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 6/ ' 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 HENRY HUDSON, 
 
 PREPARED 
 
 FOR HIS USE IN 1608, 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 a^lXf Hanfisli of l^iiuv "BavXfntn* 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES: 
 
 A DISSERTATION ON THE DISCOVERY 
 OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 
 
 Rev. B. F. DeCOSTA, l^^^l -. \0^0^. 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY 
 THE NORTHMEN, ETC. 
 
 ALBANY: 
 JOEL M U N S E L L . 
 
 1869. 
 

 
 ^r ai'l^S:^ 
 
 t?itV^ 
 
^ 
 
 $nsrrii)ct» 
 
 THE HON. CHAELES P. DALY, 
 
 THE JUST JUDGE 
 
 ACCOMPLISHED GEOGRAPHER. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It was the author's intention at the outset to print 
 the treatise of Ivar Bardsen with a few explanatory 
 notes; yet the interest proved such as to induce the 
 author to enlarge the plan and include a dissertation 
 on early voyages to America, with especial reference 
 to the discovery of the Hudson river, together with a 
 new translation from the text as given in GroniamCs 
 Historiske Mindesmcerker and Rafn's Antiqiuiates Ameri- 
 cana;. 
 
 The influence of this work on modern cartography 
 would, of itself, afford a fair subject for an essay. But 
 few of those, who in times past used its material at 
 second and third hand, knew anything of the origin of 
 the influence that shaped their views. It is to be 
 regretted, however, that in the day of Torfseus the 
 means of interpreting Bardsen aright had been lost, 
 and that the location of Old Greenland was so long 
 misunderstood. As it was, however, Torffcus knew 
 less of the location of Old Greenland in 1617 than 
 Antonio Zeni in the year 1400. This suggests tlie 
 high probability that the Zeni brothers became ac- 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 quainted with Bardsen's treatise, when in Frisland, the 
 Faroesland or Faroe, ivhence the original of Henry Hud- 
 son's own version came about the year 1490. At all 
 events, Antonio Zeni had the equivalent of Bardsen's 
 treatise, and drew up his map of Old Greenland by its 
 light, while more modern writers, like Torffeus, were 
 unable to comprehend its purport. Antonio Zeni 
 knew indusputably where Old Greenland lay, which 
 Torfieus did not ; a fact that is alone sufficient to vindi- 
 cate the ancient date of his map, — the first, of which 
 we have any knowledge, that shows any part of the 
 continent of America. 
 
 Stuyvesant Park, 
 New York, 1861). 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Preface. 
 11, Introduction. 
 
 III. Treatise op Ivar Bardsen, 
 
 IV. Revised Translation of the Treatise 
 
 OF IvAR Bardsen. 
 
 V. Index. 
 
SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Greenland was first colonized by Eric the Red, a 
 man banished from Iceland for the crime of mur- 
 der/ He sailed from Iceland with a company of 
 his friends in the year 982, saying that he would 
 seek the land formerly seen at the west by Gunn- 
 biorn,^ when, in the year 876, he was driven away 
 from the Iceland coast in a storm. In due time 
 he reached the eastern shore of Greenland, sailed 
 southward, doubling Cape Farewell, and passed the 
 winter in Ericseya, one of the fiords on the western 
 shore. The following summer he fixed his abode 
 in a place which he called Ericsfiord. It is said 
 
 1 Christophossen supposed that Greenland was discovered in 
 the year 770, and Pontanus (pp. 97-8) gives the Bull of Gre- 
 gory IV. in which Greenland is mentioned. The first impression 
 is that the document must be a fraud, but possibly the disagree- 
 ment may be otherwise explained. 
 
 - See the notes to the text of Ivar Bardsen's treatise. 
 
 9 
 
10 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 that " the same summer he explored the western 
 desert, and gave names to many places."^ The 
 next winter he spent on an island called Rafns- 
 gnipa, returning the third year to Iceland. 
 
 In the summer of the year 986, he sailed for 
 Greenland again with a fleet of thirty-five ships, 
 only fourteen of which reached their destination. 
 
 Gradually the colonists multiplied, Christianity 
 was adopted, churches were built, a line of bishops 
 was established, voyages to America were inaugu- 
 rated, and society took a somewhat settled form. 
 
 Eventually, however, the colonies, after surviv- 
 ing for a period of no less than three hundred years, 
 fell into decline, and then became extinct. 
 
 The Greenland settlements were divided into 
 two districts, or hygds, called respectively the East 
 and the West Bygds. When attention was first 
 called to the subject, it was generally, if not unani- 
 mously, believed that the eastern community was 
 located on the east coast of Greenland, and the 
 western on the opposite side of that country. But 
 soon the whole question came into dispute, and the 
 most eminent of the northern scholars and anti- 
 quarians united in the discussion. In the end, the 
 old view was found to be untenable. 
 
 ^ See Prof. Rafas Avtiquities of America , p. 12, and the 
 author's work, on The Pre-Columbian Discurcn/ of America hj 
 the Northmen, p. 17. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. H 
 
 In order to settle the question still more effectu- 
 ally, an expedition was dispatched by the king of 
 Denmark in the year 1828, with instructions to 
 proceed to Greenland and explore the entire east- 
 ern coast, thus ascertaining by a practical survey 
 whether it was once inhabited or not. The person 
 placed in command of this expedition was Captain 
 Graah, an officer well fitted for the work by his 
 courage, prudence and capacity. His explorations 
 extended through a period of two years, in which 
 time he performed all that, under the circum- 
 stances, any individual could have accomplished. 
 
 Starting from Friedericksthal with two boats, 
 manned chiefly by natives, he passed around Cape 
 Farewell, and made his way, with much labor and 
 peril, along the eastern coast, exploring the bays 
 and fiords in search of some memorial of the North- 
 men, who were said to have formerly lived there. 
 Spending two summers, and extending his search 
 as far northward as latitude 65° 30', he was 
 finally obliged to return to Friederichsthal, with- 
 out discovering a single indication pointing to the 
 former occupation of that part of the country by 
 Europeans. 
 
 This region indeed proved less inhospitable than 
 was generally supposed, and notwithstanding the 
 too un approach aljle character of the coast, it was 
 found to be not altogether destitute of inhabitants. 
 
12 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Here and there he discovered a handful of natives, 
 who subsisted on the products of the land and sea ; 
 yet it was clear from what he saw that no consi- 
 derable European population could possibly have 
 remained there long. Besides, the natives them- 
 selves, who were perfectly acquainted with every 
 foot of the territory, had never seen or heard of 
 ancient ruins of any kind, and had no tradition of 
 a European settlement. 
 
 After the publication of the results of Captain 
 Graah's explorations, nearly all of those who 
 had formerly held the old view gradually gave 
 it up, and to-day it would perhaps be impos- 
 sible to find a student of northern antiquities 
 who maintains the Icelandic occupation of the 
 eastern coast.^ 
 
 Besides, the accounts which exist in the Icelandic 
 chronicles evidently teach that both the East and 
 West Bygds were located on the opposite side of 
 Greenland, and nothing but a misapprehension of 
 the text of the manuscripts led scholars for a time 
 to think otherwise. 
 
 The fullest account of the colonies in Greenland 
 is given by Ivar Bardsen or Boty, who, while gene- 
 
 1 The learned Asher of Aiusterdam indeed supposes that the 
 settlements were on the east coast, but he does not appear to have 
 attended much to the history of Greenland. His erroneous 
 view obscures his discussion on p. cxliii of his Henri/ Hudson. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. I3 
 
 rally correct in his statements, nevertheless falls 
 into some errors. This, however, is not of much 
 consequence, for the reason that still earlier writers 
 afford the means of making the necessary correc- 
 tions. In the notes which accompany the text of 
 Bardsen his errors will be pointed out. Considering 
 the character of the times in which he wrote, his 
 account must be accepted as exceedingly intelligent 
 and fair. 
 
 Of the narrative or treatise of Ivar Bardsen we 
 have several versions. One is given in the learned 
 Prof. Rafn's great work, Antiquitates Americance,^ 
 and a translation in Parchas His PUgrimes? It 
 is there stated that it was translated out of the 
 Norsh^ language into high Dutch in the year 
 1560, and from the high Dutch into the low Dutch 
 by William Barentson, which copy was preserved 
 by Jodocus Hondius to be translated into English 
 by William Stere in 1608, for the use of Henry 
 Hudson. 
 
 The interest of this document consists, first, in its 
 antiquity, since it far ante-dates the age of Colum- 
 
 ' P. 300. — See version, in Gronland's Hist. Mindcsmserker. 
 
 •■^Vol. Ill, pp. 518-21. 
 
 3 Prof. Rafn's version is in an antiquated Danish, which is 
 probably meant by Norsh. The language of the Northmen is 
 most properly known as the Old Northern, or Dojtsk tihigu. It 
 is now spoken in Iceland alone. 
 
14 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 bus. The substance of it also exists in the ancient 
 Landanartia-holx^ or Dooms-day book of Iceland. 
 Second, as it comes in the version of Purchas, with 
 all its changes, corruptions and additions, it is a 
 literary curiosity. And in the third place it has a 
 deep interest, with those who admire ancient things, 
 on account of its association with Henry Hudson, 
 who carried it wdth him on one or more of his 
 voyages. Dr Asher, the accomplished editor of 
 Henry Hudson the Navigator, published by the 
 Hakluyt Society, prints the treatise in the appen- 
 dix to his valuable work, but he does not notice 
 its chief interest. The reason of this is perhaps 
 to be found in the fact that the history of the 
 document has not been thoroughly understood 
 heretofore, except by northern antiquarians like 
 Professors Rafn, and Magnusson, who also have 
 failed to point out at large its connection with the 
 famous Englishman. While interested in the ex- 
 ploits of Bardsen, these scholars w^ere not particu- 
 larly drawn to Hudson, Yet the select number 
 into whose hands this little work is liable to ftill 
 will perhaps take a kindly interest in both, and 
 find some material for thought in the fact that the 
 renow^ned English navigator, whose name will for- 
 ever be linked with the history of America, sailed 
 for the northern parts of this continent, carrying 
 with him the sailing directions used in the Pre- 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 15 
 
 Columl)ian age by the Northmen in their voyages 
 from Norway and Iceland to the Greenland coast. 
 
 Of Henry Hudson little is known. He appears 
 for a brief time, and then vanishes. We know 
 that he was an Englishman who had one or more 
 children, though nothing positively certain can be 
 gleaned in regard to his lineage. After a careful 
 investigation, Mr. Read in his interesting work on 
 Hudson concludes that he may have been the 
 grandson of Henry Hudson an alderman of Lon- 
 don who died in 1555, being one of the founders 
 of the Muscovy Company. John, the son of the 
 first mentioned Henry Hudson, was alive in 1618, 
 living in London. It is possible that Henry Hud- 
 son the Navigator was born "within the sound 
 of Bow Bells. " His whole life, as known to us, 
 extends only through a period of four years. We 
 see him first in the Church of St. Ethelburge, 
 London, with his crew, receiving the sacrament 
 prior to setting out on his first voyage, and we 
 view him for the last time drifting away in an 
 oj^en boat on the cold North sea. 
 
 His first voyage was made in 1607 for the 
 Muscovy Company, in search of a north-east route 
 to China along the coast of Spitzbergen. The 
 second, in 1608, was for the same purpose, and 
 led him to the region of Nova Zembla. The third 
 voyage, performed at the expense of the Dutch 
 
16 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 East India Company, was made in 1609. He 
 first sailed north-east, where he was repulsed by 
 the ice near Nova Zembla, and then sailed west, 
 reaching our own shores, and exploring the Hud- 
 son. In 1610, Hudson again sailed to search for 
 a north-west passage, the expense of the voyage 
 being borne by three English gentlemen, when 
 he explored the bay and strait that bear his name, 
 passing the winter of 1610-11 in the southern 
 part of the bay. On June 21st, he was set adrift 
 with his son and seven companions, in an open 
 boat, never afterward to be seen. 
 
 In his third voyage he probably had with him 
 the sailing directions of Ivar Bardsen, though on 
 that occasion he did not come in sight of the 
 Greenland coast. During the fourth voyage Green- 
 land was seen June 4th, in latitude 65°, where he 
 was " encumbred with much ice." When the muti- 
 neers were returning to England with Hudson's 
 ship, they saw " the Desolations," or the southern 
 part of Greenland. Abacuk Prickett says " this 
 land is a great iland in the west part of Grone- 
 land." In the notes an explanation of the origin 
 of this name will be given. From the Desolations 
 Hudson had made his way through the strait that 
 bears his name. 
 
 Of what practical use the directions of Bardsen 
 proved we are not able to say, yet it is reasonable 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 17 
 
 to infer that they were consulted, from the fact that 
 they were translated for his special benefit. Under 
 the circumstances, he would not have overlooked 
 any suggestions, though he probably did not have 
 the faintest suspicion of their practical value. Be- 
 sides, it is probable that he viewed the Greenland of 
 Ivar Bardsen as extending around to the region of 
 Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, At least such was 
 the common view at the time. If he had not under- 
 stood Bardsen as describing the eastern coast of 
 Greenland, but had caught at his real meaning, his 
 fourth voyage would have had an entirely different 
 termination, and possibly produced much more good. 
 If he had known that colonies existed for the space 
 of three hundred years on the western coast of that 
 southern region of Greenland, then called Desola- 
 tions, he would have sought the old Icelandic 
 track, and taken the course which they pursued in 
 their high northern explorations, making his way 
 towards Lancaster sound ; and when there, enlight- 
 ened by the experience of three hundred years, he 
 would have abandoned the delusion of a practical 
 north-west passage, returning at last, perhaps, to 
 his home, publishing those discoveries concerning 
 the Northmen that Egede afterwards gave to the 
 world. But this^vas not to ])&. A mournful fate 
 awaited him in that dreary clime. In the mean- 
 while he was to rove in the south. 
 
18 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Starting from Amsterdam March 25, 1609, he 
 sailed first for Nova Zembhi in search of an open- 
 ing to the Flowery Kingdom. Here the unbroken 
 ice barriers opposing his progress, and his men be- 
 coming dissatisfied, he gave them their choice of 
 sailing to Davis's straits, to seek a north-west pas- 
 sage, or of going to the American coast in latitude 
 forty. They voted in favor of the latter proposi- 
 tion, and though Hudson's instructions, received 
 from his superiors, enjoined his return to Holland, 
 in case the north-east passage could not be effected, 
 he deliberately disobeyed, and turned the prow of 
 the Half Moon towards the west. 
 
 When the heights of Greenland came in view he 
 veered to the south. Reaching the latitude of 
 Mount Desert, on the coast of Maine, he delayed in 
 that romantic region to step a new fore-mast. He 
 next sailed down the coast near the borders of 
 Virginia, and returning, entered Delaware bay. 
 Continuing his northward course, he found the bay 
 of New York, and, September, 1609, dropped an- 
 chor inside, o^ Sandy hook. Delaying here only a 
 few days, he entered the river, passed the Palisades, 
 wound his way through the Highlands and reached 
 the limit ofnavigable water. Itis pleasant to follow, 
 in imagination, and view him as he appears in Tal- 
 bot's noble picture sailing up this stream. It is the 
 nut-brown month of Septembei', and the l>irchen 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 19 
 
 trees are beginning to glow with autumnal splendor, 
 while the sky, filled with lazily floating clouds, is 
 already dreaming of the evening hour. The sa- 
 vages flock to the banks, and embark in their canoes, 
 to follow^ the ship of the Manitou, which, borne less 
 by wind than tide, slowly makes her way along 
 under the noble Palisades, now flinging themselves 
 down at full length on the calm, pulseless tide. 
 The quaint little Half Moon, which afterwards, in 
 16 IG, disappeared on the coast of Sumatra, no longer 
 tosses among the bergs of Zembla, but sluggishly 
 heads up what Hudson may have hoped was the 
 passage to India. Yet in the end, whatever may 
 have been his hopes, he was undeceived ; and after 
 thoroughly exploring the river he set sail for home. 
 
 Thus, though he failed to find a route to India, 
 the popular notion is that he first discovered that 
 noble stream, which, born among the peaks and 
 passes of the Adirondacks, flows majestically on 
 through those lovely scenes which it partially 
 creates, until it loses itself in the sea. And since 
 some scholars are of the same opinion, let us 
 briefly inquire into its w^orth, at the same time al- 
 luding to various early voyages to America. 
 
 We have already stated the probabilities in 
 regard to the degree of practical influence that 
 Bardsen's work had upon Hudson. He held the 
 key to old Greenland in his hand, but he does not 
 
20 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 appear to have understood its use. But let us 
 glance also at the case of others. 
 
 It has often been asked if Columbus gained any 
 information from the Icelanders when, in the year 
 1477, he visited that country. This does not ap- 
 pear probable, for the reason that if he had ob- 
 tained any information it would have doubtless 
 Ijeen in substance that given by Ivar Bardsen. 
 Columbus, of course, knew nothing of the Ice- 
 landic, and he could not always be sure of meet- 
 ing an Icelandic navigator who spoke Latin, or his 
 own tongue. If he had obtained the old sailing 
 directions, he would probably, in his age, have fol- 
 lowed them. In that case, he would have sailed 
 between Iceland and the Faroe island luitil he 
 sighted Greenland; then, coasting south, doubled 
 the ancient Hvarf at Cape Farewell, and after- 
 wards sailed into Ericsfiord or some of the higher 
 bays. As it was, however, he had no conception 
 of land in that direction, and sailed boldly west 
 past the Canaries, until he reached the island of 
 Hispaniola, which, to the day of his death, he 
 firmly believed constituted the western part of the 
 East Indies. 
 
 In regard to Sebastian Cabot the evidence is 
 clearer. For aught we know he might have re- 
 ceived instructions from the Icelandic sailors who 
 11 his day frequented the port of Bristol, England ; 
 
OF HENEY HUDSON. 21 
 
 and when he actually went forth, reaching the 
 American continent fourteen months before it was 
 seen by Columbus, he took substantially the course 
 of the old Northmen. 
 
 In this connection it is interesting to note the 
 fact that Sir John Barrow, in his Chronological 
 History of Voyages to the Nortli-ioest, adduces a 
 Pre-Columbian voyage by John Vaz Costa Cortereal, 
 a gentleman of the household of the infanta, Don 
 Fernandez. This person, on the return from the 
 voyage, was appointed governor of Terceira, one of 
 the Azores. His commission was dated at Evora, 
 April 12, 1464. The statement rests on the au- 
 thority of the Portuguese writer, Cordeyro. Bid- 
 die, laboring in the interest of Cabot, attacks Sir 
 John Barrow with that jDartisan warmth which 
 leads us sometimes to suspect the fairness of his 
 statements, and declares {Life of Gahot, p. 283), 
 that Sir John had not even looked into Cordeyro's 
 work. Major, however, in the introduction to 
 his Letters of Columbus (p. xxxi), doubts Biddle's 
 statement; but, in defending the priority of Co- 
 lumbus's claim, also questions the vo^^age of Costa 
 Cortereal, who is represented at that time as seek- 
 ing a north-west passage. 
 
 First, it is said, that in his commission as go- 
 vernor of Terceira there is no recognition of his 
 voyage. But at that early time the voyage may 
 
22 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 not have appeared so particularly meritorious ; 
 while, if it had been, it is not so certain that it 
 would gain mention. Again, it is said that his 
 attempt to make a north-west passage, took for 
 granted the existence of a large body of land lying- 
 in the region of America.^ But Major does not 
 prove that the knowledge of that land was totally 
 unknown in Europe. In the eleventh century, 
 Adam of Bremen knew of the existence of that 
 land, which was called Vinland. Major, some- 
 what in opposition to Biddle, says that that Cor- 
 deyro was a respectable historian, and that the 
 whole question turns on his account. The fact 
 that no notice of the voyage is found in the cata- 
 logues of Lisbon voyages between 1412 and 1640 is 
 hardly conclusive. Costa Cortereal may have had 
 access to some of the sailing directions of the 
 Northmen, while we actually find Goinera men- 
 tioning the navigator John Kolnus, who in the 
 year 1476 was clearly sent to. Greenland by the 
 Danish king, Christian I, who reigned in Den- 
 mark and Norway. This is declared by various 
 old writers. Wytfliet, in his Descriptioiils Ptole- 
 
 1 By conceding tlie authenticity of the Zeni chart, which was 
 certainly drawn up from Icehmdic authorities, and upon which 
 Hudson, in turn, hiri/clij /xiscd his oirii map, the difficulty, if it 
 be a difficulty, entirely disappears, since the Kstotiland of the 
 Zeni was a part of America. 
 
OP HENRY HUDSON. 23 
 
 ifnaicoe Augmentmn, published in 1603, after speak- 
 ing of the voyage of the Zeni brothers to Greenland, 
 tells us that the second person to rediscover that 
 country was John Skolnus, the Pole, who, in the 
 year 1476, being in the service of King Christian, 
 sailed beyond Iceland and Greenland, and landed 
 on Labrador, the Estoliland of the Zeni brothers.^ 
 Humboldt accepts this voyage as authentic, re- 
 marking, " Skolny was in the service of Christian 
 11,^ of Denmark, in 1476, and they say that he 
 sailed past the coast of Norway, Greenland and Fris- 
 land of the Zeni, and landed upon the shore of La- 
 brador." Yet he is in doubt, in regard to Skolnus 
 having reached Labrador, and says: "I cannot 
 hazard any opinion on the statement made to this 
 effect by Wytfliet, Pontanus and Horn. A country 
 seen after Greenland, may, from the direction iudi- 
 
 1 The following is the language of Wytfliet : Secundum 
 detectae huius regionis decus tulit Johannes Scolnus Polonus, 
 qui anno reparate salutis M. cccc. Lxxvi. Octoginta & sex 
 anius a prinnx eius lustratione nauigans vltra Nouegiam, Grreen- 
 landiam, Frislandiamque, Boreale hoc fretum ingressus sub ipso 
 Aretico circulo, ad Labaratoris banc terram Estotilandiaiuque 
 delatus est, multo deinde tempore intentatum hoc nautis mansit 
 littus dum algentis climatis gelu, aut infesti maris horrent procel- 
 lis baud satis diguum ob procraium (p. 102). Pontanus (p. 7G3) 
 quotes the account of Wytfliet with approval. 
 
 -Both Humboldt and Major make the mistake of putting this 
 event in the reign of Christian II. Christian I reigned from 
 1448 to 1481. 
 
24 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 cated, have been Labrador. I am, however, sur- 
 prised to find that Gomara [chap, xxxvii] who pub- 
 lished his Historla de las Indias atSaragossa in 1553, 
 was cognizant even at that time of this Polish pilot. 
 It is possible that when the codfishery began to bring 
 the seamen of southern Europe into more frequent 
 connection with the Scandinavian sailors, a suspi- 
 cion may have arisen that the land seen by Skolny 
 must have been the same as that visited by John 
 Cabot in 1497, and by Gaspar Cortereal in 1500. 
 Gomara says, what in other respects is not quite 
 right, that the English took much pleasure in fre- 
 quenting the coast of Labrador, for they found the 
 latitude and the climate the same as that of their 
 native land, and that the men of Norway have been 
 there too with the pilot, John Skolny, as well as the 
 English with Sebastian Cabot." Humboldt adds 
 to this : " Let us not forget that Gomara makes no 
 mention of the Polish pilot with reference to the 
 question of the priorit}^ of Columbus, though he is 
 malignant enough to assert, that it is in fact impos- 
 sible to say to whom the discovery of the New 
 Indies is due." [Examen Critique, ^joX.ii, p. 153-4.) 
 The sentence given from Gomara by Humboldt, 
 is found in chapter xxxvii of his General History 
 of the Indies. In chapter xxxix he also remarks 
 that Bretons and Danes have likewise gone to the 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. or. 
 
 :ib 
 
 Bacaloas. Kiinstiiiann also calls attention to the 
 subject in his work, Die Entdeckimg Amerihas. 
 
 He says (p 45) : On historical grounds, however, 
 is a voyage hitherto too little noticed, which was 
 undertaken by the men of the north who formerly 
 visited the coast of America from Norway in the 
 second half of the fifteenth century." He then con- 
 tinues : "Francis Lopez Von Gomara, so called 
 from the name of one of the Canary islands where 
 he was born, had, according to his own testimony, 
 obtained from Olaus of Gotha much knowled2;e 
 about the condition of Norway and her shipping. 
 We may thank him for the information given in 
 his Descrirptionof Lahmdor, that the men from Nor- 
 way and the pilot, John Skolnus, and the English 
 with Sebastian Cabot had visited there." 
 
 In support of the voyage of Kolnus, we have 
 the map of Michael Lok, of the date of 1527, as 
 given in EaUuy(s Divers Voyages touching the Dis- 
 coverie of America, which was printed in 1582. 
 This map, Lok says, was based by him upon a 
 map drawn at Seville, and presented to Henry 
 VIII, by Verrazano. A large tract of land, which 
 appears to be the same as that now known as 
 Baffin's Land, is marked, " Jac. Scolvum, Groes- 
 land." 
 
 The voyage of Skolnus does not, however, appear 
 
 much like a marvel, when we remember that for 
 4 
 
26 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 centuries prior to his time the communication 
 was maintained with more or less regularity. The 
 last of the seventeen bishops of Greenland, An- 
 dreas, was sent over in the year 1406, and three 
 years later we have the proof of a marriage per- 
 formed by him in the Cathedral of Gardar. More- 
 over Wormius told Peyrere [Egedes Greenland, p. 
 xlvii) that down to the year 1484 there was a 
 company of sailors at Bergen in Norway who still 
 traded with Greenland. The Icelander, Bioern von 
 Skardfa, also speaks of a Hamburg sailor, who 
 sailed in the North seas at about this period, 
 whose adventures had earned for him the name 
 of Jon Greenlander. 
 
 It is proper here, however, to notice the fact that 
 Peyrere had scruples about what Wormius told 
 him of the Bergen sailors ; yet the only argument 
 that has been brought against it rests on the fact 
 that in Queen Margaret's reign, 1389, some Nor- 
 way merchants fell under the ban of the law for 
 sailing to Greenland without the royal license. 
 This fact, almost accidentally preserved, helps, 
 instead of conflicting with, the statement of Wor- 
 mius that trade was carried on in 1484. Yet 
 it is a fact that communication had ceased about 
 the year 1500. Nevertheless, the truth that a 
 great continent lay in the ocean at the west, 
 was still familiar to a class of Scandinavian 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 27 
 
 minds ; for when in the year 1513, King Christ- 
 ian II ascended his throne, he bonnd himself 
 with a solemn vow to reopen the ancient com- 
 munication with Greenland. At the same 
 time, Eric Walkendorf entered upon the work 
 with much enthusiasm, but, eventually sharing 
 the misfortunes of his sovereign, he went to 
 Rome, where he died without accomplishing his 
 purpose. 
 
 When, therefore, we consider the whole question, 
 the alleged voyage of Costa Cortereal, in 1464, 
 does not appear at all improbable ; ^ since he may 
 have conferred with some one of the Scandinavian 
 sailors then voyaging to Greenland, and, on the in- 
 formation thus gained, embarked in an expedition 
 of his own, which at that time might easily have 
 passed as an event of minor importance to the 
 world, and thus gained no prominent place in the 
 
 I 111 tliis connectiou it may be of interest to note the fact 
 that the author of a privately printed work on Columbus (p. '82) 
 speaks as follows : " Santarem quotes two works : One by Eras- 
 mus Shmid {apud Fabricius Bih. gren., I, 145), which tends 
 to show that Homer was aware of the existence of this conti- 
 nent ; the other, by De Guignes, Eemarques Geographiqucs ct 
 Critiques, from which we learn that the Chinese had established 
 important commercial relations with America as early as the 
 year 458 of our era." Which of Santarem's works are referred 
 to, he does not state. There is no doubt much valuable material 
 is stored up in the Chinese archives, which in course of time will 
 be brought to liiiht. 
 
28 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 chronicles of the day} It may, therefore, yet be 
 demonstrated to the satisfaction of historical stu- 
 dents that the old sailing directions of Bardsen 
 were known by a few on the European continent 
 in those early days of the Cortereals.^ And it is 
 of sufficient interest to mention in this connection 
 
 ' If Columbus had beea familiar with the Icelandic, he might 
 have gained this knowledge for himself, when, fJic vcrij year 
 following the voyage of S/ioluus ho sailed far into the north and 
 visited Iceland. 
 
 In the year 1477 he wrote to his son Ferdinand, that " he 
 sailed a hundred leagues beyond the isle of Thule, the southern 
 part of which is distant from the equinoctial line seventy-three 
 degrees, and not sixty-three as some assert; neither does it lie 
 within the line which includes the west of Ptolemy, but is 
 much more westerly. To this island, which is as large as Eng- 
 land, the English, especially those from Bristol, go with their 
 merchandise. At the time that I was there the sea was not 
 frozen, but the tides were so great as to rise and fall twenty six 
 fathoms. It is true that the Thule, of which Ptolemy makes 
 mention, lies where he says it does, and by the moderns it is 
 called Frislandia; " that is, FaroeslaneJ, or Faroe We may re- 
 member here also that the Bristol traders saved Iceland from 
 the fate which overtook Grreenland. For letter of Columbus, 
 see Select Letters of Columbus, p. xlv, by Major. 
 
 - " The family name was originally Costa or Cosfe, and is of 
 French extraction, having come to Portugal along with Count 
 Alphonzo Ilenriquez, under whom one of the Costas served in 
 the taking of Lisbon and conquering Portugal from the Moors. 
 The family settled in Algarve, and when John Vaz Costa (some 
 say his father) came to the Portuguese court, he used to live in 
 such splendor and hospitality that the king observed to him, 
 ' Your presence, Costa, makes it a real Court.' " Major's Letters 
 of Columljus, p. xlvii. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 29 
 
 the testimony of Las Casas, who saw a work by 
 Columbus ^ himself, On the Information gathered 
 from Portuguese and Spanish Pilots concerning 
 Westeim. Lands (See Notes on Columhus, privately 
 printed, Astor Library, p. 85). This seems to in- 
 dicate very clearly that something was known by 
 the Spanish and Portuguese ; and possibly, when 
 the treatise referred to by Las Casas comes to light 
 from among the rubbish of some old library where 
 it is now buried, we may find the name of John 
 Vaz Costa Gortereal 'written therein. 
 
 But we must now turn to Henry Hudson. The 
 character of Hudson, judged by the age in which he 
 lived, was tolerably fair, though, of course, hardly 
 superior to ordinary examples. If it is true, as Mr. 
 Read supposes, that Hudson was nurtured under 
 the influences of the Muscovy Company which 
 Alderman Hudson helped to form, we should prefer 
 to have seen him adhering to the service of the 
 English, instead of taking the pay of the Dutch in 
 his third voyage. But for this change he doubtless 
 had satisfactory reasons. It has also been remarked 
 that in his third voyage he disobeyed his orders. 
 On this point we may conclude that he was quite 
 
 ' Columbus first thuuglit of land at the west in 1470. In 
 14:73 he received a map rehative to tlie subject from the Kloren- 
 tiue astronomer, Toscanelli. 
 
30 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 as capable of judging as the Company. His insub- 
 ordination was, on the whole, beneficial. In his last 
 and fatal voyage, it is said that he secretly amassed a 
 large quantity of the ship's stores, after having pro- 
 fessed to have made an equal distribution of all the 
 provisions on board. This was doubtless with the 
 best of intentions, since, if he did not ultimately 
 share them with his men, it must have been clear to 
 his mind that he could never bring his ship into port. 
 He also fell into needless trouble with the natives, 
 which cost lives, and allowed some of them to 
 become intoxicated on board the Half Moon, where 
 in her little cabin, they held an unseemly revel. 
 This, however, was a mistake of judgment. He 
 lived in an age much ruder than ours, a time when 
 manners on ship-board were more generally de- 
 praved. On the whole, Hudson was hardly a man to 
 be spoken against. But, on the other hand, his cha- 
 racter does not demand the high praise which some 
 have given. He was of fair courage, and persever- 
 ing, l3ut not original or great, in any sense of the 
 terms. His was a respectable mediocrity. In 
 navigation he had no new conceptions, but was 
 rather a copyist. This being so, we might infer 
 at the outset, that he was not the first to discover 
 the river which bears his name. We find even 
 that the voyage to this latitude was suggested by 
 another. 
 
 i 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 31 
 
 This was his friend, Captain John Smith, who 
 argued that in latitude forty he would find a pas- 
 sage to India. The influence of Weymouth, to 
 whose voyage he had access through Plantius, ap- 
 pears to have been considerable ; while he may also 
 have seen the globe made by Euphrosynus Vlpius 
 of Venice, in 1542, which lays down a narrow strait 
 leading westward in the latitude of the Hudson 
 river. Hud son must certainly have been acquainted 
 with the map of Michael Lok, published in 
 Hakluyt's work of 1582, and Wytfliet's of 1603. 
 The map of Norumbega and Virginia, given by 
 the latter, though wrong in the calculation of lati- 
 tudes, shows that navigators were then perfectly 
 familiar with the coast. On this map Cape Hatte- 
 ras and Chesapeake bay are laid down under those 
 names, while the map of Lok shows numerous in- 
 lets between Florida and New York, among which 
 there is no difficulty in finding Delaware bay. But 
 in conducting the inquiry let us first ascertain what 
 were the early opinions in regard to the priority of 
 the voyage of Hudson. 
 
 The common representation teaches that, ac- 
 cording to the tradition of the Indians, Hudson 
 was the first European that visited this river, the 
 beautiful Cohotatea of the aborigines. Yet this is 
 simply a partial view, obtained for political use, 
 and is manifestly untrue ; for no less a personage 
 
32 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 than Petrus Stuyvesant, the governor of New 
 Amsterdam, himself admitted that the Dutch were 
 not the first visitors, and inchned to award this 
 honor to the French. Among other testimonies 
 we have that of the Dutch Labadists, who came 
 to New Amsterdam in 1679. Their journal, re- 
 cently translated from the Dutch by Mr. Murphy, 
 for the Long Island Historical Society, contains the 
 very interesting statement, that when they visited 
 Long Island the Indians told them that the first 
 strangers " seen in these parts" were "Spaniards 
 or Portuguese," but that they did not remain long, 
 and that "-^ afteriDards'' the Dutch came. [L. I. 
 Hist. Coll., vol. I, p. 273). This alone stamps the 
 story of Van Der Donk with its true character 
 where he makes the natives declare that they 
 " did not know there %mre any other lyeople in tlie 
 world'' before the Half Moon arrived {N. Y. Hist. 
 Coll., ser. II, p. 137). 
 
 Afterwards the Labadists went to All)any, and 
 on the west side of .the river, just below the town, 
 they saw the remains of an old fort " built as they 
 [the people] say, by the Spaniards." (X. I. Hist. 
 Coll., vol. I, p. 318) . Here, then, we have the Span- 
 iards again, though the notion that the fort was 
 built by them appears to be sufficiently well dis- 
 posed of by the fact presented by Mr. Brodhead 
 in his History of New York (p. 55), Avhere we find 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 33 
 
 that Hendrick Christiaensen built a fortified trad- 
 ing house on the island referred to, in 1614. It had 
 a strong stockade, a moat eighteen feet wide, and 
 was armed with two large guns and eleven swivels. 
 Still, though it is clear that the tradition in regard 
 to the Portuguese and Spaniards, existed when 
 the Labadists visited Albany, we must not, at a 
 time like the present, when American history is 
 freeing itself from the meshes of fable, allow our 
 selves to fall into the error of bringing a tradition 
 to prove a fact, but we should rather use facts to 
 prove the tradition. Let us therefore inquire what 
 it is really worth. 
 
 First, then, we find that the priority of Hudson's 
 discovery is denied by the Dutch themselves, who, 
 according to Dr. O'Callaghan {New Netherlands p. 
 26), had two ships, those of Sieur Beveren, sailing 
 in American waters in 1512. Of course we have 
 no knowledge of the particular places visited. But 
 when w-e come to the period of 1598 the statements 
 assume a tangible form. In the year 1644, the 
 committee of the Dutch West India Company, 
 known as the General Board of Accounts, to whom 
 numerous documents and papers had l^een in- 
 trusted, made a lengthy report, which they begin 
 by sajdng: "New Netherlands, situated in Ame- 
 rica, between English Virginia and New England, 
 extending from the South [Delaware] river, lying 
 
34 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 in 34 J degrees, to Cape Malabar, in the latitude 
 of 41^ degrees, was first frequented by the inhabit- 
 ants of this country in the year 1598, and espe- 
 cially by those of the Greenland Company, but 
 without making any fixed settlements, only as a 
 shelter in the winter. For which they erected on 
 the North (Hudson) and South (Delaware) rivers 
 there two little forts against the incursions of the 
 Indians." (K Y. Col Doc, vol. i, 149). ^ 
 
 This testimony, which we have no means of dis- 
 proving, sweeps away at a single blow the claim of 
 Hudson as the discoverer of the Cohotatea of the In- 
 dians, as well as that of the noble Delaware ; and 
 so far as the Englishman may be concerned, we 
 might well rest the case where the committee of the 
 West India Company leave it in their report to the 
 states-general. But there are other claims to be 
 considered. 
 
 We must pass over the statements of Holmes, 
 Chalmers and others, that Cabot, who sailed down 
 the American coast to the latitude of Gibraltar, 
 made himself acquainted with all this part of the 
 
 ' On this testimony Mr. Brodhead says, iu his Hiatori/ of New 
 York (p. 35 «.), that the statement " needs confivniation," and 
 refers (in Appendix A) to N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc, app. 96; N. 
 Y. Lit. DWr/, No. 322, p. 271; N. A. Rev., ix, 163-1(55; 
 and Heckewelder, in N. Y. Hist. Coll., series II, vol. I, 71 -7o. 
 None of these references, however, conflict with the Dutch re- 
 port, which, being based on documents, and coming from 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 35 
 
 continent, for the reason that we do not know what 
 he actually accomplished, and come to Verrazano, 
 who is generally believed to have explored the 
 coast in 1524. If the record is authentic, it must 
 also be admitted that this navigator, who made him- 
 self so famous as Juan Florentin, actuall}^ entered 
 the bay of New York and discovered the mouth of 
 the river. His alleged letter to Francis I, king of 
 France, dated July 8, 1524 (see K Y. Hist. Coll., ser. 
 II, vol. I, p. 45), states that in sailing northward 
 along the coast, evidently in the region of New 
 York, he " found a very pleasant situation among 
 some steep hills, through which a very large river, 
 deep at its mouth, forced its way to the sea ; to the 
 estuary of the river, any ship heavily laden might 
 pass with the help of the tide, which rises eight feet. 
 But as we were riding at anchor in a good berth, 
 we would not venture up in our vessel, without a 
 knowledge of the mouth ; therefore we took the 
 boat, and entering the river, we found the country 
 on its banks well peopled, the inhabitants not dif- 
 fering much from the others [previously mentioned] 
 
 an honorable body, seems entitled to credit. Heckewelder, in 
 the above reference, simply gives the Indian tradition of the 
 arrival of Hudson, which, without saying so, appears to teach 
 that Hudson was the first European who came to the river. 
 But we have already seen, from the forced admission of the 
 too partial A^an Der Donck, that such was nof the unanimous 
 belief amouii- the natives. 
 
36 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 being dressed out with the feathers of birds of 
 various colors. They came forward towards us 
 with evident delight, raising loud shouts of admi- 
 ration, and showing us where we could most se- 
 curely land with our boat. We passed up this 
 river about half a league, when we found it formed 
 a most beautiful lake three leagues in circuit, upon 
 which they were rowing thirty or more of their 
 small boats, from one shore to the other, filled with 
 multitudes who came to see us. All of a sudden," 
 he says, " as is wont to happen to navigators, a violent 
 contrary wind blew in from the sea, and forced us 
 to return to our ship, greatly regretting to leave this 
 region which seemed so commodious and delightful, 
 and which we supposed must also contain great 
 riches, as the hills showed many indications of 
 minerals." Here the description will be recognized 
 as tolerably good, while the reference to minerals 
 agrees with the impression received by Hudson when 
 he looked upon the white-green cliffs near the 
 Elysian Fields at Hoboken. (See Brodhead, p. 34, 
 diiidi Ashei's Hudson,^. 90). Leaving New York, 
 this voyager professes to have sailed northward to 
 Rhode Island, and from thence passed on to Maine, 
 where the coast is well described. 
 
 Yerrazano was an officer in the privateer service 
 of Francis I. In 152o he captured two ships sail- 
 ing from Mexico to Spain, freighted in part with 
 
OP HENKY HUDSON. 37 
 
 the arms and jewels of Montezuma and his lords. 
 The capture enabled him to make princely presents 
 to the king and nobiHty of France.^ It has been 
 conjectured that he was hanged for piracy, about 
 the year 1527-8. 
 
 But the discovery of the Hudson does not depend 
 even upon Verrazano. We have another early 
 navigator, who sailed upon these coasts, in the per- 
 son of Estevan Gomez. Sir John Barrow says in 
 his Chronological Account of North-western Voyages 
 (p. 54), that Gaspar Ens is the only writer who 
 mentions Gomez at all. And yet Gomez is no 
 myth, as we shall see. Purchas's account, taken 
 from the brief tract of Gaspar Ens, published at Co- 
 logne, in 1612, is very meagre, yet the voyage of 
 Gomez is perfectly well known,^ though not men- 
 tioned by various prominent writers. In 1519 
 
 ' Those who desire to read what is to be said against the 
 authenticity of the Verrazano letter, are referred to the search- 
 ing paper of Buckingham Smith, Esq., who is so eminently 
 qualified by his researches in this department to speak on the 
 subject. 
 
 - The references Biddle gives are the following, which all bear 
 on Gomez : Peter Martyr, dec. vi, c. x, and dec. viii, c. x ; 
 Oviedo (General History), c. x; Ramusio, vol. in, p. 52, in In- 
 dex, title Stephano ; Gomara, c. xl ; De Bry ( Gr. T oy.), pt. iv, 
 p. 69 ] Fumee {History of the Iiidiea), fol. 49 ; Herrera, dec. ill, lib. 
 VIII, c. viii ; Gahano ( Halduyt, IGUl), p. 66 ; Eden (Decades) fol. 
 213; Sir William Monson (Naval Tracts), b. iv. To these may 
 be added Wyfjlcet, p. 101. 
 
38 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 he sailed as the chief pilot of Magellan, but 
 finally left him at the Magellan straits under 
 unfortunate, if not disreputable circumstances, and 
 returned home. After finding him engaged in 
 that southern expedition, it is not difficult to believe 
 that he subsequently explored the nortliern parts 
 of the American coast. 
 
 Galvano says of Gomez that, failing to obtain a 
 command in the new expedition to the Moluccas in 
 1524, he went to the northern coast of America to 
 search for a new passage to those islands. The 
 " Earle Don Fernando de Andrada, and the Doctor 
 Beltram, and the marchant Christopher de Sarro, 
 furnished a gallion for him, and he went from 
 Groine in Galicia to the island of Cuba, and to the 
 point of Florida, sailing by day because he knew 
 not the land. He passed the bay of Angra, and 
 the river Enseada, and so went over to the other 
 side. It is also reported that he came to Cape 
 Razo, in 46 degrees to the north ; from whence he 
 came backe againe to the Groine laden with slaves. 
 In this voyage Gomez was ten monthes."^ 
 
 It was the theory of Gomez, that as when with 
 Magellan he found a southern strait leading to the 
 Indies, so he would now find a short route to the 
 
 ' Haklat/i's Selections, ed. 1812, p. 34; Prter Martyr, decade 
 VIII, p. 601 ; (lomara, lib. I, cap. v. These are the references of 
 Galvano. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 39 
 
 same place by searching the American coast at the 
 north. He accordingly obtained a caravel, and set 
 out, according to Navarrete, in February, 1525, to 
 perform the voyage. He failed to find any open- 
 ing to the Indies, but nevertheless explored a great 
 portion of the coast and discovered the Hudson. 
 Of this the most satisfactory proof exists.^ 
 
 His voyage was of importance for the reason that 
 it convinced several of the continental governments 
 of the folly of searching any longer for that unreal 
 passage which employed the best energies of the 
 Dutch and English for nearly a century afterwards. 
 But let us now speak of the expedition more in detail. 
 
 Estevan Gomez was a Portuguese sailor in the 
 service of Spain. In 1524 he attended the congress 
 at Badajos, Sebastian Cabot likewise being present. 
 At this congress, Portugal, being jealous of the in- 
 fluence of Spain, opposed the plan for an expedition 
 to the Indies; but soon after the difficulties be- 
 tween the powers were adjusted, and the king 
 of Spain, in connection with some merchants, fitted 
 out a caravel, as already stated, giving Gomez the 
 command. 
 
 Peter Martyr having described the council of 
 Badajos, held in 1524, which dispatched a fleet to 
 
 ' See Lopez (Ht'sto)yy of India), ed. 1555, c. 12, 40; Oiicdo 
 {History ofladicC), 1537, torn. II, lib. XXI, c. 8-9 ; Asher's Henry 
 Hudson; pp. Isxxvii, cxlv ; Historical Magazine^ 1866, p. 368. 
 
40 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 the Indies by the old route, he speaks of the deci- 
 sion arrived at to seek a new route northward by 
 America. He writes : " It is also decreed, that one 
 Stephanus Gomez (who also himselfe a skillful 
 Navigator) shall goe another way, where by be- 
 tweene the Baccaloas, and Florida, long since our 
 countries, he saith he will finde out a way to 
 Cataia : one only shippe called a Caravel is fur- 
 nished for him, and lie shall have 710 other thing in 
 cJmrge, then to search out ivether any passage to the 
 great Chan, from out tlie diuers ivindings, and vast 
 compassing of this our Ocean, were to he found'' 
 (dec. VI, chap. x). Peter Martyr ^ thus speaks of 
 the return of Gomez : " Now I come to Stephanus 
 Gomez, who as I haue already sayd in the end of 
 that booke presented to your Holinesse [Pope 
 Clement VII,] beginning (before that) was sent 
 with one Caravel to seeke another Straight be- 
 twene the land of Florida and the Bachalaos 
 sufficiently known, and frequented. He neither 
 finding the straight, nor Gaitaia which he pro- 
 mised, returned backe within tenn monethes after 
 his departure. I always thought and presupposed 
 this good man's imaginations were vayn and friuo- 
 lous. Yet wanted he no suffi^ages and voyces in 
 
 1 Pope Leo was so niucli pleased with the narrations of Martyr 
 that he used to sit up hite at night reading them to his sister 
 and the cardinals. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 41 
 
 his fauor and defence. Notwithstanding he found 
 pleasant and profitable countries, agreeable with 
 our Parallels, and degrees of the Pole." The writer 
 then refers to a matter which he had treated of very 
 extensively in Decade vii, chapter iii, saying : " Li- 
 centiatus Aiglionus [Ayllon] also a Senator in 
 Hispaniola by his freindes, familiars travailed 
 & passed the same strange shores to ?/* NmiJi of 
 Hispaniola, Cuha, and the Incaian Islands neere y'^ 
 Bachalaos^ & the countryes of Chicora, and Duraba 
 whereof I speake at large before. Where, after 
 the declaration of the rites, and customs of the na- 
 tions and the descriptions oi notable Iwmens and great 
 riuers, gi'oues of Holme, Oake, and Oliues, and 
 wild vines euery where there spreading in the woods, 
 they say, they founde also other trees of our coun- 
 trey and that surely not in short Epitome, but con- 
 suming and expending great bundles of paper 
 therein. But what need haue we of these things 
 which are common with all the people of Europe ? 
 to the South, to the South [sic] for the great and 
 exceeding riches of the ^qunoctiall they that seek 
 riches must not go vnto the cold, and frosen north." 
 The full account of this voyage does not men- 
 tion what was done at the northern part, near 
 
 ' Cabot appears to have found this Basque word iu use among 
 the natives, which, if true, proves that the Biscay fishermen had 
 anticipated the voyage of Columbus. 
 6 
 
42 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 the " Bachaloas," by which was meant the country 
 above the forty-fourth parallel. It is therefore to 
 be regretted that Peter Martyr did not think it 
 worth while to give the contents of those great bun- 
 dles of paper. These regions he had already re- 
 marked were " long since our countries. " 
 
 One story is related of Gomez's return (D, viii,cx), 
 thought very laughable. He tells the pope: "In 
 this adventure your Holinesse shall heare a plea- 
 sant & conceited puffe of winde arising, able to pro- 
 cure laughter. This Stephanus Gomez hauing 
 attained none of those things which wee thought he 
 should haue found, lest he should returne empty, 
 contrary to the laws set down by vs, that no man 
 should offer violence to any nation, fraighted his 
 shipp with people of both sexes, taken from cer- 
 taine innocent halfe naked nations, who contented 
 themselues in cottages insteede of houses. And 
 when he came into the hauen Clunia, from whence 
 he set sayle, a certaine man hearing of the arri- 
 ual of his shippe, and that hee had brought Escla- 
 vos that is to say slaues, seekinge no further, came 
 postinge vnto us, with pantinge & breathless spirit 
 sayinge, that Stephanus Gomez bringeth his shippe 
 laden with clones and precious stones ; and 
 thought thereby to have received some rich pre- 
 sent, or reward. They who favored the matter, 
 attentiue to this manns foolish and idle report. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 43 
 
 wearied the whole Court with exceediiige great ap- 
 plause, cuttinge of the worde by Apha^resis, pro- 
 clayminge, that for Esclavos, hee had brought 
 Clauos (for the Spanish tongue calleth slaves Es- 
 clavos, and clones Clauos) but after the Court vnder- 
 stoode that the tale was transformed from Clones 
 to slaves, they break foorth into a great laugh- 
 ter, to the shame and blushinge of the fauorers who 
 shouted for joy. If they hadd learned that the in- 
 fluence of the heauens could be nowhere infused 
 into terestiall matters prepared to receiue that aro- 
 maticall spirit, sane from the ^quinoctiall Sunne, 
 or next viito it, they would have knowne, that in 
 the space tenn moneths (wherein hee performed his 
 voyage) aromaticall Clones could not bee founde." 
 Gomez appears to have done his work quite 
 thoroughly. In the course of the voyage he drew 
 up a map, the outlines of which were afterwards 
 embodied in the planisphere made by Ribero, now 
 preserved in the British Museum. At a congress 
 held at Badajos after the voyage of Gomez, where 
 the most distinguished geographers of Spain and 
 Portugal met to settle the disputes arising out of 
 Pope Alexander's grant, the outlines of America 
 were fixed for the first time from the discoveries of 
 
 ' See Ashci-'a Henri/ Hudson the Navigntoi-^ p. xci Asher 
 complains that Gomez's discoveries were so poorly put upoo paper 
 
44 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 The explorations of Gomez appear to have been 
 the most thorough in latitude forty and forty-one. 
 Oviedo had his reports, and gives among his de- 
 scriptions the following statements: 
 
 " From Cape St. John to Cape or Promontory of 
 the Sands, in 38° 20' are thirty leagues North North- 
 east ; thence other 30 leagues North is Cape San- 
 tago in 39° 30'; thence the coast turns South-west 
 20 leagues to bay St. Chripstabel in 39°. From that 
 bend made by the land the coast turns northward, 
 passing said Bay 30 leagues to Rio St. Antonio 
 in 41°, which is north and south with said bay." 
 {Hist. Mx(/.,1866, p. 369). 
 
 A careful comparison of all these accounts 
 will persuade the reader that by the bay of St. 
 Chripstabel is meant the lower bay of New York 
 in connection with Raritan bay, and that Rio 
 St. Antonio is the Hudson river. The latitudes 
 are sufficiently exact for those times, but what 
 is more noticeable is the fact stated, that this 
 river lay north and south with the bay, which can- 
 not 1)0 affirmed of any other river of note in this 
 locality. In Ribero's map,^ the whole country from 
 
 by Ribero. Yet we must remember that this was done at a 
 time when map-making was in its infancy, and scientific accuracy 
 was not always expected. 
 
 1 The following, in relation to the early cartography of America, 
 may here prove appropriate. Juan dc la Cosa, otherwise known 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 45 
 
 New Jersey to Rhode Island is called the land of 
 Estevan Gmnez, while the land southward is called 
 the land of UAyllon. Sprengel unites with Asher 
 in demonstrating the discovery of the Hudson 
 by Gomez. Asher thinks that the Spaniards who 
 came to the coast after Gomez, also sometimes 
 
 as JuanViscuyno, was a Biscayan. This person, accompaDied 
 Columbus on his second voyage to America, and took part in five 
 expeditions, two of which he commanded. Bernardo de Ibarra 
 says "that he saw and heard the Admiral [Columbus] complain 
 of Juan de la Cosa, saying, that because he had brought him 
 to these parts for the first time, and as a man of ability had taught 
 him navigation, he went around saying that he knew more than 
 himself" (^Notes on Columbus, privately printed, New York, 
 1 866, p. 38) Peter Martyr also says, speaking of the early maps : 
 " Of all other, they most esteem them of Johannes de la Cossa, the 
 companion of Fogeda (whom we sayde to be slayne of the people 
 of Caramaivi in the hauen of Carthago) and another expert pilote 
 called Andreas Moralis, had set forth." (Dec, 11, cap. x.^i 
 These testimonies show that his reputation was deserved. In 1507 
 he received a pension of 50,000 maravedis for his services to the 
 king. In 1507 he was appointed mayor of Uraba, and two years 
 later, attending the expedition of Ojeda, at Darien, he lost his 
 life, being slain by an Indian. 
 
 In 1832, Humboldt found his Mappamumli in the library 
 of Walcknaer. This map was sold at auction in Paris for 4,020 
 francs. Perhaps it was the identical map that Petyr Martyr 
 found in the study of Bishop Fonseca when he went to consult 
 him in ] 514, on the subject of newly found territories Beecher, 
 in his Landfall of Columhus, p. xiv, says it is an "old docu- 
 ment not worthy to be called a chart;" but Humboldt testifies 
 that it is the most important map known concerning the earliest 
 history of the geography of the new world. Santarem and 
 Lelewel coincide with this opinion. The map covers more than 
 fifteen square feet of surface. The inscription is as follows : 
 
46 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 called the river by his name, Rio de Gamez, as 
 some also styled a river on the coast of Maine, in- 
 stead of Rio St. Anthony. Asher informs us that 
 the Hudson is thus called in the Spanish routiers 
 made at the time for the use of those timid sailors 
 who, even down to the seventeenth century, were ac- 
 
 Juan de la Cosa la fizo en el puerto de Stci Maria en ano do 
 1.500. 
 
 Above the inscription is a figure of St. Columbus, carrying 
 tlie infant Christ through the sea, holding a globe, surmounted 
 with a cross, in his right hand. A portion of the map in 
 outline is given in LeleweVs Collection of Ancieuf Maps. Also 
 in Humboldt's JEJxamen Critique, vol. v ; in Ghillani/'s Behaim; 
 and in Raman de la Sagra. 
 
 The oldest printed map which contains the new world is the 
 Vniversailor Cognoti Orbit of John Ruysch, which appeared 
 in the edition of Ptolemy printed at Venice in 1508. The 
 part upon which the western continent appears is given io Ghil- 
 laney's Behaim. 
 
 The first person to suggest the name America as a proper name 
 for the new continent was Martin Waldsee Muller, or Hylaco- 
 mylus, who printed it in his Globus 3Iundi in 1507. A writer 
 in a German review, in the course of an examination of Kunst- 
 mann's maps of /America, declared that he had seen the name on 
 an old map attached to a work by the Pole, John de Stobnicza, 
 which appeared in 1512. But a careful examination reveals no 
 such map, and the probability is that the reviewer in question 
 was in error. {Archeologia of the London antiquaries, vol. xl). 
 
 A copy of a hitherto unknown map has, however, been disco- 
 vered in the queen's library at Windsor Castle, and Mr. E.. T. Ma- 
 jor, the accomplished author of Prince Henry the Navigator, has 
 exercised his ingenuity in providing a date for it. He claims 
 these points for this map : namely, that it is the earliest map to 
 indicate the severance of America from Asia, of Cuba from Japan, 
 and the first to represent the southern continent. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 47 
 
 customed to skirt the coast, instead of steering boldly 
 in a direct course for desired ports in the West Indies. 
 The mouth of the Hudson — Rio de Gamez — was 
 one of their stations, as was the case with the island 
 of Nantucket, called by the routiers Juan Luis or 
 Juan Fernandez/ 
 
 In this map Cuba and the Baccalloas appear as islands, and 
 the name America is given to the southern continent. Mr. 
 Major fixes the date of this map at 1513-14, for this reason, 
 among others, that it seems to indicate Balboa's discovery of the 
 Pacific. He attributes the authorship to no less a person than 
 that great genius Leonardi DaVinci ; and it must be confessed 
 that he sustains his positions with no little candor and ability. 
 But when we come to the year 1520 we have the word America in 
 a map whose age no one can dispute. This is the MappamuncU of 
 Appianus, which is given in the work of John Camertis. 
 
 One of the most interesting of the early maps is that of Ribero, 
 which bears the date of 1527, and gives the results of both Span- 
 ish and Portuguese explorations down to that date. A section of 
 this invaluable map is given in the work of the unfortunate 
 Lelewel. It is of especial interest in connection with the present 
 work, for the reason that it performs an important part in esta- 
 blishing the discovery of the Hudson by Gomez in 1525. Other 
 ancient and highly interesting maps relating to America will be 
 found in the collections of Kunstmann, and Jomard. The map 
 of Antonio Zeni is referred to elsewhere. 
 
 ' In answer to a letter of inquiry. Dr. Asher writes to me, 
 under date of Heidelberg, Feb. 24, 1869, that the routiers 
 referred to are in the British Museum. In this connection I 
 may state that the old maps, which I have consulted, invariably 
 call the Hudson, Rio St. Antonio, and never Rio de Gamez, as 
 stated to be the case in the above mentioned routiers. On the 
 other hand the river of Gomez is always represented in the 
 latitude of the Penobscot, to which Gomez himself possibly 
 o-ave his name. 
 
48 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 From all the foregoing testimony it must be 
 clear to unprejudiced minds that, whoever may 
 claim the honor of first discovering the River of 
 St. Anthony, Henry Hudson can claim no part 
 in it. Verrazano, Estevan Gomez, and the Dutch 
 of 1598 all rise up to claim a long priority. Thus 
 the old Labadist tradition takes life and meaning. 
 
 And such a result seemed long ago to have 
 been anticipated and feared by the friends of 
 Hudson who have, at times, caught a glimpse 
 of the truth. The statement of Wassanaar who 
 (N. Y. Doc. Hist., vol. i, 35) speaks of the river 
 of St. Anthony (for such we have a right to 
 call it), as "the river called, first Bio de Mon- 
 tagues, now the River Mauritius, lying in 40? de- 
 grees," seems to have troubled Benson, like some 
 handwriting on the wall, cancelling Hudson's claim. 
 Still he was of good courage and inclined to be 
 fair. Yet, notwithstanding the river was called 
 River of the Mountains, he tells us that the early 
 explorers, whoever they may have been, probably 
 did not approach nearer than the Narrows.^ It 
 
 ' Benson quoted Van Der Donck who says : "Tliere are some 
 who maintain that the Spaniards were in this country many years 
 before, but, finding it so cold, left it ; but I could never so under- 
 stand it." But the Labadists so understood it, aud even Petrus 
 Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, favored the French. Benson 
 hesitates to sanction Van Der Donck, and says, " He was a Dutch- 
 man, and doubtless penned the passage, in asseveration of their 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 49 
 
 would, in the absence of all testimony to the con- 
 trary, appeared quite as reasonable to have con- 
 cluded that they sailed up the Hudson, for when it is 
 once fairly entered, the name given by Wassanaar, 
 who was never in this country, and obtained it 
 abroad, appears every way appropriate. Indeed, 
 no one can say that Verrazano himself did not give 
 this name its European reputation. For in his letter 
 he well nigh brings out the idea, when he speaks of 
 the stream as a river of, or among, the steep hills. 
 According to our best knowledge, if we concede 
 the voyage of Verrazano, that navigator first 
 found ^ this grand river (Grandissima riviera), and 
 Estevan Gomez named it. They were separated 
 from one another by scarcely a year's time, and 
 neither appears to have had any knowledge at the 
 time of what the other had done. 
 
 title to the river as the first discoverers of it. He also says : 
 " I cannot forbear from the conjecture that they [the Spaniards] 
 approached so near as distinctly to discern the opening, the 
 Harrows, and eonciudiug it to be the entrance to a river, and 
 Nevesinck and Staten Island being the only land on the coast 
 apparently mountamous, thence the name River of the Mount- 
 ains." N. Y. Hist. Coll., N. S., vol. 11, p. 90. My own view, 
 after carefully consulting the map of Ribero and others, is that 
 the name River of the Mountains may have been first applied to 
 a river, east of Mount Desert, Maine, and afterwards transferred 
 to the Hudson. 
 
 1 One well known and accomplished writer says that "Verra- 
 zano simply " looked into the harbor of New York." This, how- 
 ever, is not the way that navigator states it. 
 7 
 
50 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 What Verrazano accomplished at the Eiver of 
 the Steep Hills we are perfectly assured of, but 
 how far Gomez ascended the so-called Rio 
 St. Antonio ^ we are unable to say. Yet when we 
 consider that his special aim was to search for 
 some strait that might carry him to the Indies, it 
 is not at all likely that he would have neglected to 
 ascertain whither this broad opening led. 
 
 There is another point that has been claimed for 
 Hudson which it will prove interesting to examine. 
 One writer tells us that Hudson, by noting the sin- 
 gular amelioration of the climate, originated the 
 great idea of an open polar sea," and refers to Mr. 
 Murphy's monograph on Hudson as first bringing 
 forward this fact. But Mr. Murphy simply says (p. 
 12) that after his second voyage he became known 
 "because he had reached, as was supposed, that 
 tempting region of Arctic exploration, the open 
 Polar sea." De Veer's account of the Dutch 
 expedition of 1594, which account (p. 41) was 
 
 ' Benson, in his 3Iemoirs says, that " the promontory in the 
 Highlands [is] called Antonie's Noze, after Antonie De Hoogtf^ 
 secretary of the colony of Rensselaerwyck." lie gives no au- 
 thority for the opinion. The Labadist brethren called it An- 
 tonis ncus {L. I. Hist. Coll. vol. I, p. 380) and say that all the 
 headlands," bear the names that were originally given to them," 
 and this because it has the form of a man's nose. All the Dutch 
 Anthonies appear to have claimed it in turn ; but what if it 
 should finally appear that it was named by the Spaniards, who 
 gave the whole river into the charge of St. Anthony ? 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 51 
 
 probably written by Barentz, argues substantially 
 in favor of an open sea. It is distinctly declared 
 that '■'■ the nearness of the pole was not the cause of 
 the great colde we felt." 
 
 The writer says that it is " as hot under 23 J° 
 as under the line," and asks " what wonder then 
 should it bee that about the North Pole also and 
 as many degrees on both sides of it should not bee 
 colder then right under the Pole." He afterwards 
 continues, " Thus much will I say, that though we 
 held not our direct pretended course to North-east, 
 that therefore it is to bee iuged that the colde 
 would have let no one pass through that way, for 
 it was not the Sea, nor the nearnesse unto the 
 Pole, but the ice about the [main] land that let 
 and hindered vs (as I sayd before) for that as soon 
 as we made from the land, and put more into the 
 Sea, although it was much further northward, pre- 
 sently we felt more warmth ; and in that opinion 
 our pilote William Barentz died." 
 
 In the account of the voyage of 1595 the writer 
 argues against the old idea "y* 350 miles at least 
 of the North Pole on both sides are not to be sailed, 
 which appeareth not to be true, for that the White 
 sea and farther northward is now sayled." The 
 writer also says that it is by the farre colder there 
 [on the main] then it is a greate deal nearer the 
 pole in the large seas." His theory was that the 
 
52 SAILING DIKECTIONS 
 
 ice came down the rivers of northern Europe and 
 accumulated on the coast, while the water to the 
 northward was open, affording a route to China. 
 Hence the expedition of 1595 boldly tried to push 
 north of Nova Zembla, instead of seeking to go as 
 at first between that island and the main. If any 
 navigator of that period is entitled to be considered 
 the originator of the theory of an open polar sea, 
 that person was Barentz, the pilot of the first three 
 expeditions, with which Hudson had no connec- 
 tion. The same view is supported by the letter 
 of President Jeanin, written from the Hague, 
 January 21, 1609, to Henry IV, and given by 
 Asher in his Henry Hudson the Navigator (p. 244) . 
 In this letter (p. 245) he says "an English pilot, 
 who has twice sailed in search of a northern pas- 
 sage, has been called to Amsterdam by the East 
 India Company, to tell them what he had found, 
 and whether he hoped to discover that passage. 
 They were well satisfied with his answer, and had 
 thought they might succeed in the scheme." This 
 does not even bear out the remark of Mr. Murphy 
 before quoted, where he intimates that the Dutch 
 had supposed Hudson had reached the open sea. 
 Jeanin afterwards says, " Plancius maintains, ac- 
 cording to the reasons of his science, and from the 
 information given him, both by the Englishman 
 (Hudson) and other pilots who have been engaged 
 
OP HENRY HUDSON. 53 
 
 in the same navigation, that there must be in the 
 northern ports a passage corresponding to the one 
 found near the South pole by Magellan. One of 
 these pilots has been there three [tJdi'tee?i, i. e., 1594] 
 years ago." 
 
 This pilot who preceded Hudson has already 
 been alluded to, and his own language shows 
 that it was he, and not Plancius, who worked out 
 the idea of an open polar sea.^ This claim for 
 Hudson is therefore unsupported. Indeed it will 
 be found impossible to erect a character of great- 
 ness for Henry Hudson. As already remarked 
 his mind was cast in an ordinary mould, and 
 possessed no elements of originality. He was a 
 good copyist but hardly more.^ 
 
 ' I here use the popular language in regard to the Polar sea. 
 In the year 1500, it is believed Columbus predicted the disco- 
 very of the North pole. 
 
 - Foster claimed that Hudson discovered Spitzbergen, having 
 forgotten his own declaration, in another place, where he says 
 " Hudson saw Spitzbergen in 1G07, which had been discovered 
 eleven years before by the Dutch." Barrow, speaking more 
 to the point, says in his Ghronologkal History of Arctic Regions^ 
 that " it deserves to be remarked that he was the first of north- 
 ern navigators, and probably the first Englishman, who made 
 observations on the inclination or dip of the needle." His 
 observation made in his second voyage may be found in Asher's 
 Henry Hudson, p. 25. If Barrow had said that Hudson was 
 the first of a class of navigators to record the dip of the needle 
 it would have been better. He certainly could not have been 
 the first to notice the ftict, unless all his predecessors were blind. 
 
54 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 It only remains now to speak briefly of the trans- 
 lators of Ivar Bardsen's work. 
 
 First is William Barentz, or Barentsen, the dis- 
 tinguished explorer. Barentsen was a Dutch 
 navigator, who made three voyages for the purpose 
 of reaching China by north-east sea. His first at- 
 tempt was in 1594, and the second in 1595, and 
 the third the following year. The account of these 
 expeditions, originally written in Dutch, are given 
 by Purchas,^ with some brief memoranda by Barent- 
 sen himself. Purchas says that he found the sail- 
 ing directions of Bardsen among Hakluyt's papers 
 in Barentsen's own hand. Hakluyt says that it was 
 loaned to him, by Peter Plancius, in Amsterdam, 
 March 27, 1609. It does not appear that Barent- 
 sen ever made use of the directions. The date of 
 his death I do not find. The version of Bardsen 
 which fell into his hands is, in the opinion of Prof. 
 Eafn and others, the best extant. 
 
 Jodicus Hondius, who is mentioned as possess- 
 ing the first translation, was born at Wackene, in 
 Flanders, hi the year 1563. In his eighth year 
 he began to draw and engrave on steel and ivory, 
 afterwards becoming distinguished as a scientific 
 map engraver. During the siege of Antwerp, 
 he was employed by the Duke of Parma in exc- 
 
 1 Sec Purchas his PUgrimes, vol. ill, pp. 473, 518. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 55 
 
 cuting some statues in bronze. He was recom- 
 mended by the duke to visit Italy to study art, 
 but declined the opening. Afterwards he went 
 to England, ])ut eventually settled in Amsterdam, 
 where he died in 1611. His son succeeded him in 
 his profession. Among the portraits which he en- 
 graved are those of Queen Elizabeth, Sir Francis 
 Drake and Thomas Cavendish. 
 
 Of William Stere, merchant, who translated 
 Barentsen's version into English, nothing of parti- 
 cular interest is known. 
 
 Peter Plancius was a minister of the reformed 
 faith in Amsterdam. Born in Drenoutre, Flan- 
 ders, in 1552, he pursued his studies in England 
 and Germany. He was ordained to the ministry 
 in 1577, and preached in various parts of Bra- 
 bant. His books were publicly burnt at Ypres. 
 Afterwards becoming minister of the Reformed 
 Church at Brussels he officiated there for a period 
 of six years. On the capture of that place by the 
 Duke of Parma, he escaped into Holland, disguised 
 as a soldier, and settled over the church in Amster- 
 dam, where he proved a determined opponent of 
 the doctrines of Luther and Arminius. He sat in 
 the synod of Dort in the year 1618, and was a 
 member of the committee on the translation of 
 the Old Testament. He died in the city of his 
 adoption May 25, 1622, aged seventy years. He 
 
56 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 gave directions concerning his burial, in accord- 
 ance with which his remains were interred in the 
 south church-yard of Amsterdam. 
 
 The Rev. Peter Plancius, in common with many 
 of his Belgian countrymen, did much to make 
 Holland the centre of geographical knowledge. 
 Asher says that Plancius was one of the most emi- 
 nent of the geographical students, and, like the 
 late Sir John Barrow, was universally known for 
 his interest in the search for a northern route for 
 China, a subject which he had discussed with Hud- 
 son himself,^ taking an active interest in all the 
 voyages of the distinguished navigator. It is also 
 said that he opened a school for the study of navi- 
 gation, with especial reference to new routes to 
 China. He afterwards had an interest in a ven- 
 ture to the Hudson river. It must be conceded 
 that his influence upon the whole subject of disco- 
 very was highly beneficial. 
 
 Since the foregoing was put in type, the new 
 volume of the Maine Historical Society, edited 
 by Dr. Kohl, of Bremen, has come to hand. 
 Concerning the voyage of Kolnus, he says on 
 page 114: 
 
 ' See Asho-'s llcnry Hiuhon^ p. xlvi. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 57 
 
 "Many have repeated this report without finding 
 any other authority for it than Gomara and Wyt- 
 fliet. But the Danish and Norwegian writers upon 
 this subject consider that voyage as altogether 
 apocryphal, and say, that their old northern histo- 
 rians and documents do not contain the slightest 
 mention of such an expedition. Moreover, they 
 think that if it was made at all, it could have been 
 nothing more than an attempt to find out again the 
 lost Old Greenland, and not to make new disco- 
 veries in the distant west. The learned Polish geo- 
 grapher, Lelewel, though inclined, from a patriotic 
 motive, to make a great deal of the undertaking, 
 ascribed to his countrymen, has found no Polish 
 authority whatever." 
 
 To these statements no weight need be attached, 
 for a variety of reasons. 
 
 The sweeping declaration that Danish and Nor- 
 wegian writers consider "that voyage as altogether 
 apocryphal," is rested on the opinion of Finn Mag- 
 nusen, expressed in Gronlands Historiske Mindes- 
 mcerker (vol. iii, p. 630), and in his Essay on tlie 
 Ancient Trading Voyages from E)igland to Iceland. 
 As regards the fact that the "old northern his- 
 torians and documents do not contain the slightest 
 mention of such an expedition," it may be observed : 
 First. That we have no proof that the state ar- 
 chives of Denmark, at the period referred to, were 
 
58 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 of that perfect and comprehensive character which 
 would insure the record of every such event. 
 Second. That if they were thus perfect, originally, 
 we have no proof that the collections remain unim- 
 paired. Third. We are not positive that these or 
 other archives do not contain some reference to this 
 voyage. Hakluyt lamented that there was no 
 account of the ships or the persons engaged in the 
 English expedition of John Rut to America, in the 
 year 1527, and his regrets were echoed by the princi- 
 pal writers who followed, down to the time of Dr. 
 Lardner and the Edinhurgh Cabinet who accom- 
 panied the expression of regret with others that 
 savored of indignation. Yet all the while the evi- 
 dence existed, and might have been read at the time 
 even in Purchas. And if so many writers could 
 overlook, for so long a period, the testimony in re- 
 gard to Rut, it is not at all unreasonable to suppose 
 that the full history of Skolnus may still be lying in 
 some neglected corner. At least the multitude of 
 similar cases that might be cited should inspire us 
 with a large degree of caution. 
 
 Gomara, in 1553, did not bring forward John 
 Skolnus without reason. Michael Lok in 1582, 
 appears to have had entire confidence in his voy- 
 age ; while Wytfliet had quite full information of 
 the expedition in 1597. It is of course, to be 
 lamented that he made no mention of his authority. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 59 
 
 Still the Swedish historian Pontanus followed him 
 without hesitation. On far less authority, Dr. Kohl 
 accepts the voyage of Denys of Honfleur, set down 
 for 1506. 
 
 As to Dr. Kohl's remark that the northern his- 
 torians confine the object of Kolnus's voyage to a 
 search for Old Greenland, we have only to say that 
 no one attributed to it a larger aim. Yet, even with 
 that purpose in view, it would have been just as 
 easy for him to have discovered Labrador in 1476, 
 as for Biarne when, on a similar voyage, in 985, to 
 discover the continent of America. 
 
 The insinuation that Lelewel felt inclined to 
 magnify this " undertaking ascribed to his country- 
 men," has no foundation in the Polish writer's 
 simple and disinterested account. Besides the voy- 
 age was never ascribed " to his countrymen." It 
 was uniformly ascribed to Denmark, Kolnus being 
 merely the pilot. 
 
 It is a sufficient reply to the statements that he 
 "found no Polish authority whatever" for this voy- 
 age, to say that Lelewel did not look for any Polish 
 authority (see his GeograpJiie Du Moyen Age, vol. 
 II, p. 106). 
 
 Laying aside all national prejudices, and viewing 
 the alleged voyage of Kolnus in all its bearings, 
 it, on the whole, appears sufficiently reasonable to 
 be classed among authentic voyages. It might 
 
60 SAILING DIRECTIONS. 
 
 well have been forgotten by the people of Denmark 
 (if it was forgotten) at a time when the nation was 
 constantly threatened by calamity. • The great ob- 
 jection to the voyage of Kolnus is, very likely, 
 based upon that unfortunate hallucination which 
 still sways so many minds, and leads not a few his- 
 torical students to look upon pre-Columbian voyages 
 from the European Continent, as a sort of libel upon 
 the name of that illustrious navigator whose real 
 merits do not always enter into estimates of 
 his character, or dignify traditional admiration. 
 Happily, however, the world moves ; and when ill- 
 founded prejudice has passed away, the opponent 
 of pre-Columbian voyages will find that he has been 
 shorn of his most powerful argument. 
 
SAILING DIRECTIONS. 
 
 A Treatise of Iver Boty a Gronlander, franslated 
 out of the Norsh Language into High Dutch, in 
 the yeere 1560. And after out of High Dutch, into 
 Low Dutch, hy William Barentson of Amster- 
 dam, loho ivas chiefe Pilot aforesaid. The same 
 Copie in High Dutch is in the hands of Iodocvs 
 HoNDivs, which L haue seene. And this teas 
 translated out of Loio Dutch hy Master William 
 Stere, Marchent, in the yeere 1608, /or the use of 
 me Henrie Hudson. William Barentsons 
 Boohe is in the hands of Master Peter Plantivs, 
 who lent the same to me. 
 
 N primis, it is reported by men of 
 Wisedome and Vnderstanding borne 
 in Gronland, That from Stad^ in 
 Norioay to the East part of Is- 
 kmd, called Hornnesse,^ is seven 
 dajes sayling right West. 
 
 Ltem, men shall know, that betweene Island and 
 
 ' The words in the old Danish text given by Rafn is also 
 Stad, a city or town. Bergen is the place referred to. 
 
 - Horn-nesse simply means Horn- Cape, the term nessc or mss 
 having the same signification wherever it occurs. 
 
62 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Gom- Gronland, lyeth a Risse ^ called Gomhornse-share^^ 
 
 hornse- '' 
 
 share. There they were wont to have their passage for 
 
 1 Risse, the old preterite of the verb 7'ise, used by Ben 
 Jonson, but now obsolete. It seems to mean a place where the 
 ocean's bed is lifted up above the water. The term does not 
 occur in the Danish. 
 
 - Gomhornse-skare, i. e., Grunnbiorn's scliler or rock. Here 
 the locality of these famous rocks is left undecided, but the Dan- 
 ish version says that they lay " half way " between Iceland and 
 Greenland. Torf^us says that these rocks were six sea miles 
 from Gclrfuglesher off Reikiavik, and twelve miles south of Garda 
 in Greenland ; yet it is possible that they may have been sunk 
 in some of the many convulsions that have happened in and 
 near Iceland. The Landanama. or Icelandic Dooms-day book, 
 has some account, of their original discovery by Gunnbiorn, Ulf 
 Krage's sou, in the year A. D. 876. In the year 970, Snsebiorn 
 and a company of adventurers sailed from Iceland to these rocks 
 where they spent the winter. The account says that : 
 
 " Sn^ebiorn also took Thorod from Thingness, his step-father 
 and his five sons, and Rolf took Stajrbiorn. The last named re- 
 cited the following verse, after he had a dream : 
 
 Both ours 
 
 dead I see ; 
 
 all empty 
 
 in Northwestern Sea ; 
 
 cold weather, 
 
 great suffering, 
 
 I expect 
 
 Sngebiorn's death. 
 
 They sought Gunnbiorn's Rocks and found land. Snacbioru 
 would not permit any one to go ashore in the night. Staerbiorn 
 landed notwithstanding, and found a purse with money in an 
 earth hole, and concealed it. Sntebiorn hit him with an axe so 
 that the purse fell down. They built a cabin to live in, and it 
 was all covered with snow. Thorkel Red's son, found that there 
 was water on a shelf that stood out of the cabin window. This 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 63 
 
 Grmiland. But as they report there is Ice on the The^i^on 
 same Risse, come out of the long North Bottome/ so 
 
 bot- 
 tom. 
 
 was in the mouth of Goe [about February.] They shoveled the 
 snow away. Surebiorn rigged the ship ; Thorod and five of his 
 party were in the hut, and Stserbiorn and several men of Rolf's 
 party. Some hunted. Stserbiorn killed Thorod, but both he 
 and Eolf killed Sn^biorn. Red's sons and all the rest were 
 obliged to take the oath of allegiance to save their lives. They 
 arrived on their return at Helgeland, Norway, and later at Vadil 
 in Iceland." See Pre-Columbian Discovery, pp. 11 - 15. 
 
 This is about all the positive history connected with Gunn- 
 biorn's Rocks ; yet it may be interesting to state what Graah 
 says on the subject in his account of the boat voyage along the 
 eastern shore of Greenland. When in latitude about 65° 35' a 
 heavy gale set in which drove some ice out to sea, " by which 
 means," he says " I got sight of two, or perhaps, three large is- 
 lands in that direction, distant from forty to fifty miles. These 
 are, probably, the islands between which Danel states that he 
 passed in the year 1652, though they lie somewhat nearer the 
 main land, than, according to his account, they ought. It is like- 
 wise in all likelihood, these same islands that the ancients called 
 Gunbiorn's Skerries, and which, they state, lay midway between 
 Iceland and Greenland, that is to say (according to my interpre- 
 tation of the words) midway between Iceland and the Bygd in 
 Greenland, which, in fact, they do exactly, if, by the Bygd we 
 are to understand the present district of Julian's Hope, and 
 keep in mind, that, in the early period of the Greenland colo- 
 nization, those sailing for the colony did not shape a course 
 direct S. W. from Iceland, but first steered west till they made 
 the land and then proceeded south along the shore." — Graalis 
 Expedition, p. 100. 
 
 1 North Bottome. The Danish is Botnen, meaning the North- 
 ern ocean, from whence, since the times of Eric the Red and 
 Snsebiorn, the ice has been drifting more freely than before. 
 It now crowds upon the eastern coast with such force that it is 
 almost impossible to make a boat voyage along the shore except 
 at certain brief and favorable seasons. 
 
64 SxVILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 that we cannot use the same old Passage as they 
 thinke.^ 
 
 Item, from Long-nesse ^ on the East side of Island 
 to the aboue said Horn-nesse^ is two dayes sayle to 
 the Brim-stone Moiint.^ 
 
 ^ This paragraph, it must be observed, is not so full as in 
 Rafn's Danish version, which also says that the distance from 
 Snajfellsness to Greenland is " two days' and two nights' sail." 
 Graah says of the Danish version : " Eggers has, iu my opinion, 
 satisfactorily proved, that the old writers have committed an 
 error here in stating the distance to be a two days' sail to the 
 west, and that in the place of two we should readybio*. Worms- 
 kiold, on the other hand, who combats Eggers's statements, holds, 
 that the error lies in the punctuation of the passage. I, for my 
 part, believe both are right ; and while I read with Jiggers _/b«/- 
 days '; instead of two, I place, with Wormskiold, a comma after 
 the words ' er kortest til Gronland,' [shortest to Grreenland] 
 from which correction it results, that the distance from Iceland 
 to Gunhiorns Skerries was four days sail to the west, and 
 Gunbiorn's Skerries being expressly stated to be exactly half 
 way between Iceland and Greenland, that is, between Iceland 
 and the Bygcl^ the distance between the latter, was eight days' 
 sail " (p. 100, «.). 
 
 - The Danish says that Long-nesse^ or Langeness, is on the 
 north-cast side of Iceland, which is the more exact statement, as 
 will be seen by consulting a good Icelandic map. 
 
 3 This is what is now known as the East Horn, or Cape. 
 
 4 In the Danish version we read till [to'] Svalbarde [in] Haffs- 
 hatnen. Svalharde indicates a frozen shore, and Haffshotnen, 
 a sea-bay. Rafu calls attention to the original observation on 
 this point in the Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson, in Sturleson's Heitn- 
 skringla. See Ra/n's Antiquitates Americans, p. 303, n. ; and 
 Laing's Heimskringla. The Brimstone mount referred to is 
 Hecla. Purchas says that in the last voyage of Hudson " they 
 passed Island, and saw Mount Hecla cast out fire, a noted signe 
 of foule weather towards; others conceive themselves and de- 
 
OP HENRY HUDSON. 65 
 
 Item, if you goe from Bergen in Norioay, the 
 course is right West, till you bee South of RoJce- 
 nesse'^ in Island: and distant from it thirteene^ 
 miles or leagues. And with this course you shall 
 come vnder that high Land that lyeth in the East 
 part of Groneland, and is called Swaster.^ A day swaster. 
 before you come there, you shall have sight of a 
 high Mount, called Huit-sai'lve:^ and between Wliit- wMte- 
 
 sarke. 
 
 sarhe and Groneland ^ lyeth a headland called Her- Hemoidus 
 
 •^ Hooke. 
 
 noldus Hooke ; ^ and thereby lyeth an Hauen, where 
 
 ceive othei'S with I know not what purgatoric fables hereof con- 
 futed by Arngriui Jonas, an Islander, who reproveth this and 
 many other dreams related by authors, saying that from the 
 year 1558 to 1592 it never cast forth any flames." {Aslier, p. 
 140 ; Furchas, ill, p. (>54). 
 
 • Heikianess, the cape near the capital of Iceland, at the 
 south-west extremity. 
 
 ■-' The Danish version says twelve. Olaf Trygvesson's Sa(ja 
 also says twelve. These twelve miles equalled about seventy or 
 eighty common miles. 
 
 ■^ The Danish for Sioalster is Hvarf. which means a place of 
 turning, by which is understood the promontory some distance 
 northward from the south jjoiut of Greenland. 
 
 ■^ In the original Huidserk, which means white shirt, the j'o- 
 Aml at the extremity of Greenland. 
 
 ■'' By Groneland is meant that port for which the Icelanders 
 usually sailed, and called the PJast Bi/yd, though situated on the 
 west coast, in the modern district of Julian's Hope. 
 
 ^ Hemoidus Hooke, is simply Heriulfsness, a little to the west 
 of Huidserk. In this connection we must notice the correspond- 
 ing directions of the Landanaina Bok, which agree with the 
 directions laid down in this paragraph : " From the houses 
 [Bergen] in Norway, you must sail steadily to the west to 
 Hvarf in Greenland, passing north of the Shetland [islands], 
 9 
 
6(5 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 the Norway Merchant Ships were wont to come : 
 sovnd and it is called Sound Hauen} 
 
 Haueii in 
 
 idndT Item, if a man will sayle from Island to Gron- 
 
 land hee shall set his course to Syiofnesse,^ which is 
 by West RoJienesse^ thirteene^ miles or leagues right 
 West one day and night's ^ sayling, and after South- 
 west to shun the Ice," that lyeth on Gmnhornse- 
 skare ; and after that one day and night North- 
 
 so that the horizon is seen between the mountains, if the weather 
 is clear, but South of the Faroe Island, so that the horizon is seen 
 between the mountains, and south of Iceland, so that you fall 
 in with birds and whales." The region of whales is situated 
 about where Ivar Bardson puts it, twelve Icelandic sea miles, 
 or nearly eighty ordinary miles from the coast. Graah, after 
 summing up the whole matter, says at the conclusion, " I am very 
 confident that a seaman of the present day, if, without compass, 
 chart or quadrant, he was directed to sail from Bergen to Cape 
 Farewell, would follow the exact course laid down in the Landa- 
 nama Book." See Graali., p. 157. This book was begun by 
 Frode, called the Wise, about the year 1100, and was finished 
 before the death of Erlandson in 1334. See Prr-Columhian 
 Discovery, p. xxiii, n. It is interesting to know that Henry 
 Hudson went forth on his voyage of 1609 with these ancient 
 directions, which might have proved an invaluable guide. 
 
 ' Sound Ilinien, i. c, Sand Haven. 
 
 - Snfefellsness. 
 
 •^ Reikianess. 
 
 iThe Danish again differs from this ti-anslation, putting the dis- 
 tance at tivelve miles. 
 
 ■''The original says, een Dagh och een Nutt ; on which Rafn 
 remarks : forsltan II doe.gr duohus nycthemerus. 
 
 G That fine old Icelandic work called the Royal Mirroi- {Spe- 
 cuhim Rega/c), speaking of the ice, says : "This ice lies more 
 in the direction of north and north-east than south, south-west, 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 67 
 
 west. So shall he with this course fall right with 
 the aboue sayed Sioaster, which is high Land, un- 
 der which lyeth the aforesayd Head-land, called 
 Hernoldus Hooke, and the Sound Hauen. 
 
 Item, the Easter ^ Dorpe ^ of Groneland lyeth East 
 from Hernoldus Hoohe, but neere it, and is called 
 Skagen Ford ^ and is a great village. f 0?^'* 
 
 Ite^n, from Skageu, Ford, East, lyeth a Hauen 
 called Beare Ford,^ it is not dwelt in. In the ^««'« 
 
 ' Ford. 
 
 mouth thereof lyeth a Risse, so that great ships 
 cannot harbour in it. 
 
 Item, there is great abundance of Whales : and 
 there is great Fishing for the killing of them there : Agreat 
 
 ° ° ° flsTiingfor 
 
 but not without the Bishops consent, which keep- ^''^^'^^• 
 eth the same for the benefit of the Cathedrall 
 
 and west ; for which reason, he that would reach the land must 
 sail around it, till he passes all the ice, and then sail in for the 
 land." It says that it has " often chanced that those sailing for 
 this land have held in too soon, and have thus got caught in the 
 ice, where some have been lost, and others have with much ex- 
 ertion escaped; and the method they have usually adopted was 
 to haul their boats upon the ice, and make the best of their 
 way with them to the shore, abandoning their ships and all 
 their goods on board of them to destruction. Some have man- 
 aged to live on the ice in this way four or five days, others even 
 a longer time." See Ra/a's Antujuitates Americansc, p. 305, u.; 
 Graah, p. 159. 
 
 1 Easter, or east. 
 
 - Dorpe, the original is h_i/[/d, a district. 
 
 •* Skagen/ord, that is Ska</afiord, from Skagrfjord. 
 
 ■^ Bcnrr ford, from Brro fjord , the fiord of bears. 
 
68 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 ch urch . In the Hauen there is a Stealth :^ and when 
 the Tide doth runne out, all the Whales doe runne 
 A great into the sayd Stvaltli. 
 
 Swalth. -^ 
 
 Item, East of Beare Ford, lyeth another Hauen 
 
 somcr^ called AlJabong Sound : ^ and it is at the mouth 
 
 narrow, but farther in, very wide: the length 
 
 whereof is such, that the end thereof is not yet 
 
 knowne. There runneth no Streame. It lyeth 
 
 store of full of little Islcs. Fowlc and Oxen are there com- 
 
 oxen. 
 
 ' Swalth, eddy, or whirlpool. In such places the smaller fish 
 usually resort to play or seek their food, and hither they are 
 always followed by the whales. 
 
 - Allahong Sound. It is with difficulty that we recognize the 
 phrase in Purchas. The old Danish is OUmnlcngri, which Rafn 
 translates, Omninin-Jonijissimus^ the longest (fiord) of all. 
 Those who in old times supposed that the East Bygd lay upon 
 the east coast of Greenland located it in latitude 70°, making it 
 identical with Scoresby's Sound, which place was discovered by 
 the Dane, Volgvard Boon, in 1769. In the very old maps of 
 Greenland, the sound was represented as nari'ow, and extending 
 nearly across Greenland, which it almost reduced to an island. 
 We know now that this place was certainly on the west coast. 
 Besides, Scoresby's Sound, as Graah observes, has strong cur- 
 rents, and no isles, birds or eggs ; while its mouth, instead of 
 being narrow, is four or five times wider than any other fiord 
 in Greenland of which we have any knowledge. There are 
 nevertheless places that correspond to Olhmi-leingri in the 
 southern tracts of Greenland. At Illoa Arctander saw green 
 fields, and in two of the entrances to this fiord there are nume- 
 rous small isles and holms. There are also many birds and eggs, 
 though the current is rapid. Yet the current may have been 
 created by one of those changes constantly occurring, while in 
 the day of Bardson the ice-blinks may have cut ott" approach 
 and rendered it impossible to reach the end. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. QQ 
 
 inon : and it is playne Land on both Sides, growne 
 ouer with greene grasse. 
 
 Item, East from the Icie Mountayne, lyeth an The ide 
 Hauen Fendebotlier ;"" so named, because in Saint ThLWieu 
 
 . , - olFcucle- 
 
 Olaves tnne there was a Ship cast away, as the '^«'^"'- 
 Speach hath been in Groneland; In which Ship was 
 drowned one of Saint Olaves men, with others : and 
 those that were saued did burie those that were 
 drowned, and on their Graues did set great stone 
 Crosses, which we see at this day. 
 
 Item, from somewhat more East toward the Icie 
 Mountayne lyeth a high Land, called Corse Houqlit?- corse 
 
 ^ ■^ Hmtght. 
 
 vpon which they hunt white Beares, but not with- ^^. o""*' 
 out the Bishops leaue, for it belongeth to the Ca- Mff;;f|;-ast. 
 thedrall church. And from thence more easterly, DeLrt. 
 men see nothing but Ice and Snow, both by land 
 and Water. 
 
 Now we shall return again to Hernoldus Hoohe, tuo towns 
 
 " from Her- 
 
 where we first began to come to the first Town 'm!k!. 
 
 1 Fendehothcr. The original is Finshuder. The notes of 
 Kafu throw no additional light on this passage. By referrin^'^ 
 to the sagas which relate to Greenland, it will be found that 
 shipwrecks were of very frequent occurrence. The greater part 
 of Eric the Ked's fleet was cither driven back from Greenland 
 or lost. 
 
 - Corse Hought. The original is Kaarsooe or Cross Island. 
 Wormskiold, who advocated the exploded theory of a settle- 
 meat on the east coast of Greenland, thought that this island was 
 Jan Mayeu, sixty-five miles from the nearest point of Green- 
 land, and eight hundred from what he thought was the East 
 
70 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 that lyeth on the east side of Hernoldus Hoolce, 
 
 called Skagen Ford: and so we will write the 
 
 West- names of all that lye on the West-side of the Ford 
 
 ward. "^ 
 
 or Sound. 
 
 Item, West from Hernoldus Hoohe, lyeth a Dorpe 
 Thetowne called Kodosford," and it is well built : and as you 
 
 of Godos- ' '^ 
 
 sayle into the Sound, you shall see on the right 
 hand a great Sea and Marsh : and into this Sea run- 
 neth a great streame : and by the Marsh and Sea 
 A great staudeth a arreat Church,'^ on which the Holy 
 
 Church ° ' "^ 
 
 whiti^ Crosse is drawne, of colour white : it belongeth to 
 
 Cross on 
 
 with a 
 w 
 Ci 
 it, 
 
 Byfjd. In Zorgdrager's map there was a cross, yet it did not 
 indicate the name of the isle, but pointed to the graves of 
 seven Dutchmen who in 1643 attempted to winter there. We 
 may yet be able to identify this place in some of the fiords of 
 the west coast. 
 
 '^Kodosford^hom. Ivetilsfjord. Every chief settler who went 
 to Greenland appropriated some advantageous spot and gave it 
 his own name to mark his proprietorship. Thus we read that 
 " Among those who emigrated [A. D. 985-6] with Erie and es- 
 tablished themselves, were Heriulf Heriulfsfiord, who took Heri- 
 ulfsness, and abode in Heriulfsness, Ketil Ketilstiord, Rafn 
 Rafnsfiord, Solvi Solvidale, Helgi Thorbrandson Alptafiord, 
 Thorbjoruglora Siglefjord, Einar Einarsfiord, Ilafgrim Haf- 
 grimsfiord and Vatuahver, Arnlaug Arnlaugsfiord : and other 
 men went to the west district." 
 
 This name Ketil, is probably that from which all the modern 
 forms have been derived. See Saga of Eric the Red in Anti- 
 quitatcs Americanai, p. 15; and Pre- Columhian Discovery,-^. 17. 
 The location of the fiord in question cannot now with certainty 
 be pointed out. 
 
 - The Danish calls it Auroos Church. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 71 
 
 Enelnesse de Hohesong,^ and the land to Peters 
 Wike.' 
 Item, by Peters Wike lyeth a great Dorpe called Peters 
 
 Wike. 
 
 Wa7'tsclale,^ by which lyeth a Water or Sea of twelue warts- 
 miles or leagues ouer: m which is much Fish. Se°*^^ 
 
 . r-i tongue sig- 
 
 And to Peters Wike Church belona;eth Wartsdale^}^''^^^^ 
 
 o Towne. 
 
 Bay or Towne, and the villages. 
 
 Item, neere this Bay or Towne, lyeth a Cloyster 
 or Abbey,^ in which are Canons Regular, it is dedi- 
 cated to Saint Olaves, and Saint Augustines name. AMonas- 
 
 terie. 
 
 And to it belongeth all the Land to the Sea side, 
 and towards the other side of the Cloyster. 
 
 Item, next Oodosford,^ lyeth a ford called Rompnes 
 
 1 Who this person was does not now appear. In the Danish 
 version Enelnesse de Hohesong is not mentioned. 
 
 '^ Peters Wike {Niigh) or bay. The origin of this name is 
 obscure. 
 
 ■^ Wartsdale from Vatnsdale. 
 
 4 The voyage of the Zeui brothers performed very near the end 
 of the thirteenth century, gives an account of a monastery in 
 Greenland ; but the account is so poor that it leads us either 
 to question the correctness of the narrative or to find some 
 other location for the abbey. Besides it appears to describe 
 what was seen on the east coast, where no monastery was ever 
 built, and the writer confines himself almost entirely to a single 
 point, as if he really knew nothing about Greenland. Yet this 
 is not so. He simply lacked correct information on this point. 
 Of the reality of the religious houses in Greenland at that early 
 period there can be no doubt. 
 
 ^ Here Purchas's, or rather, Hudson's version, varies from the 
 Danish, which says, " next to Ketilsfiord," instead of Godosford^ 
 which mat/ mean Gardafiord. 
 
72 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 ANunne- ford i^ and there lyetli a Cloyster of Nuns of Saint 
 Benedict's Order. 
 
 Item, this Cloyster to the bottome of the Sea and 
 wegen to Weqeii Kerke'^ was Dedicated to Saint Olave ^ 
 
 Kerke. 
 
 the King. In this Ford lye many small Isles. 
 
 And to this Cloyster belongeth halfe the Ford and 
 
 Hot waters the Churcli. In this Sbund are many Warm Wa- 
 in Groue- 
 
 laud. ters.'* In the Winter they are intollerable hot : 
 but in the Summer more moderate; and many 
 Bathing in them are cured of many diseases. 
 
 1 Rompnes ford is Rafnsfjurd, or the bay of Rafu, an early 
 settler mentioned in a previous note. 
 
 ~ Wegen Kerke. The Danish is Voge Kierche. 
 
 3 Saint Olaf Trygvesson, king of Norway at the close of 
 the tenth and at the beginning of the eleventh century. 
 
 "1 These thermal springs are found in Greenland, as well as in 
 Iceland, where they especially abound. Graah says of the 
 Greenland springs : " On our way back we visited the hot springs 
 at Ounartok. The western side of this island, which lies at the 
 mouth of a firth of the same name, is lofty, rugged and almost 
 totally naked, while the opposite side is low and clothed with 
 the most luxuriant vegetation. It is on this side that the 
 springs are situated, lying, all three of them, close by one an- 
 other, at the N. E. corner of the island. Of these springs, the 
 one nearest the sea is altogether insignificant : the temperature 
 of its water was found to be 26° ; the second, a few paces from 
 it forms a lake of about forty-eight feet in circuit, and the tem- 
 perature of its water was 27° ; the third is still larger, being 
 about seventy feet in circuit, and its water from 32° to 882°, 
 all of Heaumur. The depth of these pools nowhere exceeded a 
 foot, and their bottom is composed of a soft, blueish clay, through 
 which the warm water bubbled up at several places. The two 
 large ones the Greenlauders have dammed up with stone, and 
 make use of as bathing places. Near the middle of one, Arc- 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 73 
 
 Item, betweene Rompnes and the next Sound, 
 lyeth a great Garden called Yose,^ belonging to the A0e,^^^ 
 Kins.^ There is also a costly Church dedicated to{o\hT"° 
 
 ^ *^ King. 
 
 Saint Nicolas. This Church had the King before '^f^'^i^^f^- 
 this. Neere it lyeth a Sea of Fresh water,^ called *~'""'''^" 
 
 in which is great abundance of Fish, without 
 
 number. And when there falleth much Rayne, that 
 the waters do rise therewith, and after fall againe, 
 there remayneth vpon the Land much Fish drie. 
 
 Item, when you sail out of Emestnes Ford,"* there |^.^«<««« 
 lyeth an inlet, called South-ivoders loike :^ and some- fj^^'^^j^^ 
 
 tauder found, iu 1777, the remains of a small building, which 
 he took to be from the time of the old colonists, and whose walls 
 were then a foot and a half high. Every vestige of them has, 
 however, vanished, and their place is occupied by the remains 
 of an old Greenland hut. The water of these springs deposits a 
 siliceous or calcareous sediment like Geyser and Strokr in Iceland. 
 The Greenlanders state that it is much hotter in winter than in 
 summer : but this opinion may proceed from the circumstance of 
 the atmospheric air being much colder." — Exyedition, p. 3G. 
 
 ' Vose^ original Foss. 
 
 - The revenue derived by Denmark and Norway was not alto- 
 gether inconsiderable. 
 
 ^ The Danish does not indicate that the water of this lake was 
 fresh ; yet curiously enough this has been reported by others. 
 Arctander says that at Kakartok he discovered on the top of a 
 small hill a fresh-water lake, containing cod and halibut, and 
 whose waters rose and fell. Arctander is positive, yet Graah 
 says that he could neither find it nor learn anything about it 
 from the natives. A man like Arctander certainly could not 
 have altogether imagined this. 
 
 ' Emestnes ford, Danish, Einersfjord. 
 
 •'' South-woders wike, Danish Thorvaldsvi(j, the fiord or bay of 
 Thorvald, one of the early settlers. 
 10 
 
74 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 what higher in the same Sound, and on the same 
 Bicming. sidc, Ijeth a little Cape called Bloming :^ and be- 
 yond that lyeth another Inwike called Grammhe^ 
 and above that lyeth a Garden called Daletli,^ 
 which belongeth to the Cathedrall Church. And 
 on the right hand as you sayle out of the same 
 Sound, lyeth a great Wood,^ which pertayneth to 
 the Church, where they feede all their Cattell,^ as 
 
 Gran- 
 tvicke. 
 
 Daleth 
 Garden. 
 
 A great 
 Wood. 
 
 1 Blooming^ the Danish is Klining. On the significance of 
 this name Rafn remarks : Proniontornmi ilhid j)robabilitcr 
 ahundavit aliquo argiU?e^ calcis ant limi genere., vel murorum 
 constructioni vel tcrrec Isetamini ojifo. — Antiquifafes Americanee, 
 p. 311 n. 
 
 - Grammke. Danish Grane.vig. Prof. Rafn remarks that this 
 name has a variety of derivations. Among others he gives 
 Grauevig (^Grafavik^ sinus fossarum vel tSqyuIchoriiin, which 
 would indicate that it was the Golgotha of Greenland." Antiqui- 
 tates Americaupe, p. 311 n. 
 
 ^ Daleth. The word was suggested to the translator by Dakr, 
 from the Icelandic Dalr, a common name for gardens in Iceland 
 and Scandinavia. 
 
 ' Woods. A great wood or forest in the mind of an Ice- 
 lander need not amount to more than a patch of birches vary- 
 ing from one foot to ten feet high. In Iceland there was stand- 
 ing a short time since, one tree twenty-six feet high, which was 
 regarded with wonder. Ivar Bardsen doubtless felt that the low 
 birches and vshrubs that are found in parts of Greenland merited 
 the term applied. 
 
 ^^ Cattle are frequently mentioned in the Sagas that describe 
 Greenland. It is not likely that many were kept in the later 
 period of the colonies. In modern times there has been nothing 
 to prevent the people from keeping such animals, though it has 
 been found better to substitute dogs for horses. (Irantz says, 
 that in "the year 1759, one of our missionaries brought three 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 75 
 
 Oxen, Kine and Horses : And to the Church per- oxen, 
 
 ' •*- Kme, and 
 
 tayneth the Sound of Emestnes Ford. The high "°''''- 
 Land lying off Emestnes Ford, is called The Ray- 
 mos Tiayth :^ so called, because that on those Hills 
 doe runne many Roe Deere, or Reyne Deer^^ which 
 they vse to Hunt, but not without the Bishops 
 leaue. And on this high Land is the best Stone Excellent 
 
 stone, that 
 
 in all Groneland. They make thereof Pots, be- {jlf^*;'^"'^'^'' 
 cause fire cannot hurt it. And they make of the 
 same Stone Fattes,' or Cisterns, that will hold ten 
 or twelue Tunnes of water. 
 
 sheep with him from Denmark to New Herrnhuth. These have 
 so increased by bringing some two, some three lambs a year, that 
 they have been able to kill some every year since, to send some 
 to Lichtenfels, for a beginning there, and, after all, to winter 
 ten at present. We may judse how vastly sweet and nutritive 
 the grass is here, from the following tokens: that tho' three 
 lambs come from one ewe, they are larger, even in autumn, 
 than a sheep of a year old in Germany." He says that in the 
 summer they could pasture two hundred sheep around New 
 Herrnhuth ; and that they formerly kept cows, but that it 
 proved too much trouble. Craatzs Ilistovij of Greenland, 
 vol. I, p. 74. 
 
 ' Ramos Hay til or Rensoa. 
 
 - Rcyuc Deer. This aiFords another proof that the Ice- 
 landic colonies were all situated on the west side of Grreenland. 
 as there are no reindeer on the east coast. 
 
 ■^ Stone Fattes. This material is still found on the west 
 coast of Greenland, though it is not abundant. In the course 
 of three hundred years it might well become scarce. The Da- 
 nish Rensoa is distinctly called an island, though the same idea 
 is conveyed by Hudson's version; the language of which could 
 only be applied to insulated land. 
 
76 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Item, West from this lyeth another high Land 
 
 called The long high Land :^ and by another called 
 
 Eight whereon are eight great Orchards/ all belong- 
 
 great Or- 
 
 lounging to' ing to the Cathedrall Church. But the Tenths 
 draii thereof they srive to the WarscMl ^ Church. 
 
 Church. "^ o 
 
 Item, next to this- Sound lyeth another Sound 
 
 called Swaster Ford,^ wherein standeth a Church 
 
 swasttr called Sivaster. This Church belonareth to all 
 
 Ford. _ ° 
 
 this Sound, and to Rmnse Ford,' lying next it. In 
 this Sound is a great Garden belonging to the 
 King, called Saint Henlestate} 
 
 Item, next to that lyeth Ericks Ford/ and entring 
 EHcks therein lyeth an high Land called Ericks Hought f 
 
 Hought. 
 
 ^ Long High Land. Langoa., equivalent to Long Island. 
 
 - Orchards Here again we must remember that we have a 
 Greenlander's idea of a great orchard, which we are taught by 
 the Danish to translate /arms. 
 
 ■^ Warsdell., i. e., Wartsdale. 
 
 ' Swaster Ford, Hualsefiord from Hrahocfjord. 
 
 ■^'lionise Ford. This should read Ramstadcjiord. 
 
 '' iZenfestofc, should read Thiodhildestad. Rafn thinks it was 
 called thus after the wife of Eric the Red, and says qiut villa ita 
 prohaljilitcr appellata est a Thjejdhilda (^pojmli Bellona vel de- 
 fensatrire), quod uimiram nomen uxor EiriJci Rufi cum haptismi 
 Christiani sacraviento acapit, pjrius Thorhilda ( Thori dei Bel- 
 lona^ vocata. 
 
 7 Erics Ford. Ericsfiord, the home of Eric the Red, the 
 place where he finally found rest from his wandering, and from 
 whose village of Brattalid his sons and daughter sailed in 
 their voyages to New England, sharing the hardship and the 
 honor of the new discoveries with Thorfinn Karlsefne. 
 
 ■^ Erics Honght, or isle. 
 
OF IIENKY HUDSON. 77 
 
 which perta^neth the one halfe to Deivers Kerhe^ 
 and is the first Parish church on Oroneland, and 
 lyeth on the left hand as you sayle into EricJcs Ford : 
 and Deioe?'s Kerke belongeth all to Meydon Ford, 
 which lyeth North-west from Eiiclcs Ford.^ 
 '^•^Item, farther out then Erichs Ford, standeth a 
 Church called Shogel Kerke,^ which belongeth to all skoga 
 
 Kerke. 
 
 Medford : And farther in the Sound standeth a 
 Church called Leaden Kerke} To this church be- 
 longeth all thereabout to the Sea ; and also on the 
 other side as farre as Bousel^ There lyeth also a 
 great Orchard called Orote Lead^ in which the Giis- 
 man (that is a chief or Bayliflfe ouer the Boores) 
 doth dwell. 
 
 And farther out then Eidclcs Ford, lyeth a Ford 
 or Sound called Fossa, which belongeth to the Ca- Fossa 
 
 Sound. 
 
 thedrall Church : and the sayd Fossa Sound lyeth 
 
 ' Dcwers Kerke. Dyurenes cliureh. This name, says Eafn, 
 comes from dyr a beast, or animal, and means promoittoriirm 
 animalium. 
 
 - Meydon Ford, from Mittfjord, signifying Middle-fiord. 
 
 •^ Skogcl Kerke, from Solefjelhh Klerche, Solefiells Church 
 or Sunny Hills church. 
 
 ' Leaden Kerke, from Leyder Kierclie ; the term Leyder 
 having a derivation signifying a place of assembly, consultation, 
 or debate. 
 
 •5 Bousels, from the Danish Burfielld, signifying caves of the 
 mountain. 
 
 " Grote Lead. Here we must recognize Brattalid, from Bratte- 
 lede, where the house of Eric the Red stood. 
 
78 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 as men sayle out towards Erichs Ford : and to the 
 
 North of it lye two Villages, the one called Ener 
 
 Bay, and the other Fortlier Bay, because they lye so. 
 
 Breda Item, from thence farther North lyeth Breda 
 
 Ford. ; 
 
 La7-mont Ford/ and after that Larmont Ford'^ from that 
 
 Ford. 
 
 Ice Dorpe. Wcst, and from Larmont Ford to the West is Ice 
 Dorpe.'^ All these are places built, and in them 
 dweil people. 
 
 Item, from the Easterbuilded Land to the 
 Wester Dorpe is twelue miles or leagues •} and the 
 rest is all waste land. In the Dorpe on the West 
 standeth a Church, which in times past belonged to 
 the Cathedrall Church, and the Bishop did dwell 
 
 Thesker- thcrc. But uow tlic Sherlhigers ^ have all the West 
 
 lengers. 
 
 1 Breda Ford, or Bredcfiord from Bredefjord. 
 
 '^ Lormont Ford, or Lodmuudfiord, from Lodmundfjovd . 
 
 3 Ice Dorpe seems to refer to the region distinguished for its 
 inclemency. 
 
 ^ This agrees with the modern examinations of the territories of 
 (jreenland. Tlie testimony of the ruins combines with the lite- 
 rary argument to put the East Bygd in the present district of 
 Julian's Hope, or eight days' sail from Iceland. Graah found 
 from the study of both sources of information that the West 
 Bygd began in latitude 62°, 30', almost exactly a six days' boat 
 journey, or one hundred and sixty-eight miles from Immarti- 
 nek, the most northerly and westerly fiord in Julian's Hope, 
 where ruins are found; or, as Grraali says, the West Bygd be- 
 gan close to and north of the ice-blink of Frederic's Hope. See 
 GraaKs Expedition, p. 165. 
 
 •5 Skerlin'jers, i. e., SkrscUings, a term thought by some to mean 
 small men. It is the term always used by the Icelandic writers 
 
ses, 
 
 OP HENRY HUDSON. 79 
 
 Lands and Dorps. And there are now many Many 
 Horses, Oxen and Kine, but no people, neither Kfue'.'^"'' 
 Christians nor Heathen : but they were all carried 
 away by the Enemie the Skerlengers. 
 
 All this before written was done by luer Boty Jwr Boty, 
 
 •^ "^ The aii- 
 
 borne in Gronland, a principall man in the Bish-"'°'' 
 ops Court : who dwelt there many yeers, and saw 
 and Knew all these places. He was chosen by 
 the whole Land as Captayne, to goe with ships to 
 the Westland, to driue away their enemies the 
 Skerlengers.^ But hee coming there, found no 
 people, neither Christians nor Heathen, but found 
 there many Sheepe running being wilde, of which 
 Sheep they tooke with them as many as they 
 could Carrie, and with them returned to their 
 Houses. This before named luer Boty was him- 
 Selfe with them.^ 
 
 when speaking of those natives whom they met. See Pvc- 
 Columhian Discover^/, p. 41 n. 
 
 1 A tradition of the conflicts between the Icelandic colonists 
 and the natives appears to have been preserved in the account 
 given to Crantz by the natives, who called the men who came 
 to Greenland Kabluncts, saying that a quarrel arose, which 
 finally terminated in the extinction of the latter. A locality 
 called Pissiksarhik is pointed out in the district of Ball's River as 
 the scene of the battle. The name indicates a j^lace of shootinj 
 arroios. Near by are some old Icelandic ruins. Crantz, vol. 
 I, 204. 
 
 - Here the original ends, though Prof, llafn gives four para- 
 graphs by a later hand. 
 
80 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 A great To the NoHh ^ of the West Land, lyeth a s^reat 
 
 Wilder- ^ J o 
 
 ?anldi?e- Wilderness with Clifes or Rockes, called Hemel 
 
 met Hats- 
 
 ^^^oit^oi^ Hatsfelt? Farther can no man- sayle, because 
 
 the West- 
 
 land. there lye many Sioalgen^ oy Whirl-pooles ; and 
 
 also for the Water and the Sea. 
 Mines of Item, in Groneland are many Siluer Hills'* and 
 
 Sillier, ^ 
 
 Beaies, Hiany whitc Beares with red patches ^ on their 
 
 wliite 
 
 Hawkes,^^ heads; and also White Hawkes, and all sorts of 
 Fish, as in other Countries. 
 
 Item, there is Marble Stone ^ of all colours, also 
 
 1 The North, the so-called uninhabitable region ; though the 
 Northmen penetrated much farther into the polar region, and 
 had a summer station near the mouth of Lancaster Sound. See 
 Pre-Columbian Discover^/, p. xxxii. 
 
 2 Hemel Satsfelt, from the Danish, Hemelrachs Fjelld. 
 Rafn suggests that this is from Him.lnraki=^ coehmi 2>ctens vcl 
 tangens. It probably took the name from a pinnacled rock. 
 
 •^ iSwalge7i, from Haffsvallege. 
 
 '' Silver Hills. The things here enumerated arc also men- 
 tioned in the Royal Mirror. These additions to Bardsen's 
 work were not made from a personal knowledge of the country. 
 Graah speaks of the mountainous icebergs as resembling silver 
 hills; but this is probably not what' the writer referred to. 
 This touch calls up the style of Spaniards, who wrote after the 
 rediscovery of America by Columbus. Crantz mentions " Cat- 
 Silver." 
 
 •"' This statement is from the Royal Mirror. 
 
 " Crantz says, " Of the limestone kind we find on the seaside 
 a good deal of coarse marble of all sorts of colors, but the great- 
 est part black and white, with veins running through it. On 
 the strand we find broken pieces of red marble with white, 
 green, and other veins, which acquire such a polish by the fre- 
 quent rolling and washing of the waves, that it is uotmuch inferior 
 to the best Italian marble." — Greenland., vol. i, p. 54. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 81 
 
 Zeuell stone or the Loadstone/ which the fire can 
 not hurt, whereof they make many vessels, as ^ 
 * * * Pots, and other great vessels.^ 
 
 Item, in Groneland runneth great streames, and 
 there is much Snow and Ice : But it is not so cold, ormeiana 
 
 not so cold 
 
 as it is in Island or Norway} o? nw-'^ 
 
 Item, there grow on the high Hills, Nuts and P""ts. 
 Acorns, which are as great as Apples, and good to 
 
 1 Graah found a rock at Serketnoua, coutaining a magnetic 
 substance of such intense power as to cause the compass to vary 
 14°. 
 
 - There is a blank here in Purchas's version. 
 
 •^ We may notice here that Crantz says that this stone is 
 found at Ball's River, where it is quite abundant. It is com- 
 pounded of clay, and in working falls off like fine flour, making 
 the fingers greasy. It is easil}'^ cut, yet ponderous and compact. 
 When rubbed with oil, it becomes very smooth, though expos- 
 ure to the air renders it porous. The natives cut lamps and 
 kettles from it, while it also makes the best of crucibles. Near 
 Lake Como, the people formerly carried on quite a trade in ves- 
 sels made of such stone. See Sclieuchzer^ s Natural History, 
 Switzerland, P. I., p. 379. Also see Prin(j's Natural History, 
 L. XXIII. c. 22. 
 
 4 Concerning this paragraph it may be said, that the climate 
 of Greenland is extremely variable, and that the cold weather, 
 though severe, does not last but a few days at a time, the severe 
 cold being followed by moderate weather ; while in the sum- 
 mer it is often uncomfortably warm. Sometimes when it is ex- 
 tremely cold in Europe, the winter in Greenland will prove 
 warm. Egede says that in the well known cold winter of 1739- 
 40 there was no ice in the Bay of Disco until March, and that 
 the wild geese went north in January. Crantz thinks that less 
 snow and rain falls in Greenland than in Norway. See Crantz s 
 Greenland, vol. I, p. 50. 
 11 
 
82 SAILING DIEECTIONS 
 
 eat. There groweth also the best Wheate, that 
 can grow in the whole Land.^ 
 
 This Sea Card ^ was found in the lies of Ferro ^ or 
 
 farre, lying between Sliot-lant^ and Island, in an 
 
 old reckoning Booke, written aboue one hundred 
 
 yeeres agoe ; ^ out of which this was all taken. 
 
 Pvmm and Item, Pivimus and Potliarse.^ haue inhabited Is- 
 
 Potharse. 
 
 1 Rafn says, and with reason, that the writer who added these 
 things to the account of Bardsen confounded the productions 
 of Greenland with those of Vinland (New England). Con- 
 cerning the grains, Crantz says : "'The Europeans have seve- 
 ral times attempted to sow barley and oats. They grow as fine 
 and as high as in our countries, but seldom advance so far as 
 the ear, and never to maturity." — Greenland^ vol. i, p. 64. 
 
 - With the previous paragraph the Danish version of Rafn ends. 
 
 '•^ Situated north of Scotland, one hundred and seventy miles 
 northwest from Shetland and three hundred and fifty south- 
 east from Iceland. They are twenty-two in number, seventeen be- 
 ing inhabited. The principal is Strombe. The people are 
 descendants of the Northmen, and speak a dialect of the Norse, 
 though the ofiicial language is Danish, as the isles belong to 
 Denmark. The possessor of this " Sea-Card" came by it very 
 naturally. 
 
 ' These, with the Orkneys, were held by Northmen and their 
 descendants. 
 
 5 This, it will be perceived, carries the somewhat modern ver- 
 sion from which Hudson's was translated, back to the period of 
 Columbus. All that follows appears to be of the same age as 
 the Faroe version of Bardsen. At what time it reached Holland 
 we are unable to conjecture, though a copy of the treatise was 
 probably in the hands of John Skolnus, and by him may have 
 been communicated to the Spanish or Portuguese by whom he 
 was known. 
 
 " The writer here, it must be remembered, is not Bardsen, but 
 one who knew much less about Iceland. We are at a loss for an 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 83 
 
 land ceertayne yeers, and sometimes have gone to 
 Sea, and haue had their trade in Groneland. Also 
 Pannus did give the Islanders their Lawes, and 
 caused them to bee written, Which Laws doe con- 
 tinue to this day in Island, and are called by name 
 Punnus Lawes. 
 
 The Course from Island to Groneland. 
 
 IF men bee South from the Hauen of Bred Ford 
 in Island, they shall sayle West, till they see 
 Whitsarke vpon Qrone land, and then sayl some- 
 what South west, till Whitsarke bee North off you, 
 and so you need nor fear Ice, but may boldly sayle 
 to Whitsarke, and from thence to Ericks Hauen. 
 
 If men bee North the Hauen of Bredford in 
 Island, then sayle South west, till Whitsarke beare 
 North : then sayl to it, and so come to Ericks 
 Hauen. 
 
 accouDt of Punnus aud Potharse. The laws of Iceland were 
 drawu up by Ulflijot aud Grim Geitskor iu the year 928, after 
 the foruier had speut three years with Thorleif the wise iu Nor- 
 way. Iu Arugrim Jonas' account of Iceland (Part II, sec. 1.) 
 we find the following : " In the year 1050 it was decreed in a 
 solemn assembly of the inhabitants, that temporal or political 
 laws (the constitutions whereof being brought out of Norway 
 were communicated to the Icelanders by Uflijot in the year 
 926 [?] ) should everywhere give place to the canon of Divine 
 law." 
 
84 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Trolebo- 
 thon. 
 
 Troleho- 
 thon, a 
 "real Wil- 
 derness. 
 
 The com- 
 modities 
 of Gron- 
 land. 
 
 If you see Ice, that cometh out of Trolehothon^ 
 you. shall go more Southerly, but not too far South 
 for feare of Freesland,^ for there runneth an hard 
 Streame, And it is fifteen miles or leagues from 
 Fresland. 
 
 Item, Freesland lyeth South, and Island East 
 from G-ronland. 
 
 Item, from the Ice that hangeth on the Hilles in 
 Gronland, commeth a great Foggs, Frost and Cold. 
 And such a Fogge cometh out of the Ice of Trole- 
 hotlion : and it is a great Wilderness. 
 
 There are Sables, Marternes, Hermelens, or 
 Ermins, White Beares, and White Hawkes, Scales, 
 
 1 Trolehothen. In the former part of the treatise, this is 
 called the Long North Bottome. The Danish there is Botncn, 
 for which Rafn gives Trollehotnen. 
 
 - The whole subject of Frisland has often been treated as 
 a mystery. Asher, however, gives a solution. The Venetian 
 brothers are reported to have visited Frisland, Engronelaud, 
 Iceland and Estotiland in 1387. Their chart, the original 
 of which still exists, was derived from the Scandinavians. 
 Nearly the whole of the northwestern part of Jodocus Hon- 
 dius's map was copied from it. Still this map of the Zeni 
 brothers was very imperfect, Iceland not being so well drawn 
 as Greenland. Frisland also is badly depicted, being located 
 where no land was ever known, so that the only explana- 
 tion to be given is that they confounded Frisland with the 
 Faroe Islands. This led to the appearance of Frisland, in 
 subsequent maps as a separate country lying in the sea south- 
 west of Iceland. No one questioned its existence, and down to 
 a late period it was usually represented. Frobisher had a copy 
 of the Zeni chart, but owing to lines of latitude and longi- 
 tude placed upon it by later hands was led in several mistakes. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 35 
 
 White and gray, Gold and Siluer Hills, also Fish 
 dryed and salted, and thousands of Salmons : also 
 store of Losh Hides and other Hides. There are 
 Hares, Foxes, Wolues, Otters and Veltfrasen. 
 
 Now if it please God they come to Gronland, 
 then shall they let but two men on shoare ; who 
 will take with them divers kinds of Marchandize : 
 and let them deale with good order, and let them 
 be such as can make good Reports, what they 
 there doe see or finde ; and let them observe 
 whether men may Land there or no, with the 
 loue of the Inhabitants. And I counsaile and 
 
 The southern point of Greenland is in latitude 60°, but the 
 added lines made it appear in 65° ; accordingly, when, in July, 
 1577, he came upon the Greenland coast in latitude 61°, he 
 supposed that he had reached Frisland. He therefore reports 
 that the map of Zeni suited the country well, whereas the land 
 seen was the southern part of Greenland. Davis also came in 
 sight of the coast in latitude 61°, but finding that this was the 
 wrong latitude for Frisland, concluded that this was a new dis- 
 covery, and called it Desolations. Touching the coast again 
 in latitude 64°, he concluded that Desolations was an island, 
 not having seen the line of coast between. Thus Desolations 
 came to have a distinct existence on the map, and when Hud- 
 son says that he " raised Desolations," he means the land south 
 of what he has marked as Greenland on his map. Busae Land 
 laid down on many old charts east of Desolations had a still 
 less real existence ; one of Frobisher's ships, the Bussc, meet- 
 ing large fields of ice there, which were mistaken for an island. 
 See Asher, p. clxv. Of course, the subsequent searches made 
 for an island of ice, were unsuccessful. The popular idea 
 which afterwards prevailed was that the land was sunk by an 
 earthquake. 
 
86 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 charge those that shall trade for Gronland, that 
 they set no more folks on Land, but they keep 
 men enough to man the Ship. And looke well to 
 the course you do hold to Gronland, that if those 
 that bee set on shoare be taken, they may come 
 home again with God's helpe. For if shipping 
 returne, they may come home or bee released in a 
 yeere and a day. And in your living there so 
 demean yourselues to them, that in time you may 
 win the Countrey and the people.^ 
 Good Remember my Scholar and Clearke, which shall 
 
 counsell 
 
 [o';*™»e]i- there bee appointed as Commander, that you send 
 those on Land, that will show themselues diligent 
 Writers, and that they carrie themselues so, that 
 they may learn thereby the State of the Countrey. 
 They shall take with them two Boats and Eight 
 
 Tynder- Oarcs, aud take Tynder-boxes for fire if there be 
 
 boxes for 
 
 ^^^- no Habitation. Also set vp Crosses of Wood or 
 Stone, if need be. 
 
 ' In reading the foregoing we are forciblyremindedoftho gene- 
 ral neglect of the true policy by Hudson, in coumion with most 
 navigators and settlers, which neglect has cost so much blood 
 and treasure. In the account of Hudson's third voyage we 
 have the following : " In the morning we manned our scute 
 with four muskets and sixe men, and tooke one of their shallops 
 and brought it aboard. We then manned our scute with twelve 
 men and muskets, and two stone pieces or murderers, and drave 
 the savages from their houses, and took the spoyle of them, as 
 they would have done of us." Ashrrsi Henry Hudson, i^. 61. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 87 
 
 This Note follmjoing was found in an old Boohe of 
 Accounts, in the Yeere 1596. 
 
 I 
 
 N primis, From Gtad, in Norway, standing 
 neere the Latitude of sixtie three Degrees/ 
 
 you shall hold your course due West : and that courses 
 
 •^ "^ for (??wi- 
 
 course will bring you upon Sioartnesse, in Groidand. ''^"'^" 
 And in this course is the least streame and least 
 perill of Swalgen or Indrafts. There is lesse perill 
 this way, then is on the North-side ; you shall 
 keep § of the sea on Freeseland side, and one 
 third on Island side. And if it bee cleere weather, 
 and you haue kept your course right West, you 
 shall see the Mount of Sneuel lohul ^ in the South- 
 west part of Island. And if you have a storme in a storme 
 
 in the 
 
 the North, you must shunne it as you can, till ^^'^^h. 
 Whitsarke bee North of you. Then shall you whu- 
 sayle right with it, and seeke the Land : and you 
 shall find a o;ood Hauen, called Erichs Ford. EHcks 
 
 ° Ford. 
 
 Item, If you bee between Gronland and Island, 
 you may see Sneuels lokul on Island and Whitsarhe 
 
 1 Here we have the first indication of modern science to be 
 found in these sailing directions ; though immediately after 
 Freesland is mentioned. 
 
 - Sneuel lokul^ or Snjefellsjokul. AJokul is a mountain jycr- 
 •petualhj covered with snow. 
 
88 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 on Gwnland, if it be cleere weather. Therefore 
 men of experience doe assume that it is but thirtie 
 leagues betweene both. 
 
 Also if you haue a storm between Grmiland and 
 Island, you must haue care you bee not laid on 
 Freesland ^ with the Streame and Winde ; for the 
 Streame or Current doth run strong vpon Frees- 
 land out of the North. 
 
 Also if you haue a storme out of the South, you 
 shall not sayle out of your course, but keepe it as 
 neere as you can possibly, till Whitsarke in Gron- 
 land beare North of you : then sayle towards it, 
 and you shall come into Ei^icks Ford, as it is afore- 
 said in the first Article. 
 
 1 Freesland. We must note here again that this is by a mo- 
 dern writer. Frislaud does not appear in anything that Ivar 
 Bardsen, or any other Icelander or Grreenlander wrote. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 89 
 
 Ivar Bardsens Sea Card, translated from Prof. 
 Rafns version. 
 
 \_Antiquitates Americance, p. 300.] 
 
 Men of understanding born in Greenland say 
 that from the north of Stad in Norway to the 
 east coast of Iceland called Horn is seven days 
 sail west. 
 
 Item. From Snaafellsness on the west coast of 
 Iceland the distance to Greenland is shortest, and 
 it is said to be two days and two nights sail west- 
 ward. Then Gunnbiorn's Rocks lie half way be- 
 tween Iceland and Greenland. This course was 
 anciently taken, but now it is said there is ice on 
 the rocks that has come out of the Northern Ocean, 
 so that it is no longer possible to go that way 
 without peril of life, as will afterwards be seen. 
 
 Item. From Langeness which is on the north- 
 east of Iceland to the above said Horn-ness, it is 
 two days and two night's sail to Sualbarde in 
 HafFsbotnen. 
 
 Item. They who sail the course from Bergen to 
 
 Greenland, without coming to Iceland, hold west 
 
 until they come in the region of Reikianess south 
 
 of the promontory of Iceland, from which they 
 
 should then be distant twelve Icelandic sea miles 
 12 
 
90 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 south, and then, keeping the same westerly course, 
 steer for that part of Greenland which is called 
 Huarf. The day before the said Huarf is seen, 
 will be seen another snow mountain called Huid- 
 serk ; and between these two mountains and Huarf 
 and Huidserk lies a ness called Heriulfsness and 
 near it is a harbor called Sandhaven, where mer- 
 chants were wont to come. 
 
 ItG7n. In sailing from Iceland you must take 
 jour departure from Sngefellsness, w^hich lies at a 
 distance of twelve sea-miles north-west from Reik- 
 ianess, and shape a course to the west for a day 
 and a night, and then to the south-west until you 
 have passed all the ice above mentioned lying at 
 and around Gunnbiorn's Rocks. You must then 
 steer north-west for a day and a night which will 
 bring you to Huarf in Greenland, where Heriulfs- 
 ness and Sandhaven are situated. 
 
 Item. The most eastern district in Greenland is 
 situated straight east from Heriulfsness, and is 
 called Skagafiord, and it is a village. 
 
 Item. East of Skagafiord is a bay called Bears- 
 fiord which is not dwelt in . At the mouth of the bay 
 is a long risse lying across the inlet so that large 
 ships cannot harbor in it. There are many whales 
 and much hunting for them, though not without 
 the bishop's consent, as the fishery belongs to the 
 Cathedral Church. And in this bay is a large 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 91 
 
 whirlpool, in which whirlpool the whales run in 
 when the tide runs out. 
 
 Item. East of Bearsfiorcl is another haven called 
 the Longest-of-AU, which at the mouth is narrow, 
 but farther in very wide. The length of it is so 
 great that the end of it is not known. There is 
 no current. It contains many little islands. 
 There are many birds and eggs, and it is plain 
 land on both sides covered with grass. 
 
 Item. A little further towards the east from the 
 ice mountain there is a port called Finsbudr, from 
 the name of a page of Saint Olaf who with many 
 others was wrecked here. And those that were 
 saved buried those that were drowned, and on 
 their graves they set great stone crosses, where 
 they stand to this day. 
 
 Still farther east towards the ice mountains, 
 is a great island called Cross, where there are 
 many white bears, which cannot be hunted 
 without permission of the Bishop, as the island 
 belongs to the Cathedral. Beyond it to the east 
 nothing is to be seen at sea or on the shore but 
 ice and snow. 
 
 Item. Now we shall return to the affairs already 
 touched upon concerning the Greenland colony. 
 
 Item. On the East side of Heriulfsness is a 
 colony called Ketilsfiord, which is well built. Sail- 
 ing into the fiord you see on the right hand its 
 
92 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 mouth, into which a great flood runs. Opposite 
 the mouth stands a church called Auroos Church, 
 consecrated to the Cross, which church holds all 
 the islands, rocks, and things thrown up by the 
 sea, without as far as Heriulfsness, and those within 
 as far as the Bay of Peter. 
 
 Item. At the Bay of Peter is a large habitable 
 tract called Wartsdale, before which tract is a large 
 lake, twelve sea miles long, abounding in fish. 
 The Church of Peter holds the tract of Wartsdale. 
 
 Item.. Near this place is a great monastery dwelt 
 in by regular canons, which is consecrated to Saint 
 Olaf and Saint Augustine. The monastery holds 
 all interior lands to the end of the bay, and all 
 those on the outside. 
 
 Item. Next to Ketilsfiord is Rafnsfiord, in the 
 interior of which lies a cloister of nuns of Saint 
 Benedict's Order. This cloister holds all the in- 
 terior lands to the end of the bay and the exterior 
 part as far as the Voge Church, dedicated to Saint 
 Olaf the king. In this bay are many little islands, 
 one-half of which belong to Voge Church, and the 
 other half is held by the Cathedral Church. In 
 these little islands are many hot springs, which in 
 winter are so hot that no one can approach them, 
 but in summer they are more temperate, so that 
 many bathing in them are cured of disease. And 
 near this is Einarsfiord, between which and the 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 93 
 
 aforementioned Rafnsfiord is a great garden called 
 the Foss, which belongs to the king. Here 
 stands a splendid church dedicated to Saint Nicho- 
 las, to which the king appoints priests. Next to 
 this is a great lake, abounding in fish, which, after 
 rising with tides and rains, flows back leaving a 
 great number of fish on the sand. And when you 
 sail out of Einarsfiord to the left is a branch of the 
 sea called Thorvaldsvike. And somewhat above 
 in the same fiord is a promontory called Klining. 
 Beyond this is another branch called Granevig ; 
 above which is a large garden called Daler, which 
 is held by the Cathedral Church. On the right 
 when sailing out of the fiord is a great forest, 
 which is the property of the Cathedral, in which 
 forest all the great and small cattle are pastured. 
 The Cathedral Church holds all Einarsfiord and a 
 great island called Rensoa, that lies before Einars- 
 fiord, where in the autumn season many rein-deer 
 resort, and which they commonly hunted, though 
 not without the permission of the bishop. In this 
 same island are the softest stones to be found in 
 all Greenland, of which they make pots and ves- 
 sels, which on account of their durability the fire 
 will not injure. And from one rock they made 
 vessels that hold ten or twelve tuns. 
 
 And far west from this lies another long island, 
 called Langey, on which are eight great farms. 
 
94 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 The Cathedral Church holds the whole island 
 except a tenth, which belongs to the Wartsdale 
 church. And next to Einarsfiord' is Hualsefiord, 
 in which is a church called Hualsefiord's, which 
 with the fiord and all adjacent belongs to Kamb- 
 stadfiord. In this fiord is a royal garden called 
 Thiodhildestad. 
 
 And next to this is Ericsfiord in the mouth of 
 which is an island called Erics Island, part of 
 which belongs to the Cathedral Church and part 
 to the Church of Dyurenes. The Church of Dy- 
 urenes is the principal church in Greenland, and 
 stands on the left hand entering Ericsfiord. All 
 of Medfiord are under Dyurenes Church ; Med- 
 fiord extends north-west from Ericsfiord. Far 
 from thence in Ericsfiord is Solefields Church, 
 which belongs to Midfiord. Far in the interior of 
 the fiord is a church called Leyder Church. To 
 this church belongs all to the end of the bay and on 
 the other side as far as Burfielld. All from the 
 outside of Burfielld is owned by the Cathedral 
 Church. There is also situated a great orchard 
 called Brattelid, where the Bailif lives. 
 
 Farther out from Langoa are four islands, called 
 Lamboer, or Lambornse, thus called, because they 
 lie between Langoa and Lamboer. Before the 
 middle part of Ericsfiord is another narrow fiord 
 called Fossafiord. The islands enumerated belong 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 95 
 
 to the Cathedral Church before mentioned situated 
 in Fossafiord in the middle of Ericsfiord. 
 
 And north opposite Ericsfiord are two branches 
 of the sea of which one is called the Exterior and 
 the other the Interior, by which names they are 
 known. 
 
 And near by northward is Breidafiord, in which 
 fiord is Medfiord. Hence far northward is Eya- 
 fiord ; next to this is Borgafiord, after which is 
 Lodmundfiord, then Isefiord, which is the most 
 western of the fiords in the East district. The 
 islands are all occupied by settlers. 
 
 And between the East and the West Bygd it is 
 twelve sea miles, the whole extent of which is 
 waste lands. In the west Bygd stands a splendid 
 church, called Stennes Church where in former 
 times was the bishop's seat. Now the Skrtellings 
 hold all the country west ; it is nevertheless full 
 of horses, goats, oxen, sheep, and all the animals 
 are wild. There are no inhabitants, neither 
 Christians nor Pagans. 
 
 Item. Ivar Bardson, a Greenlander, of Garda, 
 the Episcopal seat of Greenland, who was Bailiflf 
 many years, related these to us, having himself 
 seen all these things before related, and been one 
 among them. He was selected as captain to go to 
 the West Bygd to drive thence the Skrsellinffs 
 
 o 
 
 And Avhen they came there there were no men 
 
96 SAILING DIEECTIONS. 
 
 neither Christians nor Pagans, but a great many 
 wild sheep and cattle, of which they put some on 
 bpard their vessels and brought them to their 
 homes. One of the men was Ivar above men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Item. Far to the north of the West Bygd is a 
 great mountain called Hemelrachi, beyond which 
 it is not advisable to sail, on account of many 
 whirlpools by which all the sea is filled. 
 
 Item. Greenland has many silver mountains and 
 many white bears with red spots on their heads, 
 white falcons, whales teeth and many fish such as 
 abound in all lands. There is also marble stone 
 of all colors, soft rocks, that are not injured by 
 fire, from which the Greenlanders make pots, urns, 
 vases and vats of ten or twelve tuns capacity. 
 There is also an abundance of rein-deer. 
 
 Item. In Greenland there are never great tem- 
 pests. 
 
 Item. In Greenland there is much snow ; there 
 it is not so cold as in Iceland and Norway. On 
 the tops of the hills there grow alders, and fruits 
 of the size of large apples and very sweet. There 
 is also found the best of wheat. 
 
 Note. — Line 14, page 18, for " When," rend " Before." 
 The statement in the pame paragraph depends upon the calcu- 
 lation of Hudson, who put the latitude of the place in 44° 1'. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acorns, 81. 
 
 Adam of Bremen, 22. 
 
 Adirondacks, 19. 
 
 Albany, 33. 
 
 Alders, 96. 
 
 Algarve, 28, n. 2. 
 
 Allabong Sound, 68. 
 
 America, v, vi, 19, 59. 
 
 Amsterdam, 18, 32, 52, 54, 55, 56, 
 
 61. 
 Antiquitates Americanae, v, 13. 
 Antome's Noze, 50, n. 
 Ajitonis Neus, 50 n. 
 Antwerp, 54. 
 Apples, 81, 96. 
 Arctander, 68 n. 73 n. 
 Arminius, 55. 
 Asher. 14, 52, 53 n, 56. 
 Astor library, 29. 
 Auroos cburcli, 92. 
 Azores, 21. 
 
 Bacaloas, 25. 
 
 Baffin's Land, 25. 
 
 Ball's River, 81 n. 
 
 Bardsen, Ivar, v, vi, 9, 12, 13, 68 
 
 ■n. 95, 96. 
 Barentz, 13, 51, 52, 54, 61. 
 Barrow, Sir John, 21,53,56. 
 Bay of Peter, 92. 
 Bayliffe, 77. 
 
 BeareFord, 67,68, 90, 91. 
 Beares, 69, 96. 
 Benson, 50 n. 
 Bergen, 26, 61, h.65, 89. 
 Biarne, 58. 
 
 13 
 
 Biddle, 21, 22. 
 
 Bishops, 10. 
 
 Bishops of Greenland, 26. 
 
 Books burnt, 55. 
 
 Boon, Volgard, 68 n. 
 
 Borgafiord, 95. 
 
 Boty, 12. (See Bardsen). 
 
 Bousels, 77. 
 
 Bow Bells, 15. 
 
 Brabant, 55. 
 
 Brattalid, 77 n.,M. 
 
 Bredford, 83. 
 
 Breidafiord, 95. 
 
 Bremen, 56. 
 
 Brimstone Mount, 64. 
 
 Bristol, 20, 28 n. 
 
 Britons, 24. 
 
 Brodhead, Hon. J. Romeyn, 32. 
 
 Brussels, 55 ; Reformed church of, 
 
 55. 
 Bull of Gregory IV, 9. 
 Bui-field, 94. 
 Busse Land, 86 n. 
 Bygd, 63, ?i. 
 Bygd, east, 10. 
 Bygd, west, 10, 12. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 20, 21,24. 
 
 Canaries, 20, 25. 
 
 Canons, 71. 
 
 Cape Bloming, 74. 
 
 Cape Farewell, 9, 66 n. 
 
 Cape Hatteras, 31. 
 
 Cathedral Church, 26, 67, 69, 74, 76, 
 
 91, 93. 
 Cattle, 74 n. 96. 
 
98 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cavendish. Thomas 
 
 Chesapeake Bay, 31. 
 
 China, 15, 52, 54, 56. 
 
 Chinese, 27 n. 
 
 Christian I, 22, 23, n. 2. 
 
 Christian II, 27. 
 
 Christianity, 10. 
 
 Cliristians, 95, 96. 
 
 Christophessen, 9. 
 
 Chronicles of Iceland, 12. 
 
 Church of Peter, 92. 
 
 Cisterns, 75. 
 
 Climate of Greenland, 81 n. 
 
 Cloyster, 71, 72. 
 
 Cohotatea, 31. 
 
 Columbus, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 
 
 53. 
 Cordeyro, Rev. Father, 21, 22. 
 Corse Hought, 69. 
 Cortereal, Gaspar, 24, 29. 
 Costa, John Vaz 21, (See Cortereal), 
 
 22, 28 71., 27, 28 n, 2, 29. 
 Crantz, 75 ?i., 80 n. 
 Cross Island, 69 n. 
 Crosses, 69, 70. 
 
 Daler, 93. 
 
 Daleth, Garden of, 74. 
 
 Daly, Hon. Charles P., iii. 
 
 Danel, 63 ». 
 
 Danes, 24. 
 
 Davis Straits, 18. 
 
 De Guignes, 27 v,. 
 
 Delaware Bay, 18. 
 
 Deneys, of Honfleur, 59. 
 
 Deniiiark, 11, 22, 57, 59, 60. 
 
 Desolations, 16, 17, 86 ??. 
 
 De Veer, 50. 
 
 Dewers Kerke, 77. 
 
 Die Entdeckung Amerikas, 25. 
 
 Disco, 81 n. 
 
 Donsk Tunga, 13 «., 3. 
 
 Dooms-day Book, 14, 62 n. 
 
 Dort, Synod of, 55. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 
 
 Drenoutre, 55. 
 Dutch, 15, 59, 33, 50. 
 Dyurenes Church, 94. 
 
 East Horn, 64 n. 
 
 East India Company, 16, 52. 
 
 Easter Dorpe, 67. 
 
 Edinburgh Cabinet, 58. 
 
 Egede, 17. 
 
 Eggers, 64 n. 
 
 Einarsford, 92, 93, 94. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen. 55. 
 
 Emestness Ford, 73, 75. 
 
 England, 20, 55. 
 
 Eric the Red, 9, 63 n., 69 7i. 
 
 Erics Ford, 77. 
 
 Erics Hauen, 83. 
 
 Ericseya, 9. 
 
 Ericsfiord, 9, 20, 94, 95. 
 
 Erlandson, 66 n. 
 
 Estotiland, 33. 
 
 Europe, 52. 
 
 Evora, 21. 
 
 Examen Critique, 24. 
 
 Explorations, Captain Graah's, 10. 
 
 Eyafiord, 95. 
 
 Fabricius, 27 n. 
 Farms, 93. 
 
 Far5e, vi, 20, 28 ?i, 66;?. 
 Faroesland, vi, 28 v. 
 Fendebother, 69. 
 Ferdinand, 28 n. 
 Fernandez, Don, 21. 
 Finsbuder, 69 n., 91. 
 Fish, 96. 
 Flanders, 54, 55. 
 Florida, 31. 
 Flowery Kingdom, 18. 
 Fossa fiord, 94. 
 Fossa Sound, 77. 
 Foster, 53 n. 
 Freesland, 84. 
 Friedcricksthal, 11. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 99 
 
 Frislaiid, vi, 84 n., 88. 
 Frislandia, 38, n. 1. 
 Frobislicr, 84 n., 85. 
 Frode, the Wise, 06 n 
 Fruits, 96. 
 
 Garda, 26, 95. 
 
 Geirfuglesker, 63 n. 
 
 Geitskor Grim, 83 n. 
 
 Gennauy, 55. 
 
 Goe, 63 n. 
 
 Golgotha, 74 n. 
 
 Gomara, 32, 24, 25, 57, 58. 
 
 Gombornse-Skare, 63. 
 
 Gomez, Estevan, 49, 50. 
 
 Good Counsel, 86. 
 
 Graah, 11, 13, 63 n., 60 n. 
 
 Granevig, 93. 
 
 Granwike, 74. 
 
 Graves, 69. 
 
 Greenland, v, vi, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 
 
 19, 30, 38. 
 Greenlander, Jon, 36. 
 Gregory IV, 9. 
 Groneland, 16, 63, 63.. (See 
 
 Greenland). 
 Grote Lead, 77. 
 Gunnbiorn, 9, 63 n., 63 n., 89, 
 
 90. 
 Gunnbioni's Skerries, 63, n. 64, n. 
 
 66. 
 Gusniau, the, 77. 
 
 HaflFsbotnen, 64 n., 89. 
 
 Hakluyt Society, 14, 35, 31, 54, 
 
 58. 
 Half Moon, 18, 19, 30, 33. 
 Hecla, 04 n. 
 Heimskringla, 64 n. 
 Helgeland, 63 n. 
 Hemel Hatstelt, 80. 
 Henriquez, Alphonso, 28 ii., 2. 
 Henry IV, 53. 
 Henrv VIII. 35. 
 
 Heriulfness, 05 n., 90, 93. 
 Hernoldus Hooke, 05, 07, 09, 70. 
 Highlands, 18. 
 Historiske Mindesmcerker, (Grone- 
 
 land's), V, 3.13, n. 
 History of the Indies, 24. 
 Hokesong, Enelnesse, 71. 
 Holland, 18, 55, 56. 
 Homer, 27 n. 
 
 Hondius, Jodocus, 13, 54 n., 84 n. 
 Horn, 89. 
 Horn, Cape, 61 n. 
 Hornnesse, 61, 64,89. 
 Hualsfiord, 94. 
 Huarf, 90. 
 
 Hudson. Henrie 01. 
 Hudson, Henry, vi, 13, 14, 15, 10,18, 
 
 19, 39, 30' 31, 50, 53, 53 n., 50, 
 
 04, 66, 86, 90. 
 Hudson, Henry the Alderman, 15, 
 
 29. 
 Hudson, John, 15. 
 Hudson River, 49, 50. 
 Huidserk, 90. 
 Huitsarke, 05. 
 Humboldt, 23 n:, 2, 24. 
 Hvarf, 20. 
 
 Ice, polar, 51, 52. 
 
 Iceland, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 23, 63. 
 
 Icelandic, 16, 30. 
 
 Illoa, 68 n. 
 
 India, 19, 30, 31, 50. 
 
 Isefiord, 95. 
 
 Island, 61, 64. 
 
 Isles of Ferro, 83. 
 
 Italy, 54. 
 
 Ivar Bardsen, 00 «., 88 n., 89. 
 
 Iver Boty, 61. 
 
 Jan Mayen, 69 n. 
 Jeanin, President, 53. 
 Jodocus, Hondius, 61. 
 Jonas, Arngrim, 65 n. 
 
100 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Jonson, Ben, 69 n. 
 Julian's Hope, 63 n., 65 n. 
 
 Kakartok, 73 n. 
 
 Ketilsfiord, 91, 92. 
 
 Klining, 93. 
 
 Kodosford, 70. 
 
 Kolil, Dr., 56, 59. 
 
 Kolnus, Jolm, 23, 34, 25, 56, 82. 
 
 Krage, Ulf, 62 n. 
 
 Kunstmann, 25. 
 
 Labadists, 32, 50 n. 
 
 Labrador, 24, 59. 
 
 Laing, 64 n. 
 
 Lamboer, 94. 
 
 Lambornse, 94. 
 
 Lancaster Sound, 17, 80 n. 
 
 Landanama, 14, 62 n., 65 n. 
 
 Langeness, 89. 
 
 Langey, 93. 
 
 Langoa, 94. 
 
 Lardner, 58. 
 
 Las Casas, 29. 
 
 Leaden Kerke, 77. 
 
 Lelewel, 57, 59. 
 
 Letters of Columbus, 28 ii. 
 
 Leyder Cliurcli, 94. 
 
 Lichtenfels, 75 n. 
 
 Lisbon, 22. 
 
 Loadstone, 81. 
 
 Lodmundfiord, 95. 
 
 Lok, Micbael, 25, 31, 58. 
 
 London, 15. 
 
 Long Higli Land, 76. 
 
 Long Island, 32. 
 
 Longest of All, 91. 
 
 Longnesse, 64. 
 
 Luther, 55. 
 
 Magellan, 53. 
 
 Magnussen, Prof. Finn, 14, 57. 
 
 Maine, 18. 
 
 Maine, Historical Society of, 56. 
 Major, R. W., 21, 32,23 n., 38. 
 Manitou, 19. 
 Marble, 80. 
 Medfiord, 94, 95. 
 Medford, 77. 
 Meydon ford, 77. 
 Monastery, 92. 
 Moors, 28, n. 2. 
 Mountains, 49 n. 
 Mount Desert, 18, 49 n. 
 Murphy, Mr., 33, 50,53. 
 Muscovy Company, 15, 39. 
 
 Narrows, 49 n. 
 
 Natives, intoxicated, 30 ; killed, 30. 
 
 Needle, dip of, 53 n. 
 
 Nevesinck, 49 n. 
 
 New Amsterdam, 33. 
 
 New Herrnhuth, 75 n. 
 
 New York, 18, 49 n. 
 
 North, 13. 
 
 North Bottome, 63. 
 
 Northern passage, 53. 
 
 Northmen, old track of, 31. 
 
 Northmen, Pre-Columbian Disco- 
 very of America by, 10 n. 
 
 North pole, 51, 53, n. 
 
 North sea, 15. 
 
 Norumbega, 31. 
 
 Norway, 15, 33, 33 n., 61, 63 n., 87. 
 89. 
 
 Notes on Columbus, 29. 
 
 Nova Zembla, 15, 16, 17, 52. 
 
 Nuns, 72, 92. 
 
 Nuts, 81. 
 
 Olaf Tryggvesson, 64 n„ 65 n. 
 
 Olaus, 25. 
 
 Old Greenland, 57, 59. 
 
 Old Northern, 13 n. 
 
 Orchards, 76. 
 
 Orkney, 5, 82 n. 
 
 Ounartok, 73. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 101 
 
 Pagans, 95,96. 
 
 Palisades, 18, 19. 
 
 Parma, Duke of, 54, 55. 
 
 Peter's Wike, 71. 
 
 Peyrere, 26. 
 
 Pilots, 34, 53. 
 
 Pilots, Portuguese and Spanish, 
 
 29, 32. 
 Plantius, Rev. Peter, 31, 52, 53, 54, 
 
 55, 56, 61. 
 Polar sea, original idea of, 50, 53. 
 Pontauus, 9, 23, 58. 
 Portugal, 28 n. 
 Potharse, 82. 
 Pot stone, 93. 
 Pre-Columbian age, 14. 
 Prickett, Abacuk, 16. 
 Pring, 81 n. 
 
 Productions of Greenland, 84. 
 Ptolemy, 28 n. 
 Punnus, 82. 
 Purclias, 13, 54, 58, 64. 
 
 Queen Margaret, 26. 
 
 Eafn, Prof., v, 10, 13 n., 3, 54, 61, 
 
 64, 74. 
 Rafnsfiord, 92, 93. 
 Raymos Hayth, 75. 
 Read, Hon. J. Meredith, 15, 29. 
 Reaumur, 72. 
 Reckoning Booke, 82. 
 Reikianess, 65 n., 89. 
 Reindeer, 93, 96. 
 Rensoa, 93. 
 
 Rensselaerwyck, 50 n. 
 Reyne deer, 75. 
 Ribero, 49 n. 
 Rio St Antonio, 50. 
 Risse, 62, 63. 
 
 River of the Steep Hills, 49, 50. 
 Ri\'iera Grandissina, 49. 
 Rokness, 65. 
 Rolf, 62 11, 63 n. 
 
 Rome, 27. 
 
 Rompnes, 73. 
 
 Ronise Ford, 76. 
 
 Royal Mirror, 66 n, 80 n. 
 
 Rut, John, 58. 
 
 Sacrament, 15. 
 Sandhaven, 90. 
 Sandy Hook, 18. 
 Santarem, 27 n. 
 Saragossa, 24. 
 Scandinavian sailors., 24. 
 Scheuchzer, 81 n. 
 Scolvum, Jac, 25. 
 Scoresby's Somid, 68 n. 
 Sea Card, 82. 
 Serketnoua, 81 w 
 Seville, 25. 
 Sheep, 96. 
 
 Shetland Islands, 65 n. 
 Ships, 10. 
 Shot-lant 82. 
 Shmid, Erasmus, 27 n. 
 Silver Hills, 80, 85. 
 Skagafiord, 90. 
 Skardfa, Bia?rn Von, 26. 
 Skogel, 77. 
 Skogen Ford, 67, 70. 
 Skolnus, 23, 58, 59, 60. 
 Skrfellings, 95. 
 Smith, Capt. John, 31. 
 Snaebiorn, 62 n, 63 n. 
 Sna?fellsness, 64 n, 89, 90. 
 Sneuel Jokvil, 87. 
 SnofFesse, 66. 
 Solefields Church, 94. 
 Sound Hauen, 66, 67. 
 South Pole, 53. 
 South Woders Wike, 73. 
 Spaniards, 32, 49 n., 50 n. 
 Speculum Regale, 66 n. 
 Spitzbergen, 15, 16, 53. 
 St. Anthony, 50, n. 
 St. Augustine, 92. 
 St. Benedict, 72, 92. 
 
^^^^ 
 
 102 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 St. Etlielburge, cliurcli of, 15. 
 
 St. Henlestate, 76. 
 
 St. Nicholas, 73, 93. 
 
 St. Olaf, 91, 93. 
 
 St. Olave, GO, 73. 
 
 Stad, 61, 87, 89. 
 
 Stierbiorn, 63 n., 63. 
 
 Staten Island, 49 w. 
 
 Steep Hills, 49, 50. 
 
 Stennes Chiircli, 95. 
 
 Stere, William, 13, 55, 61. 
 
 Stoue Fattes, 75. 
 
 Sturleson, 64 ?!-. 
 
 Stuyvesant, Petrus, 33. 
 
 Sualbarde, 89. 
 
 Sumatra, 19. 
 
 Svalbarde, 64 n. 
 
 Swalgen, 87. 
 
 Swaltb, 68. 
 
 Svvartnesse, 87. 
 
 Swaster, 65, 67. 
 
 Swaster cliurcli, 76. 
 
 Swaster ford, 76. 
 
 Talbot, 18. 
 Terceira, 31. 
 Testament, Old, 55. 
 The Hague, 53. 
 Thiodhildestad, 94. 
 Thorkcl, Red, 63 n. 
 Thork'if, the Wise, 83. 
 Tliorod, 63 n. 
 Thorvaldsvike, 93. 
 Thule, 38 n. 
 Torfous, V, 63 n. 
 Toscanelli, 39, w. 1. 
 Trading voyages, 57. 
 Traditions, 31. 
 Trolebothon, 84. 
 
 Ulflijot, 83 n. 
 
 Vadil, 63 n. 
 
 Van der Donk, 33. 
 
 Vats, 96. 
 
 Venice, 31. 
 
 Verrazano, 53,49, 50. 
 
 Virginia, 31. 
 
 Vinland, 33. 
 
 Vlpius, Euplirosynus, 31. 
 
 Voge, church, 93. 
 
 Vose, garden of, 73. 
 
 Wackene, 54. 
 Walkendorf, Eric, 37. 
 Warm waters, 73. 
 Warsdell Church, 76. 
 Wartsdale, 71, 93, 94. 
 Wassanaar, 49. 
 Wegeii Kerke, 73. 
 Western Lands, 39. 
 West Rokenesse, 66. 
 Weymouth, 31. 
 Whales, 68. 
 Wheate, 83, 96. 
 Whirlpools, 80. 
 Whitesarke, 87, 88. 
 White Sea, 51. 
 Whitsarke, 65, 83. 
 Wormius, 36. 
 Wormskiold, 64 n. 
 Wytiieet, 31, 57, 58. 
 
 Yjjres, 55. 
 
 Zembla, 19. 
 
 Zeni Brothers, v, vi, 33 n, 33, 71, 
 
 Zewell Stone, 81. 
 
 C 12 88 
 

 
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