Class _Ll^^A_ Book >bSl Copyright ]\'° COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. HISTORY ALABAMA FOK USE IN SCHOOLS AND FOR GENERAL READING John AV. Beverly \l PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1901 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two CoKita Received SEP. 28 1901 JSOPVHIQMT ENTRY CLASS CKj xXc N(». n-51% COPY 0. Copyrighted 1901 BY JOHN W. BEVERLY -fy- s1 PRESS OF ALABAMA PTG CO., MONTGOMERY. PREFACE. Knowledge precedes patriotism. Down to the present time there has been but little study of tlie history of this splendid State of ours, either in the schools or by the fire- side. That Alabama is one of the greatest states in the Union in natural resources; that she has produced some of the ablest men in the nation; and that she has bound- less possibilities, are facts but little known. In proportion as an individual, as well as a nation becomes familiar with the facts in any case, just in that proportion is engendered a love for the object of which the knowledge is acqui -ed. Knowledge is the mother of devotion. There can be no lasting attachment until the traditiims, the laws, and the sentiments, and all that make a State, have become household words. To be true, you must first know the truth. Owing, therefore, to the fact that so little is known, generally, of the State's history, the presentation of the subject in the form of questions and answers, in large part, is undertaken in this volume. This method has some strong arguments in its favor — the catechising of one another by children, and a sure and ready method by which teachers may acquire a foundation of the cardinal points in the subject. The treatise is not a question book in the ordinary form; but a history of the State topically arranged. The work comprises history proper and geography, and a short chapter on the ISTegroes of Alabama. A separate chapter is devoted to DeSoto, because of the importance of his expedition through Alabama. The Creek Indian War is made a separate chapter, to the end that it would appear in clearer light. The Governors' administrations IV form each a chapter. The scheme of the counties is a special feature. By this scheme, childreu, ami also adults, will learn the counties more easilj' and certainly than by any other method yet produced. Another special feature is, the scheme to learu the Governors, This rhyme will enable persons to recall the Governors in their order, as well as some chief point of history at the time of their administra- tion. The geography is grouped ynder the head of the counties, giving the main features of each county. In the preparation of this work, gratitude is hereby extended to General W. C. Gates, for valuable assistance; Thomas ^l. Owen, Esq., Director of the Department of Archives and History- of Alabama, for general and indis- pensible service through the entire preparation; Prof. G. W. Brock, member State Board of Examinei's for teachers, for vabiable suggestions; Mr. Junius Kiggs, Supreme Court Librarian, for the use of books and suggestions; Col. W. B. Jones, of Montgomer\', for suggestions; Col. John W. DuBose, author of the ''Life of Yancey", for critical readings; Hon. Robert Barber, for corrections. The following works have been fre(|uently consulted: Brewer's ^-l/akn^fl; Owen's edition of Pickett's llistori) of Alabama; Brewer's Hand Book of Alabama; Alabama A.h It is; I^rown's Ifislor;/ of Alabama, and some minor au- thorities not necessary to mention. Also should be mentioned as consulted, Journals and Acts of the Legislature. The .Montgomery Advertiser, Mil ler's Jlistori/ of Alabama, and the llcpoilof the Ilislory Com- misnion . The list of oflicers of the State is merely added as an appendix, and not as the work of the author of this volume. J. W. Hkvkhi.v, State Normal School, Montgomery, Ala. September 1«>, 1001. CONTENTS. Page. Preface PAET I. HISTORY. Cbap. I. DeSoto iu Alabama 1 II. The Indiaus of Alabama 4 III. The French iu Alabama 11 IV': Spanish and English iu Alabama . 15 V. Mississippi Territary : 20 VI. Alabama as a Territory. 25 VII. Creek Indian War.^^ 29 VIII. Administrations, of Governors William \V. Jiibb and Thomas Bibb 1 39 IX. Administration of Governor Pickens 43 X. Administration of Governor Murphy __.46 XI. Aministrations of Governors Gabriel and Samuel B. Moore J 48 XII. Administration of Governor Gayle 50 XIII. Administration of Governors Clay and McVay,_ 53 XIV. Administration of Governor Bagby a 56 XV. Administration of Governor Fitzpatrick ._ 59 XVI. Administration of Governor .Marthi . 62 XVII. Administration of Governor Chapman ...64 XVIII. Administration of Governor Collier ... 67 XIX. Administration of Governor Winston 70 XX. Admijiistration of Governor Andrew B. Moure 73 XXI. Administration of Governor Shorter 76 XXII. Administration of Governor Watts __ 80 XXIII. Administrations of Governors Parsons and Patlou 83 XXIV. AdministratiiMi of Governor Smith 87 XXV. Administration of Governor Lindsay 90 XXVI. Administration of Governor Lewis 92 XXVII. Administration of Governor Houston 95 XXVIII. Administration of Governor Cobb 99 XXIX. Administration of Governor O'Neal 102 XXX. Administration of Governor Seay 106 XXXI. Administration of Governor Jouts ..Hi VI XXXII. Adininistiatioii of Governor (^ates 116 XXXIII. Adiuiuistratioii of Governor Johiisloii .. 119 XXXIV. Administratious of Governor.s Saiuford and Jeik.s 122 XXXV. Battles between the Confederates and the Federals 124 Intercalary Chapter. List of the Governors and scheme to learn tlie (iovernors 132 PAirr II. GEOGRAPHY. I. General Information and Statistics 135 II. The Uiver System of Alabama 149 III. Cereal Belt— the Tennessee Valley .. 153 IV. The Mineral Belt ...160 V. The Cotton, or Black Belt 176 VI. The Timljer lielt 187 PART III. THE NEGRO IN ALABAMA. I. The Negro as a slave before 1819 196 II. The Negro as a slave in Alabama :is a S'.art' . _ .19^ HI. The Negro as a Citizen .202 / PART I. HISTORY CHAPTER I. DeSoto in Alabama. When ami by what white man was Alabama discov ered ? Alabama was discovered by DeSoto in 1540. Who was DeSoto ? DeSoto was a Spanish cavalier. What part of Alabama did he enter ? T5y way of Cherokee County. How many men did DeSoto have with him ? He left Spain with six hundred men, but increased his force, at Cuba, to one thousand picked men, before he entered Alabama. Whence did DeSoto enter Alabama "I He came from northern Georgia. What was the nature of their equipment f They had helmets, breastplates, shields, coats of mail, hmces, swords, guns, crossbows, and a piece of aitillery. They had, also, cattle, swine, and mules. There were priests and monks there. When did DeSoto enter Alabama ? July 2, 1540. Name the first Indian town entered ! Costa. What was the next Indian town to which lie came an\-v the message'? The son of Tuscaloosa, sayinjj that his father, about 80 miles below, awaited the comino- of DeSoto. Where did DeSoto and Tuscaloosa meet? It is snpposed that they met somewhere below Line Creek, in ]\Iont*;omery County. How louo- was DeSoto on the way to Tuscaloosa's capital, and in what direction did he travel ? DeSoto was two days on the way, anil traveled in a south- west direction till he came to the capital of the IMobilians, of whom Tuscaloosa was chief. Throuj-h what counties did DeSoto pass, on the way to Tuscaloosa's capital l Through Mimtji'omery, Lowndes, and southeast Dallas. What was the name of the next town to which they came ? An Indian towu, called Piache, probably in upper Wilcox. Where was Tuscaloosa in the meantime ? Tuscaloosa had accompanied DeSoto all the way from the place where they met below Line Creek; ami he con- tinued to accompany DeSoto till the i)arty arrived at Mauvila, the capital of the tribe of which Tuscaloosa wavS chief. What hai)i)ened w hen the party entered Mauvila ? The chiel" deserted DeSoto and his men, went iuto one of the Indian houses, and a battle ensued between DeSoto and the Indians. When did the battle l)c,uin .' On the morninj; of October 18, 1840, soon after DeSoto and his advance .uuard had entered the city. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 3 How long did the battle last ? About 9 hoitrs. How many houses did Mauvila contain ! About 80. How many inmates could each contain ? About 1,000. What was the result of the battle ! The Spaniards lost about 20 killed, 150 wounded; the Indians lost about 2,500, killed. Night closed upon the city in ruins, it having been burned. What became of Tuscaloosa ? Some say he perished in the flames; others, that he escaped. Where was Mauvila ? Probably at Choctaw Bluff, in Clarke County, 25 miles above confluence of the Alabama and the Tombigbee. In what direction did DeSoto move from tlie battle of Mauvila ? Northward. Where were DeSoto's ships, at this time °? Probably in Pensacola Bay. Why did DeSoto go northward rather than to Pensacola Bay to rejoin his fleet ? Because he heard that his men at Pensacola had planned to go into mutiny. About what time was it when DeSoto began his march northward ? About the middle of November. Through what part of Alabama did he travel noith- ward f The counties of (^larke, Marengo, and Greene. To what Indian town did he come in this region ? A town, called Cabusto, near the. town of Eiie, on Black Warrior River. What hai)pened at Cabusto ? A V)attle between the inhabitants and DeSoto, ;uir<>l)ably nieixns flat. To what i.s the name dne? From their flatteuin«: the heads of tlieii- male infants. What of their complexion 'i They were darker than the Creeks. It is said they were not fond of water and could not swim. The Choctaws were tillers of the soil; tlie Creeks 'warriors. The Choctaws wonld defend their territory, Imt were not in the habit of making: foreign wars. The men heli)ed the women to work. In what did the Choctaws excel I They excelled in oratory. What were some of their characteristics ? They were hospitable, cheeiful, M-itty, and cunning-. Wliat were some of their chief fanlts? Gambling", intemperance, and begging. Name some of their sjMjrts ? Ball-playing and a game called chunke. '^ Mention some of their funeral rites ? Like other Indians, they collected and cleaned the bones of the dead. They liad great faith in the medicine men; and wlicn a i)atient was incuiable, they usually stiangled iiim at once. The Creeks. — Wheie did the Creeks live ? The Creeks inhabited central and eavStern Alabama. When rtrst known, the Muscogees, of whom the Creeks were a branch, inhal)ited the domain extending from the Tombigbee to the Pacific. Mow did the Creeks compare in piowess with the other tribes? They were the nutst poweilMJ ot all the tribestliat inhab- ited Alabama. Why did the Creeks li\e mostly in towns! Because they were a warring people and liM-d in towns for protection. Where were their i)rincipal towns.' Their princi])al to\\ns weie on the Coosa, the Tallapoosa, and l-'lint rivers. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 7 'On wliat territory did they make war "l They made war all the way down to Mobile Bay aud to Florida. By whom and for what reason was this tribe of Indians called Creeks "? They were called Creeks by the English because of the many rivers in their territory. What was the character of the men ! The Creek men were indolent. The men hunted and fished and left the work of agriculture to the women. What sports occupied the Creeks ! Ball-playing und chunke. Where did the Creeks originate ? They came, originally, from Mexico, The Tensaws. — Where did the Tensaw^s live? The Tensaws lived on the banks of the Tensaw Eiver and abont Mobile Bay. Where did the Tensaws originate 1 They came from the present county of Tensas, in Louis- iana. ALLIED TEIBES. The Alabamas. — To what confederation did the Alabamas belong ? The Alabamas belonged to the Creek confederation; and this is why the Alabamas is not laid down as one of the principal classes. What territory did the Alabamas inhabit "? The Alabamas inhabited the territory beginning near the junction of the Coosa and the Tallaj)Oosa, extending -down about forty miles. Name some of their towns i Cosawda, Autauga. Where did the Alabamas originate ? They came to this State from the banks of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers. K ifisroin' oi' Ar.AHA.NfA. What tiibo haiassed the Alahainas. and liiiall^ i(»ii(e<)n llieir tenitorv. Wliere did the Alal)anias ^o when the Creeks r()ute. How did the treaty affect the Alabanias ? The Alabanias became a part of the Ci-eek confederacy. All the tribes mentioned here belonji;ekabat('hi come from ? P'rom the Ohio countiy. What alliance did they make f Became a part of the (Yeek nation. What town did the Tookabatchi build .' A town near ruins western Tallassee. What name did they give their town * Their own name — Tookabatclii. What expedition halted at Tallasscc pii«>r to the cominii of the Tookabatchi ? I)e>>oto's expedition. What of interest did the Tooi, 1813. Osceola was a famous Seminole Chief. He was born in Macon county. He was blood thirsty, brave and relent- less in his hostility towards the whites. He made the Ev^erglades of Florida the last stronghold of his race, east of the Mississippi. Hewasdecoyed into the American camps, by promises of amnesty, and died in chains, at Fort Moul- trie. He was a son of an Englishman and a mixed-breed grand daughter of James McQueen, a Scotchman. Alexander McGillivray Mas born near Wetumpka in 174(5. His mother was Sehoy, an Indian princess, and daughter of a French oflficer, Capt. Marchand, who was killed at Fort Toulouse while in command in 1722. Sehoy was mar- ried to McGillivray, a Scotch trader. The son was edu- cated in Charleston, at seventeen; and returned to his native forests. His descent, wealth, and mental powers at once placed him at the head of the Muscogee, or Creek Nation. Peter McQueen, "High-Head Jim," and David Francis, a ^'prophet,'' were leaders of the hostile forces against the whites in the Creek War, the beginning of which was the skirmish at Burnt Corn. Tuscaloosa was chief of the Mobilians, better known as C'hoctaws. The story of the meeting with DeSoto and the consequence of the same has been told under the head of DeSoto in Alabama. The Colberts were half-breed Chickasaws. Fi-om this family Coll)ert county gets its name. George Colbert owned a ferry in Colbert county and lived there, and Levi, his brother, also lived in Colbert county. William Weatherford, the "Red Eagle," was the son of Charles Weatherford, a Georgian^ and Sehoy, a half sister of Alexander McGillivray. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 11 CHAPTEE III. The French in Alabama. By what general Dame did the French call all their pos- sessions in North America? Louisiana. What did Louisiana embrace? All the land from the source of the Mississippi to its mouth . Who was LaSalle? A French explorer. Whence did LaSalle come into Alabama territory? From the region of the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi. Who claimed this region for Fi-ance ? LaSalle, in 1682. Who was Bienville ? French Governor of Louisiana. He was a native of Canada, and was the third French Governor of Louisiana. What forts did he build? In 1764, Bienville built Fort Toulouse, between Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, about foiu' miles from their junction, long known afterwards as Fort Jackson. He also built Fort Tombecbee; afterwards Fort Confederation, on the Tombigbee, near Epes Station, in Sumter county. What other fort was built by the French ? Fort Conde, afterwards known as Fort Charlotte, within the pi^^sent limits of the city of Mobile. When did France give up her territory east of the Mis- sissippi ? By treaty of Paris, in 1763, France ceded to England all her territory east of the Mississippi, except the island of Orleans. By treaty of Paris, Spain ceded to Great Britain all her claims to Florida. 12 HIS'IX)RY OF ALABAMA. AVliat (lidSpaiii receive in exohauge for F'lorida ? The city of Havaua, Cuba, which had been seized by the English durinj:; the war. What were sonje of the terms of peace? The Flench commandant, at Mobile, delivered Fort Conde to Major Kobert Farmer, of the English army. Foi't Tombccbee was delivered to Captain Thomas Ford. Chevalier Lavnoue, commanding Fort Toulouse, not being relieved, gave up the Fort and threw the guns into the Coosa. By the foregoing acts the Alabama territory passed into the hands of the English, By a secret treaty France ceded to Spain all her remaining territory in Korth America. What was the meaning of West Florida? West Florida embraced a large part of Mississippi and AlaVtama. How far north did West Florida extend? West Florida extended as far north as parallel 32° 28', extending from mouth of the Yazoo, on the Mississippi, east to the Chattahoochee river. Where is the line that marks parallel 32° 28' north lati- tude? Between the city of Montgomery and the town of AVetumpka. All Alabama south of that line was in British West Florida, and all north of that line was in British Province of Illinois. When did the Spanish get control of West Florida? West Floiida i^assed under Spanish control at the time of the Eevolution. CONTKACT WITH CKOZAT. » Give an account of Louisiana Province ? From the time of acquisition, down to September 14th, 1712, the French possessions in America had been a burden rather than a source of revenue to France. Because of this fact, the King of France desired to let the Province of Louisiana out to some one. He found Antoine Crozat, a wealthy merchant, who entered into contract with him. History of Alabama. 15 What were the provisions of the contract withCrozat! By contract, signed September 14th, 1712, the King gave Crozat the commerce of Louisiana for fifteen years, Crozat was to make certain improvements, and to become owner of improved lands, to render certain part of the product of mines to the King, reserving rest for himself. The laws and customs of Paris were to prevail in the Province. When did Crozat's agents arrive, and how many souls in the Province at the time f Crozat's agents arrived in May, 1713, and the total popu- lation, including soldiers, was about six thousand. There was a new Governor, Cadillac, Bienville becoming second in command. LAW A^D HIS COMPANY. After the expiration of the contract with Crozat, who had possession of the Province of Louisiana ? In September, 1717, the Province was turned over to a company called the Company of the West. Who was the leading man in this company? John Law, a Scotchman, who had led a wandering life, and one of adventure. On what was Law's fame based ? His fame was based on a scheme for the issue of paper money based on various sorts of securities. He founded a bank at Paris, which was, for a time, prosperous. Law's apparent success set the people in Paris wild with specula- tion. Ship load after ship load of emigrants were sent to Mobile. Who became Governor now instead of Cadillac f Bienville, who had been second in command, now became Governor. Under Bienville the Capital was estab- lished at New Beloxi, in 1720, but Mobile was still chief settlement. By this time slavery was firmly established. When did the war break out between France and Spain ? In the beginning of 1719, war broke out between France and Spain, and the quarrel of the mother countries was taken up by the colonists in America. 14 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. What was the result ? The French were the victors. Pensacola, which belonged to Spain, was taken by Frauce, and, in 1720, was restored to Spain, when the war ended. The English caused the Chickasaws to become hostile to the French. The Choc- taws were good friends to the French. But Law's com- pany of the West was brief and had absorbed a similar company of the East. In 1719, the name was changed to the Comi)any of the Indies. In 1720, Law became Comp- troller-General of France, and the company swallowed up the Eoyal Bank of Fiance. The end came. Shareholders became suspicious. Law tied from Paris. The company's affairs were turned over to a council of regency. The crash came. The number of souls in the colony, including Negroes, was about six thousand. This threw the colony in great distress. The Garrisous at Mobile and Beloxi were compelled to seek food among the Indians. The colony was at last submitted to three commissioners. Bienville had planned to make New Orleans the capital; so in 1723, the capital was removed to that place. Mobile con- tinued to be the meeting place of Indian Annual Congress, friendly to the French. The next year Bienville was called to France to answer charges. Bienville issued a code known as the Black Code, the piovisions of which were, the Jews were all banished from the colony, colonists were to accept Roman Catholic faith, whites were not to inter- marry with Negroes. When Bienville arrived in France, he plead his cause to no purpose ; he was removed from office, after twenty -five years of service in the New World. After a short temporary command under another, the Province of Louisiana was put un for the Oconee cession. There was also a secret treaty, by which several of the chiefs weie to receive annual pensions and medals. McGil- livray was made an agent, with rank of Brigadier-General and a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum. He now repairs to his home at the Hickory Ground. When the boundary line of the treaty was to be run, again he becomes an obstacle. W^hile the Commissioner was waiting on the Oconee for McGillivray, he, McGilliviay, was in New Orleans treating with the Spaniards. IMcGillivray returned to the Coosa and was made Superintendent of the Creek Nation in behalf of Spain, with a salary of thirty- five hundred dollars, and he was still in the pay of the United States, also. He died February 17, 1798. Although McGillivray was dead, yet there was still much confusion about land giants. South Carolina claimed a "twelve mile strip," which now forms the northern part of Alabanra and Mississippi. Tn 1787, South Carolina ceded this strip to the United States. Georgia, as we have already stated, laid claim to the territory of Alabama. In 1789, Gectrgia sold three and one-half million acres, covering the northern part of Alal)ama, to the "Tennessee Company." This sale to the "Tennessee Company" and HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 19 some others in Mississippi, to other conipauies, was known as the first Yazoo sale. President Washington issned a proclamation against these sales. The ''Tennessee Com- pany" attempted a settlement at Muscle Shoals, but were driven away by the Indians. On failure of the Company to pay, Georgia declared the contract void. In the winter of 1794-5 the Legislature of Georgia passed another "Yazoo" bill. To the ''Georgia Company," for .$250,000, the following lauds were conveyed, in the present State of Alabama: the counties of Clarke, Greene, Marengo, Perry, Autauga, Bibb, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, Pickens, Fayette, Jefferson, St. Clair, and portions of eight others, together with some lands in Mississippi. Georgia also conveyed to the "Georgia-Mississippi Company," for the sum of $250,000, lands in what is now pai'ts of the counties of "Washington, Sumter, and Greene, in Alabama, together with some lands in Mississippi. To the "Tea- nessee Company," for $60,000, well nigh all northern Ala- bama. Growing out of these sales, there was a political war cry, "Yazoo Fraud." The next Legislature, com- posed of new material, declared the sale null and void. These transactions under this head, English, were mainly in British Province of Illinois, which Province included in its domain all of Alabama north of 32° 28'. South of this latitude was all South Alabama ; and this portion of the State was embraced in West Florida. At this time, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana was in com- mand of Spanish garrisons at Pensacola, at Fort Charlotte, at Fort Tombecbee, and at Fort St. Stephens. 20 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. CHAPTER V. Mississippi Territory. What did Mississippi Territory iuehide? All the territory from Mississippi river ou the west to Chattahoochee ou east, and between 81° and 32° 28'. What State laid claim to the Mississippi Territory? Georpa. When was a territorial "overumeut formed for the Mis- sissippi Territory! By Congress, with consent of Georgia, on April 7, 1798, slavery not being- prohibited. Who was appointed first Govern(>r? Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts. ^ What was the capital of the Territory ? Natchez. What proclamation did Governor Sargent issue? A proclamation, April 2, 1799, dividing Natchez district into two counties — Adams and JMckering. On June 4, 1800, he issued another proclamation establishing the county of Washington, embracing the territory along the Tombigbee and the Alabama, covering all that jiart of original Mississippi Territory now lying in Alabama. What part of Alabama is covered by the original county of Washington? Twenty-nine counties of Alabama and sixteen in Missis- sippi. After the Territory !had advanced to the second grade, who became Governor? William C. Claiborne, a native of A^irginia, and citizen of Tennessee. When did Georgia give up her claim to the Territory? In 1802, Georgia ceded all her territory, ou her eastern frontier, to the United States. All this tenitorv was ftlSTORY OF ALABAMA. 21 bound up in Mississippi Territory by act of Congress, approved March 27tli, 1804. When did the French give up Louisiana ? In December, 1803, Claiborne accepted formal surrender of Louisiana, United States having purchased it from Napoleon . What part of Alabama did the Spanish still hold ? The "Mobile district." What was the ''Mobile district"! The territory between Pearl and Perdido rivers, south of 31st parallel. How long did the Spanish hold ''Mobile district !" Till 13th of April, 1813, when it was wrested from Spain by war (and by act of congress May 12, 1813). What disposition was made of "Mobile district?" It became a part of Mississippi Territory. What General wrested the "Mobile district" from Spain! General Wilkinson. (This was the last of foreigners in Alabama.) What three settlements of whites were there at this time in Mississippi Territory! Settlements in Natchez district; the Tombigbee settle- ments, including "Mobile district," and settlements north of the Tennessee river. What was the policy of the Government toward the Indians ! To purchase their lands from them. What nation of Indians was unwilling to part with its possessions! The Creeks. What caused the Creeks to be hostile ! Spanish and English influence. What was the attitude of Indians in the war of 1812! Against the Americans. Where did the Creek war break out? At Burnt Corn, Conecuh county. 22^ HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. What massacre did they commit ? The inassacie at Fort Mims, in Baldwin connty, August 'M), ISl.'J. What white leader canie down to the assistance of the white settlers .' Andrew .Jaekson. of Tennessee. The '^Mobile distiicf eontinned under Spanish rnle an1 Clarke county. W^hat battle occurred here, and when? A l>attle between the settlers and the Indians, about 100, under leadership of Prophet Francis, Septend)er 1, 1813. How were the settlers fortified? The settlers, on account of war with the Creeks, had gathered in a stockade ; but the stockade being ci'owded, Abner James and Ransom Kiml)all repaired to tlie laltei's house, two miles distant. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 31 Where was the attack made by the ludiaus, and with what result! The Indians attacked the honse of Kimball, killing twelve of the settlers; sixteen escaping to the Fort. What further attack was made"? Two days later, while the settlers were burying the dead outside the garrison, the Indians came upon them again. The final result was that the Indians were driven off with some loss, and in this latter instance the settlers lost one — a woman. THE CANOE FIGHT. Where did this fight occur? Near the mouth of Randon's creek, fifteen miles below Claiborne by the river, and seven or eight miles by land. When did it occur and by whom ? It occurred January 12th, 1813, between some Indians and Sam Dale, with two others. How many canoes had the band of volunteers? Two canoes, obtained from a Negro named Ciiesar. What were the forces under each, the whites and the Indians? Some of Dale's party had crossed the stream, the others were left on the other side. Those left gave warning that the enemy was descendiug. Soon a large canoe appeared floating down the stream, and in it eleven warriors. Two of the Indians left the boat; one was killed and the other escaped. Nine remained lying fiat in the boat to escape the balls of Dale and his men. One of Cfcsar's canoes was on the west bank, and the other had been brought back to the east bank. Dale and two of his men got into the smaller boat and rowed to the Indian canoe. (Csesar rowed for them.) Then the battle began, three against nine. The nine were killed and their bodies thrown into the river; the three escaped almost unhurt. 82 HISTOliY OF ALABAMA. FIGHT AT TALLASAHATCHEE. Where was Tallasahatchee 1 It Avas in Calhoun county. When did this battle occur, and between whom? On November 3rd, 1818, between the whites, under command of General Coffee, and the Indians. How huge a force had the whites? About 500, and some friendly Creeks and Cherokees. What was the result! One hundred and eighty lied Slicks were found dead on the field; Coffee's loss was five killed, eighteen wounded. BATTLE OF TALLADEGA. When did this battle occur, and between whom? This battle occurred Xoveml)er 8th, 1818, between a force under General Andrew Jackson and the Eed Sticks. How and by whom were the settlers protected from the hostile Indians? Alexander Leslie, a half breed, built a stockade to pro- tect the friendly Indians from the Tied Sticks. The Ked Sticks surrounded the stockade and reduced the inmates to extremities. How large were the forces? There were 2,000 whites, including Creeks and Cherokees; nearly 1,000 Eed Sticks. White's loss, iifteen killed, eighty Mounded. What was the result of the battle? The Tennesseeans, under General Jackson, pursued and shot them down as they tied, and two hundred and ninety- nine savages were left dead oi' disabled on the Held. The garrison of Leslie's Fort, one hundred and sixty wairiors and their families, were relieved. IIISTORY OF ALABAMA. 53 FIGHT AT AUTOSSEE. Where was the Indian town of Antossee °? Aiitossee was on the Tallapoosa river, near the month of Calabee creek. What battle occnrred here? A battle between the savages and the whites. When did this battle occnr"? On November 29th, 1813. Who was in command of the whites, and how large a force had he! Brigadier-General John Floyd was the leader, and had nine hundred and fifty Georgia militia and fonr hundred tory Indians. What was the result of the battle? The town was set on fire, after an hour or two; and the Indians driven into the swamps or beyond the river. Four hundred houses were consumed; two hundred Indians lost; Georgians killed and wounded, fifty-four. SKIRMISH AT ECONACHACA (HOLY GROUND). Where was the Indian town, Econachaca'? On the river, in northern part of Lowndes county. What tale had the Indian prophets told about the town! That the whites would sink into the ground as they approached the town. When was this fight, and between whom! In December, 1818, between the whites and the Indians. How large were the forces, and by whom led? There were about one thousand whites, including one hundred and fifty Choctaws under Pushmataha, all under command of General F. L. Claiborne; and the Indians under Chief Weatherford. From where did General Claiborne come at this time! He came from Fort Claiborne. 34 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. What Fort did he build while ou the journey to Ecouaehaeal Fort Deposit. How far is Eeonachaca from Ft. Deposit? About forty miles. What of the assault? The assault was vigorous, the whites advaueing in a crescent shaped line. The Indians made a brief but fierce resistance, theu lied into the swamps. What was the result? About thirty Indians and Negroes were left dead on the field; five whites lost, one killed, tweuty wounded. Weath- erford fled on horse over high bluft" to the other side of the river and escaped. Claiborne burned Econachaca. FIGHT AT EMUCKFAU. W^here is Emuckfau creek ? It is in the northern part of Tallapoosa county. Between whom was this battle ? Between the whites, eight hundred and fifty stroug, with two hundred Indians under General Jackson; and the savages. When and where did this fight occur? On the night of January 22nd, 1S14, at the creek. What incidents in the tight? At day light the savages fiercely attacked the camp at different points. They were repulsed, but made another attempt. Finally, mounted men pursued them for three miles, and the combat ceased. What was the result of this battle? General Jackson retreated next day, having sustained loss of thirty killed, seventy wounded; savages a little more. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. . 35 FIGHT AT ENITACHOPCO. Where was Eaitachopco? It was ou the lower edge of Clay county. Between whom did this battle occur! Between the whites under General Jackson, with about 1,000 men; and the Indians. When and where did the fight occur? On January 24th, 3 814, while Jackson's forces were crossing the creek, after the battle of Emuckfau. What was the result! Twenty-six Indians were left on the field. There was severe loss on both sides. THE BATTLE OF THE HORSESHOE. Where is the horseshoe peninsula? It is in the bend of the Tallapoosa river, not far from Emuckfau. By what name did the Indians call this place ! Tohopeka (Tohopka). When did this battle occur? On March 27th, 1814. Between whom was this battle ? Between the whites and the Indians. Who were the leaders, and how strong were the forces ? Generals Jackson and Coffee led the whites, two thousand strong; and Chief Weatherford, with about one thousand warriors, led the Indian forces. Describe the battle ? General Jackson having learned that the Eed Sticks had gathered in the peninsula, left a sufficient garrison at Fort Strother, and sent supplies down tbe Coosa to the mouth of Cedar creek, where a fort was begun and named Fort Williams. Thence he proceeded to the enemy. The Indians had thrown up a breastwork of logs. On the morning of March 27th, General Jackson moved against the breastworks. While General Jackson's men were 86 HISTORY OF ALARAMA. storming the breastworks, General C'oifee, with some friendly Chickasaws, crossed from the other side and burned the village. Thus the Creeks were surrounded, though thej' fought bravely to the end. What was the number lost f General Jackson's loss was thirty-two killed and ninety- nine wounded; the Indians, live hundied and fifty-seven killed. What was the result of this battle on the Creek War? The battle of the Horseshoe broke the back of the war, though small parties were still in arms. What lands were acquired by treaty with the Creeks? By treaty of Fort Jackson,' August 9th, 1814, the Creeks ceded all their territory lying south of a line drawn from Wetumpka to a point on the Chattahoochee, below Eufanla, and west of the Coosa ri\ er, to the United States. BOMBARDMENT OF FORT BOWYER. Where was Fort Bowyer ? It was on the extreme southern point of Baldwin county. When did this bombardment take place, and between whom ! It occurred September 15th, 1814, between the British and Indians on one side, and the settlers on the other. How large a force had the British, and how large a force the settlers'? The British were seven hundred and thirty men, with four men-of-war, under Col. Nichols; and the Fort was defended by one hundred and thirty men under Major Lawrence. Give an incident of the fight? A fierce cannonade from the ships and a land battery was replied to with spirit bj' the garrison, and within two hours the enemy was driven oif with the destruction of his flagship, the Hermes, which was burned by her crew. What was the final result? The loss of the British was two hundred and thirtv two HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 37 men killed and wounded; that of the garrison, four men killed, four wounded. When was the Fort again invested '? In February. By what force ! The British army and fleet of Peckenham returning from bloody repulse on plains of New Orleans. How large was the force! Thirty-eight war vessels drawn up, and five thousand men were landed on the shore. What was the result! Seeing these preparations for the reduction of the Fort, Major Lawrence surrendered it with three hundred and sixty men, February 12th. The enemy held the place for a few weeks only, for peace had already been declared. General Andrew Jackson was of Tennessee. He was the chief leader of the whites against the Creek Indians in the war. Colonel John Coffee was General Jackson's compan- ion throughout the war. The war of the Creeks was brought on because of discontent, the Indians believing they were defrauded of their lands. The whites of the Tombigbee and Tensaw settlements gave rise to trouble by displacing the Indians in those neighborhoods. In the fork of the Alabama and Tombigbee, white settlers had driven out the Alabamas and taken their hunting grounds. This was in Clarke county, established December, 1812. In 1811, a horse path from the Chattahoochee to Mims' Ferry was converted into a Federal road by a party of sol- diers. Tecumseh, the famous Shawnee warrior, became spokes- man for his people. Tecumseh lived above the Ohio. His parents once lived in the Shawnee settlement on the Talla- poosa. The Creeks formed a war party known as the Bed Sticks. Tecumseh had the Big Warrior as his opposer in getting up a war party. Big Warrior formed a peace party. The leaders of the hostile forces were Peter McQueen, a half-breed of Autossee, "High-Head Jim, "and 38 HISTORY OF ALABAMA . David FraiK'is, a '^projihet," and Weatherford, the *^Red Eaji:le." At liist, civil disseusiou arose among the Indians themselves. In June, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain, and from that time the Red Sticks received encouragement from the British. A party of Indians went down to Pensacola to obtain ammunition, Si)ies were sent to discover what the expedition to Pensa- cohi meant. Colonel Caller, the senior militia oflRcer of the frontier, called out the militia, and with one hundred and eighty men marched eastward across the Tombigbee July 2r)th, 1813. When they struck the road from Pensa- cola, they marched down this till they reached Burnt Corn creek, and on July 27th, of the same year, the skirmish of Burnt Corn occurred. Jackson established several depots of supplies. He established Fort Deposit, on the Tennessee; on the Coosa Jackson built another fort, called Fort Strother. From here Jackson went to Talladega and fought a battle. It was less than forty days after the Fort Minis massacre that General Jackson came to the aid of the settlers in Alal>ama. Jackson also established Fort Williams, at the mouth of Cedar creek, on the Coosa. From here Jackson proceeded to the Horse Shoe bend, where the most bloody battle of the war occurred. This battle settled the war, in large measure. Xext, Jackson went to Hickory Ground, in Elmore county, and built Fort Jackson on the ruins of Fort Toulouse, built by Bienville. The treaty made at Fort Jackson, August 9tli, 1814, terminated the war on the Tallapoosa, and many of the Creeks tied to Pensacola. There the Creeks were protected by the Spaniards, who were incensed at the capture of Mobile. War was also waging between Great Britain and the United States, the war having begun in 1812. The British enlisted the Indians that fled to Pensacola, in a campaign against Mobile and Xew Orleans. General Jackson left Fort Jack- son and made his way to Mobile, built Fort Bowyer; later captureer 18th, 1S20; though the school did not open till eleven years after, 18.'U. What other schools were established about this time 1 In 1811, the Territorial Government incori)orated Trus- tees for an Academy at St. Stephens; one year later, Green Academy was chartered at Huntsville. When was the first steamboat company organized, anving the capital was suggested. What, more than an> other coinbination of circum- stances, tended to bankrupt the citizens of the State at this time? The extravagant prices paid for government land by the settlers. Wliere did these sales take place? These sales took pla;'e at Huntsville in ISIS, ami at St. Stephens in 1819. To what extent were the settlers involved for lands pur- chased from the Geneiul Government .' They were involved to the extent of aliout twehe mil- lions of dollars. How were the people relieved of their bniden ? The State bank was organized witii power to issue notes. This was inteudml as a measure of relief, there being so little money in circulation. At what date and where was the bank set up? In 1S24, the bank was set up at Cahaba, with one linn- dred thousand doll irs capital stock. When was the (piestion of tlie boundary between Ala- bama and Georgia settled .' The boundary between Alal)ama and (icorgia was, in this admiuistration, left by Congress to the (wo States con- cerned . HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 45 When did the Legislature provide for the election of the electors b> the people? In 1824. What was the attitude of the Indians abont this time? The Creeks were hostile, thinkiug they had been cheated ont of their lands. How were the directors of the bank to be chosen? By the Legislature. Who was elected United States Senator, and when? William E. King, of Dallas, was elected United States Senator in 1S23. In 1822, Senator Walker resigned, and William Kelly, of Madison connty, succeeded him. In 1825, Henry Chambers, of Madison county, was elected as Senator instead of Senator Kelly, but died on his way to Washington. Who succeeded Senator Chambers? Former Governor Pickens, by appointment, till the fol- lowing Legislature. When the Legislature met, who was elected to take the place of Senator Pickens? John McKinley, of Lauderdale, was chosen for the rest of the term. Who was elected as next Governor, in 1825? John Murphy, of Monroe county. Israel Pickens, of Greene connty, was the third Gov- ernor. He was elected in 1821 over Henry Chambers, of Madison connty. He was re-elected in 1823, over the same opponent. This was an era of good feeling in the State, and no bitterness entered into the political contest. High prices paid for Government land had almost bank- rupted the settlers. Unimproved lands sold for as high as ,t60 to ii«70 per acre ; one-fourth of which was to be cash, the balance in three annual installments. By the year 1821 travel was much improved, steamers making the trip from Montgomery to Mobile in four or five days. In 1823, a memorial from the Legislature to Congress recommended the purchase of more land from the Creeks. 46 HISTORY OF ALABAJtA. There was already much dissatisfaction among the Creeks about the treaty of Fort Jackson, which was made August 14th, 1814. The United States Government, in 1823, left the question of boundary l>etween Alabama and Georgia to the two States concerned. In 1823, the Legislatiu-e sought to bring relief to the people, burdened with debt, by establishing a bank, with power to issue notes for circulation, or, in other words, to make paper money and issue the same. The bank was known as the "Bank of the State of Alal)ama." The charter was to last until 1845. Moneys arising from the sale of public lands given by the United States for a ''sem- inary of learning" were put into the bank's stock. Not more than *100,UU0 froin this source could be so used. In 1824, $100,000 capital stock was secured and the bank set up at Cahaba. In 1824, the number of Presidential electors was live, to be elected by popular vote, as against legislative elec- tion before this time. CHAPTER X. Administration of Governor iohn Murphy, 1825-1829. When and where was Governor Murphy born? In Nortli Carolina, about the year 1785. When tlid he come to Alabama^ Id 18U>. What public service did he perform! He represented Monroe in the Constitutional Convention. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 47 What was the chief eveut of this administration! The removal of the capital from Cahaba to Tuscaloosa, 1826. What causerl the decline of Cahaba? The removal of the capital and the bank, both to Tus- caloosa. When and by how much was the bank's stock increased ? In 1824, by another .$100,000 and another trust fund,— proceeds of school lands. What change, in 1823, was there in Chief Justice? Justice Clay was succeeded by Abner S. Lipscomb. Wno compiled a code of the laws of the State, and when? Judge Harry Toulmin, in 1823, according to act of the Legislature. What of the tariff question'? In 1828, the Alabama Representatives and Senators in Congress voted against the tariff law, and this they did in accordance with the wishes of the State. Who was the next Governor? Gabriel Moore, of Madison, in 1829. John Murphy was the fourth Governor of the State. His administration began November, 1825, and he served two terms. Down to this time there was only one political party in the State. The freshet on the Alabama river caused much sickness at Cahaba; and, hence, the subject of removal of the capi- tal was discussed. Montgomery and Tuscaloosa were the chief contestants for the seat of government. Tuscaloosa won the prize, and the capital was removed to that city in 1826. Tuscaloosa was first settled in 1815. In 1828, Ala- bama's Eepresentatives in the United States Congress voted against the tariff law. In 1820, Congress established a Federal District Com-t, with jurisdiction over Alabama. In 1824, Congress divided the State into the Northern District, with Huutsville as the place for holding court, and the Southern District, with courts to be held at Mobile and Cahaba. 48 HISTORY OF ALAJiA^rA. H j CHAPTER XI. # Administrations of Governor Gabriel Moore and Samuel B. Moore, 1829-1831. When aiui where was Governor Gabriel Moure Itoin? He was l)orn in North Carolina, about the year 1785, and settled iu Huntsville in 1810. What offices did he hold? He was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature of Ala- bama, a member of the Constitutional Convention; and afterwards, President of the Senate, and served in Conoress. Name the tirst two colleges that were eslablishe, the Whigs made a stnmg tight in Alal)ania. Their candidate was General William Henry Harrison. The boundary between Georgia and Alabama was settled in 1839. HISTOEY OF ALABAMA. 59 The number of counties was now forty-nine. In 1839, a bill was passed abolishing the law of imprisonment for debt, except in cases of fraud. Jannary 26th, 1889, separate courts of Chancery were Ijrovided. Before this time the Circuit Courts had exer- cised jurisdiction in all causes of equity. In the election of 1841, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of Autauga, was elected Governor. CHAPTER XV. Administration of Governor Fitzpat- rick, 1841-1845. "When and where was Governor Fitzpatrick born ? He was born in Georgia in 1800. When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle ? He came to Alabama in 1819, and first settled in Mont- gomery. What public service had he performed before he became Governor ? He served as Solicitor for his Circuit. He was a lawyer by profession. What steps were taken in this administration regarding the bank and its branches f A committee was appointed to investigate charges of fraud, but it never reported. What further step did the Governor take in regard to the bank ! He consulted two eminent lawyers, John A. Camp and Henry Goldthwaite. What special part did John A. Camp have in the matter later I He was elected to the Lower House, and, throngh 60 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, his efforts at the head of a coiiimittee, the result was the li(Iiiidatiou of the bank aud the people paid taxes to defray expenses of the Government instead of the bank's paying for State Government. What measure of relief did the General Government bring to the people? To relieve persons in new counties l)uying Government lands, Congress was asked to pass a law making the bank money good in purchase and payment of same, and the State agreed to receive whatever part of the money thus paid for lands that was to come to it for education and internal improvement. The law was passed. What was the next step in the bank matter f The next year, 1846, the bank at Tuscaloosa was put into li(luidation aud this was the end of State banking. It was sometime, however, before the bank's affairs were finally closed. What became of the bank notes? As they were redeemed they were burned and the plates destroyed. What changes were made in the Constitution in 1845? Two changes — in 1845, the General Assembly was changed fiom annual to biennial in its meeting; and an amendment allowing the capital to be removed from Tus- caloosa. In 1841, what important institution was set up aud where ? Howard College, at Marion, which was removed to East Lake in 1888. What of the redistricting the State in this administra- tion ! The State having right now to seven Congressmen, it became necessary to make seven districts instead of five as heretofore. What was the manner of enumeration down to this time? Down to this time, the enumeration was based on count of slaves as well as of the wliites. HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 61 What couuties of the State opposed this way of euiimer- atiou and why t The northern counties, because the southern and middle couuties had large slave population,and these counties M^ere largely of Whig sentiment. In the next election what was the success of the Whigs ! In' 1843, the Whigs elected only one Congressman; James Dellet, of the "Mobile district." In 1845, Montgomery dis- trict was carried by the Whigs, Heury W. Hilliard being elected. What change occurred iu United States Senate? Dixon H. Lewis was elected to take the seat of Wm. E. Kiug, who was appointed Miuister to France; and Wm. L. Yancey was elected Representative in place of Dixon H. Lewis. Who was elected next Governor 1 Joshua L. Martiu, of Tuscaloosa, an Independent in pol- itics, and formerly a Democrat. Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of Antauga county, was elected Governor iu 1841, reelected in 1843, thus serving two terms. He was elected in 1841 over James W. McClung, of Mad- ison county, who received the Whig vote. In 1842, the branch banks at Mobile, Moutgomery, Huntsville, and Decatur, were placed partially into liqui- dation; and a year later the Central bank at Tuscaloosa was put partially into liquidation. The State, owning the stock in the banks, issued bonds to redeem the currency issued. The issuance of bonds for this purpose caused the State to be involved in debt to a large extent. Three commissioners were appointed in 1846, to direct the affairs of the bank; one year later the number was reduced to one, viz.: Francis S. Lyon. In 1842, the State tax, which was repealed in 1836, was again imposed upon the people, without dissent on their part. The year 1844 is memorable for the following reasons: The Whig candidate for President, Henry Clay, visited the 62 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. State. In this same year, AVilliam E. Kiug:, Vuited States Senator, was appointed Minister to France. Dixon H. Lewis, the leader of the States Rights party, was elected Senator in place of \Yilliain E. King. Dixon H. Lewis's seat as Kepreseutative in the I/nited States Congress was tilled by William L. > Yancey. Greater men than these three few States have possessed. The State's electoral vote, nine in nnmber, were cast in 1844 for James K. Polk, of Tennessse, and George M. Dal- las, of Pennsylvania, for President and Vice President of the United States. CHAPTER XVI. Administration of Governor John Martin, 1845-1849, When and where was Governor Martin born ? Joshna L. Martin was born in Tennessee in 1799. What public offices did he hold ? He served in the Legislature, was Solicitor, Circuit Judge and Chancellor. How did Governor Martin fare politically ? Being an Independent in politics, that opposition should come against him from politicians was but natural. What recommendations did he make about the banks ? He recommended that a committee of three be appointed and a single director for each bank be appointed. When was the Capital removed from Tuscaloosa ? The Capital was removed from Tuscaloosa in 1846. Why were there no elections in 1840 ? Because the Constitution had been changed, making the HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 63 meeting of the General Assembly biennial instead of annual as prior to this amendment. What about the question of slavery at this time"? Slavery was warmly debated. Who was the foremost orator ? Wm. L. Yancey. What was the result in Congressional contest in next election 1 In 1847, Governor Gayle was elected a Whig Congress- man from the Mobile district. Who was elected Governor 1 Eeuben Chapman, of Madison county. Joshua L. Martin was elected Governor in 1845 over ]*^athauiel Terry, of Limestone county. Joshua L. Martin entered the race as an Independent in politics, and he served only one term. In this administration, the war with Mexico engrossed public attention. Many Alabamians enlisted in Eegiments of other States; but only oneEegiment as such was received into service. The first systematic Geological survey of the State was begun July 13th, 1817, under Prof. Michael Toumey, of the State University. He was subsequently named as State Geologist, and published ''The First Biennial Eeport of the Geology of Alabama" in 1850. 64 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. CHAPTER XVII. Administration of Governor Chap- man, 1847-1849. AVhei) and w here was Governor Chapman Imrn t He was born in Virginia, 1S02. When did he come to Alabama? • In 1824. What pii])lic offices did he hold * He served in the State Senate aud in Congress. What steps were taken respecting the bank ? In 1847, Francis L. Lyons was made sole commissioner of the bank to deal with creditors, and to manage the bank's affairs ; and he rednced the debt as low as could be reason- ably expected. What railroads were chartered in this admininistration ? In 1848, the Selma, Rome & Dalton, and the M. cS: O, railroads were chai'tered. What county was formed in this administration ? Choctaw county, in 1847. What about taxes? The Legislature established a system of taxes in this administration. A\'ho was elected United States Senator ? Arthur F. Hopkins, Whig candidate. What other candidates were there ? Dixon H. Lewis and Wm. R. King, the latter of Mhom had just returned from foreign mission of France. Why was Dixon H. Lewis elected? Because of his States Rights views. What accession of territory was causing much debate ? The Mexican War being over, the new territory acquire, there was an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election 19. What public offices did he hold ? He served in both branches of the Legislature, and served in the Constitutional Convention of 1861. He was an able lawyer. What Cabinet position in the Confederacy did he hold i He was Attorney General in the Confederacy from 1862 till he became Governor of Alabama. Who preceded Governor Watts as Attorney General f Thomas Bragg, an able Alabama lawyer. What change occurred in the Confederate States Senate? Senator Clay resigned and went to Canada on a mission for the Government f Who succeeded Senator Clay? Kichard W. Walker, of Lauderdale. What office did Richard AV. Walker hold when he was appointed Confederate Senator ? He was a Justice on the Supreme Court bench. Who succeeded Judge Walker ? John D. Phelau, of Tuscaloosa, succeeded Judge Walker as an Associate Justice. Who was Chief Justice at this lime f Abraham J. AValker was Chief Justice at this time, he having succeeded Judge Rice in 1859. What particular act caused great suffering and depriva- tion among the people of this State? The fact that all the ports were blockadeil by the Federal warships. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 81 Wliat victories did General Forrest win ! September 24tb, 1864, General Forrest captured 1900 Federal infantry, at Athens, Limestone county. When were the Forts on Mobile Bay captured ? Early in April, 1865. Who was the Federal General? General Canity. AVhen did the Federals take Mobile! April 32th. When did General Wilson, Federal, enter Alabama! Early in March, 1865, General Wilson entered Alabama by v\'ay of Franklin county. How large a force had General Wilson ? Thirteen thousand five hundred picked men, about 12,000 of whom were mounted. When did General Wilson enter Selma! April 2nd. Was there any fighting at Selma! Yes; a very destructive engagement. Where did Wilson go on leaving Selma? General Wilson moved from Selma to Montgomery and entered the city, April 12th. Was there any fighting at Montgomery? No. When did Alabama surrender to General Canby ? General Richard Taylor surrendered to General Canby, May, 4th. 1865. In consequence of the blockade of the ports by the Federals, food and clothing were very scarce. How were the people in this administration relieved of their sufi^'eriug? The State took up contributions of food and distributed to those iu need. Where did General Wilson encounter General Forrest? At the point where Birmingham now stands. Where did Wilson come from at this time? From Chickasaw, Colbert county, through Russellville and Jasper. 82 HISTORY OF ALAHA:\rA. Wlien did General Rosseau enter the State? July, J. This administration was of short dura- tion, it lasting till the close of the war, 1865. Governor Watts was occui^ying the position of Attorney-General in President Davis' cabinet when he was elected Governor of the State. Most of the conflicts occurring in this admiuisti'ation are placed in the chapter on ''Battles between the Feder- als and the Confederates." Moat of the able bodied men being in the war, the care of those left behind devolved upon the Negroes, to a large extent, and be it said to their credit that history records no case where any such one proved false to the trust. On May 4th, 1805, General Pichard Taylor surrendered to General Canby the military district of which Alabanm formed a part. HISTORY OF ALABAMA.. 83 CHAPTER XXIII. Administration of Governors Parsons and Patton, June 21st. 1865-1868. When aud where was Governor Parsons born ! He \Aas born in Xew York state in 1817. When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle? He came to Alabama in 1840, and settled in Talladega. What public office did he hold ? He served in the Legislature. When did Governor Parsons come into office? June 21st, 1865. How did he come into office *? Governor Parsons came into the office of Governor by appointment of President Johnson. How long was Governor Parsons' a'lministration? Governor Parsons' administration extended from June 21st, 1865 to December 20th, 1865, about six months. What was the chief work of Governor Parsons' admin- istration,? The chief work of Governor Parsons' administration was called the rehabilitation of the State — that is the regaining of statehood. Who could take part in the rehabilitation of the State ? Only those that were willing to swear allegiance to the Union. What persons were not allowed to vote or hold office ? Those that had been officers of the T"nion,and afterwards, served the Confederacy, were not allowed to vote or hold office. What proclamation did Governor Parsons issue? Governor Parsons issued a proclamation to the qualified 84 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. voters to elect delegates to a Coustitutionul Cuinciition. He also issued eeitain legulatioiis to govcru the people till the couveutioii should meet and frame a Constitu- tion. What were some regulations 'till the C'on^•ention sliould meet ? All State oHieers, considered lo\al to the Union, vers to hold oflice until their successors were appointe*!; all laws in force before secession, that were in accord with the Conslilulion of the United States, were declared still in tbrce. The slave code was no longer binding. When did the r()nventi«»n meet and who was the pi"e- siding oflicer? The Convention met at Montgomery in Septemljer, and ]>enjamin Fitzpatrick was its presiding oflicer. Was the CoBstitution changed wholly? No; the (>)nstitution was amended so as to accord with the Constitution of the United Slates, according as was necessary to cany out the plans of the President. At the next election, in Xovember, who was elected Governor ? Kobert M Patton, of Lauderdale. Wliat did the Legislatni-e egislaturc. aird was, in lS(il, Presi- dent of the State Senate. \\'ho were elected United States Senators in JS(i.")? Governor Parsons and George S. Houston. ^\'hat message respecting the people's condition did Governor Patton send to the Legislature? A message, calling for help for the ]>eople that were in need. HISTORY OF AT.AEAIMA. 85 "What message had (Joveinor Paisons ah'eady issued respecting help to the people in need °? That there were 250,000 in need of help. How did aid come to the people 1 Aid came throngh charity, the State Government, and the Federal Government. What about the State's Eepresentatives in Congress! They were not allowed to take their seats. What did the National government do for the newly- liberated slaves ? The National Government set np what was known as the Freedman Bureau, to provide for the newly-liberated slaves. What new amendment to the United States Constitu- tion was proposed to the State in ISlUJI The Fourteenth Amendment, giving the Negroes the right to vote and hold oflice. What did the Legislature do about this amendment ? The Alabama Legislature rejected the Fourteenth Amendment, though the State asserted its loyalty to the Union. Who completed a new Code of Tjaws? Chief Justice Walker in ]8()7. When the Sui)renie Court was reconstructed who became Justices? A. J. Walker, W. M. Byrd, and T. J. Judge. What did the special census of 18G6 show ? That there was a decrease in the number of Negroes as well as number of Whites. What did Congress (iually do with respect to the State of Alabama! In March, 1867, Congress passed two acts known as Reconstruction Acts. What was the standing of the State at this point? Alabama was made a part of a military district, undei a General of the arm v. 80 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. By what name was the Goverumeiit known ? The Go\ einment of the State wa.s then saul to be under military rule. What was the next step necessary for the State to undertake ? The next step for the State was to form a new Consti- tution, carrying- out the will of Congress. Who was in command of the military district of which Alabama formed apart? General John Pope. What was the status of Governor Patton during- the time of military rule ? He was merely nominal Governor duiing the time that Alabama was under military rule and he Governor. "What county was formed in 1865 1 The county of Crenshaw. AVhat counties in 180<3 ? The counties of Bullock, Clay, Clebnine, IClmore, Baine, (now Etowah), and Lee were formed in 18(i(>. What counties, in 1867 ? Colbert, Hale, and Jones (now Lamar). Who was the next Governor of Alabama'? AVilliam H. Smith, of Randolph county. It should be observed that Governor Watts served till April, 1865, On June 21st, 1865, the President of the United States appointed Lewis E. Parsons, of Talladega, as Provisional Governor of Alabama. There was, conse- (juently, an interregnum of about two months — from April to June. Lewis E. Parsons served from .Innc LMst, 1S65, to to December 2()th, 1865. In September 1865, a Constitutional Convention met at Montgomery. The chief business of the convention was to revise the Constitution of the State. Three articles of primary importance adopted were: (1). To abolish slavery; (2) to annul the ordinance of secession; (.'?) to annul all ordinances of 1861 in conflict with the Constitution of the United States. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 87 William G. Jones, who bad been District Attorney of Alabama nmler the Confederacy, was succeeded by Rich- ard Bnsteed, of ^ew York, under appointment by Presi- dent Lincoln. Judge Bnsteed assumed the duties of office in 1865. The Constitutional Convention of 1865, revised the Constitution in accordance with the plans of President Johnson, but this did not meet the approval of Congress. Eobert M. Patton was elected Governor under the new Constitution. March 2nd, 1867, Congress passed a measure over the President's veto, ''to i^rovide for the more efficient gov- ernment of the insurrectionary States." With this the State was 13 ut under military rule. CHAPTER XXIY. Administration of Governor Smith, July 13, 1868-1870. When and where ^as Governor Smith boi 11 ? He was born in Georgia in 1828. When did he come to Alabama ? In 1839, and settled in Randolph County. What public office did he hold ? He served in the Legislature, as a Circuit Judge, and chief of the Registration Department under Reconstruction Acts. In this administration, who wei'e members of Die con- vention that met in Xovember, to foini a new constitution ! In this convention, 1868, there were seventeen negroes, and the rest, mostly men from other states. 88 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. Who was the presiding officer ? E. W. Peok, of Tuscaloosa county. Name some special feature of the constitution of 1S()8. The new constitiition established the office of Lieuteiiant- Governor. When did Governor Smith call a Legislature? Governor Smith called a Legislature to convene in July and the majority of the meml)ers belonged to what was called the "Black man's" party. How many negroes were in this Legislature 1 There were twenty-six negroes in this Legislature. For what did this administration pass appropriation, in large measure ? This administration passed many bills subsidizing railroads. What of the representation in Congress from this State in 18G8 ? All the Eepresentatives and Senators were natises (.if other states. AVhat of the Supreme Court? Kew Justices were placed on the Supreme Court bench. How many sessions of the Legislatuie were held the first year ? There were three sessionsof the Legislature held in 1S()S. What new territory was sought for annexation in this administration ? West Florida, but it failed of accession. What new counties Merc formed in 1808? Chilton (then called Eaker), Escambia and Geneva. What was the most notable occurrence of these times! The most notable occurence of these times was the hold- ing on to the ottice by (Jovernor Smitii against Governor Lindsay, who had been elected at the i)recedi ng State election. How long did Governor Smith hold out against the newly elected Governor t He refusetl to give up the otlice ofCio\crnor and main- HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 89 tained his occupation of tlie ofHice about 3 weeks by troops, — he allegiug fraud. Ouly July 13, 1808, the office of Governor was filled by William H. Smith/ of Eandolph, He convened the General Assembly in July, and also called a session for October. Governor Smith denied the right of Eobert M. Patton to the office of Governor. The work of registering the vote, for the election in 1807, was conducted ntider the command of military officers, who were in sympathy with the Republican party at the !N"orth. The list showed a greater number of blacks than of whites. Three sessions of the Legislature were held the lirst year. Oil IvTovember 24, 1860, the General Assembly ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. General Pope was placed in command of the military district of which Alabama formed a part, and Brigadier- Generiil Wager Swayue was placed in immediate command of Alabama, with headquarters at Moiitgomery. The State was to remain under the above milita ry rule till a new constitution should be formed and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Unite 1 States ratified . A convention, under the congressional plan of recon- struction, met in Montgomery, November 5, 1867. Under this Constitution the State was again admitted into the Union on July 11, 1868. This constitution was submitted to the people for ratification February, 1868, and hence, it is known as the Constitution of 186S. Most of the voters remained away from the polls, yet Congress declared the Constitution ratified. Presidents Lincoln and Johnson claimed that no State could withdraw from the Union, and, consequently, that Alabama had never been out of the Union. 90 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. During the time of military rule, Governor Patton was merely nominally Governor, though he held the ofliee for some months longer than the period lor which he was elected. Provisional Governor Parsons, acting under ordei-s of Secretary of State Seward, of the United States, relinquished the State Government to Robert M. Patton, December l.'i, 1865, though December 20th was the proper date. The first Lieutenant-Governor of the State Avas A. J. Applegate. # I CHAPTER XXV. # Administration of Governor Lindsay, 1870-1872. When and whei'e was Governor Lindsay born ? He was born in Scotia ud in 1824. When did he come to Alal)ama,and where did hcsettle? He came to Alabama in 1S4S, and settled iu Tuscnmbia. What public ofilice did he hold ? He served in the Legislatnie. How was the Legislature divided as to jiaities at tliis time? The Senate was Republican, but the House had been wrest©2. There were 521, .'{H4 wliites, 47"), 510 iie<>roes and 9S otlieis. The buildiiifiS of the State I'niversity, having;- )»een T)urued in time of war, weie reconstructed and ready for occupation by July, 18t;s. However, the occupation to students did uot take place till April, J8«>9. The I'niver- sity had elect e«l for it's head, at one time, ^Matthew F. Maury, author of l^hysical Geography, and many otliei- scientilic Avorks. He soon iesif;ne. Betbea, of ^rotit;i()nic]y. A\'hat did tlic report of the com mission show tlie State's indebtedness to be f It was found that the ^^tate's lial)ilities amounted to about thirty millions of dollai's. I low was the debt li([uidated .' l>y issuing' new bonds, instead of outstanding bonds; by I'ejeeting some claims, and the leducing of others. W'iuit sa\ing was theie to the State besides liiiuidation ? Thei'e was a direct saving to tlie State of al)out thi-ee and a ha!l' millions of dollars", aiul the balance of the ineing reserved. \Miat other important work was (b)ne in this adminis- tiation.' The making of a new constitution, changing that of ISIJS to that of is:."). When was the ([uestion of a Constitutional Comention submitted to the people ? The ((uestion of a Constitutional Convention was sul)- mitted to the peojjle on August H, JS75, and the people decided to have a convention. MTieu ami where di7r), and was in session less thau a mouth. What were some pro\isi(»ns made in the Constitution of bS7.")? That the Legislature, cxccjjt ing the lirst session after- wards, should not hold over fifty days, aud members be paid four dollars per day. The office of Lieuteuaut Gov- HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 97 eruor was abolished, and the President of the Senate was empowered to become Governor in case of vacancy. When was it submitted to the people and what was the result ? The new Constitution was submitted to the people N'ovember 16th, 1875, and the people ratified it. When did it take effect 1 It took effect, December 6th, 1875. Who represented Alabama at the Centennial Exposition in 1876, at Philadelphia ! Alabama had an exhibit under the management of John T. Milner. In 1876, who was elected President of the United States'? E. B. Hayes, of Ohio. For wliom did Alabama, in 1876, cast her electoral vote? For Tilden and Hendricks. Governor Houston was re elected as Governor. What was President Hayes' policy toward the South ? He withdrew the troops from the South. What county was formed in 1877 ? Cullman county. What legislation was there on schools? The Legislature appropriated for schools one hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Separate schools were provided for the whites and for blacks, and the cities alloAved to manage their own schools. The State University by constitutional provision, was committed to the care of a Board of Trustees, nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. In 1878, who was j)lacedat the head of the State Uni- versity ? General Josiah Gorgas, succeeding William E. Smith. What of United States Senators ? Governor Houston was chosen to succeed Senator Spen- cer, and John T. Morgan, of Dallas, to take the place of Senator Goldthwaite, deceased. 98 HISTOKY OF ALAi;A:\rA. AVhat (lid the Republicans do iu 1878 ? They made no uorainatiou for Governor in the year 1878. Who was elected Governor ? R. ^V. Cobb, oJF Shelby county. Tu 1874, Georgr S. Houston, Democratic candidate, was elected over David P. Lewis, the Republican candidate. Robert F. Ligou, of Macon, was elected Lieutenant- Governor. This election marks the eud of Republican rule in Alabama. Governor Houston was elected with great anticipations, and he satisfied, completely, the expec- tations of the State. He came into ottice at a time when the State was heavily burdened with debt. Governor Houston was a rigid econ- omist, and a financier of no mean parts. He was re-elected in 187G, thus serving two terms. The administration is noted for tMo tasks accomplished — the li(iuidation and adjustment of the State's indebted- ness, and the making of the Constitution of 1875, that under which we are now living. In 1S7(), Ahibaina cast her electoral vote for Tilden and Hendricks. The direct appropriation from the State foi- the public schools was, in 187(), $i;}(),00(). In 1877, Cullman county was formed out of Blount, Morgan and Winston counties. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 99 CHAPTER XXVIII. Administration of Governor Cobb, 1878-1882. When and where was Governor Cobb borni He was born in Abalama about 1808. What public office did he hold ! He served in the Legislature. He was a lawyer by profession and a conservative Governor. What section of the country began to develop about this time? The section around Birmingham. What one thing aided in the development of Birm- ingham'? The crossing of two roads, the South & North and the Alabama & Chattanooga, in the neighborhood of Ely ton. K"ame some of the most noted men in the building up of this region. John T. Milner, of the South &Xorth road; Josiah Mor- ris, of Montgomery; J. C. Stanton, the projector of the Alabama & Chattanooga road, and many others. Also, should be mentioned James R. Powell. What agency was instrumental in building up the city of Birmingham ? The Elyton Land Company. Who were its chief officers ? James R. Powell was President. When was Birmingham chartered ? lu 1871. By middle of 1873, what was the estimated population? 2,500. What was its population in 1880 ! 3,086. What relapse did the city have ? In 1873, a panic, the result of cholera epidemic. L.ofC. 100 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. When were the Pratt mines opened ? The Pratt mines were opened in 1879. Xame a eelel)rated furnace of Pratt. The Alice furnace, which went into blast in 1880. What of the whole section of the mining portion of Alabama? It is safe to say that such rapid development is withont a parallel in history. AVho were the founders of Anniston ? The Tylers and the Xobles. What of the city of ^fobile about this time? The city being involved in an immense debt, gave np the attempt to set matters right and the Legislature repealed its charter. What hindered Mobile in 1878 ? Yellow fever; later, however, the city regained its former importance. How did Mobile stand in 1879 ! Her bonds were good for a mill'on dollars, — all being bid for l)y Poston, and home capitalists. What of the election in 3 880 ! Governor Cobb was his own successor in 1880. The Pepublicans made no nominations. What new party now arises? The *'Greenbackers." Who was eleected Vnited States Senator in 1880 ? James L. Pugh, of Barbonr, was chosen to fill out the unexpired term ot Senator Houston, deceased. AVho was Senator instead of Senator Houston nntil the election of Senator Pugh f Luke Pryor, of Limestone, by appointment, January, 1880, to December, 1880. AVhat was the census of the State in 1880 ? The census in 1880 was 1,262,505, the whites more than 62,0(M) in excess of the blacks. How many persons did the crnsus show conlfl neither read nor write ? Above 370,000, mostly negroes. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 101 What was tlie most important legislation in tliis admin- istration'? The establishment of the railroad commission, in 1881. What is their duty ? Their duty is to adjust complaints between the railroads and the i^eople. What of the Supreme Court! Judge Manniug died and H. M. Sommerville, of Tusca- loosa, was appointed in his place in 1880. What of Congressmen! All were Democrats; but General Shelley was unseated by the House of Eepreseutati\ es. Who succeeded Governor Cobb in 1882 1 Edward A. O'Neal, of Lauderdale. In 1878, Eufus W. Cobb was elected Governor, and he was re- elected in 1880. About this time the marvelous, and unprecedented development of Birmingham, and the other North Ala- bama towns began. The wonders and glories of Birming- ham were talked of even in Birmingham, England. And to these regions were attracted almost every nationality on the globe. In the mad rush for Birmingham soil, and a ''corner lot," the Black Belt was almost depopulated in some localities: Farming land could then be had for a "mere song". Happily for the State, this has changed. The people now see that everybody cannot speculate, and everybody cannot farm; but that diversity makes a State. In 1880, the only opposition the Democrats had came from the "Greenbackers." All the Congressmen elected were Democrats, but General Shelley was unseated this time and also subse- quently. At the Presidential election in 1880, the State cast its electoral vote for Hancock and English, the Demo- cratic candidates. Garfield and Arthur, Eepublicaus, were elected. 102 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. The i^opulatiou of the State iu 1880 was 1,262,505, with the whites greatly iu excess of the colored. The census showed that there were in the State about 370,000 persons above the age of ten that could not read or write. CHAPTER XXIX. Administration of Governor O'Neal, 1882-1886. When and where was Governor O'Neal born? He was born in Madison county in 1818. Distinguished as a lawyer while still a young man, he won fame in the secession cause, and as a soldier. What was the nature of the questions with which the Legislature had to deal ? The assessment and collection of taxes, the tax rate, the treatment of convicts, the proper relation of the State to railraads, and similar questions. What about the cities of Selma and ]\Iobile1 These cities were deprived of their charters. But Selma received her charter again, as had Mobile some- time be tore. When was the department of Commissioner of Agricult- ure estal)lished ? The department of Commissioner of Agriculture was established iu 1883. Who was appointed first Commissioner of Agriculture? Judge Edward C. Belts. What are the chief duties of thia oflicer ? The chief duties of the Commissioner of Agriculture are: The formation of associations among farmers, for HISTORY OF ALABAMA. l03 the purpose of instruction and consultation; investigation of various topics in agriculture; the i^rotection of farmers against worthless mixtures offered as iertilizers; and the encouragement of immigration . What source of revenue has the office? The sale of fertilizer tags, by which means nearly the whole exj)ense of the office has been paid. Who was State Treasurer under Governor O'lSTealt Isaac H. Vincent, What showed the favor and high esteem in which he was held 1 He was elected, contrary to custom, to till the office for a third term. When did Vincent leave Alabama and on what pre- text ? The latter part of January, 1882, he left home saying that he was going to j^ew York on business. How much shortage did the committee of Legislature report as found against Treasurer Vincent? A shortage of more than two hundred aud thirty thousand dollars. What steps did the Governor take 1 He offered a reward at once, but it was four years before Vincent was apj)relieLided. His bond and the record of it was missing from the Secretary of State's office. How much did the State recover? From three parties known to have signed it, the State recovered about $50,000, and it had to bear the loss of the rest. When was Vincent captured ? In 1887, and was tried in August. What was done with him ? He was sent to the penitentiary ? What new office arose from the fact of the State's losing so much through its Treasurer? The office of Examiner of ijnblic Accounts. 104 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. What of the financial condition of the State, although she had sustained such a great financial loss ? The next year the Treasury was fuller than at any time in its history, and the tax rate could safely be lowered although already low. Tu 1882, what State Normal school wa.s established 1 The Xoruial School at Livingston. Who was the first j)rincipal and is still at its head? Miss Julia Tutwiler, daughter of the noted teacher, Pro- fessor Tutwiler, of Green Springs. What grant did the United States make to the State University in 1884? A grant of more than 4(5,000 acres of laud. What was the intention of this gift ? To make good, as far as it would, the loss arising from the burning of the buildiugs l)y the Federal troops in time of war. In 1884, how man}' miles of railroad track were there in the State? About 2,000 miles in operation. How had output of Iron increased ? It had increased from 7,000 tons in 1870, to 124,000 in 1884. What of the progress of Jefferson county? It had taken its place among the five principal counties of the State. What change in Chief Justice was there? Chief Justice Brickell retired and Judge Stone was promoted to the place. Judge Stone's place was filled by Judge David Clopton. A\'ho was the other Associate Justice ? Judge Somerville. Who was elected President of the United States in 1884? Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President since the war. What did Governor O'Xeal say in his last message, 1886 ? HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 105 ^'Duringthe past two years the State hasbeeu peculiarly blessed; taxes were light aud there was a general pros- perity." Who was elected Governor iu 1886 ! Thomas Seay, of Hale county. Who were candidates for the nomination ? General Clayton, John D. McKleroy, and Col. IN". H. E. Dawson. Seay won after a hard fight in the Convention. Edward A. O'Neal was elected Governor in 1882, and re-elected in 1881. In January, 1883, the defalcation of Isaac H. Vincent, State Treasurer, was made public. The shortage afterwards was found to be over $230,000. Having departed from the State, he was captured in 1887, brought back to the State, and convicted and sentenced to ten years imprison- ment. Before the expiration of his term he was par- doned. In 1886, the ''boom" in the Birmingham district, and North Alabama, reached its highest point. In 1887, the "boom" began to subside. The many manufactories that have been established in the Birmingham district, have placed the city on a sure and lasting basis of prosperity. In 1886, a State Code appeared, prepared by Eobert C. Brickell, Peter Hamilton, and John P. Stillman. On February 23, 1883, the Department of Agriculture » was created. Its chief is to be a practical and experi- enced agriculturalist. Following the defalcation of Treasurer Vincent, the State created the office of Examiner of Public Accounts. The material prosperity of the State, during the last years of this administration, was very hopeful. In 1886, Alabama cast her electoral vote for Grover Cleveland, for President of the United States. All the Congressmen of this year were Democrats. 106 HISTORY OF ALAI5AMA. CHAPTER XXX. Administration of Governor Seay, 1886-1890. When and ^^hel•e was Governor Seay born? He was boru iu Greene county in 1846. He was a law- yer by profession, and served tlie Confederate cause in war. Wliat public service did be perform besides that of sol- dier ? He was State Senator for ten years, and toward the close of his term was President of the Senate. In what did his main strength, politically, lie ? He was wise, kind hearted, and liberal towards his oi)ponents. How did he tind the State ? He found the State iu good conditiou, with many ave- nues of progress open. What distinguished visitor came to Montgomery in this administration ? Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, visited Alal)ama in the tirst year of Seay 's administration. What wa« the occasion of the visit ? The State Fair; and Governor Seay Melcomed him in a speech full of enthusiasm, to which the Picsident re- sponded. What of education about this time? The Legislature of lS8<>-87 is notable for the number of bills and resolutions passed. It passed a bill, in 1887, appro- priating .*3,000 for the maiuteuauce of a Xormal School atTroy, on condition a suitable building be provided. When was the school opened / In 1887. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 107 What other appropriatious were made for education at this time? The Legislature of 1886-87 passed a bill to establish a colored university, with funds from common school fund, but the Supreme Court declared such act unconstitutional, and the appropriation was withdrawn, in the midst of the segsiou. Where was the Normal School formerly located ? At Marion. What was doue farther ? At the next Legislature Governor Seay recommended to re-establish the school on a permanent and coustitutional basis, which recommendation was carried into effect. What was the custom as to the sale of liquor ? There was what was kuowu as "local option law." What w^as the meaning of this? Any county or town could, by this law, prohibit the sale of liquors, without interfering with another community. What was the chief business of the i^eople ? There was a revival of ijrosperity from the panic of 1884. What particular towns had made special progress ? All ISTorth Alabama was in a state of greatest prosperity, and notably so was Birmingham. What was the valuation of property in Birmingham in 1887? In 1887, the assessed value of property was more than 133,000,000, as against $3,000,000 in 1881. What effect had the rise of Birmingham, and other cities in N^orth Alabama, upon the Black Belt ? The lands in farming regions, or Black Belt, depreciated in value very much . What association grew out of the depressed state of affairs in the Black Belt ? The Farmers' Alliance. What epidemic broke out in September, 1888, and where ? 108 HISTORY or ALABAMA. Yellow fever broke out in Decatur in 1888, but was, by strict quarantine, confined to that place. "Who was opposing- candidate to iieay in 1888 ? "W. T. Ewiug, a Eepublican. Who was successful ? Thomas Seay, for a second term. For whom did Alabama vote in the national electioii ? For Cleveland and Thurman, for President and Vice- President. What of Eepresentatives in Congress from Alabama ? The Democrats returned a solid delegation. How did the Legislature stand ? Democratic, by a large majority. Who was elected United States Senator ! John T. Morgan was re-elected. In this Legislature, what law was passed respecting insane criminals? A law regulating the treatment of insanes, at Tusca- loosa, was passed, dispensing with mechanical restraint. Who were the authors of the bill ? Judge Somerville, of the Supreme Court, and Dr. Bryce, the head of the Insane Asylum. (This law has been copied ]>y other States). What increase was made in the number of Justices on Supreme Bench? The number of Justices was increased from three to four. Who was appointed to fill the new place? Thonuis X. M(;Clellan, who had been Attorney-General. What other change in the Supreme Coiu't? The next year Judge Somerville resigned, and Thomas W. Coleman was appointed in his place. What was the census of 1890 ? The census showed a population of a little more than one and a-half millions, with increase amoug the whites, both relatively and absolutely, greater tlian among the colored people. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 109 What was the rank of Alabama in population in the Union ? Alabama was now the 17th State in the Union in j)opu- lation. What else was noticeable as to the pox)ulation, about this time ? The northern counties had increased greatly; and the cities made large gains at expeuse of country. How did the State rank industrially, about 1890 ? About this time, 1890, Alabama ranked third in the production of iron ore and the production of pig iron, and sixth in the production of coal. What was the school i^opulation in 1890 ? There was an enrollment of more than 335,000, with white and colored in proportion of 7 to 4. What of religion'? More than 30 per cent, of the people were church mem- bers. There were more than 0,000 church buildings, and church property valued at about $7,000,000, When was Howard College removed to East Lake? In 1888. What noted school was established in 1890, and by whom ? The East Lake Atheneum, by Major Solomon Palmer, Who became Governor after Seay ? Thomas G. Jones, of Montgomery. Who was his most formidable opponent in the conven- tion ? Eeuben F. Kolb, of Barbour. What combination was supporting Reuben F. Kolb 1 The Farmers' Alliance, Who was elected United States Senator? James L. Pugh, of Barbour. The period from 1880 to 1890, two terms, covers the time of the administration of Thomas Seay, of Hale county. In 1888, Governor Seay was re-elected over W. T. Ewing, Eei)ublican. 110 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. Ill 1 years in Congress, when he became Governoi- of Alabama. What of educational interests about this time? In this administration, there was an educational awak- ening. What of Governor Gates' messages? Governor Gates, in his messages, and especiallj' the last, gave a larger amount of useful information in regard to the State's schools, resources, and the State's liability, than can l)e found in aiiv similar docunuMits. HIKTOJiY OF ALABAMA. 117 What of executive appointments in this administration? There was an unusually large number of executive appointments — more than two thousand. What of an executive mansion °? Governor Gates was the first Governor to recommend the purchase of a Governor's mansion. What cession of lands and buildings did the United States Government make to Alabama, in this administra- tion ? The United States ceded to the State of Alabama the Mt. Vernon Reservation, consisting of 1,900 acres, with many valuable buildings. Where is the Mt. Vernon Eeservatiou, and for what had the buildings been used ? It is in the northern part of Mobile county, and had been used as headquarters for United States troops, sta- tioned there for many years. What recommendation did Governor Gates making re- specting the Mt. Vernon cession ? That it be used as a hospital for the insane of the K^egro race, and the Legislature of 1900-01, has so declared, and appropriated $25,000 toward it. What other lands has the State acquired in this admin- istration '? In Clarke county, three sections of saline lands have been acquired by the State from the General Government. What was done for agriculture in this administration ? In 1895, several agricultural experiment stations were authorized by the Legislature. What did the school fund amount to at this timet Gne-half million dollars from all sources, exclusive of poll tax. What State institution was built in this administration ? The Montevallo Industrial School, for girls. Who were candidates before the Democratic State con- vention ? Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefl'erson, and Richard H.Clarke, of Mobile. lis H ISTOK Y OF A L A H A ^T A . What division was there iu the Democratic ranks at this time? There were the Free Silver Democrats and the National, or Gold Democrats. Who was elected United States Senator ? General E, AV. Pettus, of Dallas, to sncceed Senator Pugh. Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson, sncceeded William C. Oates, as Governor. William C. Oates was elected Governor in 1894. Before the Democratic State convention as candidates for Governor, Mere Congressman William G. Oates, and Captain Joseph F. Johnston, an advocate of free silver. Captain Kolb was nominated for Governor by the '^Jeffersonian Demo- crats,'' and he was, in large measure, supported by the Populists and the Repnblicans. The Democratic ''regular," William C. Oates, was elected. His long service in the Congress of the United States prepared Governor Oates for a high plane in legislation. He advocated a special tax for schools, in order that the people might know what they were paying for education, and what for other purposes. A code of the State was issued in ISOO. by William L. Martin. Governor Oates served only one term, from lS94tol89(i. He was not renominated because he declined to serve another term. HISTORY or* ALABAMA. Il9 CHAPTER XXXIII. Administration of Governor John- ston, 1896-1900. Wheu and where was Governor Johnston born ? He was born in North Carolina, in 1843. He served in the Confederate ranks and was five times wonnded. At first he lived in Selma, where he practiced law; later, in Birmingham. At one time he was chairman of the Dem- ocratic State Executive Committee. What law was passed in this administration regarding taxes t A Bill, known as the back tax law, was passed, author- izing a commission to collect unpaid taxes, and a bill exempting from taxation for a term of years all capital that may be invested in cotton mills in the State. What change was made in the Supreme Court in 18t)8 t Thomas X. McClellan was chosen Chief Justice. What of the sale of lands, donated by the General Gov- ernment to the school at Montevallo, and to the State Uni- versity ! There was much discussion, the claim being made that better prices could have been obtained. How did Alabama answer the call for troops to the Spanish- American war? She mustered, without delay, two regiments into ser- vice, at Mobile. Alabama also furnished a battalion of colored troops. By whom was the colored battalion raised ? By Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery. Later the battalion was increased to a regiment. What Alabamians were made Generals in the Spanish- American war ? Joseph Wheeler was made Brigadier General, and Wil- 120 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. liaiii C. Gates a Brigadier-General, of I'liited States Vol- unteers. Where did General Wheeler see service in the late war? He served in the engagement before Santiago, as com- numder of all the cavalry; and he served also, in the Phil- ippines. What daring deed did Eichard Peaison Hobsou perform in the Spanish American war? lie gunk the collier Merrimac in the channel of Santiago harbor, an act designed to block the chaunel. What special and important measure did the Legisla- ture of 1898-9 passi It passed a bill calling for a Constitutional Convention, in order to change the Constitution of 187.') with respect to suffrage. Why was the Convention not held ? The Governor, though he approved the bill calling for a Convention, convoked the Geneial Assembly in extraor- dinary sessiou, and the law was repealed. ^^'hat was the issue of the election of 1900? Candidates for the Legislature in 1900 were elected on pledge to support the calling of a Constitutional Conven- tion. AVho was Senator Morgan's chief opponent for Senator? (Governor Johnston, aud both of these gentlemen made some personal canvass. What was the result? Senator Morgan was re-elected. For what was Governor Johnston's administration espe- cially noted ? Economy in the use of the State's funds. ^^'ho succeeded Governor Johnston ? ^^'ilIiam J. Samford, of Opelika. Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson county, was elected Governor in 189(), and re-elected in 1898, thus serving two terms. Ju 1898 the wai' with Spain was declared. Alabama HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 121 was, through the exercise of the Governor, oue of the States most heartily ausweriug the call for voluuteers. Two regiments were soon mustered into service, at Mobile. Oue of these regiments was under Colonel E. L. Higdon, and the other under Colonel J. W. Cox. There was also a colored troop organized by Major R. L. Bullard, of the regular army. Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery, mustered in the first colored company. This fact, Captain Caffey's mustering in of the first colored troop, is but an index to the good feeling that all good citizens have always desired to see. The colored battalion was increased to a regiment later. President McKinley very purposely appointed William C. Oates and General Joseph Wheeler Brigadier Generals of the United States Volunteers. On June 3, 1898, one of Alabama's sons startled the world by one of the bravest and most heroic acts recorded in the annals of our country — the sinking of the Merrimac by Lieutenant Hobson. Lieutenant Richard Pearson Hob- son, of United States INTaval Service, was born and reared in Greensboro, Alabama. In December, 1898, the monument to the soldiers and sailors, on capitol grounds, at Montgomery, was unveiled. December 6, 1898, the General Assembly passed an act providing for the holding of the Constitutional Conven- tion, but it was repealed by a called session of the Legis- lature on May 10, 1899. The material prosperity of the State was encouraging at this time. This administration was one of economy in the use of the State's funds. In Septeujber, 1900, Governor Johnston represented the State at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in the presentation of gifts to the two new battleships, the Kearsaye and the Alabama. In his speech, the Governor congratulated the country on the universal good feeling. 122 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. CHAPTEK XXXIV Administrations of Governors Wm. J Samford and W. D. Jelks, 1900. When and where was Governor Samford born? He was born in Lee eonnty, in 1845. What public oflice did he hold ? He served in the Legislature, and was, at one time, President of the Senate. He was a member of the Con- stitutional Convention of 1875. A^L ,C ■ /$'\' What about the inauguration of Governor Samford ? Governor Samford being sick at the time of inaugura- tion, was unal)le to take upou himself the active duties of the Executive department. He took the oath of office, at his home in Opelika. Who acted in the stead of Governor Samford duiing disability arisiug from sickness ? When the Legislature of 1900-01 convened, Governor Samford requested Senator Jelks, President of the Senate, to act iu his stead uutil such time as he would be able to assume control of the State. Accordingly, Senator Jelks took charge for about one month, when Governor Sam- ford was able to assume control. What measure was passed by the Legislature of ltloO-01 respecting history and archives ? The Legit^lature passed au act creating the Department of History and Archives, to preserve the records of the the State, and whatever publications that can be had bearing on the State. Thomas M. Owen, of Birmingham, Secretary of the Alal)ama Historical Society, was very fittingly chosen to be at the head of the department of History and Archives. On December lOtli, 1898, the Geueral Assembly provided for the appointment of an Alabama Historv Commission of five members. The Com- HISTORY OV ALABAMA. 12;{ mission consisted of Thomas M. Owen, W, S. Wymau, S. W. John, Peter J Hamilton, and Cliarles C. Thaeh (of Auburn), This Commission made its report in the form of a book containing the information of whatever literature on Alabama tliere is in existence, -where found, and what is its nature, probable value, accessibility, extent, etc. Thomas M. Owen Mas made Chairman of this Com- mission. What Legislation was there respecting the insane"? The Legislature 1900-01, passed a bill appropriating 125,000 to maintain an asylum for the colored insane, at Mount Vernon, in Mobile county. The Mount Vernon Eeservation was set apart for a Colored Insane Asylum, and the colored insane were to be moved from Tuscaloosa to that place. What of a Constitutional Convention ? The Legislature, in 1900, passed a bill calling for a Constitutional Convention. The measure was submitted to the people and they ratified the same by vote. When did the Convention meet! On May 21st, 1901, at Montgomery. Who was made President of the Convention ? John B. Knox, of Calhoun. W^hat did the Legislature of 1900-01 do for education ! The school fund was increased to about one million dol- lars from all sources. When did Governor Samford die? On June 12th, 1901, Governor Samford died while in Tuscaloosa attending a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the State University. Dr. W. S. Wyman, who had sev- eral times refused the offer of Presidency, was elected as President of the State University. Who became Governor! VV. D. Jelks, President of the Senate. 124 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. CHAPTER XXXV Battles Between the Confederates and the Federals. This chapter, on battles between the Federals and the Confederates, cliroiiologically, should come before the close of Governor AVatts' administration; but we place it after Governor Jelks' administration so as not to make any break in the list of the administrations of Governors. And, also, because these events are complete in themselves. CAPTURE OF CLAYSVILLE. Where is Claysville! It is in Marshall county. When and between whom was this battle? Between the Federals, and the Confederates uiuler Cap- tain Smith, of Jackson, March 8, ISCU. How weie the Federals entrenched at Claysville? They were occupying three houses. What was the result ? The entire force of sixty men, after spirited attack, sui- rendered ; and a supply of stores and property was taken. The Federals' loss : one killed, three wounded. The Con- federates' : one killed, four wounded. CAPTURE OF MADiSOX STATION. Where is Madison Station ? Madison Station is in Madison county. When was this capture, and by whom? The capture was on May 17th, 1S04, l)y Coufederates under Colonel Patterson, of Morgan county. How large a force had Colonel Patterson? The garrison was estimated at 40t) men, and Colonel HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 125 Patterson had about 500 men aud a piece of artillery. What was the result? Eighty prisoners aud some stores were taken . SKIRMISH AT CHEHAW. Where is Chehaw ? Chehaw is in Macou county, uear Tuskegee. By whom was this skirmish 1 This skirmish was by General Eosseau, of Kentucky, with about 200 Federal troops against about 400 of the State's reserves, together with some citizens. At what points did action take place, and Avhat was done? At Loachapoka, July 11, 1804, the Federals began to destroy railroad track, at Beasley's Tank, one mile and a half from Chehaw. The 400 reserves attacked the invad- ers, but were driven back. The Confederates again advanced, reinforced by a number of citizens, and the raiding party abruptly left the field and overtook their company at Auburn. What was the loss? Confederates' loss, six or eight killed, sixty wounded ; Federals' some loss. BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY. When and by whom Avas this battle? The battle of Mobile Bay was August 5th, 1864, Admiral Farragut in command of the Federals ; Admiral Buchanan in command of the Confederates. Of what did the Federal fleet consist? The Federal fleet was composed of four powerful iron- clad monitors, and fourteen steamers, and 1,500 land troops, on Dauphin Island, at Fort Gaines, moved there on 3rd. What was the result of the battle ? The enemy having opened fire on Forts Morgan and Gaines, were soon replied to. The foremost monitor, struck by a torpedo, went down, and all her crew of one 126 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. hiiudred and tliirty, save teu, were lost. Then the Federals succeeded in gettiuji: into the Baj'. The Tennessee only left of the Confederates, she, after a time, began to attack the enemy alone ; she finally suirendered. What was the loss? Federals- loss: Fifty-two killed, one hundred and sev- enty wounded, besides the loss on the Tecumseh, which struck tiie torpedo. Confederates': Two killed, nine wounded. FORT MORGAN. M'here is Fort Morgan I It is near the entrance of Mobile Bay. AVhen did the State troops take charge of the Fort, and with how many men was it garrisoned? The State troops took the Fort a few days before the ordinance of Secession passed, and garrisoned it with five hundred and fifty men and sixty guns, Brigadier-General Page in command. (On Dauphin Island, four miles dis- tant, stands Fort Gaines.) When did this engagement take phice? On ath of August, 1864. How did the contest begin 1 Fourteen ships of war standing ready to i)ass into the Bay, both Forts opened fire upon them, and they replied with vigor. What result at this point .' The Tecumseh was sunk by a torpedo, and her crew of one hundred and twenty lost with her. The rest passed safely into the Bay. Fort Gaines surrendered on the 8th. What reinforcements came? On 0th, 3,000 Federals under General Granger landed in rear Fort ^Morgan. When did the general bombardment begin ! On 22nd a monitor gave signal for bombardment. How long did the tiring continue? From early morning till about 9:30 o'clock, and, at inter vals, all night. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. V2I How did the garrison behave during bombardment 1 The garrison did not reply during bombardment. What was the result? Between forty and fifty were killed or wounded. The Fort was completely defaced by shells. The garrison sur- rendered at 2:30 p. m. next day. CAPTURE OF ATHENS. Where is Athens ? Athens is in Limestone county. When and by whom was it captured ? September 23rdj 1864, by the Confederates under Gen- eral Forrest. How large a force had he? General Forest had 3,000 men and was joined by 1,500 ot Roddy's force?. What was the result after first attack? Forrest captured horses and cantonment of the enemy and drove the enemy into a fort they had erected half mile from the city. What was the next move on part of General Forrest? During the night General Forrest surrounded the Fort and prepared for an attack. What was the result? Col. Campbell, after conference with General Forrest, surrendered the Fort with 1^400 men. What reinforcement came? Four hundred troups from the direction of Xashville, and they encountered a detachment of Forrest's troops. How long did this engagement last, and what was the result? This engagement lasted one hour, aud there were a num- ber killed on both sides. What other redoubts were there ou the way, and what was the result with them? Half a mile down the road, toward Decatur, was a redoubt with about fifty men, aud another one mile further 128 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. with eighty-five men. The latter surrendered without a strn^undebert M. Patton Dec. 1865 to July 1868. AVilliam H. Smith July 1868 to Dec. 1870. Robert B. Lindsay Dec. 1870 to Dec. 1872. David P. Lewis L Xov. 1872 to Xov. 1874. George S. Houston ' Xov. 1874 to Xov. 1878. Ruliis W. Cobb > Xov. 1878 to Dec. 1882. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 133 Edward A. O'Is'eal _-___Dec. 1882 to Dec. 1886. Thomas Seay Dec. 1886 to Dec. 1890. Thomas G. Jones Dec. 1890 to Dee. 1894. William C. Gates Dec. 1894 to Dec. 1896. Joseph F. Johnston Dec. 1896 to Dec. 1900. William J. Samford Dec. 1900 to June 1901. W. D. Jelks J^ii^e 1901 to Scheme to Learn the Governors. (1) William and Thomas Bibb, the first to rule the State, (2) Precede Pickens, Murphy, with money at less rate. (3) Gabriel and Samuel Moore, with railroad, college first, (4) Lead the way for John Gayle, kind as any on earth. (5) Next Clay and Hugh McVay see State tax all repealed. (6) Then Bagby, Fit/.patrick, have panics, dried up fields. (7) Martin, Chapman, Collier, with States' Eight ques- tion strong. (8) Lead Winston, Andrew Moore, two names remem- bered long. (9) John Shorter, Thomas AVatts, coming in time of strife. (10) Precede Parsons, Patton, new in industrial life. (11) Then come Smith and Lindsay, following change in law. (12) Clear the way for Lewis, last Eepublican saw\ (13) Noble Houston and Cobb wrought well for ship of State, (14) Making sure O'Neal's and Seay's coming at later date. (15) In times of division there come forth Jones and Gates. (16) Then come Johnston and Samford, both having all the votes. 1.34 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. NOTES. Line (1) needs uo exphuiation. Line (2) refers to time of State bank. Line (3) refers to first college and first railroad. Line (4) alludes to Governor's many pardons. Line (5) when State tax was repealed, 183(5. Line (6) refers to panic and drought, 1837 and 1839. Line (7) needs no explanation. Line (8) refers to fact of these coming before the war. Line (9j means time of war. Line (10) refers to changed conditions. Line (11) alludes to the Constitution of 1868. 'Line (12) is plain. Line (13) alludes to Houston's clearing off the State debt. Line (14) refers to fact that the State was in good con- dition. Line (15) refers to fact that the Democratic party was divided. Line (16) alludes to the party's being; united. PART II. GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTEE I. General Information and Statistics, Bound Alabama, Alabama is bounded on the north by Teuuessee, ou the east by Georgia, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi. Between what parallels of latitude is Alabama situated! Alabama is situated between 30° 10' aud 35° north lat- itude. What is the area of Alabama? The area of Alabama is 52,250 square miles, of which the water area is 710 square miles. What is the longitude of Alabama? Alabama lies between longitudes 84° 53' and 88° 30' west. How much coast line has Alabama? About 60 miles of coast. What is the jiopulation ? 1,828,697. What proportion does the colored race bear toward the whites ? The colored population is not half of the population of the Stat€, the white being much greater. What counties are north of the Tennessee Eiver! Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, and Jackson counties. What counties on southern border of the State? Mobile, Baldwin, Escambia, Covington, Geneva, and Henry counties. 136 IIISTOKY OF ALABAMA. AVhat couuties iu the extreme south- western part of the State? Mobile and Baldwin counties. "What counties in the extreme north-eastern part of the State? Jackson and Cherokee counties. "What counties in the extreme north-western part? Lauderdale and Colbert counties. What county in extreme south-western part of the State? Henry county. AVhere is Jefferson county ? A little north of the central part of the State. AVhat counties border on Jefferson? Walker, liloiint, St. Clair, Shelby, Bibb, and Tuscaloosa counties. Where is Montgomery county ? Near the center of the State. What counties border on Montgomery county? Autauga, Elmore, Macon, Bullock, Pike, Crenshaw, and Lowndes counties. Name the counties bordering on the east State line, be- ginning north. Jackson, DeKalb, Cherokee, Cleburne, Kandolph, Cham- bers, Lee, Eussell, Barbour, and Henry couuties. Name the counties bordering on the west, beginning north. Lauderdale, Colbert, Marion, Lamar, Pickens, Sumter, Choctaw, Washington, and Mobile counties. ]Iow may the State be divi, o c is a: o aT a 6 Q H O o o Ph o 00 t— 1 05 lO »occ !^ •r-T -!r o O "M ~i -f I- k; ''^ ~i '- "3^ cc — i~ ^ — re ^: X I — J- re i~ -f Ti i~ ~ — .— tC'C — XUritrc-r-^"i-TC i~ -r re i~ ~ re X -o X o re i^ . . ^ - -M 32 I I ct> :c "O CD 05 I I re 05 CD re M X T- I ^ X X O 'M X t^ !M "M — SI re CD t-H X X O: -t" •M lO 1^ 1^ X re cc 1^ a; r/^ •M CD t^ re 05 — 0» "M O •>! re I'- CD •^CDXiC(N^!M-1>CNrC «DCC0iJ<5'0>C»-iO"S O 1^ X -f 'O CD I^ " X X lei ec -M «* ec c-i — Tj< CD — -- >c CD CI ei ■ 1- -^ lO s: X •ri ;d CI = 'T CD CI -^ re 1 O I~ O X 1^ 'C X O CI c: X X re ' re r^ cc ^ I d >>-" D ^ u .;i: - ' ' 1 es I I ( I I r -? ' I i - - ~ X ^ ;i -r — ^ T' kf ^ "^ -^ = 2— 5''"3 = — ^ "3 = <<5-<-<<<'<^<<;. t^ rf< rt 35 r; -t< 1 01 CO ^ 'M 1 lO CO Oi l~ 1 'Ml 1 O 1 1 I'M 1 '-' 1 I 1— I i-O O -ti 03 Oi S-1 rt I CO X (M t-H lO 05 I C-) 10 I CO CO OS CO 05 (M I "^^l"- 'ti CO CO i-O -f "M O -f X ■^t' -^ lO ^ cc !■- lO OT 01 CO -f O X LO O 'M :0 -^ cc C35 cc CO ';o o (N O X "^i X 1^ I^ 03 Oi CD -t< -* ^ CI CD X Tl O OS l^ 1^ CO lO "?! O -f -^ X 'M ^ CO Ot' :0 Tfi Lo lo c-1 r-H CO lo xi ^^ en ^ I'- cc I- 1 -ti OS cc 1—1 i-H r-i CO t-H -fH CO CO o CO en- CO Tf iQ -p^i-H r^'i-T -fT ^ co'— r r-T i-H~ I— ( x'^cc' 1 t-O |CC X |(M l^ OS CC -- CO i~ cc O .-1 cc I C3S 1- , cc t- I CO l~ -t< O X '-I cc iC X lO CI X 01 -t< iX ix£2S J cc ■-- lO rH O cc Cl OS OS O CO ^ ^ CO '-^ O d X -Jti O l^ m Cl iS O I- O C-l 'f l^ X l~ : 1- cc -(< cc cc CO -f c I o I- o t— I lO 1— I cc ei 1— I OS o CO ij7> i« CI -.i, lo X OS CO "o ?o o 'O 5.-ICCClCCT-l'-HCCCC0SCli-OClX-*it^XrtiCOCC'#CC„-Tt<":^^C1i-llC)-*iC)^ - " ' > ^ - X O _j- iC ^ t~ OS O --H i cc iC 1 --H OS o I CO -p o -f cn^ CO c-1 1^ o X CO 'OS CC' ci OS — LO lo o CI o CI o 1^ cc CI X -t" X lo X i^ ic •w X X 1— I CO cc CO -f ei 'c 1—1 1— cc -r cc cc cc o X i~ o CO CO' ic OS cc -r CO X CO o cc ' i-H r-^ CI X Cl Cr lO X 1- cc cc -r — I C-l X 1— I CI C 1 cc cc CO -TI -t< CI CI CI — T-^ cc C -f l~ I 140 HISTORY OF ALx^BAMA. o o c -r- X o: X ic — -.r 1- 3: — -r =: 11 Oi CI O ic-r ■Z.j-.r. -s.-i\ lO 2 1—1 i-T i-T -^r Q 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 ^. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■< 1 1 1 32 ! 1 1 1 , ! 1 : be 1 1 ! 1 ' Id I 1 1 2 « 1 ;-s : ; 1 ; ! > 1 , a, 1 1 1 i ' 2 1 ci 'J^ ^ ! 3 \^^^^ >-- ] ^ ^ E-5 >:5 -^ 1 = £ = i = 2^=--^ ' ^ t- ^ — •/. - o o; -^ 3 « GO "M "C '-I JC a; -r -M | 1 p cr ^ 3: c: -f ic 35 1 1 "u -f n -r^x^c^x —1 1 1 < '"' Tfcf.—'-jr i 1 hj t3 Oh o 1 Tl -t* X o •f t- — o ic -t-3>-ri^M-t<05I^O I- ore .- :c.O^-M I- '"' u3"'M''?f 2 o ', 1 1 1 5P 1 1 ' 1 M os 53 ' '5 r ' ' 1 5^' > X 1 i f = 1 E = f a.' :^ :,' -^ ^ - - S - S 2 -y: X X 't: ■" — a> a HE-'E-'r^^^^^^ ^" 1 [■^ Kt 1— ' 1 I— 1 i 1 05 c iCC CC 05 |0 1 I-* 1-1 I ■<*< o cfl ■'i^ 1 1 1-^ '"' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2; < 1 1 1 1 i : 1 1 . sjXJ^OO'Hi Oi! cc H H r' H H r- H blSTOliY OF ALABAMA. 141 What iiicnintaius in northern part of the State? Cumberland ]Moiintains in northeast; Jvaccoon Monutain between Jackson and DeKalb; Sand IMountaiu in DeKalb; Lookout Monntaiu in DeKalb. What are the Mussel Shoals? A series of rapids in the Tennessee, above Florence. How many islands belong to Alal>anui? Four. Name and locate them ! They are Dauphin, Petit Bois, Mon Louis, and Turtle Back Islands, all in the Gulf of Mexico. On what river is Demopolisf Tombigbee. On what river is Selma? Alabama. On what river is Tuscaloosa ? Black Warrior. On what river is Montgomery? Alabama. On what river is Eufaula? Chattahoochee. What are the principal conl fields of Alabama! The principal coal fields are the Cahaba, the Warrior and the Coosa. What is the character of the coal? Bituminous. IS^ote. — Bituminous means having the quality of blazing- like fire or lightwood when burning. Does Alabama export any coal ? Yes, mostly to the South — Cuba, Mexico, and South America. What is Alabama's rank as a coal producing State? Alabama ranks fourth. In what counties is iron ore mostly found ? Iron ore is found mostly in St. Clair, Shelby, Jefferson, Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Talladega, Calhoun, Cherokee and Eto- wah counties. 142 llISTORY OF ALATJA^rA. COUNTIES. POPLLATIOX. COUNTY SEAT8. Autauga 17,915 Prattville. Baklwiu L 13,li)4 Daphne.' Barbour 35,152 C'laytou. Bibl) 18,408 Centerville. Blount 23,110 Oneonto. Bullock 31,044 Union Sprinos. Butler 25,761 Greenville. Calhoun 34,874 Jacksonville. Chambers 32,554 LaFayette. Cherokee 21,096 Center. Chilton 16,522 Clauton. Choctaw 18,136 Butler. Clarke 27,790 Grove Hill. Clay 17,000 Ashland. Cleburne 13,206 Ethvardsville. Coffee 20,072 Elba. Colbert 22,341 Tuscumbia. Conecuh ' 17,514 Evertireen. Coosa 16,144 Kockford. Covington 13,346 Andalusia. Crenshaw 10, ()68 Luverne. Cullman 17,840 Cullnnm. Dale 21,180 Ozark. Dallas 54,657 Selma. DeKalb . 23,558 Fort Payne. Elmore 26,009 \Yetumpka. Escambia ^- 11,320 Brewton. Etowah 27,361 Gadsden. Fayett-e 14,132 Fayette. J'^ranklin 16,511 Bussellville. Geneva 19,906 Geneva. Greene 24,182 Eutaw. II ale 31,011 Greensboro. Henry 36,147 Abbeville. Jackson 30,508 Scottsboro. Jclferson 140,420 Bii'iiiiiigham. J^amar 16,084 \enion. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 143 COUNTIES. POPULATION. COUNTY SEATS. Lauderdale 2(5, 559 Florence." Lee 31,826 Opelika. Lawrence 20,124 Moulton. Limestone 22,387 Athens. Lowndes 35,651 Hayneville Macon 23,126 Tnskegee. Madison 43,702 Hnntsville. Marengo 38,315 Linden. Marion 14,494 Hamilton. Marsliall 23,289 Gnntersville. Mobile 62,740 Mobile. Monroe 23,666 Monroeville. Montgomery 72,047 Montgomery. Morgan 28,820 Decatnr. Peiry 31,783 Marion. Pickens 24,402 Carrolton. Pike 29,172 Troy. Randolph 21,647 Wedowee. Rnssell 27,083 Scale. Shelby 23,684 Calera. St. Clair 19,t56 Ashville. Sumter J 32,710 Livingston. Talladega 35,773 Talladega. Tallapoosa 1 29,675 Dadeville. Tuscaloosa 36,147 Tuscaloosa. Walker 25,162 Jasper. Washington 11,134 St. Stephens. Wilcox 35,631 Camden. Winston 9,554 Double Springs. SCHEME TO LEAEI^T THE COUNTIES. 11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4 As 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2. 11 minus 5 is to 11 minus 2 As 11x3 minus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11. So is the number 11 — 7. 144 irrsTOKY of Alabama. To scheme of coimties observe the following rules: (1) That eleveu is the pivot number, aud begins each calculation as well as each line. (2) Observe that in first line 5 follows eleven, and 4 follows eleveu, aud that first line is addition, 11 plus 5:=1G, aud 11 plus 4=15. (3) That 3 aud 2 follow eleveu iu second line, and that second line is multiplication, thus, 11x3^33, and llx2=:22, and 11x2=22. (4) That iu second line 11x2 is repeated. (5) That in third line sulitraction is emi)l<>yed : 11 — a is to 11 — 2. The figures 5 aud 2 being used, resulting in G and 9. (()) That the fourth line is multiplication, with sub- traction and addition, thus, 11x3 miuus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11, resulting in 32 aud 33. (7) That fourth line uses figures 3 minus 1 ami plus 2. (8) That iu liltli line sul)tracti(>n is used thus, 11 minus 7, and that figure 7 is used, resulting in 4 as answer. SCHEME OF COUNTIES WORKED OUT. 11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4=1G15, as 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2 ^332222. 11 minus 5 is to 11 miuus 2^G9, as 11x3 minus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11=3233. So is the uumber 11 minus 7 ^4. Now arrange these figures thus — 1 G 1.") 3 3 '' '* '* 2 () 9 3 2 3 3 .5 Next, take the couuties in alphabetical order: There is one county beginning with A. There are six couuties beginning with B. There are tifteen couuties beginning with C. There are three couuties beginuing with D. There are three counties beginuing with E. There are two counties beginning with F. There are two couuties beginuing with G. There are two couuties beginning M'ith II. There are two couuties beginuing with J. illSTORY OF ALABAMA. 145 There are six comities beginuing- with E. There are nine connlies begin uiiig with M. There are three counties beginuing with P. There are two counties beginuing with R. There are three counties beginning with S. There are three couDties beginniug with T. There are four counties beginning with W. It will be observed that this plan divides the counties into groups according to the letters, thus making the learn- ing of them very simple and easy. By this j)lan you will learn the counties of each letter, as if the i^rocess were independent of what is to follow. Learn the counties beginuing with A as if this completed the list. In like manner proceed with all of the letters. 'Now, as to the correctness of the proi^ortion in the scheme, we would say there is no pretension, but that it is merely used to an end. Of course, this scheme does not take the place of learning the counties; it merely facili- tates the learning of them. 14G HISTORY OF ALABAMA. DIAGEAM OF TLAX OF SURVEY K I E 1 R A ! 1 1" ^ : • 1 B C ) G - li D HISTORY OF ALABAMA. I'i^ DIAGRAM OF A TOWNSHIP IN SFCTIONS. 6 5 4 3 o 1 12 13 24 25 36 7 8 9 10 11 18 17 16 15 14 23 26 35 19 20 21 22 30 31 29 32 28 33 27 34 A B — principal base. C D — principal meridian. E F — first standard parallel uortli. G H— first standard parallel south. I K — first guide meridian east. The point O is the initial point. Surveys have a starting place called the initial point. In Alabama, the initial point is near St. Stephens, in Washington county, and through this point is the princi- pal base, running east and west. The line formed by surveying east and west is called the base line— A B in diagram. North and south through this point is run a line called the principal meridian— C D in diagram. Twenty- four miles, or four townships north of principal base line, another line parallel to principal base is run— E F in diagram . This is called first standard parallel north. Thirty miles, or five townships south of principal base line, another line is run i^arallel to principal base— G H in diagram'. This line is called first standard parallel south . Forty- eight miles, or six townships east, a line is run parallel to the principal meridian— I K in diagram. This line is called the first guide meridian east. Forty -eight miles, or six townships west, a line is run parallel to principal meridian — K L in diagram. This line is called the first guide meridian west. This diagram, as explained, is the basis of the surveys, 148 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. witliiii wbicli t()\vn8liii)s arc fojiuetl. A towiisliip is a square six miles each way.^ Observe that the readiiiii" of any particular township is (lone ill this way : (1) All towiisliips east of tbe principal meridian, C D, are said to be in ranjj;e east; all west of i)riiicipal meridian are said to be in ran<^e west. (2) All townships north of base line A l> arc read north; all south of base line arc read south. Example to be read: Observe township marked '^P" is read as follows: Township 1 north, ranii;e 1 east. Township "K'" is read, Township 2 north, range 1 east. Most townships in Alabama are "range east" because principal meridian is in western part of State, at St. Stei)heiis, thus making most of the territory of the State east of the prinripdl meridian. Each township is siil)-divided into thirty six sections, one mile square each ; sections are numbered from 1 to .'i6. Which sections were school lands? The sixteenth section in each towiishii) in origin;il sui'vey was set ai)art for school purposes. What has become of the sixteenth sections? In most cases, the land has been sold and the money used for school purposes. In a few cases, the laud remains unsold to the credit of the schools of the particular section in which it is situated. ^\'hat is a range? A tier of townships running north or south of the base line is a range. A\'hat other section besides the sixteenth was set apart for school purposes? The thirty-sixth. (See township diagram.) The diagram on survey is not according to any scale, but simply exj)lains the survey as described. HISTORY OF ALABAMA, • 149 CHAPTER IT. The River System of Alabama, How does the River system of Alabama compare with that of other States of the Uuion ? Of all the States in the Union, Alabama has the greatest nnmber of valuable water-ways. THE TENNESSEE RIVER. Where is the Tennessee river 1 The Tennessee river crosses the northern part of the State, The Tennessee rises in the south-eastern part of Tennessee, Hows through northern Alabama, and flows into tlie Ohio at Paducah, Kentucky. This river is 1,037 miles long, one-third of which is in Alabama. THE MOBILE RIVER. Describe the Mobile river. The Mobile river is formed l)y the junction of the Ala- bama and Tombigbee rivers, about 42 miles above the city of Mobile; flows between the counties of Baldwin and Mobile and flows into the Mobile Bay just below the city of Mobile. THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. Describe the Tombigbee river. The Tombigbee is formed by the junction of the Upper Tombigbee and Black Warrior, in the northern part of Marengo county, just above the city of Demopolis; flows South, touching the counties of Marengo, Sumter, Choc- taw, Clarke, and Washington, and unites with tbe Ala- bama to form the Mobile, after having run a course of 256 miles. ].")() HISTORY OF ALABAMA, UPPER TO:\rBIGBP:E RIVER. Describe the Little, or Upper Toiiibigliee river. The Upper Toinbigbee rises in the north -western part of Mississippi, flows south and touches Alabama at Pickens county, and continues a southerly course to northern Marengo, where it joins the Tilack Warrior to form the Tom))igbee river, AMiere is Tensaw river? In Baldwin county. Where is Escambia river? In Escambia county. It flows into Pensacola, THE BLACK WARRIOR RIVER. Describe the Black Warrior river. The Black Warrior is formed l)y the union of Locust and Mulberry Eorks on the border of Walker and Jettersoa counties, flows south-western course and unites with the Upper Tombigbee to form the Tombigbec. Navigable only during high water. SIPSEY RIVER. Describe the Sipsey river. The Sipsey river rises in Fayette county, flows south- west for 185 miles, and tlows into the Tapper Tombigbee, KOXUBEE RIVER. Describe the ISToxubee river. The Noxubee river rises in Mississippi, flows into Ala bama for more than ]()0 miles, and flows into the Ijipcr Tombigbee above Gainesville, in Siimtei- county. THE ALABAMA IMVKR. Descrilx' the Alabama ri\ cr. The Alabama ii\er is formed by the junction of llie Coosa and Tallapoosa, eleven miles below the city of We- tumpka, and touches the counties of Elmore, ^Montgomery, Autauga, Lowndes, Dallas, AVilcox, ^lonroe, Clarke, and Baldwin, and unites with the Toml)igbee to form the Mobile. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 151 CAHABA RIVER, Describe the Cahaba river. The Cahaba river rises in St. Clair county, flows between Shelby and Jefferson, and through Bibb, Perry, and Dallas, and flows into the Alabama, nineteen miles below Selma. THE COOSA RIVER. Describe the Coosa river. The Coosa river has its source in north-western Georgia, at Rome, takes asouth-w^esterly course into Alabama, then south-easterly and unites with the Tallapoosa to form the Alabama, eleven miles below Wetumpka. Its length is about 315 miles. TALLAPOOSA RIVER. Describe the Tallapoosa river. The Tallapoosa river rises iu the western portion of Georgia, takes a south-westerly course, and unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama 18 miles above Mont- gomery. Where is the Perdido river ? Between Baldwin county and Florida. Where is the Yellow river 1 In Covington county, mainly. Where is Pea river ? Mainly in Coffee and Geneva. Where is Xorth river? In Fayette and Tuscaloosa counties. It flows into the Black Warrior. Where is the Flint river ! In Madison county. It flows into the Tennessee. Where is the Elk river ! In Limestone county, and between Lauderdale and Limestone. It flows into the Tennessee. Where is Paint Rock river ? In Jackson county and between Madison and Marshall counties. 152 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. Where is theSepulgi river? It is ill the south central part of the State. CHATTAHOOC'HEE RIVER. Describe the Chattahoochee river. I'he Chattahoochee river rises iu north western Georgia, takes a southerly course to Alabama, thence a southerly course between Georgia and Alal)ama tor more than 100 miles and iiows iuto the Appalaehicola, in Florida. CHOCTAW HATCHEE RIVER. Describe the Choctawhatchee. The Choctawhatchee rises in Barbour county, Alabama, and flows thiongh Heniy, Dale, and Geneva counties, thence iuto Florida, llowing into Choctawhatchee Bay. CONECUH RIVER. The Conecuh rises in Bullock county, Alabama, and flows in a south-westerly direction to the State boundary line between Alabama and Florida. It flows into the Escambia river. The Conecuh is used mainly for rafting timbers. MOBILE BAY' AND HARBOK. What are the dimensions of the bay ? The length of the bay, from its mouth to the city wharves, is thirty miles. Its width at its entrance from the Gulf is three and one-fourth miles. It is said to be a safe harbor and that no vessel has ever been lost by storm in the bav. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 153 CHAPTER III. Cereal Belt. THE TEN^J^ESSEE VALLEY. Whore is the Teunessee valley! It sweeps directly through the Cereal Belt. How does it compare with other places in the United States? The Tennessee valley, in the language of another, is '^more lovely than the plains of Texas, when clad in vernal loveliness; more lovely than the plains of Illinois; more lovely than the Bine Grass regious of Kentucky; more lovely than the Miami valley of the Ohio; more lovely than the Shanandoah valley of Virginia; more lovely than the Genuessee valley of New York." It is divided in twain by the Tennessee river. How many counties are embraced in the Tennessee valley? There are eight counties in the Tennessee valley. Name them. They are Landerdale, Limestone, Madison, Marshall, Jackson, Morgan, Lawrence, and Colbert. What is its extent! It is about twenty miles wide and two hundred miles long. It reaches from Georgia in on the east to Mississippi on the west. It is walled in by mountain ranges both on the north and on the south. What are the chief agricultural products! The chief agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, barley and rye. The chief fruits are pears, apples, peaches, and grapes. The hardier frnits grow here to perfection. What of stock raising! Of late, stock raising has received much attention. 154 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. Clover and grasses are largely cultivated. There are inagiiiticeiit forests. Near western edge of the valley, brown iron ore is found. LAUDERDALE COUNTY. Where is Lauderdale county? Lauderdale county is in the north-western part of the State, north of the Tennessee river; the Tennessee river bordering its entire south and west boundaries. For whom named ? Colonel Lauderdale, of Tennessee. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1818; area about 720 square miles. What of the surface and soil? The northern portion is uneven, the southern more level; the soil varied. In the south, the soil is redish; in the north, grayish. There are vast forests of timber. West of Florence, in the bend of the Tennessee river, is a large valley known as Colbert Eeservation. In this valley are the most fertile lands. What river forms the south-western l)0undary ? Elk river. What of minerals ? Brown hematite iron ore is found in immense beds. Marble, building stone, and limestone are found. At Florence are the Florence Normal School and the Synodi- cal Female College. At Florence are, also, many manu- facturing establishments. What of mineral waters ? Springs having medicinal properties are found in several l)arts of the county. The most noted are Bailey's Springs, near Florence; also, Taylor's Springs. Name chief town. Florence. Muscle Shoals canal, IG miles long, with fall of 85 feet in that distance, was completed by the General Govern- HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 155 nieut in 1S02, at a cost of more than four and a half mil- lions of dollars. It is regulated by nine locks. This canal opens up the Tennessee river to navigation the greater part of the year. In this county there is a saltpetre cave on Elk river. MADISON^ COUNTY. Where is Madison county 1 Madison county is north of the Tennessee river, and west of Jackson county. The Tennessee river forms its southern boundary. Flint river, with its tributaries, waters northern and eastern portions. Paint Rock river is on the south-east boundary. For whom named! President Madison. When was it formed and what is its area 1 It was formed in 1808; its area is 872 square miles. What minerals are there 1 Coal is found, and iron is believed to exist. What of the surface and soil ? In the north and north-west parts the surface is broken; the eastern part is mountainous. The soil is varied, red predominating. In wealth and production of cotton, Mad- ison leads all other Tennessee valley counties. The water IDOwer is immense and there is much, timber. Name the chief towns. Huntsville, New Market, Maysville, Gurley and Madi- son. At Huntsville are manj^ manufacturing enterprises. Three miles from Huntsville is the Mathew's Jersey farm, the most celebrated in the world. Monte Sauo, a charm- ing resort on the mountain summit, near Huntsville, with a princely hotel, is one of the most desirable resorts in t^lie Union. At Normal, near Huntsville, is located the A. & M. College for the colored race. At Huntsville there is a female college. 156 HISTORY OF AL.M'.AMA. ]\r A KSI I x\ LL COU N T Y . Where is Marshall connty ? It is both north and south of the Tennessee river and east of Morgan county. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1836 ; area 560 square miles. AVhat of the surface and soil ? The Tennessee river divides the county, making high lauds and low lauds with varied soil — gray and red mainly. A valley rnuniug from north-east to south west divides the county into two ill visions. There is much timber. The northern boundary is Paint Rock river, which separates IMadison county from Marshall county. Wh at of m i uerals ? They are known to exist only. Kame chief towns. Guntersville, AVarrentou, Ilenryville, Claysville, Albert- ville, Oleauder and 3Iatichester. For whom is Marshall county uamed! Chief Justice Marshall. In this county, nine miles from Guutersville, in the fall of Short Creek, is a small but picturesque cataract. Near Guitersville there is a large cave. Ou the river are several artificial nmunds from which bones and brass have been taken. JAdvSOX COUNTY. Where is Jackson county? Jackson county is in the uorth-easteru part of the State. For whom uamed? GeiuMal Jackson, the hero of Xew Orleans. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed iu 1810 ; area 990 square miles. What of the surface and soil ? The Tennessee river divides the county. Kac<'oou Mountain is on south-east; spurs of the Cumberland ou the aiSTORY OF ALABAMA. 157 north-west. There are inaiiy forests. The soil in the vallej^ is fertile. There are some mineral springs. What minerals are there? Coal and iron; and an unlimited supply of marble and limestone. Saltpetre is found here. Sand uiouutains are also in the county. Xame the chief tow us. Long Island, Bridgeport, Bolivar, Stevenson, Fackler, Scottsboro, Bellefonte, Larkinsville, Limrock, AVoodville, Paint Eock. In Jackson couuty, there is a saltpetre cave near Scotts- boro, M'hich was utilized by the Confederates in time of war. There is a vast cave near the ceuter of the county. MOEGAN COUNTY. Where is Morgan couuty ! Morgan couuty lies south of the Tennessee river, east of Lawrence county, and north of Cnllman couoty. For whom named 1 General Daniel Morgan, of Pennsylvania. When was it formed, and what is its area! It was formed in 1818; area 700 square miles. What of the surface and soil 1 The surface is divided into four natural terraces: (1) The bottoms next to the Tennessee ; (2) the land of seveuty-five feet or more higher; (3) the terrace upon Lit- tle Mountain ; (4) the laud southward to foot of Sand Mountain. There are all varieties of soil. What of manufactories? At Kew Decatur are many manufactories, and car shops. What mineials? The minerals are chiefly coal and limestone. • Name chief towns. Decatur, New Decatur, Falkville, Trinity, Hartselle, Somerville, Leesburg, Danville, and Valhermoso Springs. 158 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. LAWRENCE COUNTY. "Where is Lawrence county? Lawrence county is south of the Tennessee river and west of Morgan county. For whom named? James Lawrence, of Vermont. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1818; its area is 790 square miles. What of tlie surface and soil? From east to west Courtland and Moulton valleys extend; Courtland in the north and Moulton in the south, and between them Little JMountain (a detached portion). Lit- tle Mountain region is light and sandy soil ; the two valleys have mulatto and dark soils. Name chief towns. Moulton, Conitland, and Leighton. COLBERT COUNTY. Where is Colbert county ? Colbert county is in the north-western part of Alabama, south of the Tennessee river. For whom named? The famous Chickasaw Chief. When Mas it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1807; its area is 570 square miles. What of the surface and soil? From east to west extend through the county Little Mountains. North of the mountain is Tennessee Valley; south, Russell Valley, The soil in the valleys is redish loam ; the hills, lighter soil. What minerals are there? Ihown hematite ore is found in inexhaustible (piantities in southern part; sand and limestone are tound, also. Name chief towns. Tuscumbia, kSheflield, Cherokee, Chickasaw and Leighton. Tuscumbia wiis founded 181 8. Shellield, 1884. HISTOIJY OF ALABAMA. 159 LIMESTONE COUNTY. Where is Limestone county ? Limestone county lies directly north of the Tennessee river, east of Lauderdale. Elk river Hows tlirough the north- west. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1818; its area is 500 square miles. What of the suiface and soil ? The southern portion is of more uniform surface. Limestone has all varieties of soil which belong to the Tennessee valley. The southern portion exceeds the northern in fertility. For whom named? From a creek of that name. What of minerals ? As yet but little attention has been given minerals. Specimens of lead have been found in the Elk river hills; also have been found specimens of iron ore and coal. Slate exists in immense quantities. Name the chief towns? Athens, Mooresville, Elkmont, Eowland. At Athens is located the North Alabama Agricultural School. Although in the Cereal Belt, Limestone products con- siderable cotton. 100 HISTORY OF ALAKAMA. CHAPTER IV. The Mineral Belt. What does the ^Mineral Belt embrace? The Mineral Belt is more than one-third of the State — twenty-six counties. Xame the mineral counties. Frajiklin, Marion, Winston, Walker, Cullman, Blount, Jefferson, Shelby, Talladega, St. Clair, Etowah, DeKalb, Cherokee, Calhoun, Cleburne, Clay, Kandolph, Chambers, Lee, Tallapoosa, Coosa, Chilton, Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Fayette, Lamar. COAL. Xamc the coal lields of special note in the Mineral Belt. The Wairior, the Coosa, and the Cahal)a coal liehls. What is the extent of the Wanior coal iieldsf Summed up, the Wni'rior coal tields would make a bed 7.") miles by .")0 miles, ]() feet thick. What is the extent of the Cahaba coal fields? The Cahaba coal fields are alxmt 400 scjuare miles. What is the extent of the Coosa coal lields? The Coosa coal fields cover about 400 square miles. The Cahaba coal fields, estinuiting the output at 10,000 tons per day, l*rofessor McCalley says, would last about 1,100 years. The coal is remarkable for its firmness and its capacitj' to resist atnu)spheric changes. The Coosa coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, would last ]()") years. The Warrior coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, esti- mated, would la.st J 0,27.") years. The Warrior coal is well adajyted to the prodiution of gas and s<^eam, as Mell ns HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 161 lilted for domestic purposes and the shop of the ))hiek- smith. IRON. The beds of this ore are so numerous that it is impossi- ble to poiut out the localities where it prevails. It lies close to coal, making its manufacture far easier than in most other sections of Ameiica. The most valuable out- croppings, thus far, are found in St. Clair, Jefferson, and Shelby. Brown iron ore abounds in the regions south of the Tennessee river. It is already mined in St. Clair, Cherokee, Etowah, Calhoun, Talladega, and Bibb coun- ties. Besides these are to be found gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, graphite, asbestos, emery, gypsum, ochre, asphalt, marble. Kaolin, fire clay. FRANKLIX COUNTY. Where is Franklin county ? Franklin county lies south of Colbert county. For whom named ! Benjamin Franklin. • When was it formed, and what is its area! It was formed in 1818; its area is 610 square miles. What of the surface and soil "? The northern half is called Russell valley; the southern half is a high table land and the soil is akin to the Ten- nessee valley counties. What of minerals "? Immense beds of iron and coal are found. Name the chief towns ? Belle Greene, Frankfort, Russellville and Center Line. MARION COUNTY. Where is Marion county ? Marion county lies south of Franklin county. For whom named? General Francis Marion. 162 IlISTOUY OF ALAHAMA. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1818; its area is 810 square miles. What of the surface and soil? The surface is broken, with much forest; and the soil is di versified. What of minerals in this county '? There are rich deposits of minerals. N'aaie the chief towns. Hamilton, Pikeville, Shottsville, Guinn, Darlington, Barnes ville. WINSTOX COUNTY. Where is Winston county? Winston county lies south of Lawrence and west of Cullman. For whom named ? Governor John A. Winston. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1850, and till 1858 was known as Han- cock; its area is 510 siiuare miles. W^hat of the soil and surface ? The surface is much broken, Byler Ridge, in the western part, divides the county into two parts; the soil is thin. What of minerals ! Winston is in heart of the Warrior coal lields. The entire county is but a coal bed. Name chief towns. Double Springs, Houston, Littleville, Motes, Dehna, Ark, Larissa. There are in Clear creek, two waterfalls 300 feet apart, and each 'M) feet. What other minerals besides coal and iron ? Slate, building stone, granite and copper are found. Natural liridge, ime mile west of thedeimt that bears its name, on the Northern Alabama Railway, is the most wonderful natural scenery in the State. This bridge is 120 feet long, 20 feet wide, and G2 feet high. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. " 163 WALKER COUNTY. Where is AValker coiiuty ? Walker conuty is west of Jeffersou. For wliom named ■? John W. Walker. When was it formed, and what is its area "? It was formed in 1824; area is 880 s0 s([uare miles. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 167 What of minerals! The Red Mountains run through this county and in these mountains are inexhaustible quantities of coal. The most valuable part of the Coosa coal field is in this county. Limestone is found in great abundance, also marble. What mountains in the county 1 On the north-eastern boundary, Strait or Blount, moun- tains; in the north-western part, Chandler Mountain. What valleys deserve notice ! The Coosa valley and the Cahaba valley, comprising the most fertile lands. Name the chief towns. Ashville, Coal City, Eagland, Inraan, Henry Ellen and Springville. ETOWAH COUNTY Where is Etowah county ? Etowah county is situated in the north-eastern part of the State, west of Cherokee county. For whom named 1 Indian name. When was it formed and what is its area? It was formed in 180(); its area is 520 square miles.' What mountains in the county 1 Sand Mountain, width about 10 miles; Lookout Moun- tain, width about 5 miles. What of minerals? Immense quantities, said to be about fifty million tons iron ore, when summed up; vast quantities of coal, sixteen- mile mountain of limestone. The present output is 600 barrels per day. Chert is found; and maganese is fouud in large quantities. Seventy per cent, of the county is in forests. Name the chief towns ? Gadsden, Attalla, Alabama City. 1()8 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. dekalb county. AVbere is J)eKiilb {•ouiity! DeKalb county is in the north-eastern part of the State. When was it formed, and what is its area .' It was formed in 1836; area is (JoO square miles. What of the surface and soil ? Seventy-five per cent, of the county is in forest. There are portions of Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain in the county; the soil in the bottoms is heavy lime, on the plateau a sandy loam. Name the chief towns. Fort Payne, Colli nsville, Lebanon, Valley Head and Portersville. In the north-western part of DeKalb is the fall of Little river. In this river there is a small volume of water thrown over a precipice sixty-five feet below. A short distance below this cataract are the remains of a fortress of semicircular form of three or four feet cavers in the river bluff, which was evidently used as a citadel. This fortress can be reached only by a foot-path overhang- ing a yawning chasm cut by the river beneath. CHEROKEE COUNTY. Where is Cherokee county ? Cherokee county is in the north-eastein part of the State; east of Etowah and south of DeKalb. For whom named? An Indian tribe. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1830; its area is 6<>0 s6() sijuare miles. What of the surface and soil ? The surface is divided thus: — Sipsey valley about 20 miles by one ]Mile; Luxapalia valley, about the size of the Sipsey. Water power is great. The soil is generally brown loam and red. What of minerals in this county? Iron ore and coal are found in abundance; also gold and red ochre, and building stone are found. Chalybeate and Sulphur Springs are found. Name chief town. Fayette, C. H. HISTORY OV ALABAMA. 175 CHILTON COUNTY. Where is Chilton county 1 Chilton county is near the center of the State, north of Autauga county. For whom named ? Judge W. P. Chilton. When was it formed, and what is its area ? It was formed in 1868, being known as Baker county till 1875; its area is 700 square miles. What of the surface and soil ! The surface is irregular, the soil is brown with red pre- dominating. Pine forests are extensive What of minerals in this county ? Not abundant, though in great variety. Name chief towns. Clanton, Maplesville, Verbena, Mountain Creek. Ver- bena and Mountain Creek are summer resorts, chiefly, for citizens of Montgomery. TUSCALOOSA COUNTY. Where is Tuscaloosa county ! Tuscaloosa county is ^\*est of Jefferson county. For whom named 1 Indian name. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was" formed in 1818; area is 1390 square miles, What of the surface and soil 1 The surface is generally broken, the central and south- ern portions are most productive. There is abundance of long leaf pine. Water power is great. W^hat of minerals! The coal is regarded the thickest in the world, and more than half the county is underlaid with it. Name the chief tow^ns. Tuscalsoosa, North Port, Cottondale, and Foster's. 176 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, At Tuscaloosa is located the State UDiversity, and tlie Insane Asylum, for whites. LAMAE COUNTY. Where is Lamar couuty? Lamar county is on north-western border of the State, north of Pickens and south of Marion county. For whom named ? J, Q. C. Lamar. When was it formed, and what is its area? Lamar was formed in 1866, and named Jones; in 1868 changed to Sanford; in 1877 to Lamar; its area is 576 square miles. What of the surface and soil ! The last of the foot hills of the AUeghaney are found in the northern part of the county. There are great falls in the streams. The soil is red and gray. What of minerals in this county? About half the county is underlaid with coal; ii'on, also abounds. Name the chief towns. Vernon, Sulligent, Crews, Kennedy, and Millport. CHAPTER V. The Cotton or Black Belt. Where is the Cotton licit ? The Cotton, or IMack IJelt, of Alabama lies directly south of the great Mineral Belt of the State. What is its extent ? The Black Belt extends from east to west limit of the State, 13,610 square miles. SiSTORY OF ALABAMA. 177 How many coiiuties iu the Black Belt! There are 17 counties in the Black Belt. Name the counties of the Black Belt, They are Pickens, Sumter, Choctaw, Greene, Hale, Marengo. Perry, Dallas, Wilcox, Autauga, Lowndes, Elmore, Montgomery, Macon, Bullock, Eussell and Bar- bour counties. What is the character of the soil ? The soil in the richer portions is veiy black or of a dark color, and immensely rich. How does this soil compare in fertility with other por- tions of the country? No more fertile laud is found in all America. PICKENS COUNTY. Where is Pickens county 1 Pickens county is on the north-western border of the State, west of Tuscaloosa county. For whom named ? General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1820; its area is 1,000 square miles. What of the surface and soil °? The surface is somewhat broken, and the soil is sandy loam, clay and lime. There is much forest. What of mineral springs? There are several mineral springs near Carrolton, the county seat. The famous Indian Spring is just a half mile east of the county court house. Name special table land. From Lubbub creek to the Tombigbee river, known as ''Cross Roads," ''Francouia" and "Garden" neighbor- hoods cannot be excelled for fertility in Alabama. Name the chief towns. Carrolton, Pickensville, Vienna. 178 HISTORY OF ALABAAFA. SUMTER COUNTY. AVliere is 8iiiiiter county? Suuiter count}' lies on the Mississippi border, south and west of Greene county. For whom named ? General Thomas Sumter, of South Carolina. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1882; area 1,000 square miles. What of the surface and soil ? The surface is undulating; the soil in northern part is black prairie; iu southern part sandy. What is "Flatwood"? '^Flatwood" is a stretch of land three miles to five miles wide, near the center of the couuty. What minerals are founenton, Ft. Deposit, Leto- hatchie, and Calhoun. At Calhoun is located the Calhoun Industrial School for colored. HISTORY OF ALA 15AM A. 131 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Where is Moutgomei'y comity ! Montgomery county is near the center of the State. For whom named! Maj. Lemuel P. Montgomery, of Virginia, When was it formed, and what is its area ? It was formed in ISlfi; and its area is 740 square miles. What of truck farming ? Near the city of Montgomery are many truck farms with valnable incomes. What of the surface and soil "? There are three different kinds of soil: Black prairie, red land, and pine land; the surface is generally level. What special facts are worthy of note about the city of Montgomery "? Forty-two passenger trains, not local, enter Montgomery daily. The city is surpassed only by Memphis in wholesale grocery business as an inland city, in the entire South, Name chief towns. Montgomery, Highland Park. ELMOEE COUNTY. Where is Elmore county ? Elmore county is north of Montgomery county. For whom named 1 Gen. John A. Elmore. When was it formed and what is its area ! It was formed in 1866 ; its area is 630 square miles. What of manufacturing chances 1 The water jjower makes this county second to none in the State for manufactoring chances. The government has improved the river, at Wetumpka, by locks. What of the surface and soil. The surface is generally rolling, with about three-fourths pine forests. 184 11 ISTOR Y O K A LA HAM A . Name chiei' towns. Wetninpka, Elmore, Tallassee. At Tallasssee aud ^yet^lnpka are vast cotton factories. A plant, utilizing the falls at Tallassee, is about to be put in operation to supply eU'ctricity to Montgomery. BIXLOCK COUNTY. AVhei-e is Bulloelv: county ? liullock county is east of Montgomery county and south of Macon county. For whom named ? Col. E. C. liullock, of Eufaula. Wheu was it formed and what is its area? Tt Avas formed in lSf)(); its area is ~)() siiuare miles. For Avhom named? Sam Dale, of canoe-light fame. What of the surface and soil ? The Choctawhatehee river divides the county into north and south portions; north of the river the land is rolling; south, it is level. North of the river the soil is light loam; south, light sandy. Name chief towns. Ozark, Cloptou, Newton, Daleville, and Echo. At Ozark there is a fertilizer factory. CRENSHAW COUNTY. Where is Crenshaw county? Cienshaw county is situated in the southern pait of the State, south of Montgomery county, and west of Pike county. When was it foi-med, and what is its area? It was formed in J.S(ir»; its area is <)«»() sijuaie miles. For whom named? Anderson (^I'enshaw. HISTOHY OF ALABAMA. 180 Wbat of the surface and soil ? The surface is undulating. The soil, in central part, is very limy; in south, red, and pine lands. The southern half of the county h;is extensive pine forests. There is considerable limestone in Crenshaw. Name chief towns. Rutledge, Luverne, Rocky Mount, Honoraville, New Providence, Bullock, Mount Ida, Leon, Highland Home. GENEVA COUNTY. AYhere is Geneva county'? Geneva county lies on extreme southern border of the State, west of Henry county. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1868; its area is 618 square miles. Whence is derived the name"? From its chief town. What of the surface and soil? The surface is generally level. The soil is generally a light sandy loam; in eastern part are line lime lands; in south east valuable red lime lands. Choctawhatchee penetrates the center of Geneva. Steamers ascend the Choctawhatchie as far as Geneva. Pea river traverses western part of Geneva. Name chief towns. Geneva, Mellville, Coffee Springs. COVINGTON COUNTY. Wh'ere is Covington county? Covington countj- lies on line of Florida, midway of the State. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1821; its area is 1,030 S(|uare miles. For whom named! General Leonard Covington. 190 HISTORY OF Af-.VI!AMA. AMuit olthe surface and soil? The siiri'ace is iimlulatin":. Tlieie are some lakes iu southern part. There are vast forests of pine. The soil is a gray, saudy loam. Name chief towns. Andalusia, Flovala, Race Hill, Red Level, Fairfield. Loaugo, Eiver Falls, Rome, Vera Cruz, Halton, Green Ray. RUTLER COUNTY. Where is Riitler county ? Butler county lies south of Lowndes county. For whom named? AVilliam Butler. When was it formed, and what is its area? ]t was formed in 1819; its area is 800 square miles. What of the surface and soil .' The general surface is rolling, with some hills in the west. In the north-western portion, red land ; in the southern, red and gray. What of minerals? Needle iron ore is found. Limestone in \ast (|uantities, in north-west; phosphates is found here also. Name chief towns. (ireen\ ille, Georgiana, Garland, Monterey, Forest Home. At Greenville are two schools of high repute. This conty is somewhat noted for its mineral springs. Butler Si)rings ha\e long been noted for their mineral waters. McUall's well, within three miles of Greenville, is a most remarkable one. Its waters are pronounced the strongest of mineral waters in America. This watei' is good for dyspepsia, all phases of eru])li(ins. and some organic tionbles. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 19 J COFFEE COUNTY. Where is Coffee comity? Coffee county is iu southern part ol" the State, south of Pike county. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1841 ; its area is 700 square miles. For wlioni named? Generiil John Coffee. What of the surface and soil? In the main, the surface is level ; but in the northern portion broken and hilly. Within coiporate limits of the town of Elba, three rapid streams come together, viz : Pea river, White river, and Beaver Dam creek. There are great rapids in these streams. Much pine forest is in this county. Name chief towns. Elba, Victoria, Cliutouville, and Brauuou. PIKE COUNTY. Where is Pike county ! Pike county lies south of Montgomery county. Wheu was it formed, and what is its area? Pike was formed in 1821 ; its area is 740 square miles. For whom named? Zebulon Pike. What of the surface and soil? In the northern and central portions. Pike is hilly; the rest of the county is lai'gely level. Indifferent parts are sandy ridges with clay foundation ; in some parts are lime and clay lands ; the best land is in southern part of the county. What is Chunnenuggee Ridge! It is an elevation or ridge in the eastern part of the county. There are valuable ])me forests ; and, hence many mills. 192 HISTORY OF ALAISAMA. Xaine cliief towns. Troy, Brmulidge and Orion. At Troy is located a State iS'ornial School. HKXHY (X)T\\Ty. Where is Henry county? Henry county is situated in the south-eastern i)art of the State. When was it formed ; and w hat is its area? Tt was formed in ISP.) ; its area is 1,000 scjuare miles. For whom named ? Patrick Henry. What of the soil and surface? The upper portion of the county is Itroken and rollinu"; the southern, level. In southern j;ortion, sandy soils pre- vail; in northern, lij;ht sandy loam; alouj; tlie Choctaw- hatchee, dark, rich, mulatto land ; south-west, rich lime lauds. For what is Henry county specially noted? It is noted for its dry atmosi>here, ])roltal>l\ not excelled in the Uuion as a suitable i)lace for consumptives. Xame the chief towns. A1»I)cvillc, Dothan, Columlda, Ciordctn, Headland, and Lawrenceville. At Abbeville is an aj;iicultural school under auspices of the Scale. WASHINGTON COITXTY. Where is Washinjjtou county ? Washiu{;ton county is in the south -we:^tern part of the State, north of Mobile county aud south of Choctaw county. For whom named ? (Jeorue AN'ashington. M'hen was it formed, and what is its area? Washin<;tt)n county was formed in ISOO, by proclanui- tiou of Winthrop Sargent, Governor of Mississippi Terri- HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 11).'{ toiy ; its area is 1,050 square miles. It was the first county formed in tlie limits of Alabama. What of its siirtace and soil ? The general surface is rolling • the northern tier of town- ships is shell prairie, river bottom, rich alluvial soil, and the rest pine lands. There is an abundance of long leaf pine. Name chief towns. St. Stephens, Mcintosh, Calvert, Deer Park, Escatawpa, Fruitdale, Healing Springs, Koenton, and Frankville. In Washington county are many valuable springs with medicinal properties. The most noted are Healing Springs, in northern j^art of the county, on M. & O. Kailroad, six- teen miles from the Tombigbee. The four principal ones are : Creek Spring, good for kidney troubles, etc ; Mound Spring, good for dyspepsia, skin troubles, etc.; McCartney Spring, good for chronic troubles; Scholes Spring, good for chronic constipation, etc. MOBILE COUNTY. Where is Mobile county? Mobile county is in the extreme south-western part of the State. For whom named ? An Indian name, Mauvila. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1813; its area is 1,200 square miles. What of the surface and soil ? In the northern and western portions of the county, the surface is undulating; along the coast, it is flat. The soil is mainly light. There are vast forests of pine. Name two chief businesses. Truck farming and fish and oyster businesses ; the former aggregating more than one million dollars a year. Name chief towns. Mobile, Whistler, Cttronelle, Mount Vernon, and Spring Hill. 194 HISTORY OF ALAP.A:\rA. BALDWIN COUNTY. AVhere is Jialdwiu couuty? Balwin county is in the extreme south-western part of tbe State. For whom named? Abraham Balwin. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 180i); its area is 162(> square miles. It is the largest county in the State, and it is larger than the State of Rhode Island. What of the surface and soil? The northern part is undulating; the southern, level. The greater portion is covered with pine forests. What is the chief lousiness ? Lumber and turpintine business. The soil has clay bottom. Name chief towns- Dai)hne, ^Montgomery Hill, IMont- pelier, Stockton, Bay Miuette. CLAEKE COUNTY. Where is Clarke county ? Clarke county is situated north of Balwin county, be- tween the Alabama and the Tombigbee rivers. For whom named ? John Clarke. When was it formed and what is its area? It was formed in 1812; its area is 1,160 Sifuare miles. What of the surface and soil ? There is a southward slope to the junction of the Ala- bama and the Tombigbee rivers. The ridge between these two rivers causes all streams to run either west or south- west. The soil is shell prairie, river bottom, gray and pine lands. There are excellent pine forests. In Clarke county are found l)oncs of an animal called Zeougledon, an immense sea animal something like the modern whale. At some places the bones were so numer- HISTOEY OF ALABAMA. 11»5 ous as to be used for fenciug. A vertebral colunm, seven feet long, with bones of head and limbs of this animal is found in the Boston Museum. Name chief towns. Grove-^^ill, Clarkville, Barlow Bend, Coffeeville, Thomasville. MONEOE COUNTY. Where is Monroe county ! Monroe county is south of Wilcox and east of Clarke. For whom named 1 James Monroe. When was it formed and what is its area ? It was formed in 1815; its area is 1030 square miles. What of the surface and soil? The surface is broken in the northern part, central and southern part, undulating. The soil is pine land, alluvial and loam. Extensive forests are found. Name chief towns. Monroeville, Perdue Hill, Beuna Vista, Burnt Corn, and Pineville. Monroe Springs, in the northeostern part of the county, are valuable for their mineral properties. What minerals are found? Greene sand and marl are found. ESCAMBIA COUNTY. Where is Escambia county ? Escambia county is on the Florida line, east of Balwin. For whom named? Escambia river. When was it formed, and what is its area? It was formed in 1868; its area is 1000 square miles. What of the surface and soil ? The surface is generally level and has vast pine forests. The soil is generally light, sandy loam. What are the chief occupations ? Lumber and turpentine business. Name chief towns. Brewtou, Pollard and Flomaton. PART III. CHAPTEE I. The Negro as a Slave Before 1819. The first Xejiro iu Alabama, as far as authentic record shows, was left here by DeSoto in 1540. Owing to sick- ness on the part of the Negro, DeSoto was comi^elled to leave him in the eastern part of the State. The first slaves iu the Louisiana Territory, of which Alabama formed a part, were eighty Indians, there being no Negroes, as yet, 3 70S. In 1712, the Louisiana Territory had three hundred and twenty-four souls, tweuty of whom were Negroes. In the year 1717, the whole population of the Lousiana Territory was seven hundred. There were some Negro slaves valued at 060 livres, or about ^122.00 each, to be paid for in rice or tobacco. In the year 1720, the ship Hercules landed one hundred and twenty Negroes from Guinea, Africa. This was under the French rule. As early as the year 1708, when there were no Negroes iu the Louisiana Territory, and the fact learned that the In- dian slaves would resort to the woods when pressed too hard in the fields, and the fact learned that the low lands were detrimental to white men, Bienville, Governor of Louisiana Territory, recommended that the colonist be allowed to send Indians to the West India Islands, and there exchange Indian slaves for Negroes, who were at that time in Iwndage in the West Indies. The exchange was to be three Indians for two Negroes. This plan of exchange miscarried, for the islanders would not part with their "good Negroes." It is but just to say in this connection, that the low lands of the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, witli their humid atmosi)here, could never have been HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 197 brought under successful cultivation without Negro labor. There are some low lands in Alabama, too, along the rivers, where only the Negro can survive. In the year 1722, the company that had the control of Louisiana Territory issued an ordinance prohibiting the inhabitants from selling their Negroes to the Spaniards, or other foreigners, or taking them out of the colony, under severe penalty besides their confiscation. In March, 1721, the Afrlcaine, a ship of war, landed at Mobile, with 120 Negroes. She was succeeded by the Maire, with 338 more. The Neride, a third ship, came with 238 Africans. The foregoing vessels were French. As early as the time of Beiuville, there was a code known as the Black Code, which prohibited the inter- marriage between whites and blacks. The negro was not without some bravery, even in these early years. In 184(5, at the battle of Ackia, between the French and the Chickasaw Indians, which battle lasted three hours, victory perched upon the banner of the Chickasaws and defeat and disgrace upon that of the French. The French officers, suming up the result after the bat- tle, were taunting and jeering a negro named Simon, be- cause his company of negroes had fied from the field at the time of battle. Simon himself, be it said to his good credit, maintained his ground during the entire engage- ment. Soon there was seen a drove of horses coming down to the stream to slake their thirst. Simon, in resentment to those who taunted and jeered him, seized a rope and ran off toward the horses, saying: ^'I will show you that a negro is as brave as any one." He passed around the horses, the Chickasaws firing upon him, and made his way to a beautiful white mare, threw a rope over her head, mounted upon her back, and with lightning speed landed into the French lines. Simon did not receive a wound, and it goes without saying, that lOS IlISTOWY OF ALAIJAMA. he was welcomed and was uo more made sport of on ac- count of the retreat of his company. In the 5' ear ISOO, "Washington county, Nvhich was then a part of Mississippi Territory-, had 744 whites; 41)4 Ne- groes, 23 of whom were free negroes. The counties of Baldwin and Mobile, which were not as yet counties, probably had as large a population. In the year 1801, a party of North Carolinians, consist- ing of Thomas ^lalone, a young clerk in the land office at Kaleigh, and others, together with sixty Negroes, came to Alabama in wagons, and landed in the valley of the Ten- nessee, and from there made their way down to the "Bigbee" settlement, near St. Stephens. The party con- structed two rough canoes in which they descended the river, but before they had gone more than two miles the craft struck some obsti-uction and was sunk. It was a.s- certained that one white child and twenty-one Negroes were lost. This was in midwinter and there was no fire to be had, except two miles away through the woods. It was night now. In the midst of the suspense as to who would offer some relief, a resolute young Negro volunteer- ed to go back to the old camp, two miles away, and bring some fire. Tn about two hours the Negro returned with fire from the old camp and, not unlike a com^ueror in an- cient times, returning laden with trophies, he was hailed with shouts of joy. The fire was built and the party dried themselves and awaited the king of day. The In- dians stole a Negro from ]\Ialone, for the return of whom he gave his watch . In the year ISK), the three counties In ing within the present State of Alabama — Madison, A\'ashington and Bal- wiu — contained a white population of 6,422 and 2,624 Ne- groes, more than half of whom were in ]\fadison. The Negro has played his part in the Creek Indian war. Two Negro slaves were the ones to report to the settlers that the Indians were making their advance upon Fort Mims, August 30, 1813. For the information they gave HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 199 they were disbelieved and flogged. A Negro woman was the first survivor to reach Fort Stoddart, eighteen miles away, that night with news of the disaster of Fort Mims. A Negro named Ciesar, was a participant in the canoe fight of 1813, It was he that rowed the boats for the crew. In December, 1814, at the battle of Econachaca, in the northern part of Lowndes, some Negroes were left dead on the field, as well as others. CHAPTER IT. The Negro in Alabama as a State. The first constitution of the State, 18J9, recognized and protected Negro slavery. The population of the State, in 1820, was as follows: Whites, 85,451; Negroes, 42,450. There were about 200 free Negroes at that time. The free negro, be it remembered, had to have some white man to rej)reseut him at law. In 1830 the population of the State contained 117,549 slaves; 1,572 free Negroes, In 1840, there were 253,532 slaves; 2,049 free Negroes. In 1850 there were 334,844 slaves; 2,265 free Negroes. In 1860, there were 435,580 slaves; 2,690 free Negroes. The General Assembly, in the winter ot 1862, passed an act authorizing the Governor to impress slaves to provide for the public safety. Colonel Streight reported of General Dodge that his army, iu its raid through North Alabama, among other property carried off 1,500 Negroes. Because of its importance to the Negro race, and as worthy of re- membrance, we will insert a copy of an act of the General Assembly respecting Negro help in the war: ; 200 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. EXECUTIVE DEPRTMENT, Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 21, 1861. Geo. X. Gilvier, Esq., TaUassee, Ala. Sir: Ou the 31st of January, 1861, the lollowing Act was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Ala- bama, to-wit : "An Act to accept the services of certain patriotic citi- zens. "Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That the Governor be, and is hereby authorized to accept to such an extent as he may deem necessary the proffered services of Negro men tendered by Geo. N. Gilmer, of Tallassee, Tallapoosa county, Joel E. Matthews, of Dallas county, and Alexan- der Davidson and his neighbors, of Perry county, and of persons who have made or hereafter make similar olTers to aitl, as may be necessary, in defending and protecting the State. "Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That during the time said Negroes are employed in the service of the State, and while traveling to and from the place of such service, the Governor is authorized to pay necessarj' expenses of trav- eling and provisions, out of whatever amount may be or has been appropriated for the military defense of the State. "Approved, January 31, 1861." A. B. MooKE. It is said that about three regiments of Negroes joined tha Union forces during their occupation of North Ala- bama, and during their raid through the State. About 800 Negroes joined General Wilson's army at Selma. A part from going to the war as constructionists on the fortifications, Negro men saw much ot service, as attend- ants upon the person of their owners. "When the master was killed, the slave would take his body and accompany it home, in many instances. The slaves were encouraged to attend church on the Sabbath. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 201 There was a police system, called patroling, which was regulated by law. Slaves found away from the premises to which they belonged were required to present a pass. If they happened to be without a pass, except on the way to church or to work, the slaves were punished, the law describing the exact penalty. Although contrary to law, many slaves learned to read and write, and many a one wrote his own pass, when he desired to go abroad without the knowledge or consent of his master. The tie of affection between the owner and the slaves was a silver cord that has come down to the present time, and has caused the amelioration of the condition of many a Negro, The apparent passing away of this good feeling is the regret of all good people. Many a colored woman that has, even to day, much grace of movement and courtly bearing, has learned the same from the ^'big house," as the master's residence was called. Many a one that is an adept in artistic design had her fingers taught in those days. Xegro men were taught trades, in very many instances, and that good trades, which knowledge has been the foundation of much prosperity on tbe part of those very ones and their posterity. Since those days there has been a decline in the learning of trades. The slave did not have to provide for himself and fami- ly, and hence, the Negro does not rightly know and ap- preciate the morrow Prior to 1865 it is said that the disease, called consump- tion, was unknown among the Negroes. Since that time we all know how alarmingly this disease has taken hold of the Negio. The causes and the remedies for this and other things belong to another sphere than that of history. Slavery was not Avithout its evils; but it has brought much good to the Negro, In the war between the North and the South, the Ne- groes were of much service. Most of the able bodied men being in the war, the care of those left behind devolved 202 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. upon the Negro, to a large extent, and be it said, to his credit, that liistory records no case where any such one proved false to the trust. CHAPTER HI. The Negro as a Citizen On IMay 4, 180.5, Gon. Eichard Taylor surrendered to General Candy the military district of which Alabama was a part. From this time dates the actual freedom of the Negro. In the summer of J 805 agents of the National Govern- ment came to Montgomery and set np the Freedman's Bureau, to look after the welfare of the newly emancipated slaves, by establishing schools and churches for the Ne- groes. "Swayne College" in the city of Montgomery was given the colored people by this bureau and named in honor of General Swayue who had immediate command in INIontgomery. On May 4, J SO."), slavery came to an end by force of arms; iu September of the same year, by constitutional legislation. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed for adoption to Alabama, December 0, 1800. The Legisla- ture refused to ratify it. Jn 1808 the Amendment was adopted. This gave the Negro the right to vote and hold oflice. In the summer of 1807 there was a registration of the voters of the State. The board of registration consisted, each, of two white men and one Negro. The registered vote was 01,2t»."> whites and 104, .")18 Negroes. This regis- tration was preparatory to voting for the holding of a con- stitutional convention, which met in Novembe, 1867. HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 203 There were seventeen N"egroes as members of this conveu- tion. There names were: Jst District — John Carraway and Ovide Gregory, of Mobile. ()th District — Thomas Diggs, of Barbonr. 7th District— B. F. Eoyal, of Bnllock. 10th District— J. H. Bnrdick, of Wilcox. 13th District — Washington Johnson, of Enssell. 16th District — H, Stokes and J. Hatcher, of Dallas, 17th District — J. Wright McLeod, of Marengo. 18th District — Simon Brnnson and Benjaman Inge, of Sumter. 19th District — Samuel Blaudon, of Lee. 21st District — Thomas Lee, of Perry. 22nd District — J. K. Green, of Hale; B. F. Alexander, of Greene. 42nd District — LaFayette Eobinson and C. Jones, of Madison. 43d District — J. T. Rapier, of Lauderdale. General George Meade, who succeeded General Pope in command at Montgomery, kept the polls open for five days. It should also be stated that General Julius Hey- den succeeded General Swayne. Governor Smith called the legislature to meet in July, 1868. The following colored men served in the House in the sessions of 1868, 1869-70: Benjamin Alexander, of Greene; J. H. Alston, of Macon; Matt Avery, of Perry; Samuel Blandon, of Lee; N". A. Brewington, of Lowndes; John Carraway, of Mobile; George W. Cox, of Montgomery; Thomas Diggs, of Bar- bour; Joseph Drauu, of Dallas; J. K. Green, of Hale; Ovide Gregory, of Mobile; George Houston, of Sumter; Benjamin Inge, of Sumter; C. Jones, of Madison; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perrj-; David Low, of Barbour; Jeff Mc- Cally, of Madison; H. W. W. Eice, of Talhidega; James Shaw, of Mobile ; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Holland r 2(»4 HISTOKV OF ALABAMA. Thompison, of Montgomery; William V. Turner, of El- more; Latty J. Williams, of ^Montgomery. Those that served in the House in the sessions of 1S70- 71 and 1871-72: H. H. Craig, of ^Montgomery; A. H. Curtis, of Perry; Thomas Diggs, of Barbour; John Dozier, of Perry; Wil. liam D. Gaskin, of Lowndes; Ned Gee, of Dallas; J. K. Greene, of Hale; Jere Haialson. of Dallas; K. L. Johnson, of Dallas ; L. S. Speed, of JiuUock; Henry St. Clair, of Macon; Holland Thompson, of Montgomery; Mansfield Tyler, of Lowndes; Latty J. Williams, of Montgomery. Those serving in the House in 1872-73 and 1873-4: William V. Turner, of Elmore, Assistant Clerk; Phillip Joseph, of :\[obile. Engrossing Clerk; W. H. Council, of Huutsville, Assistant Engrossing Clerk; C, O. Harris, of :Montg()mery, Assistant Enrolling Clerk; Stepeu Russell, of ^Montgomery, Page; Thomas Ahercrombie, of Mont- gomery, Page; Kobert Cook, of Montgomery, Page. W. E. Carson, of Lowndes; T. J. Clark, of Barbour; Mentor Dotson, of Sumter; John Dozier, of Perry; Hales Ellsworth, of Montgomery; Samuel Fantroy, of Barbour; J. H. GoldsV)y, of Dallas; .1. K. Greene, of Hale; R. L. Johnson, of Dallas; Reuben Jones, of :Madison; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; Perry Matthews, of Bullock; January Maul, of Lowndes; G. R. Miller, of Russell; Willis ^Eerriweather, of Wilcox; S. J. Patterson, of Autauga; George Patterson, of^Iorgan; Robert Reid, of Sunjter; Bristo AV. Reese, of Hale; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Henry St. Clair, of Macon; Lawson Stelle, of Montgomery; F. H. Threat, of ^Marengo; J. R. Treadwell, of Russell; Thomas Wjilker, of Dallas; E. A. Williams, of Barbour. L. J. Williams, of Montgomery. Names of those serving in the House in 1874-75 and 187r)-7(): Klijah Baldwin, of Wilcox; W. H. Blevins, of Dallas; Matt Boyd, of Perry; H. V. Cashin, of Montgomery; Eli- jah Cook, of Montgomery; Chas. Fagau, of Montgomery; HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 205 W. D. Gtiskin, of Lowndes, Captain Gilmer, of Mont- gomery; C. E. HarrisM, of Dallas; A. W. Johnson, of Macon; Sam Lee, of Lowndes; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; Jacob Martin, of Dallas; P. Matthews, of Bullock; Willis Merriweather, of Wilcox; G. Patterson, of Macon; Bristo W. Eeese, of Hale; Eobert Eeid, of Sumter; C. Smith, of Bullock; Manly Wynne, of Hale. Serving only in 1875-76, H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; E. W. Locke, of Wilcox, only 75-76; W. D Gaskin, of Lowndes, 1874-75 only. E'ames of those serving in the Senate 1872-74: Jere Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes; Lloyd Leftwich, of Greene; B. F. Eoyal, of Bullock. Names of those serving in the Senate 1874-75aud 1875-76: A. H. Curtis, of Perry; J. K, Green, of Hale; Jere Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes; Lloyd Left- wich, of Greene; B. F. Eoyal, of Fiullock. Jere Haralson was not returned in 75-76. Thomas Walker, at one time, was elected clerk of the circnit court of Dallas. Albert Boyd has served as tax assessor of Dallas county. E. B. Thomas was elected clerk of the criminal court, of Dallas, and, afterwards, served as Judge of the same. John B. Simpson has served as ^'high sheriff" of An- tauga county. Henry Boyd served as of one the county commissioners of Dallas. There were colored men in several towns in the State serving as ipolice. In Selma there is one Negro, Alex Carr, still on the force, since about 1869., Alabama has had three Negroes as representatives in Congress; namely, Benjamin F. Turner, of Dallas — Forty- second Congress, 1871-1873; James T. Eapier, of Lauder- dale— Forty -third Congress, 1873-1875; Jere Haralson, of Dallas— Forty- fourth Congress, 1875-1877. James T. Eapier has served as Internal Eevenue Collec- tor at Montgoraerv. 20G HISTORY OF ALABAMA. !Nr. H. Alexander, of Montgomery, has served as Receiver of Public ^Moneys at ^Montgomery. J. C. LeftwicL, of ^Montgomery, is noM' serving as Re- ceiver of Public Moneys at Montgomery. H. V. Cashin, of Decatur, is now serving as receiver of Public Moneys, at Huntsville. In 1870 only one Xegro was returned to the Legislature, and he was from ^fadison. The Constitutional Convention of 1875 had four Xegroes as members — H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; A. H. Cjirtis, of Perry; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; R. A. Long, of Wasing- ton county. Most of the religeous denominations among the colored people had their beginning in the white churches in slav- ery days. After the close of the war the different denomi- nations of the whites set up Xegro chiu'ches of their res- pective faiths, and nursed these new plants till they be- came able to look after their own affairs. The Baptist State Convention was organized in 1868, at Montgomery, Rev. Xathan Ashaby, first President. What is now the Xational Raptist Convention was or- ganized in Montgomery in 1880, Rev. W. H. McAlpine, D. D., first President. Selma University, an institution owned and controlled by the colored Baptists, was founded in 1878. It has had the following Presidents : H. Woodsmall (white), W. H. McAlpine, E. M. Brawley, C. L. Puree, C. S. Dinkins. The Baptist membership is 183,024, with about 1,833 churches. The Congregational church followed a school of the American Missionary Association, located at Tallanega, in 1867. The first church was organized at Talladega, in 1868. In 187(), the State organization of this denomina- tion was formed. There are twenty-two churches holding membership in the State body, and several in the Tennes- see \'alley holding membership in the Tennessee State body. There are about 3,000 members. HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 207 ' At the head of their educational worli: of the State i8 Tal- ladega College, founded iu 1867. The A. M. E. Church has a membership of 87,253; churches, 537. There are 502 ministers and 37 parsonages. The church school, for the Stale, is Paine University, located at Selma. This is a comparatively young school, with good prospects. The Alabama State Teachers' Association was organized in 1882. SCHOOLS. The Kegroes have many schools worthy of note. Of these are the following: Talladega College, established 1867, is known by its good work. State Normal, at Montgomery, established at Marion, 1873, has an interesting history and long service. The Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, at Tus- kegee, established 1881. This school is said to be the largest of its kind in the world. Prof. Washington has a reputation that is both national and international. He needs no introduction to the public. The A. & M. College for colored, at Normal, near Hunts- ville, established 1875. This school is supported by the State and the Morrill Fund from the general government. Prof. Councill, who has been President since the school's establishment, with the exception of one term, has placed his name among those who are well known for something accomplished. Selma University, Colored Baptist State College, at Selma, established 1878, is the pride of Alabama Baptists. Paine University, A. M. E. College for the State, at Selma. Central Alabama Academy, at Huntsville. There are good high schools at the following places : Calhoun Industrial School, at Calhoun; an A. M. A. School at Marion; the Barbour Institute, for girls, at Anniston; 20S HISTORY OF ALABAMA. the Anniston Normal and InN VEXTIOXS. Convention of 1819 — John W. Walker, President. Convention of IfSGl — William M. Brooks, President. Convention of 186.5 — Benjamin Fit/.pa trick. President. Convention of 1867 — E. W. Peck, President. Convention of 187-5 — Leroy Pope Walker, President. Convention of 1901 — John 1>. Knox, President. IN CONFEDERATE CONGRESS. William P. Chilton, 1861-186.5. J, L. M. Curry, l,S(il-1864. Thomas Fearn, 1861. David Lewis. 1861. Stephen F. Hale, 1861-1862. Henry C. Jones, 1861. Colin'j. McRae, 1861-1862. John (t. Shorter, 1861-1,862. liobert 11. Smith, l.stil- 1,862. Richard W. Walker, 1861-1862. Cornelius Robinson, 1861-1862. Nicholas Davis. 1861-1862. Edwards. Dargan, 1862-1864. John P. Ralls. 1862-1864. David Clopton, 1862-1865. Tliomas J. Foster, 1862-186.5. Francis S. I^von, 1862-1865. James L. Pugh. 1862-1865. William R. Smith, 1862-1865. Marcus D. Cruikshank, 1864-1865. James S. Dickinson, 1864-1865. Alakiiia k M Coked MmiM Selma, Alabama. ITS OBJECTS. It was fonuded iu 1878 by the Colored Baptists of Ala- bama for the trainiug of preachers, teachers, and Sunday school workers, This object has been kept steadily in view from the begiuniug of the institution until the present. The demand to-day for competent preachers and teachers is greater than ever before. SOME RESULTS. Many graduates and undergraduates are scattered through this and other states helping along various lines to lift up the race and humanity — preachers propagating the gospel, teachers carrying the light of education into the dark places, doctors removing the ills that aftlict humanity, lawyers defending the oppressed, brave husbands and lov- ing wives exerting wholesome influence in their commiiui- ties. By the pen and voice our students are doing a mighty work for the world. Xot a community in tiie State has not been blessed by the beneficent iuHuence con- stantly igoing forth from the Institution. Its graduates have been remarkably successful in the ministr}-, in the school room, on the platform, in medicine, iu law, and in business. ITS FACULTY. The Institution has an able and experienced corps of teachers, who are graduates from Northern and Southern institutions. I'uder the faculty students receive carefitl training. Tv\'o things are aimed at : 1. Moral discipline. 2. The habit of thinking. Books are only means to bring out this result. ()\\ XKIiSHII' A XI) MAXAGKMKXT. The property, couisisting of thirty acres and three build - iugs, cue of which is a large foiir-story brick building 40x120 feet, is owued by the Alabama Baptist State Cou vention and manajicd by a Board of Trustees elected by and from that body. Jt is chartered by the Legislature. DEPARTMENTS. 1. lil'PDKAUV. 1. Piiniary. 2. Intermediate. ;>. Preparatory. 1. Xoruial. 5. College. 11. Thkoi,(m;[C'ai,. 1. I>il)lc Training. 2. l^uglish Course. ."). Classical Course. III. MUHICAU' 1. Instrumental. 2. X'ocal. 1\'. Industrial. 1. Sewing. 2. Cooking. ;>. Printing. TEKMS. Board, furnished room, and luel. per moidh 8 7.00 Tuitiou 1.00 Instrumental music 1.00 Vocal Free. Washing (iOc. to 70c. per month. Those who wish, may work out one or two dollars per month without interfeiing with their studies. Pastors of churches can obtain board foi- K^JA) j)er month. Tuition for all ministerial students free. C. S. DIXKINS, I>IM::SI])KNT, Selma, Alabama. TALLADEGA .-. COLLEGE For the Higher Education of the Negro .... Department of Theology. The College, with Classical and Scientific Courses. The Normal Department. The Preparatory Schools. Music. Industrial Training. Beautiful Location, Healthful Climate, Superior Facilities for Instruction. EXPENSES VERY MODERATE Graduates are Occupying Prominent Positions in Eighteen States and Territories and in Africa. For further information, address THE PRESIDENT, Talladega, Ala. THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL Ror COLORED STUDENTS, Montgomery, Alabama. ORGANIZED 111 1878, being the llrst seliool established b.v a .Southern State for t lie higher education of the colored lace. OBJECTS. To educate competent teachers for the Public Schools and to pre- pare young men and women for leader** in the elevation of tlie race. AIMS. To develop each student as an individual to his utmost capacity in his physical, mental audt moral nature. CLAIMS. Thoroughness in its work, as shown by the success of its stU(Jents in competitive examinations, and by the success of its 800 graduates. ADVANTAGES. Thorough English education with ^Lnnuai Training as the basis of future professional and industrial success. As cheap as any school of the kind in the State. Tuition Free. For further information, correspontl w ith W. B. PATERSON, President, Montgomery, . . Alabama. ERRATA. Pn^e 2. line next last— "1840" should In- lo40. PajJ:e 12, line 15 — 'a large part" should be the Soiitheni parts, Pa.ii;e IJi, Hue 32, and elsewhere— ''Beloxi" should lie P>iloxi. Page 38, line 26— "1818" should be 181:L Pagje oo, line 21 — "devolved" should be was placed. Page 62, heading chap, xvi— "John" should be Joshua L. Page 64, line 10, and elsewhere— "Franeis F. Lyons" should be Francis S. Lyon. Page 65, line 13, and elsewhere— " withdrew" should be, remained but did not vote for candidates. Page 65, line 18— "to succeed Senator Bagby" should be to suc- <*eed Lewis as Representative in 18i5. Page 71 line 24 — "Bartow" should be Barton. Page 71 line 33— "William T." should be William F. Page 72, line 12— "1854" should be 1853. Page 75, line 6— "annual to biennial" should be biennial t > annual. Page 75, line 15 — "twenty millions" should be forty-live millions. Page 78, line 4 — "secretary" should be assistant secretary. Page 79, line 8— "Lieutenant-Ueneral Joseph Wheeler" should be Major-General Joseph Whesler. Page 79, line 13— "Brigadier-General W. W. Allen" should be Major-General W. W. Allen Page 87, line 11 — "in this administration" should be omitted. Page 87, line 13— "1868" should be 1867. Page 88, line 2— "Peok" should l>e Peck. Page 94, line 19— "Ijieutenant-Governor" should be dJovernor. Page 115, line 28— "Stones" should be Jones. Page 120, line 7, and elsewhere— "Richard" sboiMd be Richmond Page li3, line 28— "12th" should be 11th. Page 155, hue 16— ••'872" should be 810. Page 163. line 23— "650" should be 600. Page 164, last line— "960" should be 1140. Page 168, line 5— "650" should be 725. Page 170, line 8— "540" should be 600. Page 172, Hne 29— "810" should be 760. Page 174, line 15 — "Green Ford" should be Green Pond. Page 181, line 7— "740" should be 800. Page 184, line 28— "930" should be 600. Page 188, line 14— "1854" should be 1824. Page 122, lii\e 2— "Lee county" should be Georgia. .-^'31