C ^ ^ -'Jill*' WOMEN. Calphurnia Portia Mr . Goodman. Mr.Terrin. Mr. Kynaflon. Mr. Betterton. Mr. Smith. Mr. Griffin. Mr. Saunders, Mr. Bowman. Mr. Williams. Mr. Mount fort* Mr. Carlijle. Mr, Not r is. Mr. Mr. Ter rival. Mr. Wiltfhire. Mr. Gillo. Mr. Jevon, Mr. Mr. Underhill. Mr. Lee. Mr. Bright. Md. Slingsbj. Mrs. Gw£. Jh* GUARDS and ATTENDANTS. S C E N E, for the Three firftAtfs, and Beginning of the Fourth, in Rome * for the Remainder of the Fourth, near Sard is j for the Fifth, m the Fields of Philippi. Conspirators against Julius Ccesar [DRAMATIS PERSONS Julius Caesar Octavius Cjssar, 1 Triumvirs after the Death Marcus Antonius, > « , 7 . '„ , T tt, T of Julius Ccesar M. .ZEmilius LepidusJ ' Cicero, Publius, > Sector* Popilius Lena, J Marcus Brutus, Caius Cassius, Casca, Trebonius, LlGARIUS, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber, ClNNA, Flavius and Marullus, Tribunes Artemidorus, a Sophist of Cnidos A Soothsayer Cinna, a Poet Another Poet Lucilius, Titinius, Messala, Young Cato, Volumnius, Varro, Clitus, Claudius, Strato, Lucius, Dardanius, Pindarus, Servant to Cassius Calpurnia, Wife to Ccesar Portia, Wife to Brutus Commoners, or Plebeians, of Rome; Senators, Guards, Attendants, etc. Scene: Act I-Act IV, Scene i, at Rome; Act IV, Scenes ii and Hi, near Sardis, in Asia Minor; Act V, the plains near Philippi, in Macedonia.'] Friends to Brutus and Cassius Servants to Brutus The Tragedy of Julius Ccesar ACT FIRST Scene One [Rome. A Street] Enter Flavius, Marullus, and certain Commoners over the Stage. Flav. Hence! home/ you idle creatures, get you home:/ Is this a holiday ? What ! know you not, Being mechanical, you ought not walk Upon a labouring day without the sign 4 Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou? Car. Why, sir, a carpenter. Mar. Where is thy leather apron, and thy rule ? What dost thou with thy best apparel on? 8 You, sir, what trade are you? Cob. Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am but, as you would say, a cobbler. Mar. But what trade art thou? Answer me di- rectly. 12 Cob. A trade, sir, that, I hope, I may use with a safe conscience; which is, indeed, sir, a mender of bad soles. Mar. What trade, thou knave ? thou naughty knave, what trade? 16 Scene One S. d. Marullus; cf. n. 3 mechanical : of the laboring class walk: go about the streets 4, 5 sign . . . profession: artisan's garb and implements 10 in respect of: in comparison with 11 cobbler: bungler 12 directly: plainly, without evasion 16 naughty: wicked, worthless The Tragedy of Cob. Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you. Mar. What mean'st thou by that? Mend me, thou saucy fellow? 20 Cob. Why, sir, cobble you. Flav. Thou art a cobbler, art thou? Cob. Truly, sir, all that I live by is with the awl: I meddle with no tradesman's matters, nor women's matters, but with awl. I am, in- 25 deed, sir, a surgeon to old shoes; when they are in great danger, I recover them. As proper men as ever trod upon neat's leather have gone upon my handiwork. 29 Flav. But wherefore art not in thy shop to-day ? Why dost thou lead these men about the streets ? Cob. Truly, sir, to wear out their shoes, to get myself into more work. But, indeed, sir, we make holiday to see Caesar and to rejoice in his triumph. Mar. Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home? 36 What tributaries follow him to Rome To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels? You blocks) you stones, you worse than senseless • things ! O you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome, 40 Knew you not Pompey? Many a time and oft Have you climb'd up to walls and battlements, To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops, Your infants in your arms, and there have sat 44 The livelong day, with patient expectation, To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome: 17 out: out of temper 18 be out: have hole in shoe 25 with awl; cf. n. 27 proper: goodly, worthy 28 neat's leather: cowhide 35 triumph; cf. n. Julius Ccesar, I. i And when you saw his chariot but appear, Have you not made a universal shout, 48 That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, To hear the replication of your sounds Made in her concave shores? And do you now put on your best attire ? 52 And do you now cull out a holiday? And do you now strew flowers in his way, That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? Be gone! 56 Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, Pray to the gods to intermit the plague That needs must light on this ingratitude. Flav. Go, go, good countrymen, and for this fault 60 Assemble all the poor men of your sort; Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears Into the channel, till the lowest stream Do kiss the most exalted shores of all. 64 Exeunt all the Commoners. See whether their basest metal be not mov'd; They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness. Go you down that way towards the Capitol; This way will I. Disrobe the images 68 If you do find them deck'd with ceremonies. Mar. May we do so? You know it is the feast of Lupercal. Flav. It is no matter ; let no images 72 Be hung with Caesar's trophies. I'll about And drive away the vulgar from the streets : So do you too where you perceive them thick. 49 her; cf. n. 50 replication: echo 53 cull out: choose this as 55 Pompey's blood; cf. n. on line 35 69 ceremonies: ceremonial trappings 71 Lupercal; cf. n. The Tragedy of 4 These growing feathers pluck'd from Caesar's wing 76 Will make him fly an ordinary pitch, Who else would soar above the view of men And keep us all in servile fearfulness. Exeunt. Scene Two [A Public Place] Enter \_in solemn procession, with music] Ccesar, An- tony for the course, Calpurnia, Portia, Decius, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, Casca, [a great crowd following, among them] a Soothsayer: after them Marullus and Flavius. Cces. Calpurnia! Casca. Peace, ho ! Caesar speaks. [Music ceases.] Cces. Calpurnia ! Cal. Here, my lord. Cces. Stand you directly in Antonius' way When he doth run his course. Antonius ! 4 Ant. Caesar, my lord. Cces. Forget not, in your speed, Antonius, To touch Calpurnia ; for our elders say, The barren, touched in this holy chase, 8 Shake off their sterile curse. Ant. I shall remember: When Caesar says 'Do this/ it is perform'd. Cas. Set on; and leave no ceremony out. [Music] Sooth. Caesar! 12 Cces. Ha! Who calls? 77 pitch: height, as of 'a hawk's flight 6 in . . . speed : as you run 9 sterile curse: affliction of barrenness 11 Set on: proceed, advance Julius Ccesar, I. ii Casca. Bid every noise be still : peace yet again ! [Music ceases. ,] Cces. Who is it in the press that calls on me? I hear a tongue, shriller than all the music, 16 Cry 'Caesar.' Speak; Caesar is turn'd to hear. Sooth. Beware the ides of March. Cces. What man is that? Bru. A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March. Cces. Set him before me; let me see his face. 20 Cas. Fellow, come from the throng; look upon Caesar. Cces. What sayst thou to me now? Speak once again. Sooth. Beware the ides of March. Cces. He is a dreamer; let us leave him: pass. 24 Sennet. Exeunt all but Brutus and Cassius. Cas. Will you go see the order of the course? Bru. Not I. Cas. I pray you, do. Bru. I am not gamesome: I do lack some part 28 Of that quick spirit that is in Antony. Let me not hinder, Cassius, your desires ; I'll leave you. Cas. Brutus, I do observe you now of late: 32 I have not from your eyes that gentleness And show of love as I was wont to have: You bear too stubborn and too strange a hand Over your friend that loves you. Bru. Cassius, 36 18 ides of March: March fifteenth 24 S. d. Sennet: trumpet signal for procession to move 25 order of the course: progress of the running 28 gamesome: fond of sport 29 quick: lively 32 do observe: have had occasion to notice 33 that: the same 35, 36 handle your friend too stiffly and distantly The Tragedy of Be not deceiv'd: if I have veil'd my look, I turn the trouble of my countenance Merely upon myself. Vexed I am Of late with passions of some difference, 40 Conceptions only proper to myself, Which give some soil perhaps to my behaviours ; But let not therefore my good friends be griev'd, — Among which number, Cassius, be you one, — 44 Nor construe any further my neglect, , Than that poor Brutus, with himself at war, v Forgets the shows of love to other men. Cas. Then, Brutus, I have much mistook your passion ; 48 By means whereof this breast of mine hath buried Thoughts of great value, worthy cogitations. Tell me, good Brutus, can you see your face? Bru. No, Cassius; for the eye sees not itself, 52 But by reflection, by some other things. Cas. 'Tis just: And it is very much lamented, Brutus, That you have no such mirrors as will turn 56 Your hidden worthiness into your eye, That you might see your shadow. I have heard Where many of the best respect in Rome, — Except immortal Caesar, — speaking of Brutus, 60 And groaning underneath this age's yoke, Have wish'd that noble Brutus had his eyes. Bru. Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius, That you would have me seek into myself 64 For that which is not in me? Cas. Therefore, good Brutus, be prepar'd to hear; 37 Be not deceiv'd: do not misjudge me 39 Merely: altogether 40 of . . . difference: conflicting 41 proper: belonging, relating 42 soil: blemish 45 construe: read meaning into 49 By . . . whereof : because of which mistake 54 just: true, right 59 respect: standing 62 had . . . eyes: had his eyes about him Julius Ccesar, I. ii And, since you know you cannot see yourself So well as by reflection, I, your glass, 68 Will modestly discover to yourself That of yourself which you yet know not of. And be not jealous on me, gentle Brutus: Were I a common laugher, or did use 72 To stale with ordinary oaths my love To every new protester; if you know That I do fawn on men and hug them hard, And after scandal them ; or if you know 76 That I profess myself in banqueting To all the rout, then hold me dangerous. Flourish, and shout. Bru. What means this shouting? I do fear the people Choose Caesar for their king. Cas. Ay, do you fear it? 80 Then must I think you would not have it so. Bru. I would not, Cassius; yet I love him welL^/ But wherefore do you hold me here so long? What is it that you would impart to me? 84 If it be aught toward the general good, Set honour in one eye and death i' the other, And I will look on both indifferently ; For let the gods so speed me as I love 88 The name of honour more than I fear death. Cas. I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus, As well as I do know your outward favour. Well, honour is the subject of my story. 92 I cannot tell what you and other men 71 jealous on: suspicious of 73 stale: make cheap ordinary: customary 74 protester: loud-mouthed pretender 76 scandal: defame 77 profess myself : make protestations 78 S. d. Flourish: trumpet call 87 indifferently : impartially 88 speed: favor, prosper 91 favour: appearance 8 The Tragedy of Think of this life; but, for my single self, I had as lief not be as live to be In awe of such a thing as I myself. 96 I was born free as Caesar; so were you: We both have fed as well, and we can both Endure the winter's cold as well as he: For once, upon a raw and gusty day, 100 The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores, Caesar said to me, 'Dar'st thou, Cassius, now Leap in with me into this angry flood, And swim to yonder point?' Upon the word, 104 Accoutred as I was, I plunged in And bade him follow; so, indeed he did. The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it With lusty sinews, throwing it aside 108 And stemming it with hearts of controversy; But ere we could arrive the point propos'd, Caesar cried, 'Help me, Cassius, or I sink!' I, as iEneas, our great ancestor, 112 Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber Did I the tired Caesar. And this man Is now become a god, and Cassius is 116 A wretched creature and must bend his body If Caesar carelessly but nod on him. He had a fever when he was in Spain, And when the fit was on him, I did mark 120 How he did shake ; 'tis true, this god did shake ; His coward lips did from their colour fly, And that same eye whose bend doth awe the world Did lose his lustre ; I did hear him groan ; 124 101 with: against 105 Accoutred: clad 109 hearts of controversy: contesting courage 122 his lips forsook their normal redness as cowardly soldiers forsake their flag 123 bend: glance 124 his: its Julius Ccesar, J. ii 9 Ay, and that tongue of his that bade the Romans Mark him and write his speeches in their books, Alas ! it cried, 'Give me some drink, Titinius', As a sick girl. Ye gods, it doth amaze me, 128 A man of such a feeble temper should So get the start of the majestic world, And bear the palm alone. Shout. Flourish. Bru. Another general shout! I do believe that these applauses are 132 For some new honours that are heap'd on Caesar. Cas. Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world Like a Colossus; and we petty men Walk under his huge legs, and peep about 136 To find ourselves dishonourable graves. Men at some time are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. 140» Brutus and Caesar : what should be in that 'Caesar' ? Why should that name be sounded more than yours? Write them together, yours is as fair a name ; Sound them, it doth become the mouth as well; 144 Weigh them, it is as heavy; conjure with 'em, 'Brutus' will start a spirit as soon as 'Caesar'. Now, in the names of all the gods at once, Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed, 148 That he is grown so great ? Age, thou art sham'd ! Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods ! When went there by an age, since the great flood, But it was f am'd with more than with one man ? 152 When could they say, till now, that talk'd of Rome, 129 temper: constitution 130 get the start of: outstrip (in the race of life) 135 Colossus: gigantic statue astride the mouth of the harbor of Rhodes 150 lost . . . bloods: lost the art of breeding noble persons 151 the great flood: Deucalion's, not Noah's 152 fam'd with: famous for io The Tragedy of That her wide walks encompass'd but one man? Now is it Rome indeed and room enough, When there is in it but one only man. 156 O, you and I have heard our fathers say, There was a Brutus once that would have brook'd Th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome As easily as a king. 160 Bru. That you do love me, I am nothing jealous; What you would work me to, I have some aim: How I have thought of this and of these times, I shall recount hereafter; for this present, 164 I would not, so with love I might entreat you, Be any further mov'd. What you have said I will consider; what you have to say I will with patience hear, and find a time 168 Both meet to hear and answer such high things. Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this : Brutus had rather be a villager Than to repute himself a son of Rome 172 Under these hard conditions as this time Is like to lay upon us. Cas. I am glad That my weak words have struck but thus much show Of fire from Brutus. 176 Bru. The games are done and Caesar is returning. Cas. As they pass by, pluck Casca by the sleeve, And he will, after his sour fashion, tell you What hath proceeded wortHy r ~note to-day. iso Enter Ccesar and his Train. 154 walks; cf. n. 155 Rome: then often pronounced 'Room' 158 Brutus: Lucius Junius, who expelled the Tarquins, ca. 510 B. C. brook'd: tolerated 159 state: throne, rulership 161 nothing: not at all jealous: doubtful 162 work: induce aim: inkling 165 so: */; cf. n. 166 mov'd: persuaded, urged 169 meet: fit 170 chew: ponder 173 a.?,: such as Julius Ccesar, Z. ii 1 1 Bru. I will do so. But, look you, Cassius, The angry spot doth glow on Caesar's brow, And all the rest look like a chidden train: Calpurnia's cheek is pale, and Cicero 184 Looks with such ferret and such fiery eyes As we have seen him in the Capitol, Being cross'd in conference by some senators. Cas. Casca will tell us what the matter is. 188 Cces. Antonius ! Ant. Caesar. Cces. Let me have men about me that are fat; Sleek-headed men and such as sleep o' nights. 192 Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much: such men are dangerous. Ant. Fear him not, Caesar, he's not dangerous; He is a noble Roman, and well given. 196 Cces. Would he were fatter ! but I fear him not : Yet if my name were liable to fear, I do not know the man I should avoid So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much; 200 He is a great observer, and he looks Quite through the deeds of men; he loves no plays, As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music; Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort 204 As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit That could be mov'd to smile at anything. Such men as he be never at heart's ease Whiles they behold a greater than themselves, 208 And therefore are they very dangerous. I rather tell thee what is to be fear'd Than what I fear, for always I am Caesar. 185 ferret: ferret-like, i.e., small and red 187 conference: debate 192 Sleek-headed: unruffled by deep plotting 196 well given: well disposed 198 my name; cf. n. 203 he . . . music; cf. n. 208 Whiles: whilst, while 12 The Tragedy of Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf, 212 And tell me truly what thou think' st of him. Sennet. Exeunt Ccesar and his Train [except Casca~]. Casca. You pull'd me by the cloak; would you speak with me? Bru. Ay, Casca; tell us what hath chanc'd to-day, That Caesar looks so sad. 216 Casca. Why, you were with him, were you not? Bru. I should not then ask Casca what had chanc'd. Casca. Why, there was a crown offered him; and, being offered him, he put it by with the 220 back of his hand, thus ; and then the people fell a-shouting. Bru. What was the second noise for? Casca. Why, for that too. 224 Cas. They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for? Casca. Why, for that too. Bru. Was the crown offered him thrice? 227 Casca. Ay, marry, was 't, and he put it by thrice, every time gentler than other ; and at every putting-by mine honest neighbours shouted. Cas. Who offered him the crown? Casca. Why, Antony. 232 Bru. Tell us the manner of it, gentle Casca. Casca. I can as well be hanged as tell the manner of it: it was mere foolery; I did not mark it. I saw Mark Antony offer him a crown ; yet 'twas not a crown neither, 'twas one of these coronets ; and, as I told you, he put it by once ; 238 but, for all that, to my thinking, he would fain 216 sad: grave, serious 228 marry: properly an invocation of the Virgin 238 coronets: laurel garland of a Lupercal runner Julius Ccesar, I. ii 13 have had it. Then he offered it to him again; then he put it by again; but, to my thinking, he was very loath to lay his fingers off it. And then he offered it the third time; he put it the third time by ; and still as he refused it the rabblement shouted and clapped their chopped hands, and 245 threw up their sweaty night-caps, and uttered such a deal of stinking breath because Caesar refused the crown, that it had almost choked Caesar; for he swounded and fell down at it: and for mine own part, I durst not laugh, for fear of opening my lips and receiving the bad air. Cas. But soft, I pray you: what! did Caesar swound ? 252 Casca. He fell down in the market-place, and foamed at mouth, and was speechless. Bru. 'Tis very like: he hath the falling-sickness. Cas. No, Caesar hath it not; but you, and I, And honest Casca, we have the falling-sickness. Casca. I know not what you mean by that ; 258 but I am sure Caesar fell down. If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them, as they use to do the players in the theatre, I am no true man. 263 Bru. What said he, when he came unto himself? Casca. Marry, before he fell down, when he perceiv'd the common herd was glad he refused the crown, he plucked me ope his doublet and offered them his throat to cut. An I had been a 268 244 still : always, ever 245 chopped: chapped, callous 249 swounded: fainted 252 soft: stop, wait 255 like: likely falling-sickness: epilepsy 259 tag-rag: beggarly, common 262 true: honest 267 me: expletive 'dative of interest' ope: open doublet: Eliza- bethan jacket 268 An: if 14 The Tragedy of man of any occupation, if I would not have taken him at a word, I would I might go to hell among the rogues. And so he fell. When he came to himself again, he said, if he had done or said anything amiss, he desired their worships to 273 think it was his infirmity. Three or four wenches, where I stood, cried, 'Alas, good soul!' and forgave him with all their hearts: but there's no heed to be taken of them; if Caesar had stabbed their mothers, they would have done no less. 279 Bra. And after that he came, thus sad, away? Casca. Ay. Cas. Did Cicero say anything? Casca. Ay, he spoke Greek. Cas. To what effect? 284 Casca. Nay, an I tell you that, I'll ne'er look you i' the face again; but those that understood him smiled at one another and shook their heads; but, for mine own part, it was Greek to me. I could tell you more news too; Marullus and Flavius, for pulling scarfs off Caesar's images, are put to silence. Fare you well. There was more foolery yet, if I could remember it. 292 Cas. Will you sup with me to-night, Casca? Casca. No, I am promised forth. Cas. Will you dine with me to-morrow ? Casca. Ay, if I be alive, and your mind hold, and your dinner worth the eating. 297 Cas. Good; I will expect you. Casca. Do so. Farewell, both. Exit. 269 occupation : artisan's calling 291 put to silence: dismissed, not killed 294 I have a previous engagement {to dine out) Julius Ccesar, I. ii 15 Bru. What a blunt fellow is this grown to be ! 300 He was quick mettle when he went to school. Cas. So is he now in execution Of any bold or noble enterprise, However he puts on this tardy form. 304 This rudeness is a sauce to his good wit, Which gives men stomach to digest his words With better appetite. Bru. And so it is. For this time I will leave you: 308 To-morrow, if you please to speak with me, I will come home to you; or, if you will, Come home to me, and I will wait for you. Cas. I will do so: till then, think of the world. 312 Exit Brutus. Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet, I see, Thy honourable metal may be wrought From that it is dispos'd: therefore 'tis meet That noble minds keep ever with their likes ; 316 For who so firm that cannot be seduc'd? Caesar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus: If I were Brutus now and he were Cassius, He should not humour me. I will this night, 320 In several hands, in at his windows throw, As if they came from several citizens, Waitings all tending to the great opinion That Rome holds of his name ; wherein obscurely 324 Caesar's ambition shall be glanced at: And after this let Caesar seat him sure ; For we will shake him, or worse days endure. Exit. 301 quick mettle: high-spirited 304 However -.notwithstanding that tardy form: sluggish manner 312 the world: public affairs 315 that: that to which 318 bear me hard: dislike me 320 He . . . me; c/. n. 321 several hands: different handwritings 327 or . . . endure: or suffer disastrous consequences of our attempt 16 The Tragedy of Scene Three [A Street] Thunder and lightning. Enter [from opposite sides] Casca [with his sword drawn] and Cicero. Cic. Good even, Casca: brought you Caesar home? Why are you breathless? and why stare you so? Casca. Are not you mov'd, when all the sway of earth Shakes like a thing unfirm ? O Cicero ! 4 I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds Have riv'd the knotty oaks ; and I have seen The ambitious ocean swell and rage and foam, To be exalted with the threat'ning clouds: 8 But never till to-night, never till now, Did I go through a tempest dropping fire. Either there is a civil strife in heaven, Or else the world, too saucy with the gods, 12 Incenses them to send destruction. Cic. Why, saw you anything more wonderful? Casca. A common slave — you know him well by sight — Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn 16 Like twenty torches join'd; and yet his hand, Not sensible of fire, remain'd unscorch'd. Besides, — I have not since put up my sword, — Against the Capitol I met a lion, 20 Who glar'd upon me, and went surly by, Without annoying me ; and there were drawn Upon a heap a hundred ghastly women, Transformed with their fear, who swore they saw 24 1 brought: escorted 3 sway: settled order 14 more: else (or, extraordinarily) 18 sensible of: vulnerable by, sensitive to 22,23 drawn . . . heap: crowded together in a body Julius Ccesar, J. Hi 17 Men all in fire walk up and down the streets. And yesterday the bird of night did sit, Even at noon-day, upon the market-place, Hooting and shrieking. When these prodigies 28 Do so conjointly meet, let not men say, 'These are their reasons, they are natural'; For, I believe, they are portentous things Unto the climate that they point upon. 32 Cic. Indeed, it is a strange-disposed time: But men may construe things after their fashion, Clean from the purpose of the things themselves. Comes Caesar to the Capitol to-morrow? 36 Casca. He doth ; for he did bid Antonius Send word to you he would be there to-morrow. Cic. Good-night then, Casca: this disturbed sky Is not to walk in. Casca. Farewell, Cicero. 40 Exit Cicero. Enter Cassius. Cas. Who's there? Casca. A Roman. Cas. Casca, by your voice. Casca. Your ear is good. Cassius, what night is this! Cas. A very pleasing night to honest men. Casca. Who ever knew the heavens menace so? 44 Cas. Those that have known the earth so full of faults. For my part, I have walk'd about the streets, Submitting me unto the perilous night, 26 bird of night: owl 32 climate: clime, region point upon : apply to 33 strange-disposed: of strange character 34 after . . . fashion: according to men's own human predilection 35 Clean . . . purpose: quite apart from the true meaning 39 sky: air, state of weather 42 what night: what a night is The Tragedy of And, thus unbraced, Casca, as you see, 48 Have bar'd my bosom to the thunder-stone; And, when the cross blue lightning seem'd to open The breast of heaven, I did present myself Even in the aim and very flash of it. 52 Casca. But wherefore did you so much tempt the heavens ? It is the part of men to fear and tremble When the most mighty gods by tokens send Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. 56 Cas. You are dull, Casca, and those sparks of life That should be in a Roman you do want, Or else you use not. You look pale, and gaze, And put on fear, and cast yourself in wonder, 60 To see the strange impatience of the heavens; But if you would consider the true cause Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts, Why birds and beasts, from quality and kind, 64 Why old men, fools, and children calculate, Why all these things change from their ordinance, Their natures, and pre-formed faculties, To monstrous quality, — why, you shall find 68 That heaven hath infus'd them with these spirits To make them instruments of fear and warning Unto some monstrous state. Now could I, Casca, name to thee a man 72 Most like this dreadful night, That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars As doth the lion in the Capitol, A man no mightier than thyself or me 76 48 unbraced: with doublet open 49 thunder-stone: supposedly cast from the j>ky by thunder 60 put on: exhibit the signs of cast . . .in: give way to; cf. n. 63 Why: i.e., why we have (or, . . . are acting so) 64 from . . . kind: far from their proper character and nature 65 calculate: prophesy; cf. n. 66 ordinance: ordinary conduct 71 monstrous state: unnatural state of affairs Julius Ccesar, I. in 19 In personal action, yet prodigious grown And fearful as these strange eruptions are. Casca. 'Tis Caesar that you mean; is it not, Cas- sius? Cas. Let it be who it is: for Romans now 80 Have thews and limbs like to their ancestors; But, woe the while ! our fathers' minds are dead, And we are govern'd with our mothers' spirits; Our yoke and sufferance show us womanish. 84 Casca. Indeed, they say the senators to-morrow Mean to establish Caesar as a king; And he shall wear his crown by sea and land, In every place, save here in Italy. 88 Cas. I know where I will wear this dagger then; Cassius from bondage will deliver Cassius: Therein, ye gods, you make the weak most strong; Therein, ye gods, you tyrants do defeat: 92 Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass, Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit: But life, being weary of these worldly bars, 96 Never lacks power to dismiss itself. If I know this, know all the world besides, That part of tyranny that I do bear I can shake off at pleasure. Thunder still. Casca. So can 1 : 100 So every bondman in his own hand bears The power to cancel his captivity. Cas. And why should Caesar be a tyrant then? Poor man! I know he would not be a wolf 104 But that he sees the Romans are but sheep; 78 fearful: inspiring fear eruptions: freaks of nature 82 woe the while: alas for the times 84 yoke and sufferance: patience under the yoke 20 The Tragedy of He were no lion, were not Romans hinds. Those that with haste will make a mighty fire Begin it with weak straws ; what trash is Rome, 108 What rubbish, and what offal, when it serves For the base matter to illuminate So vile a thing as Caesar ! But, O grief, Where hast thou led me? I, perhaps, speak this 112 Before a willing bondman; then I know My answer must be made: but I am arm'd, And dangers are to me indifferent. Casca. You speak to Casca, and to such a man 116 That is no fleering tell-tale. Hold, my hand: Be factious for redress of all these griefs, And I will set this foot of mine as far As who goes furthest. Cas. There's a bargain made. 120 Now know you, Casca, I have mov'd already Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans To undergo with me an enterprise Of honourable-dangerous consequence; 124 And I do know by this they stay for me In Pompey's porch: for now, this fearful night, There is no stir, or walking in the streets; And the complexion of the element 128 In favour's like the work we have in hand, Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. Casca. Stand close awhile, for here comes one in haste. 106 hinds: female of red deer; also, servants, rustics 107-111 Cf.n. 114 My . . . made: I shall have to answer for my words 117 That: as fleering: mocking Hold, my hand: here, take this handclasp as pledge 118 factious: active griefs: grievances 123 undergo: undertake 125 by this: by this time 126 Pompey's porch; cf. n. 128 complexion . . . element: visible condition of the sky 131 Stand close: avoid notice Julius Ccesar, I. Hi 21 Cas. 'Tis Cinna; I do know him by his gait: He is a friend. Enter Cinna. Cinna, where haste you so? 133 Cin. To find out you. Who's that? Metellus Cimber ? Cas. No, it is Casca; one incorporate To our attempts. Am I not stay'd for, Cinna? Cin. I am glad on 't. What a fearful night is this ! 137 There's two or three of us have seen strange sights. Cas. Am I not stay'd for? Tell me. Cin. Yes, you are. O Cassius, if you could 140 But win the noble Brutus to our party — Cas. Be you content. Good Cinna, take this paper, And look you lay it in the praetor's chair, Where Brutus may but find it; and throw this 144 In at his window; set this up with wax Upon old Brutus' statue: all this done, Repair to Pompey's porch, where you shall find us. Is Decius Brutus and Trebonius there? 148 Cin. All but Metellus Cimber ; and he's gone To seek you at your house. Well, I will hie, And so bestow these papers as you bade me. Cas. That done, repair to Pompey's theatre. 152 Exit Cinna. Come, Casca, you and I will yet ere day See Brutus at his house: three parts of him Is ours already, and the man entire Upon the next encounter yields him ours. 156 Casca. O, he sits high in all the people's hearts: 135 incorporate: joined, affiliated 143 praetor's chair: official seat of judge in Roman tribunal 150 hie: hasten away 22 The Tragedy of And that which would appear offence in us, His countenance, like richest alchemy, Will change to virtue and to worthiness. 160 Cas. Him and his worth and our great need of him You have right well conceited. Let us go, For it is after midnight; and ere day We will awake him and be sure of him. 164 Exeunt. ACT SECOND Scene One Enter Brutus in his Orchard. Bru. What, Lucius ! ho ! I cannot, by the progress of the stars, Give guess how near to day. Lucius, I say ! I would it were my fault to sleep so soundly. 4 When, Lucius, when ? Awake, I say ! what, Lucius ! Enter Lucius. Luc. Call'd you, my lord? Bru. Get me a taper in my study, Lucius : When it is lighted, come and call me here. 8 Luc. I will, my lord. Exit. Bru. It must be by his death: and, for my part, I know no personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general. He would be crown'd: 12 How that might change his nature, there's the ques- tion: It is the bright day that brings forth the adder; 159 countenance: patronage, support alchemy: pseudo-science of transmuting metals 162 conceited: expressed figuratively Scene One S. d. Orchard: garden 5 When: exclamation of impatience II spurn at: oppose vindictively 12 general: people's sake, public welfare Julius Ccesar, II. i 23 And that craves wary walking. Crown him that, And then, I grant, we put a sting in him 16 That at his will he may do danger with. The abuse of greatness is when it disjoins Remorse from power ; and, to speak truth of Caesar, I have not known when his affections sway'd 20 More than his reason \But 'tis a common proof, That lowliness is youngj ambition's ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face; But when he once attains the upmost round, 24 He then unto the ladder turns his back, Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees By which he did ascend. So Caesar may: Then, lest he may, preyent. And, since the quarrel 28 Will bear no colour for the thing he is, Fashion it thus ; that what he is, augmented, Would run to these and these extremities ; And therefore think him as a serpent's egg 32 Which hatch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous, And kill him in the shell. Enter Lucius. Luc. The taper burneth in your closet, sir. Searching the window for a flint, I found 36 This paper, thus seal'd up ; and I am sure It did not lie there when I went to bed. Bru. Get you to bed again; it is not day. Is not to-morrow, boy, the ides of March? 40 Luc. I know not, sir. Bru. Look in the calendar, and bring me word. 15 Crown him that; cf. n. 19 Remorse: mercy, conscience 20 affections: passions 21 proof: proved experience 26 degrees: steps, rungs 28 prevent: be beforehand quarrel: attack on him, accusation 29 colour: justification 30 Fashion : put, formulate 31 these and these: such and such 33 as his kind: as is the nature of his species 35 closet: study 24 The Tragedy of Luc. I will, sir. Exit. Bru. The exhalations whizzing in the air 44 Give so much light that I may read by them. Opens the letter, and reads. 'Brutus, thou sleep'st: awake, and see thyself. Shall Rome, &c. Speak, strike, redress ! Brutus, thou sleep'st: awake!' 48 Such instigations have been often dropp'd Where I have took them up. 'Shall Rome, &c.' Thus must I piece it out: Shall Rome stand under one man's awe? What, Rome ? 52 My ancestors did from the streets of Rome The Tarquin drive, when he was call'd a king. 'Speak, strike, redress !' Am I entreated To speak, and strike? O Rome, I make thee promise : 56 If the redress will follow, thou receivest Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus ! Enter Lucius. Luc. Sir, March is wasted fourteen days. 59 Knocking within. Bru. 'Tis good. Go to the gate: somebody knocks. [Exit Lucius.] Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar, I have not slept. Between the acting of a dreadful thing And the first motion, all the interim is 64 Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream: The genius and the mortal instruments 44 exhalations: meteors 58 Thy full petition: full measure of what thou askest 59 fourteen; cf. n. 61,62 Cf.n. 64 motion: instigation, inception 65 phantasma: vision, phantasmagoria 66 genius: the guardian spirit, within man mortal instruments: hu- man faculties Julius Ccesar, II. i 25 Are then in council ; and the state of man, Like to a little kingdom, suffers then 68 The nature of an insurrection. Enter Lucius. Luc. Sir, 'tis your brother Cassius at the door, Who doth desire to see you. Bru. Is he alone? Luc. No, sir, there are moe with him. Bru. Do you know them? 72 Luc. No, sir; their hats are pluck'd about their ears, And half their faces buried in their cloaks, That by no means I may discover them By any mark of favour. Bru. Let 'em enter. 76 [Exit Lucius.^ They are the faction. O conspiracy, Sham'st thou to show thy dangerous brow by night, When evils are most free? O then by day Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough 80 To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, con- spiracy ; Hide it in smiles and affability: For if thou path, thy native semblance on, Not Erebus itself were dim enough 84 To hide thee from prevention. Enter the Conspirators, Cassius, Casca, Decius, Cinna, Metellus, and Trebonius. 70 brother : he had married Brutus' sister, Junia 72 moe: more, others 76 mark of favour: trait of countenance 77 faction: band of conspirators 83 path: walk, proceed native: natural on: being on 84 Erebus: gloomy region leading to Hades {the name signifies 'darkness') 85 prevention: being forestalled 26 The Tragedy of Cas. I think we are too bold upon your rest: Good morrow, Brutus ; do we trouble you ? Bru. I have been up this hour, awake all night. 88 Know I these men that come along with you ? Cas. Yes, every man of them; and no man here But honours you; and every one doth wish You had but that opinion of yourself 92 Which every noble Roman bears of you. This is Trebonius. Bru. He is welcome hither. Cas. This, Decius Brutus. Bru. He is welcome too. Cas. This, Casca; this, Cinna; 96 And this, Metellus Cimber. Bru. They are all welcome. What watchful cares do interpose themselves Betwixt your eyes and night? Cas. Shall I entreat a word? 100 [Brutus and Cassius] whisper. Dec. Here lies the east: doth not the day break here ? Casca. No. Cin. O pardon, sir, it doth; and yon grey lines That fret the clouds are messengers of day. 104 Casca. You shall confess that you are both deceiv'd. Here, as I point my sword, the sun arises; Which is a great way growing on the south, Weighing the youthful season of the year. 108 Some two months hence up higher toward the north He first presents his fire; and the high east Stands, as the Capitol, directly here. 86 bold: i.e., in intruding 90 and no: and there is no 104 fret: chequer 106 as: where 107 growing on: tending toward 108 Weighing: on account of Julius Ccesar, II. i 27 Bru. Give me your hands all over, one by one. 112 Cas. And let us swear our resolution. Bru. No, not an oath: if not the face of men, The sufferance of our souls, the time's abuse, — If these be motives weak, break off betimes, 116 And every man hence to his idle bed; So let high-sighted tyranny range on, Till each man drop by lottery. But if these, »As I am sure they do, bear fire enough 120 To kindle cowards and to steel with valour JThe melting spirits of women^ then, countrymen, ' What need we any spur but our own cause To prick us to redress? what other bond 124 Than secret Romans, that have spoke the word And will not palter? and what other oath Than honesty to honesty engag'd, That this shall be, or we will fall for it? 128 Swear priests and cowards and men cautelous, Old feeble carrions and such suffering souls , That welcome wrongs : unto bad causes swear Such creatures as men doubt; but do not stain 132 The even virtue of our enterprise, Nor th' insuppressive mettle of our spirits, V/ To think that or our cause or our performance Did need an oath ; when every drop of blood 136 That every Roman bears, and nobly bears, Is guilty of a several bastardy, If he do break the smallest particle 112 all over : successively 114 face of men: mute appeal in the people's looks 115 sufferance : suffering, distress the . . . abuse: abuses of the time 116 betimes: before it's too late 118 high-sighted : haughty 119 lottery : arbitrary decree 123 What: why 125 Than secret: than that of resolute 126 palter: play fast and loose 129 cautelous: crafty, deceitful 130 carrions: wretches no better than soulless carcasses suffering: long-suffering 133 even: just 134 insuppressive : irrepressible 135 or . . . or: either . . . or 138 Is individually condemned as illegitimate 28 The Tragedy of Of any promise that hath pass'd from him. 140 Cas. But what of Cicero? Shall we sound him? I think he will stand very strong with us. Casca. Let us not leave him out. . Cin. No, by no means. { Met. O let us have him; for his silver hairs Will purchase us a good opinion *x 145 And buy men's voices to commend our deeds: It shall be said his judgment rul'd our hands; Our youths and wildness shall no whit appear, But all be buried in his gravity. 149 Bru. O name him not: let us not break with him; For he will never follow anything That other men begin. Cas. Then leave him out. 152 Casca. Indeed he is not fit. Dec. Shall no man else be touch'd but only Caesar ? Cas. Decius, well urg'd. I think it is not meet, Mark Antony, so well belov'd of Caesar, 156 Should outlive Caesar: we shall find of him A shrewd contriver; and you know, his means, If he improve them, may well stretch so far As to annoy us all; which to prevent, 160 Let Antony and Caesar fall together. Bru. Our course will seem too bloody, Caius Cas- sius, To cut the head off and then hack the limbs, Like wrath in death and envy afterwards; 164 For Antony is but a limb of Caesar. Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius. We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar; 150 break with: broach our plan to 157 of: in 158 shrewd contriver: malevolent plotter 159 improve: make the most of 160 annoy: seriously injure 164 envy: vindictiveness Julius Ccesar, II. i 29 And in the spirit of men there is no blood: 168 O then that we could come by Caesar's spirit, And not dismember Caesar ! But, alas, Caesar must bleed for it. And, gentle friends, Let's kill him boldly, but not wrathfully; 172 Let's carve him as a dish fit for the gods, Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds: And let our hearts, as subtle masters do, Stir up their servants to an act of rage, 176 And after seem to chide 'em. This shall make Our purpose necessary and not envious ; Which so appearing to the common eyes, We shall be call'd purgers, not murderers. 180 And, for Mark Antony, think not of him; For he can do no more than Caesar's arm When Caesar's head is off. Cas. Yet I fear him; For in the ingrafted love he bears to Caesar — 184 Bru. Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him. If he love Caesar, all that he can do Is to himself: take thought, and die for Caesar. And that were much he should, for he is given To sports, to wildness, and much company. 1S9 Treb, There is no fear in him; let him not die: For he will live, and laugh at this hereafter. Clock strikes. Bru. Peace ! count the clock. Cas. The clock hath stricken three. 192 Treb. 'Tis time to part. Cas. But it is doubtful yet Whether Caesar will come forth to-day or no ; 184 ingrafted: deeply rooted 187 Is to: concerns, affects, only take thought: despond 188 that . . . should: even that would be more than might be ex- pected 190 fear: cause for fear 30 The Tragedy of For he is superstitious grown of late, Quite from the main opinion he held once 196 Of fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies. It may be, these apparent prodigies, The unaccustom'd terror of this night, And the persuasion of his augurers, 200 May hold him from the Capitol to-day. Dec. Never fear that: if he be so resolv'd, I can o'ersway him; for he loves to hear That unicorns may be betray'd with trees, 204 And bears with glasses, elephants with holes, Lions with toils, and men with flatterers ; But when I tell him he hates flatterers, He says he does, being then most flattered. 208 Let me work; For I can give his humour the true bent, And I will bring him to the Capitol. Cas. Nay, we will all of us be there to fetch him. 212 Bru. By the eighth hour: is that the uttermost? Cin. Be that the uttermost, and fail not then. Met. Caius Ligarius doth bear Caesar hard, Who rated him for speaking well of Pompey: 216 I wonder none of you have thought of him. Bru. Now, good Metellus, go along by him: He loves me well, and I have given him reasons; Send him but hither, and I'll fashion him. 220 Cas. The morning comes upon 's: we'll leave you, Brutus. And, friends, disperse yourselves; but all remember 196 from . . . main: changed from the general 198 apparent: manifest 204 trees: by luring them to drive their horns too firmly into trees 205 glasses: mirrors, to distract their attention holes: pitfalls 206 toils: nets, snares 210 humour: disposition; cf. n. on line 250 213 uttermost: latest 216 rated: berated, reprimanded 218 by him: by his house 220 fashion: like modern 'whip into shape' -^ Julius Ccesar, II. i 31 What you have said, and show yourselves true Romans. Bru. Good gentlemen, look fresh and merrily ; 224 Let not our looks put on our purposes, But bear it as our Roman actors do, With untir'd spirits and formal constancy: And so good morrow to you every one. 228 Exeunt. Manet Brutus. Boy! Lucius! Fast asleep? It is no matter; Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber: Thou hast no figures nor no fantasies W T hich busy care draws in the brains of men; Therefore thou sleep'st so sound. 233 Enter Portia. Por. Brutus, my lord! Bru. Portia, what mean you? Wherefore rise you now? It is not for your health thus to commit Your weak condition to the raw cold morning. 236 Por. Nor for yours neither. You've ungently, Brutus, Stole from my bed; and yesternight at supper You suddenly arose, and walk'd about, Musing and sighing, with your arms across, 240 And when I ask'd you what the matter was, You star'd upon me with ungentle looks. I urg'd you further; then you scratched your head, And too impatiently stamp'd with your foot; 244 Yet I insisted, yet you answer'd not, But with an angry wafture of you * ha^tl , Gave sign for me to leave you. So I did, Fearing to strengthen that impatience 248 227 formal constancy: dignified self-possession 231 figures: pictures created by imagination 32 The Tragedy of Which seem'd too much enkindled, and withal Hoping it was but an effect of humour, Which sometime hath his hour with every man. It will not let you eat, nor talk, nor sleep, 252 And could it work so much upon your shape As it hath much prevailed on your condition, I should not know you, Brutus. Dear my lord, Make me acquainted with your cause of grief. 256 Bru. I am not well in health, and that is all. Por. Brutus is wise, and were he not in health, He would embrace the means to come by it. Bru. Why, so I do. Good Portia, go to bed. 260 Por. Is Brutus sick, and is it physical To walk unbraced and suck up the humours Of the dank morning? What! is Brutus sick, And will he steal out of his wholesome bed 264 To dare the vile contagion of the night, And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air To add unto his sickness? No, my Brutus; You have some sick offence within your mind, 268 Which, by the right and virtue of my place, I ought to know of; and, upon my knees, I charm you, by my once-commended beauty, By all your vows of love, and that great vow 272 Which did incorporate and make us one, That you unfold to me, your self, your half, Why you are heavy, and what men to-night Have had resort to you; for here have been 276 Some six or seven, who did hide their faces Even from darkness. Bru. Kneel not, gentle Portia. 250 humour; cf. n. 253, 254 (outward) shape, (inward) condition 261 physical: healthful 266 rheumy: causing rheumatic diseases unpurged: unpurified by the sun 268 sick offence: unhealthy trouble 271 charm: conjure, entreat Julius Ccesar, II, i 33 Por. I should not need, if you were gentle Brutus. Within the bond of marriage, tell me, Brutus, 280 Is it excepted I should know no secrets That appertain to you? Am I yourself But, as it were, in sort or limitation, To keep with you at meals, comfort your bed, 284 And talk to you sometimes? Dwell I but in the suburbs Of your good pleasure? If it be no more, Portia is Brutus' harlot, not his wife. Brui You are my true and honourable wife, 288 As dear to me as are the ruddy drops That visit my sad heart. Por. If this were true then should I know this secret. I grant I am a woman, but, withal, 292 A woman that Lord Brutus took to wife; I grant I am a woman, but, withal, A woman well-reputed, Cato's daughter. Think you I am no stronger than my sex, 296 Being so father'd and so husbanded? Tell me your counsels, I will not disclose 'em. I have made strong proof of my constancy, Giving myself a voluntary wound, 300 Here, in the thigh: can I bear that with patience And not my husband's secrets? Bru. O ye gods, Render me worthy of this noble wife! Knock [within]. Hark, hark! one knocks. Portia, go in awhile; 304 And by and by thy; bosom shall partake The secrets of my heart. 283 in . . . limitation : only after a fashion or with restrictions 292 withal : with this saving reservation 295 Cato: Marcus Por cius Cato, 'of Utica' 34 The Tragedy of All my engagements I will construe to thee, All the charactery of my sad brows. 308 Leave me with haste. Exit Portia. Lucius, who's that knocks? Enter Lucius and Ligarius. Luc. Here is a sick man that would speak with you. Bru. Caius Ligarius, that Metellus spoke of. Boy, stand aside. Caius Ligarius! how? 312 Lig. Vouchsafe good morrow from a feeble tongue. Bru. O what a time have you chose out, brave Caius, To wear a kerchief ! Would you were not sick ! Lig. I am not sick if Brutus have in hand Any exploit worthy the name of honour. 317 Bru. Such an exploit have I in hand, Ligarius, Had you a healthful ear to hear of it. Lig. By all the gods that Romans bow before, I here discard my sickness ! Soul of Rome, 321 Brave son, deriv'd from honourable loins, Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjur'd up My mortified spirit. Now bid me run, And I will strive with things impossible; 325 Yea, get the better of them. What's to do ? Bru. A piece of work that will make sick men whole. Lig. But are not some whole that we must make sick ? 328 Bru. That must we also. What it is, my Caius, I shall unfold to thee as we are going To whom it must be done. 307 engagements: undertakings that I stand committed to construe: explain 308 charactery: writing, message 309 who's: who is it 313 Vouchsafe: vouchsafe to receive 315 kerchief: swathing for the head of the sick 323 exorcist: magician 324 mortified: deadened 331 To whom: to him to whom Julius Ccesar, II. ii 35 Lig. Set on your foot, And with a heart new-fir'd I follow you, 332 To do I know not what; but it sufficeth That Brutus leads me on. Thunder. Bru. Follow me then. Exeunt. Scene Two [C cesar's House] Thunder and lightning. Enter Julius Caesar in his night-gown. Cats. Nor heaven nor earth have been at peace to- night : Thrice hath Calpurnia in her sleep cried out, 'Help, ho ! They murder Caesar !' Who's within ? Enter a Servant. Serv. My lord! 4 Goes. Go bid the priests do present sacrifice, And bring me their opinions of success. Serv. I will, my lord. Exit. Enter Calpurnia. Col. What mean you, Caesar? Think you to walk forth? 8 You shall not stir out of your house to-day. Cces. Caesar shall forth: the things that threaten'd me Ne'er look'd but on my back; when they shall see The face of Caesar, they are vanished. 12 Cat. Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies, Scene Two S. d. night-gown: dressing-gown 5 present: immediate 6 success: the future 13 stood on ceremonies: laid stress on omens V 36 The Tragedy of Yet now they fright me. There is one within, Besides the things that we have heard and seen, Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch. A lioness hath whelped in the streets; 17 And graves have yawn'd and yielded up their dead; Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds, In ranks and squadrons and right form of war, Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol; 21 The noise of battle hurtled in the air, Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan, And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets. 24 O Caesar, these things are beyond all use, And I do fear them. Cobs. What can be avoided Whose end is purpos'd by the mighty gods ? Yet Caesar shall go forth; for these predictions 28 Are to the world in general as to Caesar. Cat. When beggars die there are no comets seen; The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes. Cces. Cowards die many times before their deaths ; 32 The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, 36 Will come when it will come. Enter a Servant. What say the augurers ? Serv. They would not have you to stir forth to-day. Plucking the entrails of an oifering forth, 20 right form : regular formations 22 hurtled: emitted sounds of conflict, clashed 25 use: previous experience 27 end: accomplishment 29 Are to: are as applicable to Julius Ccesar, II. ii 37 They could not find a heart within the beast. 40 Cces. The gods do this in shame of cowardice: Caesar should be a beast without a heart If he should stay at home to-day for fear. No, Caesar shall not; danger knows full well 44 That Caesar is more dangerous than he: We are two lions litter'd in one day, And I the elder and more terrible: And Caesar shall go forth. Cat. Alas, my lord, 48 Your wisdom is consumed in confidence. Do not go forth to-day: call it my fear That keeps you in the house, and not your own. Well send Mark Antony to the senate-house, 52 And he shall say you are not well to-day : Let me, upon my knee, prevail in this. Cces. Mark Antony shall say I am not well ; And, for thy humour, I will stay at home. 56 Enter Decius. Here's Decius Brutus, he shall tell them so. Dec. Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Cae- sar: I come to fetch you to the senate-house. Cces. And you are come in very happy time 60 To bear my greeting to the senators, And tell them that I will not come to-day : Cannot, is false, and that I dare not, falser; I will not come to-day: tell them so, Decius. 64 Cat. Say he is sick. Cces. Shall Caesar send a lie? Have I in conquest stretch'd mine arm so far To be afeard to tell greybeards the truth £ Decius, go tell them Caesar will not come. 6S 49 confidence: over-confidence 56 humour: whim, caprice 38 The Tragedy of Dec. Most mighty Caesar, let me know some cause, Lest I be laugh'd at when I tell them so. Cces. The cause is in my will: I will not come; That is enough to satisfy the senate: 72 But for your private satisfaction, Because I love you, I will let you know: Calpurnia here, my wife, stays me at home: She dreamt to-night she saw my statue, 76 Which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, Did run pure blood; and many lusty Romans Came smiling, and did bathe their hands in it: And these does she apply for warnings and por- tents, 80 And evils imminent ; and on her knee Hath begg'd that I will stay at home to-day. Dec. This dream is all amiss interpreted; It was a vision fair and fortunate: 84 Your statue spouting blood in many pipes, In which so many smiling Romans bath'd, Signifies that from you great Rome shall suck Reviving blood, and that great men shall press For tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance. 89 This by Calpurnia's dream is signified. Cces. And this way have you well expounded it. Dec. I have, when you have heard what I can say ; 92 And know it now: the senate have concluded To give this day a crown to mighty Caesar. If you shall send them word you will not come, Their minds may change. Besides, it were a mock 96 Apt to be render'd, for some one to say, 75 stays: keeps 88 press: crowd about 89 tinctures: healing medicines; cf. n. stains: assimilable traces (tinges) of Cesar's qualities relics: i.e., religious benefits cog- nizance: heraldic emblems, i.e., social benefits 96 mock: gibe Julius Ccesar, II. ii 39 'Break up the senate till another time, When Caesar's wife shall meet with better dreams.' If Caesar hide himself, shall they not whisper, 100 'Lo, Caesar is afraid'? Pardon me, Caesar; for my dear dear love To your proceeding bids me tell you this, And reason to my love is liable. 104 Cces. How foolish do your fears seem now, Cal- purnia ! I am ashamed I did yield to them. Give me my robe, for I will go. Enter Brutus, Ligarius, Metellus, Casca, Trebonius, Cinna, and Publius. And look where Publius is come to fetch me. 108 Pub. Good morrow, Caesar. Cces. Welcome, Publius. What, Brutus, are you stirr'd so early too? Good morrow, Casca. Caius Ligarius, Caesar was ne'er so much your enemy 112 As that same ague which hath made you lean. What is 't o'clock ? Bru. Caesar, 'tis strucken eight. Cces. I thank you for your pains and courtesy. Enter Antony. See, Antony, that revels long o' nights, 116 Is notwithstanding up. Good morrow, Antony. Ant. So to most noble Caesar. Cces. Bid them prepare within: I am to blame to be thus waited for. Now, Cinna; now, Metellus; what, Trebonius, I have an hour's talk in store for you; 121 Remember that you call on me to-day: 103 proceeding: career 104 liable: subservient 40 The Tragedy of Be near me, that I may remember you. Treb. Caesar, I will: — [Aside. ,] and so near will I be, 124 That your best friends shall wish I had been further. Ccbs. Good friends, go in, and taste some wine with me; And we, like friends, will straightway go together. Bru. [Aside.'] That every 'like' is not 'the same/ O Caesar, 128 The heart of Brutus yearns to think upon. Exeunt. Scene Three [A Street near the Capitol] Enter Artemidorus [reading a paper]. Art. 'Caesar, beware of Brutus; take heed of Cassius; come not near Casca; have an eye to Cinna; trust not Trebonius; mark well Metel- lus Cimber; Decius Brutus loves thee not; thou hast wronged Caius Ligarius. There is but one mind in all these men, and it is bent against Caesar. If thou beest not immortal, look about you: security gives way to conspiracy. The mighty gods defend thee ! Thy lover, 9 Artemidorus.' Here will I stand till Caesar pass along, And as a suitor will I give him this. 12 My heart laments that virtue cannot live Out of the teeth of emulation. If thou read this, O Caesar, thou mayest live; If not, the Fates with traitors do contrive. Exit. 128 Cf.n. 129 yearns: grieves 8 security gives way: unguardedness yields opportunity 9 lover: friend 14 Out . . . teeth: free from the bite emulation: grudging jealousy Julius Ccesar, II. iv 41 Scene Four [Another part of the same Street, before the house of Brutus] Enter Portia and Lucius. Por. I prithee, boy, run to the senate-house; Stay not to answer me, but get thee gone. Why dost thou stay? Luc. To know my errand, madam. Por. I would have had thee there, and here again, 4 Ere I can tell thee what thou shouldst do there. constancy, be strong upon my side; Set a huge mountain 'tween my heart and tongue; 1 have a man's mind, but a woman's might. 8 How hard it is for women to keep counsel ! Art thou here yet? Luc. Madam, what shall I do? Run to the Capitol, and nothing else? And so return to you, and nothing else? 12 Por. Yes, bring me word, boy, if thy lord look well, For he went sickly forth ; and take good note What Caesar doth, what suitors press to him. Hark, boy ! what noise is that ? 16 Luc. I hear none, madam. Por. Prithee, listen well: I heard a bustling rumour, like a fray, And the wind brings it from the Capitol. Luc. Sooth, madam, I hear nothing. 20 Enter the Soothsayer. Por. Come hither, fellow: which way hast thou been ? 20 Sooth: in truth 42 The Tragedy of Sooth. At mine own house, good lady. Por. What is 't o'clock? Sooth. About the ninth hour, lady. Por. Is Caesar yet gone to the Capitol? 24 Sooth. Madam, not yet: I go to take my stand, To see him pass on to the Capitol. Por. Thou hast some suit to Caesar, hast thou not? Sooth. That I have, lady: if it will please Cae- sar 28 To be so good to Caesar as to hear me, I shall beseech him to befriend himself. Por. Why, know'st thou any harm's intended towards him? Sooth. None that I know will be, much that I fear may chance. 32 Good morrow to you. Here the street is narrow: The throng that follows Caesar at the heels, Of senators, of praetors, common suitors, Will crowd a feeble man almost to death: 3fi I'll get me to a place more void, and there Speak to great Caesar as he comes along. Exit. Por. I must go in. Ay me ! how weak a thing The heart of woman is. O Brutus, 40 The heavens speed thee in thine enterprise ! Sure, the boy heard me. — Brutus hath a suit That Caesar will not grant. — O, I grow faint. — Run, Lucius, and commend me to my lord; 44 Say I am merry: come to me again, And bring me word what he doth say to thee. Exeunt. 37 void: open Julius Ccesar, III, i 43 S ACT THIRD Scene One [Before the Capitol] Flourish. Enter Ccesar, Brutus, Cassius, Casca, De- ems, Metellus, Trebonius, Cinna, Antony, Lepi- dus, Artemidorus, [Popilius,] Publius, the Sooth- sayer [and Others], Cces. [To the Soothsayer.] The ides of March are come. Sooth. Ay, Caesar; but not gone. Art. Hail, Caesar! Read this schedule. Dec. Trebonius doth desire you to o'er-read, 4 At your best leisure, this his humble suit. Art. O Caesar, read mine first; for mine's a suit That touches Caesar nearer. Read it, great Caesar. Cces. What touches us ourself shall be last serv'd. 8 Art. Delay not, Caesar; read it instantly. Cces. What, is the fellow mad? Pub. Sirrah, give place. Cces. What, urge you your petitions in the street? Come to the Capitol. 12 [Ccesar goes up to the Senate-House, the rest following.] Pop. I wish your enterprise to-day may thrive. Cas. What enterprise, Popilius? Pop. Fare you well. [Advances to Ccesar.] Bru. What said Popilius Lena? Scene One S. d. Before . . . Capitol; cf. n. 3 schedule: written scroll 8 serv'd: attended to 44 . The Tragedy of Cas. He wish'd to-day our enterprise might thrive. 16 I fear our purpose is discovered. Bru. Look, how he makes to Caesar: mark him. Cas. Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention. Brutus, what shall be done? If this be known, 20 Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back, For I will slay myself. Bru. Cassius, be constant: Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes; For, look, he smiles, and Caesar doth not change. 24 Cas. Trebonius knows his time; for, look you, Brutus, He draws Mark Antony out of the way. [Exeunt Antony and Trebonius.~\ Dec. Where is Metellus Cimber? Let him go, And presently prefer his suit to Caesar. 28 Bru. He is address'd; press near and second him. Cm. Casca, you are the first that rears your hand. Cces. Are we all ready? What is now amiss, That Caesar and his senate must redress? 32 Met. Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar, Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat A humble heart, — [Kneeling.'] ^rCaiir. I must prevent thee, Cimber. These couchings and these lowly courtesies, 36 Might fire the blood of ordinary men, And turn pre-ordinance and first decree Into the law of children. Be not fond, 22 constant: unmoved 28 prefer: present, offer 29 address'd: ready 36 couchings: prostrations courtesies: bowings 38 pre-ordinance: what is already ordained 39 law of children: arbitrary uncertainty fond: foolish Julius Ccesar, III. i 45 To think that Caesar bears such rebel blood 40 That will be thaw'd from the true quality With that which melteth fools; I mean sweet words, Low-crooked curtsies, and base spaniel fawning. Thy brother by decree is banished: 44 If thou dost bend and pray and fawn for him, I spurn thee like a cur out of my way. Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without cause Will he be satisfied. 48 Met. Is there no voice more worthy than my own, To sound more sweetly in great Caesar's ear For the repealing of my banish'd brother? Bru. I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar; 52 Desiring thee, that Publius Cimber may Have an immediate freedom of repeal. Cces. What, Brutus ! Cas. Pardon, Caesar; Caesar, pardon: As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall, 56 To beg enfranchisement for Publius Cimber. Cces. I could be well mov'd if I were as you; If I could pray to move, prayers would move me: But I am constant as the northern star, 60 Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality There is no fellow in the firmament. The skies are painted with unnumber'd sparks, They are all fire and every one doth shine, 64 But there's but one in all doth hold his place: So, in the world; 'tis furnish'd well with men, And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive; Yet in the number I do know but one 68 40 rebel : ungovernable 42 With: by 43 Low-crooked: low-bending curtsies: same as 'courtesies' line 36 spaniel : servile, obsequious 47, 48 Cf. n. 51 repealing: recalling 54 freedom of repeal: free, unconditional recall 59 Cf. n. 61 resting: stationary 63 painted: decorated 67 apprehensive: intelligent 46 The Tragedy of That unassailable holds on his rank, Unshak'd of motion: and that I am he Let me a little show it, even in this, That I was constant Cimber should be banish'd, And constant do remain to keep him so. 73 Cin. O Caesar, — Cces. Hence ! Wilt thou lift up Olympus ? Dec. Great Caesar, — Cces. Doth not Brutus bootless kneel? Casca. Speak, hands, for me ! 76 They stab Caesar. Cces. Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar! Dies. Cin. Liberty ! Freedom ! Tyranny is dead ! Run hence, proclaim, cry it about the streets. Cas. Some to the common pulpits, and cry out, 80 'Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement !' Bru. People and senators, be not affrighted; Fly not; stand still; ambition's debt is paid. [Exeunt all but the Conspirators and Publius.^ Casca. Go to the pulpit, Brutus. Dec. And Cassius too. 84 Bru. Where's Publius? Cin. Here, quite confounded with this mutiny. Met. Stand fast together, lest some friend of Cae- sar's Should chance — 88 Bru. Talk not of standing. Publius, good cheer; There is no harm intended to your person, Nor to no Roman else ; so tell them, Publius. Cas. And leave us, Publius ; lest that the people, 92 Rushing on us, should do your age some mischief. 69 holds on: maintains rank: position 75 bootless: unayailingly_ 80 common pulpits : public rostra 89 good cheer: be of good cheer, undismayed Julius Ccesar, III. i w Bru. Do so; and let no man abide this deed But we the doers. [Exit Publius.'] Enter Trebonius. Cas. Where is Antony? Tre. Fled to his house amaz'd. 96 Men, wives, and children stare, cry out, and run, As it were doomsday. Bru. Fates, we will know your pleasures. That we shall die, we know ; 'tis but the time And drawing days out, that men stand upon. 100 Casca. Why, he that cuts off twenty years of life Cuts off so many years of fearing death. Bru. Grant that, and then is death a benefit: So are we Caesar's friends, that have abridg'd 104 His time of fearing death. Stoop, Romans, stoop, And let us bathe our hands in Caesar's blood Up to the elbows, and besmear our swords: Then walk we forth, even to the market-place; 108 And waving our red weapons o'er our heads, Let's all cry, 'Peace, freedom, and liberty!' Cas. Stoop, then, and wash. How many ages hence Shall this our lofty scene be acted over, 112 In states unborn and accents yet unknown! Bru. How many times shall Caesar bleed in sport, That now on Pompey's basis lies along, No worthier than the dust ! Cas. So oft as that shall be, 116 So often shall the knot of us be call'd The men that gave their country liberty. Dec. What, shall we forth? Cas. Ay, every man away: 94 abide: pay the penalty for 97 wives: women 100 drawing . . . out: prolonging their life stand upon: lay stress on, worry about 115 Pompey's basis: pedestal of Pompey's statue along: outstretched 117 knot: group 48 The Tragedy of Brutus shall lead; and we will grace his heels With the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. 121 Enter a Servant. Bru. Soft, who comes here? A friend of Antony's. Serv. Thus, Brutus, did my master bid me kneel; Thus did Mark Antony bid me fall down ; 124 And, being prostrate, thus he bade me say: Brutus is noble, wise, valiant, and honest; Caesar was mighty, bold, royal, and loving: Say I love Brutus, and I honour him; 128 Say I fear'd Caesar, honour'd him, and lov'd him. If Brutus will vouchsafe that Antony May safely come to him, and be resolv'd How Caesar hath deserv'd to lie in death, 132 Mark Antony shall not love Caesar dead So well as Brutus living; but will follow The fortunes and affairs of noble Brutus Thorough the hazards of this untrod state 136 With all true faith. So says my master Antony. Bru. Thy master is a wise and valiant Roman; I never thought him worse. Tell him, so please him come unto this place, He shall be satisfied; and, by my honour, 141 Depart untouch'd. Serv. I'll fetch him presently. Exit Servant. Bru. I know that we shall have him well to friend. Cas. I wish we may : but yet have I a mind That fears him much ; and my misgiving still Falls shrewdly to the purpose. 146 131 resolv'd: convinced, satisfied 136 Thorough: throughout untrod: novel, precarious 140 so please him: if he is willing to 143 well to friend: as a good friend 145,146 still . . . purpose: always proves only too well grounded Julius Ccesar, III. i 49 Enter Antony. Bru. But here comes Antony. Welcome, Mark Antony. Ant. O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low? Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well. I know not, gentlemen, what you intend, 151 Who else must be let blood, who else is rank: If I myself, there is no hour so fit As Caesar's death's hour, nor no instrument Of half that worth as those your swords, made rich With the most noble blood of all this world. 156 I do beseech ye, if ye bear me hard, Now, whilst your purpled hands do reek and smoke, Fulfil your pleasure. Live a thousand years, I shall not find myself so apt to die : 160 No place will please me so, no mean of death, As here by Caesar, and by you cut off, The choice and master spirits of this age. Bru. O Antony ! beg not your death of us. Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, 165 As, by our hands and this our present act, You see we do, yet see you but our hands And this the bleeding business they have done: Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; 169 And pity to the general wrong of Rome — As fire drives out fire, so pity pity — Hath done this deed on Caesar. For your part, To you our swords have leaden points, Mark An- tony : 173 Our arms in strength of malice, and our hearts 152 let blood: bled, for medical purposes rank: diseased from sur- feiting 159 Live: if I live 160 apt: ready, fit 161 mean: means 162 by Caesar : beside Ccesar 174 malice: power {but not wish) to harm; cf. n. so The Tragedy of Of brothers' temper, do receive you in With all kind love, good thoughts, and reverence. 176 Cas. Your voice shall be as strong as any man's In the disposing of new dignities. Bru. Only be patient till we have appeas'd The multitude, beside themselves with fear, 180 And then we will deliver you the cause Why I, that did love Caesar when I struck him, Have thus proceeded. Ant. I doubt not of your wisdom. Let each man render me his bloody hand: 184 First, Marcus Brutus, will I shake with you ; Next, Caius Cassius, do I take your hand ; Now, Decius Brutus, yours; now yours, Metellus; Yours, Cinna ; and, my valiant Casca, yours ; 188 Though last, not least in love, yours, good Trebonius. Gentlemen all, — alas ! what shall I say ? My credit now stands on such slippery ground, That one of two bad ways you must conceit me, 192 Either a coward or a flatterer. That I did love thee, Caesar, O 'tis true: If then thy spirit look upon us now, > Shall it not grieve thee dearer than thy death, 196 To see thy Antony making his peace, Shaking the bloody fingers of thy foes, Most noble, in the presence of thy corse? Had I as many eyes as thou hast wounds, 200 Weeping as fast as they stream forth thy blood, It would become me better than to close In terms of friendship with thine enemies. Pardon me, Julius. Here wast thou bay'd, brave hart; 204 178 disposing . . . dignities: distributing . . . offices 199 corse : corpse 202 close: unite 204 bay'd: brought to bay hart: stag (an obvious play on words) Julius Ccesar, III. i 51 Here didst thou fall; and here thy hunters stand, Sign'd in thy spoil, and crimson'd in thy lethe. O world, thou wast the forest to this hart, And this, indeed, O world, the heart of thee. 208 How like a deer, stricken by many princes, Dost thou here lie ! Cas. Mark Antony, — Ant. Pardon me, Caius Cassius: The enemies of Caesar shall say this; 212 Then, in a friend, it is cold modesty. Cas. I blame you not for praising Caesar so; But what compact mean you to have with us? Will you be prick'd in number of our friends, 216 Or shall we on, and not depend on you? Ant. Therefore I took your hands, but was indeed Sway'd from the point by looking down on Caesar. Friends am I with you all, and love you all, 220 Upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons Why and wherein Caesar was dangerous. Bru. Or else were this a savage spectacle. Our reasons are so full of good regard 224 That were you, Antony, the son of Caesar, You should be satisfied. Ant. That's all I seek: And am moreover suitor that I may Produce his body to the market-place, 228 And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend, Speak in the order of his funeral. Bru. You shall, Mark Antony. Cas. Brutus, a word with you. 206 Sign'd . . . spoil: bearing the bloody mark of thy slaughter lethe: death (f) 212 this: all that he has just been saying 213 modesty: moderation 216 prick'd in number: marked in the list 224 good regard: what deserves approbation 228 Produce : carry forth 230 order: course 52 The Tragedy of [Aside to Brutus.'] You know not what you do; do not consent 232 That Antony speak in his funeral: Know you how much the people may be mov'd By that which he will utter? Bru. % By your pardon; I will myself into the pulpit first, 236 And show the reason of our Caesar's death: What Antony shall speak, I will protest He speaks by leave and by permission, And that we are contented Caesar shall 240 Have all true rites and lawful ceremonies. It shall advantage more than do us wrong. Cas. I know not what may fall; I like it not. Bru. Mark Antony, here, take you Caesar's body. 244 You shall not in your funeral speech blame us, But speak all good you can devise of Caesar, And say you do 't by our permission ; Else shall you not have any hand at all 248 About his funeral; and you shall speak In the same pulpit whereto I am going, After my speech is ended. Ant. Be it so; I do desire no more. 252 Bru. Prepare the body then, and follow us. Exeunt all but Antony. Ant. O pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers; Thou art the ruins of the noblest man 256 That ever lived in the tide of times. Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood ! 235 By . . . pardon: pardon me a moment, and I'll explain 238 protest: announce 257 tide of times: ebb and flow of human existence Julius Ccesar, III. i 53 Over thy wounds now do I prophesy, — Which like dumb mouths do ope their ruby lips, 260 To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue, — A curse shall light upon the limbs of men; Domestic fury and fierce civil strife Shall cumber all the parts of Italy; 264 Blood and destruction shall be so in use, And dreadful objects so familiar, That mothers shall but smile when they behold Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war, — All pity chok'd with custom of fell deeds ; 269 And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge, With Ate by his side come hot from hell, Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war; 278 That this foul deed shall smell above the earth With carrion men, groaning for burial. Enter Octavius' Servant. You serve Octavius Caesar, do you not? 276 Serv. I do, Mark Antony. Ant. Caesar did write for him to come to Rome. Serv. He did receive his letters, and is coming; And bid me say to you by word of mouth — 280 [Seeing the body.] O Caasar!— Ant. Thy heart is big, get thee apart and weep. Passion, I see, is catching; for mine eyes, Seeing those beads of sorrow stand in thine, 284 Began to water. Is thy master coming? 268 quarter'd: hewn into pieces 269 custom . . . deeds: the mere frequency of cruel actions 271 Ate: goddess of discord _ 272 confines: regions 273 Havoc: the signal for killing without sparing let slip: unleash dogs of war; cf. n. 274 That: so that 275 With rotting corpses, too numerous for the burial that they grievously demand 283 Passion: emotion 54 The Tragedy of Serv. He lies to-night within seven leagues of Rome. Ardtf Post back with speed, and tell him what hath (chanc'd^ Here is a mourning Rome, a dangerous Rome, 288 No Rome of safety for Octavius yet; Hie hence and tell him so. Yet, stay awhile; Thou shalt not back till I have borne this corpse Into the market-place; there shall I try, 292 In my oration, how the people take The cruel issue of these bloody men; According to the which thou shalt discourse To young Octavius of the state of things. 296 Lend me your hand. Exeunt [with Ccesar's body]. Scene Two [The Forum] Enter Brutus and [presently] goes into the Pulpit, and Cassius, with the Plebeians. Plebeians. We will be satisfied: let us be satisfied. Bru. Then follow me, and give me audience, friends. Cassius, go you into the other street, And part the numbers. - 4 Those that will hear me speak, let 'em stay here; Those that will follow Cassius, go with him; And public reasons shall be rendered Of Caesar's death. First Pie. I will hear Erutus speak. 8 Sec. Pie. I will hear Cassius, and compare their reasons, 294 issue: deed 295 the which: the way in which people act 4 And divide the throng Julius Ccesar, III. ii 55 When severally we hear them rendered. [Exit Cassius, with some of the Plebeians."] Third Pie. The noble Brutus is ascended: silence! Bru. Be patient till the last. 12 Romans, countrymen, and lovers, hear .me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear: believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour, that you may believe: censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may the better judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love to Caesar was no less than 20 his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that / I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him ; but, as he was ambitious, 28 I slew him. There is tears, for his love ; j oy, for his fortune; honour, for his valour; and death, for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so ^ud£s that 33 would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended. I pause for a reply. 37 All. None, Brutus, none. Bru. Then none have I offended. I have done no more to Caesar, than you shall do to Brutus. The question of his death is enrolled 12 Give me a patient hearing, till I finish 33 rude: uncivilised 41 question of : official inquest into enrolled: recorded 56 The Tragedy of in the Capitol; his glory not extenuated, where- in he was worthy, nor his offences enforced, for which he suffered death. 44 Enter Mark Antony, with Ccesar's body. Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony : who, though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the benefit of his dying, a place in the commonwealth; as which of you shall not? With this I depart: that, as I slew my best lover for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for myself, when it shall please my country to need my death. 52 All. Live, Brutus! live! live! First Pie. Bring him with triumph home unto his house. Sec. Pie. Give him a statue with his ancestors. Third Pie. Let him be Caesar. Fourth Pie. Caesar's better parts Shall be crown'd in Brutus. 57 First Pie. We'll bring him to his house with shouts and clamours. Bru. My countrymen, — Sec. Pie. Peace ! silence ! Brutus speaks. First Pie. Peace, ho ! 60 Bru. Good countrymen, let me depart alone, And, for my sake, stay here with Antony. Do grace to Caesar's corpse, and grace his speech Tending to Caesar's glories, which Mark Antony, By our permission, is allow'd to make. 65 I do entreat you, not a man depart, Save I alone, till Antony have spoke. Exit. First Pie. Stay, ho ! and let us hear Mark An- tony. 68 42 extenuated: belittled 43 enforced: unduly stressed, strained Julius Ccesar, III. ii 57 Third Pie. Let him go up into the public chair; We'll hear him. Noble Antony, go up. Ant. For Brutus' sake, I am beholding to you. [Goes up.~\ Fourth Pie. What does he say of Brutus ? Third Pie. He says, for Brutus' sake, He finds himself beholding to us all. 73 Fourth Pie. 'Twere best he speak no harm of Brutus here. First Pie. This Caesar was a tyrant. Third Pie. Nay, that's certain: We are bless'd that Rome is rid of him. 76 Sec. Pie. Peace ! let us hear what Antony can say. Ant. You gentle Romans, — All. Peace, ho! let us hear him. Ant. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. 80 The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interred with their bones ; So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious ; 84 If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, — For Brutus is an honourable man; 88 So are they all, all honourable men, — Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious ; 92 And Brutus is an honourable man. He hath brought many captives home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: 71 beholding: indebted 86 answer'd: atoned for 95 general coffers: public treasury 58 The Tragedy of Did this in Caesar seem ambitious ? 96 When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept; Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. 100 You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; 104 And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause : 108 What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? judgment, thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason. Bear with me; My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, 112 And I must pause till it come back to me. First Pie. Methinks there is much reason in his sayings. Sec. Pie. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong. Third Pie. Has he, masters? 116 1 fear there will a worse come in his place. Fourth Pie. Mark'd ye his words ? He would not take the crown; Therefore 'tis certain he was not ambitious. First Pie. If it be found so, some will dear abide it. 120 Sec. Pie. Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping. Third Pie. There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony. 101 on the Lupercal: on the day of the Lupercalia Julius Ccesar, III. ii 59 Fourth Pie. Now mark him ; he begins again to speak. Ant. But yesterday the word of Caesar might 124 Have stood against the world; now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. masters, if I were dispos'd to stir Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, 128 1 should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong, Who, you all know, are honourable men. I will not do them wrong; I rather choose To wrong the dead, to wrong myself, and you, 132 Than I will wrong such honourable men. But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar; I found it in his closet ; 'tis his will. Let but the commons hear this testament — 136 Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read — And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds, And dip their napkins in his sacred blood, Yea, beg a hair of him for memory, 140 And, dying, mention it within their wills, Bequeathing it as a rich legacy Unto their issue. Fourth Pie. We'll hear the will: read it, Mark Antony. 144 All. The will, the will! we will hear Caesar's will! Ant. Have patience, gentle friends; I must not read it: It is not meet you know how Caesar lov'd you. You are not wood, you are not stones, but men: And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar, 149 It will inflame you, it will make you mad. 124, 125 word . . . world: his bare assertion would have carried his point against the world 126 And there are none so humble as to show him any respect 136 commons: common people 139 napkins: handkerchiefs 60 The Tragedy of 'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs ; For if you should, O what would come of it? Fourth Pie. Read the will ! we'll hear it, An- tony ; 153 You shall read us the will, Caesar's will. Ant. Will you be patient? Will you stay awhile? I have o'ershot myself to tell you of it. 156 I fear I wrong the honourable men Whose daggers have stabb'd Caesar; I do fear it. Fourth Pie. They were traitors : honourable men ! All. The will! the testament! 160 Sec. Pie. They were villains, murderers. The will ! read the will. Ant. You will compel me then to read the will? Then make a ring about the corpse of Caesar, And let me show you him that made the will. 164 Shall I descend? And will you give me leave? All. Come down. Sec. Pie. Descend. Third Pie. You shall have leave. 168 Fourth Pie. A ring; stand round. First Pie. Stand from the hearse ; stand from the body. [Antony comes down.] Sec. Pie. Room for Antony, most noble Antony. Ant. Nay, press not so upon me; stand far off. 172 All. Stand back! room! bear back! Ant. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. You all do know this mantle: I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on; 176 'Twas on a summer's evening, in his tent, That day he overcame the Nervii. Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through: See what a rent the envious Casca made: 180 178 That day: on the day on which; cf. n. Julius Coesar, III. ii 61 Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd; And, as he pluck'd his cursed steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it, As rushing out of doors, to be resolv'd 184 If Brutus so unkindly knock'd or no; For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's jaflgeL* Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar lov'd him. This was the most unkindest cut of all; 188 For when the noble Caesar saw him stab, Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty heart; And, in his mantle muffling up his face, 192 Even at the base of Pompey's statue, Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell. O, what a fall was there, my countrymen ! Then I, and you, and all of us fell down, 196 Whilst bloody treason flourished over us. O now you weep, and I perceive you feel The dint of pity; these are gracious drops. Kind souls, what, weep you when you but behold 200 Our Caesar's vesture wounded? Look you here, Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors. First Pie. O piteous spectacle ! Sec. Pie. O noble Caesar ! 204 Third Pie. O woeful day ! Fourth Pie. O traitors ! villains ! First Pie. O most bloody sight ! Sec. Pie. We will be revenged. 208 [All.] Revenge !— About ! — Seek !— Burn ! Fire !— Kill !— Slay ! Let not a traitor live ! Ant. Stay, countrymen, — First Pie. Peace there ! Hear the noble Antony. 186 angel: dear as his guardian spirit 199 dint: impression 62 The Tragedy of Sec. Pie. We'll hear him, we'll follow him, we'll die with him ! 213 Ant. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up To such a sudden flood of mutiny. They that have done this deed are honourable: What private griefs they have, alas, I know not, 217 That made them do it; they are wise and honourable, And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you. I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts : I am no orator, as Brutus is ; 221 But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man, That love my friend; and that they know full well That gave me public leave to speak of him. For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, 225 ..Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech, To stir men's blood: I only speak right on; I tell you that which you yourselves do know, Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths, 229 And bid them speak for me: but were I Brutus, And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue In every wound of Ceesar, that should move 233 The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. All. We'll mutiny. First Pie. We'll burn the house of Brutus. Third Pie. Away, then! Come, seek the con- spirators. 237 Ant. Yet hear me, countrymen; yet hear me speak. All. Peace, ho! — Hear Antony, most noble An- tony! 226 Action, nor utterance: orator's powers of gesticulation and elo- cution 227 right on: with simple straightforwardness 232 ruffle: stir Julius Ccesar, III. ii 63 Ant. Why, friends, you go to do you know not what. 240 Wherein hath Caesar thus deserv'd your loves? Alas, you know not: I must tell you then. You have forgot the will I told you of. All. Most true. The will! Let's stay and hear the will. 244 Ant. Here is the will, and under Caesar's seal. To every Roman citizen he gives, To every several man, seventy-five drachmas. Sec. Pie. Most noble Caesar ! We'll revenge his death. 248 Third Pie. O royal Caesar! Ant. Hear me with patience. All. Peace, ho! Ant. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, 252 His private arbours, and new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber; he hath left them you, And to your heirs for ever; common pleasures, To walk abroad and recreate yourselves. 256 Here was a Caesar! When comes such another? First Pie. Never, never ! Come, away, away ! We'll burn his body in the holy place, And with the brands fire the traitors' houses. Take up the body. 261 Sec. Pie. Go fetch , fire. Third Pie. Pluck down benches. Fourth Pie. Pluck down forms, windows, any- thing. Exeunt Plebeians [with the body]. Ant. Now let it work: mischief, thou art afoot; 265 Take thou what course thou wilt! Enter Servant. 247 drachmas: Greek coins; cf. n. 254 this; cf. n. 255 pleasures: pleasure-grounds (in which) 264 forms: long seats 64 The Tragedy of How now, fellow ! Serv. Sir, Octavius is already come to Rome. Ant. Where is he? 268 Serv. He and Lepidus are at Caesar's house. Ant. And thither will I straight to visit him. He comes upon a wish. Fortune is merry, And in this mood will give us anything. 272 Serv. I heard him say Brutus and Cassius Are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome. Ant. Belike they had some notice of the people, 275 How I had mov'd them. Bring me to Octavius. Exeunt. Scene Three [A Street] Enter Cinna, the Poet, and after him the Plebeians. Cin. I dreamt to-night that I did feast with Caesar, And things unluckily charge my fantasy: 1 have no will to wander forth of doors, Yet something leads me forth. 4 First Pie. What is your name ? Sec. Pie. Whither are you going? Third Pie. Where do you dwell? Fourth Pie. Are you a married man, or a bachelor ? 9 Sec. Pie. Answer every man directly. First Pie. Ay, and briefly. Fourth Pie. Ay, and wisely. 12 Third Pie. Ay, and truly, you were best. Cin. What is my name? Whither am I 271 upon a wish: as if at my wish 2 unluckily . . . fantasy: weigh upon my fancy ominously 13 you were best: it would be best for you Julius Ccesar, III, in 65 going? Where do I dwell? Am I a married man, or a bachelor? Then, to answer every man directly and briefly, wisely and truly: wisely I say, I am a bachelor. 18 Sec. Pie. That's as much as to say, they are fools that marry; you'll bear me a bang for that, I fear. Proceed; directly. 21 Cin. Directly, I am going to Caesar's funeral. First Pie. As a friend or an enemy ? Cin. As a friend. 24 Sec. Pie. That matter is answered directly. Fourth Pie. For your dwelling, briefly? Cin. Briefly, I dwell by the Capitol. Third Pie. Your name, sir, truly? 28 Cin. Truly, my name is Cihna. Sec. Pie. Tear him to pieces ; he's a con- spirator ! Cin. I am Cinna the poet, I am Cinna the poet ! 33 Fourth Pie. Tear him for his bad verses, tear him for his bad verses ! Cin. I am not Cinna the conspirator! Sec. Pie. It is no matter, his name's Cinna ; pluck but his name out of his heart, and turn him going. 39 Third Pie. Tear him, tear him! Come, brands, ho ! Firebrands ! To Brutus', to Cassius' ; burn all. Some to Decius' house, and some to Casca's ; some to Ligarius'. Away ! Go ! 43 Exeunt all the Plebeians. 20 bear me a bang: get a blow from me 26 For: notv for C6 The Tragedy of ACT FOURTH Scene One [A Room in Antony's House] Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus [seated at a table]. Ant. These many then shall die; their names are prick'd. Oct. Your brother too must die; consent you, Lepidus ? Lep. I do consent. Oct. Prick him down, Antony. Lep. Upon condition Publius shall not live, 4 Who is your sister's son, Mark Antony. Ant. He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him. But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar's house ; ^Fetc h_th e will hither, and we shall determine 8 How to cut off some charge in legacies. Lep. What, shall I find you here? Oct. Or here or at the Capitol. Exit Lepidus. Ant. This is a slight unmeritable man, 12 eet to be sent on errands : is it fit, ^^hethree^fold worlddiyi^edj he should stand One of the three to share it? Oct. So you thought him; And took his voice who should be prick'd to die, 16 In our black sentence and proscription. Ant. Octavius, I have seen more days than you: 6 with . . . him: by a mark 'pricked' opposite his name, I condemn him 9 cut . . . charge: redttec some expenditures {by killing the legatees) /12 unmeritable: without merit ' 14 The . . . divided: if the world is to be divided into three parts 17 In the black sentence of our proscription M< /Til Julius Ccesar, IV. i 67 And though we lay these honours on this man, To ease ourselves of divers slanderous loads, 20 He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold, To groan and sweat under the business, Either led or driven, as we point the way; And having brought our treasure where we will, 24 Then take we down his load, and turn him off, J^ke_to_the empty ass, to shake his ears, And graze in commons. Oct. You may do your will; But he's a tried and valiant soldier. 28 Ant. So is my horse, Octavius; and for that I do appoint him store of provender. It is a creature that I teach to fight, To wind, to stop, to run directly on, 32 His corporal motion govern'd by my spirit. And, in some taste, is Lepidus but so; He must be taught, and train'd, and bid go forth ; A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds 36 On objects, arts, and imitations Which, out of use and stal'd by other men, Begin his fashion: do not talk of him But as a property. And now, Octavius, 40 Listen great things: Brutus and Cassius Are levying powers; we must straight make head; Therefore let our alliance be combin'd, Our best friends made, and our best means stretch'd out ; 44 26 empty: unladen, worthless 27 commons: public pasture 30 appoint: assign 32 wind: turn 34 taste: measure, degree 36 barren-spirited: lacking initiative 27 objects: objects of interest, in general; cf. n. arts: works of art; cf. n. imitations: conventional forms, empty counterfeits 38 stal'd: outworn, made stale *29 Begin his fashion: are to him the height of fashion 40 property: instrument, tool 41 Listen : hear 42 powers: armed forces make head: raise an army 43 combin'd: confirmed 44 made: made sure stretch'd out: strained to the utmost 68 The Tragedy of And let us presently go sit in council, How covert matters may be best disclos'd, And open perils surest answered. Oct. Let us do so: for we are at the stake, 48 And bay'd about with many enemies; And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear, Millions of mischiefs. Exeunt, Scene Two [Camp near Sardis. Before Brutus* Tent] Drum. Enter Brutus, Lucilius, [Lucius,'] and the Army. Titinius and Pindarus meet them. Bru. Stand, ho ! Lucil. Give the word, ho ! and stand ! Bru. What now, Lucilius! is Cassius near? Lucil. He is at hand; and Pindarus is come 4 To do you salutation from his master. Bru. He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus, In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath given me some worthy cause to wish 8 Things done, undone; but, if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied. Pin. I do not doubt But that my noble master will appear Such as he is, full of regard and honour. 12 Bru. He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius; How he receiv'd you, let me be resolv'd. Lucil. With courtesy and with respect enough; 46 covert: hidden disclos'd: discovered 47 answered : faced, met 48, 49 Cf. n. 1 Stand: halt 2 Give the word: pass along the command 7 Owing to a change in himself, or through misconduct of subordi- nates 12 full . . . honour: worthy of honorable regard Julius Ccesar, IV. ii 69 But not with such familiar instances, 16 Nor with such free and friendly conference, As he hath us'd of old. Bru. Thou hast describ'd A hot friendjcooling. Ever note, Lucilius, When love begins to sicken and decay, 20 jit useth an enforced ceremony. There are no tricks in plain and simple faith; But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, Make gallant show and promise of their mettle; 24 But when they should endure the bloody spur, They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades, I Sink in the trial. Comes his army on? Lucil. They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter'd; 28 The greater part, the horse in general, Are come with Cassius. Bru. Hark! he is arriv'd. Low march within. March gently on to meet him. Enter Cassius and his Powers. Cas. Stand, ho! 32 Bru. Stand, ho! Speak the word along. [First Officer.] Stand! [Sec. Officer.] Stand! [Third Officer.] Stand! 36 Cas. Most noble brother, you have done me wrong. Bru. Judge me, you gods ! Wrong I mine enemies ? And, if not so, how should I wrong a brother? 16 familiar instances: marks of familiarity 23 hollow: insincere hot at hand: fiery at the start, only 26 fall: let fall, lower jades: worthless nags 27 Sink . . . trial: fail in the pinch 29 the horse in general: all the cavalry 31 gently: slowly I 70 The Tragedy ef Cas. Brutus j this sober form of yours hides wrongs ; 40 And when you do them — Bru. Cassius, be content; Speak your griefs softly: I do know you well. Before the eyes of both our armies here, Which should perceive nothing but love from us, 44 Let us not wrangle: bid them move away; Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs, And I will give you audience. Cas. Pindarus, Bid our commanders lead their charges off 48 A little from this ground. Bru. Lucilius, do you the like; and let no man Come to our tent till we have done our conference. Let Lucius and Titinius guard our door. 52 Exeunt. Scene Three [Within the Tent of Brutus] [Enter] Brutus and Cassius. Cas. That you have wrong'd me doth appear in this: You have, c(^ mn'^ an d not e fl,, I fln Alfl Jffif&_ For taking bribes here of the Sardians; Wherein my letters, praying on his side, 4 Because I knew the man, were slighted off. Bru. You wrong'd yourself to write in such a case. Cas. In such a time as this it is not meet 40 sober form: calm behavior 42 softly: gently 46 enlarge: set forth fully Scene Three S. d.; cf. n. 2 noted: stigmatised 4 praying . . . side: interceding for him 5 slighted off: tossed slightingly aside Julius Cmsw, IV, in 7i That every nice offence should bear his comment. 8 Bru. Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm; To sell and mart your offices for gold To undeservers. Cas. I an itching palm! 12 You know that you are Brutus that speaks this, Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last. Bru. The name of Cassius honours this corruption, And chastisement doth therefore hide his head. Cas. Chastisement! 17 Bru. Remember March, the ides of March remem- ber: Did not great Julius bleed for justice' sake? What villain touch'd his body, that did stab, 20 And not for justice? What! shall one of us, That struck the foremost man of all this world But for supporting robbers, shall we now Contaminate our fingers with base bribes, 24 And sell the mighty space of our large honours For so much trash as may be grasped thus? I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, Than such a Roman. Cas. Brutus, bay not me; 28 I'll not endure it: you forget yourself, To hedge me in. I am a soldier, I, Older in practice, abler than yourself To make conditions. Bru. Go to; you are not, Cassius. 32 8 nice: trivial bear . . . comment: be censured 10 condemn'd to have: blamed for having 11 mart: market 15 honours . . = corruption: sanctions this corrupt practice -20, 21 What . . . justice; cf. n. 23 robbers: his dishonest favorites 25, 26 Cf. n. \ 27 bay: bark at 28 Cf. n. \ 31 practice: experience 32 make conditions: determine the proper treatment of subordinates (referring to lines 1-5) Go to : Nonsense! 72 The Tragedy of Cas. I am. Bru. I say you are not. Cas. Urge me no more, I shall forget myself; Have mind upon your health; tempt me no fur- . ther. 36 Bru. Away, slight man ! Cas. Is 't possible? Bru. Hear me, for I will speak. Must I give way and room to your rash choler? Shall I be frighted when a madman stares? 40 Cas. O ye gods, ye gods ! Must I endure all this ? Bru. All this! ay, more: fret till your proud heart break ; Go show your slaves how choleric you are, And make your bondmen tremble. Must I budge ? 44 Must I observe you ? Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humour? By the gods, You shall digest the venom of your spleen, Though it do split you; for, from this day forth, 48 I'll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter, When you are waspish. Cas. Is it come to this ? Bru. You say you are a better soldier: Let it appear so; make your vaunting true, 52 And it shall please me well. For mine own part, I shall be glad to learn of noble men. Cas. You wrong me every way; you wrong me, Brutus ; I said an elder soldier, not a better: 56 Did I say, 'better'? Bru. If you did, I care not. Cas. When Caesar liv'd, he durst not thus have mov'd me. 36 Have . . . health: have regard for your safety 44 budge: flinch 45 observe: pay humble reverence to Julius Ccesar, IV. Hi 73 Bru. Peace, peace! you durst not so have tempted him. Cas ^l durst not? 60 Bru. No. Cas. What, durst not tempt him? Bru. For your life you durst not. Cas. Do not presume too much upon my love; I may do that I shall be sorry for. 64 Bru. You have done that you should be sorry for. There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats; For I am arm'd so strong in honesty That they pass by me as the idle wind, 68 Which I respect not. I did send to you For certain sums of gold, which you denied me; For I can raise no money by vile means: By heaven, I had rather coin my heart, 72 And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash By any indirection. I did send To you for gold to pay my legions, 76 Which you denied me: was that done like Cassius? Should I have answer'd Caius Cassius so? When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 80 Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts ; Dash him to pieces ! Cas. I denied you not. Bru. You did. Cas. I did not: he was but a fool That brought my answer back. Brutus hath riv'd my heart. 84 A friend should bear his friend's infirmities, 69 respect: heed 75 indirection: dishonesty, crooked dealing 80 rascal counters: worthless pelf 84 riv'd: cleft 74 The Tragedy of But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. Bru. I do not, till you practise them on me. Cas. You love me not. Bru. I do not like your faults. 88 Cas. A friendly eye could never see such faults. Bru. A flatterer's would not, though (they do appear As huge as high Olympus) Cas. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come, 92 Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius, For Cassius is aweary of the world; Hated by one he loves ; brav'd by his brother ; Check'd like a bondman; all his faults observ'd, 96 Set in a note-book, learn'd, and conn'd by rote, To cast into my teeth. O, I could weep My spirit from mine eyes. There is my dagger, And here my naked breast; within, a heart 100 Dearer than Pluto's mine, richer than gold: If that thou be'st a Roman, take it forth; I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart: Strike, as thou didst at Caesar; for, I know, 104 When thou didst hate him worst, thou lov'dst him better Than ever thou lov'dst Cassius. Bru. Sheathe your dagger: Be angry when you will, it shall have scope; Do what you will, dishonour shall be humour. 108 O Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb That carries anger as the flint bears fire, Who, much enforced, shows a hasty spark, And straight is cold again. 95 brav'd: blusteringly taunted 96 Check'd: scolded 97 learn'd . . . rote: studied, and learned by heart 101 Dearer: worth more Pluto's; cf. n. 107 it . . . scope: your anger shall not be opposed 108 dishonour . . . humour: your dishonorable deeds shall be ig- nored as caprices 109-112 Cf.n. Julius Ccesar, IV. in 75 Cas. Hath Cassius liv'd 112 To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus, When grief and blood ill-temper'd vexeth him? Bru. When I spoke that I was ill-temper'd too. Cas. Do you confess so much? Give me your hand. 116 Bru. And my heart too. Cas. O Brutus ! Bru. What's the matter? Cas. Have not you love enough to bear with me, When that rash humour which my mother gave me Makes me forgetful? Bru. Yes, Cassius; and from henceforth When you are over-earnest with your Brutus, 121 He'll think your mother chides, and leave you so. Poet. [Within. 1 Let me go in to see the generals; There is some grudge between 'em, 'tis not meet They be alone. 125 Lucil. [Within.'] You shall not come to them. Poet. [Within.'] Nothing but death shall stay me. Enter a Poet [followed by Lucilius, Titinius, and Lucius]. Cas. How now! What's the matter? 128 Poet. For shame, you generals ! What do you mean ? Love, and be friends, as two such men should be; For I have seen more years, I'm sure, than ye, Cas. Ha, ha ! how vilely doth this c^nie rime ! Bru. Get you hence, sirrah; saucy fellow, hence ! 133 Cas. Bear with him, Brutus; 'tis his fashion. 114 blood ill-temper'd: disordered condition 132 cynic: so called because Diogenes affected rudeness 76 The Tragedy of Bru. I'll know his humour, when he knows his time: What should the wars do with these jigging fools ? 136 Companion, hence ! Cas. 1 Wai 7, aw ay: be gone! Exit Poet. Bru. Lucilius and Titinius, bid the commanders Prepare to lodge their companies to-night. Cas. And come yourselves, and bring Messala with you, 140 Immediately to us. [Exeunt Lucilius and Titinius. ~\ Bru. Lucius, a bowl of wine! [Exit Lucius.] Cas. I did not think you could have been so angry. Bru. O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs. Cas. Of your philosophy you make no use, 144 If you give place to accidental evils. Bru. No man bears sorrow better: Portia is dead. Cas. Ha? Portia? Bru. She is dead. 148 Cas. How 'scap'd I killing when I cross'd you so? O insupportable and touching loss ! Upon what sickness ? Bru. Impatient of my absence. And grief that young Octavius with Mark An- tony 152 Have made themselves so strong; — for with her death That tidings came: — with this she fell distract, And, her attendants absent, ^wajloVd fire^ 135 I'll listen to his folly when he learns 'the proper time for it 136 jigging: doggerel rhyming 137 Companion: base fellow 139 lodge . . . to-night: encamp for the night 145 give . . . accidental : admit the power of casual 151 Upon: of Impatient of : unable to endure 152 grief; cf. n. 154 fell distract: became distracted Julius Ceesar, IT, iii 77 Cas. And died so ? Bru. Even so. Cas. O ye immortal gods! 156 Enter Boy [Lucius'], with wine and tapers. Bru. Speak no more of her. Give me a bowl of wine. In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. Drinks. Cas. My heart is thirsty for that noble pledge. Fill, Lucius, till the wine o'erswell the s cup; 160 I I cannot drink too much of Brutus' love^ [Drinks.] Bru. Come in, Titinius. [Exit Lucius.] Enter Titinius and Messala. Welcome, good Messala. Now sit we close about this taper here, And call in question our necessities. 164 Cas. Portia, art thou gone? Bru. No more, I pray you. Messala, I have here received letters, That young Octavius and Mark Antony Come down upon us with a mighty power, 168 Bending their expedition towards Philippi. Mes. Myself have letters of the self-same tenour. Bru. With what addition? Mes. That by proscription and bills of out- lawry, 172 Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, Have put to death an hundred senators. Bru. Therein our letters do not well agree; Mine speak of seventy senators that died 176 By their proscriptions, Cicero being one. Cas. Cicero one? 164 call in question: bring up for discussion 169 Bending . . . expedition : directing their march 78 The Tragedy #/ Mes. Cicero is dead, And by that order of proscription. Had you your letters from your wife, my lord? Bru. No, Messala. 181 Mes. Nor nothing in your letters writ of her? Bru. Nothing, Messala. Mes. That, methinks, is strange. Bru. Why ask you? Hear you aught of her in yours ? 184 Mes. No, my lord. Bru. Now, as you are a Roman, tell me true. Mes. Then like a Roman bear the truth I tell: For certain she is dead, and by strange manner. Bru. Why, farewell, Portia. We must die, Mes- sala : 189 With meditating that she must die once, I have the patience to endure it now. Mes. Even so great men great losses should en- dure. 192 Cas. I have as much of this in art as you, But yet my nature could not bear it so. Bru. Well, to our work alive. What do you think Of marching to Philippi presently? 196 Cas. I do not think it good. Bru. Your reason? Cas. This is it: 'Tis better that the enemy seek us : So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers, Doing himself offence; whilst we, lying still, 200 Are full of rest, defence, and nimbleness. Bru. Good reasons must, of force, give place to better. 183 Nothing, Messala; cf. n. 190 once: some day 193 art: theory 195 alive: which concerns the living 202 force: necessity Julius Ccesar, IV. Hi 79 The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground Do stand but in a forc'd affection ; 204 For they have grudg'd us contribution: The enemy, marching along by them, By them shall make a fuller number up, Come on ref resh'd, new-added, and encourag'd ; From which advantage shall we cut him off, 209 If at Philippi we do face him there, These people at our back. Cas. Hear me, good brother. Bru. Under your pardon. You must note be- side, 212 That we have tried the utmost of our friends, Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe: The enemy increaseth every day; We, at the height, are ready to decline. 216 There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. 220 On such a full sea are we now afloat; And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures. Cas. Then, with your will, go on; We'll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi. 224 Bru. 1 The deep of night is crept upon our talk,^| And nature must obey necessity, Which we will niggard with a little rest. There is no more to say? 204 Are friendly to us only under compulsion 208 new-added: newly augmented 213 That we have drawn on our friends to the utmost 219 Omitted: if it is neglected 220 bound in: confined to 223 ventures: investments with your will: according to your prefer' ence 227 So to nature's need we will dole out a little rest so The Tragedy of Cas. No more. Good-night: 228 Early to-morrow will we rise, and hence. Bru. Lucius ! Enter Lucius. My gown. [Exit Lucius.] Farewell, good Messala: Good-night, Titinius. Noble, noble Cassius, Good-night, and good repose. Cas. O my dear brother! 232 This was an ill beginning of the night: Never come such division 'tween our souls ! Let it not, Brutus. Bru. Everything is well. Cas. Good-night, my lord. Bru. Good-night, good brother. 236 Tit. M ' Good-night, Lord Brutus. Bru. Farewell, every one. Exeunt [all but Brutus]. Enter Lucius, with the gown. Give me the gown. Where is thy instrument? Luc. Here in the tent. Bru. What, thou speak'st drowsily? Poor knave, I blame thee not; thou art o'er- watch'd. 240 Call Claudius and some other of my men; I'll have them sleep on cushions in my tent. Luc. Varro ! and Claudius ! Enter Varro and Claudius. Far. Calls my lord? 244 Bru. I pray you, sirs, lie in my tent and sleep: 240 knave: boy o'er-watch'd: worn out by lack of sleep Julius Ccesar, IV. Hi 81 It may be I shall raise you by and by On business to my brother Cassius. Var. So please you, we will stand and watch your pleasure. 248 Bru. I will not have it so ; lie down, good sirs ; It may be I shall otherwise bethink me. \Varro and Claudius lie down.'] Look, Lucius, here's the book I sought for so; I put it in the pocket of my gown. 252 Luc. I was sure your lordship did not give it me. Bru. Bear with me, good boy, I am much forgetful. Canst thou hold up thy heavy eyes awhile, And touch thy instrument a strain or two? 256 Luc. Ay, my lord, an 't please you. Bru. It does, my boy: I trouble thee too much, but thou art willing. Luc. It is my duty, sir. Bru. I should not urge thy duty past thy might ; 260 I know young bloods look for a time of rest. Luc. I have slept, my lord, already. Bru. It was well done, and thou shalt sleep again; I will not hold thee long: if I do live, 264 I will be good to thee. Music, and a Song. This is a sleepy tune: O murderous slumber, Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy, That plays thee music? Gentle knave, good- night ; 268 I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee. If thou dost nod, thou break'st thy instrument; I'll take it from thee; and, good boy, good-night. 246 raise: rouse 248 watch: wakefully await 254 much: very 256 Play a tune or two on thy lute 266 murderous: because rendering apparently lifeless 267 leaden: dull and heavy mace: bailiff's staff for arresting people 82 The Tragedy of Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn'd down 272 Where I left reading? Here it is, I think. Enter the Ghost of Ccesar. How ill this taper burns. Ha! Who comes here? I think it is the weakness of mine eyes That shapes this monstrous apparition. 276 It comes upon me. Art thou anything? Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil, That mak'st my blood cold and my hair to stare? Speak to me what thou art. 280 Ghost. Thy evil spirit, Brutus. Bru. Why com'st thou? Ghost. To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi. Bru. Well; then I shall see thee again? Ghost. Ay, at Philippi. Bru. Why, I will see thee at Philippi then. 284 [Exit Ghost.] Now I have taken heart, thou vanishest: 111 spirit, I would hold more talk with thee. Boy, Lucius ! Varro ! Claudius ! Sirs, awake ! Claudius ! 288 Luc. The strings, my lord, are false. Bru. He thinks he still is at his instrument. Lucius, awake ! Luc. My lord! 292 Bru. Didst thou dream, Lucius, that thou so criedst out? Luc. My lord, I do not know that I did cry. Bru. Yes, that thou didst. Didst thou see any- thing ? Luc. Nothing, my lord. 296 274 How . . . burns: accepted sign of an apparition's presence 277 upon: towards 279 stare: stand on end Julius Ccesar, V. i 83 Bru. Sleep again, Lucius. Sirrah, Claudius ! Fellow thou, awake ! Var. My lord! Clau. My lord! 300 Bru. Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep? Both. Did we, my lord? Bru. Ay: saw you anything? Var. No, my lord, I saw nothing. Clau. Nor I, my lord. Bru. Go, and commend me to my brother Cas- sius : 304 Bid him set on his powers betimes before, And we will follow. Both. It shall be done, my lord. Exeunt. ACT FIFTH Scene One [The Plains of Philippi] Enter Octavius, Antony, and their Army. Oct. Now, Antony, our hopes are answered: You said the enemy would not come down, But keep the hills and upper regions ; It proves not so; their battles are at hand; 4 They mean to warn us at Philippi here, Answering before we do demand of them. Ant. Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know Wherefore they do it: they could be content 8 To visit other places ; and come down 1 answered : fulfilled 4 battles: battalions 5 warn: summon, challenge 7 bosoms: secrets 84 The Tragedy of With fearful bravery, thinking by this face To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage ; But 'tis not so. Enter a Messenger. Mess. Prepare you, generals: 12 The enemy comes on in gallant show; Their bloody sign of battle is hung out, And something to be done immediately. Ant. Octavius, lead your battle softly on, 16 Upon the left hand of the even field. Oct. Upon the right hand I; keep thou the left. Ant. Why do you cross me in this exigent? Oct. I do not cross you; but I will do so. 20 March. Drum. Enter Brutus, Cassius, and their Army. Bru. They stand, and would have parley. Cas. Stand fast, Titinius : we must out and talk. Oct. Mark Antony, shall we give sign of battle? Ant. No, Caesar, we will answer on their charge. 24 Make forth; the generals would have some words. Oct. [To his troops.'] Stir not until the signal. Bru. Words before blows: is it so, countrymen? Oct. Not that we love words better, as you do. 28 Bru. Good words are better than bad strokes, Octavius. Ant. In your bad strokes, Brutus, you give good words : Witness the hole you made in Cesar's heart, 10 fearful bravery: cowardly bravado face: pretense 14 bloody . . . battle: signal for immediate combat 17 even: equally divided 19 exigent: emergency 20 but . . . so: but I shall do as I said 21 parley: conference 24 answer . . . charge: fight when they attack 25 Make forth: step forward 30 In . . . strokes: while delivering foul blows Julius Ccesar, V.i 85 Crying, 'Long live ! Hail, Caesar !' Cas. Antony, 32 The posture of your blows are yet unknown ; But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees, And leave them honeyless. Ant. Not stingless too! Bru. O yes, and soundless too; 36 For you have stol'n their buzzing, Antony, And very wisely threat before you sting. Ant. Villains! you did not so when your vile daggers Hack'd one another in the sides of Caesar: 40 You show'd your teeth like apes, and fawn'd like hounds, And bow'd like bondmen, kissing Caesar's feet; Whilst damned Casca, like a cur, behind Struck Caesar on the neck. O you flatterers ! 44 Cas. Flatterers! Now, Brutus, thank yourself: This tongue had not offended so to-day, If Cassius might have rul'd. Oct. Come, come, the cause: if arguing make us sweat, 48 The proof of it will turn to redder drops. Look: I draw a sword against conspirators ; When think you that the sword goes up again ? 52 Never, till Caesar's three-and-thirty wounds Be well aveng'd; or till another Caesar Have added slaughter to the sword of traitors. Bru. Caesar, thou canst not die by traitors' hands, 56 33 posture: nature (?) are: a plural by attraction 34 Hybla: town in Sicily, famous for its honey 41 show'd . . = apes: simulated smiles of affection, like favorite pets 44 flatterers: treacherous hypocrites 48 the cause: let's get down to business 53 three-and-thirty; cf. n. 86 The Tragedy of Unless thou bring'st them with thee. Oct. So I hope; I was not born to die on Brutus' sword. Bru. O, if thou wert the noblest of thy strain, Young man, thou couldst not die more honour- able. 60 Cas. A peevish schoolboy, worthless of such honour, Join'd with a masquer and a reveller. Ant. Old Cassius still! Oct. Come, Antony; away! Defiance, traitors, hurl we in your teeth. 64 If you dare fight to-day, come to the field; If not, when you have stomachs. Exeunt Octavius, Antony, and Army. Cas. Why now, blow wind, swell billow, and swim bark! The storm is up, and all is on the hazard. 68 Bru. Ho, Lucilius: hark, a word with you. Lucil. [Standing forth.'] My lord? [Brutus and Lucilius talk apart.] Cas. Messala. Mes. [Standing forth.] What says my general? Cas. Messala, This is my birth-day ; as this very day 72 Was Cassius born. Give me thy hand, Messala: Be thou my witness that against my will, As Pompey was, am I compell'd to set Upon one battle all our liberties. 76 You know that I held Epicurus strong, And his opinion ; now I change my mind, 59 strain: race 61 peevish : silly such honour: i.e., that of dying on Brutus' sword 63 Old . . . still: you are still the same old Cassius 66 stomachs: courage 72 as: a colloquial expletive 75 As Pompey: at the battle of Pharsalia, 48 B. C. 77 held . . . strong: believed Epicurus right in disregarding omens Julius Coesar, V, i 87 And partly credit things that do presage. Coming from Sardis, on our former ensign 80 Two mighty eagles fell, and there they perch'd, Gorging and feeding from our soldiers' hands ; Who to Philippi here consorted us: This morning are they fled away and gone, 84 And in their stead do ravens, crows, and kites Fly o'er our heads, and downward look on us, As we were sickly prey: their shadows seem A canopy most fatal, under which 88 Our army lies, ready to give up the ghost. Mes. Believe not so. Cas. I but believe it partly, For I am fresh of spirit and resolv'd To meet all perils very constantly. 92 Bru. Even so, Lucilius. Cas. Now, most noble Brutus, The gods to-day stand friendly, that we may, Lovers in peace, lead on our days to age ! But since the affairs of men rest still incertain, 96 Let's reason with the worst that may befall. If we do lose this battle, then is this The very last time we shall speak together: What are you, then, determined to do ? 100 Bru. Even by the rule of that philosophy By which I did blame Cato for the death Which he did give himself — (I know not how, But I do find it cowardly and vile, 104 For fear of what might fall, so to prevent The time of life) — arming myself with patience, 80 former ensign: banner at the front of our column 83 consorted: accompanied 87 As: as if sickly prey: so sick as soon to be their prey 88 fatal : fateful, doom-foreboding 94 The gods : may the gods 97 reason with: consider 102 Cato: of Utica; committed suicide, 46 B. C. 88 The Tragedy of To stay the providence of some high powers That govern us below. Cas. Then, if we lose this battle, 108 You are contented to be led in triumph Thorough the streets of Rome? Bru. No, Cassius, no: think not, thou noble Roman, That ever Brutus will go bound to Rome; 112 He bears too great a mind : but this same day Must end that work the ides of March begun; And whether we shall meet again I know not. Therefore our everlasting farewell take: 116 For ever, and for ever, farewell, Cassius. If we do meet again, why, we shall smile; If not, why then this parting was well made. Cas. For ever, and for ever, farewell, Brutus. If we do meet again, we'll smile indeed; 121 If not, 'tis true this parting was well made. Bru. Why, then, lead on. O, that a man might know The end of this day's business, ere it come ! 124 But it sufficeth that the day will end, And then the end is known. Come, ho ! away ! Exeunt. Scene Two [The Same. The Field of Battle] Alarum. Enter Brutus and Messala. Bru. Ride, ride, Messala, ride, and give these bills Unto the legions on the other side. Loud alarum. Let them set on at once, for I perceive But cold demeanour in Octavius' wing, 4 107 stay: await, submit to 111-115 Cf. n. 1 bills: written orders 2 side: wing, commanded by Cassius 4 cold demeanour: faint-heartedness Julius Ccesar, V. Hi 89 And sudden push gives them the overthrow. Ride, ride, Messala: let them all come down. Exeunt. Scene Three [Another part of the Field] Alarums. Enter Cassius and Titinius. Cas. O look, Titinius, look, the villains fly! Myself have to mine own turn'd enemy: This ensign here of mine was turning back ; 1 slew the coward, and did take it from him. 4 Tit. O Cassius! Brutus gave the word too early; Who, having some advantage on Octavius, Took it too eagerly: his soldiers fell to spoil, Whilst we by Antony are all enclos'd. 8 Enter Pindarus. Pin. Fly further off, my lord, fly further off; Mark Antony is in your tents, my lord: Fly, therefore, noble Cassius, fly far off. Cas. This hill is far enough. Look, look, Ti- tinius ; 12 Are those my tents where I perceive the fire? Tit. They are, my lord. Cas. Titinius, if thou lovest me, Mount thou my horse, and hide thy spurs in him, Till he have brought thee up to yonder troo-ps And here again; that I may rest assur'd 17 Whether yond troops are friend or enemy. Tit. I will be here again, even with a thought. Exit. 2 mine own: my own troops 4 coward: i.e., the standard-bearer 19 even with: quick as 90 The Tragedy of Cas. Go, Pindarus, get higher on that hill; My sight was ever thick; regard Titinius, 21 And tell me what thou not'st about the field. [Pindarus ascends the hill.'] This day I breathed first; time is come round, And where I did begin, there shall I end ; 24 My life is run his compass. Sirrah, what news ? Pin. [Above.] O my lord! Cas. What news? Pin. [Above.] Titinius is enclosed round about 28 With horsemen, that make to him on the spur; Yet he spurs on. Now they are almost on him: Now, Titinius ! Now some light ; O, he lights too : He's ta'en. Shout. And hark, they shout for joy. 32 Cas. Come down ; behold no more. O, coward that I am, to live so long, To see my best friend ta'en before my face ! Enter Pindarus [below]. Come hither, sirrah: 36 In Parthia did I take thee prisoner; And then I swore thee, saving of thy life, That whatsoever I did bid thee do, Thou shouldst attempt it. Come now, keep thine oath ; 40 Now be a freeman ; and with this good sword, That ran through Caesar's bowels, search this bosom. Stand not to answer ; here, take thou the hilts ; And, when my face is cover'd, as 'tis now, 44 21 thick: dull, imperfect 25 is . . . compass: has completed its cycle 31 light: alight, dismount 37 Parthia: in Crassus' disastrous campaign, in 53 B. C. 38 swore thee: made thee swear saving of: in return for my sparing 41 freeman: Cassius' death will free him from slavery 42 search: probe Julius Ccesar, V. Hi 91 Guide thou the sword. — Caesar, thou art reveng'd, Even with the sword that kill'd thee. [Dies.] Pin. So, I am free ; yet would not so have been, Durst I have done my will. O Cassius, 48 Far from this country Pindarus shall run, Where never Roman shall take note of him. Exit. Enter Titinius and Messala. Mes. It is but change, Titinius; for Octavius Is overthrown by noble Brutus' power, 52 As Cassius' legions are by Antony. Tit. These tidings will well comfort Cassius. Mes. Where did you leave him? Tit. All disconsolate. With Pindarus his bondman, on this hill. 56 Mes. Is not that he that lies upon the ground? Tit. He lies not like the living. O my heart ! Mes. Is not that he? Tit. No, this was he, Messala. But Cassius is no more. O setting sun, 60 As in thy red rays thou dost sink to night, So in his red blood Cassius' day is set. The sun of Rome is set. Our day is gone; Clouds, dews, and dangers come; our deeds are done. 64 Mistrust of my success hath done this deed. Mes. Mistrust of good success hath done this deed. O hateful error, melancholy's child, Why dost thou show to the apt thoughts of men 68 The things that are not? O error, soon conceiv'd, Thou never com'st unto a happy birth, 50 take note of : see 51 change: exchange 64 our . . . done : all is over 65 Mistrust . . . success: misgivings about the outcome of my errand 67 melancholy's child: result of despondency 68 apt: impressionable 92 The Tragedy of But kill'st the mother that engender'd thee. Tit. What, Pindarus! Where art thou, Pin- darus ? 72 Mes. Seek him, Titinius, whilst I go to meet The noble Brutus, thrusting this report Into his ears; I may say, thrusting it: For piercing steel and darts envenomed 76 Shall be as welcome to the ears of Brutus As tidings of this sight. Tit. Hie you, Messala, And I will seek for Pindarus the while. [Exit Messala.] Why didst thou send me forth, brave Cassius? Did I not meet thy friends, and did not they 81 Put on my brows this wreath of victory, And bid me give it thee? Didst thou not hear their shouts ? Alas, thou hast misconstru'd everything. 84 But, hold thee, take this garland on thy brow; Thy Brutus bid me give it thee, and I Will do his bidding. Brutus, come apace, And see how I regarded Caius Cassius. 88 By your leave, gods: this is a Roman's part: Come, Cassius' sword, and find Titinius' heart. Dies. Alarum. Enter Brutus, Messala, Young Cato, Strato, Volumnius, and Lucilius. Bru. Where, where, Messala, doth his body lie ? 91 Mes. Lo, yonder: and Titinius mourning it. Bru. Titinius' face is upward. Cato. He is slain. Bru. O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet ! 85 hold thee: wait a moment 87 apace: quickly 89 By . . . gods: a proud apology for taking his fate into his own hands Julius Ccesar, V. iv 93 Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swords In our own proper entrails. Low alarums. Cato. Brave Titinius ! 96 Look whether he have not crown'd dead Cassius ! Bru. Are yet two Romans living such as these? The last of all the Romans, fare thee well ! It is impossible that ever Rome 100 Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more tears To this dead man than you shall see me pay. — I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time. — Come therefore, and to Thasos send his body : 104 His funerals shall not be in our camp, Lest it discomfort us. Lucilius, come; And come, young Cato; — let us to the field, Labeo and Flavius, set our battles on: 108 'Tis three o'clock; and, Romans, yet ere night We shall try fortune in a second fight. Exeunt. Scene Four [Another part of the Field] Alarum. Enter Brutus, Messala, Cato, Lucilius, and Flavius. Bru. Yet, countrymen, O yet hold up your heads ! Cato. What bastard doth not? Who will go with me I will proclaim my name about the field: I am the son of Marcus Cato, ho! 4 A foe to tyrants, and my country's friend; 1 am the son of Marcus Cato, ho ! 96 proper: individual 101 fellow: equal 104 Thasos: isle near Thrace 106 discomfort: dishearten 109, 110 three o'clock . . . second fight; cf. n. 2 What . . . not: Who is so base-born as not to do so? 94 The Tragedy of Enter Soldiers, and fight. [Bru.~] And I am Brutus, Marcus Brutus, I; Brutus, my country's friend; know me for Brutus! [Exit Brutus, fighting. Cato is slain.] Lucil. O young and noble Cato, art thou down ? 9 Why, now thou diest as bravely as Titinius, And may'st be honour'd being Cato's son. First Sold. Yield, or thou diest. Lucil. Only I yield to die: 12 There is so much, that thou wilt kill me straight: Kill Brutus, and be honour'd in his death. First Sold. We must not. A noble prisoner ! Sec. Sold. Room, ho ! Tell Antony, Brutus is ta'en. 16 First Sold. I'll tell the news : here comes the gen- eral. Enter Antony. Brutus is ta'en, Brutus is ta'en, my lord. Ant. Where is he? Lucil. Safe, Antony; Brutus is safe enough: 20 I dare assure thee that no enemy Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus : The gods defend him from so great a shame! When you do find him, or alive or dead, 24 He will be found like Brutus, like himself. Ant. This is not Brutus, friend; but, I assure you, A prize no less in worth. Keep this man safe, Give him all kindness: I had rather have 28 Such men my friends than enemies. Go on, And see whether Brutus be alive or dead; And bring us word, unto Octavius' tent, How everything is chanc'd. Exeunt. 7 [Bru.]; cf.n. 12 Only . . . die: I yield only in order that I may die 13,14 Cf.n. Julius Ccesar, V. v 95 Scene Five [Another part of the Field'] Enter Brutus, Dardanius, Clitus, Strato, and Volumnius. Bru. Come, poor remains of friends, rest on this rock. Cli. Statilius show'd the torch-light; but, my lord, He came not back: he is or ta'en or slain. Bru. Sit thee down, Clitus: slaying is the word; 4 It is a deed in fashion. Hark thee, Clitus. [Whispers.] Cli. What, I, my lord? No, not for all the world. Bru. Peace, then: no words. Cli. I'll rather kill myself. Bru. Hark thee, Dardanius. [Whispers.] Dar. Shall I do such a deed? 8 Cli. O, Dardanius ! Dar. O, Clitus ! Cli. What ill request did Brutus make to thee? Dar. To kill him, Clitus. Look, he meditates. Cli. Now is that noble vessel full of grief, 13 That it runs over even at his eyes. Bru. Come hither, good Volumnius: list a word. Vol. What says my lord? Bru. Why this, Volumnius: 16 The ghost of Caesar hath appear'd to me Two several times by night; at Sardis once, And this last night here in Philippi fields. I know my hour is come. Vol. Not so, my lord. 20 Bru. Nay, I am sure it is, Volumnius. 1 poor remains of: few surviving 2,3 Cf.n. 13 noble vessel ; cf. 2 Tim. 2. 21 96 The Tragedy of Thou seest the world, Volumnius, how it goes ; Our enemies have beat us to the pit : Low alarums. It is more worthy to leap in ourselves, 24 Than tarry till they push us. Good Volumnius, Thou know'st that we two went to school together: Even for that our love of old, I prithee, Hold thou my sword-hilts whilst I run on it. 28 Vol. That's not an office for a friend, my lord. Alarum still. Cli. Fly, fly, my lord : there is no tarrying here ! Bru. Farewell to you; and you; and you, Volum- nius. Strato, thou hast been all this while asleep; 32 Farewell to thee too, Strato. Countrymen, My heart doth joy that yet, in all my life, I found no man but he was true to me. I shall have glory by this losing day 36 More than Octavius and Mark Antony By this vile conquest shall attain unto. So fare you well at once ; for Brutus' tongue Hath almost ended his life's history: 40 Night hangs upon mine eyes ; my bones would rest, That have but labour'd to attain this hour. Alarum. Cry within, 'Fly, fly, fly!' Cli. Fly, my lord, fly! Bru. Hence: I will follow. [Exeunt Clitus, Dardanius, and Volumnius.] I prithee, Strato, stay thou by thy lord: 44 Thou art a fellow of a good respect; Thy life hath had some smatch of honour in it : Hold then my sword, and turn away thy face, 23 pit: brink of destruction 39 at once: once for all; or, all of you 39, 40 Brutus' . . . history: Brutus' life will end with this very speech, almost 42 Cf. Psalm 90. w 46 smatch: smack, flavor Julius Ccesar, V. v 9 ? While I do run upon it. Wilt thou, Strato ? 48 Stra. Give me your hand first: fare you well, my lord. Bru. Farewell, good Strato. — Caesar, now be still; I kill'd not thee with half so good a will. Dies. Alarum. Retreat. Enter Antony, Octavius, Messala, Lucilius, and the Army. Oct. What man is that? 52 Mes. My master's man. Strato, where is thy master ? Stra. Free from the bondage you are in, Messala; The conquerors can but make a fire of him; For Brutus only overcame himself, 56 And no man else hath honour by his death. Lucil. So Brutus should be found. I thank thee, Brutus, That thou hast prov'd Lucilius' saying true. Oct. All that serv'd Brutus, I will entertain them. 60 Fellow, wilt thou bestow thy time with me? Stra. Ay, if Messala will prefer me to you. Oct. Do so, good Messala. Mes. How died my master, Strato? 64 Stra. I held the sword, and he did run on it. Mes. Octavius, then take him to follow thee That did the latest service to my master. .. Ant. This was the noblest Roman of them all; 68 All the conspirators save only he Did that they did in envy of great Caesar; He only, in a general honest thought And common good to all, made one of them. 72 56 only: alone 60 entertain: employ 61 bestow . . . with: devote thy time to 62 prefer: recommend, transfer 71, 72 Cf. n. 98 The Tragedy of Julius Ccesar His life was gentle, and the elements So mix'd in him that Nature might stand up And say to all world, 'This was a man!' Oct. According to his virtue let us use him, 76 With all respect and rites of burial. Within my tent his bones to-night shall lie, Most like a soldier, order'd honourably. So, call the field to rest; and let's away 80 To part the glories of this happy day. Exeunt omnes. 73 gentle: that of a true gentleman elements: as microcosm, man was believed to be composed of earth, air, fire, and water, mingled in due proportions 76 use: treat 79 Most like: as best befits order'd: arrayed 80 field : troops in the field 81 part: share FINIS. NOTES I. i. S. d. Marullus. The Folios spell this name incorrectly, 'Murellus.' The emendation, based on Plutarch and other conclusive ancient authorities, is Theobald's. On similar grounds, certain other ortho- graphical vagaries have been corrected in most of the modern editions: e.g., the Folios print 'Calphurnia,' 'Antonio,' 'Claudio,' 'Varrus,' etc. On the other hand, 'Decius Brutus' for 'Decimus' is a genuine confusion of identity which Shakespeare took over from North's Plutarch (see Appendix A). I. i. 25. with awl. The original Folio pointing and spelling of the text will serve to suggest a further pun not obvious in the modern texts: 'I meddle with no Tradesmans matters, nor womens matters ; but withal I am indeed Sir, a Surgeon to old shooes.' I. i. 35. triumph. This triumph celebrated Cae- sar's defeat of the sons of Pompey at the battle of Munda, in Spain, March 17, B. C. 45, and was the first such recognition of a Roman's victory over any but a foreign foe. — Shakespeare throughout has com- pressed the historical duration of the play's action considerably, in the interests of dramatic effective- ness: so here he has this triumph coincide with the festival of the Lupercalia, February 15, B. C. 44; in Act III he places the murder, the funeral orations, and the arrival of Octavius all on the same day, whereas in reality some two months elapsed between the earliest and the latest of these events; and in Act V he combines in a single action the two battles of Philippi, which really were separated by a three- week interval. See further, for the use of 'Double Time' in this play, the note on II. i. 61, 62. I. i. 49. her. 'Father Tiber' would seem to de- ioo The Tragedy of mand a masculine pronoun, and Rowe accordingly, followed by several other editors, changed 'her' to 'his' in this line and line 51; but Elizabethan usage was less strict than classical, and Shakespeare's laxity was not a special peculiarity of his own. I. i. 71. Lupercal. Ancient Roman festival of purification and expiation, celebrated February 15, and believed to give new life and fruitfulness to fields, flocks, and human beings. After due sacrifices had been offered, the chosen young men, called 'Luperci,' ran around the Palatine hill and struck with their thongs of goatskin those who stood in their way, thus warding off barrenness. These thongs were called 'februa,' from 'februare, to purify'; the day, 'dies februatus'; and the whole month, 'februarius.' I. ii. 154. "walks. The famous and spacious paved Roman Ways, such as the 'Via Appia,' 'Via Sacra,' 'Via Flaminia,' etc., are here put for the city itself, by synecdoche. Or, another sound explanation is based on III. ii. 252; 'walks' thus would signify the parks and promenades forming the outlying suburbs of the city. Rowe's emendation, 'walls,' though widely ac- cepted, is unnecessary and prosaic. I. ii. 165. The punctuation in this line is that of Pope's second edition, and has been generally adopted; but the Folio gives a perfectly plausible reading without emendation: 'I would not so (with love I might entreat you) Be any further moved.' I. ii. 198. my name. A Latin idiom, meaning 'I myself, Caesar.' For parallels from Virgil, Milton, and the Bible, cf. R. C. Browne's note on Paradise Lost, II, 964, in the Clarendon Press edition of Eng- lish Poems by John Milton, 1906. I. ii. 203. he hears no music. Cf. Merchant of Venice, V. i. 83-88. I. ii. 320. He should not humour me. 'He,' as is shown by the 'he' in the preceding line and the 'his' Julius Ccesar 101 in the following, refers to Brutus, not to Caesar. Cas- sius then says : 'If I had Brutus' standing with Caesar and Brutus only mine, Brutus should not (as easily as I mean to beguile him into doing so) talk me into forgoing the advantages afforded by Caesar's favor.' I. iii. 60. cast yourself in wonder. 'Plunge head- long into, abjectly abandon yourself to, unreasoning wonder.' Cf. 'cast down,' and the etymology of 'abject.' There is no need for emendation, though 'case' has been widely accepted. I. iii. 65. Why old men, fools, and children calcu- late. This line has occasioned much discussion. Many editors emend it thus: 'Why old men fool, and children calculate,' i.e., 'Why the wise are foolish and the foolish wise.' But against this emendation may be urged the facts that 'old men' are not always 'wise,' in Shakespeare or elsewhere, and that the unaltered text affords an acceptable meaning: 'Why dotards, idiots, and infants so far depart from their ordinary characteristics as to utter the profound truths of divination.' I. iii. 107-111. 'The idea seems to be that, as men start a huge fire with worthless straws or shavings, so Caesar is using the degenerate Romans of the time, to set the whole world ablaze with his own glory.' (Hudson.) I. iii. 126. Pompey's porch. A magnificent colon- nade or portico surrounding an open area which con- tained avenues of sycamore trees, fountains, and statues ; it was attached to Pompey's theatre (line 152), in the Campus Martius, the first stone theatre to be erected in Rome. II. i. 15. Crown him that. 'Once make him that — i.e., once let him become the full-grown adder — by crowning him, and then I realize that we shall be rendering actual a peril (sting) which now is only 102 The Tragedy of potential and latent.' Emendations seem unneces- sary, though many have been proposed and few edi- tors retain the Folio and Quarto punctuation given in the present text. II. i. 59. fourteen. This is Theobald's generally accepted emendation of the Folio and Quarto reading, 'fifteen.' To Brutus (line 40) it is still the night of the fourteenth. If 'fifteen' days were indeed 'wasted/ i.e., gone, then the ides too would be gone, — which is just what the Soothsayer points out that they are not (III. i. 2). II. i. 61, 62. Literally interpreted, this statement is incredible, if we stop to reflect that a month has passed since I. ii; Brutus then can mean merely 'I have not slept well.' But as a rule we do not stop to reflect thus mathematically, and so we have the im- pression that 'Cassius first did whet' Brutus 'against Caesar' only a night or two before and that Brutus' sleeplessness has not been superhumanly protracted; for seemingly 'Brought you Caesar home?' (I. iii. 1) means home from the Lupercal (I. ii), and Casca himself in I. iii is returning from his dinner engage- ment on the night of the Lupercal (I. ii. 294), so that I. iii apparently follows I. ii without any interval; while II. i apparently follows I. iii with almost equal immediacy, for in their last conversation (on stage: I. ii. 308-312) Brutus and Cassius arranged to meet again at Brutus' home 'to-morrow,' and hence (II. i. 70 ff.) we have their first meeting (on stage) since that time. This device, whereby Shakespeare secures an impression of rapid, uninterruptedly continuous action while unobtrusively supplying to reflection all needed data for the determination of the actual his- torical intervals involved, is known as the phenome- non of 'Double Time,' and is well shown further in Acts IV and V of this play. The Short or Dramatic Time-scheme maintains the tension of the passion, Julius Ccesar 103 while the Long or Historic Time-scheme satisfies the requirements of the analytical reason; but, needless to say, this curious phenomenon is noticeable only in the study, never in the theatre. (Cf. 'Shakespeare's Legerdemain with Time in Julius Ccesar/ Poet Lore, XI, 1899.) II. i. 250. humour. There were supposed to be four fundamental 'humours' or fluids (from the Latin 'humor,' liquid) in the human body, viz., blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; and an over- proportion of one of these elements in the system made the disposition predominantly sanguine, phleg- matic, choleric, or melancholy, respectively. So, to the mediaeval and renaissance mind, 'humour' might mean literally 'moisture,' as in line 262; or it might account for mental or physical disorder, as in the present line; or it might refer to the more trivial temperamental eccentricity resulting from the funda- mental derangement, as in II. ii. 56. II. ii. 89. For tinctures, stains, relics, and cogni- zance. The generally accepted interpretation explains these terms in the very spirit of Calpurnia's dream, i.e., as the appropriate concomitants of martyrdom; but surely nothing could be further from Caesar's desire or Decius' intention. Consequently, the gloss attempts to give meanings more in keeping with the manifest purpose of Decius as shown in the rest of his speech, and with the obvious requirements of the situation: i.e., Caesar's blood is to provide metaphori- cal living blessings, rather than literal physical souve- nirs of death. II. ii. 128. That every 'like' is not 'the same.' The heart of Brutus grieves to realize that specious re- semblance is not genuine identity; that appearances (of friendship, as in the amicable ceremony of taking wine together) are deceptive; that the conspirators, who seem 'like friends' (line 127), are so far from 104 The Tragedy of being truly Caesar's friends that they are on the very point of putting him to death. III. i. S. d. Before the Capitol. In the original texts there is no stage direction in this scene before 'They stab Caesar/ at line 76, other than the opening direction: 'Flourish. Enter Caesar, Brutus/ and the rest. Yet lines 11, 12 show that the action takes place outdoors; while lines 31, 79, 115, 119, etc., as well as the familiar tradition and all pictorial repre- sentations, show that the murder takes place indoors. Of course, there was no difficulty here on the Eliza- bethan stage: the action of the first 12 lines would take place on the fore-stage, and then Caesar would withdraw and seat himself on the dais or inner stage at the rear, with the Senators grouped about him and the approaching conspirators between him and the audience. Except for the standardization of the text established by the almost unbroken succession of edi- tors who have left this dilemma unamended, there would seem to be no reason why the procedure fol- lowed in the precisely similar dilemma in IV. ii and iii should not be adopted here: there the action out- side Brutus' tent is assigned to a brief Scene Two, while the action inside the tent is very properly as- signed to a long separate scene, Scene Three. It must be remembered that all the Scene-divisions in this play have had to be determined by modern edi- tors, there being nothing but Act-divisions in the Folios after the initial 'Scaena Prima.' Capitol. Shakespeare placed the killing of Caesar in the Capitol on account of the established popular and literary tradition to that effect ; cf ., e.g., Chaucer, The Monhes Tale, 713-718, and Hamlet, III. ii. 109- 112. In reality Caesar was assassinated in the Curia Pompeiana, a great hall adjoining the portico of Pom- pey's theatre (cf. note on I. iii. 126). This Curia Julius Ccesar 105 was used for meetings of the Senate and was de- stroyed in the grief and rage over Caesar's deaths but the colossal statue of Pompey which it had contained (cf. line 115) was saved. III. i. 47, 48. Know, Ccesar doth not wrong. Ben Jonson quoted in his Discoveries, first printed in 1641, an alternative version of this line: 'Caesar did never wrong but with just cause.' Jonson ridiculed this sentence as an 'Irish bull' — unjustly: for 'wrong' means not only 'error, mistake/ but also 'harm, in- jury' (as in line 242 in this very scene). Some few editors have incorporated Jonson's version of this line in the text, following it up with 'Nor without cause will he be satisfied,' on the hypothesis that Jonson was quoting either an early Quarto version which has since disappeared, or at least the acting version current in Shakespeare's lifetime which was unwarrantably changed by the editors of the First Folio. III. i. 59. // I could pray to move, prayers would move me. 'If I were as weak as you are, and in the position of looking up to someone more powerful than myself and entreating him to change his mind, why then I should perhaps be weak enough likewise to change my own mind on account of mere empty en- treaties; but happily I am as far above one alter- native as the other, for,' etc. III. i. 174. This line has given the commentators much trouble, and many emendations have been pro- posed for the puzzling phrase 'in strength of malice' — such as 'exempt from malice,' 'in strength of amity,' etc. If the Folio reading is to be preserved un- changed, the word 'malice' must clearly be emptied of all its usual meaning, for Brutus could never have applied such a term to any action by the conspirators after his overwhelming repudiation of 'envy' and similar emotions in II. i. 162-183: and the word 106 The Tragedy of 'malice/ free from its usual sinister implications, ap- parently does occur elsewhere in Shakespeare (e.g., Macbeth, III. ii. 14, 25, and perhaps John, II. i. 251), and is recognized by the Oxford Dictionary, in the sense of 'power, capacity.' Cf. the note, in this edi- tion, on Macbeth, III. ii. 14. But even so, that inter- pretation gives a very inferior meaning to the phrase now under discussion, little better than tautology and not very appropriate to the spirit of the context. The present editor therefore ventures to suggest as an emendation here 'instranged' (of the use of which N. E. D. gives an example dated 1586), a variant of 'enstranged' (N. E. D.: Caxton, 1483), meaning 'estranged, far removed, deprived,' etc. This rare word, 'instranged,' unfamiliar to the compositor's eye or ear, would be very naturally sophisticated into 'in strength,' while it supplies exactly the sense needed in the passage; viz., 'Our arms free from malice, and our hearts of brothers' temper, do receive you in,' etc. III. i. 273. dogs of war. Most editors explain the 'dogs' literally and specifically as 'fire, sword, and famine,' on the strength of Henry V, I. Prologue 8. But why should not the phrase be merely a general poetic metaphor — on the analogy of 'dove of peace' — designed to suggest all the nameless horrors that re- sult when the destructive energies of ruthless warfare are unpent? III. ii. 178. That day he overcame the Nervii. It was in the summer of 57 B. C. that this most warlike of Belgic tribes was defeated, in the battle of the Sambre. The Nervii made a successful surprise at- tack, and only Caesar's personal bravery saved the day. Cf. De Bello Gallico, II. 15-28. This victory is prominently featured in North's Plutarch (see Appendix A), and was celebrated at Rome with un- precedented thanksgivings and rejoicings. Julius Ccesar 107 III. ii. 247. drachmas. These were Greek silver coins, of a value impossible to compute accurately in terms of modern currency. In purchasing power the bequest would perhaps be equivalent to-day to some- thing over $100 per citizen. III. ii. 254. On this side Tiber. The gardens lay across the Tiber from the Forum in which Antony was speaking, but 'on this side' from the French and English standpoint of Amyot and North — whom Shakespeare too literally follows. IV. i. 37. one that feeds On objects, arts, and imitations Which, out of use and stal'd by other men, Begin his fashion. The Folio text here is at least as satisfactory as any emendation, if the punctuation makes it evident that the disputed 'objects, arts, and imitations' are immediately defined by the restrictive relative clause that follows. Despite his unbridled passions, Antony is eminently a practical politi- cian, — as witness the form of Cassius' bribe offered to him after Brutus' futile expression of idealism (III. i. 177, 178) ; and witness also his masterly manipulation of the conspirators and the mob, in III. i and III. ii. He scorns Lepidus then for so lacking personality, initiative, shrewdness, and judgment that he takes even the superficial embellishments of life at second hand, unable to distinguish between the true values and the sham. (Staunton's emendation would substitute 'abjects,' meaning 'discarded scraps,' and 'orts,' meaning 'leavings.') IV. i. 48, 49. we are at the stake, And bay'd about with many enemies. This refers to the very popu- lar but very brutal Elizabethan amusement of bear- baiting, wherein the bear was chained to a stake in the center of the 'bear-garden' or arena (the best- known one was situated close by the Globe Theatre) and attacked by a number of dogs. 108 The Tragedy of IV. iii. S. d. For the 'Enter' of modern editions the Folios and Quartos have 'Manet' or 'Manent.' I.e., as explained in the note on III. i. S. d., no new scene was necessary here on the Elizabethan stage: the armies marched off and Brutus and Cassius simply 'remained' in conference, but the locality none the less was supposed to shift to the inside of Brutus' tent. IV. iii. 20, 21. What villain touch' d his body, that did stab, And not for justice f 'What one of the con- spirators was such a villain that he stabbed Caesar from any other motive than for justice's sake?' Brutus means, of course, to imply that there was none such then, and they must be doubly careful to avoid giving ground for any such imputation now. IV. iii. 25, 26. The infinite spiritual extent of true honor is contrasted with the petty material extent of a handful of money. IV. iii. 28. Brutus, bay not me. 'Bay' (Theo- bald's widely accepted emendation of the Folio read- ing 'bait') is a savage and threatening quibble on Cassius' part: 'Don't bark at me, Brutus, and don't bring me to bay either (cf. note on IV. i. 48, 49), hedging me in with snarling accusations and goading me on with taunts, or I'll turn on you and then it will be the worse for you.' 'Bait' can be given almost the same interpretation, with reference to bear-baiting, but misses the neat repartee in the repeated 'bay.' IV. iii. 101. Pluto's. As god of the infernal regions, Pluto might well be supposed to command great wealth. As Milton says, 'Let none admire That riches grow in Hell; that soil may best Deserve the precious bane.' Many editors, however, prefer to follow Pope in reading 'Plutus',' the god of riches. Confusion between the two occurred in classical times as well as in Elizabethan. IV. iii. 109-112. This badly mixed metaphor can Julius Ccesar 109 be straightened out if we punctuate 'lamb, — ' and in- terpret 'That' as 'With one that, with a man who,' thus: 'O Cassius, you are associated with a mere lamb, — with a man whose anger is as negative and latent as the fire in a flint, which needs a hard blow before showing any flame at all and even then yields only a momentary spark.' IV. iii. 152. grief. The grammatical construction breaks down here (though the sense is clear enough), unless we (1) construe 'grief with 'impatient of in the preceding line, thus: 'Unable to endure my ab- sence and her own sorrow over Antony's success' ; or (2) read 'grieved' for 'grief,' thus: 'Impatient and grieved, in this situation she fell distract,' etc. IV. iii. 183. Nothing, Messala. Various more or less plausible attempts have been made to defend Brutus from this most unpleasant appearance of de- ceiving Messala in order to win applause for his forti- tude under affliction, but the best way out of the difficulty lies in accepting the suggestion of J. Resch that two alternative versions of Brutus' stoical con- duct have been accidentally taken over into the Folio text from the MS. or prompt-book copy. V. i. 53. three- and- thirty . According to North's Plutarch the number of Caesar's wounds was three- and-twenty, and several editors have followed Theo- bald in making the somewhat meticulous correction. V. i. 111-115. In these lines Brutus has been charged by many critics with flatly contradicting his declaration against suicide in lines 101-108; but the inconsistency disappears if the significance of lines 113, 114 be grasped (by a proper interpretation of 'Must') as merely restating the stoical fatalism of lines 106-108, for Brutus really says simply this: 'No, Cassius, you are an Epicurean and do not under- stand, and I cannot take the time now to explain ho The Tragedij of things to you. No, I bear too great a mind ever to go bound to Rome: but (my mere human mind does not have to settle this point, for) this same day Must (i.e., will certainly) end that work the ides of March begun/ I.e., 'I do not have to alter my resolution against suicide for Fate will decide, and to-day either we shall kill Caesar's usurping successors as we killed Caesar himself, or we shall ourselves die fighting and thus even the score, pay the reckoning, for Caesar's death.' This, as Hunter points out, is Brutus' expres- sion of mere speculative theory: if, like Hamlet, he does not live up to his professed principles and ab- stract resolution when the actual test comes, that is but part of his tragic failure. V. iii. 109, 110. The 'second fight' really took place twenty days later. Cf. note on I. i. 35. V. iv. 7. No speaker's name precedes this speech in the Folios, and it is accordingly assigned to Brutus on the strength of modern editorial authority only. Some editors, however, would assign it to Lucilius, in order to prepare the audience for his assumption of the role of Brutus in lines 12-14 below. V. iv. 13, 14. Many editors supply a stage direc- tion [Offering money] to explain 'There is so much'; but surely there would be little sense in offering to give part, where all would naturally fall to his slayer. So Lucilius presumably meant simply this: 'I yield only to ensure dying at once: and there is so much reason for my death and so much advantage in it for you that you will doubtless kill me immediately ; for you have only to kill me, i.e., Brutus, in order to win great honor and rewards.' V. v. 2, 3. This passage is somewhat obscure without its original context in North's Plutarch: 'Brutus thought that there was no great number of men slain in battle: and to know the truth of it, there was one called Statilius, that promised to go through Julius Ccesar * i i his enemies, for otherwise it was impossible to go see their camp: and from thence, if all were well, that he would lift up a torch-light in the air, and then return again with speed to him.' — Life of Brutus. V. v. 71, 72. 'He consented to join them only on impersonal principles of honor and in the hope of promoting the welfare of all.' APPENDIX A Sources of the Play There were, of course, earlier plays in Elizabethan England on the subject of Caesar's career (Hens- lowe's Diary attests their popularity in the 1590's) and they may well have influenced Shakespeare's work. For a careful study of these possibilities, see H. M. Ayres' 'Shakespeare's Julius Ccesar in the Light of Some Other Versions' (Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc, of America, 1910). Dr. A. Boecker also has put forward an elaborate effort to establish Shake- speare's indebtedness to Orlando Pescetti's 'II Cesare,' a tragedy running to nearly four thousand lines of verse and published in Verona in 1594, 2d ed. 1604 ('A Probable Italian Source of Shakespeare's Julius Ccesar/ N. Y. Univ. Dissertation, 1913). But after all due allowances have been made for this sort of influence, and for the less important possibility of indebtedness to classic authors such as Appian, it still remains true that the great source of the play is 'The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, Compared together by that grave learned Philosopher and His- toriographer, Plutarke of Chaeronea: Translated out of Greeke.into French by lames Amyot . . . and out of French into Englishe, by Thomas North. Im- printed at London . . . 1579,' 2d ed. 1595, 3d ed. 1603. To this famous and splendid monument of Elizabethan prose Shakespeare owes the whole action or plot of the play, the separate incidents, many per- sonal details of characterization, some few errors in fact, and occasional verbal suggestions: but his supreme skill in selecting, rejecting, combining, and arranging historical material has rarely been shown Julius Ccesar us to better advantage than in his handling of the three 'Lives' on which he drew, — those, namely, of Caesar, Brutus, and Antony; while his power of poetic and dramatic transformation will appear upon comparing Act III, Scene i with the following typical passage from North: 'For these things, they may seem to come by chance: but the place where the murther was pre- pared, and where the Senate were assembled, and where also there stood up an image of Pompey dedi- cated by him selfe amongest other ornaments which he gave unto the Theater: all these were manifest proofes, that it was the ordinaunce "of some god that made this treason to be executed, specially in that very place. It is also reported that Cassius (though otherwise hee did favour the doctrine of Epicurus) beholding the image of Pompey, before they entred into the action of their traiterous enterprise; hee did softly call uppon it to aide him. But the instant danger of the present time, taking away his former reason, did sodainly put him into a furious passion, and made him like a man halfe besides him selfe. Now Antonius, that was a faithfull friend to Ccesar, and a valiant man besides of his handes, him Decius Brutus Albinus entertained out of the Senate house, having begunne a long tale of set purpose. So Ccesar comming into the house, all the Senate stood up on their feete to doe him honor. The part of Brutus company and confederates stoode round about Caesars chayre, and part of them also came towardes him, as though they made sute with Metellus Cimber, to call home his brother againe from banishment: and thus prosecuting still their sute, they followed Ccesar, till hee was set in his chaire. Who, denying their peti- tions, and being v. Trended with them one after an other, because the more they were denied the more they pressed uppon him, and were the earnester with ^ The Tragedy of him: Metellus at length, taking his gowne with both his hands, pulled it over his necke, which was the signe given the confederats to set uppon him. Then Casca, behinde him, strake him in the necke with his sword, howbeit the wound was not great nor mortall, because it seemed the feare of such a devilish attempt did amaze him and take his strength from him, that he killed him not at the first blow. But Ccesar turn- ing straight unto him, caught hold of his sword, and held it hard: & they both cried out, Ccesar in Latin: O vile traitor Casca, what doest thou? And Casca in Greeke to his brother, brother, helpe mee. At the beginning of this stur, they that were present, not knowing of the conspiracy, were so amazed with the horrible sight they saw: they had no power to me, neither to helpe him, not so much, as once to make an outcry. They on the other side that had conspired his death compassed him in on everie side with their swords drawen in their hands, that Ccesar turned him no where but hee was stricken at by some, and still had naked swords in his face, and was hacked and mangled among them, as a wilde beast taken of hunters. For it was agreede among them, that every man should give him a wound, because all their parts should be in this murther: and then Brutus gave him one. . . . Men report also, that Ccesar did still de- fende him selfe against the rest, running every way with his body: but when he saw Brutus with his sword drawen in his hand, then he pulled his gowne over his head, and made no more resistaunce, and was driven either casually, or purposedly, by the counsell of the conspirators, against the base whereupon Pom- peys image stoode, which ran all of a goare bloud till he was slain. Thus it seemed that the image tooke just revenge of Pompeys enemy, being throwen downe on the ground at his feete, and yeelding up his ghost there, for the number of wounds he had upon him. Julius Ccesar i i 5 For it is reported, that he had three and twenty wounds upon his body: and divers of the conspirators did hurt themselves, striking one body with so many blowes. When Ccesar was slaine, the Senate (though Brutus stood in the middest amongst them, as though he would have saied somewhat touching this fact) presently ran out of the house, and flying, filled all the city with marvellous feare and tumult.' (From 'The Life of Julius Caesar,' North's 2d ed., 1595, as quoted by Furness, pp. 300, 301.) APPENDIX B The History of the Play The earliest extant version of Shakespeare's Julius Ccesar is that found in the famous First Folio col- lected edition of his plays, published in 1623, which therefore necessarily forms the basis of all modern texts; for the only known Quarto editions belong to the late Restoration period and so, unfortunately, have little critical value for the solution of the prob- lems presented by the original text. It seems fairly certain now that Julius Ccesar was written and first produced in 1599, for on the twenty-first of Septem- ber in that year a German traveller witnessed a per- formance of what was presumably Shakespeare's play at the Globe Theatre (cf. 'Londoner Theater und Schauspiele im Jahre 1599,' G. Binz, Anglia, xxii, 456, 1899). The next performance that we can date seems to have taken place at court early in 1613, the next at St. James', January 31, 1636-7, and the next at the Cockpit, November 13, 1638 ; but that the popu- larity of the play was far greater than these meagre records suggest is attested by various kinds of evi- dence, from Henslowe's effort to capitalize its success 116 The Tragedy of by producing a rival Caesar play, in 1602, to Digges' striking tribute prefixed to the First Folio. 1 After the Restoration, Julius Ccesar is one of the three Shakespearean dramas listed by Downes ('Ros- cius Anglicanus,' 1708) among the 'Principal Old Stock Plays' given by Killigrew's company in the 1660's. Charles Hart (d. 1683), grandson of Shake- speare's sister Joan, was the great Brutus of this period, and was succeeded by the famous Thomas Betterton (1635 P-1710) ; it is Betterton's cast (see the frontispiece to the present volume) that is given in the six Quarto editions published between 1684 and 1691, evidently printed as playgoers' guides (cf. 'Quarto Editions of Julius Ccesar/ by Miss H. C. Bartlett, The Library, 1913). It is worthy of note that Julius Caesar is one of the few Shakespearean plays that escaped mutilation at the hands of so-called adapters or revisers, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for the abortive efforts in 1719 and 1722 had no success or significance (cf. F. W. Kilbourne's 'Alterations and Adaptations of Shakespeare,' Boston, 1906). A plausible sketch by Miss C. Porter ('How Shake- speare Set and Struck the Scene for Julius Ccesar in 1599,' Mod. Lang. Notes, 1916) gives a pleasant glimpse into Elizabethan stage procedure, and Wil- liam Winter's 'Shakespeare on the Stage' (Second Series, 1915) supplies many illuminating hints about the stage 'business' in succeeding and modern pro- ductions; while Brander Matthews ('Shaksperian Stage Traditions' in 'Shaksperian Studies,' Columbia Univ. Press, 1916) gives a spirited picture of the Meiningen company's remarkable presentation of the Forum scene and Antony's oration. I'The Shakspere Allusion-Book' lists ten (should be eleven ? Digges, p. 318, is not indexed) references to Julius Ccesar down to 1649, and twenty-five more between 1650 and 1700. Julius Ccesar 117 In the early eighteenth century Robert Wilks (1665 P-1732), the friend of Farquhar, was a bril- liant Antony, while Barton Booth (1681-1733) and James Quin (1693-1766) excelled as Brutus. Garrick never acted in Julius Ccesar, but his rival, Spranger Barry (1719-1777), was a most moving Antony. The famous Peg Woffington (1714 P-1760) appeared as Portia in several performances about 1750, but be- cause the part is such a minor one it has not been taken by many great actresses since then. Coming down to the nineteenth century, we find all the great- est actors appearing in the play. The Kembles and Young, Macready and Davenport, Wallack, Charles Kean, J. B. Booth, Samuel Phelps, and Beerbohm Tree have all presented one or more of the four lead- ing roles. The first American performance was given at Charleston, S. C, April 20, 1774. Edwin Forrest and John Edward McCullough are also associated with the play, as are Tyrone Power, William Faver- sham, and Robert Bruce Mantell in our own time; but the crowning achievement in America's production of Julius Ccesar will always be the magnificent double triumph of Edwin Booth and Lawrence Bar- rett, in the '60's, '70's, and '80's, with honorable mention, perhaps, of Richard Mansfield's sombre por- trayal of Brutus' tragic loneliness, beginning October 14, 1902. It is not easy nowadays to realize the power and effectiveness attributed by tradition to these great players of the past, but fortunately it is still possible to gain some impression of Edwin Booth's thrilling personal magnetism and manifest genius from the inspired portrait by John S. Sargent in the Players' Club, New York City. APPENDIX C The Text of the Present Edition The text of the present volume is, by permission of the Oxford University Press, that of the Oxford Shakespeare, edited by the late W. J. Craig, except for the following deviations: 1. The stage directions of the Folio have been restored as far as possible, with necessary modern additions in square brackets. 2. The punctuation, especially in the use of exclamation points, has been modernized, and the spelling of Calpurnia brought into conformity with current usage. 3. The only significant verbal departures — usually in the direction of a return to the Folio — are listed below, the readings adopted in the present text being placed before the colon while Craig's readings follow it; and Folio authority is given wherever involved: I. i. 65 whether: whe'r (F where) ii. 154 walks F : walls iii. 96 these F : those II. i. 72 moe F: more 275 you are F: are you 283 or F: of ii. 76 statue F : statua III. i. 31 Coes. F: Casca 206 lethe (Fl Lethee F4 Lethe): leth 209 stricken F2, 3, 4: strucken (Fl stroken) ii. S. d. et pas. Plebeians F: Citizens 193 statue F: statua IV. i. 37 objects, arts F: abject orts iii. 13 speaks (speakes F): speak 101 Pluto's F: Plutus' V. iii. 61 to night F: to-night 97 whether: whe'r (F where) 104 Thasos: Thassos (F Tharsus) iv. 18 Brutus is ta'en, Brutus is ta'en, my Lord F: Brutus is ta'en, my lord 30 whether: whe'r (F where) APPENDIX D Suggestions for Collateral Reading Thomas Rymer: A Short View of Tragedy . . . with some Reflections on Shakespear. London, 1692- 3. (Chapter viii begins with some twelve pages de- voted to crude ridicule of Julius Ccesar.) John Dennis: On the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare. London, 1711. (Reprinted in D. Nichol Smith's Eighteenth Century Essays on Shake- speare. Glasgow, 1903. Early appreciation of the Roman plays, disgruntled by pseudo-classical bias.) William Hazlitt: Characters of Shahespear' s Plays. London, 1817. (Reprinted in 'Everyman's Library.' Standard criticism.) Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lectures and Notes on Shakespeare and Other English Poets. London, v. d. (Reprinted in 'Everyman's Library,' and in Bonn's Libraries. A landmark in modern literary criticism of Shakespeare.) Henry Norman Hudson: Lectures on Shakespeare. New York, 1848. (Very full and sympathetic inter- pretations of character and action.) George L. Craik: The English of Shakespeare; illustrated in A Philological Commentary on his Julius Ccesar. Revised ed. by W. J. Rolfe. Boston, 1867. (The most detailed commentary on the text of the play.) Richard G. Moulton: Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist. Oxford, 1885. (Contains some interesting theories of dramatic construction, with two chapters analyzing Julius Ccesar.) Frederick S. Boas : Shakspere and his Predecessors. New York, 1896. (A useful general history, with a 120 The Tragedy of Julius Ccesar noticeably good treatment of Julius Ccesar among the discussions of the separate plays.) Thomas R. Lounsbury: Shakespeare and Voltaire. New York, 1902. (A rather prolix study of pseudo- classicism's opposition to Shakespeare, with a search- ing discussion of Voltaire's revamping of Julius Ccesar.) C. F. Tucker Brooke: Shakespeare's Plutarch. Vol. I: containing The Main Sources of Julius Ccesar. London, 1909. (A very convenient and thorough edi- tion of North for the student's purposes.) M. W. MacCallum: Shakespeare's Roman Plays and their Background. London, 1910. (An elaborate and comprehensive work.) W. F. P. Stockley: Reading Julius Ccesar. Dublin, n. d. (By no means first-class in quality, but offering many helpful suggestions to the elementary-school teacher.) A. DeV. Tassin: Julius Ccesar, in Shaksperian Studies by Members of the Department of English . . . in Columbia University. New York, 1916. (A fine piece of appreciative criticism, though one may fail to concur in all its views.) H. H. Furness, Jr.: A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare. Vol. XVII: Julius Ccesar. Philadel- phia, 1913. (For the faults of this volume, see the present writer's article in Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 1919.) INDEX OF WORDS GLOSSED (Figures in full-faced type refer to page-numbers) abide: 47 (III. i. 94) accoutred: 8 (I. ii. 105) action, nor utterance: 62 (III. ii. 226) address'd: 44 (III. i. 29) affections: 23 (II. i. 20) after their fashion: 17 (I. iii. 34) aim: 10 (I. ii. 162) alchemy: 22 (I. iii. 159) alive: 78 (IV. iii. 195) all over: 27 (II. i. 112) along: 47 (III. i. 115) an: 13 (I. ii. 268) and no: 26 (II. i. 90) angel: 61 (III. ii. 186) annoy: 28 (II. i. 160) answer . . . made: 20 (I. iii. 114) answer on their charge: 84 (V. i. 24) answer'd (atoned for) : 57 (III. ii. 86) answered (faced): 68 (IV. i. 47) answered (fulfilled) : 83 (V. i. 1) apace: 92 (V. iii. 87) apparent: 30 (II. i. 198) appoint: 67 (IV. i. 30) apprehensive: 45 (III. i. 67) apt (impressionable) : 91 (V. iii. 68) apt (ready): 49 (III. i. 160) are to: 36 (II. ii. 29) art (theory): 78 (IV. iii. 193) arts (works of art) : 67 (IV. i. 37) as (as if): 87 (V. i. 87) as (expletive) : 86 (V. i. 72) as (such as) : 10 (I. ii. 173) as (where): 26 (II. i. 106) as his kind: 23 (II. i. 33) at once: 96 (V. v. 39) at the stake: 68 (IV. i. 48) Ate: 53 (III. i. 271) barren-spirited: 67 (IV. i. 36) battles: 83 (V. i. 4) bay (bark at): 71 (IV. iii. 27) bay'd (brought to bay): 50 (III. i. 204) be not deceiv'd: 6 (I. ii. 37) be out: 2 (I. i. 18) be patient till the last: 55 (III. ii. 12) bear ... a hand: 5 (I. ii. 35) bear his comment: 71 (IV. iii. 8) bear me a bang: 65 (III. iii. 20) bear me hard: 15 (I. ii. 318) begin his fashion: 67 (IV. i. 39) beholding: 57 (III. ii. 71) bend: 8 (I. ii. 123) bending . . . expedition: 77 (IV. iii. 169) bestow thy time with: 97 (V. v. 61) betimes: 27 (II. i. 116) bills: 88 (V. ii. 1) bird of night: 17 (I. iii. 26) blood ill-temper'd: 75 (IV. iii. 114) 122 The Tragedy of bloody sign of battle: 84 (V. i. 14) bold: 26 (II. i. 86) bootless: 46 (III. i. 75) bosoms: 83 (V. i. 7) bound in: 79 (IV. iii. 220) brav'd: 74 (IV. iii. 95) break with: 28 (II. i. 150) brook'd: 10 (I. ii. 158) brought: 16 (I. iii. 1) Brutus (Lucius Junius) : 10 (I. ii. 158) Brutus' . . . history: 96 (V. v. 39, 40) budge: 72 (IV. iii. 44) but I will do so: 84 (V. i. 20) by Caesar: 49 (III. i. 162) by him: 30 (II. i. 218) by this: 20 (I. iii. 125) by . . . whereof: 6 (I. ii. 49) by your leave, gods: 92 (V. iii. 89) by your pardon: 52 (III. i. 235) Caesar doth not wrong: 45 (III. i. 47) calculate: 18 (I. iii. 65) call in question: 77 (IV. iii. 164) Capitol: 43 (III. i. S. d.) carrion men (rotting corpses): 53 (III. i. 275) carrions (wretches): 27 (II. i. 130) cast ... in: 18 (I. iii. 60) Cato: 33 (II. i. 295); 87 (V. i. 102) cautelous: 27 (II. i. 129) ceremonies: 3 (I. i. 69) change: 91 (V. iii. 51) charactery: 34 (II. i. 308) charm: 32 (II. i. 271) check'd: 74 (IV. iii. 96) chew: 10 (I. ii. 170) chopped: 13 (I. ii. 245) clean from the purpose: 17 (I. iii. 35) climate: 17 (I. iii. 32) close: 50 (III. i. 202) closet: 23 (II. i. 35) cobbler: 1 (I. i. 11) cognizance: 38 (II. ii. 89) cold demeanour: 88 (V. ii. 4) Colossus: 9 (I. ii. 135) colour: 23 (II. i. 29) combin'd: 67 (IV. i. 43) common pulpits: 46 (III. i. 80) commons (plebeians): 59 (III. ii. 136) commons (pasture) : 67 (IV. i. 27) companion: 76 (IV. iii. 137) complexion . . . element: 20 (I. iii. 128) conceited: 22 (I. iii. 162) condemn'd to have: 71 (IV. iii. 10) conference: 11 (I. ii. 187) confidence: 37 (II. ii. 49) confines: 53 (III. i. 272) consorted: 87 (V. i. 83) constant: 44 (III. i. 22) construe (explain): 34 (II. i. 307) construe (read meaning in- to): 6 (I. ii. 45) coronets: 12 (I. ii. 238) corse: 50 (III. i. 199) couchings: 44 (III. i. 36) countenance: 22 (I. iii. 159) courtesies: 44 (III. i. 36) covert: 68 (IV. i. 46) coward: 89 (V. iii. 4) coward lips . . . colour: 8 (I. ii. 122) crown him that: 23 (II. i. 15) cull out: 3 (I. i. 53) curtsies: 45 (III. i. 43) Julius Ccesar 123 custom of fell deeds: 53 (III. i. 269) cut . . . charge: 66 (IV. i. 9) cynic: 75 (IV. iii. 132) dearer: 74 (IV. iii. 101) degrees: 23 (II. i. 26) dint: 61 (III. ii. 199) directly: 1 (I. i. 12) disclos'd: 68 (IV. i. 46) discomfort: 93 (V. iii. 106) dishonour . . . humour: 74 (IV. iii. 108) disposing . . . dignities: 50 (III. i. 178) do observe: 5 (I. ii. 32) dogs of war: 53 (III. i. 273) doublet: 13 (I. ii. 267) drachmas: 63 (III. ii. 247) drawing days out: 47 (III. i. 100) drawn upon a heap: 16 (I. iii. 22, 23) elements: 98 (V. v. 73) empty: 67 (IV. i. 26) emulation: 40 (II. iii. 14) end: 36 (II. ii. 27) enforced: 56 (III. ii. 43) engagements: 34 (II. i. 307) enlarge: 70 (IV. ii. 46) enrolled: 55 (III. ii. 41) entertain: 97 (V. v. 60) envy: 28 (II. i. 164) Erebus: 25 (II. i. 84) eruptions: 19 (I. iii. 78) even (equally divided) : 84 (V. i. 17) even (just): 27 (II. i. 133) even with (quick as): 89 (V. iii. 19) exhalations: 24 (II. i. 44) exigent: 84 (V. i. 19) exorcist: 34 (II. i. 323) extenuated: 56 (III. ii. 42) face: 84 (V. i. 10) face of men: 27 (II. i. 114) faction: 25 (II. i. 77) factious: 20 (I. iii. 118) fall: 69 (IV. ii. 26) falling-sickness: 13 (I. ii. 255} fam'd with: 9 (I. ii. 152) familiar instances: 69 (IV. ii. 16) fashion (mould): 30 (II. i. 220) fashion (phrase): 23 (II. i. 30) fatal: 87 (V. i. 88) favour: 7 (I. ii. 91) fear: 29 (II. i. 190) fearful: 19 (I. iii. 78) fearful bravery: 84 {V. i. 10) fell distract: 76 (IV. iii. 154) feUow: 93 (V. iii. 101) ferret: 11 (I. ii. 185) field: 98 (V. v. 80) figures: 31 (II. i. 231) flatterers: 85 (V. i. 44) fleering: 20 (I. iii. 117) flourish: 7 (I. ii. 78, S. d.) fond: 44 (III. i. 39) for (now for) : 65 (III. iii. 26) forc'd affection: 79 (IV. iii. 204) force: 78 (IV. iii. 202) formal constancy: 31 (II. i. 227) former ensign: 87 (V. i. 80) forms: 63 (III. ii. 264) fourteen: 24 (II. i. 59) freedom of repeal: 45 (III. i. 54) freeman: 90 (V. iii. 41) fret: 26 (II. i. 104) from . . . kind: 18 (I. iii. 64) from the main: 30 (II. i. 196) 124 The Tragedy of full of . . . honour: 68 (IV. ii. 12) gamesome: 5 (I. ii. 28) general: 22 (II. i. 12) general coffers: 57 (III. ii. 95) genius: 24 (II. i. 66) gentle: 98 (V. v. 73) gently: 69 (IV. ii. 31) get the start of: 9 (I. ii. 130) give . . . accidental: 76 (IV. iii. 145) give the word: 68 (IV. ii. 2) glasses: 30 (II. i. 205) go to: 71 (IV. iii. 32) good cheer: 46 (III. i. 89) good regard: 51 (III. i. 224) great flood: 9 (I. ii. 151) grief: 76 (IV. iii. 152) griefs (grievances) : 20 (I. iii. 118) growing on: 26 (II. i. 107) guilty . . . bastardy: 27 (II. i. 138) had his eyes: 6 (I. ii. 62) hart: 50 (III. i. 204) have . . . health: 72 (IV. iii. 36) havoc: 53 (III. i. 273) he hears no music: 11 (I. ii. 203) he should not humour me: 15 (I. ii. 320) hearts of controversy: 8 (I. ii. 109) held Epicurus strong: 86 (V. i. 77) her: 3 (I. i. 49) hie: 21 (I. iii. 150) high-sighted: 27 (II. i. 118) hinds: 20 (I. iii. 106) his: 8 (I. ii. 124) hold, my hand: 20 (I. iii. 117) hold thee (wait) : 92 (V. iii. 85) holds on: 46 (III. i. 69) holes: 30 (II. i. 205) hollow: 69 (IV. ii. 23) honours this corruption: 71 (IV. iii. 15) hot at hand: 69 (IV. ii. 23) how ill . . . burns: 82 (IV. iii. 274) however: 15 (I. ii. 304) humour (disposition) : 30 (II. i. 210) humour (whim) : 37 (II. ii. 56) hurtled: 36 (II. ii. 22) Hybla: 85 (V. i. 34) ides of March: 5 (I. ii. 18) imitations: 67 (IV. i. 37) impatient of: 76 (IV. iii. 151) improve: 28 (II. i. 159) in a general honest thought, etc.: 97 (V. v. 71, 72) in his own change: 68 (IV. ii. 7) in . . . limitation: 33 (II. i. in our black . . . proscrip- tion: 66 (IV. i. 17) in respect of : 1 (I. i. 10) in . . . speed: 4 (I. ii. 6) in your bad strokes: 84 (V. i. 30) incorporate: 21 (I. iii. 135) indifferently: 7 (I. ii. 87) indirection: 73 (IV. iii. 75) ingrafted: 29 (II. i. 184) insuppressive: 27 (II. i. 134) is run his compass: 90 (V. iii. 25) is to: 29 (II. i. 187) issue: 54 (III. i. 294) it shall have scope: 74 (IV. iii. 107) Julius Ccesar 125 jades: 69 (IV. ii. 26) jealous (doubtful): 10 (I. ii. 161) jealous on (suspicious of): 7 (I. ii. 71) jigging: 76 (IV. iii. 136) just: 6 (I. ii. 54) kerchief: 34 (II. i. 315) knave: 80 (IV. iii. 240) knot: 47 (III. i. 117) know his humour: 76 (IV. iii. 135) labour'd . . . hour: 96 (V. v. 42) law of children: 44 (III. i. 39) leaden: 81 (IV. iii. 267) learn'd . . . rote: 74 (IV. iii. 97) let blood: 49 (III. i. 152) let slip: 53 (III. i. 273) lethe: 51 (III. i. 206) liable: 39 (II. ii. 104) light: 90 (V. iii. 31) like (likely) : 13 (I. ii. 255) 'like' is not 'the same': 40 (II. ii. 128) listen: 67 (IV. i. 41) live (if I live): 49 (III. i. 159) lodge to-night: 76 (IV. iii. 139) lost . . . bloods: 9 (I. ii. 150) lottery: 27 (II. i. 119) lover: 40 (II. iii. 9) low-crooked: 45 (III. i. 43) Lupercal: 3 (I. i. 71) mace: 81 (IV. iii. 267) made: 67 (IV. i. 44) make conditions: 71 (IV. iii. 32) make forth: 84 (V. i. 25) make head: 67 (IV. i. 42) malice: 49 (III. i. 174) mark of favour: 25 (II. i. 76) marry: 12 (I. ii. 228) mart: 71 (IV. iii. 11) Marullus: 1 (I. i. S. d.) me (expletive): 13 (I. ii. 267) mean: 49 (III. i. 161) mechanical: 1 (I. i. 3) meet: 10 (I. ii. 169) melancholy's child: 91 (V. iii. 67) merely: 6 (I. ii. 39) mine own: 89 (V. iii. 2) mistrust . . . success: 91 (V. iii. 65) mock: 38 (II. ii. 96) modesty: 51 (III. i. 213) moe: 25 (II. i. 72) monstrous state: 18 (I. iii. 71) more (else): 16 (I. iii. 14) mortal instruments: 24 (II. i. 66) mortified: 34 (II. i. 324) most like: 98 (V. v. 79) motion: 24 (II. i. 64) mov'd: 10 (I. ii. 166) much: 81 (IV. iii. 254) murderous: 81 (IV. iii. 266) my name: 11 (I. ii. 198) napkins: 59 (III. ii. 139) native: 25 (II. i. 83) naughty: 1 (I. i. 16) neat's leather: 2 (I. i. 28) new-added: 79 (IV. iii. 208) nice: 71 (IV. iii. 8) niggard . . . rest: 79 (IV. iii. 227) night-gown: 35 (II. ii. S. d.) noble vessel: 95 (V. v. 13) none so poor: 59 (III. ii. 126) noted: 70 (IV. iii. 2) 126 The Tragedy of nothing (not at all): 10 (I. ii. 161) nothing, Messala: 78 (IV. iii. 183) objects: 67 (IV. i. 37) observe: 72 (IV. iii. 45) occupation: 14 (I. ii. 269) o'er-watch'd: 80 (IV. iii. 240) of (in): 28 (II. i. 157) of . . . difference: 6 (I. ii. 40) old Cassius still: 86 (V. i. 63) omitted: 79 (IV. iii. 219) on (being on): 25 (II. i. 83) on the Lupercal: 58 (III. ii. 101) once: 78 (IV. iii. 190) only (alone): 97 (V. v. 56) only I yield to die: 94 (V. iv. 12) ope: 13 (I. ii. 267) or . . . or: 27 (II. i. 135) orchard: 22 (II. i. S. d.) order: 51 (III. i. 230) order of the course: 5 (I. ii. 25) order'd: 98 (V. v. 79) ordinance: 18 (I. iii. 66) ordinary: 7 (I. ii. 73) our deeds are done: 91 (V. iii. 64) out (of temper) : 2 (I. i. 17) out of the teeth: 40 (II. iii. 14) painted: 45 (III. i. 63) palter: 27 (II. i. 126) parley: 84 (V. i. 21) part: 98 (V. v. 81) part the numbers: 54 (III. ii. 4) Parthia: 90 (V. iii. 37) passion: 53 (III. i. 283) path: 25 (II. i. 83) peevish: 86 (V. i. 61) phantasma: 24 (II. i. 65) physical: 32 (II. i. 261) pit: 96 (V. v. 23) pitch: 4 (I. i. 77) pleasures: 63 (III. ii. 255) Pluto's: 74 (IV. iii. 101) point upon: 17 (I. iii. 32) Pompey's basis: 47 (III. i. 115) Pompey's blood: 3 (I. i. 55) Pompey's porch: 20 (I. iii. 126) poor remains of: 95 (V. v. 1) posture: 85 (V. i. 33) powers: 67 (IV. i. 42) practice: 71 (IV. iii. 31) praetor's chair: 21 (I. iii. 143) pray to move: 45 (III. i. 59) praying on his side: 70 (IV. iii. 4) prefer (offer): 44 (III. i. 28) prefer (recommend) : 97 (V. v. 62) pre-ordinance : 44 (III. i. 38) present: 35 (II. ii. 5) press: 38 (II. ii. 88) prevent: 23 (II. i. 28) prevention: 25 (II. i. 85) prick'd in number: 51 (III. i. 216) proceeding: 39 (II. ii. 103) produce: 51 (III. i. 228) profess myself: 7 (I. ii. 77) promised forth: 14 (I. ii. 294) proof: 23 (II. i. 21) proper (belonging): 6 (I. ii. 41) proper (individual) : 93 (V. iii. 96) Julius Ccesar 127 proper (worthy) : 2 (I. i. 27) property: 67 (IV. i. 40) protest: 52 (III. i. 238) protester: 7 (I. ii. 74) put on: 18 (I. iii. 60) put to silence: 14 (I. ii. 291) quarrel: 23 (II. i. 28) quarter'd: 53 (III. i. 268) question of: 55 (III. ii. 41) quick: 5 (I. ii. 29) quick mettle: 15 (I. ii. 301) raise: 81 (IV. iii. 246) rank (over-ripe) : 49 (III. i. 152) rank (position): 46 (III. i. 69) rascal counters: 73 (IV. iii. 80) rated: 30 (II. i. 216) reason with: 87 (V. i. 97) rebel: 45 (III. i. 40) relics: 38 (II. ii. 89) remorse: 23 (II. i. 19) repealing: 45 (III. i. 51) replication: 3 (I. i. 50) resolved: 48 (III. i. 131) respect (heed): 73 (IV. iii. 69) respect (worth): 6 (I. ii. 59) resting: 45 (III. i. 61) rheumy: 32 (II. i. 266) right form: 36 (II. ii. 20) right on: 62 (III. ii. 227) riv'd: 73 (IV. iii. 84) robbers: 71 (IV. iii. 23) Rome: 10 (I. ii. 155) rude: 55 (III. ii. 33) ruffle: 62 (III. ii. 232) sad: 12 (I. ii. 216) saving of: 90 (V. iii. 38) scandal: 7 (I. ii. 76) schedule: 43 (III. i. 3) search: 90 (V. iii. 42) security gives way: 40 (II. iii. 8) sennet: 5 (I. ii. 24, S. d.) sensible of: 16 (I. iii. 18) serv'd: 43 (III. i. 8) set on: 4 (I. ii. 11) several hands: 15 (I. ii. 321) shape . . . condition: 32 (II. i. 253, 254) show'd . . . apes: 85 (V. i. 41) shrewd contriver: 28 (II. i. 158) sick offence: 32 (II. i. 268) sickly prey: 87 (V. i. 87) side: 88 (V. ii. 2) sign . . . profession: 1 (Li. 4, 5) sign'd . . . spoil: 51 (III. i. 206) sink in the trial: 69 (IV. ii. 27) sky: 17 (I. iii. 39) sleek-headed: 11 (I. ii. 192) slighted off: 70 (IV. iii. 5) smatch: 96 (V. v. 46) so (if): 10 (I. ii. 165) so please him: 48 (III. i. 140) sober form: 70 (IV. ii. 40) soft: 13 (I. ii. 252) softly: 70 (IV. ii. 42) soil: 6 (I. ii. 42) sooth: 41 (II. iv. 20) space . . . honours . . . trash: 71 (IV. iii. 25, 26) spaniel: 45 (III. i. 43) speed: 7 (I. ii. 88) spurn at: 22 (II. i. 11) stains: 38 (II. ii. 89) stal'd: 67 (IV. i. 38) stale: 7 (I. ii. 73) stand (halt): 68 (IV. ii. 1) stand close: 20 (I. iii. 131) stand upon: 47 (III. i. 100) stare: 82 (IV. iii. 279) state: 10 (I. ii. 159) 128 The Tragedy of Statilius . . . torch-light: 95 (V. v. 2) stay (await) : 88 (V. i. 107) stays (keeps): 38 (II. ii. 75) sterile curse: 4 (I. ii. 9) still: 13 (I. ii. 244) still ... to the purpose: 48 (III. i. 145, 146) stomachs: 86 (V. i. 66) stood on ceremonies: 35 (II. ii. 13) strain (of music): 81 (IV. iii. 256) strain (race) : 86 (V. i. 59) strange-disposed: 17 (I. iii. 33) stretch'd out: 67 (IV. i. 44) success: 35 (II. ii. 6) such honour: 86 (V. i. 61) sufferance (distress) : 27 (II. i. 115) suffering (patient): 27 (II. i. 130) sway: 16 (I. iii. 3) swore thee: 90 (V. iii. 38) swounded: 13 (I. ii. 249) tag-rag: 13 (I. ii. 259) take note of: 91 (V. iii. 50) take thought: 29 (II. i. 187) tardy form: 15 (I. ii. 304) taste: 67 (IV. i. 34) temper: 9 (I. ii. 129) than secret: 27 (II. i. 125) Thasos: 93 (V. iii. 104) that (as): 20 (I. iii. 117) that (so that): 53 (III. i. 274) that (the same): 5 (I. ii. 33) that (to which): 15 (I. ii. 315) that day: 60 (III. ii. 178) that were much he should: 29 (II. i. 188) the cause: 85 (V. i. 48) the gods: 87 (V. i. 94) the horse in general: 69 (IV. ii. 29) the time's abuse: 27 (II. i. 115) the which: 54 (III. i. 295) the world: 15 (I. ii. 312) there is so much: 94 (V. iv. 13) these and these: 23 (II. i. 31) thick: 90 (V. iii. 21) this side Tiber: 63 (III. ii. 254) thorough: 48 (III. i. 136) three-and-thirty: 85 (V. i. 53) three-fold world divided: 66 (IV. i. 14) three o'clock . . . second fight: 93 (V. iii. 109, 110) thunder-stone: 18 (I. iii. 49) thy full petition: 24 (II. i. 58) tide of times: 52 (III. i. 257) tinctures: 38 (II. ii. 89) to whom: 34 (II. i. 331) toils: 30 (II. i. 206) touch thy instrument: 81 (IV. iii. 256) trees: 30 (II. i. 204) tried the utmost: 79 (IV. iii. 213) triumph: 2 (I. i. 35) true: 13 (I. ii. 262) unbraced: 18 (I. iii. 48) undergo: 20 (I. iii. 123) unluckily . . . fantasy: 64 (III. iii. 2) unmeritable: 66 (IV. i. 12) unpurged: 32 (II. i. 266) untrod: 48 (III. i. 136) upon (of): 76 (IV. iii. 151) upon (towards) : 82 (IV. iii. 277) Julius Ccesar 129 upon a wish: 64 (III. ii. 271) use (n.): 36 (II. ii. 25) use (vb.): 98 (V. v. 76) uttermost: 30 (II. i. 213) ventures: 79 (IV. iii. 223) void: 42 (II. iv. 37) vouchsafe: 34 (II. i. 313) walk (vb.): 1 (I. i. 3) walks (n.): 10 (I. ii. 154) warn: 83 (V. i. 5) watch: 81 (IV. iii. 248) weighing: 26 (II. i. 108) well given: 11 (I. ii. 196) well to friend: 48 (III. i. 143) what (why): 27 (II. i. 123) what bastard doth not: 93 (V. iv. 2) what night: 17 (I. iii. 42) what villain . . . justice: 71 (IV. iii. 20, 21) when: 22 (II. i. 5) whiles: 11 (I. ii. 208) who's: 34 (II. i. 309) why: 18 (I. iii. 63) wind: 67 (IV. i. 32) with (against): 8 (I. ii. 101) with (by) : 45 (III. i. 42) with a spot I damn him: 66 (IV. i. 6) with awl: 2 (I. i. 25) with your will: 79 (IV. iii. 223) withal: 33 (II. i. 292) within the tent of Brutus: 70 (IV. iii. S. d.) wives: 47 (III. i. 97) woe the while: 19 (I. iii. 82) word . . . world: 59 (III. ii. 124, 125) work: 10 (I. ii. 162) worse days endure: 15 (I. ii. 327) yearns: 40 (II. ii. 129) yoke and sufferance: 19 (I. iii. 84) you were best: 64 (III. iii. 13) your brother Cassius: 25 (II. i. 70) W 32 t "6» Q> , " C • Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. ^ r& ©V Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide « ^ Treatment Date: Feb. 2009 ) * ^ "*>lliv «>* °^o V PreservationTechnologies °* ' A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION «•♦» **v <> ,, **X 111 Thomson Park Drive \***W/*V ^- - V »** J*"» ^ Cranberry Township, PA 16066 l\ %^ :MAo ^ (724)7792111 U. 4 .\<^V. ^ ' * & ^ *™*- % A V % - i • • '^ *> v . * • ° •i^. *^ * WERT BOOKBINDING o > Graiuvfbe,Pi ■5 ^ j. - • * a w ^ ' ^ . , V* \ v «**