide by taking strychnine, having made the coolest preparations there- for, writing to the family with whom she was living, and also to the scoun- drel, Dasconi. The latter unfortunately escaped the punishment which his infamy deserved, unless a life of wretchedness more terrible than death has been meted out by Him, who has said: " Yengeance is mine — I will repay." SHOOTING. In July, 1877, occurred a case of shooting at Blattner & Newbrand's brewery, which is remarkable only from the verdict of the jury which cleared the prisoner from any blame in the matter. Saturday afternoon, July 21st, a party of men were at the brewery drink- ing some beer, got into a war of words and left, swearing vengeance. About six o'clock they returned and some others with them, threatening to clean out the institution. One of the party threw a brickbat at random, whereupon the bar-tender, one Max Roenspeiss, appeared on the platform, and with a revolver shot one of the party, David Golden, inflicting a wound from which he died in a few days. The testimony on trial showed that Dave Golden had not been engaged in the dispute and quarrel which had preceded the shooting, and that he was shot while walking away from the brewery, Roenspeiss making the remark: "I know what he came for," just as he fired the pistol. Golden was unarmed. Roenspeiss was bound over under bond of $10,000 to appear at District Court, where, after trial, he was pronounced ''not guilty," and suffered to go free. LOCAL TROUBLES DURING THE WAR. Of those events which we have classed under this head, no correct history has ever been written. At the time of their occurrence, the most exagger- ated accounts were given. They were greatly magnified, distorted beyond recognition in the press, and some traditionary accounts are simply ridicu- lous. From newspaper accounts, from eye witnesses, from the printed tes- timony upon trial, and from official reports, we have gathered what we 374 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. believe to be a substantially true account of a number of local difficulties growing out of war questions between the years of 1862 and 1865. During this period, there was a very decided element composed of citi- zens in different parts of the county, and especially along the northern border, who were not in sympathy with the war policy of President Lincoln, and many of whom, if we can credit their own statements, were in reality the well wishers and willing abettors of the Southern Confederacy. It is very generally claimed that these men were banded together in cer- tain secret organizations known as " Knights of the Golden. Circle," that they had a system of pass-words, and were in correspondence with similar societies in other counties. On the other hand, it is stoutly denied that such organizations ever existed in Mahaska county, and that in any cases of companies of men visiting the county seat or elsewhere, they were banded simply b}^ communit}^ of sentiment. Men whose credibility on ordinary subjects no man in the county would dispute, have declared upon their oath that they had attended meetings of the kind suggested, in disguise. As to their possible delusion or mendacity, it is not for the historian to decide, but the privilege of the reader to learn the known tacts and judge for him- self from the rapidity and community of action on the part of the accused, whether they were or were not parties to a mutual understanding. On one occasion three men who lived near Indianapolis, on I^orth Skunk river, were arrested on charge of treason, by the United States Marshal. These men were Silas Parr, a justice of the peace, B. A. Smith, a Cumber- land Presbyterian minister, and Wesley Thomas, also a minister, we believe of the Christian denomination. These men were brought to Oskaloosa and lodged in jail. Fearing an attempt rtiiglit be inade by their friends to release the" prisoners, a company of Guards was summoned from Eddyville. A day or two following the arrest some two or tliree hundred armed men from the northern partof the county headed for Oskaloosa, avowing as their purpose the release of the prisoners. Most of these stopped on the north side of South Skunk river, and a chosen band was sent to Oskaloosa, who, after canvassing the situation and making idle threats of their intentions, returned to their comrades, and the entire party dispersed to their homes. By some compromise and tlie payment of small fines. Parr and Thomas were released. Smith being a poor man, was taken to Des Moines and there imprisoned. His friends made up the amount of his fine, and sent him a purse to secure his release, but he, preferring martyrdom, sent the ransom to his family to provide for their wants, while he himself served the term of his imprisonment, which was six or nine months, after which he was permitted to go free. It should have been stated that the charges against these men were treasonable utterances made by them, of which they were j^robably guilty. TALLY RAID. On Saturday, August 1, 1863, a Democratic mass meeting was held near English river, in Keokuk county. The speaking occurred in a grove, about one-half mile from town. The chief speaker was George Tally, who had been a Baptist minister, but who had been silenced in the church on account of his ultra politics. Several hundred persons were present at this meeting, most of whom had come in wagons, in the bottom of which was hay or straw, and therein secreted were arms of different kinds, which fact was HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 3T5 developed at a later hour in tlie day. Speeches were made during the fore- noon, and as some Republicans were present, party spirit ran high. As an illustration of the excitement, it is related that in a stripping of butternut badges the clothing was almost torn from a couple of ladies present, who displaj'ed the objectionable emblems. Wild, and perhaps idle threats were made, that the party would come up in the afternoon and clean out the town of South English, which was quite a radical stronghold. Reports of these were carried up into the town, where, from the balcony of a hotel a Republican Was addressing a meeting of his party, and in the town the rad- ical feeling was also quite strong. To be prepared for emergencies, the citizens were armed as far as there w^re weapons for their use. In the afternoon the Tally party came up to the town in wagons. In the front wagon were several men, including Tally, M'ho stood up in the rear part. The Republican meeting had just closed, and arms were freely displayed. Some persons warned Tally that he had best not go through the town, as there would be trouble, but he claimed he meant no injury to anyone, and merely asked the privilege of the street. As the first wagon came into the crowd, there were cries from the street of "Coward!" "Copperhead!" "Afraid to shoot!" etc. Previous to this time no weapons had been dis- played by the \)nvtj in the wagon, but upon these cries they came up from the bottom of the conveyance. Just then the street became so crowded that it was necessary to stop the wagon for a moment. At that instant a citizen, accidentally, as he claims, discharged one barrel of his revolver into the ground. This was the occasion for a general firing, and it is marvelous that the loss of life was not much greater. It has been estimated that 150 shots were fired, which is evidently a great exaggeration. Tally stood in the l)ack part of the wagon with revolver and bowie knife in hand; he evi- dently fired twice, as two chambers were emjHy, when he fell from the wagon dead, having been shot once through the head and twice through the body. One of the horses attached to the wagon was wounded, which caused the team to run, and probably avoided more serious consequences. The only other party severely wounded was a Democrat named Wyant, who afterward recovered. Tally was taken up and carried to his home at loka. The revolver and knife were so firmly clinched in his hand that they re- mained there until they were removed at his liome. The firing was so gen- eral it was never positively known who killed Tally, and no ari'ests were made. A commission of three were appointed by tlie South English citizens to effect a peaceable settlement with Tally's friends. On that Saturday after- noon and night messengers M-ere sent out all over the country to sympa- thizers of the Tally party, and before daylight Sabbath morning wagon loads of men were on the way from the western border of Mahaska to the place of rendezvous on Skunk river. These volunteers formed wdiat is cur- rently known as the Skunk River Army. Probably 150 men went from this over into Keokuk county. The leader of this movement was Bill Tally, a cousin, we believe of George Tally's. This Sunday in loka and elsewhere was spent by the Democrats in moulding bullets, preparing arms, etc., and everything indicated a preparation for business, but a day or two later the determination weakened. With Bill Tally, the leader, better counsels prevailed, and he gave up the warlike measures; and petty jeal- ousies and lack of leadership soon broke the backbone of the expedition. In the meantime Governor Kirkwood had been notified at Iowa City, and troops and a couple of cannon were ordered to South English, when the 376 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Gov^ernor himself arrived about Wednesday, and made a speech to the citizens. The popuhxr story of the Governor's threat of minie balls and canister to the Skunk River xlrmy, and of their terror stricken flight from the camp is a myth, the truth being that there was no considerable number of armed men nearer English river than Skunk river, which is sixteen miles from the town. The project of armed resistance had been practically abandoned before Governor Kirkwood reached the town, many of the Mahaska county troops having returned to their homes on Monday or Tuesday. It is prob- able that there were still some men assembled at the time of Governor Kirkwood's visit, and that his proclamation was read to them, which gave rise to the more extravagant story. There was nobody badly frightened on either side, and no particular cowardice manifested. It is highly probable that if Bill Tally had continued as leader that the result would have been quite disastrous. The Skunk River Army has been variously estimated at numbers ranging from five hundred to four thousand; the first figure is probably not far from the truth. According to the Adjutant General's report, the following list of com- panies were engaged in vai'ious parts of Keokuk county in suppressing dis- turbances during August, 1S63: Muscatine Rangers, Washington Provost Guards, Brighton Guards, Richland Home Guards, Fairfield Prairie Guards, Fairfield Union Guards, Abington Home Guards, Liberty ville Guards, Mt. Pleasant Infantry, Mt. Pleasant Artillery and Sigourney Home Guards — eleven companies. PEORIA RIOT. Shortly after the Tally raid an occurrence took place in tlie northwest- ern part of the county in some respects similar. On the 22d of August, 1863, a so-called Democratic rally was held about one-half mile west of the town of Peoria, on Buckley creek. Here were assembled in mass meeting several hundred men, most of whom were Democrats. There were at that time near Peoria two soldiers of Co. IT of the Third Iowa Infantry, who were home on wounded furlough, having been wounded at Jackson, Miss. These were Capt Simon G. Gary and Sergt. Abraham T. Alloway. Gary attended the meeting in the forenoon, and had had some words with some of his political opponents in regard to wearing but- ternut badges. He returned to Peoria about noon and met Alloway. Gary was quite severely wounded in the thigh, and Alloway but slightly in the hip. Gary borrowed a single-barreled pistol from a friend in Peoria, and having indulged in some of tlie town beei', as was shown on testimony at the trial, he and Alloway started for the meeting. While Capt. James A. Seevers, of Oskaloosa, was addressing the meeting, they arrived on the grounds, and soon after got into a war of words, when some of the soldiers' friends approached and tried to get them ofli" the ground. While they were moving away a farmer named Mart Myers stepped up in front of the men and declared with an oath that no man would dare remove his badge. He had no sooner spoken than the offensive emblem was snatched from his lapel by one of the wounded men. He and Alloway (who was unarmed) immediately clinched, and while they were struggling Myers drew his re- volver and shot Alloway through the body. The latter snatched the revol- ver from him, and throwing him on the ground tried several times to shoot him through the head, but the pistol snapped, and after striking Myers a HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTS. 377 couple of times with the butt of the pistol he fell back exhausted. As soon as Mjers fired the lirst shot an indiscriminate discharge of weapons took place. Gary emptied his pistol without etfect, and was himself shot through the wrist, and a Dr. Spain was shot in the leg. This of course broke up the meeting, and the voice of Capt. Seevers above the din of battle order- ing every man to his home cleared the ground of every Democrat in a very few minutes. Few Republicans were present, and these placed Sergt. Al- loway in a spring wagon, but lie died before reaching Peoria. His body was taken to the house of B. F. Wintermute, from whence the funeral took place a few days afterward, and the procession is said to have been one and one-half miles in length, showing that by some in Mahaska a soldier's life was not lightlj^ valued. Allow^ay was to have been married in a few days to a cousin of his murderer. The day after the shooting Sheriif Allumbaugh and two marshals, Jesse Dodd and Wm. Johnson, went up to Sugar Grove, and after some difficulty- succeeded by strategy in arresting Myers, who was lodged in jail at Oskaloosa. After a trial at Ottumwa, and again at Albia, without successful convic- tion, and in the last of which testimony was introduced to prove that Gary had fired the ball which killed Alloway, the county having already been involved some thousands of dollars in costs, resolved to dismiss the case, and Myers was allowed to go unpunished. We have it from those wiio claim to have seen it that a three-sti'iped flag with butternut trimmings was exhilnted and cheered at the meeting at which this shooting took place, a statement scarcely credible were it not supported by other circumstances equally culpable. TIMES OFFICE RAID. At the time of the killing of Alloway, A. A. Wheelock, an ultra-Demo- crat, was in charge of the Times, as editor and proprietor. The Times was a Democratic paper which had been running in Oskaloosa since 1854. In commenting upon the murder of Alloway Wheelock gave publicity through his columns to sentiments something like this: "Alloway was nothing but a Lincoln hireling, employed in killing his betters," and intimated he did not consider the death of a soldier as of much consequence anyway. Alloway, as has been mentioned, was a sergeant in Co. H, Third Iowa. Several copies of the Times of the above-mentioned issue found their way into the camp of Co. II, and proved quite inflammator}' diet to his old com- rades, as might well be expected. Men who are exposing their lives for tlieir country's sake do not appreciate the innuendoes and sneers of those who stay at home and possibly sympathize with the enemy. Co. H M^as at this time at Natchez. A meeting was called in which it was resolved that certain alternatives should be offered Mr. Wheelock by the indignant Co. H. These were three: to retract his statement, to take Confedei'ate money for his paper at face value, and thus tangibly manifest his confi- dence in the ^'hetters " of Union soldiers, or to suffer supj^ression when Co. H could reach him by physical force. The first two alternatives were of- fered him by mail, but were rejected. The soldiers determined to enforce the third. It was known that part of Co. II of the Third Infantry, Co. of the Fifteentli and Co. II of the Eighth would be at home on veteran fur- lough about the same time. Hence a correspendence was opened up be- tween certain parties of each company, in which an understanding for mu- tual aid was come to in the matter of the Times suppression. 378 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The soldiers returned in March, 1864. Co, H liad a meeting in the hotel at Eddyville, where quite a portion of the veterans expressed their disap- proval of violent measures, and proposed letting the matter drop; but not so with some. The folk)wing morning tlie stage drove up to the Madison House with eight men in blue of Co. H, Third. These went around to the Times office and told the editor they were the comrades of Alloway, and tliey wished the publication of the Times suspended during their short stay of thirty days at home. "Bj^ what authority?" said Mr. Wheelock. " By military au- thority." The soldiers then left. In the next issue of his paper, Mr. Wheelock stated that he had been threatened by furloughed soldiers; that he desired no quarrel with them, and expected to attend to his own business; if physical force were resorted to, that the soldiers would have to face the Democracy' of Mahaska count3\ The following Saturday afternoon was secretly selected by the soldiers as the time for " business." That there were quite a number of the Democracy in the city prepared to defend the Times, and armed for that purpose, was evi- dent, for some appeared on tlie street that afternoon. Portions of the three companies al)ove mentioned were in Oskaloosa. They had at the armory ninety stand of arms, loaded, which 11 ey were prepared to use if a riot ensued. About two o'clock in the afternoon the soldiers of Co. IT, Third Iowa, left the Madison House aud proceeded to the Times office on High street, a few steps from the northeast corner of the square. They entered the press-room, and carrying the forms there lying, to the windows, threw the type in the street. The fonts were emptied in a like manner, and a few minutes left the Times office with onh' a few scattering type in the build- ing. Nothing else was touched. The soldiers then left and met their com- rades outside. Not a shot was fired by either party. The suppression was successful. The Times did not again appear. Mr. AV^heelock soon after- ward left Oskaloosa, and has since experienced a more prosperous journey in another walk of life. KILLING or THE MARSHALS. In the draft of 1864, certain men drafted from Sugar Creek township in Poweshiek county, failed to report themselves in obedience to orders, and under the law became deserters. On Saturday, October 1st, the Provost Marshal of the fourth district of Iowa, with headquarteas at Grinnell, sent out two officers with orders for arrest of these deserters. These officers were Capt. John L. Bashore, of Appanoose county. Deputy Provost Mar- shal, and Josiah M. Woodrutt", of Knoxville, witii headquarters at Oska- loosa. These men entered Sugar Creek townsliip before noon, and meeting with a certain Mike Gleason, made some inquiries as to the men of whom they were in search, thinking Gleason to be a loyalist. After leaving Gleason they proceeded to the house of Craver, where they stopped for din- ner. After refreshments they had not proceeded far when they met tliree men, John and Joe Fleener (who were brothers-in-law to Myers, who had shot Alloway in the previous autumn), and the man Gleason. The manner of the men convinced the officers that they meant mischief, and Bashore sprang out of the buggy in which the marshals were riding, and with re- volver in hand commenced remonstrating with the men, telling them they were not the citizens of whom they (the marshals) were in search, and they had no business with them. Woodruff remained in the buggy. Almost immediately the Fleeners and Gleason commenced firing. Woodruff was HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 379 shot through the head and killed almost instantly. Bashore was shot in the back, the ball entering near the kidneys, from the effects of which he died in a few hours, but not before giving an account of the shooting. Gleason was shot, probably by Bashore, in the thigh, and was so severely wounded he was not able to leave the spot, but had strength enough to break his gun over the head of the prostrate marshal. The Fleeners made good their escape, leaving Gleason to his fate. Several citizens hearing the shooting came to the spot immediately, and removed the dead and wounded to the house of Graver, near by. If the testimony of Gleason is to be believed, he went, after meeting the marshals in the forenoon to a meeting of the so-called "Democrat Kan- gers"inthat vicinity, and it was there decided that the marshals should be "attended to," and certain parties were appointed to take care of them. Certain it is that several wagon loads of men passed the spot after the marshals were shot and while lying in the road, without ofiering assistance. Where thej' had been is a matter of conjecture. By marshal James Matthews, of Grinnell, two companies of militia from Grinnell and Montezuma were at cnce ordered to the scene of the shoot- ing, to assist in making arrests, and on Sunday evening Gleason, with seven others, were sent to Oskaloosa ii:xler guard. The seven additional men arrested were Andrew Powers an^i son Joseph, Solomon Watson and son George, John Maloney, Allen McDaniel, and Perry McFarland. These were subsequently sent to Davenport under a^strong guard, and as there was no evidence sufficient to convict them, they were soon after re- leased. A number of other arrests were made, but of little consequence. On Monday following the bodies of the dead marshals were brought to Oskaloosa, and the sight of their marred forms roused the crowd to such a frenzy that nothing but a strong guard and brick walls saved Gleason from speedy punishment. The following day the corpses were removed to Cen- terville and Knoxville, the separate homes of these victims of mad and un- provoked assault. All efforts to find the Fleener brothers were unavailing. They immedi- ately left the country and have never been publicly seen since. We are informed that they now live in Kansas under assumed names, and that of late 3'ear one of them made a visit to Sugar Creek in disguise, but did not remain long. Gleason lay in jail at Oskaloosa for a number of months w^aiting for his wound to heal, lie was finally brought to trial and was sentenced for a long term in the state penitentiary, where he has since died. Some accounts state that there were a number of men secreted in the surrounding bushes at the time of the murder, who assisted in the shooting but this is not probable in view of conflicting circumstances, and it is likely that " the Fleeners " and Mike Gleason were the only parties actively en- gaged in the bloody work. This, of course, was a most dastardly and unwarrantable deed, as were all cases of violence against marshals in different parts of the country, w'here they were were simply performing their duty under orders — they being in no way responsible fer the conscription laws which they were sworn to support and enforce. OTHER DIFFICULTIES. Another occurrence which excited considerable comment and ex- 380 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. citement at the time, occurred in the southeastern part of Mahaska. Joseph Macon, an ex-sherifF of Mahaska, got into a quarrel with a soldier of a Union organization known as the "Border Brigade." The difhculty occurred in Oskaloosa in June, 1863, Jose])h Macon was an extreme Dem- ocrat, and a number of the niembers of the Brigade took it upon tliem- selves to be the champions of their comrades, wliich cliampionship they displayed in a most cowardly manner. A short time after the Oskaloosa difficulty Macon had occasion to go to Eddyville to meet a relative, an old gentleman, at the train, that being at that time the railroad point nearest Oskaloosa. Having found his passen- ger and started for home, just as he was leaving town a party of the "Brig- ade " present in Eddyville, commenced tiring at him, but without eflect. Macon urged his horse to the top of his speed and temporarily escaped, but linding he was pursued, he left his buggy in charge of his companion and took to the woods, where he concealed himself until his batiled enemies abandoned the search, and he was permitted to return home. We believe no arrests were made in this case and Macon was not further molested. In another case a man named Street, from some of the southern coun- ties, was to be taken to Des Moines, having been sentenced to imprison- ment there for treason. It was resolved, by wliat has been known as the "Skunk River Army," to rescue the prisoner as he should pass through Oskaloosa in the stage. On the day appointed for his removal to Des Moines, about one hundred armed men appeared in Oskaloosa, intending to intercept the stage. But unfortunately for the deliverers, the authorities wei'e forewarned of their purpose. The stage containing the prisoner did not enter Oskaloosa by tlie usual route, but branching toward the north outside the limits, proceeded to the jail, escorted by a company of Eddy- ville militia, which had been sent on in advance. This thwarted the inten- tion of the insurgents, who returned to their homes, when the prisoner was taken on the same night. A BIG FRIGHT. Most towns in Southern Iowa had their day of a big scare sometime or other during the war, and Oskaloosa was not an exception. One morning, probably in the fall of 1863, it was reported in town that Bill Anderson with his guerilla band was marching upon the city. The source of the rumor was unknown, but in such panics as similar reports usually cause, the origin of reports is not sought after, and people are deter- mined to'believe the worst, and nothing but the worst. In this case, bells were rung, whistles blown, and riders scoured the country for aid. The schools were dismissed, and the larger boys, with all other available citizens, were formed into militia companies, and the day spent in drilling on the square. No pickets were out, and had a dozen rebel cavalry charged down one of the streets unannounced, thej' could probably have cleaned out the whole militia force, which would undoubt- edly have discovered the utility of heels as a defense against rebels. About the time the guns began to get heavy and the boys were feeling weary, word came tliat Anderson and his bushwhackers were far enough beyond the Missouri line. The next morning not a man could be found who had experienced any alarm, but all had drilled because " the others did," and " for the fun of the thing." WAR HISTORY. MAHASHA COUNTY WAR RECORD. In the presidential election of 1860, Mahaska county polled 2971 votes. In the War of the Rebellion she sent to the tield 127-1 of her strongest, most promising and vigorous sons. At the time of the outbreak of the war, Mahaska was absorbed in the vocations of peace. Her great agricultural opportunities were beginning to be known She was just recovering from the panic of 1857, which liad so prostrated business throughout the Northwest. The country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. Those who had been in the coun- try in the days that had " tried men's souls," and their descendants, had begun to see tlie dawning of a better day. "When immediately surrounded with peace and tranquility, they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who liv'ed and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and tlesli of others — aye, even by trafficking in the offspring of their own loins." But still the war was upon them, the thundering of cannon within the nation's very gates, before the people of the Northwest realized the issues at stake. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumpter, near Charleston, South Carolina, was fired upon, by what the more charitable of the nation believed to be a drunken mob. But the surrender of Capt. Anderson, made necessary by the mur- derous and continued fire of the enemy's guns, awakened the whole North from its dream of securitj' and perpetual union. When the cloud of treason darkened Freedom's light in Sumpter's sky, Bravely stepped they forth to battle, They to conquer or to die. April 15th, the following proclamation of the President sped over the wires from the National Capital to the land beyond the Mississippi: Whereas, the laws of the United States have been, and now are opposed in several States by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in an ordinary way, I, therefore, call upon the militia of the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000 to suppress said combination and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens for State aid in this effort to maintain the laws, integrity, National Union, perpetuity of popular government, and redress wi'ongs long enough endured. The first service assigned forces will probably be to re -possess forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union. The utmost care should be taken consistent with our object, to avoid devastation, destruction and interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country, and I hereby command persons commanding the aforesaid combinations to disperse within twenty days fi-om date. 24 384 HISTORY OF MA.HASKA COUNTY. I hei-eby convene both Houses of Cong-i-ess for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon measures for the public safety as its interests may demand. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. By W. H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. Of this call for volunteers only one ref^iment was required to fill the quota of Iowa. The proclamation of Gov. Kirkwood calling for this regi- ment was issued April 17th, from Iowa City. The urgent exhortation of the Governor was patriotic but not necessary. The men of Iowa sprang to arms as one man, and hundreds of volunteers were offered which the State did not need. Company H, of the Third regiment, Capt. Warren, was the first one ready in Mahaska county, being filled June 1, 1861. This com- pany had made application for a place in the First regiment, but too late for a rank in the same. By the first of July, Iowa had provided for the Nation's use six regiments of volunteers, and still the enlistments were going on. In July, 1861, Co. C of the Seventh Iowa Infantry, left Mahas- ka, and a little later Co. II of the Eighth Iowa, marched. Next was Co. C of the Fifteenth. Then came that well remembered lull in the conflict, when sanguine men grew more hopeful, and the desponding less in despair; a time when it was hoped the war would soon end, and once more would be " beaten the swords into ploughshares, and the spears into pruning hooks." But soon was the spirit of the north again roused, and the blood of chivalry of Mahaska sent leaping in boiling currents through veins swollen with righteous wrath, as the terrible news of Shiloh, of thousands slain, and Mahaska's sons in southern prisons, came to fathers, brothers, and friends of those who had gone to the front. The call of President Lincoln, for three hundred thousand men, met a most liberal response from Mahaska. From the plow, from the workshop and counting house, leaving the school-room, the desk, the bar, the pulpit, the press, men of every rank of life, of all ages, grey -beard and youth, those who showed themselves the bravest of the brave, came forth and enrolled their names among those who were ready to face the cannon's mouth, if neccessary to die for their country. Four companies were enrolled for a sin- gle regiment, the gallant Thirty-third. Those who were kept at home by age, infirmity or sex, did noble service too. They assisted with their hands, their money and their words of cheer. Ethically considered, to the wives and mothers who gave up their husbands and sons, their natural protectors, and with a passive self-sacrifice, suffered them to go to the field of carnage, an even greater debt of gratitude is due than to those brave men who then act- ively, and with less self-denial rendered their service, and suffered like hard- ships, in the preservation of that other mother-life, the nation itself. Company C, of the 40th Iowa, was raised at the same time. Finally was sent Company I, 47th Iowa. Besides, these full company organizations, numerous squads and individuals enlisted in other companies in this and other States, of whom record is made in the following pages. In September, 1862, the Board of Supervisors of Mahaska county passed a resolution offering a ten dollar bounty warrant, receivable for county taxes, to all volunteer privates from Mahaska county. This offer continued in force until January, 1863. The ladies in Mahaska county did much for the aid of the soldiers during HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 385 the war. Aid societies were formed, sanitary supplies sent, widows and or- phans of soldiers relieved, a good and noble work which time will reward. During the summer of lS6i, alone, the people of Mahaska county made the following subscriptions: Sanitary Commission, over $1,000 Christian Commission, over 1,000 Freedmen's Aid Commission 1,000 Soldiers' Orphan's Home 2,000 $5,000 Forty-five men were drafted from Mahaska county, November, 1864. Of these we were not able to secure a complete list. In fact we are quite un- willingly driven to an apology for the meagerness of parts of our war history. IS'ewspaper files could not be found covering the war period, a most impor- tant era in the history of the county, and we have been obliged to depend very considerably upon the frail memory of mortals in regard to facts whose occurrence is removed by years. January 10, 1865, a committee appointed to solicit donations for soldiers' families, about ten days previous, submitted the following as their partial report, with the stateinent that some townsliips had not yet reported: "Des Moines, §150; Harrison, $175; White Oak, §4.50; Adams, $125; Madison, $275; Richland, $309.89; Pleasant Grove, $200; Monroe (south part), $93 ; Prairie (New Sharon), $65.75 ; Union, $217.06 ; Oskaloosa, $1291.67. Total, $3,382.37." Two men from Mahaska became generals, and by a singular coincidence,^ they were brothers. These were the lamented Gen. S. A. Rice, commissioned ^ Brig. General, August, 1863, and Elliott W. Rice, of the Seventh Iowa In- fantry, promoted Brigadier General about the same time with his brother, and afterward breveted Major General. Capt. Comstock of Company C, 33d Infantry, had been a volunteer in the Mexican war, the only one from Mahaska county. He enlisted Oct. 25, 1848, at Hannibal, Mo., as private in 14th Tennessee Regiment. Mustered out August, 1849. Having thus hurriedly sketched in general terms the history of Mahaska in the war, there yet remains another duty for our pen. This is, to collect the names so far as possible, of those brave men who left their homes at their country's call ; and to place on imperishable record the enlistments, jn-omo- tions and casualties of the humblest knight in Mahaskian chivalry. This is a duty we gladly perform, not alone for those yet living, but for the memory of those whose blood was made to fatten southern battle fields, whose loss a multitude of widows and orphans have mourned with a bitterness which no pension can ever sweeten, nor crown of glory drive away. When another generation has passed, we trust an occasional gray haired veteran, bowed with the infirmity of years, will point to these pages with the commendable pride of a volunteer of 1812, in this day; while the orphans of the slain and their children, will look upon this brief epitaph of their forefathers, as an undying witness that the blood of their loyal ancestry, not only pulsated with a patriot's devotion, but fatally left its living fountain upon the nation's battle-field. All hail to our gallant defenders, all hail! Our noblest, our bravest, our best; Proud peers of the world's worshiped heroes ye stand, By freedom's dear attributes blest. 386 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ah. the voice of the past to your heart and ours, It brings in its eloquent breath The wild tones of victory, softened and blent, With the low mystic cadence of death. But the angel of faith with her magical wand. Lifts the vail from our grief, and behold! The invisible ami of a pitying God Hath gathered them into the fold. The following is compiled in part, from the Adjutant General's Reports: THIRD INFANTRY. This regiment contained volunteers from all parts of the State. It was one of those bodies of volunteers which sprang to arms at the tirst call for men, and was an enthusiastic command from the very beginning of service. The volunteers were sworn into the service at Keokuk, on the 8th and 10th of June, 1801. The regiment left the Gate City on June 29, and proceeded by river to Hannibal, Missouri. This State was then in an unhappy eondi-, tion. Guerillas, horse-thieves, and rebel bushwhackers w^ere continually harassing the Unionists of the State. The regiment was ordered to Chilli- cothe, where the men tirst met their colonel, Nelson G. Williams, of Du- buque count^^ During part of July and August most of the regiment sta- tioned at Chillicothe were drilled seven hours daily. Rigid discipline, irk- some camp duties, and fruitless marching and couter-marching began to breed a spirit of discontent. For some ott'ense Colonel Williams had been ordered to St. Louis in arrest. The regiment proceeded to Macon City, and from thence to Cameron early in September. The regiment was under com- mand of Lieutenant-colonel Scott. Scott, w^ith five hundred able men of the Third Iowa, about seventy home guards, a squad of artillery, and a sin- gle six-pounder gun left Cameron on the afternoon of September 15th, and reached Liberty early on the 17th, expecting there to co-operate with Colonel Smith, Sixteenth Illinois, against the rebel general Atchinson, commanding three regiments, two battalions, and one battery — about four thousand men. The enemy had marched through Liberty the evening before, and j^roceeded to Blue Mills Landing, where they expected to cross the river. Colonel Smith had not arrived. The troops under Scott were impatient for battle, and tiring being heard in the direction of the landing about eleven o'clock, the eagerness of our troops for liattle was dithcult to restrain. The inter- vening country between Liberty and Blue Mills was covered by a thick for- est and underbrush, and impenetrable in line of battle. Yielding to the clamor of his men, Scott marched in column into the woods, with skirmish- ers in the van. They had not proceeded tar when surprised by rebel am- bush, and were under tire along the entire line. The cannon was brought into action, but only tired two rounds when so many of the gunners were killed that the piece could be no longer worked. The men fought bravely, but were compelled to fall back, which they did in good order, bringing otf the cannon l)y band. In a short time ten out of sixteen officei's had fallen, killed or wounded. On reaching the open tield a battalion was formed, but the rebels declined attack. The retreat -was continued to Liberty. During the night the enemy crossed the river, and moved rapidly toward Lexington. The loss to the Third low^a in this engagement was ninety-four in killed and wounded, and though a rash adventure and severe lesson, the etiect on the JIISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 3S'< command was a good one. From Liberty the regiment proceeded to Wj- andott, Kansas. From thence, on the 18th of October, the regiment pro- ceeded by rail to Quincy, Illinois, where they remained in cjimp nntil November 9, a ball being there given by tlie citizens in honor of the com- mand. Thence liy river the regiment proceeded to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis. December 26 the regiment was distributed in scpiads along the line of the Nortli Missouri railroad, for the purpose of guarding the track. Thus employed, they spent the winter. Eecalled to St. Louis early in March, the command was soon on a steamer embarked to join the forces of General Grant, in Tennessee. Disembarking at Pittsburg Landing, here our regi- ment remained nntil the surprise of April 6. In tlie battle of Shilolithe Third regiment distinguished itself by its bravery and desperate fighting. The loss of most of its line officers in killed and wounded attests its activity in the fight. In carrying a bridge at Matamora, in September, in a few minutes it lost sixty officers and men out of three hundred engaged. On the 17th of May the regiment embarked on the steamer Crescent City, for Yicksburg. This steamer was in advance of a fleet bearing re-enforcements to Grant. She was fired into by a considerable number of rebels, but the Third Iowa men sprang to their arms and drove the enemy from the shore. Fourteen men of the regiment were wounded. May 25th it took its place among those besieging Yicksburg, and during the entire siege, and in several engagements, maintained its former reputation for valor. In the campaign against Joe Johnson the Third bore a more conspicuous part of gallantry and suftering than any other command from Iowa. Its conduct in the sec- ond siege of Jackson was equally heroic. In December it returned to Yicksburg; took part in the Meridian raid; and after the return to Yicks- burg again, the veterans were furloughed. The non-veterans under com- mand of Lieutenant-colonel Tullis, of Mahaska, proceeded to assist in the Ked Eiver campaign. The two portions were never re-united, the non- veterans being mustered out after their campaign nnder Banks. The lew returning veterans were consolidated into a battalion of three companies, but in the battle of Atlanta literally fought itself out of existence. In this battle, their color-bearer being slain"", "still the mass stood there, madly fight- ing for defense. Their numbers fast decreasing by death their hopes be- gan to fail, and as they surrendered themselves to the enemy they torethe emblems of our nationality and regimental designation into pieces and into shreds, which, concealed, they proudly brought l)ack to us, untouched and unsoiled by impious and traitorous hands." The few remaining members of the organization consolidated with the Second Iowa Infantry, taking part with Sherman in his campaigns to the close of the war. Lieut. Col. James Tullis. See below, Co. II. Com. Sergt. Charles A. Croney, mustered in January, 1862, reduced to ranks, February, 1862. Com. Sergt. Webster W. Majors, enlisted Second Corporal, Co. I-I,_June 1, 1861, promoted fourth Sergeant, January 6, 1S62, promoted first Ser- geant, February 1, 1862, Commissary Sergeant, February, 1862, taken prisoner at Shiloli, April 6, 1862, and paroled, died October 31, 1862. Com. Sergt. Edward W. Hall, enlisted as private in Co. B, May 21, 1861, promoted Commissary Sergeant, June 28, 1862, First Lieutenant Co. B, November 1, 1862. 388 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. Dongliman, Daniel, enlisted May 21, 1801, killed in battle at Jackson, Miss. Defei'-bano^li, E., enlisted May 10, 1864, dropped from rolls as de- serted, September 30, 1864. Garden, Robert I., enlisted May 21, 1861. Lntlier, Henry F., enlisted May 21, 1861. Moore, Jacob, enlisted May 21, 1861, wounded very severely at Shiloli, died of fever, June 16, 1862. Pearson, Henry, enlisted Mav 21, 1861. Sweene, Thos. C, enlisted May 21, 1861, discharo^ed at Sturgeon, Mo., February 12,1862. COMPANY C. Warren, Ezra G., enlisted May 20, 1861, wounded and missing at Jackson, July 12, 1863, died . COMPANY H. Captain John H. Warren, enlisted June 1, 1861, wounded severely in legs at Blue Mills, Mo., Sep- tember 17, 1861, and resigned February 12, 1862. Captain James Tullis, enlisted as First Lieutenant June 1, 1861, wounded severely at Black Mills, Mo., promoted Captain Februaiy 13, 1862, wounded severely at Sliiloh, promoted Lieutenant Col- onel November 21, 1862, mus- tered out June 18, 1864. Captain Simon G. Gary, enlisted First Sergeant, Co. H, June 1, 1861, promoted Second Lieuten- ant February 22, 1862, promoted First Lieutenant October 6, 1862, wounded slightly at Shiloh, pro- moted Captain November 22, 1862, wounded severely in left thigh at battle of Jackson, July 12, 1863, mustered out June 18, 1864. First Lieutenant William P. Dodd, enlisted as private June 1, 1861, promoted Second Lieutenant Dec. 1,1861, promoted First Lieutenant February 22, 1862, killed in bat- tle, Matamora, Tenn., Oct. 5, 1862. Second Sergeant Jno. Farmer, en- listed June 1, 1861, severely wounded at Jackson in right fore- arm, discharged February 12, 1864, for wounds. Third Sergeant Chas. W. Peach, en- listed June 1, 1861, reduced to ranks November 1, 1861, veteran- ized Jan 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Third Sei-geant Abraham T. Allo- way, enlisted as private June 1, 1861, promoted Third Sergeant November 1, 1861, wounded at Jackson, Miss., killed at Peoria, Mahaska countj^, in a riot August 22, 1863, of which account is giv- en elsewhere. Fourth Sergeant Albert E. Lough, enlisted June 1, 1861, died of ty- phoid fever at Oskaloosa, Iowa, January 6, 1862. First Corporal John H. Seevers, en- listed June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at Pittsburg Land- ing, May 1,*1862. Second Corporal Wm. H. Bowker, enlisted June 1, 1861 as private, promoted Second Corporal April 22, 1862, veteranized Januaiw 4, 1864, Co. I, Second Veteran In- fantry. Second Corporal John R. Blattner, enlisted June 1, 1861, killed in battle Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Third Corporal Clinton DeWitt, en- listed as private October 24, 1861, promoted Third Corpoi-al July 26, 1862, re-enlisted Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, commissioned First Lieutenant July 8, 1864, Wounded at Jackson, Miss, Fourth Corporal Jno. F. Lacy, en- listed June 1, 1861, discharged at Qnincy November 1, 1861, par- oled prisoner. IIISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 389 Fourth Corporal Edward A. Bar- bour, enlisted June 1, 1861, as private, wonnded severely at Blue Mills, promoted Fourth Corporal February 13, 1862, wounded se- verely in hip at Siiiloh, discharged September 29, 1862, at Keokuk, for disability. Fifth Corporal J. A. Breckenridge, enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged at Quincy, October 25, 1861. Fifth Corporal Edward J. Ball, en- listed as private June 1, 1861, promoted Fifth Coi-poral, wound- ed at Shiloh, reduced to ranks by court martial, October 3, 1862. Fifth Corporal Jas. F. Lacy, enlisted as private, June 1, 1861. promoted Fifth Corporal November 1,1861, died at Oskaloosa, Feb. 11,1862. Fifth Corporal Jonas II. Gatewood, enlisted as private, promoted Fifth Corporal, October 27, 1862. Sixth Corporal Wm. A. Ovrell, en- listed June 1, 1861, wounded sligiitly in hip at Shiloh, veter- anized February 27, 186-1, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, dis- charged January 4, 1865, to re- ceive an appointment in U. S. Col. Troops. Seventh Corporal Chas. "W. Kapp, enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at St. Louis, Januarj^ 1, 1862. Seventh Corporal Geo. W. Coverson, enlisted as private June 1, 1861, promoted Seventh Corporal Feb- ruary 3, 1862, missing at Jackson, Miss., July 12, 1863. Eighth Corporal Geo. Godfrey, en- listed June 1, 1861, wounded se- verel}^ at Shiloh, taken prisoner June 25, 1862, and exchanged, died at Memphis, March 22, 1863. Fifer Thos. Kerr, enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for deafness, St. Louis, Mo., November 30,1861. Wagoner Wheeler Chadwick, enlist- ed June 1, 1861, reduced to ranks, discharged June 20, 1861, for dis- ability. Wagoner William W. AVheeler, en- listed as private June 1, 1861, promoted wagoner. PRIVATES. Barton, James C, enlisted June 1, 1861, died of typhoid fever at Mexico, Mo., February 20, 1862. Bigham, Samuel, enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4,1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Ball, Basil K., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, discharged March 27, 1865, to re- ceive appointment in U. S. col- ored troops. Boswell, Francis M., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at St. Louis, November 15, 1861. Benson, Samuel, eidisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4,1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, appointed 5tli corporal. Benson, Maulorff, enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Brown, M. V. B., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at St. Louis, December 12, 1861. Brockaway, Philo J„ enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized December 17, 1863, into Co. I, Second Veteran Infantrj'. Campbell, Richard H., enlisted June 1, 1861. Crawford, J. Lewis, enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Coverston, Wm. A., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized in Second Vet- eran Infantry, January 4, 1864, wounded and captured at Canton, Miss., February 27, 1864. Coverston, Lafayette, enlisted Sep- tember 5, 1862, veteranized in Co. I, Second Veteran infantry. Davis, Clement, enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged at Sturgeon, Mo., February 19, 1862, for disability. 390 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Dick, Jonathan, enlisted June 1, 1861, wounded severely at Ha- ger's AVoods, Mo., discharged at St. Louis, November 18, 1861. Felt, Jas. H., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at Pitts- burg Landing, May 2, 1862. Fenderson, Chas. W., enlisted June 1, 1861, "wounded severely in leg at Shiloh, killed at Jackson, Miss., in battle. Gibson, John D., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized Dec. 17, 1863, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, taken prisoner near Cheran, S. C. Gamble, Isaac, enlisted June 1,1861, wounded severely in leg at Blue Mills. Gatewood, Chas. A., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at Sturgeon, Mo"., February 19, 1862. Gately, James T., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at Pittsburg Landing, May 1, li"-62. Golden, Geo., enlisted June 1;- i'861, wounded severely at Shiloh, dis- charged at Keokuk for wounds, March 3, 1863. Henderson, Isaac II., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized December 17, 1863, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, taken prisoner. Haywood, Tlios. J., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged Nov. 26, 1862. Lyster, Wm. A., enlisted June 1, 1861, taken prisoner at Bolivar, Tenn., September 21, 1862, dis- charged March 30, 1862. Linville, Solomon A., enlisted June 1, 1861, mortally wounded at Shi- loh, died at Keokuk, May 12, 1862. McClure, Wm., enlisted June 1, 1861, died of typhoid fever at Pa- ducah, Ky., June 17, 1862. McCarn, Barney, enlisted June 1, 1861. McKay, Francis, enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January -1, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, wounded severely in left hip on steamer near Island No. 82, May 18, 1863. Mott, Peter E., enlisted June 1, 1861. McGruder, Wm. M., enlisted June I, 1861, wounded at Vicksburg, June 20, 1863. Mehanna, John W., enlisted June 1, 1861, wounded slightly in face at Shiloh. McClure, Jesse, enlisted June 1, 1861, wounded sevei'ely in head at Blue Mills, Mo., again at Vicksburg. McClure, John, enlisted August II, 1862, died of diarrhoea, Sep- tember 12, 1863, at Natchez. Parks, John D., enlisted June 1, 1861, M^ounded at Jackson, Miss. Parks, Alfred, enlisted June 1, 1861. Ramy, John H., enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged for disability at Quincy, February 1, 1862. Rice. Benjamin F,, enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Shafer, Aaron, enlisted June 1,1861. Sprague, Andrew S., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Shepard, Wm. E., enlisted June 1, 186L Smith, Thos. R., enlisted June 1, 1861, lost right arm at Matamora, Tenn., discharged December 27, 1862. Tomson, AVm., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Talbott, John H., enlisted June 1, 1861, mortally Avounded at Shiloh, died April 20, 1861, at St. Louis. Williams, Francis M., enlisted June 1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Williams, John W., enlisted June 1, 1861, died of fever at Hudson, Mo., September 17,1861. Wierna, Michael, enlisted June 1, 1861, mortally wounded at Blue Mills, died November 19, 1861, at Oskaloosa. West, Cyrus W., enlisted June 1, 1861, killed in battle of Monroe, Mo., July 11, 1861. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 391 Worth, John "W"., enlisted June 1, Zane, Benajah, enlisted June 1, 1861, 1861. wounded severely in leg at Shiloli, Wells, Cja-us B., enlisted June 1, veteranized in Co. 1, Second Vet- 1861, veteranized January 4,1864, eran Infantry, January 4, 1864. in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Coverston, F. M., enlisted June 1, Young, John C, enlisted June 1, 1861. 1861, discharged for disability at Dodd, Jesse, re-enlisted January 3, Pittsburg Landing, April 24, 1864. 1862. SEVENTH INFANTEY. This regiment was sworn into the service at Burlington, in July, 1861, just after the battle of Bull Run. Mahaska's contribution to the 7th Infantry was Co. C, with rank and file of one hundred men, from which several were promoted to regimental offices, and to which numerous recruits were subsequently added. At the time of enlistment troops were sadly needed, and the regiment was hurried to St. Louis, where it was armed and immediately transported to Ironton, about one hundred miles south from St. Louis, where the regiment first drilled in the manual of arms. Thence marching to Jackson, thence to Cape Girardeau, thence by steamer to Cairo, it encamped for a fortnight on the opposite side of the river; then the com- mand proceeded to Camp Crittenden, thence to Fort Jefferson, thence by .way of Bird's Point to Norfolk. Here Sergeant Elliott W. Rice was com- jnissioned Major of the regiment. Retui.iing to Cairo, the men were drilled several hours daily, until summoned in November to take part in the battle of Belmont. In this engagement, November 7, 1861, the conduct of the 7th Regiment was heroic. Col. Dougherty says the regiment " throughout the battle fought like veterans, dealing death to rebels wherever they encountered them. Iowa may well feel proud of her sons who fought ,at Belmont." General Grant says " the regiment behaved with great gal- lantry, and suffered more severely than any other of the troops." After the battle the troops returned to Bird's Point, and thence to Benton Barracks, where they remained two months, and then proceeded against Ft. Henry, which was soon captured and taken possession of by the troops. Feb. 12 they joined the column marching upon Ft. Donelson, and in tha siege and assault of this stronghold, the 7th Regiment bore a conspicuous part. Enjoying the comfortable quarters of the surrendered fort for about a month, it proceeded thence to Pittsburg Landing, where it shared the glory belonging to the " Iowa Brigade," in the battle of Shiloh. Engaging in the siege of Corinth, and the pursuit of the rebels which followed, it enjoyed the leisure of a beautiful encampment about two miles southeast of the last named city until September 15, when the regiment was ordered to luka. The 7th was not engaged in that battle, fought on the 19th, but were used for strategic purposes by General Grant. The command soon returned to Corinth, where it remained two weeks longer. In the battle of Corinth on the 3d and 4th of October, the 7th Regiment was in the thickest of the combat, and under heavy fire during most of the engagement. The loss amounted to about one-third the men engaged. The winter was quietly spent in the Corinthian encampment. The year 1863 was employed in the irksome and inglorious duties of guarding the frontier, and in an encamp- ment at Pulaski. In December opportunity was granted those who had 392 msTOKT OF mahaska county. been in the service two years to re-enlist, and to those who thus became veterans, according to tlie rules of the War Department, a furlough was granted. In April the regiment engaged in the not-to-be-forgotten cam- paign against Atlanta. The most severe engagement ]iarticipated in by the 7th Regiment was at Oostanaula river, where with an enthusiasm almost blameworthy, the troops threw themselves against and ronted the column of the enemy. The loss in killed and wounded was sixty. Before taking part in the promenade with " Sherman to the Sea," the privilege of Iowa citizens Avas granted the boys, and the result was 320 votes for Lincoln and two for McClellan. From Rome to Savannah, from Savannah four hundred and eighty miles to Goldsboro, through dismal swamps, through hardship, labor and storm, these men marched patiently and without a mnrmur, and with perhaps the loss of a single man, taken prisoner. The end of the war fonnd the regiment at Goldsboro. They proceeded by way of Raleigh to "Washington City, participated in the grand review, were transported to Lonisville, where the gallant survivors of the great conflict mustered out July 12, 1865. The total casualties of the regiment were 559. Colonel Elliott W. Rice, enlisted as Second Sergeant in Co. C, promoted Major, August 30, 1861, wounded at Belmont, promoted Colonel, March 22, 1862, promoted Brigadier General, June 20, 1864. Major James W. McMullen, enlisted in Co. C, commissioned Captian, July 24, 1861, promoted Major, March 22, 1862, wounded in leg at battle of Corinth by rifle ball, resigned August 6, 1864. Sergeant-Major, Benton K. Smith, enlisted -, 1861, as Eiglith Corporal, Co. C, appointed Sergeant-Major, Julv 30, 1861, Second Lieutenant, Co. O, Feb. 26, 1862, First Lieutenant, May 13, 1862, Captain, June 22, 1862, killed in battle of Corinth. Quarter-Master Sergeant, George J. Bennett, enlisted as ])rivate in Co. C, July, 1861, promoted Quarter-Master Sergeant, August 5, 1861, wounded at Corinth, Second Lieutenant Co. C, June 22, 1862, First Lieutenant, October 5, 1862, Captain, February 11, 1864, resigned August 4, 1864. Fife-Major, William Jolinson, enlisted as private in Co. C, promoted Fife- Major, August 30, 1861. COMPANY C. 1862, promoted Captain, October 5, 1862, died, February 10, 1864, For record of Captains McMullen, of small-pox, at Oskaloosa. Smith, and Beimett, see above; First Lieutenant James IST. Smith, Ca]>tain Ilelmick, see below. commissioned July 24, 1861, re- Captain Wesley Moreland, enlisted signed at St. Louis on account of as Sixth Corporal, 1861, promoted ill health, November 25, 1861. Second ''Sergeant, October 2, 1861, Second Lieutenant Benj. Ream, com- wounded at Belmont, promoted missioned July 24, 1861, mortally First Lieutenant. December 16, wounded at Belmont, died at 1862, promoted Captain, May 13, Cairo, November 22, 1862. 1862, died of chronic diarrhoea. Second Lieutentant Wm. G. Moore, June 22, 1862. enlisted as private Jul3% 1861, pro- Captain John P. Longhridge, enlist- moted Fifth Corporal, October 14, ed as Fifth Corporal, July, 1861, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, promoted Fourth Sergeant, Octo- released, promoted Second Lieu- ber, 16, 1861, promoted First Ser- tenant, December 16, 1861, lost geant, November 27, 1861, pro- left eye at Ft. Donelson, resigned moted First Lieutenant, June 22, in consequence, February 25, 1862. HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 393 Second Lieutenant Wm. H. Berkey, enlisted as Second Corporal, July 15, 1861, promoted Second Ser- geant, November 26, 1861, wound- ed at Donelson and Corinth, pro- moted Second Lieutenant, October 5, 1862, First Lieutenant, Febru- ary 11, 1864, resigned, August 6, 1864. First Sergeant A. G. Young, enlist- ed July, 1861, killed at Belmont, IsTovember 7, 1861. Third Sergeant J. Gr. Crookham, en- listed July, 1861, wounded in thigh at Corinth. Fourth Sergeant B. F. Yocum, en- listed July, 1861, discharged at Is^orfolk, Mo., October 1, 1861. Fourth Sergeant Henry Butterton, enlisted as private, July, 1861, promoted Fourth Sergeant, De- cember 2, 1861, discharged at Cor- inth, October 7, 1862. Fifth Sergeant David Clumer, en- listed July, 1861, wounded in thigh at Belmont, discharged at Corinth, July 1, 1862. First Corporal Michael Rodgers, en- listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks, November 1, 1861. First Corporal Wm. Moore, enlisted as private, July, 1861, promoted First Corporal, November 2, 1861. Third Corporal John Darnell, en- listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks at his own request, and discharged at Pittsburg Landing, April 10, 1862. Third Corporal Lawrence A. Gregg, enlisted as private, July, 1861, promoted Third Corporal, August 27, 1861, wounded at Belmont, and died at Columbus, Ky., No- vember 10, 1861. Fourth Corporal Eli P. Tracy, en- listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks, November 1, 1861. Fourth Corporal Geo. Mastellar, en- listed as private July, 1861, pro- moted Sixth Corporal, October 14, 1861, promoted Fourth Corporal, November 1, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, died at Annapolis, October 21, 1862. Sixth Corporal Jno. R. Baer, enlist- ed as private, July, 1861, promo- ted Sixth Corporal, November 1, 1861. Seventh Corporal Isaac G. Ileynsell, enlisted July, 1861, reduced to ranks at his own request, died at St. Louis, May 12, 1862. Seventh Corporal Wm. H. Jones, enlisted as private July, 1861, pro- moted Corj)oral, August 27, 1861, killed at Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861. Eighth Corporal Albert Hawkins, enlisted July, 1861, as private, promoted Corporal, August 27, 1861. PRIVATES. Addy, George, enlisted Jnly, 1861, mortally wounded at Belmont, died at Mound City, December 12, 1861. Blair, Samuel H., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Corinth, after- ward Cor^-toral. Bonsall, William J., enlisted July, 1861, discharged for disability at Pittsburg Landing, March 24, 1862. Bristol, Reuben R., enlisted July, 1861, died at Mound City Hos- pital, November 6, 1861. Clarke, Solomon B., enlisted July, 1861, slightly wounded at Belmont. Clair, Francis M., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., March 24, 1862. Darnell, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran, December 9, 1863, taken prisoner at Bone Yard, Miss. Dodge, Francis M., enlisted July 24, 1861, died at Mound City Hospi- tal, March 9, 1862. Else, Will., enlisted Jnly, 1861, wounded at Ft, Donelson in right shoulder, discharged at Keokuk, December 29, 1863. Finarty, Robert, enlisted July 24, 1861, died at Keokuk, November 22, 1861. 394 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Gasldll, Olander, enlistedJnly, 1861, discharged at St. Louis, August 17, 1861. Grant, Harrison A., enlisted July, 1861, slightly Avouiided at Bel- mont, died at Ft. Holt, Ky., Jan- uary 25, 1862. Grant, James O., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., April 10, 1862, for disease of lungs, Gregory, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at St. Louis, August 15, 1861. Griffis, John, enlisted July, 1861, re- enlisted as veteran, December 26, 1863. Glass, Washington, enlisted July, 1861, dropped from rolls by order of Halleck, May 17, 1862. Hartman, Joshua, enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Keokuk, Aug- ust 21, 1862. Haun, Hugh F., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., April 28, 1862. Helmick, Jason, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Donelson and Corinth. Helmick, Simon, enlisted July, 1861, promoted Second Lieutenant, Feb- ruary 11, 186-4, promoted Captain August 5, 1864. Hodges, Simpson, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Corinth in right shoulder. Henry, Wm. C, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Pittsburg Landing, discharged at Belmont, April 10, 1862. Hites, Albert, enlisted July, 1861, mortally wounded at Belmont, died at Mound City, November 25, 186L Hites, John, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Corinth, died of wounds at St. Louis, October 31, 1862. Harlan, Luther C, enlisted July, 1861, discharged at St. Louis, Aug- ust 16, 1861. Hoover, Francis M., enlisted July, 1861, killed at Corinth, October 3, 1862. Hoit, Nicholas, enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner. Jones, Price, enlisted July, 1861, re- enlisted as veteran, December 29, 1863. Jarvis, Bruce, enlisted July, 1861. Mendenhall, Geo. W., enlisted July, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran, Decem- ber 29, 1863. McCullough, Robert, enlisted July, 1861. . Mullen, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Belmont and Corinth. McMahan, R. C, enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Corinth, released, re-enlisted, December 29, 1863, as veteran. Myer, Solomon, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Corinth, re-enlisted as veteran, January 4, 1864, killed in battle Oostanaula River, Ga., May 15, 1864. Mills, Thos. C, enlisted July, 1861. McDonald, Joseph, enlisted July, 1861, died at Mound City ILosp'i- tal, October 26, 1861. Morgan, Jno. L. enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, Novem- ber 17, 1861, released, re-enlisted December 29, 1864, as veteran. Mohaney, Jos. D., enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, died at Annapolis, Md., of chronic diarrhoaa, December 2, 1862. Mady, Wm., enlisted July, 1861. McClure, Thos. B., enlisted July, 1861, wounded in leg at Belmont, discharged at Corinth July 26, 1862. Martin, Geo. W., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Belmont, discharged July 1, 1862, at Corinth. Norton, Gilbert W., enlisted July, 1861, discharged for disability at Pittsburg, Tenn., March 24, 1862. Oswandle, Henry C, enlisted July, 1861, severely wounded at Corinth, re-enlisted as veteran, February 6, 1864. Phillips, Aaron, enlisted July, 1861, discharged on account of sickness at Keokuk, March 7, 1863. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 395 Parsons, Silas, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Belmont, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., Marcli 24, 1862, re-enlisted August 13, 1862, killed at Oostanaula River, Ga., May 15, 1864. Pearsons, John L., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Corinth. Pierson, John W., enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont. Sharp,Stephen I)., enlisted July,1861, afterward corporal, wounded at Donelson, discharged at Keokuk August 21, 1862. Schock, Jacob, enlisted July, 1861, afterwards corporal, discharged May 24, 1862. Snooks, James "VY., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Belmont and Corinth, killed at Sliiloh April 6, 1862. Sproule, Thos. S., enlisted July, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December 29, 1863, killed in action near Mariet- ta, Ga., July 4, 1864. Snooks, Isaiah, enlisted July, 1861, lost left arm, discharged January 7, 1863. Silverthorn, Wm. AV,, enlisted Jul}'-, 1861, discharged at Corinth Aug- ust 1], 1862. Summers, James W., enlisted July, 1861, killed in battle of Sliiloh, April 6, 1862. Shipley, James G., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, . Tenn., April 28, 1862, for disabili- ty- Smith, Harvey, enlisted July, 18 ol, wounded at Belmont, died at Smithland, Ky. Tredick, Thomas, enlisted July, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December / 29, 1863. Thompson, Johnson, enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Belmont, dis- charged at Corinth September 17, 1862. Todd, Wm. II., enlisted July, 1861, wounded in head at Sliiloh, dis- charged at Keokuk September 3, 1862. Thompson, Thos. J., enlisted July, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran Jan- uary 4, 1864. Yanlandingliam, W. H., enlisted July, 1861, wounded at Donelson and Sliiloh, discharged at Keokuk September 12, 1862. Walker Sam J., enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, died at Macon, Ga., a prisoner of Avar. Winkleman, Benj. F., enlisted July, 1861, discharged for disability at Pittsburg, March 24, 1862. Wyniore, Samuel H., enlisted July, 1861, wounded in arm at Belmont, jawl)one broken at Corinth, re-en- listed as veteran December 25, 1863. White, Elias, enlisted July, 1861, kill- ed at Belmont, November 7, 1861, Wharton, Robt., enlisted July, 1861. died at Mound City Hospital, October 26, 1861. Wilson, Philander D., enlisted July, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont ^November 7, 1861, discharged at St. Louis December 30, 1862. Wharton, Cyrus B., enlisted July, 1861, died at Corinth, August 11, 1862. Wagner, Fred B., enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., April 10, 1862, for lung disease. Worth, Lawrence B., enlisted July, 1861. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Seary, Thos. I., enlisted August 13, 1861. Stattler, David E., enlisted Septem- ber 2, 1861, died at Mound City Hospital, November 6, 1861. Paidei", Thos. G., enlisted September 6, 1861, re-enlisted as corporal December 29, 1863. Bonsel, Jas. S., enlisted September 2, 1861, killed at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Gregg, Hayden A., enlisted Decem- ber 1, 1861. 396 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Johnson, Francis M., enlisted Dec. 1, 18(!1, died at Lagrange, Tenn., of lung disease, Sept. 21, 1863. Petticord, Hedgemau, enlisted De- cember 1, 1861, discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., March 24, 1862. Summerville, B. F., enlisted Decem- ber 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December 29, 1863. Denny, Jno. E., enlisted Dec. 1, 1861, discharged at Keokuk, September 30, 1862. Lamb, Isaac F., enlisted December 1, 1861, died of measles at St. Louis, January 12, 1862. Gaston, James E., enlisted December 1, 1861, discharged for disability at St. Louis, April 11, 1862. Hollingsworth, H. C, enlisted De- cember 1, 1861, killed at Corinth, October 3, 1862. Proctor, James M., enlisted Decem- ber 1, 1861, re-enlisted January 2, 1864, as veteran, wounded. Sproule, John S., enlisted December 1, 1861, re-enllsted as veteran De- cember 29, 1863, promoted Fifth Corporal February 11, 1864. Dunbar, Theo M., enlisted Decem- ber 27, 1861, wounded at Corinth. Jones, Edward, enlisted December 27, 1861, wounded at Corinth, dis- charged for wounds January 19, 1863. Robart, Iliram, enlisted December 27, 1861, wounded in breast at Ft. Donelson, re-enlisted veteran December 26, 1863. Jarvis, John M., enlisted January 28, 1862, died of inflammation of the brain at Pittsburg, Tenn., March 29, 1862. Jenny, Thos., enlisted August 23, 1861. Gaston, Jasper H., enlisted Septem- ber, 1, 1862. Groves, James W., enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1862. Hoit, John W., enlisted August 12, 1862. Hoit, William, enlisted August 12, 186L Smith, Joseph R., enlisted August 12, 1861, promoted First Lieuten- ant September 20, 1864. Horn, Daniel W., enlisted August 12, 1861, transferred to Yeteran Reserve Corps July 1, 1864. Smith, Joseph, enlisted August 12, 1861. Hoover, H. S., enlisted August 13, 1861. Michener, Wm. P., enlisted August 14, 1861. "Weekly, Artemas, enlisted August 25, 1861. Hallo well, David J., enlisted Aug- ust 26, 1861, transferred to Inva- lid Corps August 13, 1863. Hallowell, Wm. C, enlisted August 26, 1861. Woodward, Wm. H., enlisted Sep- tember 12, 1861. Bonsall, Whiton C, enlisted Decem- ber 22, 1862. Martin, Geo. W., enlisted August 21, 1862. Mattox, James C, enlisted June 8, 1862. Critchell, Ephraim, enlisted January 29, 1864. Craver, Jarel, enlisted Feb. 20, 1864. Garner, Wm. II., enlisted February 19, 1864. Groves, John H., enlisted February 3, 1864. Gullion, Jeremiah, enlisted February 21, 1864, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, December 30, 1864. Hayes, Henry, enlisted February 6, 1864, captured. Hensevl, Henry, enlisted February 3, 1864. Hern, Sam. A., enlisted Feb. 21, 1864. Hoit, Amasa, enlisted September 3, 1864. James, Barnabas, enlisted February 3, 1864. Kalson, S. Y., enlisted February 2, 1864, wounded, and discharged at Keokuk, June 21, 1865. Knudson, O. G., enlisted February 2, 1864. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 39T Matthews, IS^elson, enlisted February 21, 1864. Matthews, Win., enlisted February 29, 1864 Matthews, Tlios. J., enlisted Febru- ary 29, 1864. McIJunough, James, enlisted Febru- ary 15, 1864. McKama, Cyrus C, enlisted Janu- ary 27, 1864. McMains, Sanford C, enlisted Feb- ruary 7, 1864. McMains, Francis, enlisted February 7, 1864, killed at Oostanaula riv- er, Ga., May 15, 1864. McDonough, E. C, enlisted March 31, 1864. McGrue, George, enlisted March 7, 1864. Oswandle, Henry C, enlisted Feb- ruary 6, 1864. Rhone, Dandridge, enlisted Decem- ber 4, 1863. Rhone, Thos, enlisted December 4, 1863. "Whitten, Warren T., enlisted Feb. 18, 1864. COMPANY F. First Lieutenant Thomas S. Barnes, commissioned Second Lieutenant July 24, 1861, promoted First Lieu- tenant June 12, 1862, resigned August 2, 1864. PRIVATES. Bridenstine, Mason, enlisted July 11, 1861, killed at Belmont, November 7, 1861. Beers, Wade, enlisted July, 1861, discharged at Bird's Point, No- vember 1, 1861. Doran, Isaac S., enlisted as veteran December 24, 1863. Ewing, Thomas, enlisted as veteran December 26, 1863. COMPANY I. Lawson, George, enlisted as veteran December 24, 1863. Schwallen, enlisted as veteran De- cember 24, 1863. AYoodruti", Jolm W., enlisted as vet- eran December 24, 1863, severely wounded at Lay's Ferry, Georgia, died at Keokuk, May 6, 1865, of chronic diarrhoea. EIGHTH INFANTRY. The greater part of Mahaska's enlistments in this regiment were enrolled in Company H. The regiment rendezvoused at Davenport during the sum- mer of 1861, at Camp McClellan. In September it was removed to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, and there equipped for the field. After remaining there two weeks the command was ordered to Syracuse; from thence it was engaged in a scouting party sent down through Springfield in pursuit of Price, who retreated into Arkansas. The regiment countermarched to Se- dalia, Missouri, in November, and then went into winter quarters. In March they removed by steamer to Pittsburg Landing, where they were encamped for some days previous to the battle of Sliiloh. In this battle, on Sunday, April 6, after holding an exposed position for ten hours, this regiment, with other Iowa volunteers, was surrounded and captured at six o'clock in the evening, having lost near two hundred in killed and wounded. The prisoners included almost all the volunteers of the Eighth Iowa, and were marched to Corinth; thence by train to Memphis; by steamer to Mo- bile, and up the Alabama river to Montgomery, where they were put into some cotton sheds. After six weeks of rough treatment they were removed to worse quarters at Macon, Georgia, where some of the prisoners were shot 398 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. down without provocation, and otherwise shamefully treated, as was the cus- tom in Southern prisons. Here thej remained upward of three months, when they were taken to Libby prison, and there exchanged. The men were allowed to go home on furlough, and to reorganize in December, 1862. Being ordered again to St. Louis, they spent some time in Benton Barracks. In the spring of 1863, after assisting in Grant's first movement on Vieks- burg, they passed through Louisiana south of the city, and crossed into Mississippi. After taking part in the iirst siege of Jackson, they spent forty da^^s in rifle pits in rear of Vicksburg. Lost heavily in the assault of May 22. At Black river, second seige of Jackson, and Brandon, the regi- ment engaged in battle, with more or less loss. The command came to Mempliis in the fall of 1863, and remained there nearly a year on provost duty, assisting in resisting Forrest's raid. In the fall of 1864 the regiment engaged in the siege of Mobile, and remained in tliat vicinity until they were mustered out. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. Officers not otherwise accounted tor, mustered out as with the regiment.] Major Fred S. Palmer, enlisted in Co. H, commissioned Captain Septem- ber 23, 1861, Avounded at Shiloh, commissioned Major April -l, 1863, re- signed June 22, 1863. Adjutant Marion Campbell, from Sergeant-Major to Captain Co. F, Janu- ary 11, 1865, flrst enlisted as private, September 28, 1861, in Co. H, then Third Sergeant, wounded and prisoner at Shiloh. Sergeant-Major John S. Lytle, enlisted Third Sergeant Co. H, August 12, 1861, promoted Second Sergeant November 1, 1861, promoted Sergeant- Major March, 1862, taken prisoner at Shiloh April 6, 1862, released, pro- moted Second Lieutenant, Co. H, April 4, 1863, promoted First Lieuten- ant July 26, 1864, promoted Captain January 7, 1865, discharged for disability September 1, 1865, died at Oskaloosa November 20, 1865. COMPANY E. Captains Palmer and Lytle, see T) IX' T? ^ TiJA ,- ■^o above for record. Bull, i^rank, enlisted Aumist 13, /-, , • t i tit tj n t *. a a . ' 1 ,. ,' T . 5'^ -lonc, Captain John M. Ball, enlisted Aug- 1861, discharo^ed Auo <- ^ ,» ^,, ,, 1 ^M I- i. 1 <. Sergeant March 1, 1862, taken McCullouo-h, Chas., enlisted as vet- • <- qi -i 1 1 .i T " 1 lorn prisoner at Shiloh, released, ap- eran January 1, 1864. • *. 1 x,^- <- c *- t. a •^ ' pointed lirst Sergeant, promoted First Lieutenant January 7, 1865, COMPANY F. promoted Captain December 2, Sixth Corporal Henry B. Abston, ^^^^- ^ discharged for disability June 10, ^""^t Lieutenant David G. Craigie, 1862, at Sedalia. enlisted A.ugust 12, 1861, wound- ed at Shiloh, promoted Captain COMPANY H ^^*"^ ^' ^* ^' '^' ^t>lunteers July 2, 1864. Captain Charles S. Wells, enlisted First Lieutenant "William Ivirkjmt- as Second Lieutenant August 12, rick, enlisted as private Septem- 1861, promoted Captain April 4, ber 28, 1861, wounded and priso- 1863, mustered out September 28, ner at Shiloh, commissioned De- 1864, wounded at Shiloh. cember 2, 1865. J.WM^ Mullen HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 401 First Sergeant H. W. H. Widows, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, died a prisoner of war at Macon, Ga., of tj^phoid fever, June 20, 1 862. Fourth Sergeant Francis E. Yearick, enlisted Aug. 12, 1861, promoted to Cominissor}' Sergeant Nov. 1, 1861, re-enlisted Jan. 1, 1861. Fourth Sergeant Charles Blanchard, enlisted as private, promoted Ser- geant November 1, 1861, wounded and taken prisoner at Shiloh. First Corporal Francis M. Ellis, en- listed Seventh Corporal August 12, 1861, promoted First Corporal November 1, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Second Corporal Robert McManus, enlisted August 12, 1861, killed at Corinth October 3, 1862. Third Corporal Wm. II. Else, enlist- ed August 12, 1861. Fourth Corporal Jonathan Platz, en- listed August 12, 1861, mortally wounded at Shiloh, died at Savan- nah, Tenn., April 10, 1862. Fifth Corporal Thos. J. Marsh, en- listed August 12, 1861. Sixth Corporal Geo. McDevitt, en- listed August 12, 1861, wounded and taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- enlisted as veteran Jan. 1 ,1864, dis- charged Feb. 5, 1865, for disability. Seventh Corporal Hiram C. Tuttle, enlisted as Eighth Corporal Aug- ust 12, 1861, promoted Seventh Corporal November 1, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, discharged February 14, 1863. Eighth Corporal Noah W. Peach, enlisted as private August 12, 1861, promoted Eighth Corporal November 1, 1861, taken prisoner at battle of Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. PRIVATES. Blizzard, Jno. M., enlisted August 12, 1861, missing at Shiloh, re- enlisted as veteran Jan. 1, 1864. 25 Billings, Jacob L., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh, and discharged at Keokuk August 21, 1862. Belli, Caggett C, enlisted August 12, 1861. Cousins, Wm. S., enlisted August 13, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. Calvin, Luther, enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded in right leg at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran Jan- uary 1, 1864. Dove, Silas P., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Corinth, re-en- listed as veteran January 1, 1864. Davis, James S., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded in hand and arm, discharged August 13, 1 862. Ellis, S. A., enlisted August 12, 1861. Fife, Wm., enlisted August 12,1861, discharged at St. Louis by order of Gen, Ilalleck. Follett, David E., enlisted August 12, 1861. Goodwin, David II., enlisted August 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran Januar}^ 1, 1864. Gregory, Nathan, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, discharged October 13, 1862. Groves, Morton D., enlisted August 12, 1861, mortally wounded at Shiloh, died at Pittsburg, Tenn., May 10, 1862. Gerard, F. Marion, enlisted August 12, 1861, discharged for disability July 27, 1862. Hartman, Mahlon, enlisted August 12, 1861, died at Sedalia, Mo., February 1, 1862. Hart, John, enlisted August 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran Janu- ary 1, 1864. Hurley, Wm. H., enlisted August 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864, wounded, died of wounds, at New Orleans, April 22, 1865. 402 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ingham, John, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Johnson, Simeon O., enlisted August 12, 1861. Lyon, Joseph F., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh, dis- charged at Keokuk, November 8, 1862. Lathrop, Benj. II., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran January I, 1864. Lowrey, Chancey, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. Dower, H. H., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh. McGlasson, Wm. T., enlisted Aug- est 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. McDevitt, Chas., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh and Corinth, discharged at Keokuk October 5, 1862. Moore, Edwin W., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. Moore, Geo., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Morris, Thos. H., enlisted August 12, 1861, afterward Sergeant, wounded at Jackson, Miss., died of wounds July 19, 1863. Millar, Henry T,, enlisted August 12, 1861, discharged for disability July 11,1862, at Corinth. Middleton, Andrew J., enlisted Au- ' gust 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Marks, Nelson "W., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prison at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran and corpo- ral, January 1, 1864, McFall, Geo." W., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, discharged for disability, Septem- ber 3, 1863. McMains, Anderson, enlisted Au- gust 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Murph}^ John, enliited August 12, 1861, missing at Shiloh. Padgett, Wra. H., enlisted August 12, 1861, discharged at Corinth' August 5, 1862. Phillips, Wm., enlisted August 12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh. Prine, Wm. II,, eidisted August 12, 1861, accidentally wounded at Sedalia, wounded at Corinth, dis- charged at Keokuk, July 31, 1862. Patrie, Jeremiah, enlisted August 12, 1861, killed at Shiloh. Pomeroy, W. K. enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Rolirer, Stephen D., enlisted August 12, 1861, died of wounds at Savan- nah, Tenn., April 10, 1862. Reome, Chas., enlisted August 12, 1861, discharged at St. Louis, April 13, 1862. Rockwell, enlisted August 12, 1861, discharged at St. Louis, April 13, 1862. Skiver, James, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Stratton, Jacob, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Shoemake, Isaac G., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Slater, Chauncey H,, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864, Totten, Phillip, enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Vanhook, Marion S., enlisted August 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Wayman, Solomon R., enlisted Au- fust 12, 1861, died at Sedalia, ebruary 5, 1862. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 403 "Wilcox, Wm. M., enlisted August 12, 1862, wounded in shoulder at Shiloh, discharsj^ed at Keokuk, September 6, 1802. Williams, Cyrus T., enlisted August 12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, discharged January 8, 1863. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Allen, Franklin, enlisted September 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Bryan, K., enlisted September 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Barr, Z. H., enlisted September 28, 1861, accidentally shot and killed at Corinth, July 21, 1862. Chadwick, O. B., enlisted September 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloli, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864. Coffin, Erastus, enlisted September 28, 1861, wounded at Corinth. Deboard, Geo. J., enlisted September 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864, died of congestion at Mont- gomery, July 10, 1865. Cummins, Wm. H., enlisted Sep- tember 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, Jan- uary 1, 1864. Hurley, Isaac B., enlisted September 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, died a prisoner of war at Ander- sonville, September 20, 1864. Hiatt, Jesse, enlisted September 28, 1861, discharged for disability, February 2, 1862. Joy, Jas. M., enlisted September 28, discharged for disability, October 19, 1861. Mendenhall, F. M., enlisted Septem- ber 28, 1861. Noel, Isaac, enlisted September 28, 1861, mortally wounded at Shiloli, died, April 11, 1862. Sherman, Wm., enlisted September 28, 1861. Thorp, Wm. M., enlisted September 28, 1861, discharged August 11, 1863, for disability. Williams, Enoch, enlisted Septem- ber 28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. Wilson, Jonathan, enlisted Septem- ber 28, 1861, discharged for disa- bility, July 22, 1862. Warner, Wm. A. S., enlisted Septem- ber 28, 1861, discharged at Seda- lia, January 22, 1862. Winder, Wm. W., enlisted Septem- ber 28, 1861, discharged at Shiloh by order Gen. Grant, April 26, 1862. Zane, Isaac H., enlisted September 28, 1861, wounded and taken pris- oner at Shiloh. Prine, Mathew E., enlisted August 21, 1861, promoted Eighth Cor- poral, May 1, 1863, re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 1864, dis- charged for disability, November 2, 1864. Pomeroy, Edward, enlisted Decem- ber 22, 1862, promoted Third Ser- geant, September 1, 1863. Campbell, Perry, enlisted December 20, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. FoUett, Jas. K., enlisted March 10, 1863. Kedpath, Wm. R., enlisted as vet- eran, January 1, 2864. COMPANY I. Captain Charles P. Searle, enlisted August 12, 1861, in Co. H, as Second Sergeant, promoted Ser- geant-Major, March 1, 1862, pro- moted First Lieutenant, Co. I, August 12, 1801, taken prisoner at Shiloli, commissioned Captain Co. I, March 4, 1803, resigned, January 21, 1865. 404 HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. FIFTEENTH INFANTEY. The place of rendezvous for volunteers in the Fifteenth Infantry was at Keokuk, where the first companies of the regiment appeared in autumn, 1861. Not until the latter part of February, 1862, were all the companies mustered in. In marked contrast with the enlistment of the Seventh Reg- iment, from the same place, the Fifteenth had had weeks of military drill, and few companies ever went out of the state better prepared for the field than those of this regiment. After several days spent at St. Louis in Benton Barracks, on the first day of April the regiment eagerly embarked on steamer for the department of the Tennessee. The regiment reached Pitts- burg Landing on that memorable Sunday, the 6tli of April, when the con- test had already been raging for some hours. Immediately ordered to the front, on that and the following day the regiment won the praise of the com- manders for its bravery and desperate fighting. The maiden sacrifice of the Fifteenth was one hundred and eighty-eight in killed, wounded and missing. The regiment assisted in the siege of Corinth without serious loss. In rec- onnoitering about Bolivar, in a march to Corinth, and thence to luka, where the regiment was not ordered into action, the time was spent until the bat- tle of Corinth, in which the Fifteenth took a gallant part. In this battle, as well as at Pittsburg Landing, Captain Seevers received honorable mention in the reports of his superiors. The loss in this battle from the regiment in wounded, killed and missing, M'as eighty-five. November 2d the regiment was ordered to Grand Junction, and for sev- eral weeks was engaged in drill with other troops. The command engaged in the unsuccessful campaign against Yicksburg, and in January, 1863, went into camp at Memphis. In a few days the regiment was transported to Milliken's Bend, thence to Lake Providence, and back to Milliken's Bend in April. In the spring campaign against Vicksburg the regiment had the remarkable experience of frequent engagements and several weeks in rifle pits, without a single casualty during the entire siege. A share was taken in the movement against Jackson immediately following. The command took part in the luckless expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, and also in the famous Meridian raid. It had in the meantime become a veteran organization, and was furloughed in March, 1864. The first impor- tant campaign participated in after furlough was that of Atlanta. Even before the battle, it had lost in heavy skirmishing nearly one hundred ofiicers and men. Most desperate fighting was done by the regiment in the battle of July 22, the total casualties for that day being one hundred and thirty- two. The Fifteenth was engaged in the battle of Ezra Church, but with small loss. With undiminished bravery and fortitude the Fifteeenth engaged in the "Siege of Atlanta" and the "March to the Sea." Savannah to Goldsboro, Goldsboro to Raleigh, and thence to Washington City, by way of Peters- burg and the evacuated Southern capital. The regiment next went to Louis- ville for muster out, and to Davenport for discharge, an aggregate travel of 8,518 miles. The Fifteenth Iowa suffered a greater number of casualties than any other regiment ever sent out from the state. Of one thousand, seven hundred and sixty-three men who had been members of the regiment, one thousand and fifty -one were absent at the muster out. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865. Officers not other- wise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. 1 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 405 Nathan A. Leonard, Drum-Major, enlisted October 22, 1861, as musician in Company B, promoted March 15, 1862, discharged for disability at Cor- inth, July 11, 1862. COMPANY C. Captain James A. Seevers, enlisted October 17, 1861, resigned Novem- ber 27, 1862. First Lieutenant John D. Shannon, enlisted October 17, 1861, com- missioned Quarter-Master Decem- ber 9, 1862. Second Lieutenant Edmund Krause, enlisted October 17, 1861, as pri- vate, commissioned Second Lieu- tenant December 15, 1864, mus- tered out December 31, 1864. Second Lieutenant Ebenezer E. Her- bert, enlisted October 17, 1861, re- signed at Pittsburg Landing April 22, 1862. Second Lieutenant John D. Kins- man, enlisted October 17, 1861, as First Sergeant, promoted to Second Lieutenant April 23, 1862, killed at battle of Corinth. Second Lieutenant Sylvester Rynear- son, enlisted as Fourth Corporal November 1, 1861, promoted Sec- ond Sergeant March 1, 1862, pro- moted First Sergeant May 1, 1862, promoted Second Lieutenant Oc- tober 24, 1862, promoted First Lieutenant December 10, 1862, Captain June 26, 1865, mustered out June 29, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky. First Sergeant Johnson Totten, en- listed as First Corporal October 17, 1861, promoted Second Ser- geant May 1, 1862, promoted First Sergeant November 1, 1862, trans- ferred for promotion in Tliirteenth Iov7a Infantry. Second Sergeant Andrew B. McMur- ray, enlisted as Second Sergeant October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks March 1, 1862, promoted Second Corporal November 1, 1862, died at Keokuk October 1, 1864, of chronic diarrhoea. Second Sergeant "William S. Winters, enlisted as private October 17, 1861, promoted November 1, 1862, to Second Sergeant, captured at Atlanta, Georgia. Third Sergeant Andrew W. Mather, enlisted October 17, 1861, died July 30, 1862. Third Sergeant David Hoff, enlisted October 17, 1861, as priv^ate, pro- moted Third Sergeant July 30, 1862, wounded severely in shoul- der at Shiloh, slightly in leg at Corinth, October 3, 1862, promo- ted Second Lieutenant March 20, 1863, re-enlisted as veteran, re- signed June 9, 1864. Fourth Sergeant Eli Lundy, enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks November 1, 1862, discharged De- cember 16, 1862. Fourth Sergeant Israel S. Warner, enlisted October 7, 1861, wounded severely in breast at Shiloh, pro- moted Fifth Sergeant August 24, 1862, promoted November 1, 1862, to Fourth Sergeant, wounded slightly in leg at Corinth, died August 5, 1863, at Keokuk. Fiftli Sergeant Milton Spain, enlisted October 7, 1861, died of diarrhoea at Corinth, Mississippi, July 3, 1862. Fifth Sergeant William C. Laird, en- listed as private October 30, 1861, promoted Fifth Sergeant Novem- ber 1, 1862. First Corporal Noah Griffis, enlisted October 17, 1861, promoted First Corporal May 1, 1862, wounded slightly in leg at Corinth, October 3, 1862, promoted Sergeant, re- enlisted as veteran, Dec. 30, 1863. Second Corporal Chas. M. Stuart, enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks March 31, 1862, re-en- listed January 1, 1864, promoted First Lieutenant June 24, 1865. 406 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Third Corporal Walter A. Tanner, enlisted October 17, 1861, killed at Corinth October 3, 1862. Third Corporal Jacob Timbrel, en- listed as private October 17, 1861, promoted Third Corporal Novem- ber 1, 1862, wounded in thigh at Shiloh. Fourth Coi-jooral James Hawkins, enlisted October 26, 1861, promo- ted Fourth Corporal November 1, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran No- vember 19, 1863. Fifth Corporal Wm. H. Romesha, enlisted February 16, 1862, as pri- vate, promoted Fifth Corporal No- vember 1, 1863, re-enlisted as vet- eran February 16, 1864, wounded in side at Atlanta August 27, 1864. Fifth Corporal Wm. E,. Good, en- listed October 17, 1861, died at Keokuk June 18, 1862. Fifth Corporal Wm. T. Algood, en- listed November 17, 1861, promo- ted Fifth Corporal November 1, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran private November 19, 1863. Sixth Corporal James M. Ballinger, enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks August 18, 1862, dis- charged for disability. Seventh Corporal Uriah A. Smith, enlisted October 17, 1861, re- duced to ranks March 31, 1862. Eighth Corporal Robert W. Oldham, enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks August 18, 1862. Eighth Corporal John Stackley, en- listed November 1, 18H1, promo- ted Eighth Corporal May 15, 1862. Musician Louis Crowder, enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864, wounded near Atlanta July 28, 1864, dis- charged for wounds. Musician John P. Jones, enlisted as private October 17, 1861, promo- ted drummer December 31, 1861, discharged July 12, 1862, re-en- listed as veteran Dec. 21, 1863. Wagoner Wm. P. Hazlett, enlisted October 17, 1861. PRIVATES. Abies, H. C, enlisted October 12, 1861, transferred July 1, 1864, to veteran reserve corps. Antry, Simon P., enlisted Novem- ber 1, 1861, wounded severely in leg at Shik)h, and discharged August 20, 1862. Borrell, Henry, enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded severely in leg at Shiloh, and discharged August 20, 1862. Bolton, Geo. T., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged December 16, 1862, at Abbeville, Miss., for dis- ability. Bi'own, Wm. H., enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded severely in hand at Shiloh, and discharged at Corinth September 28, 1862^ Bordrick, Chas. W., enlisted Novem- ber 12, 1861, killed at Shiloh. Bowles, Frank, enlisted January 4, 1862, died of fever at Monterey, Tenn., June 3, 1862. Bolton, I. J., enlisted January 4, 1862, died of measels at Keokuk, March 13, 1862. Chadwick, Oliver, enlisted January 4, 1862. Campbell, Wm, T., enlisted January 28, 1862, died of measles at Keo- kuk March 11, 1862. Curry, John G., enlisted December 28, 1861. Cooley, James, enlisted March 21, 1864, wounded at Atlanta August 23, 1864. Dysart, Simon K., enlisted October 17, 1861, died of fever at Keokuk May 1 9, 1 862. Devore, David, enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded slightly in side at Shiloh, and discharged December 16, 1862. Dawsey, James, enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability at Corinth July 6, 1862. Douglas, Benjamin, enlisted Octo- ber 17, 1861, died at La Grange, Tenn., January 9, 1863. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 407 Dove, Isaiah, enlisted November 1, 1863, wounded sliglitly in leg at Shiloh, and discharged for disabil- ity at Corinth June 13, 1862. Dawson, Andrew J., enlisted Decem- ber 16, 1861, deserted May 16, 1862. Dickson, Joseph W., enlisted Janu- ary 4, 1862, discharged October 10, 1862, for disability. Dickson, Robert H., enlisted Janu- ary 4, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran January 4, 1864. Haines, John Q., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability at Corinth June 16, 1862. Hiler, C. V., enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- cember 6, 1863, missing at Atlanta July 22, 1864, prisoner. Hunt, Levi, enlisted October 17, 1861, died March 21, 1864, at home, of chronic diarrhoea. Hensell, Henry, enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged July 20, 1862. Hensell, George, enlisted October 17, 1861. Hinkle, Benjamin, enlisted October 17, 1861, died of fever at St. Louis May 18, 1862. Hodge, Nathan, enlisted December 29, 1861, discharged for disability at Quincy, III, October 20, 1862. Huit, Wm., enlisted Decenilter 29, 1861, discharged May 23, 1862. Hunt, Eden E.., enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded severely in side at Shiloh, and in right leg at Atlanta. Hawley, Jerome R., enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded slightly in hand at Corinth October 3, 1862, re-en- listed as veteran January 1, 1864. Hawkins, Stephen E., enlisted Janu- ary 4, 1862, re-enlisted January 4, 1864, wounded severely in hand near Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1864. Jackson, Wm., enlisted January 6, 1862, wounded slightly in arm at Corinth October 3, 1862, re-en- listed as veteran January 4, 1864, died at Yicksburg February 20, 1864. Jackson, Byron, enlisted October 17, 1861, afterwards drummer, died at Vicksburg December, 1863, of in- flammation of the bowels. Jackson, Geo. S., enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. Johnson, Charley, enlisted Novem- ber 1, 1861, wounded severely in arm at Shiloh, captured near At- lanta July 22, 1864. Kirk, Caleb L., enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded at Shiloh and died from wounds at Keokuk, May 12, 1862. Lewis, Jacob H., enlisted , re- enlisted as veteran January 2, 1864. Lundy, Edmund, enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged at Grand Junction, Miss., November 13, 1862, for disability. Lewis, Geo., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged July 25, 1862. Lewis, Henry, enlisted January 4, 1862. Lathrop, J. R., enlisted October 30, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- cember 6, 1863, wounded in left arm near Atlanta, July 22, 1864, discharged at Keokuk June 14, 1865, for disability. Lloyd, Samuel, enlisted November 23, 1861, wounded in leg at Shi- loh, and killed at Corinth. Myers, John D., enlisted October 30, 1861, died at St. Louis Janu- ary 12, 1863. Myers, Wesley W., enlisted October 30, 1861, discharged for disabil- ity- Miller, Joseph F., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability at Corinth October 23, 1862. Morton, James, enlisted January 8, 1862, left tlie service at Corinth July 11, 1862, re-enlisted as vet- eran January 4, 1864, wounded near Atlanta, Ga., July 4, 1864. Quitance, Chas., enlisted January 4, 1862, died at Odin, 111., of Bron- chitis. 408 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Reed, Wra. J., enlisted January 2, 1862. Spates, Wm., enlisted January 4, 1862. Rea, John C, enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded slit^litly in head at Corinth, captured near Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Smith, Edward, enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability, July 15, 1862. Spates, R. T., enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran No- vember 19, 1868, wounded at At- lanta in left hand. Tanner, A. C, enlisted October 17, 1861, killed August 9, 1864, on picket duty. Yancleave, Henry, enlisted January 1, 1862, wounded severely in lett leg at Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Yancleave, Joshua V., enlisted Jan- uary 1, 1862, wounded slightly in hand at battle of Corinth, October 3,1862, transferred to Marine Brig- ade at St. Louis, January 3, 1863. Weaver, Cyrus, enlisted January 4, 1862, deserted at Corinth July 11, 1862. Whaling, O. M., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged tor disability at Lake Providence, La., March, 1863. Whitlock, Asa, enlisted October 17, 1861. Whitlock, E. B., wounded slightly in abdomen at battle of Shiloii. Wymore, G. W., enlisted October 17, 1861, wounded and missing at battle of Corinth, October 3, 1862. Wymore, Amos, enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability at Grand Junction, Miss., No- vember 13, 1862. Whi taker, Noah, enlisted October 17, 1861, died at Keokuk of meas- les January 6, 1862. Williams, Benj., enlisted October 17, 1861, discharged for disability at Grand Junction, Miss., Novem- ber 18, 1862. Walker, Smith, enlisted December 28, 1861. Wilkins, H , enlisted March 28, 1864, died of chronic diarrhoea at Rome, Ga., August 4, 1864. Williams, Clark, enlisted December 28, 1861, discharged for disability at Grand Junction, Miss., Novem- ber 18,1862. Youngblood, James, enlisted No- vember 1, 1861, wounded severely in thigh at battle of Shiloh, re-en- listed December 6, 1863. Fallow, Greenville, enlisted , re-enlisted as veteran February 1, 1864, killed at Kenesaw Moun- tain, Ga., June 19, 1864. Fields, Wilson, enlisted March 26, 1864, died of chronic diarrhoea at Atlanta, September 11, 1864. COMPANY D. First Sergeant Edward C. Fowler, enlisted October 15, 1861 as First Corporal, promoted First Sergeant March 14, 1862, killed at battle of Shiloh. First Sergeant Benj. F. Stevens, en- listed October 1, 1861, as Third Sergeant, promoted First Sergeant July 1, 1862, missing after battle of Corinth. PRIVATES. Benbow, Edom, enlisted October 15, 1861, died October 26, 1864, at Atlanta, Ga., of chronic diarrhoea. Hetherington, James E., enlisted October 15, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December 31, 1863. White, J. W., enlisted October 1, 1861, died at Keokuk January 26, 1862. HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 409 COMPANY G. listed as veteran February 1, 1864. Fifth Sergeant Jacob McYay,enlisted February 25, 1862, as private, COMPANY H. wounded in hand at Shiloh, pro- moted Fiftli Sergeant October, Alfred Baker, enlisted February 10, 1862, promoted Second Sergeant 1862, and was discharged at Keo- August 1, 1864, Second Lieuten- kuk for disability, September 30, ant December 22, 1864, re-en- 1862. SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. This regiment rendezvoused at Keokuk and mustered into the service with Jno. W. Rankin as Colonel, April 16, 1862, Proceeding to St. Louis to receive equipage the new volunteers reached Mississippi in time to as- sist at the siege of Corinth. The part taken by the Seventeenth in the bat- tle of luka received, probably unjustly, the censure of Rosecrans. Smarting under this, the command went into the battle of Corinth with the determin- ation to wipe out the stain cast upon its reputation. Its success is best told by the following general order. No. 145: " The General commanding cannot forbear to give pleasure to many, besides the brave men immediately concerned, by announcing in advance of the regular order, that the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, by its gallantry in the battle of Corinth, on the fourth of October, charging the enemy, and captur- ing the flag of the Fortieth Mississippi, has amply atoned for its misfortune at luka, and stands among the honored regiments of his command. Long may they wear with unceasing brightness the honors they have won. " By order of Major General, W. S. Rosecrans. C. GODDAED, A. A. A. G." Notwithstanding, the whole number of casualties was but twenty-five, of whom only two were killed. Before Yicksburg, at Chattanooga and in the defense cf Tilton, these troops fought with a bravery unrivaled. In the defense of Tilton, the gar- rison was compelled to surrender, and the entire regiment with the excep- tion of forty or fifty men, were carried away prisoners. Those who remained were furloughed and were a sorry looking band when compared with the stout nine hundred and fifty-six, who had left Iowa two and a half years before. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 25, 1865. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. Second Corporal Jacob L. Mason, Barrickman, Geo., enlisted March 14, enlisted as private March 27, 1862, 1862, captured at Tilton, Ga. promoted Sixth Corporal, promo- Cox, Harvey, enlisted February 10, ted Second Corporal, date not 1862. known, re-enlisted as veteran Martin, "Wm., enlisted March 6, March 29, 1864, captured at Tilton, 1862. Ga. 410 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. McKee, "Win., enlisted March 11, 1862, died of diarrluea at Farm- ington, Miss., July 19, 1862. McCormick, James F., enlisted March 7, 1862, discharged at Quincy for disability December 9, 1862. Summerlot, Levi, enlisted March 16, 1862. Tomson, Theodore, enlisted March 19, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran, commissioned First Lieutenant January 30, 186-1, prisoner at Til- ton, October 13, 1864. Wright, David, enlisted Marcli 14, 1862, captured at Tilton, Ga. Appleton, Geo. W., enlisted 1862, re-enlisted as veteran March 25, 1864, prisoner at Tilton, Ga. Bodenhammer, A. C, enlisted 1862, discharged at Keokuk Octo- ber 14, 1862. Champion, J. R., enlisted 1862, discharged October 30, 1862, at Keokuk for disability. Doan, Wm. H., enlisted 1862, captured at Tilton, Ga. Elmer, James, enlisted 1862, discharged at St. Lonis ITovem- ber 13, 1862, for disability. Fenner, John D., enlisted 1862, discharged for disability at Jackson, Tenn., June 30, 1863. Graham, John R., enlisted 1862. Hardy, "VVm. D., enlisted 1862, wounded May 16, 1862, at Champion Plills, discharged Sep- tember 2, 1864. Marshall, John, enlisted 1862, discharged October 16, 1862, for disability. Larimer, Thos, M., enlisted as veter- an March 21, 1864, captured at Tilton, Ga. Stafford, Thomas, enlisted March 27, 1864, wounded at luka. Bodenhammer, J. M., enlisted April 8, 1862, discharged for disability at Cairo January 6, 1863. COMPANY I. Yogeler, Jacob, enlisted January 1, 1862, killed at Jackson, Miss., May 13, 1862. EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY Contained squads in Co's D and K, from Mahaska county. The men were mustered in at Clinton, the place of rendezvous, in the early part of August, 1862, with John Edwards, of Lucas county, as Colonel. The regiment was almost immediately ordered into the service in the army of the Southwest, where, after a wearisome campaign, it was made a part of the garrison of Springfield during the winter of 1862-3. It had a taste of real war in the battle of Springrield in January, 1863, in which a loss of lifty-six was incurred in killed and wounded. The irksome duties of the garrison continued until the fall of 1863. After a vain chase in pur- suit of Shelby, the regiment was again placed on garrison duty at Ft. Smith, Arkansas. Disastrous campaigning and some brilliant skirmishing at Prairie D'Anne, and about Camden, tried the energies of the Eighteenth until their brilliant struggle April 17, near Poison Spring, in defense of a forage train, where, for a considerable time, the regiment "kept at bay" a force of five to one of its number. At Jenkin's Ferry it was used as a reserve force, and was not brought into action. From this time the regiment was on garrison duty at Ft. Smith most of the time until the date of its muster out — often enduring hardships, poor rations and heavy labor. [Note. — This regiment mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas, July 20, 1865.] HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY: 411 Quarter-Master Sidney S. Smith, commissioned August 9, 1862. Commissary Sero;eant David M. Clover, commissioned August 9, 1862, discharged at Springfield, Missouri, for disability February 24, 1863. Wagoner Barnabas B. White, en- listed July 7, 1862, discharged for disability February 18, 1863. COMPANY D. PRIVATES. Badger, David W., enlisted July 7, 1862, promoted First Corporal, captured by guerrillas at Darda- nelles, Ark., May 11, 1864. Billings, Wm. J., enlisted July 7, 1862, wounded and captured at Poison Spring, Ark., April 18, 1864. Billings, Joseph, enlisted July 7, 1862. Clark, Wni.. enlisted June 18, 1862. Gardner, Aaron B., enlisted July 11, 1862. Hoover, Aaron A., enlisted June 18, 1862. Hull, L. K., enlisted July 11, 1862, died of typhoid fever December 30, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. Joy, James M., enlisted July 11, 1862. Kinceback, Conrad, enlisted Julv 11, 1862. Robertson, P^ranklin, enlisted June 18, 1862, taken prisoner at Poison Spring, Ark., April 18, 1864. COMPANY K. First Sergeant Charles Stanley, en- listed Jnly 7, 1862. Fifth Sergeant Wesley Depew, en- listed as private July 7, 1862, pro- moted Fifth Sei-geant August 27, 1862. First Corporal Woodson Brown, en- listed Julv 7, 1862, discharged for disabilitv at Springfield, Mo., Jan- uary, 19"; 1863. Fourth Corporal Simeon Stevens, enlisted July 7, 1862, died at St. Louis, Mo., of congestion of brain, January 22, 1863. Seventh Corporal Henry Bond, en- listed July 7,. 1862, died of ty- phoid fever, at Springfield, Mo., December 6, 1862. PRIVATES. Alloway, Nelson, enlisted Julv 7, 1862! Beaghen, Wm., enlisted July 25, 1862. Bircher, Pudolph, enlisted July 7, 1862, discharged for disability October 7, 1863. Bond, Wm., enlisted July 8, 1862, discharged for disability January 19, 1863. Billings, Joseph M., enlisted July 10, 1862. Cousins, Cornelius, enlisted July 7, 1862, died at Springfield, Mo., Nov. 15, 1862. Clover, David M., enlisted August 8, 1862. Doan, Levi C, enlisted July 7, 1862. Follett, Wm.' F., enlisted July 7, 1862, discharged for disability February 24, 1863. Grimes, M. D., enlisted July 8, 1862, discharged for disability February 25, 1863. Galer, John B., enlisted July 7, 1862. Hale, Albert, enlisted July 7, 1862. Hale, John F., enlisted July 7, 1862. Neal, Samuel, enlisted June 25, 1862. Ramy, Wm., enlisted July 7, 1862. Summer, John M., enlisted July 7, 1862. Taylor, Levi H., enlisted July 7, 1862, taken prisoner at Moscow, Ark., April 13, 1864. White, Abner C, enlisted July 7, 1862, discharged for disability February 24, 1863. White, Eli'hu, enlisted July 22, 1862. Williams, Geo. W., enlisted July 7, 1862, died March 13, 1863, at Springfield, Mo., of fever. 412 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. THIETY-THIED KEGIMENT INFANTEY. This regiment contained a greater number of Mahaska county men than any other engaged in tlie war, and its gallant record will, by general consent, be adjudged a more minute notice than can be accorded to others. The regi- ment was raised and organized by the gallant General S. A. Eice, of whose brilliant record and noble sacrifice we have occasion to speak elsewhere. The companies of this regiment, composedof four from Mahaska, three from Keokuk, and three from Marion county, were all filled up and organized about the first of September, 1862, within a short time after Colonel Eice's commission as commander of the regiment. The rendezv^ous was at Oskaloosa, the encampment being on the county fair grounds, and named Camp Tuttle, in honor of the gallant colonel of the Second Infantry. October 1st, the regiment was solemnly sworn into the service, and numbered in all nine hundred and eighty men. The command left their barracks November 20, marching tO' Eddyville, and there taking the cars for Keokuk, thence by steamer to St. Louis, where the men were assigned to provost guard duty and to the guarding of prisons. At midnight, December 21, command was passed through the regiment to get ready to move, and in the early morning a transport steaming down the river was conveying the young volunteers to Columbus, Ky. Eeaching that point on the morning of the 24th, they disembarked and were marched to the bottoms, just below town, where they were drawn up in line, expect- ing attack until the middle of the afternoon, when work was commenced, throwing up earthworks, and was continued far into the night. A sorry Christmas, and several succeeding days and nights were spent in line with- out shelter, the men sleeping on the bare ground in mud and rain. Tents were afterward procured, but on ]S"ew Year's day were struck, and the regi- ment moved to Union City, Tennessee, where an attack was expected. None was made, and on the 3d the command returned to Columbus. January 8, 1863, found the regiment on steamer, bound for Helena, Arkansas, which point was reached in five days. A camp was pitched one-half mile south of town. Expeditions were made to Yazoo pass and Fort Pemberton during the weeks following — the latter without success, the former for the purpose of clearing the pass of obstructions, which was done in a season of almost incessant rain fall, occasioning much sickness and disability among both oflEi- cers and regiment. Tlie camp was moved April 9th, to a better location northwest of town. About this time Colonel Eice assumed command of the brigade, and Lieut. Colonel Mackey became the first oflicer in the regi- ment. Picket duties, scouting parties, foraging expeditions, the repelling of fancied invasions, drilling, etc., took up the time of the regiment, and taxed the energies of the soldiers until July 4-th. It was the resolve of the Confederate Lieut. Gen. Holmes, commanding a large body of troops at Little Eock, to take his fourth of July dinner at Helena. Eeveille aroused our men about two o'clock a. m. ; pickets were driven in at four o'clock, and fighting commenced at the same time. A full description of the battle would not here be in place, but, be it remembered, that the Thirty-third Iowa acquitted itself bravely and heroically. The en- emy was defeated and driven back toward Little Eock, about eleven o'clock, A. M. Lieut. Colonel Mackey commanding the Thirty-third, has the follow- ing to say of his regiment: "The men were very much exhausted, having been constantly engaged for six hours. The loss of my own regiment was : HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTF. 413 Killed on the field, 17; wounded, 52; taken prisoner, 17 (of the wounded several afterward died). I went into the engagement with five hundred men. The officers and men of the entire command behaved themselves splendid!}'. The force we had to contend with was at least five to one, and I feel perfectly safe in sajang that the regiment took as many prisoners as we had men in action." Special mention is made of Captains Lofland and Yerger. The enemy was afterward followed toward Little Rock, and that place was captured on September 10th. Rude log barracks were built by tlie men themselves, wliere they were quartered until tlie commencement of the south- western expedition in March, 1864. In course of this expedition considerable skirmishing and artillery duel- ling took place on Prairie D'Anne, in Hempstead County, Arkansas, from the 10th to the 13th of March. Gen. Steele, commanding Union forces, re- solved to march rapidly upon Camden, then unoccupied, and get possession of it before the rebels could reach it. His purpose becoming known a lively race followed between the two armies. There was more or less skirmishing all the wa}", but with the Tiiirty-third holding the van, the advanced column entered Camden on the evening of the fifteenth, and occupied the strong works of the rebels. Here they were for five days without rations. The men lived on four ears of corn apiece per day, which they ground in hand- mills and made into cakes. The capture of supplies and otlier misfortunes overtook tlie command at this place, and on the evening of the twenty-sixth, the men "folded their tents like Arabs, and quietly stole away." The rebels did not come up with the rear guard of the retreat, until the noon of March 29th, from which time there was skirmishing until dark, and on the banks of the Saline River, some times known as the battle of Jenkin's Ferry. Here it was, that Gen- eral Rice received a wound in his ankle, from which, after much snfl'ering, he died on the 6th of Jul}', in his own home, surrounded by those who loved him well. The battle here was fought upon ground affording little advantage to either party. The slaughter was terrible. It was a battle of musketry alone, and for seven mortal hours the roar of the muskets was unbroken, and undistinguishable. Charge after charge, made by the rebels upon the Union forces, was without avail, and they ingloriously withdrew with heavy loss, about one o'clock p. m. The loss of the Thirty-third was: Killed on the field, 8; wounded, 113; missing, 12; total 123. Though our forces were victorious, the commander knew that safety lay only in retreat, which was immediately made across the muddy and swollen stream to Lit- tle Rock. At this point the regiment under command of Lieut. Colonel Lofland remained on garrison duty, and under constant drill until October 30, 1864, when it marched toward Ft. Smith, guarding a supply train. At Van Buren the train was uidoaded, and the regiment returned to Little Rock. Here was lived out the remainder of 1864, and most of the first of 1865, at which time the regiment numbered 788 men. January 21, 1865, an expedition was undertaken to Mt. Elba, Ark., and return, lasting about fourteen days, and involving a march of one hundred and sixty miles. The regiment left Little Rock for New Orleans February 14th, and arrived there on the 19th, thence it proceeded to Navy Cove, Ala., where an army was organized for an expedition against Mobile. The regiment took part in this expedition, which was successful, with small loss. From Mobile the regiment removed to Whistler Station, thence to Mcln- 414 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. tosh's Bluff, Ala., April, 1865, where it remained until the first of June, when it was ordered to Brazos Island, Texas, thence up the Rio Grande to Bagdad, thence to New Orleans, where the regiment was mustered out on the 17tii of July, 1865, except those of tlie three jear recruits who were transferred to the Thirty-fourth Regiment. The number mustered out was 430 Total number of men killed 26 Number of deaths from wounds and disease 236 Number of men discharged for various causes 164 Number of men wounded 166 Number of men taken prisoner 73 Transferred to other regiments 27 [Note. — This regiment mustered out at New Orleans July 17, 1865. Volunteers not oth- erwise accounted for, mustered out with the regiment. 1 Colonel Samuel A. Rice, commissioned August 10, 1862, promoted Briga- dier-General August 4, 18»)3, died at home July 6, 1864, of wounds re- ceived at the battle of Jenkin's Ferry. See biographical sketch on pro- ceeding pages. Lieutenant-Colonel John Lofland, commissioned August 18, 1863, enlisted August 7, 1862, as Captain Co. D, mustered out at New Orleans, July 17, 1865. Surgeon John Y. Hopkins, commissioned September 16, 1862, as assistant surgeon, promoted surgeon June 12, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. Quarter-Master Henry B. Myers, commissioned August 22, 1862, honorably discharged March 16, 1864. Quarter-Master EugeneW. Rice, appointed Quarter-Master-Sergeant August 22, 1862, commissioned Quarter-Master April 1, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. Chaplain, Rev. R. A. McAyeal, commissioned September 23, 1862, resigned July 24, 1863. Sergeant-Major Jno. F. Lacey, appointed August 23, 1862, First Lieutenant Co. C, April 16, 1863, Captain and A. A. G., June 30, 1864, Brevet-Ma- jor U. S. Volunteers, March 26, 1863. Drum-Major A. L. Ellis, appointed September 8, 1862. COMPANY C. Second Lieutenant Normam B. Captain Andrew J. Comstock, en- ^^^k, enlisted Fourth Sergeant listed August 10, 1862, commis- September 4, 1862, promoted Sec- sioned October 1, 1862, wounded o"*^ Lieutenant December 8,1864, severely and taken prisoner at mustered out July 17, 1865. battle of Jenkin's Ferry April 30, Second Lieutenant Cyrus H. Tal- 1864, resigned September 7, 1864. ^^tt, enlisted August 10, 1862, Captain Joshua B. Wells, enlisted as resigned June 2, 1863. Second Sergeant September 4, Second Lieutenant Oliver J. Ken- 1862, promoted Captain Decem- ^^g' enlisted September 4, 1862, her 8, 1864, wounded slightly in ^^ private, commissioned Second right thigh at Saline River, mus- Lieutenant June 26, 1863, pro- tered out July 17, 1865. ' moted First Lieutenant December First Lieutenant Robert F. Burden, 8, 1864, mustered out July 17, enlisted August 10, 1862, resigned 1865. April 8, 1863. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 415 First Sergeant Joseph P. Stnart, en- listed August 10, 1862, reduced to ranks October 2, 1862, mus- tered out July 17, 1865. First Sergeant Hamilton Duke, en- listed August 10, 1862, promoted Sergeant October 2, 1862, dis- charged at St. Louis February 25, 1863. Third Sergeant Geo. Foreman, en- listed September 4, 1862, mus- tered out July 17, 1865. Fifth Sergeant John T. Gaunt, en- listed September 4, 1862, wound- ed severely in the shoulder at Sa- line River, mustered out July 17, 1865. First Corporal Geo. G. Curry, en- listed September 4. 1862, missing at Helena, Ark., July 4, 1863, taken prisoner. Second Corporal Reuben Coomes, enlisted September 4, 1862, wound- ed in right shoulder at Helena, taken prisoner at Saline River. Third Corporal Robert Kissick, en- listed September 4, 1862, dis- charged for promotion in Sixth Arkansas Infantry. Fourth Corporal E. J. Chick, en- listed September 4, 1862, reduced to ranks October 2, 1862. Fourth Corporal Thos. Crowder, en- listed September 4, 1862, promot- ed Fourth Corporal October 2, 1862, discharged March 10, 1863, at Helena, Ai-k., for disability. Fifth Corporal Emanuel Castleman, enlisted September 4, 1863, re- duced to ranks October 21, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Fifth Corporal Frederick Butler, en- listed as private September 4, 1862, promoted Corporal October 2, 1862, missing after battle of Helena, Ark., taken prisoner. Sixth Corporal Joseph Harper, en- listed September 4, 1862, reduced to ranks October 2, 1862, mus- tered out July 17, 1865. Sixth Corporal James B. Scott, en- listed September 4, 1862, as pri- vate, promoted Sixth Corporal October 2, 1862, dischai-ged for disability at Memphis April 17, 1863. Seventh Corporal James F. I^ation, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Memphis, Tenn., March 25, 1863. Eighth Corporal A. B. Kendig, en- listed September 4, 1862, mus- tered out July 17, 1865. Musician Chas. F. Crowder, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Musician Samuel Yeader, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Wagoner Geo. R. Davis, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at St. Louis, Mo., March 14, 1863. PRIVATES. Adair, Jas., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded at Helena and dis- charged at St. Louis, October 26, 1862, for wounds. Adair, Marion, enlisted February 1, 1864, transferred to Thirty-Fourth Infantry, July 12, 1865. Bartlett, Owen, enlisted January 30, 1864, wounded slightly at Saline River, in ankle, mustered out July 17, 1865. Barleen, Samuel, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865 Bailey, Quary, enlisted August 9, 1862, mustered out June 14, 1865, at N. O. Barleen, Jonas, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 18, 1865. Butler, Jacob, B., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, died of typhoid fever at St. Louis, December 22, 1862. Baker, James W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, discharged at Little Rock, February 5, 1865, for disa- bility. Baldwin, Sylvester, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. 416 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Berry, Jos. M., enlisted February 29, 1864, died at Little Rock, Septem- ber, 11, 1S64, of chronic diarrhcea. Coomes, Henry, enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded in ri^ht shoul- der at Helena, mustered out July 17, 1865. Chick, Jas. E., enlisted September 4, 1862, missing after battle of Hel- ena, taken prisoner. Cotrell, Weslej^ enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Crayton, James, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Campbell, Win., enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Currier, Edward, enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded in head at Hel- ena, Ark., and died from effects at Memphis, August 8, 1863. Curry, R. W. B., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded and taken pris- oner at Saline River. Chaplin, James M., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Dodge, AVm., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged for disability at St. Louis, March 14, 1863. Delong, Thos., enlisted September 4, 1862, promoted Corporal, wounded severely in left thigh at Helena, mustered out July 17, 1865. Dove, Geo. M., enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Dove, John, enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded in left breast at Saline River and taken prisoner. Eckroate, John, enlisted September 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Ellis, "Wm. A., enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Helena, April 29, 1863. Ellington, M. W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. Ellington, Jno. D., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, deserted October 8, brought back October 13, deserted again October 24. Fox, Jacob, enlisted September 4, 1862, killed at Helena in battle, July 4, 1863. Fenn, Lerno, enlisted September 4, 1862. Goodwin, J. H. D., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, missing after battle of Helena. Graham, Sanford, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wounded at Helena in left side and discharged for w^ounds at St. Louis, November 18, 1863. Graham, Nelson, enlisted February 27, 1864. Garey, Frederick, enlisted Septem- ber 4. 1862. Grant, Cyrus A., enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Duval's Bluff, Ark., October 1, 1863. Grace, James R., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Grace, Jno. R., enlisted September 4, 1862, died May 16, 1863, at Helena, of disease. Gooden, Thos. G., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Graham, Edward, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wounded severely in left groin at Saline River, and died from wounds at Princeton, Ark., May 5, 1864. Groves, Jno. H., enlisted September 4, 1862. Goodwin, Abraham, enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Holton, Richard, enlisted March 31, 1864. Hains, Wm. H., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded at Helena in hip and side, and died from effects at Granville, October 5, 1863. Johnston, Oliver, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wounded at Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 1863, died at Memphis, August 13, 1863, of wounds. Jackson, Mortimer, enlisted January 18, 1864, wounded and prisoner at Saline River, April 30, 1864. Jones, AlonzOj enlisted Sept. 4, 1862. '■^-„ '• .' Genl E.W.Rice HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 419 Knzman, Jno. G., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Kirkpatrick, Jas. W., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Knight, Samuel, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Little E.ock, June 9, 1864, for disability. Lnndy, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at St. Louis, Mo., March 5, 1865. Ludington, Hetiry H., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862, promoted Corporal, killed at Helena, Ark. Lincoln, Levi W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Leatherman, Jno. D., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Miles, Elias, enlisted September 4, 1862. McBride, Harry G., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Morrow, Wm. W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Mullen, Isaac A., enlisted September 4, 1862. Mcintosh, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862. Mcintosh, Jeremiah, enlisted De- cember 22, 1863. Osborn, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded at Helena, wounded and captured at Saline River, April 30, 1864. Pilgrim, Jno. V., enlisted September 4, 1862, missing after battle of Helena. Patton, Wm. H., enlisted September 4, 1862. Petty, Amos D., enlisted September 4, 1862. Hardin, Jethro, enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to invalid corps December 1, 1863. Ryan, Jacob S,, enlisted September 4, 1862. Reeves, Jas. IL, enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to invalid corps December 1, 1863. Ream, John T., enlisted Octobor 9, 1864, transferred to Thirty-fourth Infantry July 12, 1865. 26 Ream, Samuel, enlisted September 4, 1862, promoted corporal wound- ed at Saline river. Strond, Wm. H., enlisted September 4, 1862. Sharp, Geo. IL, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Helena April 21, 1863, for disability. Spain, Jas. B., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded severely in foot and side at Helena. Stephen, Geo. W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, died at Duvall's Bluff August 23, 1863. Talbott, Robert, enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps July 1, 1864. Talbott, R. J., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Helena April 11, 1863, for disability. Vancleave, Sam. G., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Victor, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862. Yancleave, Albert, enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. Wilson, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Cairo Feb- ruary 7, 1863. Wilson, Clark, enlisted September 4, 1862. Wilson, Robert, enlisted September 4, 1862. Wright, Joshua, enlisted September 4, 1862. Weeves, John, enlisted September 4, 1862. Winn, Robert, enlisted September 4, 1862. Williams, Jno. B., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, killed at Helena July 4, 1863. Walker, Wm. B., enlisted December 11, 1863, wounded and taken pris- oner at Saline River April 30, 1864. COMPANY D. CaptainJohnLofland, commissioned October 1, 1862, promoted Lieu- tenant-Colonel August 18, 1863, 420 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Captain Riley Jessnp, enlisted Oct. 1, 1862, as Second Lieutenant, promoted Captain April 11, 1864. First Lieutenant Denny M. Gunn, enlisted October 1, 1862, resigned October 24, 1864. First Lieutenant Henry C. Leighton, enlisted September 6, 1862, as Second Corporal, promoted Sec- ond Lieutenant June 11, 1864, First Lieutenant October 25, 1864, mustered out August T, 1865, died at Oskaloosa January 31, 1878. He was Adjutant of regi- ment at time of muster out. Second Lieutenant Amos Hiatt, en- listed as private September 6, 1862, promoted Sergeant, promo- ted Second Lieutenant October 25, 1864. Fii'st Sergeant Ezra F. Hinds, en- listed September 6, 1862, trans- ferred July 8, 1865, for promotion in Second U. S. Volunteers. Second Sergeant Jno. R. Craw- ford, enlisted September 6, 1862. Third Sergeant Jacob Ilouser, en- listed September 6, 1862, killed at Helena July 4, 1863. Fourth Sergeant Chas. G. Bennett, Fifth Sergeant Jared Hughes, en- listed September 6, 1862. First Corporal David Stevens, en- listed September 6, 1862. Third Corporal Wm. Ilillard, en- listed September 6, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Helena. Fourth Corporal Jno. N. Evving, en- listed September 6. 1862, after- ward Sergeant, killed at Saline River April 30, 1864. Fifth Corporal Geo. Adams, enlisted September 6, 1862, died at Little Rock March 3, 1864. Sixth Corporal Oran Counsil, en- listed September 6, 1862. Seventh Corporal James E. Darrow, enlisted September 6, 1862. Eighth Corporal John W. Jones, en- listed September 6, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Saline River, Arkansas. Musician A. S. Ellis, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Musician Elisha W. Slater, enlisted September 6, 1862. PRIVATES. Atwood, Moses F., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, wounded slightly in foot at Helena July 4, 1863. Brown, David M. C, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Bass, Andrew J., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Berkey, Albert G., enlisted Septem- ber '6, 1862. Benscoter, Philander, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Brown, Nathaniel PL, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, transferred to In- valid Corps December 27, 1863. Batterson, Edwin B., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, killed at Helena July 4, 1863. Brundege, Levi E., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, wounded at Helena and died from wounds July 6, 1864. Boyer, William E., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, taken prisoner at Helena July 4, 1863. Chomp, Thornton, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, accidentally wounded, died June 18, 1863, at Helena, Arkansas. Coe, Alvin H., enlisted September 6, 1862. Cope, Henry, enlisted September 6, 1862, discharged for disability at St. Louis, March 7, 1863. Doughman, Samuel, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, wounded slightly in the face at Saline River. Deweese, William J., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, died at St. Louis December 21, 1862. Deweese, Samuel L., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, wounded severely in arm at Saline River, discharged at Keokuk March 21, 1865, on ac- count of wounds. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 421 Donghtnan, Andrew J., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, afterward corporal, died at Vicksburg February 20, 1865. Donelson, Amos "VV., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Dixon, Harvey M., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, discharged at Little Rock December 16, 1863, for dis- ability. Evans, William M., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, transt'eri-ed to Invalid Corps January 22, 1861. Garden, Tliomas J., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Hopkins, Abram C, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, taken prisoner at Helena July 4, 1863. Hiner, Jesse, enlisted September 6, 1862. Hiner, David, enlisted September 6, 1862, discharged at Helena April 18, 1863, for disability. Hiner, AYilliam, enlisted September 6, 1862, discharged May 6, 1863. Kendig, William H., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, Hull, Benjamin, enlisted September 6, 1862. Killough, John H., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Kirkpatrick, George IST., enlisted September 6, 1862. Locke, William G., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Likens, William, enlisted September 6, 1862, discharged April IS, 1863, at Helena, for disability. Lafollet, John W., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Moore, Eliphas, enlisted September 6, 1862, died at Shell Mound, Mississippi, April 4, 1863. Middleton, Jesse H., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, died February 11, 1863. Mahalfey, John, enlisted September 6, 1862, died at Helena. McKinsey, David P., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, discharged at St. Louis February 18, 1863, for dis- ability. Michener, Henry P., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, died at St. Louis January 18, 1863. Keedham, David L., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, discharged May 4, 1863, at Helena, for disability. Kewton, Henry, enlisted September 6, 1862, discluirged at Helena, Ar- kansas, for disability, April 14, 1863.- Pope, Harrington C, enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Peckover, AVilliam, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Peters, William C, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Proctor, Jefferson, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Proctor, William, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Packer, Isaac W. D., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862. Quaintance, Morris, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner Saline River, Arkansas. Reny, John IL, enlisted September 6, 1862, wounded at Helena in the hand. Rockwell, Alanson, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, discharged at St. Louis February 22, 1863. Roberts, James M., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Stevens, Hugh, enlisted September 6, 1862. Sandiland, William, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Sandiland, Alex, enlisted September 6, 1862, died of typhoid fever at Columbus, Kentucky, Jan. 1, 1863. Shannon, John A., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Stout, Thomas C, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Tracy, William, enlisted September 6, 1862. Totman, N^athaniel, enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Tracv, Marion, enlisted September 6, "1862. Tomson, Joseph, enlisted September 6, 1862. 422 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Yickers, Sanford, enlisted September 6, 1862. Vickroy, Lewis F., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Williams, Thomas I., enlisted Sep- tember 6, 1862, died at Oskaloosa October 4, 1863. Winder, Hugh W., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. Widows, James H., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, died ? '■ St. Louis De- cember 25, 1862. Wood, David J. M., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862, transferred to Four- teenth Kansas Cavalry March 28, 1863. Young, Jolm C, enlisted September 6,1862. Zane, William L., enlisted Septem- ber 6, 1862. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Adams, David, enlisted January 4, 1864, wounded severely in the leg at Saline River and taken prisoner. Clark, Henry M., enlisted January 4, 1864. Collins, Jno. C, enlisted December 9, 1863. Diliey, David M., enlisted December 25, 1863. Gray, Amos, enlisted May 27, 1863. Heaverlo, Andrew, enlisted . Larkins, Joseph W., enlisted J anuary 4, 1864. Peckover, John, enlisted December 12, 1863. Reams, Vincent, enlisted December 7, 1863. Swalm, Albert W., enlisted Novem- ber 9, 1863. Speley, Benj. F., enlisted January 4, 1864. Thorp, Wm. M., enlisted December 22, 1863, wounded severely in the breast at Saline River and died at Camden, Ark., July 3, 1864, from effects. Warner, James M., enlisted Decem- ber 12, 1863. Enos, Wm. J., enlisted, February 5, 1864, died of chronic diarrhoea, September 11, 1864, at Little Rock. Flanders, Nathan N., enlisted Jan- uary 14, 1864, died of measles, February 18, 1864, at Cairo. Mitchell, Riley, enlisted 1864, wounded severely and taken pris- oner, April 30, 1864, at Saline River. Smitli, Wm. T., of Scott Township, enlisted March 21, 1864. Trobridge, William, enlisted Febru- ary 1, 1864, died from wounds in head at Saline River. McNeill, Henry, enlisted October 18, 1862, transferred to Thirty-Fourth Infantry, July 12, 1865. Mendenhall, Wm., enlisted, 186-, died on Steamer Carrie Jacobs, September 9, 1864. COMPANY E, Captain John P. Walker, enlisted July 21, 1862, commissioned Oc- tober 1, 1862, resigned April 2, 1863. Captain Cheney C. Prouty, enlisted July 24, 1862, as First Lieutenant, commissioned Captain April 3, 1863, mustered out July 17, 1865. First Lieutenant Theodorick L. See- vers, enlisted July 21, 1862, as Second Leiutenant, commissioned First Lieutenant April 3, 1863, mustered out July 17, 1865. Second Lieutenant Jno. A. Brecken- ridge, enlisted July 21, 1862, as First Corporal, promoted Second Lieutenant June 2, 1863, resigned May 26, 1864. Second Lieutenant Geo. L. Robb, enlisted July 28, 1862, as private, commissioned January 6, 1865, never mustered in, mustered out as First Sergeant, mustered out July 17, 1865. First Sergeant Geo. Himes, enlisted July 23, 1862, died at Helena, September 5, 1863. Second Sergeant Wm. S. Glenn, en- listed July 24, 1862. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 423 Third Seri^eant Jno, M. Finney, en- listed Jul}' 24, 1862, wounded at Saline River, and discharged Au- gust 24, 1864. Fourth Sergeant Jno. "Whittaker, enlisted July 24, 1862, wounded at Helena in right arm, died from efl'ects September 14, 1863, at Memphis. Fifth Sergeant Henry T. Miller, en- listed July 30, 1862. Second Corporal Marion Dunbar, en- listed July 22, 1862, taken pris- oner at Saline River. Third Corporal Lewis H. Cochran, enlisted July 24. 1862, wounded in back at Saline River, Fourth Corporal James S. Flumley, enlisted July 30, 1862. Fifth Corporal Robert H. Haynes, enlisted July 30, 1862, wounded at Helena in left arm. Sixth Corporal Wm, M. Blackstone, enlisted July 30. 1862. Seventh Corporal Richard M. Boyer, enlisted July 24, 1862. Eighth Corporal Clement A. Davis, enlisted July 24, 1862, probably reduced to ranks. Eighth Corporal Tilford H. Ruby, enlisted as private July 28, 1862, died of fever at Columbus, Ky., December 31, 1862. Eighth Corporal Jno. West, enlisted as private July 23, 1862, promoted Corporal January 15, 1863. Musician James M. Ogden, enlisted July 21, 1862. Musician Hale B. W. Brown, en- listed July 21, 1862. Wagoner Henry Snoke, enlisted July 21, 1862. PRIVATES. Allen, Elam, enlisted July 21, 1862. Brown, J. D., enlisted July 21, 1862, died at Helena, March is, 1863. Bones, John, enlisted July 24, 1862. Baugliman, Elias, enlisted July 24. 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps, January 15, 1864. Barnes, Wm. A., enlisted July 24, 1862, died at Little Rock, Septem- ber 8, 1864. Boswell, Joshua R., enlisted July 24, 1862. Bird, Willis S., enlisted June 9, 1863, slightly wounded April 30, 1864, wounded at Saline River. Chad wick, Wheeler, enlisted January 4, 1864, died of wounds, May 26, 1864. Capper, Howai , enlisted July 24, 1862. Clammer, David, enlisted July 24, 1862, transferred for promotion in U. S. colored troops at Helena, July 28, 1863. Cnurch, Alonzo H., enlisted July 24, 1862 Corns, Amos, enlisted July 25, 1862, wounded in abdomen, at Saline River, died from effects at Prince- ton, May 15, 1864. Couzen, Benj., enlisted July 21,1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Saline River. Cochran, John T., enlisted July 23, 1862. Church, Washington, enlisted July 23, 1862, killed by fall from hay wagon, July 30, 1867. Carson, Geo. S., enlisted July 23, 1862, taken prisoner at Saline River. Cralty, Wm.M., enlisted August 23, 1862, discharged at Helena, De- cember 27, 1864. Crowder, Rob't S., enlisted August 23, 1862, discharged April 14, 1863. Dodd, Jesse, enlisted July 21, 1862, discharged at St. Louis, January 23, 1863, on provost duty. Downing, Wm. H., enlisted July 21, 1862, Eichel barge r, Adam, enlisted July 21, 1862, wounded and taken pris- oner at Saline River. Evelaiid, Lewis, G., enlisted July 27, 1862, died at Little Rock, Oc- tober 18, 1863. 424 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Eveland, Frank, enlisted July 27, 1862, died at Memjihis, December 10, 1863. Faucett, Geo., enlisted July 21, 1862, transferred for promotion in Fiftj-foiirtli Regiment Calvary Troops, September, 1863. Grover, James H., enlisted January 30, 1864, died of wounds May 18, 1864, received at Saline River. Glendenning, Jas. E., enlisted Aug- ust 21, 1862. Green, Wra. L., enlisted September 1, 1864. Gosnell, Sara. D., enlisted August 21, 1862, died at Memphis, Tenn., April 15, 1863. Gosnell, Jesse S., enlisted August 21, 1862, died in Mound City Hospital, of jDaralysis, June 5, 3 863. Halman, Jas. B., enlisted July 24, 1862. Harris, Wm. B , enlisted July 27, 1862. Harris, John B., enlisted July 27, 1862, wounded slightly at Saline River in left thigh. Howard, Walter, enlisted July 26, 1862, discharged at Cairo August 27, 1863. Hawk, Wm. W., enlisted Julv 22, 1862. Himes, Jacob M., enlisted July 22, 1862. Hollowav, Jno. S., enlisted July 22, 1862. " Hanej', Jacob D., enlisted July 21, 1862, died at Memphis March 29, 1863. Harland, H. M., enlisted July 25, 1862. Horn, Jno. W., enlisted July 22, 1862, discharged at Keokuk for disability, February 7, 1865. Haydock, Daniel W., enlisted July 21, 1862. Hinkle, Thos. H., enlisted Julv 28, 1862,- killed at Saline River, April 13, 1864. Hall, Zachary T., enlisted July 21, 1862. Hawk, Anthony, enlisted July 21, 1862. Hines, Theodore, enlisted July 21, 1862, discharged at Mound City, August 18, 1863. Kirkendall, Jos, W., enlisted July 24, 1862, died at Shell Mound, Miss., March 23, 1863. Kinsman, Theo. S„ enlisted July 22, 1862, died at St. Louis, Septem- ber 4, 1863. Lvster, Arthur W., enlisted July 27, "1862. Lockart, Isaac M., enlisted August 20, 1862. Miller, Jno. PL, enlisted November 19, 1863, .wounded at Saline River and taken prisoner. McMullen, Pliilander, enlisted July 30, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Saline River. McClean, John, enlisted July 30, 1862, died of small pox, January 2, 1863. McClean, Alex., enlisted July 30, 1862, discharged for disability May 17, 1863, at St. Louis. McCulley, James A., enlisted July 30, 1862, died at Helena, July 22, 1863. McCulley, Wm. S., enlisted July 30, 1862. Miller, Philander M., wounded and taken prisoner at Saline River. Nolan, Eugene, enlisted July 21, 1862. Phillips, John, enlisted July 21, 1862, wounded at Little Rock severely in the leg. Perrigo, Ambrose, enlisted July 21, 1862, discharged at St. Louis, April 21, 1863. Robertson, Wm. A., enlisted July 28. 1862, died at Oskaloosa, No- vember 14, 1863. Ross, AV'm. A., enlisted July 23, 1862, died at Helena, January 28, 1863. Rowland, Geo. W., enlisted July 23, 1862, died at St. Louis, De- cember 21, 1862. Ruby, M. C, enlisted July 23, 1862. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 425 Reno, William, enlisted July 28, 1862. Red path, James T., enlisted Jnlj 21, 1862, sliijhtly wounded at Saline River in left arm. Robertson, Samuel S„ enlisted July 31, 1862, sliglitl}^ wounded in right breast at Saline River. Redpath, Joseph, enlisted January 4, 1864, wounded in left arm at Saline River. Sawyer, James H., enlisted July 21, 1862, wounded in breast at He- lena. Shaver, Levi C, enlisted July 30, 1862, discharged November 27, 1863, at St. Louis. Shaw, Levi, enlisted July 30, 1862, wounded slightly in hand at Sa- line River. Shaw, Charles W., enlisted July 30, 1862, died at Little Rock January 14, 1865, of wounds. Satchell, James W., enlisted July 30, 1862. Shelleday, LeanderN., enlisted July 21, 1862. Stolzer, Stephen, enlisted July 21, 1862, died at Helena, July 26, 1863. Summer, Wm. H., enlisted July 23, 1862, died at Little Rock, Decem- ber 7, 1863. Smith, Marion D., enlisted July 23, 1862, died at Helena, August 7, 1863. Stephenson, Charles M., enlisted J uly 25, 1862. Slamal, Peter, enlisted July 25, 1862, died at St. Louis, January 5, 1863. Tipton, Joshua D., enlisted July 23, 1862, discharged at Helena March 1, 1863. Wharton, John S., enlisted July 30 1862. Wilson, David G., enlisted July 30, 1862, afterwards Corporal, wound- en severeh' in shoulder at Saline River, died at Camden, October 20, 1864, of wounds. Whi taker, Reuben, enlisted August ^22, 1862. Young, Thos. H., enlisted July 28, 1862. Young, Jonathan E., enlisted July 28, 1862. Welch, Hiram, enlisted February 24, 1864, died at Little Rock, July 10, 1864, of fever. Wells, John W., enlisted July 21, 1862. COMPANY F. Third Corporal John McCreen}^, en- listed August 20, 1862, appointed Corporal August 23, 1862, dis- charged for disability at St. Louis, January 21, 1863. COMPANY G. First Lieutenant Geo. R. Ledyard, enlisted October 1, 1862. PRIVATE. John W. Owen, enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to Mississippi Marine Brigade February 19, 1863. COMPANY H. Fourth Corporal Albert Cooper, en- listed September 1, 1862, and ap- pointed Fourth Corporal, discharg- ed at Mempliis September 9, 1863. PRIVATES. Edmundson, Wm. F., enlisted Sep- tember J, 1862, discharged at Helena for disability April 22, 1863. Thompson, Thos M., enlisted March 30, 1864. Hallaway, David, enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1862. Newport, Jesse, enlisted March 26, 1864. Hale, Henry, enlisted September 1, 1862. 426 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. COMPANY K. Captain Thornton Mcintosh, com- missioned October 1, 1862, re- signed Marcli 31, 1863. Captain John M, Bangh, enlisted and commissioned Second Lieu- tenant October 1, 1862, promoted Captain March 4, 1863, resigned August 16, 1864. Captain Wm. A, Rankin, enlisted as Corporal September 4, 1862, promoted Second Lieutenant March 4, 1863, promoted First Lieutenant June 18, 1864, pro- moted Captain August 17, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. First Lieutenant Geo. L. Gilchrist, commissioned October 1, 1862, resigned March 3, 1863. First Lieutenant Thomas R. Conner, enlisted September 4, 1862 as Fourth Sergeant, promoted First Lieutenant March 4, 1863, mor- tally wounded at battle ot" Jenkin's Ferry April 30, 1864, died July 5, 1864. First Lieutenant James Loughridge, enlisted as First Sergeant Septem- ber 4, 1862, promoted Second Lieutenant June 18, 1864, pro- moted First Lieutenant Aug. 17, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. Second Sergeant Wm. H. Shaw, en- listed September 2, 1862. Third Sergeant Henry S. Drinkle, enlisted September 2, 1862. Fifth Sergeant Henry S. Heath, en- listed September 4, 18G2, discharg- ed for disability at St. Louis Feb- ruary 19, 1863. First Corporal Benjamin Foster, en- listed September 4, 1862. Second Corporal Solomon William- son, enlisted September 4, 1862. Third Corporal Royal Haskell, en- listed September 4, 1862, reduced to ranks December 3, 1862. Third Corporal Jasper H. Gordon, enlisted September 4, 1862 as pri- vate, promoted Third Corporal December 3, 1863. Fourth Corporal S. A. Williamson, enlisted September 4, 1862, re- duced to ranks at his own request November 2, 1S62. Fourth Corporal Andrevv J. Burgess, enlisted as private September 4, 1862, promoted corporal Novem- ber 3, 1862. Fifth Corporal Benj. S. Musgrove, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Oskaloosa October 6, 1862. Fifth Corporal J. B, Shipley, enlist- ed as private September 4, 1862, promoted Fifth Corporal Novem- ber 3, 1862, died at Clarendon, Ark., August 18, 1863. Sixth Corporal M. D. Gilchrist, en- listed September 4, 1862, killed at Helena. Eighth Corporal Wm. T. McAllister, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at St. Louis, Mo., of chronic diar- rhoea February 3, 1863. Musician Felix G. Mershon, enlist- ed September 4, 1862, discharged at Keokuk for disability March 23, 1863. Musician John A. Morris, enlisted September 26, 1862, died of mea- sles at St. Louis, December 21, 1862. Wagoner T. A, Kernahain, enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded at Helena in the arm July 4, 1863, died there of disease January 13, 1864. PRIVATES. Andrews, T. R., enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps February 16, 1864. Ashmead, J. T., enlisted September 4, 1862. Agnevv, James, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at St. Louis for disability March 13, 1863. Allgood, Jefferson, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, discharged at Helena for disability April 16, 1863. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 427 Boswell, John, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Little Kock, No- vember 3, 1863. Blair, Robert, enlisted September 4, 1862. Bell, James M., enlisted September 4, 1862. Bond, Wni., enlisted September 4, 1862. Broyles, enlisted September 4, 1862. Buntain, Carj A., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, died at St. Louis Jan- nary 21, 1863. Burgess, Amos, enlisted September 4, 1862. Boyd, Robert I. F., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, discharged at Keokuk October 20, 1863. Boswell, Levi, enlisted September 4, 1862, died at Helena, Ark., May 9, 1863. Crozier, Thos. S., enlisted September 4, 1862. Cowan, Wm. R., enlisted September 4, 1862, afterward Corporal, wounded at Helena and at Saline River. Collins, Merrill P. Crozier, Matthew W. Carnahan, Francis M. Criss, John, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at St, Louis Feb- ruary 14, 1864. Dickinson, N. C, enlisted September 30, 1862, died of fever at Browns- ville, Arkansas, Sept. 24, 1863. Dysart, David, enlisted September 4, 1862, transferred to U. S. Ma- rine Corps January 12, 1863. Dixon, Matthew, enlisted September 4, 1862. Douglass, John W., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Eastburn, Sanford, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, discharged at Little Rock May 10, 1864. Evans, David T., enlisted September 4, 1862, wounded at Saline River, died at Little Rock September 22, 1864. Emory, William T., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Fox, James B., enlisted September 4, 1862. Furgeson, John, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Mound City for disability, December 7, 1863. Gregory, William, enlisted Novem- ber 7, 1862, discharged at Quincy, Illinois, for wounds, Feb. 22, 1864. Gaston, Cyrus, enlisted September 4, 1862. Huff, Charles A., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged January 23, 1863, at Memphis, for disability. Higgins, Thomas, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Haskell, Daniel, enlisted September 4, 1862. Hartman, Robert R., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862, died at Helena, Arkansas, February 9, 1863. Howe, William H., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, died at St. Louis May 14, 1863. Harris, Augustus A., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862, died of measles at St. Louis December 25, 1862. Henry, John N., enlisted September 4, i862. James, Alexander, enlisted Novem- ber 7, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Saline River. Haskell, Henry C, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wounded at Saline River, and died from wounds at Princeton, Ark., June 24, 1864. Morgan, John G., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Miller, William G., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. McFall, David, enlisted September 4, 1862. McCunes, David, enlisted September 4, 1862. Myers, David, enlisted September 4, 1862, died of fever at Oskaloosa October 7, 1862. Morgan, Lewis, enlisted September 4, 1862. McKinney, William, enlisted No- vember 7, 1862, discharged for disability at Helena, April 16, 1863. 428 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Nicliol, David F., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Porter, John, enlisted September 4, 1862. Pleyel, Francis M., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wonnded at Saline River, and died at Princeton, May 23, 1864, of wounds. Pettichord, "William M., enlisted September 4, 1862. Padget, James, enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged at Memphis May 6, 1863, for disability. Robertson, Darius, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Robinson, James, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Pea, John B., enlisted September 4, 1862. Pea, Cyrus, enlisted September 4, 1862. Roberts, John C, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, wounded slightly in the leg at Saline River, discharged at Keokuk June 14, 1865. Ryan, Charles E., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, died at Little Rock, Arkansas, September 25, 1864, of falling from a window in the hos- pital. Stratton, George B., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, severely wounded at Saline River, afterward corporal. Smith, Franklin, enlisted September 4, 1862. Tucker, Leander O., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Todd, Benjamin, enlisted September 4, 1862. Tennis, Samuel N., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, Arkansas, April 25, 1864. "Walker, James A., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862. Wymore, Robert E., enlisted Sep- tember 4, 1862. "Wagoner, Lazarus, enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, transferred to Missis- sippi Marine Brigade. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Elwell, Thomas, enlisted December 25, 1863, died July 25, 1864, at Little Rock. Jackson, William M., enlisted De- cember 14, 1863. Johnson, James M., enlisted Novem- ber 27, 1863. Kunnon, Frances, enlisted December 15, 1863. Martin, John N., enlisted December 11. 1863, wonnded at Saline River. Stephenson, James M., enlisted Feb- ruary 3, 1863. Wendel, James, enlisted August 3, 1863, killed at Saline River. "Withrow, William II., enlisted Jan- nary 4, 1864, wounded at Camden, and again at Saline River. Anderson, Wm. IL, enlisted Janu- ary, 4, 1864, wounded at Saline River, also at Camden, Ark., both times in the thigh. George, Jacob, enlisted February 25, 1864, died at Little Rock, Septem- ber 8, 1864. Henderson, E. F., enlisted January 19. 1864, wounded at Saline River. Lockard, Samuel M., enlisted Feb- ruary 6, 1864, died December 29, 1864, at Little Rock. Remington, Sylvester, enlisted March 29, 1864. Smith, Samuel, enlisted February 6, 1864, wounded at Saline river in the ankle, and discharged May 16, 1865, at St. Louis. Smith, Ephraim S., enlisted Febru- ary 29, 1864, wounded at Saline River, and died from wonnds at Princeton, Ark., May 1, 1864. Loughridge, Wm. A., enlisted !N^o- vember 3, 1862, wounded at Helena. HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. THmXY-SIXTII INFANTRY. 429 COMPANY B. Eighth Corporal Joshua N. Miller, enlisted August 6, 1862, discharg- ed at Keokuk for disability March 7, 1863. PKIVATES. Archer, Thomas, enlisted August 6, 1862, mustered out August 24, 1865. Blowers, Squire, enlisted August 6, 1862, discharged at St. Louis for disability February 26, 1863. Dutton, Jesse, enlisted August 4, 1862, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, Ark. Hox, Wm. II., enlisted August 11, 1862, discliarged at Little Rock for disability November 21, 1863. Harsh barge r, Ilenrj^, enlisted Aug- ust 6, 1862, mustered out August 24, 1865. Harshbarger, John, enlisted August 6, 1862, killed at Mark's Mills. McVay, Josiah D., enlisted August 6, 1862, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills. McChesney, Robert W., enlisted August 11, 1862, mustered out August 24, 1865. Rose, John M., enlisted August 6, 1862, captured at Mark's Mills, died of chronic diarrhoea while a prisoner of war at Shreveport, La. Sheets, Seamore, enlisted August 6, 1862, died at Duval's Blutf, Ark., of chronic diarrhoea. West, Sanford C, enlisted August 6, 1862, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, Ark. Watts, Thos., enlisted August 11, 1862, died at Keokuk May 24, 1863, of chronic diarrhoea. Moore, Richard W., enlisted Febru- arv 10, 1864, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, Ark., April 25, 1864. COMPANY D. Second Corporal Andrew Heaverlo, enlisted September 6, 1862, dis- charged at Memphis April 3, 1863, for disability. Wm. B. Griffis, enlisted February 29, 1864, taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, discharged June 8, 1865. Holmes, Paschal P., enlisted August 9, 1862, mustered out August 24, 1865. COMPANY F. Wood, David H., enlisted February 15, 1865, mustered out August 24, 1865. COMPANY H. Hockett, Enos, enlisted July 23, 1862, wounded and taken prisoner at Mark's Mills, where he died May 17, 1864, of wounds. McFall, Samuel T., enlisted August 15, 1862, wounded and taken pris- oner at Mark's Mills. Yaughn, Wm. R., enlisted July 23, 1862, transferred to Marine I3rig- ade January 20, 1863. Williams, Geo. W., enlisted August 23, 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps September 3, 1863. THIRTY-SEYENTH INFANTRY. This regiment was known all over the country as the Grey Beard Reg- iment^ being composed entirely of men over forty-five years of age. It was the only band of Grey Beards in the field. The command rendezvoused at Camp Strong near Muscatine, and mus- 430 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. tered into service December, 18G2. Thej attracted marked attention at St. Louis, where tbej served as guards to military prisons until May, 1863, then served along the line of Pacific railway about two months; then they were ordered to Alton, 111,, where they guarded prisoners until January, 1864, when they were placed on similar duty at Rock Island until June 5th. They were then engaged in picket duties near Memphis for about three months, when the regiment was divided into squads, stationed at Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus and Gallipolis; May 20, 1865, they were ordered to Davenport, where they were mustered out May 24, 1865. Below we ffive the asfe of these volunteers at time of enlistment. COMPANY E. First Lieutenant Edward Gerard, en- listed September 10, 1862, com- missioned December 15, 1862, age 46, mustered out May 24, 1865. Second Sergeant Sylvester Green- ough, enlisted September 6, 1862, appointed JSToveraber 1, 1862, age 52, mustered out May 24, 1865. Third Sergeant Wm. S. Wells, en- listed September 12, 1862, appoint- ed November 1, 1862, age 54, mustered out May 24, 1865. Second Corporal Agustus F. Myers, enlisted September 11, 1862, ap- pointed November 1, 1862, age 49, mustered out May 24, 1865. Third Corporal Adam Keck, enlist- ed October 9, 1862, appoined November 1, 1862, age 55, mus- tered out May 24, 1865. Fifth Corporal, Geo. K. Holt, enlist- ed September 4, 1862, appointed November 1, 1862, age 53, mus- tered out May 24, 1865. Musician, Nicholas Rancey, enlisted Sej)tember 26, 1862, appointed November 1, 1862, discharged for disability March 11, 1863^ at St. Louis, age 72. Musician, John Neeley, enlisted Oct- ober 3, 1862, appointed November 1, 1862, mustered out May 24, 1865. PRIVATES. Bateman, "Wm., enlisted Septem- ber 4, 1862, age 56, mustered out May 24, 1865. Bartlett, Jacob, enlisted September 19, 1862, discharged April 28, 1863, at St. Louis for disabtlity, age 48. Brown, John F., enlisted October 17, 1862, age 45, mustered out May 24, 1863. Ballard, Wm., enlisted September 4, 1862, discharged for disability, April 28, 1863. Brock way, Joseph, enlisted Septem- ber 10, 1862, age 46, mustered out May 24, 1865. Cleveland, James, enlisted Septem- ber 5, 1862, age 60, discharged at Memphis, February 9, 1865, for disability. Calville, John, enlisted October 16, 1862, age 64, mustered out May 24, 1865. Crawford, Nathan, enlisted Novem- ber 24, 1862, age 55, died at Alton, Illinois, December 3, 1863. Finarty, Joseph, enlisted October 13, 1862, age 66, mustered out May 24, 1865. Gately, John J., enlistad September, 1862, age 50, mustered out May 24, 1865. Hinkle, Peter, enlisted September 28, 1862, age 50, mustered out May 24, 1865. Howard, Patrick, enlisted October 20, 1S62, age 46, mustered out May 24, 1865. Jones, Rees C, enlisted November 26, 1862, age 60, mustered out May 24, 1865. Lawson, James, enlisted October 7, 1862, discharged for disability at Cincinnati February 30, 1865, age 63. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 431 Larawaj, Philip, enlisted Septem- ber 15, 1862, discharged at Rock Island May 18, 1864, age 66. Mason, Joseph, enlisted September 4, 1862, age 59, died at Muscatine January 2, 1863. Newell, Thos., enlisted September 4, 1862, age 46, discharged at In- dianapolis, November 6, 1864. Park, Simpson, enlisted October 20, 1862, age 51, discharged April 28, 1863, at St. Louis, tor disability. Rowland Wm., enlisted September 13, 1862, age 60, mustered out May 24, 1865. Stockdale, Charles, enlisted Septem- ber 23, 1862, age 59, mustered out May 24, 1865. Steele, John A., enlisted September 12, 1862, discharged at Memphis, June 26 1864, age 55. Todd, Samuel, enlisted September 20, 1862, age 45, mustered out May 24, 1865. Tliompson, John, enlisted October 14, 1862, age 57, mustered out May 24, 1865. Van Koop, Jacob T., enlisted Sep- tember 15, 1862, died at St. Louis May 14, 1863, age 46. Williams, Charles, enlisted Septem- ber 5, 1862, discharged at St. Louis April 28, 1863, age 56. AVilliams, Lyman, enlisted October 11. 1862, age 45, mustered out May 24, 1865. Wellslager, Samuel, enlisted Sep- tember 13, 1862, discharged at Memphis Aug. 24, 1864, age 62. Wybrow, Geo. F., enlisted Septem- ber 22, 1862, age 47, mustered out May 24, 1865. THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. COMPANY D. Fifth Corporal Perrie G. Burch, en- listed August 22, 1862, as Sixth Corporal, promoted Fifth Corpo- ral, died at CarroUton, La., August 19, 1863, of disease. Eighth Corporal John Daskam, Jr., enlisted as private August 22, 1862, promoted Eighth Corporal, transferred to Co. H., Thirty- fourth Regiment, promoted First Corporal. PRIVATES. Carter, Ashbell, enlisted August 22, 1862, transferred to Co. H, Thirty- fourth Infantry. Long, Robert, enlisted August 22, 1S62, transferred to Co. H, Thirty- fourth Infrntry. Scott, Ethan A., enlisted August 21, 1862, died at Vicksburg, Miss., August 2, 1863, of disease. Scott, Julius C, enlisted August 21, 1862, died at New Orleans Octo- ber 13, 1863, of disease. FORTIETH INFANTRY. On the 15th of November, 1862, this regiment mustered into the service about 900 strong at Iowa Cit}'. Moving to Cairo by rail they embarked for Columbus, Ky., which place they reached on -the night of the 18th. Here they remained, suffering from disease and many hardships of camp life during the following winter, until March 3, 1863, when they removed to Paducah, where they were comfortably quartered for nearly three months. On the last day of May they left for Yazoo river country, and in the cam- paign of Vicksburg were stationed along that miasmatical stream, which greatly reduced the force of the regiment by disease. Pestilential Helena, the army's next quarters, was but little better. August 13 the command 432 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. joined in the expedition against Little Rock. Entering the city triumph- antly September 10, they I'emained there until March 23, 1864, save the time spent in several important and rather disastrous expeditions through Arkansas. In the battle ol" Jenkins' Ferry the regiment did not, at any time, engage in a body. Companies H, E, K and G did most of the regi- ment's hard fighting in this combat, and suffered quite severely. The Fortieth had its share in the sad and trying retreat to Little Rock. Hun- ger, disease aiid death prej^ed upon the brave men who were engaged, half starved, in biiikling corduroy roads and marcliing in mire half way to their knees. The command remained most of the time at Little Rock until the fol- lowing Februar}", when Brigadier-General Bussey, at Ft. Smith, asked the department command to send him a " tirst-rate regiment." The Fortieth was ordered to Ft. Smith as filling that description. Some time after the regiment was assigned to Ft. Gibson, and saw no further warfare until their country was saved and their services no longer needed. Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Ft. Gibson August 2, 1865. wise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. Officers not other- COMPANY C. First Lieutenant Wm, B. Anderson, enlisted August 13, 1862, resigned March 26, 1864. First Lieutenant John T. S. Fry, en- listed August 14, 1862, as Second Sergeant, promoted Second Lieu- tenant March 27, 1864, First Lieutenant January 15, 1865. Second Lieutenant Geo. Lieurance, enlisted August 13, 1862, commis- sioned November 15, 1862, re- signed June 19, 1863. Second Lieutenant David A. Tan- ner, enlisted as Fourth Sergeant August 16, 1862, promoted Sec- ond Lieutenant January 15, 1865, wounded in skirmish near Oca- lona. Ark., April 3, 1864. Third Sergeant John C. Tucker, en- listed Augtst 15, 1862, appointed Sergeant November 15, 1862. Fifth Sergeant John H. Brown, en- listed August 13, 1862, appointed Sergeant November 15, 1862, dis- charged March 20, 1863, for dis- ability. First Corporal Mortimer W. Nelson, enlisted August 15, 1862, ap- pointed Corporal November 15, 1862, wounded at Jenkins' Ferry. Second Corporal Peter V, Lash, en- listed August 20, 1862, appointed Corporal November 15, 1862. Third Corporal Johnson Miller, en- listed August 22, 1862, appointed November 15, 1862, died at Mem- phis of remittent fever September 3, 1863. Fourth Corporal Robert B. Boyd, enlisted August 13, 1862, ap- pointed November 15, 1862. Fifth Corporal Chi'is C. Mateer, enlisted August 21, 1862, ap- pointed November 15, 1862, Sixth Corporal Robert A. Gray, en- listed August 14, 1862, appointed November 15, 1862, discharged Februarj' 19, 1863, for disability. Seventh Corporal AVm. W. Graham, enlisted August 13, 1862, ap- pointed Corporal November 15, 1862. Eighth Corporal Eljiah Gray, en- listed August 14, 1862, appointed November 15, 1862, died of fever at Ft. Smith, Ark., April 24, 1865. Musician Jas. W. W rough ton, en- listed August 13, 1862. Musician Major A. Victor, enlisted August 13, 1862. Wagoner D. D. Eidson, enlisted August 13, 1862. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 433 private:s. Allen, Wm. T., enlisted August 22, 1862. Allen, Isliam P., enlisted August 20, 1862. Ankeny, Setli P., enlisted Auijust 22, 1862. Armstrong, Thos., enlisted August 14, 1862. Barnes, Bailey, enlisted August 22, 1862. Barnes, Zachariab, enlisted August 14, 1862. Brown, Bertrand, enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1864. Barnard, John, enlisted September 1, 1864. Bates, Samuel D., enlisted August 22, 1862, discharged at Little Rock, March 24, 1864, for disa- bility. Biggs, Wm., enlisted August 15, 1862, discharged at St. Louis, June 3, 1863, for disability. Bradley, William, enlisted August 13, 1862. Brown, Geo. W., enlisted August 14, 1862. Bodenhamer, John S., enlisted Aug- ust 14, 1862, discharged at Keo- kuk for disability, December 26, 1864. Boyd, Wm. W., enlisted Angust 13, 1862, discharged for disability April 22, 1862^ Brown, Gilbert B., enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1864. Callaway, Jesse C, enlisted August 13, 1862. Doan. Zach., enlisted Jan. 24, 1864. Dagger, John, enlisted August 14, 1862. Dugger, Micajah, enlisted August 14, 1862. Evans, John, enlisted August 15, 1862. Ewing, Franklin, enlisted August 18, 1862, transferred to Co. K, November 3, 1862, died October 1, 1864, of congestive fever, at Little Rock. Embree, Cyrenius, enlisted January 15, 1862, died of phthisic xVugust 25, 1864, at Memphis. Embree, Jos. W., enlisted January 6, 1864. Houghton, Joab, enlisted August 20, 1862. Hudson, Lewis H., enlisted August 14, 1862, afterwards Corporal, discharged at Keokuk, July 10, 1865, for wounds. Herrald, Benjamin, enlisted August 21, 1862. Hensvel, Aaron, enlisted August 20, 1862. Han-eld, Anderson F., enlisted Aug- ust 15, 1862. Harraman, Winget, enlisted August 22, 1862. Johnson, Robert, enlisted August 22, 1862, died of typhus fever, Feb. 6, 1863, at Columbus, Ky. Jones, Geo. W., enlisted August 14, 1862, died November 8, 1862, pre- vious to muster. Kriser, Jacob, enlisted August 14, 1862. Kelly, John, enlisted August 14, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky, May 10, 1863, of typhoid fever. Kriser, Michael, enlisted August 15, 1862, transferred to Co. K, No- vember 3, 1862. Kinney, Isaac, enlisted August 8, 1862, transferred to Co. K, No- vember 3, 1862. Lockard, Martin W., enlisted Aug- ust 15, 1862. Lutz, John, enlisted August 14, 1862. Leathers, Josiali, enlisted August 14, 1862. Lockard, John H., enlisted August 14, 1862. Lockard, James M. C, enlisted Aug- ust 14, 1862. McMahon, Uriah, enlisted August 13, 1862. Mayberry, Sylvester, enlisted Aug- ust 14, 1862, died at Keokuk, January 11, 1865, of chronic bronchitis. 434 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. McMaines, Joseph, enlisted Angnst 13, 1882, died at Little Rock, of chronic diarrhoea, August 15, 1864. McMaines, Alex., enlisted August 14, 1862. McMaines, Win. H., enlisted Aug- ust 14, 1862. Myers, Andrew J., enlisted August 15, 1862. McKaney, Andrew, enlisted August 14, 1862. Myers, Jesse C, enlisted August 14, 1862, discharged for disability March 20, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. McMaines, Robert, enlisted August 14, 1862, died of typhoid fever August 10, 1863, at Helena, Ark. Mateer, James, enlisted August 21, 1862. McMahon, Wm. H., enlisted August 15, 1862. McMaines, Samuel T., enlisted Aug- ust 15, 1862, discharged at Mound City, for disability, October 7, 1863. Myers, Adolphus C, enlisted Aug- ust 14, 1S62. Mayberry, Geo. W., enlisted August 14, 1862. McManus, Asbury, enlisted Febru- ary 20, 1864. McCollam, David, enlisted August 22, 1862, transferred to Co. K, ^November 3, 1862. Miller, Richard, enlisted August 14, 1862, discharged at Davenport for disability December 16, 1864. Murray, James H., enlisted August 13, 1862, transferred to Co. K, November 3, 1862. Maple, Daniel N., enlisted August 13, 1862, transferred to Co. K, November 3, 1862, died at Fort Smith, Ark., of erysipelas, May 10, 1865. Murrow, David, enlisted August 14, 1862, transferred to Co. K, No- vember 3, 1862, died of typhoid fever at Paducah, Ky., March 24, 1863. Roberts. Chas. A., enlisted Decem- ber 14, 1863. Parr, Noah, enlisted August 20, 1862. Parr, Mathew G., enlisted August 15, 1862. Roberts, Joseph C, enlisted August 22, 1862. Rosel, Asbury, enlisted August 21, 1862. Roarty, Rodgers, enlisted August 13, 1862. Richardson, Jno, W., enlisted Aug- ust 18, 1862. Snodgrass, O'Kane, enlisted August 15, 1862. Starnes, James M., enlisted August 14, 1862. Stanley, VVm. P., enlisted August 18, 1862, afterwards Corporal, discharged for disability at Little Rock, January 30, 1865. Stinnett, Isham, enlisted August 14, 1862. Stinnett, Moses, enlisted August 15, 1862. Stoalabarger, Reuben, enlisted Aug- ust 20, 1862. Starvis, Samuel Mc, enlisted Aug- ust 22, 1862. Snook, Napoleon B., enlisted Aug- ust 20, 1862, died of typhoid fever April 24, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. Stanley, Lyman, enlisted August 20, 1862, discharged for disability May 20, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. Snodgrass, John F., enlisted August 16, 1862. Sanford, Joseph, enlisted August 18, 1862, transferred to Co. K. No- vember 3, 1862. Sands, John, enlisted August 13, 1862, transferred to Co. K. Shaw, Wm., enlisted September 1, 1864. Taylor, Wm. O., enlisted August 14, 1862. Yan Winkle, Jonah, enlisted Aug- ust 22, 1862, died at Dupont, Ind., of typhoid fever, February 24, 1863. ^v^t^S.:''.; "-^1??\ i k }^ HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 437 Whitehead, Edward, enlisted August 22, 1862. "Whitehead, "Win., enlisted August 22, 1862. Wjmore, Samuel, enlisted August 14, 1862, died October 27, 1863, at Memphis of chronic diarrhoea. Wymore, A. E. S., enlisted August 18, 1862, died of typhoid fever at Helena, August 19, 1863. Whitaker, Wni., enlisted August 13, 1862, died of tj^phoid fever at Helena, Ark., August 10, 1863. Wymore, Elam M., enlisted August 13, 1862. Williams, John C, enlisted August 18, 1862. Wymore, John W., enlisted August 22, 1862. Wymore, James W., enlisted August 13, 1862. Walden, James A., enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1864. Walden, Geo., enlisted September 1, 1864. Williams, John C, enlisted Septem- ber 1, 1864. Wymore, M. H., enlisted February 17, 1864. Zunmalt, Jacob, enlisted September 1, 1864. COMPANY F. Second Lieutenant Thomas H. For- syth, enlisted August 9, 1862, commissioned November 15, 1862, resigned July 1, 1863. Fifth Sergeant Geo. W. Coleman, enlisted August 9, 1862. Fifth Corporal John Harlow, enlist- ed August 9, 1862, died Novem- ber 28, 1862, at Iowa City of pneumonia. Seventh Corporal Titus Wise, en- listed August 9, 1862, discharged for disability at Little liock, Feb- ruary 14, 1865. Eighth Corporal David M. Wise, enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Columbus, Ky., of pneumonia, March 2, 1863. 27 PRIVATES. Adams, James F., enlisted August 9, 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps Februar}' 15, 1864. Armstrong, Joseph, enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Memphis Septem- ber 30, 1863, of intermittent fever. Adams, John W., enlisted August 9, 1862. Brougher, John, enlisted August 11, 1862. Cooper, Albert M , enlisted August 9, 1862. Doughman, Andrew, enlisted July 26, 1862. Deen, Jesse, enlisted August 9, 1862. Gregory, James P., enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Mound City, 111., J uly 30, 1863, of chronic diarrhoea. Kilgore, Andrew, enlisted August 9, 1862. Mosher, James II., enlisted August 2, 1862. Mosher, Nathaniel E., enlisted Aug- ust 9, 1862, died at Bellefountaine of chronic diarrhoea Dec. 20, 1863. McClure, Alex S., enlisted August 9, 1862. Mercer, Eli S., enlisted August 9, 1862. McYay, James A., enlisted August 9, 1862. Mosher, Geo. G., enlisted August 9, 1862. Stubling, Wm. L., enlisted July 25, 1862.' Stone, Joseph S., enlisted August 9, 1862, wounded severely in right thigh at Prairie De Anne, April 10, 1864. Warford, Franklin M., enlisted Aug- ust 9, 1862. Wise, John A., enlisted August 9, 1862. Wise, Edward W., enlisted August 9, 1862, died of chronic diarrhoea at Memphis, September 3, 1863. COMPANY G. Lee, Nathaniel M., enlisted August 18, 1862, 438 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. FOETY-SEVENTH INFANTKY This was one of tlie regiments raised in accordance with the proposition of the " "War Governors " of Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota, to supply to the United States 85,000 volunteers for one hundred days' ser- vice, which offer was accepted by the President, April 23, 1864. Company I of this regiment was raised from Mahaska county, b}'- Capt. Batterton, in May. The rendezvous of the command was at Davenport. From that point the Forty-seventh was ordered to Helena, Arkansas, where it encamped until the expiration of term of service, when it returned to Davenport without having " smelled powder," or heard the roar of battle. The camp at Helena was sickly, for some reason, and quite a number of the command there fell victims to disease, which in all armies is usually more destructive than the enemy's guns. The regiment was mustered out at Davenport, October, 1864. Colonel James P. Sanford, commissioned June 4, 1864. Assistant Surgeon Jno. H. Fry, enlisted May 11, 1864. COMPANY A. Musician Nathan D. Leonard, en- listed May 23, 186^. Broyles, Sanford P., enlisted May 16, 1864. COMPANY C. Wagoner Thos. Cowles, enlisted June 4, 1864. Blair, Jacob, enlisted May T, 1864. Higens, Joseph C, enlisted May 10, 1864. Tyler, James M., enlisted May 17, 1864. COMPANY H. Eighth Corporal Jonathan B, Hawk, enlisted May 14, 1864. Bridges, James G., enlisted May 14, 1864. Corns, Alonzo, enlisted May 14, 1864. Hatcher, Washington, enlisted May 14, 1864. Hatcher, E. R., enlisted May 14, 1864. McCoy, Benjamin, enlisted May 14, 1864. COMPANY I. Captain Henry Batterton. enlisted May 17, 1864, commissioned June 4, 1864. First Lieutenant David L. Needham, Jr., enlisted May 7, 1864, com- missioned June 4, 1864. Second Lieutenant Wm, R. Roberts, enlisted May 7, 1864, commis- sioned June 4, 1864. First Sergeant Joseph A. Cunning- ham, enlisted May 7, 1864. Second Sergeant Jonathan R. Cham- pion, enlisted May 10, 1864. Third Sergeant Chas. H. Loring, en- listed May 7, 1864, died at Helena, Ark., July 17, 1864. Third Sergeant Thos. Sweem, en- listed as Fourth Sergeant, May 7, 1864, promoted Third Sergeant July 30, 1864. Fourth Sergeant Jas. E. St. John, enlisted as private May 7, 1864, promoted Fifth Sergeant, promo- ted Fourth Sergeant July 30,1864. Fifth Sergeajit Jackson Hughbanks, enlisted May 7, 1864, probably reduced to ranks. Fifth Sergeant diaries Leighton, en- listed as private May 7, 1864, pro- moted Sergeant July 30, 1864. First Corporal Harrison H, McFar- lan, enlisted May 7, 1864. Second Corporal McKee T. Elsey, enlisted May 10, 1864. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 439 Third Corporal Win. D. Boyd, en- listed May 9, 1864, reduced to ranks at his own request, July 30, 18 64. Third Corporal R. P. Bolles, enlist- ed as private May 21, 186J:, pro- moted Third Corporal July 30, 1864. Fourth Corporal Beiij. H. AVinkle- man, enlisted May 7, 1864. Fiftli Corporal Juo. O. D. Ross, en- listed May 7, 1864, Sixth Corporal John H. Coffinan, enlisted May 7, 1861, reduced to ranks. Seventh Corporal Aaron Phillips, enlisted May 9, 1861, reduced to ranks. Seventh Corporal David E. Pice, en- listed as private May 30, 1864, pro- moted Corporal June 29, 1864, died at Davenport, September 19, 1864, ot" typihoid fever. Eighth Corporal Francis M. Chil- ders, enlisted May 7, 1864. PRIVATES. Allen, Andrew, enlisted May 7, 1864. Arinsti-ong, Matthew, enlisted May 14. 1864, deserted July 12, 1864. Ball, Thomas, enlisted May 13, 1864. Bones, Wm. H., enlisted May 14, 1864, Beckman, Diedrick, enlisted May 14, 1864. Bump, Martin Y., enlisted May 16, 18o4. Brackney, Elias, enlisted May 7. 1861, died at Davenport, Septem- ber 26. 1864. Bergren, Wm., enlisted May 10, 1864. Barr, Smith M., enlisted May 7, 1861. Benton, Wm. E., enlisted May 7, 1861. Chick, Wm. A., enlisted May 7, 1864. Cotfman, D. H., enlisted May 7, 1864. Crispin, John F., enlisted May 7, 1864. Ellis, Perry, enlisted May 7, 1864. Eubanks, Jesse D., enlisted May 7, 1864. Ellison, James, enlisted May 7, 1864. Ellis, Linza, enlisted May 7, 1864. Enloe, Isaac N., enlisted May 12, 1864. Fletcher, James C, enlisted May 7, 1861. Fleming, Justin, enlisted May 7, 1861. Gregory, Wm. H, H., enlisted May 7, 1864. Graham, Wm. M., enlisted May 10, 1864. Gatewood, John F., enlisted May 14, 1864. Glaze, Wm. B. L., enlisted May 7, 1864. Haupt, Geo., enlisted May 9, 1864. Hendrick, Wm. A., enlisted May 7, 1864. Keenan, Ebenezer, enlisted May 7, 1864, died on Steamer " D. A. January," September 4, 1864 of typhoid fever. Kinsler, Wm., enlisted May 7, 1864, discharged October 26, 1864. Knight, Immer M., enlisted May 7, 1864. Little, Jared, enlisted May 10, 1864, died at Helena, July 30, 1864. Lough, Sidney S., enlisted May 6, 1864. Lee, Wm. T., enlisted May 7, 1864. McClure, Robert, enlisted May 7, 1864. Mattox, Cyrus M., enlisted May 7, 1864. McCann, James A., enlisted May 24, 1861. Miles, Lewis. H., enlisted May 7, 1864. Mullen, Job, enlisted May 9, 1864. McMains, Robert A., enlisted May 10, 1861. McDonald, Thos. E., enlisted May 7, 1864. Morgan, J. P., enlisted May 7, 1864. Ralston, Wilson D., enlisted May 7, 1864. Ruppel, Lewis F., enlisted May 10, 1 864. Rickets, Lemuel, enlisted May 7, 1864. 440 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ross, Andrew C, enlisted May 7, Sloan, Richard D., enlisted May 7, 1864. 1864. Stone, George, enlisted May 24, Thissell, Austin C, enlisted May 7, 1804. 1864. Sutton, AVm. F., enlisted May 7, Tryon, Gosvenor A., enlisted May 1864. 9, 1864. Shock, Oliver II., enlisted May 24, Talbert, Gustavus F., enlisted May 1864. 7. 1864. Southwick, Jonathan W., enlisted Timbrel, Jasper M., enlisted May 7, May 16, 1864, died at Helena. 1864. Arkansas, August 21, 1864, of Winters, John T., enlisted May 10, camp fever and diarrhoea. 1864. Swearingen, Alden B., enlisted May Workman, Jas., enlisted Mav7, 1864, 9, 1864. died at Helena July 21, 1864. Stafford, Jonathan A., enlisted May Weaver, Henry W., enlisted May 7, 1864. 21, 1864. THIRD CAYALRY. COMPANY D. Binder, Wm., enlisted 10, 1861, discharged Arkansas, January 12, COMPANY K. September at Helena, 1863. Second Corporal, Geo. Williams, en- listed September 3, 1861, subse- quently reduced to ranks, re-en- listed as veteran January 1, 1864. Third Corporal, Wm. E. Jones, en- listed September 3, 1861, subse- quently reduced to ranks, wound- ed at Salem, Arkansas, and dis- charged September 26, 1862. Angel, Wilson, enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864, killed in battle at Ripley, Miss., June 11, 1864. Himes, Wm. H., enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. McYa}^ Jacob H., enlisted as vete- ran January 1, 1864. Randall, Israel W., enlisted as vete- ran January 1, 1864. COMPANY L. Hicks, Alfred B., enlisted August 15, 1861. COMPANY M. Second Corporal, Alexander Cowan, enlisted October 3, 1861 as pri- vate, promoted Second Corpo- ral November 25, 1862, died at Memphis, September 13, 1863. FOURTH CAVALRY. This regiment was raised during the latter part of 1861, with rendez- vous at Camp Harlan, Mount Pleasant, and contained squads of Mahaska county men who enlisted with the regiment, or as recruits after it had en- tered the service, quite a number enlisting in 1863 and 1864. During May, 1863, the regiment was in several engagements in Missis- sippi, at Jackson, at Raymond, and twice at Mechanicsburg, on the 24th and 29th of that month. During the previous part of the year the regiment had been stationed at Helena, Arkansas, doing scouting and picket duty. Under Gen. Sherman at Black River, in June, a portion of the regiment HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 441 had quite a severe encounter with the enemy's cavahy, about 125 Union men being surrounded by 800 Rebels. Tlie former were successful in cut- ting their way out with a loss of near fifty men in killed and taken pris- oners. During the remainder of the year the regiment was engaged in skirmishing in Mississippi, bat without serious loss. During 1864, no regiment in the army was in more active service than the Fourth Cavalry. After several skirimishes and long marches in the early spring, or rather during the winter, they were furloughed March 4, 1864, by special order of Gen. Sherman. Various expeditions were under- taken upon the return of the regiment to Mississippi, involving marches of some thousands of miles and numerous brilliant eno-aijements. Of his men, December 1,1864, Colonel Winslow says: ''No language can de- scribe their sufferings, or give them credit for that distinguished bravery and endurance which have taught the enemy to respect them and fear their coming, as the people of the Indies fear the Simoon. Four expeditions against Forrest and one against Price, bear testimony to the fatigues en- dured, the dangers encountered, the defeats shared, the victories won." During March and April, 1865, a most brilliant march with frequent fighting, was made from Chickasaw, Alabama, to Macon, Georgia. Seven battle flags were captured in a single engagement, near Columbus, Georgia, by volunteers of this regiment. During the month occupied in this expe- dition, 610 miles were marched, 2,436 prisoners captured, 21 pieces of artillery, 1,650 stand of small arms, and 880 horses and mules taken. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Georgia, August 10, 1865. Men not otherwise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. COMPANY E. 1861, promoted Fourth Sergeant September 1, 1862, promoted Third Mitchell, John, enlisted January 3, Sergeant October 1, 1862, re-en- 1863. ^ listed as veteran December 12, Byers, James W., enlisted Novem- 1863. ber 21, 1863. Fourth' Sergeant William Glasgow, Boswell, Francis M., enlisted ITo- enlisted as Fifth Sergeant October vember 9, 1863. 29, 1861, promoted Fourth Ser- Dumont, Thomas, enlisted Novem- ^^ant, discharged for disability ^ ^e^' IJ; 1863. August 23, 1862. Good, \Villiam, enlisted JNovember, Fourth Sergeant A. Loughridge, en- ^r^r^^-^.,,. , ^^ listed as private October 17, 1861, McGee, William, enlisted Novem- promoted Eighth Corpora! May 1, ber 13, 1863. 1862, promoted Seventh Corporal Eiggs, Franklin, enlisted November August 1, 1862, promoted Sixth 17, 1863. Corporal September 1, 1862, pro- moted Fourth Corporal October 1, COMPANY F. -^ggg^ promoted Fifth Sergeant c „ J c 4. JT- -iTT r^ 4.- May 1, 1864, promoted Fourth Second Ser^reant llira W. Curtis, ^ \. t ^ ■f^^o<. < 1- . :i A . 1 -,- 1001 t. 1 Ser^ '^ i. i o- ..i r\ *■ u 17 iQai • t. September 1, 1862, promoted Sixth October 17, 1861, as private, pro- o ,. r\ \. ^ i -la^^a ,1 T?-i'«.i c *. TA 11 Sergeant October 1, 1862. moted I'ltth Sergeant December 1, ^ ' 442 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. First Corporal Joseph Cline, enlisted October 14, 1861, returned to ranks March 15, 186'2, taken prisoner and paroled, transferred to Invalid Corps February 15, 1864. First Corporal Joseph Glasgow, en- listed October 29, 1861, as Second Corporal, promoted First Corporal October 1, 1862, taken prisoner at Black River, Mississippi, in a skir- mish, June 22, 186.3. Fifth Corporal E. D. Bratton, en- listed as private October 17, 1861, promoted Eighth Cor])oral August 1, 1862, promoted Seventh Cor- poral September 1, 1862, promo- ted Fifth Corporal October 1, 1862, reduced to ranks January 1, 1863, re-enlisted as veteran Jan. 1, 1864. Sixth Corporal Elijah Busby, enlisted as private October 17, 1861, pro- moted Sixth Corporal October 1, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran De- cember 12, 1863, promoted Second Corporal January 1, 1864, promo- ted Sixth Sergejint May 1, 1864, promoted Fifth Sergeant July 1, 1864, captured in a skirmish at Black River, Mississippi, and re- leased. Seventh Corporal Jeremiah Everett, enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks at his own request De- ceml)er 1, 1861, discharged No- vember 7, 1862, for disability. PRIVATES. Allison. Charles R,, enlisted October 14, 1861. Boswell, F. M., enlisted November 9, 1863. Butler, James W., enlisted October 14, 1861, died of congestion of brain at Helena, Arkansas, March 4, 1863. Byers, James "W,, enlisted Novem- ber 21, 1863. Crane, Hiram T., enlisted October 17, 1861. Barnes, B. B., enlisted February 2, 1864. Carnahan, Harlan, enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864, promoted Sev- enth Corporal May 1, 1864. Bristol, M. B., enlisted February 19, 1864. Barnes, A. W., enlisted Jannury 12, 1864'. Davis, Caleb, enlisted October 17, 1861, died at Batesville, Arkansas, June 23, 1862. Dumont, Thomas, enlisted Novem- ber 7, 1863. Good, Samuel, enlisted October 14, 1861, discharged for disability March 13, 1863. Good, William, enlisted November, 1863. Griffith, John P., enlisted October 29, 1861, discliarged November 22, 1864. McGee, William, enlisted November 13, 1863. Pickens, Alpheus, enlisted October 14, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December 12, 1863. Lewis, Samuel, enlisted September 3, 1864. Pugh, William H., enlisted February 19, 1864. Pike, John B., enlisted October 17, 1861, transferi-ed to Marine Brig- ade April 7, 1863. Miles, Elihu, enlisted January 5, 1864. Rose, Enos, enlisted October 14, 1861, died at Keokuk November 7, 1862, of chronic diarrhoea. Pierson, flames B., enlisted January 12, 1864, wounded and discharged September 15, 1864. Scott, William, enlisted October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- cember 12, 1863, promoted Farrier January 1, 1864. Scott, Lewis W., enlisted February 13, 1864, discharged for disability December 22, 1864. Bartlett, William, enlisted January 1, 1862. Walton, N. D., enlisted September 2, 1862. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 443 Riggs, Franklin, enlisted November 7, 1863. Thomas, Sylvester W., enlisted Feb- ruary 8, 1864, died May 2, 1864, at Vicksbnrg Thomas, C. M., enlisted February 2, 1864. COMPANY S. Third Sergeant Samuel X. Miller, enlisted Fourth Sergeant Septem- ber 19, 1861, promoted Third Ser- geant August 1, 1862. Black, Samuel O., enlisted Septem- ber 26, 1861, promoted Corporal, wounded near St. Francis River, Arkansas, April 8, 1863. Enslow, William H , enlisted No- vember 23, 1861, died of chronic diarrhcea, at Helena, Arkansas, April 17, 1863. Jones, Joseph H., enlisted Septem- ber 26, 1861. Kinney, John, enlisted October 4, 1861, taken prisoner. Kinney, H. J., enlisted Feb. 17, 1864. White, Henry C, enlisted Septem- ber 23, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran December 12, 1863. Sheppard, George W., enlisted Oc- tober 6, 1862, wounded at St. Fran- cis River, Arkansas. Casler, Clinton B., enlisted as vet- eran December 12, 1863. VOLUNTEERS — COMPANIES UNKNOWN. Gates, James O., enlisted January 5, 1864. Hays, John H., enlisted January 5, 1864. Harris, James, enlisted January 5, 1864. Jones, N. B., enlisted January 4, 1864. Jones, Edward, enlisted January 4, 1864. Kernehan, James B., enlisted Decem- ber 12, 1863. Lee, Charles H., enlisted January 11, 1864. Kenworthy, Henry A., enlisted Jan- uary 4, 1864. Morgan, Clinton C, enlisted Jan- uary 2, 1864. Posegate, Francis, enlisted Decem- ber 25, 1863. Thompson, Andrew T., enlisted Jan- uary 5, 1864. Kinkade, David N., enlisted as vet- eran February 29, 1864. Smith, George D., enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864. SEVENTH CAVALRY. This regiment was formed at Camp Hendersliott, Davenport, Iowa, dur- ing tlie summer of 1863. On the 27th most of the regiment -was ordered to Omaha, and served on the frontier during their entire period of service. They took part in every expedition against the Indians, in the departments of Missouri, Kansas, and the Northwest, during 1863 and 1864. The regi- ment was retained in the Indian service until 1866. The regiment, except Companies K, L and M, was mustered out at Leavenworth. Kansas, May 17, 1866. The remainder at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. The Colonels of the reo^iment were Sam AV. Summers and H. H. Heath. COMPANY B. First Sergeant, Levi Sumner, en- listed November 3, 1362, dis- charged for disability, April 12, 1865. Third Sergeant, Joseph W. West, enlisted March 7, 1863. PRIVATES. Anthony, Wm., enlisted October 29, 1862. Blackston, John W., enlisted Octo- ber 26, 1863. Evans, John T., enlisted March 11, 1863. 444 Henrj, Thomas B., enlisted March 2, 1863. Kersey, Samuel, enlisted iN'ovember 6, 1862, wounded at Horse Creek, July 14, 1864. Sumner, Wasliington, enlisted No- vember 5, 1862. COMPANY C. McPherson, John, enlisted April 10, 1863. COMPANY D. Commissary Sergeant, C. H. Spur- lock, enlisted December 10, 1862. Eighth Corporal, Simon B. Wood- ward, enlisted January 21, 1863, promoted Eighth Corporal, June 8, 1863. Ankeny, Wm. H., enlisted Decem- ber 25, 1862. Allison, Jas., enlisted Jan. 24, 1862. Martin, Wm., enlisted December 20, 1862. Small, Wm. T., enlisted December 23, 1862. Wortman, Daniel, enlisted March 2, 1863. COMPANY G. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. COMPANY H. McMullen, Ross, enlisted June 20, 1863. Wagoner, Fred, enlisted June 20, 1863. COMPANY L. Berry, John P., enlisted March 31, 1864. Parrott, Thomas J., enlisted March 12, 1864. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS — COMPANIES UNKNOWN. English, James, enlisted September 6, 1864. Floro, Geo., enlisted June 8, 1864. Houser, James, enlisted September 6, 1864. Meeks, David, enlisted September 3, 1864. Noe, William, enlisted Jnne 8, 1864. Picken, Michael, enlisted September 6, 1864. Pearson, Chas. R., enlisted March 8, 1864. Sprague, Allen, enlisted September 8, 1864. Third Corporal, Samuel O. Kinzer, Walker, Stephen, enlisted Septem- enlisted April 6, 1863. her, 11, 1864. NINTH CAYALRY. COMPANY I. 19, 1863, mustered out March 15, Benscoter, S. H., enlisted November 1866. 19, 1863, mustered out March 15, Spain, Sanford S., enlisted October 1866. 14, 1863, mustered out March 15, Brockway, John W., enlisted Sep- 1866. tember 23, 1863, mustered out Yance, Taylor, enlisted September March 15, 1866. 9, 1863, mustered out March 15, Martin, Francis M., enlisted Octo- 1866. her 1, 1863, mustered out March Whitsel, Chas. J., enlisted October 15, 1866. 1, 1863, mustered out March 15, Mullin, Joseph, enlisted October 1, 1866. 1863, mustered out Marcli 15, Woten, Nathan, enlisted October 1866. 27, 1863, mustered out March 15, Sexton, Wm. J., enlisted October 30, 1866. 1863, mustered out March 15, Wym, John, enlisted September 25, 1866. 1863, mustered out March 15, Sharp, W. T., enlisted November 1866. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 445 LIGHT ARTILLERY. The Fourth Battery was organized at Davenport in the latter part of November, 1863. Its members came from all parts of the State, and many of them had previously been in the service. It was a fine command in every respect, but did not have the good fortune to particularly distinguish itself in the field. Its theater of operations was for the most part in Lou- isiana. The Battery was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. The Captain was Phillip II. Goode, of Mills county. The enlistments from Mahaska county were as follows: FOURTH BATTERY. Junior Second Lieutenant Francis M. Ellsworth, enlisted July 24, 1863, resigned April 5, 1804, Eleventh Corporal Mathew N. Prine, enlisted August 1, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Musician Robert A, Crosson, en- listed July 27, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Artificer John N. Morgan, enlisted August 1, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. PRIVATES. Avy, Levi, enlisted August 1, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Atkins, Wni. T., enlisted November 4, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Buckmaster, Asbury, enlisted Au- gust 5, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Brown, Wm. R., enlisted August 29, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Boden hammer, A. C, enlisted Au- gust 3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Bodenhammer, Jas. M., enlisted Au- gust 3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Bass, "VVm. M., enlisted August 4, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Barton, Thos. S., enlisted August 16, 1863, mustered out July 14,1865. Collins, Geo. G., enlisted August 21, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Cowen, Ceo. T., enlisted September 1, 1863, discharged for disability September 5, 1864. Downs, Jacob E., enlisted August 26, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Gateley, Joseph H., enlisted Au- gust 18, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Gerard, Francis M , enlisted August 1, 1863, served ten months in Co. H, Eighth Infantry. Glasgow, James T., enlisted October 6, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Hennis, Benjamin T., enlisted Au- gust 3, 1863, died at Davenport February 2, 1864, of typhoid pneu- monia. Huber, John M., enlisted July 26, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Ilartman, Oliver C, enlisted July 29, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Ilendryx, Thos. J. enlisted August 5, 1863, discharged for disability August 11, 1864. Ives, Samuel C, enlisted August 5, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Johnson, Ab., enlisted August 1, 1863, mustered out July 24, 1865. Jessup, Alex L., enlisted November 3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Kincaid, Benj. F., enlisted August 5,1863, mustered out July 14,1865. McManes, Andrew, enlisted August 3, 1863, discharged for disability March 5, 1864. Nafe, Augustus W. enlisted August 3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Ponell, Joseph, enlisted September 1, 1863, mustered out July 1865, 446 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTT. Qnaintance, G, P., enlisted August 18, 1863, mustered out July 14. 1865. Sproule, Win. H., enlisted August 23, 1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. Young, Jones H., enlisted Novem- ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS ENLISTMENTS. Alder, John F., enlisted May 14, 1864, Co. D, Fourty-fourth Infan- try. Byers, S. IL M., enlisted June 24, 1861, as first Corporal, Co. B, Fifth Infantry, promoted Quarter- Master Sergeant, March 1, 1862, promoted Adjutant April 23, 1863, imprisoned at Libb}^ ex- changed, discharged March 19, 1865, appointed Consul to Zurich Switzerland under Grant, which appointment he now holds; was the author of the song "Sherman's March to the Sea," written while in Libby Prison. Brvan, Andrew A., enlisted August 22, 1861, Co. F, Tenth Infantry, wounded at Vicksburg and dis- charged at St. Louis, for wounds. Bennington, Samuel, enlisted Octo- ber 13, 1861, in Co. E, Twelfth Infantry, died at St. Louis Janu- ary 15, 1862. Beattie, James, appointed Musician, Forty-fifth Infantry, May 25, 1864. Bryney, A. J. enlisted as substitute in Ninth Infantry November 18, 1864. Barnes John C, enlisted October 27, 1861, re-enlisted January 5, 1864. Chapman, Samuel H., enlisted as Captain Co. B., 5th Infantry, re- signed December 2, 1861. Cummiugs, William C. commission- ed Assistant Surgeon, Tenth In- fantry, April 16, 1862, resigned October 17, 1862. Cromley, John W., enlisted August 16, 1863, Co. E, First Iowa Infan- try (African descent). Cummings, John S., enlisted Sep- tember 11, 1861, in Engineer Reg- iment of the West, Second Ser- geant, Co. K, promoted Second Lieutenant Co. H, Oct. 19, 1862. Cox, Thomas S., enlisted August 9, 1861, Co. A., Seventh Mo., Cav- alry. Collins, Elislia, enlisted September 1, 1864, Co. I, Twenty-third In- fantry. Cox, Joshua S., enlisted as substi- tute November 19, 1864, Ninth Infantry. Clark, James D., enlisted as substi- tute November 19, 1864, Ninth Infjintry. Dent, William P., enlisted August 22, 1861, Co. F, Tenth Infantry, died at Bird's Point, Mo., of ty- phoid fever. Dickens, Robert S., enlisted August 16, 1863, First Corporal, Co. E, First Iowa Infantry (of African descent). Dodd, Charles J., enlisted as veteran February 15, 1864, in Second Veteran Infantr3^ Draper, M. V. B., enlisted as veter- an December 17, 1863, in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Dryden, Cyrus, enlisted September iO, 1864, Co. F, Tenth Infantry. Douglass, R. R., enlisted as substi- tute November 14, 1864, in Ninth Infantry. Ellsworth, Francis M., enlisted May 7, 1864, as private, Co. B, Forty- eighth Infantry, promoted Eighth Corporal June 13, 1864. Griffith, John, enlisted July 3, 1861 in Co. F, Fifth Infantry, re-en listed as veteran January 1, 1864 in Fifth Cavalry. Greofory, O. C, enlisted September 17, 1861, Co. D, Tenth Infantry. IIISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 447 Hildretli, Levi, enlisted Ani^ust 28 1862, in Co. G, Tenth Infantry. Harlan, James E., enlisted May 15, 18fi4, Co. D, Forty-tbnrth lii tan- try. Hale, Roberts, enlisted May 7, 1864, Co. B, Forty-eighth Infantry. Hall, G. M., enlisWl November 18, 1864, as substitute in Ninth In- fantry. Henderson, Tliomas J., enlisted as snljstitnte December 1, 1864, in Sixteenth Infantry. Hendrickson, J., enlisted as veteran Deceinber 9, 1863, Co. I, First Cavalry, as veteran. Kelso, Martin, enlisted Anofust 18, 1862, Co. G, Tenth Infantry, killed at Champion Hills, in bat- tle, May 16, 1863. Kuntz, John R., enlisted November 28, 1864, as substitute in Nine- teenth Regiment. Kissick, AYiliiam, enlisted October 22, 1861, in Co. C, Sixteenth In- fantry, promoted Second Corporal November 15, 1862, promoted Second Lieutenant November 17, 1864, having re-enlisted January 4, 1864. Laflerty, G. W., enlisted February 10, 1861, in Tenth Pennsylvania, Reserve Volunteer Corps, dis- charged May 31, 1864. Lee, George R., enlisted October, 1861, Battery E, First Illinois Light Artillery, discharged at Louisville, Decemljer 23, 1864. Lamond, Eli C, enlisted Second Sergeant Co. C, Sixteenth In- fantry, October 26, 1861, died at Davenport, June 27, 1862. Mcintosh, James M., enlisted as pri- vate in Co. D, Thirteenth Infantry October 10, 1861, promoted Sixth Corporal June 3, 1862, captured at Atlanta, and died a prisoner of war at Florence, S. C, November 13, 1864. Milligan, — , enlisted June 18, 1864, Co. B, Forty-Eighth Infantry. Miles, William, enlisted March 30, 1864, in Third Battery. Mann, A. E., enlisted August 30, 1864. McDavitt, M. S., enlisted as substi- tute November 14,1864, in Ninth Infantry. Lieutenant W. II. Needham enlisted from Albia, July 31, 1862, as pri- vate in Co. D, Twenty-Second In- fantry, promoted Fourth Sergeant (date unknown); at assault on Vicksburg, Mr. Needham was the second of twelve volunteers who succeeded in entering the ene- my's works, of whom honorable mention was made in General Grant's report; of these only three or four escaped. In recog- nition of his bravery, Sergeant Needham was promoted Second Lieutenant June 5, 1863, First Lieutenant August 3, 1863, acted as Adjutant and Quarter-Master for six months during 1865, mus- tei-ed out at Davenport August 4, 1865. Nesbitt, Joseph B., enlisted August 24, 1861, Co. B, Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisted as veteran and promoted to rank of Lieutenant, mustered out in 1865. Noel, Abraham, enlisted May 6, 1861, Co. K, Second Infantry, died at St. Louis, December 3, 1861, in hospital. Patton, T. J., enlisted as private in Co. E, Second Infantry, May 6, 1861, promoted Fourth Corporal September 1, 1862. Parks, John D., enlisted as veteran in Co. F, Second Veteran Infantry; date of First Lieutenant, June 1, 1861. Pattee, Alfonso, enlisted as substi- tute November 5, 1864, in Ninth Regiment. Remington, T., enlisted October 27, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran Janu- ary 4, 1864, in Co. C, Sixteenth Infantry. 44:8 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Shuck, John M., enlisted August 9, 1861, in Co. K, Sixth Infantry, 1862, Co. B, Thirtieth Infantry. severely wounded at Reseca, Ga., Seymour, John S., enlisted as snbsti- re-enlisted January 1, 1864. tute November 2, 1864, in Third Yan Dyke, Benjamin F., enlisted No- Battery, veniber IT, 1862, Co. I, Four- Spates, Jacob R., enlisted as substi- teenth Infantry, wounded at Pleas- tute November 18, 1864, in Ninth ant Hills, La. Infiintry. Woodward, I. J., enlisted May 6, Smith, William H., enlisted October 1861, in Co. K, Second Infantry. 27, 1861, Co. C, Sixteenth Infan- Williamson, John E,., enlisted Au- try, wounded at luka, re-enlisted gust 9, 1862, Co. D, Twentieth January 5, 1864, promoted Cor- Infantrj'^, transferred to Invalid poral, missing at Atlanta July 22, Corps in 1863. 1864. Weese, Elisha, enlisted May 23, 1864, Taylor, William P., enlisted July 12, Co. B, Forty-eighth Infantry. 1861, in Co. K, Sixth Infantry, Wilkens, Hiram, enlisted March 28, wounded at Shiloh, discharged 1864, died of chronic diarrhcea at September 1, 1863. Eome, Ga., August 4, 1864. Thomas, John W., enlisted as Third Wheeling, John, enlisted as substi- Corporal, Co. B, Forty-Eighth In- tute November 2, 1864, in Thir- fantry June 16, 1864. teenth Infantry. Yan Hook, Macon, enlisted July 12, SOLDIERS' REUNION. Friday, August 25, 1865, was a gala day in Oskaloosa, the occasion being a grand reunion of Mahaska's returned soldiers, and a welcome dinner given them by her citizens. Early morning found crowds from the country thronging upon the town, ' ' Like mountain toiTents pouring to the main ; From every glen a living stream came forth, From every hill in crowds they hastened down." It should be borne in mind by the reader that the hills of Mahaska are not very high, and that the similarity to the mountain tori'ent is applicable to the stream alone. At 10|- o'clock the procession was formed on Main street, by order of the officers of the day, J. W. McMullen being marshal, and Col. John Lof- land in command of the soldiers. The following; is the order of the Dro- cession: 1. Brass Band. 2. Returned soldiers in old company organizations. 3. Civilians. In this order they marched to the speakers' stand in the public square, where the exercises opened with: 1. Music. — "Hail Columbia," by brass band. 2. Prayer. — Rev. R. A. McAyeal. 3. Music. — "When Johnny Comes Marching Home," b}^ the choir. 4. Reception Speech. — W. S. Ken worthy. 5. Music by the band. 6. Reading of President Lincoln's last Inaugural by Judge Loughridge. 7. Music.—" Rest, Martyr, Rest," by the choir. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 449 Following these exercises the soldiers marched to groaning tables await- ing tliein under the shade trees of the square. The banquet served was a credit to tlie ladies in charge, to whom liad flown the milk and honey from Mahaska's capacious fountains of good things, which they prepared in most tempting forms, as the soldiers thought, in quite happy contrast with the hard-tack and bacon of the camp. After dinner the exercises were continued as follows: Music bj^ the band. Return by Co. 11, Third Iowa Infantry of their battle-stained flag (pre- sented to them by the ladies of Oskaloosa, May 31, 1861), to the hands of the fair donors. Toasts : 1. Soldiers of Iowa; the story of their dauntless bravery on the battle- fields of the republic will illumine the pages of her history and crown it with unfading laurels; green and unperishable be the memory of the fal- len; loved and honored be those who still live to bear aloft the radiant ban- ner of the free. Response by Captain J. H. Warren. 2. The fallen soldiers. Response by Judge Loughridge. Music by the choir. 3. The Army and Navy of the United States; they have crushed the mightiest rebellion the world ever saw, vindicated and restored the author- ity of the Government, put all its enemies under its feet, and by exhaust- less strength and irresistable power commanded the respect of the entire world. Response by Captain J. F. Lacey. Music by the band — " Ellsworth" March." 4. Union prisoners in the South; their treatment while in southern prisons was the refinement of barbarism and inhumanity; treatment which none but fiends could inflict; in the name of justice and the starved and murdered soldiers, we demand that all rebels connected directly or indi- rectly with those barbarities, be brought to swift and merited punishment. Music by the choir. 5. Our country and the union; the former the hope of liberty through- out the world, the latter the joy of every loyal heart; let them be handed down one and imperishable to all coming generations. Response by Joseph Kelly. Music by tiie choir. 6. George Washington and Abraham Lincoln; the one the father of the country, and the other the savior; their names will stand side by side upon the page of their country's history; we will sacredly cherish their memory and be guided by their precepts and examples. Response by Judge W. H. Seevers. Music by the band. 7. Andrew Johnson, the president of the United States; born in poverty and obscurity, educated through his own industry, strengthened by the storms of adversity and the fires of revolution, placed in power by the friends of liberty and the union; may he be true to liberty and a cham pion for the right; a worthy successor to the immortal Lincoln. Response by Col. C. W. Fisher. Music by the band. 450 HISTORY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 8. Tlie loyal women of Iowa; true to their government and tlie canse of liberty by their sacrifices, and devoted and untiring labors for the comfort and health of soldiers during tlie war, they, in common, with their sisters of the entire Korth, have shown themselves worthy descendants of the women of the Revolution. Response by Rev. C. H. Gates. Music b}' the band. 9. Friends of liberty throughout the world; they have sympathized with lis in our struggle for national life; in their contests with despotism and tyranny in the old world, may speedy and triumphant success crown their efforts. Response by Dr. C. Beardsle3^ Music by the choir. 10. General Samuel A. Rice, the soldier and patriot; his name is en- shrined in the hearts of all lovers of liberty. Peace to his ashes. Response by Rev. R. A. McAyeal. Music by the choir. Doxology. "The crowd then dispersed, every one going his own way, with a smile of satisfaction illuminating his countenance. Seldom has been seen, at any public meeting, such universal good feeling and such general satisfac- tion rendered. Not one unpleasant circumstance occuri-ed to mar the enjoyment of any one present, sobriety and good conduct being the order of tlie day. In the evening the city hall was tendered to such as wished to enjo}' a social gathering, and qnite a large number assembled and passed the evening, each in a manner best suiting his taste, some in social con- verse, while not a few tipped the light fantastic toe, until warned by the 'wee sma' hours' to seek their homes. Mahaska county never saw a brighter or happier day. Long may it be remembered." Such is the account given b}- the Herald. About the time of this reunion, a subscription paper was started, the object being to secure sufficient funds for the erection of a soldiers' monu- ment. This paper was headed by several names at one hundred dollars per name, but the project was never completed — for what reason we did not learn. The graves of fallen soldiers were first decorated May 30, 1868, on which occasion J. W. McMulleu was marshal of the day, and Rev. T. E. Corkhill delivered the oration. Probably not more than twenty soldiers are buried in Oskaloosa. At present writing, August, 1878, several meetings have been held by soldiers of Oskaloosa, having in view a second reunion of those engaged from Mahaska in the late war. This movement has, as yet, taken no defi- nite shape, but in the language of one of the veterans, " We are going to have a reunion or hust^ THE RICE MONUMENT. When the news of Gen. Rice's death reached his brigade in the summer of 1864, it was resolved to build a monument to his memory. This brig- ade was composed of the Ninth Missouri, the Fiftieth Indiana, and the Twenty-ninth and Thirty-third Iowa Infantry regiments. The amount raised was three thousand dollars. At a meeting at Gen. Bussey's head- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 451 quarters, the regimental officers got into some misunderstanding, the result of which was tliat the twelve hundred dolhirs raised by the first two regi- ments named were returned to the individual donors. The Iowa regiments placed over Gen, Rice's grave, in Forest Cemetery, a fine marble shaft 23 feet in lieight and 5 feet 4 inches square at the base. On the upper part of the column are the names of the actions, or expe- ditions in which the General was engaged; on the west, Camden, Pkairie D'Anne; on the south, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry; on the east, Terre NoiR, Elkins' Ford; on the north, Little Rock, Yazoo Pass. Below is the following inscription : " SAMUEL A. RICE, Brfgadier General U. S. Volunteers, Born January ^7, 1828^ Died July 6, 186 Jf.^ Of wounds received at the hattle of JenMris' Ferry. Erected in honor of their gallant leader hy the nienihers of the Twenty -ninth and Thirty - third lorva Infantry Regiments of Rice's Brigade. Upon the left are cut the United States Flag and Shield; also a pair of muskets crossed in the form of an X. The monnment was the work of Messrs. Glaze & Co., of Oskaloosa. SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA. The following beautiful poem, which has won for its author a National reputation, and has been sung in the theaters of Europe, was written in a Southern prison by Adjutant S. H. M. Byei's, at present (1878) U. S. Con- sul at Zurich, Switzerland. In his little Ijook, " What I saw in Dixie," on page 73-4, he copies from his diary, December 25, 1865, as follows: " This is my second Christmas in prison. ******* Lieutenant Tower, of Ottumwa, Iowa, who had lost a leg in the army, and was afterward captured, is now to be exchanged and sent home. He wears a hollow, artificial wooden limb in place of the one he lost; this we packed full of letters, one of which contained ' Sherman's March to the Sea.' The Rebels little suspected our novel way of communicating with our friends. The Lieutenant went safely through, and the letters were all delivered": Our camp fires shone bright on the mountains That frowned on the river below, While we stood by our guns in the morning And eagerly watched for the foe — When a rider came out from the darkness That hung over mountain and sea, And shouted '■ Boys, up and be ready, For Sherman will march to the sea." Then cheer upon cheer for bold Sherman Went up from each valley and glen. And the bugles re-echoed the music That came from the lips of the men. For we knew that the stars in our banner More bright in their splendor would be, And that blessings from Northland would greet us When Sherman marched down to the sea. 452 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Then forward, boys, forward to battle, We marched on our wearisome way, And we stormed the wild hills of Resaca, — God bless those who fell on that day — Then Kenesaw, dark in its gloiy. Frowned down on the fla"' of the free, But the East and the West bore our standards, And Sherman marched on to the sea. Still onward we pressed, till our banners Swept out from Atlanta's grim walls. And the blood of the patriot dampened The soil where the traitor flag falls; But we paused not to weep for the fallen. Who slept by each river and tree ; Yet we twined them a wreath of the laurel, As Sherman marched down to the sea. 0, proud was our army that morning That stood where the pine darkly towers, When Sherman said, " Boys, you are weary, This day fair Savannah is ours." Then sang we a song for our chieftain That echoed o'er river and lea. And the stars in our banner shone brighter, When Sherman marched down to the sea. CITIES AND TOWNS. OSKALOOSA. Vert much of the history of the county-seat has of course been involved in the history of the county. Oskaloosa was the iirst town of any import- ance, and since tlie time of its inception has been without a rival within the boundaries of the county. The date and manner of its location and naming, in May, 1844, as well as a mention of many of its early institutions, has already been given. The Urst house built on the town plat was by Mr. D. Canfield, in the spring of 1844. Smith & Cameron started the iirst store about the same time. G. W. Jones started the second grocery store, in which were kept such -provisions as the country afforded and his capital would secure. A grocery ^ ..that day also included a barrel of whisky in its staple stock, which was Qv J out in quantities from a fraction of a pint to a number of gallons. We have been informed by one who came here in September, 1844, that at that time there were no buildings upon the town plat except the resi- dence and boarding-house of Canfield and the store above mentioned. This, however, is probably a mistake, as mention has been made by others of sev- eral dwellings erected in Oskaloosa during the summer of 1844. The M\ and winter of that year found the tide of immigration rapidly increasing, and the growing number of saw-mills in the county affording more suitable material, the growth of the town was quite rapid, so that January 1, 1845, found Oskaloosa attaining the dignity of a village. Wm. B. Street erected the first frame store building on the west side of the square, and was one of Oskaloosa's earliest and most enterprising mer- chants. Mr.M. T. Williams is the oldest citizen of Oskaloosa now living in the place, he having settled here in May, 1844, at the time the town was laid out, and though absent a part of the following winter, still maintained his residence in the village. Sam'l Gossage, who Jirst came here in the fall of 1844, is again a citizen of Oskaloosa, now being proprietor of the National House. ' Dr.'s AV^eatherford and Porter located in Oskaloosa in 1844, and were the first Dhysicians of the place. Dr. E. A. Boyer, of Jackson (now Scott) town- ship, had been the main practising physician in this part of the county pre- viously, sharing with Dr. Warren, late of Kichland township, the frontier pi-actice of this part of the State. Those physicians frequently rode beyond Des Moines to visit patients. The first regular minister who came to Oskaloosa for the purpose of con- ducting religious services we understand to have been a young Methodist 28 456 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. theologue (a student from Cincinnati) about twenty years of age, who came to Mahaska county as a missionary and organized Metliodist chisses in pri- vate liouses. It is probable, however, that the first regnhir class in Oska- loosa was organized by Rev. A. W. Johnson, in the fall of 1844, and in the house of A. G. Phillips. Others say Simon Cameron, a Cumberland Pres- byterian, was the first minister. To the dweller in the county seat to-day it is a diflficult matter to realize what was the appearance of Mahaska count}^ and of Oskaloosa in the sum- mer of 1844, and for a few years following. To one standing in the middle of the square only a few scattered cabins were in sight. The " City of Trees" did not ^^et exist, and no foliage interrupted the view down the di- vide for miles, while away to the south stretched an unbroken sea of prairie grass. In that day no roads of iron bound the settler to the ready aid of older States, nor reached out their grips of steel to bring in the arts of trade or the means of progress. No metallic nerve held us in daily intercourse with a developed East and the progress of an older continent, " On its wings of lightning bearing Thought's swift mission through the air." "While now Oskaloosa is a minature hub with her half dozen spokes of Bes- semer steel pointing in various directions; while now almost every hour of the day and night is pierced by the shriek of a locomotive, or made restless by the rumbling wheels of her inland trade; then was she in the midst of a vast though smiling wilderness. Only four times a fortnight, perhaps, would Finck & Co.'s rattling hack or rumbling stage bring to the new vil- lage Uncle Sam's burden from the banks of the Mississippi. Early stage traveling was attended with difficulties. The sloughs were not bridged, and in the spring of the year it was no uncommon thing for a passenger to make part of his journey on foot, carrying a rail on his shoulder with which to pry the half-empty vehic'e out of the mud. At first there were no stages at all; next a hack line from Fairfield; then came Finck & Walker's stage line, which ran a stage perhaps twice a week; then the Western Stage Co. This brought to Oskaloosa traveling the "dawning of a better day." Perhaps it would be more proper to say that the travel brought the stage line, but in either case the traffic in passengers rapidly increased, until at times a half dozen four-horse stages would pass through in a single hour. Those were balmy days for the stage lines, and when the Western Stage Co. quit business they were property owners all over the West. The prof- its of the business were immense. The time between Oskaloosa and "The River " was from one to two days, according to the condition of the roads. When the highways were in good order passengers leaving Oskalsosa after supper were in Ft. Des Moines for breakfast. This was the terminus of one line; another extended to Council Blufi*s. With the first settlement of the country vehicles were scarce. For the first two or three years Wm. Edmundson, the sherifi*, owned the only buggy in the county, and this was the only livery rig which could be borrowed, even in case of a wedding, as late as September, 1845. M. T. Williams and wife made their bridal tour in this buggy. At this time traveling was mostly done in wagons, generally by horse power. Oxen were quite exten- sively used in breaking prairie and in local hauling, but in teaming from "The River" the main reliance was horse-flesh. If a lawyer or merchant was called on a business trip to "The River" he usually went on horse-back or rode in a loaded wagon which hauled merchandise or produce. HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 457 Until the coutitry was considerably settled, there was a great scarcity of money. For instance: Out of some twenty-six justices and constables elected in 1844:, only six of them had money to pay the clerk of court for examining their bonds and qualifying them for office. The currency in use, was mostly State notes of Illinois, Indiana and Missouri. Occasionally some silver, and anon a gold piece wouki be seen. jS^o frame dwelling was erected in Oskaloosa until tliat of M. T. Williams, wiiich he built in the summer of 1845, with his own hands, just north of the present City Hall, and which is still standing. Tlie previous structures M^ere of logs, and in the absence of brick, or on account of too great haste to go after stone, the chimnej's were built of sod, where au}^ chimneys were used. Some fami- lies brought with them a cooking stove, but during the first season were sometimes puzzled for something to cook. Game was quite abundant, and the undisturbed timber yielded a harvest of wild fruits, such as has not since been known. The substantial were pork, corn meal and wheat coffee. Even these gave out sometimes. On one occasion the boarders at the Canfield House had a rather late breakfast. It happened in tliis wise: The landlord had noticed his larder was running low, but he was in hourly expectation of supplies from below. One evening the pantry was bankrupt, but the host was in hopes his team would come with provisions before morning. But "hope deterred, maketh the heart sick" at every dawn. Wm. D. looked wistfully down the divide in vain. He mounted a horse and left for Richard Perkin's, secured a small quantity of meal, and half a side of bacon, from a settler down there, and started for home. The half dozen hungry boarders sat in front of the cabin, pining for the flesh pots of civil- ization, but soon their spirits rose, and their mouths began to water, for awa}' to the south came the plucky landlord, riding like a Jehu, and hold- ing aloft the half side of bacon as a sign of relief. And this supply failed not until other provisions came. This incident, as well as another we are about to relate, serves to show that the early settlers were not accustomed to ask " Who is my neighbor?" Suffering themselves the hardships and privations of a new country, the pioneers divided with whoever came, down to the last hand-full, and did all cheerfully. Generosity in that day was not only a finer, but more com- mon article than it is now, though it be to our shame that we are compelled to say it. The father of T. G. Phillips was among the first to come to Oskaloosa. He realized the fact that he was coming to a new country, and he resolved to come well provided. Accordingly he brought with him, what he sup- posed to be a sufficient quantity of fiour to supply his family for an entire year. The family came into the village in the evening. The news of Phil- lips' abundant supply spread like a prairie fire, and he had an abundance of callers. Everybody came to see him. Everybody seemed to appreciate him. They were all plain spoken people, and were not ashamed to ask for what they wanted; Mr. Phillips' levee lasted till bed time, and was contin- ued in the morning until breakfast, at which hour he found he had loaned out just one barrel of flour to entire strangers, and it is likely all Oskaloosa breakfasted on hot biscuit instead of corn-bread, which was the more com- mon fai-e. Sometime after this, when he had the logs prepared, Phillips let drop the remark that he expected to raise his house on a certain day. He invit- ed uo one to come to assist him, but on the morning appointed no less than 468 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. seventy-five persons were present, for the purpose of giving their neighbor a lift. Will some one show iis a parallel case in the decade of 1870-80? In 1843 there were very few settlers on the road along the divide. It is said that from Wangh's Point, six miles east of the present town of Fre- mont, to where Pella now stands, that for most of the way no house would be in sight. Wm. Morrow was located at Fremont, and between his house and Oskaloosa, Richard Parker's was the only dwelling on the highway, nntil 1841, Of course the country was without hotels, and the people in cabins were accustomed to accommodate travelers, and it was no uncommon thing to see a cabin floor strewn with prostrate and sleeping travelers, or hunters, who happened in that vicinity for the night. As an index to the business of Oskaloosa in that day, and as a prompter to old-time memories to its citizens, we give, as far as we are able to learn them, the chief business houses of Oskaloosa, at the close of 1850. Gen- eral stores: Street Bros., Wm. S. Dart, E. Perkins, and Phillips & More- land; Dry Goods, H. Temple & Co., Jones & Young; Tailors, M. Baldwin, James S. Chew, P. C. Camplield, and Currier & Co.,; Boots and Shoes, Wise & Mathews, and J. M. Whitney; Saddlers, W. S. Edgar, and J. D. Fletcher; Eagle Hotel; G. F. San tier & Co., Jewelry; T. W. Rodgers, Wagon-maker; T. Shriver & Co., Gunsmiths; B. Goodrich, Stoves and Tinware; B. T. Pirkey, Furniture. The principal lawyers were M. T. Williams, J. A. L. Crookham, Wm. T. Smith, John R. Needham, Wm. H. Seevers, Eastman & Skiff and A. M. Cassiday. The physicians were C. G. Owen, N. Henton, A. Barker, E. W. Hyde, and W. Weatherford. The record of Oskaloosa's public, and some of her private institutions, as given on the following pages, will give you some idea of the change wrought in twenty-eight years. While there was not at the time of its location, a single tree in the boundaries of the plat, such attention has been given by citizens to the cultivation of shade trees, as to have earned for the town the appellation of " City of Trees." Quite a number of the streets are perfect vistas, un- der the shade of Avhose over-hanging boughs are found a welcome promen- ade, and refreshing driv.e. These various avenues of maple and elm are lined with residences of the most inviting appearance. Neatly shaven lawnis and shaded walks or retreats, tell of the taste and culture of the in- habitants. Oskaloosa is a quiet place. While it improves gradually, it has not the drive and feverish energy of many western towns. Its population is com- posed mainly of native Americans, the strong temperance sentiment pre- vailing, making it uninviting to a foreign elen)ent, who like their liquor, and a laxity of Sabl)ath laws. To one who wishes the advantages of a city, and yet a quiet home among people of refinement and education, the West affords no more suitable place than Oskaloosa. The plat of the original survej^ provides for a public square in the cen- ter of the quarter section on which the county-seat is located. At an early day this square was surrounded by a fence — and, as an adornment, different citizens set out one or several trees which they tended with praise- worthy pride and thus afforded, years ago, a most excellent shade, in this, the only public park the city has provided for its citizens. Unfortunately for the time to come, when it is hoped that Mahaska county will have a HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 459 fine court house, the s<]uare is not hirge enough to afford room for such a buikling as the county will need. The business of Oskaloosa is largely confined to retail stores in Boots and Shoes, Dry Goods, Groceries, Drugs and Agricultural Implements. Surrounded as the city is, by a fine agricultural country, the trade in each of these departments is very considerable. There are some wholesale stores in the cit3^ The population of Oskaloosa as shown by the census returns for 1870, was 3,204. In 1873 it was 3,425. In 1875, the date of last state census, it was 4,263. At this time the population is probably not far from 4,800. The figures above given are from official returns, and are smaller than those claimed by the city generally, as is the case in most western towns. The absence of any water supply has cost Oskaloosa the absence of mau}^ manufacturies she might otherwise have had. Of the attempt and failure to secure a supply by means of an artesian well, we have occasion to speak elsewhere. A project is now being agitated proposing a main or aqueduct to be constructed to Skunk River whence an abuiidance of water could be obtained for all purposes. This undoubtedly will be done some- time. Oskaloosa has three railroads. The Central R. R. of Iowa, affording excellent north-and-south communication and a great outlet for Mahaska coal to northern Iowa and Minnesota; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific bringing Oskaloosa within about 90 miles of the Mississippi river, and affording direct eastern communication with low freights to Chicago; the Keokuk & Des Moines Ry. with Oskaloosa station at Beacon, '•2^ miles distant. The passage of this road into the hands of the C, R. I. & P. will make Oskaloosa quite an eligible point for the company's car shops. With a good supply of water, Oskaloosa is more favorably located as a manufacturing city than almost any other town in the state. Surrounded by an agricultural country second rank to none in Iowa, underlaid by a thick and almost inexhaustible vein of coal, with considerable timber skirting the streams of Mahaska, with three railroads radiating in six different directions from the city as a center, located in a healthy locality, the citizen may well ask what Hawk-eye town can offer better inducements to the capitalist? The first movement made toward the establishment of a city government, was in December, 1851, when E. W. Eastman, on behalf of petitioners, appeared in the county court requesting a special election to be held, in which it should be decided by a vote of citizens whether the town should be incorporated or not. The election was ordered to be held at the court house, December 27, 1851, at which time it appeared there were sixty-three ballots cast " for incorporation " and sixty-one ballots " against incorpora- tion." At another election held January 3, 1852, the following persons were chosen to prepare a charter, viz: E. W. Eastman, John R, Needham, A. S. Nichols, Wm. H. Seevers and M. T. Williams. For some reason these persons failed to act, and the matter was allowed to rest until May 12, 1853, when a similar application to the one above mentioned was pre- sented by Wm. Loughridge to Judge Crookham, who ordered a special election to be held at the court house on the 20tli of May, 1853, for the purpose of selecting a committee to draft a charter. The vote stood seven- ty-three to six in favor of a charter. On May 28th an election was held to choose persons to prepare a charter, of which the following is the report: 460 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. OsKALOOSA, May 30, 1853. Now comes S. A. Rice, one of the clerks appointed to conduct an election in the village of Oskaloosa for the election of three resident voters of said village, to prepare a charter or articles of incorporation for said village to become a city, holden on the 28th day of May, 1853, and files a return of said election, by which it appears that M. T. Williams. S. A. Rice and Wm. Loughridge were elected by the voters of said village to prepare said charter or articles of incorporation for said village to become a city; and it is thereupon ordered that the clerk of this court notify said officers of their election, and it is furthermore ordered that they prepare said charter or articles of incorporation, and present them to this court on or before the first day of the next regular term of this court. J. A. L. CROOKHAM, Couniy Judge. The charter was presented to the court on June ITtli, submitted to the people June 28th, ratified by them by a vote of forty-four to two, and the first city election ordered to be held Jul}^ 2, 1853. This charter, after defining the limits of the city and declaring the pur- pose of its incorporation, provided for its legislature to be composed of a mayor and two aldermen from each of four wards into which the city was divided; further, for the manner and times of elections, the duties and powers of the mayor, council, treasurer and clerk, and provided for amend- ments and the manner of holding the first election. In this election the county judge appointed the election board, which consisted of James Edgar, S. A. Rice and Wm. Ballard as judges, and James A. Talbot and Daniel Ogilvie as clerks. The official vote was as follows: Mayor — Wm. T.Smith ^<6 Wm. Loughridge 60 Majority. , Marshal — Isaac Kalbach John H. Shoemake. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— R. R. Harbour 77 J. M. Dawson 1 35 Allen Grier 36 72 52 Majority 20 Dawson's Majority. 22 Second Ward — I. N. Cooper 125 E. W. Eastman 102 Wm. S. Edijar 19 Recorder — Wm. T.Smith, S. Greenouffh . Wm. Loughridge, 58 48 11 Cooper's Majority . . 4 Third Ward— Smith Stevens 123 Tobias Leiditon 122 Smith's plurality. .. 10 Treasurer — James Edgar Ebenezer JPerkins. 69 57 Majority 12 Majority 1 Fo'arih Ward — E. W.Wells 118 Henry Temple 61 E.Perkins 20 Wells' Majority.... 37 July 12th Mayor Smith was duly qualified and commissioned by Judge Crookham, by whom it was ordered that the first meeting of the officers of the city of Oskaloosa should be held in the office of Wm. T. Smith, at HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 461 four o'clock, on Tuesday evening, July 12, 1853, at which time, we presume the council was duly organized, and the aldermen took their seats. Under this charter the city government acted until January 24, 1855, at which date the city was incorporated by special act of the legislature, and the old charter rendered null upon tlie adoption of the new one, which went into operation in February. At an election held on the 18th of January, 1864, it was decided to abandon the charter, and to organize as a city of the second class under the Code of Iowa. The records of this transaction having been lost or destroyed, the city solicitor, in 1876, in order to avoid all possible trouble, secured the passage of the following act by the state legislature. CHAPTER 92, 16 G. A. LEGALIZING THE CITY OF OSKALOOSA. AN ACT to lejralize the organization of the city of Oskaloosa as a city of the second class, and to legalize the annexation thereto of certain tenitory. Whereas, The city of Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county. Iowa, held an election on the eighteenth day of January. 1864. for the pui-pose of abandoning the special charter of said city, and to organize as a city of the second class, under the provisions of chapter 51 oi the revision of 1860 and amendments thereto; and. Whereas, The records of the proceedings connected with said abandonment and organi- zation have been lost or destroyed; and, Whereas, Said city has been acting and recognized as a city of the second class since said proceedings were had ; and. Whereas, Doubts have arisen as to the regularity of said proceedings; and. Whereas, The inhabitants of certain territory in said county adjoining said city peti- tioned the circuit court of said county for the purpose of annexing said territory to said city under the provision of chapter 10, title IV of the Code; and, Whereas, Commissioners were appointed by said court, and an election held on said territory on the 11th day of December, 1874, at which a large majority of the qualified elec- tors residing upon said territory, voted in favor of annexing said territory to said city — and other proceedings were had, as provided by said chapter of the Code; and, Whereas, Doubts have arisen as to the regularity of the proceedings connected with the annexation of said territory, and as to whether the same constitutes a part of said city, as a city of the second class, therefore, Be it enacted hi/ the General Assemhhf of the State of Jowa: Section 1. That the organization of the city of Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county, Iowa, as a city of the second class, and the annexation thereto of said teiritory, are hereby legalized and rendered as valid and binding, to all intents and purposes, as if all the proceedings in regard thereto had been conducted in strict accordance with Ixw. Approved March 14, 1876. OFFICERS OF OSKALOOSA CITY GOVERNMENT FROM ITS ORGANIZATION UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. [Note. — The list of officers as herein given, is taken from the city record, and is as com- plete as can be ascertained.] 1853. Clerk— William Loughridge. Treasurer — James Edgar. On the second day of July, 1853, the city government of the city of councilmen. Oskaloosa went into operation by the following persons being sworn First Ward — J. M. Dawson, R. into their respective offices: E. Harbour. Mayor— William T. Smith. Second Ward— I. N. Cooper, E. Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. W. Eastman. 462 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Third Ward- — Tobias Leigliton, Smith E. Stevens. Fourth AVard E. W. Wells, Henry Temple. 1854. [Time of election changed from July to June.] Mayor — William Loughridge. Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. Clerk— S. S. Smith. Treasurer — Henry Lyster. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — James Edgar, Mat- thew Edmundson. Second Ward — James A, Young, E. W, Eastman. Third Ward— S. E. Stevens, Lot A. Chorn. Fourth Ward— E. W.Wells, Dan- iel Ogilvie. 1855. Mayor — D. M. Gunn. Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. Clerk — William Birchard, Treasurer — George Kowland. City Justice — James Rhinehart. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— J. M. Dawson, J. M. Byers. Second Ward— J. A. Talbot, J. A. Young. Thii'd Ward— J. P. Cowan, Henry McCall. Fourth Ward — Daniel Ogilvie, ^N". J. Smith. 1856. Mayor — William T. Smith, Marshal — D. M. Gunn. Clerk — William Edmundson. Treasurer — Wesley Moreland. City Justice — Daniel Ogilvie. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— William S. Dart, J. M. Byers. Second Ward — J. II. Shoemake, Newton Hen ton. Third Ward— Simeon Pool, S. A. Pice. Fourth Ward — A. M. Cassiday, George Rowland. 1857. Mayor— William T. Smith. Marshal — Jonathan Atkins. Clerk — William Edmundson. Treasurer — Wesley Moreland. City Justice — Silas Scott. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — William S. Dart, John I^. Kinsman. Second Ward — James A. Young, J. H. Shoemake. Third Ward — Christian Houtz, W. M. Wells. Fourth Ward H. B. Myers, George Rowland. 1858. Mayor — James A. Young. Marshal — Jonathan Atkins. Clerk— D. A. Lough. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. City Justice — C. G. Owen. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— B. W. Johnson, W. C. Rhinehart. Second Ward — J. Y. Hopkins, D. W. Loring. Third Ward— C. Houtz, J. R. Needham. Fourth Ward — J. B. Dixon, Dan- iel Ogilvie. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 463 1859. [Time of election changed to February.] Mayor — James A. Young. Marshal —Jonathan Atkins. Clerk— W. R. Koberts. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— J. N. Kinsman, B. W. Johnson. Second Warn — Henry Howard, Abner Allen. Third Ward— J. E. Needham, D. A. Louo-h. Fourth Ward- W. Wells. -Daniel Offilvie, E. 1860. Mayor — John R. Needhara. Marshal — Silas Scott. Clerk— W. R. Roberts. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. City Justice — Henry Lyster. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— W. C. Rhinehart, E. Hyatt. Second Ward — J. A. Young, H. Howard. Third Ward— D. A. Lough, B. F. Ingles. Fourth Ward — George Rowland, E. W. AYells. 1861. Mayor — J. R. Needham. Marshal — Silas Scott. Clerk— W. R. Roberts. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— William Edmund- son, J. N. Cooper. Second Ward — J. W. Faxon, J. M. Lewis. Third Ward — Tobias Leighton, John Lofland. Fourth Ward— A. G. Young, N. J. Smith. 1862. Mayor — B. F. Ingles. Marshal — F. Castles. Clerk— H. P. Taylor. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— W. S. Dart, Isaac Kalbach. Second Ward — James Rhinehart, W. B. Street. Third Ward— C. Houtz, N. J. Smith. Fourth Ward— D. W. Loring, J. D. Fletcher. 1863. Mayor — A. F. Seeberger. Marshal — David Harger. Clerk — S. H. Chapman. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— W. S. Dart, J. B. Adlon. Second Ward — J. Abraham, M. Wilson. Third Ward— J. P. Cowan, J. H. Griffith. Fourth Ward — M. L. Jackson, A. M. Rodgers. 1864. [IJme of election changed [to March.] Mayor — James Rhinehart, Marshal— G. W. Norton. Clerk — James Loughridge. Treasurer — W. M. Wells. Street Com— *G. W Norton. *Resigned September 12, 1864; succeeded by A. Maxfield, September 26, 1864. 464 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, COUNCILMEN. First Ward— T. T. Wright, Nor- man Dodge. Second Ward — J. Abraham, L. B. Ayres. Third Ward— Henry Lyster, N. C. Crawford. Fourth Ward— M. Wilson, Silas Scott. 1865. Mayor — James M. Louo;hridge. Marshal— *A. Maxfieldr Clerk — James Rnan. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. Street Com.— fA. Maxfield. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— T. T. Wright, Henry Mattox. Second Ward — J. Abrahm, J. B. Dixon. Third Ward— A. G. Smith, Henry Lyster. Fourth Ward— M. Wilson, A. M. Kodgers. *Resigned; succeeded October 9, 1865, by G. W. Norton. fResigned September 12, 1865; succeeded by Joseph Hedrick, October 9, 1865. 1866. Mayor — Silas Scott. Marshal — Joseph Hedrick. Clerk— James Euan. Treasurer— W. M. Wells. Street Com. — Jos. Hedrick. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— Henry Mattox, 'N. Dodge. Second Ward — J. B. Dixon, J. M. Janney. Third Ward— *A. G. Smith, K. Caven. Fourth Ward — A. M. Kodgers, Daniel Ogilvie. 1867. Mayor — AmosHollingsworth. Marshal — Wm. Johnson. Clerk — James Ruan. Treasurer — Mitchel Wilson. Solicitor — Jpo. R. Needham. Street Commissioner — Wm. John- son. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — Cyrus Beede, N. Dodge. Second Ward — S. E. Ehinehart, J. M. Janney. Third Ward— N. Caven, Clias. H. Evans. Fourth Ward— R. H. Haller, Dan- iel Ogilvie. 1868. Mayor — J. M. Loughridge. Marshal — Wm. Johnson. Clerk — James Ruan. Treasurer — Mitchel Wilson. Solicitor — *John R. Needham. Street Commissioner — Wm. John- son. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — Geo. T. Carpenter, Cyrus Beede. Second Ward— John Siebel, S. E. Rhinehart. Fourth Ward — Daniel Ogilvie, R. H. Haller. *Councilman A. G. Smith moved out of the ward, and was succeeded September 10, 1866, by P. A. Watts. *Resigned June 8, 1868; succeeded by M. E. Cutis, July 13, 1868. 1869. Maj^or — J. M. Loughridge. Marshal — J. W. Ocain. Clerk — James Ruan. Treasurer — M. Wilson. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 465 Solicitor— *M. E. Cutis. Street Commissioner — J. W. Ocain. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— t A. C. Williams, G. T. Carpenter. Second Ward — S. E. Rhineliart, John Siebel. Third Ward— D. A. Hurst, John Rhinehart. Fourth Ward — :j:A. B. Cacey, Daniel Ogllvie. *Resio:ned May 18, 1869; succeeded by Jno. F. Lacey, .Inly 12, 1869. fResigned May 18, 1869; succeeded by Cyrus Beede, June 14. 1869. ^Resigned May 18. 1869; succeeded by C. P. Searle, June 14, 1869. 1870. Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal — *J. II. Likens. Clerk — -James Ruan. Treasurer — S. II. Chapman. Solicitor — fl. B. Morris. Street Commissioner — j^J. W. Ocain. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — Henry Mattox, A. C. Williams. Second Ward — John Siebel, S. E. Rhineliart. Third Ward— §R. W. Lacey, D. A. Hurst. Fourth Ward — Jas. McQuiston, C. P. Searle. * J. A. Likens resigned May 14, 1870, immediately after his election, and was succeeded by J. W. Ocain, March 14, 1870: J. W. Ocain resigned July 11. 1870, succeed- ed G. W. Norton, July 16, 1870; G. W. Nor- ton resigned Nov. 30, 1870, succeeded by W. N. Bliclianan. Dec. 1, 1870. fResigned Nov. 14, 1870; succeeded by J. Kelly Johnson. Nov. 21, 1870. X Resigned Dec. 12, 1870; succeeded byW. H. Simmons. §Resigned Nov. 21, 1870; succeeded by James Rhinehart, Dec. 12, 1870. 18Y1. Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal — W. N. Buchanan. Clerk — Frank Kelly. Treasurer — S, II. Chapman. Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. Street Commissioner — W. H. Sim- mons. COUNCILMEN. First Ward — L. D. Rounds, Henry Mattox. Second Ward — *James A. Young, John Siebel. Thii-d Ward — D. A. Hurst, James Rhinehart. Fourth Ward — II. C. Huntsman, Jas. McQuiston. *Resigned Feb. 12, 1872. 1872. Mayor— W, T. Smith. Marshal — Wm. N. Buchanan. Clerk— Frank Kelly. Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. Street Com.— W. H. Duke. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— D. H. LeSuer, L. D. Rounds. Second Ward— W. H. Wray, E. M. Beatty. Third Ward— B. R. Perdue, D. A. Hurst. Fourth Ward— M. T. Williams, H. C. Huntsman. 1873. Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal — Riley Jessup. Clerk— Frank Kelly. Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. Street Commissioner — James Ocain. 466 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— * John A. Kalback, D. II. LeSuer. Second Ward— W. H. Wray, E. M. Beatty. Third Ward— D. A. Hurst, B. E. Perdue. Fourth Ward — F. L. Downing, M. T. Williams. *Resigned September 22, 1873; succeeded by L. K. Button October 13, 1873. 1874. Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal — C. McCarty. Clerk— Geo. E. Lee. Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. Street Com. — J. W. Ocain. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— M. P. Givens, L. K. Dutton. Second Ward — Wm. Mattison, W. H. Wray. Third Ward— B. E. Perdue, D. A. Hurst. Fourth Ward — John H. Green, F. L. Downing. *Resigned September 16, 1874; succeeded by J. B. McCurdy September 30, 1874, 1875. Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal — *John Shaw. Clerk — Geo. E. Lee. Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. Street Commissioner — Wm. Staf- ford. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— L. A. Scott, M. P. Givens. Second Ward — AYm. Mattison, David Evans. Third Ward— C. Houtz, B. E. Perdue. Fourth Ward — J. H. Green, Jas. Hurst. 1876. Mayor — Geo. H. Bangh. Marshal— *J. W. Gladden. Clerk — Geo. E. Lee. Treasurer — W, A. Lindly. Solicitor — Ben McCoy. Street Commissioner — W. Wray. COUNCILMEN. First Ward— L. A. Scott, Jno. A. Shannon. Second Ward — M. L. Levi, David Evans. Third Ward— L. B. Ayres, C. Houtz. Fourth Ward — James McCulloch, James Hurst. *Resigned July 12, 1875; succeeded by J. W. Gladden August 9, 1875. *Resigned November 13, 1876; succeeded by T. J. Henderson. 1877. Mayor. — Geo. H. Baugh. Marshal. — T. J. Henderson. Clerk. — Geo. E. Lee. Treasurer. — W. A. Lindly. Solicitor. — Benj. McCoy. Street Commissioner. — W. Wray. COUNCILMEN. First Ward.— L. A. Scott, John A. Shannon. Second Ward. — M. L. Levi, Da- vid Evans. Third Ward.— L. B. Ayres, C. Houtz. Fourth Ward. — James McCul- lough, James Hurst. HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 467 1878. COUNCILMEN. Major.-James A. Klce. ^ ^^''^^ Wai-d.-John A. Shannon, Marshal-John Ream. -^ o ' , St. ^ w a -p- i Clerk.-T. H. Green. ^ Second Ward.-W. A. Rinker, Treasurer.— A. A. Kendig. ^e^: .^;"^'y"- ^ -^ tt t • Af Solicitor.-F. M. DavenpSrt. Third Ward.-F. H. Lonng, M. Street Commissioner. -M. K. ^-^,^1; Ward.-L. H. Hole, S. J. Untton. 'Resigned June 10, 1878. Still vacant. FIRES. Four times in tlie history of the city has Oskaloosa been visited by the "fire fiend," in snch a manner as to make his call a matter of distinct rec- ollection. The south side of the square has been twice visited, and the Phoenix Block has sprung from the ashes of two fires. The first of these occurred during tlie summer of 1863. It started in a two-story frame building, the fii-st double story store ever built in'Oskaloosa, Mdiere it is supposed some vagrants had taken lodging for tlie night and set fire to paper in tlie building from tlieir pipes. Six frame buildings were burned. The principal losers were Wm. T. Smith, M. T. Williams, J. B. Dixon and J. D, Shannon. Compared with the present value of business prop- erty of the city, the loss was small, amounting to only $3,000 or $4,000. This block was soon afterward re-built, and was a considerable improve- ment over the frame row above mentioned. Part of the new block was known as the Knowlton Block. These buildings were again destroyed, shortly after midnight of January 20th, 1873, This fire originated in an unknown manner in the store room of Seevers & Gadd. The following is a list of the principal suff'erers: J. B. Dixon, $5,500; Daniel Danielson, $6,500; Thompson & Beaman, $6,500; Masonic Hall, $6,500; Seevers & Gadd, $4,000; M. T. A\^illiams, $1,000; J. H. Green & Co., $5,000; J. L. Pinkerton, $3,000; W. E. VeruMii, $1,500; Shoemake & Wroughton, $1,000. By order of Wm. T. Smith, Mayor, a number of frame buildings adjoining and fronting on the square were torn down, for which threats were made to sue the city for damages. But a wiser and more generous policy was pursued, viz: the erection of a fine row of business buildings along the entire south side of the square. From this time the month of January seems to have been the unfortu- nate month for Insurance companies and property holders in Oskaloosa. On the early morning of the 15th in the year 1874, an alarm was sounded from the northwest corner of the square. The origin of the blaze was again unknown. Four buildings were burned. Losses: A. M. Rodgers, $5,000; Boyer & Barnes, $3,000; H Price, $1,000; N. Dodge, $500; Levi Hambleton, $5,(»00; Louis Frank, $1,200; J. W. Faxon, $700. In a total loss of $17,000 there was only about $5,000 insurance. The last big fire in Oskaloosa was on High street, January Sth, 1877, supposed to have started from a lamp explosion. The principal losses were J. P. Gruwell, building, $2,000; Gibbs Bros., building, $2,500; J. W. Hineslev, building, $1,000; Jasper Bates, house and contents, $1,500; Mattison Bros., building, $2,500; J. M. Orvis, stock, $2,000; Rice & Hinesley, stock, $2,500. 468 . HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. ARTESIAN WELL. The need of some water supply for public purposes, has long been felt in the count}' seat. Some time about the year 1872, the question of sinking an artesian well in the center of the public square in Oskaloosa was seri- ously discussed. It was claimed by Oskaloosa citizens that this would be a benefit to the county as well as to the city, and application was made to the board of supervisors to secure their assistance in the project. This was so far successful as to secure the action of the board in passing a reso- lution appopriating, not to exceed $10,000, to that project, provided the city would bear an equal expense. D. W. Loring and Robert Seevers were appointed as commissioners to act with a similar appointment from the city council. Through some misunderstandings the partnership was not formed, and for a time the project was dropped. The State Geologist was consulted, and gave his written opinion in favor of the feasibility of ob- taining a good supply of water at a reasonable depth. The matter was finally taken in hands by the city alone, the county appropriation having been enjoined b}'^ grangers. Everything prospered until a depth of 900 feet had been reached, from which time bad management, carelessness and misfortune rendered the subject a by-word among all Oskaloosa citizens. The first trouble was the loss of tools. They were grappled for a long time without success — the well caved in — some scoundrel at one time dropped in a log chain and scantling — the work was abandoned. It was resumed by new contractors, Spangler, Marrs & Co., of Chicago, in JSTovember 1875, and was vigorously carried forward until March, 1876, when a depth of 2,500 feet was reported. This at an expense of near $25,000. This state of aflfairs — almost ^ mile into the depths of the earth and no flowing stream — was discouraging, A disposition was manifested to accept a prop- osition of the contractors to try again down near Siebel's mill, but the pub- lic purse forbade. Unfortunately for the scientist, no record was kept of the strata passed through after the suspension of the work, pending the second contract. We give the strata for the first 1,200 feet. It will be noticed that a tine vein of coal underlies the city. CO CO • 05 .03 ^^ t-^ O) cj cy w Q -.5 o -.a 5 5 feet black soil 270 20 feet white slate 38 33 feet joint clay 2S0 10 feet porous rock 41 3 feet sand and gravel 610 330 feet lime stone 50 9 feet blue clay 720 110 feet slate 63 13 feet fire clay 870 150 feet of hard limestone or Iowa 97 34 feet black slate marble susceptible of .very fine polish . . 107 10 feet coal 970 100 feet very dark hard lime rock, with }4 foot sulphur streaks of sand rock and mica. (Also 127 20 feet lime stone some fossils at 935 ft 139 12 feet soap stone 977 7 feet hard gray sand stone 148 9 feet grey sand stone 982 5 feet gvpsum and magnesia with 149 1^ foot traces plumbago streaks of" hard sand shell ... Ibl 12 teet grey sand stone f,r,_ ,5-0 . n ■,, 165 4feetflint rock 99^ 1'^ ^^^t feldspar 180 15 feet lime stone 1002 5 feet of porous sand rock 189 9 feet sand stone 1076 to 1095 black slate 190 1 foot traces plumbago 1095 to 1115 blue slate 200 10 feet sand stone 1115 to 1140 lime rock 250 50 feet black slate 1140 to 1200 blue slate HISTOEY OFMAHASKA COUNTY. 469 CITY GOVERNMENT. The following are the present officers of Oskaloosa: JVIa^'or. — James a Rice. Marshal. — John Ream. Clerk.— T. II. Green. Treasiirer.^ — A. A. Kendig. Solicitor. — F. M. Davenport. Councilmen: First Ward. — John A. Shannon, L. A. Scott.* Second Ward. — W. A. Rinker, George Brown. Third Ward.— F. H. Loring, M. E. Cutts. Fourth Ward.— L. A. Hole, S. J. Dutton. *Resignecl June 10, 1878. Still vacant. The expenses of the city government last year, exclusive of sinking fund, was: Salaries, $ 1,610.56 Gas, 3,5-22.30 Improvements, 1,079.53 Merchandise, 120.06 Labor, 407.52 Costs, 235.85 Fire Department, 1,577.29 Miscellaneous, 451.09 Total, $ 9,004.20 The city taxes collected by the city treasurer during the year 1877, was $9,782. The assessed value of property, real and personal, for that year was $986,164 39. The following is a comparative valuation, according to assessment, for five years. Assessed Valuation, 1873, $ 776,722 " " 1874, 816,990 « " 1875, 867,490 " « 1876, 982,732 " « 1877, 986,164 The levy for 1878 is twelve mills, being two for sinking fund and ten for general fund. The amount of receipts over running expenses, for 1877, was $3,432.51. The city's bonded indebtedness, July, 1878, is about $38,800, funded as follows: Steam engine and hose (due in 1880-83) $ 5,800 Artesian well (due January 20, 1882) 12,000 Artesian Well and South Avenue (due in 1886-87) 21,000 470 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. These bonds are negotiable at par. They draw 10 per cent interest, pay- able semi-annually. Most of the bonds ai-e held by eastern parties. It is probable that about two-thirds of the bonds can be paid when due, and the balance will be refunded. There are in outstanding warrants on the city treasury, at above men- tioned date, about $3,450. These will all be paid by April 1, 1879. Oskaloosa was supplied with gas in 1872, under contract with J. L. Pinkerton, who afterward disposed of his contract to the " Oskaloosa Gas Light Company." At lirst the gas was made from coal oil, but is now made of coal. FIRE DEPARTMENT. Oskaloosa Fire Department was organized in 1871, and now comprises three companies, as follows: Oir the building with heat- ing apparatus and furniture complete, cost not much short of $50,000. It was completed in 1870, and has ever since been a just pride of the city. The building is three stories, surmounted by a Mansard-roof. Has a base- ment in which is a steam heating apparatus, giving perfect satisfaction. In heating and ventilation — two very important items in school economy — the high school building at Oskaloosa is about as near the ideal as mater- ial things usually come. The building contains eleven rooms, nine of wliich are occupied as school rooms, and has a seating capacity of 525 pupils. It 476 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. is but proper to mention that the first heating apparatus was a failure in this building, and the present success was the result of expense and exper- iment. At the time of the building of this structure, the schools of thiscitj^'were held in the Gospel Ridge, and Normal buildings, in a small room known as Birge's office, and in the Cumberland Presl)jterian church. The second and third of these buildings were sold in 1870. In 1864, when the high school had been opened in the Presbyterian church, the building was leased for five 3'ears, but this was abandoned in 1868, and a lease was made of the Cumberland Presbyterian. To this church was built a temporary addition, 2tl:x30 feet, which the school board also sold in 1870. The colored school was at this time held in the colored church, but the pupils are now in the schools in common with the white children. In March, 1876, the growing wants of the city for more room to be used for school purposes, were made known to the citizens, and bonds to the amount of sixteen thousand dollars were voted for the purpose of building two new structures, in the first and fourth wards. These buildings were planned to be exactly alike, being two stories brick, with eight rooms and a seating capacity of 400 pupils. The contract was let to John Waggoner at $10,420 apiece. They cost the city about $11,000 complete. Of the bonds issued there are yet $24,000 outstanding. These bonds draw 10 per cent interest, payable semi-annually. Of the issue of 1869 only $3,000 are outstanding, due in 1879. Of tlie issue of 1876 there are $2,000 due in 1880, $2,000 in 1881, $2,000 in 1882, $2,000 in 1883. $2,000 in 1884, $2,000 in 1885, and $4,000 in 1886. About the time of the completion of the two ward buildings $5,000 more bonds were issued, whose time of payment we did not learn. For 1878 the tax levy was: School House Fund $ 5,600.00 Teachers' Fund 8,000.00 Contingent Fund 2,000.00 For the year ending February 25. 1878, tbe total receipts were: School House Fund $ 11,677.08 Teachers' Fund 8,810.05 Contingent Fund 2,237.20 $ 22,724.33 EXPENDITURES : School House Fund $ 4,745.55 Teachers' Fund 10,743.95 Contingent Fund 6,645.31 $ 22,133.81 During 1866-7 J. Valentine was superintendent of schools at a salary of $1,2^'^ X. . ., . , ,1 .i_ ... ., chin 1"5 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 477 islied nntil 1869, when J. F. Everett was employed, and continued to serve in tliat capacity nntil 1872, when Win. Lytle succeeded him, holding the position nntil 1875, when the present incumbent, Prof. H. II. Seerley, was elected superintendent. Mr. Seerley came to Oskaloosain the fall of 1873, as high school assistant. He was promoted as high scliool principal for 1874-5, and the following year stepped to the Urst place in the schools. From the high school there have been fifty-nine graduates, as follows: seven in 1873, twenty in 1875, sixteen in 1876, six in 1877, and ten in 1878. The first class being in 1873, was composed of Minnie Needham, Mamie Loring, Ida Street, Emma Fletcher, Mollie Robison, Ada McKinley, and Sadie Wright. Of the graduates the great proportion are girls, the sexes being divided — 49 girls and 10 boys. This general fact, in regard to higli schools, has called forth argument against such institutions, on the ground that it is the boys who specially need education — a short-sighted and much mistaken view, when it is considered that the girls of the present generation will be the mothers of the next, and if there is any surety for a high and pure citizenship, it is in a cultivated, well-trained, and high-minded mother- hood. Such will high school discipline produce, and every man who is not so selfish as to live alone for the present generation, will not descry high schools on the ground of a useless education of the gentler sex. In the high school is a library of several hundred volumes, part of which was purchased by entertainments given by the students, but the major por- tion of which was a donation from a collapsed association of Oskaloosa known as the Harper Library Association. This is free to the students of the high school. An Alumni Association has been formed by the graduates of the high school, in wdiich twenty-seven ahimni and alumniTe have enrolled their names. This association expects to hold annual reunions of the graduates. The first reunion was held at the close of the school j'ear, 1878, in the First M. E. Church. The exercises consisted of orations, essays, and declama- tions, participated in by Miss Carrie McAyeal, Mrs. Minnie Lacey, Miss Mamie Loring, and Will H. Needham, Jr. John M. Kemble, of 1875, has been appointed Alurani Historian for three j^ears, dating from September, 1877. The high school course of study is quite complete, for a city of the size of Oskaloosa, including a thorough course in English and Matliematics, with Elementary' Sciences, Latin and German. The pi-esent members of the board are John M Jones, president, H. Du- mont, secretary, G. W. Hale, treasurer. Directors, Dr. D. A. Hurst, Ben. McCoy, Mitch. Wilson, Byron Y. Seevers, Geo. A. Ross. The following are the teachers for 1878-9. HIGH SCHOOL. 1. J. J. McConnell, Principal. 2. Kate A. Wright, Assistant. 3. Eva Sellers, Fourth Grammar Room. 4. R. Anna Morris, Third Grammar Room. 5. Carrie M. McAyeal, Second Grammar Room. 6. Mary McFall, First Grammar Room. 478 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 7. Clemmie Perdue, Fonrtli Primary Room. 8. Ida M. Pen-}', Third Primary Room. 9. Lida J. Piokerell, Second Primary Room. 10. liettie S. Fisher, First Primary Room. FIRST WARD SCHOOL. 11. p. L. Kendig, Principal. 12. Lida Collins, Second Grammar Room. 13. P. K Gilchrist, First Grammar Room. 14. Erville Harris, Fourth Primar}'. 15. Retta Holmes, Third Primary. 16. Carrie Hawkins, Second Primary. IT. Dora Fuller, First Primary. FOTJETII WARD SCHOOL. 18. Wilford Hull, Principal. 19. Becca E. Fisher, Grammar. 20. Alice Sellers, Third Primary. 21. Nina Kemble, Second Primary. 22. Lou J. Hawkins, First Primary. GENERAL STATISTICS COMPARATIVE. 1876. 1877. 1878. School population 1,400 1,.557 1,543 Enrolled during year 1,199 1,205 1,198 Average monthly enrollment 886 932 984 Average monthly belonging 833 864 916 Average monthly attendance 767 816 862 Days absence during year 11,417 7,513 8,321 Number of tardinesses 4,647 3,175 1,979 Percentage of punctuality 97.6 98.2 99.3 Percentage of attendance (on membership) 97.2 94.6 95.2 Percentage of attendance (on enrollment) 64.0 67.7 71.1 Percentage of attendance (on enumeration) 54.0 52.4 55.8 Percentage of enrollment (on enumeration) 77.4 77.6 In tlje year 1876 the school population was changed by the county super- intendent after the report. We give the |jercentage of that year on the number allowed by the superintendent. COST OF OSKALOOSA SCHOOLS FOR YEAR 1877-78. NINE MONTHS. Whole amount paid teachers from September, 1877, to Septem- ber, 1878 : $ 10,397.50 Contingent expenses 2,219.89 Total .. $ 12,617.39 Average cost per pupil, including amount paid for instruction and su- pervision : HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 479 On average number enrolled $ 10.56 On average miniber belonging 11.34 On averao-e number in attendance 12,06 Average contingent expenses per pupil: On average enrolled On average belonging On average attendance 2.25 2.42 2.57 1878 1.42 1.53 1.63 Comparative cost per month for each pupil during years 1877-78: 1877 On average enrollment $ 1.57 ^ On average belonging 1.69 On average attendance 1.79 OSKALOOSA COLLEGE. Education and educational institutions have been mainly indebted to re- ligious thought and religious organizations for their origin and support. The Church of Christ, of which Alexander Campbell, Walter Scott, B. W. Stone, ajid others were permanent members during the first half of the present century, have been pre-eminently an educational people. Early in the history of Iowa influential members of this church, imbued with the spirit of the age and of Christianity, appreciating the importance of an educational institution of a high order, and projected upon a broad, modern, and liberal basis, began to discuss the propriety of attempting such an enterprise. At length, at the State Meeting which convened at Mt. Pleasant, June, 1855, it was resolved that the time had come to begin the work. The location was oflfered to the place that should raise the largest local aid. After a sharp competition from Marion, Mt. Pleasant, Winter- set and other points, but especially from Marion, Oskaloosa oftered a sub- scription of $30,050, and in October, 1856, secured the location. Elder A. Chattertou, R. Parker, Dr. C. G. Owen, J. Adkins. W. T. Smith, J. H. Ba- com, A. S. Nichols, Mr. Edmundson, C. Hall, J. M. Berry, J. Swallow, S. H. Banham, W. A. Saunders and S. H. McClure were chosen trustees. The work of endowment was also begun with much vigor, and over $20,000 subscribed within a few weeks, but the hard times of 1857-8 came on, con- tractors broke, subscribers failed to pay, the work of endowment was sus- pended, mortgages and liens were pressed toward foreclosure, and every- thing for a time looked dark for the college so auspiciously beguiL At length a little more than half of the original building fund was realized, the church of the State raised a " relief fund," and later added over $40,000 to the subscribed endowment fund, but a considerable portion of this subscrip- tion proved to be worthless. September 2, 1861, professors G. T. and W. J. Carpenter opened a pre- paratory school in the rooms temporarily fitted up for that purpose. A full description of the condition of the buildings and grounds, or a detailed delineation of the difiiculties to be overcome would here be out of place; suffice it to say that the school opened wnth the following named students, since knowm as the "immortal five": George AYilson, James Brown, Jen- nie Coarse, Jennie McCall and Maggie Stevens. During the entire year there were less than fifty enrolled. But the young teachers and a few friends were full of faith, and labored on until success crowned their efforts. 480 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The following named persons have at different times discharged the du- ties of president: G. T. Carpenter, A. F. Ross, B. W. Johnson, F. M. Bru- ner and L. P. Lucy. Besides these, W. J. Carpenter, M. P. Givins, O. Goodrich, F. M. Kirkham, A. Hull, J. L. Pinkerton, N. Dunshee, G. H. Laughlin, O. P. Hay, W. S. Burnard and B. E. Shepperd have held regular professorsliips in the college. Beside these, a number of others have acted as tutors, and teachers of specialties, etc. Among those who have acted most extensively and successfully as financial agents for the college maybe named A. Chat'terton, J. B. Noe, J. F. Rowe, N. E. Cory, F. Walden, G. T. Carpenter, W. J. Carpenter, N. A. McConnell, J. B. Heatton, J. Wiley, F. M. Bruner and J. D. Guthrie. The college now has a full and able fac- ulty with G. T. Carpenter as president; cabinets, libraries, apparatus and other facilities for doing excellent work, and is rapidly growing in patronage and influence. The scheme embraces prepararory, classical, scientific, ladies, biblical, normal and commercial courses. With such designs, facilities and managers, Oskaloosa College is rapidly taking its place in the front rank of Western colleges, and is a just source of pride in the county and State. PENN COLLEGE. Quite a number of years ago, at Spring Creek Meeting House^ was lo- cated an educational association known as the Spring Creek Union College Association of Friends. In September, 1866, at the Iowa Yearly Meeting of Friends at Oskaloosa, a committee was appointed to take into considera- tion the educational wants of the members of the Yearly Meeting. This committee was composed of thirty members of the Yearly Meeting, who, on the eleventh day of this same month, held a conference with the Spring Creek Association, and a union was formed with that body under the title of " Iowa Union College Association of Friends." This association con- ducted a most flourishing school about two miles east of Oskaloosa, until the buildings were burned down. About 1870 a site for a school in the northern part of Oskaloosa was sold to the association at such a figure by John White, Esq., as to amount to a donation. Several thousand dollars were donated by eastern and English Friends, and such subscriptions made as to encourage the erection of a building, being the wing of the present structure. This wing was completed in the fall of 1872 at a cost of $17,000, and a High School was opened on the 5th day of November, with John W. Woody as superintendent and Mary C. Woody and Anna E Gove as assist- ant teachers. The success of this enterprise encouraged the board of directors to organ- ize on a college basis during the following season. In the annual meeting of the association, held in September, the name was changed from "Iowa Union College Association of Friends " to that of " Penn College," and on the 23d of the same month, 1873, the college was opened with the fol- lowing faculty: JOHN W. WOODY, A. M., President, ENGLISH LITERATURE AND NATURAL SCIENCES. BENJAMIN TRUEBLOOD, A. B., LATIN AND GREEK LANGUAGES AND MIXED MATHEMATICS. RUTH WOODWARD, B. S., MATHEMATICS. C. P. BORLAND, BOOK-KEEPING AND PENMANSHIP. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COTINTr. 481 The enrollment for the first year reached two hundred and nineteen stu- dents, and the outlook was quite encouraging. The main building was erected in 1875, and the entire cost of building has been near $37,000, af- fording accommodation for five hundred students. The first graduates were in 1875, at which time Linda A. Dorland and Jennie Kitchen became the first representatives of Penn College alumni. The class of 1878 comprised three graduates from the classical course, Benjamin E. Ninde, Lizzie Green, and Eva Waggoner. Professor Woody has since retired from the presidency, which office he ably filled until 1877. His successor is William B. Morgan, A. M., C. E., who now has entered on his second year in the management of the institu- tion. Three departments of study are sustained — collegiate, preparatory, and normal. The attendance during the last year was about one hundred and thirty students, who received instruction from the following professors, viz: William B. Morgan, mathematics and astronomy; Stephen A. Jones, Latin and Greek languages; Charles E. Tibbets, natural sciences; Ruth Ilinshaw, mental and moral science and German language; Lydia J. Jackson, math- ematics and political economy; H. II. Seerley, didactics; Daniel Y. Jane- way, tutor in Latin; J. P. Gruwell, anatomy. The college is equally free to both sexes, and to all denominations. The managers rely upon the students to a considerable extent for self-government, believing that, within proper limits, the best government is that which governs least. The general tone and deportment of the institution is quite gratifying to its friends, and the financial condition is such as to insure its prosperity. The board of directors of Penn College for 1878 are as folloM^s, viz: Appointed by loioa Yearly Meetiny: — It. J. Mendenhall, Charles Hutchinson, Lawrie Tatum, Alistus W. Lewis, Samuel T. Mote. Elected hy the College Association: — Israel C. Green, Leonard H. Hole, Levi Hambleton, Amos Briggs, John F. Gritman, Joseph D. Hoag, Green- bury P. Wood, John H. Green, D. W. Hunt. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This congregation was organized IS'ovember 10, 1844, by Rev. B. B. Bonham. The organization at first consisted of twentj^-two members. Articles of incorporation were drawni up, signed and recorded. The first ruling elders were AY. McMurry, Robert W. Long, Silas M. Martin, Thomas P. Chapman, M. L. Smith and W. B. Street. On lots 5 and 6, block 34, which the congregation bought from the county commissioners, this society, in 1846, erected their house of worship, being the first church building erected in the coimty. From its organization until 1849 the church was supplied b}' dift'erent ministers, among whom were Rev, J. M. Cameron and Rev. Jolly. In 1850 the minister and members of the congregation, except three men and a few females, moved to California. From this time to 1857 the congregation merely held its existence. A part of this time the pulpit was supplied by the Revs..J. M. Berry, W. Laurence, J. Mathers, and B. A. Smith. During most of the time, however, the church was oc- cupied by the Methodists, Old and J^ew School Presbyterians, and the Congregationalists. These churches, were, for the most part, organized in this building, and occupied it until their own houses of worship were 482 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. erected. Tn 1857 Rev. J. R. Lawrence, at tlie call of the congregation, be- came pastor, and continued as such until the fall of 1866, when the congre- gation became vacant, and remained so till October, 1867, when Rev. G. S. Adams became pastor. In 1869 Rev. W. M, Medcalf took his place, and remained until the fall of 1870, when he was succeeded by Rev. William Wilson, who remained only six months, since which time the church has not had a pastor. This congregation has suffered severe depletion at different times. In 1850, as above mentioned, most of the congregation moved to California; then in 1859 the congregation was divided, and another society formed at White Oak. During the war many of the members went into the Union arm3% and were killed or died there. At present, by removals and deaths, the membership has been reduced to about twenty-five. The Sabbath-school has been discontinued, and the prospect for reviving the church is not very ])romising. The society still owns the building, which is now occupied by the Adventists. The mem- bers of the present session are William B. Street, D. M. Walton, J. B. Rickey, and William McWilliams. The bell which is still rung in this church building was brought from Keokuk by wagon, in 1846, and an old settler informs us that it was so hung as to ring by the jolting of the vehicle the entire distance — an odd sound, we should judge, in a western wilderness, such as most of the Des Moines Yalley was then. FIRST M. E. CHURCH. The first Methodist class was organized in Oskaloosa by Rev. A. W. Johnson, sometime in the fall of 1844. In the fall of the same year a small log cabin for the purposes of a cabin, was erected on the north end of the lot now used for the same purpose. Mr. T. G. Phillips, now of Oska- loosa, assisted in hauling the logs for the erection of this cabin, which was ready for occupancy about the commencement of 1845. The houses con- sisted of a single room which served as a study, parlor, kitchen, wash-room, bed room, pantry, and dining room, and all the other uses to which houses are generally put. Useful as the edifice was it would not serve the pur- poses of a church, and the meetings of the members were held at the house of Mrs. Phillips, mother of T. G. Phillips. After the completion of the Court House, this building was occupied by the Methodists, at stated times, till 1853, when they erected a house of woi'ship of their own. The membership at that time was but small and weak, and they could do but little towards the erection of their house. They first undertook to build a frame — got the materials on the ground, but could not raise means enough to put it up and finish it. It lay in this shape for two years, Avhen they abandoned all idea of building a frame house and concluded to put up a brick which they did in 1853, in the very spot where the present church stands. This was done during the ministering of G. W. Teas. After using this house until 1857-8 during the pastorate of W. F. Cowles, it was found to be too small to accommodate the congrega- tion, when by a vote of the members it was determined not to tear down, but to enlarge the old house so it might accommodate more people. This was done, and the house thus made more spacious and comfortable. It re- mained thus until during the ministry of the Rev. Wesley Dennett, per- haps in the year 1865, when another large addition was put to the house in the shape of a T. This addition was made at an expense of $6,000. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 483 In 1845 the membership of tliis church numbered about 260, at which time Revs. Kirkpatrick and Rayner were the traveling preachers. In 1846 Revs. Sherin and Harrison were the ministers. In 184:7 the membership was about 380, with Jennison and Wright as preachers. In 1848 tlie mem- bership had increased to 400 under the ministi-y of the Rev. Anson Wright. Oskaloosa became a station in 1851, witli 144 members. Rev. J. B. Hardy was tlie first stationed preacher. The successive preachers were Revs. Harris, Stewart, Slusser. Allender, Cowles, Waring, Teter, Dennett, Corkhill, and E. L. Briggs. During the ministry of the latter, the church was divided, it having reached a membership of over 500, and was too large for one pastor to care for, and the Simpson Charge M. E. Church was formed. In charge of the old body of members which still continued to be called the First M. E. Church, was Rev. Jno. Harris, in 1869. J. ^Y. McDonald ministered here in 1870-1-2. In 1873 the church passed into the hands of Rev. C. B. Clark, who also remained three years. The present minister. Rev. W. H. H. Pillsbury, succeeded Mr. Clark in 1876. The church now numbers about 275 members. Connected with the church is a flourishing Sabbath-school of about 140 children, of which the pastor is the superintendent. The contributions of the church for all pur- poses' are not far from S2,000 pei* year. The trustees are J. W. McMullen, Dr. D. A. Hurst, Dr. D. A. Hoffman, F, M. Davenport, E. M. Beatty, D. W. Loring, R. P. Bacon, Wm. Wray, N. J. Smith.' Stewards — J. Kelly, J. W. McMullen, Wm. Waggoner, Wm. Hadley, Dr. W. R. Nugent, A. Barnhart, D. H. Ballard, Uriah Ballard, and Wm. Kemper. Among the ladies of the church has been organized a Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of about fifty members, whose annual contributions to the mission cause are about one hundred dollars. A Lyceum, composed of the younger members of the church, affords mutual entertainment and improvement to the young people every week. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. The first records of this society have been lost, and our only dependence for its earlv history was the memory of its oldest male member, Mr. F. W. McCall. The church was organized at quite an early day (according to the Iowa Minutes, in 1844). For some time previous to the time of the erection of its church building, the congregation worshiped in Union Hall. Rev. W. O. Wester velt became pastor of the church about 1852. In 1855 the soci- et}^ was incorporated, and in the following year commenced the erection of their church building. This was partly roofed in November, 1856, when a snow storm stopped the workmen, and they were not able to resume until the following spring. The church was dedicated in the summer of 1867, by Rev. Spaulding of Ottumwa. Its cost was about $2,200. In 1859 the pastor succeeding the Rev. Westervelt, was Mr. Roberts, who remained with the church one year, and was succeeded by Rev. C. H. Gates, This gentleman continued in charge of the congregation about eighteen years, and labored among this people very acceptably and with much success. February, 1869, came to Oskaloosa congregation Rev. G. 484 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. D. A. Hebard, of Iowa City. During 1870, there were sixty persons uni- ted with the church. Reverned Hebard died in the midst of his work, De- cember 14, 1870. In the following February was succeeded by tlie present pastor. Rev. J. E. Snowden. For 1879. the officers of the church are: Deacons— 0. P. Searle, F. W. McCall, S. R. Petti t, and E. Edris. Trustees— H. Harris, C. T. Willard, M. B. Bristol, Mrs. E. J. Merrill, Mrs, Dr. Ilinshaw, Clerk— J. J. Merrill. Connected with the church is a good Sunday-school with an average at- tendance of 100 pupils. Dr. T. K. Brewster is the superintendent. The revenue of the church membership of the congregation for all- purposes is about $1,600. The present membership of the congregation is 175. The church building, during the present summer, is undergoing a thor- ough renovation. It will be strengthened and changed in appearance by an outside layer of brick to tliat of a brick church. There will be a new spire, an alcove pulpit placed in rear, and the building re-seated and re-fin- ished throughout at a cost of some $2,000. It has been for some years the purpose of the congregation to build a new church, but they have finally decided to utilize the old frame- work, the result being, however, substan- tially that of a new building. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The First Presbyterian Church of Oskaloosa was organized February 21, 1845, by Rev. Samuel Cowles, a missionary, with the following persons as organizing members: James Conner, Rachel Conner, Jane Thompson, Wm. Bovell, S. B. Shelleday, Elizabeth Shelleday and Sarah A. Shelleday. At this time James Conner was elected and ordained ruling elder. April, 1845, there was an addition of live members. Rev. Cowles served the church as supply till 1850. July 3, 1847, James Bovell was elected ruling elder. In January, 1848, a Sabbath-school was organized in connection with the church, and about the same time a prayer meeting, both of which auxiliaries are yet in flourishing condition. In 1848 it was decided to erect a house of worship, which was not, however, completed till 1855, at a cost of $3,025, being the present brick building occupied by the church. Sometime in 1850 Rev. David McComb commenced his labors with the church, which continued for one year, when the pulpit was supplied by occasional ministers till February, 1852. At this time Rev. Geo. M. Swan was installed first pastor of the church, continuing till 1854, during which time fifty-six persons were added to the church membership. In June, 1855, Rev. Irwin Carson became pastor of the church, and continued in this relation until the fall of 1858. One hundred and nine members were received into the church during this period. At a congregational meeting, March, 1858, articles of incorporation were adopted, continuing for twenty years. In November, 1858, Rev. Wm. M, Stryker began his labors with the church, continuing until the following spring. During the year 1861 Rev. II. A. Barclay supplied the pulpit. Next came Rev. Silas Johnson, who served the church as supply from January, 1862, to February, 1865, and then as pastor until March, 1867, when he resigned his charge. Dur- ing his ministry one hundred and twenty-five ])ersons united with the church. At a congregational meeting February 16, 1865, it was decided I HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 485 to rent the church edifice for school purposes for five years, in order to liquidate a pressing indebtedness, which was done. Rev. D. li. Mitchell "was pastor from September, 18G7, to March, 1869, during which time there were fifteen additions to the church. Immediately following the resigna- tion of Mr. Mitchell Rev. S. C. McCune was unanimously chosen pastor, and served in that capacity till April, 1873. In November of this same year Rev. H. S. Snodgrass came to this people. They were quite heavily in debt at this time, for a small church, about $1,300 being required to liquidate its liabilities. This amount was secured by a festival held in City Hall, during the latter part of December, and continuing for several days. In the fall of 1874 about $250 were spent in making repairs. In 1875 the rotary eldership y^lan was adopted by vote of the congregation. Mr. Snodgrass resigned April 10, 1878, and since that time the church has had no regular minister. In addition to the elders mentioned above, the following have been members of the session during some period of the church's history: J. M. Sweeney, J. A. Young, W. II. H. Rice, Francis Thompson, A. M. Rodgers, R. S. Crozier, Harry Howard, J. B. Ayres, J. S. Johnson, W. A. Hunter, J. W. Elsey, David Duncan, H. N. Little, David Robertson, Wm. McQuiston and J. M. Nichol. Some of these have passed to that bourne from whence no traveler returns, and quite a num- ber are now in the bounds of other congregations. The present elders are W. A. Hunter, Francis Thompson, Wm. McQuiston, AV^m. R. Cowan and David Robertson. The present number of members is ninety-two. During the year 1877 the chui'ch building was extensively repaired by the addition of new roof, new cupola, and the outside of the building nicely painted, all at a cost of about $700. The money raised for all branches of the church work last year was $1,243.67. Forgetting the Pauline injunction " Owe no man any- thing," this church has been crippled during much of the time of its existence by a wearing debt, a fact which has caused much trouble and anxiety to its members. We are happy to record that at this date it is almost entirely free from any financial embarrassment. N. B. Among the notal3le events in the history of Mahaska county, which have been omitted in the previous portion of this work, we may here mention the State Convention of National Reformers, in favor of a relig- ious amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which assembled at this church November 3d and 4th, 1869. Prominent among the leaders of the movement was Rev. R. A. McAyeal. The call for the Convention was numerously signed by prominent men throughout the State. Long in in advance of the assembling of the Convention, the Progressive Conser- vator had so persistently opposed the movement, and agitated the question so much tliat it attracted unusual attention, and as a consequence one W. F. Jamieson, a Liberal lecturer, was attracted to it. When the Convention assembled, it was decided that the opponents of the movement should be admitted to the floor for discussion; and accordinglj' both sides were ably discussed for two days, and a full phonographic report was taken and pub- lished. Most prominent among the Christian opponents of the movement was Rev. G. D. A. Hebard, who subsequently delivered a very able lecture on the subject. A full report of the proceedings of the Convention, together with tlie lecture of Rev. G. D. A. Hebard, and others, were pub- lished in the Progressive Conservator^ requiring a great width of space for thirteen successive weeks. Of these reports Porte C. Welch, Esq., filed 486 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUliTTY. one hundred extra copies, which have since proven to be very vahiable, as they are the only complete reports of botli sides of any such a Convention ever held. CHURCH OF CHRIST. This congregation was organized by Elder H. H, llendrix (now of Oregon), March 25, 1846. The following is the text of the brief statement to which the original thirty-two members signed their names: "Church of Christ in Oskaloosa, Iowa, taking tiie Bible alone as its only rule of faith and practice, and bearing the name of Cliristian in honor of the founder of our holy religion." To the above was appended the following names of the original congregation: Joseph B. Royal, Louisa Ko^-al, Cephas Foland, C. G. Owen, Mathew Edmundson, Margaret Edmundson, Samuel Yance, Alfred Trim, Abram Hetherington, Ann Iletlieringtun, W. W. Nelson, Margaret Nelson, Robert McConnell, Margaret McConnell, Re- becca Yance, Mary Edmundson, Catherine Gaston, Nancy C. McConnell, Matilda C. McConnell, Robert Gaston, Eliza Ann McConnell, John Hale, Nancy Hale, Elizabeth McCall, John Padget, John Fox, Mary Fox, Thomas Huff, Jonathan Adkins, Philena Adkins. J. B. Royal (now an honored preacher of Illinois), and Matthew Edmunson were chosen elders, and Jonathan Adkins and Dr. C. G. Owen, deacons. Elder Hendrix and others supplied the church with preaching for a time; when Elder A. Chatterton located in the place. For several years the church was greatly blessed under his labors; during the time of his labors the present brick chapel was' erected, and Oskaloosa College founded. Before the erection of the chapel, the congregation met in the old court house, in private liouses and in such other places as could be obtained, or necessity required. The building of the chapel and the college, involved both institutions and several members of the church. Thus serious embari-assments and difficul- ties arose to the detriment of the church's prosperity for several years. Among the ministers who have labored for the congregation, the follow- ing may be named: H. H. Hendrix, A. Chatterton, J. B. Noe, N. E. Cory, W. J. Carpenter, G. T. Carpenter, N. A. McConnell, W. R. Cowley, John Crocker, A. Hickey, B. W. Johnson, D. R. Dungan, N. Dunshee, G. H. Laughlin, and E. Goodwin, the present highly acceptable pastor. Besides those named above, the congregation have enjoyed the occasional labors of man}' others. The Sunday-school has always been a prominent and successful feature ot church work. For the greater part of the last ten years Prof. M. P. Givens has been the efficient superintendent and leader of the music. The church is now out of debt, has a membeiship of about 330, and wields a fair share of Christian influence upon the comniunity. A new chapel has been talked of for some time, and is very much needed. FIRST UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This church was organized June 17, 1849, M'ith nine members, by Rev. J. C. Porter of the Second Associate Reformed Presbytry of Illinois, and was styled the First Associate Reformed Church of Oskaloosa. This was before the union of the A. R. and the Associate churches, which resulted in the formation of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, an event that took place May 26, 1858. It retained its former name HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 487 until the fall of '58, when by a nnanimous vote it passed under the juris- diction of the U. P. Church and assumed its present name. Poultney Loughridge and wife were the iirst members of the A. R. in Mahaska county. Jeremiah M. Dick, tlie eldest son of Rev. Minego Dick, one of the primitive founders of Presbyterianism west of the mountains, was tlie hrst Associate Reform ]^reacher that visited the county. lie preached a number of times at the house of Mr. Longliridge. Rev. John Gardener visited them afterward, and also Rev. Lindsey of the Associate Church. During the year 1851, Rev. Fee visited this society, and after preaching a few Sabbaths received and accepted a call, and thus became the first pas- tor of the congregation. Under his administration in 1853 they ei'ected a neat and comfortable house of worship, the second church building that was erected in Oskaloosa. Mr. Fee remained until 1854 when he demitted his charge, and the congregation was left vacant. A call was subsequently made for Rev. Wm. Larimer, but was not ac- cepted. Rev. R. A. McAyeal next came to the church by appointment of General Synod, June 1, 1856. He received and accepted a call in Septem- ber of that year, and thus became pastor of the congregation. During all this time members were added to the cliurch, so that the number when he accepted the call was seventy-three. In 1866 the house of woi'ship belonging to this congregation was sold to the Society of Friends. For a time after this, the church woi'shiped in City Hall. In 1868 the present house of worship was built, the foundation having been laid the previous year. It was the understanding on the part of the congregation that they would build no faster than they were able to pa}'' the workmen, and consequently the church was not finished until a year or two later, when it was dedicated by a union service, in which the pastor was assisted by a number of the other city ministers. The church is not now, nor has it ever been in debt. The cost of the building, includ- ing lot, was near $8,000. The contributions of the church for all purposes has averaged not far from $2,000 per year in the last twenty years, that being now about the amount of tlie congregation's yearly contributions. There are now about 170 members in the church. The officers are as follows — Session: Geo. Gilchrist, Wm. Burnside, H. A. Cowan, John A. Proudfit, David A. Longh, James Loughridge. Board of deacons: J. B. Clawy worth, AVm. jS^ash, John Gilchrist, Mrs. E. J. Coryell, and Mrs, A. J. Burnside. Connected with the church is a prosperous Sabbath-school, superintended by Wm. Burnside. It is but just in closing this sketch to call the attention of the reader to the work of Dr. R A. McAyeal wlio has been in continuous service in this church for ovei- twenty-two years, save a year's absence in the army as chaplain. Such faithfulness to his charge, when larger opportunities might have been opened up, and did offer themselves, is not frequently seen. The Dr. is probably the oldest settled minister in the county. ST. JAMES EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in the building of the Associate Reform Church, Sunday, May 27, 1855. The minister present was a missionary, the Rev. E. W. Peet. 4:88 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The first vestry was composed of Henry Blackburn, A. F. Seeberger, L. D. Ingersoll, J. M. White, Abner Allen, Geo. Russell and M. T. Williams. Of these Henry Blackburn and Abner Allen were chosen wardens. The next meeting recorded in the minute book of the vestry was held on the 1st day of August, 1857, Rev. D. F. Hutchinson, of Ottumwa, presid- ing. At that meeting Articles of Incorporation were adopted in accord- ance M'ith the laws of the State. For a time succeeding this meeting Rev'. P. A. Johnson was rector of the parish, who continued here probably two years. In August, 1858, a lot was purchased by the parish on Market street, which was subsequently ex- changed for the one on wliich the present church building stands. During the year 1863 Rev. Mr. Cochely pi-e;iched monthly. From the termination of his connection with the parish until 1868 the church was in a dormant state, there being but two services during five years. Mr. Thos. B. Kemp becoming rector of the parish in the spring of 1868, infused new life into the church, and during his ininistry of five years labored very ac- ceptably among the people of Oska'oosa. During the summer of 1869 a church building and rectory were built on the church lot, the services having previously been held in Union Hall. These improvements cost the church about $1^000, which amount, with the aid of 18,000 from the mission board, was provided for at the time of the building of the same. The church is built in the Gothic style of architec- ture, and is a frame structure 28x50 feet. Rev. Kemp removing to Marslmlltown in the spring of 1873, the church was without a rector until 1874, when Rev. James Allen (now of Australia) became pastor and continued for two years, when he removed to England. In the tall of 1876 Rev. James Stoddard, of Falls City, :N"eb., was called to the rectorship, which place he filled until May, 1878, since which time the rectory has been vacant. A flourishing Sunday-school had been kept up for some years previous to the spring of 1878, when it adjourned, and is not now (October, 1878) in session. Tlie pi-esent vestry is composed of Wolcott, D. H. LeSuer, Gary Cooper, John A. Shannon, Wm. Butler, M. T. Williams and John F. La- cey. The church has at present about twenty-five communicants and two or three times that number of adherents. OSKALOOSA BAPTIST CUUKCH. The first Baptist church in Oskaloosa was constituted in December, 1855, with a membership of five persons. An ecclesiastical council composed of ministers and laymen from neighboring churches was invited to meet and examine into the history and belief of the organization, and if it was found to be formed after the New Testament model, to publicly recognize it as a church. The decision of the council being favorable, the services of the occasion were held at the M. E. Church. Until the spring of 1856 the church had no regular preaching. At this time J. F. Childs became the pastor, an arrangement which continued eleven years. During the first year of Mr. Childs' pastorate the church held its services in the upper rooms of the then Normal School building. In January, 1857, Union Hall was hired and occupied for services a little more than a year. In the fall of 1857 a lot was purchased, and in the month of March follow- X- ■N^. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 491 ing, the work of building a house of worship was begun, without a dollar pledged on subscrijitiou; the male members of the church, aided by per- sonal lalxjr. The largest amount subscril)ed outside the membersliip svas $15, paid in lal)or and materials. Thus in troublous times, ftnancially, the mechanical talent of the church was generously turned to the building of a house of worship. May 16, 1858, the building was so far completed that the church held services in it, though at tlie time it was without win- dows, the floor but partly laid, and the siding on to a point only just above the window-frames, and no lathing done. By the following spring it was entirely completed. This period found the church shouldering a debt of $450; but in 1863 this was paid oft' by the membership, without any aid whatever from those outside. Since its organization three liundred different persons have been con- nected with it. Of these some have died, some have been suspended, and a large number regularly dismissed to unite with other churches; leaving a present membership of about one hundred and tifty. Early in the history of the church a Sabbath-school was organized, which has been sustained until the present time. The present superintendent (1878) is Geo. R. Lee. Average attendance, sixty. In April, 1867, Rev. J. F. Cliilds, so long the efficient and earnest pastor of the church, turned his whole attention to the missionary operations and financial management of the Iowa Baptist Association, of which he was corresponding secretary for a number of years. He was immediately succeeded bj' Rev. Tlionuis Brande, who served as pastor four months, when he was called away to assume the financial man- agement of Des Moines University. Rev. A. F. Willey followed, but after an eight-months' pastorate, a struggle with disease, died and was buried in Burlington April 8,1868. During the summer, services were conducted by Thos. J. Keith, a theological student from Shurtleft' College, Illinois. Dur- ing a few weeks frcnn the following Februarj^, Rev. Mr. Childs preached, and eleven accessions were made to the church within this time. From the middle of April for seven months the church was supplied by Rev. John Kingdon, who failed in health, and after the time mentioned was compelled to cease his labors. Prayer meetings and Sabbath-schools were kept up, with an occasional sermon by a visiting minister till February, 1870, when Rev. J, F. Childs returned to the church, of which he continued pastor until January, 1875. In June of the same year he was succeeded by 1I.*R. Mitchell, who re- mained until September, 1876. Then came A. J. Furman, in October, 1876, from Dakota, missionary, who was pastor until August, 1878. The revenue of the church is about $1,000 per year for all purposes. The deacons are R. Dumont, J, L.Moore, T. M. Craven; treasurer, C. W. Ellsworth; clerk, Harvey Barrett. There is a Woman's Missionary Society connected with the church which does excellent work. SIMPSON M. E. CHUECH. This church became an organization by recognition of the bishop in Sep- tember, 1868. It was the offspring of the First M. E. Church, and was or- ganized in compliance with a vote of the M. E. Conference, which con- curred with the presiding elder and the preacher in charge in the opinion . ' 30 492 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. that another church shoiihl be formed, on account of the lar^e membership of the First Church and the growing demands of the city. The original membersliip of this body was one hundred and sixteen. Rev. AV. C. Shaw was phiced in charge of the new society, which held its meetings for two years in a rented hall on the south side of the square. During this time the present site for the church was purchased, and the building commenced. In the fall of 1870 Rev. B. Mark was appointed to this station, and during his administration the lecture room was finished and dedicated. In 1871 Rev. J. T. Simmons succeeded to the charge, and in the fall of 1872, by Bishop E. G. Andrews, the fine audience room of the church was dedicated. In 1872 came Rev. C. L. Stafibrd, who labored acceptably at this point until 1876. Rev. Dennis Murphy was the next pastor. He remained but one 3'ear. September, 1877, Rev. W. B. Cowles, the present pastor, was located in this church. The edifice belonging to this society is the finest in the city, being a brick structure, erected at a cost of $20,000, and having a seating capacity of five hundred persons. The present membership of the church is about three hundred. The amount raised by the congregation for all purposes will average about $1,500. The indebtedness is $2,000. The Sabbath-school, with about one hundred and forty members, is under the superintendency of Amos Kemble. The trustees are J. B. McCurdy, J. M. Jones, H. R. Kendig, Wm. Scott, M. W. White, J. W. Finley, J. P. Cowan, ^Ym. Crosson, B. F. McMillen. Stewards: Wiley Wray, J. B. McCurdy, John N. Martin, Wm. H. Shaw, D. C. Myers, C. McCarty, A. A. Kendig, A. J. Jewell. UNIVERSALIST CHUKCH. This society was organized in the fall of 1850 by Thomas Ballinger, and had at that time about thirty-six members. The meetings were held in the courthouse, and for some time Mr. Ballinger preached once a month. His successors were Joshua Spooner, Rev. Davis, A. J. Fishback and J. P. Sanford (afterward Colonel), and others. The society never erected a church building. The last regular minister was in 1870. The society owns two lots in Oskaloosa, which they hope some day to occupj'^ as a church site. BANKING. The first banking house in Oskaloosa was opened by W. T. Smith and M. T. AVilliams, March 1st, 1855, under the firm name of Smitii & Wil- liams, and continued in business until January 1st, 1857, when Smith pur- chased his partner's business under the firm name of W. T. Smith & Co. Shortly afterward Mr. Smith was joined by H. B. Myers as a partner, who after continuing in the bank for a short time, withdrew without any change in the style of firm, name or business of the house. Tiiis bank continued until October 20, 1858, when its business was transferred to the " Oskaloosa Branch of the State Bank of Iowa." Not long after the establishment of the banking house of Smith & Wil- liams, a mercantile bank was started by John White & Co. After running a few months, the firm sold out to W. H. See vers & Co., who had just fairly commenced business, when the crash of 1857 compelled them to close their HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 493 doors. A few days later tlie house was re-opened by Jolm "White & Co. At the time of the establishment of the "Oskaloosa Branch of the State Bank of Iowa," this firm vohmtarily quit business, and transferred its trade to the new institution. The " Brancli " had been or<>;anized, and was declared chartered hy tlie governor of the State, dated October 12, 1858. The capital stock of this institution was $50,000. The first stockhoklers were James Rinehart, J. M. Dawson, Jno. White, Jolin Montgomery, Wm. T. Smith, Samuel A. Rice, Steplien R. Bennett, Geo. M. Downs, A. F. Seeberger, Robt. Seev^ers, M. L. Jackson, D. W. Loring, Thomas Thompson, H. P. Taylor, Samuel Cof- fin, and E. A. Boyer. The first directors were John White, James Rhinehart, "W. T. Smith, Robert Seevers and John Montgomery. John White, of the firm John White & Co. was elected president of the "brancli" and Wm. T. Smith, of Wm. T. Smith & Co., was elected cashier. The latter was also a director of the mother Bank, or "State Bank of Iowa," as representative of tlie Oskaloosa bi'anch. January 4, 1859, James Rhinehart became president of the Oskaloosa Bank. February 1st, 1864, W. T. Smith was elected president, and being then principal holder of the stock and general manager, there was none but acting cashier until April 12, 1865, when Mitchell Wilson was elected to that position, which he had filled as acting cashier for sometime previous. May 1, 1865, under permit of Comptroller of Currency the present I^ational State Bank was organized as successor of the branch of State Bank, which went into liquidation about this time. The capital stock of the National was $100,000. Wm. T. Smith was elected first president, and Mitchel Wilson, cashier. The first board of directors was composed of John W. Jones, M. L. Jackson, R. A. McAyeal, Benj. Hollingsworth, John R. Needham and Andrew C. Williams. This bank was organized in a building on the north side .of the square. Mr. Smith continued president until Jan. 1, 1866, when having sold his stock in same to A. C Williams and Cyrus Beede, A. C. Williams became president. About this time Mitch AVilson also withdrew from the bank. Jan. 1st, 1864, the "First National Bank of Oskaloosa" was established with John White as president, and Cyrus Beede, cashier. The board of directors was composed of John White, H. H. Prine, Samuel Coffin, A. S. Nichols, Y. B. Delashmutt, J. H. Warren and Cyrus Beede. This bank continued to do business until December 17, 1868, when it went into voluntary liquidation. John White the president continued a private bank in the same place for a short time, when he bought a control- ling interest in the National State Bank from Williams & Beede. About this time the location of the bank was changed from the north side to the southwest corner of the square and for some months its business was prac- tically suspended for personal reasons of those owning a controlling inter- est in the stock. John White continued president until his death in 1870. The present officers of the bank are Setli Richards, president; G. W. Hale, vice-president; E. D. Lindiy, cashier; directors: Seth Richards, G. W. Hale, F. L. Downing, C. P. Searle, and Mitchel Wilson. The deposits at this bank July 8, 1878, were $108,000. The circulation of the bank's notes is $90,000. ' The bank has a good vault, with Hall safe inside, and all modern im- provements for the security of deposits, including a time-lock. This is the oldest banking organization in Mahaska county. 494 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Mahasl^a County Savings Banl'. — This institution was incorporated Jul}' 27, 1875, with a capital stock of $50,000. It commenced business in a one story brick building on High street, and announced itself as a sav- ings institution, with the usual methods of savings banks. The lirst board ot' directors were E. Clark, M. E. Cutts, W. K. Lindly, M. T. Williams, D. W. Loring, James Rhinehart and John H. Green. The otHcers: presi- dent, Ezekiel Clark of Iowa City; vice-president, M. E. Cutts; cashier, W* A. Lindl}'; assistant casliier, Perry E. Clark. The present otticers and di- rectors are the same. Just after the opening of the bank, the managers decided or^ having a building and home of their own. Accordingly they purchased the*site 'on the northwest corner of the square, where the old court house stood, and oil that lot have erected a fine two story brick banking house, 20x60 feet, with elegant sandstone front. The interior arrangement of the banking house is admirable. A neat little room for the cashier to the left of the entrance, and the director's parlors in the rear part of the room, afford comfort to the occupants, and privacy from annoj'ance. The vault is of best construction on solid stone foundation, with double brick walls, and brick and concrete arch. Inside is a 10,000 pound safe with chronometer lock, being the first one placed in a bank in central Iowa. The bank first occupied this building the latter part of 1876. The amount of deposits according to last report was $90,000. The bank pays 6 per cent interest on short time deposits, but at present discourage, as far as possible, that class of patronage. The lAirniers^ and Traders' Bank of Oskaloosa. — The Union Sa^ngs Bank Mas organized June 10, 1871, with E. H. Gibbs as president; H. L. Gibbs, vice-president, and I. M. Gibbs, cashier; and opened business in the one story building north of the present savings bank. This institution in 1873 merged into Gibbs' Bros., private bankers, and moved into the build- ing now occupied by the Farmers' and Traders' bank, built by Gibbs Bros., and still owned by them. December 12, 1877, Messrs. Gibbs Bros, having quit the banking busi- ness, the Farmers' and Traders' Bank was incorporated, and succeeded Gibbs Bros, in their building. This bank was organized under the State laws, with a paid up capital of $50,000. Its stockholders number about one hundred and twenty-five, and are located in every township in Mahaska county. This awakens a large country interest in the custom and success of the bank, and the patronage of the Farmers' and Traders' Bank is largely from farmers and traders. The officers of this bank are John Siebel, president; L. C. Blanchard, vice-president; A. A. Kendig and II. S. Howard, tellers; directors, John Siebel, E. II. Gibbs, P. W. Phillips, C. T. Willard, Peter Stumps, J. A. L. Crookham, John H. Smith, G. B. McFall and James Bridges. The banking house occupied by this institution is, perhaps, the finest in the State. It was built at an expense of $25,000, aiul is finished through- out with black walnut. The floor is of marble, and the furniture most ele- gant. The vault and safe are first-class, the latter with triple combination lock. <»*, Franhel, Bach and Co^s Bank. — The firm of I. Frankel and E. Bach, under the style I. Frankel and Co., commenced mercantile business in Os- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 495 kaloosa in 1861, and in 1873, finding they had considerable surplus capital not required in their clothiniij trade, opened a private banking house in September of that year. In 1876 they built their present building in Cen- tennial Block, making for themselves a superior banking room. They are large real estate owners in Oskaloosa. According to tlieir last report their deposits were upward of |85,000. This finds a secure place in the largest bank vault in the city, with burglar proof safe and Sargent's timedock. Frankel, Bach and Co.'s corresj)on(lents ai"e International Baidc, Chicago; Kuhn, Loeb and Co., New York; State National Bank, Keokuk. POST-OFFICE. A post-office was established in Oskaloosa rn the summer of 1814, Perry •L. Crosman being the first postmaster. The office was kept in Jones' gro- cery. At first there was simply a weekly n^ail. The postage was usually paid on a letter at its place of delivery, being twenty-five cents per letter of ordinary size. So scarce was money in Oskaloosa at that earlj^ day, that we are told letters frequently lay two months in the office before their own- ■ ers were able to take them out, and not rarely they were sent to the dead- letter office as unpaid. About 1846 tlie stage line was established, and there were three mails per week, and finally a daily mail. Now, probably, a dozen mails per day. Mr. Weatherford we find to have been postmaster in 1847, and he was pr(ft»ably Crosman's successor. Fi'om that time the following postmasters have served: Samuel Ingles, 1849-1853; Sylvester Greenough, 1853-1857; K. T. Wellslager, 1857-1861; Charles Beardsley, 1861-1865; W. E. Shep- herd, 1865-^1871 (R. R. llabour was appointed during this time three months ui*^er Andrew Johnson, l)ut was not confirmed by the senate, when Shepherd was re-instated); Will H. Needham, 1871-1876; Henry C. Leigh- ton, 1876-1878. Upon the death of Mr. Leighton, January 31, 1878, his widow, Mrs. Mary E. Leighton, was appointed his successor, and Frank Lofland as deputy. The clerks of the office are Will H. Needham, Jr., and T. Leigliton. * The revenue of the office frotn all sources is about $6,000 per annum The stamps canceled amount to about $600 per month, and postage pre- paid at this office on periodicals $72 per month: This office has issued upward of 26,000 money orders. For the j'ear ending March 31, 1878, the orders issued amounted to $8,2764.32, and I orders paid to $61,213.06, making an aggregate of $89,977.38. I. O. O. F. The first lodge established in Oskaloosa was Mahaska Lodge, No. 16, I. O. O. F., by Right Worthy D. D. G. M. Patterson, July 11, 1848. The first officers elected wei-e: William II. See vers, N. G.; Geoi-ge W. Baer, Y. G.; James McMurray, Secretary; R. B. Rutledge, treasurer. These, with James W. Porter, T. D. Porter, A. S. Nichols, J. N. Kinsman and John W. Jones, were among the first members of the lodge, which did not receive its charter until 1852. ' 496 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The lodge filed articles of incorporation Feliniary 1, 1852, at whicli time Wesley Moreland was Noble Grand, and John W. Jones, secretary'. Probably the first meeting of the lodge was held in the frame building on the southeast corner of the square now occupied by Martinstein as a baker}'. The lodge meetings were held on the second floor of the building for a number of 3'ears; then it was removed to Street's block, third story. In 1857 the lodge bought the lot on the noi'thwest corner of the square, under City Hall, and commenced building a three story brick building for its own use, but had only reached the first story when the crash trf '57 par- alyzed the enterprise; and, feeling that they could not carry the %ork for- ward, the Odd Fellows disposed of the pi-operty at a loss of near $3,500, and, upon completion of the building by other parties, rented fiom them the third floor as a lodge, which they continued to occupy until their pres- ent hall was completed. Having accumulated near $5,000 in its treasury, in 1873 Mahaska Lodge determined to make another effort to secure a home of its own. Buying about twenty feet front on the northeast corner of High and Washington streets, in conjunction with Judge Loughridge, they commenced a building forty feet front, with the understanding that they could complete the entire third floor at their own expense, and use the sairie as a hall. This plan was carried out, but the Odd Fellows found themselves so heavily- involved upon completion of the building, that they were forced to sell all but the undi- vided one-half of the third floor — a flTiancial disaster from which Mahaska Lodge has not yet entirely recovered, being somewhat in debt at present writing. They have a very neat, well-furnished and comfortable hall, forty by sixty feet, with a sixteen-foot ceiling. The present officers of Mahaska Lodge are: S. T. Barnhill, 'N. G. ; Calvin Woodrufi', V. G. ; R. G. Pike, secretary; W. G. Alexander, treasurer; Wil- liam Butler, chaplain. The membership, July, 1878, was one hundred and thirty-eight. Coonmeix-ial Lodge, No. 128, I. 0. 0. F., was established January 23, 1860. It was formed by a detachment of members withdrawing from Ma- haska Lodge, for the purpose of starting an additional society. The char- ter members were Sidney S. Smith, David Poop, Isaac Kalbach, F. L. Downing, A. J. Swearingen, Francis Huber, A. M.Abraham, Geo. Priseler, C. Blattner, and D. E. Budd. This Lodge, in 1874, bought the undivided one-half of the hall built by Mahaska Lodge, i. e. the one-half of third floor. Previously it had been the custom of the Commercial to rent from Mahaska Lodge, having always met in the hall of the latter. The society is in good financial condition, with about eighty members. The officei'S are: B. P. Ball, N. G.; Louis Baumgart, V. G.; F. S. Hull, Secretary; William Harbach, Treasurer. Oskuloosa Encmnjpment, No. 13, 1. O. O. F. — Was instituted June 28, 1854. The charter members were Wesley Moreland, Wm. H. Seevers, Jno. P. JN^eedham, James A. Young, A. G. Young, and Jno. W. Jones. The present financial condition is quite satisfactory to the membership, consisting of sixty-three persons. The officers are: M. M. Pice, C. P.; Peter Schmitt, II. P.; W. O. Wing, S. W.; Wm. Harbach, J. W.; S. Bal- dauf, Treas. ; P. G. Pike, Scribe. Perseverance Rebecca Degree Lodge, No. J^8, I. O. 0. F., has been ninning as a Pebecca Lodge for about twenty years, but without even a HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 497 dispensation until June 3, 1873. It was not chartered until October, 1875. From a charter membership of twelve persons it had grown until January, 1, 1878, to eighty-live members. The elected officers of the Lodge are: Sister W. G. Alexander, N. G.; Sister W. B. Williams, Y. G.; Brother K. G. Pike, Sec'y; Sister R. G. Baldwin, Treas. These last two, Encampment and Rebecca Lodges, meet in Mahaska Lodge's hall. ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN. As this is a comparatively new order and probably unknown to a major- ity of our readers, a few words upon the history at large will be appro- priate. On the 5th day of November, 1868, being the day of Grant's first elec- tion to the presidency, in Meadville, Penn., fourteen men assembled and organized the first lodge of Ancient Order of United AVorkmen. The mo- tive that prompted them was a pure and unselfish one, and their plan of operation is the vei-y best to carry out the purpose for which the order is intended — that of Charity, Hope and Protection. From the date of or- ganization the order grew slowly until July 4, 1870, when the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania was instituted at Meadville. The order continued to grow slowly, reaching into Ohio, Kentucky, and Lidiana, and in 1871 the first lodge of the A. O. U. W., in L^wa, was instituted at Washington. In 1874 there were but five lodges in the State. From this time the growth has been ra]>id. and there are now more than 150 subordinate lodges with near 7,n00 members in the State of Iowa. It is a benevolent order, not unlike the I. O. O. F., helping the widow and orphan and caring for the sick. A distinguishing feature is the bene- ficiary department, by virtue of which $2,000 is paid to the heirs of de- ceased meTTibers. Tiie headquarters of this department is the Grand Lodge of the State, and the payments are made by assessments upon the individ- ual members. This, of course, is a virtual life insurance, and no one can be. admitted to membership without having passed a satisfactory medical examination by the examiner of the lodge. Oskaloosa Lodge, No. 152, A. O. U. W., was organized March 5, 1878, with thirtv charter members. The officers are: John Lofland, M. W. ; C. T. Willard, G. F.; W. R. Cowan, O.; H. G. Briggs, Recorder; J. A. Kal- bach. Receiver; W. A. Lindly, Financier; A. P. Spencer, Guide; Dr. J. C Barringer, Medical Examiner. The lodge meets in Good Templars' hall, southwest corner of the square, and in August, 1878, had forty-eight members. Meetings are held every Friday evening, and the articles of the order provide for degree work, in some respects similar to other lodges. GOOD TEMPLARS. Oskaloosa Lodge, No. 660, I. O. G. T., was organized April 9, 1874, by charter from the Grand Lodge of the State. The first officers were: Thos. Newell, W. C. T.; Mary E. McMichael, W. V. T.; Mrs. Kate Houver, W. C; Wm. P. Hellings, W. Sec; John T. Perdue, ^Y. F. S.; Mrs. E. K. Alexander, W. T.; Albert M. Jones, AV. M.; Mary M. Newell. W. D. M.; Wm. Stewart, W. I. G.; C. B. Rodgers, W. O. G.; Mrs. E. Baker, W. R. H. S.; Miss Laura Montgomery, W. L. H. 498 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. S.; J. B. Noe, P. W. C. T. In addition to these there were as charter members, W. R. Lacey, W. K. Ware, C. ^V. Donghis, W. W. Knight, W. Campbell, Ed. Stewart, C. G. Owen, C. McCartj, Geo. Wortman, E. Le Suer, C. W. Jones, Clara Laeey, II. Howard, John Stewart, Erank Glaze, Fannie McCarty, Y. K. Logan. The lodge is now comjiosed of about one hundred membe^s. It is in a flourishing condition, and meets in hall over the National State Bank. The templars have an eighty foot hall, nicely furnished. Of those recently initiated the majority are males. Of the present officei's the following is a partial list: John N. Martin, W. C. T.; A. A. Kendig, P. W. C. T.'; Ketta Hambleton, W. V. T.; G. C. Johnson, W. Chap.; Annie Danner, W. Sec; Mrs. E. Baker, W. T. MASONIC. The history of Masonry in Oskaloosa appears in a chapter on that sub- ject in the county histoiy proper. IOWA INSURANCE COMPANY. This company was incorporated in Oskaloosa on the "mutual plan" May 7, 1856. The company was permanently organized by a meeting of the corporate members on the following day, and the following officers were elected: Wm. T. Smith, ])resident; A. F. Seebei-ger, vice-president; Wni. A. Torrey, secretary, and Wm. B. Street, treasurer. In the following July, applications having been received to the amount of twenty-seven thousand dollars, policies were issued to that amount, and the business of the company fully inaugurated. January 5, 1859, a supplement was adopted to the articles of incorpora- tion, providing f\>r the subscription of capital stock, and from that time the business of the company was divided into two departments, stock and mutual, the accounts of which were kept separate, and each department conducted in the manner peculiar to its respective class. The last balance sheet of the company shows a capital stock of $50,000. In 1865 the risks of the company were re-insured, and by mutual consent the remaining assets were divided among the stockholders, the proceeds being about 7 per cent in advance of the face of the stock certificates. The company did a pros]:»erous business up to the time of dissolution. MAHASKA COUNTY BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION. This association was incorporated in 1872, and placed in running order in the month of August of that year. Its articles of incor]>oration pro- vide for a plan of loans and deposits similar to that usually current among modern loan associations in the west. Only one series of stock of fifteen hundred shares has been issued. The number of loans made is 167, amounting to about $180,000. One hundred and thirty-one shares of stock have been retired. All loans made are on first mortgage. It is estimated that the shares will reach full value in 1S80 or 1881. The value of a share at the end of first year was $18.80; second year, $42.13; third year, $63.52; fourth year, $85.23; fifth year, $107.74. The present ofticers are: D. A. Hurst, president; C. P. Searle, vice-presi- dent; W. A. Lindly, secretary; J. Kelly Johnson, solicitor. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 499 The board of directors is composed of D. A. Iliirst, J. W. McMullen, W. A. Liiidly, C. P. Searle, W. W. Haskell, Wm. Bnrnside, J. Kelly John- son, David Evans and John A. Kalbach. The auditors are Ilenrj R. Kendig and Morris L. Levi. YOUNG men's literary AND LECTURE ASSOCIATION. This association was formed in 1874 by twelve young men of Oskaloosa, for the purpose of establishing a private reading room, and conducting a public lecture course. The charter members were Morris L. Levi, H. S. Briggs, Walter L. Chamberlain, G. N. Beeehler, J. C. Fletcher, W. S. Mays, LisWi McMillen, Charles Iluber, E. D. Lindly, Frank Kelly, W. K. Lacey and John A. Hoffman. By a provision of the constitution, no married man could become a meinber of the association, but we are informed that when a young man becomes a member he is no longer under any obligations to remain unmar- ried, but rather encouraged to follow the example of many of the charter members. The hall of the association is on the north side of the square. Each member of the society carries a key to this room, which is free to none but members. The hall is nicely and comfortably furnished, and is free to the members during the day and evenings. Among the papers and magazines on tile in the reading room are Harper's Weekly and Monthly, Scribner's Monthly, International Beview, North American Review, Popular Science Monthly, Potter's American Monthly, Albany Law Journal, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Atlantic Monthly, Littell's Living Age, Chicago Tribune (dail}-), Cliicago Times (daily), Chicago Inter Ocean (daily), Amer- ican Gentleman's Newspaper, Spirit of the Times, Spirit of the Turf, Weekly N. Y. Tribune, and numerous State and metropolitan weeklies. The association has managed a lecture course every year since its organ- ization Upon the entire course the profit or loss has been inconsiderable, neither profitable nor disastrous. A library is being collected as rapidly as possible, and the moi'e impor- tant magazines are regularly bound. A business meeting is held regularly once per month. The revenue of the association is from a monthly tax of one dollar per member, and from lecture course. The members who have been received since tlie organization of the asso- ciation are B. F. Beebe, Perry E. Clark, H. W. Gleason, R. O. Green, Joseph Huber, John Hall, J. R. Hague, Frank Lofland and W. H. Need- ham, Jr. The present membership is twenty. John A. Hoffman is presi- dent of association, and W. R. Lacey, secretary. CEMETERY. The first cemetery was southwest of town upon the land of Judge White, and was laid out at quite an early day. It was located just beyond the High School building, and being on fiat land proved too wet. Accordingly, in 1848, the ladies of the city undertook the enterprise of securing a new cemetery. They formed a sort of sewing society, and made up articles of plain clothing which were placed on sale in the stores of Oskaloosa, and in this Avay they raised sufficient money to buy and improve five acres of 500 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. land about one mile north of town which is currently known as the " old cemetery." This land was purchased from John White, and was the articulars of whicb are given in the bistor}' of that road. Undoubtedly tbe first religious exercises in tbe vicinity of New Sharon, were beld by the Friends, who bad meetings soutb of town as early as 1852 or 1853. Probably tbe first meeting on the town plat was by a Metbodist minister, a class having been organized bere about 1861 or 1863. Shortly after tbis, Dr. Warren preached several times in a blacksmith shop belong- ing to Henry Winder, wbere, among anvils, tools, and bellows, a small as- sembly of worshipers assembled upon the quiet Sabbatbs to bear tbe word of life. Even such was considered quite a privilege, and doubtless more generally improved tban in this day of tine cburcbes, cushioned pews, and essay-reading divines. The first bouse for worship upon tbe town plat was tbe Friends' meeting- bouse, still standing in the soutbwest part of town, and wbicb was moved up from its country site about twelve years ago. James Winder was tbe first post-master, being appointed in 1857, under Buchanan. He distributed tbe mail to New Sbaron citizens and tbe peo- ple of the surrounding country until 1863, when be was succeeded by Burdon Stanton. Then came Addison Najdor, and April 1, 1873, the pres- ent gentlemanly post-master was appointed, H. J. Vail. A money-order department was established at tbis office on the 17tb of July, 1872. At present, the revenue of the office to tbe U. S. Government is near $2,000 per year. Johnson Busby was probably tbe first justice of tbe peace in tbe town of New Sharon. Tbe present city of New Sharon is a place calculated to attract more tban passing notice from the visitor to its precincts. Tlie streets are wide, smooth, and laid out in such a manner as to greatly serve tbe convenience of its citizens and tbe beauty of tbe town. In a greater ])art of the city young shade trees are springing up, and have already in many places at- tained sucli a growtb and foliage as to add mucb to tbe comfort of tbe passer-by, and the general appearance of tbe place. The city's miles of plank walk tell tbe tale of a watcbfal council and an omnipresent marshal. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 503 The dwellings are mostly white frame and are neat and inviting in appear- ance. The cliurclies are jmr excellence. Not one western town in a dozen of the size of New Sharun has displayed the taste in buikliTig its iionses of worship, that this people liave done. The stranger is immediately struck by tlie beauty of tlie graceful spires and the S3'mmetry of the buildings throughout. The people of New Sharon, of whom there are al)out 800, liave more thati a local reputation for hospitality, general culture, and business enter- paise, a.reputation not generally bestowed gratuitously by the discriminat- ing public, but usually earned. For public entertainments of various kinds, tlie city is supplied with a room on the second floor of the brick block on Main street, called Concert Hall, which will comfortably seat about 300 persons. SCHOOLS. The first school kept in the vicinity of New Sharon, was in a frame dwelling house south of the town, belonging to Frederick Schelp. This was a subscrijition school, supported by enterprising pioneers who were not contented to await the growth of free schools for the education of their children. The teacher was Miss Lydia Briggs, who found in a 12x16 feet cabin, on a western prairie, sufficient encouragement to enable her to main- tain a school, in quarters where the modern school mistress, with later day fancies and habits, would fail to find words to express her contempt. This school was kept probably in 1856. The next schools were in a school house erected in the same iieighboi-hood bj' the society of Friends, for school pur- poses, and temporarily as a house of worship until they should erect a meeting-house. This was in 1857. Here schools were taught by Lydia Mayer, Harvey Lucas, Jonathan Knight, Rachel Snell, and others. These were subscription schools. The first public school building on the town plat was on the same ground on which the present one stands. It was a frame, one story structure, which has recently been moved across the street and is now used as a carpenter shop. This building was less primitive in ap])eai'ance and furniture, than is usual in new countries. Thirty by thirty-four feet in its dimensions, it was seated by black walnut seats and desks, accommodating two pupils together. This was erected in 1860, and proved sufficient to accommodate the youth of New Sharon until 1872 when an addition was built to the same. Attached to the memory of the old school house is one of those undersigned coincidences which occaison- ally astonish us by their simplicity, and are matters of curiosity. Jesse Hiatt, of New Sharon, was employed to build the foundation of the new building. The man who secured the contract for the frame work proved to be Jesse Hiatt, of Oskaloosa. The building was no sooner finished than another Jesse Hiatt moved to the western village, applied for the position of teacher, which was granted to him and his wife. Had this been so com- mon a name as John Smith, it would have been stripped of some of its novelty. The spirit of western enterprise has left its mark upon the school inter- ests of New Sharon. Kecognizing in the centennial year the fact that no duty should be more earnestly performed than that belonging to their chil- dren, the parents of the Quaker City erected on their old school premises a handsome brick building, ample in room for the comfortable occupation 504 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. of New Sharon youth in years to come. This neat two story brick con- tains four large rooms and has a seating capacity of about two liundred and forty pupils. Tlie average attendance is perhaps two hundred and eight}'. Tiie cost of the building was about $8,000, Heretofore the board have employed but four teachers, but on account of the growth of the schools, will require five during the coming winter. Tlie leachers elect are: Mrs. M. M. Monger, principal; C. S. Monger, Mollie Kiser, Mollie Nichol, and Ollie Gilbert. Tlie school was graded in 1876, at which time a high school department was formed. From this the first class graduated in 1878, composed of Mary Nichol, Lizzie Johnson, Silas Lucas, Leroy Michener, and Allison Cope. It should have been stated that the first school house was built, and for years the first school was run by the township district. Application hav- ing been made according to law and a favorable vote having been cast for an Independent School District, such was organized April -l, 1870. The first board of directors was composed of H. M. Fortney, Henry Cope, H. Cooper, David Stanton, A. H. Vickers. and I. JN'. Penlaud. The present school officials are: Ephriam Mnnsell, President; J. M. Hiatt, Secretary; H. T. Wright, Treasurer; H. D. Williams, Oliver Wild- man, David Stanton, Thomas Graham, and Henry Cope, Directors. INCORPORATION. The town of Sharon was incorporated in September, 1871, in an- swer to thirty-five petitioners of its citizens, who wished for themselves the privileges of belonging to a city of the second class. W. S. Kenworthy was appointed attorney to represent tlie petitioners, and the incorporation was granted by the court, and the following citizens were appointed com- missioners to assist in holding the first city election. By the articles of in- corporation six hundred acres, including parts of sections 13 and 24, were included upon the city plat. On account of some irregularities the char- tering of the city was ratified by special act of the legislature. The first election, held by the commissioners above mentioned, occurred October 4, 1871. Two days later at 3 o'clock p. m., the first city council of New Sharon met, and the officers of the city government were duly qual- ified, perhaps by the township justice. The Mayor elect was H. M. Fornt- ney; Recorder, A. W. Naylor; Councilmen, J. F. Bowdle, C. W.Adams, W. Fagan, J. M. Collins, and A. N. Vickers. Numerous meetings of the council were held during the remaining fall and winter, the time of which was mostly occupied in the uninteresting business of framing and adopting city ordiiumces. W. S. Kenworthy was appointed to draft these latter, and eighteen dollars were paid him for his services. June 21, 1875, the sober and dignified city council passed an ordi- nance to prevent public platform dances within the city limits. In such a prohibition of course they transcended their powers. The ordinance was null by notice of its very nature, and we believe no attempt has ever been made to enforce it. Its passage seemed to have a sort of reflex tendency, as we are informed there were held two open air dances in New Sharon July 4, 1878. The city has no organized fire company, nor has it that which deserves the name of a fire department, August 23, 1875, the council purchased for public use forty-eight leather buckets and twelve sixteen-feet ladders. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 505 In the big fire which soon followe<], tliese were quite energetically used, bnt did not avail to prevent large destruction of property. For the pur- chase of these apparatus city l)onds were issued to the amount of two hun- dred and ten doUars. The town had no saloon previous to 1876. The city council, hearing that it was the purpose of a certain individual to establish a grog-shop within the limits of the unpolluted town, passed September 18, 1876, a strict prohibition ordinance. The saloon was established in face of the or- dinance, but the liquor dealer was soon ousted, and to-day New Sharon maintains its rank among "strictly temperance towns." A small frame calaboose and a city pound are the "powers behind the throne," which render the citj' ordinances terrible in the eye of the trans- gressor, be he man or beast. The city taxes collected for the fiscal year ending March 13, 1878, were $645.29. The sum expended during the same time for sidewalks, street im- provements, etc., was $636.34. The city officers of 1878 are: Mayor, M. D. Burkitt; Recorder and Treasurer, J. M. Iliatt; Marshal, D. Galbraith; Street Commissioner, W. B. Shotwell; Councilmen, Ephriam Munsell, Geo. W. Way, J.M. Collins, J. F. McCurdy, and Geo. Carson. » FIKE. We are told that no character is perfect until tried in the school of ad- versity. Half the enterprise and push of Chicago was an unknown factor until it was brought into the sight of the whole world by its recovery from the scourge of 1872. So has the pluck and energy of New Sharon found its highest development in recovery from disaster. About one o'clock on the morning of April 29, 1876, a fire was discov- ered in tiie rear part of the drug store of J. S. Pickett, in the block on the southeast corner of Main and Market streets. The flames were undoubt- edly the work of an incendiary, and one whose fiendish wits had directed him to the best place for the accomplishment of his purpose, for the tire was in the oil room of the drug store almost as soon as discovered. Shouts of " Fire! " and the tread of hurrying feet soon roused the town, in time for its inhabitants to find the sky and streets lit up with a glare approaching that of a noon-day sun. In tliirty minutes the entire section of the block, consisting of two-story frames, was in a blaze. Willing hands, youth and old age, young women and children, did all they could to save the town, thus visited, with no means to fight the fire. The ladders and buckets above mentioned were brought into use. Soon the fire had crossed the alley to the south, and was making a wreck of Carson's drug store. Be- tween this and the Sharon Rouse was a vacant lot forty feet wide, and here the most strenuous eftorts were made to stop the flames. Again and again did the building take fire, but as frequently did blistering hands and scorch- ing frames dash the repeating blaze into blackness. The " bucket brigade " was victorious. On the east a similar check was eft'ected just before the tire reached Nash's agricultural warehouse. But when morning came only five buildings remained on the block which had contained the finest build- ings New Sharon could boast. The main losses were: Hoops' building, $2,000; Kramer & Quaintance's stock, $1,500; Yickers' building, $1,800; J. C. Pickett, stock, $4,500; G. 506 HISTORY OF MAm:.SKA COUNTY, A. Roberts' bunding?, $3,000; G. W. Bump, $2,000; H. Chedester & Co., $1,500; Warren & Collins, $3,000; H. Wallace, $1,500; Geo. Carson, $6,000; J. R. Nichol & Co., $1,500. Tbese, in addition to a number of smaller losses, including the instruments of two bands, made a total loss of not less than $30,000. "On this the insurance was only about $10,000. It was the prediction of the jSta?' in the first issue after tiffe fire that the burned district would soon be rebuilt more substantially and elegantly than it liad been before. Such received an early fulfillment. The work of clear- ing away began before the ruins were cold, and now, on the corner of Main and Market streets is decidedly the finest brick block that New Sharon contains, being 80x80 feet in floor dimension, and two stories high. BUSINESS INTERESTS IN 1878. New Sharon being a country town, does almost exclusively a country trade. It has good shipping facilities, and along the line of the Central road few towns, if any, of its size can bs found that will favorably compare with it in the amount of grain, cattle and v^arious produce shipped. As a class the stores are neat and well kept. The town contains no exclusively dry-goods store, but has several establishments carrying a miscellaneous stock of goods, including the foUovving, viz: Kramer & Graham, D. M. Emerson, Wild man & Stanton, and O. P. Crawford. Bank — New Sharon Bank. Groceries— A. G. Rosborough, G. W. Starkey & Co., M. D. Bar- kitt. Drugs— Geo. Carson, C. T. Bowen, R. T. Dean'. Hardware— H. T. Wright, Henston & Carroll. Jewelry — E. A Smith. Tailor~Ii. N. Bow- man. Furniture — Warren & Collins. Shirt factory — W. II. Cook & Co. Agricultural stores — Lawrence & Thompson, Pierce & Ratliff. Hotels — Sharon House, by A. Flaugh, Central House, by G. S. Awtrj^ Pennsylva- nia House, by W. B. Shatwell. Livery stable — Gallagher & Weathers. Sewing machine agency — II. J. Vail. Attornej^s — J. M. Iliatt, Hoffman & Cook, Wm. J. Sexton, W. H. Waring, C. F. Knowlton. Physicians — W. S. McAllister, R. T. Dean, D. C.^ Morris. Dentist— J. H. Shomo. Lumber — Kalbach & Son. Tucker Elevator. — This is one of the foremost enterprises of New Shar- on. -The main part of the present building was erected in 1870 b}' J. W. Faxon, by whom it was operated by horse-power. In 187-1: it was bought by E. E. Tucker, the present proprietor, who, recognizing the increasing demands of New Sharon as a shipping point, at once doubled its capacity by additional building, and put in a 16-horse power engine. The present storage capacity of the elevator is 20,000 bushels. In 1874 Mr. Tucker bought and shipped about half a million bushels of grain. Since that time his shipments have not been so large on account of the failure of crops. The promise for a lively trade is encouraging for the faM and winter of 1878-9. Mr. Tucker also has stock yards just south of the elevator build- ing, and deals lai'gely in Mahaska county stock, handling about 500 cars of hogs and 200 cars of cattle per year. Mr. Tucker has four branch estab- lishments running at this time, including one at Oskaloosa and one at Searsboro. The foreman at Oskaloosa is O. B. Bunker. - City Steam Mills were built in the fall of 1873 by J. Yersteeg & Co., at a cost of $9,000, and are a pride to the city. These gentlemen keep up with every new improvement in machinery, and have expended about $3,000 since building the mill in improvements alone. The engine is one Geo.H.Baugh HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 509 of 40-horse power; fine!, coal. The mills do both custom and mercantile work, and with four run of stone have a capacity of about 100 bushels of wheat per day of ten hours. The proprietors inform us that they run to full capacity almost tlie entire year. The shipments of stock and grain over the Central Road will perhaps average 1,500 cars per year, SOCIETIES. New Sharon Lodge, No. 231, 1. O. O. F., was established by a dispensa- tion of the Grand Lodge of Iowa, December 25, 1871, and was not chartered until October 17, 1872. The members organizing the lodge were S. H. Hunt, I. N. Penhmd, J. H. DougLas, S. G. Caster and Sidney Krotzer. The lirst meeting was held in a room known as Naylor's Hall, wliich was destroyed by lii-e in 1876. Here the lodge met until January 1, 1875, when they moved into the second story of the Star buiUling, which tliey rented as a hall for five years. Here they have very pleasant and comfortable quarters. The present membership of New Sharon Lodge is seventy. The officers are J. W. Bateman, N. G.; W. W. Winder, V. G.; G. F. Bates, secretary; Snowden Myers, treasurer; H. J. Vail, P. G. Mahaska Encampment, No. 70, I. O. 0. i^., was instituted July 8, 1874, under dispensation from the Grand Lodge of tlie State, and was chartered October 21, 1874. In the charter the following are named as charter mem- bers, viz: S. W. Lewis, A. Paine, LI. M. Fortney, J. W. Baleman, Llenry Baughman, I. jST. Penland and Wm. Stnbbs. The Encampment meets in the same hall with the Chapter, and has done so since the time of its organ- ization. The membership, August, 1878, was sixteen, at which time the follow- ing were the officers: W. W. Winder, C. P.; L. Fitzgerald, H. P.; C. W. Rose, S. W.; I. N. Penland, J. W; H. J. Vail, treasurer; G. F. Bates, scribe. Mahaska Lodge, No. 336, A. F. da A. M. — Established under dispen- sation from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, on the 22d of June, 1874. The offi- cers elected at the time of organization were: G. F. Bates, W. M. ; H. J. Vail, S. AV.; D. Upton, J. W.; James Gorsuch, treasurer; A. G. Smith, sec- retary; C. W. Adams, S. D.; Snowden Myers, J. D.; William Wellington, tyler. The lodge was not chartered until June 3, 1875. The charter members had been connected, with lodges in different States, and had happened together in considerable numbers in New Sharon. An organization of these into a local lodge was effected through the agency of H. J. Vail. The present membership is about fifty-one. The Masonic lodge was organized in the Odd Fellows' hall, and the two fraternities ha^e had a room in partnership ever since the time of its or- ganization. The present officers are: G. F. Bates, W. M.; David Fessler, S. W.; George Carson, J. W.; H. J. Vail, treasurer; George B. Gould, secretary. Veteran Lodge, No. 205, 1. 0. G. T., is the second lodge of Good Temp- lars that has been organized at New Sharon. The first organization started in October, 1865, and continued under the name of "New Sharon Temple" until October 2, 1871, when it disbanded. Almost immediately was organized the Veteran Lodge, of which the present membership is forty- seven. This organization meets in a hall in the Centennial Block. The officers are: Marvin Hart, W. C. T.; MoUie 31 510 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Shotwell, W. V. T.; OUie Wood, W. R. S.; S. R. Bvlggs, W. T.; Z. P. Kirk, W. S. Christian Temperance Union. — About the first of January, 1878, Mr. H. Al. Galloway, of Ohio, working in the interest of what is ktiowu as the Murphy or Bhie Ribbon movement, put in apperrance at^ew Sharon, and held nightly meetings for about two weeks. All those signijig the pledge were considered members of the "Blue Ribbon Club," which now has a membership of about six hundred and eighty members. For the purpose of a more permanent organization a constitution and by-laws were framed, and those signing the same became members of the Christian Temperance Union, whose object is keeping alive the temperance movement in IS^ew Sharon, and the making of an aggressive movement upon those not yet reclaimed. The cause has been prosperous and success- ful at this point, and the reforms made have stood the test for several months, with good indications of permanent cure. The membership of the C. T. U. is about two hundred. From the date of its organization until some time in July, meetings were held every Saturday night, at which ad- dresses were made by speakers from home or abroad. These meetings were adjourned over the heated term until September, when they were resumed in Concert Hall, where the temperance meetings have usually been held. The present officers of the Union are: J. H. Shomo, president; J. Rock- well and G. B. Gatlin, vice-presidents; E. A. Smith, secretary ; H. J. Yail, treasurer. CHURCHES. M. E. Church. — The beginning of this church was a class, organized by a Methodist minister, Rev. Welsh, in 1862, composed of Henry Winder and wife, and their children, Hugh and Ann Eliza, Jasper Lee and wife, James Davis and wife, Lydia Mayer and Ida Lucon. In the spring of 1863 were added J. F. Bowdle and wife, Eliza Crabb, Johnson Busby and wife, S. B. Lawrence and wife, and some few others. Soon after, the class was organized into a church, and was on Peoria circuit, with Rev. Early as pastor, and Dr. Warren as local pi-eacher. Meetings were held at the residence of Henry AVinder, J. F, Bowdle, S. B. Lawrence, and in the blacksmith shop previously mentioned. Rev. P. Early was succeeded by Revs. Kelly, Moore, Holland, and John Armitsed. By this time services were held in the New Sharon school-house. Some time after this a couple of local preachers removed from Minnesota to New Sharon — Rev. O. P. Crawford, and Hiram Allen. These men preached here for a time. The next minister was Dr. F. L. Ellsworth. About this time large accessions were made to the church, which then numbered perhaps one hundred and thirty members. Rev. T. J. Myers followed, then Rey. Prathers. During the mini str}' of the last named gentleman, about 1871, was erected a fine church building, .36x66 feet, at a cost of about $4,500, including bell. Revs. J. G. Thompson, U. B. Smith, C. Morey, T. C. Miller, and S. R. Ferguson occupied the pulpit in the order named, the last named gentle- man being the present pastor, who preaches every alternate Sabbath at Fairview, in Union township. The present membership is about one hun- dred and thirty. At the time of completion of the church it was supposed to be free from debt, but about three hundred dollars of the amount nom- inally secured at that time, has returned upon the shoulders of the church. In connection with the work of the church there has been in existence, HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 511 for about eight years, a floni-isliing Sabbath-school, now numbering about eighty in average attendance, with J. W. Bowdle as superintendent. Preshytermn Church. — This congregation was organized in accordance with the rules of the Presbyterian denomination, in the month of June, 1875, by a committee appointed by the Presbytry, composed of Pev. S. Snodgrass, Rev. Frackleton, and Elder A¥. A. Hunter. The congregation numbered fourteen meml)ers at organization. The lirst session of the church was composed of J. V. Hart and John Versteeg, to whom have since been added, to assist in the councils of the church, P. P. Loughlin. The church building of this body was built in the summer of 1876, at a cost of $3,000, all of which was paid at the time of its dedication. The latter ceremony took place on September 17, 1876, Pev. Robert McAyeal, D.D., of the Oskaloosa U. P. Church, preaching the dedicatorj^ sermon, and the pastor, Pev. Snodgrass, assisting in the exercises of the day. The church is a model in neatness and grace, being a frame imitation of white and grey stone. Previous to the building of the church the M. E. building was occupied by the congregation. The first minister was Rev. H. S. Snod- grass, who preached here one-third of his time from the date of organiza- tion until February, 1878. The present pastor is Rev. Matthews, who be- gan his labors July 1, 1878. The membership numbers fifty-five persons. Revenue of church for all purposes is near $500. The board of trustees is composed of George Hill, James Drennan, George Carson, Robert Hues- ton, and J. R. Nichol. In connection with the church is a prosperous Sabbath-school, superintended by P. P. Loughlin. It has an average at- tendance of about eighty persons. Christian Church. — This is a young organization, having been formed October 7, 1877, by J. K. Cornell, with a membership of twenty-five per- sons. The first meeting was held in the Baptist Church, and that build- ing was occupied until February, 1878, for the services of this congrega tion. Since that date services have been held in the Presbyterian Church. Rev. Cornell is still pastor, but is also corresponding secretary of the Iowa Christian Convention, and devotes one-half of his time to State mis- sion work. The present membership of the congregation is not far from thirty-five. The deacons are T. Graham, J. M. Hiatt, and N. F, Hoen. Baptist CVi'^/rc/^ — This congregation was organized January 2, 1875, by J. F. Childs, of Oskaloosa, with fourteen members, in the old New Sharon school house. It was recognized as a church by the customary ceremony of the Baptists in June, 1875. The first officers elected wereHattie E. Page, clerk, and J. F. McCurdy, deacon. J. F. Childs has been the only salaried minister the church has ever employed, and he remained with them a part of his time, until the spring of 1878, Rev. O. L. Crutteuden, who lived at Sharon, and was preaching at Eddyville and Leighton, has preached gratuitously to this people almost as much as their employed minister. The meetings of the church from the time of its organization were held in a hall in the business block which was destroyed by fire in April, 1876. This apparent misfortune led to the decision to build a church. A lot was purchased by Rev. O. L. Crutteuden, south of the Friends' meeting-house, and on this the congregation erected a small chapel, which was dedicated in November, 1876. The ministers officiating were Rev. Brand, of Grinnell, Rev. Fuhrman, of Oskaloosa, and Revs. J. F. Childs and O. L. Crutteuden, of New Sharon. The church was dedicated free from debt. 512 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. A Sabbath-school was organized, April 18, 1875, with Dr. H. E.. Page as superintendent, but was disbanded in the spring of 1878. The present clerk is Mrs. O. L. Cruttenden. Deacon, Wni. Aiken, trustees, Stephen Davis, Wm. Aiken, and O. L. Cruttenden. Universalist Church. — A building, under control of the denomination, Universalists, was l)uilt in New Sharon, in 1877. The city contains quite a large element of those who are called liheral in religious thought, and the occasion of the building of this church was the refusal of an orthodox pnlpit to one of their ministers. The platform on which the church was erected, was that it should be forever equally free to all denominations. Until August, 1878, it has been the house of worship of what is termed a Universalist Parish, which was, at the time of the meeting in New Sharon of the State Universalist Association in that month, changed to a church organization. The church building is a neat frame structure, costing about $3,000, and is substantiailj' free from debt. In October following its erection. Rev. Fidelia W. Gillette commenced to occupy its pulpit, which she continues to do every alternate Sabbath. This lady is from Michigan, and is said to have been twenty years in the employ of the National Lecture Association, but recently entered the ministry for conscientious reasons. She is smart, well educated, and a line speaker, and has preached greatly to the satisfac- tion of her congregation in New Sharon. She receives six hundred dollars annually for the alternate Sabbath preaching in this church. Of the meetings of the Society of Friends, we have taken occasion to speak in the county history proper. The history of the New Shiron Star, is found under the chapter on :'The Press.'"' BEACON. Beacon is a station on the Keokuk & Des Moines R. R., and is a mining town, situated on section 27, Oskaloosa township, about two and one-half miles southwest of Oskaloosa city. Its site is in the valley of the Muchaki- nock, on the east side of the creek, and as approached from all sides presents a very picturesque appearance, nestling among the hills like an eastern vil- lage. The surrounding landscape is one of more than ordinary interest and beauty, and there are few mining towns indeed which can rival Beacon in neatness and attractiveness. The land on which Beacon is now located was formerly owned by Ezekiel Mendenhall. The town was laid out in 1864, under the name of Enter- prise, that being the name of the post-office at that time, although by the railroad men it was known as Oskaloosa station, that, being the stopping place in that day for all railway travel to the county-seat. The name was changed to Beacon in 186 . The town was i^latted by E. J. Evans. The first cabin within its present boundaries was owned and occupied by a man named Miles. The first business house was erected by John Pritchard, and by him occupied as a general store and hotel. The town was incorporated in 1874 The first mayor was M. C. Ruby, who has held that office ever since and continues to swing the gavel at the council meetings at this writing. The aldermen are Robert Beadle, Charles Wilson, William Davis, Hugh Jones, and E. E. Roberts. Recorder, John Thomas. Marshal, C. W. Wray. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. " 513 The mayor and aldermen serve without pay, save in tlie honor and satisfac- tion they receive from proper discharge of duty. The corporation is free from debt and taxes are light, as the main expense is in keeping up streets and sidewalks. From eight liundred to nine hundred is considered a fair estimate of the population of Beacon. It is a good trading point, and maintains four gen- eral stores, viz: Iowa Coal Co. (H. A. Pittman, manager), Phillips & Fos- ter, M. Jones & Co., and Davis, Price & Co. Drug store by Wm. Beards- ley, Beacon hotel by C. W. Wray, three saloons, two blacksmith shops, etc., besides mills and coal works mentioned below, comprise the other business enterprises of the town. MILLS. Eu,relxa Flouring Mills. — This building was built in 1865, by Benja- min Roop, at an expense of $55,000 or $66,000. The building is 84 feet square, alive story brick and stone. At one time it contained six run of stone, but now is equipped with but three. The engine is one of fifty horse power. The mill was originally built as a distillery and mill com- bined, but a government law being passed to the effect that distilling should not be carried on in a building with any other business, Roop was com- pelled to build a distillery separate. Hence, a great waste of room in the building. During the past few years the mill has been lying idle, but was recently sold to J. M. Jones, wlio now runs it. The mill has a capacity for sixty barrels of flour and seventy-five hundredweight of meal per day. Hkston & LouGHRiDGE. Tliesc gentlemen have a frame flouring mill with two run of stone, near the bridge across the Muchachinock. It is a steam mill, and has been built about twelve years. It does altogether cus- tom work. I. o. o. F. Beacon Lodge, No. '261^, I. 0. 0. F., was established December 4, 1864, with seventeen charter members and the following corps, of officers: John J. Shultz, N. G; D. S. Smith, Y. G.; J. W. Bovven, secretary, and John S. Morgan, treasurer. This lodge claims to have grown more rapidly than any other in the State. Their present membership is 108. Their hall was destroyed by Are August 24, 1877, but they had an insurance which covered most of the loss. They now have a well furnished hall over Davis, Price & Co.'s store, and hav^e $1,200 in the treasury. The present officers are M. Howells, K. G.; Wm. M. Yiles, Y. G.; A*. Henry, secretary, J. Price, treasurer. J. W. Bowen, of this lodge, is District Deputy of District Ko. 20, including lodges IS'os. 16, 128, 231, 264 and 335. GOOD TEMPLARS. Beacon Star, No. 1^90, Lodge of Good Templars, was established in 1873, with forty charter members. Their present membership is sixty. They meet in the Odd Fellows' Hall, over Davis, Price & Co.'s store. At this writing the meetings have been suspended till fall. SCHOOLS. Until 1874 Beacon had but a small brick school house of a single room, seating some sixty or seventy pupils. It has now a fine two story brick 514 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. building containing four rooms, built in 187-1, at a cost of near $10,000, and seating about 225. The number of pupils enrolled last year was about 270, though the usual attendance was considerably below that figure. The teachers chosen for 1S7S-9 are Mrs. Thomas, principal. Miss Shoemaker, first intermediate, Mr. Hedge, second intermediate, , primary. The principal receives $50 per month, and tlie other teachers $30. The schools are graded, but extend only through Grammar grade. The direct- ors are M. C Ituby, president; John Thomas, Geo. Deavei', Wm. Bowen, Eli Robinson, D. W. Williams; Sec'y of Board, H. B. Davis; Treas., John J. Phillips. POST-OFFICE. Was established in 1866 under the name Enterprise. The following have been the postmasters: H. L. Ethridge, 1866-7; John G. Jones, 1867-72; John R. Baer, 1872-3; J. W. Bowen, 1873-4; E. J. Evans, 1874-7; J. W. Bowen, re-appointed in 1877. and is the present ineuuibent. The i-evenue of the office for the last quarter was $167, WELCH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. This society was organized in 1867 by J. AV. Pickett. A frame church building was built by the society about 1870. The various 'ministers in charge have been D. S. Davies, D. R. Lewis, David Thomas and C. D. Jones. The church is composed of about fifty members, and have service in Welch every Sunday jnorning and evening, conducted by Rev. C. D. Jones, the present pastor. The church is free from debt, and contributes from $400 to $500 a year to support the gospel. The Sunday-school was organized cotemporary with the church, and is at present superintended by Christmas Evans. Beacon M. E. Church,, or Kindey Chapel^ was organized quite a num- ber of years ago, but was not of mucii consequence until the building of its church edifice, whicli was done in 1875 at a cost of $1,542. It was dedicated November 7, 1875, by Revs. B. Marks and D. D. Downs. The ministers in charge since that time have l)een E. Sampson, B. Marks, J. R. Reasoner and AV". R. Stryker, The latter is present minis- ter, who prea^hes here and in Black Oak township. The income of the church is near $350. Its membership is eighty-five. The Sabbath-school is composed of about one hundred members, superin- tended by J, J. Phillips. Tlie trustees are D. D. Downs, J. J. Phillips, Simeon Phillips, Joseph Phillips and John Ream, Stewards, Phillip Howe and D. D, Downs. IOWA COAL COMPANY. This present company was organized in 1872. Previously the mining interest at this point had been in charge of some Keokuk men, with J. AV". Rodefer at the head, and we believe was known by the same name. The first company o]>erated one shaft. The leading spirit of the new Iowa Coal Company has been Geo. Will- iams, of Keokuk, who owned controlling power of the stock. Mr. Will- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 515 iams was a thoroiigli business man, and to liis position at the head of the company is mnch of the present prosperity of the town due. The death of Mr. AYilliaras in July of the present will, of course, be felt by the mining interest at Beacon, since for his great executive force it will be difficult to find a substitute. His son, Chris. L. Williams, has been ap- pointed administrator of the estate of the dead president, and will probably conduct the company without material change for the present. C. L. has been seeretarj- and treasurer of the companj^ for some time, and is well acquainted with its workings. The superintendent of the mines is J. W. Bishop, of Keokuk. The toreman at the mines is Simeon Phillips, a prac- tical miner and competent manager. The compan}^ owns, near Beacon, about three hundred acres of coal and two hundred acres of surface. The thickness of vein is from five to eight feet, and yields as good coal as Mahaska county affords. This is high trib- ute, in the banner coal county of Iowa. The company operates both a shaft and slope. The former has been running about eight years. The coal is brought in cars hj mules to the foot of the shaft, and cars elevated by steam power. The coal is removed from the slope by mules. At the shaft coal is found forty feet below the surface. The air in the mines is kept pure by means of a flue cut through from the central part of the mine to the surface, ajid a strong draft produced by afire at the base of the flue. The pumping apparatus, which is located several hundred feet from the shaft, and has power communication by wire cable, is most excellent, and affords little trouble. The capacity of these mines, were the demand sufficient to keep them in " full blast," is forty cars per day. At present, however, the company have only about one hundred men on their pay-roll, and do not find the demand sufficient to operate a full force of workmen. A switch from the Keokuk & Des Moines R. R. is laid to the mines, but none to the Central Road. This is a disadvantage to the compan}', as it gives them neither a good northern outlet nor a competing line. The coal is marketed all along the line of the K. & D. M. Road, but especially at the company's yards in Keokuk, Des Moines, Council Bluffs and Omaha. There has never been but one strike of any great consequence since 1873. At that time President AVilliains established a store at Beacon, proposing to sell to the miners as cheaply as they conld buy elsewhere. During the first winter most of the luiners dealt at the store. In the spring, it becom- ing necessary to reduce the force, the foreman was ordered to discharge a certain number of men, with instructions to include those who withheld their patronage from the company's store. This caused a general strike, the miners declaring their right to trade where they pleased, and refusing to work at all if any of their number were discharged. Quite a number of Swedes were brought up, from Keokuk, who had been engaged on the Government canal, and the mining continued with a new set of hands. This was more than the Beaconites had calcu- lated upon, and they were glad to go to work as they had opportunity at the company's terms. The miners are now paid by the bushel, the price being three cents. ROSE HILL- Rose Hill is a new and neat village on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pa- 516 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. cific Railroad, and was laid out on the building of that branch which passed through Mahaska county in 1875. The land on which the town is located was owned by James Ornbanm and A. Williams. Ornbaum was the first name of the post-office and of the village, and all deeds are recorded under that name.. As a station it was called Rose Hill and the post-office was changed to that in July, 1876, since which time the old town name has fallen into disuse. The first business house was built in 1875 by Bailey & Stubbs, since which time the growth of the place has been quite rapid. Believing that fifty years from to-day Rose Hill will be such a city that its inhabitants would regard a record of its business interests in 1878 as a valued relic, we give the following abstract: Rose Hill has five general stores, kept by H. L. Orr, McCoy & Roberts, Bethea & Son, James Stout, J. I. Edwards; two drug stores, W. L. Crow- der, and Brown, Stewai't & Ewing; furniture store, M. Kruse. Hotels: Pacific House by James Means, and Union House by G.W. Stout. Livery, by S. F. Tinsley. Millinery, by Miss N. Rodgers, and the ladies Hartman and Arnold. Harness shop, by H. B. Waters. Lumber yard, by H. McGregor. Billiard hall and saloon, by S. L. Feebler. Just across from the depot is a two story grain warehouse, built in 1876, by John Myers. This is now owned and operated by Bethea & Son, and offers good facilities for storing grain on a small scale. The trade of Rose Hill is well sustained, and the town is improving rap- idly. The custom of its business houses comes mostly from the surround- ing country, which offers some excellent farms. A portion of trade comes from Keokuk county. The town has been several times visited by the fire fiend. In February, 1878, several buildings were burned, including a drug store, shoe-shop, saloon and dwelling. In the winter of 1877-8 was burned the only church building the town contained. It was a frame building and belonged to the Free Methodist congregation, established at this point some years before the town was laid out. No steps have yet been taken toward the erection of a new building. Rose Hill post-office was established in January, 1876, and is kept by H. L. Orr, the first and only postmaster at this point. The revenue of the office is about $300 per year. The town was incorporated in January, 1877, and the government in- vested in a Mayor and five trustees or aldermen. The council meets once a month, and the Mayor is town magistrate. The first chief officer was S. K. Wilson. The present city government is as follows: Mayor — J. H. Sawyer. Recorder — B. H. Harding. Treasurer — Dr. C. Brown. Assessor — S. P. Ewing. Street Commissioner — F. L. Jackson. Trustees, or Councilmen — Dr. Crowder, J. C. Williams, R. P. Bowles, J. A. C. Swiggett, and C. J. Jackson. The business of the city government is as yet confined mainly to the care of sidewalks and streets. As a school district Rose Hill is a part of North White Oak district. HISTOET OF MAHASKA COIJNTr. 517 The building now occupied as a city school was erected in 1875, and used as a select school l>j Prof. Messer until 1877, when it passed into the hands of the public. The usual salary paid is $35 per month, and the average attendance during the winter months is sixty pupils. This exhibits cramped work and a crowded school, and has excited a desire on the part of the Rose Hill citizens to have a separate school district, in order that they may enlarge their building and conduct their school to suit themselves. The present directors are Robert Doak, S. K. Wilson, and Morris Lister. In justice to Rose Hill physicians the town should have a green vegeta- ble market during the entire year. The list of doctors is legion, viz: S. B. Waters, A. J. Cook, W. L. Crowder, J. C. Williams, and C. Brown. Rose Hill is located on one of the best railroads in the West, and her shipping facilities are first class. However, the light crops for the past two years have lessened what might otherwise be an excellent exhibit. Cars of stock shipped during the year ending July 1, 1878 120 " grain " " " " 25 The station agent is B. H. Harding. ROSE HILL LITERARY AND LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. This association is composed of the literary people of the town, who have banded together for general culture, and for the purpose of building up a library for future use among the citizens. It was organized in De- cember, 1877, and has only fairly commenced its work. Meetings are held in which debates, essays, and other literary exercises entertain the audience. The membership is now thirty-seven persons. The receipts, from dues and fines, are divided between running expenses and the establishment of a li- brary now containing some fifty volumes of well-selected literature. From small beginnings great ends may be reached. MASONIC. Industry Lodge, No. '200, A. F. dc A. 31., was established March 25, 1869, at Springfield, in Keokuk county, and was moved to Rose Hill in January, 1877. This lodge meets in a well furnished hall over Crowder's drug store. Its membership is about twenty-five. The present oflicers are: E. R. Stevens, W. M.; J. C. Williams, S. W.; S. K. Wilson, J. W.; H. L. Orr, Secretary; W. R. Bridges, S. D.; M. S. Hadley, J. D. Rose Hill is a new town and onlj'^ requires time to spread itself over the two sections of land which comprise its corporate limits. FREMONT. Fremont, the only town in Cedar township, is a neat little village of about 200 inhabitants, situated on section 14, being on the divide between Skunk river and Cedar creek, a branch of the Des Moines. Thus located it was on the line of an immense travel in the days preceding railroads, an old settler informing us that he had seen as many as 50 wagons encamped over night in a single grove north of town. Up to this date Fremont has 518 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. no railway, but will probably be on the line of a future route which will choose the "divide" as its natural grade. The town Avas hiid out by Wni. Morrow in 1848, and by him named in honor of (len. Fremont, who about that time made his trans-continental trip. Mr. Morrow built the first store in the town, a log building, which has since rotted down. The first dwelling was also erected and occupied by him, and is now used as a corn-crib, located in the northern ])art of the town. Just across the street and a little northeast, stands the first school house that Fremont ever had, being now used as a stable. There are very few old settlers in the town, though quite a number live upon the surrounding country. Fremont has a number of business houses of which we note the follow- ing: Canon & Gunn, general store, established 1873. These gentlemen are not so warlike as their names would seem to indicate, but are followers of peace and good business. When times were good their sales have aggre- gated I.SO.Obo per annum. J. Q. White & Son, general stock, established 1872. F, ]^. Byram & Co., general stock, established 1876. M. W. Byram, drug stock, established 1876. In addition to these, Fremont has a blacksmith and wagon shop, hotel, three churches, and photogi-aph gallery. There are four physicians in the place, Drs. McFall, Hook, Bond and Sigafoos. The first hotel in the village was built and kept by Thomas Rankin. It still stands and is now known as the Canon House, and is conducted in good style by Samuel R. Canon. A post-otfice was established in 184S, and to this fact is largely due the existence of Fremont as a town. The postmasters have been in service in the following order, Wm. Morrow, J. Q. White, Mary Canon, I. J. Faucett, Ira Barr, S. H. Heinzman, C. W. Wray, A. J. Mader and J. A. Gunn, who is the present incumbent, and who has handled the mails in the store of Canon & Gunn during the past four years. Fremont has a mail three times a week from Oskaloosa, and a new route has just been established from Ottumwa, by which there will be three mails per week, thus giving the town a daily mail. l!^o coal has been discovered nearer than four miles from Fremont, at which distance a mine has been recently opened on Skunk river. How- ever, this is only a two foot vein, and most of the coal used in town is brought a distance of 9 miles. It is worth about 12 cents, delivered. Wood sells for from $2.50 to $3.00 per cord. Most of the merchandise sold in the town is hauled from Ottumwa, 14 miles distant, some of which is bought there, and some shipped from Keokuk. Ottumwa is regarded hy the citizens as the most convenient shipping point, the distance however being about the same as to Oskaloosa. Fremont has a good school, and school building. > The latter is located in the western part of town, and is a one story frame, 24x60 feet, containing two rooms, one of which is used as a primary school, and the other for more advanced pupils. This building was erected in 1871 at a cost of about $1,600 for building, and $450 additional for lot and furniture. It will seat about 150 pupils, though the enrollment the past year has been a little under a hundred. School is usually kept seven months. There are two teachers emplo)'ed in the winter, the last ones being Emma and Nettie Baitsell. Salary paid is from $35 to $40 per mouth. The present direc- HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 519 tors are: George Leiitz, president; R. T. Newell, secretary; P. Ackerman, treasurer. Tlie Free Masons have a lodge in Fremont, known as Toleration Lodge, No. S36, A. F. & A. M. It was established in 1868, the first officers being as follows: J. D. Cochran, W. M.; P. Akernian, S. W.; J. C. Keith, J. W.; G. Mershon, secretary; Wni. Dinsniore, treasurer; J. H. Heinzman, S. D.; J. H. Eastbnrn, J. D.; Wm. Ellis, Tyler. The lodge built a hall about 1870 at an expense of $800. This thej^ have neatly furnished and meet once every month. The present number of members is 52, some of whom belong to Oskaloosa chapter. Tlie officers for 1878 are: N. Allender, W. M.; F. N. By ram, S. W.; S. F. McFall, J. W.; M. W. Byram, secretary; Geo. Shayler, treasurer; S. H. Heinzman, S. D.; C. G. Bryani, J. D.; E. H. White, Tyler. A branch of the county library mentioned in county histor}', has been established at Fremont. An initiation fee of one dollar is charged, and the payment of this, with 50 cents annual dues, constitutes a membership. The president of the Fremont branch is J. W. Slater, secretary, and treas- urer, M. W. Byram. The number of members is 22, which entitles the branch to 33 books, one-half more books being allowed than there are members enrolled. These books are changed every three months at the county Superintendent's office in Oskaloosa, Fremont has three churches, viz: Fremont M. E. Church — This church is included under Cedar circuit of which a sketch lias been given in the history of Cedar township. The church building is a brick structure built in 1856, and has for sometime been sadly out of repair. During the summer of 1878, however, it has been refitted and made comfortable. The original cost of the building was about §1,000. The present membership is 30. The pastor, Geo. Nulton, lives in Fremont and preaches here every ot'ier Sabbath. The present trustees are B. C. Howells, B. F. Sheets, and Geo. Lentz. No Sabbath- school in 1878, though there had been one previously. Fremont Christian Church. — This church was organized about 1870, and a house of worship erected in 1872. At its organization hy Rev. G. T. Johnson, it consisted of only 14 members, but grew vmy rapidly, and in 18 months after the founding, the congregation were able to erect a neat frame structure at a cost of near $2,000. At one time the membership I'eached 110, but recent removals and other causes have reduced this num- ber to about 30. Rev, Johnson preached for the people about two years; since which time they have had no settled pastor. Rev. Geo. Carpenter of Oskaloosa supplied the church for some time. There has been a Sunday- school connected with the church most of the time since 1870, at present superintended by Ira Barr. The present elders are Ira Barr, Robt. Alexan- der, and James Tidball. Fremont Baptist Church. — This is quite a prominent organization, and has a good church building. We did not succeed in securing its history. MUCHAKINOCK. This is a mining village without a corporation, and is tlie name applied to miners' settlement, stretching two or three miles along the Muchakin- ock creek, between Beacon and Givin, including several hundred inhabit- ants. The first mine of much importance opened here was what is now 520 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTtt known as Mine No. 2, wliicli besjan to be worked in 1870 or 1871. A switch was laid up the creek from Givin station in 1872, and since that time lias been the growth of the town and the great development of the mines. The miners are generally quiet and industrious, and there is not much drinking, although the town has a saloon. There has been but one acci- dent at the mines, in which, by a fall of slate from the roof, in 1877, a miner, a Welchman, John E. Richards by name, was killed. The only general store in Muchakinock is kept by Little, Kelly & Co. Their sales amount to $50,000 per year, with stock invested amounting to near $9,000. There is also a drug store in the place. The land in this vicinity is worth about one hundred dollars per acre, on account of the coal which underlies it. The land along Muchakinock is not very valuable for farming. The only church at this point is the Welch Congregational Church, in which, for some time past, until recently, services were held every Sabbath by liev. Jones, of Beacon. The church was organized some time previous to 1870. The house of worship, a tVame building, was built about 1874. The other ministers who have pi-eached here are D. L. Davies and D. R. Lewis. Muchakinock is remarkable mainly as headquarters of the CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY. The Consolidation Coal Co. was incorporated on January 12, 1875, and has a capital stock of $500,000. The company, however, has really a his- tory antecedent to its incorporation. II. W. McNeill, Esq., is the leading spirit of the company, and properly its founder. He became interested in the mines at Muchakinock, where the headquarters of the company are now located, in 1873, in connection with what is known as the Iowa Central Coal Co. That corporation absorbed the Hardin and Mahaska Coal com- pany, and subsequently the Southern Coal Co., with seven hundred acres of land in Muchakinock valley. These were organized into the Consolidation Coal Co., including the Black Diamond works, south of the Des Moines river. The Consolidation Coal Co., in 1877, bought out the Mahaska County Coal Co., giving them the largest mines and interests in the coun- ty. Besides these, the company is interested in lead mines, near Dubuque, Iowa, silver mines in Colorado, and gold in the Black Hills. The present coal acreage owned by the company is 1,600 acres, costing about one hun- dred dollars per acre. The capacity of the mines in Mahaska county is two thousand tons per day. The mines include one shaft and six drifts; one drift worked by machinery for drawing out the coal; the remainder by mules. The Muchakinock vein is about six feet, and is worked by three drifts within one-fourth mile of the intersection of the Harrison and Des Moines township lines with a branch of Muchakinock creek. The Mahaska County mine, about one and one-half miles southwest from Beacon, is worked by shaft. Vein, eight feet. Black Diamond mines are worked by two drifts — three feet veins, located in Monroe county. The number of men on the pay-roll of the company in Mahaska county, is near four hun- dred. The company's plan of wages is to pay the men one-half of the gross receipts of the corporation, and this is divided among their employes in proportion to their work. The present profits to the miners is a frac- tion over three cents per bushel. The company are highly satisfied with HISTOKY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 521 the working of this plan, and have never had any trouble from strikes. The coal mined is of excellent quality, and a trial of its strength shows the average train mileage on western roads nsing the conijiany's coal, to be forty miles per ton of coal, and the evaporative power to be five pounds of water to one of coal. The number of cars actually mined in 1876, was 13,000. In 1877, 11,500 cars. A switch from the Central road is laid up the creek from Givin station to the Muchakinock mines, and has* been in operation since 1873. The lirst president of the company was C. C. Gilman, formerly of the Central Railroad; then Senator Clark, of Iowa City. His successor and the present incumbent is J. K. Graves, of Dubuque. H. W. McNeill has been superintendent, and his brother, W. A. McISTeill, has been secretary' of the company since its oi'ganization. The board of direc- tors is composed of the following gentlemen: J. K. Graves, of Dubuque; E Clark, of Iowa City; R E. Finkbine, of Des Moines; H. W. McNeill, of Muchakinock; W. A. McNeill, of Mucha- kinock; Tom Height, of Coalfield; E. J. Evans, of Beacon. The company's coal is shipped largely to Northern Iowa and Minnesota railroads, and most of it reaches three hundred miles from the place of mining. MUCHAKINOCK COKE COMPANY. The Muchakinock Coke Co. was organized in 1877, with a capital stock of $50,000. The capacity of the works is four car loads per week. The company manufactures a good article of coke, which they sell in competi- tion with Anthracite coal, for fancy fuel. The directors of the company are: H. W. and W. A. McNeill, of Muchakinock, and John W. Gilman, of Mason City. II. W. McNeill is president, and W. A. McNeill is secre- tary and treasurer. TOWNSHIPS. CEDAR. This townsliip is No. 74 north, of range 14 west, 5tli principal Meridian, and was surveyed by Geo. Wilson, Deputy Surveyor in employ of the U. S. Government, in November, 1844. Township lines were run by Alvin Burt in the fall of 1843. It is almost exclusively prairie land, gently roll- ing, a little wet in low parts. The soil is of tiie very best quality, dark, deep black, and light to work. It has some timber in the northeast corner near Skunk river, and some small groves in cedar. There are very few springs. The township is divided into rather small farms, most of them containing a quarter-section or less, but they are well improved, and pre- sent the appearance of a fine agricultural country. Cedar creek crosses the southwestern part of the townsliip in a southeasterly direction. Almost the entire township is under cultivation, and not more than 200 acres of prairie is now unbroken. Considerable attention has been given to stock raising in Cedar, and in former years it has had the reputation of leading the county in this respect. The best timber in the township is burr oak and white oak. There are no saw mills. Land is worth from $30 to $40 per aci'e. Cedar township was settled as early as any other part of the county, some settlers having come liere in the spring of 1843. Of those now living, how- ever, none, perhaps, can show an earlier record than Samuel McFall, Sr., who came here with his family in the spring of 1844 and settled on section No. 11, where he now resides in a house which he built shortly after his settlement, and which is now probably the oldest building standing in the township. On his place was built the first school house where the ideas of Cedar began to shoot. The building was erected in 1846, and was after the backwoods fashion. Greased paper M'indows, clay chimney outside, pun- cheon floor and desks — such was the furniture our fathers used when they were boys. This was a subscription school, of which the first teacher was Joseph McFall, a nephew of Samuel McFall, above mentioned. The Methodists appear to have captured Cedar township even more thor- oughly than other parts of Mahaska county, and, they have been ^'holding the fort^'' ever since. There are three M. E. churches within the bounda- ries of the township, of which the pastors are the ministers in charge of what is now known as Cedar Circuit. The circuit under which this locality has been assigned has suffered frequent changes in names and boundaries. At one time known as Eddyville Circuit, again as Oskaloosa Circuit, more recently, and for some time previous to 1873 known as Fremont Circuit, and since that date as Cedar Circuit. The present minister in charge is HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 523 Rev, Geo. Nulton, of Fremont, wlio preaches at the five churches within the bounds of the circuit, viz: Fremont M. E. Chui-cli, Concert M. E. Cliurch, Cedar M. E. Cliapel, Fairvievv Church and Greenwood Church, these last two being in Harrison townsliip. So tar as we have been able to learn we give the names of the ministers in charge in about the order in which they labored, viz: Rev. Thos. Kirkpatrick, Rev. Wright, Rev. Jen- nison, Rev. New, Rev. J. Q. Hammond, Rev. Strange Brooks, Rev. J. Joj, Rev. Wm. Paston, Rev. Geo. Clammer, Rev, Jos. Paul, Rev. Carl, Rev. Thos. Paul, Rev. Abner Orr; 1863, Rev. G. H. Clark; 1864, Rev. E John- son; 1865, Rev. J. H. Lucas; 1866 and 1867, Rev. J. G. Thompson; 1868, R. S. Robinson; 1869 and 1870, Rev. B. F. Shain and Rev. J. W. Robinson; 1871, Rev. W. I. Miller; 1872, Rev. J. S. King; 1873 Rev. J. M. Mann and Rev, H. F. Pugh; 1874, Rev. M. Lee; 1875-6, Rev. C. W. Shepherd; 1877-8, Rev. Geo. Nulton. G. B. McP^Ul has been steward of this circuit since 1855, with the exception of a single year. The first religious organization formed in the township was the begin- ning of the Concert M. E. Church in the spritig of 1844, in the house of Samuel Barbee, near where the present building now stands. The first members were Samuel McFall, his wife, and daughter Sarah (now Mrs. Howells), Solomon Barbee and wife. Homer Stone and wife, and the mother of Solomon Barbee. The minister at the organization was Rev. Kirkpatrick. This church had no house of worship till 1856, when the present brick structure was built at a cost of $1,700. The trustees at the time of building were Jos. Paul, David Mills, John Zaring, Gideon McFall, M. Kinsman, David Beck, F. W. Lindsley, Thos. Paul and James Wright. The church was dedicated January 3, 1858, by Rev. Cowles, of Oskaloosa. At present the aurch numbers about seventy members, being the largest in the circuit. A prosperous Sabbath-school is held in the church building, superintended by Wm. L. Crandall. The trustees for 1878 are John Zar- ing, D. T. Mills, Samuel iMcFall, Sr. Cedar Chapel, on section 18, as above mentioned, is a part of Cedar Cir- cuit. The congregation numbers fifty-seven persons. Sabbath-school is in good condition, with A. D. Coleman as supei'intendent. The trustees are A. D. Coleman, R. W. Moore, Wm. Fox, E. Brubaker, Steele. The first camp meeting in Cedar township was held in the grove of Samuel McFall, by Rev. J. Q. Hammond, assisted by others, in 1850. Probal)ly the first marriage in Cedar township was that of Joel Hunter and Mahuldah Barbee. The ceremony was performed by Rev. Kirkpat- rick at the residence of the bride's parents, and a grand wedding dinner followed. This was in the autumn of 1844. Wm. Morrow was the first justice of the peace. The present township officers are: Trustees— R. S. McCarl, Samuel McClane, G. B. McFall. Cierk— L W. Moody. Justices — Geo. Lentz, F. M. By ram. Constables— S. T. McFall, Chas. Randolph. Assessor — N. W. Foster. At the time of the grange movement Cedar township had an organiza- tion numbering about sixty members, but this has since disbanded, and at present there is no society of agricultural or political nature in the town- ship. 524 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Beside Fremont there are two other post-offices in Cedar township, Con- cert and Cedar. Concert was made a post-office in 1876. L. Bryan is the postmaster. Cedar became a post-office in 1873. The first postmaster was R. W. Moore, succeeded by J. N. Endicott, the present incumbent. Mr. Endi- cott also keeps a general store. The impromptu manner in which sites wei'e selected and dwellings be- gun in the pioneer days is illustrated by an incident related of a settler who staked out a claim a few hundred rods north of Fremont. He went out into the timber with a double yoke of oxen, cut a log, hitched to it and drove onto his claim without having chosen a location for the proposed cabin. He then drove oxen, dragging a log after them, all over his place, and to- ward night declared his choice of site by unhitching his team and leaving the log in position for, not corner-stone, but — we will call it a back-log. A panther was seen on the place of Samuel McFall in the cabin days, and its human-like cries are still remembered by some of the old settlers. The recollection is now more pleasant than the di'ead of the animal in the days of its prowling. , Cedar township pioneers went fifty-five miles to mill, and a five days' journey was necessary to complete the trip. In such times wheat bread was a luxury. HARRISON. This township is one of the southern tier in Mahaska county. It was laid out as a township by Alvin and Wm. A. Burt, in June and August, 1843. It is designated on the recoi'ds as township 74, north of range 15, west of 5th principal meridian. The section lines were run by Geo. "Wilson, Deputy Surveyor, in employ of United States Government, in November and December, 1844. The soil of Harrison township is of most excellent quality, mostly prairie. It contained but little timl>er at time of settle- ment, and that of poor quality. The prairie is rolling, and well adapted to farming purposes. The northeastern portion is rather flat. Harrison township has no town, save a part of Muchakinock. However, a corner of Eddyville juts over from Wapello county. Coal is plenty in Harrison, and easily worked. The township is watered by Loss, Kennebec, and other creeks. This township has many large stock dealers, and some of the finest horses in the county. Here is the pottery and fire clay men- tioned in the introduction of this work. In Harrison was built tlie first white man's house ever in the county, as has been elsewhere mentioned. So many settlers came into Harrison May 1, 1843, that personal mention would be tiresome. The earlj' history was uneventful. The settlers went to Bonaparte or Farmington to mill, sent therr children to subscription schools in log shanties, attended class-meeting on the frontier, sowed and reaped as in other parts of the county. Harrison is one of the few town- ships organized in 1844: with its present boundaries. At first elections were held at the house of Samuel Tilbets. In this township is located Fairview M. E. Church, which was organized at quite an early day, and formerly called the Rhinehart society. It met in '' Rhinehart's school-house" for a number of years. They now have an excellent church building, erected about 1872, at a cost of near $2,000. The membership of the society is fifty -nine. It has James M9 Cullouch HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 527 been a part of Eddjville, Oskaloosa, Fremont and Cedar circuits in suc- cession. The present minister is Rev. Geo. Nnlton, wlio lives at Fre- mont, and preaches here eacli alternate Sabbath. Connected with the church is an excellent Sabbath-school, superintended by Mr. Riggs. The present township officers of Harrison are: Justice of the Peace — Robert Moore. Trustees— John Steele, V. Brubaker, D. D. Miller. Clerk — A. D. Coleman. Assessor — Robert Moore. Constable — A. Baker. Road Supervisors — 1st District, R. W. Dye; 2d, Joseph Barber; 3d, C. C. Palmer; 4th, Thos. Ewing; 5th, A. L. Hoopes; 6th, H. H. Gearhart; 7th, A. D. Coleman; Sth, J. A." Stephenson; 9th, J. W. Thomas. In a sketch of Harrison township it would be proper to place on record an account of one of the most terrible disasters which ever occurred in the coal fields of Central Iowa. On the farm of William G. Briggs was a coal shaft, about one hundred and fifty yards from the house. The shaft was thirty-two feet dee]> and about eight feet S(juare, in which considerable water had gathered, and which had been used for watering stock, the water being drawn out by a bucket raised by horse power. On the morning of August 12, 1871, about 7:30 o'clock, two sons of Wm. G. Briggs, Mahlon, aged eighteen, and Charlie, aged ten years, went oat to this shaft to water the stock. While they were there a neighbor's boy named Jimmie Cow- den came along, in search of some lost hogs, and was assisting them, when the bucket failing to fill, Charlie Briggs, the younger boy, was sent down to fill it by dipping, the water being very low in the shaft. He had been there but a moment when he notified his brother that he was suffocating. Mahlon immediately went down to his rescue, put his brother in the bucket, got in himself, and called to the boy to draw them up, which, with the aid of the horse, he at once did. But when the bucket almost reached the top, young Cowden noticed Mahlon let go and fall to the bottom. Charlie was raised out safel}^ though inse!isible. The boy Cowden then called to Wm. G. Briggs. who was near the house, and who immediately ran to the shaft and down the ladder, probably not thinking of damps, but under the impression that Mahlon was drowning. Soon seeing his mis- take he started out again, but before reaching the top lost his hold and fell to the bottom of the pit. Seeing him fall, j'oung Cowden started for the field for help. On the way he met Anna Briggs. daughter of Wm. Briggs, about fourteen years of age, running over from the house, and told her not to go into the shaft. He then ran across the fields over half a mile to where some men were threshinor, and e:ave the alarm. While he was ^one, however, the girl went down and met the fate of the rest. The threshers all ran to the pit. Mr. W. G. Briggs' brother George was the first to reach the mouth of the pit, and immediately descending the ladder, was overcome. Edward Grier, an Irishman, who had been working on the farm for four years, arrived with the crowd, and started to go down. The crowd tried to dissuade him, but could not. They then wished to tie a rope around him, but he would not wait. He went down to his fate. Grappling irons were procured as soon as possible and the bodies raised, bnt of course not till after death had ensued. Thus briefly we sketch from the Herald report an account of one of the most heart-rending catastro- phies the Iowa historian has been called upon to record. Five persons, 32 528 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. substantially of a single family, stricken in the prime of life, in a single half hour. DES MOINES. This is known in surveys as township 74, nortli of range 16, west of the fifth principal meridian. The township lines were surveyed by Wni. A. Burt, August, 1843, and section lines by William Dewey, January, 1845. The southwestern portion of the township is cut oif from the main part by the Des Moines river. This township contains a large body of first rate land. The bottoms of the Des Moines are generally wide and have a con- siderable growth of walnut and cottonwood timber. At the time of the survey of this township it was remarked by the surveyor that tiie white oak timber here was the finest he had seen in the Territory. Limestone is frequent along the river. A party of six white men came into this township April 26, 1843. This party was composed of Ephriam Munsell, Harry Brewer, — — Scribner, Isaac DeWitt, Harvey Case, and Phillip Schuyler. This party first camped on what was known as Stumbo Bottom. There were at that time Indian huts here and there all along the Muchakinock. These men put their axes in their knapsacks, without handles, so they could not be seen by the dra- goons, and when they wished to use them made handles with a butcher knife. On their way into the country they passed a burning wagon which had been set on fire by the dragoons for transgressing on forbidden ter- ritory. When the party came to Muchakinock they were kindly treated by the Indians, who showed them a tine spring of water and told them of the best places for farms. One night they camped in the hollow trunk of a fallen tree, large enough to stand erect in. A day later they encamped in the Indian huts, which they had deserted, on the Muchakinock. At that day the coal croppings could be seen but the settlers did not realize their value, nor was much of the coal land claimed for several years. Among other settlers of an early day were John L. Hennis, Hollom Rice, Anderson, and Daniel Downing, on Six-mile prairie; Colonel Rose and John Doosenberry, north of Muchakinock; south of Muchaki- nock the Benedicts (old bachelors) settled in 1843, and built a saw mill during the same yea.v, and added a pair of corncrackers in 1844. This mill was quite a rude structure. The burrs were made of what is vulgarly called nigger-heads. The water wheel was that known as the Parker wheel. Settlers came there for grists from beyond Ft. Des Moines. Holland Benedict and John Brown were first justices. The first elec- tion was held at the house of Col. Vance, Des Moines and Harrison tlien forming together a single precinct Des Moises became a separate town- ship in January, 1845, and Ephriam Munsell was elected first clerk. The place of holding the election was at the house of John Stumbo. The first school was taught in six-mile bottom, probably in the winter of 1844, in a log cabin. This was a private school. The first school house was built by private enterprise, about 1848, and school taught by Adelaide Schuyler. Game was quite plenty in Des Moines township at an early day. Mr. Munsell relates an incident somewhat remarkable of his early hunting, if hunting it might be called. He was, one winter day when the snow was quite HISTORY OF MAHASKA COTJNTT. 529 deep on the groniul, engaged tranij^ng out some wheat, when he lieard, in the distance, tlie baying of some hounds. Looking across tlie country lie could see a deer running and the dogs in full chase. The deer was running in a sort of trail, or beaten track. He jumped on a horse and intercepted its course, compelling it to turn into the deep snow. Following it a few rods he overtook it with the aid of the dogs and cut its throat with a jack knife. Prairie chickens were abundant and tame, and it was no uncommon thing to knock one over with a stone from the hand. A few years since quite a sad accident happened in the township, which was as follows: A Mr. Clay worth was doing some work about an old well near his house, and accidentally dropping the bucket into the same, went down after it. Mrs. C, missing her husband, went in search of him and disco vei-ed him in the well helpless. She descended to his assistance and was likewise overcome with the damps. The children, four or five in num- ber, having clustered around the well, thinking something was wrong, gave the alarm to the neighbors. The oldest child was but nine years of years. Mrs. C. was still living when assistance arrived and was holding her hus- band's head out of the water, but died before she was taken out, her hus- band probablj'' having been dead when she found him. GIVIN STATION Is a small town on the lines of the K. & D. M. and Central Roads, in the eastern part of this township, and is about six miles from Oskaloosa. It was laid out by Harry Brewer in 1870, and named in honor of John Givin, of Keokuk, then superintendent of the K. & D. M. Railroad. The first store was built in 1870, by Mr. Brewer, which is now kept by his son, G. W. Brewer. It was made a station in 1871. There was a post-office at this point previously to the town. The post- masters have been Hiram Ethridge, 18t)2-3; E. Munsell, 1861:-5; Geo. W. Brewer, 1875 — present incumbent. The officers of Des Moines township are: Trustees— D. W". Delashmutt, W, W. Sprague, Zebulon HofF. Clerk— J. P. McCrea. Assessor— C. W. McFall. Constable — T. S. Barton. JEFFERSON. This is known in United States surveys as township number 71:, north of range 17, west of the 5tli principal meridian, and was surveyed as a township and divided into sections, during the winter of 1841-5, by Wm. Dewey. It is cut off from the remainder of the county by the Des Moines river. The soil is good, fertile, and yields abundantl3^ It is well watered by Coal, Bluff, and other creeks. The A. K. & D. railroad in Marion county, runs within half a mile of the western boundary of this township, and convenient stations afford good railroad facilities. The first three settlers in this township were Moses I^owels, Hii-am Co- vey, and E. Flanders. These men came into the township in April, 1843, and made their claims in the early morning of May 1st. For a considera- ble time they had no post-office nearer than Oskaloosa. Nor was there either ferry or ford across the Des Moines. The settlers sometimes con- 530 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. strncted small rafts and took their wagons across in pieces, swimming the horses behind. In this way it took about a half day to cross the river. The first school was taught by Mrs. Geo. W. Baer, on section 3, in a log school house. This was a subscription school and was conducted about 1845 or 1846. Mr. Nowels gave us a description of the early fanning mill which he used. The grain was tramped out on the bare ground and tlie kernel and chaft' were swept up and thrown into a rail pen. When it became neces- sary to separate the wheat from the chaif one man took a half bushel of the mixture, and holding it as high as he could, poured its contents slowly to the ground while .tw^o others made a current of air by means of a bed sheet or quilt, which, in their hands, accomplished the work of a fan. When a strong wind was blowing this power was sometimes dispensed with and Dame Nature herself did the necessary fanning. The land in Jefferson contains a number of small groves of jack oak and elm, but the timber is not remarkable. There are several springs of good water in the township. Coal is not much mined. From a w^ell dug on Sampson More's farm, in 1875, we get the following record of strata: Soil, rich black loam 2 feet. Yellow clay 13 " Soapstone 14 " Slate 12 " Coal 2 " Black jack 2 " Oil slate — burns readily 16 " Animal formation 20 " Vegetable formation 15 " Slate 6 " Coal 3 " 105 feet. There are now two post-offices in Jefferson township, Ferry and Eveland Grove. llie present officers are: Justice — J. M. Tucker. Trustees — Freeman Eveland, J. W. Calloway, John Collins. Cllrk— A. Mehanna. Assessor — Wm. A. Atkinson. Constables— J. W. Trotter, L. C. Williams. WHITE OAK. This township is on the eastern line of Mahaska county, and is known in surveys as township No. 75 north, range No. 14 west, of the 5th princi- pal meridian. The township lines were run by Alvin Burt in the fall of 1S43, and the sub-divisions by U. S. Surveyor S. C. Wiltse, in December, 1844. The south fork of Skunk river Aqws through the township and pre- t^ents generally, a rapid current, a sandy bed, and perpendicular banks of 15 feet in height. The river bottom is valuable only for its timber, which is abundant and of good quality. The uplands are so slightly elevated HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 531 above the main streams, as scarcely to merit the name. The surfjxce is very moderately roUiiii^, and tlie soil of a choice quality. The prairies, when they occur distinct, are beautiful, and the timber has been first-class. The township is decidedly mixture in its kind of land, timber land, brush and prairie alternating. It contains about 700 acres of swamp lands, and is traversed by a number of small creeks which flow into Skunk river. Its name is taken from the kind of timber predouiinating. The township also contains some good ledges of rock, from which building-stone may be obtained. Among the very first settlers in White Oak were Alex. Troy and two brothers, M. Kinsman, Henry Bond, Wm. Bridges, James Stanfleld, John and Wra. Butler. It would be hard to decide between these as to who did make the first settlemement, they having come in together at the time the land came into possession of the whites. This township contained the Indian village known as Kish-Ke-Kosh's village, and to its ruins the first settlers were indebted for part of their building material. M. Kinsman probably had the first cabin completed. It was built of logs and covered with bark from the Indian wigwams. The fii-st school in this township was in a claim house belonging to Henry Bond, and located on section 31. It was taught by a ladj' teacher whose name we could not ascertain, and was a subscription school. This was in 1845. No religious exercises were held in the bounds of this township until in this same year, when Kev. Kirkpatrick, a Methodist preacher on Eddyville circuit, preached in the house of M. Kinsman. Quite a number of the settlers, however, had attended services at the Concert M, E, church in Cedar township, and some of them belonged to the class organized there at a very early day. In order to utilize the very excellent timber thereabouts, and to assist the incoming settlers to more comfortable homes, a saw-mill was started on the ground where White Oak P, O, now stands. This was run by ox power— six oxen answering for a steam engine. Of course the work was not very rapid, nor were the logs sawed very large, but cabin floors were provided for, and puncheon furniture was superseded by that made from sawed lumber. On this ground a town was laid out in 18 and grew to be quite a village, containing twelve or fifteen houses. Twenty acres of land had been laid out in lots. The lack of a railroad, or other causes for building up a town, left Oxford in a declining condition, and about twenty years ago it began to be abandoned. In 18G0 or thereabouts, the town lots were bought up b}^ Messrs, Kinsman & Gaskell, were fenced in and turned into corn fields. Now the place is called AVhite Oak P. O. The old dwellings have about all disappeared. The post-office is kept by O. R, Gaskell, who has been keeping a general store here since 1871, The post-office was es- tablished in 1869, with Henry Winder as first postmaster. The office is on the mail route between Oskaloosa and Cedar and has three mails per week. OSKALOOSA. This township contains the county -seat, and is twice the size of an ordi- nary township, being longest in an eastern and western direction. It cor- responds to those tracts in the government surveys known as township seventy-five (75) north, Ranges 15 and 16, west of 5tli principal meridian, Mahaska county, Iowa. In the northeastern part it is not regular in shape, 532 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. but folloM's the channel of Sknnk ]-iver. In the government snrve}^ the regular township lines were made by Wni. and Alvin Burt in the summer of 1843, and the survey was completed by George Wilson in Januaiy, 1845. The entire township is thickly settled, and is well adapted for farm- ing purposes. The southeastern and western portions are good prairie, and the northeastern part is considerablj' broken. Along the creeks the coal veins reach the surface, and the coal is easily mined from the banks. The Muehakinock crosses the southwestern portion of the township, with steep banks, and good current. The soil is excellent. Timber is rather jDOor, exce])t in the southern part along the Muehakinock. Within the boundaries of this township are Oskaloosa and Beacon, the first and third towns in the county in size, and the history of these places in connection with the coal interests, has included the early history of the township. Oskaloosa is by far, the wealthiest township in Mahaska, and takes a leading place in stock raising. The census of 1874 shows within the lira- its of the township 2,054 hoi'ses, 5,015 cattle, 90 being thoroughbred short- horn, and 10,171 hogs; 155,069 pounds of butter were made in the same year. Its population was 7,408, or nearly one-third that of the county. The township officers are: Trustees — K. P. Bacon, H. E. Kendig, Wm. S. Martin. Clerk— John Hall. Assessor — H. P. Weaver. Eoad Supervisors — 1st District, D. A. Ilimes; 2d, A. B. Paine; 3d, J. II. Warren; 4th, M. Varley; 5th, Geo. Mitchell; 6th, Isaac Votaw; 7th, Tie; 8th, Wm. T. Smith; 9th, Tie; 10th, D. J. Evans; 11th, Geo. Dusen- berry; 12th, Wm. T. Henry; 13th, No votes cast; 14th, E. C. Wing; 15th, Thos. Hyde; 16th, Tie; 17th, Danl. Harris; 18th, W. F. Woodward; 19th, Wm. Beeves; 20th, Kichard Parsell; 21st, J. Madson. SCOTT. This township is known in government surveys as No. 75 north, of 17 west, of fifth principal meridian. The township lines were run by Wm. A. Burt, United States Surveyor, in August, 1843, The section lines were run by Dejnity Surveyor Wm. L. D. Ewing, in July and August, 1845. The Des Moines river divides the township, cutting off the southwest corner. This was one of the first settled townships. The south and west parts are M'ell timbered, while the north is pi'airie, all well settled and in a high state of cultivation. The timber along the Des Moines has been of quite heavy growth. Just east of Belletbntaine is one of the best ridges of white oak timber in the State, extending up the river to' the county line. The oldest settler is Dr. Boj-er, who came to the township, April 18, 1843, and remained until after the country began to be generally settled. In his first attempts to come to this part, he met with opposition from the dragoons, left here to guard the border, and was escorted quite a distance back toward the Mississippi, but when he was left alone, the Doctor took a circuitous route and returned. During the last three days of April, while M'atching his intended claim from trespass, he lived on three biscuits and what nourishment he could secure from game. Among others who came to this township at the first, were Van B. De- HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 533 lashinutt, Jacob H, Majors, John Majors, E. Flanders, H. Covey, B. T. Lonsberry, and Joseph Tally. These all made claims near the river. Jacob II, Majors was probably the first justice. This township was first called Jackson, but in the election when Scott was runnino; tor the presidency, it cast a solid vote for the veteran of the Mexican "War. Dr. Bojer was commissioned to return the vote tp the county officials, and at the same time requested to have the name of the township chanojed, not appreciating the Democratic name, Jackson, for a township of the opposite political complexion^ He was asked for his peti- tion. He handed in the election rettirns, saying, there was a unanimous and unmistaken petition. The joke was appreciated, and Jackson became Scott townshi]^. During the first winter Dr. Bover was there, he shot ninety-three wolves. He was a great hunter, and kept some fine dogs and horses. From his land along the Des Moines, the Doctor has sold $12,000 worth of black walnut timber. Mrs. Covey taught the first school in Scott township. This was a private school and was kept in a building built mainly by Boyer and Delashmutt, at a cost of $237. This house still stands on its old location, in what is now the village of Bochester. This last named villaofe was laid out by John Wright in October 26, 1850, but never amounting to much, not ever having to exceed fifty in- habitants. Its palmiest days were when the Des Moines was navigated by small steamboats, this then being a landing. Dr. Boyer kept a general store there for several years, including 1857-8-9. At one time he landed there one thousand barrels of salt, and had all his heavy goods shipped up the river. The name of the post-office at this point was Auburn. It does not now contain a single business house. Bellefontaine has much a similar history. Is is located on the west side of the Des Moines, close to the county line. It was laid out August 24, 1846, by I^athan Gregory and E. H. Thisselle. The first cabin in the place was built by Mr. Thisselle. Thisselle and Boyer established the first business house there, about 1849, and a successful business with Dr. Boyer as partner, has been carried on there ever since, until about three years ago. At the time of the building of the C, B. I. & P. R. R., a station was made in Marion county about three-fourths of a mile from Bellefontaine, called Tracey. The business of Bellefontaine, including the above men- tioned store (now Boyer & Son), was transferred to the new town in Marion county, and the place now has no trade whatever. The post-office was also removed to Tracey. E. II. Thisselle had been first postmaster at Bellefon- taine. There was a Masonic Lodge at Bellefontaine, known as Bellefontaine Lodge, ISTo. 163, organized about 1848. They now meet in Tracey. The present township officers are: Justice — George DeLong. Trustees — Wm. Gilmore, John Shultz, "VY. E. Boyer. Clerk — George Fansher. Assessor — J. M. Norwood. Constable — Alonzo N. Church. Road Supervisors — 1st District, W. G. Locke; 2d, Jas. Finney; 3d, 534: HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Wm. Gilmonr; 4tli, E. B. Walker; 5tli, S. S. Kobertson; 6tli, J. M. Nor- wood; 7th, R. Y. Correll. Olivet Presbyterian Church, in this township, was dedicated October 17, 1867, by Rev. Fisher, of Centerville. It was completed dnrlng that 3'ear at a cost of $1,666, and paid for at time of dedication. Its seating capac- ity is from to 200 to 300. Olivet is a station on the C, R. I. & P. R. R., in this township. MONROE. This township borders the eastern line of Mahaska county, and in sur- veys is designated as township 76 north, range 14 west, of the 5th princi- pal meridian. The township lines were run by Ahin Burt, July 10, 1843, and sub-survey was made by U. S. Surveyor S. C. Wiltse, December, 1844. Skunk river traverses this entire township in a southeasterly direction, averaging eighty feet in width, and probablj^ two feet in depth. It has a sand or sandstone bed, a quick current and perpendicular banks. The val- ley or river bottoms are generally low and wet, best fitted for grazing lands. The river and the creek which passes through the southwestern part of the township, are bordered with good timber. The uplands on both sides of the river are rolling and very fertile. There ai*e about six hundred acres of swamp lands in the township. The first settlers in the township were Jacob Jolins, James Bridges, Henry Wymore, AVilliam Kimberl}^, John Baker, and Thomas Tinsley. Jacob Johns was the first man to break the soil. He located on section 13 in the eastern part of the township, and in a few years he had a fine farm, which he and his family enjoj^ed for many years. Some of the old pioneers stated to the historian that in three days after they had pitched their tent, they had a cabin completed, and the happiest homes they ever enjoyed were in the "old cabin home," but these cabins have nearly all dis- appeared, and are succeeded by fine dwellings and cottages. Coal is found in abundance. The mine that is most successfully worked is known as the Rhinehart shaft, situated on section 36. The coal is of a good quality. The vein is from 6 to 7 feet thick, and supplies coal for a large scope of territory. They run a force of 20 miners. The first school in the township was taught by Henry McMillen, in the winter of 1852, as a subscription school. In Indianapolis, a Campbellite Church was organized, and a building erected in 1852. Jacob Reid was ithe first pastor. The church Avas used until 1873, when a new building was put up at a cost of $1,600. The present membership is about 100. A. T. Snyder is the pastor. A Baptist congregation was organized in 1854, which built a church in 1865, at a cost of $3,000, nnder the pastorate of Rev. James Fry. The present membership is about 50. The present pastor is Rev. Nelson. Indianapolis is a small village about the center of the township. It was laid out by Willis Baker, from Indiana, in 1845, who, having pleasant i"ec- ollections of his native state, named his town Indianapolis, after the cap- itol of Indiana. This town was for the accommodation of the farmers as a trading point. Its growth has been slow. The present population is about one hundred. It contains two general stores, a post-office, black- smith and wagon shop. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 535 Skunk river, flowing through tliis township, furnishes excellent water power, and, as a result, there are three flouring and three saw-uiills located on the river. James Senate built the first mill, and on this site the Roberts Brothers, in ISTi, built a fine flouring-mill, having three run of stone. The Smith and McBride mill was put up in 1870 by the Wjmore Brothers. It has a fine location ou the west side of the Skunk river, and has three pairs of burrs. Samuel Cox built a mill on tlie west side of Skunk river in 1848. The mill has since passed into the hands of Ford and Anderson. This has two run of stone. Monroe township has three fine iron bridges over the Skunk river. The present township oflicers are: justice, G. A. Kent; trustees, L. C Tanner, J. L. Roberts and B. C. McClain; clerk, Hamilton Brown; asses- sor, John Summers; constable, Phillip Henderson. ADAMS. This township borders Soutli Skunk river on the north, and follows the channel of the stream for its southern boundary. It is known in the gov- ernment snrveys as township 76 north, range 15 west, of the 5th principal meridian. The survey of township lines was made by William and Alvin Burt, in July and August, 1SI3, and was re-surveyed by Deputy-surveyor Stiles S. Carpenter, in October, 1847. Its surface is, for the most part, roll- ing, and the soil is a rich, sandy loam, and well adapted for farming pur- poses. Adams township contains a considerable amount of timber, the most valuable of which is burr oak. The timber has been well preserved, and we are informed by an old settler that it is more abundant now than thirty years ago. Large quantities of wild blackberry bushes are found in the brush. The value of the land is from twenty-five to forty-five dollars per acre. Adams township is not very thickly settled, as most of its farm- ers own lai'ge farms, from five hundred to eight hundred acres. Part of the roads in this township are well worked, being thrown up in the center, though as a whole the roads do not compare favorably with other parts of the county. The farms are generally w^ell improved by good buildings. Adams township formed a part of Monroe in 1845, but was subsequently detached. The first justice of the peace was Matthew P. Crowder. The first school in the township was taught by A. K. Atwood, in a claim-house belonging to Squire Crowder. Probably the first church in the county was a Methodist organization, formed in the house of John Kuby, in 1846. At present there are two churches in the township — North River Baptist church, and the Centenary M. E. church. The latter was built about 1863, and the former probably a year later. The present minister of the M. E. church is Rev. J. 11. Cook. The Baptists have no regular preacher. There are four Sunday-schools within the borders of this township, and on July 4, 1878, these schools had a grand union celebration in the grove of A. Ruby. During the time of the grange excitement a chapter of the Pat- rons of Husbandry was organized in district school house number 1, but is no longer an active organization. In the fall of 1876 was organized, at the house of Adam Victor, an agri- cultural association known as the Adams Township Agricultural Society, and having in view a sort of annual township fair. The first president was 536 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Elijah Bnsbj. The September exhibition of that year was considered a success. Nothing but stock and purely agricultural products were exhib- ited. About one hundred and fifty were present, and a general good time was had. The onl}' premiums given at this free exhibition weve blue rib- bons. This meeting being such a success the neighboring townships were invited to take ]iart in the following year, at an exhibition held on the as- sociation's leased grounds, in John F. Allgood's grove. Here an admit- tance fee of ten cents was charged, and two thousand persons are supposed to have been present. It is the purpose of the association to pay cash pre- miums after a time. The present officers are: G. W. France, president; Joseph Davenport, vice-president; Willis Willhoit, secretary; Robert Bass, treasurer; and John Allgood, marshal. The fall meeting of 1878 has been appointed for September, 26 and 27. A big wind storm visited Adams township on June 18, 1871, blowing down houses, fences and trees. The year 1851 is known by the citizens along Skunk river as the year of the flood, at which time the farms of the bottom land were almost wiped out. 'No lives lost in either case. Of the first settlers A. Ruby and Jos. Davenport are probably the ear- liest now living. Adams township contains no village worthy of the name, and only one post-office. Comet, established 1877, with Stephen Criss, postmaster. The following are the presnt township officers: Justices — Wm Hibbs andFrank Stone. Trustees — Jacob Koogler, J. D. White, J. C. Wilson. Constables — Geo. Stone, C. W. Pittman. Assessor— Ed McDonough. Clerk — Chas. Stanley. MADISOK This is one of the central townships in Mahaska county. Its congres- sional name is No. 76, north of range 16, west of the 5th principal merid- ian. The township lines were run by Wm. A. Burt in August, 18-13, but the township was not divided by section lines until it was surveyed in 1847 by the U. S. Surveyor Stiles S. Carpenter. The south fork of the Skunk river flows across the township from the northwest to the southeast and divides it into what is known by the residents as North Madison and South Madi- son. For farming purposes the land of this township takes a front rank. It is fertile and well drained. A considerable belt of timber skirts the banks of the Skunk. The farms are in a good state of cultivation, and speak well for the industry of the people who in twenty-eight short years have changed the wilderness into a finished, w^ell settled and finely improved community. Among the first settlers were Enoch Shoemake, Wm. Goodplaster, John Padget, Wm. Brummel and Samuel Coffin. These settlers attended the land sales at Iowa City in 1850, on foot, and traveled in company with oth- ers, banded together under the club law, protecting themselves from the encroachments of speculators or claim-jumpers who might be disposed to play the game of sharpers at the land sales. The first school in Madison township was a private enterprise. In the fall of 1846 Samuel Coffin, John Padget and Wm. Goodplaster built a log house for school purposes, and employed Wm. Lawrence as the first teacher. HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 53Y This school was on the farm now owned by Thos. Coffin. The second school was taught in a house on the farm now owned by Milton Padget, Both these, as the local reader will notice, were on the south side of the town- ship. For sevei-al 3ears the country north of the Skunk was very thinly settled, and enjo_yed no scliool privileges. The first religious exercises in this township are said to have been held in school house No. 1. On tlie Skunk river is located what was known in early days as the "Up- per Mill," thus named in contrast with the Comstock, or lower mill, in Os- kaloosa township. This " U])per Mill " was built by Eussell Peck and Geo. Duncan in the summer of 18-13, and contests with the Benedict mill the name of the first in the county. In 1858 the mill passed into the hands of Messrs. Braden Bros. It has since been rebuilt, and for the last eight years has been owned by Whitmore & Anderson. The present mill is equipped with three run of stone, and has a capacity for grinding 300 bushels per day. The building, machinery and site are valued at $18,000. At this point is a fine iron bridge across the river, composed of two spans. A substantial limestone approach crosses the bottom, avoiding em- bargo from overflow. On the east line of this township is the new station " Lacey," on the Cen- tral Road. This is (piite a small village, but aftbrds good shipping fticili- ties to the farmers of Madison. The present township officers are: Justice — I. C. Middleton. Trustees— Geo. Crispen, T. W. Dye, G. M. Mott. Clerk — Jesse J. Hill. Assessor — Amos T. Young. Constable— T. C. Young. BLACK OAK. This township has corresponded to the boundaries of congressional town- ship 76, north of range 17, west of 5th principal meridian, since 1860. At one time Black Oak was a part of Jackson township, which in 1845 ex- tended so far north as to include one township in Poweshiek county. Black Oak was surveyed as a congressional towmship by IT. S. Surveyor W. A. Burt in August, 181:3. The section lines were run by W. L. D.Ewi ng, in September, 181:5. The soil is mostly good prairie, and is drained by South Skunk river, and by Black Oak, Muchakinock and other creeks. Black Oak Grove is a small tract of good timber on sections 8, 9 and 16, comprising about 600 acres. The first settlers upon the soil of Black Oak township were John Gillas- pie, William, Jacob and John Majors, Aaron Folk, Johnson, Richard Quinton, Wm. Owens, Henry Groves, John Randall, James H. Warren, Fielding Betz, John Shoemake, Wesley Moreland and Jacob Miller. The first school in Black Oak township was taught by C. Chipman, on section 17. The first meeting for religious worship was held at the house of Dr. Warren. From the book of original entries we find that the first lands purchased in Black Oak township were as follows: 538 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. "Wesley Metter on May 8, 1847, a part of section 8 Eliza llolman " Aug. 5, " " " " 30 Fielding Betz " Sep. 15, " " " " 9 and 17 James L. Warren " " " '• » " " 9 and 17 John Woods " " " " " " " 11 B. H. Lonsberry " Oct. " " " " 36 On Skunk river, in this townsliip, are located the Huron Mills. These were built in 1857 by Morris Bros., at a cost of from $5,000 to $6,000, and at that time containing but one run of stone. In 1868 the mills were bought bj' Messrs. Reynolds & Bowdel, who remodeled the same and put in an additional pair of burrs, making the whole cost about $10,000. In October, 1870, they were purchased by Parker & Cramer, who are the pres- ent proprietors. These gentlemen do a general custom, and some merchant trade. Their local market includes Bella, New Sharon, Oskaloosa, Leighton and Peoria. They ship some flour to St. Louis. Leighton is a neat and comparatively new village located in the township on the Keokuk & Des Moines Valley Railroad. It is on the north side of the track, and stands on a sort of eminence from which can be had a good view of the surrounding country. Leighton was laid out February 9, 1865, upon land formerly owned by B. F. Roberts. The projectors of the town were Wm. Leighton and John W. Carver, of Keokuk. The town was named in honor of the former gentlemen, at that time one of the lessees of the Keokuk & Des Moines Road, which was built through Mahaska just before the town was platted. Of those who first cast their fortunes with those of the new station, we are informed of J. B. Fleck, David L. Bowman, S. B. Beere and Adam Hoover. The town in 1878, contains two general stores, one boot and shoe store, a drug store, harness and two blacksmith shops, a hotel, flouring mill, saloon, meat market and wagon shop. The population of the village is not far from two hundred and seventy-five. The K. & D. M. R. R. have built at this point a neat little depot, and have found Leighton a good shipping point. The town also supports a grain elevator — quite a convenience for shippers. As worthy of special mention we note the steam flouring mill, built by N. S. Stein in 1870, at an outlay of $12,000. This is a two and one-half story frame building, and has three run of stone. Does both custom and mercantile work. The First Presbyterian Church of Leighton was built in 1875, at an ex- pense of upward of $2,000. The congregation was organized with ten members as follows, Christian Hoover, Mr. and Mrs. Thos. Scott, David Young, Thos. J. Henderson and wife, Wm. H. Barber and wife, John Kol- ler and wife. The first pastor was Rev. John Fisher, who was succeeded by Rev. S. M. Keir. The present minister is Rev. A. A. Mathes. The membership (1878) is twenty-eight. Leighton also has an Old School Baptist Church. The present township officers of Black Oak are: Justice — Otto Pothoven. Trustees — John Funston, Madison Tice, David L. Bowman. Clerk — Chas. Stoddard. Constables — Ed. McCabe, Jas. H. Irvin. HI8T0KY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 539 Road Supervisors — 1st District, John S. Koller; 2d, Samuel Miller; 3d, John H. Smith; 4tli, Wm. Tliomason; 5th, Tie; 6th, A. Shelley. From Donnel's "Pioneers of Marion County'' we learn that ainoni;; those who settled in tliis township at a very earl}' date, was Dr. James L. AVarren, who died at his residence, near Peoria, Mahaska county, January IS, 1870, age 69 years. He was born in Green count}^, Tenn., July 1st, 1801, immi- grated to Iowa, and settled in Lee county in 1841. He made his first claim in Mahaska county, where he cut some logs and emploj^ed a man to put them up in tlie shajie of a cabin. Bat he afterward abandoned tlie idea of settling tliere, and made a claim about three miles southeast of where Pella now is, wliere he succeeded in planting about twenty acres of corn and wheat in the spring following. He returned to Mahaska county in 1847-8. Those who came up at the same time, and iielped to found a settlement, were John B. Hamilton, Robert Hamilton, Harry Miller, Green T. Clark, and Henry McPherson;on their way up tlie Dragoons refused to let them pass Libertyville with tlieir wagons, so they packed on horses what provi- sions they thought would last them till after the first of May, and proceeded. Approacliing an Indian viUage near the present location of Oskaloosa, the Doctor, who had some practical knowledge of military tactics, called a halt and suggested that they march through the town in military order. On entering tlie place they found the inhabitants engaged in worship in consequence of which they paid little or no attention to this mock military demonstration. The men were collected in a large tent, seated in a circle singing in a monotonous di-awling tone, to the equalh^ musical rattle of beans in gourds, that they shook up and down as an accompaniment to their voices. The door of the tent was closed against intruders, but Robert Hamilton, having an ungovernable curiosity to witness the performance raised the tent wall near the ground and peeked under. I^ot one of the solemn-faced worshipers took the least notice of this breach of good man- ners, nor did thej- for an instant seem to permit their attention to be di- verted from their devotions; but an old squaw, who seemed to be standing guard without, noticed the intruder, and indignantly ordered him away. Not being instantly obej-ed, she took hold of Robert, gave him a violent pull, uttered the word "Manitou " (God) as an explanation of the sacredness and priv^acy of the place and performance, at which he deemed it advisable to desert. On the 26th of April they reached the present location of Pella, and contemplated taking claims there. But, owing to its distance from tim- ber, they thought it very probable that it would be many years ere much improvement could be made there, and the land become valuable; so they made choice of the timber about three miles southeast. But ere the time came fur them to get their wagons, and the remainder of their provisions, what they had brought with them began to come short. As soon as possi- ble Green T. Clark was sent for the wagons, and some of the otliers resorted to hunting as a means of economizing the scanty remainder of bread stuffs. But the bread finally quite gave out, and hunting, even in those early days, was not so reliable a means of supporting the demand for food as some might suppose. It is said that game was plentiful, which was generally true, but like fishing, the taking of it depended upon skill and good luck. An instance is related of an old settler named Cunningham, who lived in Mahaska county, who by hunting maintained a half-starved existence for for eight or ten days, on his claim near Oskaloosa, not daring to leave it lest it should be "jumped." Our settlers now found it necessary to use 540 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. energy and skill, or starve. Hunger already incited them to do their best. Kobert Hamilton shouldered his rille and went in search of a turkey, or any thing else he could find that would do to eat, whilst Henry Miller went in search of a bee tree. Both were successful, and what added much to their good fortune, their wagons came the next day, bring breadstuffs and other conveniences. Dr. Warren was among the first ministers of the M. E. Churcli who preached in the count}^, and organized the first class west of Libertyville. He was licensed as a local preacher in 1S28; ordained deacon at Oskaloosa in 1852, and was ordained an elder by bishop Ames in 1863. He also commenced the practice of medicine in 1831, which he continued till a short time before his death. In this he was very successful during his res- idence in this county, especially in the management of the miasmatic dis- eases, to which the early settlers were subject, and his field of practice often extended from Oskaloosa to "Tools Point," now Monroe, Jasper county, and over a large territory north and south of this route. Over this wide field he ministered both in spiritual and temporal things. He was a man universally loved and respected by all who knew him. Many instances illus- trative of his charitable nature, and many acts of kindness performed by him, have been related to us, and are well remembered by many who have shared the privations of pioneer life with him. PLEASANT GEOVE. This township is the northeastern township of Mahaska county, and was included in the township Survey made by Alvin Burt in July, 1843. It was laid out into sections and quarter sections b}"- Samuel C. Wiltse, in the fall of 1844. This township was named from a fine grove of timber which it contained. Its timber land is generally valuable, and a portion still remains. The eastern half of this township is, fine agricultural land, set- tled by an industrious class of people. The western half of this township is light soil, and contains considerable timber. The bottom lands are sub- ject to overflow, which decreases somewhat their value as farming land, but they are regarded as fine pasture lands. The north and western por- tions of the township are ordinary prairie; in the township there are about two thousand acres of open prairie, good for pasture. The chief mineral products of this township are coal and limestone. There has been opened up quite a fertile coal mine by G. S. Feirling and H. S. Morrow on section 20; the shaft is 9x42-| feet, the depth is 80 feet, the coal vein is from 4 to 5 feet, and of a very good quality. When in full operation the proprietors can turn out from 700 to 800 busliels per day. This township was first settled about 1850. Among the earliest settlers were Mr. Amos Holloway, Sotnerel Whitaker, Noah Van Winkle, William Hambleton, John Wymore, John Wyat, John Whitehead, Benjamin Mur- rey. These gentleman erected the first houses that were built in the town- ship. These early settlers left their homes in Ohio and Indiana, filled with the spirit of enterprise, and soon after they had established their new homes they set to work to provide schools and churches for their families. In the winter of 1853 the first school was taught by Richard Mayberry, in a log cabin, on the farm now owned by Isaac McCartney; but this was a private enterprise, and in the fall of 1855 the schools were organized by HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 641 law, and tliree houses were built. But these buildings are now among the things that were but are not. They have given place to eight fine school- houses with all the modern equipments, supporting a good class of teachers. The first religious exercises were held in the house of Dr. Fisher, and led to the organization of and building a house of worship. Following the teaching of Alexander Campbell, in 1854, a Christian church was organ- ized in Agricola by Rev. Mr. White. Since then the church has passed in the hands of the New Lights. The organization at present has a fair churcli, with a membershi]) of about one hundred atid twenty. The pres- ent jiastor is the Rev. A. S. Culbertson. A Baptist church was organized and a church built in 1866. These churches are located in Agricola, a village situated about the center of the township. It was laid out in 1854 by David Santee. Present inhabitants number about one hundred. As its name indicates it is a farmer's village; it contains two stores, kept by J. H. Hutcliison and Mr. Sarvis, also two blacksmith shops. The Justices of the Peace are J. H. Hutchison and William Smith. The other township officers are: Trustees — C. S. Ruble, Thos. Lyons. Wm. Smith. Clerk — Jackson Sarvis. Assessor — J. CI. Wymore, Constable — Wm. A. Likens. uxioiq". At the first formation of this township it comprised five congressional townships, being what is now included in Union and Pleasant Grove in Mahaska and Union, Jackson and Deep River townships, in Poweshiek count}'. These last tliree were detached before the time of organization of Poweshiek. Pleasant Grove was formed into a separate township in Jan- uar}', 1850, leaving Union an ordinaiy sized township, with thirty-six square miles, known as township I^o. 77 north, of range 15 west, of the 5tli prin- cipal meridian. The township lines were run by Alvin Burt, in July, 1843; the section lines were run by Stiles C. Carpenter, in October, 1847. This townsliip is broken and rolling in marked contrast with its sister township Prairie, on the west, yet it contains some of the finest farms and best de\-eloped country coal banks in the county. It is crossed by the North Skunk. Among the first settlers within the present boundaries of Union, were John Morrison, Nathan Brown, John Widows, Jacob Dalby, and Isaac N. Griffith. These lived near the county line. In the southern part were the Bradshaws, Jacob Kl inker, John Graham, Jesse Moon, Robert Telford, John Deardorf, Daniel Rodgers, John McMaines, Benjamin Groves, An- derson James, Fred. Weimer, and others. John Morrison, Jesse Moon, and Jacob Klinker, were of the very first. From an examination of the book of original entries we find the first lands purchased from the government, in this township, were as follows: October 9, 1848, by Simeon Johnson, a part of Sec. No. 1; same date, by R. B. Ogden, a part of Sec. 4; October 12, Joshua Gorsuch, in Sec. 11; same date, Robert Tedford, Sec. 12. The first school was on section 11, in a log school house, taught by Mrs. Fry. The next was at Union Mills. The last named place was laid out by Jacob Weimer, at quite an early 542 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. day, and called Middletown, it being a sort of half-way place between Oskaloosa and Montezuma, It is now a collection of half broken down houses and is most forlorn looking. A post-office was established here in 1855, with Pleasant Carver as postmaster. It still is maintained, and is on the mail route between New Sharon and Indianapolis. The mills known as Union Mills, were located on the north side of the river at this point, but have fallen into decay years ago. A new mill was built by a man named Kaggy, some six years ago, but its owner died be- fore completing it. It is about to be mantled, and a dam is to be built for its operation by J. W. Braden, who purchased it recently. A frame church building stands on an eminence near Union Mills. It was built by the Methodists, about ISt)^, but never dedicated by them. A Christian church, organized at this point about twelve years ago, purchased the building in 1872, and now occupies it. In the northern part of this township was organized an M. E. Church, some fifteen years ago, which held its meetings for some years past at Brooks' school house. This congregation have I'ecently purchased a five acre grove in the northwest quarter of section 11, which is called Bethel Grove, and where, next summer, the}' hope to erect a Bethel Grove M. E. Church. Here a camp-meeting was held in August, 1877, conducted by W. E. Stryker, then pastor of the church. A meeting was held during the week, beginning August 14, 1878, conducted by Revs. D. C. and T. C. Smith, and Rev. Schaine, of Montezuma. The attendance on both occa- sions was quite large. The present membership of the church is near 30; their minister, Rev. Phillips. The trustees, J. S. Chew, Joshua Gorsuch, John Latchem, Al- bert Latcheni, and J. E. Ogborne. A Sabbath-school is connected with the church, superintended by James Chew. About ten years ago a Protestant Methodist Cliurch was organized at Brooks' school house. They have just built a church building at Brown- town, on the county line, at a cost of near $700. This society is about the same size as Bethel Grove congregation. Tlie minister in charge is Rev. Hazelett. Fairview M. E. Church was established at Union Mills about January, 1863. In 1872, a church was built on the northwest quarter of section 33, known as Fairview M. E. Church. This building cost about $1,000. The society was organized by B. F. Wright, with about eighty members. The present membership is not far from 100. Tlie congregation maintains a good Sabbath-school, conducted by David Upton. The church is on what is known as Sharon Circuit. The minister is Rev. Ferguson. The present officers of Union township arp: Trustees — John McMains, J. A. Bonewell, Charles Reed. Clerk— Paul Caster. Assessor — A. B. Reed, Constables — Thomas Wymore, Josiah Hollingsworth. PRAIRIE. This was originally a part of Madison township, and was not organized into a separate town until in 1856. It was one of the latest settled parts .-#? I//1./Z/-1--V /'e_^ HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTY. 545 of Mahaska county, although one of the best townships in tlie same. However, it did not contain a quarter section of good timber, and the earlj^ settlers were slow to go out upon the open prairies, which cover its entire surface in gentle rolls or level fields. The soil is rich, and in a high state of cultivation. Middle creek and other small streams drain it. Prairie township contains no stone, either loose or in available quarries. In regard to the early settlement we quote as follows from the New Sharon Star of August 21, 1878: "John Hiler, a half-blooded African, moved his family from Indiana, and settled on the northwest quarter of section three, in the year 1844:, and was the first settler of Prairie township. When the writer hereof moved to this place, this cinnamon-colored descendant of two nationalities was yet a resident. We recollect him as a bony, muscular fellow, full six feet high, and of about one hundred and eighty pounds, every ounce of which he proudly denominated 'fighting material.' It cannot be truthfully said that he was a quarrelsome individual. On the contrary, he was peacefully disposed, neighborly to those who treated him as he considered he deserved. But when his rights were invaded, he was quick to resent, and his powerful muscle at once became his refuge and defense. For a number of years he was decidedly troublesome as a vendor of poor whisky to the Indians, who were abundant at that time. ISTumerous efforts were made to arrest and bring him to trial for this offense against the dignity of law and order, but generally he evaded capture by hiding in the groves and dense hazel thick- ets with which the neighborhood abounded. He was a hunter of some skill, and many a fleet deer and savage wolf went down before his rifle. His success as a hunter, combined with the profits of his clandestine traffic with the Indians, aflbrded him such means of subsistence as satisfied his meager wants, and he seldom resorted to a diet of steady labor, and never witli success. Finally he left the State. One night in the summer of 1875 he packed his traps and family into a Avagon, and, like a man who was leav- ing some debts behind which he desired to not pay, he quietl}^ stole away in search of a new home in the less crowded southwest. His present wdiere- abouts is a matter of conjecture. The next resident was a man named Wallace, who came from Indiana, and settled on the northeast quarter of section four, in 1845. He remained but a short time, and we know noth- ing further of him. The next settler w\as Alexander Stewart, who turned his back upon the luxuries of a Pennsylvania home, and, follow^ing the 'star of empire' in its western way, selected his future home on the soutlieast fourth of the north- west quarter of section three, in the spring of 1847. For one year he re- mained alone upon his claim, built a snug cabin, and in the spring of 1848 moved his famil}' thereto, and there he still resides. Next came A. C. Doze, from J)m\^ county, Oliio. He arrived here June 1, 1848, and located on the northeast quarter of section twelve, now famil- iarly known as the 'Cobb place,' but owned at present hy Charley Miller. He now lives in Union towmship, east of Fairview church. Next came Jacob Bartlett, who left his home south of South Skunk river, and settled on the farm now owned by William Burks, in the northwest quarter of section twenty-nine. Years ago he passed on through the valley and the shadows. In the following year numerous settlers appeared and chose lo- cations, mostly in the northern sections." 33 546 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. The first election was held at the residence of Jesse Grace, on the south- east quarter of section eight, where J. S. Clements now resides. At this election Alexander Stewart and T. B. Campbell were elected justices. Probably the first wedding lield in the township was that of Jared Rock- well to Nancj Winder, in the town of New Sliaron, in 1860. This wed- ding was noted for some 3'ears on account of the big charivari which fol- lowed the ceremony. Weddings were an uncommon thing in those days, and "the boys" believed in making them events not soon to be forgotten. The history of the first schools and churches has been given under the history of New Sharon. Tliis township was once the scene of battle, in a celebrated and rather ludicrous lawsuit. Tlie contest was over a single hog, and between two neighbors named Mitchell, who, though of the same name, were not kins- men. The suit commenced before a justice and was carried into the courts, the costs finall}^ amounting to some hundreds, we believe upward of one thousand dollars. Quite a good joke is told in connection with this case on a certain ex-judge in pleading this case. The facts were that the hog had been shut np in a pen belonging to one of the Mitchells. The other claimed it, and it was proposed to let the hog out, and discover which home he preferred. Judge C, in pleading the case, argued upon the intelligence and the domestic habits of the hog, in support of his client. When he had done, the opposing counsel (since lieutenant-governor) arose. Addressing the jury he said he was compelled to admit his opponent's authority on the hog question. There was reason to believe the gentleman was posted, for he was generally admitted to be the biggest "bore " in Mahaska county. This brought down the house, but we did not learn whether the joke won the case for the wag or not. The present officers of Prairie township are: Justices — J. M. Hiatt, Osman Watland. Trustees — E. Munsill, S. Janey, O. G. Knudson. Clerk -F. W. Iloen. Assessor — Oliver Wildman. Constable — Ezra Smith. RICHLAND. This township is in the northwest corner of the county, and though further removed from the point where the tide of immigration struck tlie county, it was not the last to be settled. The township was surveyed as congressional township No. 77 north, of range 17 west of 5th principal meridian, in August, 1843. The section lines were run by James Grant, and sub-survey made in September, 1845. 'In the draft of this survey we find located the claims of Geo. Buckley, who was the first settler in the township and built the first cabin, about one mile west of the present town of Peoria; that of Mr. Leaden, about one mile north; also those of J. E. Godby, L. Miller, and J. James. Thompson Baldwin came to this township in 1846. Among the other early settlers are Moses Wassora, Lauren Osborn, Powell Bush, and Wil- liam Lawrence. Probably the first justice in the township was Moses Wassom, who held that office in 1846. The first school in Richland was taught in the winter of 1847, in a log OSKALOOSA CITY. 559 his father's bank in Iowa City, and was afterward connected with the management of the gas com- pany there; he came to Oskaloosa in Jnl}', 1875, and became inter- ested in the Mahaska county sav- ings bank, and was elected assist- ant cashier, and since then lias held that position. Clancy, J. K., laborer. COFFIN, Dr. J._ L., physician, Oskaloosa; born in Warren coun- ty, New jersey, April 17, 1817, and received his education there. In 1843 he removed to Pennsyl- vania, and after two years, re- moved to Elmira, New York. He studied medicine and graduated in 1854. He came to Columl)ia, Wisconsin, and practiced medi- cine there until 1870, and then came to this city and has been practicing here ever since; he married Hannah Westfall, from Sussex county, New Jersey; she died, November 14, 1868. They had live children, only two living, Carrie C, and Judson A. One son was killed while in the army, at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 18()1. He married his pres- ent wife, Hannah Hicks, from V^er- mont, in August, 1869. Cogley, Aurelia A. COOK, LEVI, blacksmith and wagon maker, Oskaloosa; born in Rensselaer county, New York, Nov. 11, 1832; he was brought up there and learned tiie trade of hoe and fork manufacturer. He came to Muscatine, Iowa, in the fall of 1854, and came to Oskaloosa in the spring of 1855, and engaged in blacksmithing, and since then has been engaged in that business and manufacturing agricultural implements. He has held the of- fice of city marshal, and is engi- neer of the city fire engine. He married Miss Mary E. Hart, from Ohio, near Columbus, in August, 1856; they have two children. Nelson J., and Edward M. Coleman, Andrew, minister. COLLINS, GEORGE E., firm of Johnson & Collins, Novelty Foun- dry, Oskalosa; born inTroj', Ohio, July 10, 1849, and when seven 3'ears of age, came to Iowa, and came to Oskaloosa in 1860. He learned his trade here and in Ot- tumwa. In 1875 he associated with Warren C. Johnson in their present business. CONE, C. P., firm of Cone Bros., attorneys, Oskaloosa; born in Ma- haska county, March 27, 1845, and was brought up in this county and has lived in tliis county thirty- three years. Is one of the earli- est native-born settlers now liv- ing here. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Febru- nry, 1876, and since then has prac- ticed his profession at Albia and in this city; he married Miss E. J. Shuck, from Jefierson township, in this count}^, in 1864; they have two children, Addie B. and Mar- tella L. CONE, W. J., firm of Cone Bros., attorneys; born in Mahaska coun- ty, Iowa, August 5, 1848, and was brought up here; attended schools here, and afterward attended Com- mercial College, at Chicago. He studied law here, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1874, and since then has practiced his profession here; he has held the office of jus- tice of the peace, town clerk, and other town and school ofiices; he married Miss Helen M. Ilenness, from this county, in April, 1867; they have five children, Trenmor T., John L., Lano D., William N. and Doc; they have lost two chil- dren. Cooledge, F. W., phj^sician. Copenheffer, John, lawyer. COOPER, CARY, Oskaloosa; deal- er in Iron and lieavy hardware; 560 DIRECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. was boni in Lexington, Ricliland count}', Ohio, September 22, 1839; he removed to Mt. Yernon with his parents when a child, where he resided until he came to Iowa, arriving in Oskaloosa, April 14, 1857; he began as clerk in the hardware store of which he is now proprietor; he first went into business in 1864, as junior partner in the firm of Seeberger & Cooper; subsequently the firm name changed to that of Cooper, Bennett & Co., and again to that of Cooper, Stevenson & Co.; in 1868 he purchased his partner's interest, and since that time has been sole proprietor; he has been in the business 21 years; it is the oldest house of the kind in central Iowa, and has attained a wide reputation; February 27, 1866, Mr. C. married Miss Susie Thurston at her mother's resi- dence in Knox county, Ohio; she was born in the house she was married in, September 13, 1843; they have by this union 2 daugh- ters, Maude Thurston, born in Oskaloosa, Iowa, December 28, 1868; Bessie Dean, born in Oska- loosa, December 27, 1874. Confer, David, grocer. Correll, AVilson, carp)enter. Corigan, Ed., painter. Courtney, James, l)oarding house. Courtney, John, l)uss driver. Cowen, H. A., blacksmith. Cowgle, Thos., railroad laborer. COWAN, WILLIAM R., record- er of Mahaska county, Oskaloosa; born in Guernsey county, Ohio, May 1, 1844; when six years of age he came with his parents to Iowa; from Burlington they came here by wagon. He was in the arm}'; enlisted August 7, 1862, in the 33d Regiment, Iowa Infan- try, Co. K. He was in the battles of Helena, Arkansas, Jenkins' Ferry, and siege of Mobile; he was wounded at Helena and Jen- kins' Ferry. After the war he returned here and was elected county recorder in 1872, and re- elected in 1874, and again re-elect- ed in 1876. He married Miss Nancy .Newell, from Louisa Co., Iowa, September 20, 1870; they have two children, Lena A. and Frank N. COX, SETH, physician, Oskaloosa; born in Belmont Co., Ohio, April 19. 1819; when ten years of age his parents removed to Wayne county, Indiana, where he lived until he came to Iowa, and located in Os- kaloosa, March 6, 1866, and since then has been engaged in practic- ing his profession. He married Ruth Kindley, from Ohio, in 1849; tiiey have one daugiiter, Sallie, and have lost three sons. Craig, John, tinner. Crawford, J. L., clerk. Craig, George, barber. Cricket, Wm., Jr., bridge building. Cricket, Wm., Sr,, bridge building. Crill, John, retired. Crookharn, J. A. L., lawyer. Curran, John, laborer. CUTTS, M. E., attorney -at-law, Oskaloosa; born in Orwell, Addi- son county, formerl}" Rutland county, Vermont, May 22, 1833; he attended the common schools there, and afterward attended St. Lawrence Academy, at Pottsdam, New York; he then joined a surveying expedition engaged in sub-dividing townships into sec- tions; when 20 years of age, in 1.853, he came to the State of Wisconsin, and located at Sheboy- gan, and engaged in teaching and reading law for 2 years; in June, 1855, he came to Iowa, and was admitted to the Bar in August, 1855; he located in Montezuma, Poweshiek county, and practiced his profession there, until coming to Oskaloosa in August, 1866; he was elected to the State Legisla- ture to fill vacancy, in May, 1861, \/. B. Delashmutt OSKALOOSA CITY. 563 it being the war session; lie was elected to the State Senate in 1863, and served for 4 years; he was again elected to the State Legislature in 1869; he received the appointment of Attorney- General of this State, in Febru- ary, 1872, to till vacancy occasion- ed by O'Connor's resignation; he was elected Attorney-General in fall of 1872, and again re- elected in 1874, and held that office until January, 1877; at the recent election he was the choice of the Republicans in this dis- trict for Representative in Con- gress, but declined the proffered honor. Mr. Cutts entered upon his career in life without funds, or favors by which to help him to position, or pave his pathway to success; he came to this place an entire stranger, without a person- al friend or acquaintance west of ^the Mississippi river, and hy close application to study, and untiling energy and perseverance, he has attained a deservedly high posi- tion in his profession; he married Miss Helen Frick from Sheboy- gan, Wisconsin, in June, 1857; they now have a family of four children, Lizzie, Charles E., Thomas, and Nellie, to share with them the burdens and pleasures of a life of industry and pros- peri t3\ CUTTS THOS. M., firm of N. J. Smith & Co., hardware dealers, Oskaloosa; born in St. Lawrence county, j^ew York, and at an early age, removed to Rutland county, \^erniont, and was brought up there. He was in the army; enlisted in the 5tli Regiment Ver- mont Infantry, Co. H, in the First Vermont Brigade, and was struck by a ball and slightly wounded in the battle of the wilderness; after the war returned to Vermont; came to Oskaloosa in 1873, and for the past three years has been 34 associated with Mr. Smith in the Hardware trade. He married Miss Harriet Bigelow, from Vermont; she died in 1870, leaving four children, William, Mary E., Gil- bert and Samuel; married Saman- tha I. Frater, from Belmont coun- ty, Ohio, in February, 1877; they have one daughter, Lena F. AGGER, SARAH. D DAVENPORT, FRANCIS M., attorney, Oskaloosa; born in Gal- lia, county Ohio, May 1, 1840; when seven years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa, and ar- rived in Oskaloosa, Oct. 5, 1847; they located on section 1, Adams township, and entered from the gov- ernment the land where his father now lives; there was only four neighbors at that time on the north bank of the river, from Cur- rier's Mills to Warren's Mills. Francis entered school in 1859, and graduated at Mount Pleasant, in classical course, in 1864, teach- school winters during that time. He studied law and attended law school, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, one year; then entered the law office of Seevers & Cutts, and was admitted to the bar, and since then has practiced his profession here, and holds the office of city solicitor; married Miss Martha M. Griffith, from Pennsylvania, in Mount Pleasant, May 1, 1870; she was born in Pennsylvania, and removed to Ohio and came to Iowa in 1862; she achieved a reputation throughout this State as a lecturer on temperance and self-dependence of women ;** they have one son, William Warren, born August 17, 1874. Davis, William, teamster. Davis, John, carriage trimmer. Delashmutt, William, farmer. Desch, W. F., teamster. DEL ASH3IUTT, VAN B ., retired, Oskaloosa; born in Ohio county, 564 DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. afterward Tyler county, Ya., Jan- uary 4, 1802, and was brought up there; he came to Burlington Iowa, June 22, 1837, and lived there three years, and removed to Jefferson county, and lived there until coming to Mahaska county in April 1813, before the Indians had left, and before the settlers were allowed to take possession of the land; he made a claim and entered land from the government at the first land sale held in Iowa, and engaged in farming; he is one of the oldest settlers in Mahaska county, and has been through it all. Many and very interesting are the incidents which he and Dr. Boyer and a few others recite, of the early days of this county; he had but little when he came, but by industry and good manage- ment, he long ago secured an am- ple fortune. He was elected sher- riff in Ya., in 1829, and served two years, and was again elected for two years; he was elected to the State Legislature in Yirginia, and served during the sessions in winters of 1833, 1834, and 1835; after coming to Iowa he was elect- ed in Burlington to the first State Legislature held in Iowa, and was a member of the first constitution- al convention, and held ofiice of - swamp land commissioner, and held town and school oflices. He married Martha W. Inghram from Greene county, Pa., in J 821; she died in August, 1853; he married Mary H. Inghram in June 1868; he has six children, three sons and three daughters. Descli, J. L., teamster. Dickens, Esther. Dice, John, carpenter. Dice, Anderson, carpenter. Dimmit, B., sexton of cemetery. Dill}', Jacob, farmer. DIRR, A. J., agent of the Central R. R. of Iowa at Oskaloosa; born in Mansfield Ohio, in 1843, and at very early age removed to Naper- ville, Illinois, and was brought up there. He went south and re- mained there until 1870, then went to Parsons, Kansas, and made some investments; and engaged in railroading, and remained there until coming here in 1877; in May of the same year he was ap- pointed agent of the Central R. R. of Iowa in this city; he still retains his interest in Parsons, Kansas. He married Miss Ella Lundy from Naperville, Dupage county Ills., in May, 1876. They have one daughter, Dix, James, well-digger. Dixon, Mrs. J. P. Dixon Mrs. J. B. BORLAND EDWIN H., physi- cian; born in Duchess county New York, March 31, 1842, and when four years of age came with his parents to Salem, Henry coun- ty Iowa; he entered Erlliam Col- lege at Richmond, Ind., and re- mained five years, graduated there; after graduating engaged in teach- ing in academy and private high scliool. After traveling for one year he came to Oskaloosa; he married Miss Lydia A. Jones from AVaynesville, Warren county Ohio, September 1, 1869; she died July 1, 1876, leaving one son, Walter E. Dodge, N., boot and shoe dealer. Dolby, M., machinist. Doud, Morris, laborer. Douglas, Mrs. H. S. Douglas, AY. W., marble cutter. DOWNING, FOSTER L., proprie- tor Downing House, Oskaloosa; the subject of this sketch was born in Madison county, Ohio, April 11, 1828; Mr. D. received all the advantages of a common school education in his native state; January 23, 1851, he mar- ried Miss Sarah A. Croney; he emigrated to Iowa in 1855, land- ing at Muscatine, October 12th; OSKALOOSA CITY. 565 in May of the following year he came to Oskaloosa; upon his ar- rival he bought the old Madison House, which stood on the same location where the Downing House now stands; and with the exception of 5 years, has been in the hotel business since; in 1874: he built the Downing House at a cost of $-10,000; during the war he was quarter-master of the 19th Iowa Infantry ; he has been connect- ed with the Iowa Agricultural Society since 1862; he was elected President of the j^ational State Bank in January 1871, which office he held until bank stock changed hands; has been a mem- ber of the city council of Oska- loosa; and for many years among the most active members of the Mahaska county Agricultural Association, and of which he was for a long time its president; his wife died August 8d, 1869, leav- ing one son and one daughter: Dwiglit F., who is now practicing law in Beloit, Kansas; and Ollie H., who resides with her father; February 21, 1871, he married Miss Eunice, daughter of Dr. Albert Dart, of Oskaloosa, Iowa; she was born in Clarmont county, Ohio; Mr. D., is an energetic and thoroughgoing business man, and whatever he undertakes to do, he does with all his might. DRINKLE, A. T., dealer in furni- ture, Oskaloosa; born in Hunting- ton count}^ Pennsylvania, May 12, 1845; when six years of age he came to Lockport, Illinois; lived there until 1858, when he came to Iowa, and came to this county in 1861; was in the army in the Twelfth Regiment Michigan In- fantry, and was connected with the band; married Miss Mary E. Cricket, from Ohio, in November, 1871; they have four children, Fred C, Alice Maud, Harry A., Willie E. Duke, W. H., carpenter. Duke, Ham, carpenter. Duke, Sarah. Duke, J. C, carpenter. DUMONT, RICHARD, abstracts and C()nve3'ancer, Oskaloosa; born in Hightstown, Warren county. New Jersey, July 24, 1820; he removed at an early age to the city of New York, and was brought up there; was afterward engaged in the sash, blind and door busi- ness, and ship work; lived there until 1818; he lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and Mansfield, Ohio, and came to Iowa in 1854, to this county, and put in the sash and blind machinery in Roup's mill, and was in cabinet business; in 1857 was appointed deputy clerk, and was elected clerk in 1862, and re-elected in 1864; has been en- gaged in abstract business since 1872; married Miss Sarah Graf- ton, from city of New York, in May, 1842; they have five chil- dren, Mary E., Thomas, Maria L., John H., Charles; lost one son. Duncan, David, carpenter. Duncan, Hannah. Dunn, John, carpenter. Dutton, L. K., mechanic. Dutton, S. J., groceries and provis- ions. Dutton, B. T., carpenter. "ARIIART, ISAAC, teamster. E Easton, W. S., insurance agent. Ebey, Thomas, carpenter. Edson, M. W., house mover. Eisinminger, T. J., furniture manu- facturer. Ellsworth, O. J., grocer. Ellsworth, P. J., dentist. ELLSWORTH, C. W., groceries and provisions; born in Coopers- town, New York, July 15, 1831; when 4 years of age removed to Susquehanna county, Pennsylva- nia; lived in Pennsylvania 10 years and then came to Iowa, to Washington county; they started 566 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. in May and got ice bonnd at Qiiincj' ; there was five families, and they had to leave one family there, as they could only get wagons t(^ carry four families; they arrived in Washington county December 24, 1845; he broke prairie with 4 yoke of oxen, at $6.00 a month; he and his brother had a contract for carrying the mail from Wa- pello, Louisa county, to Ellen Grove, IS miles, west of here, 110 miles; it was all the mail they had in the several counties through which they passed, until 1850. He then went to Califor- nia, was there two years and re- turned; he was in the army, en- listed in the 1st Regiment, Iowa Cavalry, Co. E, and was in many battles and skirmishes; after the war he came to this county in June, 18t)5; he has held the office of Justice of the Peace, town clerk and other town and school offices; he married Miss Helen E. Maxson of Louisa county, September 16, 1852; they liave seven children, three sons and four daughters. Else, Henry, farmer. Emmons, D. W., carpenter. Emmons, Cyrenus, retired. Ennis, John, laborer. Esgen, W., woolen mills. Evans, David, carpenter. Evans, B. F., coal. ARR, GILBEI^.T, L., butcher. P Faxon, A., retired. FERRALL, JONATHAN D., fai-mer; born in Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1827; he was brought up in that state, and lived there 27 years; came to Iowa, and ari'lved in this county June 1st, l^i55; he located in Pleasant Grove township, and en- gaged in farming and stock rais- ]"aisiug fur lO years; then re- moved here in the city, where he now lives; he owns a farm of 70 acres, finel}' located, adjoining the city limits, it is also valuable coal land; he married Miss Mar- garet Charters, from Cambrea county, Pennsylvania, September, 13, l>i52; they have three chil- dren, John C , Lizzie A., and George R. Ferrall, J. B., farmer and stock dealer. Ferris, E. A., plasterer. Felker, J. S., express driver. Fisher, William, stoker in Gas Co. FISHER, HORACE W., agent Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., Oskaloosa; born in Leb- anon, Ohio, March 18, 1849, and was brought up and attended school there until fifteen years of age, and came with his parents to this county in 1864; attended school here; in 1870 he went to Denver Citj', Colorado, and was connected with railroads in the freight and ticket department; he returned here in 1875, and was a]>pointed agent, at Oskaloosa, of the C, R. I. & P. R. R. ; he was deputy clei'k under Captain Searle for two years; he married Miss Mattie Mays, from this city, April 14, 1874. Fitzgerald, M., marble cutter. Fitzgerald, Pat, laborer. Fitzgerald, John, laborer. Fffihlinger, Adolph, mechanic. Foehlinger, Charley, furniture fin- isher. Foehlinger, Adam, wood turner. FRANKEL, I., of the banking house of Frankel, Bach & Co., Oskaloosa; born in Germany, Oc- tober 14, 1832; when twenty- one years of age came to this country; in 1853 he located in Clark county, Indiana, and re- inained there for three years, when he removed to Missouri, and was there four years, and came to Os- kaloosa in May, 1861, and engaged in mercantile business, and is the oldest clothing house here; Sep- OSKALOOSA CITY. 56T tember 1, 1873, he engaged in the banking business, and established the banking house of Frankel, Bach & Co.; he has been actively identified with the interests of the city and county; he married Miss Babbette Stenernian, from Ger- many, January 20, 1864; they have five children, Anselin, Ma- nassa, Nathan, Henrietta and Rosa. Frankel, I. & Co., ready made cloth- ing. Frankel, Bach & Co., bankers. Frederick, W. II., clerk. Gadd, Samuel, cabinet-maker. Garretson, Reuben T., retired. Garretson, Thomas B., agent. Garretson, E. T., sewing-machine agent. Garner, Jesse, brick-moulder. GIBBS, ERNEST H., capitalist, Oskaloosa; born in Hampden county, Massachusetts, February 10, 1818, and was brought up there until seventeen years of age; in 1865 he came to Lee county, Illi- nois, and entered a bauR in Am- boy ; he remained there until 1868, and came to Parkersburg, Iowa; he came to Oskaloosa in 1870, and engaged in banking; he married Miss Martha J. AVhite, April 1, 1872; she was daughter of the late John White, one of the ear- liest settlers of the county; they have one daughter. Gilchrist, John, marble cutter. Gilchrist, Mrs. P. Gilliland, Mrs. E. N. GIVENS, M. P., professor and prin- cipal of the business department of the Oskaloosa College; born in Bloomington, Indiana, August 29, 1842; when thirteen years of age removed to Illinois, and attended school at Abingdon Colleo'e, in Knox county, and also at Eui'eka College, in Woodford county, Illi- nois; afterward attended Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College at Chicago, and graduated there; lie taught one year for Bryant & Stratton in St. Louis; came here in 1866, and since then has been connected with the Oskaloosa Col- lege, being principal of the busi- ness dei>artment, and secretary of the faculty; he has been superin- tendent of the Sabbath-school for twelve years, and was president of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation one and one-half years. Golden, Jacob H., plasterer. Golden, William, plasterer. Golden, Samuel, teamster. GORDON, JOHN B., carpenter and joiner, Oskaloosa; born in York county, Pennsylvania, April 7, 1818; he went to York State and learned his trade, and engaged in building. He married Jane E. Kennedy, from York State, in 1816; they had three children and lost them all. In 1871 he came to this county on account of his health, and since then has lived here. Glasscock, Joseph, farmer. Glaze, B., mai-ble cutter. Glaze, Ed., marble man. GLEASON, H. W., attorney, firm of Crookham &Gleasoii, Oskaloo- sa; born in Warren, New Hamp- shire,' May 2, 1815; was brought up and received his education in that state. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion he enlisted in the 12th Regiment New IIam])shire Infantry. Co. G. He was in the second battle of Bull Run, An- tietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburg, Cold Hai'- ber, and many others. He was wounded at the battle of Gett^^s- burg; he remained in the service nntil 1865. He came to Iowa in 1867, and located in Benton coun- ty, and engaged in teaching; he studied law and was admitted to the bar, and since then has been engaged in the practice of his pro- fession. He represents this dis- trict in the State Legislature, be- ing elected in the fall of 1877; 568 DIRECTORY GF MAHASKA COUNTY. married Miss "Flora A. Howard, daughter of Henry Howard, Esq., October 20, 1875; they have one son, Howard L., born Febrnary 1, 18T7. Glenn, John, laborer. Graham, Samnel, blacksmith. Greenough, Mary. GREEN, J. H.,'firm of J. H, Green & Co., dealers in agricnltnral im- plements and farm machinery; born in Harrison county, Ohio, June 16, 1832; he was brought up in Ohio and lived there until 1856, when he removed to Minnesota; he came to Iowa and located in this count}', in 1864. He engaged in business in 1866, and is the old- est house in this business here. He has held town and school of- fices; married Hannah Terrell, from Jeiferson county, Ohio, in 1862; they have three children, Mabel, Clara, and Frank. GREEN, I. C, merchant; dealer in boots and shoes, Oskaloosa; born in Clinton county, Ohio, June 10,1826; he was brought up there and lived in that state imtil the spring of 1868, when he came to Oskaloosa and engaged in the mercantile business, and for the past seven years has been engaged exclusively in the boot and shoe business, and having an extensive trade. He has held office of jus- tice of the peace, and held the of- fice of mayor of New Vienna, Ohio. He is president of the board of trustees of Penn College. He married Rachel Moorman, from Greene county, Ohio,in 1848; they have six childi'en, T. Homer, Mary Susie, Emma R , Oscar, Lizzie and AV alter. Griffin, Mrs. S. B. Grooms, Mrs. J. Gruwell, J. P., physician: Guthrie, James, coal agent. T TADLY. Z., carpenter. Hadly, C, carpenter. Hadly, William, carpenter. Ilagan, Peter, laborer. HALFMANN, GEO. AV., mann facturer of laundry and toilet soaps, and perfumery, Oskaloosa; born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, July 6, 1848; was brought up and received his education in that city, and went through a complete course of chemistry, at- tending the Wagner Free Insti- tute of Science. He was super- intendent, for six years, for Ba- der, Adamson & Co., in their ex- tensive manufactory in Philadel- phia; on account of his health, he came west, to this city, in July, 1876, and eno^aofed in making: soap; married Miss Emma L. Harper, of Philadelphia, October 24, 1871; they have two children. Alberta Grace, and Harrold. Hall, William II., laborer. Halleck, J. M., vetrinary surgeon. Hale, G. W., vice-president and inanager National State Bank. HAMBLETON, LEVI, dealer in carpets, oil cloths, and matting, Oskaloosa; born in Columbiana county, Ohio, August 4, 1821; when 17 years of age he removed to eastern Pennsylvania, while living there he married Miss Mary H. Hall, near Philadelphia, Chester county, Pennsylvania; in October, 1845; she was born in Columbiana count}', Ohio, and removed to Chester county, Penn- sylvania, at an early age. They •returned to Ohio, and Mr. Ham- bleton was engaged in mercantile business, and pork and wool bus- iness in Stark county, Ohio, for 9 years; they came to Iowa in 1857 and located in Powshiek county, and engaged in mercantile bus- iness, and was burned out; he then improved 3 large farms, and had a saw mill, and that was burned; he was engaged in ship- ping stock for 10 years; came to Oskaloosa in 1870 and engagedv OSKALOOSA CITY. 569 in mercantile business; but the fire followed him here, and lie was again burned out; he is one of the managing directors of the Central Iowa Loan and Trust Co.; they have two sons, John T., and Albert F. M., merchants at Springville, Linn county, Iowa. They have lost two sons. Hanson, Elizabeth. Hart, W. M., farmer. Hart, W. S.. salesman. Haverfield, Sarah. Ilaverlield, Albert, teamster. Harvy, Samuel F., teamster. Harris, A. B., teamstei-. Harrington, J. C, foundry. Haskell, W. W., lawyer. Hay, Prof. O. P., teacher Oslc. Col. HAWKINS BROS. & CO., pro- prietors of the Quaker liverj', sale and boarding stable; and buying and shipping stock; shipping horses weekly to Minnesota, and shipping cattle and hogs to eastern markets; and doiufj a laro-e and extensive business. Hawkins, W, H., Quaker livery and sale stable. Hawkins, Abram, retired. Hawkins, S. P., real estate and in- surance agent. Hedger, W. E., travellino: afjent. Hedge, Porter, gardner. HELLINGS, WM. P., firm of Woody & Hellings, abstracts and loans, Oskaloosa; born in Logan county, Ohio, May 29. 1851; he came with his parents to Oska- loosa when only 2 3'ears of age; he was brought up and received his education here; he was in the U. S. government survey in the mountains, for two years; he learned printer's trade, and was in printing office 5 years, and was correspondent for Chicago and other eastern papers; he entered the law department of the Iowa State University, and graduated in 1876, and practiced law here until March 1878, when he asso- ciated with Prof. John AY. Wood}^ in abstract and loan business; he is secretary of the Central Iowa Loan and Trust Co.; married Miss R. Emma Green, from Clin- ton county, Ohio, I^ovember 19, 1874; they have two sons, Harry, and Frederick De Billion. Heinilrich, O. P., bank clerk. Hendriks, J., retired. HERRON, JOHN M., attorney at law, Oskaloosa; born in Clermont county, Ohio, January 25, 1845; he was brought up in Ohio, and in 1865 he removed to Illinois and located at Sterling, Whiteside Co.; was engaged in teaching, and af- terwards studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1869; he re- moved to Des Moines, practiced law there, and was local editor of the Des Moines Leader; he came to Oskaloosa in this county in 1876; he was appointed justice of the peace in this city, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of G. H. Baugh; married Miss Mary E. Hotchkiss from Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, in January, 1876. HERBIG, P. C, manufacturer of buggies and fine carriages, Oska- loosa; born in Bavaria, Germany, December 25,1808 ; he was brought up, and learned his trade there; emigrated to America in 1839, liv- ed in South Carolina and jSTorth Carolina; then went to Philadel- phia Pa., for a year and a half; then removed to Oliio, and lived there thirteen 3'ears, and in Spring- field Illinois one 3'ear, and came to Oskaloosa February 23, 1855, and engaged in working at his trade, and was the first one that could make a buggy in this coun- ty, and is the oldest carriage mak- er here, has been engaged in bus- iness here over twenty-three years. Married Takobina Gotthold, from Germany in 1836. They have seven children and have lost eight 570 DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. children. Mr. Ilerbig is the old- est German settler in this county, with one or two exceptions. Iletherington, C, retired. Hewett, Levi, patent right agent. Higlin, Jolin F., teamster. Ilickej, Allen, minister. Hinies, Jacoh, miller. HINESLEY, J. W., justice of the peace, Oskaloosa; born in Indian- apolis, Marion count}^ Ind., March 19, 1832. When fourteen years of age removed to Hamilton coun- ty, Ohio, and served apprentice- ship as blacksmitli; returned to Indianapolis and married Miss Sarah E. McWhorton. a native of Ind., January 3, 1854; she died the following year, 1855, leaving one son, George W. He came to Iowa in 1855, and located at In- dianapolis in this county, and worked at his trade. He again married Hannah J. Atwood, April 23, 1856; on the 4th of July 1860, he met with a severe accident; he and some of his friends prepared for a celebration, and procured what is known as a mandrel, and by drilling a hole converted it into a cannon. He was ramming in the charge when it exploded and shattered his arm to pieces; after losing his arm he served as constable and assessor of Monroe township; in 1863 lie was elected sheriff of the county — soon after this he moved to Oskaloosa — he held that office for ten years; in the late October elections he was elected justice ot the peace of Oskaloosa township. They have two children, William F. and Ida M. ; lost two daughters. HOFFMAN, JOHN A., attorney at law, Oskaloosa; born in Jackson county, Ohio, April 23, 1851; when five years of age removed to Ohio with his parents, and lived there five years, then came with his parents to Oskaloosa, in Octo- ber, 1861; after attending school here he entered the Iowa Wes- leyan University at Mt. Pleasant; he studied law here, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1874, and since then has practiced his pro- fession here; he has served as chairman of the Mahaska County Rep. Cent. Committee; married Miss Anna Wallace, of Mt. Pleas- ant, Iowa, December 15, 1875; thev have one son, Wallace. H0FF3IAN, D. A., physician and surgeon, Oskaloosa; born in Jack- son, Jackson county, Ohio, Sep- tember 28, 1824; he received his education there, and studied med- icine at Athens, and attended the Ohio Medical College, and after- ward attended and gi-aduated at the Cleveland College, in Febru- ary, 1848; he practiced his pro- fession in Ohio until 1861, when he came to Iowa and located in Oskaloosa, and since then has practiced his profession here; mar- ried Miss Emily Smith, from Hocking county, Ohio, in ISovem- ber, 1848; they have four chil- dren, Edgar B., John A., Effie L., Ripley C. Holt, Robert, laborer. Holt, Oliver, butcher. Holt, Susan. HOLE, LEONARD H., attorney, Oskaloosa; born in Carroll county, Ohio, June 23, 1845; he was brought up and received his edu- cation there; graduated at Mount Union College, class 1867; he was, •for two years during the war, un- der General O. O. Howard, in the Freedmen's department; he stud- ied law in Southern Illinois, and attended the Law University at Iowa City; lie came to Oskaloosa in 1870, and since then has prac- ticed his profession here; he is chairman of the Maliaska County Rep. Cent. Committee, and has been in one city council; married Miss Belle Maffit, from Harrison county, Ohio, July 14, 1870; they OSKALOOSA CITY. 5T1 liave three cliildren, J. Wilber, Homer, little boy not named. Holmes, A. J., salesman. Holmes, J. H., salesman witliMitcli. "Wilson. Holmes, Hannah. Holdsieder, Jo., shoemaker. Hoover, W. N., miller and distiller. Hoopes, Elizabeth. Hoopes, D. C, miller. Hoover, Sarah. HOUTZ, CHRIST[AN, retired, Oskaloosa; was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1806; he was raised in Fred- ericksburg, Lebanon county, where he received a good common school education; when sixteen years of age he served apprenticeship as carpenter and joiner, then re- moved to New York, and worked at his trade for two years; he mar- ried Miss Priscilla Colyer, Feb- ruary 22, 1830; she was a daugh- ter of Thomas Colyer; she was born in Mverstown, Lebanon coun- ty, November 6, 1812; in 1834 he moved to Perrysburg. Wood coun- ty, Ohio, and lived there thirteen years; he came to Iowa and loca- ted in Oskaloosa in June, 1817; lie was engaged in building until 1854; he gave his attention to buying and selling land; he was very fortunate in selecting and buying land at low figures which rapidly advanced in value; he has laid out two additions to this city; he had but very little when lie came here, but by good manage- ment, and being a man of strict integrity, and conscientious in all his dealings, he has amassed a nice property; he owns several farms, besides his city property; he has given liberally to railroad enterprises, churches, colleges and schools; his wife died February 2, 1872; he married Josephine M. Jenkins October 1, 1873; she was born in Carroll county, Ohio, Oc- tober 3, 1839; he has one daugh- ter by his first union, Mrs. Eva H. Needham, widow of the late John R. Needham. Howar, George, undertaker. HOWARD, HENRY, firm Henry Howard & Son, grocery and pro- vision dealers, Oskaloosa; born in Washington county. New York, July 11, 1821; lived there until fourteen years of age; removed to Franklin county, Ohio; learned carpenter's trade, and sash and blind making, and followed that business for seventeen years; he came to Iowa and located in this county in Octobr, 1855, and in the following spring, 1856, he en- gaged in his present business, and is the oldest grocery merchant now in business here, and is one of the oldest merchants in this county; he has held various town and school ofKces, and has been ac- tively identified with the interests of the city and county; he is treas- urer of five or six different organ- izations — Forest Cemetery, Mahas- ka County Bible Society, D. E. Payne's Coniinanderj^, No. 6, Ho- ram Chapter No. 6, and Oskaloosa No. 7; he married Miss Mary Scofield, from AVashington county, New York, in 1845; they have five children, Maria L., George F., Flora A., Harry S., and Edwin S. Huber, Francis, retired. RUBER, CHARLES, firm C.Hu- ber & Bro., dealers in hardware and house furnishing goods, Os- kaloosa; born in Baden, Germany, February 2, 1846, and when eleven years of age emigrated to America, and came to Oskaloosa in June, 1857; he engaged as clerk in store in 1860, and was connected with the hardware business as clerk and salesman for twelve years; and in 1874 engaged in business for him- self, and has carried it on since then; he had nothing when he began life; he married Miss M. 572 DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Y. Warren, from Pennsylvania, December 7, 1875; they liave one daughter, Anna. Hughes, Patrick, wagon-maker. Hull, L. L., harness and sadler3^ Hull, Amaziah, teacher. Hull, E. W., carpenter. HUNT, D. W., superintendent and manager of the Oskaloosa gas works; born in Korth Carolina, January 7, 1832; M'hen five years of age he moved with liis parents to Indiana; he received his edu- cation atHaverford, Pennsylvania, and afterwai'd engaged in teaching at Bloomingdale Academy; he came to Iowa in 1865, and located in Oskaloosa and eno^ased in real estate and insurance; he has been connected with the gas works for the past five years; he married Miss Mary K. Llewelyn, from Haverford, Pennsylvania, in 1859; they have five children, Hermon, Anna K., Esther D., Hannali K. and H. Rowland; thej^ have lost two, Mary E. and Sibyl J. Huntsman, H. C, physician. Hurst, D. A., physician. Hurst, James, stock dealer. NGELS, BRUCE, marble cutter. I Irvin, George, teamster. JACKSON, M. L., surgeon den- cJ tist, Oskaloosa; born in South Carolina, August 14, 1829; when quite young removed to Illinois, and lived there twelve years, then removed to Lee county, Iowa; he returned to Illinois and read med- icine, then went to St. Louis and studied dentistry; became to this county in 1854, and engaged in tlie practice of his profession, and has continued since then, nearly twenty -five years; he has held the position of vice-president of the Iowa State Dental Society for two terms, and was director in the old State Bank of Iowa, and also in the State National Bank, which suc- ceeded it here; married Miss Joan Phillips, from Illinois, November 1, 1855; they have five children, Harry, Dvvight, Gertie, Lizzie and Willie. Jenney, J. M., expressman. Jessup, Rile}^ deputy sheriff^. Jenkins, Jesse, farmer. Johnson, William, horse dealer. JOHNSON, J. KELLY, attorney, firm Lafferty & Johnson, Oska- loosa; born in Greene county, O., August 22, 1841; when 13 years of age he removed to Indiana and received his education there and in Ohio, and entered the law school at Ann Arbor, Michigan; he came to Oskaloosa and read law with Seevers & Williams, and attended the law school at Des Moines, and was admitted to the Bar there in the spring of 1867; after spending one year in Eddy- ville, he associated with Geo. W. Lafierty in the practice of his profession here; he held the office of city solicitor here for six years; married Miss Ann E. Gruwell, daughter of Dr. Grn- well, April 21, 1871; they have four children, Irving C, Bessie, Ralph, Herbert. JOHNSON, WARREN C, firm Johnson & Collins, Novelty Foun- dry, Oskaloosa; born in Warren county, Ohio, August 15, 1853; at an earl}^ age removed to Indi- ana, and lived there 8 years; he came to this city in 1864, and learned liis trade here, and en- , gaged with Geo. E. Collins in the foundry business, and manufac- turing light machinery; and they are doing an extensive business. Johnson, Prof. B. W., editor and minister. Johnson, A. W., butcher. JONES, JOHN 3L, Oskaloosa city flouring mills; born in Belmont county, Ohio, January 10, 1823; was brought up there, and learned the wagon making business, and worked at it until 1856, and since OSKALOOSA CITY. 573 then lias been engaged in mill- wright and milling business; he came to Oskaloosa in 1869, and since then lias been connected with the above mills; during the war, at the time of John Morgan's raid he was in the State service, and commanded a company. He is now serving his 6tli year as member of the school board; married Miss Sarah A. Condon, from Knox county, Ohio, Janu- ary 25, 1842; they have 3 chil- dren, Mary L., Albert M., and Charles W., and have lost 4 chil- dren. JONES, JOSEPH, carriage and wagon making, Oskaloosa; born in Wales, March 22, 1834, and came to America in 1851, and went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he learned his trade; then removed to La Salle county. 111.; and came to Iowa and located in Oskaloosa in spring of 1856, and engaged in his business, and has continued since then; he had nothing when he came here, but by industry and good manage- ment has built up a good business; he married Miss Catharine A. Gilmore from Indiana, in Janu- ary, 1857; they have 9 children, 4 sons and 5 daughters, Joseph A., William, Edwin, Franklin, Susie, Alice, Nellie, Ida, Grace. Jones, Mrs. Jane. Jones, Wesley, teamster. Jones, James, laborer. ALBACH, I., lumber dealer. K KALBACH, JOHN A., firm of I. Kalbach & Son, lumber dealers, Oskaloosa; born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, September 1, 1844; when 5 years of age re- moved to Indiana, came to Mus- atine, Iowa in 1850, and came to Mahaska county in 1851, over 27 years ago, being among the early settlers; he engaged in the lumber business in the summer of 1864, and has been engaged in the business longer than any one in the same trade; they also carry on the business at New Sharon; has held the ofBce of city councilman; he was elected county supervisor, Oct. 8, 1878; married Miss Louise Patterson, in June, 1873; they have 3 chil- dren, Warren, Helen, and a little girl. KELLY, JOSEPH, retired, Oska- loosa; born in London, England, between Story's Gate, St. James Park and Westminster Abbey; he came with his parents in boy- hood to this country, and settled in Chillicothe, O.; removed to La Salle county, Illinois, and located about 3 miles from Peru, which at that early day only contained one building; being among the earliest settlers there, he was prominently identified with set- tling up that county; he entered 2,000 acres of land near Dixon, Illinois; he married Mrs. Fidelia Pierce from Rochester, N. Y., August 18, 1845; they came to Iowa and arrived in this county October 17, 1854; he engaged in merchandising here and at Mon- tezuma; he received appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue, October 1, 1862, and filled that office until August 9, 1869; with but one exception he was the only Federal official in the State who was retained, that did not John- sonize, and he was retained on account of his efficiency, which was acknowledged by the de- partment; he has since then had offers of Federal appointments, but he preferred to remain in private life; and has been engaged in real estate and insurance bus- ness; he is, and has been promi- nently identified with his church in all of its interests; they have 574 DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. four children, Wilbur F., Frank, Fred E., Stella May; have lost 2 children, Ella and Clarence. KEMBLE, AMOS, manufacturer of canned vegetables and fruits, Oskaloosa; born in Columbiana conntv, Ohio, September 15tli, 1827,' and lived tliere until 22 years of age; he came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Polk county, taught school there and came to this county in 1852 and engaged in farming; he was appointed deputy sheriff under sheriff Ed- mondson and held that office for 3 years; and then carried on a steam bakery until 1865, when he engaged in gardening quite ex- tensively, and in 1873 he con- nected the canning business with it; his canned goods are of a su- perior quality, and he finds a ready market for them; he mar- ried Miss Margaret J. Apple, from Salem, Ohio, March 12, 1850; they have 8 children, Em- ma, Nora, Kay, John, Ida, Willie, Josie and Charlie; have lost one daughter, Mollie. KEMPER, WM., carpenter and builder, Oskaloosa; born in Yir- ginia, September 20, 1818, and lived there until thirteen years of age, and removed to Ohio and was brought up, and learned his trade there. He came to Iowa by wagon and carriage, was twenty-five days on the wAj, and arrived in Oska- loosa October 7, 1849, and began working at his trade. He was one of the early settlers and is the oldest builder here now. He has put up many buildings in the city and county, owns a farm of 120 acres, which he entered from the government and laid out Kem- per's addition to Oskaloosa; lias been vice-president of the school board; married Elizabeth J. Elsey, from Hardin count}^ Ohio, Aug- ust 1, 1843; they have six children, Hattie, George, Eliza Clarence, Alice and Jennie, and lost one daughter. KENbiG, H. R., justice of the peace, Oskaloosa; born in Lancas- ter county. Pa., April 30, 1830; when eight years of age, he re- moved to Stark county, Ohio, in 1838, and lived there seventeen years and came to Iowa in 1855 and located in this county, and has lived here over twenty-three years; he has held oflice of county treasurer for six years, was elect- ed in 1871. He also held the office of town clerk for ten years; he married Miss Catherine Earhart, from Portage county, Ohio, in ^NTovember 1852; they have seven children, Olivia L., Clara E., Myra M., Sylvia H., Maud A., Daisy B., Homer R., and have lost two chil- dren, one son and daughter. KENDIG, A. A., teller and book- keeper; born in Stark county Ohio, December 30, 1846, he came to Iowa and arrived in Oskaloosa May 5, 1855, and was brought up and received his education here; married Miss Josie E. Danner, from Winterset, Madison county, Iowa, November 26, 1868; they have had one daughter who died in infancy. KENWORTHYr W. S., attorney; born in Henry county, Indiana, May 24, 1840; he was brought up there until eighteen years of age, and then removed to Jasper coun- ty Iowa; he was engaged in teach- ing there, and came here and stud- died law, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, and has practiced his profession here for six years; he married Miss Margaret Straughan from Washington count}' Pa., November 28, 1866; they have four children, Bj'ron, Horace, Ger- tie and Bessie. Kennedy, William, lawyer. Kernahan, D. R., carpenter. Ketner, Eli, farmer. Kimble, William, insurance agent. 0SKAL008A CITY. 575 Kingslej, I. W., book agent. King, H. E., wagon maker. KISSICK, ROBERT, attorney at law; born in Mercer connty, Pa., May 4, 1843; wlien he was sixteen years of age came to Iowa, and located in Oskaloosa April 7, 1859; during the war went in tlie army; enlisted in Aug., 1862, in the 33d Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. C, and was sei'geant and United States color bearer; in the spring of 1 861 he was transferred to tiie 113th United States Colored Infantry, and was commissioned first lieu- tenant and adjutant; was in the Yazoo Pass expedition in rear of Yicksburg, and at Capture Rock, and in other engagements. He was obliged to resign on account of ill health; after his return from the army he entered school and engaged in teaching; studied law, and entered the Iowa State Uni- versity, and graduated from the law department in class 1872, and since then has practiced his pro- fession here; he held office Deputj^ United States revenue collector for Mahaska and Marion counties, for three years; he was elected justice of the peace in January, 1877; was re-elected in October, 1878; he married Miss Mary J. Pettitt, from Ohio, in November, 1868; they have four children, Ralph W., Frank P., Guy E., and Edwin Robert. Klein, John E., retired. Knowlton, S., farmer. Knox, John, paper hanger, Kreitzer, Henry, coal miner Lacey, W. R., lawyer. LACEY, MAJOR JOHNF., whose portrait is found on another page of this work, was born in West Virginia, at New Martinsville, in 1841. The days of his child- hood were spent in New Martins- ville and Wheeling, in the schools of which latter place and those of Mahaska county, the Major laid the foundation for his success by a thorough mastery of those rudi- mental branches which the artifi- cial style of our modern schools sometimes ignore, to the great misfortune of the youth attending. Young Lacey removed to Oska- loosa with his parents in the spring of 1855, being then fourteen years of age. Havino: commenced the study of law, the call of April, 1861, for troops, roused the young student from his dreams over Greenleaf and Yattel. In the very front of those who sprang to answer the treasonable roar of the guns upon Sumpter, John F. Lacey enlisted in Co. H, 3d Iowa Infantry, which left Mahaska May 30, 1861, his twentieth birthday. The close of the battle at Blue Mills Landing found young Lacey a prisoner of the Southern Con- federacy. Fortunately he was paroled at Lexington, Missouri, after the seige of that place, and as a paroled prisoner was dis- charged November, 1861; he re- turned to the law books in the oftice of Samuel A. Rice, in Oska- loosa; but when Mahaska made her great contribution to Uncle Sam, the flower of chivalry in the 33d Regiment, .young Lacey, hav- ing been exchanged with the other paroled prisoners, again en- listed as private in Co. D, and was soon appointed sergeant ma- jor of the regiment. In the fol- lowing spring he was promoted and commissioned first lieutenant, after which time he was on staff duty; his most active service was in the battle of Helena, the expe- dition on Yazoo Pass, and in the campaigns against Little Rock and Camden, and the campaign of Mobile, where he took part in the last battle of the war — the storming of Blakely. After the death of General Rice at Jenkin's Ferry, Major Lacey was appointed 576 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. on the staff of General Steele as adjutant general, and acted in that capacity until after the fall of Kichniond; he tlien went with General Steele, who commanded 40,000 men in the army of obser- vation on the Rio Grande. Having returned to Oskaloosa in 1865, and completed his legal studies, he was admitted to the Bar, and has since been engaged in practice in that place. In 1869 he was elected to the legislature from Mahaska county, and served one term. Not only has Major Lacey served his country in the military and civil list, but he has likewise beneiitted his profession in the preparation of valuable legal works; the Major is energetic, a diligent student and an indefati- gable worker; he published the 3d Iowa Digest, making with Judge Dillon's and Judge Ham- mond's the complete Digest of Iowa Reports; he also published in 1875 Lacey's Railway Digest, being a full Digest of Railway Cases and Railway Law; this is a volume of 1,000 pages, and is a very complete and exhaustive work. In that other sphere of life where mankind is to look for the most of happiness this world gives, where the soul is fed, the manhood strengthened and his nobility nourished — in his own home, Major Lacey has been abundantly blessed. The partner of his joys and the sharer of life's ills he found in the person of Miss Mattie Newell, of Ohio, whom he married September 19, 1865; four children, Nellie, Rajnnond, Kate and Bernice, are the complement of his family circle. Ladynski, C, shoemaker. LAFFERTY, GEO. W., attorney, firm, Lafferty & Johnson, Oska- loosa. Born in Mercer county, Pa., April 9, 1838; be was brought up and received his education there; upon the breaking out of the rebellion he enlisted in April, 1861, in the 10th Regiment Penn- sylvania Reserve Yolunteer Corps, Co. G, and afterward enlisted in the service for three years. He was in the second battle of Bull Run and Fredericksburg, and in all the battles of the wilderness up to May 31, 1864; after the war he came to Iowa and located here July 16, 1864; he read law with John R. Need ham and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1865, and was associated Math him in the prac- tice of his profession until the death of Mr. Needham, in July, 1868; lie soon after associated with J. Kelly Johnson, which as- sociation still continues; he was elected district attorney in the fall of 1874, which office he still holds; he married Miss S. A. Fisher, from Warren county, O., December 26,1865; they have one daughter, Mabel E. Lahr, John, laborer. Larkins, Mordecai, retired. Lee, Absalom, laborer. Lee, E. R., restaurant. LEE, GEO. R., editor Oskaloosa Herald. Born at Yerplank, New York, February 25, 1842; he was brought up and lived there, ex- cept one year spent in Connecti- cut, until thirteen years of age, and came with his parents to Iowa, and located in Oskaloosa in October, 1855; he entered the printing office of the Oskaloosa Times in 1858, and remained un- til the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in the first com- pany organized in this town un- der the call for 75,000 men; the company was not accepted and temporaril}^ disbanded; he went to Illinois and enlisted in Chicago in the 1st Illinois Artillery, Co. E; their battery fired the first gun in the battle of Sliiloh; on account of sickness he was obliged to re- OSKA.LOOSA CITY. 577 turn home; he was in siege of Yicksbiirg and siege of Jackson; after the war he returned to Mus- catine county for four years, then came here and entered the Herald office, and continued there until 1877, when he became associated with Henry C. Leighton in pub- lishing the Herald y upon the death of Mr. Leighton, January 31, 1878, he assumed the entire editorial charge of the paper. He has held the office of city clerk for four years. The subject of this this sketcth is a man of taste and good order in all that he under- takes; as a compositor at the case he was among the most rapid in the west, and as foreman of the Herald office, he always kept things " in apple pie order," until by the death of Mr. Leighton, he was called to the editorial chair of the great journal, of which he had been one of its best builders. He married Miss Mary E. Dumont, daughter of Kichard and Sarah Dumont, of Oskaloosa, and for- merly of New York City, April 8, 1868. They have three children, Edith, Florence and lialph, and have lost one daughter, Leona. LEIGHTON, TOBIAS, assistant postmaster, Oskaloosa. Born in Somerset county, Maine, April 4, 1812; he was brought up there and leal'ned the carpenter's trade; he removed to Illinois in 1836, and lived there eight years, and came to Wapello county, Iowa, in 1841:; he came to Oskaloosa in 1847 and engaged in building; he is one of the early settlers, and has held town and school offices; married Miss Harriet Coe, from Greene county, 111., December 3, 1840; they have two sons, Charles and William, and have lost six sons. Lester, T. R., minister, LEVI, MORRIS L., dealer in ready made and custom clothing, and gent's furnishing goods, Oska- loosa; born in Clear Spring, Wash- ington county, Maryland, August 5, 1845; lie lived there until sixteen years of age, when he removed to Goshen, Indiana, and was engaged in clerking for his father until 1866, when he came to Iowa, and engaged in his present business May 1, 1866, and has continued since then doing a large and ex- tensive business; he has held the office of city councilman, and is treasurer of Masonic Lodge, and has been connected with several other oi'ganizations. LEIGHTON, CHARLES, business manager of the ^Yeekly Oakaloosa Herald, Oskaloosa; was born twelve miles east of Ottumwa, Wapello county, Iowa, January 21, 1846, and in 1847 his parents removed to Oskaloosa. When fif- teen years old, he commenced in the Herald office to learn the printing business; but in May, 1864, dropped his stick and enlist- ed in compan}^ I, Forty-seventh Iowa Infantry, and served till Oc- tober, 1864.' In Dec, 1865, he went west and spent five years on the plains, and in the mountains. September 21, 1870, he was mar- ried to Hester A. Wray, who was born in Shelbj^ville, Indiana, De- cember 13, 1850. The issue of this mari-iage was one son, Harry, and one daughter, Ida, both of whom are deceased. After mar- rying he went into the lumber bus- iness in Oskaloosa, in which he was engaged until February, 1878, when, by the death of his brother, the lamented Henry C. Leighton. he was called to the administra- torship of the estate of the deceas- ed, and became business man- ager of the Herald. The subject of this sketch is a self-made man, and is noted for his energetic and methodical business habits; which, together with his quiet and reserv- 578 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. ed manner, stamp liim with tlie indelible impress of those ele- ments of his elder brother, whose place at the desk lie so worthily mis. Levi, Solomon, clothing store. Lindsley, F. W., ])rinter. LINDLY, E. D., cashier of the National State Bank; born in Washington county, Pennsjdvania, December 18, 1849, and was brought up and received his edu- cation there; came to Iowa in 1867, and located in Oskaloosa, and has been connected with the bank since 1870, and has held the position of cashier for the past three years. LINDLY, W. A., cashier and man- ager of the Mahaska County Sav- ings Bank, Oskaloosa; born in Washington county, Pennsylva- nia, October 3, 181:6; he was brought up there, and received his education at Waynesburg; he came to Iowa in 1866, and located in Oskaloosa; he was engaged in mercantile business for two years, and since then has been connected with banking business; he held the office of city treasurer for six years; married Miss Eliza Wray, from Indiana, near Indianapolis, September 20, 1870; they have two clnldren, Mabel and Henry. Little, H. N., stereoscopes and views. Little, Rebecca. Little, Joel R., photographer. Lauglin,Prof. G. IL, Oskaloosa Col- lege. LOFL AND, COL . JOHN, collector internal revenue, Oskaloosa; born in Belmont county, Ohio, January 10, 1830, and was brought up and received his education in that State; he came to Iowa and loca- ted in Oskaloosa in 1855, and en- gaged in the marble business; af- ter the breaking out of the war he went in the arm}'; enlisted in the Thirty-third Regiment Iowa Infantry, and was captain of Com- pany D; was in the battle of Helena, July 4, 1863; also at Shell Mound, Mississippi, and in the skirmishes from Helena until the taking of Little Rock; also at Jenkin's Ferry, Spanish Fort, nine day's tight at the taking of Mo- bile; he was promoted, and com- missioned Lieut. Colonel; though the shot passed through his clothes and hat, he was never wounded, and never lost a day's duty; after the war he returned, and was ap- pointed assistant-assessor of in- ternal revenue, August 1, 1869, and in 1873 was aj^pointed to his present position, deputj'-collector internal revenue; mari-ied Miss Sarah J. Barllett, from Harrison county, Ohio, December 4, 1851; they have two children, Frank C, clerk in the post-office at Oska- loosa, and Charles E., civil en- gineer on the Burlington & Mis- souri R. R. ; they lost one son, George B. LONG, JOHN, firm of John Long & Sons, manufacturers of brick and draining tile; born in Eng- land, December 12, 1814; he was brought up and learned his busi- ness of brick and tile making, and was engaged in that business until 1868, when he came to America and located in Pennsyl- vania, and was eng^iged in the same business there until 1877, when he came here, and associated with his sons; they selected ten acres of hmd, and enji^aofed in man- ufacturiug brick and tile; they have three kilns, having a capacity of 50,000 each, and have a capac- ity of making 20,000 per day; they built their own machinery, and have their drying sheds heat- ed by steam, requiring from 3,000 to 4,000 feet of steam pipe, there- by enabling them to manufacture all winter; they make an excel- lent quatity of tile, and have a capacity of making 10,000 daily; Mathew Picken OSKALOOSA CITY. 581 he married Elizabeth* Dawson, from England, August 30, 1838, and they have seven children, John D., Edward, Thomas, Henry, Ann, Mary J., Hannah E. LORING, MAJOR F. H., iirm of Shaw A: Loring, grocerj^ and pro- vision dealers, Oskaloosa; born in Centre Belpre, Washington coun- ty, Ohio, July 9, 1832, and was brought u|» there; during the war he enlisted in Ninety-second Reg- iment Ohio Infantry, Company G, July 26, 1862; he, having raised the company, was elected and commissioned captain Com- pany G; was in battles of Reseca and Dalton, and from there to Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta; in active service most of the time; he was under Sherman from "At- lanta to the sea"; was discharged June 25, 1865; he was in the ser- vice three years and did not re- ceive a scratch, and was not re- ported off duty a single day; the last year in the army he com- manded a battalion, and was pro- moted major by brevet; he came to this county in 1865, and since then has been engaged in business here; he married Miss Delia Armstrong, from Washington county, Ohio, in 1863; they have four children, Lizzie M., Charles M., Carrie A., Mabel H.; C. R. Loring, father of Major Loring, died in 1873, at eighty-four years of age, and at that time was the oldest native born citizen in the State of Ohio. LORING, D. W., dealer in dry- goods; born in Belpre, Washing- ton county, Ohio, December 1, 1821, and was brought up there; he came to Iowa and located in Oskaloosa December 17, 1851, and engaged in the mercantile business; he used to haul his goods from Keokuk; it was a long, tedious trip, and during the win- ter season it was attended with 35 much suffering from cold and ex- posure; Mr. Loring is the oldest merchant in this city, there being no one in business here now that was here when he came; he i/as held town and school offices; mar- ried Miss Mary K. Sonle, from Marietta, Ohio, in March, 1853; they have two children, Mary L. and Frank W., and have lost two children, Ilenrj' and Willie. Lord, R. T. C, coal dealer. Loughridge J. M., Insuiance agent. LOUGHRIDGE, WM., lawyer. Lough, David, route agent, C. R. R. of Iowa. Lundy, James, flour and feed. Lundy, William, janitor. Lupton, David G., retired. Lynch, Con., section boss. Lyons, Mrs. P. A., physician. Lvster, W. A., butcher. McAYEAL, REV.R. A., pastor of the United Presbyterian Church, Oskaloosa; born in Washington county. Pa., January 9, 1825, he was raised in Westmorland coun- ty, and received his literary edu- cation at West Geneva College, and entered Alleghany Theologi- cal Seminary; he was licensed to preach in August, 1855, and came to Oskaloosa, Iowa, in June,1856, and assumed the pastoral charge of the church, where he has preach- ed for the past twenty-two years, and is the only pastor here now that was here when he came, there being one other, and possibly two ministers in this State that have preached for twenty-two j^ears to the same congregation. He was chaplain in the army of the Thir- ty-third Regiment Iowa Infantry one year during the war. He married Miss MaryE.Sharpe, from Delaware,Ohio, June 2, 1856; they have four children, one son and three daughters. McCALL, FRANCIS W., propri- etor of the Oskaloosa marble works, Oskaloosa; born in Galea county. 582 DIRECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ohio, October 9, 1831; he came at an early age to La Salle county, 111.; his father died when he was onl}^ seven years old; he worked out for four dollars a month; he was bound out to learn the wagon maker's trade; after serving his time, he married Miss Emma Woodward, from Taunton, Mass., in La Salle county, Ills., November 3, 1852; they came to Iowa by wagon, and arrived here in Oska- loosa; in May, 1855 engaged in wagon making and carpenter bus- iness; in 1862 he engaged in his present business; he had nothing when he began, and by energy and good management his busi- ness has grown, and in this line is one of tlie most extensive in the State, extending over this State, and beyond it. They have four children, Lewis H., Ella, Lilly and Charlie, and they have lost four children. McCO Y, BEN, attorney, tirm Bolton & McCoy, Oskaloosa; born in Jef- ferson county Indiana, March 22, 18-16; when nine years of age he removed with his parents to Mitch- ell county, Iowa, and came to Ma- haska county in March, 1856. He received his education in this State, entered Cornell college at Mt. Yer- non,in the class of " 68 "; he stud- ied law in Seevers & Cutts of this city, and was admitted to the bar in 1871, and since then has practiced his profession here; he enlisted in Forty-seventh Regiment of Iowa Infantry, company C; has held of- fice of city solicitor, and is a member of the school board; mar- ried Miss Mary M. Dixon, from Ohio, Jannary 1, 1870; they have three children, Eva, John N., and Samuel R. McCoy, W. F., grocer, McCarty, Dennis, laborer. McCarty, Cornelius, second-hand furniture. MoCULLOUCH, JAMES, of the firm of McMullin & Co., livery and boarding stable; born in Holmes county, Ohio, March 29, 1836, he was brought up and liv- ed there until 1864, when he came to Iowa, and located in the county and engaged in farming and stock raisin*;; he was also engaged ex- tensively in buying and shipping stock. He owns a farm of one hundred and sixty acres; he sold off most of his land and came to Oskaloosa and associated with Major McMullin in his present business; he has held office of city councilman; he married Miss Har- riet Devers, from Ohio, in Jan., 1865; they have two children, Charlie and Yida. McClIRDY JONAS B., firm of J. B. McCurdy & Co., furniture dealers, Oskaloosa; born in Frank- lin county, Ohio, August 4, 1843; he lived there eleven years, and came to Iowa in 1854; lived in Cedar and Poweshiek counties; was in the army; enlisted in the 28th Regiinent Iowa Inf'y, Co. C, August 14, 1862. On account of ill-health was on detached service in Y. R. C; was discharged July 5, 1865; after the war he came to Oskaloosa and was connected with the woolen mill; they put in the first woolen machinerj'. He has been engaged in the furniture and undertaking business for the past eight years; has held the office of city councilman; married Miss Marcel la P. Moore, from Morrow county, Ohio, in September, 1872; they have two children, Lena A., and Ralph B. McGee, Thomas, Sr., shoemaker. McGee, Thomas, Jr., shoemaker. McKamey, Andrew, occulist. McKee, A. W., carpenter. McKinley, John, clerk, A. M. Abra- ham. McMillen, B. F., physician. McMikel, Dan, conductor buss line. McNalty, Pat, works on railroad. OSKALOOSA CITY, 583 McNeilan, J. S., baker. McQiiistoii, James, undertaker. McMULLIN, JAMES W., iirmot Mnllin & Co., livery, sale and boarding stable; born in Adams connt}^, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1827, and when ten years of age removed with his parents to Dark county Ohio; lived there and in Piqua, Miami county, until 1855, when he came to Oskaloosa; he went in the army; enlisted in the 7th Regiment Iowa Infantry, and was commissioned Captain Co. C; was in the battles of Ft. Donelson, Pittsburg Land- ing and the advance on Corinth, and the battles of luka, Corinth, and in the whole advance from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and oth- ers. He was wounded in the bat- tle of Corinth, and lost his horse. He was promoted and commis- sioned Major at battle of Pitts- burg Landing. After the war he returned here and has been en- gaged in business here ever since. He married Miss Carrie E. Mun- sell, from Miami Co., Ohio, April 24, 1855; they have one daughter, now Mrs. J. II. :N'oble, of Fort Madison. Mansfield, Pat, laborer. Martin, Alexander, carpenter. Mark, Bannar, minister. Martin, John N., foreman, L. L. Hull's harness shop. Marks, J. G., retired. Martinstein, A. W., book-keeper. Mason, Jacob, well digger. Mason, John, laborer. MAT TISON, JAMES, flour deal- er, Oskaloosa; born in Westmore- land, England, Nov. 19, 1838, and came to America in 1844:, and lo- cated in Stark county, Ohio; after living there twelve years, he came to Cedar county, Iowa, in 1856, and lived there until 1865, when he came to Oskaloosa and eneaffed \u the grocery trade, also, in the grain and produce business. For the past three years has been en- gaged in dealing in flour. He en- listed in the 1:7th Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. G, one hundred day's service, and was at Helena Arkansas. He married Martha Mendenhall, from Columbiana county, Ohio, November, 1873; they have two children, Charles Wesley and Eva Meriani. Mattison, William, grocer. Mattox, C. M., clerk. 3IATT0X, HENRY, dealer in groceries and provisions, Oskaloo- sa; born in Logan county, Ohio, December 27, 1827; he was brought up there and learned the trade of brick mason; he came to Iowa, and arrived in this county, at Oskaloosa, Saturday evening, July 29, 1854; he began work- ing at his trade and continued iu it many years. He has lived iu this county over twenty-four years. He has been engaged in the gro- cery business since 1873; he has held the ofliee of city councilman. He married Miss Letitia A. Mc- Beth, from Logan county, Ohio, March 18, 1852; they have three children, Laura Alice, Lucy Ann, and Mattie J.; and have lost two children. Mays, William S., druggist. MENDENHALL, MOSES, re- tired, Oskaloosa; born in Beaver county, Pennsylvania, in 1808, and wlien ten years of age, re- moved to Columbus, Ohio, and was brought up there. He was connected with iron interests in Belmont county, Ohio, and opera- ted the flrst iron blast furnace within a section of one hundred miles; he yet retains an interest in the iron works. He came to Iowa in 1871, and located in Os- kaloosa; he owns a farm of two hundred and forty acres in Mar- shall county. He was elected to the State Legislature in Ohio, iu 1855. He married Sarah John- 584 DIRECTORY OF MA.nASKA COUNTY. son, from Fayette county, Penn- sylvania, in 1843; tliey have live children, and have lost three. Mendenhall, T. W., farmer. Mendenhall, Ezekiel, carpenter. Mendenhall, J. C, farmer. Mendenhall, E., house mover. MERRILL, JESSE J., tonsorial parlors, Oskaloosa; born in Harri- son county, Ohio, in 1848; when seven yearsof age he came with his parents to Iowa, and located in Jas- per county, in 1855; came to Os- kaloosa in 1871 and engaged in the insurance business with Cook & Hunt; has been engaged in his present business for the past five years. lie married Miss Alta L. Orvis, from Wisconsin, June 10, 1877; she was principal of the school at Beacon, and was en- gaged in teaching for a long time. Merrill, Thonn\s, minister. Merslion, G., grocer. Metier, Wesley, teanjster. MILLER, FENTON, furniture dealer, Oskaloosa. Born in Lou- den county, Ya., December 27, 1826; he removed at an early age with his parents to Muskingum county, Ohio, and was brought up there and at Zanesville, and learn- ed the chair making business; he left Zanesville, Oliio, March 20, 1854, and arrived in Oskaloosa April 5, 1854, and has lived here almost a quarter of a century; en- gaged in ])ainting, and then was clerk in store for three years, and then went to work at his trade; he has been engaged in the furni- ture business for himself since 1866 and is the oldest furniture house here; married Cynthia J, Yerian, from Muskingum county, Ohio, near Zanesville, December, 1852; they have three children, Laura J., Harry and Cora, and jiave lost three children, two sons and one daughter. Miller, George, blacksmith. Minnick, David, coal man. Mitchell, G. B., teamster. Mitchell, J. M., cooper. Montgomery, J. C, carpenter. Montgomery, John C, carpenter. MOORE, H. C, dealer in lumber, Oskaloosa. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, October 23,1831; he was brought up in that State and lived there until 1856, when lie came to Iowa and located at Wat- erloo; removed to Waverly and was elected clerk of the courts of Bremer county and held that of- fice for six years, and also held town and school ofiices; he caine to this county in 1S6S; has been euiraffed in the lumber business for the past three years; married Miss Elizabeth L. Park hurst, from Norwalk, Ohio, in March, 1858; they have one daughter, Ella L. MOORE, DAVID R., clerk of the courts of Mahaska county, Oska- loosa. Born in Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, March 9, 1840; he ■was brought up and received his education there and prepared him- self for teaching; he commenced teaching when seventeen years of age; he came to Iowa in 1865 and located in this county, and was encraffed in teachinsj for some 11.1 years; he was elected clerk of the courts of this county in 1874, and re-elected in 1876, and again re- elected in 1878; he married Miss Nora King, from Washington count}^, Ohio, October 26, 1869, Moore, John M., carpenter. Moony, D., clerk. MOGRAN, PROF. Wm. B., presi- dent Penn College, Oskaloosa. Born in Henry county, Indiana, December 2,1830; he was brought up there receiving the advantages of a common school education, and then attended the Friends' Boarding School, now Ehrlan Col- lege, at Richmond, Ind. He af- terward entered school at Haver- ford, Pa,, and graduated there in OSKALOOSA CITY. 585 1853; after graduating there lie was engaged in teaching at West- town, Pa., and had charge of the classical department; while there he became acquainted with Miss Sarah Henley, from North Caro- lina, who was also engaged in teaching there, and tiiey were married October 10, 1855; after teaching in Elirlan College he en- tered the University of Michigan and took a course in engineering, and graduated; he was appointed professor of mathematics, in Ehrlan college, and continued for some years; he was professor of mathematics and engineering, in Perdue University, at Lafayette, and was afterward appointed governor of Ehrlan College; he was called to the presidency of Penn College in the fall of 1876; he has taken a high position as an educator, and the institution is prospering under his manage- ment; he has two children, Wil- liam Earl and Jesse Henley. MORGAN, Dr. J. W., druggist and physician, Oskaloosa. Born in East Tennessee, November 20, 1836, and lived there unlil twen- ty-four years of age, when he came to Oskaloosa, November 27, 1860. Being engaged to open Spring Creek Institute, he con- tinued in the management of the institution for eighteen months, and on account of failing health was obliged to retire and removed to Warren county and went on a farm; his health becoming restor- ed he studied medicine and at- tended lectures in Cincinnati, and after graduating practiced his pro- fession in Warren county until 1876, when he removed to this city and engaged in the drug I)us- iness; he married Miss Lizzie Cox, from Indiana, in ]862; she died in 1872; he married Mrs. Col. McCowan, from Illinois, in 1876; she has one daughter, Anna. Morris, Geo. W., laborer. Munroe, Charles, carpenter. Murray, Ed., laborer. Musgrove, Sam., laborer. Myers, J. C, pump manuftxcturer. TSJACHMAN, M., meat market. Naegle, John, shoemaker. NASH, WM., agent and dealer in agricultural implements and farm machinery, Oskaloosa; born in Green county, Ohio, May 3, 1832, and removed in infancy to Warren county, Illinois, and was brought up and lived there until 1867, when he came to Iowa and lo- cated in Oskaloosa, and engaged in his present business; married Miss Ann E. Boyd, from Colum- bus, Ohio, in 1859; they have 6 children, Carrie, Charles, Eddie, Howard, William, and little son not named. Needham, David, retired. NEEDHAM, WM. H., born in Guernsey county, Ohio, August 22, 1840, and when 13 years of age came with his parents to Iowa; thej^ came by wagon, and were 21 days on the way and ar- rived here in October, 1853; he attended school here, and in 1857 entered the Herald office and learned the printing business; after working at his trade here, and at Des Moines, and Albia, he enlisted in the 22d Regiment. Iowa Infantry, Co. D; was in the battles of Port Gibson, Chaujpion Hills, Jackson, Black River Bridge, and in the charge on Yickslnirg, May 22d, 1S63, and during the siege of Vicksburg; was also untler Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, al battle of Fislier's Hill and Cedar Creek; he enlisted as private and was pro- moted sergeant, then 2d Lieuten- ant, and afterward 1st Lieuten- ant Co. D; after the war he re- turned and bought an interest in the Herald, and was connected 5S6 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. witli it for 12 years; lie lield the office of postmaster for t> years, from February 1st, 1870, to March 1st, 1876; and is president of the Mahaska county blue rib- bon club; married Miss Olive A. Knowlton, from Clinton county, Ohio, December 20, 1866; they have four children, Charles K., John R., Edna Pauline, and a little girl ; lost one dau2:hter, AlicePearl. NfilWBRANDT, CHRISTIANA, MRS., of the firm of Blattner & Newbrandt, Oshaloosa; was born in Germany, and when 17 years of age emigrated to this country; in 1853 she went to Ohio and lived there 5 years; while living there she married David New- brandt in 1858; he was born in Germany in 1832, and emigrated to America in 1849; he lived in Cincinnati, and in Delaware, O.; after they Avei'e married they came to Iowa and settled in Oskaloosa, May 7, 1858; engaged in brewery business, and continued in the business nntil his death, which occurred June 10, 1877, leaving 6 children, Charles, George, Wil- lie, Christina, David and Rosa; Mrs. Newbrandt still retains an interest in the business. Newell, Thomas, stone cutter. NICHOLS, A. S., retired, farmer, Oskaloosa; born in Highland county, Ohio, December 25, 1811; he was brought up in that State, and learned the blacksmith trade; in 1836 he removed to Wolf Lake, Indiana, and in 1837 he removed to Abingdon, Knox county, Illinois, and was one of the early settlers thei'e; he mar- ried Miss Mary Edgar, July 10, 1833, in Springfield; she was from Highland county, Ohio; they came from Illinois in their own wagon, started April 22, 1843, and arrived at the boundary line of the Indian territory, April 29th on Friday, and came in the Indian purchase Sunday, May 1st; after staking out his claim, the following Wednesday he returned to the boundary line after his family; he bought a claim which proved to be in four townships and in two counties; the claim he first made was claimed by others, and he would not contest for it, but gave it up, and did much better by not do- ing so; he started the first black- smith shop in this county, and the first one west of Agency City; he has had persons come 50 miles to have a plough shai-pened, which cost $25; in the following Sep- tember he sold out down in Har- rison township and came here to the county seat at Oskaloosa, and bought the claim where he now lives, and engaged in blacksinith- ing, which he continued un- til 1856; he planted the first apple and cherry trees, and dug the first well in Mahaska county; he went 80 miles to Bonaparte to mill; he used to do work in his shop here for customers 50 miles above Des Moines, making the distance over 100 miles; he was f)ne of the commissioners on the first board of commissioners elected in this county; he was again elected county commissioner but did not serve; he was elected assessor, but as a rule he has steadily avoided office. Mr. and Mrs. Nichols are old and honored settlers of this city and county; they have brought up four chil- dren, all of whom are married except one, who is now living at home with them. Nichol, Thomas, retired. Nidiver, G. M., plasterer. Ninde, H. P., insurance. NOE, J. B., proprietor Oskaloosa Hotel and Marble Works, Oska- loosa; born in Licking county, Ohio, January 10, 1832; when five years of age he removed to OSKALl)ert G., carpenter. PILGRIM, WILLIAM H., dealer in stoves and house furnishing goods, Oskaloosa; born in White- side county, Illinois, August 29, 1839, and when three years of age came with his uncle to this coun- ty, in 1842, before the Indians left, and was one of the earliest settlers here, there being very few now living that wei"e heie then; he was brought up here; he went west to the Ilocky Mountains, Cal- ifornia and Oregon; he was in the army, in the First Eegiment Col- orado Infantry, Company H; the reiriment was afterward mounted; he was in many severe skirmishes; was in service two years, then re- turned, and has been engaged in business for the past seven years; married Miss Jennie Ayres, from Marion county, in 1871 ; they have four children, Medora, Charles A., William A., and a little girl not named. PILLSBURY, REV. W. H. H., pastor First M.E. Church, Oskaloo- sa; born in York county, Maine, July 14, 1840, and was brought up and received his education there, until the breaking out of the rebel- lion; he was preparing for the min- istry, and had completed his sopho- OSKALOOSA CITY. 589 more year when lie enlisted in the Seventeenth Kegiment Maine In- fantry, Company I; he was in the battles of the army of the Poto- mac; amonfij them was the second battle of Bnll Run, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, and others; he was dis- cliarged on account of sickness, after serving two years; he re- turned and resumed his studies, and graduated at the Boston Uni- versity and in the school of theol- ogy, and began preaching in 1868; in 1870 he was transferred west, and had charge of Division Street cliurch, in Burlington, Iowa, for three years, and at Keokuk for two years, and came to his pres- ent large and growing church in • 1876, and has, at the conference just closed, been appointed here for another year, at the unanimous request of his people; he married Miss Eliza C. Bowers, fi'om Ken- nebec county, Maine, August 3, 1870; they have four children, Walter B., Willie H. II., Sue, and Edward A. Pool, Simeon, retired. PORTER, NELSON D., publisher and proprietor of the Oskaloosa Standard. Born in Brown ville. Pa., January 23, 1838; he was brought up and regularly edu- cated and studied for the minis- try; preached in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, in Pennsyl- vania, for six years; then remov- ed to Ohio and preached in Union Presbyterian and Congregational Churches; since then has preach- ed in the Congregational Church; he came to Iowa in 1870, and came here in 1875, assuming the management of the Oskaloosa Standard. He married Miss Sallie A. Bennett, from Brown- ville. Pa., June 2, 1864; she died in Chicago, December 22, 1867; he married Anna P. Grover, from Cleveland, in August, 1869; he has four children, Harry S., Chris. C, Fred N., and Ada M. Mr. Porter was chaplain of the 58th llegiment Pennsylvania A^ol- unteer Infantrv during the war. PRICE, HENRY, dealer in watch- es, clocks and jewelry, Oskaloosa; Born in Franklin county, Indiana, July 21,1831; he was brought up and lived there until twenty- one years of age; then removed to Illinois. He was in the army; enlisted in 1862, in the 119th Regiment Illinois Infantry, Co. C; he was in a number of bat- tles and skirmishes, w'as mus- tered out in 1865, came to Oskaloosa in 1867, and since then has been engaged in his present business. Married Miss M. J. Gardner, from Cincinnati, in April, 1867; they have two chil- dren, George L. and Edgar S. Priestly, James, cook. Prine, M. K., farmer and fine stock. Priestly, William, laborer. QUICK, D. C, clerk Proudfit & Co. AYNES, L. B., retired. R Ream, John, teamster. Reser, David, shoemaker. RHINEHART, JAMES, retired. Born in Greene county, Pa., Aug- ust 22, 1802; he was brought up and received his education there; then studied law and was admit- ted to the bar; he lived in Penn- sylvania thirty years, and removed to Guernsey county, Ohio, and practiced law there; held the of- fice of justice of the peace there for nine years. He came to this county in May, 1851:, and located on a* large farm, but after one year he came to Oskaloosa and en- gaged in the practice of his pro- fession. He was elected judge of Mahaska county, and held that position for eight years, transact- ing all of his business without a clerk; he held the oflice of mayor 590 DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. of this city for three _years. Mar- ried Miss Delila Eagon, from Wayiiesbiiro:, Greene county, Pa., December 2>), 1826. They have three chiklren, Mrs. Eliza J. Johnson, Mrs. Minerva McKin- ley, and Mrs. Lnbitia Smith; they have lost one son. RICE, JAS. A., attorney, Oska- loosa. Son of the late Gen. S. A. Eice; was born in Oskaloosa, September 30, 1855; after at- tending school here he took his college course at Jefferson college, class of 1875, and then entered the law department of the Iowa State University, and graduated in 1877; since then he has prac- ticed his profession here. He holds the office of maj^or of this city; was elected March 4, .1878. Rice, Milo M., county recorder. Rickey, J. B., traveling salesman. Rinard, Henry, teamster. Rinker, W. A., grocer. Robb, William, spinner. Roberts, J. W., carpenter. Roberts, J. L., farmer. Robertson, David, carpenter. Rogers, Ezekiel, carpenter. Rogers, Frank, laborer. Rogers, Charles, teamster. Rosenberger, Henry D., miller. ROSS, GEO. A., county auditor, Oskaloosa; born in Harrison county, Ohio, March 19, 1840; his father was professor of Beth- any College, Virginia, for seven- teen years, and was professor and acting Pi"esident of Oskaloosa College, and was President of Franklin College, Ohio, until his death which occurred in February, 1876. The subject of this sketch received his education at Bethany, Virginia, and then attended West Liberty Academy, Virginia, now the State Normal school, for two years; he engaged in teaching at Lexington, Kentucky, and at Hickman, and then to Wheeling; at Wheeling he held the office of assistant assessor of Internal Revenue until 1865; he came to this county in 1867; he was elected county Auditor in 1873, and was re-elected in 1875, and again re-elected in 1877; married Miss Emma Yarrall from Wheel- ing, Virginia, in fall of 1861; he has 7 children, 6 sons and one daughter. Rounds, L. D., dentist. Ruple, J. R., miller. Rvan, Pat, gardner ,0 COTT, W. R., carpenter. Scott, David E., physician and sur- geon. Scrugo^s, J. E., retired. SEARLE, CHAS. P., attorney, land and loan agency, Oskaloosa; born in Chester, Hampden county, Massachusetts, April 16, 1831; he was brought up and received his education there, and in 1850 moved to Trumbull county, Ohio; he came to Iowa and located in this county in May 1854, and went in a store, and afterwards engaged in mercantile business until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in 1861 in the 8th Regi- ment Iowa Infantry, Co. H; he was in the battle of Shiloh and was taken prisoner there April 6, 1862; he was taken to Montgom- ery, and then to Macon, and Madison, Georgia, and to Libby prison; he was a prisoner 6 months, and was exchanged Octo- ber 19th, 1862; he joined his regiinent in St. Louis, and was in the siege of Vicksburg and in the two battles of Jackson; at Brandon he was promoted from Sergeant major of the regiment to 1st Lieutenant, and was promot- ed to, and commissioned Captain of the company; during Forrest's raid on Memphis when the Union forces were surprised. Captain Searle and his command were taken prisoners; though he OSKALOOSA CITY. 591 was severely wounded lie was de- termined not to a^^ain partake of the hospitality of Libby prison; he had narrow escapes froin death several times, but his life was saved by his coni-age and presence of mind; he still suffers from the wounds he received; he was discharged in January 1865, on account of disability; after the war he M^as elected clerk of the courts in 1866, and held that office for 8 years; during this time he studied law and was admitted to the bar; he was cashier of the National State Bank, and afterward ]^urchased the abstract books and engaged in his present business; married Miss Martha E. Turner, daughter of Kev. Asa Turner, April i2th, 1859; they have 3 daughters, Dora E., Alice M., and Ilattie L. SEERLEY, PROF. HOMER H., superintendent of schools of the Independent District of Oskaloo- sa; born in Indianapolis, Indiana, August 13,-1848; when three years of age his parents removed to Stark count}", Illinois, and he came with them to Iowa, in 1854, and located in Keokuk county. He attended the common schools in that county, and in April, 1866, entered the preparatory depart- ment of the Iowa State Univer- sity; remained there for one year, and then engaged in teaching un- til 1869, when he returned to the Iowa University and entered the freshman class and graduated in the academical department, in 1873. He came here the follow- ing September and engaged in teaching as assistant in the High Scchool, and teacher of German ; the following year he was chosen principal of the High school, and in April, 1875, he was elected to his present position as superin- tendent of schools; this action was entirely unexpected on his part, and was done without his knowledge. He has been elected to the same position every year since. Prof Seerley labors inde- fatigably for the interests of the schools, and during the three years that he has occupied his present position, there has not been an appeal to the school board, lie married Miss Clara E. Twaddle, of this city, July 9, 1878. ^ SEEVERS, MRS. MARY, whose maiden name was Miss Mary Col- lins, was born in Fountain county, Indiana, and lived there until fif- teen 3'ears of age, and then came with her parents to Marion county, Iowa, and came to Mahaska coun- ty, in early part of 1854. She married James A. See vers, in May, 1855. He was born in Jefferson Co., Ya., March 6, 1832; when ten years of age he came with his father to Iowa. His father left him in school at Burlington, but he did not have a very good opinion of the teacher, so he left and started on foot and walked to Oskaloosa. He received his education in this State, and studied law with his brother. Judge Seevers, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1853, and en- gaged in practice of law. Upon the breaking out of the war, he, with one or two others, raised a company, and enlisted in October, 1861; was elected and commissioned cap- tain of Company C, 15th Kegi- ment, Iowa Infantry. He was in the battles of Shiloh, luka, Boli- var, Corinth, and received injuries on the march from Corinth to Grand Junction, and was obliged to resign. After his return, he practiced law here until his death, November 5, 1865, leaving three children, Charles A., James E. and Eva. SEEYERS, BYRON Y, attorney, Oskaloosa; born in Coshocton county, Ohio, March 3, 1847, and 592 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. when six years of age, came with his parents to Iowa, arriving in this county in 1853; he attended school liere, and completed his education in Ohio. After gradu- ating there, he returned and stud- ied law, and was admitted to the bar in ISTi, and since then he has practiced his profession here; he is a member of the school board. He married Miss Laura M. Smith, daughter of Wm. T. Smith, Esq., January 1, 1874; they have two children, Ada L. and Mildred Pau- line. Seevers, Thomas, Oskaloosa, foun- dry. SETZER, D. H., Oskaloosa City Flouring Mills; born in Shenan- doali county, Yirginia, September 21, 1833; when between two and three years of age, he removed with his parents to Licking coun- ty, Ohio; he learned his business in that state, and lived there about twenty years; came to Iowa, in 1857, and located in this county; engaged in the mill- ing business, and has been en- gaged in it since then, twenty-one years, and longer than anyone here in the same business. He mar- ried Miss Ann E. Colwell, from Licking county, Ohio, in Febru- ary, 1860; they have three child- ren, Martin Y., Emily M. and David J.; and they have lost two children. SHANNON, JOHN A., dealer in dry goods and groceries, Oskaloo- sa; born in Warren county, New Jersey, November 25, 1839; when sixteen years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa, in Septem- ber, 1856, and located in Mahaska county, at New Sharon, and en- gaged in farming; went in the army; enlisted August, 1862, in the 33d Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. D; was in the siege of Mobile, and Red River expedition, and others; was in the service three years. After the war he was in the engineering department of the Central Railroad of Iowa, for five years, and engaged in his present business in 1872. He is a mem- ber of the city council. He mar- ried Miss Katie C. White, from Chillicothe, Ohio, February 14, 1871. Shannon, Jabez, butcher. SHAW, WILLIAM H., fiim of Shaw & Loring, grocery and pro- vision dealers, Oskoloosa; born in Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, Oc- tober 2, 1840; when eight years of age, removed to Ohio and lived there nine years, and came with his parents to Iowa, in 1858, and located in this county, near Fre- mont, on a farm; he was also en- gaged in teaching. He was in the army; enlisted August 12, 18G2, in the 33d Regiment Iowa Infan- ti-y, Co. K; was orderly sergeant of the company; was in the battle of Helena, siege of Spanish Fort, and others, and in many skir- mishes and raids; was discharged August 8, 1865. After his return from the service, he engaged in teaching, and afterward engaged in business, and has continued for the past twelve years. He mar- ried Miss S, M. McWilliams, from Ohio, October 25,1868; they have two children, Ella C. and Ernest H. Shaw, Thomas E., Prof. Penn Col- lege. Shaw, John, constable. Sharp, R. A., carpenter. Shearer, James, minister. SEEVERS,JUDGE W.H. While in this land of democratic princi- ples and sudden changes, which sometimes lift the cobbler's ap- prentice to the foremost legislative lionors, or drop the son of a world's idol into the gutter and bury him in an unknown grave, there is not much attention given to family rank and ancestral deeds; yet it OSKALOOSA CITY. 593 is sometimes with a pardonable pride that the friends of a man wlio has emulated the good name of his forefathers, point to the record of his family and read with pleasure the life work of his kins- man. Judge Seevers is of one of the proud old Virginia families; his father, James Seevers, who still lives with him, is one of the heroes of 1812, who has lived to receive the morning smiles of the last quarter of a eentnr}^ whose first quarter had seen him a re- tired volunteer from his country's service, a sharer in the battle of Bal- timore. James Seevers married Rebecca "Wilkins, of Virginia, in August, 1819, and of their chil- dren the subject of this sketch is the oldest survivor. Mr. Seevers familv was a large one, beino^ composed of eight sons and two daughters, of whom those living besides Judge Seevers are Mrs. M. T. Williams and Thos. L. Seevers, of Marshalltown. The family came to Mahaska in 1843, arriving in June; the journey was made across the prairies by means of a four-horse team and one horse barouche. The father made a claim of a quarter section about one mile southeast of Oska- loosa. Three sons were in the war; John ]N. as sergeant, James A. as captain, and Tlieodorick as second lieutenant. The venerable father of this family, of whom it is our pleasure to speak thus fully, is now (1878) eighty-six years of age, and is one of Mahaska's most respected pioneers; he bears well and heartilj' the honors of a ripe old age. Judge Seevers did not come to Iowa until the year fol- lowing the immigration of his pa- rents; he arrived in June, 1844, finding at that date the glory of Oskaloosa wrapt in the embryo of a boarding shanty and a corner grocery. Mr. Seevers chose the law as his profession, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1846, at which time he began practice; he is the only attorney yet living in Oska- loosa who was engaged in practice at that time; he was elected pros- ecuting attorney in 1848 (?) and served two years, and from 1852 to 1850 filled with credit the office of district judge; two terms in the legislature, during the years 1848 and 1874, brought to the judge a state reputation, and in 1876, having been temporarily appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Iowa, he was elected to that position by the votes of the people in the fall of the same year; he still holds that high place of honor. February, 1849, Mr. Seev- ers married Miss Caroline M. Lee; their children are Mrs. Jennie Briggs, Mrs. Carrie Fletcher, Harry W., Grace, Nellie and Wm. H; death plucked one blossom, a daughter, Alice. Judge Seevers is a standard man; it were well for our nation had she more such on the bench; reliable, true as steel, himself a close reasoner. Judge Seevers, early in his judicial career, became a favr'-ite of the bar, and the terror ol "'shysters," a class whose friendship is easily spared. Shearer, W. J., minister. SHEAR, J. H., firm Sheak & Shirra, elevator, buying and ship- ping grain, Oskaloosa; born in Duchess county. New York, and at an early age removed to Bing- hampton, where he was brought up; he was engaged in business for some years in New York City and Philadelphia; came to Oska- loosa in 1873, and engaged in grain and elevator business; they ship grain to Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis and eastern markets; he married Miss Lizzie Martin, from Pennsylvania, in September, 1867; they have had one son, David W., who died in infancy. 594 DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Shoemake, M. L., pump business. Shoe make, Isaac, fanner. SHRIVER, L. P., firm AVhitaker & Shriver; born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, in 1832, and lived there until 1850, when he came with his parents by wagon to Iowa; the}^ were twenty-eight daj's on the way, and only crossed one railroad track during the entire journey; they came to this county April 1, 1851, and located in Har- rison township; they were early settlers, only few being there at that time; he engaged in farming and stock raising, and continued it for many j'ears; engaged in his present business in 1877; he has held office of township clerk, and served on the board of supervisors for three years. Shriver, David, gunsmith. Sims, John, barber. Simmons, P. J., painter. Simmons, A., painter. Sinclair, Samuel, laborer. Smith, John C, stone mason. Smith, Al, stone cutter. SMITH,WILLIAM T., the subject of this sketch is recognized at once as among the foremost citi- zens, and superior business men of Mahaska county; he is, and has been known in many parts of the State, as one of Oskaloosa's staunchest capitalists; Mr. Smith sprang from the middle ranks of life, whence the majority of suc- cessful men can trace their line- age; he was born May 23, 1824, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, his parents removing thence to Ohio while he was yet a lad, first to Dayton, and thence to Xenia; his parents had been in fair cir- cumstances, but lost heavily in assisting others; during his boy- hood young Smith attended the select school of Thomas Steele in Xenia several seasons, working in the summer on a farm or in town; at the age of sixteen he commenced teaching district school, and continued teaching, mostly in winter, and attending school or reading law in summer, until July 31, 1847, when on ex- amination by the Supreme Court of Ohio, at Defiance, he was reg- ularly admitted to practice as at- torney and counselor at law iu any of the courts of the State of Ohio. On the 18th day of Sep- tember 1847, with but $35 in his pocket, and light baggage, not supposing he knew a single indi- vidual in Iowa, he started fur the far western Hawk-eye State to seek his fortune on the frontier; descending the Ohio, thence up the Mississippi to Burlington; he was there on October 18, 1847, admitted to the Iowa bar, on motion of J. C. Hall of that place; Judge Williams was at that time on the Bench of this district; having taught school one winter near Fairtield, Mr- Smith on his coming into Oska- loosa, brought with him three dollars in money and quite a scanty wardrobe; soon after his arrival, (March 10, 1848), he en- tered into a law partnership with W. H. Seevers, and as neither of the "young limbs" had law books or money, Mr. Smith went to Burlington and purchased one hundred dollars worth of books from J. Fox Abrams, " on time," after making a plain statement of his financial condition, prospects, etc.; he was forced in the same way to secure credit for his board bill; but brighter days were ahead; at the annual election held in 1848, Mr. Smith having received the almost unanimous nomination of the Democratic county convention, was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the county, which office he held dur- ing two years; re- visiting (Jhio in the summer of 1849, he mar- OSKALOOSA CITY. 595 ried Miss Magdalene Shannon, of Green county, in that State; upon dissohition of partnership with Judge Seevers, May 17, 1852, he associated with Judge Loughridge in legal practice; this partnership closed within the first 3'ear, and September 1, 1854 lie became a member of the firm of Smith ik Williams, Mr. M. T. Williams being his partner; these gentlemen, as elsewhere mentioned, opened the first bank in Oskaloosa, March 1, 1855; they continued in partner- ship until January 1st, 1857, when Mr. Smith became sole pro- prietor of the bank, under the style of Wm. T. Smith & Co.; from this time, for some ten years, Mr. Smith was foremost in banking interests at the county seat, of which full particulai-s are given in a previous cliapter on " banking in Oskaloosa,"' where the reader can see more clearly the prominence of Mr. Smith in this business, than could be set forth in a personal sketcli. Mr. Smith while an attorney, had ac- quired quite a reputation in the Ime of mercantile collections, then a very considerable and profitable business in Iowa; to avoid the throwing away of bus- iness of this kind, which fre- quently offered itself, and which Mr. S. had no time to attend to, he became a beneficiary, but not a working partner in the firm of Smith, Kice & Myers, in 1857; this firm was dissolved xlprd 1, 1859; as president of the school board during several terms, and also as member of the ^ oard of directors, Mr. Smith rendered active and valuable service to the cause of public education; many improvements in buildings and methods, were made at his sug- gestions or with his aid; he was a large subscriber to Oskaloosa Col- lege, and in the contest made for se- curing its location at (Oskaloosa by the church controlling it, took an active part, and was the author of the proposition made in the convention securing such location. As a land owner, agriculturist and citizen, Mr. Smith has taken great interest in Mahaska county fairs, having been intimately connected with every association of the kind, from his inception until the present time, more or less, as exhibitor, contributor, stockholder, director and presi- dent; he was also a member of the finance committe, on the part of the State Agricultural Society for some years, and by his wise financiering and counsels, con- tributed to its welfare. The list of city officers in Oskaloosa shows Mr. Smith to have been its first Mayor, elected in 1853; and that he afterward filled that office in 1856, 1857, and again in 1872; these facts are the more complimentary when it is consid- ered that he was a member of the minority party in the city, and evinces alike the gratitude of Os- kaloosa citizens for his public work and enterprise, as well as executive force, and his impartial and strict enforcement of the laws. Mr. Smith was president of the " Iowa Insurance Com- pany " during the time of its ex- istence; this company as will be seen elsewhere on these pages, was an institution of excellent record; Mr. Smith's presidency of the Iowa Central road during two years of the most trying time of its construction, and his praiseworthy efforts in carrying forward this enterprise, are given in connection with the history of the Central road in the previous part of this work. Mr. Smith has likewise been interested in every railroad project in Mahaska 596 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. county, sometimes to liis consid- erable cost, and repaid even by a doubtful gratitude for some of his sacrifices. Though not a politi- cian Mr. Smith was raised, and ever lias been, a Democrat, and be- lieves it to be the duty of every citizen to watch and particijiate in an intelligent way in the polit- ical movements of the nation. At the outbi'eak of the rebellion, Mr. Smith, believing the South should seek redress and assert its rights under the Constitution and in the Union, was among the first at a public meeting held at Union Hall, in Oskaloosa, to an- nounce himself in favor of coer- cion and was active in all move- ments in his neiii'hborhood, crotten up on the side of the Union, That Mr. Smith did as much, and perhaps more, for his country than any other Mahaskan wlio re- mained at home, is evident from Mr. Kirkwood's letter, which we give below. In 1870, Mr. Smith, by a unanimous and unexpected nomination of the Democracy of what was then the fourth district, became an unwilling candidate for United States Representative. This district at that time contain- tained a greater population than any other in the United States, and the battle-field in which Mr. Smith was to contest with his op- ponenent, Hon. Madison M. Wal- den, then Lieutenant-Governor of the State, was a wide one in which, in point of members, Mr. Smith's party was ordiiuirily in a a very considerable minority. By arrangement, the candidates made a joint canvass, speaking in most of the important places in each of the twelve counties in the district. That beinga da}' in which a man's war record was an important mat- ter, that Mr. Smith's position might be indisputably shown, the following letter was put in circu- lation: Ex-Governor KirJ^iuoocV s Letter to Hon. Wm. T. Smith, Demo- cratic Candidate for Repre- sentative in Congress from Iowa, Fourth Congressional District. Iowa City, Aug. 27, 1870. Wm. T. Smith, Esq., Oskaloosa, Iowa. Dear Sir; — Your letter of the 25th inst., asking me for a statement relative to your course during the late war between the United States and the so-called Soutliern Confederacy, so far as the same came under mj' observa- tion, during my term of ofiice as Governor, has just been received, and I very (dieerfully comply with 3'our request. It is well known to some, but may not be known to all the peo- ple of our State, that those who were charged with the duty of placing in the field the troops called for from this State, labored under very serious embarrass- ments during the first few months of the war. There was not any difficulty in raising the men. They came by thousands M'hen hundreds onl)' were called for. The difticulty was in raising mon- ey to organize them and put them in the field. The United States could not then furnish the money, and there was not any money in the State Treasury. At the extra session (May, 1861) our State Legislature autiiorized the issuance and sale of the bonds of the State. At that time three regiments had already been or- ganized without any money from the State, and several weeks must necessarily elapse before the bonds could be prepared and ofiered for sale in the way provided by law. In the meantime more troops OSKALOOSA CITY. 599 were called for and more money was needed for their organization. The validity of the bonds of the State was attacked, both in our State and in New York, on tlie ground that the Legislature had not the power to authorize their issue, thus injuring their credit and of course lessening the chance of their sale. In this emergency an appeal was made to certain citizens of the State who had or wlio could con- trol money — amongst others to you. That appeal was promptly responded to by you and by oth- ers. You at once took my per- sonal drafts for about five thousand dollars and advanced me the money. You also, at my sugges- tion, advanced about two thousand dollars to other persons to meet the expense of organizing certain troops, and afterwards took about thirteen thousand dollars of our State bonds at tlie highest price at wliich any of them were sold, and when they were wholly un- salable in New York. In short, you was one of a few men through whose liberalit}" and patriotism the State was enabled, in tht early part of the war, to achieve for itself at home its reputation of "always ready " whicii through- out the war it so well maintained at home and in the field, and dur- ing my term of office I believed and acted upon my belief, that you steadily maintained through- out the war the stand you took at its commencement. Yo- and I belong to different political parties, but I must whol- ly 1 my self-respect before I can, for political or any other consideration, refuse to do justice to one who encouraged and aided me, at a time of public peril, 36 when I so much needed encour- agement and aid. Very respectfully, S. J. KlEKWOOD. Notwithstanding the fact that Judge Loughridge had been elected over John P. Irish, two years previous- ly, by a majority of some 7,300, Mr. Walden's majority was re- duced to 4,122, as shown from the following extract from official rec- ords: COUNTIES. Appanoose Benton . . . Iowa Jasper Johnson. . . Keokuk. . . Mahaska. . Marion. . . . Monroe ... Poweshiek . Tama Wapello . Total. . . Mr. Smith is now engaged in farming, owning about 1200 acres in Maliaska county. He has given special attention to stock raising, and his Short-horns, Jersey cattle and other fine stock, are known throughout the State among stock men. His hospitable and pleasant home, in the suburbs of Oskaloosa, known as " Ridge Farm," draws many a visit from business men of different parts of the State and elsewhere, who may frequent Os- kaloosa, and find it pleasant to talk over early enterprises in 600 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. whicli Mr. Sniitli had a mutual in- terest. Mr. Sniitli and wife have lost five children in early infancy, and have three living, viz: Laura M , M'ife of Byron V. Seevers, Esq., Onier C. and Lua L., all highly respected for their intelli- gence, industrj' and promise of future usefulness. At the time of our present writing, Mr. Smith, in view of selling " Ridge Farm," to a coal company, for mining pur- poses, proposes to remove to his farm of nine hundred and sixty acres, known as " High- land Farm," in the center of Ad- ams township, and six miles north- east of Oskaloosa, which has the reputation of being one of the very best large farms in the State, where he expects to gratify his taste for fine stock to a greater extent than heretofore, and engage more extensively in general farm- ing. Mr. Smith has a sanguine temperament, is strong in his prejudices, warm in his friend- ships, a good conversationalist, and a gentleman whom one meets only to wish for a more extended and intimate acquaintance. AVe are convinced that to him Mahas- ka county is much indebted; that he deserves his success, his for- tune and his friends. SMITH, N. ,L, firm JST. J. Smith & Co., dealers in hardware, Oska- loosa; born in Erie county, Penn- sylvania, December 23, 1814, and at an early age removed to Adi- tabula county, Ohio; he married Miss Sarah A. Crandell, from Es- sex county, New York, March 4, 1834; they came to Morgan coun- ty, Illinois, in 1837, and in 1840 they came to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, and lived there five years; he was here in 1843, when there was not a house here completed — they were building a log grocery; in 1845 he came here to locate, but it was so wild and unsettled that he gave it up, and, with his family, went to Michigan; in 1853 they again came here, and located in Oskaloosa, and he engaged as clerk in a store; he has been connected with mercantile business here for twenty -five years; he has held town and school offices; they have two children, Mrs. Francis J. Carleton, living here, and James Edward, in Colorado; they lost three childi-eii in infancy. Smith, Omer, farmer. Smith, I). C, minister. Smith, T. K., jeweler. Smith, C. M., farmer and stock dealer. Smith, S. E., stone mason. Smith, Henry, tinner. Snowden, James E., pastor Congre- gationalist church, Snyder, Henry, retired. Sonderegger, Henry, m alter. Southwick, Iw. W., laborer. Southwick, James, laborer. SPENCER, HARRY L., firm of Wright & Spencer, wholesale gro- cers, Oskaloosa; born at Spencer Station, Guernsey county, Ohio, December 30, 1842; he was brought up and received his edu- cation there; during the war he enlisted in the Ninth Ohio Cav- alry, Company B, February 9, 1864; was appointed First Ser- geant June 8, 1865; was at head- quarters, and in the quarter-mas- ter's department; was discharged at Lexington, North Carolina, July 20, 1865; after the war he was at Zanesville two years, and came to Oskaloosa in November, 1867, and engaged in business, the firm being Terry & Spencer for one year; then Mr. A¥riglit be- came connected with the firm; af- ter a short time they bought Mr. Terry's interest; associated with Mr. Wright, they carried on the business until the death of Mr. Wright, in 1875; since then Mr. Spencer has conducted the busi- ness; the house does a large and OSKALOOSA. CITY. 601 strictly wholesale trade; Mr, Spen- cer married Miss Mary E. Paine, from Pavvtucket, Rhode Island, October 20, 1869; tiiey have two chikh'en, Anna E. and Ida Ger- trude. Squii'es, ( -harles, laborer. STAFFORD, DR. ELAM, pliysi- cian and surgeon, Oskaloosa; born in Wayne county, Indiana, Feb- ruary 1, 1826; he lived there and in Tippecauoe county for seven- teen years, and came with his father's family to Iowa by wagon, and arrived here in this county in June, 1813; the principal thing here then was a pole stuck up to designate the spot supposed to be the center of the county; he was one of the earliest settlers here; he sat on a loo; and wrote tickets on election day; the election was held one mile north of town, in the edge of the timber; he stud- ied medicine, and graduated in Cincinnati in 1852, and began the practice of his profession, and is one of the oldest plij^sicians here; he was connected with the drug trade here for eleven years; married Miss Sarah Stanley, from Illinois, in June, 1852; they have one daughter, Emma F., and have lost one son, Charles W., and one daughter, Katie. Stafford, Henry, teamster. Stanley, John, farmer, Stanley, William P., constable. Stanley, E. T., life insurance agent. Stanley, Jesse, retired. Stanton, W. P., stock buyer. Sternes, William, horse trainer. Sterling, George F,, blacksmith. Stoner, Milton, farmer. Strong, JosejJi, cooper. Strong, Joseph P., horticulturist. STREET, WM. B., retired, Oska- loosa; born in Shawneetown, 111., July 12, 1819; his father was Gen. J. M. Street, the humane and Christian Indian agent; he studied law with Henry Clay, and afterward practiced law with Andrew Jackson; he was appoint- ed Indian agent by President Adams, in 1827, and was twice appointed by Andrew Jackson, and also by Martin Van Buren, and after his death President Van Buren, on account of his services and great usefulness to the gov- ernment, offered to appoint as his successor either of his sons whom his widow might select. General Street married a daughter of Major General Thomas Posey, of Revolutionary fame; he was with Morgan's Rifleman under " Mad Anthony AVayne"; he was the second man in scaling the fort in the capture of Stony Point. Tlie subject of this sketch, when eight years of age removed to Prairie du Chien, AVisconsin, in 1828, and came to Iowa in 1831, and was constantly among the Indians until 1813, much of the time at or near what is now known as Agency City, his father being Indian agent under the Sac and Fox tribes, he remained there until the treaty was made with the Indians; there is perhaps no person in the State of Iowa who has so intimate and correct a knowledge of Indian affairs as Mr. Street; he came to Oskaloosa in 1841; one of the earliest settlers, he built the first frame store building within the city limits, and engaged in the mercantile business, buying his goods in St. Louis, and hauling them from Keokuk, and taking ten days to make the trip; he contin- ued in business until 1857; he has held town 9,nd city offices; he married Miss P. M. Cobb, daugh- ter of AVilliam Cobb, of Rutland, Vermont, in July, 1851; she was great-grand-daughter of Samuel Allen, In-other of General Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary fame. Mr. and Mrs, Street have one daughter, Miss Ida Maria, who is 602 DIKECTOEY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. now attending Vassar College, and graduates in the class of 1879. Stuart, W. B., grocei*. STUMPS, PETER, dealer in gro- ceries and provisions, Oskaloosa; born in Prussia, February 10, 1827, and was brought up there; served in tlie Prussian army, and wasdischarged in September, 1853, and emigrated to America in 1854; lie came to Iowa in 1855, and lo- cated in Oskaloosa, and did not liave a dollar, and could not speak a word of English; he engaged in the mercantile business in I861-, and has continued it since then; he married Mary Stetfens, from Prussia, in November, 1855; they have two children, Mary, boi-n September 7, 1856, Joseph, born September 14, 1858; they lost one son, Peter. Swage, John, retired. SWEARINGEN, LEMUEL A., meat market, Oskaloosa; born in this county, one and one-half miles west of Oskaloosa, July 8, 1845, and was brought up here, and has lived in this county 33 years, except two years he spent in California; his parents were among the earliest settlers in the county, and are now living here; for the past iive years he has been engaged in his present business; he married Miss Lizzie Holt, from Pennsylvania, May 10,1873; they have two children, Cora and Fred. Swearingen, Wintield, stock buyer. Swearingen, John H., painter. Taylor, Henry, marble cutter. Seibel, John, president farmers' and traders' bank. TENNANT, W., sewing machine agent. Terrell, M. J., farmer. Terrell, G. J., agricultural agent. Terrell, William, laborer. Terpin, George, restaurant. Thomas, W. H., wagon maker. Thumas, Jesse, grocer. Thompson, Francis, carpenter. Thompson, J. G., minister. THOMPSON, THOMAS, retired, Oskaloosa; born in Philadelphia, May 24, 1828; he was brought up there and attended school until iifteen years of age, then removed to Trumbull county, Ohio, and lived there for eight years, and then went to California; he re- turned, and came to Iowa and lo- cated in Oskaloosa in 1854, and engaged in the furniture business, the firm being Hamilton & Thomp- son, and they did a large whole- sale business; he improved a farm of 270 acres in this county, and about 1,000 acres in Poweshiek county; he owns two farms of 400 acres; when he first entered land in Prairie township there were only two voters in the town- ship; he has liv'ed here over twen- ty-four years; he lias one brother in Colorado; his father is eighty- four years of age, and is living THOMPSON, SAMUEL, county surveyor, Oskaloosa; born in Clin- ton county, Ohio, July 13, 1821; he was brought up in Ohio, and studied surveying and engineer- ing; in 1846 he was deputy coun- ty surveyor of Mercer county, Ohio; he was appointed to help survey the tract of 3,200 acres of land there, bonght by John Han- dolph, of Virginia, who gave free- dom to four hundred of his slaves, and settled them there, but on the 4th of July, 1846, the Germans arose in their wrath and drove the negroes away; Mr. Thompson came to Iowa and located in Os- kaloosa July 9, 1855; he settled on a farm, and engaged in survey- ing; he was elected county sur- veyor in August, 1857, and served until 1863; he was elected count}' judge in 1863 and served until 1869, when the office was merged into that of county auditor; in 1873 he was again elected county OSKALOOSA CITY. 603 surveyor, and since then has held that position; he has held the of- fice of justice of the peace, and other township and school offices; he married Anna Murray, from Vermont, October 10, 1850; tliey have four children, Julia, Emma, Mary and George. TICE, HARDIN, retired stock deal- er; born in Montgomery county, Virginia, October '27, 1829; when only two 3'ears of age his parents emigrated to Sangamon county, Illinois, and he was brought up and lived there until he was twen- ty-three years of age, when he started for Iowa on horseback, with all of his worldly effects in a portmanteau, and he arrived in this county March 20, 1S52; he bought a piece of land on credit, and went to farming; after two years, on account of an affection of his head, he engaged in buying and shipping stock, which busi- ness he carried on extensively for many years until 1876, when he rented his farm and retired from active business upon a competen- cy, and took up his residence here in the cit}^; though he is still in- terested in feeding stock, he gives it but little personal attention. What is a rare and unusual fact, is that in all of his transactions in shipping and selling stock he never lost but one hundred dol- lars, and that was at one time and on one lot of stock, while he was a member of the state legislature, and was at the state capitol; he still owns a farm of 170 acres; he has held all the township offices in the gift of the people, and was elected to the general assembly of the State in 1875; he marrietl Miss Mary J. Wilson, from Indi- ana, ISTovember 2, 1853; she came herein 1851; they have five chil- dren, all daughters, Clara, Emma, Lilly, Zora and Delia. Tiffin, Wra., plasterer. Toura, John, laborer. Tracy, Charles W., civil engineer, Tucker, E. E., grain buyer. Tuthill, George, farmer. Turner, II. S. D , blacksmith. Turpi 11, James, laborer. Twaddle, George L., clerk. 'ANCE, JOHN, carpenter. V VERNON, W. E., restaurant, con- fectionery and Fruits, Oskaloosa; born in England in 1812, and came with his parents to America when quite young, and located in Newark, New Jei-sey; in 185-1 he returned to England, was there two years, then came again to America; lived in Newark and New York until 1860, and then came to Illinois on a visit; when the war first broke out he enlisted April 22, 1861, in the twentieth Regiment 111. Infantry, Co. F; he was in the battles of Fort Don- nelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Brittan's Lane, Jackson, Burnt Bridge, and down on the Oxford Campaign; he was discharged July 4, 1864; after the war he came to Iowa; went out to Mon- tana Territory with team and was six months and thirteen days on the way; returned in 1869 and lo- cated here and eng-awed in busi- ness; married Miss Lydia A. Fisher, from Ohio, in June, 1870; they have two children, William and Cyrus, and have lost one lit- tle girl. Vicroy, L. F., carpenter. Votaw. Isaac, retired. ^ A WAGGONER, JOHN, con- V V tractor and builder and manufacturer sash and blinds; born in Coshocton county, Ohio, June 16, 1824; he was brought up there and learned the trade of cabinet making; he came to Iowa and arrived here March 28, 1851, and was one of the early settlers here; there are only a few in bus- iness here now that were here 604 DIRECTORY C)F MAHASKA COUNTY. when he came; lie engaged in cabinet making; lie Avas in the mercantile business from 1852 to 1855, and was in the chair business for six years, and then engaged in contracting and build- ing; he has built some of the best buildings in the city; he also has a planing mill in connection with his business, and is engaged in manufacturing sash, blinds and doors; he married Miss Ilettie F. Coe, from Illinois, September 8, 1855; she died August 12, 1865; they have two children, David C. and Sarah Eveline. Wagoner, Wm., carpenter. "Walling, James, brick mason. Wallino-, Henry, mason. AVALtON, D. M., retired, Oska- loosa; born in Washington county, Pa., in 1874; was brought up there and was engaged in farm- ing, milling, and merchandizing in Washington and Greene coun- ties for many years; he came to this county, to Oskaloosa, in Oc- tober, 1868, and engaged in the mercantile business here for three years; he married Miss Mary Drake, from Green county. Pa., in October, 1834; she died in July, 1859, leaving four children, John. W., Samuel, Daniel, and Edward; they lost six children; (one of his sons James was in the the army; enlisted in Urst Regi- ment West Yirginia Cavalry, Co. P, in August, 1861; he was in thirty^-seven engagements, among tliein was Pull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg; he died in April, 1870); in Novem- ber, 1877, Mr. Walton married Harriet Alexander, from Penn- sylvania. Waters, Mat, teamster. Waterford, Jefferson, laborer. Waters, J. G., gardener. Watts, P. A., clerk Huber & Co. Watts, William M., tinner. Warrington, A. AV., photographer. Warren, Pobert, laborer. Weeks, George W., clerk. Weint, Jacob, coal miner. Welch, Porte C, journalist. AVells, W. M., physician and special- ist. Wells, Charles, tinner. Wells, Frank, laborer. Wells, George A., stoves and tin- ware. AVHITE, JOHN, deceased, Oskaloo- sa; born in Peperell, Massachu- setts, November 23, 1813; when quite a small boy he removed with his parents to Venice, on the Big Miami river, Ohio; he learned the cooper trade, and at the age of eighteen, removed to Hamilton county, Ohio, and engaged in the coopering business. He married Miss Martha J. Cloud, April 2, 1837, in Dearborn county, Indi- ana; they cafne to Iowa and loca- ted in Yan Buren, county, in 1843. Mr. Wliite came to this county tne same year and located the land M'here Mrs. White now lives. In the following year, in April, 1844, he brought his family here. He eno^affed in farminj; and carried it on extensively for some j^ears; he was afterward engaged in bank- ing business. Mr. White was one of the most sao-acious of business men; he was largely interested in railroads, and at the time of his death, which occurred December 24, 1870, he was one of the weal- thiest men in the State. He left one daughter, Mrs. Ernest H. Gibbs. Mrs. White still resides on the homestead adjoining the city of Oskaloosa. White, M. W., plasterer. Wliitaker, P., stationer. WILSON, REZIN, dealer in leather and saddlery hardware, and trunks, Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, October 1st., 1830; he was brought up and learned his trade, and engaged in business in Marion, Ohio. He came to Iowa and arrived in Oska- OSKALOOSA CITY. 605 loosa, August 12, 185-1, and worked at his trade for eighteen months, tlien engaged in business with J. B. Dixon, and they con- tinued together until tlie death of Mr. Dixon, in 1876. Mr. Wilson and D. W. Loring are the oldest merchants that have been in busi- ness without change, and Mr. "Wilson has been in the leather and saddlery hardware business longer than any one in tlie State. He married Miss Amelia S. Baer, from Crawfordsville, Indiana, October 13, 1858; she is one of the earliest settlers, and has been here thirty- five years; there were only three cabins here when she came; they have two children, George W. and Stella Maud; and they lost one son, Ilarrv. WILSON, MITCHEL, dealer in dry goods, clothing, hats and caps, Oskaloosa; born in Clinton coun- ty, Ohio, June 30, 1833; he was brought up there until ninteen years of age; then came to Iowa, by wagon, being about thirty days on the way, and ai'rived here about Nov. 1, 1852, a i'ew (\rj& before the election of President Pierce. He was engaged in the mercantile business for several years. lie entered the Oskaloosa Branch of the State Bank of Iowa, and be- came cashier of that institution, and was also cashier of the Na- tional State Bank, which succeeded it, for some years; held office of city treasurer two years, and citj' councilman. He married Miss Ella Crawford, from Indiana, in the spring of 1863; they have three children, Cora A., Lena A. and Walter Guy. Wilson, Isaac, farmer. Wilson, Samuel, salesman. Williams, W. B., boot and shoema- ker. Williams, J. C, county superintend- ent. WILLARD, CHAS. T., firm of C. T. Willard & Co., dealers in dry goods; born in Galesburg, Knox county, Illinois, February 18, 1848; he was brought up and received his education there. He came to Oskaloosa in 186!) and en- gaged in the dry goods business He married Florence A. Reece, from Abington, Knox Co, Illinois, October 26,1870; they have two children, Warren Peece and Hel- en C. WILEY, JXO. H., physician, Os- kaloosa; born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1821, and was brought up and lived there until 1846, and then removed to Indiana. He studied medicine and attended lectures in the city of New York, and also attended a second course of lectures in Cin- cinnati. He practiced his profes- sion in Indiana, until 1865, and then came to Iowa, and located in Mount Pleasant, practicing his profession there, and in Ottumwa, until coming here, in 1872. He married Angeline Antrobus, from Decatur county, Indiana, Decem- ber 6, 1816; they have four child- ren, Isabella J., Elizabeth, Alice A., Carrie Maud, and they have lost one son, Harrv. WILLIAMS, M. T., this gentle- man's name has occured quite fre- quently in the body of this work. It should be so. No name is more intimately connected with the ear- ly history of Mahaska, than that of M. T. 'Williams. Mr. Williams is an Ohioan. He was born in Butler countv, in the old Buckeye State, May 29, 1820. During his early boyhood his father removed to Indiana, and settled near Terre Haute. Here young Williams enjoyed the benefits of a common school education until he was six- teen years of age, wlieii he attend- ed Wabash college, at Crawfords- ville, during two years. After leaving school he engaged in en- 606 DIKECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. gineering in Hoosierdom, in em- ploy of the State of Indiana, for a few months, wlien the internal im- provement work on which he was engaged was suspended. While yet eighteen years of age, young Williams returned to Ohio and studied law in Cincinnati with Judge O. M. Spencer, and after- ward graduated at the Ohio law school; he was admitted to the bar April, 1842. Believing that the best place for a young man was on the frontier, on the second day of the following month Mr. Williams started for Iowa, coming across Illinois in a wagon. Ar- riving at Mt. Pteasant, he formed a partnership with G. W. Teas, a somewhat noted character in that day, a partnership which lasted about one year. He first came to Mahaska county in December, 1843, and shortly afterward went to Iowa City, where he spent the winter, and in the following spring, as has been elsewhere related, he became organizing clerk of the county, with Wm. Edmundson as first sheriff. He continued to fill the office of clerk of court un- til 1854, when at the August election of that year, he refused to become a further candidate. Dur- ing the latter part of this service he was also clerk under John A. L. Crookham, county judge, and in accordance with the law, in the absence of the latter, was acting county judge. At this time, and in this way, he acquired the title of Judge Williams, by which he is currently known. In the fall of 1854, Mr. Williams was elected to the state legislature, where he re- presented his county during the succeeding term. September 1st, of this same year he engaged in the practice of law in Oskaloosa, with Wm. T. Smith as partner. March 1, 1855, these gentlemen opened the first banking house in Mahaska county, and continued to do a general banking and land business, for two years and a half, when Mr. Williams withdrew from the firm. In 1858 a partnership was formed with Judge Seevers, which partnership continued for ten years. During five of these years, from 1863 to 1868, these gentlemen, in connection with H. P. Ninde, had a land agency which had the personal attention of Mr. Williams. The latter continued with Mr. Ninde in the land agency until 1873, practic- ing law in the meantime; in the last named year Mr. Williams associated in law bus- iness with Liston McMillen, a young man from Ohio, with whom he is still in partnership; Judge Williams was elected to a second term of the Legislature in 1861; for the past 15 3'ears he has been U. S. Commissioner; as elsewhere mentioned, he served with great credit six years as trustee of the Iowa x\sylum for the Insane, at Mount Pleasant from 1868 to 1874; he was also locating commissioner in 1846, of the county seat of Polk county; in 1850 he became a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is now a prominent Sir Knight in that order in Oskaloosa; during quite a number of years he was, and now is, a member of the ves- try of St. James Episcopal church. Judge Williams has lived a life which has ever been one of quiet usefulness; he holds an honored place in the com- munity; his record shows no en- tries of wrong doing; he ranks high in the esteem of his fellow citizens, and is especially loved by the younger people; "Caje" Williams is a general favorite; he has a pleasant home in the town of his choice; during the summer of 1845 he built with his own hands, a house just north of the public square, and in Sep- OSKALOOSA CITY. 607 tember of that year brought to it as his bride, Miss Virginia Re- becca Seevers; this lady was born near Winchester, Virginia, and is a daughter of James Seevers (who came to Maliaska in 1844, and is now 86 years of age); the first home of the young couple has long since been abandoned for a more comfortable and ele- gant residence, where Mr. and Mrs. Williams with their two daughters, Alice Eugenia, and Beulah J., extend a hospitality to their friends such as few are able to bestow, and there enjoy the re- ward, to which 3'ears of frontier life and hardships have justly en- titled them. [A further sketch of Mr. Williams occurs under the chapter on " First Court."] WOODY, JOHN W., firm Woody & Hellings, abstracts and loans; born in North Carolina, March 17, 1841, and was brought up and re- ceived his education there, and in Indiana and Ohio; he removed to Indiana in 1860, and attended school and engaged in teaching until 1868, when he came to Iowa and was president and principal of Whittier College, at Salem; he resigned in 1872, and read law; he was principal of the high school for one year, and then was called to the presidency of Penn College, and remained here for five years ; during the present year he associated with Mr. W. P. Hel- lings, and engaged in the abstract and loan business; he is also pres- ident of the Central Iowa Loan and Trust Company; he married Miss Mary Chawner, of Indiana, April 1, 1868; they have one son, Horace II. "Woods, E, M., farmer. WRAY, WILLIAM H., firm of Mattison & Wray, grocery and pro- vision dealers; born in Shelby county, Indiana, April 29, 1837; when seventeen years of age he came with his parents by wagon to Iowa; they were twenty-eight days on the way, and arrived in this county, five miles east of Os- kaloosa, April 19, 1854; he was on the farm for about ten years, then came to this city and engaged in the lumber business in 1866, and continued for twelve years, until 1877, when he sold out and engaged in his present business; he has held the ofiice of city alder- man; married Miss Francis Mont- gomery, from Shelby county, In- diana, October 5, 1858; they have three children, Walter, Joseph and Nellie, and have lost two chil- dren, Eddie and Cooper. Wray, W., lumber dealer. WRIGHT, MRS. EMILY J., for- merly Miss Emily J. Ellis; was born in Warren county, Ohio, and removed, with her parents, in in- fancy to Fountain county, Indi- ana; they came to Mahaska coun- ty in 1855, and located in Oska- loosa; she married Thomas T. Wright, September 10, 1861; he was born in Highland county, Ohio, March 6, 1833; he was brought up and received his edu- cation there, and came to Iowa and located in Oskaloosa in 1854; he was engaged in the grocery and drug business for some years, and afterward engaged with Terry & Spencer in tlie wholesale grocery trade; they bought Mr. Terry's interest and he retired; associated with Mr. Spencer they continued the business until the death of Mr. Wright, February 19, 1875; Mrs. AYright still retains her in- terest in the business of the pres- ent firm of Wright & Spencer; she has one son, Samuel B., born March 29, 1862, and has lost one son, Benjamin F., born December 13, 1863, and died August 9, 1864. Wright, Dillon, blacksmith. "W rough ton. Job H,, lightning rods, pumps, etc. 'ATES, ELIAS, barber. Y 608 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. TT^T-EST OS2^-A.XjOOS-A- TOTTvTl^TSmi^. ACTOX, WILLIAM, Fanner, Sec. 34; P. O. Beacon. Acton, Matthew A,, Fanner, Sec. 33; P. (), Beacon. AVEV, G. L., fanner, Sec. 9; P. C). Oskaloosa; born in Washington Co., Md,, in 1830 ; when six years of age removed with liis parents to Fairfield Co., O., and was brought np there. Married Mary E. Fox, from Prnsssia, in Mav, 1856; they came to this county in Oct., 1865, and located where they now live; owns farm of 70 acres, and has held ofiice of school director. He was in the army; enlisted in the 114:th Pegiment Ohio Yol., and was commissioned Lieut. Co. H; was in battles Yicksburg, Arkan- sas Post, Port Gibson, Kaymond, Champion Hills, and many others. Thej' have eight childi-en : Oliver IL, Dora E., Mary A., John L., Emily I„ Clara, Georgie, and Het- tieM. BAKTLETT, AVILLIAM, far- mer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oska- loosa. Barline, Michael, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa. Barrow, William H., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Beacon. BARTLETT, WILLIAM, fanner. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Harrison Co., Ohio, Nov. 29, 1839, and was brought np there and in West Ya., and came to Iowa and located in Oskaloosa in 1861. He was in the armv ; enlisted in Feb., 1862, in the 4th Keg. Iowa Cav. Co. F; was in battle of Yicksburg and in a great many fights and skirmishes, and was in the service three years and three months; af- ter the war returned here and en- gaged in farming; owns 120 acres of "land. Married Miss Mary C. Prine, from Indiana, daughter of H. H. Prine, in 1867; they have four children: Fred, Edwin, Clyde, and Hoyt. Beach, Thomas C, ftirmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. BEARDSLEY,WILLIAM, drug gist. Beacon; born in England Oct. 15tli, 1850, and was brought up and learned his business there; came to the United States in 1870; lived in Columbiana Co., Ohio, three months, and in Wash- ington Co., Illsnois, four months, and then spent ten months in Kan- sas, Missouri, and the western Ter- ritories, and came to Iowa Sept. 3d, 1871, and has been engaged in business at Beacon for the past two years. He has depended en- tirely npon himself since he was ten years of age. Married Miss Mary Ann Evans, from AVales, Jan.' 5, 1872. Beede, Cyrus, farmer Sec. 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. BOWEN, JOHN W., P. M. at Beacon ; born in Wales in April, 1844, and came to this country in infancy, and was brought up in Pittsburg, Pa. He came to Iowa in 1855 and located in Yan Buren Co.; lived there until the war, and enlisted in the 15th Reg. Iowa Inf , Co. E, in June, 1862; was in bat- tles Black River, Yicksburg and siege of Atlanta; M'as \vounded there July 21st; came home on furlough; again joined his regi- ment; was in siege of Savatmah, and went with Sherman to Wash- ington, and was in the grand re- vicM'; after the war was in Colo- rado tNvo years, and then came here; held ofiice of P. M. in 1873, and was again appointed in Octo- ber, 1877. Married Eleanor Bur- dess, from England, 1870; they have four children: Albert, Harry, Willie and Cora. BRIGGS, JOB, farmer. Sec. 11; P. OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 609 O. Oskaloosa; born in Jeft'erson Co., Oliio, January 17, 1803; he was bronglit up there and learned millwright and carpenter trade; studied surveying and followed that for several years. lie married Ann Romans, from Chester Co., Pa., June 30, 1830; they came to Iowa by wagon, and were thirty- one days on the road, and arrived here Ot'tober 11:, 1854, and loca- cated where they now live, and engaged in farming; they were early settlers; own a farm of 70 acres. They have four children: Lydia, Maria, Amos, and Harriet; they have lost nine children. Briggs, Amos, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Brown, James E., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Oskaloosa. Bnrdess, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O, Beacon. Bnrdess, Joseph, P. O. Beacon. CAPPER, Mrs. LUCINDA, for- merly Miss Lucinda Odell, Sec. 7; P. (). Oskaloosa; was born in Park county, Ind., and was brought up there; she married John Capper June 27, 1854; he was born in Ohio February 13, 1825; they came by wagon to Iowa and arrived in this county October 20, 1857, located where they now live, and made their farm ; there were onl}' a few here when they came; he died Septem- ber 27, 1867, leaving an estate of 140 acres; they have six children living, Rose A., Oscar S., Flora E., Harvey M., John C, and Dan- iel W., and have lost two children. Howard M. Capper, brother of Mr. Capper, lived with them; he was in the army, enlisted in the thirty-third Regiment Iowa In- fantry, Co. E. Coomes, David, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskakjosa. Cowan, James P., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Beacon. Crosson, A. B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crosson, William, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crosson, John, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, David, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Curry, James M., farmer, Sec. 26; P.O. Beacon. Cummings, William M., Sr., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa. DANE, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Davis, David S., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Beacon. DEAVER, GEORGE W., former. Sec. 27; P. O. Beacon; born in Hampshire countj^ Ya., Decem- ber 5, 1812, and was raised there until fifteen years of age; then removed to Dayton, Ohio, and lived in that State seventeen 3'ears ; then came to Iowa l)y wag- on and arrived in this county in October, 1844, and settled on Six- mile prairie; he was one of the ■earliest settlers and there are only a few here now that were here when he came; he engaged in making brick, and furnished some of the first brick tliat were used in Oskaloosa; he engaged in farming and has lived on his present place twenty-seven years; his farm contains 100 acres; he married Mary Ann Wilson, from Hampshire county, Ya., in 1848; they have eight children, five sons and three daughters, and have lost two children. DeLong, Ed. F., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Beacon. Dillon, T.W., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. DIXON, J. N., farmer and orchard- ist. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Fayette county. Pa., February 20, 1821, and when quite j'oung 610 DIEECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. came witli Ins parents to Ohio; baviiijj a taste for fruit culture when only twentj^-two years of age, in 1S44, he set out an orchard of 1,100 apple trees, having plan- ted the seed, and when they were large enough grafted them; it was a large orchard in that early day; his father not sharing the confidence of his son in the result of the enterprise, he disposed of the orchard; that was thirty-four years ago, and the orchard is still in vigorous bearing; Mr. Dixon came to Iowa in 1855 and located in Mahaska county; he came, ex- pecting to give his attention to orcharding, and set out some ti'ees, but the winter killed them; he started his present orchard in 1868 and 1869; it consists of 115 acres and is one of the largest in the country; his mercantile or- chard consists of eight varieties, but he has some forty or fifty different varieties; his fruit com- mands a good price and he has de- mand for it as far west as Yirgin- ia City, Nevada; Mr. Dixon has been prominently connected with the State Horticultural Soci- ety and is one of its most active members. Doron, Gabriel D., Sec. 23; P. O. Beacon. Downs, Daniel D., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Beacon. Dusenberry, John R., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. Dusenberry, Randolph II., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Dusenberry, George W., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. EISENH ART, JACOB S.,prop. Fishville coal mine; P. O. Leighton; born in Clark county, Pa., in 1834, and was brought up there; came to Iowa in 1856 and located in Cedar count}^; lived there until the war and enlisted October 3, 1862, in the 27th Reg- iment Iowa Infantry, Co. F; was aid-de-camp for James I. Gilbert for two years, and was in fourteen hard fought battles; was in the service three years to a day; mus- tered out October 3, 1865; after the war was in the coal business at Boonsboro and Des Moines; came here in 1870 and opened this mine; he ships 500 to 600 cars yearly; married Miss Ella C Smith, from Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 14, 1858; they have three children, Dessie R., George G., and Ernie W. ELLIOTT, NATHAN, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Pasquotank county. North Caro- lina, August 22, 1817; was brought up and lived there until 1854, and removed to Indiana, and came to Iowa in the fall of the same year, and located in this county; lived in Oskaloosa for twelve years, and came to his present location and engaged in farming; owns ninety- four acres of land; has held office of the president of the school board and road officer; married Mary Ann Pritchard, from Pasquotank county. North Carolina, in April, 1837; they have seven children, Abbie, Lurania, Joseph J. G., William P., James W., Margaret S., and Emma F., and have lost four children. Evans, David J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. FICKLE, WASHINGTON, far- mer, Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Foster, Stephen E., Sec. 25; P. O. Beacon. Frantz, Francis L., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. GAY, ORAN, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Beacon. Gibbons, Benjamin, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. GRIFFEE, ABRAHAM, i>irmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Shenandoah county, Ya., in April, 1815, and was left an orphan at an early age; he only went to OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 611 school a few weeks. lie learned the cabinet maker's trade, and re- moved to Ohio in 1833, and came to Washington county, Iowa, in 1841; after eighteen raontlis re- turned to Ohio. He came to Iowa with his family in April, 1856, and located on the farm where he now lives; at that time timber land was thought to be the most valuable; and he bought one hun- dred and forty acres timber, and paid thirty dollars an acre; he sold part of it for fifteen dollars an acre, and would be glad to sell the balance of it at ten dollars, and he has never cut a stick of timber. He had nothing when he com- menced in life, and though he lost by his partner in business, $6,000, he yet owns a good farm of one hundred and sixty acres with fine improvements. He has held of- fice of school director; marri- ed Nancy Hickenbotham, from Ohio in 1855; they have six chil- dren, Catharine, JVlinerva, Nancy, Stephen A,, Abraham D., and Charlie. HANSON, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa. Harbour, R. R., farmer and mason, Sec. 27; P. O. Beacon. Hatfield, Owen, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa. HARRIS, ROBERT C, f\irmer and stock raiser, Sec. 9; P. O. Oska- loosa; born in Augusta county, Va., June 20, 1810, and when four years of age, removed with his parents to Park county, Indiana, and lived there seven years, when they came to Iowa by wagon, and were about four weeks on the way; arrived in this county near Oska- loosa, November 1, 1855, and he was brought up here, and engaged in farming and stock raising. He owns a farm of two hundred and twenty-five acres; married Miss Abbie Elliott, from Oskaloosa, December 29, 1861; they have five children, Francis L., Nola L., Lycurgus L., Liens, and Baby; they have lost two children. Hiatt, William, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. HIVLE Y, PAUL, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Licking county, Ohio, Aug. 30, 1831; when three j'ears of age he removed with his parents to Indiana, and came to this count}'- in 18 HO; mar- ried Frances Perry, from Ohio, in September, 1858; they have five children, Mary Jane, Emma G., Willie, Cora, and Nellie B. Hook, James K., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hook, M. M., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Beacon. Huber, John M., Sec. 23; P. O. Beacon. Hull, Aholiab, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hull, Obadiah, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Beacon; born in Mercer coun- ty, Pennsylvania, December 11, 1799, and was brought up and lived there until 1857; came to this county in 1858, and settled where he now lives; owns a farm of 40 acres; married Mary Ann Morford from Ohio, August, 1825, who died ; he married Elizabeth Horner, from Ohio; he has 5 sons and 4 daughters. Hunt, Harvey, farmer. Sec. 1; P O. Oskaloosa. Husse}^ Nathan W., farmer, Sec 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. TENKINS, JOHN, farmer, Sec J 33; P. O. Beacon. Jones, Thomas H., farmer, Sec. 18 P. O. Oskaloosa. Jones, John E., farmer, Sec. 29; P O. Beacon. Jones, Samuel W., farmer. Sec. 34 P. O. Beacon. Johnson, W. L., farmer, Sec 2; P O. Oskaloosa. KENT, ROBERT A., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Beacon. 612 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ketner, Eli, farmer, Sec. 23; P.O. Beacon. KISSICK, W. L., fanner, Sec. 19; P. (). Beacon; born in Mercer county, Pennsylvania, January, 27, 1841, and was brought up there until 18 years of age, and came to Iowa, arriving here April 7th, 1859; was in the army, enlisted October 27, 1862, in 16tli Iowa Infantry, Co. G, was in bat- tles of Shiloh, lulva, Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, and in bat- tle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864; was taken prisoner and taken to Andersonvilie and was confined 60 days, and exchanged; he re- enlisted in the same regiment, January 4, 1864, and served until the end of the war; he was pro- moted to 2d Lieutenant and then to Ist Lieutenant and was pro- moted and commissioned Captain Co. C, when mustered out; after his return engaged in grocery trade, then in farming; owns 110 acres of land; has held school offices, and is now president of school board; married Miss Mary E. Hook, from Ohio, August 9, 1865; they have 3 children, Coi*a M., Alice Lulu, and little baby son. LLOYD, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. Louge, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Beacon. Lytle, Andrew J., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. McCORD, ROBERT, Sec. 23; P. O. Beacon. McGlasson, Joseph F., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. McGlasson, Charles A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. McMillen, Wooster, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. McWILLIAMS, W. N., farmer,Sec. 32; P. O. Beacon; born in High- land connt}^ Ohio, July 1, 1821; he was brought up and lived there until he came to Iowa and located in this county, in 1856; after one year he located where he now lives, and entjraffed in farming and stock raising; he owns a farm of one hundred acres; he has held school offices most of the time since he came; he married Miss E. J. Broadwell, from Clermont county, Ohio, in March, 1846; they are connected with the Presbyterian church of Oskaloosa, though they attend the Union church because of its convenience; thev have eight children, E. John, Ellen J., Charles L., Tirzah S., Phillip A., Albertiss, Ada, and Reece H. Madison, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Beacon. Magin, James, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Beacon. Marks, Nelson W., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. Marks, Benjamin F., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O." Oskaloosa. MARKS, N. WHEELER, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Hardin county, Ohio, August 11, 1845; when seven years old came to Iowa by wagon with parents; located in Washington county, in 1853; lived there four or five years, and came to this county; he enlisted in the Eighth Reg- iment Iowa Infantry, Company H, in August, 1861; was in the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg, both battles of Jackson, Spanish Fort, and many other fights and skirmishes; was slightly wounded in the head at Vicksburg; he was in the service four years and nine months, until May, 1866; after the war he returned and engaged in farming; married Miss Cynthia In- gales, from this county, in Octo- ber, 1873; they have two children, Ada and Ernest, and have lost one daughter. Martin, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Beacon. Mieir, William A., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 613 Mieir, Frank D., fiirmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Beacon. Mitchell, Sandy, Sec. 23; P. O. Bea- con. Minnick, John W., Sec. 22; P. (). Beacon. Miiniick, William IL, Sec. 22; P. 0. Beacon. MOREHOUSE, CHARLES, farm- er, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Onondagna county, New York, October 1, 1825, and was brought up in that State, and came to Chi- cago, and from there came to Iowa b}' wagon, and arrived in this city October 26, 1851: ; located in Black Oak township, and engaged in farmitig and stock raising; he moved on his present farm March 1, 1866; he owns a farm of 145 acres; has held the ottice of jus- tice of the peace; married Miss Charlotte Adams, from Onondagna county, 'New York, Sejitember 9, 1847; they have five children, Charles W., Belle Iv., Bennett S. A., Cora F., Anna E.; the_y have lost two daughters and one son. Morgan, Richard, farmer. Sec. T; P. O. Oskaloosa. Morgan, Shadrick, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Moore, John C, tarmer. Sec. 2; P. O., Oskaloosa. Morris, Zack, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Moorman, John O., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Murray, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Beacon. NEWTON, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Newhouse, John M., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa. Nowles, Moses, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Beacon. OGDEN, MARIAU, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. PARCELL, RICHARD, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Beacon. Parker, Richard, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa. Petitt, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. ( )skaloosa. PETITT, SAM. R., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Bed- ford county, Pennsylvania, April 14, 1812, and was brought up there: removed to Crawford coun- ty, Ohio, in 1838. and lived there until 1864, when he came to Iowa, and located where he now lives, in April. 1865; owns a farm of one hundred and fifty-two acres, and has given much attention to rais- ing fine hogs. He married Mar- tha E. Caldwell, from Adams county, Pennsylvania, in 1838; they have seven children, Mary A., Samuel, Sarah, Clara E., David R., Willis and Minnie M.; they have lost three sons and one daughter. Perry. Thomas F., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Beacon. PHILLIPS, J. J., firm of Phillips & Foster, general merchants, Bea- con; born in Wales, June 26, 1841, and emigrated to America, in 1854, and went to Galia county, Ohio, and was brought up in that state. When the war broke out he enlisted in 1861 in the three-month service, and afterward enlisted in the 71st Regiment Ohio Infantry, Co. D. He was quarter-master sergeant, and was detailed as chief clerk in the Quarter-master's de- partment. He was in the battles of Columbus, Shiloh, Franklin, Nashville, and others, and was in the service four years. After the war he returned to Ohio and lived there until 1875, when he came to Beacon and enojaijed in business. His father died when he was young, and he began life without an^'thing. He has held office of justice of the peace in Ohio, for seven years; also, town clerk and notary public, and was elected justice of the peace here in 1878. He married Miss Mary E. Murlin, from Ohio, March 5, 1865; they have six children, Laura, John D., 614 DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Josephine, Mahala, Marj C, Har- riet. Pickrell, William, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Pilgrim, W. H., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Beacon. Pilgrim, John P., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Beacon, PITTMAN, HARRY A., manager of the store and business of the Iowa Coal Co., at Beacon; born in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1855, and is a son of George W. Pittman, one of the early settlers. He was brought lip and received his education there, and graduated at the High School. lie was engaged in keeping books for three years, and came here the present year and assumed charge of the business of the Iowa Coal Co. Moorehouse, Charles, farmer. Sec. 5 Pomeroy, Stephen L., farmer. Sec 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. Price, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 27; P O. Beacon. Price, Watkin P., farmer. Sec. 22 P. O. Beacon. Prine, Henry H., farmer. Sec. 10 P. O. Oskaloosa. Prine, Miles K., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Prine, M. Ellis, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa, Prine, Daniel S., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Pugh, William, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. REILL Y, EDWAPvD O., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Remington, Ezekiel S., farmer, Sec, 29; P. O. Beacon, Remington, Thompson, farmer, Sec. 28; P.O. Beacon. Robertson, Robert, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. ROGERS, A. M.,farmer,_Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Ohio county, Virginia, November 17, 1819; when only two years of age removed with his parents to "Wayne county, Ohio, and was brought up in tliat State; he mar- ried Miss Martha Flanegan, from Ohio, in April, 1841; they came to Iowa by wagon, and were four weeks on the way, and arrived in Oskaloosa in May, 1855; engaged in butchering business three j'ears, and then in grocery business six years, and came on his farm in 1865; he owns ninety acres of land; lias held town and school offices; they have five children, Amanda, William F., John D., Charlie and Louie E., and have lost two children. Rouse, George A., Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa. Rouse, Mannasess, Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa. RUBY, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 28; P, (), Beacon; born in Yirginia, March 26, 1816; he removed to Indiana at a very early age, and was raised in Ripley county; he married Miss Sarah Levi, in Jan., 1837; she was born in Ohio, and raised in Indiana; they emigrated to Wisconsin in 1842, and lived there until coming to this county in May, 1840; he engaged in farming and stock raising; they are among the early settlers, have lived here over thirty years; he has held office of justice of tlie peace, and other town and school offices; he owns a farm of 160 acres; they have six children, Mourton, Medora, Allene, Frank, Estella E., Banks, and have one adopted son, Charlie Ruby; they have lost three chiklren. RUBY, MOURTON C, agent of the Keokuk & Des Moines R. R, at Beacon, P. O. Beacon; born in Rock county, Wisconsin, March 4, 1844; when five years of age removed with his parents to Iowa, and came to this county in 1840, and he was brought up here; was in the army, enlisted in the 33d Regiment Iowa Infantry Co. E; was in battles of Helena, OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 615 Jenkin's Ferry, Siege of Mobile, and in many others; was in ser- vice over three years; after the war was in Chicago two years, then came here; was appointed to Ids present position in Jan nary, 1868; lie holds office of mayor of the town, and is serving his fourth term; married Miss Ella Downs, from Ohio, in November, 1866; they have three children, Luella May, Clara Belle and Guy Ray- mond. SALES, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Beacon. Schnltz, John, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Beacon. Scott, Laughlin, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. SEEVERS, ROBERT, tarmer, Sec. 24, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in St. Clairsville, Belmont county, Ohio, December 9, 1807; he was brought up in Ohio, living in Jefferson and Coshocton counties until coming to Iowa; he came by wag- on, and was three weeks on the way, and arrived here June 1, 1853, and located on the place where he now lives, and has liv^ed here over a quarter of a century; he has given much attention to the cultivation of fruit, and has sixty to seven<"y varieties of ap- ples; he has held office of presi- dent of the State Agricultural So- ciety for two years, and director of the same for ten years; also president of the Mahaska County Agricultural Society for many years, and president of the Horti- cultural Society; he married Ellen Bryan, from Coshocton count}', Ohio; they have three sons, George W., of Indianola, Bj^ron v., attorney's at law, Oskaloosa, William A., merchant, Oskaloosa. Shaw, Augustus A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Beacon. SHAW, Mrs. HIGHTLY, Sec. 32; P. O. Beacon; born in Maryland in 1814, and was brought up and 37 lived there until she was married to Joseph Shaw, June 30, 1839; he was born in Maryland in 1818; they came to Iowa in 1840, located in Washington county until the treaty was made with the Indians; he came to this county and se- lected land and made a claim, and then went after his family and broua^ht them here and en2:ao;ed in farming; they were among the early settlers. He died Jan., 1860, leaving an estate of 360 acres. They had ten children: Sidney O., Harriet A., Columbus, Araericus, Augustus A., Lawson I., JS^aomi C, Susan S., Esther J., and Jo- seph; they lost one son in infancy. Mrs. Shaw owns a farm of 107 acres, which is carried on by her son Joseph. Shaw, Americus, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. O. Beacon. Shaw, Joel, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Shaw, Columbus, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Beacon. Smith, David S., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. O. Beacon. Smith. Jacob H., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Beacon. Stalker, Dillen, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stanton, Andrew W., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. STEVENS, JOSHUA, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in October, 1821, and was brought up there. Married Miss Sarah Thomas, from Pennsylvania, in 1843; they lived there until coming to Iowa, lo- cating in this county, in April, 1865 ; engaged in farming and stock raising; owns a farm of 160 acres. They have five children: Ilezekiah W., Abagail Matilda, James M., Aimer T., Sarah B.; lost two children, Daniel and Ru- hami. Daniel was in the army; en- enlisted in the 9Sth Reg. Ohio Inf., and died at ]^ashville. 616 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Stout Thomas C, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stout, Simon, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. STOKER, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Mont- gomery Co., Ohio, Maj 18, 1811, and was brought up there, and came to Iowa in 1844, and came to Mahaska county in May, 1845, and bought a claim where he now lives, and on the 4th of July, 1846, he entered 80 acres of his farm from , governmeut; he was one of the early settlers; eng-ao^ed in farmine: and stock raising, and now owns 244 acres land. Married to Miss Sarah F. Stannus, July 12, 1846; She was from Guernsey Co., Ohio, and came in 1846, and was en- gaged in teaching school here. There are only a few here now that were here when they came. They have six children: Jennie, (now Mrs. Martin) J. M., Wm. J., James F., Carrie and Addie, twins. TANDY. HEXRY, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. TANDY, CALVIN, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 29; P. O. Bea- con; born in Kentucky Dec. 15tli 1819; when 11 years of age he re- mov^ed to Indiana with his parents and lived there for seven years; in 1837 he moved to Ills., and he came to Burlington, Iowa, in 1838 ; the following year he located in Keokuk county; lived there eight years; in Appanoose county four years, and came to this county in 1852, and engaged in farming and stock raising; he is one of the early settlers, and there are few persons now living here that have been in the State as long as he has. He married Miss Annie Webb, in July, 1842; she was born in Tennessee and brought up in Illinois, her father being one of the earliest set- tlers in Sangamon Co.; he came there before the Black Hawk war. They have nine children: Eliza- beth J., William T., Henry, El- mira, Frances E., Mary M., Calvin S., Ambrose and Annie M. They have lost three children. Terrell, Matliew, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Terrell, Clark M., Farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Terrell, Thomas, larmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. Thorp, Nicholas B., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. THOMAS, Mrs. JANE, Sec. 17; P. O.Oskaloosa ; was born in Guernsey county, Ohio, and was brought up there ; she married Wm. T. Thomas May 30, 1843; he was born in Belmont county, Ohio, January 22, 1818; when live years of age was removed to Guernsey county. They came here in 1867, and enffag^ed in farming and stock raising; he died September 12, 1869, leaving an estate of 240 acres. They had six children, Daniel L., Nancy A., Jonathan D., Robert H., Mary E., William S. ; they lost one son in infancy; Jonathan enlisted and served in the army. Thrash, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Beacon. Torrence, William, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Beacon. TREDICK, Wm. S., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., June 19, 1836, and when only three or four years of age was removed to Portsmouth, N. H., and was brought up there; removed to Michigan in 1855; lived there live years and came to Iowa in 1860 and located in this county, where he now lives, and engaged in farming; owns a farm of 100 acres; has held school offices; married Miss M. Batter- ton, from Indiana, in 1861; she died February, 1876, leaving four children, Anna May, Hattie, Charles, and ' Wilford ; married Mrs. Marietta Moore, from Ohio, OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 617 in Febrnary, 1877; slie has two children, Edwin and Lnella. Troy, Charles R., fanner, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. VERNON, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 11; r. O. Oskaloosa. T A T-ELLS, HORACE M., farm- V V er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Oska- loosa. West, Charles B., farmer, Sec. 29; P O. Beacon. West, Frank M., former. Sec. 26; P O. Oskaloosa. "Wharton, S., tarmer. Sec. 28; T. O Beacon. Wharton, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 28 P. O. Beacon. White, Dennis F., farmer, Sec. 35 P. O. Oskaloosa White, Marion M., farmer. Sec. 34 P. O. Beacon. Winkleman, Thomas J., farmer, Sec 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Winkleman, Frank B., Sec. 1; P. O Oskaloosa. Winkleman, John, Jr., farmer, Sec 1; P. O. Oskaloosa. Williamson, John, farmer. Sec. 25 P. O. Oskaloosa. Wilson, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O Oskaloosa. WILSON, MRS . E . A ., Sec. 32 ; P O. Beacon; born in Mineral coun- ty. West Ya., and lived there until she was married to Thomas Wil- son, February 22, 1839. He was born in Maryland, December 25, 1803. After they were married they started for Iowa and located in Washington county, April 1, 1839; Mrs. Wilson rode on horse- back from Burlington; they lived there until the treaty was made with the Indians, and they then left and came to this county; arrived here May 20, 1843; they were the earliest settlers in this section; he made a claim and put up his cabin; he was gone to mill at one time over three weeks, and Mrs. Wilson had no bread for her- self and children while he was gone. The first visit Mrs. Wilson made in Iowa was on Sunday; they had corn bread and corn coffee made of meal and slippery-elm. Mr. Wilson ploughed the first furrow on Six-mile prairie. They had nothing when they came to Iowa, but by hard work and good management at the time of his death'he owned from 800 to 1000 acres, good land; they have seven children, and have lost five sons; Lizzie, Myra, Milo, Jennie, Mar- garet, Charlie and Thomas, living. Wolcott, Lucien M., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. E-A-ST OSI^-^XjOOS-A- TOT7\7-3SrSim=. ANDERSON, ELIJAH, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. BALL, RODERICK M., farmer. Sec. 33, P. O. Oskaloosa. BARROWMAN, W., farmer and miner, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Scotland, in 1823; came to the United States in 1848 and to this county in 1867; owns 68 acres of land; he has a valuable coal bank on his land containing a vein of coal five feet in thick- ness, and is noted for its purity; it meets with ready sale as fast as mined ; he has held the office of school director; he married Miss Agnes Kinnon in 1846; she was born in Scotland; they have seven children, William, Agnes, Jane, Mary, James, Richard and Eliza- beth. Baxter, Richard W., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. Beaman, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. BILLICK, J., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Washing- ton county. Pa., in 1828; came to this county May 29, 1868; owns 280 acres of land; he married 618 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTY. Miss Mary Fonuer in 1850; she was born in Greene county, Pa. they have five children, Martin L. William J., James L., Elmer E. and Mary L. Boswell, Jason IL, farmer. Sec. 8 P. O. Oskaloosa. BRADBURY, D., farmer, Sec. 22 P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Fayette county. Pa., in 1846; came to this county in 1872; owns 100 acres of land; has served as treasurer of the district in which he resides; he married Miss Mary L. Conner December 31, 1877. BROERMAN, H., farmer, Sec. 14; P. (). Oskaloosa; born in Hano- ver, Germany, in 1813; came to the United States in 1834, and for many years worked at the trade of carpenter in various parts of the middle and southern states; he came to this county in 1857; he owns 220 acres of land; married Mary H. Miller in 1842; she was born in Prussia; they have five children, Charles, Siegel, Lizzie, Lena and So])hia. Bryson, David, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa. Byers, Benj. H., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Oskaloosa. CAMPBELL, WILLIAM, farm- er. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Pope county, 111., in 1821; came to this county in 1843; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of township trustee and scliool di- rector; he married Sarah L. Dun- bar in 1847; she was born in In- diana; has five children, Charles Y., Walter, Minnie, Yelma, Wil- liam L. Campbell, AV. Barrett, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. Casto, Thomas J., tarmer. Sec. 25 P. O. Oskaloosa. Chick, Charles M., farmer. Sec. 29 P. O. Oskaloosa. Clayworth, E. II., farmer, Sec. 13 P. O. Oskaloosa. Claywortli, John B., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Colville, D. H., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Comstock, A. B., farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. COMSTOCK, A. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in But- ler county, Ohio, in 1828; came to this county in 1844; owns 210 aci-es of land. In August, 1848^ he enlisted in the Mexican War, and was assigned to a Tennesee regiment, and his term of service was to be ten j^ears or during the war. He was the only man that enlisted in the war in Mahaska county. He also enlisted in the 33rd Iowa Infantr}^, in the late war and was commissioned captain in April, 1864; he was taken prisoner, and the following au- tumn was paroled. He married Miss A. Binns, in 1851; she was born in England; has five chil- dren, James T., Alfred, Andrew J., Yictoria and Ella M. CONNOR, J. M., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1827; came to this county in 1848; owns 120 acres of land; has held office of school director; he enlisted in the Mexican war. He married Edith Stanley in 1850; she M^as born in Ohio; has four children, Mary L., Emma E., Frank H., and Elmer. Coonrod, Albert M., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. Coulson, David, dentist. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Cox, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. Cox, Newton, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa. Critehett, Ephriam, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crookham, Milton, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 619 Crozier, Mathew W"., farmer, Sec. 3-1; P, O. Oskaloosa. Cubbison, Ilagli, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. DICKEY, LOEENZO, farmer. Sec. 3; P.O. Oskaloosa. Dickey, Jose])li, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. EDRIS, EDWARD, f^irmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Berks county. Pa., August 5, 1828, and was brought up there; in 1848 he removed to Ohio and lived there and in Indiana for six years; he then came to Iowa and located in Oskaloos in Deceinber, 1854, and engaged in the coopering business until 1866, then engaged in farming; owns a farm of 60 acres; has held school offices; married Miss Mary M. Imus, from Ohio, in 1855; they have four sons, Charles II., Perry F., Edward A., and Frank M. ELLIS, LEVI, farmer and min- er. Section 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in North Carolina in 1810; came to this State in 1852, and to this county in 1853; owns TO acres, and 10 acres in Sec. 9; he has opened a valuable coal bank and as far as worked, the vein shows a thickness of has held the office of school clrector; he married Miss Mary Vamkirk in 1852; she was born in Pennsyl- vania; has five children, Ada N., Mary B., Samnel W.. William E., and Charles N. McPherson, William P., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. McRoberts, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Martin, Hugh P., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. C>skaloosa. Martin, William S., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. MITCHELL, JOHN B., fanner, Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Ohio in 1847; came to this county in 1848 ; his parents were among the earliest settlers of the county, and entered tlie land on which he now resides as soon as it came in mar- ket; he owns 120 acres; has held office of school director; he married Miss Lizzie Brcjerman December 1, 1869; she was born in Pennsyl- vania; has three children, Flora, Etta, and Howard. MITCHELL, C. R., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Iowa in 1852; owns 143 acres of land; he married Miss Belle Stevenson in February, 1878. MONTGOMERY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Madison county, Ohio, in 1818; came to this State in 1838, and in 1841 while the Indians occupied the country, he came to what is now Mahaska county, and staked out a claim on the Des Moines river and another on the site of where Oskaloosa now stands, April 15th, 1843; he came to the county to reside permanently, and found the. site selected on the Des Moines, occupied and entered the one se- lected where Oskaloosa now stands as soon as he was permitted to; he owns 460 acres of land; he married Mary E. Jack, in 1853; she was born in Illinois, and died in 1857. He afterward married Frances A. Jack, in 1858; she was born in Illinois; has six children, Laura F., William J., Franklin P., Ivittie, John and Jessie. Moore, Arch W., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Myers, Thomas H., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. Myers, George IF., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. NARVER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 29; P.O. Oskaloosa. Nelson, Robert, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. NELSON, DANIEL, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1812; came to this State in 1841, settling in Jefferson county in 1853; he owns 310 acres of land; has held the office of school director; he mar- ried Margaret Garden in 1840; she was born in Hamilton county, Ohio; has six children, William, Barbar}^, James, John, Martha J., Sarah. Nelson, George B., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. NICHOLSON, B. C, farmer, Sec. 622 DIEECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 15 ; p. O. Oskaloosa; born in Jeffer- son county, Ohio, in September, 1838; came to this county in 1864; owns 140 acres of land; has held the office of scliool director; he married Rachel Ann James in 1858; she was born in Ohio; has live children, Harvey C, Leslie J., Walter S., Emma Virda. Nord3'ke, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. OGLE, ABSALOM, farmer. Sec. 4, P. O. Oskaloosa. Osborn, Barton, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. PIM, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa. Price, Henry, jeweler, Oskaloosa, residence, Sec. 19. REDBURK, JOSEPH B., farm- er. Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. Reeves, William J., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Reeves, Eli, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Rice, William H. H., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa. ROBERTS, J. L., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Kortli Carolina, December 7, 1814; came to this county in 1847; owns 471 acres of land ; has held the office of school director and jus- tice of the peac6; he mar- ried Rebecca Coulson in 1837; she was born in Kentucky; lias eight children, Jonathan, J. Wil- liam, Joseph C, Charles A., John, Amanda J., Nancy A., Ann E., lost three, Mary A., Ephraim W., Thomas A. Rogers, Abram H., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. Roberts, James D., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Oskaloosa. Rogers, James D., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. Rozell, Warren, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. SHIPLEY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in West Tennessee in 1812; came to this county in 1850, previous to his removal to this county, he lived 16 years in Indiana; owns 91 acres of land; he married Ann Tungit in 1839; she was born in Virginia; have six children, Tal- bert, Andrew L., Archibald G., Howard, Elanor J., Caroline. Schnltz, Carl, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Oskaloosa. Schultz, Fredrick, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Sloan, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa. Sopher, William K., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. Sopher, William P., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Smith, Carp. M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Smith, Rezin, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Spencer, El wood, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Spencer, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 0..icaloosa. STARLIN, JOHN, Farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Hamil- ton C< '')hio, Jan. 26, 1814; came to this county in 1853; owns fifty acres of land. He married Bar- bary Poe, in 1838; she was born in Ohio; has six children: Peter, Margaret, Mary, Catharine, Susan and John. STAFFORD, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Indiana in 1823; came to this county in 1843; owns 110 acres of land; has served as a member of the school board. He married Eliza Stanley, in 1845 ; she was born in Ohio, and died in 1853. He married for his second wife, Amanda McClure, who was born in Pennsylvania; has three child- ren by his first marriage: John M., Eliza P., Henry B.; and two by his second marriage: James W. and Bell.e STARLIN. M. W., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Hamil- OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 623 ton Co., Ohio, Jan.^ 1822; came to this State September 7th, 1847, and has lived in the same house since that time; owns 116 acres of land. Married Eunice M. Beck, in 1849; she was born in Butler Co., Ohio; has two children: Sa- rah A., and Carlton. Starlin, John T., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. STANLEY, JOHN, farmer,Sec.l6; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in North Carolina March 29th, 1803; came to this county in 1843; owns 90 acres of land. He has been mar- ried three times: 1st, Agnes Stan- ley; 2d, Mary Chamberlain; third wife was Mary Springer, whose maiden name was Miller; has four children: Edith, Ann, Sarah, and Jesse J. Stafford, Byron, Farmer, Sec 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Starlin, Peter W., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stewart, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stearns, Phillip, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stephenson, James M., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Summerville, William H., farmer; Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Swazey, Phillip, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa. TAYLOR, R. D., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Fay- ette county, Indiana, in 1820 ; came to this county October 13th, 1855; owns 120 acres. He married Miss Margaret Barney, in 1847; she was born in Indiana; has live children: Florence, Sarah M., Cornelia, Da- vid A., and Isaac N. ; lost two: Cordelia and William AV. Templeton, Joseph H., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. Thatcher, Franklin, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Thatcher, David, farmer, sec 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. THORNBIIRGH, J. F., farmer and dairyman. Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloo- sa; born in Greene county, Ohio in 1850; came to this county in 1863; owns 75 acres of land, and is engaged in the manufacture of cheese, for which he has obtained an enviable reputation, finding a ready market for all he can manufacture; he married Eliza- beth Boswell in 1872; she was born in Iowa; have 2 children, Grace E., and Carlton G. Todd, Benjamin F., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Threlkeld, Merritt, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Towns, Levi, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. VARLEY, MARTIN, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. Vermilyea, William, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. ■\ A TALKER, WILLIAM, M., V V farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa. Warren, John H., miller, Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Wassom, Samuel B., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. Wells, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. West, Eleazer, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. White, David C, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. White, Eli, farmer, Sec. 31; P.O. Oskaloosa. White, Thad M., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. White, T. A., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. WHITE, T.B., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, in 1845, came to this State in 1847, and to this county in 1856; owns forty-four acres of land. He has served as school director, and for twelve years as secretary of the school board. He married Miss Dora Hiatt, in 1876; she was born 624 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. in Ohio; has one child, Wilfred W. Williams, John C, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. Williams, William E., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa. Williams, Charles, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. Wilson, Joseph D., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa. WILLIAMS, J. C, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Grayson county, Virginia, in 1812; came to this county in 1850; owns 80 acres of land. He has held office of township trustee and school direc- tor, lie married Lydia A. Pier- son, in 1840; she was born in Lo- gan county, Ohio; has seven children, Enoch P., Cyrus T., Wil- liam P., Calvin W., Marion, John H. and Lydia B. Wing, Charles, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Woodward, William F., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa. l^^-^^T^ SH-A-I^Ol^- ADAMS, N. P., laborer, New Sharon. Adams, W. P., painter, New Sharon. Airy, L. J., laborer, New Sharon. Allen, Phebe, widow, New Sharon. Atwood, Moses, patent medicine, New Sharon. Awtry, G. S., Central Hotel, New Sharon. BATES, G. F., harness maker, New Sharon. Banks, John, laborer. New Sharon. Baitman, J. W., laborer. BOWDLE, J. W., carpenter and builder, of the iirm of Bowdle Brothers, New Sharon; born in Madison county, Ohio, in 1837; came to this couuty in April, 1865 ; has worked at his trade twenty- one years, and was the first car- penter in the town of New Sharon. He owns, with his brother, one hundred acres of land; has served as member of the city council and town clerk. He married Miss Nancy J. Leslie, in 1868; she was born in Lawrence county, Penn- sylvania. BOWDLE, ISAIAH, of the firm of Bowdle Brothers, carpenters and builders. New Sharon; born in Madison county, Ohio, in 18401 came to this county in 1866; owns jointly with his brother one hun- dred acres of land. He enlisted in the 50th Ohio Infantry, in the late war, and was discharged ou account of disability. He mar- ried Miss Adaline Yickers, in 1869; she was born in Washing- ton county, Ohio; has two child- ren, Gertrude and Ollie. BOWEN, C. T., dealer in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, books, sta- tionery and druggists' sundries, New Sharon; born in Pennsylva- nia, in 1855; came to this State in 1857, to this county in 1864, and to this town, July 10, 1877. BIJRKET, W. D., grocer. New Sharon; born in Henry county, Indiana, in 1848; came to this county in 1854. He owns two hundred and twent}' acres of land in Sioux county; holds the office of mayor of the city. He mar- ried Miss Jennie F. Jackson, in 1872. He enlisted in the 33d Iowa Infantry, in the late war, be- fore he was fifteen years old, and was in both the 7tii and 13th army corps, and crossed the Gulf seven times while in the service. CADWALAQER, AM AS A, capi- talist, New Sharon. Car, J. W., laborer. New Sharon. CARSON, GEORGE, dealer in drugs, books, stationery and drug- gists' sundries. New Sharon; born in Hancock county. West Virginia PRAIKIE TOWNSHIP. 625 1843; came to this State in 1856, and to this county in December, 1874; is at present a member of the city council; he enlisted in the 28th Iowa Infantry in the late war, and served until dis- charged on account of disability; he married Miss L. Anderson, in 1871; she was born in Ohio, and died July 1, 1872; he afterward married Miss Sadie Wrio^ht, June 20, 1878; she was born in Ohio; has two children by first marriage, George A. and Laurani M. CARRELL, GEORGE W., of the firm Hueston & Carrell, New Sharon; born in Ohio, in 1845, came to this State in 1865, and to this county March 1, 1876; he married Miss S. Dutton in 1871; she was born in Illinois; has one child. Myrtle. Champion, J, J., laborer, New Sharon. Cobb, II. P., farmer, New Sharon. Cofifman, Mary, widow, New Sharon. Cole, Chet, New Sharon. COLLINS, J. M., of the firm of Warrens & Collins, furniture deal- ers and undertakers, New Sharon; born in Miami county, Ohio, in 1844; came to this county in November, 1868; he enlisted in the 44th Ohio Infantry, and served seven months, and in the 12th Ohio Cavalry nearly two and one- half years; he married Jennettie Smith in 1870; she was born in Scotland; has four children, Ella May, Wm. H., Flora B. and Mag- gie. Cook, "Wm. H., shirt maker, New Sharon. Cornell, J. E.., clergyman, New Sharon. CORK , JAMES F., attorney at law, New Sharon; born in Penn., in 1832; came to this State first in March, 1856; he afterward re- turned to Penn., and enlisted in the 100th Pennsylvania Infantry, known as "round heads," and served two years; he then removed to Lucas county, Iowa, coming to this county in 1872; he owns 50 acres of land in Lucas county; he married Miss Catharine Isabel Eastlick, December 25, 1855; has two children, Wm. H. and Mary Agnes. Craver, Joseph, carpenter, New Sharon. CRAWFORD, 0. P., merchant, dealer in general merchandise, New Sharon; born in 1850, re- moved to Minnesota when five years of age; came to this county in 1867; has been engaged in sell- ing goods ten years, and four years in business for himself; he mar- ried Miss Ida H. Vickcrs, in Nov., 1874; she was born in Iowa. Cramer, Wm., laborer, New Sharon. CRITTENDEN, Rev. 0. L., re- tired clergyman. New Sharon; born in Chenango county, N. Y., ill 1815; was educated at Hamil- ton, Madison county, N. Y.; licensed to preach in 1840, and ordained a few years later; he came to this State in 1863, and was for many years pastor of the Baptist Church in Pella, Marion county; he came to this county in 1874, and has been largely instru- mental in the formation of the Baptist Church in this place; he is connected with the firm of Ver- steeg & Co., millers; he married Miss Mary Lamb in 1848; she was born in Ohio, and died in December, 1874; he afterwards married Mrs. Elizabeth C. Frisbee, in June, 1876; she was born in Oneida county, N. Y.; has one daughter by first marriage, named May — the wife of J. C. Salyer. Mrs. Crittenden's maiden name was Parker; she married Byron Frisbee, who died in 1870, leaving five children, DAVIS, CLARKSON, attorney, New Sharon. Davis, S., laborer, New Sharon. 626 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Dean, W. J., druggist, New Sharon. Dixon, Mrs. C. 0., widow, New Sharon. Dean, R. T., physician, New Sharon, DODD, C. J., attorney, New Sharon ; born in Morgan county, Illinois, in 1839 ; came to this country in 1855 ; his father came to this State in an early day,and built the first cabin on the ground where the city of Mt. Pleasant, in Henry county, stands; he owns 80 acres of land in this county; holds office of city solici- tor; he enlisted in the 3d Iowa In- fantry in 1862, and served in various capacities until his muster out in 1865; he was detailed by Gen. Curtis to act in the Secret Service, and was the person to dis- cover and disclose the Gunpowder Plot to release the prisoners in the Gratiot Street Prison; he also acted as enrolling officer; he mar- ried Miss M. A. Kirkpatrick in 1861 ; she was born in Pike county, Illinois; has seven children, Lillian E., William T., Minnie M., Emma A., Nellie, Lula P., and Hattie E. EATON, ISAAC, blacksmith. New Sharon; born in Monroe county, Ohio, in 1835; came to this county in 1864; he married Miss Lydia A. Adams in Septem- ber, 1861; she was born in Ohio; has four children, "William, Nathan, Laura, and Clara; has served as a member of the school board and of the city council. Emerson, D. M., merchant, New Sharon. Eritt, P. H., clerk, New Sharon. Evans, W. II., billiard saloon. New Sharon. FARE MAN, G. W., cooper. New Sharon. FAGAN, H. H., foreman in lumber yard. New Sharon; born in Ohio in 1838; removed to Iowa in 1851, and to Illinois in 1853, and to this county in 1870; he married Miss Annie Yangundy in 1870; she was born in Ohio; has five child- ren, Charles, Minnie, Ossie, Lula, and Paby. Ferguson, S. P., clergyman. New Sharon. Fessler, David, retired, New Sharon. Florence, John, retired. New Sharon. Fitzgerald, Jonathan, plasterer. New Sharon. Fitzgerald, Leonard, plasterer, New Sharon. Frasier, Mahala, widow, New Sharon. GALPPETH, DAVID, city mar- shal, New Sharon. Gallaher, II. C, livery-man. New Sharon. Gable, P. T., miller. New Sharon. Gatlin, G. P., barber, New Sharon. Oilman, Arthur, gunsmith, New Sharon. Gifi'ord, Penp, butcher, New Sharon. GLOTFELTER, J. L., blacksmith, New Sharon; born in Greene county, Ohio in 1837; came to this county in 1868; has worked at his trade 24 years; he enlisted in the 74th Ohio Infantry in the late war, and served three years; he married Miss Sarah J. Junkin in 1861; she was born in Greene county, Ohio; have 3 children, Hattie J., Emma E., and Sadie G. GOULD, G. B., station agent. New Sharon; born in Friendsville, Wabash county, Illinois, in 1845; came to this county in January, 1872; he married Elizabeth Pen- rose in 1877; she was from Ohio. Goss, R. D., railroad carpenter, New Sharon. GRAHAM, THOMAS, farmer, stock dealer, and merchant, New Sharon; born in Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1815; came to this State October 19, 1854, set- tling in Scott county, where he remained until his removal to this county, March 1st, 1876; he is connected with C. H. Kramer, nnder the firm name of Kramer & Graham, dealers in general merchandise; he married Miss Mary Taylor in 1836; she was PRAIKIE TOWNSHIP. 62T born in the same county ; have ten children, Sarah A., Mavy A., Mar- tha E., Lydia J., C. Enialine, Jnlia R., Abbie J., Hannah C, Joseph T., and Chara; one son, John, en- listed in the 21st Iowa Infantry, and died from disease contracted in the arm v. HOL AWAY, M. B., printer, New Sharon. Hammond, J. G., clerk, ]^ew Sharon. HIATT, J. M., justice of the peace, notary ])ul)lic and collection agent, New Sharon ; Ixjrn in Henry coun- ty, Indiana, in 1839; came to this county in 18T5; he enlisted in the 147th Indiana Infantry, in the late war, and was commissioned Captain of Co. D; he afterward published a newspaper, and since his removal to this county, has been engaged two years as a teacher in the high school, and resigned his position to acce^^t the office of justice of the peace, which he now holds; he is also town clerk, and one of the trus- tees of the Asylum for Feeble- Minded Children at Glenwood; he married Miss Sarah J. Haworth, in 1860; she was born in Ohio; have six children. Flora E., J. Clinton, Metta E., Harry M., Eobbie, Josie and Frank. HIATT, JESSE, retired, farmer, New Sharon; born in 1815; came to this State in 1850, and to this county in 1854; he hauled the first load of lumber brought to the town of New Sharon, and has seen fifteen deer in one herd on the ground now occupied by the village; he has served as a member of the city council; he married Phebe Dickey in 1842; she was born in Yirginia; have two children, Jane, wife of A. Hill, and Mary E., wife of A. Rockwell. HOEN, W. F., salesman for H. T. Wright, New Sharon; born in Prussia in 1842; came to this country in 1849, and to this county in 1872; owns 120 acres of land; he married Nannie E. Jameson in 1866; she was born in Illinois; they have four children, Christie, Maud, Carl W., and Lewis; have lost one son, Charlie. Hoftmire, Luther, attorney. New Sharon. HUESTON, ROBERT, of the firm of Hueston & Carrell, dealers in stoves, hardware and house fur- nishing goods. New Sharon; born in Canada in 1834; came to this county in April, 1875; has served as a member of the city council; he married Miss Sarah E. Carkuff in August, 1859; she was born in Ohio; they have three children, Cnarles H., Emma and Helen; have lost one son, James. Hughes, Charles, carpenter. New Sharon. Hughes, Mrs. Rachel, teacher, New Sharon. Hughes, Geo., retired. New Sharon. TRISH, STEPHEN, farmer. New J- Sharon. JOHNSON, Mrs. KATE, dress- cJ maker. New Sharon. Johnson, R. L., railroad hand. New Sharon. KALBACH, Z. TAYLOR, firm of Kalbach & Son, lum- ber dealers. New Sharon; born in Pottsville, Pa., in 1848; came to this State in 1850, and to this county in 1851, and for years, ex- cepting perhaps Council Bluft's, their lumber yard was the farthest west of any in the State, and their trade extended as far west as Fort Dodge; he married Miss Rose Cole in 1872; she was born in Dodge county, Wisconsin. KNOWLTON, C. F., attorney at law. New Sharon; born in Fay- ette county, Ohio, May 18, 1853; came to this county February 19, 1865; he was educated at the Iowa Wesleyan University of Mt. Pleasant, graduated June 19, 628 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 1873, and was admitted to the bar on his twenty-first birthday. KRAMER, C. H., of the firm of Kramer & Graham, dealers in dry goods, groceries, crockery, boots, shoes, hats, caps and clothing, 'New Sharon; born in Pennsylva- nia in 1842; came to this State in 1845, and to this county in April, 1875 ; has been engaged in selling goods eleven years; he married Mary Parker in 1861; she was born in Ohio, and died in October, 1862; he afterward married Miss Hattie is"". Rhodes in 1864; she was born in Ohio; has one child, Clarence, by first marriage. Kloose, Joseph, shoemaker, New Sharon. Kimble, W. I., carpenter. New Sharon. King, J. F., clerk. New Sharon. Kirk, AVm. B., nurseryman. New Sharon. LAWRENCE, S. B., dealer in grain, stock and agricultural implements, New Sharon; born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1832, and came to this State in 1862; owns 160 acres of land; has held oflice of town trustee; married Miss Kittie Benedict in 1856; she was born in Ohio. Larson, Ole, retired, New Sharon. Laughlin, P. P., agricultural imple- ments, New Sharon. Lewis, S. W., insurance agent. New Sharon. Larson, A., carpenter, New Sharon. Long, C. S., laborer, New Sharon, Lowry, Curtis, laborer. New Sharon. LOYD, WILEY, blacksmith, New Sharon; born a slave in North Carolina, in 1834; was sold and taken to Tennessee, where he re- mained until he came to this State, in 1864; he married Celia Fane, in 1862; she was born in North Carolina. MADER, JOSEPH, shoemaker, New Sharon. McAllister, Wm. L., physician and surgeon, New Sharon. McCURDY, J.F., of the firm of Versteeg & Co., of the city steam mills. New Sharon ; born in Dear- born county, Indiana, in 1836; came to this county in 1875; he owns one-third interest in the above mills ; he is a member of the city council; he enlisted in the 59th Illinois Infantry in the late war, and served four years; he married Miss Ann McCullough in 1869; she was born in Ohio. Michener, Ed., carpenter, New Sha- ron. MORRIS , D . C . , physician and sur- , geon. New Sharon ; born in Jackson county, Indiana, in 1834; came to this State in 1856; owns 80 acres of land; has practiced medicine fourteen j^ears; has held ofiice of postmaster; he married Miss Mary Painter in August, 1855; she was born in Greene county, Ohio; has five children, Ogburn J., Benford L., Albert A., Mary A., and D. Russell. Morgan, J. S., painter. New Sharon. MUNSILL, E., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. New Sharon; born in Licking county, Ohio, 1821; came to this State in 1841, and to this county in 1843; he owns 320 acres of land; he has served as school director and as member of the city coun- cil; he married Miss R. Schuyler, in 1842; she was born in Ken- tucky, and died in 1850; he after- ward married M. Phillips in 1852; she was born in New York; has seven children, Elizabeth, Mary, Ephraim, Corydon, Cary, Albert, and Charles. Munger, S., teacher. New Sharon. Myers, S., clerk, New Sharon. NAYLOR, A. H., retired farmer, New Sharon; born in Jefler- son county, New York, in 1814; came to this county in 1865; owns 80 acres of land; he married PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 629 Eachael A. Wood, in 1835; she was born in Ohio; has four chil- dren, Albert, Marj J., Addison W., and Kinzie C, Kichol, Mathew, laborer, New Shar- on. Nichol, J. R, New Sharon. Nicholson, John, shoemaker, New Sharon. Nicholson, G. W., laborer. New Sharon. Nicholson, M. W., laborer. New Sharon. PALMER, EZRA, painter, New Sharon; born in Ohio Sep- tember 7, 1822; came to this state in 1844, and in 1852 settled in Poweshiek county, and came to this county in 1873; he married Miss Rachael W. Cheeseman, in 1846; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana; has four chil- dren, Hannah J., William R., Rineer, and Sarah E. Pardo, H. W., photographer. New Sharon. Parks, Alfred, plasterer. New Sharon. Penland, I. N., insurance and real estate agent, New Sharon. Phillips, Wm., laborer. New Sharon. Phillips, S. B., laborer. New Sharon. Pla^'le, W. T., laborer, New Sharon. QUINN, THOMAS, R. R. hand, New Sharon. RANSDELL,J.S., retired farm- er. New Sharon; born in Henry county, Kentucky, in 1826; removed to Indiana when young, and came to this county in 1861; owns 120 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Mary C. Rash in 1853; she was born in Kentucky; he has sold wheat for $3 per bushel, and hogs at $11 per cwt. since he has been in the state. RATLIFF , PIERCE, dealer in ag- ricultural inii^lements. New Sha- ron; born in Fay^ttfijeounty, Penn- sylvania, in 1834; came to this county in 1852; in 1854 he crossed the plains to Oregon with five yoke of oxen; he remained one winter in Oregon, and went with a pack train to California, returning to this county in 1858; he owns 185 acres of land; on one piece of land he has a valuable rock quarry. Rea, Michael, laborer, New Sharon. Rockwell, Alanson, farmer, New Sharon. Rockwell, Samuel, retired farmer, New Sharon. Rockwell, R. S., farmer. New Sharon. Rockwell, Jared, engineer. New Sharon. Rogers, Thomas, capitalist. New Sharon. Rosborough, A. G., grocer. New Sharon. Russell, W. F., telegraph operator. New Sharon. SCOTT, LEVI T., retired farmer, New Sharon; born in Craw- ford county, Indiana, April 3, 1816; he removed to Illinois, set- tling first in Vermillion county, and afterward in Fulton and Mc- Donagh counties; he remained in Illinois forty years, and came to this county in April, 1877; he owns 150^ acres of land; he mar- ried Nancy Doyle in 1839; she was born in Kentucky; has four children, Araminda, wife of Jack- son Efiin, Mary, wife of Solen Fairman, of Fulton county, Illi- nois, Emma, wife of Wilbur Og- born, and Isaac Newton; when he first settled in Illinois he cut wood for twenty-five cents per cord, and split rails for twentj'-five cents per hundred, and sold dressed pork for $1.25 per cwt. SCOTT, ISAAC NEWTON, farm- er, New Sharon; born in Fulton county, 111., in 1844; came to this county, in 1877; owns 55 acres of land. SEXTON, W.J.,attorney at law,New Sharon; born in Saugamon county, 111., April 10, 1848; came to this county in 1854; he married Miss 630 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Carrrie E. Weist, in 1873; she was born in Ohio; has three children, Florence, Bertice, and Baby. He enlisted in the 9th Iowa cavalry in the late war, and served two and a half years. Shamo, J. H., dentist, New Sharon. Shanyo. M. Y., clerk, New Sharon. Shatwell, William B., street com- missioner, New Sharon. Smith W. R., laborer, New Sharon. Smith, E. A., je'sveler. New Sharon. Snell, Richard, farmer. New Sharon. Stanley, E. B., retired farmer, New Sharon. Starkey, J. E., grocery and restaur- ant. New Sharon. Stnbbs, William, blacksmith, New Sharon. Stanton, David, farmer and merchant, New Sharon. Sntton, A. II., grocer, New Snaron. Spranl, J. S., farmer, New Sharon. T RAVES, PHILLIP, bridge builder. New Sharon. Turner, John, carpenter. New Sharon. VAIL, DAVID, clerk, New Sharon. VATL, H. J„ editor of the New Sharon Stai'\ born in Belmont county, Ohio, November 22, 1845, came to this State April 14, 1864. From September, 1871, to June, 1873, he published the Wilton Chronicle^ in Muscatine county, Iowa, and the 22d of June, 1873, commenced the publication of the New Sharon Star, a seven column folio, it has since been enlarged three times. He has held the of- fice of mayor; has been post-mas- ter since 1873; he married Miss Sarah Oblinger, April 18, 1866; she was born in Bel- mont county, Ohio; has two chil- dren, Wm. Lewis Lincoln and Lil- lian. VERSTEEG, JNO., of the firm of Versteeg & Co., proprietors of the city steam mills, New Sheron; born in Holland in 1836; came to this country in 1847; he lived nearly three years in Oregon, and came to this county in 1874; he married Miss Elizabeth D. Fisher, in 1857; she was born in Holland; has five children, Elizabeth, Arthur, Em- ma, John, Henrietta; lost one son Arthur. Vickers, Sanford, Qgg and butter dealer. New Sharon. Vickers, Thos., retired physician, New Sharon. \ A rAY, GEO., blacksmith, New V V Sharon; born in Morgan county, Ohio, Nov. 11, 1853; came to this county March 1, 1873. He holds ofiice as member of the city council; he married Miss Emma Zech, in 1875; she was born in Penn,; has one child, Wm. Le- Roy. Wallace, Elam, baker, New Sharon AVARREN, D. E., of the firm of Warren & Collins, furniture deal- ers and undertakers. New Sharon; born in Jefferson county, N. Y. in 1836; emigrated with his parents to Elkhart county, Ind., in 1837, and came to reside in this State in in 1865. He afterwards returned to Michigan and remained until his removal to this county in 1872; he owns 120 acres of land; he en- listed in the Twelfth Ind. Cavalry in the late war, and served until the regiment was mustered out. He married Elizabeth Brannon in 1878; she was born in Michigan. Watson, J. W., carpenter, New Sharon. WARING, H.M., attorney at law, of the firm Hole, Hillis, & War- ing, attorneys. New Sheron; born in Northumberland county. Pa., in 1857; came to this State in 1859, and to this county in 1860, when his father w^as stationed as a minister of the M. E. Church. Weathers, J. L., livery man. New Sharon. PRAIEIE TOWNSHIP. 631 "West, J. A., hotel keeper, New Sharon. Williams II. D., wagon maker, JSTew Sliaron. Winder, F. M., farmer, Xew Sharon. WINDER, JAMES, retired farmer, New Sharon ; born in Ross county, Ohio, March 10, 1812; came to this county October 20, 1852; in early life he worked at carriage building, and afterward at the cabinet business, and when he came to this county engaged in farming; he is one of the earliest settlers, and built the second building in New Sliaron, and was the first post- master, an office he held six years; he has laid out and platted two additions to New Sharon, and served several years as town trustee; he married Eliza Albright in 1835; she was born in Monroe county, New York; has six children, William, Francis, Nancy, Charlotte, Joseph and Abner. WINDER, Will. W., barber. New Sharon; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1836; came to this county in 1852; he married Deborah Sharp in 1870; she was born in Ohio; has two children, Albert C. and Baby. AVILD3IAN, OLIVER, merchant, of the firm of Wildman & Stanton, dealers in general merchandise, New Sharon; born in Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, in 1833, and came to this State in 1871; owns eighty acres of land ; he has held office of school director and assessor; he married Miss Hannah Bailey in 1859; she was born in Ohio in 1832; has four children, Sulan B., Harry G., Charlie W. and Adah; lost two children, Effie and Alon- zo. WRIGHT, H. T., dealer in hard- ware, stoves and house furnishing goods. New Sharon; born in Adams county, Penn., in 1818; he lived in Ohio seven years, and re- moved to Delaware county, Iowa, in 1857, coming to this county in 1869; he has served as a member of the city council; he married Miss L. A. Hoopes in 1861; she was born in Adams Co., Penn.; has one son, Charles; lost one daughter, Anna E. :e=i^-^iz^ie TOTTT-nsrsia:!^. A DAMSON, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. Akin, W. L., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. New Sharon. Allen, J. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. New Sharon. Anderson, John, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon. BALTZLE, J. C, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. New Sharon. REAL, W. M., farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Flint; born in Union county, Ohio, in 1839; came to this county in 1855; owns eighty acres; he married Miss Mary E. Jackson in 1860; she was born in Ohio; has five children, Hiram, Flora, Char- lie, Clara and Florence. 38 Beal, John S., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Beal, J. N., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. New Sharon. BEAL, Wm., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. New Sharon; born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in 1821; came to this county in 1852; pre- vious to his removal to this county he lived in Ohio, and Henderson county, Illinois; he owns 120 acres of land; has held office of town trustee and school director; he carted lumber from Burlington to Granville to build him a house; he married Elizabeth Thomas in 181:2; she was born in Ohio; has 632 DIEECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. three children, Rebecca E., John S. and Isaiah jS^. Beal, Hiram, farmer, Sec, 8; P. O. New Sharon. Beal, jS^icholas, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Flint. Beal, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. New Sharon. Benedict, C. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Kew Sharon. Bonsall, T. P., farmer, Sec. 19; P. Flint; born in Philadelphia, in 1826 ; came to this connty in 1859. He owns forty acres of land. He married Mary E. Randels, in 1849; has three children, Hiram, Laura and Jane. Bonsall, W. C, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Peoria. Brii^gs, Evan, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. New Sharon. Brig-gs, George, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. New Sharon. Burks, Wm., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Flint. Burns, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. New Sharon. BRYAN, WM.A,, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio in 1835; came to this county in in 1849. He owns two hundred and fifty -six acres of land; has held office of school director. He married Catharine Pierson in 1856; she was born in Logan county, Ohio; has five children, Lillian A., Charles F., Freddie H., Ernest and Willie; lost two, El- mer A. and Arthur C. CARP, THOMAS G., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. Camp, Freeman, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. CATHCART, HUGH, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 30; P. O. Flint; born in Pennsylvana in 1827. He removed to Wisconsin, and came to this State in 1868; owns two hun- dred and sixty -eight acres of land; has held office of school director. He married Miss Susan J. Fix, in 1854; she was born in Cleveland, Ohio; has seven children, Mary J., William H., Sarah, Loftus L.. Hugh G., Anna M., and Baby; lost three children. Clements, J. S., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Chambers, John, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. O. New Sharon. Cobb, T., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. New Sharon. Cox, Hiram, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. JSew Sharon. Cope, Henry, farmer. Sec. 14; P. (). New Sharon. Comford, Pierce, f;irmer, Sec. 3; P. O. New Sharon. COLE, J., farmer. Sec. 24; P.O. New Sharon; born in Jefterson county. New York, in 1815; came to this county in December, 1868; owns sixty acres of land. He was enrolling officer during the war in Dodge county, Wisconsin. He married Miss A. Hickey, March 12, 1839; she was born in Ireland; they have nine children, Charles, Chester, William S., Ben- jamin J., Fremont, Judson C, Charlotte, Rosa and Sarah. One son, Edward, enlisted in the 29th Wisconsin Infantrj^, and died from disease contracted in the army. Chester, William S. and Benja- min, enlisted and served their country in the army, the latter being only fifteen years of age. DAYIS, II. M., farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. New Sharon. Davis, S. J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Flint. Davidson, Rachel, wndow, Sec. 17; P. O. Flint. Daily, J. H., fixrmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. New Sharon. Dean, David, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon. Dorr, Edmund, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. DRENNAN, JAMES M., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ireland, in 1842: came to America in 1860, and to this PEAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 633 county, ill 1860; owns two hun- dred and forty acres of land. He married Miss Flora T. Getts, in 1868; she was born in Wisconsin; has four children, Jessie M., Sa- rah A., William E. and J. Leslie. ELLIS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. ]N"ew Sharon. Ellis, D. S., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 'New Sharon. ELLIS, E. E., farmer. Sec. 12; P.O. New Sharon; born in Orange county, Indiana, in 1812; came to this county in 1856; owns 160 acres of land; has held offices of township trustee and school direc- tor. He married Ellen Shotwell, in 1869; she was born in Wasli- ington county, Ohio; has two chil- dren, Lucien W. and Mamie Maud. Evans, James W., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Granville. Evans, Hugh, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Grandville. FARR, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Flint; born in Pennsylvania, in 1827; came to this Co., March 31, 1856; lived in Ohio nineteen years previous to his removal to Iowa. He owns 160 acres of land; married Miss Ellen Funk, in ISTovember, 1853; she was born in Pennsylvania; has three children, Joseph, Jasper and Mary; lost three. Fisher, Maiy, postmistress, Sec. 29, P. O. Flint. Fisher Thos., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Flint. FISHER, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Flint; born in Henry county, Iowa, in 1844; came to this county ill 1854; owns 120 acres of land; he married Miss Naomi Beal in 1867; she was born in Ohio; has four children, Alice, Albert, Effie J., and Lillie J. Flemming, Orin, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O, New Sharon. Florence, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. New Sharon. FOX, LOFTUS, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. New Sharon ; born in LaGrange county, Ind., in 1845 ; lived several years in Wisconsin previous to his removal to this county in 1872; owns 240 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Emma Shuessler in 1874; she was born in Warren county, 111.; has two children, George and Baby. Freleigh, Chas., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. New Sharon. GAKNER, L., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Granville. Garner, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Granville. God by, Sylvester, farmer, Sec. IS; P. O. Peoria. Godby, Cameron, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Peoria. Gosnell, Hiram, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. GRACE, A. J., f^irmer, Sec. 16; P. O. New Sharon ; born in Huron county, Ohio, in 1836; came to this State in October, 1839, with his parents, settling in Scott county and in March, 1873, came to this county; he owns 160 acres of land, he enlisted in the 20th Iowa In- fantry in the late war, and served three years; he married Miss Eliza Ann Russell, in 1866; she was born in A^irgina; has five children, Emma L., George E., Sarah J., Wm. Jackson, and Ruth A. Green, E. R., fanner, Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon. HAILE, CHARLES, farmer. Sec. 31, P. O. Flint; born in Scott county, Iowa, in 1845; came to this county in 1870; owns 135 acres of land; ,he enlistsd in the 9th Iowa Cavalry, and served two and a half j^ears; he married Miss Eliza Jacobs in 1869; she was born in Scott county; has five children, Marion, Frank, Flattie, Lizzie and Mark. HANSELL, R., larmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Flint; born in Pennsylvania June 15, 1827; came to this county 634 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. in 1856 ; owns 76 acres. He married Sarali A. Wharton, who was born in Pennsyh^ania. Has live children: Samuel "W., George H,, John A., Daniel "W"., and Mary E. ; lost one daughter, Esther. Hadley, Wm. G., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. New Sharon. Hansell, George, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. New Sharon. Hansell, Richard, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Elint. HAMBLEN, URIAH, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. New Sharon; born in Brown comity, Indiana, in 1832; came to this county in October, 1854; owns two hundred acres of land. He married Miss Mary A. Chapbell, in 1854; she was born in Indiana; has live children: Thos. J., John, Mary E., Sarah J., and Lucy; lost three children. HEITSMAN, P., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. New Shai-on; born in Warren county, N. J., in 1814; came to this county in 1853; owns 235 acres of land. He was one of the first towni trustees at the organiza- tion of Prairie township; he also served as school director. He mar- ried Miss Susan Mershon, in 1840; she was born in Trenton, N. J. ; has seven children: Margaret Ann (Mrs. Fisher), Jacob B., George J., Irvin, Emma M., (Mrs. Thomas Ryan) Wm. F., and Lewis B. ; lost one daughter, Eliza. Heitsman, John U., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O New Sharon. Heller, Hiram, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Flint. HILL, GEORGE W., fanner. Sec. 25; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio in 1819; came to this county in 1866; owns 168 acres of land. Has held office of school director. He married Charlotte Stanton Sept. 9th, 1854; she was born in Belmont county, Ohio; has five children: Yaldo, Angelo, Albert, Orin, and Borden. Hibbs, Wm. B., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. NcM' Sharon. Huff, Wm. T., larmer. Sec. 28; P. O. New Sharon. Hull, E. C, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Granville. Hughes, Edwin, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. New Sharon. T ACK SON, J.R., former and stock- cJ raiser. Sec. 28; P. O. Flint; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1821; came to this Co. in 1853; has held the office of township trustee and school director; owns 280 acres of land. He married Julia A. Braman, in 1842 ; she was born in Morgan county, Ohio ; has nine children : Mary E., William,Louisa, Frances J., John, Martha, Julia, Emily and Esther. Jackson, Isaac, IVirmer and fruit grower, Sec. 9 ; P. O. New Sharon. JANNEY, STEPHEN,farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio, in 1832; removed to Illi- nois in 1865, and came to this county in 1871; owns 50 acres of land; has held the offices of school director and township trustee; he married Miss Lydia White, in 1862; she was born in Indiana; has two children, Charles O. and Myrta L. ; lost two, Effie and Bennie E. ; he enlisted in the Seventy-ninth Ohio Infantry in the late war, and was with Sherman in his march to the sea; was taken prisoner, and confined at Salisbury, North Carolina, and afterward in Libby prison, and was among the last squad of soldiers paroled and sent to Annapolis before the evacuation of Richmond. Jay, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. New Sharon. Jay, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. New Sharon. Johnson, Mary A., Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. Johnson, M. C, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. New Sharon. PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 635 KIRK, Z. p., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. New Sharon. KNEUDSON, 0. G., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 'New Sliaron; born in Norway in 1842; came to this State in 1858, and to this county in 1861; owns 120 acres of land; holds office of town trustee; he enlisted in the Seventh Iowa In- fantry in the late war, and served nearly two years; he married Miss Bertha Sawyer, who was born in Wisconsin; has four children, Gunder Samuel, Sarah A., Be- lina and Matthias. Kneudson, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. New Sharon. Kneudson, John, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. New Sharon. LAPSON, IVER, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. Lucas, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. New Sharon. MARIS, H., farmer. Sec. IT; P. O. New Sharon; born in Pennsylvania, in 1829; came to this State in April, 1851; owns 100 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Martha Bonsall, in 1856; she was born in Pennsylvania; has six children, Mary D., Annie O., Emma J., Lizzie P., Josie M. ; lost two, Ellis and Martha J. MARIS, L. D., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Flint; born in 1827; came to this county in 1851; owns 80 acres of land; has held offices of justice of the peace and school di- rector; he married Miss Salinda Randalls, in 1858; she was born in Ohio; has seven children, Su- sanna, George, Hannah, John, William, El wood and Martha. McCauley, James, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. New Sharon. Mcintosh, James, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. Miller, Charles, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Miller, W. L., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. MITCHELL, R., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. New Sharon; born in Pennsyl- vania, in 1826; came to this coun- ty in 1863; owns, with his son, 140 acres; has held office of school director; he married Ruth A. Cox, in 1849; she was born in Pennsylvania; has seven children, Milton, Louisa, Richard J., Rosa- line, Mary B., Olive and Minnie. Mineer, James, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. New Sharon. Mitchener, E. P., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. New Sharon. MITCHELL, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. New Sharon; born in Pennsylvania, in June, 1812; came to this county in 1855; owns 170 acres of land; he married Harriet Steen in 1837; she was born in Beaver county, Pennsy]vrnia; has seven children, Marion B., Nancy - A., Mary J., Snnth, Minerva, Ju- liette and John C. Michener, D. O., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. New Sharon. Morgan, David, attorney, Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. Morgan, Milton, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. New Sharon. Murphy, John, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. New Sharon. NOEL, JONAH, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Flint. OLSON, J. T., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Flint. OMUNDTON,^ C, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. New Sharon; born in Lee county, Iowa, in 1841; came to this county in 1863; owns 109 acres of land; he married Mary Brudervc»ld in 1874; she was born in Lee county; has two children, Hannah and Caroline. Omundson, Peter, fai'mer. Sec. 2; P. O. New Sharon. PEARSON, WM., Sen., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. Pearson, AVm., Jr., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. FERRYMAN, G.W., farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Flint; born in Kentucky 636 DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. ill 1816; came to this State in 1842 and settled in Henry county; lie caine to this county in 1854; owns 40 acres of land ; he married Mary J. Bonsell, who was born in Pennsylvania; has three children, Nancy J., James E., and Eliza E. Pickerel, Isaiah, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. jSTew Sharon. PHILLIPS, P. W., tanner and stock raiser. Sec. 32 ; P. O. New Sharon ; born in Yirginia in 1830; came to this county May 4, 1856; owns 375 acres of land; has held offices of school director, town clerk, assessor, and justice of the peace for many years; he married Miss Ellen Williams in 1850; she was born in Ross county, Ohio; has seven children, John C, Mary A., Cornelius H., Jasper H., Sarah A., Charles W., and Willie E. PHILLIPS, CYRUS, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. New Sharon; born in Barber county, Yirginia, in 1837; he emigrated to Ohio when young, where lived twenty-eight years, coming to this county in 1875 ; he owns 220 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Susanna Savage in 1858 ; she was born in Delaware county, Ohio, and died October 8, 1875; he afterwards married Eliza J. Loy in 1876; she was born in Allen county, Ohio; lias five children, Elmer E., Margaret J., Flora, Rosa, and Frank. REDPATII, ALANSON, tann- er, Sec. 20; P. O. Peoria. Richmond, Monroe, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Granville. ' ROBERTS, M. B,, farmei-. Sec. 10; P. O. New Sharon; l)orii in High- land county, Ohio, in 1S22; came to this State in 1855, and to this county in 1863 ; previous to his coming to this State he lived fifteen years in Indiana; owns 100 acres of land; he married Mary A. Airy in 1845; she was born in Ohio; has six children, Ellen 11., Thomas C, Laura E,, Mattie M., Nathan A., Orlando S. ; lost four, Lydia E., Elizabeth A., Charles, and William A. Roberts, Geo. A., farmer," Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. Rogers, E., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. New Sharon. Romine, James D., farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. O. New Sharon. RYAN, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio in 1848; came to this county in 1860; he married Miss Emma M. Iletsman in 1872; she was born in Ohio; has one daughter, Etta May. SCilROYER, HENRY, tarmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O. Granville. Sexton, C. T., tanner. Sec. 19; P. O. Flint. SHAW,THOMPSON, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Granville; born in Mary- land October 9, 1827; he removed to West Yirginia where he re- mained several years, coming to this county in 1865; owns 360 acres of land; he married Miss Louisa Fazenbaker November 20, 1851; has four children, three sons and one daughter. Shaw, J. M., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. New Sharon. Shaw, E. K., tanner. Sec. 26 ; P. O. New Sharon. Shaw, John S„ fanner. Sec. 7; P. O. Granville. SHANGLE, A. L-, fenner, Sec. 19; P. O. Flint; born in Morris county, N. J., in 1831 ; came to this coun- ty in 1854; lived in Ohio nine years previous to his coming to this State; owns 80 acres of land; he has held the offices of justice of the peace, assessor, school director, and secretary of the school board; he married Miss Mary W. Tuttle in 1859; she was born in Morris county, N. J, ; has three children, Mark II., Lewis T., and Fred- erick M. SHOEMAKE, P., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. New Sharon; born in this PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 637 State in 1843; owns 160 acres of land; he married Catherine Ames in 1870; she was born in 'New Hampsliire; tliey have three chil- dren, Bertie, Ida, and William. SNICKARD, M. T., farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 15; P. O. New Sharon; born in Jefferson connty, Ohio, in 1S40; came to this conn- ty in April, 1868; owns 330 acres of land; lie inarried Miss Rebecca J. Wliite in 1868; she was born in the same county; they have five children, Elmer R,, Cora F., Minnie, Jennie, and Florence. Sniff, Amos, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon. Smith, H. A., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Flint. Sproul, John S., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. New Sharon. SPAIN, CALEB, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Flint; born in Champagne county, Ohio, in 1825; came to this county October 26, 1856; owns 80 acres of land; he married Miss Esther A. Good in 1852; she was born in Ohio; they have two children, Jesse M., and Em- maetta. STEWART, LEVI, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. New Sharon ; born in West- moreland county, Pa., in 1828; he came to this county in 1847; he owns 160 acres of land ; has held the office of town trustee; he married Miss Clara E. Stan- le}^ in 1847; she was born in Vir- ginia. Stewart, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Stewart, Rush M., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Stewart, S. T., farmer. See. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stattler, F. W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Flint. Steen, Frank, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Stram, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon. Stroum, G. G., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon. TIIORNBURG, A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon. Thomas, Robert, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. New Sharon. THOMAS, DAVIS, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. New Sharon; he was born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1816, and came to this county in 1854; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Ilail- nah A. B. Watson, in 1839; she was born in Maysville, Ky., and died in 1857; he marriod, for his second wife, Elizabeth Stevens, in 1866; she was born in Ohio; they have four children, Mary E., wife of Jacob Hall, Evaline, wife of Jesse Ellis, Hannah R., wife of Mahlon Apple, Cortland M.; lost Sylvester W. and Christo- pher C; enlisted in the 4th Iowa Cavalry, and died from disease contracted in the army. Thompson, Nels. C, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon. Timbrel, Jacob T., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Grand ville. Totten, C. W., fai\ier, Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon. Topleff, C. W., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. New Sharon. TURNER, JAS., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Granville; born in Alle- gheny connty, Maryland, Oct. 27, 1817; came to this county, Dec. 18, 1864, owns 191 acres; he mar- ried Martha Albernetliy in 1838; she was born in Hampshire coun- ty, Virginia; he has nine children, Elizabeth S., John, Hannah J., Mary M., Lacey A. M., Lafayette, Laura, Arthur and Vernon. VAN HORN, E. R., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. T A TATLAND, OSMAN, farm- V V er. Sec. 10, P. O. New Shar- on ; born in Norway in '47; came to America in 1853, and lived for sev- eral years in La Salle county, HI., 638 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. and came to this county in 1865; owns 160 iicres of land. He is al- so connected, with Pierce Ratliff Esq., in the sale of agricultural implements, under the lirm name of Katliff & Watland ; he holds of- fice of justice of the peace; he married Miss Isabel Sawyer, in 1872; she was born in La Salle county, 111.; has one child, Jesse K. Watland, Elsie, Sec. 10; P. O. ^ew Sharon. "Watland, Oley, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. WATLAND, THOMAS, former. Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon; born in Norway in 1842; came to Illin- ois in 1856, and to this county in 1865; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of school director. He married Bertha Cleveland in 1868; she was born in Norway; has four children, Josephine, Mary A., Os- car, and Andrew. WATLAND, G., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon; born in Nor- way in 1835; came to this coun- try and settled in Illinois in 1856, and removed to this county in 1866; owns 180 acres of land; he married Ellen Danielson in 1865; She was born in Norway ; has live children, Elsie T., Seward, Eama- da, Addie B., and Martha. Wharton, J. S., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Flint. WHALING, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Flint; born hi Wayne county. Pa., in ls31; came to this county, in 1855; owns eighty acres; he has held offices of justice of the peace, school director, and trustee; he married Susan A. Shelby in 1854; she was born in Pa., and died July 11, 1855. He afterward married Ellen Hunt, July 1, 1857; she was born in Ohio. WINTERIIUTE, E. W., tanner, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon; born in 1841; came to this county in 1858; owns 160 acres of land. He married Miss Dullie A. Fenker- son in Nov. 1861; she was born in Maine; has five children, Ben- jamin, Mary E., Lucius, Willie and Cora; lost two Florence and Carl. Woodward, J. M., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. New Sharon. jE^iFEissonsr ^?o•T7;7-3^TSI3:II=. ABBOTT, B. K., tanner, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Hamilton; owns 96 acres land, valued at $25 per acre; born in New Jersej' in 1831; came to Iowa in 1866, and located on his present farm. Married Eliza- beth Gushwa, in 1861; she was born in Ohio in 1838; have seven children, Ann, David, Sarah, Wil- liam, Mary, Stephen and Charles; members of M. E. Church. BLIZZAKD, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Ferry. BALES, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Ferry; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Monroe county, Indiana, 1843; came to Iowa in 1861, and settled with his parents in this township. Married Sarah Nowles, in 1863; she was born in this township in 1846; have four children: Willis, Oscar, John and Fanny. Rep. Bonnett, M. F., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Hamilton. Boles, Julia A., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Eveland Grove. Bonnett, J. C, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Hamilton. Boles, Henry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Ferry. Boles, J. T., fanner, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Eveland Grove. Bradley, G. C, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Hamilton. BUTLER, P. G., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Ferry; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. G31> Onondaga county, 1^. Y., in 1820; came to Iowa in 1838, and located in Lee county ; removed to tliis county in 1855, and settled on his present farm. Married Mary A. Taylor in 1851; she was born in Yenango county, Penn., in 1823; have six children: Livona, Lodena, Jennie, William M., Alvira J., and Louisa ; held office of ounty super- visor seven years. Greenback. CARMIIST, BEN J., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Bussey. Campbell, Pobert, farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Ferry. Calloway, J. W., farmer. Sec 32 ; P. O. Hamilton. Chester, M. J., farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Eveland Grove. Chapman, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Eveland Grove. Clemmons John, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Eveland Grove. Clemmons, W. P., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Bussey. Covey, Simon, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Ferry. CONE, NELSON, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Eveland Grove; owns forty acres of land valued at fit}^ dollars per acre; born in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1820 ; came to Iowa May 22, 1843, and located on his present farm ; was a resident of Sangamon county, Illinois, about three years. Mr. Cone has been twice married; in 1843 he mar- ried Miss Sarah J. Allen; she was a native of Yirginia, was born in 1821, and died in 1803; had two children, C. P. and W. J ; married again in 1865 to Esta M. Ilenness; she was born in A^an Buren Co., Iowa, in 1843; have one child, Lucy. Mr. Cone has held differ- ent township offices, and been county supervisor one year, and represented the county in 1874; Christian church; Democrat. CROMWELL, GEORGE, Sec. 24; P. O. Eddyville; owns 228^ acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; 39 born in New York City in 1815, came to Iowa in 1849, and settled on his present farm. Mr. C. has been twice married; in 1850 he married Mary J. Lee; she was born in Indiana in 1833, and died in 1855; had two children, Mar- garet and Katie; and in 1866 married Mary Ann Mcintosh; she was born in Illinois in 1834; have three children, Charles, Mary Ann and Geoi-ge. Mr. C. served two enlistments in the regular army; was all through the Mexi- can War. Crabill, Uriah F., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Eveland Grove. DARNELL, WM., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Bussey. Darnell, Sumner, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Busesy. Dornan, Hugh, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Ferry. Dornan, John, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Ferry. EVANS, J . H., tarmer. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Ferry; owns 178^ acres of land valued at $25 per acre; born in Maryland, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in Jones county, and removed to his pres- ent farm in 1869; married Lucy Gerrard in 1844; she was born in Miami Co., Ohio, in 1827 ; have five children living, Mary J., Jessie A., Eleanora, Edward M. and Ann ; enlisted in Co. G, 31st Regiment Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. He received a commission as captain, in March, 1863. Republican. EVELAND, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Ferry; owns 470 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Morgan County, Ohio, in 183 8; came to Iowa in 1843, and located in Muscatine county; removed to this county in 1855; married Elizabeth Wilson in 1853; she was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 1828; have four children, Alice, Ida M., Jessie N., 640 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. and Elmer; be has three children by a former wife, Sarah E., Free- man and Egbert S. He has been justice of the peace two years and trustee ten. (Ireenback. EVELAND, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Ferry; owns 183 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1853, and settled on his present farm; married Haddasah Campbell, in 1857; she was born in DeWitt county, Illi- nois, in 1838; has four children, Charlie, Mary M., Dick and Nel- lie; has been township trustee one term. Greenback. FERRALL, T. O., farmer, Sec. 40; P. O. Hamilton. Flanders, Azariah, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Ferry. Foster, J. W., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Ferry. FOTHERGILL, ALLEN, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Ferry; owns 273 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in England in 1831; came to America in 1843; located in Iowa, in 1851; married Ellen C. Blizzard, in 1862; she was born in Ohio, in 1841 ; she is a member of the M. E. church. Frye, Ann E., Sec. 9; P. O. Eve- land Grove. Francis, O. F., farmer Sec. 17; P. O. Bussey. GRAY, WM., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Eveland Grove. HARRIS, WM., farmer, Sec. 23. P. O. Eveland Grove. Havener, John, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Ferry. Hallowell, Sarah, Sec. 6; P. O. Bus- sey. Harriott, Amos, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Eveland Grove. Hays, Jajnes, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. M. Ferry. Holcomb, Lewis J., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Ferry. Havener, Thos., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Ferry. Hill, Rachel, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eveland Grove. HITES, EMANUEL, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Ferr}^; owns 152 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1815; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled in Marion county, removed to his present farm in 1867; mar- ried Phebe Natliers, in 1844; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1819; have nine children, David S., Ann Elizabeth, Daniel Ambrose, Lean- der, Sarah J., George, Yalentine, Thomas L. and William Theodore; lost two sons in the U. S. army. Member of Lutheran Church. Re- publican. Holsclaw Arthur, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eveland Grove. Holmes, Mathew, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Ferry. Iloit, Nicholas, farnier. Sec. 15; P. O. Eveland Grove. Hoit, Amasa, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Bellefontaine. Hoit, John, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Bellefontaine. HENNESS, JOHN L., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. O. Eveland Grove: o^ms 1000 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1813; came to Iowa in 1835, and settled in Burlington; removed to this county in 1843, and located in Des Moines township; removed to his farm in 1864; married Ruth J. Long in 1860; she was born in Green county, Pa., in 1836; had two children, Thomas J., and John W. Mr. Henness was married, the second time to Ruth Long, and has five children by this mar- riage, Sarah A., Jane, Madora, Helen, and F. M. Hunter, J. C, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Eveland Grove. JEFFORDS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. cJ 15; P. O. Eveland Grove ; owns 70 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1827; came to Iowa in JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 641 1865, and settled (»u his present farm; married Xanev Mehanna in 1849; she was born in Mori^an connty, Ohio, in 1830; have four children, Arthur A., Lucy P., Charles II., and Ilattie M. ; are members of the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church. Greenback. JONES, PRICE, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Ev^eland Grove; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Monroe county, Ohio, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1845, and settled in this township; has been twice married; in 1868 to Dorcas L. Long; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1846, and died in 1872; had two children, Joseph J. and Alva; he married again in 1876 to Jane McDowI; she was born in Ohio in 1852; have one child, "Willie A. Mr. Jones en- listed in Co. C, 7th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and was discharged in 1865. Greenback. JONES,WALTERN., farmer, Sec. 16; post-master Eveland Grove; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Fulton county, Illinois, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1868, and settled on his present farm ; married Anna Wy- koff in 1861; she was born in Peoria county, Illinois, in 1841 ; have six children, Laura P., Mar- tin L., Seth xV., Cliester W., Edgar N., and Freddie G, Mr. Jones enlisted in Co. D, 112th Illinois Inf. in 1864, and was discharged in 1865; are members of the Methodist Church. Jolmsou, John B., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Hamilton. Jones, Margaret, Sec. 32; P. O. Bellefontaine. KITTEPvMAN, PHILLIP, far- mer, Sec. 32; P. O. Belle- fontaine. LADING, LUCY, Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville. Lawrence, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville. Lee, Albert M., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Eveland Grove. Lewis, James, tarmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Hamilton. Louman, W., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Bellefontaine. Long, Mary, Sec. 22 ; P. O. Eveland Grove, Lockwood, Wm. L., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ferry. Long, Lemuel, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Hamilton. Lyman, Horace, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Bussey. MATT'OX, C, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Ferry; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1845, and located on his present farm; mar- ried Harriett Lee in 1838; she was born in Ohio in 1822, and died in 1872; had thirteen child- ren, nine sons and four daughters ; was married again to Hannah Walker in 1873 ; she was born in Logan county, Illinois, in 1849; has one child, Ina L. Democrat. Mattox, Christopher, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Ferry. Martin, Wm. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Ferry. McClure, Jesse, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Eveland Grove. McElroy, James, farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Eveland Grove. McClure, Thcs., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Eveland Grove. McCormick,\John, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Bussey. Mehanna, John W., farm.er. Sec. 16; P. O. Eveland Grove. Mehanna, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Eveland Grove. Meiford, W. O., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Hamilton. Moore, Sampson, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Eveland Grove. Moore, Hamilton, farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Eveland Grove. Mosley, Michael, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Hamilton. 642 DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Myei-s, (I. ^V. farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Hamilton. OS^V^ALINDLE, HENRY, farm- er, Sec. 32; P. O. P>ellfon- taiiie. PATTERSON, SARAH, Sec. 15; P. O. Everland Grove. Pearson, Mary, Sec. 52; P. O. P>ell- fontaine. Powell, James, farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. . Priiigle, Joliii, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Bussey. Prino-le, Lucy, Sec. 20; P. O. P>ns- sey. TDAY, LYDIA, Sec. — ; P.O. Reid, James, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Hamilton. Reid, N. A. farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Ferry. Roberts, D. M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Eveland Grove. Rogers, Asliford, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Bussey. Rutherford, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Eveland Grove. SANDERS, ROBT. S., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Bussey. Sanders, James, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Bussey. Shuck, Jane, Sec. 36; P. O. Eddy- ville. Stroud, Smith, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Eddyville. Shaw, G. W., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Bussey. Sullivan, Harding, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Eveland Grove. Stroud, Elizabeth, Sec. 34; P. O Hamilton. Strain, Catherine, Sec. 11; P. O Ferry. Sullivan, Dan'l., farmer. See. 31; P O. Hamilton. Sullivan, E. P., farmer, Sec. 31; P O. Hamilton. THOMAS, A. B., farmer. Sec. 29 P. O. Hamilton. Tufflemyer, James, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eveland Grove. Tofflemyer Eph., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Eveland Grove. Tofflemyer David, farmer, Sec. 24; P. ().' Eveland Grove. Turner, Alfred, farnier. Sec. 33. P. O. Hamilton. Tucker, James M., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Hamilton. \ A TAX, JOSHUA, tanner, Sec. VV 0; P. O. liussey; owns 1,T(»0 acres of laud, ^■alued at $20 per acre; born in T»^ayne county, Indiana, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1843. Married Lois Dowel, in 1843 ; she was born in Licking Co., Ohio, in 1827, and died in 1853; had two children, Emily and Lyd- ia; was married again in 1855, to Ruth Ridlen; she was l)orn in De- catur county, Ind., in 1835; have five children: Seth, Chas. Owen, Walter S., AVm. J., and Horace Parker. Republican. WATCHINSON, JNO., farmer,Sec._ 19; P. O. Bussey; omus 78 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; ])orn in Muskingum county, Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1866, and located on his present farm. Mar- i-ied Elizabeth Gray, in 1847; she was born in Washington county, Penn.,in 1827; have lour children: Mary L., Sarah L., Alta J., Eva E. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. West, R. II., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eveland Grove. Werner, Rosina, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eveland Grove. ^ WELDON, W3I., larmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Ferry; ownis 213 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in New Jersey, in 1812; came to Iowa in 1853, and settled on his present farm in the same year. Married Pi-iscilla McPherson, in 1845; she was born in Cateraugus county, N. Y., in 1826; children : Dellana, Alexander, AV^ashington, and John. Democrat. WHARTON, ROBEBT, farmer, DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 6-1:3 Sec. 7; P. O. Bussey; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Mors^an Co., Ohio, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1854, and settled on his present farm; married Mary J. Ashing, in 1857; she was l)orn in 1886; have four children: Isaac W., Leroy P., Ta- bitha A., and Alice. Mr. W. has six children by a former wife : John, Tristram, C^atharine, Nancy, J. Anna, and Thomas. Mr. W. was a member of the board of super- visors two years. Democrat. WHITE, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Eddyville; owns 210 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in North Carolina in 1816 ; came to Iowa in 1852. Mar- ried Mary Noe, in 1840; she was born in Ohio, in 1820; have three children: John N., Thos. J., and Oliver T. Mr. "White has been justice of the peace for seven years. Are members of Socety of Friends. Democrat. Whiteman, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Ferry. Wharton, James M., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Ihissey. Wharton, Washington, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Hamilton. WHARTON, A. J., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Pussy; owns 345 acres land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Cluernsey county, Ohio, in 1S30; came to Iowa in 1860, and settled in this township. Married Leah Littler, in 1858; she was born in Grant county, Indiana, in 1836; have eight children: John, Eliza, Almira, Seth, Cora, Mary A., Eob- ert, and William. Democrat. White, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Eddyville. Wharton, W. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Bussey. Wiggins, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eveland Grove. Wiggins, John, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Eveland Grove. IDES IILvdlOIiTES TOT;^2SrSI3:iI=. ALLEN, J. S., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Eddyville. Allen, William, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Ferry. AUbaugh, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyville. BARNETT, L. H., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Eddyville. Barnett, F. R., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville. Barnett, John S., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville. Barnett, John E., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville, Barton, Leonard, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Given. Baxter, John, saloon keeper and coal miner; P. O. Muchakinock. Ball, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Beacon. Belzer, Felix, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Belzer, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Beamer, II. C, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Eddy- ville. Blackstone, T. J., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Bonnett, W. F., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Eddyville. BREWER, HARRY, farmer, Sec- 12; P. O. Given; was born in Cooperstown, Otsego county, N^. Y., November, 19, 1815, he emi- grated to Whiteside, county, Ills., in 1835; he came to Van Buren county, Iowa, in the spring of 1842, and to this cnunty, April 20th, 1843, and staked out his claim after midnight on May 1st., this being as soon as they were allowed ; he entered 160 acres and has now 550 acres. He mar- ried Hellen M. Adams, March 13, 644 DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 1844. She was born in Licking county, Ohio, December 16, 1826; she caiiie to Iowa in 1839, and to this county in April, 1844; have six sons and one daughter, Emily, (now Mrs. F. McGrew,) George W., Frank P., Edward D., Web- ster L., John E., and Albert PL Brown, AVilliam L., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Given. Brunt, "William W., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. EddyviUe. Brown, George, farmer, Sec. 11; P. (). Given. CASTLE, FRANK, farmer and stone cutter, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Chilton, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O., Given. Chapman, Ed , farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. O. Eddyville. Clark, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Given. Cline, Hannah, Sec. 30; P. O. Eddy- ville. Covey, H. P., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Given. Coakley, Michael, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. . COX, J. W., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Eddyville ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in Indiana, in 1842 ; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in this town- ship; married M. C. Gaines, in 1866; she was born in Indiana, in 1848; have one child, Charlie A. Greenback. CRAIN, FRANCIS M., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Eddyville; owns 198 acres of laud, valued at $20 per acre; born in Lee county, Iowa, in 1842; came here with parents in 1844; married Marga- ret L. Wilson in 1864; she was born in this count}^ in 1849; have three children, Mary A., Jacob A. S., and Bertha; Mr. C. enlisted in Co. D, 36th Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and discharged in 1865. DAYIS, GEO. W., farmer, Sec. 21; P.O. Eddyville. Davis, John S., Sec. 10; P. O. Giv- en. Dennin, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Delong, Leo S., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Beacon. Delashmutt, D. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Beacon. Doyle, Edward, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Given. Downing, Wm. II., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Given. EDWARDS, DAVID, W., far- mer, Sec. 24; P. O. Given. ENGLAND, H. S. , farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Eddyville; born in Athens count}', Ohio, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1856 and located in this township; married Amelia Cliil- cote in 1856; she was born in Ohio in 1839; have seven chil- dren, William, Samuel B., Mary, Emma, Sherman, Laura, and Pearl. Republican. England, J. II., farmer. Sec. 28; P. O Eddyville. FISHER, C. B., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Followin, Elizabeth, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Eddyville. Funk, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 22 ; I*. O. Eddvville. GREEN, W. H., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Beacon; owns 158 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Green county. Pa , in 1827; came to Iowa in 1861 and located in Oskaloosa; re- moved to present farm in 1864; married Mary L. Stephen in 1860; she was born in Monroe Co., Ohio, in 1831; have five children, Em- ma Frances, John W. , Elijah, Mary J., and Ella; Mr. Q. 'has one child, Ann Eliza, by a former wife. Republican. Godfrey, Benj., farmer. Sec. J ; P. O. Beacon. HARRIS, D. W., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Given. Hall, John W., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Eddyville. BES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 645 Hait, W. L., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Given. Ileki, Bryant B., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Given. Heki, B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Ed- djville. Henry, Wm., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Beacon. Henness, F. M., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Eddyville. Hites, David S., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Ferry. Hill, Jonathan, Sec. 21; P. O. Ed- dyville. Holden, D. II., Sec. 21 ; P. O. Ed- dyville. Ilotf, Z., Sec. 4; P. O. Given. Honghtaling, S. J., Sec. 9; P. O. Beacon. Hughes, John E., Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Hughes, Even, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. TAGER, JOHN, Sec. 36; P. O. cJ Eddyville; owns 2G9 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in France, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1858, and located in Lee county; removed to this county in 1866; married Katie Samon in 1866; she was born in Iowa in 1844; has five children, John G., Wil- liam, Richard, George, Mai'y. Democrat. Jackson, Samuel, Sec. 2; P. O. Given. Jenkins, David, Sec. — ; P. O. Given. Jenkins, AYilliam, Sec. 23; P. O. Given. Johnson, O. II., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. Johnson, J. W., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. KASART, PHILLIP, farmer. Sec. — ; P. O. Kentfield, R. H., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Given. Keener, David, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. LAFORCE, PRESLEY, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Beacon. Lee, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Eddyville. Lee, William M., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Eddyville. Little, John W. ()., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Edyville. Linderman, John W., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Eddyville. Loughridge, Mary, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Given. Logan, J. C., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Eddvville. McLAUGIILI^\ PAT, miner, Muchakinock. McMahan, Pat, miner, Muchakinock. McGill, Pat, miner, Muchakinock. McFall, Wm. J., firmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Beacon. McCrea, J. P., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Beacon. McFall, 0. W., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Given. McNeill, H. W., Muchakinock. The subject of this sketch was born in Peoi'ia, Peoria county. 111., June 18, 1847; his parents moved to Frostburg, Maryland, two years later, where he lived until he became of age; at the age of seventeen he attended the Univer- sity of Virginia located at Charles- town; during his junior year the university was closed by the rebels; from there he went to the Rock River Seminary, in Ogle county, Illinois, and went through tlie course of the graduating class of 1865; from 1865 to 1868 he took a law course in Ogle county; in 1869 he went to Springfield, Ills., and was admitted to the bar; he left there the same year and came to Iowa, locating in Hardin county; he there formed a part- nersliip in the practice of law with Gov. E. W. Eastman, of Eldora, where he continued until 1871; he then accepted the general agency of the Iowa Central Railroad; he remained with the above company until 1873; he then embarked in the coal business, oro^aniziuff the Iowa Central Coal Company, and was its president until it was 646 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. absorbed by the Consolidation Coal Coin])any, two years later, of which company he is still general manager; he is also president of the Muchakinock Coke and Fire Clay Company; he married Miss Lizzie Phillips, a native of Frost- burg, Maryland, in 1870; they have one daughter, Annie by name, lost one son, Charles Gr. Moore, S. N., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. Moran, David, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyville. Morris, David, farmer, See. 11; P. O. Given. Moak, W. S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Eddyville. Moran, Charles, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Mobley, J. B., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. MYRICK, E.W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Eddyville; owns 344 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Athens county, Ohio, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1850, and settled on present farm; Mr. M. has been twice married; in 1850 he mar- ried Mary Grant, a native of Meigs county, Ohio; they had six children, Mary Francis, Caroline, James L., Martha M., Helen and Charles L; married again in 1875 to Susanna Smith, a native of De- catur county, Indiana. Mr. M. is a member of the board of super- visors, elected in 1877; Republi- can. NOE, J. B., f\irmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. ODEM, THOMAS, farmer, P. O. Eddyville. Odem, James, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Eddyville. Olney, V. L., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Given. PATRICK, MORGAN, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Beacon; owns 298 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre; born in North Carolina, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this county; mar- ried Ary Wilcox in 1844; she was born in North Carolina, in 1826; have six children, Mary, William, George, Albert, AVilliamina and Roderick; married again, in 1866, to Mary Glass; she was born in Ohio, in 1828; have two children, Charlie and Norman. Page, William J., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Pithoud, P. A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Beacon. Pickerel, Josiah, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. Plum, A. T., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Given. RAINSBARGER, JOHN, farm- er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. Rees, Thomas Sr., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Eddyville. RIDDLE, J.H., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Eddyville; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Fayette county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1839; came to Iowa in 18G8, and located on his present farm; married Tabithall. Keener in 1862; she M'as born in Greene county, Pennsylvania, in 1839: have three children, Minnie V., Willie G. and May S.; member of M. E. church. Greenback. Roberts, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. SIPES, JAMES L., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eddyville; owns 250 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Schuyler county, Missouri, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1847, and located in Wapello county; removed to this county in 1867; married Octava J. Bar- nett, in 1871; she was born in Ohio in 1839; has three children, Ida A., Lillie A. and Christena. Democrat. Smith, C. S., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Eddyville. Smith, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Eddyville. UARKlSON TOWNSlttP. U1 Smith, Jolin P., farmer, Sec. IT; P. O. Eddyville. Spencer, AVilliam, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Eddyville. Spencer, Edward, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Given. Sprague, William W., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Eddyville. Stoner, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Beacon. TAYLOK, JOHN, larmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Eddyville. Thomas, John B., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Eddyville. Thomas, J. E., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville. Thomas, John J., larmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Eddyville. Thorp, Peter J., farmer, Sec. 16; P, O. Eddyville. Thompson, L. H., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Muchakinock. Tottman, N., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Eddyville. Truax, Thomas J., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Eddvville. UNDERWOOD, M., larmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Eddvville. T A TEBSTER, S. JP., farmer. Sec. V V 19; P. O. Eddyville. Whitsel, Daniel, larmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Given. Whitsel, H. D., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Given. Williams, Watkins, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Given. Wright, Thomas, farmer, Sec, 13; P. O. Muchaknock. lai^^i^i^isoiNr TOTxr3srsi3:ii=. ADAIR WM., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Cedar. Alder, Henrv, larmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Eddyville. Allison, Jane, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Eddyville. Arnold, David, farmer. Sec, 15; P. O. Eddvville. BAKER, ANDREW, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville ; has a farm of 205 acres and 35 acres of timber; was born in Wayne county, Ohio, July 4, 1850 ; his parents emigrated to this Co. when he was about two years old; he still has the wagon and harness his parents emigrated to this Co. with, 27 years ago. He married Miss Eva B. Riggs, October 15th, 1873 ; she is a uative of Warwick Co., Indiana. No family. Barber, J. W., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskalousa. BARBER. JOSEPH B., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville; owns a farm of 120 acres; was born in Louzerne county, Penn., March 12, 1846; he came to this county in June, 1860. He married Miss 40 Anna E. Benford, Sept. 14, 1870; she is a native of Boston, Mass.; has a family of two sons, Charles W., and Clyde C. Barber, Anna, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Eddyville. Barnes, J. M., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Cedar. Baird, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O, Oskaloosa. Barrett, James, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Cedar. Barrett, Isabel, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Cedar. Barnes, J. E., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Cedar. Baughman, A. J., lives in Oskaloosa. BEAN, W3I., farnier. Sec. 8; P. O. Council Blulfs; farm contains 260 acres; born near St. Louis, Mo., in 1809; his parents removed to Pike county. Mo., while he was quite young, where he lived until he was sixteen years old; he then went to Illinois; he came to this county in 1844, and was one of the first settlers ; he married Nan- cy Hilleary, a native of Adams county. Ills., in 1833; have three 648 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. sons and fonr daughters, Emily (now Mrs. John Longhridge), Jane (now Mrs. Joseph A. Lind- ly), James, Amilda (now Mrs. W. H. Orton), Thomas, William H., Charlotte A. (now Mrs. G. II. Clark), and have adopted one son and one daughter. Lois and Isaac Bridges. Bernard, John A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. Blackwood, Mary, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyvilie. Bolen, T. J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Kirkville. Bones, James, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O, Muchakiuock. BOVELL, J. N., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; was born in Indiana in 1819; moved with his parents to Illinois when about two years old; came to this county in 1850; married Elizabeth W. Means April 4, 1844; have a family of live daughters and one son, Susan E., Anna J., Mary A., Flora E., Ollie E., and Elmer N. BRIGGS, MRS. RHODA, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyvilie; was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, June 16, 1831; came to Iowa and to Eddyvilie in the spring of 1851. Mrs. Briggs' maiden name was Ewing, a native of Gallia county, Ohio. Married May 22, 1859. Mr. Briggs' death occurred August 12, 1871, an account of which will be found elsewhere. He left a family of three sons and three daughters, William G., John D., Anna Eliza, Sarah E., Edwin T., and Georgia E. Briggs, Jane, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyvilie. Bridgetts, Isaac, laborer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyvilie. Brubaker, Valentine, farmer, Sec. 15;P.O. Eddyvilie. Buckler, Harvey, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. BUFFIN<^TON, WM. H., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Kirkville; was born in Jackson county, W. Ya., in 1799; he lived there until 1841, and then moved to Louisa county, Iowa; lived there about six years, and then removed to Marion coun- ty, Iowa; he remained there until 1848, and then came to this coun- ty; has been married twice; he mai'ried Mary Rowley, a native of New York, in 1820; she died in 1842; he married again to Sarah Llolmes, a native of Adams county, Ohio, in 1849; has nine children by first marriage, Elizabeth, Chloe, Joseph W., William J., Marguret, Pebecca, Nancy, Samuel, and Mary; two sons and one daughter by the second marriage, Zachariah T., Annie, and Elijah IL; has a farm of 160 acres. BURGESS, SAMUEL, iarmer,Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyvilie; born in In- diana in 1840; came to Mahaska county in 1851 ; married to Han- nah Hartshorn in 1860; has a family of four daughters and two sons, Josie, Nettie, Maggie, Arvil- la, William, and Baby. Burnes, Wm. M., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Eddyvilie. Burns. Samuel M., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Eddyvilie. CARPENTER, II. A., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. Carpenter, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. Carpenter, William II., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. CARPENTER,EDWARD T.,Sec. 1, farmer; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns a farm of 80 acres; was born in Boone count}^, K3^; his parents moved from there when he was very young, and went to Switzer- land county, Indiana, where he lived until 1875, and then came to this county. He married Amanda L. Facemyre in 1870, a native of Indiana; they have three children, Harry Iv., Lewis, and Luc}' May. He served three years in the late war in Co. H, HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 649 41st Iteginient Cavalry, Indiana Volunteers; was taken prisoner at Noonan, Ga., and was confined in the Andersonville prison about four months before he was ex- changed. Chambers, James, miner, Sec. 7; P. (). Muchakinock. Chandler, C. 11., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Chambers, Francis, miner, Sec. T; P. O. Muchakinock. Clark, George II., M. E. preacher, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. COLEMAN, A. D., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Cedar; he was born in Burlington, Iowa, in 1845; came to this county in September, 1873. He married Elizabeth S. Yeisley, December, 1867, from Cedar county, Iowa; they have two sons and one daughter, Charles A., Joseph C, and Lydia A. He en- listed in company A, 18th Iowa Infantr}^ at Clinton in 1862. He re-enlisted in Cedar county in company K., 8th Iowa Cavalry, in 1863, and was mustered out September, 1863, at Clinton, Iowa; has been township clerk for eight years. COOK, ABNER, farmer. Sec. 26, P. O. Eddyville; born in Harri- son county, Ohio, in 1840; came to Iowa, AVapello county, in 1851. In 1870, he moved to this connty; he married Charlotta Shawver, from Ohio, in 1864; they have one son and three daughters, Samuel C, Mary F., Stella and Mali n da. Crisswell, M. P., carpenter, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. CROSSON, OLIVER J., Sec. 30, farmer; P. O. Eddyville; farm contains 112 aci'es; was born in Des Moines county, Iowa, May 28, 1842, his parents moved to this county when he was about ten months old, his father was one of the first settlers of the connty; he married Mary J., daughter of C. N. Smitli, December 23, 1862; She was born in Des Moines coun- ty, Iowa, in 1844; have tliree sons and one daughter; Flora L., born :N"ovember 28, 1863, Fred N., born December 1, 1865, Joseph M., born September 23, 1870, Sidney P., born January 16, 1876. CROZIER C. E., Sec. 3; farmer, P. O. Oskaloosa; he owns a farm of ninety-one and one-half acres; was born in Shelby connty, Ohio, March 3, 1845; he lived there ten years; his parents then emigrated, to this county in 1856; he marri- ed Miss Eliza E. White, May 20, 1875; she was born in Jasper count}^ Iowa; have one daughter, Minnie M. DAVIS, M. M. B., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Dahn, John, miner, Sec. 7; P. O. Muchakinock. Denning, Philip, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Eddyville. Delashmutt, Catherine, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Eddyville. Deady, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. Douaghy, A. farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. Dye, K. W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. EMMERT, THOS. B., farmer, Sec. 24, P. O. Cedar; was born in Boone county Indiana, Jn- ly 24. 1846; he lived there about twenty- one years, and then moved to Warren county. Ills., lived there three years, and then came to this count}^ in 1870; he married Miss Martha Higgason, a native of In- diana, in 1867; they have one son and two daughters, Wra. A., Avis B., and Mary M. They have a farm of 320 acres. Emmert, Peter, farmer. Sec. 1, Cedar P. O. FAIS, II. C, Sec. 31; P.O. Ed- dyville. Fais, Gervais, clerk. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. fioO DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Fciiton, Thop., section boss, Sec. 31; r. O. Eddyvillc. Fitzgerald. John, section boss, Sec. 31; P. (). Eddjvllle. Fitzgemld, Thos., laborer. Sec. 31, P.O. Eddy vi lie. Fletcher, Esther, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Mnchakinock. Fox Win., farmer. Sec. 14; Cedar P.O. Fox, Albert, tanner. See. 14; P. O. Cedar. Fox, David, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Cedar. Free Mary, farmer, See. 31 ; P. O. Eddy vi lie. Frederick, Wm., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Eddyville. Free, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. GARKETT, J. A., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Cedar. Garrett, E. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Cedar. GEARHART, RACHEL, farmer. Sec. 10; P.O.Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres of land; her maiden name was Alder; she was born March 10th, 1829, in Madison count}', Ohio; was married April 25tli, 1848, to Harvey Gearlieart; came to this county in March, 1853. Her hus- band, wlio was respected by all who knew him. was drowned in the Des Moines river May 11th, 1854. She has resided on her farm since, except two years that she was on visit to Ohio; has one son, Plarvey H., who was born in 1853. Gearhart, llarvev, farmer. Sec. 10; P. (). Oskaloosa. GIBSON, GEORGE M., former, Section 31; P. O. Eddyille; was born in Guernsey county, Ohio, in 18^3; lived there until 1845, and then went to Logan Co., Ohio, where he lived until 1850, and then removed to Indiana; lived there until 1855; then removed to Clark Co., Iowa; lived there until 1863, and then came to this countv. He married Elizabeth Mclvin, of Ohio, in 1845; she died in 1850; three children by this wife; marrried again in 1851, to Deborah John- son, from Ohio: has a family of live daughters and two sons, named Angeline, Aime, Hannah M., Ev- aline A., Martha J., David II., and George S. GILMORE, T. R., P. O. Kirkville; No citizen of Harrison township is more widely known and uni- versally respected than the Hon. T. P. Gilmore. This gentleman has the brains and culture to unite Avith his farmer's life, that of a scholar and higlih' public- spirited citizen. He linds leisure from the irksome duties of agri- cultural work to devote himself to his library, his newspa]">ers and liis friends. Nor have the citi- zens of Maliaska county been slow to recognize his superior qnalifi- tications, having given him their votes to the highest ofhce in the gift of the county. Elected first to tlie State Senate in 1874, to till the vacancy caused by the change of residence of the late James A. Young, he was again returned on the Ilepul)lican ticket in 1875, and still fills that othce. He has taken a high rank among liis fel- low senators at Des Moines, as a man of integrity and tliorough business principles. Mr. Gilmore M'as born in Cadiz, Harrison coun- ty, Ohio, April 30, 1825, where he attended district school during the earlier days of his youth. At fifteen years of age he commenced his classical stndies at Franklin College, located at New Athens, , Ohio. In the midst of his col- 1 lege course he decided upon a cliange of institutions, and in 1846 was able to look back on old "■Jefferson College," of Cannons- burg, Pa., as his Alma Mater. Thus ecpiipped Math a thorough education and polished manners, HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 651 became to the "new country," locating in Mahaska county, Iowa, in 1853. Mr. Gihnore lias been thrice married, first to Miss Cath- arine Milligan, a native of Tus- carans county, Ohio, on Novem- ber 7, 1854. The first union was broken by deatii when Cath- arine had been just seven months a bride. In 1860 Mr. G. married Miss EHen Steele, a native of Ire- land. The fruit of this marrige was four children, two sons and two daughters, named Clara E., William 11., Jessie B., and Charles V. Mrs. Gihnore died Septem- ber 1, 1873. Mr. Gilmore's pres- ent wife is a native of Preble county, Ohio. Her maiden name was Francenia Wilson, which be- came Francenia Gilmore Dec. 29, 1875. They have one son, Harry W. by name. Mr. Gilmore is quite extensively engaged in farm- ing, having 861 acres of Mahas- ka countj^'s best soil in his pos- session. His tastes lead him largely into the stock business and he was at one time the largest sheep raiser in the State of Iowa. His broad acres are worthy to be any farmer's delight, and his per- sonal record shows that " Putnam like " the western farmer, who possesses the worth, tnay be called from the plow to a public station. Grey, Austin, nurseryman, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. Gunsolis, James, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. HAKDING, Wm., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville. Hargesheimer, Philip, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. Harding, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Eddyville. Harper, John, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Muchakinock. Hammond, J. N., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. HARDING, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville; owns a farm of 80 acres; was born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1830, and lived there seven years; his parents then moved to Knox coun- ty, Ohio; he lived there until 1860, and then moved to Logan county, Illinois; lived there until l^Q^t and then came to this coun- ty; he married Harriett Totman, a native of Trumbull county Ohio, in 1852; they have four sons, Samuel, Legrand, Benjamin, and Mind red. Henley, Ileni-y, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. Henley, Sarah E., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 6. Oskaloosa. Hoopes, A. L., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Eddyville. Hoopes, i). W., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Eddyville. TENKTNS, KEBECCA J., f\irm- J er. Sec. 28; P. O. Eddwille. JENNINGS, Will., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns a farm of 183 acres; was born in Ireland in 1830; he lived there nineteen years and then emigrated to the United States, and" New York, where he remained some time, _£ an removed to Illinois in Septem- ^*' ber, 1859; four years later he bought a farm in Lee county. 111., where he lived until 1867; he then sold out and came to this county; he married Miss Julia A. Long, of Lee count}^. 111., in 1868; she died December 18, 1875; he mar- ried again, to Sarah A. Gillem, in November, 1876; has two sons by first wife, William and John, and one daughter, Annie, by sec- ond wife. KEIFFEE, G. N., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Cedar. Kirkpatrick, T. W. B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. KirkviUe. Knott, Lazuras, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Cedar. LAKIN, E. T., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. 652 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Lacey, W. F., fanner, Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. Lacey, Susan, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. rje<2;i;ett, James, farmer, Sec. S-t; P. O. EddyviUe. Lemmon, Samuel, stock dealer. Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. Lindei-man, J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Eddyville. Lutz, II., Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. Lyon, G. W., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa. Lyon, AV. II. II., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. LYON, E, B., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa; farm 200 acres; was born in Switzerland county, Indi- ana, May 12, 1824; he lived there nntil 1851, and then came to this county and purchased the place where he now lives, and then returned to Indiana, where he remained nntil 1854, and then returned to this county; has been married twice; married Eliza Granger, a native of Oberlin, O., November 8, 1846, she was born July 23, 1825, died March 9, 1857; married again to Matilda Carpenter, a native of Kentucky, but raised in Indiana, September 22, 1858, two children by first wife, Lewis and Martha; four children by second wife, Jennie, May, Albert, and Olive. MARSH, J. P., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Eddyville. Mayer, Wm., ])ottery manufactory. Sec. 19; P. O. Eddyville. May, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyville. McCafrey, C, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. McKay, 11. J., farming. Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. McCord, James C, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. O. Eddyville. Miller, Angeline, fiirmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Eddvville. MILLER, D. D., tarmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Eddyville; farm contains 315 acres; born in Truml)ull county, Ohio, January 5, 1829; he lived there seventeen years, and came to this county and located where he now resides; married Mrs. Mary, widow of Wm. Selers, Sep- tember 5, 1856, a native of Mon- roe county, Indiana; have four children, Ina, Emma, Laura E., and Harry. Moore, Laben, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Cedar. Moore, R. AV., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Cedar. MOORE, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Eddyville; born in Bea- ver county, f*a., October, 1828; he lived there until 1866, and then came to this county; he mar- ried Miss Cynthia Devenna in December, 1860, a native of the same county; they have one son and three daughters, Ella, Alice, Henrietta, and a baby not named; is assessor and has been seven terms, and is also justice of the peace. Moore, A\^m. F., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Cedar. Moore, John F., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Kirkville. ' Mosby, J, AV., grocer and stock deal- er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. Morrow, AVm., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. NOE, JOKATHAN", farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddvville. OLSTON, JACOB, blacksmith. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Muchakinock. Oldham, Robert, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Eddyville. Oldham, A. R., tarmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Eddyville. OLDHAM, Z., farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Eddyville; born in Shelby county, Indiana, April 3, 1842; he lived there six years; his parents then emigrated to this county; farm contains 228 acres; he mar- ried Miss Margurett Butcher No- vember 24, 1866; she was born in Eddyville, Iowa; they have one HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 653 son and four daugliters, Arvilla May, Mary Ella, Richard A., Maggie Blanche, and Minnie; he served three years in the late war, in Co. F, 18th Iowa Yol. Inf. — en- listed July 15, 1862, mustered out August 9, 1865. OLDHAM, A. B., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Eddyville; farm contains 551: acres; born in Shelby county, Indiana, December 2, 1830; he lived in Indiana until May, 1848, and then came to this county; he married Miss Sarah White, a native of Warren county, Indiana; Feb- ruary 15, 1855; they have seven sons and three daughters, Mary E., E. J., Jasper N., Franklin, Lincoln, Sherman, Ida, Effie, Char- ley, and John. O'iNeal, Eugene, laborer, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. PALMEPv, C. C, tarmer. Sec. 33 ; P. O. Eddyville. PICKEN, MATHEW, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eddyville; was born January 18th, 1829, in Harrison county, Ohio; married in July, 1849, to Miss Hannah Funk, who was born in Westmoreland county, Pa., and removed to Wapello county, in 1847. Mr. Picken first settled in Iowa in October, 1849, locating in Cedar township, Mahaska county, and since 1857, has resided upon his present farm, which now contains 320 acres. At present (Oct., 1878,) he is a justice of the peace, which ofiice he has held for six years. He is extensively engaged in the stock business, and is known as among the best of Mahaska county farm- ers. His wife is still living and they have four sons, Levertus, Segal, James and Charles, all liv- ing, and three daughther, Susanna, Jane, and Eglentine, dead. Picken, B. A., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Eddyville. RATLIFF, PIERCE, farmer, Sec. 15; in business at New Sharon. Reynolds, Eliza M., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. REYNOLDS, J, S., ftirmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns a farm of 100 acres; he was born in Lo- raine count}', Ohio, December, 8th, 1845; his parents emigrated to this county in 1853; has lived on his present farm about twelve years. He married Miss Eliza M. Jenkins, December 19, 1866; she was born in Oskaloosa; they have one son and two daughters, Judson, Lois and Mary. Ritchie, W. F., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Eddvville. ROW, SAMUEL, larmer. Sec. 4;^ P. O. Oskaloosa; has a farm of 160 acres; he was born in Indiana county, Pennsylvania, June 4th, 1830; he lived there until the spring of 1858, and then went to Decatur county, Indiana; he lived there and in Shelby and Rush counties until the fall of 1865; he then removed to Mercer county. Illinois, where he remained until the spring of 1867, and then came to this county and located on the place where he now lives. He married Miss Rebecca A. Bryan, of the same county. May 10th, 1855; they have two sons and one daughter, John B., George B., and Carrie L; lost one son, Harry M. RUN YON, JAMES H., tanner, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 110 acres of land ; born in Champaign county, Ohio, Feb. 8th, 1841; his parents emigrated to this county in 1853. Jlilarried Miss Anna J. Stevenson, in October, 1864; she was a native of Highland county, Ohio, and died April 3, 1872; he was married again to Mollie Bar- ber, a native of this county, Feb. 12. 1874; has three cliildren by first marriage, Harry E., John H., Mary B., and by second marriage, George W., and Lena L. SCRIBNER, F. W., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. « 654 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, Scribner, Naiicv, tanner, Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyviile. Sliober, Jolm 11., fanner, See. 25; P. O. Kirkville. Shea, John, fanner, Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyviile. SIMMS, JOHN A., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Mucliakinock; owns 100 acres of land; born in West Mor- land county, Virginia, September 21, 1812; emigrated to St. Charles count J, Missouri, when 19 years of age; he lived there two years, and removed to Adams county 111. ; lie lived there until the spring of 1846, and removed to Mahaska county, where he now resides, lie has been married twice: his lirst wife was Nancy Crow, a native of St. Charles county, Mo. They were married in June, 1832; she died in July, 1855. lie married- again in September, 1856, to Mary Warner, a native of Maryland ; has three children by first wife: Ann (now Mrs. William Hopper), Lina (now Mrs. Charles Iventield), and Geoige. Has seven children by his second marriage: Albert, Ella, Eliza, Jolm, Joseph, Edward, and Henr}'. Smith, C. S., farmei", Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyviile. Spencer, A., former. Sec. IT; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stoner, Milton, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. STEELE, JOHN, fanner. Sec. 14; P. O. Cedar; he M^as born in Al- leghany county Penn., Dec. 31, 1838, lived there IT years and then came to this county. He married Miss Barbara E. Bradshaw, Sept. 14, 1865; she is a nati\'e of Tus- carawas county, Ohio. They have two sons and one daugliter: Jolm W., Wm. D., and Mary E; has a farm of 80 acres. Steddom, Jason W., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Stock well, J. W., merchant. Sec, 31 ; P. O. Eddvville. Ste])henson, W. A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. Steele, Wm., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Cedar. Stepheson, J. A., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Cedar, Stephenson, Mitchell, farmer. See. 14; P. O. Cedar. STEPHENSON, WM. A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 80 acres of land; is nicely located; has good buildings, surrounded with nice groves; was born in Arm- strong county, Penn., in 1841 ; came to this county in 1853; he was married in November, 1868, to Maggie A. Ratlitf, daughter of Thomas Ratliff ; she was born in Harrison township, this countv, in 1848. Stoner, John, farmer, Sec, 5; P, O, Oskaloosa. Stanley, James, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyviile. Stanlev, A. S,, farmer, Sec. 30; P, O. Eddyviile. Strain, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P, O, Eddyviile. Stewart, L, L., fanner, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa, SteinhofF, Joseph, retired. Sec, 31; P, O, Eddyviile. Sullivan, Tim, laborer, Sec. 31; P, O, Eddyviile, Sullivan, Con, laborer, Sec, 31; P, O. Eddyviile. Switzer, John IL, farmer and car- penter, Sec, 9; P. O. Eddyviile. TENNIS, OLIVER, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O, Cedar. Tennis, Robert, farmer, vSec, 12; P, O. Cedar. Tennis, John, larmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. Thomas, Maldon, farmei'. Sec, 25; P. O, Kirkville. Thomas, J. AV., farmer. Sec 25; P, O. Kirkville. Thomas, Morgan, clerk, Sec. T; P, O, Mucliakinock. Tierney, Thomas F., laborer; Sec. 31; P. O, Eddyviile. ilAEKISON TOWNSHil*. 655 TOTMAN, S. P., Sec. 32; P. O. Eddj'ville; owns a farm of 1-iO acres; was born in Trnmbull Co., Ohio, April 9, 1830; his parents moved from there, when lie was quite Youno-, to Knox Co., where he lived until he was twenty years of age; he emigrated to this county in the fall of 1850; he married Miss Christina, daughter of Kobert Oldham, Oct. 5, 1853; she is a native of Indiana; they have four sons and five daughters, Charles N., AVm. E"., Mary J., Nica I., Lillie S., IS'ettie, Eobert L., Frank and Mabel ; served about ten months in the late war, in Co. C, 13 Iowa Volun- teers Infantry, Tullis, M. G., iarmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Oskaloosa. Tullis, W. H., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. UNDERWOOD, A. M., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville. VANCE, Z. G., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Vance, J. E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Vance, widow, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. VANCE, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville; farm con- tains 150 acres; was born in Fay- ette county, Indiana, April 8, 1819; he lived there twenty-one j^ears, then emio-rated to Burlingfton, Iowa, in 1810; he lived there four years and then came to this county, and located where he now resides in 1814; he married Rebecca Morgan, Nov. 20, 1842; she is a native of Kentucky. Mr. V. was first justice of the peace, re-elected after the organization of the county, and has held that office, oft' and on, for thirty years; have four sons and three daughters, Lydia, Oli- ver II., Mary M., Agnew E., Sam- uel L., Susan A., Fred E.; lost two sons, James A. and Henry C. 41 \ A 7ARD, D. W., clerk. Sec. V V 31; P. O. Eddyville. Walker, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Eddyville. Watkins, John E., miner. Sec. 11; P. O. Muchakinock. Walker, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Cedar. WALKER, STEPHEN, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Cedar; farm 80 acres; was born in Hartford, Connecticut, September 14, 1828; lived there thirteen years, and then went to Charlestown, South Carolina; lived there nine years, and then traveled until 1861 , and then located in this county; he married Mrs. Eliza Knowlton in 1863, a native of Gallia countj^, Ohio. They have one son and one daughter. Friend E. and Alma F. He served about seventeen months in the late war, in Company G, Seventh Iowa Cav- alry. Webb, William, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. Welch, F. G., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Cedar. Welch, Jason R., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyville. WELCH, F.G., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Cedar; farm 260 acres; was born in Harrison countj^, Ohio, in October, 1836; he lived there until 1860; he then came to this county, but did not locate here until 1866; from 1860 to 1865 he was engaged in shipping sheep from Ohio to this county; he married Miss Maggie S. Simpson, a native of the same county, Sep- tember 13,1866; she died March 21, 1874; left two sons, Lavernge and Omar S. ; he married again to Elizabeth Slemraons, September 12, 1876, a native of the same county; one daughter, Annie. Welton, E. II., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Wheeler, A. F., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Cedar. 656 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Whiteman, Jacob, farmer, Sec, 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. WHEELER, ALFRED, farmer, , Sec. 14; P.O. Cedar; farm 96 acres; was born in Xorth Ilanipton- shire, England, in 1834: ; lived there nine years; his parents then emigrated to the United States, and located in Waukesha county, Wisconsin, where the}^ lived seven years, and then moved to Dodge county, Wisconsin, where he lived until 1868, then to this county; he married Josephine M. Palmer, January 1, 1866, a native of Illinois; they have two sons and three daughters. Jennet, Eugene, Guy, Mattie, Grace; he served three years in the late war, in Company A., Thirty-second Wisconsin Volunteers Infantrj^; enlisted August 15, 1862; mus- tered out in June, 1865. WHITED, CARSON, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Eddyville; farm of 130 acres; was born in the town of Wythe, Wythe county, Virginia, September 17, 1814; his parents emigrated to Faj^ette county, In- diana, when he was live years of age, where they lived three j^ears, and then removed to Shelbyville, Indiana; he left there and came to this county, November 10, 1846; he married Miss Abagail Bolli- baugh, February 28, 1833, a na- tive of lialigh county, North Carolina; family, four daughters, Maria J., (now widow of John Mercer, who died in Andersonville prison during the late rebellion), Charlotte, (now Mrs. James Old- ham), Catliarine, (now Mrs. John Rainsbarger,) Mahala, (now Mrs. Quitman Powell). Mr. W. lost one son, who died while in the array. Williams, H. H., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. WORTMAN,GEO., farmer; Sec. 6; P. O. Muchakinock; farm con- tains 308 acres; was born in the Province of New Brunswick, August 14, 1814, he lived there until he was past twelve, his par- ents then moved to Harrison county, Ohio; he lived there about ten years; he came to this county in the spring of 1843, and located on the place where he now lives; he married Miss M. Christena Scott, a native of Ohio, February 28, 1842; she died July 24, 1849; married again to Re- becca McCaslin, a native of Vir- ginia, April 2, 1850; two daugh- ters by first marriage, Hannah, and Louisa C; three sons and live daughters by second mar- riage, John, Sarah, Martha J., Matilda A., Emma, Mary F., David and Geo. W. WYLIE, JAMES T., farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Eddyville; was born in the town of Coventry, Chenango county. New York, November 23, 1815, he lived there until 1837, and then emigrated to Peoria, Illinois, where he lived six years, and then came to Iowa in the spring of 1843, and located in Eddyville, and worked at his trade, (blacksraithing). Mr. W. did all the stage repairing at Eddyville in those days; in 1845 he and his partner, Mr. J. W. Caldwell, entered 240 acres in this township, afterward, buying his partner's interest; his farm contains 407 acres; he married Miss Mary J, Delashmutt, No- vember 23, 1851. She was born in Tyler county, Virginia, May 12, 1831. They have one son and two daughters, Clara M., (now Mrs. Andrew Manifold,) born September 25, 1853, James B., born October 1, 1855, Eppie S., August 8, 1867. CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 657 a-^jD^^TZ TO'x^7-2srsia:ir». ADAIR, Will., fanner, Sec. 19; P. O. Cedar. Akers, Anderson, farmer, Sec. 36; Fremont. Akerman, P., farmer, Sec. 13; P.O. Fremont. Allman, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Fremont. Allman, John, laborer, P. O. Fre- mont. AUender, M., tanner. Sec. 25; P.O. Fremont. Alexander, Robert, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Fremont. Aldridge, Joseph A., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Fremont. Anderson, Wm., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Kirkville. BARR, IRA, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. Baitsell, Geo. W., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Baitsell, Jane, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Beswick, A. ^Y., farmer; P. O. Ce- dar. Bentley, Laura J., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Cedar. Bond, C, physician, Fremont. Boyd, Wm., fanner, Sec. 29; P. O. Cedar. Bridenstine, Peter, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Kirkville. Brown, G. W., shoemaker and far- mer, Fremont. By ram, D. C, retired, Fremont. By ram, C. G., school teacher, Fre- mont. BYRAM, M. W. , druggist, Fre- mont; was born in Butler county, Ohio, December 1, 1837, and lived there six years; his parents then removed to Dark county, Ohio, where he lived until the spring of 1861, and then to Mc- Goupin county, 111., and remained there nntil Septeml)er, 1861; he then returned to Dark county, Ohio, Mdiere he remained until September, 1873, and then came to this county; he married Mary J. McFarland August 7, 1859, of Randolph county, Indiana; she died June 9,1873; was married again to Maliala Oldham, of this county, June 13, 1875; she died September 22, 1875; married again April 27, 1876, to Mary I., widow of E. Roberts, her maiden name was Ferguson, a native of this county; has two children by lirst marriage, Ida A. and Laura M.,and one son by third marriage, Lawrence L.; has taught school, more or less, for twenty years. CANON, SAMUEL R., of the firm of Canon & Gunn, mer- chants, Fremont; wa« born in Fa- yette count3^, Ohio, May 12, 1815, and lived there about twelve years; came to this county in 1857; not married. Carnahan, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Kirkville. Caves, Edward, blacksmith, Fre- mont. Cheek, James P., laborer, Fremont. Cochran, Sanford, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. White Oak.. Cochran, O. C, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Cedar. Cochran, G. W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O, Fremont. Cole, Wm. W., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Kirkville. Cole, Wm., fanner. Sec. 19; P. O. Cedar. Craft, J. E., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Cedar. Cummins, II. C. farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. Cummins, Thos., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Kirkville. DAVIS, ELIZABETH U., farm- er, Sec. 29; P. O. Kirkville. Davis, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Kirkville. Davidson, John W., faruier. Sec. 32; P. O. Kirkville. 658 DIBECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Daviilson, W. A., lariner. Sec. 2-1; P. O. Fiemoiit. Diiisinore, Win., fanner, Sec. 14; P. O. Fremont. Doolittle, B. M., fanner, Sec. 23; P. O. Fi'cnujnt. Doan, Martha A., fanning, Sec. 17; P. O. Cedar. EASTBURN, C. A., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Fremont. Eastbuni, Job II., commission nier- cliant, Chicago. Eastbnrn, B. W., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Fremont. Eastbnrn, Sanford, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Fremont. Ellis, Wm., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Fremont. ENDICOTT, J. N., P. O. Cedar, general store, Cedar Cliapel; born in Posey county, Indiana, in 1841; came here 1874. He enlisted in Co. B, 58th Indiana Infantry, in October, 1861, and was mustered out in August, 1865. February 6, 1866, he married Cornelia Boyle, a native of the same county ; she died January 10, 1871; left one son Alfred B.; he married again to Mary L. Kinsman, June 6, 1875; she was born in Oskaloosa township, this county, in 1854; one son and one daughter, James N. and Baby. English, Alpha, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Kirkville. Epperly, Joel, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O, Fremont. Everson, John W"., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Fremont. FAILYER, GEORGE W., far- mer. Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. Fellers, John M., farmer. Sec; 16; P. O. Fremont. Ferguson, John, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Concert. Foster, N. W., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Foster, Caleb, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. Funk, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. GARRIOTT, I. N., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. (). Fremont. GILMORE, SAMUEL, farmer,Sec. 29; P. O. Kirkville; was born in the town of Tevis, Harrison county, Ohio, in 1830; he lived there until 1851, and then came to this county; his farm contains 500 acres; he married Sarah Myers, November 25, 1856, a lui- tive of Morrow county, Ohio; they have two sons and two daugh- ters, named Nina, Maggie, Myers and Fred; lost one son, John. Grifiis, Noah H., farmer. Sec. 1; l\ O. Fremont. Gordon, Uriah, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Kirkville. Graham, Jefferson, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. White Oak. GUNN, JAMES, A., of the firm of Canon ik Gunn, merchants, Fremont; was born in Lake coun- ty, Ohio, October 7, 1849; he lived there four years; parents then emigrated to Iowa, and to this county; has been engaged in bus- iness here since 1873; is post-mas- ter; he married Mrs. S. S. lleinz- man, April 20, 1873. a native of Shelby county, Indiana; they have one son, Frank L. HACKETT, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Fremont. Halloway, Ralph E., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. Ilarter, John II., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Fremont. Harter, Aaron, farmer, Fremont. Ilarter, Andrew, farmer. Sec, 28; Fremont. Harter, James, farmer, Fremont. Hayes, Joel, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Cedar. HEINZMAN, S.H., of the firm of By ram & Co., merchants; Fre- mont; he was born in Shelby count}^ Indiana, August 2, 1840; he lived there until October 1st, 1 861, and then came to this county; he married Miss Amey W. Byram, November 20, 1867, a native of CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 659 Dark county, Ohio; they have two daugliters, Gertrude and Madge. llip^gason, S. J., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 6. Cedar. Hook, Jolin, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Fremont. HOOK, N.R,, physician and surgeon, Fremont; he was born in Williams- bur":, Greene conntv, Penusylva- nia, in 1842; his parents moved to Gurnsey county, Ohio, when he was very young; they lived there eleven years, and then came to this county; he commenced the study of medicine at the age of nineteen, with Dr. S. E. Rliine- hart; he attended the college of physicians and surgeons at Keo- kuk, Iowa, and g'raduated in 1874; he served from 1862, to August 9th, 1865, in the late war in Co. C, 33rd Iowa Volunteers In- fantry; he married Miss Lucetta J. Kissick, June, 3, 1866, a native of Mercer county, Pennsjdvania; she died December 19, 1873; he was married again to Florence N. Kissick, December 23, 1874, a na- tive of Mercer county, Pennsyl- vsnia; has one son living by his lirst marriage, Charles W., and one son by his second marriage, "Walter M.; owns a farm of 200 acres. Howell, B. C, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Fremont. House, A. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Kirkville. Howser, James, farmer, P. O. Kirk- ville. Hughes, H. D., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Fremont. JACKSON, AV., laborer, P. O. J Kirkville. Jemison, A. A., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. O. Kirkville. Jones, N. J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Kirkville. KEITH, J. C, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Fremont ; he was born in Miami county, Ohio, April 5, 1822; his parents moved to Shelby county, Indiana, when the sub- , ject of this sketch was about seven years old; he came to Davis county, Iowa, in 1858, lived there two years and then came to this count}'; liis farm contains 306 acres; lie lias been married four times, first to Susan Heinz- raan, a native of Kentucky, but raised in Indiana; they were mar- ried December 16th, 1847; she died August 10th, 1852; had one son, Marshall E. ; he was married again to Ann Eliza Davison, No- vember 24, 1853, a native of Shelby county, Indiana; she died March 19th, 1857; had one son, Oscar; he was married again to Maggie Majors, a native of this county, December 14th, 1859; she died October 23, 1860; he was married again to Mar}' Can- on, a native of Pennsylvania, Oc- tober, 12th, 1861; has three sons and three daughters, Preston, Minnie, Nellie, Albert, Mabel and Gus. Kent, Delilah, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. King, Wm., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Fremont. Kline, E. J., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Cedar. Knicely, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Fremont. LACY, WM., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Lee, Isaac T., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Fremont. Lee, John M., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Fremont. Lee, M. B., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Fremont. Lee, ^. M., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Fremont. Lentz, David, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Fremont. LENTZ, GEORGE, carpenter; P. O. Fremont; born in Butler coun- ty, Ohio, January 5, 1838; lived there about seven years; his parents 660 DIEECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. then emigrated to Keokuk county, Iowa, about live miles from where he now lives ; he moved to Fremont in 1855; is justice of the peace; he married Miss Rebecca J. Able August 12, 1861; she lived but Hfteen days after marriage; she was a native of Indiana; he was married again to Sophia Pfeiffer September 15, 1861, a native of Bavaria, Germany; they have one son and three daughters, Mary E., Eda A., Arminta, and Ralph J; he was township clerk one jea.r. and secretary of school board sev- en vears ; owns a farm of 90 acres, McCARROLL, ROB'T S., far- mer. Sec. 31; P. O. Kirk- ville; born in Harrison county, Ohio, December 16, 1819; he lived there until 181:8, and then came to this county and located where he now lives ; has a farm of 200 acres ; he married Susanna English Janu- ary 5, 1843, a native of tlie same county; they have four sons and five daughters, Jane E., James, Addie, Sella, Etta, Frank, William, Jason, and Lewis; they have lost three daughters, named Martha A., Rachel, and Mary S. McClain, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Fremont, McEwen, J. E., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Fremont. McFADDIN, WILSON, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Cedar; has a farm of 210 acres; born in Harrison coun- ty, Ohio, January 18, 1830; lived there until 1852, and then came to this county and located in Cedar township; has lived on his present farm since 1862; he married Miss A. C. Wellslager, May 29, 1856, from Richland county, Ohio; they have two daughters, Elanora, and Emma Carrie. McFALL, W. 0., physician and surgeon, Fremont; was born in Cedar township, Mahaska county, May 23, 1851 ; at the age ot twen- ty-one, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Hoffman, of Oskaloosa, where he continued for two years and six months; he then attended the Eellvue medical college, of New York City, where he graduated March 1, 1876, and has been located in Fremont since March, 1877; he married Miss Sarah Lloyd, December 21, 1877, a native of Meigs county, Ohio. No family. McFALL, G. B., farmer, Sec. 4. ; P. O. Concert; was born in Bartholo- mew county, Indiana, in 1823; he lived there until November, 1847, and then came to this county and located on the place he now lives; has a farm of 131 acres — he enter- ed 252 acres; he married Miss Newsom, Jannar}' 16, 1845, a na- tive of the same county; they have two sons and five daughters, Lot- tie M., William ()., Mary E , Em- ma E., Clara E., Gideon B., Jr. and Jennie L. ; was a member of the board of supervisors one terra, has been a member of the school board twenty years, treasurer about sixteen years. McFALL, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Fremont; was born in Harrison county, Kentucky, in 1803, he lived there until ten years of age; his parents then moved, to what is now Switzer- land county, Indiana; he lived there until 1821, and then went to Bartholomew count}^ Indiana, where he lived until 1830, and thence to Iroquoise count}^ Ills.; he came to this county in March, 1844, and located where he now lives; he married Miss Elizabeth Barbee, February 14, 1828; born in Ross county, Ohio, February 11, 1804; they have two sons and four daughters, Sarah, Elizabeth, Samuel T., Martha, Nancy, and Joseph. McFall, David, fiirmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Fremont. CEDAR TOWlJSHIP. 661 McFall, John, Sr., fanner, Sec. 9; P. O. Fremont. McFall, John, Jr., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. McFall, Samuel L., farmer. Sec. 2; P.O. Fremont. McFall, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Fremont. MILLS, D. T., former, Sec. 4; P. O. Concert; was born in Dare Co., Kentucky, in 1821; he lived in Kentucky until the fall of 1844, and then went to Park county, Indiana, where he lived until the fall of 1852; he then came to this county, and located where he now lives; owns a farm of 140 acres; he married Emily Bing- ham, of Mercer count}', Kentucky, in the fall of 1842; she died May 26, 1856; he married again to Mary Torrance in July, 1857; have two sons and four daughters by first marriage, Sophia, Wm. T., Mary, Sarah, Martha and David; two sons and two daugh- ters by second marriage, Jacob, Ella, Edward and Myrtle. Mills, W. T., farmer, P. O. Kirk- ville. Mona, John, painter, Fremont. Moody, Wm. I., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Fremont. Morgan, J. X., blacksmith, Fremont. Myers, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Cedar. NEIL, GRAHAM, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Fremont. Is^ewbold, G. W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Cedar. PAPvKER, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. Parr, M. G., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. Phillippe, G. L., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. Pickens, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Kirkville. Pfrimmer, George W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O.Cedar. Priest, J. F., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. QUARTON, W. B., farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 24; P. O. Fremont; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1821; his parents emigrated to the United States in 1829; located in Morgan count}'-, Illinois, in 1848; lie married Miss Charlotte Gill, in 1849; she is a native of England; they moved to Macoupin county, Illinois, the same year, where they lived until October, 1867, then came to this county; has a fai'tn of 240 acres and 50 acres of timber; deals quite largely in imported cattle; has 400 head of sheep; 160 acres of his fai'm are devoted to meadow land; they have three sons and four daughters, Mary, Menassa, Georgia, Charlotta, Wm. B., Amy and Ezra. RANDALL, CHARLES D., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Cedar. Rhegenness, Henry, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. Rockey, Frank, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Fremont. Ross, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Kirkville. Russell, Ahnira C, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Fremont. Russell, G. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Fremont. Russell, J. M., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Fremont. SHALER, GEO., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Fremont. SHAW, SOLOMON, flirmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont; was born in Perry county, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1809, but was raised in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania; came to Iowa in 1856, and located where he now resides, 'in 1857; owns 256 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Susan Strome, of Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, in 1831; she died in 1835; married ao-ain to Marv Zio-ler, of Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, Feb- ruary 20, 1837; has two sous by first marriage, David and George; 66^ DlRfiCtORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. four sons and two daughters by second marriage: John, William Levi, Solomon, Elizabeth, Susan na. Shaw, L. E., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O Kirkville. Sheets, B. F., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O Fremont. Skidmore, J. M., farmer, Sec. 1; P O. Fremojit. Slater, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O Fremont. Shultz, Christian, farmer. Sec. 25 P. O. Fremont. Smith, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 14 P. O. Fremont- Sparks, William, farmer. Sec. 15 P. O. Fremont. Sparks, Isaac W., farmer. Sec. 21 P. O. Fremont. Stephenson, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 8 P. O. Cedar. Stephenson, William J., farmer. Sec S; P. O.Cedar. Storm, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O Concert. Stout, Lee, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O Fremont. THOMPSON, F. S., farmer, Sec 3; P. O. Concert. Triplett, Mortimore, farmer. Sec. 3 P. O. Fremont. VAN BUSKIPJv, LINFORD Farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Fre mont. Votaw, Moses, farmer. Sec. 15; P O. Fremont. Yotaw, Pierce, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O Cedar. T A r ALTMAN, JAMES,farmer V V Sec. 1; P.O.Fremont. Warner, John II., farmer. Sec. 20 P. O. Kirkville. White, E. H., blacksmith, P. O. Fre- mont. Walsh, James, wagon-maker, P. O. Fremont. Weil, Christian, undertaker. Sec. 14; P. O. Fremont. White, J. A., merchant, Fremont. Whitmer, John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Fremont. White, John Q., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Fremont. WHITE,E.H., blacksmith; P. O. Fremont; was born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1826, lived there twenty-four years, and then emigrated to Oskaloosa, Iowa, in 1850, and has been a resident of this township ten years. He married Miss Mary Barton, Sep- tember 19,1850, a native of Preble county, Ohio; she died August 21, 1858; he married again to Martha J. Ileifner, December 15, 1870, a native of Dark county, Ohio; three daughters by first marriage, Lavica E., jS^ancy E. and Eliza J.; one daughter by second marriage, Delia M; he en- listed in the late war in Com- pany K., Eighteenth Iowa Yol- unteers Infantry, August 6, 1862; mustered out August 9, 1865. Williams, William, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. Williams, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Fremont. Wolfe, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. O, Fremont. Wright, J. C, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Cedar. Wright, W. W., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Cedar. Wright, J. P., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Cedar. Wright, J. A., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Cedar. YEOMAN, PJCHARD, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. Yenney, George, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Yenney, John, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Fremont. Young, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 6. Fremont. Z APING, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Concert. Zaring, J. W., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Concert. WHITE OAK rOWNSlIlP. 663 TX7"i3:iTE o-A-is: TQ-'^TirnsTSiraiix^. ABEL, WILLIAM, former, Sec- tion 32; P. O. AVHiite Oak; owns 120 acres land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Ontario, Can- ada, in 1S26 ; came to Iowa in 1855 and settled in Muscatine county; lived there about twentj-nine and a half years, and removed to Ben- ten county, and thence to this Co. in 1868 ; married Esther Stanley, in 1853; she was born in Colum- bania county, Ohio, in 1829; have seven children: Ben. J. C, Sarah, Martha, Hannah M., Turner L., Mary Elizabeth and Esther El- mie; are members of Society of Friends. Republican. ARN0LD,ISHU3I, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 236 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Kentucky, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1851, and settled in White Oak; married Drussilla Simpkins, in 1853; she was born in Indiana, in 1832 ; they have six children: ISTancy, Ellen, Sarah Jane, Joseph, Alberta and Wil- liam. BARKLEY, SAMUEL, former, Sec. 28; P. O. White Oak. Bobbitt, E. H., tanner, Sec. 16 ; P. O. White Oak. Bacon, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Rose Hill. BETHEA & SON, dealers in gen- eral merchandise and grain. Rose Hill J.W. Bethea was born in Ten- nessee, in in 1822; married Mar- garet Stewart in 1845; have four children: Elizal)eth, Florence, William W., and Frank. Wm. W. Bethea, the junior partner, was born in this county in 1855. Belford, Brown, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Cedar. Beach, Thomas E., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Rose Hill. Bond, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 20; P.O. White Oak. BOND, E. B., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 42 O. White Oak; owns 185 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Illinois in 1838; came to Iowa in 18-41, and settled in Keokuk coimty; removed to this county about 1845; he married Nancy Bridges, in 1859; she was born in this county in 1842; have seven children: Dora, Alice, Emma, Ida, Mattie, Willie, and Cora. Bolles, R. P., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Rose Hill. Bolles, R. P., attorney. Rose Hill. Browning, E. J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Rose Hill. Bro^\Ti, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Rose Hill. BRpWN& STEWARD,of the firm of Brown, Steward & Ewing, Rose Hill. W. W. Steward was born in Washington Co., Ohio, in 1857, and came to Iowa in 1873. C. Brow^n, physician and surgeon, was born in Knox Co., Ohio, in 1850; came to Iowa in 1870. The bus- iness of Brown, Steward & Ew- ing was established in 1878. Bridges, John W.. farmer. Sec. 19; P.' O.White Oak. Buoyles, Richard, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O, Fremont. Burrows, Jesse, E., farmer. Sec. 24-; P. O. Rose Hill. Burgess, A. J., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. Rose Hill. CALDWELL, A. N., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. White Oak; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in East Tennessee in 1839; came to Iowa in 1851, and settled in White Oak; married Catharine Stump in 1876; she was born in Ohio in 1849; have two children, Charlie C. and Earl; has held the offce of assessor, trustee, etc.; are mem- bers of the Cumberland Presby- terian church. Republican. Caldwell, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. White Oak. 664: DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Caldwell, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. White Oak. Calowav, Jesse C. fanner, Sec. 6; P. (X Eose Hill. CALDWELL, R. W., tanner, Sec. 31; P. O. White Oak; owns 160 acres of laud, valued at .$35 per acre; born in East Tennessee in 1841; came to Iowa in 1851 and settled in White Oak township; married Milda Gaston in 1877; she was born in this count}^ in 1850; Mr. C. has two children by a former marriao^e: Lizzie and James Gaston. Democrat. Clements, W. P., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Eose Hill. Charnock, W. T., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. White Oak. Crowder, W. L., physician and sur- geon ; P. O. Eose Hill. Craig, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Eose Hill. Crandall, H. L., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. White Oak. Crill, Harvey, fanner. Sec. 12; P. O. Eose Hill. COCHRAN, SANFORD, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak; owns 203 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Muskingum county, Ohio, in 1817; came to Iowa in 1855 and settled on pres- ent farm; married Elizabeth Van- devender in 1839; she was born in Licking county, Ohio, in 1821; have six children: G. W., Oliver C, John W., Laura, Clara, Mary E.; has been trustee three years. Democrat. CURRIER, CHARLES, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Eose Hill; proprie- tor of Elkhorn Mills, erected in 1853; was born in Penobscot county, Maine, in 1820; came to Iowa in 1843; married Angeline Harris in 1849; she was born in Putnam county, Indiana, in 1829; have five children: Elma, Wil- liam, Frank, Fred, Henry; Mrs. C. is a member of the Baptist church. Eepublican. CRANDALL, W. L., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Concert; owns 130 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Warren county. Pa., in 1835; came to Iowa in 1855; mar- ried Wei thy A. Cross in 1861 ; she was born in Ohio in 1834; they have three children, Jesse E., Ed- die E., and Emma; are members of the M. E. Church. DAYIS, ISRAEL, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. White Oak. DeLong, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Eose Hill. Dewitt, :Mrs. Samuel, Sec. 21; P. O. . O. White Oak. Dewitt, Spencer, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. White Oak. Dewitt, Eliott, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. AVhite Oak. Dewitt, Henry, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. White dak. Dickey, Wm. A., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. White Oak. Dickson, M. M., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Eose Hill. Doak, John W., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Eose Hill. DOWNEY, JOHN, fanner. Sec. 33; P. O. White Oak; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Bedford county. Pa., in 1824; came to Iowa in 1862; married Emeline Swickard in 1858 ; she was born in Ohio in 1826; have two children, Mathias S., and Ann Eliza. Douglas, John W., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. White Oak. Douglas, Silas, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O.^ White Oak. DOAK, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Eose Hill; owns 230 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1869; mar- ried Sarah Arnold in 1874; she was born in Indiana in 1836. Mr. Doak has three children by a for- mer marriage, Maggie, Mattie, and Charlie; he enlisted in the 6btli WHITE OAK TOWNSHIP. 665 Ohio Infantry in 1861, and was discharged in 1865. Repnbh'can. Drake, G. W., larmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Fremont. EVANS, JANE, Sec. 5; P. O. Kose Hill. Evans, W. S., fanner, Sec. 21 ; P. O. White Oak. FOWLEE, DAVID D., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. AVliite Oak. Fowler, Wm., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. White Oak. Fuller, O. P., larmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Kose Hill. GATES, CHESTER, farmer. Sec. U; P. O. White Oak GASKILL, 0. R., farmer. Sec. 20; postmaster, White Oak, and deal- er in general merchandise; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1834; came to Iowa in 1852, and settled in this county; married Julia A. Mathew, in 1856; she was born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1836; he enlisted in Co. C, 7th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and was discharged in same year; he has held the office of township clerk for one year. Republican. Mrs. G. is a member of the M. E. church. Mr. Gaskill received a commission as 2d Lieutenant in the State Militia on the 13th day of October, 1864, and was appoin- ted postmaster October 20, 1867. Gilchrist, Martha, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. White Oak. Gilchrist, Ann, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. White Oak. Graham, Jeff, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. White Oak. Gregory, Levi, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Rose Hill. HAYES, JOEL, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. White Oak. Haskell, Daniel, Sr., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. White Oak. Hartman, Thos., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. White Oak. HINER, HARMON, farmer, Sec. 2; P.O. Rose Hill; owns 220 acres of laud valued at $5,000; was born in Pendleton county, Va., in 1814, and came to Iowa in 1874, and settled on ])resent farm; married Margaret Young, in 1843; she was born in Fayette county, Chio, in 1823; they have eight children, John, Mary, Eliz- abeth, Joseph, Adell, Harriett, Lou, and Fanny. Democrat. Howell, Levi, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. White Oak. Howell, James M., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. White Oak. Howell, Benj. C, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Fremont. HOWE, JAS. M., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. White Oak; owns 100 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Wilson county. Pa., in 1816, and came to Iowa in 1846, and settled in White Oak town- ship; he married Nancy Gott in 1859; she was born in Shelby county, Ky., in 1818; they have two children, Stephen A. D. and Philipp. Mr. Ilowe has eight children by a former wife, Mary A., Margaret M., Levi F., George W., Isaac Newton, Jerusia, James, and Mellissa; lost one son in United States Arm}'; his wife has one child b}' a former husband, James Thomas Gott; they are members of the Baptist church. Democrat. TAR VIS, A. J., farmer. Sec. 9; d P. O. Rose Hill; owns 239 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; was born in Kentucky, in 1823, and came to Iowa in 1849, and settled in this county; remov- ed to his present farm in 1869; married Martha Kite, in 1853; she was born in 1830. Rep. JARVIS, Will. M., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 281 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Kentucky, in 1825, came to Iowa, in 1849, and settled on present farm; married Frances M. Bolles, in 1849; she was born in Montville, Conn., in 1827; they me DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. liave four children, Julius, Vir- i;-ini;i, John l\, and Fanny M. ; has heeii justice of the peace for ei^ht yo;irs, and held other town- sliip offices. JACKSON, C. J., farmer, Sec. 4; P. (). Rose Hill; owns 300 acres of hind, valued at $40 per acre; born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1820; came to Iowa in 1842 and settled in Des Moines county; re- moved to present farm in 1864; married Eliza Hood in 1841; she was born in Fayette count}', Indi- ana, in 1821; have eight children: Lydia J.. Arabella, Franklin L., John C, Willie, Mary 11, Henry A. and Alice; Mr, J. was county supervisor two terms, and justice of the peace three terms; are members of the Christian church. Republican. JONES, J. C, furniture business; P. O. Eose Hill; born in Jefferson connty, Indiana, in 1831; came to Iowa in 1775, and engaged in present business in 1877; married Lncinda Nich- olson in 1852; she was born in Jefferson county, Indiana, in 1831; have five children; Rebec- ca, Mar}' L., Anna, Ilattie B , Lu- la, Repnblican. KENTFIELD,C.W., farmer; P. O. White Oak; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Yermont, in 1829; came to Iowa in 1844, and settled in this count}'; married Nancy A. Bozwell, in 1865; she was born in Indiana in 1832; have six chil- dren: Alice, George, Albert, Jes- sie, Levisa and lona £. KINS3IAN, M., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. White Oak; owns 140 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Vermont, in 1816; came to Iowa in 1840, and settled in Brighton, Washington county, and removed to this county in 1843; married Lucy P.Sanderson in 1837; she was born in Massa- chusetts, in 1817; have five chil- di-en: Melvina, Leona, Anna, Pe- ter M. and Olive; Mr. K. has been a supervisor four years, and has held different township offices; are members of M. E. church. Pepublican. KINS3IAN, J. N., farmer, Sec 29; P. O. AVhiteOak; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; ])orn in Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1840 and settled in Brighton, Washington connty; removed to this county in 1845, and located in Oskaloosa where he was proprietor of the old Os- kaloosa House al)ont four years; Mr. K. has held different county offices — has been sheriff one term, and treasurer three years; marri- ed Lydia Burchard in 1843; she was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in 1819; have four children: Martha, Avada, Mary and Pliny; are members of Cum- berland Presbyterian church. Re- publican. LANDERS, WM. R., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O., Rose Hill. Lathrop, James, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Rose Hill. Lisk, John A., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Rose Hill. Lister, Morris, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Rose Hill. Little, Harvey C, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Rose Hill. Little, James B., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Rose Hill. Linslev, F. W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. White Oak. McBRIDE, WM. F., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. McBride, Alexander, ftirmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Rose Hill. McBride, Simon, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Fremont. McBurnev, Hugh, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. White Oak. McCURDY, J. A., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. White Oak; owns 390 acres WHITE OAK TOWNSHIP. 667 of land, valued at $80 per acre; born in Virginia in 1818; came to Iowa in 1856, and settled on his present farm; married Sarah M. Henry, in 1857; she was born in Indiana, in 1835; tliey have seven children: Frank, Oscar, Charlie, William, Stella, Addie, and Wal- ter. Are meml^ers of Presbyte- terian Church. Republican. McCain, James A., tanner. Sec. 10; P. O. Rose Hill. McDonald, Mrs. Elizabeth, f^irmer, Sec. 7; P.O. Rose Hill. McKanna, Robert, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Rose Hill. McGregor, H., dealer in luml er; born in Orleans county, N. Y., in 1824; came to Iowa in 1776; he married Catharine Roberts, in 1854; she was born in Wales, in 1834, and died in 1877; had three children: Mary M., Charles, and Addie. Is a member of Presby- terian Church. Republican. Malin, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Rose Hill. Manary, M. T., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. White Oak. Mason, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 36, P. O. White Oak. Michum, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. White Oak. Mills, D. T., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Concert. Milligan, John R., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Rose Hill. Miller, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. White Oak. Mills, Richard, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Rose Hill. MORGAN, C. C, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. White Oak; was born in Mahaska county; is a son of L. B. Morgan, who was born in Va,, in 1811, and came to Iowa in '36; was married to Sarah A. Smith in 1836; she was born in Wilson county, Tenn., in 1819; have six children, Francinia, Lydia, A. L., S. K., S., and C. 0. MORGAN, A. L., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. White Oak; he owns 135 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in this county in 1848; mar- ried Lucinda Cox in 1870; she was born in Indiana, in 1846; have three children, Absalom N., Mary Minerva, and Lewis Madison; are members of the M. E. Church. Moore, Wilson, farmer. Sec. 17; P. P. O. White Oak. MOORE, JOHN, farmer. Sec 11 ;^ P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $28 per acre; born in Vigo county, Indiana, in 1824; came to Iowa in 1849, and located in White Oak township; removed to his present farm in 1852; mar- ried Catharine Letsey, in 1849; she was born in Park county, In- diana, in 1830; have ten children, four sons and six daughters: Ed- ward v., Elma, Louisa, Mary E., Lovada, George B. M , Albert, Nina, Alfred and Siddie. Repub- lican. Moore, Edward, farmer. Sees. 2 and 11; P.O. Rose Hill. Moore, Wm., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Rose Hill. Morrow, James R., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. White Oak. Monk, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. O. White Oak. Morgan, Caroline, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Rose Hill. MEANS, J. E., proprietor of Pacific House, Rose Hill ; born in Bedford county, Penn., in 1843; came to Iowa in 1863, and settled in Os- kaloosa ; removed to this village the first of July, 1878; married S. C. Dryden, in 1873; she was born in Ohio, in 1841; have one child, Lillie M ; are members of U. P. Church. Democrat. Montgomerv, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Rose Hill. Moore, Wm., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Rose Hill. Moore, John A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Rose Hill. 668 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Morgan, John N., former, Sec. 23; P. O. Rose Hill. Mnsgrove, Wm. C, fanner, Sec. 15; P. O. Rose Hill. Mnsgrove, Wm. 0., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O Rose Hill. MYERS, J. L., tanner, Sec. 8; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 200 acres land, valued at $40 per acre; born in North Carolina, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1852, and settled in Ad- ams township; removed to present farm in 1865 ; he married AVeltha Fuller, in 1852; she was born in Ohio, in 1829; have four children: Sjrena, Mary A , Roenna, and Joseph; he has been justice of the peace, assessor, trustee, con- stable, etc; are members of the Christian Church. Myers. Christian, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Rose Hill. Myers, John L., Jr., farmer. Sec. 13; 'P. O. Rose Hill. Myers, Peter, farmer. Sec. 24:; P. O. "Rose Hill. N(3RRIS, JOHN F., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. White Oak. ORK, H. L., postmaster at Rose Hill, and dealer in general merchandise; born in Stul)en coun- ty, N. Y., in 1840; came to Iowa in 1868 ; he married Mary B. Hun- ter in 1868 ; she was born in Tomp- kins county, N. Y*, in 181:8; they liave one child, Wilber, born in 1870. Republican. ORNBAUM, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 199 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Rockbridge county, Va., in 1798; came to Iowa in 1848, and settled on his present farm; he married Benjimina Shipley in 1830; she was born in 1S14, and died in 1857; had four children, J. Shipley, Eliza Jane, Mary Ellen, and Emeline Edna; is a member of the M. E. Church. Republi- can. PEBLER, S. L., saloon, Sec. 10; P. O. Rose Hill. Petichord, W. H. H., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. ^YhiteOak. Petichord, John T., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Rose Hill. Phillips, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. RANDALL, CHARLES D., far- mer. Sec. 16; P. O. Fremont Reynolds, J. P., farmer. Sec. 9; P 6. Rose Hill. Rogers, Jeremiah, farmer, Sec. 22 P. O. Rose Hill. Robbins, Ilackett, farmer, Sec. 12 P. O. Rose Hill. ROBERTS, J. R., dealer in general merchandise at Rose Hill; born in Kentucky in 1847; came to Iowa in 1853, and settled in Ma- haska county with his parents; he married Mary M. Laughrey in 1869; she was born in Licking county, Ohio; they liave four children, Cora B., Eva A', Charles, and Lilburn ; are members of the Baptist Church. Democrat. SARYIS, THOMAS, tanner. Sec. 12; P. O. Rose Hill. Sarvis, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Rose Hill. Sarvis, Jonathan, tarmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Rose Hill. SAWYER,J.H., mayor. Rose Hill; born in Indiana in 1846; came to Iowa in 1854; enlisted in Co. E, 33d Iowa Intantry in 1862, and was discharged in 1865; he was in all the battles that regiment par- ticipated in. Sheelv, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. White Oak. Sheely, Sarah, Sec. 14; P. O. White Oak. Shaw, Solomon, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. Silverthorn, John O., farmer, Sec. 20; P.O. White Oak. SMITH,PRESTON, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 143^^ acres (^)f land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Kentucky in 1818; came to Iowa in 1854, and settled on his present farm in 1856; he married WHITE OAK TOWKSHIP. 669 Mary Goldsborongli in 184-4; she was born in Kentucky in 1819; they have six chikh'en, Amanda, Georg-e, Mary, Francis, James, and Adelade; lie has been trustee three years; his wife is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Dem- ocrat. Smith, George, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Pose IlilL Small, James, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Pose Hill. Snyder, A. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. ilose Hill. Spates, Robert, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. Pose Hill. S(|uires, J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Fremont. Stewart, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Pose Hill. Stout, Jasper, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. O. Fremont. STEWART, JESSE, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. White Oak; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Carroll county, Ohio, in 1824; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled in this county; removed to his present farm in 1867. He married Ruth Miller in 1845; she was born in Carroll county, Ohio, in 1824; they have ten children, four sons and six daughters, Sarah, Jane, Nancy, Ruth, Delila, Elva, David A., John J., Thos. O., and William; he has been justice of the peace six years. Democrat. STOUT, G.W., proprietor Union House, Rose Hill; born in Clark county, Ohio, in 1834; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled in this county; engaged in his present business in 18T3; he married Mary Moore in 1853; she was born Licking county, Ohio, in 1834; they have seven children, Matilda Jennie, William F., Mar- garet, Alice, Charles, G. W. and Edward. Republican. STOUT, JAMES, dealer in general merchandise, Rose Hiil; born in Clark county, Ohio, in 1831; came to Iowa in 1852, and settled in this county; removed to Rose Hill in April, 1878; he married Mary J. Gray, in 1853; she was born in 1836; they have eight children, Lorenzo, Luella, Charlie, Susan, Anna, Jennie, Ermie, and Brown. Democrat. Stevens, Carlos, farmer Sec. 25; P. O. Rose Hill. Stewart, J. A., ftirmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Rose Hill. Swigett, J. A. C, ftirmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Rose Hill. TAYLOR, JANE, Sec. 15; P. O. Rose Hill. TAYLOR, WILLIAM, farmer,Sec. 28; P, O. White Oak; owns 150 acresof landin this county, and 160 in Kansas; his Mahaska county land is valued at $30 per acre; born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1816; came to Iowa in 1857; he married Ellen Mommonier in 1841; she was born in Baltimore in 1822; they have one child by adoption, Mary. Mrs. T. is a member of the Roman Catholic church. TAYLOR, ABNER, former, Sec. 13; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 620 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1808; came to Iowa in 1848, and settled on his present farm. Mr. Taylor has been twice married, first, to Mary Wymore in 1830; she was born in Kentucky, in 1809, and died in May, 1870; they had twelve children two of which are dead, Prudence, Nancy, Sam- uel, Susan, John, Margaret (dead), Francis (dead), Thomas, Mary, Elizabeth, Lueinda, and William. He was married again in 1870 to Sarah Wymore, widow of Wm. Wymore; she was born in Owen county, Ky., in 1813; she has two children, Margaret R. (now Mrs. Myers), Mary E. (now Mrs. Stringfellow); are members of the Christian church. Democrat. eto DIEECTORY OF MAHASKA COTJNTY. TINSLEY,T.T., farrier and liv- ery business, llose Hill; owns 186 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Kentucky, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1847, and settled in Keokuk county; re- moved to this couut}^ in 1852; married Matilda J. Lippard, in 1842; she was born in Kipley county, Indiana, in 1826; have four children, Stephen A., Wil- liam F., Delliaand Marcellus; has been county supervisor one term. Democrat. Towers, James, farmer, Sec. 25 : P. O. Eose I-Iill. VERNON, CARLTON, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak. Yotaw, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak. T A 7- ALLER, GEORGE, farmer, V V Sec. 5; Rose Hill. Wallar, Geor2;e, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Rose IliH. Wallace, Charles W., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. White Oak. Ward, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak. Waltman, O., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Fremont. Warrick, Henry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Rose Hill. WATERS, H. B., liarness maker, Rose Hill ; born in Oskaloosa in 1855; engaged in his present busi- ness in Rose Hill, in 1876; mar- ried Lou. E.Johnson, in 1878; she was born in 1860. Republican. WATERS,S.B_., physician and sur- geon, Rose Hill; owns 30 acres of land; born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, in 1830; came to Iowa in 1853, and settled in this county; married E. J. Jarvis in 1859; she was born in Indiana, in 1840; have seven children, Harry S., Minnie, Hattie, Am}^ Bruce, Frank, Eugene B.; has held the offices of clerk, assessor, trustee, etc. Republican. Wendel, G., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Rose Hill. Witt, Michael, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. A\^hite Oak. Wilson, C. C, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Rose Hill. WILLIAMS, J. A., farmer, P.O. Rose Hill ; owns 39 acres of land, valued at $160 per acre; born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1817; came to Iowa in 1868, and settled on present farm; married Mai-y J. Dodd, in 1855; she was born in Delaware, in 1S35; have seven children, Mary, James, John, Mar- tha, Elzina, George W. and Sarah. Democrat. Wymore, F. P., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Rose Hill. Wymore, Amos, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Rose Hill. Wymore, Robert, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Rose Hill. ZOLLARS, MORGAN, P. O. White Oak. sooTT To^x^^rnsrsmiP. ADAIR, ROBERT, Jr., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Olivet. Adair, Robert, Sr., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Leighton. Austin, A., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O, Tracy. BARTLOW, N. S., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Aul)urn. • Bartlow^, David, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Auburn. Ball, Eliza A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Beacon. Barton, William, laborer; P. O. Tracy. Barnes, A. T., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Leighton. BARNES, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Olivet; has a farm of 280 acres; born in Stark county, Ohio, July 18, 1828; he lived there SCOTT TOWNSHir*. 071 until 1861, and then eanie to this county. BARNES, ROBERT, tkiniei. Sec. 10 ; P. O. Olivet; born in Washiiio'. ton county. Pa,, in 1806; liis parents moved to Alleghany coun- ty. Pa., three years later; he re- sided there about sixteen years, then moved to Stark county, Ohio, where he lived until the spring of 1856, and then removed tu this county and located where he now lives; has a farm of 300 acres; he married Miss Mary A. Hildretli October 18, 18-10; she was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1815; they have two sons and one daughter, Cordelia, Robert H., and James H. Benedict, John, laborer; P. O. Tracy. Bird, W. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Beacon. Binns, R. H., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Leighton. Biggs, J., farmer, Sec. 26; P. Q. Auburn. Blakley, A. E., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Olivet. Blakley, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Auburn. Boston, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Leighton. BOYER, DR. E. A., Sec. 28; P. O. Tracy; was born in Uniontown, Frederick county, Maryland (what is now Carroll county), in 1816; he made his home there until he was eighteen jears of age; from eighteen until he was twenty-one years of age he traveled more or less; he then went to Noble comi- ty, Indiana, but remained there only a short time; in 1840 the doctor came to Iowa, and located in Yan Buren county; he came to this county in April, 1843, and removed his family here the fol- lowing May, and still lives within one-quarter mile from where he first settled; he owns 1,500 acres of land in this county; owns a 43 general store at Tracy, and a dry- goods store in Oskaloosa, under the firm name of Boyer & Barnes; he married Miss Mary Wiley, of Windsor county, Yermont, in 1840; they have eight children, named Mary, (now Mrs. J. R. Barnes,) William E., Richard M., Frank D., Ella (now Mrs. T3r. E. B. Young) E. A. Jr., Frances II. and Thomas; lost one daughter, Annie E., (wife of Dr. David E. Scott,) of Oskaloosa. Brady, J. W., ferryman, Bellefon- taine; P. O. Tracy. BUTLER, FRED, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; son of Peter Butler, who was born in Germany, and emigrated to the United States in 1836, and located in Ashland • county, Ohio; came to this county in 1852; his mother's maiden name was Barbara Butler; Mr. B. died in 1853, leaving a family of two sons and two daughters, Peter B., Gertrude, Maria and Fred, who served three years in the late rebellion in Company C, Thirty-third Iowa Yolunteer In- fantry. Butler, Henry, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Butler, J. K., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Leighton. Burton, AVilliam, laborer, Bellefon- taine; P. O, Tracy. Butts, Daniel, laborer, P. O. Tracy. Butler, J. C, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Leighton. Butler, Peter T., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Leighton. CARRELL, C. A., farmer,Sec. 3; P. O. Leighton; farm, 162 acres; was born in Adams count}-, Ohio, in 1843; he came to this county with his parents in 1849, and located near Oskaloosa; moved on his j)resent farm eleven years ago; he married Miss Laura Walker, January 1, 1867, a native of Muskingum county, Ohio; have two sons and one daughter, 672 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUKTY. Frederick, Charles and Nora Bell ; served three years in the late war, in Company K., Thirty-third Iowa Volunteers Infantrj'. Carrell, C. A., farmer, Sec. 3; F. O. Leig]]ton. Carrell, K. Y., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Leighton. Church, A. N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Auburn. CLark, Elmer, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Olivet. Clark, K. Y., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Leighton. CORWIN, L. EVANS, physician and surgeon: P. O. Olivet; was born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1850; he lived there until 1865; he commenced the study of med- icine with Dr. M. Bemshour, of Trinidade, Colorado, in 1872 ; took one course of lectures at the St. Louis Medical College; com- menced practice in January at Olivet; practiced about three years in Ripley county, Missouri. Collins, J. C, laborer, P. O. Auburn. Croft, Peter B., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Olivet. DAVIS, JOHN D., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Leighton. Davis, John, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Leighton. Delong, George, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Auburn. . EBY, BEN J. F., former. Sec. 8; P. O. Olivet. Eckroot, John, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Auburn. Ellis, Eli, laborer, Bellfontaine; P. O. Tracy. Evans, James, farmer, Sec. 22; P.O. Leighton. FANSHER, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton; was born in Sevier county. East Ten- nessee, October 1st, 1808; he lived there until the age of 21, and then moved to Rush county, In- diana; he came to this county in April, 1843, a few days before the Indians gave up possession. Mr. Fansher was on the first jury ever empaneled in this county. He staked out his claim a little south- west of Oskaloosa; he moved on his present farm in the spring of 1854; his farm contains 200 acres; he married Miss Mahala White January 9th, 1833; she was born in the same county June 15th, 1815; she died June 13th, 1875, and left a family of three sons and four daughters, Jemima J., (now Mrs. A."P. Kitching,) An- drew J., John M., Oskaloosa, (now Mrs. A. T. Barnes,) George W., Harriett M., and Martha E. FANSHER, DENNIS, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Leighton; was born in Sevier county, Tennessee, No- vember 18th, 1818; he lived there until about 13 years of age; his parents then moved to Rush count}", Ind.; lived there until September, 1854, and then came to this county and located in Har- rison township; has been on his present farm since April, 1863; has a farm of 120 acres; he married Rebecca Stone, July 4th, 1850, a native of S, C; they have four sons and six daughters, Geo. W., Louisa, Amanda, William R., Mary M., Betsey, Nancy J., Joseph, Samuel, and Viola. Fansher, G. W., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Leighton. Fansher, Geo., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton. Ferguson, William, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Leighton. Fitzsimons, E., farmer. Sec. 9; P.O. Olivet. FINNEY, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 22; P. Beacon; has a farm of 220 acres; was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, October 26th, 1822; he lived there until 1856, and then came to this county and located where he now lives; he married Miss Minerva Reeves in 1854, of the same county; she died in 1856; he was married SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 673 again to Eliza Cliurcli in 1858, a native of Ohio; they have one son and one daughter, Maiy Ida, and Grant. Foster, W. J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Auburn. Free James, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Olivet. Frazier, Eli, farmer, Sec. T; P. O. Olivet. GARDEN,L01TISA A., farmer, Sec. 3( » ; P. O. Tracj' ; widow of Robert, who was born in Phila- delphia December 19th, 1809; he emigrated to Iowa, to what is now Yan Buren county, in 1837, where he lived until 184:-1:, and then re- moved to this county; he entered 160 acres. Mrs. Garden's maiden name was Harrjs; she was born in Philadelphia September 17th, 1810; they were married March 10, 1829; he died April 16th, 1861, and left a family of five sons and two daughters, Augustus J., Benjaminn H.., Robert, Thos., J., Louisa, Malinda and Clarence B. GILMOUR, AVM., farmer. Sec. U; P. O. Leighton; was born in Ayr- shire, Scotland in 1810, he emi- grated to the United States in 1832 and located in I^ew Haven, Connecticut. Mr. G. is a weaver by trade, he remained in Con- necticut live 3'ears, working the M'hile at his trade; he then emi- grated to Union county, Indiana, whei-e he lived 18 years; he came to this county in 1856, and locat- ed where he now lives; his larm contains 139 acres; he married Miss Susan Foster, a native of Kew Haven, Connecticut, Sep- tember 6, 1836; she died Febru- ary 3, 1845; left family of three sons and two daughters: Cather- ine, Emily, Andrew J., Wil- liam W., and Charles E;. he married again to Jane McCul- lough, a native of Indiana, in August, 181:8; thej have one son and two daughters, James B., Sarah G., and Lizzie A. Godfrey, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Beacon. HATFIELD, S. S. farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Leigton. Hatfield, F. E. farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Leighton. Hannsteen, John, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Olivet. Hankens, E, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Harris, Jas. farmer, P. O. Leighton. Henry, T. S. farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Henry, J. W. farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Henrj, J. S. farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Olivet. Hower, Dan., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Leighton. Hoffman, Edward, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Leighton. Hughes, W. E. farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Olivet. Hull, Jasper, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Beacon. Hull, A. farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Beacon. TRVIN, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. -L 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; was born in Juniata county, Pennsylvania, December 2, 1822; he lived there until 11 3^ears of age, his parents then moved to Muskingum Co., Ohio, where he lived until 1850, and then came to Iowa and locat- ed near Oskaloosa; has lived on his present farm 8 years; farm 60 acres; married Eliza Adams, a native of Oneida county, New York, in 1848; they have one son and one daughter, James A., and Anna E. (now Mrs. John W. Jones). T ONES, PHEBE A., farmer, Sec. J 30; P. O.Tracy. Johnson, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Beacon. KENTFIELD, C. Z., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Leighton. KENDIG, T. B., farmer. Sec. 12; 674 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. P. O. Lei^hton; farm 80 acres; was born in Lancaster county, Pennsj'lvania, November 15, 1815, he lived there nntil 1836, and then went to Stark county, Ohio; came to this county in 1855, and located where he now lives; he married Miss Mary Ferree, a na- tive of Dolpliin county, Pennsyl- vania, April 11, 1838; they have three sons and four daughters: Oliver J., Perrin L., Andrew A., Ada M., Nancy R, Adell F., and Lucetta J. Kraam, A. van der., fanner. Sec. 6: P. O. Pella. LAUGHLIX, WM., farmer. Sec. 9: P. O. Leigh ton. Lake, J. A., farmer, Sec. 30: P. O. Tracy. Lash, Elizabeth, larmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Leighton. LAUGHLIN. D. F., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Olivet; owns a farm of 120 acres; was born in Elizabeth, Alleghany county, Penn., Nov. 6, 1816; he lived there about sixteen years; his parents then moved to Carroll county, Ohio, where he lived until the spring of 1847, and then removed to this county and located where he now lives; he married Miss Margaret Robertson, March 14, 1844; slie was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., March 26, 1814. Thev have no familv. LAUGHLIN, ADAM, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Olivet; was born in the town of Elizabeth, Alleghany Co., Penn., January 5, 1822; his pa- rents moved to Carroll county, O., when the subject of this sketch was about nine vearsof age, where he lived untirthe fall of 1851, when he came to this county; he married Miss Margaret Price, in March, 1850; she was born in Car- roll county, Ohio, in 1832; have six daughters and one son: Jose- ])hene, Rebecca, Stella, Yiola M., Margaret, Carrie, and William B. Has a farm of 120 acres. Lockart, Isaac, M., fsirmer, P. O. Leighton. LOCKART, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Olivet; Avas born in Jefferson county, Ohio, June 19, 1816; he lived there until four years of age; his parents then moved to Licking county, Ohio, where he lived until fifteen years of age, and then moved to Frank- lin county, Ohio; lived thereuntil eighteen years of age, and then moved to Fountain county, Ind,; lived there until 1846, and then came to this county; been on his present farm nineteen years; has a farm of 220 acres. He nuirried Miss Mary Funk, Feb. 19, 1837; she is a native of Pickaway Co., Ohio; they have three sous and four daughters: Isaac M., John F., Robert E.. Emma Nora (now Mrs. I). AV. Hartman), Maggie, Mary E., (now Mrs. (^icero Wing- field), Alice E. (now Mrs. Ilenrv Waldrip). LUCAS, DR. T. H., farmer. Sec. 24; manager of the poor farm; P. O. Oskaloosa; was born in Han- cock county, Tenn., March 25th, 1839; he lived there but a short time, when his parents moved to Washington county, Indiana; he came to this county in 1866; has had charge of the poor farm three years; he married Miss L. A. Collins, March 27, 1864; she is a native of Indiana; they have one adopted son, Fredie. Mr. L. served nearly five years in the late rebel- lion; enlisted Julv 21, 1861, in CoE, 42d Illinois' Yob Inf.; was mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, at Port Lavaca, Texas. McCREA, HENRIETTA, far- mer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Leighton. McC^ombs, James W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Leighton. McBride, (Hiarles, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Leighton. McVev, J., laborer Bellefontaine; P. 6. Tracy. SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 675 McCorabs, Y. B., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Olivet. Morgan, J. G., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Auburn. NEWMAK, G. L., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Leighton. Newhouse, J. M., farmer. See. 14; P. O. Leigh ton. Norwood, Iv. P., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O, Leigliton. OSWANDLE, GODFPtEY, lar- mer, Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton. Oswandle, Fred., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Olivet. PHILLIPS, MARGARET, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Olivet; farm 100 acres; widow of Albert Phillips, who was born in Virgin- ia in 1821; he came to this county in 1847; Mrs Phillips' maiden name was Cheezem; she was born in Ohio, February 20, 1821; they were married June 16, 1850; he died August 27, 187.5, leaving a family of four sons and seven daughters: Minerva, Columbus, William, Julia, John, I*lancy, Mary, Pachael, Albert, Polly and Katie. Phillips, C. C, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Leighton. Phillips, William, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Olivet. Phillips, J. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Olivet. PLASTER, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Beacon; farm of 96 acres; was born in Bristol, Som- mersetshire, England, January 17, 1824; he emigrated to the United States in 1854 and located in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and came from there in a short time thereafter; he married Miss Margaret Hoskins, a native of South Wales, in 1844; she died in 1868; he married again to Eliz- abeth Hartshorn, in 1869, a native of South Wales; they have one son and two daughters: Tom^ Es- ther and Grace. PRICE,JOHN, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Olivet; was born in Starke county, Ohio, January 21, 1822; he lived there until 1850, and then came to this county and lo- cated where he now lives; has a farm of 203 acres; he married Miss Margaret Hamilton, October 14, 1843, a native of Fredericks- burg, Ohio; have no famiy; adopted one son: T. M. Price, L. D., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Olivet. REDMAN, REUBEN, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Leighton; farm of 500 acres, 35 acres of timber; was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, Ma}' 15, 1837; came to this county in 1863, and has lived on his ]u-esent farm since 1867; he married Miss Ma- ry F. Elson ,Feb. 27, 1866; she was born in Starke countv, Ohio, March 11, 1838; family of three sons and one daughter: Richard, Joseph, Katie and Frank; Mr. Bedman and his partner, Thomas Haines, brought 1200 head of sheep from Ohio, in 1863, and the year following brought 2300 more, making in all, with the in- crease, 4,400 head. Reeves, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Auburn. Reeves, Moses, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. O. Auburn. Rice, Charles H., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Tracy. Rice, Samuel J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. ( ). Tracy. Roorda, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Ross, D. D., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Leighton. Rogers, C, laborer, P. O. Tracy. ROBERTSON, FRANK, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Olivet; was born in Carroll county, Oliio, October 7,1841; came to this county in the fall of 1845; he married Miss M. V. Martin, a native of Clark county, Indiana, April 18, 1867; they have four sons and one 676 DIEECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. dauf^liter: Samuel C, Jolin B., WilHatn E., Annie M. and Justin M. ROBERTSON, G.M., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Olivet; was born in Carroll county, Ohio, May 29, 1833; came to this county in the tall of 1845; he married Miss Jennie Gilbert, a native of Mont- gomery county, Ohio, April 28, 1869; slie was born May 27, 1848; tliey have one son and one daugh- ter: Sallie and Willie; lost two sons: Lewis and Frank; Mr. R. served three j^ears in the late war in the tifth Tennessee cavalry; farms 80 acres and has 23 acres of timber. ROBERTSON, SAMUEL, farmer Sec. 4; P, O. Leigh ton; was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, Oct. 16, 1808; his parents moved to West Moreland county, Penn.. when he was very young, lived there twelve years, and then moved to Carroll count3% Ohio; lived there until the fall of 1853, and then came to this county, and in the spring of 1854 moved on the place where he now lives; has a farm of 205 acres, and fifty acres of timber; he married Miss Mary Sample, Sept. 15, 1837, a native of Wilmington, Delaware; she was born October, 1814; they have three sons and two daughters, Samuel S., Jane, Johnson L., Rob- ert I), and Sarah E. ROBERTSON, SARAH, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Olivet; widow of Wm. Robertson, who was born in Ireland; he came to this county in the fall of 1845, and located on the farm they now occupy; Mrs. Robertson's inaiden name was Smith; she was born in Brook county, Virginia, August 1, 1803; they were married February 3, 1830; he died April 5, 1854, leav- ing a family of live sons, only two of whom are now living, George, and Frank; deceased, John, Wil- liam A. and Andrew. Ryan, L, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Leigh ton. Ryan,'R. B. J., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Leighton. SAMPLE, W. C, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Leighton. Sandalin, W., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Tracv. SCHEE, W. F., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; was born in Harri- son county, Ohio, June 3, 1822, lived there until May, 1855, and then came to this county and lo- cated where he now lives; his farm contains 520 acres, and 30 acres of timber; he married Miss Mary Myers December 24, 1844, a native of Tuscarawas county, Ohio; slie died in 186S; married again to Rebecca Ross, April 28, 1870, a native of Tuscarawas county, Ohio ; by the first union three sons and four daughters, Isabel (now Mrs. Henry Gray), Ellen (now Mrs. James Elliott), Walter, Lieu- rany, Ida, Wm. F., Jr., James; one daughter by second marriage, Olive; was member of the board of supervisors one term. Schee, AValter, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. Seevers, B. F., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Auburn. Schultz, John, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Leighton. Smith, W. T., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Tracy. Smith, W. A., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Leighton. Stenis, Art van, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. TAYLOR, J. B., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Auburn. Thompson, Israel, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Olivet. THOMPSON, A. Y., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Auburn; was born in Orange county. New York, Jan. 28, 1824; he came to this county ULACK OAK toWNSHtP. 677 in April, 1856, lived one year in Oskaloosa township, and tlien re- moved to this township, where lie has since resided; farm contains 120 acres; he married Miss Rachel A. Benson, March 6, 1851, a native of Patterson, New Jersey; they have two sons and four daughters, Richard B., Robert M., Anna, Jane, Mary and Stella; was justice of the peace about six years. \ A T'ALKER, F. J., farmer. Sec. V V 11; P. (). Leighton. Wood, Isaiah, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Olivet Wray, Jabez, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Olivet. exj-^^o^^ o-^3^ TOTXT-nsrsmip. AIKIN, S. A., physician and sur- geon, Leighton; was born in the town of Somerset, Somerset Co., Pennsylvania, Feb. 24, 1830: he lived there two years; his pa- rents then moved to Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, where he lived until he was 17 years of age. He commenced the study of medi- cine at the age of 17, with Dr. W. C. Riter, of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania; he graduated at the Jefferson Medical College of Pennsylvania; he came to Dela- ware countj^, Iowa, in 1851; in October of the same year he mar- ried Miss Diana Doreward, of Delaware county, Iowa; they have four sons and five daughters, John F., Ellen, Sarah, Cyrus, Charles, Annetta, Bell, Jesse and Lillie. Mr. A., came to the county in 1858, spent the year previous in Marion countv. Iowa. BAKER, ELIZA A., farming, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella. BARBER, S. W., merchant, of the firm of Barber & Young, Leigh- ton; was born in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, in 1838; he lived there until 1866, and then re- moved to Cass county, Michigan; lived there about four years, and then came to this county, and to Leighton, May 12, 1871; not mar- ried. Bennett, E., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Leighton. BENNETT, N.F., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Leighton; tarm of 130 acres; was born in St. Jos. county, Indiana, May 9, 1837; he lived there until 1853, and then came to this county; he mari-ied Miss Eliza Burns, June 16, 1860 — born, in Lee county, Iowa, in 1841; tliev have one son, John E. BENNETT,GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Pella; was born in Stark count}', Ohio, where he lived until 1851, and then removed to this county, he now lives; has a farm of 160 acres and 9 acres ot timber; January 17, 1849, married Miss Margaret Ilaslett, a native of Bucks county, Penn. — born De- cember 1828; they have three sons and one daughter, William A., Robert N., Minnie B. and George E.; lost one daughter, Florinda, who died in Colorado, May 6, 1876. Beagle, John IL, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Leighton. BETTS; FIELDING, retired. Sec. 17; P. O. Pella; was born in Scott county, Kentucky, Septem- ber 9,1803; he lived there until 24 years of age; from there he went to Montgomer}' county, In- diana, where he remained until the tall of 1843; he came to Jef- ferson county, Iowa, in the winter of 1843-44, and the following summer moved to Henderson county, Illinois; remained there until April, 1847, and then re- moved to Black Oak township, 678 DIRECTORY Of MAHASKA COUNTY. tliis county, and located on Sec. 17; he married ITannali Wilson, in JSTovember, 1831, a native of Ken tuck}'; has one son and six daughters, Joseph, Nancy A, (now Mrs. Josiah Rourk), Mary E., (now Mrs. L. Zering), Harriet J., (now Mrs. J. A. Ergembright), Sarah A., (now Mrs. F. Kector), Henrietta R. and Martha; was justice about six years. Mr. B. served in the Black Hawk war. Blanch, J., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Leighton. BOWMAN, DAVID L., black- smith, Leighton; was born in Franklin county, Virginia, April 3, 1845; he lived there until Oc- tober, 1864; in the fall of 1865, he came to Leighton, and has been a resident here ever since; he married Mrs. Eliza Fleck, widow of J. B., August 3, 1873, who was born in Stark county, Ohio, Au- gust 14, 1853; she died October 25, 1876 ; left one son, William A. ; Mrs. B. left two sons by her former marriage, John A. C. and David F. Brownell, Sands, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Leighton. Bush, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Leighton. CANINE, P, v., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Pelia; born in Shelby county, Kentucky', September 10, 1810; lived there 21 years; then moved to Montgomery county, Indiana; he lived there until 1852, and then came to this county and located where he now lives; farms 181 acres; he married Miss Char- ity Smith, February 13, 1833, a native of Ohio, but raised in Montgomery county, Indiana; they have four sons and three daugh- ters, Cornelius, Enoch, Harvey, Sylvesrer, Margaret, Lucinda, and Gharity A.; was township trustee four years. Clark, T. J., farmer, iiec. 20; P. O. Pella. Clark, Nancy M., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Leighton. DE KOK, STEPHEN, farmer, Sec. 31;P.O. Pella. De Jong, M., farmer, Sec. 4; P.O. Pella. De Bruin, C, farmer, P. O. Pella. De Bruin, Justice, farmer, P. O. Pella. De Jong, G., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Pella. De Bruin, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Pella. De Jong, P., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Pella. De Kok, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Pella. DUNSMORE, A. E., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton; was born in Morgan countj^, 111., October 5, 1823, where he lived until 1848; he then came to this county, and ■ located where he now lives; he entered 200 acres of land, and his present farm contains 160 acres; he married Miss Aria A. Hoover, May 1, 1851; she was born in Mifflin count}'. Pa., February 9, 1838; they have five sons and four daughters. Mar}', Evaline, Frederick, George, Marion, Ela- nor, Irene, Josephus and Abra- ham; he was justice of the peace six years, and held the office of township clerk and other offices of trust. Dykstra, C, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Leighton. EADINGTON, JOHN, farmer, P. O. Leighton. ERGEMBRIGHT, J. A„ farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Pella; was born in Bartholomew county, Indiana, August 9, 1837; he lived there twenty-five years and then came to this county; owns a farm of 80 acres; he married Miss Harriett J., daughter of Fielding Betts, Esq., October 15, 1863, a native of Montgomery county, Indiana; born January, 1843; they have two sous and one daughter, Ed- BLACK OAK TOWNSHII*. 679 ward, William and Cora. Is township assessor. Else, Henry, lives in Oskaloosa. FLECK, CASSA A., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Lei^i>-liton. Freeman, S. E., farmer, P. O. Leigh- ton. FUNSTON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Leighton; was born in Colnmbia connty. Pa., in 1819, and lived there until twenty-one years of age; he then removed to St. Joseph county, Indiana; he went to California in 1852 and re- mained there eight years, and came to this connty in March, 1859; owns a farm of 355 acres; he married Miss Loiivisa Lowery, March 3, 1859, a native of Dela- ware, but raised in St. Joseph county, Indiana; no family; have lost one daughter, Mary A. Funston, Mellissa, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Leighton. GIBBS, CHAS. _T., tarmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Leighton; owns a farm of 160 acres; was born in Bur- lington Co, I^. J., April 30, 1830; he lived there but six months, when his parents moved to Cin- cinnati, where they lived two years, then removed near Leba- non, Ohio, vt^here he lived until 1834, and then went to St. Joseph county, Indiana; he came to this county in the spring of 1862; married Miss Margarey McNay, January 1, 1855, a native of Elk- hart county, Indiana; they have three sons and one daughter, Kobert E., Albert TnT., Frank A. and Effie A. Goldsmith, S., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Graham, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Leighton. GRAHAM, THOS., former, Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton; owns a farm of 120 acres; was born in Tippe- canoe county, Indiana, October 15, 1840, and lived there until 44 1851, and then came to this coun- ty; he married Miss Amanda Gibbs, November 11, 1874, a na- tive of Indiana; she died July 5, 1876; has one daughter, Martha F. GRAHA3I, SANFORD, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Leighton; owns a farm of 140 acres; was born in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 1838; came to thiscountj^ in 1851 and located where he now lives; not married; he enlisted in the late war in Co. C, 33d Iowa Yol- unteers Infantry, August 10,1862; was wounded at Llelena, Arkan- sas, July 4, 1863, and discharged November 8, 1863. Grandia, Mary, farmer, Sec. 29; P.- O. Pella. Groves,. Peter B., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton. HOWARD, C. M., former. Sec. S2- P. O. Pella; was born in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 1840, and lived there eight years, when his parents moved to this count}^ and located in this town- ship in 1848; he married Miss Judith Ferguson, September 21, 1862, a native of Boone county, Indiana; she came to this county in 1848; they have one son and seven daughters, Ida I., Malinda E., Minnie Y., Emma A., Martha L., Nellie E., Judith I., and Chas. W. ; he served three years in the late war, in Co. A, 40th Iowa Yolunteers Infantry. Howard, Chas., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Pella. Howard, Geo. W., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Pella. Howard, Jackson, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Pella. Hoover, Jose])li IL, lives in Oska- loosa. Hoover, E. S., former. Sec. 36 ; P. O. Leighton. Hulstein, C, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Pella. 680 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. JAKAD, JAMES, fanner, Sec. 1; P. O. Leio-htoii. Jackson, Joseph; lives in Oskaloosa. Jones, D. C, fanner, Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. Jones, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. Johnson, James P., carpenter; P. O. Leighton. KAI/LEMYN, K., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Pella. Kh'ne, H. II., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Leighton. Krons, Ed. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Leighton. Lamer, William, former. Sec. 36; P. O. Leighton. Lounsberry, B. T., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Leighton. Long, Joseph, farmer; P. O.Peoria. Lundy, Elias, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Peoria. MACK AM AN, ELIJAH, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Leighton; farm of 40 acres; was born in Carroll conntj^, Ohio, in 1831, and came to this county in the opring of 1865; he married Elizabeth Pearch, a native of the same county, January 7, 1850; children: Mary A., William G., and Daniel H. McOauley, James, farmer; P. O. Peoria. McCabe, Mary, firmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Leighton. McKissick, Josiah, farmer,Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. Mead, Lucien, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Leighton. Miller, S. A., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. Miller, W. W., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Leighton. MOODY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Leighton; farm of 53^ acres; was born in Carroll county, Ohio, January 12, 1829, and lived there until twenty-one years of age; he moved to Clayton county, Iowa, in 1850; lived there until June, 1872, and then came to this county; he married Miss Rebecca A. Laughlin, a native of the same county, February 2, 1851; they have four sons and four daughters: Mary O., William L., Rebecca E., John B., Adam E., Archie N., Sarah G. and Tinsey P. NELSON, S. E., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Leighton. Norris, S., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Leighton. OYEPvBERGEN, L., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Pella. PARKER, M.W., miller, Sec.l2; P. O. Leighton, of the firm of Parker & Cramer, proprietors of the Huron Mills; was born in Morgan county. 111., February 1, 1840; four weeks later his parents moved to Washington county, Iowa; came to this county in 1870; he married Miss Lucy Beach, October 25, 1863, a native of Washington county, Iowa; she died in June, 1872, leaving a fam- ily of one son and three daughters, Mary E., Ellen G., and Alvin B.; married again to Mary Rothell, of Mahaska county, in November, 1873; they have one son, Charles W.; served one year and six months in the late rebellion, en- listed as private in Co. E, 30th Iowa volunteers infantry, and was afterward promoted to First Lieutenant. POGUE, JOHN H., farmer. Sec. 43; P. O. Leighton; has a farm of 160 acres, fifteen acres timber; was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, June 7, 1829; left there on the 10th of September, and ar- rived here November 2, 1850; has lived on his present farm since 1867; he married Mary A. Mack- aman, December 10, 1863, a na- tive of Carroll county, Ohio; they have one daughter, Evalena May. POTHO YEN, OTTO, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Pella; owns a farm of 155 acres; was was born in Europe July 8, 1839; he emigrated to the BLACK OAK TOWNSHIP. 681 U. S., and tliis county in 1856; he married Martha De Briiin, December 25, 1862, a native of Europe; they have two sons and two daughters, Ilenrj^, Jacob, Men a, and Ton a. Pos, Dirk, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. PelLa. Porter, James, farmer, Sec. 33; P. (). Leighton. Price, L. D., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Leighton. REICHARD, JACOB, boot and shoe dealer, Leighton; born in Columbia county, Pa., June 11, 1839; he lived there until 1869, and then came to Leighton ; he built the fine hotel now owned by John W. Walton, and has built several other nice buildings in the place. In 1875, Mr, R. opened out a neat boot and shoe store, which would do credit to any place (he is a shoemaker by trade). In 1862 he married M'iss Mary A. Townsend, a native of tlie same county; they have three daughters, Lulia'K., Mertie E., and EvaD.; lost one son and one daughter, Edward N. and Hattie C. RICHARDSON, JAMES, fanner, Sec. 20, P. O. Pella; owns a farm of 160 acres ; was born in Peoria county, Illinois, June 20, 1814, he lived there until he was eleven years old ; his parents then moved to Iowa, and has lived on his pre- sent farm nine years; he married Miss Louisa Clark, Feb. 11, 1869, who was born in Marion county, Iowa, Feb. 11, 1849; they have two sons, Clark and Fred. Richardson, Levi, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Pella. Ringle, David, larmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Leighton. Rosborough, A. M., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Leigliton. Ryan Elting T., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Leighton. RYAN, JOHN W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Pella; farm of 200 acres; was born in Randolph county, Virginia, October 23, 1816, where he lived twenty years; he went from there to Union county, Ohio, where he lived five years; he came to Van Buren county, Iowa, in 1811, and to this county in 1863 and located where he now lives in 1865; he married Miss Nancy Carpenter, a native of the same county, December 3, 1837; she died June 8, 1873; he married again to Elizabeth L. Bingman, a native of Tennessee, April 9, 1871; has two sons and two daughters by first marriage: Ce- lia A., Reason, Jerard and x\lge- nett; lost two sons and two daughters: Julia A., Elzina, Geo. R. and John N. ; Mrs. Ryan has three children by a former mar- riage: Pamelia J., Alice E. and Nancy. SEARY, THOMAS J., laborer, Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. Shelly, A. B., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. SMITH, J. H., farmer and stock dealer. Sec. 21; P. O. Leighton; farm 160 acres ; was born in Elces, France, in 1826; his parents came to the United States when the subject of this sketch \vas but two years of age, and located in Can- ton, Ohio, where they lived until 1837, when they moved to Elk- liart county, Indiana; he remained there until 1819; October 5, 1848, he married Miss Polly S. Bennett, who was born in Stark county, Ohio; in 1849 Mr. Smith left Indiana for this county, his worldly possessions consisting at that time of $54 in cash, one team of horses, an old wagon and a few household goods; by hard work and economy to-day he has one of the finest residences and the best farm in the county, and is quite extensively engaged in the stock business; they have three sons and three dauo-hters: Eleanor J., 682 DIRKCTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ephruiui, Ini, Izora, George W. and Florence E. Sinitli, Tra, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Leigh ton. Smith, Ejihraim, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Leigliton. Smith, M. P., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Leighton. Smith, ErO., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. STEIN, N. S., miller, Leighton; was born in Berks countj^, Penn- sylvania, in 1S32; he came here in IStJO; he married Miss Mary E. Trough, of Pennsylvania, June 17, 1869; she died June 17, 1873; he married again, to Carrie E, Bell, of Missouri, December 15, 1875; he has one son: Palph. Stein, J. S., miller, Leighton. STRAIN, NANCY, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Leighton; widow of Thomas Strain, who was born in Abbyville count}^ South Caroli- na, August 20, 1803; he came to Polk county, Iowa, in 1850, and to this county in 1863, and located where they now live; Mrs. Smith, whose maiden name was Winin- gar, was born in Pockbridgecoun ty, Virginia, March 11, 1817; they were married May 9, 1839; he died February 21, 1877, leav- ing a family of five sons and five daughters: Ellen J., John A., Al- vira A., David W., Mary E., Thomas ^Y ., Pichard P., Sarah P., Emma D. and Albert R; farm contains 170 acres. Strain, D. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Leighton. Stoddard, Charles, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Leighton. Stoops, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O., Leighton, Stroud, William, fai-mer, Sec. 36; P. O. Leighton. Sullivan, D., laborer, Leighton. Sullivan, M., laborer, Leighton. Swartz, G. AV., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. TAYLOR, MADISON, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Leighton. Tandy, W. T., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Leighton. Tenbosch, N., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Pel la. Thomas, David, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Pella. THOMAS, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Pella; was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, Decem- ber 18, 1809; he lived there ten years, when his parents moved to AVayne count}^ Indiana, where he lived until 1835, and then moved to Delaware countj^ Indiana; he remained there until 1855, and then came to this county and lo- cated where he now lives; he married Miss ]Srancy Ribble in 1837, a native of Montgomery county, Va. ; they have four sons and one daughter, Mary. William, Theodore F., David, and Mark. Thomason, W., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Pella. Thomas, William, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. Timbrel, Blemus, laborer. Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. Tice, Hai-den, lives in Oskaloosa. TICE, MADISON, farmer and stock dealer, Sec. 5; P. O. Pella; owns a farm of 415 acres; was born in Floyd county, Virginia, in 1827; came to Jasper county, Iowa, in 1847, and to this county in 1851; he married Miss Xancy Mays, September 5th, 1853; they have three sons and six daughters, Theopholis, Manella, Mar3% Lou- isa, Minnie, C. G., Cora, Ilattie, and Daniel; was justice two years. Tysseling, T. A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Pella. Tysseling, II., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Pella.^ VANIIOOKLUM, B., farmer, P. O. Pella. Van Rockel, L., farmer, P. O. Pella. BLACK OAK TOWNSHIP. 683 Vanwijngaarden, J., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Fella. Yan de Haar, G., fanner, Sec. 4; P. O. Pella. Van der Meiden G., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Van de Ilaar, C, farmer, Sec. 6; P. (). Pella. Van Donselaar, W., tanner. Sec. 7; P. O. Pella. Van der Poverat, B., farmer, Sec. 2i; P. O. Leia:hton. Van der Waal, A., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Pella. Van Horsen, Gerret, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Pella. VAN DONSELAAR, PETER, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Pella; owns a farm of 120 acres; was born in Enrope November 19th, 1836; he lived there until 1864, and then emigrated to Iowa and this county; has lived on his present farm seven years; he married Lena Van de Waal, June 7th, 1872; she was born in Ma- rion county, Iowa; they have two sons and one daughter, Peter J., Ire, and Wilhelmina. Van Steinbergen, Wni. G., ftirmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Van Demvde, Peter, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Pella. Van de Eovart, W., farmer, P. O. Pella. Van de Brake, G., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Pella. Vangorp, F., farmer, P. O. Pella. Van Zante, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella. Van Zante, Garret, farmer, P. O. Pella. Van Donselaar, D., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Pella. Van Donselaar, Peter, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Pella. Van Zante, Dielus, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Pella. Van Zante, A. B., farmer, P. O. Pella. Van der Pol, Thos., farmer, P. O. Pella. Van der Voort, Wm., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Pella. Van Alst, A. C., farmer, P. O. Pella. Vanwijngaarden, G. H., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Leighton. Van Howeling, C, farmer, Sec. 32, P. (). Pella. Van Zee, C., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Fella. Vermeer, G., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Pella. Veenschoten, John, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Pella. Veenstra, Aart, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Pella. VOORHEES, JOHN farmer, far- mer. Sec. 16; P. O. Pella. Mr. Voorhees was born in Warren* county, Ohio, October 2, 1829, where he resided until 1852; he enjoyed no more than a common school education, and never at- tended school after he was sixteen years of age. Mr. Voorhees came to Mahaska county from Ohio, and September, 1853, purchased the farm on which he now resides. In the following spring, March 16, 1854, he married Miss Marga- ret Canine, a native of Montgom- ery county, Indiana, where she was born August 28, 1836; they have five sons and one daughter, John K., born in 1857; Elbert S. D., born in 1860; Dora E., born in 1865; Frank C, born in 1871; Melvin R., born in 1874, and Fred, born in 1876; Mr. and Mrs. Voor- hees have buried two daughters, Mary J. and Lucinda A. Mr. Voorhees' farm comprises four hundred acres, on the Pella road, about twelve miles from Os- kaloosa. He came into the coun- ty with but eight hundred dollars, which he invested in real estate, and he has now one of the best improved farms in Mahaska coun- ty. In 1871 he built on his farm a very tine brick residence. This dwelling stands upon a high point 684 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. of ground and can be seen for a considerable distance down the road toward Oskaloosa. As one follows the windings of this road and catches and loses glimp- ses of the conntr}' mansion in the distance, the effect is quite fine. This dwelling, with careful finan- cial management, was com]ileted at a cost of $10,0(iO. Mr. Voor- hees takes great interest in the raising of stock, mainly for the market, not giving much atten- tion to fancy grades. He is a great reader, and, we are informed, takes more newspapers than any other farmer in his section of tlie country. He is modest and re- tiring in disposition, and though lie shows a commendable pride in the appearance of his home and surroundings, there is nothing of ostentatious display. In the sim- plicity and the unassuming air of "mine host" the visitor finds himself at once at home — a home whose grace within is largely due to the cordiality and true wo- manliness of Mrs. Voorhees, its esteemed wife and mother. Vos, John, farmer. Sec. 11; P.O. Pella. Vos, H, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Yoorhees, J. K., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. T A TALLAGE, E. L., farmer, V V Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. WALTON, JOHN W., merchant, postmaster, and hotel proprietor, Leigh ton; was born in Greene county. Pa., November 24, 1840, and lived there until October, 1868; then came to Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he lived until July, 1874, and then removed to Leigh- ton; he married Miss Carrie J. Kimball, of Marshall county, W. Va., August 21, 1861; they have two sons and three daughters, Mary B., Daniel E., Carrie J., John W,, and Daisie M. Whitlock, Ezra B., farmer, Seel; P. O. Peoria. Williams. John C, farmer. Seel; P. O. . Willebordee, A., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Pella. Wingfield. C, carpenter, Leighton. WOODS, E. M., f^irmer. Sec 15; P. O. Leighton; was born in Knox county, Tenn., September 19, 1840; his parents removed to Iowa in 1845, and to Marion county in 1846, and to this coun- ty and township in the fall of 1847; he owns a farm of 160 acres and 20 acres of timber; he married Miss Elvira A. Strain, March 22, 1868, a native of Ohio; they have three sons, Elvin T., Orvil B., and Ilarley E.; he serv- ed two years and ten months in the late war, in Co. G, 33d Iowa Volunteers Infantry; was wounded at Poison Springs, April 15, 1864, in the left leg below the knee; ten days thereafter was taken prisoner and confined five months in the prison at Camden, and was then removed to Magno- lia, and thence to Shreavesport; was paroled out February 26, 1865; was released at the mouth of Red River. Republican. AVOODS, J. M., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Leighton; was born in Knox count^'^, Tenn., March 6, 1835; he came to Iowa in 1845, to Marion county in 1846, and to this county and township in the fall of LS47; he married Miss Susan Reese, August 7, 1856; she was born in Ohio, September 29, 1838; she died May 26, 1860; left one daughter, Etta M.; mar- ried again to Eliza J. Liter, July 1, 1862; she was born in Illinois, August 30, 1839; she died Feb- ruary 25, 1875, and left one son and four daughters, Ida M., Anna II., Maggie L., Jessie L., and LIu- bert W. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 685 Woods, S. E., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Leigliton. Worley, F. W., fanner. Sec. U; P. O. Lei<>-htoii. Wray, Jolm C, blacksmith, Leigli- ton. YOUNG, DAVID, merchant, of the firm of Barber &, Young, Leigliton; was born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1830; he lived there about twenty-two years and then went to Cass Co. Michigan; became to this county IS'^ovember 13, 1865, and to this town in 1871 ; he married Miss Margurett E. Funston, April 13, 1854, a native of Columbia coun- ty, Pa.; they have two daughters, Sarah W. and Catharine D. :M:.^3Disonsr TO'X'^T-nsrsui^. ANDERSON, DANIEL, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa; one of the firm of Whitmore & Ander- son, proprietors of Alpha Mills; born in Miami county, Ohio, in 1832; came to Iowa in 1858, and located in Washington county; removed to this count.y in 1873; married Sarah B. Tood in 1872, she was born in 3 842; have two children, John and Frank. Mr. A. has two children by a former wife, Wilber A., and Alonzo. Adair, James, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. BAILEY, ELIZABETH, farm- er, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. BALLINGER, TH03IAS, farmer and preacher, Sec. 13; P. O. Lacey. The following chart of character was given by Benjamin Brunning in 1858. Mr. Brun- ning was a lecturer on the science of phrenology of more than or- dinary ability. We quote from the chart: " You have a full sized brain with great activity; your temperament is marked — lym- phatic 4, sanguine 6, bilious 5^; you have large adhesiveness; are eminently social, an ardent, sin- cere friend; enjoy friendly society extreme!}' well, and form strong attachments; you love home well, but have no undue attachment; can go where duty calls without remorse; you possess the power of concentrativeness to a reason- able extent; have no eager desire for life, though you love it well; are resolute and courageous; spir- ited and efficient as an opponent; quick and intre]nd in resistance; love debate; boldly meet, if you do not court opposition; you are loth to cause or witness pain; have a good appetite, but can gov- ern it well; are not penurious; love property for the comforts it will bring: can keep a secret, but are not cunning: are always watchful, careful and anxious: are keenly alive to public opinion: set everything by character, hon- or, etc.: have much self-respect, pride of character and indepen- dence: have firmness enough for ordinary occasions: are faithful, honest, upright at heart, moral in feeling, forgiving, love the truth, cannot tolerate wrong, consult duty before expedienc}': are gen- erally sanguine and careful — ris- ing above present troubles: have but little faith in the marvelous: are not habitually serious, al- though capable of religious fervor and devotion: you are inclined to do all the good you can — gladly sacrifice self on the altar of be- nevolence: have refinement of feeling without sickly sentimen- tality: you are an admirer of na- ture — mountain scenery, etc.: have a quick, keen perception of the ludicrous — make a erreat 686 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. amount of fun: are quick at rep- artee: laugh heartily at jokes: have fair observing powers: rec- ognizee persons and countenances: appreciate order: have a clear and attentive memory of historical facts: are a fluent, easj' and pleas- ant speaker: adopt means to ends well: have an active desire to as- certain causes: have a happy tal- ent for comparing: win confidence and aftection, read character and motives of men from physiognu- my: are not suspicious — -may be, but not easily imposed upon," Thomas Ballinger is a native of West Middlebury, Logan county, Ohio, where he was burn Dec. 21, 1817. He is of French, Dutch and Welch ancestry — his progeni- tors emigrating to America some one hundred and fifty years ago, and settled in New Jersey, where traces of the family still remain, and where his parents were burn. In about 1806 they moved to Ohio, where the father died in 1845, and the mother in 1854. Thomas was raised and well trained in the laborious industries pecul- iar to a farmer's life. He shared the advantages of the common schools of Ohio— attending from three to six months a year until about fifteen years of age. Since that date he has been enffao-ed in battling with the duties of life, receiving some benefit from pri- vate instruction in the higher branches, and in the languages. As a pastime for youth, he de- voted considerable time during his residence in that part of Ohio to hunting game, such as deer and turkeys, being very abundant. In 1837 he was married to Miss Mary Devore, a native of Ohio. She died in Mareh, 1845, leaving two children, one only of whom Mrs. Mott now survives, for sev- eral years past a teacher in the jjublic schools at Oskaloosa. In 1834 he experienced a relig- ious awakening, which resulted in his joining the Methodist church. Having his attention di- rected to the subject of baptism, he finally became a member of the Disciples church, and for ten years was a preacher of that faith. Coming in contact with believers in Universalism, and studying the subject of the Divine government, and the final destiny of the race as the result of benificent econ- omy, he finall}' concluded that if salvation was good for one it was good for all, and that God in his wisdom, justice and goodness would so arrange the dispensa- tions of his Providence as to insure the impartial and universal result. This mode of reflection lead him to embrace the Abrahamic faith, and for twenty-five years he has been engaged in proclaiming the unsearchable riches of God's im- partial grace. In September, 1845, he married Miss Lydia A. Hil- dreth, a native of Vermont. In 1850 he moved West, and settled first in Van Buren county, but shortly moved to Mahaska county, and settled in Oskaloosa, where he lived until 1854. For the next two years he engaged in farming near Oskaloosa, and being invited to take charge of the society at Bentonsport, he preached with them for two years, and then re- turned to the farm. In 1861 he moved on his present farm, six miles north of Oskaloosa. During these years he has preached exten- sively through southeastern and central Iowa. He has held some eighteen discussions with promi- nent preachers of difterent denom- inations. In these discussions he has displayed more than ordinary forensic ability, and a well ground- ed knowledge of the Bible, and of biblical interpretation. In 1867 lie was elected to the legislature, MADISON i'OWKSHIP. 687 and served tliroiigli the Twelfth General Assembly as member of the House. He made an inde- pendent member, conscientious in all his acts, too much so to be trammeled by party tactics. He had snfficient manhood to not join in ■ the bitter and nncalled for tirade of partisans against Andrew Johnson, as manifest by a majoritj^ of the members of the legislature, snch as Thomas Ballinger. He is widely known throughout Iowa, in fact he has a reputation extend- ing through the range of Univer- salistic believers throughout the West. Ballinger, J. W., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Lacey. Bartlett, A. J., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Baughman, . S., miller, Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. Boswell, Harriet, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Bryan, Allen, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Oskaloosa. Buckley, William, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. CAETEE, R. C, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Carver, J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. CONKLIN, WILLAM A., Sec. 2-1; P. O. Oskaloosa; owne 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Morrow county, Ohio, in 1828; was marshal of the city of Cardington four years, and deputy treasurer two years; came to Iowa in 1867; married Maria A. Anderson in 1853; slie was born in Guernsey conntj^, Ohio, in 1831:; have eleven children, William Y. E., Ora P., Pliilemon B., Frank P., Charles E., Jacob J., Oscar K., Albert D., Alice E., Minnie H., Olive M.; lost two, one in infancy, and Emma J., who died at the age of twenty years. Are members of the M. E, church. 45 Coffin, AVilliam, flirmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa. Coleman, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. Coffin, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. Conklin, AV. A., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. Coffin, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. Coffin, Erastus, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa. COFFIN, SA3IUEL, f^irmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 555 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Korth Carolina in 1809; came to Iowa in 1842, and to this county in 1844; Mr. C. has been twice married; in 1830 to Sophia Fisler; she w^as born in Indiana in 1814; have seven chil- dren, John, Jacob, Sarah, Erastus, Eliza, Thomas, Susie; married again in 1851 to Susan Lyster; she was born in Indiana in 1833; hav^e nine children, Sophia, Anna, Florence, Ilenrj", William, Etta, Frank, Samuel, Mollie; Mr. C. represented this county two years in the legislature: was justice five years. CRISPIN, FRANCIS, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 208^ acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Ross county, Ohio, in 1826; came to Iowa in 1845; married Adeline Bousell, in 1850; she was born in Virginia, in 1824; have six childi-en, Louisa, Mary N., Sarah J., Thomas, Hannah and Susan. Mr. C. has been one ot the board of supervisors one term, and held the office of justice one term. CRUZ EN, LEWIS, farmer, Sec.24; P. O. Oskaloosa; he owns 215 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Green county, Ohio, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1849; married H. A. Hollister in 1859; she was born in Knox county, 688 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Ohio, in 1835; tliev have three children, C. H., D. 6. and A. L.; are members of the Baptist CRUZEN, HARVEY, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O, Oskaloosa; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1810; came to Iowa in 181&, and settled on his present farm; Mr. C. has been twice married, first to Aseanath Walthall, in 1832; she was born in Virginia, in 1815, and had five children, Ham- ilton, Lewis, Geo. W., Elizabeth J., Benjamin. He married again in 1860, to Sally Lamborn, she was born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1826; have two children, Aseanath E., Laura 0. Mrs. C. has four children by a former hus- band, Harriet M., John J., Thos. L., and Emma B. Mr. C. has been justice of the peace twelve years; they are members of the Bapist church. CRUZEN, LEWIS, farmer, Sec.34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 215 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Greene count}^, Ohio, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1849; mar- ried H. A. Hollister in 1859; she was born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1835; they have three children, C. H., D. O., and A. L. ; they are members of the Baptist church. CRUZEN, H., farmer, Sec. 28; P._ O. Oskaloosa; owns 504 acres of land, valued a $30 per acre; born in Ohio in 1832, and came to Iowa in 1849; married Sarah Coffin, in 1853; she was born in Indiana in 1836; they have six children, Jerome B. Jas. F., Samuel H,, Minnie J., Wm. F., and Ralph H. ; they are members of the Baptist church. Cruzen, H., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, Albert, carpenter, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, John, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, David, lives in Oskaloosa township. Crisman, Cyrus, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O, Oskaloosa. Crispin, George, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Crispin, Mary, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Cummings, B. H., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa. Curry, James, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. DELONG, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Deweese, John, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. DILLEY, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 168^ acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Virginia in 1810; came to Iowa in 1853^ and settled on his present farm; married Elizabeth Bird, in 1832; she was born in Virginia, in 1810; they have four children: David, Jane, Floyd and William H. Mr. D. has held the office of justice of tlie peace. Are members of M. E. Church. Dilley, David, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa. Dilley, Floyd, farmer. Sec. 27; P.O. Oskaloosa. DYE, T. W., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 610 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Virginia, in 1834; came to Iowa in 1864, and settled on his present farm ; married Rosanna Peper, in 1858; she was born in Virginia, in 1836; they have six children: Charles, George, Thomas, Cora, Rosa and Maud; he has been town ship trustee. EDGERTON, A. H., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; l)(»rn in Oneida county, N. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 689 Y., in 1839; came to Iowa in 1865; married Miss L. Kobb, in 18(U; she was born in Warren Co., Ills., in 1842; they have three children: EttieF., A.R., and S. E. Mrs. E. is a member of the Baptist Church. Else, John J., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. FERRALL, B. F., farmer, sec.l3 ; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 128 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Washington county, Penn., in 1827; came to Iowa in 1854; married Elizabeth H.White, in 1848; she was born in Ken- tucky; they have seven children: F. P., L. C, Albert D., Martha A.,^ Ida, and Jennie. Are members of Baptist Church. Ferree, Charles, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa. Ferree, Thomas J., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Fields, Sarah, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Fry, John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Freeman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Freeman, M. S., farmer.. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. GALE, G. O., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Lacey. Graham, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. Grimes, G. M., farmer. Sec. 13; F. Lacey. HART, J. B., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. New Sharon. Harris, Elias, former, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. Harris, Sarah E., farmer, P. O. Os- kaloosa. Hart, C. 11., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Lecey. Ilanna, O. M., farmer. Sec 3 ; P. O. New Sharon. Hartman, Amelia, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Lacev. Hellings, T. P., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Lacey. HIATT, L. J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre; born in Ohio in 1854; came to Iowa in 1856; he married Mattie Schell in 1877; she was born in Ohio in 1854; she is a member of the Christian Church. Hill, Jesse J., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hoover, Mrs. L. L., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. Holliday, J. P., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. Ilower, Christopher, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hunt, John, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Lacey. Hurley, Nancy, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Humphrev, Robert, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Lacey. Hurley, James, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. TAMES, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. J 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. LIBBY, J. R., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Leighton; owns 166 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Delaware in 1816; came to Iowa in 1840; removed to this county in May, 1843; he mar- ried Elizabeth Higgenbothem in 1846; she was born in 1819; they have nine children, Mary, William, Harriet, James, Charles, Elizabeth, Ida, Hester, and Jerry; they are members of the Christian Church. Loy, Peter, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. Lytle, Andrew, farmer. Sec. — ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Lyons, Mary A., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Lacev. MADDEN, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. Masteller, J. C, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Lacey. Mattox, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa. MASTELLER, JACOB, farmer, 690 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Sec. 11; p. O. Lacev; owns 340 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Noi'tluiniberland count}', Pa., in 1815; came to Iowa in 185."); married Ellen Plaine in 18l(i; she was born in Northumberland count}', Pa., in 1820; they have nine children, Jonathan, Curtis, Mary, Anna, Jane, William, Richard, Carrie, Elmer; lost one son, George B., who enlisted in Co. C, 7th Iowa Infantr}' in IStU, and died in 1802; are members of the U. P. church. McCONNEL, J.Q., farmer,,Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 272 acres of land valued at $80 per acre; was born in Pose}^ county, Ind., in 1829; came to Iowa in 1846, and settled in Madison township; married Jane Dilley in 1856; she was born in Virginia in 1834; they have six children, Asa, Wiley, Qu'incy, Walter, Frank, Etta M. McMillan, WOOSTER, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 107 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Cattaraugus county, N. Y., in 1834; came to this state in 1860; married Sarah A. Myers in 1860; she was born in Ohio in 1838; they have five children, Minnie Ida, Almira Ada, Clarence, Adella, Astella; they are members of the Society of Friends. MoFadden, Elizabeth, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. MIDDLETON,!. C, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloasa; owns 9 acres of land valued at $1,600; born in Center county, Pa., in 1830; came to Iowa 1840, and settled in Washington county; removed to this county in 1867; married Mary A. Bryan in 1868; she was born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1843; they have one child, Caloway. Mitchell, Robert, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. Miller, S. C, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Lacey. Misner, John, farn^er, Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa. MILLER, SOLOMON AV., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Lacey; owns 165 acres of land valued at $45 per acre; was born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1875; niarried Emnui Lupton in 1864; she was born in 1841; they have one child, Charlie; are members of the Society of Friends. MITCHELL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 1192 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; was born in Carroll county, Ind., in 1830; came to Iowa in 1851; married Eveline Hoover in 1861; she was born in Pennsyl- vania in 1833; they have nine children, Llewellyn, Elmer, 01- lie, Jane, Anson, Amy, Addie, John, and Vexella. MOTT,G.M., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Lacey; owns 85 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; was born in Knox count}', Ohio, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1849; married Mary Grimes in 1858; she was born in Maryland, in 1837; they have three children, Eliza, Char- lie B. and Walter; Mr. Mott has been justice of the peace. Morgan, John, farmer, Sec, 6; P. O. New Sharon. Mott, G. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Lacey. Morgan, R. D., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. New Sharon, NELSON, PETER, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Norton, Perry, farmer. Sec. 3; P.O. New Sharon. PARKHURST, H. C, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Lacey. Parkhurst, J. S., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Lacey. Padgett, Catharine, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 691 Peck, E. M., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. Perkins, E. & G. W., fanners, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa. PICKRELL, H. H., farmer, Sec. 29; P. (>. Oskaloosa; was born in 1847, and came to Iowa with his parents, in 1860; his father, Jacob Pickerell, owns 93 acres of Umd valued at $35 per acre, was born in Cliampaigii countj, Oliio, in 1807 and married Rachel Marman, in 1833; she was born in Logan county, Ohio, in 1813; tlie}^ have ten children, Asa M., Lindley H., William, Peter M., Ilarland T., Henry II., Joseph E., Jacob, Ra- chel, and Mary M. Are members of the Friends' church. Pickerell, Jacob, Sr., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa. Poe, W. D., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. New Sharon. Pomeroy, Harry, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Prine, G. S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. PRINE, WM. H., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 108 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; was born in Indiana, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1847; married Priscilla Coffin, in 1862; she was born in Indiana, in 1845; they have one child, Lillie; wife is a member of the Baptist church; Mr. Prine enlisted in Co. H, 8th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and was discharged in 1862. RECTOR, ED. T., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Ohio, in 1831; came to Iowa in 1855; married Charlotte S. Dibble, in 1868; she was born in Ohio, in 1838; liave three children: Edgar, [Jomerand Mary. Mr. R. has four children by a former wife: Milton, Charlie, Oscar and Albert; and Mrs.E,. has two children by a former husband: Florence and Jessie. Mr. R. was justice of the peace three yeai*s, and has held different town offices; are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. Rothell, C^ G., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. SEARY, T. J., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. New Sharon. Shaffer, Rachel, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. Shoemake, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa. Shipley, William, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 6. Oskaloosa. Shoemake, Polly, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Oskaloosa. SHOEMAKE, WESLEY, flumer, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 260 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Henry county, Iowa, in 1841; came to Mahaska county in 1843; married Elizabeth Coffin, in 1861; she was born in Indiana, in 1843; have one child, Frank, born in 1862. SHIPLEY, WM., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P.O. Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in England, in 1832; came to America in 1855, and to Iowa in 1866; married Catharine My- ers, in 1859; she was born in Ful- ton county, Ills., in 1843; have seven children: Margaret, Ann, Rose Plymouth, Jolm Henry, Elizabeth, William Mark, George Jackson. Mr. S. enlisted in Co. B. 7tli Ills. Inf , in 1864, and was discharged in 1865. SHELEY, WM., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1825 ; came to Iowa in 1848; married Elizabeth Wadkins, in 1848; she was born in Ohio, in 1827; have two children: Mary, born in 1862, and Janie, born in 1868. Repub- lican. SHOEMAKE, I. G., farmer, Sec. 30, P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 250 acres of land, valued at $30 per 692 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. acre; born in Indiana, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1841, and to this county in 18-43; married Ann Wil- liams, in 1864; she was born in Indiana, in 1840; thej have five children: Mago:ie, Bertha, Rupert, Charles and Hattie. Mr. S. en- listed in Co. II, 8th Iowa Inf., in 1861, and was discharged in 1865; was in all the battles that regiment' participated in. .Sloat, Elias, farmer and preacher, Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa. Slagle, George, fanner. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. SMITH, C.H., farmer. Sec. 5; P.^ O. Oskaloosa; owns 320 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; was born in Vermont, in 1818, and came to Iowa in 1855; married Margaret Rector, in 1846; she was born in Ohio, in 1827; they have seven children, Margaret II., Jerome B., Edward E.., Percey T., Josephine H., and Chauncey II , Jr. ; are members of M. E. church. Stigers, IT. B., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa. TROUT, ELI, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa. Trout, Harrison, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa. ■\ A rniTMORE, J. S., Sec. 25; V V of the firm of Whitmore & Anderson, proprietors of Alpha Mills; owns 160 acres of land val- ued at |16^000; born in Shelby county, Ky., in 1831; came to Iowa in 1857, and located in Washington county, and removed to this county in 1870; married Ann E. Braden, in 1858; she was born in Decatur county, Indiana, in 1840; they have three children, Charles B., John C, and George A. Whitmore & Anderson, millers, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa. White, Sarah E., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa. Whalen, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. Winkleman, AVm., farmer. Sec. 11 P. O. Lacey. Winkleman, John, farmer, Sec. 11 P. O. Oskaloosa. Woodward, A. J., farmer, Sec. 36 P. O. Oskaloosa. YOUNG, A. T., farmer, Sec. 36 P. O. Oskaloosa. ZANE, I. H., farmer. Sec. 14; P O. Oskaloosa. Zane, S. B., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O Oskaloosa. j£^tdj^i^^ TO-';7;7-asrsi3:i:p- ALLGOOD, J.F., Sec. 26; P. O. Comet: owns 222 acres of land valued at $50 per acre; born in Kentucky in 1830, came to Iowa in in 1848; married Eliza J. Comstock in 1854, she was born in Kosciusko county, Indiana, in 1837; have nine children, Sarah, (now Mrs. Shafer) Martha, (now Mrs. Ankeney,) John N., Hester A., Charlie, Ida M., Minnie E., James T., and Alfred. Mr. A. has been justice three years. Demo- crat. Allgood, C. A., Sec. 36 ; P. O. Comet. Allgood, Samuel, Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. Allgood, J. E., Sec. 36; P. O. Comet. Anderson, Wm. G., Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa. AT WOOD, HARRIET E., Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns an undi- vided one half of 1,700 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; was born in Indiana; her father, Al- fred N. Atwoood, was born in Virginia in 1809, came to Iowa in 1849, and died in 1867; was married to Nancy Kelly: she was born in Kentucky in 1806, and died in 1877; they have two children, Harriet E., and Mary E. ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 693 B AER, M. S., merchant; Lacey. Barber, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. New Sharon. BALLINGER, J. J., Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 145 acres of land valued at $25 per acre; born in Greene county, 111., in 1826; came to Iowa in about 1838, and settled on his present farm in 1844; married Margaret Starlin in 1857; she was born in Ohio in 1842; have nine children, Bar- bara, Susan, Lucinda. Maggie, Sedalia, Aliva, Jeremiah, William, James. Democrat. BARR, ALFRED, Sec. 19; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 210 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Pickaway county, Ohio, in 1815, came to Iowa in 1854 and settled on his present farm; mar- ried Maria Marguess in 1841; she was born in Darke county, O., in 1823; have live children. Mar- guess, IVlpses S., Marinza, Carlton D,. and Laura. Republican. Briney, A. J., farmer, Sec. 9: P. O. Lace v. BRINEY, JOEL, Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 240 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Darke county, Ohio in 1840, came to Iowa in 1850 and settled in Adams township; married Elizabeth Roberts in 1864; she was born in Kentucky in 1840; have four children, Chas. A., Wm. P., Miranda J., and John N. Democrat. BRINEY, ALEXANDER, Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 112 acres of land valued at $50 per acre; born in Darke county, Ohio, in 1843, came to Iowa in 1850; married Elizabeth Fisher in 1865: she was born in Dark Co. Ohio in 1844; have eight chil- dren, Magdaline, Jane, Henry, Johnny, Lewis E., Lettie, Martin L., Carl A. Democrat. BRINEY, JACOB, tanner, Sec 9; P. O. Lacey; owns 175 acres of land, at $35 per acre; born in Darke county, Ohio, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1852, and settled on present farm ; married Nancy Dim- mitt, in 1848; she was born in In- diana, in 1833; have six cliildren, Sarah J., Miles D., James O., John II., Laurinda E., Nancy Eliza; are members of Baptist church. Democrat. Busby, E., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. COLYILLE, J. AY., farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa. Clary, E. K., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa. Cooksey, J. W., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Comet. CRISS, STEPHEN,farmer, Sec.35 ; postmaster. Comet; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Indiana, in 1841; came to Iowa in 1851; married Sarah A. Ruby, in 1861; she was born in Indiana, in 1843 ; have four child- ren, Francis M., Ida Belle, Martha Ann, and Emma Y. ; are members of M. E. Church. CULYER, E. R., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Comet; owns 86 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; born in Athens Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Iowa, in 1354; married C. J. Jo- sepli, in 1866; she was born in Ohio, in 1830; have lost three children, Henrietta, Jessie and Ira; wife is a member of the Bap- tist church. Democrat. Cumpton, G. W., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Oskaloosa. Culver, Jas. A., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Comet. DA.YENPORT, JOSEPH, far- mer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Comet. Daugherty, G., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O.' Union Mills. Darland, W. L., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Union Mills. Davis, Milton, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. DAYIS, J. D., tarmer. Sec. 16; P. 694 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. O. Oskaloosa; owns 242 acres of land, valued at §40 per acre; born in West Virginia, in 1814; catne to Iowa in 1869, and settled on present farm in 1870; married Kacliel J. Barnes, in 1841 ; she was born in 1817; have live children, Milton, Leander, Charles L., Jen- nette and Matilda; has been town- ship trustee three years ; are members of the M. E. church. Republican. DODDS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 15 ;_ P. O. Bucj'rus; owns 56 acres of land, valued at $30 per aci'e; born in Pennsylvania, in 1820; came to Iowa, in 1801; married Lydia Bobo, in 1853; she was born in Ohio, in 1828; have 8 children, James P., William E., Sarah E., E. y. p., J. C, M. F., C. L. and L. L. ; was Representative one year. Mcdonough, james, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Bucjn-us; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1827; came to Iowa, in 1849, and settled in this county; married Frances Abbott, in 1847; she was boi'n in Carroll county, Ohio, in 1830; have ten children, John, Lot C, Jane, Andrew, Ma- tilda, Marcey, Frances, James, Thomas R and Susie; enlisted in Co. I, 7th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and discharc^ed in 1S65; was wagon-master. Republican. FAUQUIER, G. H., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Lacey. Fag-an, W., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Union Mills. Fauquier, H. C, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Lacey. Faulkner, J., farmer, Sec 6; P. O. New Shai'on. Fisher, Catharine, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Oskaloosa. Ferguson, Ben., farmer, Seel; P. O. Union Mills. Fisher, J. C, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Oskaloosa. FRANCE, G. W., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 265 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Portage county, Ohio, in 1837; came to Iowa, in 1869; married Margaret Mclvelvey, in 1860; she was born in Tennessee, in 1843; have 4 children, II. C, Effie, Hermon, Mary ; are mem- bers of Christian church. GOTT, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Union Mills. Good, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Lacey. GODDARD, G. S., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Lacey; owns 85 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Jefferson county, New York, in 1828; came to Iowa, in 1866; married Mary M. Wood, in 1854; she was born in Canada, in 1824; have three ciiildren, Francis E., George L., Cora A. Democrat. Graves, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Union Mills. Graham, Henry, farm re. Sec. 1 ; P. Union Mills. HARGRAVE, CHAS. E., farm- er, Sec. 4; P. O. Lacey; owns 175 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1833; came to Iowa in 1864; he married Mary A. Cad- wallader in 1864; she was born in Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1845; they have four children, Clara M., Charles Roscoe, Harry S., and Ella; they are members of the Society of Friends. Hart, C. H., farmer. Sec. 19. Hartman, E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hanna, A. B., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Hanna, Thompson, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Comet. Harvey, J. A., farmei-, Sec. 6; P. O. New Sharon. Harbour, E. A., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Union Mills. HIBBS, Wm., dealer in grain and stock; P. O. Lacey; born in Bel- mont county in 1845; came to ADAMS TOWNSHIP. G95 Iowa in 1854, and settled in Jef- ferson connty; removed to this county in 1875; eni>;ai>;ed in liia present business in 1870; lie mar- ried Anna J. Meredith in 1868; she was born in" Indiana in 1850; they have three children, Elmer, Estella, and Lnther M. ; he was elected justice of the peace in 1877 ; they are members of the Society of Friends. •JOHN, E. A., farmer. Sec. 5; P. cJ O. Oskaloosa. Johnson, L., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. KIEKPATKICK, WM., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk. KOOGLER, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1854, and settled in Adams township; he married Kancy Ankeney in 1842; she was born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1819; he has been justice of the peace two years, and trustee three years; they are members of the M. E. Church. Kizer, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Comet. LAUGHREY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Knox coun- ty, Ohio, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1865, and settled on his present farm; he married Harriett Nash; she was born in England in 1824; they have eight children, Sarah, Melissa, Francis, John, Koss A., Caroline, Emily, and Willie; they are mendjers of the Baptist Church. Lee, M. W., tanner. Sec. 19; P. O. Lacey. Long, James E., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. New Sharon. MATEER, WM., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Lacey. Mateer, James, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 46 Martin, J. W., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. Mateer, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa. Mateer, S. A., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. McLandesborough, A., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa. McKinney, W., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. McDonough, J., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa. McKnight, James, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O. Lacey. MARTIN, WM., farmer, Sec.^5; P. O. Lacey; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Licking county, Olno, in 1829; came to Iowa in 1854, and settled on his present farm ; he married Emily Nash in 1851; she was born in England in 1833; they have seven children, Caroline, John W., Ida A., Otis A., Nelson A., Cora J., and Frank E. ; they are mem- bers of the M. E. Church. Re- publican. McLANDSBOROUGH, AN- DREW, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in England in 1822; came to Iowa in 1850, and settled on his present farm in 1856; he married Nancy McDonough in 1846; she was born in Ohio in 1828; they have seven children, Elizabeth, Sarah A., Jane, James, Catherine, Thomas, and Ida. Republican. ASH, J. J., P. O. Mauch Chunk. N NASH, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 640 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in England in 1827; came to America in 1842; married Martha J. McKinney in 1865; she was born in Licking county, Ohio, in 1838; have three children, Ella M., Frank T., Cora E.; he has three children by a former wife: Sarah J., John J., George C. Are 696 DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. meuibers of Baptist church. Dem- ocrat. NASH, RICHARD, fanner, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 135 acres of Land, vahied at §40 per acre; born in Enghmd, in 1829; came to America in 1842, and settled in Ohio; removed to Iowa in 1861 ; Mr. JSTash has been twice married — in 185T to Mary J. Mc- Mallen; she was born in 1837, and died in 1868; married again, in 1869, to Sarah E. Graham; she was born in 1835, and died in 1877; has one child, George B. Is a member of the M. E. church. Democrat. Nelson, David, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Comet. OGLE, J. M., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Lace J. Ogle, A., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. La- cej. PARKHURST, A. J., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Lacey. Phillips, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Lacey. QUICK, D. C, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. Quick, Reuben, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa. REYNOLDS, J. G., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O.Mauch Chunk. Reynolds, L. II., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Comet. Reynolds, George A., Sec. 35; P. O. Oskaloosa. Roberts, L. B., farmer. Sec. 13; J*. O. Mauch Chunk. ROBERTS, JONATHAN, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres of land, valued at i^40 per acre; born in Ripley county, Indiana, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1847; married Jacintha Childs in 1858; she was born in Vir- ginia in 1842; are members of M. E. church; Mr. R. has been jus- tice of the peace and township clerk. Democrat. Ruby, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Comet. Ruby, W. S., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Comet. Ruby, J. W., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Comet. Ruggles, L. G., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Oskaloosa. l^UBY, JOHN F., farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Comet; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in this county in 1848; married Augusta Green in 1868; she was born in Ohio in 1851; have three children : Charley Andrew, Cora May and John Franklin ; are mem- bers of the M. E. church; Mr. Ruby lias been township clerk three years, and is president of the school board at present. Re- publican. SCOTT, JOHN, ffirmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Bucyrus. Shaw, William, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Lacey. Shaw, Henry, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk. Smith, J. K., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Union Mills. SPROUL, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Union Mills; owns 126 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in in Ireland, in 1814; he came to the United States in 1824, and to Iowa, and settled on present farm in 1858; married Sallie McDonough in 1841; she was born in Ohio, in 1816; have six children: John, William, Ad- am, James, Rachael, Robert S. Republican. STEWART, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 167 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Johnson county, Indiana, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in this coun- ty; married Prudence J. Ruby in 1860; she was born in Ripley county, Indiana, in 1841; have ten children: Harriett, AVilliam, John, Albret, Alfred, Etta, James, Da- vid, Harry and one infant; Mr. Stewart has been county super- ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 697 visor five years, and has held different township offices: clerk, assessor, trustee, etc. Repul)lic- an. STANLEY, CHARLES, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 170 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born on Long Island in 182S; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled on present farm in 1857; married Emily Ballinger in 1857; slie was born in Illinois, in 1830; have one son and four daughters: Mary, Martha E., Catharine, Charley B., and Emma; he was Representative from this county two years; he enlisted in compa- ny K, 18th Iowa Infantry, in 1862 and was discharged in 1865; he held a commission as captain when he was mustered out. STRINGFELLOW,J.W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Kentucky in 18'49; came to Iowa in 1851, and settled with his parents on his present farm; married Jennie l^orwood, in 1875; she was born in Kentucky, in 1852. Democrat. Stringfellow, J. A., farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Mauch Chunk. Stone, F. S., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Oskaloosa. TALLON, MICHAEL, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Union Mills; owns 430 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Ireland in 1814; came to America in 1840 and settled in this county in 1848; married Sarah Funk in 1850; she was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1818; have four children: James Henry, Mary Ann, John William and George M. ; are members of the M. E. church. Democrat. Tragger, John, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. jS'ew Sharon. Tragger, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 5; P. (3. Xew Sharon. Tray, A., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Lacey. UPTON, W. J., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. New Sharon; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Ireland, in 1821 ; came to America in 1825, and to Iowa in 1855 and settled on pres- ent farm ; married Laura E. Paug- born in 1844; she was born in New York in 1819; have nine children : Cynthia M., Alonzo W., Marj" O., Angelia, Charles, Lucy J., Hiram D., Hester A., AVilliam E.; members of the Presbyterian church. Republican. VICTOR, ADAM, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 200 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Summit county, Ohio, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled on present farm; married Martha E. Williams in 1853; she was born in Boone Co., Indiana, in 1830; they have two children, Fred and Charlie. Dem- ocrat. \ A T^IIITE, A. M., farmer, Sec. V V 4; P. O. New Sharon. White, J., D., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Willhoite, W. J., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Comet. Willhoite, J. IL, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Comet. WILSON, JOHN C, farmer, P. O. Lacey; owns 136 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Newark, Ohio, in 1816; came to Iowa in 1863, and settled in Oska- loosa township; removed to pres- ent farm in 1877; married Eliza- beth E. Needham, in 1861; she was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in 1835; have two children, Charles L. and Emma B; Mr. W. has five children by a former mar- riage, Theodore B., Benjamin E., John W., Mary E., Nancy L. ; are members of M. E. church. Mr. Wilson is one of the township trustees. Republican. WILSON, MILTON, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Lacey; owns 240 acres 698 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. of land, valued at $30 ])er acre; born in Licking county, Ohio, in 1811; came to Iowa in 1875, and settled on ])resent farm; married Sarah Brown in 1850; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1820; their children are Juliette, (^arrie B., Elizabeth, Amanda, Eliza, Mary, Almira and Zoah. Mr. W. has two children bj a former marriage, JSfewton and Emma; are members of M. E. church. Bepublican. WOODS, J. K., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Lacey; owns 7(X) acres of land, valued at ^30 per acre; born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1816; came to Iowa in 1850; married Sarah Ilartman in 1848; she was born in Wayne Co., Ind., in 1826; they have ten children, Martha Ann, David 11. , Mary F., Alfaretta, Matilda J., Alpheus B., Cora, Fanny, James and Harry. Mr. W. has been a member of the board of supervisors four years. Republican. Wright, Wm. F., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Buc3a"us. Wroughton, J., farmer. Sec. 18; P, O. Lacey. YOUNG, MILTON, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa. 3^oi:. Mauch Chunk. Stephens, N., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O, Mauch Chunk. Stephens, Zedakiah, farmer, Sec. 5; P. (). Mauch Chuidc. SUMMERS, JOSEPH M., former, Sec. IS; P. O. Mauck Chunk; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Indiana in 1841; married Margaret McMains in 1860; she was born in Missouri in 1842; they have seven children, Lizzie, Mary, John, Orie, Henrj'', Clyde and Clara. Democrat. SUMMERS, JOHN, tarmer. Sec. 17; P. O. Mauck Chunk; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Scott count}^, Virginia, in 1817; came to Iowa in 1849, and married Nancy M}^- ers, who was born in North Caro- lina in 1820; they have eight children, Joseph M., Mary J., John C, Frank P., Isaac W., Welthy Ann, Elijah O., Lemuel. Democrat. TANNER, D. A., farmer, Sec. — , P. O. Rose Hill. Tate, Uriah, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Mauch Chunk. Taylor, James, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Rose Hill. Tanner, L. C, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Rose Hill. Thomas, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Mauch Chunk. Thomas, Henry, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Mauch Chunk. Thomas, Owen, Jr., Mauch Chunk. Tinsley, D., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Indianapolis. Turner L. P., farmer, Sec. 17; P. M. Mauch Chunk. Tucker, J. C, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Mauck Chunk. UPDEGRAFF, J., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Indianapolis. \ A T'ALKER, ROBERT, farm- V V er. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Indian- apolis; born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 20, 1804; in 1808 his parents re- moved to Ohio, where he remain- ed until his removal to this coun- ty in 1852, and has resided on the same farm since that time; owns 120 acres of land; he married Miss Ruth Brown, in 1834; she was born in Yirginia; has one daugh- ter, Rachel, wife of A. Sampson* WELLS, ALBERT, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Mauch Chunk; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Genesee county. New York, in 1830, came to Iowa in 1867, and located on his pres- ent farm; married Hannah Ham- mond, in 1847, she was born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1830; they have nine children, Henrietta, Celia, Ralph, Reuben, Austin, t PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 703 Ida, Frank, Bruce, Charlie. Re- publican. Wendel, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O Indianapolis. Webster, T. B., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Maucli Chunk. Wilson, J. J., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Indianapolis. Wjnor, F. J\[., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Mauch Chunk. IPXjE-^S-^lSrT <3-ISO"V"E TOT7;7-:bTS:E3:iI=. ALLEN, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Agricola. BARNES, JAMES IP, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. Bell, James, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Agricola. Berkimer, S. E., Sec. IS; P. O. Agricola. BiUick, M. L , Sec. 21; P. O. Agri- cola. Blancheon, C. W., tanner, Sec. 22; P. O. Agricola. Boswell William, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Agricola. Bodenhamer, J. S., Sec. 31; P.O. Mauch Chunk. Bodenhamer, J. M., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O.Union Mills. Bracken, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 36: P. O. Coal Creek. Bradbury, Sarah, Sec. 17; P. O. Agricola. CARVER, J. G., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Agricola. Carver, Asher, farmer, Sec. 2.5; P. O. Coal Creek. CARR, RICHARD, broker, Agri- cola;' born in New York in 1846, came to this county July 13, 1874; he enlisted in the late war and received wounds that have maimed him for life; he married Miss Ellen Couse in 1874; she was born in New York. Coffee, Wm., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Agricola. Crull, George, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Indianapolis. DARLAND, WM. H., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Agricola. Dixon, N. J., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Union Mills. 47 Dugger, M. C, flirmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Agricola. ELSTON, ABRAM, fiirmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Agricola. Evans, James, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. Evving, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Mauch Chunk. FIERLING, G.AY, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Agricola. Fisher, S. L., Sec. 16; P. O. Agri- cola. Fisher, Ellwood, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Indianapolis. Fisher, Mellissa E., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. Fisher, William, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. Indianapolis. Fisher, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Agricola. Fisher, Amasa, retired physician, Sec. 26; P. O. Indianapolis. Fisher, B. F., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Agricola. France, Hannah, Sec. 32; P. O. Coal Creek. GOULD, RACHEL, widow. Sec. 33; P. O. Indianapolis. Gregory, Nathan, laborer, Agricola. Grubb,'Thos., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Indianapolis. GRUBB, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Indianapolis; born in 1831, and came to this county in 1855; owns 300 acres of land; has held the office of school direc- tor; married Miss Mariah Kelly, in 1853; she was born in Pa.; has six children, Henry, John, Sam- uel, Rebecca, Annie, and Eliza- beth. 704 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. HATCHER, ELWOOD, farm- er, stock feeder ami stock dealer. Sec. 34; P. O. Indianapo- lis; born in Portage county, Ohio, in 1833, and came to this county in 1856; owns 500 acres of land; has held offices of township trus- tee and school director; lie mar- ried Miss Clara E.Lewis, in 1855; she was born in Trumbull county, Ohio; the}'- have seven children, Emma F., Charlie E., Albert L., Ida M., Cora D., Edward J., and Lewis. Hatcher, E. K., Sec. 36; P. O. Indi- anapolis. Hawk, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Coal Creek. Llarris, S. B., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Agricola. Hazlett, Wm., farmer, See. 14; P.O. Agricola. Hickox, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Manch Chunk. Houghton, O. P., farmer, See. 28; P. O. Indianapolis. HUTCHINSON, J. H., merchant and hotel keeper, Agricola; born in Ohio, in 1842; came to this State in 1857, and to this county in 1874; owns 217 acres of land; holds the offices of justice of the peace and postmaster; he man'ied Miss Ellen Lizor, in 1863; she was born in Wayne county, Ohio; have two children, John and Sil- las. JONES, D. A., merchant, Agrico- la; born in Indiana, in 1837; came to this county in 1863; he came to this State in 1857, set- tling in Poweshiek county; he married Miss Mary AVarman, in 1862; she was born in Indiana; they have eight children, Nancv A. Albert G., John P., Carrie B"., Forris A,, Charlie E. ; lost two in infancy. KANNAL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Indianapolis. Kelly, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Indianapolis. Kitzman, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Coal Creek. LESTEPv, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Agricola. Lester, James R, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Agricola. Lester, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Agricola. LESTER, WM., former, Sec. 12; P. O. Agricola; born in County Doun, Ireland, May 10, 1829; he came to the United States in 1848, and settled in Philadelphia; afterward emigrated to Michigan, and came to this county in 1856; he married Miss Jane Bell, in 1851; she was born in Ireland; they have nine children, David, William, Betsey A., Jennie, Ju- lia, Louisa, Joey, James, and Thomas. Lipsey, L. J., fiirmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O, Indianapolis. Lipsey, John, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Indianapolis. Likins, William, carpenter, Agri- cola. Low, James, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Agricola. LYONS, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Indianapolis; born in County Doun, Ireland, in 1826, and came to this count}^ in 1856; owns 160 acres of land; has held the offices of school director and treasurer, township trustee; he married Miss Ann J. Lester, in 1850; she was born in Ireland; they have two children, David and Jennie. Lyons, D. L., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Agricola. MANNING, R. T., farmer, Sec- 20; P. O. Agricola. McCartney, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. O. . McMahen, William H., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Indianapolis. McSpadden, James, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. McSpadden, H. W., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Agricola. PLEASANT GEOVE TOWNSHIP. 705 McMains, Wm. H., farmer, Sec. 31 P. O. Union Mills. McCartney, James, farmer, Sec. 34 F. O. Indianapolis. McSpadden, J. C., farmer, Sec. 10 P. O. Agricola. McSpadden, S. K., farmer. Sec. 16 P. O. Agricola. Miller, John T., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. . Middleton, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 2-1 P. O. Indianapolis. Morrow, James II., farmer, Sec. 33 P. O. Manch Clinnk. Morrow, Wm., farmer. Sec 29; P O. Agricola, Morrow, H. G., farmer. Sec. 17; P O. Agricola. Moore, N. J., blacksmith, P. O. Ag- ricola. J^tiisgrove, James M., farmer. Sec. 4; P."(). Agricola. Mickel, Wm., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Agricola. lEIRSELL, E. C, farmer, Sec. 35; R O. Agricola. PLAYLES, ALLEN, /armer anrl dealer in organs and pianos, Agri- cola; born in Kentncky, in 1826; •came to this county in 1851 ; owns 40 acres of land; has lield offices of postmaster and justice of the peace. He married Miss Susan F. Darley, in 1847; she was born in Kentucky; they have three child- ren: George L., Marietta, and El- lorai lost one daughter, Nancy J. REED, A, R, farmer. Sec. 30; R O. Union Mills, Riggs, Tracy, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Agricola, Rumford, C. E., farmer. Sec 23; P. O. Coal Creek. RUBLE, C. S., tarmer, Sec 5; P. O. Agricola; b(^rn in Parke county, Ind,. in 1842; he came to this Co. in 1863; owns 45 acres of land; he hgs held the offices of township trustee, school director, president of the board, and has been acting assessor four years. He married Elizabeth Wjmore, in 1874; she was born in Parke Co., Indiana; lias one child, Sadie; lost two, Iowa and Alvah. SAULTS, JOSEPH, flirmer. Sec 10 ; P. O. Agricola ; born in County Doun, Ireland, in 1828, came to the United States in 1847, and to this county in 1855; owns 505 acres of land. He married Miss Ann Bell, in 1850; she was born in the same county ; has five children: Jos. A., Wm. J., Eliza- beth, Bella and Robert J. Sarvis, Daniel, farmer, Sec 21; P. O. Agricola, Sarvis, H. A., farmer. Sec 9; P. O. Agricola. Sarvis, Samuel, farmer. Sec 9; P. O. Agricola. Sarvis, John U., farmer. Sec 9; P. O. Agricola. Sharp, (jreorge, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Union Mills. Sharp, G. II., farmer. Sec 18; P. O. Agric^jla, Shion, D. A., tarmer, Sec 10; P. O. Agricola. SMITH, WM., larmei. Sec 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk; born in Dauphin county, Penn., in 1818; came to this county in June, 1852; owms 167 acres of land. He has held offices of school director, township trustee, and justice of the peace; he married Nancy Brinseq, in 1845; she was born in Pennsylva- nia; has three children: Joseph, K., Samuel H., and Sarah J. Soults, J. A., farmer. Sec 13; P. O. Agricola, Soults, Wm., J,, farmer. Sec 13; P. O. Agricola. Sparks, James A., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Agricola, Sturgeon, James, farmer, Sec 23; P. O. Indianapolis. Sturgeon, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Agricola. TAYLOR, AMOS, farmer. Sec 35; P. O. Indianapolis. Taylor, C. V., farmer, Sec 5; P. O. Asrricola, 706 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Tunnel, Wm. H. H., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Union Mills. VAIL, ELISHA, tanner. Sec. 2; P. O. Agricola. Yail, E. G., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Coal Creek. VER3IILLI0X, J. J., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek eonnty; born in Jefferson conntv, Ohio, in 1827; came to this coun- ty in 1869; OAvns 160 acres of land; has held offices of justice of the peace and school director; he married Eachel P. Moore in 1855; she was born in Ohio, and died in February, 1873; he afterwards married Mrs. Eliza J. Coder in February, 1875; she was born in Pennsylvania; lie has four children by the first marriage, William M., jyiary E., Charles M., and Clarence B. Mrs. Vermillion was previously married to John Coder, who was born in PennsAdvania, and died in 1873, leaving three children, Har- rison ^Y., Harvey C, and Hiram P. Coder. WATTS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Agricola. Warrington, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Coal Creek. Walker, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. Wells, "N., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Agricola. Wilson, Jesse, physician, Agricola. WY3I0RE, A. J., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Agricola; born in Indiana in 1832; came to this county in 1850; owns 190 acres of land; has held office of scliool director; he married Nancy Shai-p in 1854; she was born in Indiana; has seven children, George H., Daniel, Sarah J,, Wil- liam, Charlie, Cora, and Louisa. Wymore, Geo. H., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Agricola, W'ymore, A. M., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Agricola. 'EADON, JOHN, farmer. Sec. Y^ 7 ; P. O. Agricola. TT3SriO^T TO'^TsT-nSTSKCII^. ADKINSON, J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. Almond, W. S., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Union Mills. ALMOND, W. A., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Union Mills; born in Ken- tucky in 1846; came to this county in March, 1875; owns 40 acres of land; he married Alice Bunting in 1868; she was born in Ohio; have two children, Herman S., and Al- vie S. Allen, Abner, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Union Mills. Anderson, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Andre, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. New" Sharon. ATHERTON, ABNER, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio in 1823; came to this county first in 1857 and remained two years; he then returned to Grundy county, Illinois, where he remained until his removal to this county in 1876; he owns 240 acres of land; he married Miss Maria Ilartman in 1857; she was born in Indiana; have six children, Amos P., Mary J., Wesley A., William H., Lueila M., and L. David. BARNES, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek county. Bass, Wm. M., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. New Sharon. Bass, Wm. L., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. New Sharon. BAUGHMAN, A., miller and pro- prietor of Baughman's Mills, Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon; born in Pennsylvania in 1814; came to this county in 1853; owns 167 acres of land; previous to his re- moval to this county he lived in Ohio and Indiana j he married UNION TOWNSHIP. 707 Levina Ivaufiman in 1842; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in 1863; he aftenvard married Phil- inda Bump in 1863; she was horn in Ohio; has ei^ht children by first marriage, Elias, Elizabeth, Henry, Kebecca, John, Melissa, Abraham, and David; and two by the second marriage, Francis A., and Willis II. Biggs, Meeker, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O" Union Mills. Boyce, C. W., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. ITnion Mills. BOLTON, E. P., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Union Mills; born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1842; came to this connty in 1866; owns 80 acres of land; enlisted in the Soth Ohio Infantry in the late war; he mar- ried Miss Emeline McMains in December, 1867; she was born in this county; have two children, Ernest, and Delia M. ; lost one son, 011a E. BOYCE, A.T., former. Sec. 25; P. O. Union Mills; born in "Wash- ington county, N. Y., in 1808 ; for seventeen years he was a sailor; came to this county in 1868; he married Eliza P. Tabor in 1849; she was born in New York; have three children, Charles Wo, Mor- fan P., and Allen A.; lost two, 'rank, and Phebe J. BROOKS, T. L., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek county; born in Maryland, April 25, 1827; came to this county in 1851; owns 272 acres of land; his door-yard is ornamented with the largest and most handsome evergreens in the county; he has held office of town- ship trustee and school director; he married Miss Catharine Mass, in 1849; she was born in Mary- land; has 7 children, William K., Charles T., Sarah D., Ann M., Alice, Frances P. and Clara. Briggs, William, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. New Sharon. Briggs, Thomas, fiirmer, Sec. 29; P. O. New Sharon. Bryant, David, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Forest Home. Bushby, Johnson, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. Busliby, John, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. New Sharon. Bushby, R. E., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. New Sharon. CAMPBELL, DENNIS, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Union Mills. CAMPBELr., JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O.Union Mills; born in Pennsylvania, in 1826; came to this county in 1853; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Belinda Moore, in 1840; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died February 13, 1850 ; lie afterward married Mary Mitchell, April 10, 1851; she was born in Pennsyl- vania; has 6 children, Mary Be- linda, Nancy P., William J., Ella J., Nevada A. and Ruth E. Cattell Lewis, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. New Sliaron. Caster, Panl, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. Champion, Rachel, widow. Sec. 27; P. O. Union Mills. Chamberlain, R., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Chew, J. S., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Sherman. Chew, Asa, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O, Union Mills. Champion, William M., farmer. Sec 27 ; P. O. Union Mills. Cline, Henry, farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Union Mills. DANIELSON, D. II., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. New Sharon. Darland, J. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Union Mills. Doze, A. C, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon. Dorv, Casper, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. DUDGEON, HUGH, tanner, Sec. 14; P. O. Union Mills; born in 708 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Knox county, Ohio, April 1, 1835; came to this county in 1867; owns 87-^ acres of hind ; he en- listed in the 38th Iowa Infantry, in the late war; he married Miss Melissa Lepley, in 1865; she was born in Knox county, Ohio; has 2 children, Alice and Edgar. Dutton, J. B., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. New Sharon. EFLIN, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. IS ew Sharon. EFLIN^ A. J., farmer and raiser of Poland-China swine. Sec. 29; P. O. JNew Sharon; born in I^iorth- nmberland county, Pa., in 1839; came to this county in 1866; owns 80 acres of land; has held office of school director: he married Miss Jane A. Scott, in 1861; she was born in Fulton connty, Illinois; has 6 children, Ida M., Edson A , Lewis L, Eleana, George P. and Baby. Erickson, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. EVANS, WM. E., farmer, and pro- prietor of Evans' Coal Banks, Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon; born in Wales, in 1822; came to this coun- try in 18-19, to this State in 1856, and to this county in 1858; owns 1100 acres of land; he married Mary Jones, in 1856; she was born in Wales; has 8 children, William, Lizzie, Anna, Lilla, Nel- lie, Grace, Pannie, Evan and Riva; lost 1 daughter, Lizzie. EVANS, WILLIAM, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 33; P. O. Union Mills; born in Virginia, in 1829; came to this county in 1860; he has taken great interest for years in raising Norman horses and mules, and the growing favor of these horses, and the improve- ment made in the stock through- out tliis section, is largely attrib- uted to him; he married Miss Sarah J. Brown, in 18-19; she was born in Fayette county, Pa.; has 8 children, Mary E., Albert L., John W. Adam B., Isaac E., Martha A., Emily J. and George; he enlisted in the 33d Iowa Infantry, in the late M'ar, and served 3 years, a greater portion of the time in the detective service in Indianapolis EVANS, ROBERT, farmer and miner, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon; born in Wales, August 25, 1848; came to this county in 1869; owns 82 acres of land, on which he has a vein of coal averao^ino^ four feet in thickness. FAULKNER, ALLEN, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. New Sharon. FERRELL, F.W., fanner. Sec. 35; P. O. Union Mills; born in Ohio in 1816; came to this county in March, 1857; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of school di- rector; he married Hope Addis, in 1840; she was born in Penn.; has five children, Mary I., Eliza- beth J., Ann E., John M. and Cora. Foster, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Union Mills. Fisher, Rachel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman. Fisher, Jacob F., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon. FRY, JOHN H., physician and surgeon. Sec. 27, P. O. Union Mills; born in Union county, Pennsylvania, in 1820; came to this county in 1850; owns 320 acres of land; has practiced medi- cine thirty years; has held office of supervisor; he enlisted as surgeon of the 47th Iowa Infantry, and had charge of the general hospital at Helena; he married Miss Catharine Cowle in 1845; she was born in Pennsylvania; they have twelve children, Cora J., Mary L., Anna E., Seward, J. Willis, Cassie I., Lntie S., Tim, Addison, Jesse H., Paul T., Edna. GOTT, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Union Mills. Gorsuch, J. C, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Sherman. UNION TOWNSHIP. 709 Gorsnch AYm., former, Sec. 11; P. O. Sherman. Gorsuch, E. W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Sherman. Gorsnch, J. M., blacksmith, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman. GORSUCH, J. R., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek conntj; born in Ohio, in 1831; came to this connty in 1857; owns 350 acres of land; he married Miss E. McMasters in 1857; she was born in North Carolina; has seven chil- dren, Samnel, Martha, Robert, Matilda, Irene, James and Mary; lost one son, Charles. Groves, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Union Mills. Groves, J. W., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Union Mills. Graham, James, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Union Mills. GRAHAM, E.W., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Union Mills; born in Jeifer- son connty, Indiana, in 1831; came to this connty May 2, 1855; he owns 180 acres of land; has held offices of township treasnrer and school director; he enlisted in the 31st Iowa Infantry in the late war, and served tiiree years; he married Miss Margaret H. AVat- son in 1852; she was born in Indiana; has three children, Flor- ence E., Ginn and Morton Y.; one danghter, Mary L., died in March, 1874, aged eleven months. GRAHAM, J. W., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills; born in Jefier- son connty, Iowa, in 1844; came to this connty in 1846; owns 80 acres of land ; he married Hannah M. Ogle in 1869; she was born in Maryland; has fonr children, Frank L., Wilbert, Freddie and Baby; has served as school di- rector; he enlisted in the Fortieth Iowa Infantry, and served until the close of the war. GRAHAM, L. W., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills; born in this county, May 8, 1846; owns 80 acres of land; has held office of township clerk, assessor, and acted as president of the school board ; he married Miss Esther E. Pfoutz in 1860; she was born in Mary- land; has two children, Tulla E. and Elmer E.; lost two children in infancy. HAGEMAN, A. P., blacksmith, Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. Ilardman, J. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. HEITSMAN, J.B., farmer, and pro- prietor of Heitsman's Coal Banks, Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon; born in Pennsylvania, in 1845; came to this connty in 1853; owns 280 acres of land; he married Miss Magdalene Fisher, March 23, 1871 ; she was born in Ohio; has three children, Olive, John and Flora. Hevelin, L., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Sherman. Hedge, A. J., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Union Mills. Holder, J. L., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. Hope, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Sherman. HOLT, J., dealer in general mer- chandise, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek connty; born in Phil- adelphia, in 1833; came to this connty in 1850; owns 200 acres of land; holds office of postmas- ter; he married Miss S. E. Chew, in 1861 ; has four children, Charles, Bertha, Susan and Effie. Hughes, Joseph, miner. Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Hull, N. S., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. Hunt, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Sherman. Hughes, Charles, miner, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Hughes, Ed., miner. Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. Hughes, Mary N., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon. TAMES, S. C, farmer. Sec. 27; P. cJ O. Union Mills; born in In- 710 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, diana, in 1849; came to this coun- ty in 1852; owns 40 acres of land; he married Eliza Wilson in 1875; she was born in Ohio; has two children, Zella and Baby. James, John II., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Union Mills. James. Barney, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Union Mills. Anderson, James, farmer. Sec. 2G ; P. O. Union Mills. James, Lnke, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Union Mills. Jones, Edward, miner, Sec. 9; P. O. !New Sharon. Jones, B., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Sherman. KINDIG, SAMUEL, former. Sec. 29; P. O. New Sharon. Kisor, M. L., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Union Mills. Ivisor, David, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Mills. Kisor, C. M., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Union Mills. Kisor, James, miner, Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. KISOR, R., farmer, Sec.^14; P. O. Union Mills; born in Knox coun- ty, Ohio, in 1819, and came to this county in 1856; owns 40 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Marj' Buckingham, in 1842; she was born in Greene county. Pa.; have five children, Gary M., Me- lissa C, William S., Mary E., and Nancy V. Kindicr,' W. II., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. New Sharon. KLINKER, J. J., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Union Mills; was born in Germany, 1807; came to the United States in 1818, and to tuis county in 1844, being one of the first settlers in the county; he owns 360 acres of land; has held the offices of supervisor and school director; he married Miss Margaret McCabe, who was born in Fairfield count3% Ohio; have seven children, Henry, Catharine, Joseph, "Wesley, Emma, Theodore, and Sylvester. Klinker, Henry, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Union Mills. Klinker, T., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Union Mills. Klinker, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 24; ^ P. O. Union Mills. Kneudson, Gunder, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Union Mills. Kopp, J. F.,/armer, Sec. 30; P. O. New Sharon. T ATCHEM, JAMES S., farm- -I — t er. Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek county; born in Cam- den county, N. J., in 1826, and came to this State in 1856; owns 152 acres of land; he married Miss Elizabeth Porch, 1852; she was born in New Jersey, and died October 17, 1866; he afterward married Mrs. Isabell Watkins, May 3, 1868; has three children, Belle, Maggie E. and Nellie E.; Mrs. Latchem was previously married to John E. Watkins, in 1856; he was born in Ohio, and died July 8, 1865; left two 'chil- dren, Ida I. and Laura A. Larson, Lars, farmer, Sec. 7; P.O. New Sharon, Larson, Marsilius, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. New Sharon. Latcham, Thos, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman. Lamond, John, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Sherman. Litzenburg, F. V., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Sherman. Lockwood, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. Lockard, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Union Mills. McMAINS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 34; P.O.Union Mills; born in Owen county, Ky., January 18, 1815; in 1825 he removed to In- diana, where he remained iuntil 1836, when he came to Cedar county, Iowa, where he remained eight j^ears; he then returned to Indiana, remaining three years, UNION TOWNSHIP. 711 and came to this county in 1847; he settled on the land he now owns, and has lived there ever since that time; he owns 676 acres of land; has held offices of town- ship trustee and school director; married Jane Goddard in 1837; she was born in Kentucky, and died in 1858; he afterward mar- ried Rachel Chidester, Jan. 1, 1861; she was born in JS^ew York; has eitrht children, Elizabeth, Ann, Mary E., Isaiah, William, Oliver, Ida and Erastus; one son, Robert, enlisted in the 8tli Iowa Infantry, and was killed at Cor- inth. Marsh, W. P., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Mills. Marsh, J. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Mills. McKain, Wm., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. McGritf, John, farmer, Sec. 4; New Sharon. MILLER, V.B., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Union Mills; born in High- land county, Ohio, in 1836; came to this county in October, 1872; has held office of school director; he married Miss Sarah Larkin, in 1860; she was born in Ohio; has three children, John, Charles and Frank; owns 157 acres of land. Miller, Philip, farmer, P. O. Union Mills. Mitchel, Jacol), farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Union Mills. Mincer, T. F., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Union Mills. Moffiit, Robert, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. NAYLOR, ALBERT, farmer. Sec. 10; P.O. New Sharon. OGBORN, J. E., farmer and blacksmith. Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills; born in "Wayne county, Ind., in 1828; came to this county in June, 1855; owns 90 acres of land; has held the offices of justice of the peace and school director; he married Miss 48 Martha Lane in 1849; she was born in Butler county, Ohio; they have nine children, Wilbern, Horace H., Frank, Katie L., Ar- thur, Mollie, Alice, Ollie, and Fred. Ogborn, W. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. Olson, Erick, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. New Sharon. Orrell, Harry, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Union Mills. PFOUTZ, PETER, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Union Mills; born in Maryland in 1815; lived three years in Ohio, and came to this county in 1856; owns 170 acres of land; he married Sarah A. Penner in 1845; she was born in Mary- land; they have three children, George W., Esther E., and Tawell G. Pilgrim, Wm., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Union Mills. Porter, John, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. QUAINTANCE, E. O., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. REED, A. B., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. Rogers, Daniel T., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. New Sharon. Rowley, Reuben, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Union Mills. Rockwell, A., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. New Sharon. SCHECHTER, J., farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. Schechter, A., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. New Sharon. Sheeley, Beverly, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. Smith, L. M., farmer, sec. 23; P. O. Union Mills. Smith. G. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Mills. SMITH, HUGH, f^irmer and propri- etor of Smith's coal banks, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon; born in Scot- land in 1822; came to the United States in 1851, and lived six years in Maryland, and then removed to 712 DIEECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. Jackson county, Wisconsin, com- ing to this county in 186-i; owns 72 acres of land; he lias held offices of township trustee and school director; he married Miss Margaret Moffattin 1848; she was born in Scotland; they have twelve children, Jeanett, Marj-, Isabell, John, Margaret, Robert, William, Hugh, James, Lizzie, Albert, and Flora. Strom, K., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. Stout, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Union Mills, ments and live stock; Sec. 19; P. THOMPSON, T. S., farmer and dealer in agricultural imple- O. New Sharon; born in Trum- bull county, Ohio, in 1839; came to this county in 1864; owns 170 acres of land; has held the office of township trustee; he married Miss Sarah Sheldon in 1863; she was born in the same place; have two children, Lucius and LeRo)'. Thatcher, N. W., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. New Sharon. Tilford. Eobert, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Sherman. Trager. Wm. F., tanner, Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon. UPTON, WALKER, farmer,Sec. 32; P. O. New Sharon. Upton David, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. New Sharon. VANCE, H. B, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Union Mills. Yail, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. New Sharon. T 7^ 7^ ATKINS, T. L., farmer. Sec. V V 4; P. O. Sherman. Wendahl,. Andrew, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon. Wheeler., C. T, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Union Mills. WESTON, GEO., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Union Mills; born in Ohio, in 1854; came to this county in 1865; his father, Thomas Weston, was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1794, and came to this county in 1865; he married Susan Thom- as, in 1830; she was born in Vir- ginia; has four children : MaryE., George, Kossuljji, and Salina A. ; has lost seven children. Whiteman, Elijah, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. New Sharon. Widows, Wm., farmer Sec. 15; P.O. Union Mills. Wilkinson, John P., former. Sec. 1; P. O. Sherman. Widows, John, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Union Mills. Woolket, Lyman, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. New Sharon. AVymore, Thompson, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Sherman. isioi3:xj-a.3>tid TOTxrnsrsxa:iz=. APPEL, P., former, Sec. 26; P. O. Peoria; born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1827; came to this county in 1861; owns 125 acres of land; has held the office of school director; he married Miss Eliza J. Ash, in 1864; she was born in Ohio; has two children by former marriage, Charles E., Phebe J., and one daughter, Fsances A., by second marriage. Appel, Philip, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. O. Peoria. Ashton, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria. BALDW1N,SYLVESTER, far- mer. Sec. 12; P. O. Gran- ville; born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1841; came to this county w^ith his parents in 1846; owns 180 acres of land. He enlisted in the 33d Iowa Infantry in the late war, served three years, and was in all the engagements in which his regiment participated; he married Miss H. J. Turner, in 1866; she RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 713 was born in Maryland; he lias fonr children: Gelene, Imogene, Ernest and Nellie M. BALDWIN, THOMPSON, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Granville; born in Champaign county, Ohio, in 1816; came to this county Oct. 28, 1846; owns 400 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Sophronia Phelps, in 1837; she was born in Union Co., Ohio; has three children living: Sylvester, Maria (now wife of 0. liull, Esq., of Smith county, Kan.) and Marley; lost five: Rosaltha, Imogene, Edna, Caroline, and Han- nah J. Bartlett, Jerry, teamster, Peoria. Baldwin, Marley, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Granville, Baker John, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Peoria. Berry, J. H., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Granville. BERRY, WM., farmer, Secll; P. O. Granville; born in Virginia, in 1814; came to this county in 1848; previous to his removal to this • county he lived in Ohio; he is one of the oldest settlers; his nearest postoffice when he came, was Os- kaloosa; he has held the offices of township trustee and school di- director; he owns 280 acres of land; married Miss Nancj John- son; she was born in Ohio; has three children: John H., Laurin B., and Charlie G. Billings, J, L,, farmer. Sec. 3; P, O. Granville. Boyd, J. a, farmer, Sec. 21; R O, Peoria, Boyd, William J., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Peoria, Bonzager, Evart, farmer, See 30 ; P. O. Pella, Buckman, G. W., farmer. See. 9; P. O. Peoria. Byers, G, M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria. CARTER, W. D,, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. O. Peoria. CAMPBELL, J, N . H., farmer, Sec 35; P. O. Peoria; born in Brown county, Ohio, Jan. 30, 1816; came to this county in 1857; owns 203 acres of land; has held the office of school director, and served as president of the board ; he was also a Representative from this county in the Tenth General Assembly; he married Miss Maria McClure, February, 1840; slie was born in Illinois; has one child liv- ing, Chester C, ; lost eleven; one son, Marion, was drowned in Skunk river, July 24, 1878, We copy the following notice from the New Sharoth Star : " Captain Marion Campbell was born near Washing- ton, 111., March 15th, 1841, and came to this county with his pa- rents while young; he enlisted in Co. H, 8th Iowa Infantrj^ in the late war, and was afterwards com- missioned Capt Co. F, and seved his country four and a half years witli distinction. At the close of the war he married and settled in Mississippi; he was elected to the lower house af the State legisla- ture, and served two years with such efficiency that his constitu- ency elected him Senator, Not- witiistanding his lite was many times threatened, and he had re- ceived many warnings to quit the country, he, like the brave man that he was, st«od steadfast at his post, and ever dared to do his duty. He was carried down to death's door with yellow fever; his wife and children sickened and died; he was stripped of all his prop- erty, conducted to the depot, and ordered to leave. It was then he turned his face northward, leaving that for which he had toiled, and that which was dearer still, the graves of his wife and little ones." CAMPBELL, JAMES P., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Peoria; born in Tennessee, in 1829; came to this county in 1851; owns 200 acres of land; he married Miss Harriet 714 DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. E. Bacon, in 1857; slie was born in White county, Indiana; lie has four children: Minerva, Ira, Ralph, and Matilda. CLEVENGER, JACOB VV., far- mer, Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; horn in Bedford county, Penn., in 1833; came to this county in 1863; previous to his coming to this State he lived six years in Indi- ana; he married Miss Sarah Hol- enshead, in 1854; she was born in the same county; has one child, Thomas J. CLEVENGER, THOMAS J., far- mer, Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; born in this State in 1857; owns 80 acres of land. Coakley, J. J., farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Peoria. Coakley, John, fanner, Sec. 7; P. O. Peoria. Coakley, Maiy, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Peoria. Cray ton, M. C, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria. DEBRUI:N', JOHN, farmer. Sec. 28;P. O. Pella. Dickey, Wm. E., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Pella. Dunwoody, James, fanner, Sec. 3; P. O. Granville. DYSART, M., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. Flint; bom in Henry county, Indiana, August 18, 1844; came to this county in 1855; he married Miss Fannie E. Osborn September 12, 1872; she was born in Connec- ticut April 10, 1849. DYSART, JOHN, retired farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Flint; born in Vir- ginia October 15, 1808; in 1827 he emigrated to Ohio, and in 1839 he removed to Indiana, coming to this county in 1855; owns 86 acres of land; he married Miss Susanna Williams in 1839; she was bom in Virginia, and died in 1866; has four children, Margaret, Mark, Phillip, and Rachel A. Dysart, Mark, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Peoria. ELSCOTT, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Pella. Emerson, J. D., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Peoria. ENGLE, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria; bom in Pennsylva- nia in 1813; lived many years in Ohio, coming to this county in 1869; owns 320 acres of land; he married Elizabeth Swisher in 1833; she was bom in Pennsylva- nia; have two children, Susan and George; lost three. Engbers, A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O, Pella. ESPY,'r.H., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Granville; born in Franklin coun- ty, Penn., July, 1832; came to this county in 1855; owns 87 acres of land ; he married Barbara A. More- head in 1851; she was born in Franklin county, Penn.; have two children, Maria A., and Ellsworth. Evans, Amos, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Granville. FENDERSON, IVERY, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. Fenderson, Wm., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Granville. FLEMING, R.L., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Peoria; born in Harrison county. West Virginia, September 3, 1811; came to this county in October, 1852; owns 168 acres of land; has held office of assessor, school director, and township trus- tee; he married Miss Amy Mad- dox in June, 1833; she was born in Virginia; have nine children, Martha V., Charles, Orin, Justin, Austin, George, Cornelius, Nancy and Amy Cornelia. Fleming, Charles, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Peoria. GASTON, J. G., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Peoria. Gamer, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Granville. GODBEY,ALLEN, farmer, Sec— ; P. O. Peoria; bom in Indiaiui in 1826; came to this State October 15, 1842, and to this county in EICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 715 1843 (his father, John Godbey, being the iirst man with a family to settle in Richland township); he has known his iather's family to be without bread from three to four weeks at a time, and lived on bacon rinds and greens, and it has taken them six weeks to go to mill to Iowa City, the river being so high it was with difficulty they could get across; the first election in the township was held at his lather's house; he helped drive the first drove of hogs to Keokuk that was shipped out of the coun- ty; he married Miss Mary E. Bart- lett in 1848 ; she was born in Ohio ; have five children, Sylvester, Cam- eron, Yiola, Edward, and Luke. Goodhart, J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. Gosselink, B., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. Gooselink, G. J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. Grunden, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Granville. HASSELMAK, II. J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. HESS, SAMUEL, fanner, Sec.^ IJ; P. O. Peoria; born in Yirginia, August 7th, 1833; his parents removed to Ohio while he was young, where he remained until 1 859, when he came to this county ; he owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Elizabeth Swisher in 1859; she was born in Cham- paign county, Ohio; they have five children, George, Harrison, Edward, Cyrus, and William. Hess, O. G., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Peoria. Hewitt, S. S., blacksmith, Peoria. Hessing, Dirk, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Pella. HUNT, A., wagon maker, Peoria; born in Hunterdon county, Kew Jersey in 1805; came to this coun- ty in 1852; he has worked at his trade since 1823; he has a large apiary and is giving attention to raising bees ; he married Miss Mah- ala Deaver in 1827; she was born in Maryland ; they have five children, Nathaniel B., Nancy, Ellen, Eden and Mar}^; one son, Levi, enlisted in the 33rd Iowa Infantry and died from disease contracted in the army. HUNT, W.N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Peoria; born in Henry county, Ind., in 1842; came to this coun- ty in 1862; he enlisted in the 19tli Indiana Infantry in the late war and was discharged on account of sickness; he afterward enlisted in the 9th Iowa Cavahy and served until the close of the war; he married Sarah A. Block in 1863; she was born in Pennsylvania and died July 15th, 1873; he after- wards married Mrs. M. M. Allen in 1873; she was born in Yirginia; he has two children by first mar- riage, Wilbur and Rosetta H. Mrs. Hunt was previously mar- ried to Jonathan Allen, Mdio died in 1871. Holmes, Dennis, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. Unit, Levi, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O Peoria. Huit, Smith, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Peoria. Hull, A. G., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. Granville. Hunt, S., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Peoria. Huit, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. Peoria. Huit, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Peoria. TACKSON, G. L., f^irmer, Sec. 15: J P. O. Peoria. Jackson, L. M., farmer. See. 23; P. O. Peoria. Jarard, J. P., fanner, Sec. 36; P. O. Peoria. Jarard, John, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. Peoria. JOHNSON, CHARLES, f^irmer and miller, Sec. 9; P. O. Peoria; born in Berkshire county, Massa- 716 DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. cliusetts, in 1840; came to this county in 1857; is the owner of the mills known as Johnson's Mills, with a capacity for sawing 2500 feet per day and grinding 75 bushels of feed; he married Miss Rebecca E. Beale in 1872; she was born in Ohio; have two children: William B. and Melis- sa E.; in connection with his mills he has also a carding ma- chine. JOY, C. C, harness maker and ho- tel keeper; P. O. Peoria; born in Ohio in 1821; came to this coun- ty in 1857; owns 93 acres of land; has held oifices of school director and township trustee; he married Eunice Davis in 1842; she was born in Ohio, and died in 1850; he afterward married Mary Foust in 1851; she was born in Ohio; has four children living: James M., William M., Benjamin F. and Solomon H.; James and William both enlisted in the 18tli Iowa In- fantry in the late war. JONES, T., farmer,^ Sec. 3; P. O. Granville; born in Virginia in 1812; came to this State in 1843, and to this county in 1866; owns 85 acres of land; he married Nan- cy Williams in 1847; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana, and died in 1851; he afterward mar- ried Rachel Cook, in 1852; she was born in A¥ayne county, Indi- ana; has three children: Saul, Mary E. and Henry. Jones, L., farnier. Sec. 1; P. O. Granville. Joy, Solomon, farmer; P. O. Peoria. KELLEY, E. S.,farmerand ma- son. Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria; born in Barbour county. West Virginia, in November, 1830; came to this county in 1856; owns 78|- acres ot land; he married Miss Amanda M. Cnrry, a native of West Virginia, in 1852; has eight children: Lloyd, Arthur, John, Joseph, Mary, Ina, Duey, and Cleo. KITCHING, A. P., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Granville; born in Indiana, in 1830; came to this county in 1849, and to this township in 1850; owns 140 acres of land; has held the offices of township trustee, township clerk, and justice of the peace; he married Miss Je- mima J. Fanslier in 1855; she was born in Indiana, and her pa- rents were among the first settlers of the county, her lather being one of the men who carried the chain when Oskaloosa was laid out; has six children : Thomas B,, Florence V., Asa A., Willie C, Laura A. and Minnie M. Kizer, R. C, quarryman, Peoria. Kiser, J. H., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. ^ Pella. Koontz, Israel, farmer and black- smith. Sec. 33; P. O. Pella. LATHROP, WARREN, retired; P. O. Granville. Lane, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Peoria. Lathrop, Lord, retired; P. O. Gran- ville. Leanhart, W., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. Peoria. Lipps, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria. Lunt,G.F., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Peoria. Lucky, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Granville. LUNDY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. Peoria; born in Union county, Ohio, in 1822; came to this county in 1845; owns 375 acres of land; he married Miss Martha Mershon in 1842; she died in 1844; he afterward mar- ried Nancy Godby, in 1848; she was born in Kentucky; has five children: Martha, Ann, Milton, Lafayette and Cornelia. LUNDY,ELI, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; born in Union coun- RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 717 ty, Oliio, September 10, 1826; came to this county in March, 1845, being among the earliest settlers; he has served as township treasurer of the school fund ; he married Miss Lncinda Lathrop in 1848; she was born in Oiiio; lie enlisted in the 15th Iowa Infantry in the late war, and served until discharged. MABERLY, C , farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Granville. McCarter, Joseph, postmaster, Peo- ria. McCutchen, J., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Peoria. Mi tchel, George, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Peoria. Miller, Joiin, blacksmith, Granville. MILLER. A., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. Peoria; born in Starke county, Ohio, in 1824; came to this coun- ty in^l856 ; owns 227 acres of land ; has held office of constable; he married Miss Sarah Stokes, in 1867; she was born in Ohio, and died in 1869; he afterward mar- ried Miss Susan Turner, who was born in Maryland; has one son: Ellis. MILLEDGE, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Peoria; born in 1854;, owns 88 acres of land. MILLEDGE, 0., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O, Peoria; born in Pennsylvania in 1821, came to this county July 3, 1854; owns 310 acres of land; he married Matilda Runyan in 1844; she was born in Virginia, and died in August, 1872; he married for his second wife Mrs. Mary Heminger in 1873; has three children by first marriage, Isaac, Otis and Zalra. Mortland, W. H., farmer. Sec. 35^ P. O. Peoria. NEEDHAM, S. S., . merchant, Granville; born in Ohio in 1829; came to this county in 1853, and to this town in 1867, and has been engaged in general merchan- dise since that time; holds office of postmaster; he married Miss Mary E. Croney in 1856; she was born in Ohio, and died in October, 1872; he afterward married Nancy AVarren in 1873; she was born in Pennsylvania; has three children by first marriage, Elliott C, Nat- tie H,, and Leslie H., and two by second marriage, John N., and baby. Noel, James, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. Peoria. (USTANK, B., Sec.29. O Osborn, William, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Peoria. OSBORN, LAUREN, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Peoria; born in Connec- ticut in 1813, came to this State in 1843, and to this county in 1846; owns 160 acres of land; has held offices of justice of the peace, assessor, township trustee, etc.; he married Miss Lois Osborn in 1839; she was born in Con- necticut; has three children; Fannie, Ann and Frank. JARKS, SIMPSON, Granville. P Paisley, T. J., farmer. Sec, 1; y. O. Granville. Perfect, Washington, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. ]"eoria. PHELPS, CHARLES, farmer, 8e^. 1; P.O.Granville; born in Ohio in 1831, came to this county in 1847; owns 120 acres of land; has held offices of school director and justice of the peace; he married Miss Evaline Walter in 1858; she was born in West Vir- ginia; has seven children: Emma A., Edna S., Lida M., William H., Julius C, Leslie and Oliver. QUINN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Peoria; born in Ohio in 1813, came to this State in 1838 and settled in Scott Co., and while living there represented his district in the Legislature of the State; he is also one of the original organizers of the Repub- 718 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. lican party in the State; he mar- ried Miss Patty Swain in 1830; she was born in Ohio; has fonr children living, Flavins Josephns, Aurelins J. C, Mary E., and Al- fred S. Aurelins J. C. enlisted in the 2nd Iowa Infantry and served 3 years, and then went as a substitute for his brother who had been drafted, but could not be spared from home; one son Christopher enlisted in the 8th Iowa and was killed at Shiloh. QUINN, WILLI A3I D., farmer, Sec. 46; P. O. Peoria; born in Kentucky in 1805, came to Scott county tins State in 1837, and to this county in 1867; owns 211| acres of land. RHINE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Granville. RHINE, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 2; P.O.Granville; born in Ohio January 16, 1824, came to this county November 16, 1855; owns 310 acres of land; he married Cynthia J. Eblin, who was born in Ohio; has five children, John, Joseph, Hugh, George and Har- lan; lost four. Ridpath, J. T., former, Sec. 26; P- O. Peoria. Ryan, Absalom, farmer. Sec. 9; P.O. Ryan, C, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Pe- oria. Ryan, J. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Peoria. Ryan, J. R., farmer, Sec 24; P. O. Peoria. SAMUELSJAMES, farmer,Sec. 36; P. O.Peoria; born in Har- rison county, Indiana, October 26, 1825; came to this county in 1844; owns 40 acres of land; he married Miss C. Petty, in 1850; she was born in Ohio; has 4 children, Em- ily L, Gilbert D., Eldora and Lucy J . Sheehy, Miles, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Peoria. SHIELDS, C. Co farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Peoria; born in Adams Co., Pa., in 1812; in 1842, he removed to Ohio, where he remained until his removal to this county, Sep- tember 30, 1868; owns 97^ acres of land; he married Susan Mey- ers, in 1860; she was born in Pennsylvania, has two children, Mary E. and Julia A. SHIELDS, C. B., farmer and mer- chant, Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria; born in Washington Co., Pa., in 1834; came to this Co , in 1868; previous to his removal here, lived 21 years in Champaign county, Ohio; owns 160 acres of land; he is also en- ffao^ed as a dealer in o-eneral mer- chandize, at Peoria; has served as township clerk and township trus- tee; he married Miss Susan Engle, in 1857; she w^as born in Cham- paign county, Ohio; has 3 chil- dren, Eva M., Delia G. and George E. Shene, Martin, farmer, Sec. 5. Shroger, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Grand ville. SHEESLEY, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Peoria; born inFair- fiield county, Ohio, in 1827; came to this county in 1854; owns 340 acres of land; has held offices of school director and assessor; he married Miss Eliza Petlers, in 1850; she was born in Licking Co., Ohio; has 9 children, David E., George P., Mary R., William M., John S., Phebe A., Martha E., Eddie A. and Joseph L. Shelley, J. N., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Peoria. Smith, J. F., physician, Granville. Spain, P. D., merchant, Peoria. Steenhoek, A., farmer, P. O. Pella. TIMBREL, J. J., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Peoria. Timbrel, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. Peoria. VER STEE,CORNELHJS, farm- er, Sec. 18; P. O. Peoria. Van Engen, G., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Pella. RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 719 Van Gort, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Pella. Van der Kamp, E., fanner, Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria. Van Roekel, 11., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Pella. Van Haaften, C; farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Pella. Valthuisen, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 29 P. O. Pella. Vancleave, Milton, farmer. Sec. 23 P. O. Peoria. Van der Kroll, G., farmer. Sec 29 P. O. Pella. Vancleave, S. C, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria. Vanheaftere, J., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella. Van der Waal, Peter, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Pella. Vancleave, C. M., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria. Vanclieve, P. T., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria. Van Middendorf, Win, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Pella. Van Steenwyk, J. J., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Pella. VAN HOUTON, H., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella ; was born in Wehe, pro- vince of Groningen, kingdom of the Netherlands, in 1812; he was educated at Wehe, until he was eleven years of age — after this time until he was seventeen years old, at Kloosterburen, kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1835 he married Miss Indiana S. Borg- man; he came to the U. S. in 1849, and located at Scotch Plains, Essix count}^. New Jersey; his wife died in 1851; he came to this county in 1853, and settled on the place where he now lives; his farm contains 316 acres; he mar- ried again to Reino Borgman, wid- ow of Everet B. ; her maiden name was Van Peyma, she is from Lan- caster, Erie county, N. Y. Mr. V. has six children by his first mar- riage, Nellie V.,Elko, Worp B., Nellie B., Wm. B. and Everet B., 49 and has one child by his second marriage, named Syke; Mrs. V. has four children. Wort, Nellie, William, and Everet Borgman. VAN CLEAVE, THO^IAS .L, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Peoria; born in Shelby county, Kentucky, in 1812; came to this county in 1844; owns 120 acres; he marri- ed Miss Mary E. Nicholson, Aug. 7, 1836; she was l)orn in Ohio; has nine children, Joshua, Henry, Mary E., Albert, Milton, James F., Amaritta, Martha and Thom- as. Vermeer, Brand, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella. Verduct, C, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Pella. Vermeer, G., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Pella. Vogelaar, T., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Pella. \A7 ARREN, W3I. T., farmer, V V Sec. 33; P. O. Pella; born in Black Oak Grove, in 1850, his parents being among the earliest settlers; he married Miss A. Mc- Cutcheon in 1873; she was born in Ohio; has three children, Clar- ence, James and John. WASSOM, MONROE, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; born in this township, in 1851; owns 75 acres of land; he married Miss Mary Williams in 1873; she was born in Richland township; has one son, Cyrus Thomas; lost one daughter, Florence A. Warren, J. R., farmer, Sec, 34; P. O. Peoria. WARREN, R.B.,millerand farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Peoria; born in Tennessee, in 1829; came to this state in 1841, settling at that time in Lee county; in 1843 he came to this county, his father being one of the first settlers, and built the mill known as Warren's Mills, in 1846; they were afterwards burned, and rebuilt in 1850; they have three run of stone, and do 720 DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. both custom and merchant work; he has held office of township trustee, townsliip clerk, and jus- tice of the peace; he owns 199 acres of land; he married Emilj A. Bingaman in 1855; she was born in Kentucky; has eight chil- dren, Ida E., J. Lincoln, Granville E., Marj E., R. Wilbur, Mattie M., Orra E. and O. Lillian; he has seen wheat sold for 30c per bushel, and $2,70 ditto, and pork from $1.25 he cut dressed, to $11 gross; thej used to go 80 miles to mill, and it took them three weeks to make the trip. WASSOM, MOSES, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O.Peoria; born in Tennes- see, in 1817; came to this county in 1843; owns 280 acres of land; has held office of school director, constable, township trustee, and justice of the peace; he married Miss Elizabeth Wordside, in 1839; she was born iii Tennessee; has three children, Monroe, William and Laura A. Wells, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Granville. Wehrly, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Granville. Wehrly, John, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Granville. White, A. C, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Peoria. Wharton, J. M., fiirmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Flint. Whaling, O. M., blacksmith, Gran- ville. Winters, J. C, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. Granville. Wintermute, H. M., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Peoria. Wingiield, F. G., farmer. Sec. 12; P.O. Granville. WOOD WORTH, E. N., physician, Peoria; born in Ohio, in 1831; came to this county in 1854; has been practicing his profession twenty years; he owns 78 acres of land; he married Miss Emmeliue Hinkle in 1858; she was born in Ohio; has two children, Alice E. and Cora E. Woolard, Adam, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Peoria. Woolard, Henry, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Peoria. Woolard, George, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Peoria. EIDID"5r"^riIL.I-.E- The town of Eddyville is located principally in the northwest corner of Wapello county, but extends over into Mahaska county, from which it re- ceives a large portion of its trade. The town was named after J. P. Eddy, who laid out the village in 1843. He was a trader among the Indians, and for sometime after they left he kept the only store in this part of the country. Before rival points were made and unmade by railroads, Eddy- ville was a place of much promise, but when the C. B. & Q. P. R. "went west" via Ottumwa, the prospects for building up a city at Eddyville waned; yet the town has many elements of attraction: 1st. It is beauti- fully located on the river, and has two railroads, the K. & D. M., and the Central R. R. of Iowa. 2d. A wagon bridge spans the Des Moines river. 3rd. Coal in great abundance is found near the city, also good building stone, brick and potter}'^ clay. 4th, Among the "prospective speculations" through which Eddyville has hope of an outcome, is a branch of tlie Burl- ington Narrow Gauge R, R., which may some day gravitate to that point, and run thence northwest to Des Moines, or west to connect with the southern extension of the D. M. & M. (Narrow Gauge) R. R. Eddyville EDDYVILLE. 721 has about 1,500 inhabitants, and has a fine school building that cost $20,000; also Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Koraan Catholic churches, Odd Fellows and Masonic halls. BAUMSTARK, A., dealer in confectioner}^, choice cigars, tobacco, etc., wine and beer saloon, Eddjville, Iowa; born in Baden, Germany, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in Burlington; removed to this place in 1871, and engaged in his present business; married Anna Singer in 1873; she was born in Gntten- berg, Germany. Democrat. McCREA, F . M., plivsician and surgeon; born in Montgom- ery county, Indiana, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Oskaloosa; engaged in the practice of medicine in Eddyville in 1876. NOSLER, JAMES, dealer in drugs and medicines; born in Montgomery connty, Virginia, in 1802;' he settled in Iowa in 1813, and removed to this county in 1846, and engaged in the practice of medicine. Mr. jN". has been twice married ; in 1826 he married J. Moore; she was a native of Kentucky, and died in 1873; married again to Sarah Kelson in 1874; she was born in Alabama; he has seven children by his first wife, Martha Ann, Thomas M., Mary J., Irene, Armilda C, Ellen and Henry C; has been a member of the M. E. church since 1824. Greenback. STOCKWELL, W. W., of the firm of Stockwell & Son, deal- ers in clothing and furnishing goods; was born in Licking Co., Ohio, in 1850; married E. E. Fredrick in 1872; liave two chil- dren, John C. and James E. Re- publican. '^ A TALZ, B., proprietor Eddy- V V viile brewery; born in Ger- many in 1838; came to America in 1859; married Mary Meeher in 1867; she was born in Musca- tine county, Iowa; they have five children, three sons and two daughters. Mr. W. enlisted in Co. G., 57th Illinois Infantry in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. ADDENDA.* HON. WILLIAM LOUGHEIDGE, Attornej-at-la\v, Oskaloosa, is of Scotch-Irish aiicestiy, his grand-parents having emigrated to America before the Revolution, settled in Pennsylva- nia, where his parents were born. His father, John Longhridge, was born in 1795; man-ied Miss Rebecca McRea, and in 1S20 removed to Ohio, where his wife died in 1850. He was a cabinet and chair-maker, which occnpation he followed all his life, and died at Yonngstown, Ohio, in 1857. Tlie family consisted of James M., Mary, William, Snsan, Samuel B., Eliza- beth and Margaret. William, the subject of this sketch, was born in Yonngstown — formerly Trnmbnll — Mahoning county, Ohio, Jvdy 11, 1827; he had the advan- tage of a common school education. During his minority he worked in his father's shop, gaining a practical knowledge of the business, and was a " tramping jonr " for two years, working in Rochester, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and Stubenville, Ohio, studying law at everj' spare moment. In 1850 he entered the law office of Judge James Stewart, of Manstield, Ohio, and the same year, at the fall term of the Supreme Court of Ohio, was admitted to the bar and practiced till April, 1852, when he formed a co-partnership in law with (tov. Mordica Bartley; subsequently he re- moved to Oskaloosa, Iowa, and engaged in the practice of law. In 1855 he was elected mayor of Oskaloosa, and in 1856 was elected to the State Senate. In 1856 Mi". Longhridge Mas married to Miss D. L. Jones, of Lon- don, Ohio, the daughter of a Buckeye mechanic. She died in October, 1860, leaving twt) children, Ciiarles and William. William folio vred his mother to the summer-land in March, 1861. In 1861 he was ajjpointed by Gov. Kirkwood to fill the vacancy on the bench (tccasioned b}" the resigna- tion of Judge Stone, of the Sixth Jndicial District; and at the fall election of the same year, he was elected to the same office, and re-elected in the fall of 1862, this time to a full term, and served on the bench till January, 1867. In 1866 he was elected by the Republicans as Representative in Congress, for the then fourth Congressional district, embracing the counties of Appanoose, Monroe, Wapello, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion, jasper, Pow- eshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Benton and Tama, which was the most populous district in the United States. lie was re-elected to the same office in 1868, and served to March 4, 187J. His Democratic oj^poneut in 1868 was John P. Irish, of Iowa Cit}-, and his successor, after March 4, 1871, was M. M. Walden, of Centerville, Appanoose countj^ * These few biographical sketches were obtained too late for classification, and appear under the above heading'. ADDENDA. 723 In 18Y2 he was again elected as Representative in Congress from the Sixth District, comprising tlie counties of Appanoose, Davis, Monroe, "Wapello, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion, and Jasper. During his services as member of Congress, Mr. Loughridge stood as an able exponent and de- fender of the policy of the Republican party, and far above the average in the advocacy of the interests of the West. His career as a public man is too extensive for publication in such a work as this, and many of his speeches in Congress have attracted attention throughout the Nation; yet Mr. Loughridge himself is prouder of his office of mayor of the city of Oskaloosa, in 1855-6, than of any other office he ever held. He stands more than six feet high, and is a powerfully built man, being possessed of great energy and force of character. In his manner he is quiet and un- assuming, yet positive and earnest in his sentiments. TERRY MAY, Farmer, Sec. 23; P. O., Oskaloosa; born in Highland county, Ohio, August 6, 1820; lived in Ohio until nineteen years of age, and moved to Knox county, Illinois, and lived there ten years. He married Miss Phebe J. Haslett, from Indiana, in 1857; they came with their own conveyance to Iowa, and located in Jasper county; lived there two years, and came to Mahaska county in November, 1851, and located in Black Oak township, and made a farm ; is one of the early settlers and has lived in this county twenty-seven years; they own a small farm, nicely located, just outside of the city limits; they have two children, William S., engaged in the drug business, in Oskaloosa, and Martha E., now Mrs. H. W. Fisher, agent of the C, R. I. & P. R. R. at Oskaloosa. PHILLIP AKERMAN, Farmer, Sec. 14; P.O. Fremont, Cedar township; born in Baverum, Ger- many, in 1829; his parents emigrated to the United States and settled in Butler county, Ohio, in 1833; he lived there until 1851, and then removed to Fremont, Iowa; has been a resident of this county ever since; owns 539|- acres of land; November 3, 1851, he married Miss Rachel Goehring', who was born in Germany, and came to the United States in 1848 ; they have three sons and three daughters, Harman, Emma C, George W., Albert M., Mag- gie M., and Lettie B. PORTE C. WELCH. ^ Porter Clay Welch, whose literary nom de plume is " Proxy," was born near Jacksonville, Morgan Co., 111., August 6, 1837. His father's name was John Welch, of North Carolina; that of his mother, Rachel Smith, of Tennessee. His grand-parents were all born in America, except grand- mother on father's side, who was born in Scotland ; hence he is descended from Scotch and ^¥elch ancestors on his father's side, and English on his mother's side. Although the life of our subject is one full of interesting incidents, and deserves to be treated fully, we have but room to give a brief sketch : 5^!? 724 ADDENDA. When about eleven years of age (July 19, 1848) he removed with his father's family to Iowa, and settled near the present town of Otley, in Ma- rion count3^ A year later he removed to near Pella, and remained on a farm until seventeen years old ; after which he went to work in a steam saw-mill, and in 1856, when his father sold out, he remained in charge of an extensive lumbering business, having, as head-sawyer, at the first steam mill in Pella, and in other places in that locality, sawed more than two million feet of the " pick and choice " of the great forests of that vicinity. All told, he never attended school twelve months as a pupil, but he ob- tained a fair education by studying at odd hours ; he was frugal in his habits, subsisting independently on the earnings of his own hands, working all day and posting books and studying at night. In 1859 he commenced teaching school, and in 1860 learned the photographing business, pursuing these at intervals and studying in the meantime, for a number of years. At Knoxville, Iowa, July 4, 1861, Mr, Welch was married to Miss Mary Elizabeth Harding, eldest daughter of Mason Harding, of Kentucky (a distant relative of James M. Mason of "• Mason and Slidell " fame). Mrs. Welch was born near Rockville, Parke county, Indiana, January 8th, 1842, and emigrated to Iowa with her parents in 1855; they settled near Coal- ridge, in Marion county, where her mother died the following year. Their children are as follows: Porter C, born in Pella, June 12, 1862; died in Pella, August 12, 1863; buried at Knoxville. John Mason, born in Pella, January 12, 1864. Rachel Anna, born in Pella, January 12, 1866. Olla Mary, l3oru in Oskaloosa, January 28, 1868, William Francis, born in Os- kaloosa, January S, 1870, Emma May, born in Oskaloosa, May 28, 1871. Fannie Belle, born in Oskaloosa, May 17, 1874, Peter Cooper, born in Os- kaloosa, February 6, 1877. E-^ST os22:-^IjOOS-a-. V. D, CORYELL, Farmer, P, O, Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, April 30, 1801; came to this county in October, 1849; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss S. McClannahan in 1825; she was born in Adams county, Ohio; has nine children, Sarah, James W., Isabella, John, Robert, Elizabeth, Carry, Louisa Matilda and Daniel F. N. W. GRAY, Farmer, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 'Ohio in 1828; came to this county in 1855; owns 180 acres of land; has held ottice of school director; he mar- ried Ann M. Stanley, in 1858; she was born in Ohio; has two children, Eva E. and Walter S. ISAAC M. YATAW, Farmer, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Indiana in 1850; came to this county In 1869; owns 80 acres of land; married Delia Merritt, who was born in Michigan; has one son, Charles,