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 NEW AMERICAN 
 
 HISTORY "^ GOVERNMENT 
 OUTLINES 
 
 I A. R. /ncCOQK 
 
 "Afy country, 'tis of thee. 
 Sweet laad of liberty," 
 For tbee I raag. 
 
 COMPLETE OUTLINES— HISTORY, GOVERNMENT 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 NORTH=WESTERN SCHOOL SUPPLY CO. 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 
 
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 _ ._, M 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 "Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, 
 institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In 
 proportion as the structure of a government gives force to 
 public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be 
 enlightened." 
 

 n 
 
NEW AMERICAN 
 
 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 
 OUTLINES 
 
 BY 
 
 A. R. McCOOK 
 
 Teacher and School Superintendent 
 
 VOLUME I 
 
 of the 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ?IISTORY AND GOVERNMENT SERIES 
 Each Volume a Complete Unit 
 
 (Copyright, 1919, A. R. McCook.) 
 
 This volume, which is the first in the New American History and Govern- 
 ment Series, is prepared especially for the use of pupils in rural and grade 
 schools. All teachers and students in high schools and colleges should have 
 Volume II of the series — Teachers and Students' American History and Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In addition to complete outlines Volume II contains valuable historical 
 documents and has groups of topics for special study and lists of suggestive and 
 reseai-ch questions covering the whole period of American history. It is both a 
 guide and a reference and will prove invaluable to all teachers of American his- 
 tory and government and to pupils doing advanced work in these subjects. 
 
 Volume III of the series is the New American Government and Politics. 
 It will prove a valuable addition to the library of the teacher or student. 
 
 Volume IV is the New American History, Government and Politics. It 
 should be in every historical library — public or private — as it is invaluable for 
 general reference and studj-. (In preparation.) 
 
 Address the author or the publishers of this volume in regard to this New 
 American History and Government series. 
 
History is the study of the hfe of a people. 
 
 "History is the biography of a society." 
 "History is the essence of innumerable biographies." 
 "Through the ages one increasing purpose runs." 
 "The present is the fruit of the past and the germs of the future." 
 "History knows not if, and might have been is a form of words 
 unwritten in her book of phrases." — Ridpath. 
 
 EUROPE BEFORl^ THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 
 
 Peoples supposed to have visited America before 1492: 
 Chinese, Egyptians. 
 Phoenicians and Greeks. 
 Northmen, 1000. 
 Events hindering further visits : 
 
 Invasions of Goths, Vandals and Huns, 350 to 476. 
 Establishment of new nations. 
 Conquest among nations. 
 Lack of geographical knowledge. 
 Causes leading to a revival of interest in new lands : 
 Commercial ambition. 
 Religious zeal. 
 The crusades. 
 The renaissance. 
 What ancient Europe sent to the East : 
 
 Metals, wood, pitch, woolen cloth, linen, black lead, wine and 
 glassware. 
 What ancient Europe brought from the East : 
 Silks, cotton cloth and other fine dry goods. 
 Dye woods and drugs. 
 Precious stones and ivory. 
 Spices and perfumes. 
 Cities which controlled trade with the East : 
 
 Venice, by way of the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the In- 
 dian ocean. 
 Genoa, by way of Bosporus and Black Sea, and then by caravan 
 
 to the East. 
 Antioch, by way of Euphrates valley and Persian gulf. 
 What changed trade routes : 
 
 In 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople and refused to let the 
 ships of other nations pa'ss through the Bosporus. This 
 closed Genoa's route, gave Venice a monopoly and made a 
 new route desirable. 
 New routes tried : 
 
 Passage around Africa by Diaz, a Portuguese sailor, who suc- 
 ceeded in sailing around the south cape, which he named 
 Cape of Storms, but the name was changed to Cape of Good 
 Hope by King John of Portugal. 
 Columbus' plan : 
 
 To sail west until he reached China or India. 
 
 "The great canon of history is its continuitA." 
 
 9 
 
 ©CI.A!585510 
 
History is the story of the evolution of society. 
 "America is the land of the future where, in the ages that lie before us, 
 the burden of the world's history shall be revealed." — Hegel, 
 
 COLUMBUS 
 Birth- 
 Genoa, Italy, about 1446. 
 Parentage — 
 
 His parents were poor but ambitious and industrious. His father 
 was a wool comber. 
 Education — 
 
 Attended the University of Pavia for a short time, where he paid 
 special attention to mathematics, geography, astronomy and 
 navigation ; the sciences most nearly related to seafaring. 
 Read extensively and was always a student. 
 Marriage — 
 
 Married the daughter of a renowned navigator, governor of one 
 
 of the Madeira islands. 
 He was thus brought into association with explorers and discov- 
 erers and gained much useful information, charts and maps. 
 Character — 
 
 Resolute, energetic and persevering. 
 Devotedly pious and very sensitive. 
 Important Events in Life — 
 
 Went to sea at age of fourteen. 
 
 Sailed much upon the Mediterranean and visited England, Ice- 
 land, coast of Guinea and Madeira islands. 
 Lived for a while at Lisbon, where he supported himself by mak- 
 ing charts and maps. 
 Discovered America. 
 Incentives for Discovery — 
 Religious zeal. 
 
 Desire for a new route to India. 
 Acquisition of wealth and territory. 
 
 To prove the truth of his theory that the earth was round. 
 A.ttempts to Secure Aid — 
 
 Applied to King John of Portugal ; to the kings of Spain and 
 
 France ; to his native city, Genoa, and to England. 
 Finally appealed to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and was 
 successful. 
 Hindrances — 
 
 Defective geographical knowledge. 
 Ignorance and superstition of the people. 
 Incompetent sailors and poorly constructed ships. 
 Columbus was poor and much money was required to fit out an 
 expedition. 
 Death and Burial — 
 
 Died in 1506, at Valladolid, S])ain, where he was buried. 
 Remains were afterward taken to Seville, then to Santo Do- 
 mingo, Hayti; later to Havana, Cuba, and finally (1899) back 
 to Seville. 
 
 "The literature of a people reflects the purpose of the age." 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 
 SPANISH— 1492-1607 
 
 Columbus, 1942, 
 
 Bahamas, Cuba, Hayti. 
 Columbus, 1493-96, 
 
 Porto Rico, Jamaica. Windward islands. 
 Columbus, 1498, 
 
 Orinoco river, northern coast of South America. 
 Columbus, 1502, 
 
 Central America. 
 Vespucius, 1499, 
 
 Explored Brazilian coast. 
 Ponce de Leon, 1513, 
 
 Discovered and named Florida. 
 Balboa, 1513, 
 
 Discovered Pacific. 
 Cortez. 1519-21, 
 
 Conquered Mexico. 
 De Ayllon, 1520, 
 
 Carolina. 
 Narvaez, 1528, 
 
 Florida to Texas. 
 Magellan. 1519-21, 
 Sailed around South America and into the Pacific. Was the first to 
 
 circumnavigate the globe. 
 De Soto, 1539-42, 
 
 Explored the southern part of the United States and discov- 
 ered Mississippi river. 
 Coronado, 1540, 
 
 New Mexico and Arizona. Discovered the Gila. Riu Grande 
 and Colorado rivers. 
 Cabrillo, 1542, 
 
 Discovered the Pacific coast of the LTnited States. 
 ENGLISH— 
 
 John Cabot, 1497, 
 
 Labrador. ' 
 
 Sebastian Cabot, 1498, 
 
 Labrador to Cape Cod. 
 Frobisher, 1576, 
 
 Coast from Labrador to Frobisher strait. 
 Drake, 1579, 
 
 Explored Pacific coast to Oregon. 
 Davis. 1585, 
 
 Discovered Davis strait. 
 Raleigh, 1585, 
 
 Coast of Virginia and Carolina. 
 Gosnold, 1602, 
 
 Discovered the coast of Massachusetts and shortened the 
 
 route across the Atlantic. 
 Hudson, 1610, 
 
 Discovered Hudson bav. 
 Baffin, 1616, 
 
 Discovered Baffin bav. 
 
 4 
 
M<KNCH— 
 
 Cartier, 1535, 
 
 Discovered and explored St. Lawrence river. 
 Champlain, 1603-35, 
 
 Discovered and explored as far as Lake Huron. 
 iMarquet and Joliet, 1673, 
 
 Discovered the central part of tlie Mississippi river. 
 Hennepin, 1680, 
 
 Discovered the upper part of the Mississippi river. 
 La Salle, 1682, 
 
 Sailed to the mouth of the Mississippi river. 
 1 PORTUGAL— 
 
 Vasco de Gama, 1497-98, 
 
 Reached India l)v sailing- around iXfrica. 
 Cabral. 1500, 
 
 Discovered Brazil. 
 HOLLAND— 
 
 Hudson, 1609, 
 
 Discovered Hudson river. 
 
 THE ABORIGINAL PERIOD 
 Unknown to 1492 
 The Aboriginal American 
 
 Name — 
 
 Indian, given to the inhabitants of North and South America by 
 Columbus, who supposed that the New World was a part of 
 India, hence the name Indian. 
 Origin — 
 
 Uncertain — however, most of the tribes had traditions of an 
 early immigration from some other country. 
 
 Theories, Asiatic immigration by way of Behring strait, descent 
 from Esquimos, Chinese origin and American origin. The 
 last named is probably correct. 
 Number — 
 
 Between two and three hundred thousand at the time of the 
 discovery. 
 Manner of Living — 
 
 Were generally in the hunting and fishing stage, but they fre- 
 quently carried on some crude agriculture, raising Indian 
 corn, pumpkins, squash, beans and tobacco. The dog was the 
 only domestic animal. Made some pottery, stone pipes, ar- 
 row heads, snow shoes, moccasins, birch bark canoes and 
 wampum, which was used for money. 
 
 Clothing consisted of furs and skins of animals. 
 
 Indians of the north and east lived in huts and tents, but those 
 of the southwest had stone buildings, of which ruins are 
 still to be found. 
 
 Believed in a division of labor, the men did the hunting and 
 fishing, the women did the other work. 
 Tools and Weapons — 
 
 Tools were few and of the rudest kind. Weaponji consisted of 
 bows and arrows, spears, f^int hatchets and clubs. 
 
Personal Appearance — 
 
 Copper color, eyes black and deep set, straight black hair with 
 little or no beard and high cheek bones. The women let their 
 hair grow, but the men cut all but a little tuft called the scalp 
 lock. In size, general appearance and manners the difference 
 in the different tribes was marked. 
 Traits of Character — 
 
 Living an outdoor life and depending not so much upon what they 
 raised as upon the produce of their fishing and the chase, 
 they became expert in woodcraft and were good hunters 
 and fishers. In war they were deceitful, cunning, cruel, 
 treacherous and revengeful, but possessed of wonderfful self- 
 control, and showed neither pleasure nor pain. 
 
 They were lazy, improvident and inveterate gamblers. Were 
 grave, often morose, but grateful for favors. Good or bad 
 treatment was always remembered. 
 Social Customs — 
 
 Personally the Indian had but little liberty. He was bound to 
 the customs of his fathers. These customs regulated his 
 marriage, his place in council and the way he painted his face. 
 He had to prove that he was worthy of being a warrior be- 
 fore he was admitted to all of their proceedings. 
 
 The families living together in one house made up the Indian 
 clan. All families belonging to the clan were supposed to be 
 descended from the same female ancestor. From two or 
 three to twenty or more clans made up a tribe, in which each 
 clan was distinguished by some special badge or token. 
 
 All property except weapons and trinkets was held in common 
 by the clan. 
 Progress and Education — 
 
 No progress was made. Like the Chinese the son lived like the 
 father. To be skillful hunters and brave warriors was the 
 greatest ambition. Education consisted of learning to throw 
 the tomahawk, shoot with a bow and arrow and to spear 
 tish. Books and papers were unknown. 
 Religion — 
 
 The Indian believed in a future life. The Great Spirit was his 
 God. His heaven was a happy hunting ground. He wor- 
 shipped dead ancestors, but did not worship idols. He be- 
 lieved that not only beasts, birds and reptiles, but also lakes, 
 rivers and waterfalls had spirits that could help or harm him. 
 Dancing was an important part of most of his religious ex- 
 ercises. Religious rites were performed by medicine men. 
 Government — 
 
 The Indian government may be called a pure democracy. Each 
 clan chose its own sachem, a civil magistrate, whom they 
 could depose at will. Each clan also had a number of war 
 chiefs. 
 
 The tribe was governed by a council composed of the sachems 
 of the different clans which made up the tribe. Each tribe 
 also had a chief, but he had little real power. All important 
 matters were settled, by a council of the whole tribe. The 
 Indian's idea of justice was that whoever suffered a wrong 
 should avenge it. 6 
 
VIRGINIA • 
 
 The Typical Southern Colony 
 
 At Jamestown, 1607. 
 
 By 105 English "gentlemen" and vagabond adventurers v\^hose 
 object w^as to find gold and return to England. 
 
 Authority — London Company. 
 
 Government — 
 
 Commercial association, 1607-24 
 
 Royal province, 1624-73 
 
 Proprietary, 1673-84 
 Royal province, 1684-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 The first charter, 1606-09 
 Suffering of the colonists. 
 Smith assumes command. 
 
 A new charter granted, second charter, 1609-12 
 
 Smith returns to England," 1609 
 
 The starving time, 1609-10 
 
 Colonists abandon Jamestown, 1610 
 Governor Lord Delaware arrives and compels the settlers to 
 
 return, 1610 
 
 Sir Thos. Dale succeeds Delaware as governor, 1611 
 
 Governor Dale institutes reforms, 1611-16 
 
 Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe, 1613 
 
 The third charter, 1612-24 
 
 Tobacco culture begun, 1615 
 General prosperity , causes and results. 
 
 Argall chosen deputy governor, 1617 
 Governor Yerdley succeeds Argall and institutes reforms, 1619 
 First representative assembly — the House of Burgesses — 
 meets, July 30, 1619 
 Women brought to Virginia, 1619 
 White servants, "apprentices," brought to Virginia, 1619 
 Negro slavery introduced, 1619 
 A written constitution granted by the London Company, the 
 "Ordinances for Virginia," 1621 
 Indian massacre about 350 colonists, 1622 
 Charter of London Company declared null and void and Vir- 
 ginia made a royal province by James I, 1624 
 Second Indian massacre, about 300 slain, 1644 
 Royalist emigration from England to Virginia begins, 1649 
 Navigation laws, 1651-60-63-72 
 Suffrage restricted to "freeholders and housekeepers," 1670 
 Governor Berkeley's tyranny. 
 
 The king, Charles II, makes a 31-year grant of Virginia to 
 
 two favorites, 1673 
 
 Indian troubles, 1676 
 
 Bacon's rebellion, 1676-77 
 
 Virginia becomes a royal province, 1684 
 
 Free schools established, 1688 
 
 'College of William and Mary founded, 1692- 
 Population in 1700 about 100.000. 
 
 First printing press established, 1726 
 
 7 
 
'Gud sitted a whole nation that He might send choice seeds to this wildewiess." 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 The Typical Northern Colony 
 The Plymouth Colony 
 
 At Plymouth, 1620— 
 
 By a band of about one hundred industrious, thrifty English 
 "Pilgrims" from Holland, who desired to find a home where 
 they could worship as they chose and also have greater po- 
 litical liberty. 
 Authority — 
 
 The London Company gave them permission to settle within its 
 grant and they received a verbal assurance from the king 
 that they would not be molested. Later they received a 
 grant from the Plymouth Company, on whose land they had 
 settled. 
 Government — 
 
 Voluntary association, 1620-1686 
 
 Roval province, 1686-1689 
 
 Charters, 1689-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrims, Dec. 20, 1620 
 
 Mayflower compact drawn up and signed. 
 
 John Carver chosen governor, 1621 
 
 Sickness and suffering. 
 
 Carver dies and William Bradford is chosen governor. 
 
 Standish and his soldiers visit the Indians. 
 
 The Indians, Samoset and Squanto, visit Plymouth. 
 
 Treaty made with Massasoit. 
 
 Cononicus sends a bundle of arrows to Governor Bradford, who 
 returns powder and bullets. (Significance?) 
 
 First Thanksgiving in America, 162v3 
 
 Miles Standish sent to England to seek aid, 1625 
 
 New emigrants arrive. 
 
 Indian troubles'. 
 
 The colonists purchase the claims of the London proprietors 
 for 18,000 pounds sterling, 1627 
 
 A charter obtained from the Council for New England, 
 granting a certain fixed territory, 1629 
 
 Colonists freed from debt, 1633 
 
 Representatives from the different towns sent to Plymouth 
 to act for the people, ' 1638 
 
 Suffrage limited. 1644-58-71 
 
 Legislature of the "Pilgrim Republic" declares that only the 
 laws made with the consent of the body of freemen, or their 
 representatives, shall be binding upon them. 1671 
 
 Union of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies under 
 a new charter, ' 1691 
 
Massachusetts Bay Colony 
 At Salem, 162&~ 
 
 By a band of English Puritans, under the leadership of John 
 Endicott, who wished to found a home for the oppressed of 
 his faith. 
 Authority — 
 
 The first colony oi Puritans was sent by the Council for New- 
 England, which had secured a charter from the king. 
 Government — 
 
 Charter, Massachusetts Bay Colonies, 1628-1686 
 
 Royal province. ' 1686-1689 
 
 Modified charter, 1689-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 A charter obtained from the king incc)ri)orating the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay Company, 1629 
 The transfer of the charter to America. 
 
 John Endicott, with about three hundred people, forms a 
 settlement at Salem, 1628 
 
 Governor John Winthrop sails with a fleet of 11 vessels and 
 carrying more than 700 emigrants and establishes a colony at 
 Boston, which becomes the capital of New England, 16v^0 
 
 The great "Puritan Exodus." 
 
 The first meeting of the General Court, 1630 
 
 Sickness and suffering. 
 
 Right of suff'rage restricted to church members. 
 Watertown refuses to pay a tax because she has no repre- 
 sentatives in the General Court, 1631 
 Establishment of a house of representatives, 1634 
 Banishment of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. 1635 
 The Boston Latin School, the first schc^oi in New England, 
 founded, 1635 
 Harvard College founded, 1638 
 Massachusetts settles the Connecticut valley. 
 Printing press set up at Cambridge, 1639 
 First free public school in America, 1639 
 First New England code of laws drawn up. ("Body of Lib- 
 erties"), 1641 
 New England Confederation organized, 1643 
 Free public schools established by law, 1644 
 Persecution of Quakers, 1656-61 
 Eliot's work among the Indians, 1646-75 
 King Philip's War, 1675 
 The Salem witchcraft delusion, 1692 
 Maine annexed to Massachusetts, 1692 
 Massachusetts loses her charter and becomes a royal prov- 
 ince, 1684 
 Sir Edmund Andros becomes royal governor, 1686 
 Andros imprisoned in Boston, 1689 
 William HI grants a new charter. 1692 
 
The Mayflower Compact — 1620 
 
 In the name of God, Amen; We, whose names are underwritten, 
 the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne King James, by the 
 grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland King, defender 
 of the faith, etc., haveing undertaken, for the glorie of God, and 
 advancement of Christian faith and honor of our king and countrie, 
 a voyage to plant the first colonie in the Northerne parts of Virginia, 
 doe, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of 
 God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together 
 into a civill body politick, for our better ordering and preservation 
 and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and, by vertue hearof, to 
 enacte, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordenances, 
 acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought 
 most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie. Unto 
 which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes 
 whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names, at Cap Codd, the 
 11th of November, in the year of the raigne of our sovereigne lord. 
 King James of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of 
 Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 At Uover and Portsmouth, 1623 — 
 
 JJy two small companies of English colonists sent out by the 
 proprietors. Gorges and Mason, who desired to acquire 
 territory and who were also interested in the fisheries and 
 the Indian trade. 
 Authority — 
 
 In 1622 the Plymouth Company granted to Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges and Capt. John Mason all the land between the 
 Merrimac and the Kennebec rivers, 
 (jovernment — 
 
 Proprietary, 1623-1641 
 
 Under protection of Massachusetts, 1641-1679 
 
 Royal province, 1679-1690 
 
 Again under protection of Massachusetts, 1690-1741 
 
 Separate royal colony, . 1741-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 Mason and Gorges divide the territory between them. Gorges 
 receives Maine and Mason New Hampshire. 
 Trouble with Massachusetts. 
 
 New Hampshire voluntarily unites with Massachusetts, 1641 
 Exeter founded by a party of exiles from Massachusetts, 1641 
 Heirs of Mason attempt to establish their claims to New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Controversy between Mason's heirs and the settlers. 
 Massachusetts buys the claims of Gorges' heirs and Maine 
 becomes part of Massachusetts and remains so until 1820. 
 
 First schools established, 1647 
 
 Settlement of Londonderry, 1719 
 
 New Hampshire becomes a separate royal colony, 1741 
 
 Land title disputes with New York, 1763 
 
 Dartmouth college established, 176Q 
 
 10 
 
"It is on the banks of the Conneekticut, under the mighty preaching of 
 Thomas Hooker, and in tlie constitution to which he gave life if not form, that 
 we draw the first breath of that atmosphere which is now so familiar to us. 
 The birthplace of American democracy is Hartford." 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 At Hartford, 1636— 
 
 As early as 1633 traders from the Plymouth colony established 
 a trading post at Windsor. In 1635 John Winthrop, Jr., 
 built a fort at Saybrook. The same year the foundations of 
 Hartford were laid. The next year, 1636, the Rev. Thomas 
 Hooker and his congregation of about one hundred made 
 their way through the wilderness and settled at Hartford. 
 
 Most of the immigrants were from Massachusetts. They were 
 dissatisfied with the narrow spirit of those in control there 
 and they were also attracted by the fertile valleys of the Con- 
 necticut and the prospects of securing valuable trade with the 
 Indians. 
 
 Authority — 
 
 Lord Say and Sele and others obtained from the Earl of Warwick 
 a transfer of the grant of the Connecticut valley which he 
 had secured from the Council for New England. 
 
 Government — 
 
 Under protection of Massachusetts, 1636-1639 
 
 Voluntary association, 1639-1662 
 
 Royal charter, 1662-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Rev. Thomas Hooker and his band reach Hartford, 1636 
 
 Emigrants from the vicinity of Boston settle at Windsor, 
 
 Westersfield and Springfield. 
 
 The Pequot War, 1637 
 
 New Haven founded, 1639 
 
 Settlements made at Milford, Guilford and Stamford. 
 Delegates from Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield adopt a 
 
 written constitution (Fundamental Orders), 1639 
 
 Settlers of New Haven hold their first town meeting, 1639 
 
 Free schools established, 1642 
 
 Connecticut joins the New England Confederacy, 1643 
 
 Saybrook annexed to Connecticut, 1644 
 
 The regicides — Davenport's sermon. 
 
 Union of New Haven and Connecticut colonies (cause), 1665 
 Prosperity of the colony. 
 
 Governor Andros attempts to seize the charter, 1675 
 
 Trouble with.the governor of New York, 1693 
 
 Yale College founded. 
 "The children of the Pilgrims have never forgotten the cause of education." 
 
 11 
 
"The renown of llhode Island has not been in vaslness of territory, in 
 mighty cities or victorious armies, but in a steadfast devotion to truth, justice 
 and freedom." 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 At Providence, 1636 — 
 
 By Roger Williams and a party of exiles from Massachusetts, 
 who desired to found a colony where freedom of religion and 
 freedom of conscience would be tolerated. 
 Authority — 
 
 The land was purchased from the Indians and the colonists asked 
 to be admitted to the New England Confederacy, but their 
 request was refused. In 1644 Williams visited England and 
 secured a charter. 
 
 Government — 
 
 Voluntary association, 1636-1644 
 
 ParHamentarv charter or patent. 1644-1663 
 
 Charter, ' 1663-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Constitution adopted, 1638 
 
 a. Granted entire religious freedom. 
 
 b. Majority to govern. 
 
 Mrs. Hutchinson founds Portsmouth, 1639 
 
 W^illiam Coddington founds Newport, 1639 
 
 Second constitution adopted, . 1641 
 
 a. Declared Rhode Island to be a "Democracie." 
 
 b. Supreme authority vested in the people. 
 
 c. No one to suffer on account of religious belief. 
 
 d. Entire liberty of conscience allowed. 
 Providence and Rhode Island refused admission to the New 
 
 England Confederacy, 1643 
 
 Williams obtains a patent from parliament which united 
 Providence, Portsmouth, Newport and Warwick under the name 
 of Providence Plantations, 1644 
 
 First General Assembly meets, 1647 
 
 a. Government organized in accordance with charter. 
 
 b. Principles of democracy reaffirmed. 
 
 c. Freedom of conscience granted to all. 
 
 President and other officers chosen and Rhode Island be- 
 comes an independent colony. 
 
 Roger Williams elected president of the colony, 1654 
 
 Charter revoked by King Charles II, 1660 
 
 New charter issued by the king, 1663 
 
 Prosperity of the colony. 
 
 Governor Andros demands the charter and dissolves the 
 government, 1688 
 
 James 11 driven from the throne of England and Governor 
 Andros is imprisoned in Boston, 1689 
 
 Charter restored and the "Democracie" re-established, 1689 
 
 Establishment of Rhode Island College (now Brown U.), 1764 
 
 12 
 
"It is us beautiful a land as the foot of man ever trod upon." 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 At New Amsterdam, 1623 — 
 
 By a company of thrifty and honest Dutch settlers, who came 
 to make a home in a land free from religious persecution. 
 The object of the company wa^ to take advantage of the 
 valuable fur trade with the Indians and to establish a foot- 
 hold for Holland in the New World. 
 In 1609 the Dutch East India Company sent Henry Hudson to 
 discover a passage through America to the Indies. He dis- 
 covered the Htidson river and returned to Europe. The next 
 year an expedition was sent out to trade with the Indians. 
 In 1614 the company established a trading post on the 
 southern part of Manhattan island and erected Fort Nassau 
 just below the present site of Albany. 
 In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was formed and they 
 immediately took steps to secure the Indian fur trade. In 
 1623 they shipped a number of Walloons to New Netherlands. 
 Part of them landed at New Amsterdam and the rest went 
 up the river to Fort Orange, now Albany. 
 Authority — 
 
 The Dutch West India Company. 
 Government — 
 
 Dutch Commercial Association, 1623-1664 
 
 English proprietary, 1664-1685 
 
 English royal province. 1685-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 Erection of Dutch forts and trading posts, 1613-14 
 
 The Dutch West India Company created, 1621 
 
 The company takes formal possession of the country and 
 names it New Netherlands, 1622 
 
 Governor Minuit arrives and buys Manhattan Island, 1626 
 
 The first charter. The arrival of the patroons. 
 A "common school" established in New Amsterdam, •1633 
 
 Trouble between the company and the patroons. 
 War with the Algonquins, 1643-45 
 
 The friendship of the Iroquois secured — results. 
 Arrival of Governor Peter Stuyvesant, 1647 
 
 The people secure a small share in the government, 1647 
 
 Boundary disputes with New England settled. 
 New Sweden annexed to New Netherlands. 1655 
 
 Religious contests. Dissatisfaction with Dutch rule. 
 First popular representative assembly meets, April, 1654 
 
 New Netherlands captured by the English. 1664 
 
 The name. New Netherlands, changed to New York. New 
 Amsterdam is called New York city and Fort Orange becomes 
 Albany. 
 
 The "Duke's Laws," prepared by Governor Nicolls and 
 
 granted by the Duke of York, 1665 
 
 Provided for: (1) Election of town officers by land holders. 
 
 (2) Trial by jury. (3) Freedom of worship. 
 
 New York reconquered by the Dutch, 1673 
 
 New York ceded to the English by treaty, 1674 
 
 13 
 
Andros appointed deputy governor of New York, 1674 
 
 The territory beyond the Delaware separated from New 
 York and added to Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Duke of York grants a Charter of Liberties which was 
 repealed in 1685. when the duke became king of England as 
 James 11, 1683 
 
 Provided : 
 
 (1) That every freeholder should have the right to 
 vote for representatives in an assembly. 
 
 (2) Taxes to be levied only wath consent of the assembly. 
 
 (3) Freedom of religion granted to all Christians. 
 
 Note : But all laws were to be subject to the duke's approval. 
 Printing presses and legislative assemblies prohibited, 1685 
 
 New York, which had been a proprietary colony, is made 
 
 a royal province and annexed to New England, 1686 
 
 Andros becomes governor of all New England and Francis 
 
 Nicholson is appointed deputy governor of New York. 
 
 Struggle between the democracy and the aristocracy. 
 
 A provisional government set up with Leisler as temporary 
 
 governor, ruled — 1689-91 
 
 Governor Sloughter arrives, 1691 
 
 Execution of Melbourne and Leisler, 1691 
 
 Religious troubles. 
 
 Conflict between governor and people, 1708 
 
 Freedom of the press established after a long struggle. 
 The governor versus the assembly, 1736-39 
 
 The Negro Plot, 1741 
 
 Columbia College founded, 1734 
 
 DELAWARE 
 At Christiania, 1638 — 
 
 By a band of about fifty "plain, strong, industrious" immigrants 
 who were sent to the New World to secure a foothold for 
 Sweden. 
 Authority — 
 
 In 1638 the Swedish West India Company, which had received 
 a charter from Gustavus Adolphus, sent out a colony of 
 Swedes and Finns under the leadership of Peter Minuit, who 
 purchased the land of the Indians and established trading 
 posts. He disregarded the protests of the Dutch, took posses- 
 sion of the country and named it New Sweden. Later the 
 Swedes made settlements along the Delaware river as far 
 as the site of Philadelphia. 
 Government — 
 
 Swedish Commercial x\ssociation, 1638-1654 
 
 Under control of the Dutch of New Netherlands, 1654-1664 
 
 Under control of English of New York, 1664-1681 
 
 Lender control of Pennsylvania, 1681-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Settlement of Fort Christiana, now Wilmington. 1638 
 
 Arrival of new emigrants with supplies, 1640 
 
 Prosperity of the colony. 
 
 New Sweden captured by the Dutch of New Netherlands, 1654 
 
 14 
 
New Sweden seized by the English Duke of York, 1665 
 
 Duke of York sells New Sweden to William Penn, 1681 
 
 Delaware secures a charter from William Penn under which 
 they establish a legislature of their own, 1703 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 "A new kind of colony." 
 
 At St. Mary's, 1634— 
 
 By a band of about two hundred English emigrants, mostly Cath- 
 olics, under the leadership of Leonard Calvert, who came to 
 found a refuge for persecuted Catholics. 
 
 Authority — 
 
 In 1631 Charles I granted to George Calvert, the first Lord 
 Baltimore, a large tract of land in Virginia north and east of 
 the Potomac, but he died before the charter was signed and 
 his son, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, received 
 the charter. It created Calvert and his heirs "proprietors" 
 or "true and absolute lords" of Maryland. 
 
 Government — 
 
 rroprietary, 1634-1691 
 
 Royal province, 1691-1716 
 
 Proprietary, 1716-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Trading posts established on Chesapeake bay, 1631 
 
 Leonard Calvert purchases the land of the Indians and 
 founds St. Mary's 1634 
 
 First Catholic church in America, 
 Trouble with Virginia over Kent's island. 
 
 Clayborne's Rebellion, 1635-45 
 
 Friendlv relations established with the Indians. 
 The "Toleration Act," 1649 
 
 A representative legislatvire of two houses established, 1650 
 
 Civil war — the Catholics defeated and Baltimore's author- 
 ity overthrown, 1655 
 Oliver Cromwell restores Baltimore's authority, 1658 
 Charles Calvert becomes the first resident lord proprietor, 1675 
 Authority of the Baltimores again overthrown, 1688 
 All classes compelled to pay taxes to the Episcopal church. 
 Boundary disputes with Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lord Baltimore deprived of the colony and Maryland made 
 
 a royal province, 1691 
 
 Severe laws made against the Catholics, 1692 
 
 Enforcement of the Test Act deprives Catholics of political 
 
 privileges, 1702 
 
 Baltimore's privileges restored to his heirs, who had become 
 Protestants, 1716 
 
 City of Baltimore founded, 1729 
 
 15 
 
"Experience had taught the proprietors: they had learned that freedom is 
 essential to the prosperity of a colony and that liberal concessions to the people 
 are better than great outlays of money." 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 At Elizabethtown, 1665 — 
 
 By a small body ofi Englishmen under the leadership of Philip 
 Carteret, who came out as governor. They were soon joined 
 by emigrants from New England and some of the other 
 colonies. The object of the proprietors was to acquire ter- 
 ritory ; of the colonists, to found homes. 
 Authority — 
 
 When, in 1664, New Netherlands came into the possession of the 
 English, the Duke of York, who had been granted the terri- 
 tory by his brother, Charles II, sold the land between the 
 Hudson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
 Carteret. The land was also purchased from the Indians. 
 Government — 
 
 Proprietary, 1665-1702 
 
 Under control of New York, 1702-1738 
 
 Separate royal province, 1738-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 The Duke of York takes the country between the Hudson 
 and the Delaware from the Dutch and sells it to Lord John 
 Berkeley and sir George Carteret, 1664 
 
 Country named New Jersey and a settlement made at Eliza- 
 bethtown by a company imder the leadership of Governor Philip 
 Carteret, 1665 
 
 A company of emigrants from New Haven, who had become 
 dissatisfied with Connecticut, come to New Jersey and settle at 
 Newark. 
 
 The proprietors grant a constitution — the "Concessions." 
 Lands distribtited to the settlers for a quitrent of a half 
 penny per acre. 
 
 First general assembly meets, 1688 
 
 Settlers resist the collection of quitrents, 1670 
 
 The assembly deposes Philip Carteret and chooses his brother 1672 
 Andros appointed royal governor, 1674 
 
 Berkeley sells his share to Enghsh Quakers. 
 
 Jersey divided into East and West Jersey, 1676 
 
 The new {proprietors grant the colonists a charter, 167^ 
 
 Many Quakers from England arrive and found Burlington 1677 
 First general assembly of West Jersey, 1681 
 
 William Penn and other Qtiakers buy East Jersey, 1682 
 
 New Jersey attached to New York, 1688 
 
 Governor Andros overthrown and the old proprietors re- 
 turned to Jersey, 1689 
 Public schools established, 1693 
 Treaty made with the Indians. Trouble over land titles. 
 Proprietors surrender rights of government toEnglish crown, 1702 
 New Jersey united with New York under one government, 
 but retains a separate assembly, 1702 
 New Jersey becomes a separate royal province, 1738 
 Princeton College established, 1746 
 Prosperity of the colony. iQ 
 
"The love of freedom was intense and the hostility to tyranny a universal 
 passion." 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 "The Home of Many Kinds of Settlers" 
 At Albemarle, 1663— 
 
 By a company of English emigrants sent out by the proprietors. 
 Authority — 
 
 After the Restoration in 1660 Charles II was anxious to reward 
 his friends for services rendered him and in 1663 he granted 
 to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen the region 
 along the coast between Albemarle sound and the St. John's 
 river in Florida and westward to the Pacific. 
 Government — 
 
 Proprietary, 1663-1729 
 
 Royal province, 1729-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Government organized. 
 
 Colonists guaranteed religious liberty and exemption from tax- 
 ation without consent of their legislature. 
 
 Clarendon colony founded. Growth of the colony. 
 
 Quakers and other "Dissenters" arrive from other colonies. 
 
 First legislative assembly meets, 1669 
 
 Grand Model drawn up. Popular revolt. 
 
 Lord Clarendon sells out. 
 
 Grand Model abandoned, 1693 
 
 Prosperity of the colony. 
 
 Arrival of French Huguenots. 
 
 War with the Tuscarora Indians, 1711-13 
 
 Carolina divided and North Carolina becomes a separate 
 royal province, 1729 
 
 Arrival of Scotch-Irish emigrants, 1730 
 
 First printing press set up, 1754 
 
 The "back county colonists" revolt against the tyranny of 
 Governor Tyron, 1771 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 At Old Charleston, 1670— 
 
 By English colonists sent otit by the proprietors. 
 Authority — 
 
 Same as for North Carolina. 
 Government — 
 
 Proprietary, 1670-1729 
 
 Royal province, 1729-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 System of popular government established. 
 
 Proprietors adopt a system of cheap rents and liberal boun- 
 ties. 
 
 Arrival of French Huguenots, 1685 
 
 Arrival of German, Scotch-Irish and Scotch Highland emi- 
 grants. 
 
 Importation of Negro slaves. 
 
 Attempts made to introduce the culture of the silk worm. 
 
 Charleston founded and Old Charleston abandoned, 1680 
 
 17 
 
Indian wars. 
 
 Introduction of rice and indigo. Rapid growth of the colony. 
 
 Attempts made to estabUsh the Grand Model. 
 
 Trouble between the proprietors and the colonists. 
 
 Proprietors vote the Grand Model out of existence, 1693 
 
 Colony enters upon upon a new era of prosperity. 
 
 Conflict with the Spaniards of Florida. 
 
 Church of England established. 
 
 Charleston attacked by a French and Spanish fleet, 1706 
 
 Renewal of struggle between proprietors and colonists. 
 
 South Carolina becomes a separate royal province, 1729 
 
 "I will found a free colony for all mankind." 
 
 "Liberty without obedience is confusion and obedience without freedom is 
 slavery." — Wm. Penn. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 At Philadelphia, 1682— 
 
 By English Quakers under the leadership of William Penn, whose 
 object was to found a refuge for persecuted Quakers. He 
 desired to found a state where he might put into practice 
 his theory of government — the Golden Rule — and establish 
 the principles of imiversal brotherhood. 
 Authority — 
 
 In 1681 William Penn secured a charter from Charles 11 and a 
 grant of an immense tract of land west of the Delaware 
 river in payment of a debt which the king had owed Penn's 
 father. 
 Government — 
 
 Proprietary, 1682-1692 
 
 Royal province with New York, 1692-1694 
 
 Proprietary, 1694-1776 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Pennsylvania granted to William Penn by Charles II, 1681 
 
 Deputy Governor William Marham, with emigrants, arrives 
 in Pennsylvania, 1681 
 
 Penn sends a friendly letter to the Indians and to the settlers 
 already in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn purchases Delaware from the Duke of York. 
 
 Penn draws up his charter, the "Frame of Government," in 
 which he limits his own power and that of the proprietors who 
 should succeed him. 
 
 The "forty fimdamental laws" added to Penn's charter. 
 
 Among other things required that all children be taught 
 some useful trade. 
 
 Penn arrives in Pennsylvania and summons an assembly, 1682 
 
 The proprietor, Penn, and the Assembly enact the "Great 
 Law"— 
 
 (1) Granted absolute freedom of conscience. 
 
 (2) Government declared to be for the people and by 
 them. 
 
 (3) Criminals to be reformed as well as punished. 
 
 (4) Murder and treason the only crimes to be punished 
 with death. 
 
 (5) Trial bv jurv granted to Indians as well as iMiglish. 
 
 18 
 
Treaty made with the Indians. 
 
 Schools estabHshed. Philadelphia founded, 1682 
 
 Penn returns to England and stays fifteen years. 1684 
 
 Trouble between the deputy governor and the settlers. 
 Printing press set up in Philadelphia, 1686 
 
 The Quakers remonstrate against slavery, 1688 
 
 Penn grants the Charter of Privileges, 1701 
 
 The old "Frame of Government" formally abandoned. 
 
 (1) An assembly, consisting of a single house, to be an- 
 nually elected by freemen. 
 
 (2) No person to be disturbed in his property except by 
 legal process. 
 
 (3) No person believing in one God to be molested on 
 account of religious belief. 
 
 Prosperity of the colony. 
 
 Penn dies and leaves his estate to his sons, 1718 
 
 At Savannah, 1733— GEORGIA 
 
 By a company of English emigrants under the leadership of 
 James Edward Oglethorpe, who desired to found a home 
 for the poor and oppressed of the Old World. He was also 
 anxious to protect the Carolinas against the Spanish of 
 Florida. 
 Authority — 
 
 In 1732 George II issued a charter granting the territory between 
 
 the Alabama and Savannah rivers and west to the Pacific 
 
 to a corporation "to be held for twenty-one years in trust for 
 
 the poor." Oglethorpe became the head of the corporation. 
 
 Government — 
 
 Proprietary, 1733-1752 
 
 Royal province, 1752-1776 
 
 Oglethorpe arrives with 120 emigrants and founds Savan- 
 nah, 1773 
 Conference with the Indians. German Protestants arrive, 
 Arrival of Swiss peasants and Scotch Highlanders. 
 Rice, indigo and tobacco culture. 
 Attempts made to establish silk culture. 
 Arrival of the Wesleys and Whitfield. 
 The "five restrictions" — 
 
 (1) People allowed no power in making laws for twenty- 
 one years. (2) Land not to descend to women. 
 
 (3) Importation of rum and spirituous liquors prohibited. 
 
 (4) Slavery prohibited. (5) Catholics prohibited from set- 
 tling or holding land in colony. 
 
 Oglethorpe attacks St. Augustine, 1740 
 
 Spanish from Florida invade Georgia, but are defeated, 1742 
 Oglethorpe returns to England, 1743 
 
 The "Rum Act" repealed. Slaves admitted to Georgia, 1743 
 
 The trustees surrender the charter to the Crown and Georgia 
 becomes a royal province, 1752 
 
 A local legislature appointed, 1755 
 
 Georgia divided into eight parishes. 
 
 Church of England established by law. Growth and prosperity. 
 
 19 
 
SPECIAL TOPICS 
 
 Europe at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century. 
 
 Results of Explorations Up to 1600. 
 
 Old World Motives for Colonization. 
 
 Early Settlements. 
 
 Rival Claims to America. 
 
 The Physical Features of North America. 
 
 The Natural Resources of North America. 
 
 COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS 
 Charter Government — 
 
 A government based on a charter given by a king, granting cer- 
 tain political rights and privileges. 
 Royal Government — 
 
 A government by the king through a governor appointed by him. 
 Proprietary Government — 
 
 A government by a proprietor to whom the king granted the 
 province. 
 Commercial Corporation — 
 
 A government in which a commercial company ruled for the pur- 
 pose of gain. 
 Voluntary Association — 
 
 A sort of government where the settlers founded the colony 
 without authority and ruled themselves. 
 
 THE FRENCH IN AMERICA 
 
 Topics for Special Study 
 
 Early French exploration in the New World. 
 Rivalry between France and England in the Old World. 
 Early French settlements in Canada. 
 The French explorations of the Mississippi valley. 
 French settlements in the Mississippi valley. 
 The French and the Indians. 
 The French trade with the Indians. 
 The Jesuit missionaries. 
 The French in the Northwest. 
 The establishment of the French forts. 
 The French in the Ohio valley. 
 Rival French and English claims. 
 The English colonists and their governors. 
 The government of the French colonies. 
 Growth of French and English colonies. 
 
 English and French colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 With the beginning- of the first French and English war, 1689, the early 
 period of American history ends and the middle period begins and continues one 
 hundred years, to 1789, when the Constitution of the United States was adopted. 
 
 King- William's war was the beginning of the great struggle between Eng- 
 land and France to decide which was to be the master of North America. The 
 struggle began in 1689 and ended in 1763. It may be divided into two periods: 
 That from 1689 to 1748, when the struggle was for possession of New France 
 and Acadia. And from 1748 to 1763, when the struggle was not only for New 
 France, but for Louisiana as well. 
 
 20 
 
THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH WARS 
 
 King William's War 
 1689-1697 
 
 Causes 
 
 Trouble between France and England in the Old World. 
 Rivalry between French and English in the New World. 
 Conflicting claims to territory. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 Count Frontenac and his plans. 
 French and Indians ravage the frontier. 
 Indian massacres. 
 
 Capture of Acadia, 1690 
 
 Unsuccessful attacks upon Quebec and Montreal, 1690 
 
 .Acadia recaptured by the French, 1691 
 
 Results 
 Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 
 
 Territory remained as at the beginning of the war. 
 
 Queen Anne's War 
 
 1702-1713 
 
 Causes 
 Trouble in the Old World. 
 Jealousy and disputed territory in the New World. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 Colonists attacked by French and Indians. 
 Indian massacres. 
 
 Capture of Acadia, 1710 
 
 Unsuccessful expedition against Quebec, 1711 
 
 Results 
 Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 
 
 France gave up Acadia and Newfoundland, and acknowl- 
 edged England's claim to the Hudson bay country. 
 
 King George's War 
 
 1744-1748 
 
 Causes 
 
 Jealousy and disputed territory in the New World. 
 Trouble in the Old World. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 French and Indians attack New England settlements. 
 The war in the South. 
 
 Expedition against the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 
 Capture of Louisburg, June 17, 1745 
 
 Results 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 
 
 England restored Louisburg. 
 
 Boundaries between French and English territory left 
 unchanged. 
 
 21 
 
French and Indian War 
 1754-1763 
 
 Causes 
 
 Remote — 
 
 Long-standing enmity between France and England. 
 Conflicting claims to territory. 
 
 Immediate — 
 
 Conflict between settlers of the two nations. 
 Organization of the Ohio Company. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Washington sent to the French fort, 1753 
 
 Ohio Company begins a fort at the headwaters of the Ohio, 
 but are driven off by the French, who complete the fort and name 
 it Duquesne, 1754 
 
 Engagement at Great Meadows in which Washington de- 
 feats the French. 
 
 Washington surrenders Fort Necessity. 
 • The Albany convention, 1754 
 
 Braddock defeated in the expedition against Fort Duquesne, 1755 
 
 The Acadians removed from Nova Scotia (Acadia). 
 
 Expedition against Forts Niagara and Frontenac. 
 
 English repulsed at Fort Ticonderoga. 
 
 England formally declares war, 1756 
 
 Campaign against Louisburg, 1757 
 
 Capture of Louisburg, 1758 
 
 Capture of Forts Frontenac and Duquesne. 
 
 French give up Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 1759 
 
 Capture of Quebec by the English, Sept. 13, 1759 
 
 Montreal taken by the English, 1760 
 
 Pontiac's Conspiracy, 1763 
 
 Results 
 
 Impoverishment of Canada. 
 
 Colonists spent more than $16,000,000. 
 
 America lost more than 30,000 men and suffered all the hor- 
 rors of Indian warfare. 
 
 Taught the colonists the necessity for a union. 
 
 Colonists became better acquainted with each other and 
 learned their strength. 
 
 Trained soldiers for the revolution which followed. 
 
 Helped to open up the West. 
 
 Gave England vast possessions in the New World. 
 
 Treaty of Paris, 1765 
 
 France surrendered Canada, except three small islands 
 near Newfoundland, and her possessions east of the 
 Mississippi, except New Orleans, to England. 
 France ceded her possessions west of the Mississippi and 
 
 also New Orleans to Spain. 
 France ceded Florida to England in exchange for Havana. 
 
 Decided that the language, liberties, laws and institutions of 
 the English people should be perpetuated in America. 
 
 22 
 
A REVIEW OF COLONIAL AMERICA 
 
 The New England Colonies — 
 
 Massachusets, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island. 
 The Middle Colonies — 
 
 New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey. 
 The Southern Colonies — 
 
 Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 
 INDUSTRIAL 
 Occupations 
 
 1. Lumbering. I. The New Lngland Colonies 
 
 a. The land was covered with large trees and as a result lum- 
 bering soon became important. 
 
 2. Shipbuilding. 
 
 a. A great number of large trees made this an extensive in- 
 dustry. 
 
 3. Fishing. 
 
 a. Salmon, cod and mackerel were caught in large numbers. 
 
 b. Whaling was also important. 
 
 4. Commerce. 
 
 a. Sent flour, meat, horses, cattle, fish, oysters, onions, salt and 
 barrel staves to the West Indies, for which they received 
 sugar, molasses, cotton, wool and Spanish dollars. These 
 dollars were used to pay England for her goods. 
 
 Note : Boston employed about six hundred ships in her foreign 
 trade and at least one thousand in her coast trade and her 
 fisheries. 
 
 5. Manufacturing. 
 
 a. Manufacturing was generally forbidden by England, but 
 lumber was sawed, leather tanned, rum distilled from mo- 
 lasses and paper and hats were made. 
 
 6. Agriculture. 
 
 a. Owing to the character of the soil and the climate agriculture 
 was not carried on extensively. 
 
 II. The Middle Colonies 
 
 1. Agriculture. Cattle and grain were produced in large quantities. 
 
 2. Commerce. 
 
 a. Large quantities of sawed lumber, meat, flour and other 
 farm products were exported to Europe and to the West 
 Indies. b. The fur trade was also extensive. 
 
 3. Manufacturing. 
 
 a. Considerable quantities of paper and iron were manufactured, 
 but the restrictions of England prevented their flourishing. 
 L Agriculture. HI- The Southern Colonies 
 
 a. Large quantities of tobacco, rice, indigo, tar and turpentine 
 were produced and sent to England in exchange for manu- 
 factured goods. 
 
 2. Commerce. 
 
 a. The products of the plantations were sent to Europe in ex- 
 change for hardware, crockery, household utensils, clothing, 
 furniture and various articles of luxury. 
 
 3. Manufacturing. 
 
 a. There was no manufacturing of importance. Articles of 
 common use were made on the plantations, usually by the 
 "indented servants." 23 
 
SOCIAL 
 
 The New England Colonies 
 
 1. Society. 
 
 Even in democratic New England distinctions of dress were ob- 
 served to distinguish the different ranks of society. The people were 
 strict in morals. Only the gentry were addressed as Mr. and Mrs. 
 The clergy were included in this class. Others above the rank of 
 servants were called Goodman and Goodv/ife. 
 
 2. Labor. 
 
 Slavery existed to a greater or lesser extent in all the colonies, 
 but it was dying out in the North because it was economically un- 
 profitable. However, there seems to have been no widespread senti- 
 ment against it in New England until after the Revolution. The "in- 
 dented servants" or persons bound to service for a term of years 
 to pay their expenses from the Old World, were an important element 
 in most of the colonies, but they were less in New England than in 
 some other parts of the country. 
 
 The Middle Colonies. 
 L Society. 
 
 The manners of New York were essentially Dutch during colonial 
 days. Because agriculture was the principal industry, most of the 
 people lived on farms. The great patroons along the Hudson main- 
 tained the customs of the best society of Europe. Philadelphia was 
 the largest and most metropolitan city in the colonies. 
 2. Labor. 
 
 The Quakers of Pennsylvania, who found it difficult to reconcile 
 their religious principles with the ownership of human beings, were 
 more opposed to slavery than were any of the other colonists. On 
 the other hand, slavery flourished in Delaware. The "intended 
 servants" and "apprentices" were numerous in the Middle Colonies, 
 especially in Pennsylvania. They usually belonged to a good class 
 of immigrants and often became independent farmers at the end of 
 their time of service and merged into the white population. 
 
 The Southern Colonies 
 L Society. 
 
 The Southern colonists, instead of living in towns and villages, as 
 at the North, had large plantations and were surrounded by many 
 servants and slaves, who performed all the labor, while the master 
 gave himself up to social and political life. His great estate was 
 really a little empire. (The landgraves, who received their titles 
 under the Grand IN'lodel, established the only bona fide nobility ever 
 recognized in America.) 
 2. Labor. 
 
 All labor was performed by servants or slaves. The slaves num- 
 bered from 30 to 60 per cent of the population. The industries of 
 the South were much more suited to slavery than were those of the 
 North and as a result slavery grew rapidly. (In addition to the negro 
 slaves there were large numbers of the "indented servants." The latter 
 included not only those who served of their own will, but also many 
 felons and convicts who had been sent from England. Boys and 
 young women were often kidnaped in Europe and sent to America 
 as servants.) 
 
 24 
 
"Taxation without representation is tyianny." Jas. Otis. 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
 1775-1781 
 
 Causes 
 
 Remote — 
 
 Character of the colonists. 
 
 Independent spirit of the colonists. 
 
 The navigation laws. 
 
 Early struggles with the governors. 
 
 French and English wars. 
 
 The short-sighted colonial policy of England. 
 
 The development of democratic ideas in the New World. 
 
 Recognized principles of the British government. 
 
 Origin and nature of the colonial charters. 
 General- — 
 
 England's claim to the right of arbitrary government. 
 
 Change in England's colonial policy. 
 
 The attitude of France. 
 
 Strict enforcement of navigation laws. 
 
 England's restriction of colonial manufactures. 
 
 Non-importation agreements. 
 
 Growth of pubhc opinion in the colonies. 
 
 The charter disputes. 
 
 Stupidity and stubbornness of the English king and ministry. 
 
 The Henry resolutions. . 
 
 Speeches of Otis, Henry, Sanuiel Adams and others 
 
 The "Farmer's Letters." 
 
 Pitt's speeches in parliament. 
 
 Resolutions of the various colonial assemblies. 
 Direct — 
 
 Writs of Assistance, l^gj 
 
 The Sugar (or Molasses) Act, I754 
 
 The Stamp Act, The Stamp Act Congress. 1765 
 
 The Declaratory Act, ' j^gg 
 
 The Townshend Measures, 1767-68 
 
 The Seizure of the Liberty, 1768 
 
 The Circular Letters of Massachusetts, 1768 
 
 The Quartering Acts, 1765-74 
 
 The Boston Massacre, lyyn 
 
 Insurrection in North Carolina, I77O 
 
 Destruction of the Gaspee, 1772 
 
 Organization of Committees of Correspondence. 1772 
 
 The Tea Tax, The Boston Tea Party, ' I773 
 
 Lord North's Retaliatory Measures : 
 
 i- J!"^ Boston Port Act. 3. The Massachusetts Act 
 
 Z. 1 he Transportation Act. 4. The Quartering Act. 
 ^ 5. The Quebec Act 
 
 i^irst Continental Congress, I774 
 
 The Repressive Measures, 1774-75 
 
 Publication of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," 1776 
 
 The Declaration of Independence, July 4 1776 
 
 Real — 
 
 Taxation without representation. 
 
 25 
 
Campaigns and Events 
 "To arms, to arms! Liberty or death." 
 
 1775 
 The battle of Lexington, April 19. 
 The retreat of the British to Boston. 
 Capture of Ticonderoga by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 
 Crown Point taken, May 12. 
 Second Continental Congress meets. May 10. 
 
 a. Preparations made for carrying on the war. 
 
 b. Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. 
 
 c. Final petition sent to the king. 
 
 Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne arrive at Boston Avith English 
 troops. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 
 Washington takes command of the army, July 2-3. 
 
 General Wm. Howe succeeds General Gage as commander-in- 
 chief of the English armies in America. 
 
 England hires Hess'ians to fight the Americans. 
 
 Invasion of Canada — 
 
 a. Capture of Montreal by Montgomery, Nov. 12. 
 
 b. Battle of Quebec, Montgomery killed, Dec. 12. 
 
 c. Americans driven out of Canada. 
 Siege of Boston. 
 
 "These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent 
 States; that tlaey are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown and that 
 political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought 
 to be, totally dissolved." 
 
 1776 
 Norfolk, Va., destroyed by Governor Dunmore. 
 General Howe evacuates Boston and sails for Halifax, March 17. 
 Washington with his army enters Boston, March 17. 
 Washington goes to New York with the main division of his army. 
 The king returns an answer to the "Olive Branch" petition sent 
 by the Continental Congress. 
 
 a. Insulted the colonists. 
 
 b. Treated the petition with contempt. 
 
 c. Did not recognize the Continental Congress. 
 
 d. Demanded a disbandment of the army and unconditional 
 
 submission. 
 
 e. Hastened the Day of Independence. 
 Thos. Paine publishes "Common Sense." 
 British repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28. 
 The Continental Congress meets. 
 Resolutions of Richard Henry Lee. 
 
 Legislature of Virginia advises a Declaration of Independence, 
 June 12. 
 
 Declaration of Independence adopted by Congress, July 4. 
 Franklin sent to France to obtain help from the government. 
 The New York Campaign — 
 
 a. General Howe lands a large force on Staten island. 
 
 b. British victory at the battle of Long island, Aug. 27. 
 
 c. Skirmish at White Plains, Oct. 28. 
 
 d. The Hessians capture Fort Washington, Nov. 10. 
 
 e. The British under Cornwallis capture Fort Lee, Nov. 18. 
 
 26 
 
Washington's retreat through New Jersey. 
 General Charles Lee captured by British scouts. 
 American victory at Trenton, Dec. 26. 
 
 1777 
 Robert Morris sends money to Washington's army. 
 Battle of Princeton ; British defeated at Morristown, Jan. 3. 
 Washington goes into winter quarters. 
 Arrival of Lafayette, De Kalb and Kosciusko. 
 Americans recover New Jersey. 
 British burn Danbury, Connecticut, April 20. 
 Colonel Meggs destroys British stores at Sag Harbor, May 22. 
 Stars and Stripes adopted by Congress, June 14. 
 Americans capture General Prescott, July 10. 
 The War in Pennsylvania — 
 
 a. British move toward Philadelphia. 
 
 b. Battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11. 
 
 c. British enter Philadelphia, Sept. 26. 
 
 d. Washington repulsed at battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. 
 
 e. British capture Fort Miffin, Nov. 15. 
 
 f. British capture Fort Mercer, Nov. 20. 
 
 g. British fail in a plan to attack Washington at White- 
 
 marsh. . 
 h. Washington goes into Avinter quarters at Valley Forge, 
 Pennsylvania, Dec. 19. 
 The War in the North — 
 
 a. Burgoyne succeeds Sir Guy Carleton in command of the 
 
 British army in Canada. 
 
 b. British troops collected at Quebec. 
 
 c. Advance of Burgoyne from Canada. 
 
 d. Capture of Ticonderoga, July 5. 
 
 e. Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16. 
 
 f. General Schuyler succeeded by General Gates. 
 
 g. Battle of Bemis Heights, Sept. 19. 
 h. Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7. 
 
 i. Surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 
 
 Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. 
 
 The plot to remove Washington fro mcommand 
 
 1778 
 
 The winter at Valley Forge. 
 
 The French alliance — France acknowledges the independence of 
 the United States. 
 
 Fleet and army sent from France to yVmerica. 
 
 England makes peace propositions. 
 
 General Howe succeeded by Clinton. 
 
 British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18. 
 
 Arnold placed in command of Philadelphia. 
 
 Battle of Monmouth, June 28. 
 
 Lee's disgrace. British retreat to New York. 
 
 Arrival of the French fleet under command of D'Estaino-. 
 
 Americans lay siege to Newport. '^ 
 
 Clinton sends out marauding expeditions. 
 
 Command of naval forces transferred from Lord Howe to Ad- 
 miral Byron. 
 
 27 
 
American shipping from Little Egg Harbor burned by British. 
 Indian massacres in Wyoming valley, Pennsylvania and Cherry 
 valley, New York. 
 
 Major Clark captures Forts Kaskaskia and Vincennes. 
 The French fleet sails to the West Indies, Nov. 5. 
 The war transferred to the South. 
 Savannah captured and Georgia overrun. 
 
 Campaigns and Events 
 
 1779 
 
 British capture Fort Sanbury and Augusta, South Carolina. 
 Defeat of General Ashe at Brier Creek, Georgia. 
 Royal government re-established in Georgia. 
 General Tyron's depredations in Connecticut. 
 British capture Stony Point and Vesplanck's Point, June 1. 
 Virginia invaded by bands of Tories. 
 ' General Anthony Wayne recaptures Stony Point, July 15. 
 American victory at Jersey City, July 18. 
 General Sullivan defeats the Six Nations. 
 The naval success of Paul Jones. 
 Generals Lincoln and D'Estaing repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 
 
 1780 
 
 South Carolina overrun by the British. 
 
 Charleston captured by the British, May 12. 
 
 Arrival of Rochambeau and his army with a fleet. 
 
 American victory at Hanging Rock, Aug. 6. 
 
 Americans under command of General Gates defeated at Cam- 
 den, Aug. 16. 
 
 Exploits of Marion, Sumter and Pickens. 
 
 Treason of Benedict Arnold. 
 
 Execution of Major Andre, Oct. 2. 
 
 American victory at King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 
 
 New army raised for South and put under command of General 
 Greene. 
 
 Holland begins negotiations with United States which resulted 
 in a commercial treaty. 
 
 1781 
 
 Arnold leads a British expedition into Virginia. 
 
 American victory .at Cowpens, Jan. 17. 
 
 Greene's celebrated retreat, January-February. 
 
 Battle of Guilford Courthouse, March 15. 
 
 Capture of Fort Watson. 
 
 Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. 
 
 Cornwallis takes command of British forces in the South. 
 
 Siege of Ninety-Six, June. 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 18. 
 
 Cornwallis besieged at Yorktown. 
 
 Cornwallis surrendered, Oct. 19. 
 
 Articles of Confederation were ratified by all of the states and 
 went into effect during the first part of the year. 
 
 28 
 
Events From the Surrender of Cornwallis to the End of the War 
 
 1782 
 
 Practical suspension of hostilities. 
 
 Peace resolutions passed by the House of Commons. February. 
 
 Lord North resigns and a ministry favorable to the Americans is 
 formed, March 7. 
 
 The Dutch Republic acknowledges the independence of the United 
 States, April. 
 
 Last battle of the Revolution, a skirmish near Savannah, June 24. 
 
 Prehminaries of peace between the United States and Great 
 Britain signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 
 
 1783 
 
 Prehminary treaties by France, Spain and Great Britain signed 
 at Versailles, Jan. 20. 
 
 Independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden 
 Feb. 5; Denmark, Feb. 25; Spain, March 24; Russia in July. 
 
 Peace proclaimed by Congress, April 11. 
 
 Peace announced to the army by Washington, April 19. 
 
 Definite treaty of peace between England and the United States, 
 France, Spain and Holland, Sept. 3. 
 
 Proclamation for disbanding the army, Oct. 18. 
 
 Washington issues farewell orders. Nov. 2. 
 
 New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 23. 
 
 Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 
 
 Results of the War 
 
 Independence of the United States established. 
 Cost the United States about $175,000,000 and a great number of 
 lives, and hardship, suffering and privation that cannot be measured. 
 Restored constitutional government in England. 
 Cost Great Britain about $500,000,000 and over 50,000 lives. 
 Cost France nearly $75,000,000 and many lives. 
 
 PREVIEW 
 
 The times that tried men's souls really began long before Old World Eng- 
 lishmen in red coats met New World Englishmen in homespuns on the martial 
 slopes of Bunker Hill. And it continued long after the cannonading at York- 
 town had ceased to echo through America. 
 
 From the day that the oppression of George and North forced the colonists 
 to look only to themselves for relief until independence was finally won in a 
 long and terrible revolution and made secure by the political philosophy that all 
 men are equal it was a time that tried the souls of the truest and noblest. It 
 was, in fact, a crucial period when men were separated from dross, when the 
 line was drawn between fundamental democracy and arrogant aristocracy, 
 when the Old World fiction of the divine right of kings was weighed in the bal- 
 ance and found wanting. 
 
 Old things passed away, old constitutions were transformed and new 
 ones were created. Long strides were taken in the direction of human freedom. 
 A declaration that governments derive their just power from the consent of the 
 governed was made and maintained and crystallized in a federal constitution. 
 
 Ancient tyrannies were startled. Old World despots trembled on quaking 
 thrones as the New World democracy broke away from the artificial reverence 
 which a prostrate humanity had too long shown to the powers which had 
 usurped government. America crossed the final threshold which led from the 
 ignorance and superstition of the Middle Ages to the enlightenment of the New. 
 A nation was born, and with it a new society and a new man. 
 
 29 
 
"American history is a record of a continuous process of union." 
 
 : STEPS LEADING TO UNION 
 
 Union of Connecticut Towns 
 
 1639 
 
 ' Was the first definite step toward union. 
 
 Delegates were present from Hartford, Windsor and Wethers- 
 field. 
 
 Adopted the "oldest truly political constitution in America." 
 
 The New England Confederation 
 
 1643 
 
 Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, New Plymouth, Connecticut and 
 New Haven entered into a league "for mutual strength in all our 
 future concernments." 
 
 Attended by two commissioners from each colony. 
 
 Held annual meetings. 
 
 Discussed questions of peace, war and Indian relations. 
 
 Possessed only advisory powers. 
 
 Dissolved in 1684. 
 
 Confederation Between 1690 and 1754 
 
 A meeting in New York in 1690 of commissioners from Massa- 
 chusetts, Virginia, Plymouth, Connecticut *and New York "to fix 
 upon such methods as should be judged most suitable to provide for 
 the general defense and security, and for subduing the common 
 enemy" was the first of about a dozen such intercolonial conferences. 
 
 As a result of these meetings social and religious prejudices were 
 weakened and a sentiment for tmion was stimulated. 
 
 Note : In 169/ William Penn presented to the Board of Trade a 
 plan of union for the colonies which, though not adopted, is of interest, 
 for it used the word congress for the first time in connection with 
 American afifairs. 
 
 The plans presented for the following fifty years were largely 
 fashioned after this plan. 
 
 The Albany Congress 
 
 1754 
 Assembled at the direction of the Lords of Trade. 
 Was composed of twenty-five of the leading men from seven 
 colonies. 
 
 Made a treaty with the Indians. 
 
 Adopted a unanimous resolution that "a union of all the colonics 
 is at present absolutely necessary for security and defense." 
 Adopted Franklin's "Albany" Plan of Union. 
 
 This plan provided for the permanent federation of all the 
 
 colonies. 
 Did not secure the ratification of a single colony and was 
 
 disapproved by the English government. 
 Note : Franklin said : "The assemblies all thought there 
 was too much prerogative and in England it was thought 
 to have too much of the democratic." 
 'i.s an important step toward union. 
 
 30 
 
stamp Act Congress 
 
 1765 
 Met in response to an invitation issued by the Massachusetts 
 House of Representatives, principally to take action against the 
 Stamp Act. 
 
 Was attended by twenty-eight delegates representing nine col- 
 onies. (Colonies not not represented M^ere Virginia, North Carolina, 
 New Hampshire and Georgia.) 
 
 Met in New York and remained in session two Aveeks. 
 Measures — 
 
 A petition to the king. A memorial to the House of Lords. 
 An appeal to the Commons. 
 A declaration of rights — 
 
 States the rights of the colonists to be the same as those 
 
 of natural born subjects of England. 
 Note: Christopher Gasden of South Carolina asserted: 
 "There ought to be no New England man, no New 
 Yorker, known on the continent ; but all of us 
 Americans." 
 
 Stamp act Avas repealed the next year. 
 First Continental Congress 
 September and October, 1774 
 1774 
 The English government continued her policy of coercion and in 
 1774 passed the repressive acts. 
 
 Again Massachusetts, under the leadership of Samuel Adams, 
 called for a congress of all the colonies and hastened the meeting 
 through its committees of correspondence. 
 
 Delegates from all the colonies except Georgia assembled at 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, and remained in session until Oct. 26. 
 Measures: 
 
 A non-intercourse agreement. 
 
 An appeal to the people of Great Britain. 
 
 An address to the people of Canada. 
 
 A petition to the king. 
 
 A declaration of rights : 
 
 Laid claims to liberties and immunities of Englishmen, 
 including a "Right of Representation ... in all 
 cases of taxation and internal policy subject only to 
 the negative of their sovereign," and enumerated 
 what they declared were "infringements and viola- 
 tions of the rights of the colonists." 
 Insisted upon the right of trial by jury. 
 Protested against the keeping of a standing army in any 
 colony without the consent of the legislature. 
 Second Continental Congress 
 
 Measures— 1775-1781 
 
 Sent a petition to the king. 
 Took control of military affairs. 
 
 Elected Washington commander-in-chief of the army. 
 Provided for a national currency. 
 Established a treasury department. 
 Organized a general postofficc. 
 
 31 
 
opened Aiucricuii ports to all nations. 
 
 Appointed a committee to formulate ideas of independence 
 
 and one to devise a form of confederation. 
 Adopted Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 
 Sent a committee to France. Adopted general war measures. 
 Adopts Articles of Confederation, Nov. 15, 1777. 
 Note : Articles w^ere not adopted by the states until March 1, 1781. 
 Insisted upon the right of trial by jury. 
 
 Protested against the keeping of a standing army in any 
 colony without the consent of the legislature. 
 Congress of the Confederation 
 
 March 1, 1781, to March 2, 1789 
 Held annual sessions. Each state sent not less than two nor 
 
 more than seven delegates, who were elected by the state legislatures 
 
 for a term of one year, but they could be recalld at any time. No one 
 
 could serve for more than three years in six. The delegates were 
 
 paid by the states and each state had one vote. 
 
 Powers of the Congress — 
 
 Declare war and make treaties and alliances. 
 Establish rules governing captures on land and water. 
 Grant letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace. 
 Send and receive ambassadors. 
 
 Appoint courts for trial of piracies and felonies on the high seas. 
 Decide, on appeal, disputes between the states concerning boun- 
 daries and jurisdiction. 
 Regulate the value of coins struck by Congress or by the states. 
 Fix the standard of weights and measures. 
 Regulate trade and manage all affairs with the Indians, not 
 
 members of states. 
 Establish and regulate postoftices. 
 
 Limitations of Congress — 
 Defective organization. 
 
 Lacked power to raise revenue and regulate commerce. 
 Could not enforce order, was practically little more than an ad- 
 visory body. 
 
 Work Accomplished — 
 
 Was the general governing body during the time that the Articles 
 
 of Confederation were in force. 
 Negotiated the peace treaty with England. 
 Adopted the Ordinance of 1787. 
 It "Resolved," 
 
 "That, in the opinion of Congres.s, it is expedient that, on the second 
 Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have been ap- 
 pointed by the several states, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and 
 express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and i-eporting to 
 Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions there- 
 in as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the state, render 
 the federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and 
 preservation of the Union." 
 
 Also, "Resolved" (Sept. 13, 1788) : 
 
 "That, the first "Wednesday in January next be the day for appointing 
 electors in the several states which before the said day shall have ratified 
 constitution; that the first Wednesday in February next be the day foi 
 them to assemble in their respective states and vote for a President; and 
 that the first AVednesday in March next be the time, and the present seat 
 of Congress (New York) the place, for commencing the proceedings under 
 the said oonstitution." 32 
 
"Thirteen soveieignties pulling' aguinst each otht-v and all tugging at the 
 federal head will soon bring' ruin on the whole." — Washington. 
 
 THE CRITICAL PERIOD 
 1783-1789 
 
 Events Between the Signing of the Peace Treaty and the Adoption of the 
 
 Constitution 
 Mutiny of the troops, 1783 
 
 The army formally disbanded, Nov. 3, 1783 
 
 New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25, 1783 
 
 Washington resigns his command, Dec. 23. 1783 
 
 Publication of the first daily newspaper, "The American Daih' 
 
 Advertiser," 1784 
 
 Jefiferson sent as minister plentipotentiary to Erance. 
 Present system of land surveys adoi)ted. 
 Difficulties with England over the execution of the treaty of 
 
 peace, 1784-88 
 
 Difificulties with Spain over the navigation of the Mississippi, 1784 
 John Adams appointed as the first minister of the United 
 
 States to Great Britain, 1785 
 
 The organization of the State of Eranklin. 
 The Alexandria Convention. 
 
 The trouble with the Barbary pirates. 1785-87 
 
 The decimal system of currency adopted. 1786 
 
 The Annapolis Convention. 
 
 Shay's Rebellion, 1786-87 
 
 The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 
 
 The Constitutional Convention, 1787 
 
 Constitution ratified by the states. 
 
 Analysis of the 
 ARTICLES OE CONEEDERATION 
 
 Adopted by Congress Nov. 15, 1777 
 Adopted by the States March 1, 1781 
 Nature of the Articles — 
 
 Congress consisted of but one house. 
 
 Delegates were appointed each year by the states. 
 
 Number to be not less than two nor more than seven from each 
 
 state. 
 Each state had but one vote. 
 
 Delegates were paid by the states sending them. 
 The votes of nine states necessary to pass a measure. 
 The vote of all states necessary to adopt amendments. 
 Powers of the Confederation — 
 
 Declare war. !\Iake treaties. 
 
 Send ambassadors. Establish post roads. 
 
 Sustain the navy. Regulate Indian afifairs. 
 
 Issue money. Fix standard of weights and measures 
 
 Limitation of the Confederation — 
 
 Could not enforce the collection of taxes. 
 Could not raise an army. 
 No executive. No judiciary. 
 Powers Granted to the States — 
 
 Retained sovereignty. Could not l>f cot-rood. 
 Executed the decrees of Congress. 
 
 33 
 
"A nation without a national goveinment is an awful spectacle." — Federalist. 
 "Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can repair. The 
 event is in the hands of God." — "Washington. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 
 May 14— Sept. 17, 1787 
 At Philadelphia — 
 
 Formally called by the Confederation Congress "for the sole and 
 express purpose of revising the articles of confederation, and 
 reporting to Congress and the several legislatures, such al- 
 terations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in 
 Congress and confirmed by the states, render the federal 
 constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and 
 the preservation of the Union." 
 President — -GeoVge Washington, Virginia. 
 vSecretary — William Jackson, New York. 
 Leaders — 
 
 Washington, Madison, Franklin, Hamilton, Randolph, Dickinson, 
 Paterson, Martin. 
 State Representatives — 
 
 Virginia — George Washington, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, 
 James Madison, George Mason, George WVthe, Jas. McClurg. 
 
 Pennsylvania — -Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Mor- 
 ris, George Clymer, Thos. Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James 
 Wilson, Gouvernettr Morris. 
 
 New York — Alexander Hamilton, Robert Yates. John Lansing. 
 
 New Hampshire — John Langdon. Nicholas Oilman. 
 
 Massachusetts — Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham. Rtiftis King. 
 Caleb Strong. 
 
 Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth, W. S. Johnson. 
 
 New Jersey — William Livingston, David Brearly, William Peter- 
 son, Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 Delaware — John Dickinson, George Reed, Gunning Bedford, 
 Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. 
 
 Maryland — Luther Martin, James McHenry, Daniel Jenifer, Dan- 
 iel Corroll, John F. Marcer. 
 
 North Carolina — Alexander Martin, William R. Davie, William 
 Blount, Richard D. Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
 
 South Carolina — C. C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, John Rut- 
 ledge, Pierce Butler. 
 
 Georgia — William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, Wil- 
 liam Houston. 
 Causes — 
 
 Weakness of the Articles of Confederation which resulted in the 
 Critical Period. 
 
 Failure of the Annapolis Convention. 
 
 Shay's Rebellion and other insurrections. 
 Events — Convention begins the transaction of business, May 25. 
 
 Discussion of the Virginia and New Jersey plans (and others). 
 
 Adoption of the Virginia Plan with some modifications. 
 
 Framing of the Constitution. 
 
 Adoption of the Constitution, Sept. 17, 1787. 
 
 The Constitution transmitted to the Congress of the Confeder- 
 ation and In- it submitted !<» the states, b\- which it was 
 ratified. ,';4 
 
"The materials for building the American Constitution were the gifts of the 
 ages." —Bancroft. 
 
 "The only way to understand the Constitution is to read it several times 
 very carefully and then memorize the inost important parts." 
 
 "The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make or 
 alter their constitution of government." —Washington. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 Preamble 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more per- 
 fect union, estabhsh justice, insure domestic tranquihty, provide for 
 the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the 
 blessing's of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
 established this Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 Article I — The legislative power. 
 
 Article II— The executive power. 
 
 Article III — The judicial power. 
 
 Article IV — JMiscellaneous. 
 
 Article V — Method of amending the Constitution. 
 
 Article VI — Validity of Confederation debts and the supremacy of 
 
 the Constitution. 
 Article VII— Mode of ratification. 
 
 Amendments. 
 
 Legislative Department. 
 
 Congress, 
 Senate — 
 
 Eligibility of meml)ers. 
 
 How elected. 
 
 Number — original, present. 
 
 Term of office. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Presiding ofificer. 
 
 President — 
 Eligibility. 
 How elected. 
 
 Courts — 
 
 Supreme, 
 
 Number. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Jurisdiction. 
 Inferior, 
 
 Number. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Composition. Powers. 
 
 House of Representatives — - 
 
 Eligibility of members. 
 
 How elected. 
 
 Number — original, present. 
 
 Term of office. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Presiding ofificer. 
 Executive Department 
 
 How removed. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Term of office. 
 Judicial 
 
 jurisdiction. 
 Judges — 
 
 How chosen. 
 
 How removed. 
 
 Number — original, present. 
 
 Term of office. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 35 
 
"I do solemnly swear (or attiini) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
 President of the United States; and, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect 
 and defend the Constitution of the United States." — President's oath of office. 
 
 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 Two Terms— 1789-1797 
 Vice President — John Adams, Massachusetts. 
 Cabinet — 
 
 Secretary of State — Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Sept. 26, 1789. 
 Secretary of Treasury — Alexander Hamilton, New York, Sept. 11. 
 Secretary of War — Henry Knox, Massachusetts, Sept. 12. 
 Attorney General — Edmund Randolph, Virginia, Sept. 26. 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1789 
 Congress fully organized and begins work, April 6. 
 Congress meets in joint session to canvass the electoral votes 
 and issues certificates of election to Washington and Adams. 
 Washington inaugurated, April 30. 
 Formation of the president's cabinet. 
 Organization of the judiciary. 
 
 John Jay appointed first chief justice of the supreme court. 
 Congress imposes a revenue tariff tax. 
 Congress passes a tonnage act. 
 Congress re-enacts the Ordinance of 1787. 
 North Carolina ratifies the Constitution. 
 Trotible with the Barbary pirates. 
 Washington makes a tour of the Eastern states, 1789-90. 
 
 1790 
 The slavery debates in Congress. 
 
 Hamilton ofifers to Congress his report on the settlement of the 
 public debt. 
 
 Recommended — 
 
 The funding- of the national debt. 
 The assumption of the state debts. 
 An excise tax. 
 Congress passes the funding bill, the assumption bill, and enacts 
 an excise law. 
 
 National capital established at Philadelphia from 1790 to 1800. 
 when it was to be permanently located on the Potomac. 
 
 Enactment of the first naturalization law fixing the term at two 
 years. 
 
 First patent law enacted. 
 
 The territory southwest of the Ohio organized. 
 North Carolina ceded territory to the federal government. 
 District of Columbia ceded by Virginia and Maryland to the 
 United States. 
 
 Death of Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution. 
 
 General Harmer defeated by the Indians. 
 
 The National Gazette established at Philadelphia. 
 
 First ten amendments become effective, Dec. 15. 
 
 The first census, population 3.939,827. 
 
 Imports for 1790, $23,000,000; exports, $539,156. 
 Area of the United States, 827,844 square miles. 
 
 36 
 
1791 
 
 jail, 1, amount of national debt, $75,463,476. 
 
 Hamilton urges a protective tariff and internal im.provementr>. 
 
 Bank of the United States established, 
 
 A coinage law enacted. 
 
 A mint established at Philadelphia. 
 
 Vermont admitted into the Union as a free Estate. 
 
 Sunday schools first established. 
 
 Anthracite coal discovered in Pennsylvania. 
 
 General St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio. 
 
 1792 
 First fugitive slave act passed. 
 
 Kentucky admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 Captain Robert Gray explores and names the Columbia river. 
 Presidential campaign, Washington re-elected. 
 
 1793 
 Invention of the cotton gin. 
 Difificulties with Great Britain and France. 
 "Citizen" Genet's mission to the United States. 
 Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality. 
 Difficulties with Spain and Holland. 
 Yellow fever in Philadelphia. 
 Organization of "Democratic Societies." 
 The impressment of American seamen by Fnglaiid. 
 Increasing hostility to England. 
 
 Chief Justice Jay sent as envoy extraordinary to England. 
 Washington lays the cornerstone of the new national capital. 
 Dissensions in the cabinet. 
 
 Jefferson makes his last report to Congress on the commercial 
 relations of the United States. 
 
 1794 
 Jefferson retires from the cabinet. 
 France recalls Genet and appoints M. Fouchet. 
 The Ohio Indians defeated by Wayne. 
 The whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1795 
 Jay's treaty with England ratified. 
 Jay elected governor of New York. 
 Oliver Ellsworth appointed Chief Justice. 
 Treaty with Spain over the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 Treaty with the Dey of Algiers. 
 
 Hamilton makes his last financial report to Congress. 
 Hamilton retires from the cabinet. 
 
 1796 
 Naturalization period changes to five years. 
 
 James Monroe, envoy to France, recalled and C. C. Pinckney 
 appointed. 
 
 Tennessee admitted into the L'nion as a slave state. 
 Washington issues his farewell address. 
 Development of party feehng. 
 Third presidential campaign — John Adams elected. 
 
 37 
 
It is necossaiy "to convince France .'ind the woi'kl that we are not a degraded 
 people humiliated under a colonial spirit of fear and sense of inferiority, fitted 
 to be miserable instruments of foreign influence and regardless of national honor, 
 character and interest." — John Adams. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1797-1801 
 \ice President — Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1797 
 
 Continued trouble with France. 
 
 The president calls a special session of Congress. 
 John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry and C. C. Pinckney sent as envoys 
 extraordinary to France. 
 The "X Y Z" affair. 
 
 1798 
 Ihe eleventh amendment to the Constittttion declared effective. 
 Preparations made for a Avar with France. 
 
 A navy created. 
 
 A provisional army created. 
 
 Washington appointed commander-in-chief. 
 Naval war with France. 
 Department of the navy created. 
 The alien and sedition laws. 
 
 Naturalization period changed to fourteen years. 
 The Virginia resolutions. 
 The stamp tax. 
 
 First direct tax levied by the federal government on lands, houses 
 and negro slaves. 
 
 Fries' rebellion. (Cause?) 
 
 Formation of the Mississippi territory. 
 
 Publication of "Hail, Columbia." 
 
 1799 
 New York abolishes slavery. 
 Steam engines coming into general use. 
 A new mission sent to France. 
 
 Peace made with France — a treaty with Napoleon. 
 The Kentucky resolutions. 
 Death of Washington, Dec. 14 (age 67 years). 
 
 1800 
 Capital moved to Washington. 
 Disbandment of the provisional army. 
 Formation of the Indiana territory. 
 Presidential campaign — Jefferson elected. 
 The judiciary act. 
 The second census — 
 
 Population, 5,395,937. 
 
 Imports for 1800, $91,252,768; exports, $39,130,877. 
 
 1801 
 John Marshall appointed chief justice. 
 The "Midnight Appointments." 
 
 38 
 
TOPICS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 The United States at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. 
 (To be a general sketch.) 
 
 The poHtical history of the United States to 1800. 
 
 "Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with one heart and one mind and labor 
 for the welfare of the country. 
 
 "Equal and exact justice to all men; — peace, coinmerce and honest friend- 
 ship with all nations — entangling: alliances with none — the support of the state 
 g-overnments in all their rights — the preservation of the general government in 
 its whole constitutional vigor — a jealous care of the rights of election by the 
 people — economy in the public expense — the honest payment of our debts." 
 
 — Jefferson. 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Two Terms— 1801-1809 
 Vice Presidents — 
 
 Aaron Burr, New York. George Chnton, New York. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1801 
 
 Jefferson stops prosecutions under the sedition act. 
 
 The army and the navy reduced. 
 
 Economy in public expenditures. 
 
 The president begins the custom of written messages to Congress. 
 
 The National Intelligencer established. 
 
 Tripoli declares war against the United States. 
 
 1802 
 The judiciary act of 1801 (the "midnight" act) repealed. 
 The internal revenue duties repealed. 
 
 Naturalization period changed from fourteen to five years. 
 Military academy established at West Point. 
 Louisiana ceded by Spain to France. 
 Georgia cedes her western lands to the federal government. 
 
 1803 
 Ohio admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 The bankruptcy act repealed. 
 Trouble with England over the boundary. 
 The burning of the Philadelphia. 
 
 Purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000. 
 Fort Dearborn built as a frontier post. 
 
 1804 
 The twelfth amendment becomes effective. 
 Radical Federalists in New England threaten secession. 
 The Lewis and Clark expediti(3n. 
 Pike's expedition — Pikes Peak discovtix^d. 
 New Jersey abolishes slavery. 
 Impeachment of Judge Chase. 
 Hamilton killed in a duel with Burr. 
 Presidential campaign — Jefferson re-elected. 
 
 39 
 
1805 
 Difficulties with Spain. 
 The impressment question. 
 
 TripoH forced to make a trea;ty with the United .States. 
 The territory of Michigan organized. 
 Western exploration. 
 Foreign afifairs. 
 
 1806 
 
 European blockades by Great Britain. 
 
 The non-importation act passed by Congress. 
 
 Berlin decree issued by Napoleon. 
 
 The Monroe treaty with Great Britain. 
 
 The government appropriates money for a national road. 
 
 1807 
 
 Aaron Burr tried for treason and acquitted. 
 Anti-slaver}^ agitation. 
 Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton. 
 
 The government appropriates money for coast surve}'s. 
 The Chesapeake affair. 
 
 The president forbids British war vessels to enter harbors of 
 the United States. 
 
 British orders in council. 
 
 Napoleon issues the Milan decree. 
 
 The embargo act passed by Congress. 
 
 Opposition to the embargo. 
 
 The New England secession movement. 
 
 1808 
 
 The enforcement act. *" 
 
 Napoleon issues the Bayonne decree. 
 
 Importation of slaves forbidden. 
 
 ] 'residential campaign — ^ladison elected. 
 
 1809 
 
 The embargo act repealed. 
 The non-intercourse act passed. 
 T11inc»is territory organized. 
 
 "A |>o)iular goveiniueiit williout vjopulnr iut'cnniit ion, nr I he iiiean.'^ of 
 iKiiuiring- it. i.s but to prolong a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both. Knowledgre 
 nill forever govern ignorance and a. people who mean to be their o\vn governors 
 must ram (hem.sel\os with the power which knowledge gixes." 
 
 — Madison. 
 
 40 
 
"To £oBtei- a spiiil of independence too just to invade the rights of others, 
 too pi'oud to surrender our own, to libei-al to indulge unworthy prejudices our- 
 selves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to liold the union 
 of the states as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Consti_ 
 tution, which is the, cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its 
 authorities; to respect the rights and authorites reserved to the states and to 
 the people, as equally ncorporated with and essential to the success of tlie gen- 
 eral system." —JMadison. 
 
 JAMES MADISON'S ADMINISTRA IION 
 
 Two Terms— 1809-1817 
 
 Vice Presidents — 
 
 George Clinton, New York; Elbridge Gerry, Massacluisetts. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1809 
 
 Embargo act superseded by the non-intercotirse act. 
 The Erskine treaty with Great Britain. 
 The Macon bill passed by Congress. 
 The Ohnstead case settled. 
 
 1810 
 
 Duplicity of Napoleon. 
 
 End of non-intercourse policy. 
 
 Indian troubles. 
 
 Third census — Population 7.215,791. 
 
 Imports, $85,400,000; exports. $24,301,295. 
 
 1811 
 
 Great Britain refuses to repeal obnoxious measures. 
 
 Non-intercourse resumed against Great Britain. 
 
 First steamboats on the Ohio and Mississippi. 
 
 Great earthquake in the Southwest. 
 
 Fight between the "President" and "Little Belt," May 16. 
 
 Tectimseh's conspiracy. Battle of 'i'ippecanoe, Nov. 7. 
 
 John C. Calhoun enters Congress. 
 
 Charter of the First National Bank expires. 
 
 A settlement established at Astoria, Oregon. 
 
 1812 
 
 Embargo laid for ninety days against Great Britain. 
 Louisiana admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 The Henry episode. 
 
 The president sends a message to Congress favoring war. 
 Congress declares war against Great Britain, Jime 18. 
 Preparations made for carrying on war. 
 
 Great Britain declares a blockade of all American ports except 
 those of New England. 
 
 Federalist opposition to the war. Riots in Baltimore. 
 
 Hull invades Canada. 
 
 Detroit surrendered by Hull. Aug. 16. 
 
 British gain the Northwest. 
 
 41 
 
Americans dcieatcd at Ouccnsluwu iicights, (Jet. 13. 
 Presidential campaign — Madison re-elected. 
 The territory of Missouri organized. 
 The naval battles and the privateers. 
 
 1813 
 
 West PTorida taken from the Spaniards. 
 
 A detachment of Kentucky troops surrender at Frenchtown. 
 
 Massacre at the Raisin river, Jan. 22. 
 
 The cruises of the Essex on the Pacific. 
 
 England enforces a blockade of the American ports. 
 
 Americans capture York, April 27. Siege of Fort Meigs, May 1. 
 
 Siege of Fort Stephenson, Aug. 2. 
 
 Massacre at Fort Mimms, Aug. 30. 
 
 Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 
 
 American victory at the battle of the Thames. Oct. 5. 
 
 Battle of Chrysler's field, Nov. 11. 
 
 Daniel Webster enters Congress as a Moderate Federalist. 
 
 1814 
 
 Great Britain forces a blockade of all American ports. 
 
 Creek Indians defeated by Jackson at Horseshoe Bend, March 27. 
 
 Americans capture Fort Erie, July 3. 
 
 American victory at Chippewa, July 5. 
 
 American victory at Lundy's Lane, July 25. 
 
 Washington captured and partly burned by the British, Aug. 24. 
 
 American naval vict<5ry on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. 
 
 American victory at Plattsburg, Sept. 11. 
 
 British attack on Fort Henry repulsed, Sept. 13. 
 
 The "Star-Spangled Banner" v\^ritten. 
 
 British attack repulsed at Fort Erie, Sept. 17. 
 
 Jackson takes Pensacola, Nov. 11. 
 
 Hartford Convention, Dec. 15. 
 
 Treaty of peace, Dec. 24. 
 
 1815 
 
 Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. Peace treaty ratified. 
 War, resulting in a treaty, declared against Algiers. 
 
 1816 
 
 The Second National Bank chartered for twenty years. 
 
 Indiana admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 
 The American Colonization Society organized. 
 
 The salary grab bill passed by Congress. 
 
 The opening of the question of internal improvements. 
 
 Tarifif act of 1816, duties increased. 
 
 Beginning of the first Seminole war. 
 
 Changes made in the navigation laws. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Monroe elected. 
 
 Appropriations made for internal improvements. 
 
 1817 
 
 The neutrality law enacted. 
 
 42 
 
WAR Ol' 1812 
 "The Second War for Independence." 
 
 The Plan of the Americans Was — 
 
 (1) An army under Hull was to move from Detroit and invade 
 Canada from the west. (2) An invasion was to be made at the 
 center. An army under General Van Rensselaer was to cross Niagara 
 river, take Oueenstown and join Hull. The two armies were then 
 to capture York, now Toronto, and- go eastward toward Montreal. 
 (3) An army under l^carl)orn was to go 1-)y way of Lake Cham- 
 plain and meet the troops under Hull and Van Rensselaer before 
 Montreal, where the three armies were to unite for an attack on 
 Montreal and Quebec and thus complete the conquest of Canada. 
 
 But the plan of the Americans proved to be a dismal failure. 
 Hull was driven from Canada and surrendered his army and the 
 whole of the Northwest at Detroit. Van Rensselaer was defeated 
 at Oueenstown and did not even get a foothold in Canada. Dearborn 
 stopped after reaching the northern boundary of New York and the 
 year of 1812 came to an end without accomplishing anything. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Remote — 
 
 England's injustice. 
 Growth of a national spirit. 
 Immediate — 
 
 Dispute over treaty of 1783. 
 
 England incites Indians to outrages upon the Americans. 
 
 British and French acts relating to commerce. 
 
 England's violation of neutral rights. 
 
 Expiration of Jay's treaty. 
 
 New theories of international law. 
 
 Impressment of American seamen. 
 
 Campaigns and Events 
 
 First Campaign — 
 
 Hull surrenders Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812. 
 
 Harrison attempts to recover Detroit. 
 
 Americans defeated at Frenchtown, Jan. 22, 1813. 
 
 Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 12. 
 
 Americans under Harrison (who had succeeded Hull) invade 
 
 Canada and are victorious at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 
 Second Campaign — 
 
 Americans under Van Rensselaer repulsed at Oueenstown Heights, 
 
 Oct. 13, 1812. 
 Americans capture and burn York, April 17, 1813. 
 Fort Erie captured, July 3, 1814. 
 Americans are successful at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, July 
 
 5 and 25. 
 Americans driven from Canada. 
 Third Campaign — 
 
 Failure of expedition against Montreal, 1813. 
 
 British gather a fleet on Lake Champlain and prepare to invade 
 
 New York w^ith an overland force, 1814. 
 British fleet on Lake Champlain is destroyed by the Americans 
 
 and the land force is repulsed at Platt-sburg Bay. 
 
 48 
 
War on the Seaboard — 
 
 The coast south of Rhode Island blockaded, 1812 
 
 Coast of Chesapeake ravaged, 1813 
 
 Entire coast blockaded by British, 1814 
 
 Attack on New England. 
 
 Washington captured and burned. 
 
 Attack on Baltimore. 
 
 Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815 
 
 The Naval War : The Ship Duels— 
 
 1812 
 
 The Essex captures the British sloop-of-war Alert, Aug. l.>. 
 
 The Constitution captures the British Guerriere, Aug. 19. 
 
 The Wasp captures the British brig Frolic, Oct. 18. 
 
 The United States takes the Macedonian, Oct. 25. 
 
 The Constitution takes the Java, Dec. 29. 
 
 American privateers take about 300 British vessels. 
 
 1813 
 
 The privateers continue their work. 
 
 The Hornet captures the British brig Peacock, Feb. 24. 
 
 The Chesapeake taken by the British ship Shannon, June 14. 
 
 The American brig Argus captured by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 
 
 The Enterprise takes the British brig Boxer, Sept. 5. 
 
 1814 
 
 The American frigate Essex captured bv the Phoebe and the 
 Cherub, March 28. 
 
 The British brig Peacock takes the Epervier, April 29. 
 
 The American sloop Wasp takes the Reindeer, July 28. 
 
 The Wasp takes the Avon, Sept. 1. 
 
 1815 
 
 The U. S. frigate Constitution taken by a British fleet, Jan. 15. 
 
 The Constitution takes the Crane and Lavant, Feb. 20. 
 
 The Hornet takes the British brig Penquin, March 23. 
 
 The Lake Battles — 
 
 Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813 
 
 Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814 
 Results 
 PoHtical — 
 
 Developed a national spirit. 
 
 Liberal construction of the Constitution gained ground. 
 
 The United States withdrew from European politics. 
 
 Gained respect for the American navy. 
 
 Decay of the Federalist party. 
 
 The great questions at issue remain unsettled. 
 Economic — 
 
 United States Bank rechartered. 
 
 Home manufacturing increased. 
 
 Growth of the idea of protection. 
 
 Large emigration to the south and west. 
 
 Increased sentiment for international improvements. 
 Treaty of Ghent — Signed Dec. 24, 1814 
 
 Ratified by the U. S. Senate, Feb. 18, 1815 
 
 44 
 
"The Aineiican contiinnts, by the free and independent condition wliich 
 they have assumed ;ind maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as 
 .subjects for future colonization by any European power." — Monroe. 
 
 JAMES MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION 
 Two Terms— 1817-1825 
 Vice President — Daniel D. Tompkins. New York. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1817 
 The president makes a tour of the Northern and New England 
 states. 
 
 Trouble with Hayti. 
 
 Treaty made wdth the Indians of the Northwest. 
 
 New York state begins the construction of the Erie Canal. 
 
 Increase of emigration to the West. 
 
 Questions of internal iinprovements revived. 
 
 Internal war taxes abolished. 
 
 Mississippi admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 
 Bryant begins his work as poet and editor. 
 
 1818 
 
 Agitation of the Oregon question begun. 
 
 The Seminole war continues. 
 
 Jackson seizes Pensacola. 
 
 Fishing and boundary treaty with England. 
 
 Slavery abolished in Connecticut. 
 
 Congress declares that the slave trade is piracy. 
 
 Pensions granted to the surviving officers of the Revolution. 
 
 Washington Irving begins work as a writer. 
 
 Wooden shoe pegs invented. 
 
 Ilhnois admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 
 1819 
 Arkansas territory formed. 
 
 First steamboat, the Savannah, crosses the Atlantic. 
 Florida purchased from Spain for $5,000,000. 
 Alabama admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 Financial crisis. 
 
 1820 
 The Missouri compromise. 
 Maine admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 Presidential campaign — Monroe re-elected. 
 Fourth census : Population, 9,6v^3,822. 
 
 Imports, $74,450,000; exports. $18,008,029. 
 
 Immigration from 1789 to 1820, 250,000 (estimated). 
 
 1821 
 
 Cooper begins his work as a novelist. 
 
 Mexico declared independent of Spain. 
 
 Jackson takes possession of Florida. 
 
 Missouri admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 
 Suppression of piracy in the West Indies. 
 
 First settlement of liberated slaves from America made in Liberia. 
 
 45 
 
1822 
 Congress begins the construction of public roads. 
 The United States recognizes the independence of the repubHcs 
 of South America. 
 
 1823 
 The Monroe doctrine announced. Territury of Florida formed. 
 Gas lights begin to come into common use. 
 Lafayette visits the United States. 
 
 1824 
 A protective tariff adopted. 
 
 Convention with Great Britain for suppression of slave trade. 
 Convention with Russia iai relation to the northwest boundary. 
 Presidential campaign — John Q. Adams elected. 
 
 "The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United 
 States are parts of one consistent whole, founded upon one and the same theory 
 of g-overnment" — that "the people are the only legitimate source of power" and 
 that "all just powers of government are derived from the consent of the gov- 
 erned." — John Quincy Adams. 
 
 JOHN Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 
 ~ One Term— 1825-1829 
 Vice President — John C. Calhoun, South Carolina. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 The Erie canal opened. lo25 
 
 Trouble with Georgia over Indian land claims. 
 
 Cornerstone of Bunker Hill monuiuent laid. 
 
 United States invited to send delegates to Panama congress. 
 
 Departure of Lafa3'ette. 
 
 1826 
 Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefiferson, July 4. 
 Disappearance of William Morgan. 
 Quarrel between Americans and Mexicans in Texas. 
 English and American fur traders reach California. 
 American Temperance Society organized at Boston. 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne begins his career as a writer of romances. 
 
 1827 
 Anti-Masonic party organized. 
 First railway in America, <^ommercial treaties. 
 Trouble over the West India trade. 
 The Harrisburg convention. 
 Edgar Allan Poe bbegins his literary work. 
 
 1828 
 Baltimore & Ohio railroad commenced. 
 Building of turnpike roads increased. 
 The tariff of 1828, the 'Tariff of Abominations." 
 Opposition to the new tariff' law. 
 Calhoun's "Exposition and Protest." 
 Webster's dictionary published. 
 Presidential campaign — Jackson elected. 
 John G. Whittier begins his career as a poet. 
 
 1829 
 The Virginia House of Delegates pn'^se'^ resnhitions denving the 
 fight of Congress to pass the tariff' l)ill. 
 
 46 
 
"Our Fedtiul Union: It mu./i be prt-riervecl. 
 
 "The laws of the United States must be executed. I Ivive no discretionary 
 powers on the subject; my duty is emphatically pronounced in the Constitution. 
 Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their execution deceived 
 their object is disunion. But be not deceived by names. Disunion by armed 
 force is treason." — Jackson. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 Two Terms— 1829-1837 
 Vice Presidents — 
 
 John C. Calhoun. Stnith Carolina ; Martin Van Btiren, New York. 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1829 
 
 The postmaster general given a seat in the cabinet. 
 
 Changes made in the civil service. 
 
 Slavery abolished in Mexico. 
 
 The independence of Mexico recognized. 
 
 Friction matches come into general use. 
 
 First steam locomotive in the United States imported from Eng- 
 land. 1830 
 
 The Baltimore & Ohio railroad begins to transport passengers. 
 
 The Webster-Hayne debate. 
 
 First Mormon church organized. 
 
 Treaty made with England respecting the West India trade. 
 
 Holmes begins his career as a writer. 
 
 Longfellow secures recognition as a writer. 
 
 Fifth census — Population, 12,866,020. 
 
 Imports, $70,876,920 ; exports, $14,387,479. 
 1831 
 
 Jackson reorganizes his cabinet. 
 
 Garrison begins the ptiblication of the Liberator. 
 
 France agrees to pay the United States for damages incurred 
 during the war of 1812. 
 
 The Nat Ttirner insurrection in Virginia. 
 
 First party national convention (Anti-Mason's) held. 
 
 Home built locomotives come to be used on railroads. 
 
 A free trade convention held in Philadelphia. 
 
 A tariff convention held in New York. 
 
 John Quincy Adams enters Congress as a representative from 
 Massachusetts. 1832 
 
 A protective tariff act passed. 
 
 The president vetoes an act to recharter the United States Bank. 
 
 New England Anti-Slavery Society organized. 
 
 The Black Hawk war in Wisconsin and Illinois. 
 
 Colera first appears in the United States. 
 
 Ex-President Monroe dies. 
 
 "America" composed. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Jackson re-elected. 
 
 A states rights convention held in South Carolina. 
 
 The convention passes an ordinance of nullification of the tariff 
 
 Jackson issues a proclamation to the people of South Carolina in 
 which he reviews the history of nullification and declares that it is 
 treason. 
 
 South Carolina prepares to resist the enforcement of the tariff 
 
 47 
 
Jackson sends troops to enforce tlie laws in South Carolina. 
 
 Hayne leaves the Senate to become governor of South Carolina. 
 
 Calhoun resigns the office of vice president to enter the Senate. 
 
 1833 
 
 Jackson sends a message to Congress denouncing nullification. 
 
 Calhoun enters the Senate, 
 
 The Webster-Calhoun debate in the Senate. 
 
 The force bill passed. 
 
 Clay's compromise tariff bill passed by Congress and signed by 
 the president. 
 
 South Carolina repeals her ordinance of nullification, March 11. 
 
 Government deposits withdrawn from the United States Bank 
 and distributed among the state banks. 
 
 The New York Sun, the first permanent cheap daily, established. 
 
 The great meteor shower, Nov. 13. 
 
 The American Anti-Slavery Association organized. 
 
 1834 
 
 The Senate censures the president for removing deposits from the 
 United States Bank. (Censure expunged last year of term.) 
 
 McCormick reaper and mc^wer patented. 
 
 Whig party organized. 
 
 The Indian territory organized. 
 
 Missionaries sent to Oregon country. 
 
 Bancroft begins his career as an historian. 
 
 Increase in state banks. 1835 
 
 Destructive fire in New York city. 
 
 The New York Herald established. 
 
 Garrison mobbed in Boston. 
 
 Chief Justice Marshall dies and the president appoints Roger 
 B. Taney to the vacancy. 
 
 Colt patented revolving firearms. 
 
 Emerson begins his work as a writer. 
 
 The United States practically out of debt. 
 
 1836 
 
 President Jackson issues the "specie circular." 
 
 Congress passes an act ordering the surplus in the United States 
 treasury to be distributed among the states. 
 
 The "pocket vetoes." 
 
 Congress passes the "gag rule." which laid slavery petitions "on 
 the table." 
 
 France, Spain. Naples and Denmark forced to pay claims of 
 American merchants for seizures and spoliations. 
 
 Commercial treaties made with Russia and the Ottoman Empire. 
 
 Arkansas admitted to the Union as a slave state. 
 
 The territory of Wisconsin formed. 
 
 Creek Indian war begun in Georgia. 
 
 Texas establishes her independence of Mexico. 
 
 Ericsson invents the screw propeller and steam war vessels come 
 into use. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Van Buren elected. 
 
 1837 
 
 The "expunging resolutions" adopted by the Senate. 
 
 Michigan admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 
 48 
 
"In all the attributes of a great, happy and flourishing people we stand 
 without a parallel in the world. Our government quietly, but efficiently, per- 
 forms the sole legitimate end of political institutions, in doing the greatest good 
 to the greatest number. We present an aggregate of human prosperity surely 
 not elsewhere to be found." —Martin Van Buren. 
 
 MARTIN VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1837-1841 
 
 Vice President — Richard M. Johnson. Kentnckx . 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1837 
 
 Financial and business panic. 
 The Alton riots over slavery. 
 The murder of E. P. Lovejoy. 
 The president calls an extra session of Congress. 
 The Canadian rebellion and the incident of the "CaroHne." 
 The president issues a proclamation of neutrality, forbidding in- 
 terference with Canadian affairs. 
 
 The president recommends an independent treasury system. 
 Texas makes application for admission into the Union. 
 The electro-magnetic telegraph patented by Morse. 
 Slavery agitation in Congress. 
 
 1838 
 
 Second Seminole war, 1838-42. 
 
 Continued troubles on the Canadian frontier. 
 
 Cherokee Indians removed to Indian territory. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution founded. 
 
 Banks resume specie payments. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Freeman destroyed by a mob. 
 
 The territory of Iowa organized. 
 
 1839 
 
 The first normal school opened in Massachusetts. 
 Difficulty in organizing the House of Representatives. « 
 Goodyear patents his process for making waterproof clothing. 
 
 1840 
 
 The Liberty party organized. 
 The Mormons settle at Nauvoo, Illinois. 
 The Washingtonian Temperance Society organized. 
 The independent treasury act passed. 
 
 First regular steamship line between the United States and Eng"- 
 land established. 
 
 Rapid increase in population. 
 Presidential campaign — Harrison elected. 
 Sixth census — Population, 17,069,453. 
 
 Imports, $107,141,510; exports, $18.1^0.312. 
 
 49 
 
"It is a union that we want, not a party for the sake of the partj% but a 
 union of the whole country for the sake of the whole country " — Harrison. 
 
 "The g-overnment that is not just to its own people can neither claim their 
 affection nor the respect of the world." — Tyler. 
 
 THE HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1841-1845 
 \''ice President — John Tyler, Virginia, one month. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1841 
 President Harrison calls a special session of Congress. 
 Death of President Harrison, April 4. 
 John Tyler inaugurated president, April 6. 
 Independent treasury system abolished. 
 A bankruptcy law enacted by Congress. 
 Rate of postage on letters lowered. 
 The president vetoes a National Bank bill. 
 A second bank bill vetoed by the president. 
 Trouble between the president and the Harrison Whigs. 
 Government sends Fremont to survey route over the Rockies. 
 Charles Dickens visits America. 
 Lowell begins his work as an essayist and poet. 
 
 1842 
 The bankruptcv act repealed. 
 The tariff act of 1842 enacted. 
 
 Adams continues to struggle for right to petition Congress. 
 Tyler's Whig cabinet, except Webster, resigns. 
 The Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island. 
 
 Contest for the extension of the suft'rage in Rhode Island. 
 The Webster-Ashburton treaty with England. 
 The Seminole war ends. 
 Large emigration to California and Oregon. 
 
 1843 
 Webster's Bunker Hill oration. 
 Sons of Temperance Society organized. 
 Whitman's party reaches the Columbia. 
 Webster resigns from the cabinet. 
 
 1844 
 First telegraph line completed. 
 First treaty made with China. 
 Trouble with the Mormons in Illinois. 
 Presidential campaign — Polk elected. 
 Congress abandons the "gag policy." 
 
 1845 
 Anti-rent riots in New York. 
 Florida admitted into the Union as a slave state. 
 Fremont sent on second expedition to survey best route to Pacific. 
 Congress fixes first Tuesday after first Monday in November of 
 years divisible by four as date of presidential elections. 
 
 A resolution to annex Texas passed by Congress and signed by 
 the president. 
 
 50 
 
"Ask for nothing- that is not right; submit to nothing that is wrong." 
 "The people of this continent have a right to decide their own destiny." 
 
 —Polk. 
 
 JAMES K. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1845-1849 
 Vice President — George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1845 
 The Mexican minister leaves Washington. 
 Mexico makes a formal protest against the United States. 
 The president's message regarding Oregon. 
 Naval school at Annapolis opened. 
 A treaty made with China. 
 Texas formally annexed to the United States, Dec. 29. 
 
 1846 
 The president sends a war message to Congress. 
 The United States formally declares war against Mexico, May 12. 
 Mexico declares war against the United States, May 23. 
 The boundary dispute with England settled by treaty. 
 The independent treasury system restored. 
 The Walker tariff law enacted. 
 The Wilmot proviso passes the House. 
 
 The Virginia portion of District of Columbia receded to Virginia. 
 Worcester's dictionary published. 
 Niagara stispension bridge erected. 
 Iowa admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 Postage stamps first issued. 
 The use of ether introduced into surgery. 
 Agassiz begins his scientific work. 
 
 1847 
 The question of internal improvements revived in Congress. 
 The Mormons emigrate to Utah. 
 The Oneida community founded. 
 
 The Mexicans of New Mexico revolt against the authority of 
 the United States. 
 
 General Kierney declares California tu be a part of the United 
 States. .i I 
 
 Mexico surrenders to the United States, Sept. 14. 
 Hoe patents the cylinder printing press. 
 
 1848 
 Treaty made with Mexico. 
 Gold discovered in California. 
 
 President sends a special message to Congress regarding Oregon. 
 The territory of Oregon organized, excluding slavery. 
 Ex-Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson die. 
 Wisconsin admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 Astor library founded. 
 Presidential campaign — Tavlor elected. 
 
 '1849 
 The department of the interior created. 
 Minnesota territory formed. 
 
 51 
 
"But the real and lasting- victories are those of peace and not those of war." 
 
 —Emerson. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR 
 1846-1848 
 
 Causes 
 
 Real — Annexation of Texas. 
 
 Immediate — United States troops sent to occupy disputed territory. 
 
 Generals-in-Chief — 
 
 American, Winfield Scott. Mexican, Santa Ana. 
 
 Introductory Events 
 
 1846 
 
 Diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico sus- 
 pended. 
 
 General Taylor sent to occupy the disputed territory. 
 
 Mexicans cross the Nueces. 
 
 Americans under General Taylor victorious at the battles of 
 Pjilo Alto and Rasaca de la Palma. 
 
 Congress declares war begun by Mexico, May 12. 
 
 Mexico declares war against the United States, May 23. 
 
 Campaigns and Events 
 
 (1) Conquest of California. 
 
 Occupation of California, 1846. 
 
 Fremont and Stockton take possession of Los Angeles, Sept. 
 
 (2) Conquest of New^ Mexico. 
 
 Capture of Santa Fe by General Kearney, Aug. 18, 1846. 
 
 (3) Attack upon Mexico from the north by General Taylor. 
 
 Capture of Monterey, Sept. 24, 1846. 
 Capture of Buena Vista, Feb. 22-23, 1847. 
 
 (4) Attack upon the City of Mexico by General Scott. 
 
 Capture of Vera Cruz, March 29, 1847. 
 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. 
 
 Battles of Contreras, San Antonio and Cherbusco, Atig. lQ-20. 
 
 Battle of Chapultepec, Sept. 12-13. 
 
 City of Mexico captured, Sept. 14. 
 
 Results 
 
 (1) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 
 
 Rio Grande made boundary between Mexico and Texas. 
 California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and a part 
 
 of Colorado and Wyoming ceded to the United States. 
 
 (With Texas, more than 850.000 square miles.) 
 United States paid Mexico $15,000,000 and assumed $3,500.- 
 
 000 due from Mexico to citizens of Texas. 
 
 (2) Turned the attention of the nation from the international ques- 
 tions involved in the struggle with Mexico to the internal ques- 
 tions arising from the organization of the newly acquired ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 (3) Intensified the slavery struggle. 
 
 52 
 
"1 liave no privalt; purposes lo accomplish, no party projects to build up, no 
 enemies to punish— nothing to sei-ve but my country." "I shall make honesty, 
 capacity and fidelity indispensable requisites to the bestowal of office and the 
 absence of any of these qualities shall be deemed sufficient cause for removal." 
 
 — Taylor 
 
 "Our policy is merelj' to govern ourselves and thereby set such an example 
 of national justice, prosperity and true glory as shall manifest to all nations the 
 blessings of self-government and the unparalleled enterprise and success of a 
 free people." — ^Fillmore. 
 
 THE TAYLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1849-1853 
 Vice President — Millard Fillmore, sixteen months. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 The Lopez expedition. 1849 
 
 President issues a proclamation against an expedition to aid Cnba. 
 Rush to California gold fields. 
 California convention at Monterey. 
 
 Congressional struggle over organization of territory continues. 
 Seward, Jeft'erson Davis and Sumner enter the Senate. 
 Francis Parkman begins his work as an historian. 
 
 1850 
 Calhoun makes his last speech, March 4. 
 Webster's "Seventh of March" speech, 
 Seward's "Higher Law" speech, March 11. 
 Clay's compromise measures adopted. 
 
 California admitted as a free state. 
 
 New Mexico and Utah organized into territories without 
 mention of slavery, 
 
 Texas paid $10,000,000 for disputed land claimed by New 
 Mexico. 
 A stringent fugitive slave law enacted. 
 
 The slave trade abolished in the District of Columbia. 
 "The Southern Press," a secession paper, established in V\'ash- 
 ington. 
 
 Death of Taylor, July 9. Fillmore inaugurated, July 10. 
 
 Fugitive slave excitement begins. 
 
 The Clayton-Bulwer treaty signed. 
 
 Seventh census taken — Population, 23,191,876. 
 
 Imports, $178,138,318; exports, $14,951,808. 
 
 1851. 
 "Filibusters" invade Cuba. The "Jerry" rescue. 
 The "underground" railroad. Disunion threatened by the South. 
 Letter postage reduced to three cents. 
 Independent Order of Good Templars founded. 
 Maine enacts a prohibition liquor law. 
 Congressional library destroyed by fire. 
 
 Wells & Fargo establish an over4and stage express to California. 
 Louis Kossuth visits the United States. 
 
 1852 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published. Death of Clay and Webster. 
 Presidential campaign — Pierce elected. 
 
 1853 
 Washington territory formed. Kane's Arctic expedition. 
 Survey of the Pacific railway ordered by Congress. 
 
 53 
 
"We can place no secure reliance upon any apparent progress il' it be not 
 sustained by national integrity resting- upon the great truths affirmed and sus- 
 tained by divine revelation." — Pierce. 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 One Term— 1853-1857 
 Vice President — William R. King. Alabama, March and April. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1853 
 First world's fair in the United States held in New York. 
 Gadsden purchase of territory from Mexico. 
 Death of the vice president. 
 The Koszta difficulty. 
 Kane's second Arctic expedition. 
 Filibustering expeditions to Cuba, 1853-1858. 
 The first clearing house in America in New York city. 
 
 1854 
 Perry's treaty with Japan. 
 Question of internal improvements revived. 
 Reciprocity treaty made with Great Britain. 
 The Missouri compromise repealed. 
 Kansas-Nebraska bill passed. 
 Nebraska territory formed. 
 Civil strife in Kansas. 
 The Ostend manifesto. 
 Congressional elections in Kansas. 
 The "Know-Nothing" party formed. 
 The Republican party organized. 
 
 1855 
 Opening of the railway across Panama. 
 Development of mining in the West. 
 Personal liberty laws enacted in the North. 
 The New England Emigration Society organized. 
 The "Border-Ruffians" from Missouri invade Kansas. 
 Territorial elections in Kansas. 
 Civil war in Kansas. 
 
 The Kansas elections and the rival constitutions. 
 Whitman begins his work as a poet. 
 
 1856 
 
 Continued strife in Kansas. 
 
 Walker's filibustering expedition to Central America, 1855-60. 
 
 A long contest over the election of a speaker of the House. 
 
 Sumner's speech on the "Crime Against Kansas." 
 
 Senator Sumner assaulted by Representative Brooks. 
 
 President calls extra session of Congress which passes army bill. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Buchanan elected. 
 
 1857 
 
 Tariff act of 1857 passed. 
 
 Free state legislature at Topeka dispersed. 
 
 54 
 
"Next, in importance to the maintenance of the Constitution and the Union 
 is the duty of preserving the g-overnment free from the taint or even the sus- 
 picion of corruption. Public virtue is the vital spirit of republics, and history 
 proves that when this has decayed and the love of money has usurped its place, 
 although the forms of free government may remain for a season, the substance 
 has departed forever." — Buchanan. 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1857-1861 
 Vice President — John Breckinridge, Kentucky. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 The Dred Scott decision. 1857 
 Personal liberty laws enacted in the North. 
 Douglas breaks with the administration. 
 The Kansas struggle continues. 
 
 Publications of H. R. Helper's "Impending Crisis." 
 The Lecompton constitution, 1857-58. 
 Mormon rebellion in Utah. Great religious revival. 
 Financial panic. Ig5g 
 
 The Lecompton constitution rejected. 
 The Kansas struggle closed. 
 
 Minnesota admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 The Lincoln-Douglas campaign and the joint debates. 
 Seward's "Irrepressible Conflict" speech." 
 Publication of Yancey's "Scarlet Letter." 
 Laying of the Atlantic cable. 
 
 1859 
 Oregon admitted into the Union as a free state. 
 Silver discovered in Nevada. 
 Discovery of petroleum and natural gas. 
 John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry. 
 Great excitement in Congress. 
 
 1860 
 The Jefiferson Davis resolution in Congress. 
 The president vetoes the homestead bill. Covode investigation. 
 Compromise plans suggested. 
 Presidential campaign^ — Lincoln elected. 
 Buchanan's message on secession. 
 South Carolina adopts an ordinance of secession. 
 Eighth census — Population, 31,443,321. 
 
 Imports, $362,166,254; exnorts, $400,125,296. 
 
 1861 
 The president's special message, Jan. 8. 
 "Star of the West" fired on, Jan. 9. 
 
 Secession of Mississippi, Jan. 9; Florida, Jan. 10; Alabama, Jan. 
 11 ; Georgia, Jan. 19; Louisiana. Jan. 26, and Texas, Feb. 1. 
 A peace congress meets at Washington, Feb. 14. 
 Secession convention at Montgomery forms the government 
 called the Confederate States of America, Feb. 14. 
 The Confederacy adopts a constitution. 
 
 Jefiferson Davis inaugurated president of the Confederacy, Feb. 18. 
 Kansas admitted as free state under Wyandot con stitution. 
 The territories of Nevada, Colorado and Dakota formed. 
 The Morrill tarifi" act passed. March 2. 
 
 55 
 
"The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy and possess the 
 property and places belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and 
 imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these there will be no invasion, 
 no using of foice against or among the people anywhere. . .In your hands, 
 
 my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil 
 war." — Lincoln. 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION 
 One' Term— 1861-1865 
 
 Vice President — Hannibal Hamlin, Maine. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1861 
 
 The Civil war, 1861-65. 
 
 Stephen's "Cornerstone" speech at Savannah, March 21. 
 
 Attack on Fort Sumter, April 12. 
 
 Lincoln calls for 75,000 three-month volunteers, April 15. 
 
 Jefferson Davis issues an offer of commissions to privateers for 
 preying on federal commerce, April 17. 
 
 Lincoln proclaims a blockade of Southern ports, April 19. 
 
 The blockade extended to Virginia and North Carolina, April 27. 
 
 The president suspends the writ of habeas corpus, April 27. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas pledges the support of the Northern Demo- 
 crats to the Union, May 1. 
 
 Lincoln^ calls for 40.000 three-year volunteers and directs an 
 increase of 20,000 in the regular army. July 29. 
 
 Arkansas" secedes. May 3. 
 
 North Carolina secedes. May 20. 
 
 Virginia secedes by popular vote, May 23. 
 
 Tennessee secedes, June 8. 
 
 Congress meets in special session, July 4. 
 
 A loan of $250,000,000 authorized, July 17. 
 
 The president authorized to increase the regular army, July 29. 
 
 Confiscation act passed, Aug. 6. 
 
 Lincoln disavows General Fremont's emancipation proclamation. 
 Sept. 11. 
 
 Jefferson Davis chosen president of the Confederacy by popular 
 vote, Nov. 6. 
 
 General Scott retires from the general command of all of the 
 armies (under the president") and Genera] George R. McClellan is 
 appointed in his place. 
 
 The Trent affair. 
 
 The navy increased. 
 
 Negroes treated as contraband property. 
 
 Grounds purchased for national cemeteries. 
 
 The "border-states" struggles. 
 
 Cherokee Indians join the Confederacy. 
 
 French interference in Mexico. 
 
 Foreign affairs. 
 
 Vassar College founded. 
 
 Invention of the gatling gun. 
 
 Revenue measures. 
 
 56 
 
1862 
 
 Davis inaugurated president of the Confederacy under a perma- 
 nent constitution, Feb. 22. 
 
 Legal tender act passed, Feb. 25. 
 
 General Hallock placed in command of the Northern armies and 
 McClellan's authority confined to the army of the Potomac, March 11. 
 
 Slavery abolished in the District of Columbia — Congress pur- 
 chased the slaves and set them free, April 16. 
 
 Bureau of agriculture created, May 15. 
 
 Lincoln repudiates General Hunter's emancipation proclamation, 
 May 19. 
 
 The homestead act passed. May 20. 
 
 Slavery abolished in the territories, June 19. 
 
 Pacific railroad and telegraph authorized, July 1. 
 
 A second issue of greenbacks authorized, July 11. 
 
 Congress prescribes the "Ironclad" oath, July. 
 
 President orders draft of 300,000 militia for nine months' service, 
 August. 
 
 McClellan removed from the command of the army of the Poto- 
 mac and General A. E. Burnside appointed his successor, Nov. 7. 
 
 The Sioux Indian war. 
 
 • 1863 
 
 President Lincoln issues the emancipation proclamation, Jan. 1. 
 
 General Joseph Hooker succeeds Burnside in command of the 
 army of the Potomac, Jan. 26. 
 
 The national bank act passed, Feb. 25, 
 
 The president authorized to suspend writ of habeas corpus, May 3. 
 
 Conscription act passed. May 13. 
 
 Lincoln calls for 100,000 volvmteers, June 15. 
 
 West Virginia enters the Union as a state, June 19. 
 
 General George H. Mead succeeds Hooker as commander of the 
 army of the Potomac, June 30. 
 
 Draft riots begin in New York, July 13. 
 
 Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers, Oct. 17. 
 
 Free mail delivery in large cities. 
 
 1864 
 
 A $200,000,000 loan authorized, March 3. 
 
 General U. S. Grant given command of all the armies of the Union, 
 
 March 9. 
 
 Lincoln's reconstruction proclamation, July 8. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Lincoln re-elected. 
 
 Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers, Dec. 19. 
 
 Nevada admitted into the Union as a state. 
 
 Fugitive slave laws repealed. 
 
 Postal money order system founded. 
 
 1865 
 
 Thirteenth amendment proposed by Congress, Jan. 31. 
 Peace conference at Hampton Roads, Feb. 2-3. 
 A $600,000,000 loan authorized, March 3. 
 
 57 
 
"War i.s hell." — ^General Sherman. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 1861-1865 
 
 Causes 
 
 Remote — 
 
 Slavery as an institution. 
 
 Different industrial systems in North and South. 
 Secondary — 
 
 Ihe theory of nullification Increase of territory. 
 
 Anti-slavery agitation. The slavery compromises. 
 
 Fugitive slave laws and personal liberty bills. 
 
 Different interpretations of the Constitution. 
 
 Mutual ignorance and distrust on the part of North and South 
 Real — Slavery. 
 Immediate — Secession. 
 
 Generals-in-Chief. 
 Union— Winfield Scott to Nov. 6, 1861. 
 
 George B. McClellan, Nov. 6, 1861, to March 11, 1862. 
 
 Henry W. Halleck, July 12. 1862, to March 12. 1864. 
 
 U. S. Grant, March 12, 1864, to March 4, 1869. 
 Confederate — Robt. E. Lee, from Feb. 6, 1865, to end of war. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 Fall of Fort Sumter— 1861 
 
 Location and importance Discuss the surrender. 
 
 Discuss effect on North, on the South. 
 The Blockade — 
 
 Purpose. How maintained. Results. 
 
 Battle of Bull Run- 
 Causes. Locate and describe. 
 
 Effect on North, on South. Discuss importance. 
 Union Plan of the War — 
 
 Capture of Richmond. 
 
 Open the Mississippi and divide Confederacy. 
 
 Maintain a close blockade of Southern ports. 
 War in Missouri — 
 
 Object. Describe. Discuss results. » 
 
 The Trent Affair — 
 
 How caused. Sentiment in England. 
 
 Sentiment at North, at South. Discuss the settlement. 
 
 War in the West — 1862 
 
 Object. Plans of conflict. 
 
 Leaders and principal battles. Discuss results. 
 The Monitor and the Merrimac — 
 
 Place of battle. Discuss results. 
 
 Discuss construction, methods of fighting and relative advantages. 
 Capture of New Orleans. 
 
 Importance of New Orleans to the North, to the South. 
 
 Discuss the defenses. How, and by whom taken? 
 
 How the Union was affected. Discuss results. 
 McClellan's Peninsular Campaign — 
 
 Locate peninsula and discuss topography. Object of campaign. 
 
 Discuss the principal events. Discuss results. 
 
 58 
 
Lee's l^lrst iuvasiuii of the North — 
 
 Object. Battles fought. Discuss results. 
 
 1863 
 The Emancipation Proclamation — 
 
 Cause and purpose. Nature of the proclamation. 
 
 By what authority declared? Did it free all the slaves? 
 Lee's Second Invation of the North— Why Made? 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg — Date and place. Discuss battle. Results. 
 Opening of the Mississippi — 
 
 Review purpose and plan. 
 
 Discuss what had already been accomplished. 
 
 Capture of Vicksburg. Discuss results. 
 
 War in the West: 
 
 Morgan's raid. Purpose. Results. 
 
 Battles of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge. 
 
 Discuss effects of these battles. 
 
 1864 
 Grant made Lieutenant General 
 Grant in Virginia — 
 
 Plan to capture Richmond. Compare Grant's and Lee's armies. 
 Chief events of the Virginia Campaign — 
 
 Battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor. 
 Early and Sheridan in Shenandoah valley, purpose, results. 
 Siege of Petersburg. 
 Sherman's Campaign — 
 
 Hood in Tennessee. Capture of Atlanta. 
 
 . March from Atlanta to the sea. Purpose and results. 
 The Confederate Cruisers — 
 
 Capture of the Alabama by the Kearsarge. 
 Mobile bay taken by Farragut. 
 
 1865 
 Conclusion of the War — 
 
 Battles around Richmond. 
 
 Lee's surrender. Manner of surrender. Terms and conditions. 
 Cost and Effects of the War — 
 
 To the North. To the South. To the nation. 
 
 What the War Settled- 
 Regarding nullification. Regarding secession. Regarding na- 
 tionality. 
 Discuss General Results — 
 
 Economic. Social. Political. Military. Moral. 
 
 Results 
 
 The Union preserved. Slavery abolished. 
 
 Theory of nullification and secession destroyed. 
 Confederacy expended about $1,500,000,000. 
 Government incurred a debt of nearly $3,000,000,000. 
 Cost in all about 1,000,000 able-bodied men and more than $10,- 
 000,000,000, including pensions, bounties, etc. 
 
 Confederacy defeated and its war debt never paid. 
 An incalculable amount of property destroyed. 
 
 59 
 
"Willi mulice toward uoiio; witn charily lor all; wilh liruuiess in the right, 
 as God gives us to see the right; let us strive on to finish the work we are in; 
 to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle 
 and for his widow and his orphan; to do all which may achieve and ch^rUh f 
 just and lasting- peace among ourselves, and with all nations." — Lincoln 
 
 "There are many white people in tliis country that need emancipation " 
 
 — JohnBOB. 
 
 THE LINCOLN-JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1865-1869 
 Vice President — Andrew Johnson, forty-four days. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1865 
 
 Closing events of the war. 
 
 The Freedmen's bureau estabHshed. 
 
 Assassination of Lincoln by Booth, April 14. 
 
 Attack on Secretary Seward, April 14. 
 
 Death of Lincoln, April 15. 
 
 Johnson inaugurated president, April 15. 
 
 Booth shot while resisting arrest, April 26. 
 
 Others implicated executed or imprisoned. 
 
 Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned, May 11. 
 
 Amnesty proclamation issued by Johnson, May 29. 
 
 The army disbanded, June 2. 
 
 The thirteenth amendment adopted, Dec. 18. 
 
 Cornell University founded. 
 
 Contest between the president and Congress begins. 
 
 The president's reconstruction policy. 
 
 The reconstruction policy of Congress. 
 
 International ocean telegraph. 
 
 Bret Harte begins his work as a writer. 
 
 1866 
 
 The president vetoes the Freedmen's bureau bill, Feb. 19. 
 
 Congress fails in attempt to pass the bill over president's vetv 
 
 The president vetoes the civil rights bill, March 27. 
 
 Congress passes the civil rights bill over the veto. April 19. 
 
 Fourteenth amendment proposed in Congress, June 16. 
 
 Congress passes a second Freedmen's bureau bill over the presj 
 dent's veto. 
 
 Tennessee readmitted into the Union, July 24. 
 
 The national debt reached its highest point, $2,773,263,173. 
 
 Atlantic cable laid. 
 
 The president makes a speaking tour through Northern statea 
 
 Congressional elections increase the power of the Republicanr 
 in the House. 
 
 1867 
 
 Negro suffrage in the District of Cohmibia granted over tb 
 president's veto, Jan. 8. 
 
 Congress adopts a series of retaliatory acts. 
 Nebraska admitted into the Union, March 1. 
 
 60 
 
Congress passed the military reconstruction bill over the presi- 
 dent's veto, March 2. 
 
 Tenure-of-office act passed over the president's veto. March 2. 
 
 A bankruptcy law enacted, March 2. 
 
 The president suspends Secretary Stanton and appoints General 
 Grant secretary of war, ad interim, Aug. 12. 
 
 The president issues a proclamation of general amnesty. 
 
 Alaska purchased from Russia for $7,200,0(X). 
 
 Bureau of education established. 
 
 Formation of Union Leagues, 1867-68. 
 
 Organization of the Farmers' Alliance ("Granges"). 
 
 1868 
 
 The Senate refuses to recognize Stanton's removal. Jan. 13. 
 
 In defiance of the tenure-of-office act the president again re- 
 moves Stanton, Feb. 21. 
 
 The Senate votes that the removal of Stanton is illegal. 
 
 The president is impeached by the House, Feb. 24. 
 
 The president tried by the Senate and acquitted. May 16. 
 
 Stanton resigns. 
 
 Arkansas (June 22), Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, South Caro- 
 lina (June 25), and North Carolina (July 11), readmitted into Union. 
 
 The fourteenth amendment declared in force, July 28. 
 
 Burlingame treaty with China ratified. 
 
 Wyoming territory formed. The Ku Klux Klan appears. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Grant elected. 
 
 President issues a final proclamation of general amnestv. Dec. 25 
 
 1869 
 
 Fifteenth amendment proposed by Congress, Feb. 27. 
 
 "Let us have peace. I have never advocated war except as a means for 
 peace." ' — Grant 
 
 U. S. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION 
 Vice Presidents-- Two Terms— 1869-1877 
 
 Schuyler Colfax, Indiana : Henry Wilson, Massachusetts. 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1869 
 Union Pacific railroad completed. Tenure-of-office act modified. 
 Grant, against the advice of his cabinet, makes a treaty with San 
 Domingo, which the Senate refuses to ratify. 
 Grant's Indian peace policy. 
 
 The gold panic in New York, "Black P^riday." Sept. 24. 
 The Knights of Labor organized. 
 Woman sufifrage inaugurated in Wvoming. 
 
 1870 
 The fifteenth amendment ratified. 
 
 Readmission of Texas, March 30, and Virginia, June 26. 
 Trouble in the South, Carpet Baggers. 
 Freedmen enter Congress. First force bill passed. 
 The Fenian excitement. Weather bureau established. 
 The president tries to annex San Domingo. 
 National labor congress at Cincinnati. 
 Ninth census — Population, 38,558,371. 
 
 Imports-. $462,377,587; exports. $450,927,434. 
 
 61 
 
1871 
 Georgia readmitted into the Union. 
 The first civil service reform commission established. 
 A second force bill passed by Congress. 
 The Yellowstone national park established. 
 
 Treaty of Washington, agreed upon by the joint high commission. 
 War with the Apaches in Arizona. The great Chicago fire. 
 The Tweed ring in New York exposed. 
 Legal tender laws declared constitutional by the supreme court. 
 
 1872 
 Congress passed the amnesty bill pardoning all who had taken 
 part in the Rebellion, except about 350 of the leaders. 
 The Ku Klux Klan investigation. 
 
 Alabama award concluded, gave the United States $15,500,000. 
 Official fraud in war department, in Indian bureau and custom 
 house. 
 
 Dissensions in the Republican party. 
 • Presidential campaign — Grant re-elected. 
 
 Great fire in Boston. Death of Horace Greeley. 
 The Murdock Indian war in California, 1872-73. 
 The Credit Mobiler investigation begun. 
 
 1873 
 Demonetization of silver, Feb. 3. 
 The Credit Mobiler report, Feb. 18. 
 The Modoc Indian war in Oregon and California. 
 The great financial panic. The "salary grab" act. 
 One-cent postal cards first issued. 
 Invention of the Bell telephone. The Virginius afifair. 
 
 1874 
 Bill to increase the currency vetoed by the president. 
 Ead's bridge at St. Loui^ completed. 
 
 Women's National Christian Temperance Union organized. 
 Congress makes a law fixing "the Tuesday next after the first 
 Monday in November as the national election day. 
 
 Democratic gains in state and congressional elections, 1874-75. 
 Rival governments in Louisiana, 1874-75. 
 
 1875. 
 Specie resumption act passed. 
 The whisky ring exposed. 
 Political troubles in( the South. 
 Death of the vice president. 
 
 1876 
 Centennial exposition in Philadelphia. 
 Anti-Chinese agitation begins in California. . 
 Impeachment of Secretary of War Belknap. 
 Colorado admitted into the Union. 
 Introduction of the electric light, 1876-80. 
 The Sioux war, 1876-77. 
 
 The Custer massacre. 
 Presidential campaign — Result in doubt. . . 
 
 1877 
 The electoral commission declares Haves president. 
 
 62 
 
"He serves his party best who serves his country best." — Hayes 
 
 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES' ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1877-1881 
 Vice President — William A. Wheeler, New York. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1877 
 The president's Southern policy. 
 Federal troops removed from the South. 
 Civil service reform agitation. 
 The great railroad strikes. 
 Indian troubles in Idaho and Oregon. 
 Expiration of the sewing machine patents. 
 Phonograph invented by Edison. 
 Electric lighting becomes common. 
 
 1878 
 The Bland-Allison silver act passed over the president's veto. 
 The life-saving service organized. 
 Chinese Embassy established at Washington. 
 Yellow fever epidemic in the Gulf states. 
 
 1879 
 The president and Congress at variance. 
 Chinese immigration bill vetoed. 
 Resumption of specie payments. 
 The "negro exodus." 
 The Ead's jetty system completed. 
 •Grant's tour around the world. 
 
 1880 
 Presidential campaign — Garfield elected. 
 Tenth census taken — Population, 50.155,783. 
 Imports, $760,989,056; exnorts, $852,780,577. 
 
 1881 
 White ascendency in the South. 
 
 "ActinS" always within the authority and limitations of the Constitution, 
 invading- neither the rights of the states nor the reserved rights of the people, it 
 will be the purpose of my administration to maintain authority, and in all places 
 within its jurisdiction to enforce obedience to all the laws of the Union; in the 
 interests of the people to demand a rigid economy in all expenditures of the gov- 
 ernment, and to require honest and faithful services of all the executive officers, 
 remembering that offices were created not for the benefits of the incumbents of 
 their svipporters, but for the service of the g-overnment." — Garfield. 
 
 THE GARFIELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1881-1885 
 
 Vice President— C. A. Arthur, New York, to Sept. 19, 1881. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1881 
 Senators Conklin and Piatt of New York resign. 
 Investigation of the star route frauds. 
 Assassination of President Garfield, Jul}- 2. 
 
 63 
 
Death of the president, Sept. 19. 
 
 Arthur inaugurated president, Sept. 20. 
 
 Centennial celebration at Yorktown. 
 
 Cotton exposition at Atlanta. 
 
 Destructive forest tires in Michigan. 
 
 Strife among the factions of the Republican party. 
 
 1882 
 
 The national surplus. 
 
 A "tariff commission" appointed by Congress. 
 
 A river and harbor bill passed over the president's veto. 
 
 The Edmunds anti-polygamy act passed. 
 
 Stringent immigration laws enacted. 
 
 First Chinese exclusion act passed. 
 
 Congress fixes the number of national representatives at 325. 
 
 Great floods on the Mississippi. 
 
 Standard Oil trust founded. 
 
 Red Cross Society organized. 
 
 Trial and execution of Guiteau. 
 
 The death of Longfellow and of Emerson. 
 
 The tariff" commission reported to Congress. 
 
 1883 
 The tariff' and internal revenue la^vs revised. 
 Letter postage reduced to two cents per half ounce. 
 Postal notes introduced. 
 Standard time adopted. 
 Bureau of labor created. 
 Brooklyn suspension bridge completed. 
 Northern Pacific railroad completed. 
 Pendleton's civil service reform bill passed. 
 A civil service commission appointed. 
 
 1884 
 
 A territorial government organized for Alaska. 
 
 General P. H. Sheridan given command of the U. S. army. 
 
 A more stringent Chinese exclusion act passed. 
 
 Alien-contract labor act passed. 
 
 Riots in Cincinnati. 
 
 Beginning of the modern American navy. 
 
 France presents the Statue of Liberty to the United States. 
 
 Commander Schley rescues the Arctic explorers. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Cleveland elected. 
 
 1885 
 
 World's industrial and cotton exposition at New Orleans, winter 
 )f 1884-1885. 
 
 Washington monument dedicated. 
 
 Letter postage reduced to two cents per ounce. 
 
 64 
 
"At this lioui the ainniotiitit;.s oT political stiitV, the bitterness ol' piu tisaii 
 defeat and the exultation of pai'tisan triumph should be supplanted by an un- 
 grudging- acquiescence in the popular will and a sobei', conscientious concern for 
 the general weal." — Cleveland, 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 First Term— 1885-1889 
 
 Vice President — Thos. A. Hendricks, Indiana, to Nov. 25, 1885. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1885 
 The president's attitude toward civil service reform. 
 Death of Grant and McClellan. 
 Death of the vice president. 
 Natural gas first used for Hght and fuel. 
 Statue of Liberty erected. Labor troubles and strikes. 
 Negotiations for building a Nicaragua canal begun. 
 The president's message to Congress recommended — 
 
 The reduction of tariff duties. 
 
 Extension of civil service reform. 
 
 Regulation of presidential succession. 
 
 The repeal of the Bland-Allison act. 
 
 The recovery of public lands secured by fraud. 
 
 A commission to settle fisheries disputes with Great Britain. 
 
 1886 
 The "private pension" bills vetoed by the president. 
 The "increased pension" bill passed. 
 A bill to increase the navy passed. 
 The presidential succession act passed. 
 Organization of the civil service commission. 
 Civil service reform opposed b}^ the Senate. 
 Labor troubles continue. Haymarket riot in Chicago. 
 Street car riots in New York and Brooklyn. 
 United Labor party organized. 
 Earthquake at Charleston, S. C. 
 Death of ex-President Arthur. 
 
 The president in a special message recommended arbitration by 
 a permanent commission of labor to settle disputes between labor 
 and capital. 
 
 The president's message to Congress — 
 
 Emphasized the importance of reducing siu'plus revenue. 
 
 Recommended lowering tariff' duties on necessities. 
 
 Commended the civil service law. 
 
 1887 
 Electoral count act passed. 
 
 "Dependent pension" bill and many private pension bills vetoed. 
 A new anti-polygamy bill passed. 
 Interstate commerce act passed. 
 Tenure-of-office act repealed. 
 Reforms in the pension department. 
 Death of Henry Ward Beacher. 
 Labor riot in New York city. 
 
 65 
 
American i-'edcratiuii ul Labor organized. 
 
 Centennial celebration of the Constitution, Philadelphia. 
 
 Fisheries dispute with England. 
 
 The President's Message to Congress — 
 
 Denounced existing tariff laws. 
 
 Demanded the abolition of duties on raw materials. 
 
 1888 
 The House passed the Mills tariff' bill, which was defeated in 
 the Senate. 
 
 Chinese exclusion act passed. 
 
 The president authorized to arrange for an AU-American congress 
 and for an international marine conference. 
 
 Electricity first used as a motive power on street railways. 
 Presidential campaign — Harrison elected. 
 Australian ballot introduced in Massachusetts. 
 The president's message to Congress — 
 Advised tariff' reform. 
 
 Reviewed foreign relations and conditions of departments. 
 
 1889 
 Department of agriculture created. 
 Senate and House disagree over a tariff'" bill. 
 The direct tax refunding bill vetoed by the president. 
 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington admit- 
 ted into the Union as states. 
 
 Progress in civil service reform. 
 
 "Surely I do not misinterpret the spirit of tiie occasion when I assume that 
 the whole body of the people covenant with me and with one another today to 
 support and defend the Constitution and the Union of the States, to yield a will- 
 ing obedience to all the laws, and each to every other citizen his equal civil and 
 political liberty." — Harrison. 
 
 BENJAMIN HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1889-1893 
 Vice President — Levi P. Morton, New York. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1889 
 Oklahoma territory opened for settlement. 
 Centennial celebration of Washington's inauguration. 
 The Johnstown flood, May 31. 
 
 The Pan-American Congress meets in Washington. 
 Four new warships built. 
 The Samoan difficulty. 
 The Paris exposition. 
 Brazil becomes a republic. 
 
 Troops ordered to disperse striking miners in Pennsylvania. 
 The President's Message to Congress — 
 
 Emphasized the importance of a protectiv^e tariff. 
 
 Recommended an increase in the pensions. 
 
 66 
 
1890 
 
 The Bland-Allison law repealed and the Sherman silver bill passed. 
 
 The McKinley tariff law enacted. 
 
 Idaho and Wyoming admitted into the Union. 
 
 Dependent pension bill passed. 
 
 Navy appropriation bill passed. 
 
 An '"anti-trust" bill passed. 
 
 New York Central railroad strike. 
 
 Anti-lottery legislation. 
 
 Indian reservation opened to white settlers. 
 
 Invasion of the Cherokee strip prevented by troops. 
 
 Mormons agree to obey the law and renounce polygamy. 
 
 First execution by electricity at Auburn prison, New York. 
 
 The president makes a tour of the South and West. 
 
 Indian uprisings caused by the "Ghost Dances," 1890-91. 
 
 Eleventh census — Population, 62,622,250. 
 
 Imports, $789,222,228; exports, $857,824,834. 
 
 1891 
 
 Power of the interstate commerce commission increased. 
 
 A new apportionment of representatives made (354). 
 
 International copyright act passed. 
 
 Important immigration legislation. 
 
 The government refunds about $13,000,000 to the loyal states, 
 being amount which they contributed in direct taxes during Civil war. 
 
 'ihe "French spoliation claims" paid. 
 
 The policy of increasing the navy continued. 
 
 Trouble with Chili. Trouble with Italy. 
 
 The People's party organized at a conference of reform organiza- 
 tions held at Cincinnati, May 19. 
 
 1892 
 
 Laws enforcing reciprocity wnth Canada enacted by Congress. 
 
 Treaties of reciprocity made with eleven foreign countries. 
 
 Geary act, compelling Chinese to register, passed by Congress. 
 
 Labor legislation, state and national. 
 
 Labor conference at St. Louis. 
 
 The Farmers' Alliance movement. 
 
 The Homestead strike. 
 
 Progress made in civil service reform. 
 
 Anti-polygamy law rigidly enforced. 
 
 International monetary conference met at Brussels in response 
 to a call issued by President Harrison, 
 
 The Panama canal scandal. 
 
 The United States aids famine sufferers in Russia. 
 
 Louisiana refused to recharter the Louisiana lottery. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Cleveland elected. 
 
 1893 
 
 Decrease in the national revenues. 
 
 The drain of gold from the treasury. 
 
 A treaty providing for annexation of Hawaii laid before Senate. 
 
 An extradition treaty with Russia ratified. 
 
 Trouble with Great Britain over the seal fisheries. 
 
 The envoys to Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy raised 
 to the rank of ambassadors. 
 
 67 
 
"Jr'ai'ty honesty iw p;uly expediency. 
 
 "I have considered the pension list of the country a roll of honor. 
 "The trusts and combinations — the communism of pelf — should not be for- 
 gotten or forgiven. 
 
 "Public extravagance creates extravagance among the people. 
 "Honor lies in honest toil." — Cleveland. 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION 
 Second Term— 1893-1897 
 
 Vice President — Adlai E. Stevenson, Illinois. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1893 
 The president withdraws the Hawaiian treaty. 
 An investigation of the Hawaiian attairs ordered by president. 
 President issues a proclamation recognizing Hawaii as a republic. 
 Seal fisheries dispute with Great Britain settled by arbitration. 
 The Columbian exposition, May 1-Oct. 30. 
 The business panic. 
 
 Special session of Congress called by the president, Aug. 7. 
 Ihe silver purchase clause of the Sherman act repealed. 
 The force act repealed. 
 
 The Cherokee strip (Indian territory) opened for settlement. 
 The right of suftrage granted to women in Colorado. 
 The supreme court declares that the Great Lakes are high seas. 
 The president's message to Congress — 
 Reviewed the Hawaiian question. 
 
 1894 
 The California "midwinter" fair. 
 
 The Wilson-Gorman tariff law containing an income tax enacted. 
 The Chinese treaty. 
 
 The Lexow municipal investigation in New York. 
 The "Coxey army" movement. 
 
 The coal miners' strike. The Pullman strike in Chicago. 
 The American Railway Union strike. 
 
 Destructive forest fires in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota- 
 The Cuban rebellion begins. 
 
 The warship Kearsarge wrecked on Rancador reef. 
 The government issues $50,000,000 of bonds. 
 Republican gains in state and congressional elections. 
 The president's message to Congress. 
 
 1895 
 Bonds amounting to $62,400,000 issued by the government. 
 Congress makes an appropriation for two first-class battleships. 
 An anti-lottery law enacted. 
 
 Supreme court, 4 to 5, declares the income tax unconstitutional. 
 Street car strikes in Brooklyn. The Atlanta exposition. 
 A Confederate monument dedicated at Chicago. 
 The National Military Park dedicated. 
 
 Trouble with Venezuela and England over boundary dispute. 
 The war scare. Triumph of American diplomacy. 
 The water power of Niagara first utilized. 
 The president's message to Congress. 
 Agitation for monetary reforms. 
 
 68 
 
1896 
 The government issues $100,000,000 in bonds. 
 Arbitration treaty between England and Venezuela signed. 
 Utah admitted into the Union as a state. 
 Extension of civil service reform. 
 Presidential campaig'n — McKinley elected. 
 The President's ^lessage to Congress — 
 
 Discussed relations with Spain and Cuba. 
 
 1897 
 The president vetoes an immigration bill. 
 The Nicaragua canal bill withdrawn. 
 An arbitration treaty with England rejected by the Senate. 
 
 "The dissolution of the Union is impossible so long- as we continue to incul- 
 cate lessons of fraternity, unity and patriotism and erect monuments to per- 
 petuate these sentiment.s. 
 
 "Let us remember that our interests are in concord, not conflict; and that 
 our real eminence rests in the victories of peace, not those of war." 
 
 — McKinley. 
 
 WILLIAM McKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 One Term— 1897-1901 
 
 Vice President — Garret A. Plobart, New Jersey. Died Nov. 21, 1899. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1897 
 
 Special session of the Fifty-fifth Congress called by the presi- 
 dent to increase the revenues of the country by increasing the tariff 
 duties, March 15. 
 
 Dingley tariff law enacted. (Became effective July 24.) Levied 
 duties on wool and other raw materials which the Wilson bill admit- 
 ted free. Generally imposed a higher duty on silks, woolens and other 
 woven fabrics. 
 
 Grant's tomb at New York dedicated, April 27. 
 
 Nashville exposition opened. May 1. 
 
 Universal postal congress organized, 55 countries represented. 
 
 Negotiations by American commissioners in Europe for an inter- 
 national bimetallic agreement — not successful. 
 
 The Cuban insurrection. Secret aid sent to the Cubans. 
 
 A resolution passed by the Senate recognizing Cuban belligerency. 
 
 United States refuses to negotiate with the insurgent Phillfpine 
 republic. 
 
 Appointment of the Nicaragua canal commissic^rs. 
 
 Treaties with Russia and Japan to stippress pelagic sealing. 
 
 Process of liquefying air discovered. 
 
 Wireless telegraphy invented. 
 
 New congressional library building opened. 
 
 Gold discovered in the Upper Yukon. 
 
 1898 
 
 "Greater New York" organized. 
 
 Monetary conference in Indianapolis. 
 
 The Trans-Mississippi exposition at Omaha. 
 
 A law enacted providing for arbitration of labor disputes in 
 interstate commerce. 
 
 69 
 
Industrial commission created. 
 National bankruptcy law enacted, July 1. 
 Senate ratifies Hawaiian annexation treaty, July 6. 
 American flag- raised at ?Ionolulu and the republic of Hawaii 
 becomes a part of the United States, Aug.vl2. 
 Discovery of Cape Nome, Alaska, gold fields. 
 The De Lome incident. 
 
 The destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor, Feb. 15. 
 Congress resolves that the United States should intervene to 
 establish the independence of Cuba, Feb. 19. 
 
 The president asks for and receives from Congress authority 
 to terminate hostilities in Cuba. 
 
 Congress adopts resolutions as follows, April 30: 
 
 "That the people of the island of Cuba are and of right ought 
 
 to be free and independent. 
 "That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the 
 government of the United States does hereby demand, 
 that the government of Spain at once relinquish its 
 authority and government in the island of Cuba and 
 withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and 
 Cuban waters," etc. April 20. 
 The president declares a blockade of Cuban ports, April 22. 
 Diplomatic relations with Spain severed. April 23. 
 President calls for 125,000 volunteera, April 23. 
 War formally declared against Spain. April 25. 
 Destruction of the Spanish fleet at Manila, May 1. 
 Invasion of Cuba, June 10. 
 
 Destruction of the Spanish squadron at Santiago. July 3. 
 Santiago and all of Eastern Cuba surrendered to the United 
 States, July 17. 
 
 Island of Guam seized bv the United States, July 3. 
 Spain sues for peace, July 26. 
 Peace protocol signed, Aug. 12. 
 Manila surrendered to the United States. Aug. 13. 
 Spain begins evacuation of Porto Rico. Sept. 20. 
 Treaty of peace with Spain signed at Paris, Dec. 10. 
 Emilo Ap-uinaldo proclaimed first president of the Philippine re- 
 public. Sept. 29. Philippine congress opened. 
 
 Military government organized in Cuba and Leonard Wood ap- 
 pointed governor general. Dec. 21. 
 
 "Red tape" and politics in the war department. 
 Commission appointed by president to investigate conduct of 
 the war department. 1899 
 
 Snanish evacuation of Cuba, Jan. 1. 
 First Philippine commission appointed. 
 Filipinos, under Afruinaldo, attack Manila. 
 Treaty of Paris ratified by the Senate, Feb. 6. 
 Sovereienty of United States recognized by Sultan of Sulu islands. 
 Philippine war continues. 
 
 Miners in Idaho go on strike. Joint high commission appointed 
 England and United States agree to a temporary settlement of 
 the Alaskan boundary dispute. 
 
 70 
 
Treaty of reciprocity with France signed. 
 
 Commissioners sent to the world's peace conference at the Hague. 
 
 Samoan commission appointed. 
 
 Samoan treaty signed by the United States, England and Ger- 
 many providing for a division of the islands among the three powers. 
 
 National Export exposition opened at Philadelphia, Sept. 14. 
 
 1900 
 
 Chicago drainage canal opened. 
 
 Arrangements made with European powers for the "open-door" 
 policy in China. 
 
 Report of the Philippine commission. 
 
 Negotiations of the Hay-Pauncefote convention relative to the 
 Nicaragua canal. 
 
 President McKinley signed the bill establishing the single gold 
 standard of money. 
 
 Act passed providing for a temporary government and revenue 
 for Porto Rico — the Porto Rico "tariff and government act." 
 
 Second Philippine comrrrission appointed. 
 
 Roberts of Utah excluded from the House of Representatives. 
 
 Assassination of Governor Goebel of Kentucky. 
 
 England refuses proposals from the United States to intercede 
 for peace with the Boers. 
 
 President refuses to aid the Boers in seeking peace. 
 
 New army bill signed by the president. 
 
 The Boxer uprismg in China. Negro riots in New Orleans. 
 
 Boundary line established between Alaska and Canada. 
 
 Great coal strike in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Destruction of Galveston, Sept. 8-9. 
 
 United States sends warships to collect indemnity from Morocco. 
 
 Two warships sent to Turkey to collect indemnity. 
 
 Cuban constitutional convention meets. 
 
 Nicaragua route for canal recommended by Congress. 
 
 Presidential campaign — McKinley re-elected. 
 
 Twelfth census — Population, 76,303,387. 
 
 Imports for 1900, $92/,/80,824; exports, $1,499,164,875. 
 
 1901 
 
 Hazing abolished at West Point. 
 
 China agrees to terms of the allied powers. 
 
 Reappointment of representatives in Congress under twelfth cen- 
 sus. (After March 4, 1903, House of Representatives 386 members.) 
 
 Standing army increased to 100,000. 
 
 Adoption of the Spooner amendment to the army appropriation 
 bill empowering the president to establish civil government in the 
 Philippines. 
 
 Adoption of the Piatt amendment prescribing conditions under 
 which the president is authorized to "leave the government and con- 
 trol of the island of Cuba to its people." 
 
 "The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and com- 
 merce is the pressing- problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of 
 good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity treaties 
 are in harmony with the spirit of the times; measures of retaliation are not. If, 
 perchance, some of our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage 
 and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend 
 and promote our markets abroad?" — From McKinley's last speech. 
 
 71 
 
"The people of the island of Cuba are and of right ought to be free and 
 independent." 
 
 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 
 
 April 21-Dec. 10. 1898 
 
 Causes 
 
 Real — Spanish tyranny and oppression in Cnl)a. 
 Immediate — Destrnction of the Maine. 
 
 Preliminary Topics and Events 
 
 Spanish misrule in Cuba. 
 
 The Cuban rebellion. 
 
 General Weyler's system of reconcentration. 
 
 Reforms in Cuban government demanded by the United States. 
 
 American commercial interests in Cuba. 
 
 The De Lome incident. 
 
 The destruction of the Maine. 
 
 The court of inquiry and its report. 
 
 The president's message to Congress. 
 
 Efforts made to recognize the Cuban republic. 
 
 Congressional resolutions of April 19, l898. 
 
 Congress places $50,000,000 at disposal of president, March 9. 
 
 United States sends tiltimatum to Spain, April 20. 
 
 President calls for 125,000 volunteers. 
 
 Spain declares that war exists with the United States, April 24. 
 
 The United States declares war against Spain, April 25. 
 
 Second call for volunteers, 75,000. 
 
 Cuban blockade established by the United States. 
 
 War revenue measures passed by Congress, June 10. 
 
 Commanders 
 American — Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, Merritt, Roosevelt, Dewey, 
 
 Schley, Sampson and others. 
 Cuban — Gomez and others. 
 Spanish — Weyler, Blanco, Cervera and others. 
 
 Engagements and Events 
 
 Naval — 
 
 Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed by Americans, May 1. 
 
 The achievements of the "Flying Squadron." 
 
 Bombardment of Matanzas, April 27. 
 
 Battle of Cardenas, May 11. 
 
 Bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico, May 12. 
 
 Cervera "bottled up" at Santiago. 
 
 Bombardment of Santiago, May 31. 
 
 The sinking of the Merrimac, Jtine 3. 
 
 Seizure of Guam, July 3. 
 
 Destruction of Cervera's fleet, July 3. 
 
 Harbor of Nipe captured, July 21. 
 
 72 
 
Land — 
 
 The Santiago Campaign — 
 
 Major General Wesley Merritt, commanding. 
 
 Battle of Las Guasimas. June 24. 
 
 Battle of El Caney and San Juan Hill, July 1-2. 
 
 Surrender of Sandiago, July 17. 
 The Porto Rico Campaign — 
 
 Major General Nelson A. Miles, commanding. 
 
 Army lands at Guanica. July 22. 
 
 Capture of Ponce and Yanco, July 28. 
 
 Arrayo and Guanamo surrender. 
 
 Advance upon San Juan. 
 
 Protocol signed and hostilities cease, Aug. 12. 
 The Manila Campaign — 
 
 Major General Wesley IMerritt, commanding. 
 
 Forces landed at Manila, July 29. 
 
 Spanish defeated in battle of Malate, July 3L 
 
 Manila assaulted and captured. Aug. 13. 
 General — 
 
 Marines landed in Cuba. 
 
 Capture of the Ladrone islands, June 21. 
 
 General Leonard Wood appointed military governor of Santiago. 
 
 Spain asks terms of peace, July 26. 
 
 Terms of peace accepted by Spain, Aug. 12. 
 
 Peace protocol signed and an armistice declared, Aug. 12. 
 
 The blockade of Cuba raised. 
 
 The United States declares possession of the Philippines. 
 
 United States peace commissioners appointed, Sept. 9. 
 
 Evacuation of Porto Rico by Spain began, Sept. 20. 
 
 Conference of peace commission began in Paris, Oct. L 
 
 United States took formal possession of Porto Rico. Oct. 18. 
 
 United States demands Philippine islands of Spain, Oct. 31. 
 
 Treaty of peace signed at Paris, Dec. 10. 
 
 General Wood made governor general of Cuba. Dec. 21. 
 
 1899 
 Spanish evacuation of Cuba begins, Jan. 1. 
 American flag raised at Guam. 
 The Philippine war begins. Feb. 4. 
 Treaty of peace ratified by Senate, Sept. 6. 
 
 Treaty of Peace — Results 
 
 Spain gave up all her rights and title to Cuba and the United 
 
 States agreed to transport the Spanish troops home. 
 Spain ceded Porto Rico and Guam to the United States. 
 Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States upon payment 
 
 of $20,000,000. 
 Direct cost of war to United States, $130,000,000. 
 Soldiers killed. 430; but a much larger number died of disease. 
 United States became guardian of Cuba. 
 Increased size of regular army and navy. 
 The Philippine war. 
 Introduced into American politics the question of territorial 
 
 expansion and imperialism. 
 
 73 
 
"All individuals, whether rich or poor, private or corporate, must be sub- 
 ject to the law of the land. 
 
 "The politics of fraud and treachery and foulness is unpractical politics. 
 
 "The first i-equisite of a good citizen in this republic is that he be willing 
 to pull his weight." — Roosevelt. 
 
 THE McKINLEY-ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION 
 One Term— 1901-1905 
 
 Vice President — Theodore Roosevelt, New York, until the death of 
 McKinley, Sept. 14, 1901. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1901 
 
 Philippine war continues. 
 
 Death of ex-President Harrison. 
 
 Ao^uinaldo captured and took oath of allegiance to United States. 
 
 Workmen of Porto Rico appeal to the president for a redress of 
 grievances. 
 
 Decision of the supreme court in cases involving the status of the 
 new territorial possessions. 
 
 The Pan-American exposition, May 20-Nov. 2. 
 
 President McKinley assassinated at Buffalo by Czolgosh, Sept. 6. 
 
 Peace protocol between United States and China signed, the 
 United States awarded $7,000,000. Sept. J. 
 
 Schley court of inquiry began its sessions, Sept. 12. 
 
 Vice President Roosevelt takes oath of office as president. 
 
 Isthmian canal treaty between England and United States signed. 
 
 Northern Securities Co. incorporated with capital of $400,000,000. 
 
 The Hay-Pauncefote Isthmian canal treaty ratified by the Senate. 
 
 Marconi sends wireless telegraph message across the Atlantic. 
 
 1902 
 
 President Roosevelt submitted to Congress the report of the 
 isthmian canal commission and recommended the purchase of the 
 Panama Canal Co.'s rights for $40,000,000. 
 
 Great anthracite coal- strike begun, 145 827 miners involved. 
 
 New constitution proclaimed in Cuba, Tomas Estrada Palma 
 chosen first president of the new republic. May 20. 
 
 Vast emigration from the United States to Northwestern Canada. 
 
 Decision of the Hague tribunal in the Pius fund case adverse to 
 Mexico and in favor of the United States. 
 
 President appoints commission to investigate issues of coal strike. 
 
 Danish upper house refuses to cede islands of St. Thomas, Santa 
 Cruz and St. John for $5,000,000, which purchase was ratified by the 
 United States Senate. 
 
 Reciprocity treaty with Newfoundland signed. 
 
 Venezuelan dispute referred to the Hague tribunal. 
 
 1903 
 
 San Francisco and Honolulu connected by cable. 
 
 Panama canal treaty with Columbia signed, Jan. 22. 
 
 Organization of a general staff in the army. 
 
 Department of commerce and labor created. 
 
 United States secured a naval station at Guantanamo and a coal- 
 ing station at Bahia Honda, Cuba. 
 
 74 
 
Ratifications of Alaskan boundary treaty with England exchanged. 
 
 Anthracite coal strike commission submitted report to president. 
 
 Ratifications of Cuban reciprocity treaty exchanged at Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Award of coal strike commission went into effect in the anthra- 
 cite regions of Pennsylvania, April 1. 
 
 Meeting of international arbitration conference, May 27. 
 
 Federal troops ordered to Morenci, Arizona, to subdue striking 
 miners. 
 
 Cuban senate ratified treaty granting the United States sites for 
 a naval and coaling stations, and also the treaty conceding to Cuba 
 sovereignty over the Isle of Pines, July 16. 
 
 Award of Alabama coal strike arbitration commission, Aug. 22. 
 
 Award of the Alaska boundary tribunal sustains the main con- 
 tentions of the United States. 
 
 Panama's independence of Columbia proclaimed, Nov. 3. 
 
 United States formally recognized new republic of Panama, Nov. 6. 
 
 New final treaty between the United States and Panama. 
 
 1904 
 
 Supreme court decides that citizens of Porto Rico are not aliens. 
 
 Luke E. Wright succeeds Taft as governor of Philippines, Jan. 11. 
 
 William H. Taft becomes secretary of war, Feb. 1. 
 
 Ratifications of Panama canal treaty exchanged at Washington. 
 
 Supreme court decides that the Northern Securities Company 
 is an illegal corporation. 
 
 Supreme court decides that the coal railroads must answer the 
 questions asked by the interstate commerce commission. 
 
 Acquisition of the Panama canal zone and a government provided. 
 
 Louisiana Purchase exposition opened at St. Louis, April 30. 
 
 Strike of Colorado miners. 
 
 Fifty thousand employes of the meat-packing companies go 
 on strike. 
 
 Thirteenth international peace conference opens at Boston, Oct. 3. 
 
 United States suggests to the powers signatory to the Hague 
 conference that a conference be held to further consider questions of 
 international law that would tend to minimize the horrors of war. 
 
 Presidential campaign — Roosevelt and Fairbanks elected. 
 
 1905 
 
 Protocol signed between United States and Santo Domingo, 
 Jan. 21. 
 
 Supreme court, by unanimous decision, declares the beef trust to 
 be illegal, Jan. 30. 
 
 parcel post treaty with Great Britain signed, Feb. 17. 
 
 Kansas appropriated $400,000,000 for a state oil refinery. 
 
 Supreme court holds the constitutionality of Kansas anti-trust 
 law. 
 
 Roosevelt and Fairbanks inaugurated president and vice presi- 
 dent of the United States, March 4. 
 
 "The true prosperity and greatness of a nation is to be found in the eleva- 
 tion find g-reatness of its laborers." — Grant. 
 
 75 
 
"Thei-e is not in the world a more ignoble character than the mere money- 
 getting- American, insensible to every duty, regardless of every principle, bent 
 only on amassing: a fortune and putting- his fortune only toi the basest uses — 
 whether these uses be to speculate in stocks and wreck railroads himself, or to 
 allow his son to lead a life of foolish and expensive idleness and gross de- 
 bauchery, or to purchase some scoundrel of high social position, foreign or 
 native, for his daughter." — Roosevelt. 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 One Term— 1905-1909 
 Vice President — Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 
 1905 
 
 Investigation of the Equitable Life Assurance society. 
 
 Carnegie gave $10,000,000 for a college professors' fund. 
 
 Lewis & Clark Centennial exposition opened at Portland, May 23. 
 
 President Roosevlet appealed to Russia and Japan to consider 
 peace terms. 
 
 Municipal reform movement in Philadelphia. 
 
 Chinese boycott against American goods. 
 
 Treaty of peace signed by Russian and Japanese envoys at Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 The interstate commerce commission and managers of trans- 
 Mississippi railroads reach an understanding on better observance 
 of the anti-rebate law. 
 
 The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad indicted, charged with 
 granting rebates to an auxiliary of the United States Steel corpora- 
 tion. 1906 
 
 Six hundred Moros killed in battle with American troops, March 8. 
 
 The House adopts a resolution asking the president for informa- 
 tion concerning an alleged illegal combination between the Pensyl- 
 vania and other railroads, Jan. 29. 
 
 Coferences between coal operators and miners. 
 
 Commission and board of consulting engineers recommend a 
 lock canal. 
 
 Strike of anthracite mine workers of Pennsylvania. 
 
 President in a speech advocates a progressive tax on inheritances. 
 
 Earthquake and fire practically destroy San Francisco, April 18-19. 
 
 Chicago packers found guilty of accepting concessions from rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Ptiblic schools opened in the Philippines. 
 
 President signs a bill admitting Oklahoma and Indian territory as 
 one state and permitting Arizona and New Mexico to come in under 
 the same conditions if each so desires. 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture Wilson takes active steps to put intc 
 effect the new meat inspection law. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission investigates the grain and 
 elevator trade. 
 
 The president directs that officials in charge of public works are 
 to detect and punish violations of the eight-hour law. 
 
 American Federation of Labor issues an appeal to organized labor 
 to become active in independent politics. 
 
 Insurrection in Cuba. President Palma of Cuba resigns. 
 
 76 
 
Pan-American congress of .Vmerican republics at Rio Janeiro 
 addressed by Secretary of State Root. 
 
 Secretary of War Taft proclaims United States intervention in 
 Cuba and himself as provisional governor. 
 
 Charles E. Magon assumes office of provisional governor of Cuba. 
 
 Fifteenth universal peace conference at Milan. 
 
 Anti-negro race riots in Atlanta. 
 
 Japanese excluded from regular public schools of San Francisco. 
 
 Standard Oil Co. found guilty of conspiracy in restraint of trade 
 in violation of the Ohio state law. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission begins an in(juiry at Kansas 
 City regarding a grain trust. 
 
 Three-cent street cars are operated for first time at Cleveland, O. 
 
 The president places 1,100 deputy internal revenue collectors un- 
 der civil service rules. 
 
 President Roosevvelt discharged a negro battalion for participa- 
 tion in the Brownsville riots. 
 
 New York Central railroad is fined $18,000 for giving rebates tc 
 the sugar trust. 
 
 Senate passes resolutions directing investigation of the Interna- 
 tional Harvester Co. and asking information as to the power of Con- 
 gress to regulate interstate trade in articles made by child labor. 
 
 Secretary of War Taft announced that he would not decline the 
 nomination for the presidency. 
 
 1907. 
 
 Pure food law goes into efifect, Jan. 1. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission begins investigation of railroad 
 wrecks. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission in a message to Congress se 
 verely denounces the business methods of the Standard Oil Co. 
 
 Proclamations issued by the president add 17,000,000 acres to tht 
 national forest reserves. 
 
 President orders exclusion of Japanese laborers from the United 
 States and dismisses suits against San Francisco school board. 
 
 National arbitration and peace congress in New York. 
 
 Jamestown Tercentenary exposition opens. 
 
 Waters-Pierce Oil Co. convicted of violating Texas anti-trust 
 laws. 
 
 President prohibits persons in the classified civil service list from 
 taking part in politics. 
 
 Government brings suit to dissolve combinations of anthracite 
 coal roads. 
 
 Second peace conference at the Hague. 
 
 Government begins legal battle against the tobacco trust. 
 
 The president sends to the rulers of five Central American re- 
 publics an identical telegram urging them to submit future differences 
 to arbitration. 
 
 Fifteenth national irrigation congress at Sacramento. 
 
 Oklahoma ratifies new constitution and elects state ticket. 
 
 First regular wireless dispatch over Atlantic for commercial 
 purposes. 
 
 Financial panic begins with failure of Knickerbocker Trust Co., 
 Oct. 21. 
 
 77 
 
liy pruclaniHtioii (jf the president Uklalioma and Indian territory 
 are formally admitted into the Union as one state under the name of 
 Oklahoma (46th state), Nov. 16. 
 
 Secretary of State Root opens the Central American peace con- 
 ference. 
 
 Roosevelt announces his determination to refuse a third term. 
 
 1908 
 
 Law prohibiting sale of alcoholic beverages in Georgia becomes 
 effective. 
 
 Senate votes to remit to China about $13,000,000 of the Boxer 
 indemnity. 
 
 House passes bill granting $12 a month to soldiers' w^idovvs. 
 
 Arbitration treaty with France signed, Feb. 10. 
 
 Senate adopts a resolution providing for an inquiry into the 
 conduct of national banks during the panic. 
 
 Treaties between United States and Great Britain for determin- 
 ing Canadian boundary and for regulating fisheries on Great Lakes. 
 
 General arbitration treaty between United States and Japan 
 
 Emergency currency law enacted, May 30. 
 
 The president appoints a national committee of fifty-seven on 
 the conservation of national resources. 
 
 Diplomatic relations with Venezuela severed, July 9. 
 
 National monetary commission meets at Narragansett Pier, R. L 
 
 The president directs the attorney general to take immediate 
 steps for retrial of case of the government against Standard Oil Co. 
 
 Race riots in Springfield, 111., Aug. 14-15. 
 
 Two-cent postage between the United States and Great Britain 
 and Ireland goes into effect. 
 
 List of contributions to the Bryan campaign made public, Oct. 15. 
 
 Presidential election — Republicans successful, Nov. 3. 
 
 National monetary commission holds a meeting in Washington. 
 
 National conservation commission holds a joint meeting with 
 the governors of the states at Washington, Dec. 8. 
 
 Republican members of ways and means committee begin work 
 on new tariff' bill. 
 
 1909 
 
 Secretary of Interior Garfield announces that land frauds amount- 
 ing to $110,000,000 have been discovered in the West and asks Con- 
 gress for an appropriation of $500,000 to be used in an attempt to 
 recover the lands. 
 
 United States and Venezuela agree to leave the settlement of 
 their disputes to the Hague peace tribunal. 
 
 United States arranges for withdrawal of her troops from Cuba. 
 
 The Philippine legislature convened at Manila. 
 
 Senate ratifies agreement with Great Britain to submit the New- 
 foundland fisheries dispvite to the Hague tribunal. 
 
 President Roosevelt formulates a call for an international confer- 
 ence to consider the conservation of natural resources, Feb. 19. 
 
 Battleship fleet returns from trip around the world, Feb. 21. 
 
 Delegates to the international naval conference in London agree 
 on a new code for naval warfare. 
 
 The administration of Theodore Roosevelt ends and that of 
 William Lloward Taft begins, March 4. 
 
 78 
 
"The President should always be near the people in thought and as near 
 them in person as his position will permit. Once convinced that he has divined 
 and is carrying- out their real wish, neither elated by any ephemeral outburst of 
 applause nor diverted by an outburst of censure, he must proceed unwaveringly, 
 always by lawful methods, to the accomplishment of the popular will." — Taft. 
 
 WILLIAM H. TAFT'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 One Term— 1909-1913 
 
 Vice President — James S. Sherman, New York. To Oct. 30, 1912. 
 
 The Sixty-First Congress 
 
 March 4, 1909-March 4, 1911. 
 Sessions (3) — 
 
 Special March 15. 1909-Auo-. 5, 1909. 
 Long, Dec. 6, 1909-Jime 25, 1910. 
 Short. Dec. 2, 1912-March 4, 1913. 
 Members — 
 
 Senate: Rep., 60; Dem., 32. No vacancies. Total 92. 
 House: Rep., 219; Dem., 172. No vacancies. Total, 391. Ratio, 
 193,291. Speaker, Jos. G. Cannon (111.) Rep. 
 
 The Sixty-Second Congress 
 
 March 4, 1911 -March 4, 1913 
 Sessions (3) — 
 
 Special. April 4, 1911, to Aug. 22, 1911. 
 Long, Dec. 4, 1911, to Aug. 26. 1912. 
 Short, Dec. 2, 1912, to March 4, 1913. 
 Members — 
 
 Senate : Rep.. 51 ; Dem., 43. Vacancies, 2. Total, 96. 
 House: Dem.. 229; Rep.. 161; Socialist. 1; Progressive, 1. Va- 
 cancies, 2. Total, 394. Ratio, 193.291. Speaker, Champ 
 Clark (Mo.) Dem. 
 
 Topics and Events 
 General 
 
 1909 
 
 Second national peace conference at Chicago passes resolutions 
 favoring international arbitration. 
 
 The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific exposition at Seattle opened, June 1. 
 
 Commander Robert E. Peary sends a dispatch from Indian Har- 
 bor, Labrador, stating he reached the North Pole April 6, 1909. Sept. 6. 
 
 The president makes tour of the West and South. 
 
 The Gunnison (Colo.) irrigation canal formally opened. 
 
 An international shipping federation is established. 
 
 The American Telephone & Telegraph Co. secures control of the 
 Western Union Telegraph Co. 
 
 The x'Vmerican Ice Co. found guilty of creating a monopolv. 
 
 1910 
 
 Increase in freight rates on Eastern railroads announced. 
 
 A movement to boycott meat until prices are lowered becomes 
 national. 
 
 Gifford Pinchot elected president of National Conservation asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 General education board distributes $450.(K)() anumg colleges. 
 
 79 
 
The National Sugar Refining Co. pays the government $604,304.37 
 lor back duties on underweight sugar importations. 
 
 Three hundred thousand coal miners go on strike. 
 
 The general education board distributes $538,000 among eight 
 colleges and appropriates $113,000 for agricultural demonstration 
 work in the South. 
 
 A strike of 70,000 cloak makers begun in New York city in July 
 Settled by a compromise favorable to the employes. Sept. 2. 
 
 The national prisons conference in session at Washington. 
 
 The president starts on a trip to the Panama canal. Nov. 9. 
 
 The America Society for the Judicial Settlement of International 
 Disputes meets in Washington, Dec. 15. 
 
 Playground association reported 1,535 public playgrounds in 267 
 cities. 
 
 The thirteenth census — Population. 91,972,266. 
 Imports, $1,557,819,988: exports, $1,744,984,720. 
 Agricultural production in 1910, $8,926,000,000. 
 
 1911 
 
 Carnegie Trust Co. of New York is closed by state banking- 
 officials. 
 
 The general education board announces appropriations of $634,- 
 000 for schools and colleges. 
 
 The president in a Memorial day address pleads for international 
 peace. 
 
 A general strike declared among the car shop employes of the 
 Illinois Central railroad and Harriman lines. 
 
 The granite temple built over the Lincoln cabin at Hodgenville, 
 Ky., dedicated. 
 
 Child labor legislation in thirty states during this year. 
 
 1912 
 
 United Mine Workers in convention favor government owner- 
 ship of all industries. 
 
 Lawrence strike settled, March 14. 
 
 Textile mill workers at Passaic. N. )., go on strike March 23. 
 
 More than 400,000 hard and soft coal miners stop work pending- 
 settlement of their demands, March 31. 
 
 Steamer Titanic founders with 1.595 persons on board. April 15. 
 
 Anthracite mine workers ratify wage agreement and return to 
 Avork. 
 
 United States army surgeons sent to Porto Rico to check the 
 bubonic plague. 
 
 The beef trust makes known its plan of dissolution, July 20. 
 
 P'irst national newspaper conference assembles at Madison, Wis. 
 
 The Nobel prize in medicine awarded to Dr. Carrel of New York. 
 
 Commission plan of government in operation in 257 cities of 
 the United States, Nov. 15. 
 
 Public debt at end of fiscal year, June 30, 1912, $2,868,874.16. 
 
 1913 
 
 The textile strike at Little Falls, N. Y., is settled through the 
 efforts of the state board of arbitration. Jan. 2. 
 
 Representatives of Eastern railroads and the firemen who threat- 
 ened to strike request the mediation of Judge Knapp of the cotnmerce 
 court and Commissioner of Labor Neill. 
 
 80 
 
American Federation of Labor orders a general strike in the mills 
 of the U. S. Steel Corporation in the district of Pittsburgh, Feb. 1. 
 
 Lincoln Hall, at Illinois state university, dedicated, Feb. 12. 
 
 Representatives of the Eastern railroads agree to arbitrate the 
 demands of their employes who threaten strike. 
 
 Garment v^orkers' strike in New York ends, wages raised and the 
 question of length of work day submitted to arbitration. 
 
 Politics and Government 
 
 1909 
 
 I'resident Taft announces his nominations for members of the 
 cabinet and the Senate promptly confirms them. 
 
 The president issues a call for a special session of Congress to 
 convene March 15, March 6. 
 
 The government discovers that the sugar trust has been cheating 
 in customs duties by fraudulent weighing and the trust pays $2,269,- 
 897 and gets a receipt in full settlement, April 29. 
 
 Missouri appeals railroad rate cases to United States supreme 
 court. 
 
 The president directs that taking of census be kept out of politics. 
 
 The president orders the reduction of the army to 80,000, x'Kug. 21. 
 
 The president appoints a tariff commission of three members in 
 accordance with the new tariff' law. 
 
 The president upholds Secretary Ballinger and dismisses from 
 the general land office L. R. Glavis, who made the charge, Sept. 15. 
 
 The president in a speech upholds the Payne-Aldrich tariff law. 
 
 The, interstate commerce commission in its annual report asks 
 Congress for more power to regulate railway rates. 
 
 The attorney general asks for a receiver for the American Tobac- 
 co Co., alleging a conspiracy in restraint of trade, 
 
 1910 
 
 The president directs the secretary of agriculture to remove 
 Gift'ord Pinchot. chief of forest service, and appoints Henry S. Glavis 
 his successor. 
 
 Secretary of agriculture opens to settlement 4,000,000 acres of 
 public domain formerly included in the forestry reserves, Feb. 9. 
 
 Secretary of Interior Ballinger withdraws from the public do- 
 main about 2,000,000 acres of coal lands in Wyoming and Montana. 
 
 Reform movements started in Pittsburgh to secure the commis- 
 sion form of government. 
 
 Disclosures of corruption in election of Senator Lorimer, 
 
 The stipreme court upholds the interstate commerce commission 
 in ordering freight rate reductions in the Missouri and Denver cases. 
 
 Government establishes postal savings banks, June 25. 
 
 The interstate commerce commission orders reductions in freight 
 rates on Western railroads. 
 
 The president withdraws 8,495,731 acres of water-power sites and 
 phosphate and petroleum lands in Alaska, July 3. 
 
 Ex-Governor Hughes of New York is sworn in as a member of 
 the supreme court, succeeding David J. Brewer, Oct. 10. 
 
 The secretary of interior orders sold 1,650,000 acres of Indian 
 land in Oklahoma. 
 
 81 
 
General election thruughout the United States in which tariff 
 reform was the chief issues resulted in material gains for the Dem- 
 ocrats and the election of a Democratic House, Nov. 8. 
 
 Postoffice inspectors raid many "get-rich-quick" concerns, Dec. 16. 
 
 The American Sugar. Refining Co. agrees to refund to the- gov- 
 ernment drawbacks amountmg to $700,000. 
 
 The president approves the expenditure of $20,000,000 for rec- 
 lamation work in the W^est. 
 
 1911 
 
 The government brings action under the Sherman law to dis- 
 solve the Atlantic steamship combine. 
 
 The interstate commerce commission orders the railroads in 
 the East and Middle West to cancel their proposed increase in freight 
 rates, Feb. 23. 
 
 The president calls the Sixty-second Congress to meet in special 
 session on April 4, to consider the Canadian reciprocity agreement, 
 March 4. 
 
 Twenty thousand troops and fifteen war vessels are ordered to 
 points near the Mexican border, March 7. 
 
 The postmaster general announces that magazines will be trans- 
 ported as freight in carload lots. 
 
 The supreme court holds that; under the Hepburn act the rail- 
 roads must be actually independent of the coal companies. 
 
 The $50,000,000 Panama canal bond issue open to popular sub- 
 scription. 
 
 Ohio legislators indicted for bribe solicitation. 
 
 The government brings suit against the lumber trust, alleging 
 unreasonable restraint of trade. 
 
 The supreme court upholds the government's contention that the 
 American Tobacco Co. is a combination in violation of the Sherman 
 law and orders its dissolution. 
 
 The head of the U. S. Steel corporation states to the House in- 
 vestigating committee that he favors the government regulation of 
 steel prices. 
 
 The commissioner of the land office declares invalid the Cunning- 
 ham claims involving 5,250 acres of land in Alaska. 
 
 P. P. Claxton appointed United States commissioner of education. 
 
 The government begins suit to dissolve the soft coal combination. 
 
 The president vetoes the bill revising the wool and cotton sched- 
 ules and the farmers' free list bill. 
 
 The president signs the joint resolution of Congress admitting 
 Arizona and New Mexico to statehood, Aug. 21. 
 
 At a special election in California amendments to the state con- 
 stitution are adopted giving suffrage to women and providing for 
 the initiative, referendum and recall, Oct. 10. 
 
 The electric trust ordered by a federal circuit court to dissolve. 
 
 Government brings suit to dissolve the U. S. Steel corporation, 
 alleging it to be a combination in restraint of trade. 
 
 Standard Oil trust dissolved by decree of supreme court, each 
 subsidiary company assuming control of its own affairs. 
 
 82 
 
1912 
 
 President signs proclamation admitting New Mexico into the 
 Union, Jan. 6. 
 
 Supreme court upholds constitutionality of employers' liabil- 
 ity law. 
 
 Government brings suit against Erie railroad for overworking 
 firemen. 
 
 Standard Oil Co. of New York is fined $55,000 by a federal court 
 for accepting railroad rebates. 
 
 President signs proclamation admitting Arizona into the Union, 
 the forty-eighth state, Feb. 14. 
 
 Indictments are returned by a federal grand jury against the ofifi- 
 cials of the National Cash Register Co. and the Adams Express Co. 
 
 The government brings suit against the sugar trust. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission holds that freight rates be- 
 tween equidistant points must be uniform. 
 
 President appoints Julia Lathrop chief of new children's bureau. 
 
 Congress begins an investigation of the money trust. 
 
 Suit brought against the international Harvester Co. 
 
 Government brings suit against the coffee trust. 
 
 Supreme court holds that the commerce court must not substitute 
 itself for the interstate commerce commission. 
 
 Supreme court orders the dissolution of the powder trust. 
 
 The president vetoes the army appropriation bill. 
 
 Republican national convention in session at Chicago renominates 
 Taft and Sherman, June 22. 
 
 Democratic national convention in session at Baltimore nomi- 
 nates Governor W'oodrow Wilson of New Jersey for president and 
 Governor Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president, July 2. 
 
 National Prohibition convention in session at Atlantic City nom- 
 inates Eugene W. Chafin for president and Aaron S. Watkins for vice 
 president, July 12. 
 
 Interstate commerce commission orders reduction in rates and 
 changes in methods of business of the express companies. 
 
 National Progressive convention at Chicago nominates Theodore 
 Roosevelt for president and Hiram Johnson of California for vice 
 president, Aug. 7. 
 
 President vetoes the bill lowering the wool tariff". 
 
 President vetoes the bill lowering the steel and iron tariff's. 
 
 Commission form of government adopted by New Orleans. 
 Ohio adopts a new state constitution, Sept. 3. 
 
 The Cunningham coal land claims in Alaska canceled by the sec- 
 retary of the interior, Sept. 13. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson declares his belief in the initiative, referendum 
 and recall of administrative offfcials, Sept. 25. 
 
 President signs order placing fourth-class postmasters in civil 
 service. 
 
 National election — Woodrow Wilson elected president and a 
 Democratic House of Representatives chosen, Nov. 5. 
 
 President-elect Wilson announces that he will call a special ses- 
 sion of Congress not later than April 15, to revise the tariff'. 
 
 83 
 
Supreme court orders the dissolution of the merger of the Union 
 Pacific and Southern railroad systems, under the Sherman anti-trust 
 law. 
 
 Skilled labor in the navy yards placed in civil service. 
 
 Government brings suit against the butter trust. 
 
 President-elect gives warning to those who would attempt to 
 embarrass the incoming administration by attempting to create a 
 panic. 
 
 President Taft names the nine members of the new commission 
 on industrial relations. 
 
 The government brings suit to compel the Southern Pacilic rail- 
 road to release oil lands in California valued at $250,000,000, alleging 
 that the patents were fraudulently obtained. 
 
 Labor union ofificials found guiltv in dvnamite conspiracy trial. 
 
 1913 
 
 The parcel post goes into effect, Jan. 1. 
 
 The ways and means committee of the House begins public 
 hearings preparatory to framing a tariff revision bill for the special 
 session of Congress. 
 
 The supreme court holds that a "corner" in any commodity trans- 
 ported in interstate commerce is a criminal offense imder the Sher- 
 man law. 
 
 House begins an investigation of the shipping trust. 
 
 President-elect Wilson asks that because of the great expense 
 the inaugural ball be omitted, Jan. 16. 
 
 The attorney general asks that the interstate commerce commis- 
 sion investigate the American Telegraph and Telephone companies. 
 
 President Taft vetoes the literacy test of the immigration bill. 
 
 The bath tub trust fined $51,000. 
 
 The legislature of New Jersey passes the seven corporation re- 
 form bills favored by Governor Wilson. 
 
 The income tax amendment proclaimed by the secretary of state 
 to be a part of the constitution, Feb. 25. 
 
 President Taft vetoes the Webb bill, which would" prevent the 
 shipping of liquor into "dry" states, Feb. 28. 
 
 Wilson and Marshall inaugurated and the administration of W. 
 H. Taft ends, March 4. 
 
 "Freemen need no guardians." — Woodrow Wilson. 
 
 "For indeed if you stop to think about it, notliing- could be a greater de- 
 parture from original Americanism, from faith in the ability of a confident, 
 resourceful and independent people than the discouraging doctrine that some- 
 body has got to provide prosperity for the rest of us." — Woodrow Wilson. 
 
 84 
 
"This i.s not a duy (d' tiiuiupli; it is a duy of d<.:(li(.-a.tioii. Here muster, not 
 the forces of party, but the forces of humanity. Men's hearts wait upon us; 
 men's lives hang- in the balance; men's hopes call upon us to say what we will do. 
 Who shall live- up to the great trust? Who dares fail to ti-y? I summon all 
 honest men, all patriotic, all forw.ud- looking- men to my side. God helping me, 
 1 will not fail them if tliey will l)vit counsel and sustain me." — From Wilson's 
 Inaugural Addi'ess 
 
 WOODROW WILSON'S ADiMlNISTRATION 
 Two Terms 1913-1921 
 Vice President — Thomas R. Marshall, Indiana. 
 Cabinet — ■ 
 
 Secretary of State — Wm. J. Bryan, Nebraska; Robert Lansing-. 
 
 New Jersey, June 9, 1915. 
 Secretary of Treasury — Wm. G. McAdoo, New York ; Carter 
 Glass, Virginia, Dec. 16' 1918. 
 
 Secretary of War — L. M. Garrison, New Jersey; II. L. Scott, act- 
 ing, Feb. 10, 1916; Newton D. Baker, March 9, 1916. 
 Attorney General — J. C. McReynolds, New York ; T. W. Greg- 
 ory, Texas, Atig. 19, 1914; A. Mitchell Palmer, March 4. 1Q19. 
 Postmaster General — A. S. Burleson, Texas. 
 Secretary of Navy — Jose])hus Daniels, North Carolina. 
 Secretary of Interior — Franklin K. Lane, California. 
 Secretary of Agriculttire — David F. Houston, Missotiri. 
 Secretary of Commerce — Wm. C. Redfield. New York. 
 ■ Secretary of Labor — Wm. B. Wilson, Pennsylvania. 
 Supreme Court — 
 
 Chief Justice — Edward D. White, Louisiana. 
 
 Associate Justices — Joseph McKenna, California ; Oliver W. 
 Holmes, Massachusetts ; Wm. R. Day, Ohio ; Charles E. 
 Htighes, New York; Willis Van Devanter. Wyoming; Mah- 
 lon Pitney, New Jersey; Charles IMcReynolds, New York; 
 Louis D. Brandeis, Massachusetts. 
 
 The Sixty-Third Congress 
 March 4, 1913— IMarch 4, 1915 
 Sessions (3) — 
 
 Special— April 7, 1913, to Dec. 1, 1913. 
 Long— Dec. 1, 1913, to Oct. 24, 1914. 
 Short— Dec. 7. 1914, to March 4, 1915. 
 A F embers — 
 
 Senate — Dem., 53; Rep., 42; Prog., 1. No vacancies. Total. 96. 
 House — Dem., 291; Rep., 128; Prog., 15; Ind., 1. Vacancies, 2. 
 Total. 435. Ratio, 212.877. Speaker, Champ Clark (Dem.) 
 Missouri. 
 
 The Sixty- Fourth Congress 
 
 IMarch 4, 1015— March 4, 1917 
 Sessions (2) — 
 
 Long—Dec. 6, 1915, to Sept. 8, 1916. 
 Short— Dec. 4, 1916, to March 4, lf^l7. 
 Members — 
 
 Senate — Dem., 56; Rep., 39; Prog.. 1. No vacancies. Total, 96. 
 House— Dem.. 229; Rep., 196; Prog., 7; Ind.. 1; Soc, 1. Va- 
 cancies, 7. Total, 435. Minority leader. Jas. R. Mann 
 (Rep.) Illinois. Speaker, Champ Clark rDem.) Missouri. 
 
 85 
 
The Sixty-Fifth Congress 
 
 THE WAR CONGRESS 
 March 4, 1917— March 4, 1919 
 Sessions (3) — 
 
 Special— April 2, 1917, to Oct. 6, 1917. 
 Long— Dec. 3, 1917, to Nov. 22, 1918. 
 Short— Dec. 2, 1918, to March 4, 1919. 
 Members — 
 
 Senate — Dem., 51 ; Rep., 43. Vacancies, 2. Total, 96. 
 House— Dem., 215; Rep., 211 ; Prog., 2 ; Soc, 1 ; Proh., 1 ; Ind., 
 2. Vacancies, 4. Total, 435. Speaker, Champ Clark (Dem.) 
 Missouri. 
 
 The Sixty-Sixth Congress 
 
 March 4, 1919— March 4, 1921 
 Sessions (3) — 
 
 Special— May 19, 1919 to 
 
 Long— 
 
 Short- 
 Members — 
 
 Senate — Rep., 50; Dem., 46. No vacancies. Total, 96. 
 
 House — 
 
 Rep., 288; Dem., 193; Ind., 2 ; Proh., 1. No vacancies. Total, 
 435. Speaker, Frederick H. Gillett (Rep.) Massachusetts. 
 
 DIGEST OF WORK OF SIXTY-THIRD CONGRESS 
 
 The Special Session 
 April 7, 1913— Dec. 1, 1913 
 
 Act to reduce tariff duties and to provide revenue for the government and for 
 other purposes includes income tax law. 
 
 Act providing for mediation, conciliation and arbitration in controversies be- 
 tween certain employers and their employes. 
 
 Act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the government (with 
 "rider" exempting labor unions and farmers' organizations from prosecu- 
 tion under the Sherman anti-trust law) 
 
 Act making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies in appropriations for 
 the fiscal year 1913 (with amendment abolishing the commerce court). 
 
 The Long Session 
 Dec. 1, 1913— Oct. 24, 1914 
 Total appropriations, $1,109,408,777.26 
 
 Act to provide for the establishment of federal reserve banks, to furnish an elas- 
 tic currency, to afford means of rediscounting coinmercial paper and to 
 establish more effective supervision of banking in the United States. 
 
 Act to promote the efficiency of the naval militia. 
 
 Act to amend an act to prohibit the importation and use of opium for other 
 than medical purposes. 
 
 Act to regulate the hours of employment and safeguard the health of females 
 employed in the District of Columbia. 
 
 Act to authorize the president of the United States to construct and operate 
 railroads in the territory of Alaska. 
 
 Act to provide for raising the volunteer forces of the United Slates in time of 
 actual or threatened war. 
 
 Act to provide for co-operative agricultural extension work between certain agri- 
 cultural colleges in the seveial states and the United States department of 
 agriculture. 
 
 Act to amend the section of the i'aiiama caii.il rut "VAmjiting AniericMn ships 
 I'liiin the pnyment of tolls. 
 
 86 
 
Act providing- a temporary method o( eniulucting- the nomin;itioii ;uul election ot 
 United States senators. 
 
 Act to increase the efficiency of the aviation service of the army. 
 
 Act to authorize the establishment of a bureau of war risk insurance in the 
 treasury department. 
 
 Act to supplement existing- la-w-s against unlawful restraints and monopolies. 
 
 Act to create a federal trade commission and to define its powers and duties. 
 
 Act to increase the internal revenue (war tax). 
 
 Act to provide for the leasing of coal lands in Alaska. 
 
 .Joint resolution justifying the employment by the president of the armed forces 
 of the United States. 
 
 •loint resolution designating the second Sunday in May as Mothers' day. 
 
 .Joint resolutions to provide for the relief, protection and transportation of 
 American citizens in Europe; first resolution passed by House and Senate 
 and approved Aug. 3, 1914; second resolution passed by House and Senate 
 and approved Aug. 5. 
 
 Joint resolution granting- the American Red Cross organization authority to 
 charter a ship or ships of foreign registry for use in connection with the 
 European war. 
 
 The Short Session 
 
 Dec. 7, 1914 — March 4, 1915 
 
 Total appropriations, $1,115,121,408.68 
 
 Act to create coast guai-d by combining therein the existing life-saving service. 
 
 Act to promote the welfare of American seamen in the merchant marine. 
 
 Act to create the Rocky mountain national park in Colorado. 
 
 Joint resolution to empower the president better to enforce and maintain neu- 
 trality of the United States. 
 
 WORK OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH CONGRESS 
 The Long Session 
 
 Session began Dec. 6, 1915; ended Sept. 8, 1916 
 Total appropriations, $1,894,035,739.73 
 Act for making further and more effectual provision for the national defense. 
 Act making appropriations for the navy, provisions for its increase, etc. 
 Act making appropriations for the support of the ariny. 
 Act making appropriations for fortifications and other works of defense. 
 Act to increase the revenue. 
 Act to declare the purpose of the United States as to the future political status 
 
 of the people of the Philippine islands and to provide a more autonomous 
 
 government for those islands 
 Act to establish a United States shipping board for the purpose of encouraging, 
 
 developing and creating a naval auxiliary, etc. 
 Act to provide government aid in the construction of rural post roads. 
 Act to provide for the creation of twelve federal land banks and permit the 
 
 establishment of joint stock land banks for the purpose of making loans on 
 
 farm lands (the federal farm loan act). 
 Joint resolution for drafting militia into regular p.rmy. 
 
 Act to appropriate $200,000 for training- the organized militia or national guard. 
 Act providing for an increase in the number of cadets at the United States 
 
 military academy. 
 Act to prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor. 
 Act to provide compensation for employes of the United States suffering injuries 
 
 while in the performance of their duties. 
 Act to establish an eight-hour day for emploj'es of carriers engaged in interstate 
 
 and foreign commerce. 
 Act to establish a national park service. 
 
 Act to establish the Lassen Volcanic National park in the Sierra Nevada moun- 
 tains, California. 
 Act to accept deed of gift to Abraham Lincoln homestead and log cabin. 
 Act to incorporate the Boy Scouts of America. 
 Act repealing provisos in tariff act of 1913 for duty free sugar and molasses after 
 
 May 1, 1916. 
 
 87 
 
Joint it-*toluUun to pro\ ido for lioklins the Texas bicenl<>iiiiial and Pan- America n 
 
 exposition in 1918. 
 Act amending tlie postal savings system act. 
 Act malcing appropriations for the department of agriculture and containing 
 
 "United States cotton futures act," "United States grain standards act" and 
 
 "United States warehouse act." 
 Act making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies in appropriations for 
 
 military and naval establishments (caused by Mexican crisis). 
 
 The Short Session 
 
 Session began Dec. 44, 1916; ended March 4, 1817 
 
 Act to regulate the immigration of aliens to and residence in the United States 
 
 Act to provide for the promotion of vocational education. 
 
 Act to provide a civil government for Porto Rico. 
 
 Act to provide a temporary government for the West Indian islands acquired by 
 
 the United States from Denmark. 
 Act to prohibit the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors in the territory of 
 
 Alaska. 
 Act making appropriations for the postofFice department and containing "bone 
 
 dry" prohibition amendment. 
 Act to prevent the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors in the District of 
 
 Columbia. 
 Act to provide for the control of the Hoods of the jMississippi and Sacramento 
 
 rivers. 
 Act to establish the Mount McKinley nation.al park in the territory of Alaska. 
 Act to establish a national military park at the battle field of Guilford Court- 
 house. 
 Act to provide for stock-raising homesteads. 
 Act to prevent and punish the desecration, mutilation or impioper use, in the 
 
 District of Columbia of the United States flag. 
 Act to punish persons who make threats against the president of the United 
 
 States. 
 Act to provide increased revenue to defray the expenses of the increased ap- 
 
 'propriations for the .irmy and navy and the extensions of fortifications. 
 Act making appropriations for the naval service for the fiscal year ending June 30. 
 Act making appropriations for fortifications and other works of defense, for 
 
 the armament thereof, for the procurement of heavy ordnance for trial and 
 
 service, and for other purposes. 
 Joint re.solution to expedite the delivery of materials, equipment and munitions 
 
 and to secure more expeditious construction of ships. 
 
 WORK OF THE SIXTY-FIFTH OR WAR CONGRESS 
 The Special (Extra) Session 
 April 2, 1917, to Oct. 6, 1917 
 Total appropriations, $21,390,730,940 
 Joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists between the German gov- 
 ernment and the government and people of the United States; passed b> 
 
 Senate April 4, 1917; by House April 6. Approved April 6. 
 Act to authorize an issue of bonds to meet expenditures for the national security 
 
 and defense and for the purpose of assisting in the prosecution of the war 
 
 and to extend credit to foreign governments. 
 Act to provide for the extension of minority enlistments in the naval service. 
 Act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in appropriations. 
 Joint resolution authorizing the president to take over for the United States the 
 
 possession and title of any vessel within its jurisdiction owned in any nation 
 
 with which the United States is at war. 
 Act to authorize the president to increase temporarily the military establishment 
 
 of the United States. 
 Act to punish acts of interference with the foreign relations, the neutrality anA 
 
 the foreign commerce of the United States, to punish espionage and better 
 
 to enforce the criminal laws of the United states. 
 Act to increase temporarily the commissioned and warrant and enlisted strength 
 
 of the navy and ma line corps. 
 
 88 
 
Act to authorize the issue to states and territories and the District of Columbia 
 of rifles and other property for the equipment of home guards. 
 
 Act relating to foreign enlistments. 
 
 Act making appropriation!^ to supply urgent deficiencies in appropriations for 
 the military and naval establislnnents on account of war expenses for the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. 
 
 Act to provide further for the national security and defense by encouraging the 
 production, conserving the supply and controlling the distribution of food 
 products and fuel. ' 
 
 Act to provide further for the national security and defense by stimulating agri- 
 culture and facilitating the distribution of agricultural products. 
 
 Act to authorize the president to increase temporarily the signal corps of the 
 army and to purchase, manufacture, maintain, repair and operate airships 
 and to make appropriations therefor. 
 
 Act for protection of desert land entrymen who enter military or naval service 
 of the United States in time of war. 
 
 Act for the relief of homestead entrymen or .settlers who enter the military or 
 naval service of the United States in time of war. 
 
 Joint resolution to relieve owners of mining claims from performing assessment 
 work while in the military or naval service of the United States. 
 
 Act to provide revenue to defray war expenses, approved Oct. 3. 
 
 .Vet to define, regulate and punish trading with the enemy. 
 
 .\ct to authorize an additional issue of bonds to meet expenditures for the na- 
 tional security and defense, and for the purpose of assisting in the prose- 
 cution of the war, to extend additional credit to foreign governments and 
 for other purposes. 
 
 Act to amend an act entitled "An act to authorize the establishment of a bureau 
 of war risk insurance in the treasury department and for other purposes." 
 
 Act giving the United States shipping board power to suspend present provisions 
 of law and permit vessels of foreign registry and foreign built vessels ad- 
 mitted to American registry under the act of Aug. 18, 1914, to engage in the 
 coastwise trade during the present war and for a period of 120 days there- 
 after, except the coastwise trade with Alaska. 
 
 The Long Session 
 Dec. 3, 1917, to Nov. 22, 1918 
 
 Act to increase the number of midshipmen at the United States naval academy. 
 
 Act to authorize calling into the service of the United States the militia and 
 other locally created armed forces of the Philippine islands. 
 
 Act to extend protection to the civil rights of members of the military and naval 
 establishments of the United States engaged in the present war. 
 
 Act to provide for the operation of transportation systems while under federal 
 control, for the just compensation of their owners and for other purposes. 
 
 Act making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies for the fiscal year ending 
 June 30, 1918. and prior fiscal years on account of war expenses. 
 
 Act to authorize an additional bond issue to meet expenditures for the national 
 security and defense and for the purpose of assisting the prosecution of the 
 war, to extend additional credit to foreign governments and for other pur- 
 poses, i 
 
 Act to promote export trade. 
 
 Act to empower the president and his a.gents to take over certain transportation 
 systems for the use of shipyard employes. 
 
 Act to punish the willful injury or destruction of war material, or of win- 
 premises or utilities used in connection with wai- material. 
 
 Joint resolution providing for the registration for military service of all persons 
 citizens of the United States and all male persons resident in the United 
 States who have since June 5, 1917, attained the age of 21 years. 
 
 Joint resolution providing for calling into military service certain classes of 
 persons registered and liable for military service. 
 
 .\^ct to authorize the president to provide housing for war needs. 
 
 Act authorizing the president to cc-ordina.te or consolidate executive bureaus, 
 agencies and offices in the inteiest of oconomv and the more efficient con- 
 centration of the government. 
 
 Act to prohibit the sale, manufacture and importation of intoxicating lifpiois 
 in tbe toiiitoiv- of Hawaii during the period of the war. 
 
 89 
 
Act to authorize an additional issue of bonds to meet expenditures for the na- 
 tional security and defense. 
 
 Act to provide for vocational rehabilitation and return to «Jivil employment of 
 disabled persons discharf»-ed from' the mllitary-or naval forces of the United 
 States. 
 
 Act conferring on the president power to prescribe charter rates and freight 
 rates and to requisition vessels. 
 
 Joint resolution to authorize the president in time of war to take possession and 
 assume control of any telegraph, telephone, marine cable or radio system 
 and operate the same. 
 
 Act to repeal the act incorporating the National German -American alliance. 
 
 Act to pension widows and minor children of officers and enlisted men who 
 served in the war with Spain, Philippine insurrection or in China. 
 
 Act to amend an act entitled "An act to authorize the president to increase tem- 
 porarily the military establishment of the United States." 
 
 Act to amend act authorizinz the establishment of a bureau of war risk insur- 
 ance in the treasury department. 
 
 Act making appropriations for the payment of invalid and other pensions. 
 
 Act making appropriations for the support of the army. 
 
 Act making appropriations for fortifications. 
 
 Act making appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of the government. 
 
 Act making further appropriations to supply deficiencies in appropriations for 
 the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918. 
 
 The Short Session 
 
 Dec 2, 191S, to March 4, 1919 
 
 Congress addressed by the president. Discusses reconstruction problems, in- 
 cluding shipping, tax.qtion and rnilroad control and declared it was his duty to 
 attend the peace conference in Europe. 
 
 Debates in Congress reg-arding- the proposed league of nations treaty. 
 
 Adoption of the administration's measure providing for the Victory loan. 
 
 Thp conference report on the revenue bill arlonted. Estimated to raise 
 $fi 000,000,000 in taxes for the current fiscal year and $4,000,000,000 a year there- 
 after. 
 
 A Senate filibuster defeats appropriations fnr finano'ng the railroads, con- 
 structing ships and the annual appropriation bills for the army and the navy. 
 
 Said President Wilson in his war message : 
 
 The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a war againbv 
 all mankind. * * * Tj^g challenge is to all. * * * Neutrality is no longer 
 feasible or desirable, when the peace of the world is involved and the freedom 
 of its peoples, and when the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence 
 of autocratic governments, backed by organized force which is controlled wholly 
 by their will, not the will of their people. * * * We have no quarrel vatb 
 the German people. * * * ^ steadfast concert for peace can never be main- 
 tained except by a partnership of democratic nations. * * * nq autocratic 
 government could be trusted to keep faith with it. * * * Only free peoples 
 can prefer the interests of mankind to any narrow interests of their own. * * « 
 
 We are now about to accept the gage of battle with the natural foe of lib- 
 erty. * * * "We are glad to fight for the ultimate peace of the woi-ld and for 
 the liberation of its peoples, the German people included. * * * 
 
 The world must be made safe for ddtnocracy. We have no selfish ends. Wc 
 desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no 
 national compensation for the sacrifice we shall freely jmake. 
 
 It is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful counti-y into war, into tho 
 most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the 
 balance. 
 
 But the right is more precious than peace and we shall fight for the thing 
 we have always carried nearest our hearts — for democracy, for the right of 
 those who submit to authoj-ity to have a voice in their own governments, for 
 the ri,ghts and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right h>. 
 such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all na- 
 tions. * * • 
 
 To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that 
 we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the 
 day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for 
 the principles that gave her birth and happiness and t'oi' the peace which she 
 has lixasured. God helpin.g her, she can do no other. 
 
 90 
 
Topics and Events 
 General 
 
 1913 
 
 New administration begins March 4. 
 
 The president and many state governors issue appeals for heip 
 for the flood sufferers of Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 Ex-President Taft begins his work as Kent professor of law at 
 Yale, April 1. 
 
 Award of arbitration board appointed to adjust matters in con- 
 troversy between Eastern railroads and their firemen grants an in- 
 crease of 10 to 12 per cent in wages. 
 
 West Virginia coal miners vote to accept the governor's settle- 
 ment of issues in the strike. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt wins libel suit against the editor of Iron Ore. 
 
 Fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg commemorated 
 by a reunion of 50,000 Union and Confederate veterans on the battle- 
 field, July 1-3. 
 
 Foreign trade for fiscal year ending June 30 shows total imports 
 of $1,812,621,160 and exports of $2,465,761,910. Internal revenue col- 
 lections, including corporation tax, $334,424,453. 
 
 Fourth international congress of school hygiene meets at Buffalo 
 with 1,000 delegates representing twenty countries, Aug. 25. 
 
 Ex-President Taft elected president of American Bar association. 
 
 World Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in conven- 
 tion at Brooklyn with representatives from fifty countries. 
 
 Wage increase of 7 per cent granted by arbitration board to con- 
 ductors and trainmen of Eastern railroads. 
 
 A strike on the Southern Pacific lines ended through efforts of 
 federal board of mediation and conciliation, the dispute to be arbi- 
 trated. 
 
 1914 
 
 Firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. announce withdrawal of its members 
 from directorships in twenty-seven large corporations. 
 
 Ford Motor Co. announces a plan by which it will give $10,000,000 
 annually to its wage-earning employes. 
 
 Direct wireless communication established between United States 
 and Germany. 
 
 American academy of jurisprudence organized to endeavor to 
 harmonize laws and improve legal education. 
 
 Cape Cod canal completed, April 28. 
 
 Federal troops are sent to Colorado to take the place of the state 
 troops in the strike region. April 28. 
 
 The Panama canal opened for regular barge traffic. May 18. 
 
 The Western railroads and their engineers agree to President 
 Wilson's plan to arbitrate their differences. 
 
 Death of the president's wife after a brief illness, Aug. 5. 
 
 The United Mine Workers of America accept President Wilson's 
 proposals for a settlement of the Colorado strike. 
 
 The president addresses the American Bar association in session 
 at Washington, making a plea for the humanizing of the law. 
 
 A federal quarantine to check the spread of foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease among cattle is proclaimed in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan 
 and Illinois. 
 
 91 
 
Quarantine against foot-and-mouth disease extended to New 
 York, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey. 
 
 The cotton exchange at New York and New Orleans resumes 
 trading after being closed for fifteen weeks, Nov. 16. 
 
 The government's report on cotton crop indicates the unprece- 
 dented yield of 15,966,000 bales. 
 
 1915 
 
 One hundredth anniversary of the last battle with England com- 
 memorated at New Orleans, Jan. 8. 
 
 Transcontinental telephone communication becomes a reality, 
 Alexander Graham Bell talks with an assistant in San Francisco. 
 
 Wifeless telephoning- from a moving train to a station successful. 
 
 Panama-Pacific exposition at San Francisco. 
 
 Dr. W. F. Rittman of the bureau of mines discovers a new pio- 
 cess for increasing the quality of gasoline derived from petroleum. 
 
 Following a public investigation the bakers of New York are 
 forced to lower bread from six to five cents a loaf. 
 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co. is placed in the 
 hands of receivers following stock manipulations. 
 
 The navy department announces that the battleship California 
 will be propelled by electricity, the first in the world. 
 
 A world court congress convenes at Cleveland to discuss an in- 
 ternational court of justice for settlement of disputes between nations. 
 
 Conference on international arbitration at Lake Mohonk. 
 
 Street railway strikers in Chicago resume work, agreeing to sub- 
 mit their dififerences with the company to arbitration, June 16. 
 
 Preliminary figures of American foreign trade for fiscal year just 
 ended show a balance of exports over imports of more than $1,000,- 
 000,000 
 
 Carpenters' strike in Chicago ended by compromise wage agree- 
 ment. 
 
 Fifth annual congress of governors in session at Boston, Aug. 
 24-27. 
 
 A strike of 60,000 clothing workers in New York city is averted 
 l>y arbitration of demands, which resulted in an increase of from 12 
 to 15 per cent. 
 
 Following a strike, employes of the Remington Arms Co. were 
 granted fewer hours and an increase of wages. 
 
 Striking workers in a Standard Oil plant in New Jersey given 
 wage increase. 
 
 A strike of 60,000 lady garment workers in New York averted 
 by arbitration, which awarded an increase of wages. 
 
 United States military authorities begin an experiment in train- 
 ing citizens for national defense. 
 
 The National Education Association, in session at Oakland, 
 Cal., adopts the "Declaration of Principles," commending President 
 Wilson's policy concerning both the European and Mexican situation 
 and rejoicing in his eminent services in the cause of peace. 
 
 Foreign exchange rates fall to new low levels ; London ex- 
 change drops to $4,5525 on the pound, Aug. 21. 
 
 Wireless telephone messages from Washington to TTawaii, 4,900 
 miles. 
 
 92 
 
Announoeineiil made that more than 71 per cent of the area «»f 
 the United States is now prohibition territory and by Jan. 1, 1916, 
 ,this will be increased to more than 90 per cent. 
 
 The Ford peace expedition sails from the United States to 
 Europe, Dec. 4. 
 
 Nobel prize for physics awarded to Edison and Tesla. 
 
 A conference on co-operation between cities and universities in 
 training for public service held in Cincinnati, Nov. 15-17. 
 
 The children's bureau of the department of labor has included in 
 its review the outlying territories of the United States, and reports 
 that Alaska has forbidden the employment of boys under 16 under- 
 ground in mines; Hawaii has passed a curfew law for girls under 16 
 in Honolulu; the Philippines have provided for dental clinics in the 
 schools and created a public welfare board to establish and maintain 
 social centers ; and Porto Rico has passed a modern juvenile court law. 
 
 The Massachusetts Teachers' Association passed resolutions 
 against compulsory military training in the schools. 
 
 President Wilson married to Mrs. Norman Gait, Dec. 18. 
 
 1916 
 
 Prohibition goes into effect in the following seven states : Colo- 
 rado, Iowa, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, South Carolina, Arkansas. 
 
 National Civic Federation meets in sixteenth annual conference. 
 
 Official figures of the foreign commerce of the United States 
 during 1915 shows an excess of exports over imports of $1,722,309,538. 
 The former average was $450,000,000. 
 
 Annual child labor conference at Asheville, N. C. 
 
 Representatives of 400,000 railway employes issue a statement 
 defending their demands for an eight-hour day. 
 
 Representatives of bituminous coal miners and operators, after 
 four weeks of discussion, reach an agreement upon wages and hours 
 of labor of 400,000 men ; wages will be increased from 5 to 13 per cent. 
 
 The limit on postal savings accounts raised from $500 to $1,000. 
 
 President Wilson declares for a world peace alliance after war. 
 
 The American Federation of Teachers, to be affiliated with the 
 American Federation of Labor, organized. 
 
 National woman suffrage convention in Chicago. 
 
 Census bureau announces that there are 21,000,000 men in the 
 United States eligible to military dtity. 
 
 President Wilson issues a call to the national guard for services 
 on the Mexican border. The state militias begin mobilizing, June 18. 
 
 The Pacific squadron is ordered to Mexican waters, June 18. 
 
 All national guard units are ordered to proceed to the border as 
 soon as mustered in, June 23. 
 
 John Hessin Clarke appointed an associate justice of the supreme 
 court to succeed Chas. E. Hughes, resigned. 
 
 The president signs the rural credits bill creating twelve land loan 
 banks under direction of a federal board, July 17. 
 
 Report of department of commerce shows the foreign trade of 
 United States for fiscal year ending June 30 is $4,334,000,000 exports 
 and $2,198,000,000 imports. These are the largest totals and the 
 largest trade balance in our history. 
 
 National Education association in session in New York city. 
 
 Death of James \Miitcomb Rilev, July 26. 
 
 93' ■ 
 
The supor-sulniuirinc 1 )cutschlaiul leaves IJaltiuiore fur reluni 
 trip, Aug. 1. 
 
 The railroad men and managers and the federal board of mediation 
 having failed to adjust differences, President Wilson summons the 
 leaders of both sides to a conference, Aug. 13. 
 
 Having failed to persuade the railway managers to accept his 
 proposals to avert a strike the president summons the railroad presi- 
 dents to a conference. 
 
 Upon the announcement by the president that he would sign 
 the eight-hour bill for railway operators as recently passed by Con- 
 gress, the leaders of the trainmen call oft" the strike that was set 
 for Sept. 4, Sept. 2. 
 
 The Lincoln monument at Hodgenville, Ky., built at Lincoln's 
 birthplace, formally presented to the nation by the Lincoln Farm 
 association. The president made the acceptance speech, Sept. 4. 
 
 The government's report indicates a cotton crop of 11.637,000 
 bales and a wheat yield of 607,557,000 bushels. 
 
 It is estimated that the average level of food prices in New York 
 city has increased 40 per cent within the year. 
 
 Cotton for the first time since the Civil war reaches the 20c mark. 
 
 Virginia becomes the eighteenth prohibition state. 
 
 In general elections Michigan, Nebraska, South Dakota and Mon- 
 tana are added to the "dry" states. The "bone-dry" amendment 
 passed in Oregon. 
 
 The American Federation of Labor pledges all workers, organ- 
 ized and unorganized, to efforts to secure the eight-hour day for all 
 labor. 
 
 Complete official election returns show that the vote cast for 
 President Wilson was 9,116.296 and for Candidate Hughes was 8.547,- 
 474, a plurality for the president of 568,882. 
 
 The farm loan board announces that the twelve district banks 
 will be located as follows : Springfield, Alass. ; Baltimore, Md. ; Co- 
 lumbus, S. C. ; New Orleans, La. ; Houston, Tex. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; 
 Lousiville, Ky. ; St. Paul, Minn. ; Omaha, Neb. ; Wichita, Kan. ; 
 Spokane, Wash. ; Berkeley, Cal. Dec. 27. 
 
 The president signs the Ferris bill opening up 640-acre home- 
 steads for grazing and stock raising. 
 
 1917 
 
 Department of agriculture estimates the value of farm products 
 in 1916 was $13,449,000,000, the greatest in the nation's history, al- 
 though the crop production was below the average. 
 
 Secretary of labor estimates that during November and December 
 wage increases of 5 to 10 per cent were given to 1,118,000 workers 
 in the Lnited States. 
 
 Henry Ford announces that he will turn over to the government 
 in case of emergency both his factories and his personal fortune of 
 $100,000,000. He will accept neither profits nor interest. 
 
 Tennessee becomes "bone dry," jNIarch 1. 
 
 Railroad managers agree to most of the demands of the Rail- 
 way Brotherhoods and grant an eight-hour basis of pay. 
 
 Supreme court upholds constitutionality of the eight-hour law. 
 
 Soft coal miners in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois are 
 granted a wage increase of 20 per cent. 
 
 94 
 
Wages of anthracite coal miners raised 20 per cent. 
 
 The new American Red Cross building in Washington dedicated. 
 
 American exports for year ending April 30 are announced as 
 $6,060,000,000. 
 
 Reports of department of agriculture estimate a record yield of 
 $6,093,000,000 bushels of principal food crops. 
 
 Manufacture of whisky ceases throughout the United States un- 
 der the food control act, Sept. 7. 
 
 A strike in the ship-building plants of the Pacific coast. 
 
 A strike of longshoremen in New York settled by arbitration. 
 
 Bureau of labor statistics estimates that food prices increased 
 about 47 per cent during the past four years. 
 
 1918 
 
 Strike of carpenters in New York and Baltimore shipyards set- 
 tled by intervention of President W^ilson. 
 
 The president proclaims $2.20 a bushel as minimum price for 
 1918 wheat crop. 
 
 Conference between representatives of capital and labor on war 
 co-operation. 
 
 Time advanced one hour throughout the United States, March 31. 
 
 Supreme court upholds constitutionality of the selective draft act. 
 
 Under the selective draft law 745,000 men register for military 
 duty. 
 
 Men of 18 to 20 and 32 to 45 register under the man power act. 
 Sept. 12. 
 
 The postmaster general announces a merger of all telegraph lines 
 under government operation, Nov. 20. 
 
 The president announces that the American representatives to the 
 peace conference will be himself. Secretary Lansing, Henry White, Ed- 
 ward M. House and General Tasker H. Bliss. 
 
 Spanish influenza epidemic throughout the United States. 
 
 First large iniit of returning troops arrive in New York, Dec. 
 
 President \\'ilson reaches Europe, Dec. 13. 
 
 The food administration suspends all food regulations, Dec. 22. 
 
 1919 
 
 Death of Theodore Roosevelt, Jan. 6. 
 
 General strikes among shipyard workers in Seattle. Feb. 6 to 
 March 9. 
 
 Mines in Butte district closed by I. W. W. agitators, Feb. 8. 
 
 Bomb outrages in Eastern cities. 
 
 A United States seaplane flies from Newfoundland to the Azores 
 (May 17), then to England. 
 
 The telegraphs and telephones returned to private operation. 
 
 American Federation of Labor holds convention at Jersev City. 
 
 Special Session, Sixty-Sixth. 
 
 May 19 to 
 
 A cabled message from the president recommends reconsidera- 
 tion of taxes, woman sufifrage and labor legislation. 
 
 Woman suffrage amendment passed by House (.304 to 89), May 
 21. and by the Senate (56 to 25), June 4. 
 
 95 
 
Politics and Government 
 
 1913 
 
 President Wilson in his inaugnral address advocates tariff re- 
 duction, revision of banking and currency laws, conservation of natu- 
 ral resources, legislation safeguarding life and health, regulation of 
 conditions of labor, pure food laws and sanitation. March 4. 
 
 The president sends to the Senate for confirmation the names of 
 those whom he has appointed to cabinet positions. March 5. 
 
 The president discusses the tariff' with the Democratic members 
 of the finance committee. 
 
 The commerce court uj^holds the interstate commerce commis- 
 sion in the rate case prohibiting discrimination against interstate 
 traffic. 
 
 Japan protests against the anti- Japanese land legislation of Cal- 
 ifornia. 
 
 The secretary of commerce warns manufacturers that the gov- 
 ernment will investigate all reductions in wages alleged to be due to 
 the tariff". 
 
 Ciovernment begins suit to dissolve the American Shoe Machinery 
 Co. imder the Sherman law. 
 
 President Wilson issues a statement alleging the existence of 
 an industrious adn insidious lobby to get recognition for alterations of 
 the tariff'. 
 
 The seventeenth amendment to the constitution becomes ef- 
 fective. May 25. 
 
 The supreme court upholds the rigiit of a state to regulate rail- 
 road rates within its borders. 
 
 The secretary of the treasury announces that the government is 
 ready to appropriate $500,000 to relieve any money stringency. 
 
 At a conference attended by the president, leaders in Congress, the 
 secretary of labor, representatives of railroads and of conductors and 
 traiiunen the threatened strike of employes is averted by agreeing 
 upon legislation to be enacted at once. July 14. 
 
 The interstate commerce commission compels the express com- 
 panies to reduce their rates. 
 
 The president signs the new tariff' bill, most of the provisions of 
 which take eff'ect immediately, Oct. 1. 
 
 President Wilson states that he will recommend anti-trust legis- 
 lation at the next session of congress. 
 
 The president, by appointing four natives as members of the 
 Philippine commission, makes good his promise to give a majoritv in 
 that body. 
 
 Secretary of labor addresses the convention of American Fed- 
 eration of Labor, pledging his department's co-operation with the 
 trade union movement. 
 
 Supreme court holds that the copyright laws do not permit own- 
 ers to dictate the price beyond the first sale. 
 
 The postmaster general in his annual report recommends the 
 acquisition by the government of all telephone and telegraph lines. 
 
 The president signs the currency revision bill, declaring it to be 
 the first in a series of constructive measures which the Democratic 
 administration will enact. Dec. 23. 
 
 96 
 
1914 
 
 The president signs an executive order establishing a permanent 
 civil government in the canal zone. 
 
 Tennessee becomes a prohibition state. 
 
 Government brings suit against the Lehigh \'alley railroad al- 
 leging that it monopolizes the hard coal industry through subsidiary 
 companies. 
 
 Secretary Daniels issues orders forbidding use of alcoholic drinks 
 in navy. 
 
 United States supreme court holds that orders of the interstate 
 commerce commission shall take precedence over those of the state 
 railway commissions. 
 
 The United States supreme court afifirms the power of the inter- 
 state commerce commission to fix rates and also holds that pipe lines 
 are common carriers and subject to the commission. 
 
 The president directs the attorney general to begin action against 
 the Xew Haven Railroad Co. 
 
 The International Harvester Co. is declared to be a monopoly in 
 restraint of trade and its dissolution is ordered by a United States 
 district court. Aug. 12. 
 
 The Panama canal is formally opened, Aug. 15. 
 
 \'irginia adopts a prohibitorv amendment to become eftective 
 Nov. 1, 1916, Sept. 22. 
 
 Secretary of treasury announces he will withdraw government de- 
 posits from any bank found hoarding money or charging excessive 
 interest. 
 
 President signs war tax bill. Oct. 23. 
 
 Congressional elections throughout the country, Nov. 3. 
 
 Constitutional amendments extending the suffrage to women 
 adopted in Nevada and Montana. Xov. 3. 
 
 Constitutional amendments prohibiting traffic in liquor adopted 
 in Washington. Oregon. Montana and Nevada, Nov. 3. 
 
 The federal reserve bank system goes into effect, Nov. 16. 
 
 1915 
 
 President Wilson vetoes the immigration bill, disapproving of 
 the literacy test and the restrictions which would keep out political 
 refugees. 
 
 The death penalty abolished in South Dakota. 
 
 Forty-one railroads begin arguments for increased freight rates 
 before the interstate commerce commission. 
 
 Indiana adopts a primary to vote for state candidates, national 
 senators and for president. 
 
 North Dakota abolishes the death penalty. 
 
 The president in a public address emphasizes and defines the basis 
 of neutrality in relation to the war in Europe. 
 
 Arbitration of the demands of 65.000 Western locomotive en- 
 gineers and firemen results in concessions in wages and hours of 
 labor 
 
 The United States Steel corporation is held to be a lawful en- 
 terprise by the United States circuit court lor New Jersey, and the 
 government's plea for a dissolution of the combination (filed in Oc- 
 tober. 1911). is denied. 
 
 97 
 
A jury returns a verdict for Theodore Roosevelt in the hbel suit 
 brought against him by WilHam Barnes. 
 
 Laws enacted in Pennsylvania providing for workmen's com- 
 pensation and state insurance. 
 
 William J. Bryan resigns the office of secretary of state, being out 
 of agreement with President Wilson's diplomatic policy toward Ger- 
 many, June 8. 
 
 The supreme court declares unconstitutional the "grandfather" 
 clause of the Oklahoma constitution, which disfranchised many ne- 
 groes. 
 
 The supreme court reverses a lower court decision and holds that 
 the almost complete ownership of the Lackawanna Coal Co., by the 
 Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co., with interlocking 
 directorates violates the commodities clause of the Hepburn act. 
 
 The president appoints Robert Lansing, who, since Mr. Bryan's 
 resignation had been acting as secretary, to the position of secretary 
 of state, June 23. 
 
 State-wide prohibition becomes effective in Alabama under stat- 
 utes enacted by the legislature in January, July L 
 
 The interstate commerce commission allows some advance in 
 express rates, a slight increase in Western freight rates and orders a 
 reduction in freight rates on anthracite coal. 
 
 The interstate commerce commission severely arraigns the finan- 
 cial operations of the Rock Island railroad. 
 
 The commission on industrial relations comes to an end and the 
 members failing to agree make three reports. 
 
 Virginia, by popular election, becomes a "dry" state. 
 
 It is announced that the administration will ask for $1,240,000,000 
 to carry out the plans for national defense. 
 
 An increase in passenger rates allowed by the interstate com- 
 merce commission in eleven Western states. 
 
 President signs measure extending war revenue act through the 
 year. 1915 
 
 The supreme court of the United States declares the income tax 
 constitutional, Jan. 24. 
 
 The president makes a series of speeches in dift'erent parts of the 
 country in support of his national defense policies. 
 
 Following an attack of Mexican bandits on Columbus, N. M., 
 on March 9, United States troops are ordered into Mexico to capture 
 the outlaws and their leader. Villa. President Wilson declares that 
 the expedition is to be purely punitive. 
 
 The South Carolina legislature passes a bill prohibiting the em- 
 ployment of children under fourteen in factories, mines or textile 
 establishments, Feb. 19. 
 
 The first presidential preference primary is held in Indiana, Pres- 
 ident Wilson (Dem.), and former Vice President Fairbanks (Rep.) 
 being indorsed without opposition, March 7. 
 
 Louis D. Brandeis is confirmed as an associate justice of the su- 
 preme court, June 1. 
 
 The president signs the army bill calling for a regular peace 
 strength of 175,000 men and a war force of 206,000, June 3. 
 
 98 
 
Allen L. Benson, New York, chosen as candidate of the Socialist 
 party for president in a primary conducted by mail, March 11. 
 
 Republican national convention meets in Chicago, June 7, and 
 on the 10th nominates Charles E. Hughes, a justice of the United 
 States supreme court, for president and Charles W. Fairbanks for 
 vice president. Justice Hughes immediately resigned his judicial po- 
 sition and notified the convention of his acceptance. The platform of 
 the convention declares for the protection of American citizens "at 
 home and abroad, by land and by sea." Other planks in the platform, 
 condemn the democratic administration and take the usual Republican 
 position on the tariff. 
 
 The Progressive national convention meets in Chicago June 7. A 
 platform calling for preparedness and "Americanism" was adopted. 
 Roosevelt was nominated by acclamation and John M. Parker of 
 Louisiana was nominated for vice president. Roosevelt made a tem- 
 porary declination of the nomination and later in the month the na- 
 tional committee indorsed the nomination of Hughes. 
 
 The Democratic national convention met in St. Louis June 14. 
 There was no opposition in the renomination of President Wilson and 
 he was nominated by acclamation on the 15th. There was but one 
 vote opposed to the renomination of Marshall for vice president. The 
 platform adopted eulogizes the Wilson administration and lists as 
 creditable achievements the new currency law, the federal trade com- 
 mission, the Underwood law, the labor section of the Clayton law 
 and improvements in the parcel post. 
 
 The Prohibitionists nominate Frank J. Hanley of Indiana for 
 president and Ira D. Landrith of Tennessee for vice president, July 21. 
 
 The treasurer's statement at the close of the fiscal year shows a 
 surplus of receipts over expenditures of $78,737,810. 
 
 The president signs a bill incorporating the militia into the regu- 
 lar army. 
 
 The president signs a bill authorizing the expenditure of $85,000,- 
 000 within five years on rural roads, July 11. 
 
 The Republican nominee, Charles E. Hughes, formally notified of 
 his nomination. In his speech of acceptance he criticizes the Wilson 
 administration particularly for its handling of the Mexican and other 
 situations, July 31. 
 
 President Wilson is formally notified of his renomination and in 
 his speech of acceptance he summarizes the achievements of the Dem- 
 ocratic administration, Sept. 2. 
 
 The president signs the eight-hour law for railroad operators. 
 
 Preliminary reports of the treasurers of the campaign com- 
 mittees show contributions of $2,012,535 to the Republican and 
 $1,310,729 to the Democrats, Nov. 3. 
 
 General elections throughout the United States (first Tuesday 
 after first Monday in November). Thirty-three United States sen- 
 ators elected by popular vote and thirty-four governors are chosen. 
 Woodrow Wilson is re-elected president, receiving 277 electoral 
 votes and Charles E. Hughes receiving 254. Wilson also received a 
 plurality of the popular vote. Representatives in congress were chos- 
 en as follows: Republicans, 215; Democrats, 214; Progressives, 3; 
 Independent, 1; Socialist, 1; Prohibition, 1. Nov. 7. 
 
 99 
 
At the general elections Michigan, North Dakota. Nebraska and 
 Montana adopt prohibition amendments. 
 
 A nation-wide inquiry into the high cost of food begun iiy the 
 department of justice. 
 
 The president deHvers his message to Congress. He recommends 
 railroad legislation, election reforms, Porto Rico measures and minor 
 details, Dec. 5. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury McAdoo estimates that the preparedness 
 program already adopted by Congress and the expenses of the Mexi- 
 can patrol will require an expenditure of $684,000,000 for the fiscal 
 year 1917-1918. 1917 
 
 The supreme court holds constitutional the Webb-Kenyon law 
 prohibiting shipments of Hquor from wet to dry states. 
 
 The House overrides the president's veto of the immigration bill 
 and passes it. Feb. 1. Senate passes the bill, Feb. 5. The "literacy 
 test" clause and the "alien exclusion" clause remain in the bill and 
 become law. 
 
 The Senate indorses the president (78 to 5) in the break with 
 Germany. 
 
 The war department orders the demobilization of the national 
 guard units remaining along the Mexican border, Feb. 17. 
 
 Filibustering in the Senate prevents a vote on the armed ship 
 bill and Congress adjourns without passing the measure. The presi- 
 dent states that the Senate has tied his hands and made defense of 
 American rights on the sea impossible. Seventy-six senators sign a 
 manifesto that they favored the passage of the bill, March 3. 
 
 President Wilson takes the oath of office in private for his sec- 
 ond term as president, Sunday, March 4. Regular inauguration 
 ceremonies the next day, March 5, and President Wilson enters upon 
 his second term. 
 
 President Wilson calls the Sixty-fifth Congress to meet in special 
 session on April 2. 
 
 The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, 
 renaming them the Virgin islands. 
 
 The president by executive order places more than 10,000 post- 
 masters under the civil service. 
 
 An officers' training camp opened at Plattsburg and similar camps 
 opened elsewhere. 
 
 Nearly 10,000,000 men between the ages of 21 and 30, inclusive, 
 register for war work, June 5. 
 
 The war department issues a formal order by the president draft- 
 ing 678.000 men into the military service to be selected from the June 
 5 registrants. 
 
 The president signs the food control bill and appoints Herbert 
 Hoover food administrator. 
 
 The war department orders the mobilization of the new army. 
 
 The federal child labor law declared unconstitutional by a federal 
 district court. 
 
 The war revenue law enacted, estimated to yield $2,535,000,000 
 annually. 
 
 District of Columbia becomes "dry" by congressional enactment. 
 
 Railroad labor leaders hold a conference Avith President Wilson. 
 
 All imports placed under government control. 
 
 100 
 
Interstate commerce commission recommends the unification of 
 railroad operation during- the war. 
 
 Railroads of the country pass from private to public control and 
 operation. 
 
 1918 
 
 Red Cross reports a membership of 22,000,000 and a war fund 
 of $76,525,000. 
 
 The director general of railroads appoints a commission to ad- 
 just wage disputes. 
 
 The department of agriculture estimates the value of farm 
 products during 1917 at $19,443,849,381. 
 
 The president orders an investigation of the Hog island ship- 
 building contracts. 
 
 All foreign trade placed under government control. 
 
 The second draft of 800.000 men, March 29. 
 
 The president creates a national war labor board. 
 
 Four express companies merge into one federal express company. 
 
 The. supreme court declares the federal child labor law of 1916 
 unconstitutional. 
 
 Following- an investigation the federal trade commission reports 
 that many war industries are making "outrageous" profits. 
 
 The president directs that all teleg-raph and telephone lines come 
 under government control, July 31. 
 
 The government's suit against the International Harvester Co. 
 is ended by the company agreeing to certain measures of dissolution. 
 
 Leaders of the I. W. W. sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment for 
 interfering with war efforts of the government. 
 
 The food administration, with the approval of the president, or- 
 ders the closing- of all breweries as a food conservation measure, 
 Nov. 30. 
 
 1919 
 
 The prohibition amendment submitted to the state legislatures 
 in December, 1917, becomes Article 18 of the Constitution, Jan. 16. 
 
 Governors of states and mayors of cities meet at White House 
 and discuss matters of business and labor. Addressed by the presi- 
 dent, March 3. 
 
 President Wilson and former President Taft address a large 
 audience in New York interpreting and favoring the proposed league 
 of nations treaty, March 4. 
 
 President Wilson returns to Europe to attend the peace confer- 
 ence. March 13. 
 
 The Philippipe legislature petitions for complete independence. 
 
 The president by cable from Paris summons Congress to meet 
 April 19 in special session. 
 
 The campaign for the Victory loan, fifth and last of the govern- 
 ment's popular war finance issues, is closed with a heavy oversub- 
 scription of the $4,500,000,000 oft'ered. May 10. 
 
 The war department estimates that the war cost the United 
 States $21,294,000,000 and that 46.846 enlisted men and 2.164 officers 
 of the United States army were killed in battle or died of wounds. 
 
 101 
 
International 
 
 1913 
 
 President Wilson states the friendly attitude of his administra- 
 tion toward the cause of good government in the South American 
 repubhcs. 
 
 President Wilson issues a statement withdrawing the approval of 
 the United States of participation in the proposed six-power loan 
 to China. 
 
 Secretary of State Bryan presents to the diplomats in Washing- 
 ton his plan for world peace, providing that all controversies shall 
 be submitted for investigation to an international commission before 
 war shall be declared. 
 
 The government recognizes the new Chinese republic. 
 
 Treaty of arbitration between Great Britain and United States 
 renewed for five years. 
 
 Ex-Governor John Lind sent to Mexico as the personal representa- 
 tive of the president to attempt settlement of Mexican revolution. 
 
 The first of Secretary Bryan's peace treaties signed with Salvador. 
 
 The twentieth universal peace conference opened at the Hague. 
 
 In an address to Congress President Wilson urges the strictest 
 neutrality between the United States and warring factions in Mexico 
 and urges all Americans to leave, Aug. 27. 
 
 Treaties are signed with the ministers of Panam_a and Guatemala 
 embodying Secretary Bryan's peace proposals. 
 
 Secretary Bryan and the Honduran minister sign treaty of peace. 
 
 A general treaty of peace is signed by representatives of Nicara- 
 gua and the United States providing for at least a year's deliberation 
 and investigation of any misunderstanding before declaring war. 
 
 A treaty similar to one signed with Nicaragua made with Nether- 
 lands. 
 
 1914 
 
 American marines are landed at Hayti to prevent disorders. 
 
 An arbitration treaty between the United States and Persia 
 signed. 
 
 A treaty between the United States and Denmark signed at 
 Washington, providing that all disputes failing of diplomatic settle- 
 ment shall be submitted to arbitration at the Hague. A similar treaty 
 signed with Portugal. 
 
 Arbitration treaties with Switzerland and Costa Rica signed. 
 
 The Senate ratifies the general arbitration treaties with Great 
 Britain, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, Italy and 
 Japan, Feb. 21. 
 
 United States pays Colombia $25,000,000 for the territory which 
 now constitutes the Panama canal zone. 
 
 The president orders the Atlantic fleet of fourteen battleships and 
 cruisers to proceed to Mexico to enforce the demands of the United 
 States. 
 
 The United States occupies Vera Cruz, Feb. 21. 
 
 Diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States bro- 
 ken, April 22. 
 
 Argentina, Brazil and Chile offer their good offices to bring about 
 a settlement of the troubles between the United States and Mexico 
 (both sides accept the offer), April 25. 
 
 102 
 
A general treaty of arbitration is signed at Washington by the 
 Italian ambassador and the American secretary of state. 
 
 Japan ratifies the arbitration treaty with United States, May 23. 
 
 President Wilson signs the bill repealing the tolls exemption 
 clause of the Panama canal act. 
 
 Secretary Bryan's arbitration treaties with Argentina, Brazil and 
 Chile signed at Washington. 
 
 Treaty signed at Washington by which United States agrees to 
 pay Nicaragua $3,000,000 for the perpetual right to construct an in- 
 teroceanic canal and a naval base. 
 
 Treaty signed at Panama under which United States is given 
 control of the harbors of Colon and Ancon. 
 
 Treaties signed at Washington between the British, French and 
 Spanish ambassadors and the Chinese minister, and by Secretary Bry- 
 an representing the United States, which provide that commissions 
 of inquiry shall pass upon disputes that may arise between those coun- 
 tries and the United States and that fail of ordinary diplomatic ad- 
 justment. 
 
 Treaty is signed at Washington binding the United States and 
 Russia to an international commission, for investigation, all disputes 
 that cannot be settled diplomatically. 
 
 Secretary of State Bryan announces our troops will be withdrawn 
 from Vera Cruz Nov. 23, all factions in Mexico having given guar- 
 antees required. 
 
 Secretary of State Bryan meets with the diplomatic representa- 
 tives of twenty American republics to discuss problems of neutral 
 nations as they are affected by the European war. 
 
 The United States protests to Great Britain, "in the most friendly 
 spirit," against the seizure and detention of vessels laden with Amer- 
 ican goods destined to neutral ports in Europe. 
 
 1915 
 
 It is estimated that $14,000,000 worth of food, clothing and med- 
 ical supplies have been sent to Belgium by people of the United States. 
 
 The United States sends notes to Great Britain and Germany 
 with reference to American shipping in the war zone. Great Britain 
 is warned of the serious consequences that may result to American 
 vessels and citizens if the practice of using the American fl'ag on 
 British vessels is continued generally. Germany is advised that it 
 would bet an unprecedented breach in the rules of naval warfare if 
 a merchant vessel should be destroyed without first certainly deter- 
 mining its belligerent nationality or the contraband character of its 
 cargo. 
 
 Germany offers to withdraw from her intention to war on British 
 merchant vessels if Great Britain will permit the free movement of 
 foodstuffs to the civil population of Germany. 
 
 Great Britain makes a second and more complete reply to the 
 American protest. It claims a desire and effort to be as lenient as 
 possible with neutral shipping. 
 
 Germany in her reply to the note regarding the maritime war 
 zone, disclaims all responsibility for such accidents and their conse- 
 quences as result to neutral vessels. 
 
 The United States forces the Mexican General Carranza to dis- 
 continue the blockade of the port of Progreso, Yucatan. 
 
 103 
 
It is announced by our state dei^artment that arrangements have 
 been concluded by which the United States will inspect alien prison 
 camps in England, Germany and Austria and distribute suppHes from 
 outside to prisoners. 
 
 The United States sends notes to Great Britain and France pro- 
 testing against certain plans of the allies to cut off German trade and 
 stating that it expects that reparation will be made for every viola- 
 tion of neutral rights. 
 
 Germany agrees to indemnify owners of American vessel, William 
 P. Frye. 
 
 Great Britain announces that it will requisition the Wilhelmina's 
 cargo and reimburse the owners for the delay. 
 
 The Lusitania torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine with- 
 out warning off the coast of Ireland. More than 100 Americans lost 
 their lives. May 7. 
 
 The United States protests the submarine policy which resulted 
 in the sinking of the Lusitania and states that she expects Germany 
 to disavow such acts and take steps to prevent their recurrence, and 
 declares that the United States will not be expected to omit any word 
 or act necessary to maintain the rights of its citizens, May 13. 
 
 Germany in a reply to the American note regarding submarine 
 warfare against merchant ships, seeks to establish a common basis 
 of facts regarding the status of the Lusitania and reserves final state- 
 ment of the German position until an answer is received. May 28. 
 
 Germany officially acknowledges that the Gilflight was sunk by 
 a German submarine, but that the commander did not see the Ameri- 
 can flag until the order to fire had been given. 
 
 The United States in reply to Germany's note of May 28 main- 
 tains that the sinking of passenger ships by German submarines with- 
 out warning violates principles of humanity and asks for assurances 
 that measures will be adopted to safeguard American ships and Amer- 
 ican lives. 
 
 Germany pledges to the United States safety to its vessels in the 
 war zone if specially marked and agrees to permit the United States 
 to place its flag on four enemy passenger steamers to facilitate Amer- 
 ican travel. 
 
 Germany replies to the American note of June 26 and states that 
 a German prize court held that the sinking of the William P. Frye 
 was justifiable, but that the owners would be indemnified. July 30. 
 
 Upon the invitation of the United States the diplomatic repre- 
 sentatives at Washington of six Latin-American republics meet with 
 the American secretary of state to consider means for ending the 
 trouble in Mexico, Aug. 5-6. 
 
 Because of increased disturbances in Hayti, American naval offi- 
 cers extend their control in the island, Aug. 14. 
 
 The United States replies to Austria's protest against sale of 
 war supplies for use of the enemies of Austria and Germany, claim- 
 ing that the United States must recognize the right of a belligerent 
 to purchase munitions from neutrals. 
 
 General Carranza rejects the peace proposals of the United States 
 and the Central and South American diplomats. 
 
 A treaty between the United .States and Hayti signed which pro- 
 vides for American su])ervision of Haytian finances and constabulary. 
 
 104 
 
At a conference of the American secretary of state and the rep- 
 resentatives of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and Guatemala 
 it is agreed to recognize the Mexican faction which at the end of 
 three weeks has best demonstrated its ability to maintain order. 
 
 Germany declares that hereafter liners wdll not be sunk without 
 warning. 
 
 The United States asks Austria to recall its ambassador. Dr. 
 Dumba, because of his connection with a movement to cripple Ameri- 
 can industries engaged in the manufacture of munitions for the allies. 
 
 Germany informs the United States that she will not destroy 
 American vessels carrying conditional contraband. 
 
 The allies secure a loan of $500,000,000, it being agreed that the 
 money remain in the United States to be used only in the payment of 
 commodities. 
 
 Germany disavows act of submarine commander who sank the 
 Arabic. 
 
 The United States formally recognizes Carranza as leader of the 
 dominant faction in Mexico, Oct. 19. 
 
 The Ancona, an Italian steamer with above 400 passengers 
 on board, some of whom are Americans, sunk by a submarine. 
 
 Our government, in the Hocking case, informs the owners 
 of ships flying the American flag that it cannot guarantee against ■ 
 capture at sea; it can only see that they have a fair hearing in the 
 prize court after the capture. If they carry contraband they do so 
 at their own risk of capture. 
 
 The United States declares an embargo on the exportation of 
 arms to Mexico, except to territory controlled by the Carranza 
 forces, Oct. 20. 
 
 The state department announces that it has requested the imme- 
 diate recall of Boy-Ed and Von Papcn. the naval and military attaches 
 of the German embassy, for improper activities, Dec. 3. 
 
 Henry Ford sails with more than 150 guests to visit neutral 
 countries in Europe and endeavor to bring about an immediate end 
 of the war, Dec. 4. 
 
 1916 
 
 The German ambassador gives formal assurance that German 
 submarine activity in the Mediterranean will be conducted in accord- 
 ance with the rules of international law. 
 
 Senate ratifies treaty with Hayti by which the United States as- 
 sumes a protectorate over the republic, taking charge of the finances 
 and guarding its territorial integrity. 
 
 Attack of Villista soldiers on Columbus, New Mexico, on March 
 9, in which seventeen Americans and 100 of the invaders were killed. 
 
 The United States agrees to allow the forces of General Carranza 
 to enter American territory, when necessary, in pursuit of bandits, 
 in return for the unopposed entrance of American troops into Mex- 
 ico in pursuit of Villa. 
 
 A military expedition to punish Villa enters Mexico. 
 
 Secretary Lansing notifies the Central and South American re- 
 publics that if the United States goes to war in Mexico it will not be 
 with the idea of intervention, the entire aim being to protect and 
 defend the border, June 21. 
 
 105 
 
Note received from Carranza in which he yields to the demands 
 of the United States, July 4. 
 
 The Mexican commission meets to consider the political, financial 
 and diplomatic difficulties existing between the two countries. 
 
 Brazil and the United States exchange ratifications of a treaty 
 providing for investigation of disputes before appealing to arms. 
 
 In reply to President Wilson's peace note Germany proposes an 
 immediate peace conference, but does not state terms, Dec. 26. 
 
 The president learns that the allies reject the peace proposals 
 of Germany. 
 
 1917 
 
 President Wilson receives word that the German government 
 regards the allies' reply to their "peace" proposal to bar further peace 
 discussion. 
 
 The American-Mexican commission dissolves after sessions cov- 
 ering a period of four months without having accomplished anything 
 definite, Jan. 15. 
 
 Washington receives the German note prescribing unrestricted 
 warfare at sea after Feb. 1. All previous U-boat pledges to the United 
 States are recalled, Jan. 31. 
 
 In a note similar to the one sent from Berlin, Austria-Hungary 
 declares for intensified naval warfare as proposed by Germany, Feb. 1. 
 
 The president in an address to a joint session of Congress an- 
 nounces that the German ambassador, Count von Bernstorff, has been 
 given his passports and that Ambassador Gerard has been recalled 
 from Germany, Feb. 2. 
 
 Spain takes over the American diplomatic interests in Berlin as 
 Ambassador Gerard orders all American consulates! in Germany 
 closed, Feb. 3. 
 
 The Pershing expedition returns to the United States, marking 
 the end of ten months' stay of 12,000 American troops sent to Mexico 
 to punish the bandit Villa, Feb. 5. 
 
 The president informs the Senate that the government is in pos- 
 session of authentic documents proving that Germany intrigued to 
 ally Japan and Mexico with her in war with United States, March 1. 
 
 The United States decides to place an armed guard on all Amer- 
 ican merchant vessels sailing through the areas barred by Germany, 
 March 12. 
 
 German submarines sink three American steamships, March 17-18. 
 
 The United States extends formal recognition to the new govern- 
 ment of Russia. 
 
 American steamer Aztex sunk without warning by a submarine. 
 
 Congress declares that a state of war exists with Germany, April 6. 
 
 German ships in American ports taken over by the United States. 
 
 Austria and Turkey sever diplomatic relations with United States. 
 
 English, French and Italian war missions visit the United States. 
 
 An American mission sent to Russia. 
 
 A Japanese mission visits the United States. 
 
 The amount of credit extended to the allies to date is $3,566,- 
 400,000. 
 
 An American war commission visits England. ' 
 
 The supreme war covmcil of the allies holds first session at Ver- 
 sailles, Dec. 1. 
 
 106 
 
1918 
 
 The president addresses Congress on America's program of world 
 peace, Jan. 8. 
 
 American troops reported as occupying first-line trenches, Jan. 31, 
 
 American Red Cross war council reports appropriations totaling 
 $77,843,000. 
 
 Major General Pershing, commander-in-chief, offers all the Amer- 
 ican forces in France for service "in the greatest battle in history" 
 
 General Ferdinand Foch is made commander-in-chief of the allied 
 forces, March 29. 
 
 France's "Bastile day" is celebrated throughout the United 
 States, July 13. 
 
 It is announced that there are 1,450,000 American soldiers in 
 France, Italy and Russia and 1,550,000 others in home training camps. 
 
 The United States formally recognizes the Czecho-Slovaks. 
 
 Secretary Baker announces that more than 2,000,000 American 
 soldiers have sailed for overseas service. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian foreign minister asks the American sec- 
 retary of state to intervene with the president in order that an imme- 
 diate armistice may be concluded, Oct. 29. 
 
 The United States formally recognizes the Polish army. 
 
 Armistice signed, Germany surrenders, Nov. 11. 
 
 Demobilization of American army begins, Nov. 18. 
 
 1919 
 
 The supreme war council, meeting at Paris and attended by 
 President Wilson, Secretary Lansing and the premiers and foreign 
 ministers of Great Britain, France and Italy, together with Marshal 
 Foch and military representatives, begins actual consideration of 
 peace terms, Jan. 12. 
 
 President Wilson explains to the peace conference the plan for 
 a league of nations and then leaves to attend the closing sessions of 
 the American Congress, Feb. 14. 
 
 The organizing committee of the league of nations holds its first 
 meeting. May 5. 
 
 The second Pan-American commercial congress opens in Wash- 
 ington, June 6. 
 
 Peace treaty signed, June 28. 
 
 "Is it, O man, with such discordant noises, 
 
 With such accursed instruments as these, 
 
 Thou drownest Nature's sweet and kindly voices, 
 And jarrest the Celestial harmonies? 
 
 "Were half the power that fills the world with terror, 
 
 Were half the wealth bestowed on camps and courts, 
 
 Given to redeem the human mind from error. 
 There were no need of arsenals and forts 
 
 "Down the dark future, through long- generations, 
 
 The echoing sounds grow fainter and then cease; 
 
 And like a bell, with solemn, sweet vibrations, 
 
 I hear once more the voice of Christ say, 'Peace!' 
 
 "Peace and no longer from its brazen portals 
 
 The blast of War's great organ shakes the skies! 
 
 But beautiful as songs of the immortals. 
 The holy melodies of love arise." 
 
 107 
 
"There will come that day when the world will say: This American that 
 we thought was full of contrary counsels now speaks with the great volume of 
 the heart's accord; and the great heart of America has behind it the supreme 
 moral force of lighteousness and of hope for the liberty of mankind." 
 
 — President Wilson. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY—PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE WORLD WAR 
 
 (Adapted from "War Cyclopedia," published by the committee on public in- 
 formation, Washington, D. C. Events which especially concern the United 
 States are put in black type.) 
 
 1914 
 
 .Tune 
 July 
 July 
 July 
 July 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Oct. 
 Oct. 
 Oct. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 
 28 Murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Serajevo. 
 
 5 Conference at Potsdam. 
 
 23 Austro-Hun&arian ultimatum to Serbia. 
 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 
 31 German ultimatums to Ru.ssia and France. 
 
 1 Germany declares war on Russia and invades Luxemburg. 
 
 2 German ultimatum to Belgium, demanding a free passage for her 
 
 troopa across Belgium. 
 
 3 Germany declares war on France. 
 
 4-26 Most of Belgium overrun: Liege occupied (Aug. 9); Brussels (Aug. 
 20); Namur (Aug. 24). 
 
 4 Great Britain declares war on Gei-many. 
 
 4 President Wilson proclaims neutrality of United States. 
 
 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. 
 
 12 Prance and Great Britain declare war on Austria- Hungary. 
 
 16 British expeditionary force landed in France. 
 
 18 Russia invades East Prussia. 
 
 21-23 Battle of Mons-Charleroi. Dogged retreat of French and British in 
 
 the face of the German invasion 
 23 Japan declares war on Germany. 
 23 Tsingtau (Kiaochow) bombarded by Japanese. 
 25-Dec. 15. Russia,ns overrun Galicia. Lemberg taken (Sept.2) ; Przemysl 
 
 besieged (Sept 16 to Oct. 15, and again after Nov. 12). Dec. 
 
 4, Russians 3% miles from Cracow. 
 26 Germans destroy Louvain in Belgium. 
 
 26 Allies conquer Togo in Africa. 
 
 26-31 Russians defeated in battle of Tannenberg. 
 
 28 British naval victory of Helgioland bight in North sea. 
 31 Name of St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd. 
 
 5 Great Britain, France and Russia agree not to make peace sepa- 
 
 rately. 
 6-10 First battle of the Marne. 
 
 7 Germans take Maubeuge in Northern France. 
 
 11 Australians take German New Guinea, etc. 
 12-17 Battle of the Aisne. 
 16 Russians driven from East Prussia. . 
 22 Three British armored cruisers sunk by a submarine. 
 
 27 Invasion of German Southwest Africa by General Botha. 
 
 9 Germans occupy Antwerp, the chief port of Belgium. 
 
 16-28 Battle of the Yser, in Flanders, Belgium. Belgians and French halt 
 
 German advance. 
 17-Nov. 15 Battle of Flanders, near Ypres, saving channel ports. 
 21-28 German armies driven back in Poland. 
 28-Dec. 8 De Wet's rebellion in British South Africa. 
 
 29 Turkish warship bombards Odessa, Russia. 
 
 1 German naval victory off the coast of Chile. 
 
 3-5 Russia, France and Great Britain declare war on Turkey. 
 7 F\U1 of Tsingtau (Kiaochow) to the Japanese and British. 
 
 10-Dec. 14 Austrian invasion of Serbia. 
 
 10 German cruiser Emden destroyed in Indian ocean. 
 21 Basra, on Persian gulf, occupied by British. 
 
 108 
 
Dec. 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 
 
 16 
 
 Dec. 
 
 17 
 
 Dec. 
 
 24 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1- 
 
 Jan. 
 
 24 
 
 Jan. 
 
 25. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 28 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4 
 
 British naval victory off the Falkland islands. 
 German warships bombard towns on east coast of England. 
 Egypt proclaimed a British protectorate, under a sultan. 
 First German air raid on England. 
 
 1915 
 
 ). 15 Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians. 
 British naval victory of Dogger Bank in North sea. 
 25-Feb. 12 Russians again invade East Prussia, but are defeated in the 
 battle of the Mazurian lakes. 
 American merchantman William P. Frye sunk by German cruiser. 
 Germany's proclamation of "war zone" around the British isles 
 after Feb. IS. 
 Feb. 10 United States note holding German government to a "strict account- 
 ability" for destruction of American lives or vessels. 
 >''el). 19 Anglo-French sqviadron bombard Dardanneles forts. 
 March 1 Announcement of Briti-sh "blockade" of Germany. 
 
 March 10 British capture Neuve Chapelle in Northern France. 
 March 22 Russians capture Przemysl in Galicla. 
 April 17-May 17 Battle of Ypres. First use of poison gas. 
 April 25 Allied troops land on the Gallipoli peninsula. 
 April 30 Germans invade the Baltic provinces of Russia. 
 May 1 American steamship Gulflight sunk by German submarine; two 
 
 Americans lost. 
 May 2 Battle of the Dunajec. Russians defeated by the Germans and 
 
 Austrians and forced to retire from the Carpathians. 
 May 7 British liner Lusitania sunk by German submarine (1,154 lives lost, 
 
 114 being Americans). 
 May 9-June Battle of Artois, or Festubert (in France, north of Arras). Small 
 
 gains by the allies. 
 May 13 American note protests against submarine policy culminating in the 
 
 sinking of the Lusitania. Other notes June 9, July 21; German 
 replies May 28, July 8, Sept. 1. 
 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. 
 American steamship Nebraskan attacked by submarine. 
 Przemysl retaken by Germans and Austrians. 
 Monfalcone occupied by Italians. 
 
 The Austro- Germans recapture Lemberg in Galicia. 
 Naval action between Russians and Germans in the Baltic. 
 Conquest of German Southwest Africa completed. 
 12-Sept. 18 German conquest of Russian Poland; capture of Warsaw 
 (Aug. 5), Kovno (Aug. 17), Brest-Litovsk (Aug. 25), Vllna 
 (Sept. 18). 
 British liner Arabic sunk by submarines (44 victims, 2 Americans). 
 Italy declares war on Turkey. 
 The German ambassador Von Bernstorff gives assurance that Ger- 
 man submarines will sink no more liners without warning. 
 United States demands recall of Austro- Hungarian ambassador, Dr. 
 Dumba. 
 Oct. French offensive in Champagne fails to break through German 
 lines. 
 Small British progress at Loos, near Lens. 
 Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria. 
 
 Allied forces land at Salonica, at the invitation of Greek government. 
 German government regrets and disavows sinking of Arabic and is 
 prepared to pay indemnities. 
 Oct. 6-Dec. 2 Austro-German-Bulgarian conquest of Serbia; fall of Belgrade 
 
 (Oct. 9), Nish (Nov. 1), Monastir (Dec. 2). 
 Oct. 13 Germans execute the English nurse, Edith Cavill, for aiding Belgians 
 
 to escape from Belgium. 
 Oct. 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia. 
 
 Oct. 15-19 Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy declare war against Bulgaria. 
 Nov. 10-April Russian forces advance into Persia as a result of pro-German 
 
 activities there. 
 Dec. 1 British under General Townshend retreat from near Bagdad to 
 
 Kut-el-Amara. 
 
 109 
 
 May 
 
 23 
 
 May 
 
 25 
 
 June 
 
 3 
 
 June 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 22 
 
 July 
 
 2 
 
 July 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 12- 
 
 Aug. 
 
 19 
 
 Aug. 
 
 21 
 
 Sept. 
 
 1 
 
 Sept 
 
 8 
 
 Sept. 
 
 25- 
 
 Sept. 
 
 27 
 
 Oct. 
 
 4 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5 
 
Dec. 3 United States government demands recall of Captain Boy- Ed and 
 
 Captain von Papen, attaches of the German embassy. 
 
 Dec. 6 Germans capture Ipek, in Montenegro. 
 
 Dec. 15 Sir Doug-las Haig succeeds Sir John French in command of the 
 British army in France. 
 
 Dec. 19 British forces withdraw from parts of Gallipoli peninsula. 
 
 1916 
 
 Jan. 8 Evacuation of Gallipoli completed. 
 
 Jan. 13 Pall of Cetinje, capital of Montenegro. 
 
 Feb. 10 Germany notifies neutral powers that armed merchant ships will 
 
 be treated as warships and will be sunk without warning. 
 Feb. 15 Secretary Lansing states that by international law commercial ves- 
 sels have right to *.irry arms in self-defense. 
 16 Germany sends note acknowledging her liability in Lusitania affair. 
 16 Russians take Erzerum in Turkish Armenia. 
 16 Kamerun (Africa) conquered. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 
 March 
 March 
 April 
 April 
 
 April 
 April 
 May 
 
 May 
 May 
 May 
 May 
 June 
 June 
 July 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 21 -July Battle of Verdun. 
 
 24 President Wilson in letter to Senator Stone refuses to advise Amer- 
 
 ican citizens not to travel on armed merchant ships. 
 
 8 Germany declares war on Portugal. 
 
 24 French steamer Sussex is torpedoed without warning, 
 18 Russians capture Trebizond in Turkey. 
 
 18 United States note declaring that she will sever diplomatic relations 
 
 unless Germany abandons present methods of submarine war- 
 fare. 
 
 24-May 1 Insurrection in Iieland. 
 
 29 General Townshend surrenders at Kut-el-Amara. 
 
 4 Germany's conditional pledge not to sink merchant ships without 
 
 warning. 
 14-June 3 Great Austrian attack on the Italians through the Trentino. 
 
 19 Russians join Br'^Tgh on the Tigris. 
 
 24 Conscription bill becomes a law in Great Britain. 
 
 31 Naval battle off Jutland in North sea. 
 
 4-30 Russian offensive in Galicia and Bukowina. 
 
 5 Lord Kitchener drowned. 
 1-Nov. 17 Battle of the Somme. 
 
 27 Germans execute Captain Fryatt, an Englishman, for having de- 
 fended his merchant ship by ramming the German submarine 
 that v/as about to attack it. 
 
 9 Italians capture Gorizia. 
 
 27 Italy declares war on Germany. 
 
 27-Jan. 15 Roumania enters war on the side of the allies and most of the 
 
 country is overrun. (Fall of Bucharest, Dec. 6.) 
 7 German submarine appears off American coast and sinks British 
 
 passenger steamer Stephano (Oct. 8). 
 19 Monastir retaken by allies (chiefly Serbians). 
 
 Nov. 29 United States protests against Belgian deportations. 
 
 Dec. 6 Dloyd George succeeds Asquith as British prime minister. 
 
 Dec. 12 German peace offer. Refused (Dec. 30) as "empty and insincere." 
 
 Dec. 18 President Wilson's peace note. Germany replies evasively (Dec. 26). 
 Entente allies' reply (Jan. 10) demands "restorations, repara- 
 tion, indemnities." 
 
 1917 
 
 The allied governments state their terms of peace. 
 
 Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare in specified 
 
 zones. 
 United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. 
 Kut-el-Amara taken by British under General IMaude. 
 President Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships. 
 "Zimmermann note" published. 
 
 Bagdad captured by British under General Maude. 
 ■ 15 Revolution in Russia, leading to abdication of Czar Nicholas II 
 
 Jan. 
 
 10 
 
 Jan. 
 
 31 
 
 Feb. 
 
 3 
 
 Feb. 
 
 24 
 
 Feb. 
 
 26 
 
 Feb. 
 
 28 
 
 March 
 
 11 
 
 March 
 
 11. 
 
 110 
 
March 12 
 
 March 
 March 
 
 April 2 
 
 April 
 April 
 April 
 April 
 
 April 
 May 
 
 May 
 May 
 
 May 
 June 
 
 June 
 June 
 June 
 June 
 July 
 
 July 
 July 
 
 July 
 Aug-. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Oct. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 (March 15). Provisional government formed by Constitutional 
 
 Democrats under Prince Lvov. 
 United States announces that an armed guard will be placed on all 
 
 American merchant vessels sailing through the war zone. 
 17-19 Retirement of Germans to the "Hindenburg line." 
 24 Minister Brand Whitlock and American relief commission with- 
 drawn from Belgium. 
 President Wilson asks congress to declare the existence of a state of 
 
 war with Germany. 
 6 United States declares war on Germany. 
 
 8 Austria- Hungary severs diplomatic relations with the United States. 
 
 9-May 14 British succes.ses in battle of Arras (Vimy Ridge taken April 9). 
 16-May 6 French successes in battle of the Aisne, between Soissons and 
 
 Rheims. 
 21 Turl<ey severs relations with United States. 
 4 American destroyers begin co-operation with British navy in war 
 
 zone. 
 15-Sept. 15 Great Italian offensive on Isonzo front. 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 12 
 26 
 29 
 1 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 General Retain succeeds Genei-al Nivelle as commander-in-chief of 
 
 the French armies. 
 President Wilson signs selective service act. 
 British blow up Messines Ridge, south of Ypres, and capture 7,500 
 
 German prisoners. 
 Italian offensive in Trentino. 
 King Constantine of Greece forced to abdicate. 
 First American troops reach France. 
 Greece enters war against Germany and her allies. 
 Russian army, led in person by Kerensky, the minister of war, begins 
 an offensive in Galicia, ending- in disastrous retreat (July 19- 
 Aug. 3). 
 Kerensky succeeds Prince Lvov as premier of Russia. 
 Mutiny in German fleet at" Wilhelmshaven and Kiel. Second mu- 
 tiny Sept. 2. 
 31-Nov. Battle of Flanders (Passchendaele Ridge); British successes. 
 15 Peace proposals of Pope Benedict published (dated Aug. 1). United 
 
 States replies Aug. 27; Germany and 'Austria, Sept. 21. 
 15 Canadians capture Hill 70, dominating Lens. 
 19-24 New Italian drive on the Isonzo fi'ont. 
 
 20-24 French attacks at Verdun recapture high ground lost in 1916. 
 3 Riga captured by Germans. 
 
 8 Luxburg dispatches ("Spurlos versenki") published by United States. 
 
 15 Russia proclaimed a republic. 
 
 17 Russians defeated in a naval engagement in the Gulf of Riga. 
 14-Dec. Great German-Austrian invasion of Italy. Italian line shifted to 
 Piave river. 
 Brazil declares war on Germany. 
 
 Germans retreat from the Chemin des Dames ia France. 
 First clash of American with German soldiers. 
 Overthrow of Kerensky and provisional government of Russia by 
 
 the bolsheviki. 
 Clemenceau succeeds Ribot as French premier. 
 20-Dec. 13 Battle of Cambrai. 
 
 29 First plenary session of the interallied confei-ence in Paris. Sixteen 
 nations represented. Colonel E. M. House, chairman of Ameri- 
 can delegation. 
 Conquest of German East Africa completed. 
 United States destroyer Jacob Jones sunk by submarine, with loss 
 
 of over 60 American men. 
 Explosion on munitions vessel wrecks Halifax. 
 United States declares war on Austria-Hungary. 
 Jerusalem captured by British. 
 
 Peace negotiations opened at Brest-Litovsk between bolshevik gov- 
 ernment and central powers. 
 Dec. 28 President Wilson takes over the control of railroads. 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 10 
 23 
 
 111 
 
.I.ill. 
 
 1 
 
 Jan. 
 
 8 
 
 .) Ml. 
 
 IS 
 
 .!;in. 
 
 m 
 
 J; 111. 
 
 2S 
 
 .I'll. 
 
 28 
 
 .I:mi. 
 
 30 
 
 Feb. 
 
 3 
 
 Fell. 
 
 9 
 
 Fel). 
 
 10 
 
 Feb. 
 
 14 
 
 Feb. 
 
 17 
 
 1918 
 
 I'.riti.sli liospital ship Kfwa. toi'pedoc'd and sunk in Knglish channel. 
 
 President Wilson sets forth peace program of the United States. 
 
 Russian constituent assembly meets in Petrogrrad. 
 
 The bol9he\iki dissolve the Russian a.ssembly. 
 
 Revolution begins in Finland; fighting- between •'\\'hite Guards" and 
 
 "Red Guards." 
 Big German air raid on London. 
 German air raid on Paris. 
 
 American troops officially announced to be on the Lorraine front 
 near Toul. 
 I'\l). 5 British transport Tuscania. with 2,179 American troops on board 
 
 torpedoed and sunk; 211 American soldiers lost. 
 IJkrainia makes peace with Germany. 
 
 The bolslie\'iki order demobiliz.ation of the Russian arm>'. 
 Bolo Pasha condemned for treason against France; executed April 16. 
 Cossack General Kaledines commits suicide. Collapse of Cossack 
 revolt against the bolsheviki. 
 Feb. 18-March .3 Russo-German armistice declared at an end by Germany; 
 war resumed. Germans occupy Dvinsk, Minsk and other cities. 
 F'eb. 21 German troops land in Finland. 
 Feb. 23 Turkish troops drive back the Russians in the northeast (Trebizond 
 
 taken F^eb. 26, Erzerum, March 14). 
 !Marcli 2 German and Ukrainian troops defeat the bolshexiki near Kief in 
 
 Ukrainia. 
 r»larch 3 Bolsheviki sign peace treaty with Germany at Brest-Litovsk. Rat- 
 
 ified liy soviet congress at Moscow March 1.5. 
 IMarcli 7 F^'inland and Germany sign a treaty of peace. 
 
 March 10 Announcement that American troops are occupying trenches at 
 
 four different points on French front. 
 March 11 First wholly American raid, made in sector north of Toul, meets 
 
 witb success. 
 March 11 Great German air raid on Paris by more than fifty planes. 
 March 13 German troops occupy Odessa on Black sea. 
 JMarch 21-April 1 First German drive of the year, on 50-mile front, extending 
 
 to Montdidier. 
 Apr^'l 9-18 Second German drive, on a 30-mile front, between Yxtcs and Arras. 
 May 6 Roumania signs peace treaty with the central powers. 
 
 May 7 Nicaragua declares war on Germany and her allies. 
 
 May 9-10 British naval force attempts to block Ostend harbor. 
 May 14 Caucasus proclaijns itKself an independent state; but the Turks 
 
 overrun the southern part and take Baku Sept. 19. 
 ^Tay 21 British transport Moldavia sunk, with loss of 53 American soldiers. 
 
 May 24 Major General March appointed chief of staff, with rank of general. 
 
 2May 24 Costa. Rica declares wai- on the central powers. 
 
 May 25-June German submarines appear off American coast and sink 19 
 coastwise vessels, including Porto Rico liner Carolina, with loss 
 of 16 lives. 
 ]\lay 27-.June 1 Third German drive, capturing the Chemin des D.amos and 
 reaching the Maine liver east of Chateau-Thien y. American 
 marines aid French at Chateau-Thierry. 
 May 28 American forces near Montdidier capture village of Cantigny and 
 
 hold it against numerous counter-attacks. 
 May 31 United States transport President Lincoln sunk by U-boat while on 
 
 her way to the United States; 23 lives lost. 
 June 9-16 Fourth German drive, on 20-niile front east of Montdidier, makes 
 
 only small gains. 
 June 10 Italian naval forces sink one Austrian dreadnaught and damage an- 
 other in the Adriatic. 
 June 11 American marines take Belleau wood, with 800 prisoners. 
 
 June 14 Turkish troops occupy Tabriz, Persia. 
 June 15 General March announces that there are 800,000 American troops in 
 
 France. 
 Tunc 15-July <j Austrian ofl'ensixe against Italy fails, with heavy losses. 
 
 112 
 
June 21 Official statement that American forces hold 39 miles of French front 
 
 in six sectors. 
 June . 27 British hospital ship Llandovery Castle is torpedoed oft' Irish coast. 
 
 with loss of 234 lives. Only 24 survived. 
 July 10 Italians and French take Berat in Albania. 
 July 13 Czecho-Slovak troops occupy Irkutsk ia Siberia. 
 July 15-18 Anglo-American forces occupy strategic positions on the Murman 
 
 coast in Northwestern Russia. 
 July 15-lS Fifth Germnn drive extends three miles south of the Marne, but 
 east of Rheims makes no gain. 
 Ex-Czar Nicholas executed by bolshevik authorities. 
 IS-Aug-. 4 Second battle of the Marne, beginning with Pooch's counter- 
 offensive between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry. French and 
 Americans drive the Germans back from the Marne 
 Honduras declares war on Germany. 
 American troops arrive on the Italian front. 
 
 President Wilson takes over telegraph and telephone systems. 
 Allies occupy Archangel in Noi'thern Russia, 
 t. Allies attack successfully near Montdidier and continue the drive 
 until the Germans are back at the Hindenburg line, giving up 
 practically all the ground they had gained this year. 
 American troops land in Eastern Siberia. 
 
 The United States recognizes the Czecho-Slovak government. 
 12-13 Americans take the St. Mihiel salient near Metz. 
 
 Allied aimy begins campaign against Bulgarians. 
 President Wilson receives an Austrian proposal for a peace confer- 
 ence and refuses it. 
 Great victory of FJritish and Arabs over Turks in Palestine. 
 Americans begin a drive in the Meuse valley, 
 Bulgaria withdraws from the war. 
 
 St. Quentin (on the Hindenburg line) taken by the French. 
 Damascus captured by the British. 
 King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates. 
 Lens taken by the British. 
 
 Germany asks President Wilson for an armistice and peace nego- 
 tiations; other notes Oct. 12, 20, etc.; similar notes from 
 Austria- Hungary, Oct. 7, and from Turkey, Oct. 12. Wilson't 
 replies, Oct. 8, 14, 18, 23. 
 Beirut taken by a I'rench fleet. 
 Cambrai taken by the British. 
 Laon taken by the French. 
 Ostend taken by the Belgians. 
 Lille taken by the British. 
 24 -Nov. 4 Allied forces (chiefly Italians) under General Diaz win a great 
 victory on the Italian front. 
 Aleppo taken by the British, Oct. 31 Turkey surrenders. 
 
 Serbian troops enter Belgrade after regaining nearly all of Serbia. 
 Trieste and Trent occupied by Italion forces. 
 Surrender of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 President Wilson notifies Germany that General Foch has been 
 authorized by the United States and the allies to communicate 
 the terms of an armistice. 
 Nov. 6 Mutiny of German sailors .at Kiel, followed by mutinies, revolts and 
 
 revolutions at other German cities. 
 Nov, 7 Americans take Sedan. Nov. 9 British take Maubeugo. 
 
 Nov. 9 Abdication of the German Emperor William II and the crown 
 
 prince; they flee to Holland Nov. 10. 
 Nov. 11 Armistice signed; Germany surrenders. 
 
 Estimated cost, $200,000,000,000. 
 
 American casualties in the war were announced as: Killed in action, 
 28,353; died of wounds, 12,101; died of disease, 16,034; died of other causes, 
 1,980; missing in action, not known to be prisoners, 14,190; severely wounded, 
 54,751; other wounded. 135,204. Total casualties, 262,623. 
 
 Estimated by the American war department that the war caused the death 
 of ■i',354,000 soldiers — 62 per cent of loss being among the allies. 
 
 113 
 
 July 
 
 16 
 
 July 
 
 IS. 
 
 July 
 
 22 
 
 July 
 
 27 
 
 July 
 
 31 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2 
 
 Aug 
 
 8-S 
 
 Aug. 
 
 15 
 
 Sept. 
 
 3 
 
 Sept. 
 
 12 
 
 Sept. 
 
 15 
 
 Sept. 
 
 16 
 
 Sept. 
 
 22 
 
 Sept. 
 
 26 
 
 Sept. 
 
 30 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3 
 
 Oct. 
 
 4 
 
 Oct. 
 
 7 
 
 Oct. 
 
 8 
 
 Oct. 
 
 13 
 
 Oct. 
 
 17 
 
 Oct. 
 
 17 
 
 Oct. 
 
 24 
 
 Oct. 
 
 26 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1 
 
 Nov. 
 
 3 
 
 Nov. 
 
 4 
 
 Nov. 
 
 5 
 
"The history of the world is not intellig'ible apart from the government of 
 the world." 
 
 "Society can no more exist without erovernment, in one form or another, tlian 
 man without society." — Calhoun. 
 
 "It is the function of civil government to make it easy to do what is right 
 and riflicult to do wrong." — Gladstone. 
 
 "Government is the power of all, delegated to a chosen number, with a view 
 to the consei-vation of the rights of each and the defense of such rights against 
 the encroachments of any." 
 
 "The American Union is a Commonwealth of commonwealths, a Republic of 
 republics, a State which, while one, is nevertheless composed of other states even 
 more essential to its existence than it is to theirs." — Bryce. 
 
 "Politics in its best and highest meaning may be defined as the science and 
 practice of government having- for its functions and purposes the promotion of 
 the peace and safety of a state or nation, and the promotion of its welfare." 
 
 — Cleveland. 
 
 "Everyone ought to find time to learn the principal features of the govern- 
 ment under which he lives and to get some inkling of the way in which these 
 governments have come into existence and of the causes which have made them 
 what they are." — Fiske. 
 
 "The good citizen must in the first place i-ecognize what he owes his fellow 
 citizens. If he is worthy to live in a free republic he must keep before his eyes 
 his duty to the nation of which he forms a part. He must keep himself informed 
 and he must think for himself on all of the great questions of the day." 
 
 — Roosevelt. 
 
 AN OUTLINE ANALYSIS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT 
 
 Legislative: (The law-making power) 
 
 (Article 1, Sec. 1: All legislative power granted shall be vested in a Congress 
 of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives.) 
 
 Congress — The Senate. House of Representatives. 
 
 Executive: (The law-enforcing power) 
 
 (Article II, Sec. 1: The executive power shall be vested in a president of the 
 United States of America.) 
 
 President, aided by — ■ 
 
 Cabinet, viz.: Heads of the executive departments, and 
 
 United States marshals and deputies. ' 
 
 Judicial: (The law-interpreting power) 
 
 (Article III, Sec. 1: The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
 one supreme court and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
 time to time establish.) 
 
 The supreme court, 
 Inferior federal courts. 
 
 114 
 
The Legislative Department 
 
 Congress — Consists of the Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Duration — The term of each Congress is two years, beginning March 4 of 
 the odd numbered years. 
 
 Sessions — Regular, annual, beginning first Monday in December First 
 designated as the long session and second as the short session. Special — 
 Convenes at call of the president. 
 
 Membership— Each house is judge of election and qualifications of its own 
 members. 
 
 Powers — Art.( I, sec. 8) Has general powers of legislation — 
 
 1. Congress shall have power to law and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
 and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense 
 and general welfare of the United States, but all duties, iniposts and 
 excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 states, and with the Indian tribes. 
 
 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization and unifoim laws on 
 the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin and fix 
 the value of weights and measures. 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
 current coin of the United States. 
 
 7. To establish postoffices and postroads. 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for 
 limitec^ times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their 
 respective writings and discoveries. 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas 
 and offenses against the law of nations. 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marqvie and reprisal and make laws 
 concerning captures on land and water. 
 
 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money for that 
 use shall be for a longer term than two years. 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy. 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
 naval forces. 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 
 
 16 To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the milit^'a, and 
 for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service 
 of the United States, reserving to the states, respectively, the ap- 
 pointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia 
 according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever over such 
 district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of par- 
 ticular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the 
 government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over 
 all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in 
 which the same shall he, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
 dockyards and other needful buildings; and 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
 into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by 
 this constitutio nin the government of the United States or in any 
 department or officer thereof. 
 
 115 
 
Prohibitions (Article I, Sec. 9) — 
 
 1. The migration oi- importation of such persons as any of the states now 
 existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; 
 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
 ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of halieas corpus shall not be suspended 
 unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public, safety maj' 
 require it. 
 
 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
 the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No 
 preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 
 to the ports of one state over those of another, nor shall vessels bound 
 to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 
 
 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of 
 appropriations made by law; and a regular account of receipts and 
 expenditures shall be published from time to time. 
 
 7 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no 
 person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without 
 the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office 
 or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. 
 
 The Senate — • 
 
 Number — Two from each state, 9fi. 
 
 Elected — (See 17th amendment) — By popular vote in their respective states. 
 
 Term — Six years, one -third being elected every two years. 
 
 Eligibility — A citizen of the United States for at least nine years. A resident 
 of the state. Minimum age, 30 years. 
 
 Salary — Fixed by law, $7,500 a year. 
 
 Powers — Elects a president pi-o tempoie of the Senate and its other officers, 
 except its presiding officei', the vice president. 
 Confirms or rejects nominations made by the president. 
 Ratifies or rejects treaties made with foreign powers. 
 Elects vice president if regular election fails. 
 Acts as a court for the trial of impeachments. 
 Is a co-ordinate branch of the legislative department. 
 
 House of Representatives — 
 
 Number— Four hundred thirty-five members. 
 
 Ratio, one representative for every 212,407 persons. 
 
 Elected — By the voters of their respective congressional districts. 
 
 Term — Two years, the entire House being elected every two years. 
 
 Eligibility — A citizen of United States for at least seven years. 
 Resident of the state i-epresented. Minimum age, 3.5 years. 
 
 Salary— Fixed by law, $7,500 a year. 
 
 Powers — Elects its speaker and other officers. 
 
 Elects a president if regular election fails. 
 
 Prosecutes impeachments before the Senate. 
 
 Originates all bills for raising revenue. 
 
 Is a co-ordinate branch of the legislative department. 
 
 116 
 
The Executive Department 
 The President — 
 
 Elected — By electors chosen by the peoph- (See Const. Art. II. Sec. 1) or 
 
 by House of Representatiwes. (Clause 2 and Amendment XH.) 
 Term of Office — Four years, may be re-elected. 
 Eligibility — A natural-born citizen. 
 
 Resident of United States at least 11 years. Minimun\ age. "7) yen vs. 
 Salary— Fixed by law, $75,000 a year (and $25,000 traveling expcMi-ses). 
 Powers and Duties — Commander-in-chief of the ai-my and na\ > . 
 
 Communicates with Congress by messages and addresses. 
 
 Approves or di.sapproves act.s of Congress. 
 
 Makes treaties with advice and consent of Senate 
 
 Appoints public officials v.ith advice and consent of Senate. 
 
 Commissions public officers of the United States. 
 
 May grant reprieves and pardons for offenses again.st United States. 
 
 Appoints all federal judges with advice and consent of the Senate. 
 
 Vice Presidents- 
 Elected — By electors chosen l)y the people, or by the Senate. 
 Term of Office — Four years. 
 Salary — Fixed by law, $12,000 a year. 
 Eligibility — Same as required of president. 
 Duty — Is presiding officer of Senate. 
 
 Presidential Succession— In case of death, resignation or removal or inabil- 
 ity of president the vice president takes liis place. 
 After the vice president heads of the executive depaitment succeed in 
 the order named below. 
 
 The Cabinet — 
 
 Composition — The heads of tlie executive departments. 
 
 Appointed — By the president, with the advice and consent of tlie Senate. 
 
 Term of Office — At the pleasure of the president. 
 
 Salary — Fixed by law, $12,000 a j^ear for each member. 
 
 Executive Departments 
 
 Department of State — Has charge of foreign affairs. 
 
 Department of Treasury — Has charge of fiscal affairs. 
 
 Department of War — Has charge of army and military affairs. 
 
 Department of Justice — Has charge of legal affairs. 
 
 Postoffice Department — Has charge of postal affairs 
 
 Naval Department — Has charge of the navy and naval affairs. 
 
 Department of the Interior — Has charge of domestic affairs, including public 
 lands, pensions, patents, copyrights, etc. 
 
 Department of Agriculture— Has charge of agricultural affairs. 
 
 Department of Commerce^Has charge of commercial interests, the cen- 
 sus, etc. 
 
 Department of Labor — Has charge of labor interests, working conditions, etc. 
 
 Note 
 
 Acts of Congress Become Law — 
 
 When signed by the president, or 
 
 By his failure to make objection in writing (veto) within ten days after any 
 
 act is submitted to him, unless Congress by adjournment within that 
 
 time prevents Its return; but 
 Congress has power to enact a law over the president's veto by a two-thirds 
 
 vote of both houses. 
 
 117 
 
Judicial Department 
 
 Supreme Court — 
 
 Members — One chief justice aud eight associate justices. 
 
 Term — P'or life, or during good behavior. 
 
 Salaries — Chief justice, $15,000 a year; associate justices, $14,500 a j^ear. 
 
 Terms of Court — One each year, beginning on the second Monday in October. 
 
 Court is held in Washington. 
 Jurisdiction — Original. In all cases in which a state is a party. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, ministers and consuls. 
 
 Original jurisdiction unless otherwise provided by special act. 
 
 Inferior Courts — 
 Jurisdiction — 
 
 In cases between citizens of different states. 
 In cases in which the United States is a party. 
 In cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. 
 
 In trials for crimes against the United States; but the trial for crimes 
 must be by jury and must be held in the state where the crime was 
 committed. 
 Appe"als — Appeals may be made to the supreme court in all cases of law and 
 
 equity with such exceptions as Congress has made. 
 Kinds — 
 
 Circuit Court of Appeals — 
 
 Number — One in each judicial circuit (nine). 
 
 Judges- — Three, selected from circuit and district courts, and one 
 
 justice of United States supreme court. 
 Organized — In 1891, to relieve the supreme court in appellate cases. 
 Jurisdiction — Cases appealed from the district courts and not taken 
 directly to the supreme court are reviewed in these courts. De- 
 cision is final in some cases as in those involving criminal, ad- 
 miralty, revenue and patent law; but in all other cases may be 
 carried to supreme court either' by appeal or on writ of error. 
 
 District Courts — 
 
 Number — At least one in every state. Now 78 districts and 92 judges. 
 
 Salary — $7,000 a year. 
 
 Judges — One or more for each district. 
 
 To each court is also assigned a district attorney who repre- 
 sents the United States and also a marshal who executes the 
 decisions. 
 Jurisdiction — Is original. 
 
 Covers a multitude of cases from those of minor importance to 
 the final decision of prize cases. 
 Court of Claims — 
 
 Number — One, created in 1855. Holds annual sessions in Washington. 
 Judges — One chief justice and four associates. 
 Salary — Chief justice, $6,500; associates, $6,000 each annually. 
 Jurisdiction — Claims against the United States, including all claims 
 which may be referred to it by Congress. 
 Court of Customs Appeals — 
 
 Number — One (Acts of 1909 and 1910). 
 Judges — One presiding judge and four associates. 
 Salary — -Each judge gets $7,000 annually 
 
 Jurisdiction — Hears appeals from the decisions of officers engaged 
 in collecting the customs tax. 
 Additional Courts — In addition to the above courts Congress has estal?- 
 lished courts of local jurisdiction, as follows: 
 Court of Appeals for District of Columbia — 
 
 Has one chief justice and two associate justices. 
 Supreme Court for District of Columbia- 
 Has one chief justice and five associate justjces. 
 United States Court in Organized Territories — 
 
 One chief justice and seven associate justices appointed by the pres- 
 ident for four years. 
 District Court for Alaska — Consists of three judges. 
 Special United States Court.s — In Hawaii, Porto Rico and the Philippines. 
 
 118 
 
"States make up tlie mas.s, the body, the organie Htuff of tlie Koveinment ol 
 the country. To them is intfusted our daily welfare." — Woodrow Wilson. 
 
 OUTLINES FOR STUDY OF STATE GOVERNMENT 
 
 Note — As an introduction to atnte government the student should read and study- 
 carefully the constitution of his om'h state and then complete the following 
 suggestive outline. 
 
 Name of state here. 
 
 Previous status — 
 
 Date of admission — 
 
 Adopted present constitution 
 
 Departments of government — 
 Legislative, consists of 
 Executive, consists of 
 Judicial, consists of 
 
 Historical summary — 
 
 Name of — 
 Ijocated at— 
 Purpose of- — 
 
 State Institutions 
 
 The Legislative Department 
 
 State Senate: Lower House: 
 
 Number of members — Number of membeis — 
 
 Qualifications — Qualifications — 
 
 How chosen — How chosen — 
 
 Length of term of office — Length of term of office — 
 
 Amount of bonds required — Amount of bonds reauired — 
 
 Salary— Salary — 
 
 Duties — Duties — 
 
 The Executive Department 
 
 Governor: * Length of term of ofTlce-v 
 
 Present incumbent — Bond required — 
 
 Qualifications — Salary — 
 
 How chosen — Duties — 
 
 .Judicial Department — 
 
 Make list of state couits and give number of judges in each one, term ot 
 office, salary, etc. 
 
 State and Local Officers 
 
 State Government: County Government: 
 Office— Office— 
 How chosen — How chosen — 
 When chosen — When chosen — 
 Term — Term — 
 Salary— Salary- 
 Duties — Duties — 
 
 Town Government: Township Government: 
 Office — Office — 
 How chosen — How chosen— 
 When chosen — When chosen- 
 Term — ■ Term- 
 Salary — Salary- 
 Duties — Duties — 
 
 119 
 
TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Original area at beginning of National period in sq. mi.. 
 
 Louisiana Purchase: 1803; fi'om France; for $15,000,000 
 
 Florida: 1819. Ceded by Spain for ?.').000,000: 
 
 Texas: 1845. By annexation, 
 
 Oregon Country: By discovery and exploration, coiilirmed 
 
 treaty with Great Britain 
 Mexican Cession: 1848. Fi'om Mexico, by conquest 
 Gadsden Purchase: 1853. From Mexico; for $10,00-0,000, 
 Alaska: 1867. From Russia, by pui'chase for $7,200,000, 
 Hawaii: 1898. By annexation, was independent 
 Porto Rico: 1899. From Spain, by conquest 
 From Spain, by conquest 
 1899. Fi'om Spain, conque.st and 
 
 Guam: 1899. 
 Philippines: 
 
 $20,000,000; 
 Tutuila, etc.. 
 
 by 
 
 of 
 
 purchase ; 
 with England 
 
 Samoan group: 1900. By treaty 
 and Germany 
 Area of U. S. in 190i), including all dependencies, 3,750,000 sq. miles. 
 Area of the United States in 1789, 827,000 sq. miles. 
 Population of I^. S. in 1910, including all dependencies, 101,415,412. 
 
 827,000 
 
 .032.790 
 
 5S,680 
 
 265,896 
 
 288,700 
 
 523,568 
 
 45,435 
 
 .■>90,884 
 
 6,449 
 
 3.435 
 
 150 
 
 130,000 
 
 ">00 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY DECADES. 
 
 1790 3.929,214 
 
 1800 5.308.4*83 
 
 1810 7.239,881 
 
 1820 9.638,453 
 
 1830 ■ 12,866,020 
 
 1840 17,069,453 
 
 1850 23.191,876 
 
 1860 31,443.321 
 
 1870 38,558.371 
 
 1880 50.155,783 
 
 1890 62.622,250 
 
 1900 76,303.-387 
 
 1910 101.415.412 
 
 Immigration into the United States in 1820 amounted to 8.385. In 1842 it 
 had reached 104,565 a year. In 1854 the total* was 427,833. but declined to 72.183 
 in 1862. With wide fluctuation in good and bad years it reached 1.026,449 in 
 i905. Five times since, the million mark has been passed, that in 1914 being 
 1.218.480. The immigration for the year ending June 30. 1915. fell to 326,700, 
 and the emigiation during the same period amounted to 204,074. The total im- 
 migration from 1820 to date amounts to 32.354,124. 
 
 [•Y)llo\ving is the 
 Hppoitionnient of r 
 censu.s of 1010. 
 State Vote 
 
 -Vlabama 12 
 
 Arizona 3 
 
 Arkansa.s 9 
 
 California I'i 
 
 Colorado 6 
 
 Connecticut 7 
 
 Delaware 3 
 
 Florida 6 
 
 Georgia 14 
 
 Idaho 4 
 
 Illinois 29 
 
 Indiana 15 
 
 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE 
 
 electoral vote of the states based upon the 
 epresentativei? made by congress under the 
 
 State Vote 
 
 Iowa 13 
 
 Kansas 10 
 
 Kentucky 13 
 
 Lousiana 10 
 
 Maine 6 
 
 Maryland 8 
 
 Massachusetts ... 18 
 
 Michigan 15 
 
 Minnesota 12 
 
 Mississippi 10 
 
 Missouri 18 
 
 Montana 4 
 
 State Vote 
 
 Nebraska 8 
 
 Nevada 3 
 
 New Hampshire .. 4 
 
 New Jersey 14 
 
 New Mexico 3 
 
 New York 45 
 
 North Carolina ... 12 
 North Dakota .... 5 
 
 Ohio 24 
 
 Oklahoma 10 
 
 Oregon 5 
 
 Pennsylvania 38 
 
 State Vote 
 
 Rhode Island 5 
 
 South Carolina ... 9 
 
 South Dakota .... 5 
 
 Tennessee 12 
 
 Texas 20 
 
 Utah 4 
 
 Vermont 4 
 
 Virginia 12 
 
 Washington 7 
 
 West Virginia .... 8 
 
 Wisconsin 13 
 
 Wyoming 3 
 
 Total 531 
 
 120 
 
REPRESENTATION IN CONGKESS 
 
 
 Senate 
 
 House of Representatives 
 
 Ratio of 
 Represen- 
 tation 
 
 Year 
 
 Free States 
 
 1 
 
 Slave States 
 
 Feee States 1 Slave States 
 
 1790 
 
 14 
 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 30,000 
 
 1703 
 
 IG 
 
 
 14 
 
 57 
 
 48 
 
 33,000 
 
 179S 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 49 
 
 33,000 
 
 1803 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 76 
 
 65 
 
 33,000 
 
 1813 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 103 
 
 78 
 
 35,000 
 
 1816 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 103 
 
 78 
 
 35,000 
 
 1821 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 105 
 
 81 
 
 35,000 
 
 1823 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 123 
 
 90 
 
 40,000 
 
 1833 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 141 
 
 99 
 
 47,700 
 
 1837 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 142 
 
 100 
 
 47,700 
 
 1843 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 135 
 
 88 
 
 70,680 
 
 1848 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 140 
 
 91 
 
 70,680 
 
 1853 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 144 
 
 90 
 
 93,423 
 
 1860 
 
 36 
 
 
 30 
 
 147 
 
 90 
 
 94,423 
 
 1863 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 243 
 
 127,381 
 
 1873 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 293 
 
 [ 131.425 
 
 1883 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 325 
 
 1 151,911 
 
 1893 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 356 
 
 ! 173,901 
 
 1903 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 386 
 
 1 193.175 
 
 1909 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 391 
 
 193.291 
 
 1915 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 1 212.407 
 
 The number of representatives is fixed by Congress every ten years (Constitution. 
 Art I, sect. 2). To find the electoral vote, add together the number of senators and 
 representatives; e. g. the electoral vote in 1790 was 91. In 1912, 531. 
 
 TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS 
 
 Xo. 
 
 President 
 
 State 
 
 Term of Office 
 
 llGeorge Washington Virginia Two terms; 1789-1797 .. 
 
 2|John Adams Massachusetts ..One term; 1797-1801 ... 
 
 SJThomas Jefferson . . Virginia Two terms; 1801-1809 . . . 
 
 4|James Madison .... Virginia Two terms; 1809-1817 . . . 
 
 5|James Monroe Virginia Two terms; 1817-1825 . . . 
 
 eiJohn Quincy Adams Massachusetts ..One term; 1^5-1829 .... 
 
 71 Andrew Jackson . . . Tennessee Two terms; 1829-1837 . . . 
 
 SJMartin Van Buren . New York One term; 1837-1841 
 
 9 William H. Harrison Ohio One month; 1841 
 
 lOlJohn Tvler Virginia 3 yrs. 11 mos.; 1841-1845 
 
 niJames K. Polk Tennessee One term; 1845-1849 
 
 121Zacharv Taylor . 
 13!Millard Fillmore 
 14 [Franklin PieTce . 
 151 James Buchanan 
 16'Abraham Lincoln 
 l7|Andrew Johnson 
 18|Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Louisiana 1 yr. 4 mos.; 1849, 1850 
 
 New York 2 yrs. 8 mos. ; 1850-1853 
 
 X. Hampshire • . . One term; 1853-1857 
 
 Penn.svlvania ...One term; 1857-1861 
 
 Illinois 1 term and 6 wk's; 1861-1865 
 
 Tennessee 3 yrs. lOU mos.; 1865-1869 .. 
 
 Illinois Two terms; 1869-1877 
 
 19JRutherford B. Hayes Ohio One term; 1877-1881 
 
 20|James A. Garfield . . Ohio 6 mos. 15 days; 1881 
 
 21IChester A. Arthur .New York 3 yrs. 5 mos. 15 days; 1881-'85 
 
 22lGrover Cleveland . . Xew York One term: 1885-1889 
 
 23lBenjamin Harrison. Indiana One term; 1889-1893 
 
 24IGrover Cleveland ..Xew York One term; 1893-1897 
 
 25|Willlam McKinley .Ohio I term. 7 mos.; 1897-1901 ... 
 
 26ITheodore Roosevelt. Xew York 3 yrs. 5 mos.; 1901-1905 
 
 27|Theodore Roosevelt. Xew York One term, 1905-1909 
 
 28!W. H. Taft Ohio ^One term; 1909-191 
 
 29!Woodrow Wilson . . X'ew Jersey 
 
 i9ig . /.a 
 
 Bv "What Par 
 
 ty Elected 
 Whole people 
 Federalists . 
 Republicans 
 or Democratic 
 Republicans . 
 House of Rep. 
 Democrats 
 Democrats 
 ■Whigs ... 
 M'higs ... 
 Democrats 
 WTiigs . . 
 Whigs . . 
 Democrats 
 Democrats 
 Republicans . 
 Republicans . 
 Republicans . 
 Republicans . 
 Republicans . 
 Republicans . 
 Democrats . . . 
 Republicans . 
 Democrats . . . 
 Republicans . 
 Democrats . . . 
 Republicans . 
 _^Repviblieans_. 
 "' ?eniibli<g 
 
 CHIEF .JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 John Jay of New Y'ork Sept. 26, 1789 
 
 John Rutledge. of South Carolina July 1. 1795 
 
 William Cushing. of Massachusetts Jan. 27, 1796 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut Mar. 4, 1796 
 
 John Jay. of Xew York Dec. 19, 1800 
 
 John Marshall, of Virginia Jan. 27, 1801 
 
 Roger B. Taney, of Maryland Dec. 28, 1835 
 
 Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio Dec. 28, 1864 
 
 Morrison R. Waite. of Ohio Jan. 21, 1874 
 
 Melville W. Fuller, of Illinois Oct. 8. 1888 
 
 Edwtird D. White, of Louisiana Dec. 12, 1910 
 
 121 
 
AMERICA 
 
 My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, 
 
 Of thee I sing. 
 <Land where my fathers died. Land of the pilgrim's pride, 
 
 From every mountain side let freedom ring. 
 
 My native counti-y, thee, Land of the noble free, 
 
 Thy name I love. 
 I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills; 
 
 My heart with rapture thrills like that above. 
 
 Let music swell the breeze and ring from all the trees 
 
 Sweet freedom's song. 
 Let mortal tongues awake, let all that breathe partake. 
 
 Let rocks their silence break, — Thy sound prolong. 
 
 Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty. 
 
 To Thee we sing. 
 Long may our land be bright, with freedom's holy light. 
 
 Protect us by Thy might. Great God, our king. 
 
 "In the beauty of the lilies, 
 
 Christ was born across the sea, 
 
 With a glory in His bosom 
 
 That transfigures you and me. 
 
 As He died to make men holy' 
 
 Let us LIVE to make men free. 
 
 THE PRESENT CRISIS 
 
 Then to side with truth is noble when we share her wretched crust, 
 Ere her cause bring fame and profit, and 'tis prosperous to be just; 
 Then it is the brave men chooses, while the coward stands aside. 
 Doubting in his abject spirit, till his Lord is crucified. 
 And the multitude make virtue of the faith they had denied. 
 
 • 
 'Tis as easy to be heroes as to sit the idle slaves 
 Of a legendary virtue carved upon our fathers' graves. 
 Worshippers of light ancestral make the present light a crime; — 
 Was the Mayflower launched by cowards, steered by men behind their time? 
 Turn those tracks toward Past or Future, that make Plymouth Rock sublime? 
 
 They were men of present valor, stalwart old iconoclasts. 
 
 Unconvinced by axe or gibbet that all virtue was the Past's; 
 
 But we make their truth our falsehood, thinking that hath made us free. 
 
 Hoarding it in mouldy parchments, while our tender spirits flee 
 
 The rude grasp of that great Impulse which drove them across the sea. 
 
 They have rights who dare maintain them; we are traitors to our sires, 
 
 Smothering in their holy ashes Freedom's new-lit altar-fires; 
 
 Shall we make their creed our jailor? Shall we, in our haste to slay. 
 
 From the tombs of the old prophets steal the funeral lamps away 
 
 To light up the martyr-fagots round the prophets of today? 
 
 New occasions teach new duties; Time makes ancient good uncouth; 
 They must upward still, and onward, who would keep abreast of Truth; 
 Lo, before us gleam her camp-fires! we ourselves must Pilgrims be. 
 Launch our Mayflower, and steer boldly through the desperate winter sea. 
 Nor attempt the Future's portal with the Past's blood-rusted key. 
 
 — Lowell. 
 
 122 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 History. 
 
 American History, Ashley ; Macmillan. 
 
 American History, Muzzy ; Ginn and Co. 
 
 Student's American History, Montgomery ; Ginn and Co. 
 
 History of the American Nation, McLaughlin ; Appletons. 
 
 Student's History of the United States, Channing ; Macmillan. 
 
 American History and Government, Woodburn and Moran ; Longman. 
 
 Essentials in American History, Hart; American Book Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Elson ; Macmillan. 
 
 History of American People, West ; Allyn and Bacon. 
 
 Advanced American History, Fonnay ; Century Co. 
 
 American History, James and Sanford, Scribner. 
 
 School History of the United States, Mace ;• Rand McNally and Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Larned ; Houghton Mifflin and Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Thomas ; D. C. Heath and Co. 
 
 History of the United States ; Bourne and Benton ; Heath & Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Thompson ; D. C. Heath and Co. 
 
 American History, Chancellor; Silver, Burdett Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Adams and Trent ; Allyn and Bacon. 
 
 History of the United States, Gordy ; Scribner's Sons. 
 
 History of the United States, Davidson ; Scott, Foresman and Co. 
 
 School History of the United States, McMaster ; Amer. Book Co. 
 
 History of the United States, Fiske ; Houghton, M. and Co. 
 
 The Colonies, Thwaites ; Longmans, Green and Co. 
 
 The War for Independence, Fiske ; Houghton, M. and Co. 
 
 The Critical Period of American History, Fiske ; H. M. and Co. 
 
 Formation of the Union, Hart; Longman. 
 
 Division and Reunion, Wilson ; Longman. 
 
 The American History Series, Scribner's-Sons. 
 
 American Politics, Johnson ; Henry Holt and Co. 
 Territorial Growth of the United States, Mowry, Silver, B. and Co. 
 The Tariff, Lybarger, The Platform, Chicago. 
 The Tariff in Our Times, Tarbell ; Macmillan. 
 
 Government. 
 Government of the U. S., Garner; Amer. Bk. Co. 
 School Civics, Boynton ; Ginn and Co. 
 Our Government, Macy ; Ginn and Co. 
 How We are Governed, Dawes ; Ginn and Co. 
 The New Civics, Ashley ; Macmillan. 
 Advanced Civics, Forman; Century Co. 
 
 Preparing for Citizenship, Guitteau ; Houghton, Mifflin and Co. 
 The Government, Clark ; American Bk. Co. 
 Civil Government in the United States, Fiske ; Houghton. 
 American Government, Ashley; Macmillan Co. 
 
 Government and Politics in the U. S., Guitteau ; Houghton, M. and Co. 
 Government in State and Nation, James and Sanford; Scribner's-S. 
 The American Government, Hinsdale ; Amer. Bk. Co. 
 The American Federal State, Ashley; Macmillan. 
 The American Commonwealth, Abr. ed. Bryce; MacMillan. 
 The State, Wilson ; D. C. Heath and Co. 
 
 123 
 
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 New American 
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 Teachers and Students' 
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 Especially j^-epared for teachers of History and Govern- 
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 New American Government and Politics 
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ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 "I am not bound to win, but I am bovmd to be true. I am 
 not boimd to succeed, but I am bound to live up to what light 
 I have. I must stand with anybody that stands right, stand 
 with him while he is right, and part from him when he goes 
 wrong." 
 
The ImmortaS 
 Declaration of Independence 
 
 JULY 4, 1776 
 
 HEN in the course of human events, it becomes 
 necessary for one people to dissolve the political 
 bands which have connected them with another, 
 ■^^ and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the 
 separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and 
 of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions 
 of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which 
 impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be 
 self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are en- 
 dowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that 
 among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. 
 That to secure these rights. Governments are instituted among 
 Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
 erned, That whenever any Form of Government becomes de- 
 structive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter 
 or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its 
 foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in 
 suoh form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
 Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that 
 Governments long established should not be changed for light 
 and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has 
 shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
 are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms 
 to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
 abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object 
 evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, 
 it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Govern- 
 ment, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 
 
 10 -891. 
 
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