,4^ ^ 1 o ^P. r^ °o >. ^'->:^^ \^°^ ^ *o « o ' ^O Cy J. ./ ml HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THS CLOSE OF THE GREAT REBELLION. |0r % %%% 0f ^i\m\%. ?:.Jl CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES J^S:l By WILLIAM'llOBERTS, I^TE PRESIDENT OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIAQPfO^ . PHILADELPHIA: SOWER, BARNES & POTTS 1869. IV PREFACE. can youth, soon to become American citizens, cannot be too careful in the selection of facts not distorted by fa,jtion or flattery. In the treatise now presented to the public, the compiler has striven to avoid the errors arising from sectarian or partisan statements, and to present the records of history drawn from the most reliable sources. He has devoted much time and labor in consulting the best authorities, and recorded nothing which is not sub- stantiated by standard historians. In this compilation he has ignored sect and party. Facts only are presented, and the mind of the youthful student left in freedom as to the principles and motives of the actors in this grand drama, who pass in review before him. This work is divided into sections, with numbered para- graphs. The first section gives a brief account of the early discoveries and attempted settlements. The next section embraces the history of the settlements of the seventeenth century, and the prominent events of the thirteen original colonies. This is followed by the French War, the American Revolution, the Confederation of States, the adoption of the Constitution, and the Federal Union ; with a succinct account of every Presidential Administration to the end of the Great Rebellion. Philadelphia, 1869. CONTENTS CrSCOYERIES OF THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES. Discovery of America — Cabot's voyage — Cortereal — Juan Ponca de Leou — Discovery of Florida — Verrazani — Cartier — Ferdinand de Soto — Discovery of the Mississippi — Quebec — Attempted set- tlements in Florida — Gilbert's expedition — Raleigh's attempts to establish colonies Page 13 THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Gosnold's voyage — Cape Cod — The London Company — The Ply- mouth Company — Newport's voyage — Settlement of J.j.mes- town — Captain John Smith — First Legislature — Slavery — Indian hostilities — Sir John Harvey — Freedom under Cromsvell — Restoration of the monarchy 22 Massachusetts. — Settlement on the Kennebec — Captain Smitk names the country New England — Settlement of Plymouth — Salem — Colony of Massachusetts Bay — Roger Williams — Uniofli of New England colonies — Indian war — Sir Edmund Androps governor — King William's war ..... 27 New York. — Henry Hudson's voyage — Settlement of Manhat/.m— New Netherlands — Algonquin war — Surrender to the English — New York — Albany — Charter of Liberties — Imprisonmeat of Andross — Earl of Bellamont — Lord Cornbury . . '61 1* (5) VI CONTENTS. Nkw Hampshire. — Settlement of Dover — Portsmouth — Exeter — Assembly at Portsmouth — Governor Cranfield — Samuel Allen governor 34 New Jersey. — Cape May — Fort Nassau — Bergen — Assignment to Berkeley and Carteret — Elizabethtovs^n — Quit-rents demanded — Salem — Byllinge, proprietor — Sells West New Jersey to the Friends — Carteret proprietor of East New Jersey — Sells his share to William Penn and Friends — Union of the two Jerseys — Lord Cornli ury governor — Lewis Morris governor of New Jersey 36 Maryland. — Settlement on the Patuxent — Kent Island — Sir George Calvert — Settlement of St. Mary's — William Clayborne — Indian War — Philip Calvert — Character of Lord Baltimore — Annapolis (he capital — Changes of government in Maryland . . 39 Delaware. — Settlement at Cape Henlopen — Lewes — Massacre of the Dutch settlers — Swedish expedition — Purchase of land — Settlement at Christiana Creek — Tinicum — Fort Cassimir, on the site of New Castle — Surrender to the Dutch — Conquest of the Dutch — Delaware a dependency of New York — Conveyed to William Penn • 42 Connecticut. — Fort at Hartford — Earl of Warwick proprietor of the territory — Lord Say and Seal — Trading-house at Windsor — Windsor and Weathersfield — Rev. Thomas Hooker settles Hart- ford — Pequod war — Settlement of New Haven — Government of the colony — New charter from Charles II. — Fort at Saybrook — Charter demanded and concealed — Charter Oak — Governor Fletcher — Resolution of Captain Wadsworth ... 45 Rhode Island. — Settlement at Providence — Portsmouth — New- port — Roger Williams obtains a charter ... 48 North Carolina. — First settlement in North Carolina — Lord Clarendon's charter — Locke's Constitution — Culpepper's insur- rection — Sothel's government — John Archdale — Tuscarora In- dians make war 50 CONTENTS. "^1' South Carolina.— Settlement at Port "Royal— Settlement on Ashley River— Charleston— Slavery— Colleton governor— Setli Sothel— Archdale's government— War with Florida— Siege of St. Augustine— Defeat of Indians- Yamasee war— Alliance with the Cherokees ^^ TENNSTLVANiA.— Swedish settlements of Pennsylvania— Grant to William Penn— Landing of English settlers— Penn lands at New Castle— Landing in Philadelphia— The first Assembly— Penn's return to England— Colonel Fletcher governor— Penn's return to Pennsylvania— New frame of government— Death of WiLiam Penn °' G RORGiA.— General Oglethorpe— Savannah— European settlers- George Whitefield— Fort St. George built— W^ar with Spain- Invasion of Georgia— Oglethorpe returns to England . CI COLONIAL HISTORY. From the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century to the End of the French War in 1763.— Queen Anne's war— King George's war— Washington's embassy— Fort Duquesne built— Battle at the Great Meadows— Fort Necessity— Braddock's de- feat—Expedition against Nova Scotia— Fort Edward built— Battle at Lake George— Fort William Henry— Siege of Louis- bourg — Attack on Ticonderoga— Fort Frontenac — General Forbes s^nt against Duquesne— Siege of Oswego— Seizure of Ticonderoga and Crown Point— General Wolfe attacks Quebec— Montcalm^'defends the city— Defeat of the French-Death of \Volfe— Of Montcalm— Treaty of peace— France surrenders her possessions in America From the French War to the Revolution.— Pontiac's war— The colonies taxed— The Stamp Act— Troops sent to Boston- - Boston Massacre— Duty on tea— Boston Port Bill— Meeting of a General Congress— General Gage military governor . 79 1 Vill CONTENTS. THE REVOLUTION. Batlle of Lexington — Ethan Allen's expedition — Seizure of Ti- conderoga — Colonel Warner — Colonel Arnold — The Continenral Congress — George Washington commander-in-chief — Bunker Hill — Arnold's expedition to Canada — Montgomery captures Montreal — Battle of Quebec — Death of Montgomery — Lord Duumore .85 Events of 1776. — The siege of Boston — American troops evacuate Canada — Attack on Charleston — Sullivan's Island — Declaration of Independence — General Howe lands on Staten Island — Battle of Long Island — White Plains — Capture of Fort Wash- ington — Fort Lee — Betreat through New Jersey — General Lee taken prisoner — Battle of Trenton .... 93 Events of 1777. — Battle of Princeton — Burning of Danbui-y — ■ Attack on Sag Harbor — General St. Clair abandons Ticonde- roga — Battle of Hubbardton — Oriskany — Siege of Fort Schuy- ler — Battle of Bennington — Battle of Brandywine — Massacre at Paoli — Capture of Philadelphia — Battle of Stillwater — Saratoga — Burgoyne's surrender — Battle of Germantown — Fort Mercer —Valley Forge 99 Events of 1778. — British leave Philadelphia — Battle of Mon- mouth — General Lee — Siege of Newport — Massacre at Tappan — Wyoming — Expedition sent to invade Georgia — Capture of Sa- vannah — Winter quarters at Middlebrook . . .108 Events of 1779. — The war in South Carolina and Georgia — In Virginia — In Connecticut — Capture of Stony Point — The fort at Paulus Hook — General Sullivan's expedition against the In- dians — The squadron under Captain Paul Jones — French fleet under Count D'Estaing — Siege of tlie British at Savannah — Count Pulaski — Sergeant Jasper 112 Events of 1780. — Winter quarters at Morristown — Siege of CONTENTS. IX Chariest on — General Lincoln capitulates — Waxhaw — General Gates — Battle of Sanders' Creek — Death of De Kalb — Colonel Sumter — Tarleton — Treason of Arnold — Interview between him and Andrd — Arrest of the latter — Flight of Arnold — Death of Andr($ — Battle of King's Mountain — General Marion — Greene supersedes Gates — Great Britain at war with Holland, France, and Spain 116 Events of 1781, and Close of the Revot.tttion. — Pennsylvania troops demand redress — Arnold invades Virginia — Capture of Richmond— General Greene at Charlotte, North Carolina — Battle of the Cowpens — Morgan's retreat — Battle of Guilford Court House — Hobkirlc's Hill — Capture of Forts Watson, Motte, and Granby — Lord Cornwallis takes command in Virginia — Pursued by General La Fayette — Fortifies Yorktown — Arnold's invasion of Connecticut — Burning of New London — Battle of Eutaw Springs — French fleet in the Chesapeake — Siege of Yorktown — Surrender of Cornwallis — Washington at Newburg — Treaty of peace — New York evacuated — Washington resigns his commission . 125 THE CONFEDERATION. Shay's Insurrection — Federal Convention — Adoption of tlie Con- stitution — The first election 135 THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, Washington's Administration. — Meeting of Congress— Heads of departments — The public debt — District of Columbia — Har- mer's expedition against the Indians — Seat of government re- moved to Philadelphia — Vermont and Kentucky admitted^ French Revolution — Proclamation of neutrality — Genet — St Clair's defeat — General Wayne's success — Treaty with the In- dians — Jay's Treaty — Insurrection in Pennsylvania — Treaty with Spain — Algiers — Tennessee admitted— President's Fare- weU Address 138 X CONTENTS. ToiiN Adams' Administration. — Trouble with France — Prospect of war — Washington appointed commander-in-chief — Capture of a French frigate — Death of Washington — Removal of seat of government to W^ashington City — Treaty of peace with France — Mr. Jefferson elected President Ho Thomas Jefferson's Administration. — Tripoli declai-es war — Ohio admitted — Purchase of Louisiana — Loss of the frigate Philadelphia — Exploit of Decatur — Eaton's expedition against Tripoli — Treaty of peace — Seizure of American vessels by Eng- land and France — Burr's trial — Attack on the frigate Chesa- peake — "Orders in Council" — <* Milan Decree" — Embargo — Mr. Madison elected President 149 James Madison's Administration. — Frigate President and the Little Belt — Battle of Tippecanoe — Louisiana admitted — War declared against Great Britain — Hull's invasion of Canada — Surrender of Detroit — Battle on the Niagara — Naval battles — Essex and Alert — Constitution and Guerriere — Wasp and Frolic — United States and Macedonian — Battle of Frenchtown — Siege of Fort Meigs — Battle at York, Upper Canada — Sackett's Har- bor — War with the Creeks — Naval battles — Hornet and Peacock — Chesapeake and Shannon— Perry's victory on Lake Erie — Argus and Pelican — British squadron in Chesapeake Bay — Battle on the river Thames — Capture of Fort Erie — Battle of Chippewa — Lundy's Lane — Siege of Fort Erie — The Essex, Commodore Porter, captured — Frolic captured by the Orpheus— Peacock and Epervier — The Wasp and Reindeer — Capture of Washington — Battle of Plattsburg — McDonough's victory op Lake Champlain — The Wasp and Reindeer — Wasp lost at sea — Attack on Baltimore — General Jackson seizes Pensacola — Battlo of New Orleans — Hartford Convention — The frigate President captured — Treaty of peafie — More naval engagements — War with Algiers — Treaty — Bank of the United States — Indiana admitted — Mr. Monroe elected . . . « < 155 James Monroe's Administration. — President's tour — Mississippi admitted—Seminole war — General Jackson captures towns in CONTENTS. XI Florida — Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and INIissouri admitted — ■ Florida ceded to the United States — Expedition against the pirates — Visit of General La Fayette — John Quiucy Adauis elected President 179 John Quincy Adams' Administeation. — General La Fayette re- turns to France — Congress make an appropriation — Deaths of Adams and Jefferson — General Jackson elected President 1 84 Anduetv Jackson's Administration. — Death of James Monroe- Black Hawk's war — Cholera in the army — Treaties with the Indians — Nullification — "Compromise Bill" — Debt due by France remaining unpaid — Fears of a war — Amicable settle- ment — Seminole war — General Scott sent to Florida — "Specie Circular" — " Distribution Act" — Arkansas admitted — Death of James Madison — Michigan admitted — Martin Van Buren elected President 186 Martin Van Buren's Administration. — Seizure of Osceola — Battle of Lake Okeechobee — Insurrection in Canada — Proclama- tion of neutrality — General Harrison elected President 191 Harrison's and Tyler's Administrations. — The President calls a meeting of Congress — Death of President Harrison — John Tyler President — Meeting of Congress — Settlement of the north- eastern boundary — Prospects of civil war in Rhode Island — "Suffrage Party" — "Law and Order Party" — Troops sent to preserve the peace — Bursting of the "Peacemaker" — Death of Mr. Upshur and Mr. Gilmore — Annexation of Texas — Admission (kf Florida 193 James K. Polk's Administration. — General Taylor sent to Texas with an array — Death of General Jackson — Admission of Texas — Oregon — Boundary line — Iowa admitted — Mexican hostilities — Battles of Palo Alto and Eesaca de la Palma — General Taylor takes !\Iatamoras — Monterey — Capture of California — New lilexicu — General Scott captures Vera Cruz — Battle of Buena Vista — Battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, El Mo- Xn CONTENTS. linos del Rey, Cbapultopec— Occupation of the city of Mexico- Treaty of peace— Transfer of California and New Mexico- Death of John Quincy Adams — Wisconsin admitted— General Taylor elected President l^^S Tatlor's anb Fillmore's Administrations. — Great emigration to California — Application to be admitted as a state — Compro- mise measures — Death of the President — Succeeded by Millard Fillmore — California admitted — Purchase of tracts of land — Kossuth— Death of Henry Clay — Daniel Webster — Mission to Japan — Franklin Pierce elected President . . . 208 Franklin Pikrce's Administration. — Mesilla Valley claimed by Mexico — Conveyed to the United States by treaty— Nebraska and Kansas— Repeal of the Missouri Compromise — Dismissal of Mr. Crampton and British consuls — Civil war in Kansas- James Buchanan elected President . . . . 211 fAMES Buchanan's Administration. — The Mormons refuse obe- dience to the laws of the United States — Troops sent to Utah — Salt Lake City — Troops withdrawn — The President recommends the admission of Kansr.s under the Lecompton Constitution — A bill passes both houses, but is rejected by the people — Minne- sota admitted — Oregon admitted — Visit of the Japanese am- bassadors— -Visit of the Prince of Wales— Mr. Lincoln elected President— Secession of South Carolina — Major Anderson evacu- ates Fort Moultrie — Withdrawal to Fort Sumter — State troops take Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney — General Cass resigns — Messrs. Cobb, Floyd, and Thompson resign — The forts in Georgia, North Carolina, and Alabama seized by the secession- ists — Siege of Fort Sumter — Secession of five states — "Star of the West" — Kansas admitted— Peace Conference^ — Convention of seceding states- — General Twiggs . • . . 213 Abraham Lincoln's Administration. — Inauguration — List of se- ceded states — Fort Pickens — Bombardment of Fort Sumter — The President calls for troops — First arrival of soldiers in Wash- ington — Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore — Pennsyi- CONTENTS. XUl yania troops — Secession of Virginia — Destruction of public build- ings at Harper's Ferry — Navy Yard at Portsmouth destroyed— Secession of Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina— General Butler occupies Baltimore — Batteries on the Elizabeth River — Sewall's Point — Troops on Arlington Heights — Assassination of Colonel Ellsworth — Death of Stephen A. Douglas— Surprise of rebels at Philippi — Colonel Kelly wounded — Expedition sent against the rebels at Great Bethel — Failure to take a battery — JEtetreat — Death of Lieutenant Greble — Of Major Winthrop — Battle of Booneville — Attempt of Captain Ward to erect a battery at Matthias Point — Attack by the rebels — Death of CaptainWard — Battle of Falling AVaters — Battle at Rich Mountain — Colonel Pogram surrenders — Battle of St. George — General Garnett killed — General McDowell at Fairfax — Centreville — Battle of Bull Run — Retreat of General McDowell — Colonels Cameron, Slocum, and Fowler killed at Bull Run — Battle at Wilson's Creek — Death of General Lyon — General Sigel takes command — Expedition under Commodore Stringham and General Butler — Capture of Forts Clark and Hatteras — Attack on the fort at Lex- ington — Brave defence by Colonel Mulligan — Battle of Bolivar — Ball's Bluff — Death of Colonel Baker — Lexington recaptured — Resignation of General Scott — General McClellan appointed his successor — Dupont's Expedition — Capture of forts at Hilton Head— Beaufort— Arrest of Slidell and Mason . . 221 Events of 1862. — Battle of Somerset — General Zollickoffer killed — Surrender of Fort Henry — Expedition against North Carolina — Canture of Roanoke Island — Destruction of the rebel fleet — Fort Donelson bombarded — Surrenders — Submission of Nashville — General Banks crosses the Potomac — Naval battle near Newport r^ews — The Merrimac — The Monitor — Commodore Dupont cap- tures Bi-unswick and Fernandina — Fort Clinch — St. Mary's — Battle of Pea Ridge — Evacuation of New Madrid — Siege of Island T^o. 10 — Expedition against Beaufort — Surrender of St. Augus- t • ue— Bat tie of Pittsburgh Landing — Surrender of Fort Pulaski — Fori Macon — New Orleans surrenders to General Butler — Baton Rouge taken — Bombardment of Fort St. Philip — Fort Jackson — General McClellan embarks with his army — Takes possession of •> XIV CONTENTS. Yorktown — Battle of Williamsburg — Battle at West Point — At- tack on Sewall's Point — General Wool's expedition to Norfolk — Surrender of the city — The Mei'riraac destroyed — Sewall's Point and Craney Island abandoned — Troops cross the Chickahominy — Attack on Colonel Kenley — Battle atCoriBth — Town evacuated — Occupied by General Pope — Battle of Fair Oaks — Evacuation of Forts Pillow, Wright, and the city of Pensacola — Fort Barrancas — Surrender of Memphis — General Negley defeats the enemy in Tennessee — Fremont pursues Jackson — Battle of Cross Keys — Contest at the Shenandoah — Battle at White Oak Swamp — Battle of Mechanicsville — "Gaines's Mills" — Savage Station — White Oak Swamp — Turkey Island — McClellan's army at the James Ptiver — Malvern Hills — General Pope in command of the army — Three hundred thousand troops called into service — March of General Curtis — General Halleck appointed commander-in-chief • — Death of Van Buren — Battle at the Rapidan — Cedar Mountain — Attack on Baton Rouge — Death of General Williams — Army moved from Harrison's Landing to Williamsburg — Battle of Bull Run — Fairfax — Centreville — Junction of armies — General Mc- Clellan commander — Death of Generals Kearney, Stevens, and Taylor — Rebel army in Maryland — Battle of South Mountain — Death of General Reno — Surrender of Harper's Ferry — Battle of Antietam — Rebel army crosses the Potomac — Pursued by General Pleasanton — Harper's Ferry evacuated — Bombardment of Natchez — Battle of luka — Capture of Mumfordsville — Inva- sion of Pennsylvania — Battle of Corinth — Hatchie River — Battle of Perryville — General McClellan relieved — Burnside appointed — Galveston taken — General Burnside's army opposite Frede- ricksburg — Steamer Alabama — Indian massacrea — Battle of Fredericksburg — Deaths of Generals Bayard and Jackson — General Burnside removes his army — Report of killed and wounded 238 Events of 1863. — West Virginia admitted — Battle of Murfrees- boro' — Galveston recaptured — Surrender of Arkansas Post — General Burnside relieved — General Hooker appointed to com- mand — Assault on Fort Donaldson — Attack on Port Hudson — Naval attack on Charleston — Siege of Washington, N. C. — Gen- CONTENTS. Xy eral Hoolcer crosses the Eappaliaiinock and Rapidan — Battle of Chauccllovville — Attack on General Sedgwick at Fredericksburg — General Hooker recrosses the Rappahannock — General Stone- man's raid to the intrenchments of Richmond — Death of General '' Stonewall " Jackson— General Grant captures Grand Gulf and Port Gibson — Admiral Porter captures Haines's Bluff — Battle of Big Black River — Capture of forts on the Yazoo rivei- — Battle near Port Hudson — Louisiana colored troops — Battle at Brandy Station — General Lee captures Winchester and invades Maryland ■ — General Hooker relieved and succeeded by General Meade— - Invasion of Pennsylvania — Battle of Gettysburg — Death of Gen- eral Reynolds — Lee's retreat — Surrender of Vicksburg — Of Port Hudson — Capture of Shelbyville — Capture of Jackson — Morgan's band — Draft of three hundred thousand men — Riot in New York — Siege of Fort Wagner — Bombardment of Fort Sumter — Of Charleston — War with the Sioux — Lawrence burned by guerillas — General Meade follows Lee's retreating army — Battle of Rap- pahannock Station — Attack on Chattanooga — General Burnside in East Tennessee — Battle of Chickamauga — General Banks takes possession of Brownsville — General Sherman captures Missionary Ridge — General Hooker at Missionary Ridge — Siege of Knoxville — Longstreet abandons Tennessee — Treatment of prisoners 275 Events of 1864.— Capture of Suffolk, Va. — Hanging of Union prisoners — General Grant in command of the armies — Appointed Lieutenant-General — Admiral Porter captures Alexandria, La. — Capture of Fort De Russey — Kilpatrick's cavalry expedition — Colonel Dahlgren slain — Fort Pillow taken by Forrest — Murder of the garrison — Red River expedition — Grand Ecore — Capture of Plymouth, N. C. — Washington, N. C — Army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan — Battle of the "Wilderness" — Death of General Wadsworth — Of General Sedgwick — Fredericksburg taken by Union troops — General Butler harasses the enemy — General Sheridan destroys their stores — General Crook in the valley of the Shenandoah — General Sherman marching through Georgia — Battle at Resaca — Battle near the Cl;ickahominy — General Kautz destroys the enemy's railroads — Battle of Kene- saw Mountain — General Grant crosses the North Anna and XVI CONTENTS. other river? — Attack on the rebel fortifications at Harrison's Landing — Cold Harbor — Trevillian Station — Staunton, Va. — Naval engagement between the Kearsarge and Alabama — Mar- tinsburg — Harper's Ferry — Hagerstown plundered — Chambers- burg burnt — Battle at Monocacy — Hood's attack on Genera] Logan — Battle of Jonesboro — Atlanta evacuated — Forts Powell, Gaines, and Morgan captured — Eout of Morgan's band — Battle at Berrysville— Dutch Gap — Opequan Creek, Va. — Fisher's Hill — Sheridan's pursuit of Early — General Ord's adyance — General Birney's advance — Battle of Cedar Creek — General Sheridan changes disaster into victory — Capture of the Steamer Florida — Battle near Kansas City — Mr. Lincoln re-elected President — Battle in East Tennessee — Altoona — Siege of Knoxville — Battle near Nashville — Hood's retreat — Pursuit by General Thomas — General Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah — Capture of Fort McAllister — Capture of Savannah — Attack on Foit Fisher — Death of Chief Justice Taney — Hon. George M. Dallas — Nevada admitted ....... 294 EvKXTS OP 186.5. — Capture of Fort Fisher — General Butler removed — Succeeded by General Ord — Death of Hon. Edward Everett — Capture of Egypt, Miss. — Slavery abolished — Fight at Hatcher's Bun, Va. — General Sherman's march tlirough South Carolina — Columbia captured— Charleston surrendered — Fort Anderson captured — Camden, S. C — Fall of Wilmington, N. C. ■ — Battle of Fishei'sville — President Lincoln's second term — Inau- gtiration — Battle at Averysboro' — Bentonville — Army reaches Fayetteville — Occupies Goldsboro' — Capture of Fort Steadman — Armies of the James and the Potomac advance — Fight along the enemy's line at Petersburg — Surrender of the city — Richmond evacuated — Occupied by the Union troops — Pursuit of Lee's army — Engagement at Burke's Station — Surrender of Lee's army — Sherman sets out for Johnston's army — Capture of Raleigh — Capture of Salisbury — Surrender of Mobile — Flag raised on Fort Sumter — Murder of the President — Attack on Mr. Seward ■ — Andrew Johnson takes the oath of office, and becomes Presi- dent — Death of Booth — Capture of Jefferson Davis — Johnston's army surrendered to Sherman — Surrender of Dick Taylor and Kirby Smith— The pirate Shenandoah — Grand review of the troops at Washington 313 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, DISCOVERIES OF THE 15TH AND IGTH CENTURIES. 1. The vast continents of North and South America were unknown to the civilized world previous to the year 1492. At that time the genius and persevering efforts of Christopher Columbus led the way to those great discoveries, which have resulted in the settle- ment of the United States, and other countries in the Western Hemisphere. 2. The spirit of adventure was now awakened in 1497. ^ ^^ Europe, and numerous expeditions were sent out to make discoveries and form settlements. Among theic, the voyage of the Cabots is most worthy of notice. lu 1497, John Cabot embarked with his son Sebastian, from .Bristol, England, and discovered the American Continent far to the north, in the dreary inhospitable regions of Labrador. A second voyage was made by Sebastian Cabot the next year, in which he explored the American I4.-98. *^ ^ coast, landed at many places, and returned to 2* (13) 14 HISTORY OP HIE UNITED STATES. En^'laud lie sketclied maps of the places visited, and wrote an account of his adventures, all of which have been lost to posterity. 3. The gloiy of the discovery of the Yv^estern Continent belongs to the Cabots. They reached the mainland four- teen months previously to the discovery by Columbus of the southern portion, and two years before Amerigo Vespucci made his voj^age, and assumed honors to which he had no rightful claim. 4. Gasper Cortereal was appointed commander of an expedition fitted out in Portugal, and, in 1501, sailed along the American coast for more than six hundred miles. He seized a number of the natives, carried them off. and sold them as slaves, but in a subsequent voyage fell a victim to his avarice and cruelty, being slain in a fckirmish with the Indians. 5. In the year 1512, Juan Ponce de Leon '^mbarked at Porto Rico with a squadron of seven ships fitted out at his own expense, on a voyage of discovery. On Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, land was seen and the country was named Florida, from the day on which it was discovered, and its blooming appearance. 6. The Spaniards who had made prepara^^ions for a colony in the ^' Land of Flowers," were attacked by the Indians with the utmost fury, many were killed, the survivors compelled to flee to their ships, and Ponce himself, mortally wounded, returned to Cuba to die. 7. The French erovcrnment, anxious to make 1534:. . /^ ' settlements in the New World, the coasts of whieli were frequented by the hardy fishermen of Normandy and l>rittany, sent out John Yerrazani, in a single caravel, on a voyage of discovery. He came on the coast in the latitude of Vrilmington, sailed along the shores of North Carolina, DISCOVERIES. 15 New Jersey, aad New York, remained for fifteen days in the liarbor of Newport, and then explored the whole coast of New England to Nova Scotia. 8. In 1534, James Cartier, with two ships, left the harbor of St. Malo in France, and in twenty days came to the island of Newfonndlaud. He then crossed the gulf, and entered a bay which he named Des Chaleurs. lie then sailed along the coast, and, entering the inlet of Gaspe, he took possession in the name of the French king, by rearing a lofty cross, with a shield and the lilies of his native soil. Leaving this place, he sailed up the great river St. Lawrence for a considerable distance, and then returned, after a i«Mccessful voyage, to St. Malo. 9. The following year, Carticr, with three ships, 1535> 1 • 1 set out on another voyage, and, passing to the west of Newfoundland and through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, north of Anacosti, he ascended the river as far as the island of Orleans. Here, Cartier, leaving his vessels safely moored, proceeded in a boat to the chief Indian settlement, wdiich lay at the foot of a hill which he climbed. Pleased with the beauty of the surrounding prospect, he called this Mont Real, a name which has since extended to the most flourishing city of Canada East. They passed the winter in the St. Lawrence, and in the spring, after solemnly taking- possession of the country, and declaring Francis to be its rightful king, they returned to St. Malo. 10. Ferdinand de Soto, one of the companions of Pizarro in his conquest of Peru, planned an expedition for the conquest of Florida, and, obtaining the Spanish king's permission, embarked for that country. In two weeks he landed on the coast, and the march of the adventurers began, attended with great hardships to the invaderf and cruelties to the natives. The following year 18 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. they arrived at a town on the Alabama, called Mobile, which name is still retained. Here a bloody battle ensued, during which the town was burned and the Indians completely routed. 11. De Soto now marched to the north, and wintered in the upper part of what is now the state of Mississippi. In the spring of 1541 the march was resumed, and, after suffering from fire, want of food, and hostility of the natives, the Spaniards came to the great river, often called the " Father of Waters.'' DISCOTERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 12. A plan being now formed in France for a settlement in America, Cartier again set sail for the St. Lawrence. Near the site of Quebec he built a fort, where his company passed the winter, sullen, unhappy, and dejected. In June, 1542, the expedition returned to France, and, for the next fifty years, no further discoveries were attempted by a nation which had become involved in the horrors of civil war and intestine feud. DISCOVERIES. it 13. The Spaniards under De Soto still marched west- wardly in search of gold, but finding none, they retraced their blood-stained track to the Mississippi, where their distinguished leader died. His body was wrapped in a mantle, and at midnight sunk in the depths of the river^ at once the fruit of his researches and his sepulchre. 14. The Spaniards made some feeble attempts to form settlements in Florida, by sending mis- sionaries to convert the natives to .Christianity. But the rude tribes they sought to convert had suffered so much from the cruelty of the Spaniards, that they regarded as enemies the priests who sought an interview with them, and the peaceful missionaries became the victims of their fury. Florida was now abandoned, for it seemed fatal to all who approached its shores. The troubles in France, and the persecutions of the Huguenots, induced Admiral Coligny to seek a refuge for men Yv'liose lives were en- dangered at home. 15. An expedition fitted out under the command 15G3. . . of John Ribtiult, a brave man^ of great maritime experience, sailed for the American shores. After exploring tl\e coast, they came to Port Royal entrance, where Ribault determined to plant his colony. Fort Charles or Carolina gave name to the country before its occupation by the English. In consequence of civil war in France, no aid was sent to the infant colony ; dissensions prevailed, and the commandant left by Ribault lost his life in a mutiny. Tender the guidance of a new commander, they em.barked for their native land in a rude vessel of their own construction. After suffering from the horrors of famine, they were rescued by an English vessel and taken to the coast of France. 16. In 1564, another expedition under Laudon- niere was fitted out, and settled on the banks of the 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. river 3Iay (now St. John's). The following year llibault arrived with supplies, and an additional number of 15G5. . 11 J emigrants, and there seemed to be a prospect of the continuance of the colony. But Spain had never relin- quished her claim, and it was resolved to contest the right of France, and to root out her colonies. An expedition, fitted out under Don Pedro Melendez, discovered a fine haven, which was named St. Augustine. Here Melendez landed, took possession of the continent in the name of the Spanish king, and laid the foundation of the town, w^iich is the oldest settlement in the United States. 17. By a furious assault he captured the French fort, and massacred the inmates without regard to age or sex. The French government took no measures to avenge their slaughtered colonists. But Dominic de Gourges, a man of wealth, fitted out an expedition at his own expense, embarked for Florida, captured the Spanish fort, and hanged the garrison, whom he designated " Traitors, robbers, and murderers.'' But being too vveak to retain possession of the country, he embarked for France, and Spain still claimed Florida, and all the country bounded by the Grulf of Mexico. 18. No attempts to form settlements in America were successful for many years after the failure of Coligny. In the reign of Elizabeth of England, Sir Humphrey Gilbert formed plans for colonization. Having obtained a liberal patent from the queen, he equipped a squadron, and sailed for Newfoundland. Having entered the harbor of St. John's, he took possession in the name of his sovereign. He sailed thence on further discoveries, when his largest ship was wrecked, and it became necessary for him to return to England. On the homeward voyage his fleet, encountered severe storms, and the little frigate, DISCOVERIES. 19 with tlie admiral, disappeared in the darkness of tlie night, and all on board perished. 19. The ill success of this expedition did not discourage Sir Walter Raleigh, the step-brother of Gilbert, and he resolved to renew the enterprise. Obtaining a patent from the queen, he sent out two vessels, under the command of Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. They explored the coasts of Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, landed on Roanoke Island, and after a short stay returned to England. The queen was so much pleased with the description of the voyage, that she named the country Virginia, in token of its discovery during the reign of a virgin queen. 20. An expedition was now fitted out, composed of seven vessels, and one hundred colonists, Ralph Lane went out as governor of the infant colony, and Sir Richard Grrenville had command of the fleet. The settle- ment was made on the island of Roanoke, which possessed a fine soil, and fertile climate, but disagreement with the natives, and longings for home, led to a precipitate deser- tion, and Lane and his surviving associates were taken to England by Sir Francis Drake, in the year follow- . * ing. Two weeks afterwards. Sir Richard Grenville arrived with additions to the colony, and supplies for the settlers, and left fifteen men to retain possession. 21. Raleigh now sent out another colony, emi- grants with their wives and families, and appointed John White governor. All whom Grenville left had perished, and the fort was in ruins. The governor was urged to return to England for reinforcoJients and supplies. On his arrival, he found the country at war with Spain, and alarmed with a threatened invasion. The poor colo- nists were neglected until too late. W^hen Governor White 2(> HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. retiirned, no trace of tliem could be found, and their fate has never been known. Questions on the discoveries of the \bth and 16?^. centuries — 1 WU*) was the discoverer of America, and in wliat year ? 2. Describe the voyage of John Cabot. Of Sebastian Cabot. 3. Who were the actual discoverers of the American continent ? 4. What is said of the voyage of Cortereal ? What wrong did he commit? What was his fate ? 5. What country was discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, and in what year ? Wliy was it named Florida ? 6. What prevented the Spaniards making a settlement ? V/hat is said of their leader ? 7. By whom were the coasts of the New World often visited? Wnom did the French government send to make discoveries? Describe the voyage of Verrazani, and name the places visited by him. 8. From what port did Cartier sail, and what island did he arrive at ? What gulf did he cross, and what bay did he name ? Into what inlet did he enter? How did he take possession of the country ? Up what river did he sail ? 9. Describe Cartier's second voyage. Where did he leave his vessels, and where did he proceed in a boat ? What did he name the mountain ? Where did the crews pass the winter, and in whose name did they take possession of the country ? 10. What plan was formed by Ferdinand de Soto ? What at- tended the course of the adventurers? At what town did they arrive in 1540? What took place? 11. What did de Soto now do? What discovery did de Soto's company make in 1541 ? What is the river they discovered fie- quently called ? 12. What did Cartier do in his third voyage ? Whei-e did liis oompany pass the winter? When did the expedition return to France? Why did the French discontinue their expeditions to America? 13. What did the Spaniards under de Soto search for? Why did they retrace their steps ? When did their leader die, and Trhat was done with his body ? DISCOVERIES. 21 14. Who were sent by the Spaniards to form settlenienta in Florida ? How were they treated by the natives ? Why were they so treated ? Wliat led to French settlements in America ? Who projected these settlements ? 15. AVho commanded the expedition, and at what place did they arrive? What gave name to the connti-y? What took place in the infant colony? By whom were the survivors rescued? 16. Who commanded the expedition fitted out in 1504? Where was the settlement made ? What accession was made to the settle- ment the year following ? Who claimed the country ? Describe the expedition of Melendez. What town was founded by him ? 17. How did Melendez treat the settlers? Did the French government avenge their death ? Who fitted ont an expedition against the Spaniards? What did he do to the garrison? What did Spain claim ? 18. From whom did Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtain a patent ? Where did he land? What took place on his homev/ard voyage? 19. What did Sir Walter Raleigh do? Who commanded the expedition? Where did they land? What name was given to the country by the queen, and why ? 20. What attempt was made to establish a colony ? Why was the settlement deserted ? By whom were the survivors taken ii England? Who arrived with supplies, and how many men did he leave to retain possession ? 21. Who constituted the colony sent out in 1587? Who was appointed governor ? What was the condition of the fort and settlers left by Grenville? Wliy did Governor White return to England? Why were not supplies sent? When White ^«turno Ii;«^Iish made vrar upon them, and troops wero «Gnt into their country, who destroyed their strongholds and burut their wigwams. Finally the Indians were sub* iued, and Philip's wife and son were made prisoners. Heart-broken, and ready to die, he was shot by a faithle&s Indian, and his captive son sold as a slave. Thus ended King Philip's War, which proved fatal to the Narragansetts, and to the powerful tribe of which he was the chieftain. 7. The Acts of Navigation were considered an invasion of the rights of the colonies, and were resisted by the people of Massachusetts. This produced embittered feelings on both sides, and resulted in the forfeiture of the charter, which had been lonsr 1684. ... ^ cherished with jealous watchfulness. The foilow- inff year, James IL became kino;, and Sir Edmund 1685. 3 -^ ' ^ o7 Andross was appointed governor of all New Eng- land. He was authorized to appoint members of 1686. . ^ ^^ his council, and, with their consent, make laws and lay taxes. These laws were of the most oppressive character, and the colonists were in a condition little infe- rior to absolute slavery. 8. But the revolution, which drove Kina; James 1G88. ^ ' . ° , from hiB throne, restored liberty to the colonies, and Andross was seized and imprisoned. A new chartei was granted by King William, greatly enlarging the terri- tory of Massachusetts. By the old charter, the freemen of the colony elected their governor annually; by the new charter, he was appointed by the king : so that he was no l*)nger the representative of the people, but a royal agent. 9. Durius: Kins William's War, the coionis^ts 1693. . . suffered greatly from the incursions of the Indians, who were instigated in their hostilities by the Canadians. oJ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Several expeditions had been planned by the colonists, which were generally unsuccessful. The only thing worthy of note was the capture of Port Royal and the subjugation of Acadia. But the peace of Ryswick caused for a time a suspension of hostilities, destined, however, soon to be renewed, in consequence of the conflicting claim? of France and England, to which we shall again revert in the progress of this history. Questions on the Settlement of Massachusetts. — 1. "What is said of the first attempt of the Plymouth company to form a settlement ? Give an account of the settlement on the Kennebec. 2. What service was performed by Captain Smith in 1614? Vv'hat did he name the country ? Did Captain Smith or the Plymouth company establish colonies? By whom was the first pei'manent settlement made? When and where was it established ? What is said of the Indians ? Of Massasoit ? 3. When and by whom was a settlement made at Salem ? What towns were founded soon after? What was the title of the colony ? 4. What doctrine was held by Roger Williams? Why was Koger Williams banished ? Who opposed the opinions of the clergy ? By whom was she upheld ? What were Mr. Wheelwright and she compelled to do ? 5. What colonies united in a league in 1643 ? What is said af Philip ? What troops marched against the Indians ? 6. On what tribe did the English make war? What became >f Philip ? To whom did this war prove fatal ? 7. How were the Acts of Navigation considered by the people ? In what did their opposition result ? Who became king in 1685 ? Who was appointed governor ? What was he authorized to do ? What was the character of his laws ? 8. What became of Andross in the revolution which drove King James from his throne? V/ho granted a new charter? Who appointed the governor by the new charter? How was he appointed under the old charter ? 9. By whom were the Indians instigated to make war on th<» colonists ? What place was captured and Avhat counti-y BuHjugatedt SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. dj. SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 1. Wliile tlie London and the Plymouth companies were laying the foundations of empire in the Western Would, the Dutch were not idle. A powerful corporation, the Dutcli Kast India Company, employed Henry Hudson, an entev- prisine: navijjrator, to make discoveries. In 1(309, he sailed up the river which now bears his name, in consequence of which the Dutch claimed the territory. 2. The year succeeding this discovery, several merchauts of Amsterdam fitted out a ship with merchandise, to traffic with the natives. In 1613, there were three or four rude hovels on the island of Manhattan, and this v/as the commencement of that great city which now counts its inhabitants by hundreds of thousands. The following; vear a rude fort was erected on the 1614:. southern point of the island. In 1615 a settle- jnent was commenced on an island just below the present city of Albany. 3. The country from the Delaware, or South* River, to C»pe Cod, was called New Netherlands, and the settlement of Manhattan now began to rise into some degree of importance. But the colony did not enjoy uninterrupted prosperity. Their limits were narrowed on the east by the English, and by the Swedes on the south, and they were on the brink of ruin from a desolating war carried on for more than two years by the Algonquin s. At last a solemn treaty was agreed upon, to the great joy of the settlers. Manhattan now began its career of prosperity, and aflbrded V:- the persecuted of every sect a city of refuge. * So called by the Dutcli settlers. 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. But the Ensrlish became too powerful to ba 1650. . '^ , ^ . . reoisted. The Dutch were compelled to relinquish tleir claims to the territory of Connecticut, and half of LoD": Island. A lew years later, an En2:lish 166*. ^ J y b squadron, under the direction of Colonel Richard Nicholls, approached the town, and demanded an acknow- ledgment of English sovereignty, promising the inhabitants security in life, liberty, and property. Resistance was useless, and New Netherlands became an English province. Manhattan was now known as New York, and Fort Orange was called Albany. 5. In the next war between Eugland and Hol- 1673. ^ land, a small Dutch squadron approached New York, and the city at once siirrendered, without opposition. After a military occupation of fifteen months, the territory was transferred to England, and the Duke of York resumed possession. Sir Edmund Andross now assumed the government, and ruled with despotic sway. He discouraged popular assemblies, and levied taxes without consent of the people. The duke, in consequence of the representations made to him by Wilham Penn, sent instructions to the governor to convoke a legislature. This assembly met in 16S3, and established the " Charter of Liberties." 6. King James II., on his accession to the throne, refused to continue the concessions he had previously granted while Duke of York. Andross f continued his oppressive rule in New Y'ork until the revo- lution in England, which drove James from his 1688. . ° ' throne, divested this petty tyrant of his delegated power, and sent him, a prisoner, to England. 7. The peace of the colony was endangered by the hostile incursions of the French and their Indian allies, during SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 33 Kins: William's War, which commenced in 1689, t689. . . . and continued until the peace of Ryswick, in 1697. From this time to the Ptevolution, New 1697. York was a provincial government, under governors appointed by the English government. Among those most worthy of note, we find the Earl of Bellamont, an Irish jxjer, who had a kind heart, and sympathized with the efforts for popular freedom. His administration was the era of harmony and kind feeling, 8. He was succeeded by the infamous Lord Cornbury, who endeavored to rule without regard to popular right or religious toleration. But all his attempts, as well as those of his successors who disregarded the just principles of government, were promptly met by the legislative assembly, who were ever watchful in resisting the encroachments of tyranny. Questions on (he Setdcmrrit of Xeiv York. — 1, By whom was Henry Hudson employed to make discoveries ? What river did he dis- cover and name ? Why did the Dutch claim the territory on the Hudson Kiver ? 2. What was the extent of the settlement on Manhattan Island in 1613? "What great city occupies the same island? What settlement was made in 1G15? 3. What was the extent of the New N«?therlands ? Who en- croached on their territory ? With whom were they at war I What is said of Manhattan ? 4. What were the Dutch compelled to relinquish ? When did New Netherlands become an English province ? What was Man- hattan now called ? Fort Orange ? 5. Did New York again fall into the hands ot the Dutch t What nations were at war ? How long was it retained ? To whom was the territory then transferred ? Who took possession, and who was governor ? How did he rule ? When was a legisla- ture convoked? What did they establish? 4 34 ni STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. What did King James refuse to do on his accession to the jhrone? What became of Audross after King James was driven from the throne ? 7. How long did King William's War continue ? Who invaded tlie colony during that war? What is said of Lord Bellamont's administration? 8. By whom was he succeeded ? How did Lord Cornbury endeavor to rule ? Against what were the legislative assembly watchful ? SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. The country now constituting the state of New Hamp- shire was granted to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason, members of the Plymouth company, and in 162.3 a company of EngHsh merchants established perma- nent settlements on the Piscataqua River. Dover and Portsmouth are the oldest towns in the state. These, for several years, were unimportant fishing stations. 2. The Rev. Mr. Wheelwright, who had been banished from Massachusetts for favoring the religious opinions of Ann Hutchinson, went to the head waters of the Piscataqua, and founded the town of Exeter, a little republic in the " vast wilderness," organized with a recognition of the principles of natural justice and religious k>]eration. j^^^j 3. In 1641 New Hampshire was annexed to Massachusetts. But the people not being Puri- tans, a different code of laws was adopted for their go- vernment, and the freemen of New Hampshire were not required to be church members. In 1679, New Ilamp- shire was separated from Massachusetts, and became a royal province. The next year a general assembly was SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 35 convened at Portsmouth, and asserted its rights bj a solemn decree, which was totally disregarded by the ,^^^ English government. Edward Cranfield, an avari- .*G80. . . cious and tyrannical man, was appointed governor. His whole administration is distinguished by efforts to extort money from the people which their representatives refused to grant, and the sturdy yeomanry resisted al^ attempts to collect the illegal taxes which the goveruot Lad levied. 4. In 1690, the inhabitants, in convention, resolved to unite with Massachusetts, but the English government refused to grant any charter to New Hampshire. Samuel Allen, of London, purchased Mason's claims to the soil, and received the royal commission to act as governor. 5. From this time, for a quarter of a century, the civil- history of the colony is nothing but a series of lawsuits about land. Complaints were made against the 1699. . ^ . * governors, till New Hampshire and Massachusetts were both placed under the government of Bellamont, of New York. Finally, the yeomanry of the province gained quiet possession of the lands which their labor had redeemed from the wilderness. 6. The colony suffered greatly from Indian depredations During King William's War, Dover was sacked and burned, ana many of the inhabitants were killed or carried as captives to Canada. Questions on the Settlement of New Hampshire. — 1. To whom was New Hampshire granted ? What settlements were first estab- lished ? In what year ? Which are the oldest towns in the state ? 2. Why had Rev. Mr. Wheelwright been banished from Masea- chusetts? What town did he found? What principles did he recognise ? 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. When was New Hampsliire annexed to Massachusetts ? Why was a different code of laws adopted for their government ? When was New Hampshire separated from Massachusetts, and what did it become? What did the assembly which met at Portsmouth assert ? Who was appointed governor ? What did he make efforts to do, and how was he met? 4. What did the inhabitants resolve to do in 1690? What was refused by the English government ? 5. Under what governor was New Hampshire placed in 1G99? 6. From what did the colony suffer ? What town was burned ? SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 1. The Dutch, who occupied New York, claimed also !.he territory between the Hudson, or North lliver, to the /')elaware, or South River, including the present state of liew Jersey. These dominions were called by them New Netherlands. The southern cape of New Jersey was visited by Cornelius May, who named this point of land, and, ascending the river, built Fort Nassau, on Big Timber Creek, six miles south of Camden. 2. The settlement of the eastern part of this state is involved in some obscurity. There seems to have been a trading station at Bergen as early as 1618, established by the Dutch. In 1651, Augustine Herman pur- chased the land from Newark Bay to the west of Elizabethtown, and in 1658 other purchasers ob- 1 65 8. tained the large grant called Bergen, and the ?avly station became a permanent settlement. 3. The Duke of York had, a short time previously 1664. . to the conquest of the New Netherlands, assigned to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret the land between the Hudson and Delaware. In honor of Carteret, who had SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 37 been governor of the island of Jersey, the province was called New Jersey, and the capital, being a cluster of four houses, was named Elizabethtown, in honor of Lady Carteret. Philip Carteret^ brother of the proprietor, WS13 appointed governor. 4. The province increased in numbers, and nothing disturbed its prosperity till 1670, when payment of quit-rents on the settlers' lands was demanded. This they resisted, asserting that, as they had bought theii lands of the Indians, no payment of rent was justly due. While these difficulties were pending, the disaffected colo- ^ „ nists sent deputies to an assembly which was held at Elizabethtown. That body displaced the governor, and appointed a young and frivolous man, his nephew, James Carteret, to succeed him. Philip Carteret hastened to England, and the colonists remained in undis- turbed possession of their farms.* 5. In 1674, Berkley and Carteret were reinstated in possession of their province, but Lord Berkley, dissatisfied with his share, sold it for a thousand pounds to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Byllinge. The next year, Fenwick, with a large company, set sail for the newly- purchased lands. Ascending the Delaware River, he landed on a pleasant, fertile spot, which he named Salem. But Byllinge was in embarrassed circum- stances, and could not retain his share of the province. It was accordingly sold to the Friends, or Quakers, 1676. , . ; -V > who wished to establish a government where all men should be free from oppression. 6. This portion was called West New Jersey, and the part retained by Carteret, East New * Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. II., p. 319. 4* 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Jersey. In 1682, William Penn, witli eleven other Friends, purcliased East New Jersey of the truatees of Carteret, and appointed Robert Barclay governor. In consequence of persecution in Scotland, large numbers of Presbyterians emigrated to East Jersey. 7. In 1688, tlie prcmrietaries both of East and XGS8* West Jersey surrendered tlieir claims to govern- ment, and the province was ruled for a short time by the tyi'annical Andross. At the Revolution, the sovereignty merged in the crown, and for three years East New Jersey had no government whatever, while in West New Jersey the authority of the deputy governor was rejected by the people. Finally, the proprietors resigned all their claims, and the two Jerseys became united, and thenceforth became a royal province, the first governor being Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury. But finally. New Jersey obtained a governor appointed by the king, and whose administration was entirely distinct from the adjoining province of New York. Lewis Morris was the first governor so appointed. Questions on the Settlement of New Jersey. — 1. Who claimed New New Jersey? By whom -was the southern cape of New Jersey visited ? Where did he build Fort Nassau ? In what year ? 2. In what year was there a trading station at Bergen ? By whom was Bergen settled, and in what year ? 3 To whom did the Duke of York convey the territory between the Hudson and Delaware ? Why was it called New Jersey ? What was the capital, and whence did it derive its name ? Who was governor ? 4. Why did the people refuse quit-rents on their lands ? 5. To whom did Lord Berkley sell his share ? Wliere did Fen- wick with a colony settle, and in what year ? To whom did Byllinge sell his share of the province ? 6. What was this portion of the province called ? What was SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 39 Carteret's share called ? Who purchased East New Jersey ? "Who was made governor ? 7, What did the proprietors do in 1688? When were the two Jerseys united, and who was the first governor ? In what year did New Jersey obtain a governor solely for that province ? Who was the first governor so appointed ? SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 1. The limits of Virs-inia, by its second charter, 1609. . & ' J' 1 included all the soil which afterwards became the state of Maryland. The head of the Chesapeake was explored, and the settlements in Accomac were extended, and commerce was begun with the Indian tribes. A tradino; settlement seems to have been established 1631. . . T^ on the river Patuxent, whose object was to carry on the fur trade with the Indians. 2. An attempt was made to obtain a monopoly of this commerce, by William Clayborne, a surveyor in the employ of the London company. Establish- ments were formed on Kent Island, and also near the mouth of the Susquehanna. The same year, Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained a charter for the province, which was named Maryland, in honor of the queen. Hen rietta Maria. Before the patent passed the great seal, Sir George Calvert died, and his son Cecilius succeeded tc his honors and his fortunes. 3. Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, with about two hundred emigrants, sailed up the St. Mary's, some distance above its junction with the Potomac, where he purchased an Indian village of the natives, who removed and gave the settlers full possession. In the 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. humble village of St. Mary's religious liberty found a peaceful home. 4. The settlers of Maryland escaped the want, the priva- tion, and the hardship endured by many of the colonies, and its advance was proportionally rapid. In six months it had made more progress than Virginia had in six years. Under the mild institutions of Lord Baltimore, the desert wilderness bloomed with new settlements, and the Catholics, who had been oppressed by the laws of England, here found a peaceful asylum, and all religious sects were shel- tered from persecution. 5. Nothing impaired the happiness of the colony but the conduct of William Clayborne. He refused to 1635. . , '' submit to Lord Baltimore, and resolved to maintain his possessions by force of arms. In a skirmish which ensued, Clayborne's men were defeated. The colonial assembly passed an act of attainder against Clay- borne, and his estates were seized and forfeited. 6. The Indians, alarmed at the rapid increase of the settlers, now commenced hostilities, and carried on a frontier war, which continued till 1644, when peace was established, and made durable by prudent legis- lation and firm humanity. But peace was of short con- tinuance in the colony, for the restless Clayborne excited a rebellion. The insurgents were at first successful, and compelled the governor to fly, and for a year held a dominion distinguished for disorder and misrule. 7. In 1652, durins^ the Commonwealth, the 1653. ° ' government was taken from Lord Baltimore, and placed in other hands, and for several years there was a constant struggle for the supremacy. Finally, a compromise was efiected between the contending parties, and government was surrendered to the agent of the SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, 41 proprietary. At the restoration of monarchy, the authority of Phihp Calvert was fully recognised. S. The claims of the proprietor were acknowledged from this time until his death, which took place in 1676. Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, the founder and the father of Maryland, devoted more than forty years of bis life to promote the happiness of the colonists, to protect th3 rights of conscience, and to establish, on the broadest platform, the principles of religious liberty. His struggles and success in establishing these principles, enrol his name among the great and wise benefactors of the human race, in all ages and in every clime. 9. On the death of Cecilius, his son Charles succeeded 1. 1 his title and estate. He had been governor of the colony for fourteen years, and had ruled with wisdom and modera- tion. He was now obliged to return to England, and during his absence discontents arose, and his deputies were deposed from office. 10. King William now constituted Maryland a royal province, and the church of England was by law established as the state religion, to be supported by general taxation. St. Mary's ceased to be the capital, and Annapolis hereafter became the seat of government. The government continued to be a royal province till 1715, when it was restored to the proprietor, in whose family it remained till the Revolution. Questions on (he Setllement of Maryland. — 1, Where was the fiist settlement in Maryland? In what year? What was its object? 2. Where did William Clayborne form settlements ? In what year did Lord Baltimore obtain a charter for the province ? Why was it named Maryland ? 3. When and where did Lord Baltimore establish his colony? Who conducted the emigrants to their new home ? What did 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Leonard Calvert purchase from the Indians ? What name waa given to the settlement ? 4. How does the settlement of Maryland compare with the settlement of Virginia ? What is said of religious toleration ? 5. What disturbed the happiness of the colony? What did Clayborne resolve to do ? What occurred in a skirmish ? 6. What did the Indians do in 1642? How long did the war continue? Who excited a rebellion in 1645 ? 7. From whom was the government taken in 1652 ? For what was there a constant struggle ? How was the question settled ? Whose authority was acknowledged at the P^estoration ? 8. When did Lord Baltimore die ? What is said of his char- acter ? 9. Who succeeded Lord Baltimore ? How long had he been governor, and what is said of his rule ? 10. What was Maryland constituted during the reign of King William ? What was established as the state religion ? What became the capital ? When was the government restored to the proprietor, and how long did it remain in his family ? SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 1. The first settlement in Delaware was made bj the Dutch. A company was formed to make a settlement, and one of their number purchased the land extending from Cape Henlopen for more than thirty miles, and comprising the scJil of the two lower counties. 2. This tract of land was soon after colonized. De Yrie3, the conductor of the expedition, planted a colony of more than thirty persons, near the present tow a of Lewes. After a year's residence, De Vries returned to Holland. After his departure, the settlers became embroiled with the Indians, who prepared an ambush, and murdered svery one of the emigrants. SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 'tS 8. Several years elapsed before any further attempts were made to form settlements. The Swedes now determined to establish a colony, and, availing themselves of the experience of Pet^r Minuits, who had been governor at Manhattan, they fitted out an expedition, which arrived in the Delaware Bay. They purchased the land extending from Purj^se Point, or Cape Henlopen, to the falls in the river Delaware, near Trenton. Their first settlement was near the mouth of Christiana Creek, at Fort Christiana, so named from the queen of Sweden. 4. A large number of Swedes and Finns emigrated to the new settlement. Their plantations were ex- tended, and the governor established his residence on the island of Tinicum, a few miles below Philadelphia. Here a fort was built, and houses soon began to cluster around it. 5. But the Dutch, who had long looked with jealous eyes on the Swedish settlements, sent a party who built Fort Casimir, on the site of New Castle. The Swedes considered this an encroachment on their rights, and Rising, the Swedish governor, availing himself of stratagem, obtained possession of the fort. The Dutch governor soon after sailed with a force of six hundred men into the Delaware, for the purpose of conquest. Resistance was useless, and the Swedes were compelled to surrendei their only colony, after seventeen years' possession. 6. From this time until the Dutch were subdued by the Enghsh, Delaware was governed by deputies appointed by Stuyvesant. After the conquest of the Dutch, Delaware became a dependency of New York. It 1664:. was afterwards conveyed by the Duke of York to William Penn, who landed at New Castle on the *®^^' 27th day of October, 1682. 44 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 7. In tlie course of a few years the 'territories" of Delaware wished for a government independent of Penn- sylvania. Their request was acceded to by William Penn, and the lower counties became a separate colony, under Colonel Markham. But Fletcher, who assumed the control, once more united Delaware 1693. ' to Pennsylvania. When the governrqpit was re- etored to Penn, Delaware still continued to send delegates to the Assembly. But in 1702, Pennsylvania convened its separate legislature, and the two colonies were never again united. Questions on the Settlement of Delaware. — 1. By whom was the first settlement made in Delaware? What was the extent of the purchase made in 1629? 2. Where was the first settlement made, and bj whom ? What took place when De Vries returned to Holland ? 3. When did the Swedes make a settlement? What was the extent of their purchase ? W^here was their first settlement ? 4. Where did the governor establish his residence ? What was birilt on this island ? 5. What was built by the Dutch at New Castle ? How did the Swedes view the building of the fort ? How did the Swedish governor gain possession ? What did the Dutch governor do ? What was the result ? 6. After the conquest of the Dutch what did Delaware become? To whom was it conveyed by the Duke of York ? When did William Penn land at New Castle ? 7. What did the "territories" of Delaware wish for? Who acceded to their request, and who became governor? When was Delaware reunited to Pennsylvania ? "When were the colonies finally separated ? SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 45 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 1. The Dutch were the first to discover and occupy the banks of the Connecticut. The soil around Hartford was purchased from the natives, and a fort erected on 1.033 land within the present limits of that city. The territory had been previously granted to the Earl of War- wick ; it was afterwards held by Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke and others, as his assigns. 2. A few months after the erection of the Dutch fort, the people of New Plymouth built a trading-house at Windsor, and carried on a fur trade with the Indians. Soon after, Mr. Winthrop returned from England, with a commission to build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut. Previously to his arrival, settlements had been commenced by emigrants from the environs of Boston, at Windsor and Weathersfield. 3. In the summer following, Rev. Thomas Hooker, and a large company, left Massachusetts, and, aftei a toilsome journey through the forest, laid the foundation of Hartford, on the " delightful banks" of the Connecticut. At the time of this settlement, the 163T. TIM Pequod Indians were numerous and hostile, and the colonies were compelled to make war against them. This war terminated in the complete overthrow of the Pequods, and the destruction of the tribe. 4. The following year, Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton founded a colony at New Haven. After a day of fasting and prayer, they rested their frame of government on a covenant that " all of them would be ordered by the rules which the Scriptures held 5 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. forth to tliem." In 1639, the free phmters of the 1639. ' ^ colony met in a barn, and agreed upon a code of laws, and appointed seven persons, in whom the government of the colony was invested. 5. The increasing numbers of the English coTnpktely surrounded the Dutch fort, and overwhelmed the 1650. feeble settlement which they had planted. Governor Stuyvesant therefore went to Hartford, and concluded a treaty, by which New Netherlands extended to the state line, and the eastern part of Long Island was ceded to Connecticut. 6. The colony on the Connecticut promptly acknowledged the claim of Charles II., on his restoration to the 1863. ' throne of his fathers, and sent John Winthrop the younger to obtain a charter from the king. A charter was readily granted, and, connecting New Haven with Hartforu in the colonj^, it was extended from Narragausett River to the Pacific Ocean ! 7. The union of the two colonies was not, however, immediately effected. New Haven was unwiliina; to become merged in the larger colony of Hartford, but the wise counsels of Winthrop finally prevailed, and the two colonies became united, and continued for many years prosperous, and in full enjoyment of their political and religious liberties. 8. When New Netherlands was surrendered to the English, and the Duke of York obtained its possession, Andross proceeded with armed sloops to Connecticut, and endeavored to obtain possession of the fort at Say- brook. But he was overawed by the firmness of the colonial troops, and obliged to desist. On the accession of James IT. to the crown, Andross was sent to govern the colony, and iemand the surrender of the charter. Earnest pleadings SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 47 were made against the demand, and tlie discussion 1687. ' was prolonged till nightfall. The charter lay on the table. On a sudden, the lights were extinguished, and Joseph Wadsworth, availing himself of the darkness, seized the charter, and concealed it in the hollow of an oak. which was older than the colony, and long survived it, under the venerated name of the Charter Oak. 9. Andross now ruled with absolute power till the Revo- lution, which drove his master from the throne, 1690 and threw him into a prison. The discolored charter was then taken from its hiding-place, an assembly convened, and Connecticut resumed her freedom. But the Enolish crown having^ claimed the command of the 169S. ° militia, conferred the office on the governor of New York, and directed him to assume the duties of that office. 10. In pursuance of his instructions, Fletcher went to Hartford, and ordered the militia to assemble on 1693 the parade ground. He then appeared at the head of the line, and ordered Bayard, of New York, to read his commission. Captain Wadsworth, who claimed ("he command, ordered the drums to beat some of the old marches well known to veterans. Fletcher commanded silence, and said : " I will not set my foot out of this colony, till I have seen his majesty's commission obeyed." Ijiit Wadsworth was resolute, and, as the excited people came swarming into Hartford, Fletcher retired, and went back to his government in New York, and the English government soon after renounced its claim. Questions on the Settlement of Connecticut. — 1. Who first occupied tlie banks of the Counecticut? What purchase was made frora the natives, and what was erected? To whom had the territory previously been granied ? By "whom was it afterwards held ? 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Where did the people of New Plymouth build a trading- bouse? Where were settlements soon after made? 3. Desoibe the settlement made by Rev. Mr. Hooker. "What tribe of Indians were hostile ? How did the war terminate ? 4. Who founded the colony of New Haven ? On what did they rest their frame of government ? 5. What treaty was made at Hartford by Governor Stuyvesant? 6. W^hat was granted by the charter of Charles II. ? 7. By whose counsels were the colonies united ? 8. What did Andross endeavor to obtain? Why did he desist? On the accession of James II. who was sent to govern the colony, and what did he demand ? Was the charter surrendered ? What became of it ? What was the tree called ? 9. How long did Andross rule ? What was done after Andross 'vas imprisoned ? 10. What did Governor Fletcher do? What was ordered by l.'aptain Wadsworth ? What was th« result? SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 1. When Roger Williams was proscribed in MassaclmsettSj he left his home in Salem, and was, throufrh tbo severity of an inclement winter, an inmate of tho dense and pathless forests. Part of the time he wa* a guest with Massasoit and other friendly Indians. 2. Next June, with five companions, he embarked on Narragansett Bay, in a frail Indian canoe, and gave to his landing-place the name of Providence, to express his trust in the mercy of the Divine Being. In the course of two years, he was joined by others who fled from perse- cution to his asylum. The tract of land comprising Providence Plantation was conveyed to him by a deed from the chieftain of the Narrasxansetts. SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 49 3. Tho friends of Ann Hutcliinson, who hai been ban- ished from Massachusetts, led by John Clarke and Williara Coddington, were welcomed by Koger Williams, and the chief of the Narragansetts made them a gift of a beautiful island. Here they laid the foundation of Portsmouth, and the following year they commenced the settlement of Newport. 4. The new colony* was excluded from the union of the New England colonies, and was obliged to 1643. ' appeal to the mother country for protection lloger Williams, therefore, went to England, and obtained from the Parliament a free and absolute charter, " with full power and authority to govern and rule ibemselves." 5. When Roger Williams had obtained from, the Par- liament the confirmed union of the territories which now constitute the state, he left John Clarke in England, as the agent of the colony. On the restoration of Charles II., a charter of unexampled libe- rality was granted to the colony, which embraced all the principles of civil and religious liberty for which it had contended. This charter continued to be the state constitution until 184'2, with the exception of a short period, when the tyranny of Andross established his own arbitrary rule. G. The colony of Ehode Island was an asylum for the persecuted of every sect and clime. The benevolent principles of its founder were fully carried out, and, favored by its wise and beneficent charter, it grew and flourished, and though the smallest in extent of territory among the *The colony was originally called "Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantation." 5* 50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. states of our Federal Union, it stands among the foremost for the benevolence and wisdom of its institutions. Questions on the SetlUment of Rhode Island. — 1. What did Roger Williams do, when proscribed in Massachusetts? 2. What did he do in June, 1636? What did he name liisr landing-place ? Why did he call it Providence ? Who conveyed the land to him ? 3. What towns were settled by the banished followers of Ann Hutchinson ? Who presented them with the island which gives name to the state ? 4. What did Roger Williams obtain from the Parliament ? 5. What was granted by Charles 11. ? How long did this charter constitute the state government? 6. For what was the colony an asylum ? SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 1. The first attempts to form settlements in North Caro- lina were made by Raleigh, on the island of Roanoke, as related in a former part of this history. After the 1587. . . ^ "^ entire destruction of the second colony, no further attempts were made to form settlements until 1653^ when a company was formed for the purpose of emigrating from Virginia. This project does not seem to have succeeded, and the first settlement appears to have been made by a party of New England men, who, in a little bark,' had found their way into the Cape Fear River, 16G1. *^ . . purchased a tract of land from the Indian chiefs, and planted a town on Oldtown Creek, on the south side of Cape Fear River. 2. The overflow of population in Virginia extended into SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 51 North Carolina, and a few straggling families had fixed their abodes within its hmits as early as 1660. But the first reorular settlement from Vir<2;inia was mad^ on 16G3. ® . ^ Albemarle Sound, in 1663. A separate government was established over this settlement, and William Drummond was appointed to be its governor. 3. The settlement on Cape Fear River was not entirely abandoned, but it did not prosper. Several planters ol Barbadoes emigrated to Cape Fear River, near the former settlement, and laid the foundation of a town, every vestige of which has long since disappeared. The feeble remnant of the New England colonists united with the new settlers. 4. Lord Clarendon and his associates obtained from the king a new charter, which granted them an immense extent of territory, and conferred on them the most ample privi- leges, A constitution for the government was prepared by the distinguished writer and philosopher, John Locke, which was totally at variance with the popular wishes, and contrary to the genius of free institutions. It was tried, but never carried out, and finally abandoned as impracticable and useless. William Sayle was appointed governor by the proprietaries. 5. The colony continued to grow, and received every year fi'esh accessions of emigrants — men who fled from persecu- tion, and here found an asylum. The first trouble was an attempt made to enforce the navigation laws, which were very oppressive. This attempt hastened an insurrection. The people rose and imprisoned the deputies of the proprietaries, and organized a government for themselves. Culpepper, the leader of the insurrection, was seized, carried to England, tried by an English jury and acquitted. 52 niSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. An act of amnesty was granted, and Sothel, one of the proprietaries, now assumed the government. His sole object was the acquisition of wealth, and, with this view, he cheated his partners, and plundered the colo- nists. The people bore with his infamous exactions for five years, when he was deposed, and driven from 1688. , *^, the colony. 7. The constitution framed by Mr. Locke having been practically inoperative, was now formally abrogated by the proprietaries. Soon after, John Archdale, a mem- ber of the Society of Friends, became governor, and the colony prospered under his wise and benevolent administration. 8. A number of French, German, and Swiss families liavino; made settlements in the vicinity of the 1711. ® / Koanoke River and Pamlico Sou id, the Tuscaroras considered it an encroachment on their territory, and, attacking their settlements in the dead of night, set fire to their cabins, and murdered the unfortunate settlers. Relief was obtained from South Carolina. A body of troops from that province defeated the Tuscaroras, who fled to Lake Oneida, and joined the confederacy of Indians, D^aking the sixth nation in that celebrated union. From this time the colony enjoyed peace and prosperity. Questions on the Settlement of North Carolina, — 1. Where and by whom were the first attempts made to form settlements ? In what year was the first permanent settlement made ? Where and by whom ? 2. Where was a settlement made in 1663 ? 3. What is said of the settlements on Cape Fear River ? 4. What did Lord Clarendon obtain from the king ? Who pre- pared a constitution ? What is said of it ? Who was governor ? 5. What brought ou an insurrection ? What was done by the people ? SETTLEMENT OF 80UTII CAROLINA. 53 tf. What act was passed ? Who assumed the government ? What was his sole object? How long did the people submit, and what did they then do ? 7. What was done by the propinefaries? Who became governor ? What is said of his administration ? 8. What Indian war broke out? What was the cause? What became of the Tuscarora Indians ? SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. The his J J another from New England, and four colonial regi. ments, sailed from Boston, and, in a few days, anchored in the harbor of Port Royal, the garrison of which soon capit- ulated, and marched out with the honors of war. In hon^/r of the queen, the place was named Annapolis. 4. The following year a large fleet sailed from 1111. ° *^ ^ , England, under command of Admiral Walker, far the reduction of Canada. An army jvas also assembled at Albany, to co-operate with the fleet in its attack on Monc- KING George's war. 65 real. But the fleet never reached its destination. The obstinacy of the admiral, in rejecting the advice of the pilots, caused the wreck of several vessels, and the loss of nearly nine hundred men. This dis:ister put an end to tho expedition. Two years afterwards, the war was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht, and Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was ceded to the English. 5. But the peace of Utrecht did not make a final settle- ment of the boundaries between France and England. Each power laid claim to the vast extent of territory extendinoj west. The colony of New York estab- lished a commercial post at Oswego,* which was afterwards converted into a fortress, in defiance of the Iroquois, and the protest of France. This latter power did not look indifferently on English encroachments. In 1731 the French erected the fortress of Crown Point, on 1731. . , ' Lake Champlain. This post defended the approach to Canada by water, and gave security to Montreal. 6. A party from Canada soon afterwards arrived 1138. . at that point where the Niagara empties into Lake Ontario, and here they built Fort Niagara. It was now seen that the ambitious designs of the French aimed to connect their possessions in Canada with tho distant one of Louisiana, and that to effect this they were establishing a line of communication from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. 7. In 1744, the war, commonly called Kinsr I : 4:4, , George's War, broke out between England and France, and, as a matter of course, extended to their American colonics. Before the intelligence of the declara- tion of war had been received in New England, a body of French from Cape Breton surprised the English garrison * Fort on Lake Ontario. N. Y. C6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE3. at Canseau, and, after destroying the fort, carried eighty men as prisoners of war to Louisbourg. 8. Shirley, the governor of Massachusetts, resolved on an enterprise for the capture of Louisbourg. An army from Massanhusetts and Connecticut, under command of William Pepporell, met at Canseau, and soon after landed on the island of Cape Breton. During the siege on land, Admiral Warren, with a fleet, guarded the approaches to the harbor, and, after the capture of a sixty- four gun ship laden with military stores, the governor of the city sent out a flag of truce, and offered terms of capitulation, which were accepted, and the city, the fort, and the batteries were surrendered to an army composed of fishermen, farmers, and mechanics. 9. The next year, the French sent a large naval 1746. . force, with orders to ravage the whole coast; but gicknesS; tempest, the sudden death of its commander, and other disasters, frustrated their intentions. The 1747. ' French fleet sent the following year was captured, 10. Nothing further was effected by either of the eon- tending powers, and a treaty was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. By the terms of the treaty, all places captured during the war were to be restored, and, much to the grief of the colonists, Louisbourg again reverted to the French. 11. But the French still pursued their former policy. They built forts, encroachinir on land which clearlv 3 7 50. belonged to English grants, and forbid English traders trafficking with the Indians. In pursuance of this tlireat, several traders were seized and carried as prisoners to their fort on Presque Isle,* and some to Canada. * Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, Pennsylvania. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 67 12. The tribes of Indians friendly to the Eodish had given repeated warnings of French encroacli- ments, and suggested the importance of building a fort at the junction of the Alleghany and Munongahela Kivers. But two years were allowed to pass aw;iy, before active mea.sures were adopted by either the colonial or British governments. 13. Governor Dinwkidie of Viririnia resolved to 175a. ... send " a person of distinction to the commander of the French forces, to know his reasons for invading the British dominions, while peace subsisted." He selected George Washington for this important mission, who, although not yet twenty-two years of age, was better qualified for its duties than any other man in Virginia. 14. In the middle of November, with an interpreter and four attendants, and an old pioneer of the wilderness as a guide, he started from Will's Creek (now Cumberland). Here he left the abodes of civilized life, and journeyed tlirough immense forests, across mountains, rocky ravines, and swollen streams. In nine days he reached the fork of th( Ohio, then a wild, unbroken solitude. Here the party crossed the Alleghany, and proceeded towards Venango, where they were hospitably received and entertained for several days. 15. At Fort Le Boeuff, French Creek, Washington was courteously received by the French commander, St. Pierre, to whom he delivered Dinwiddie's letter. On his return, their horses were found to be so fjitigued, they left them, and proceeded on foot. On the 16th of January he reached Williamsburg, and delivered the reply oi' the French commander to Governor Dinwiddle. 16. The reply of tlie French commander was courteous, but evasive. Major Washington had heard enough on liis t'xpedition to be satisfied that the French only wished to 68 HISTORY OF THE X^NITED STATES. G:am time, and that they intended to descend the 1754. . Ohio early in the spring, and take possession of the country. A company was therefore despatched to the fork of tlie Ohio to build a fort, and a body of troops enlisted and sent out under the command of Washington, now made lieutenant-colonel. 17. The party at the fork of the Ohio had not half com- pleted their fort, when they were surprised by a French force from Venango, and compelled to withdraw. The French then completed the fort, which was named Duquesne,* in honor of the governor of New France. 18. Washington with his detachment made a toilsome progress through the wilderness. On his arrival at the Great Meadows, he made an intrenchment, and sent out scouts to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. Assisted by some friendly Indians, they found the hiding-place of the French detachment. Coming on them by surprise, an action ensued, which resulted in the defeat of the French, ten of whom were killed, including Jumonville, their leader. This was the first battle of the French and Indian War. 19. But while the French were constantly increasing in numbers, Washington received no reinforcement, and was compelled to fall back on a palisaded fort, which was named Fort Necessity, on account of. the famine attendant on its construction. Here he was attacked by a large body of the enemy, and, after considerable skirmishing, the French commander proposed terms of capitulation, which were accepted by Washington, and the fort was abandoned. 20. In the followino^ year, the British govern 1755, n J 7 o ment prepared for military operations in America, and General Braddock, a veteran soldier, was sent as com- * Duquesne — spelled thus by Irving and Bancroft. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 69 niander of all the forces in the colonics. On his arrival, a convention of colonial governors was held at Alexandria, and four expeditions against the French -fere agreed upon. They were to be sent against Fort Duquesne, Niagara, Crown Point, and Nova Scotia. 21. General Braddock set out from Alexandria on the 20th of April. He was joined by Colonel Washington at Fredericktown, who went as one of his aides-de-camp. On the 19th of May the army reached Fort Cumberland, from which place military roads had to be cut through the woods for their passage. Their progress was slow and toilsome, and it was the 9th of July when the advanced army crossed the Monongahela, ten miles from. Fort Duquesne. 22. Colonel Washington had advised the general how to proceed against the wily Indian, lurking in ambush, and striking blows when least expected. But his advice was rejected with scorn, and the army held on their way, agree- ably to the modes of European warfare. Suddenly the dreadful war whoop burst upon them, and, at the same time, a storm of bullets from a concealed enemy. 23. The regular soldiers were cut down by the Indian rifle, and most of the officers fell while leading on their men. The Virginia troops scattered themselves, and did good service behind trees, from which they could fire on the enemy. Colonel Washington was a conspicuous mark for the rifle. Two horses were shot under him, and four bullets passed through his coat. But he was preserved by Divine Providence for future usefulness. 24. Braddock did all he could to turn back the tide of battle. But five horses were shot under him, and he him- self received a mortal wound. The regulars then fled in confusion, and were only saved from total destruction by the bravery of Washington and the provincial troops. The 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. defeat was total, and the remains of the army cod- 1755. . . ' . . y , . tinued its retreat until it met the other division under Colonel Dunbar. General Braddock died four day!! after the battle at the Great Meadows. *" His grave may Btlll be seen near the National Road, one mile west of f Fort Necessity.'' Colonel Dunbar, on whom the command devolved, destroyed the military stores, and retreated to Philadelphia. 25. The expedition against Nova Scotia was conducted by Generals Monckton and Winslow. They took possession of the country, and compelled the unfortunate inhabitants to leave their homes, and all the products of their industry, ajid scattered them through the colonies. 26. The ti'oops destined for the reduction of Crown Point assembled at Albany. The artillery, ammunition, and stores were conveyed by water to the portage on the Hudson, where ii fort was commenced, called Fort Edward. Here part of the troops remair>ed under General Lyman, while the main force proceeded under General Johnson to Lake George, vrhere they encamped. A body of French troops, led by the Baron de Dieskau, marched against them. Colonel Williams, with a thousand men, was detached to attack the enemy. An action ensued, the English were repulsed, and their leader killed. The action then became general, and, after a long contest, the French gave way. Baron Dieskau was wounded so as to be unfit for service, and taken pri- soner. In this action the brave Chevalier St. Pierre, for- merly commander at Venango, was killed. Johnson did .lot follow up his victory, but having built a fort, which he named William Henry, he returned to Albany. J * Bancroft. f Fort Necessity, in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. X Irving's Life of Washington. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 71 27. The defeat of General Braddock put an end to all vigorous measures against the fort at Niagara. Storms, sickness, the desertion of the Indian allies, and other adverse causes, compelled General Shirley to abandon his projected enterprise and return to Albany. The ill success of the British left the frontier exposed to all the horrors of savage barbarity, and the inefficiency of the British ministry in providing the means of defence, gave the enemy the advantage in all their expeditions. Oswego was besieged by a large French force under General Mont- calm, and the garrison were obliged to capitulate. Sixteen hundred became prisoners of war, and were sent to Mont- real. *Forty-five persons were killed; twelve in action, and the others by Indians as they endeavored to escape in the woods ; but beyond this there was no massacre. 28. General Montcalm, with a large body of French and Indians, now besieged Fort William Henry, which was defended by Lieutenant-Colonel Monru, a brave officer. General Webb, at Fort Edward, only fifteen miles distant, with an army of five thousand men, refused to send any assistance, and the old hero was obliged to surrender. By the terms of capitulation, they were to march out with the honors of war, to abandon all but their private effects, and an escort was to attend them on their departure. 29. But the savages, regardless of treaties, commenced the work of plunder and massacre, as the soldiers marched out. Many were tomahawked, and many made prisoners. Montcalm and his officers did all in their power to arrest the massacre. " Kill me,'' he said, *' but spare the English who are under my protection." Six hundred troops reached * Bancroft. 72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Forfc Edward, while four hundred who had fled to the French camp, were sent under an escort, and an officer despatched to the Indians to ransom their prisoners. 30. The campaio;n of 1757 was marked with 1758. . ^ ^ disaster to the colonists, and disgrace to the arms of England. But the succeeding campaign was more auspicious. The best prime-minister* who ever wielded the vast power of the British Empire, now held the reins of government, and he selected the bravest generals and most able commanders in the realm for the subjugation of the French power in America. The energies of Pitt infused new life into the army and the colonies, and now victory succeeded victory. 81. Louisbourg was invested by a powerful army under Crcneral Amherst. The siege was commenced on the 8th of June; the garrison bravely defended this important place, but they were obliged to surrender; and, on the 27th of the same month, the English took possession of Louis- bourg, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward's Island. The garrison became prisoners of war, and, with the sailors and marines, numbering in all more than five thousand men, were sent to England. 32. A powerful force under General Abercrombie ad- vanced against Ticonderoga. They passed down Lake George in boats, and with artillery on rafts. Soon after their landing, in a skirmish with a party. Lord Howe was killed, being the first who fell in the engagement. An attack was made on the fort, but the assailants were repelled with great slaughter, and obliged to retreat. The battle was lost in consequence of the inefficiency of the British general, who was not to be found when his presence wa/i * William Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 73 needed to rally tlie fugitives, whereas Montcalm, the French commander, with a watchful eye, super- intended every movement on the battle-field. 33. Abercrombie, with the niain army, remained at Lake Greorgc in supine inactivity. During the year he was superseded by General Amherst, who was appointed com- 2aiander-in-chief. Soon after the failure to capture Ticonde- roga, Colonel Bradstreefc proceeded against Fort Frontenac, on the Canadian side of Lake Ontario. The garrison sur- rendered, and the Americans destroyed the stores which they could not carry off, and, after razing the fortress, returned to Lake George. 34. Pitt, anxious to wipe out the disgrace of Ticonderoga. now directed an expedition against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, with a body of provincial troops, was intrusted with the command. Colonel Washington, at the head of the Virginia troops, contributed mainly to the success of the expedition. *' General Forbes would never, without Wash- ington, have seen the Ohio."* 35. When within fifty miles of the fort, Major Grant was sent to reconnoitre, and ascertain the force of the enemy. But he was suddenly attacked by a large body of French and Indians. The detachment was routed. Two hundred and ninety-five were killed or prisoners, and tha remainder were saved from destruction by the coolness and courage of Captain Bullitt of Virginia. At length the irmy arrived at Fort Duquesne, which they found deserted, ihe garrison having set fire to the fort the night before, an English take possession ? 32. Describe General Abcrcronibie's assault on Fort Ticoniie- roga ? What officer fell ? Who lost the battle ? Who commanded the French ? 38. By whom vras Abercroftibie superseded? Describe the expedition of Colonel Bradstreet. 34. Who marched against Fort Duquesne ? What is said cf Colonel Washington ? Kepeat the quotation. 35. What is said of Major Grant's recounoitering party ? Who came to their rescue? As the army approached what did the French do ? W^hat was the place named, and what city stands on its site? 36. Describe General Prideaux's siege of Niagara. WMiat caused his death, and who succeeded him ? Why did he send out a detachment ? 37. Describe Amherst's expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 38. Where did General Wolfe disembark? Where did he estab- lish batteries? What is said of Montcalm? What did Wolfe do in July ? 39. Describe Wolfe's further movements. What was done on the 13th of September? 40. Describe Montcalm's attack. What is said of General Wolfe ? WHien informed of the flight of the enemy, what did he say ? What is related of Montcalm ? 41. When did Quebec surrender ? What did ^he French attempt in 17(30? "What town was surrendered the same year? 42. Wliat is said of the war ? What was surrendered by the treaty of 1763? What did France retain? What lid France cole io Spain ? TROM THE FBENCn WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. FROM THE FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. 1. The colonists were conoTatulatino: themselves 1 7 63. . .^ . ^ on peace, when an Indian insurrection broke out. TLe Delawares and Shawnees, with other tribes, were fore- most, led by an active warrior named Pontiac. An attack was made at a concerted time, on all the posts from Detroit to Fort Pitt. The frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were laid waste, and a considerable time elapsed before the frontier was restored to any degree of tranquillity. 2. The British ministry, on the termination of the war with France, determined to maintain a large standing army in America, and to tax the colonies for its support. They revived and enforced the navigation kws, which were ruinous to American commerce, as the system closed their ports against foreign vessels ; obliged them to export their productions to British ports, to import European goods from England, and in English ships. Parliament now imposed duties on sugar and other West [ndian products imported into the colonies. 8. The colonists sent agents to England to re- lies. ^ - monstrate against these impositions, but without avail ; for now the Stamp Act was brought forward by the ministry, and passed by Parliament. This act required that all notes, bonds, and other legal instruments should be executed on stamped paper, which should pay a duty to the crown. " Unless stamps were used, marriages would be null, notes of hand valueless, ships at sea prizes to the first 80 nisTORY or the united states. captors, suits at law impossible, transfers of real estate invalid, inheritances irreclaimable."* 4. The authors of the Stamp Act never dreamed of the furious opposition which awaited their favorite measure in the colonies. The day on which the "Act" was to go into operation was ushered in with tolling of bells, and other signs of mourning. The stamp officers were resisted, or burnt in effigy, and, by common consent, not a single stamp was used in one of the colonies. The merchants of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston resolved to import no more British manufiictures,*unless the Stamp Act should be repealed. 5. The next year a change took place in the British ministry, and the Stamp Act was repealed, to the great joy of the colonists. There was, however, a clause in the repeal, which declared that the king, with the consent of Parliament, had the power and authority to make laws of sufficient force and validity to " bind the colonies, and people of America, in all cases whatsoever." 6. The discontent of the colonists was excited by other Acts of Pai-liament. One imposed duties on glass, red and white lead, painters' colors, pasteboard, and tea, and declared an American revenue expedient. Another act authorized naval officers to enforce the naviga- tion laws. These and other oppressive laws were resisted by the colonies as subversive of their charters, and a viola- tion of the principles of constitutional liberty. 7. The General Court of Massachusetts sent a circular to other colonial assemblies, to unite with them in measures of redress. The governors of these colonies then dissolved * Bancroft. l"is now frequently occurred between the 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. citizens and soldiers. On the 5th of ]March a lt70. conflict ensued, when the soldiers fired on the inhabitants, killed three, and wounded eight others, two of them mortally. The Boston Massacre added another link CO the chain of grievances which already oppressed a loyal and confiding nation. Parliament now repealed the taxes on glass, paper, painters' colors, and everything except tea. The king's friends retained that duty rather to assert a claim to tax America, than from any prospect of a lucrative revenue. But in America the obnoxious principle still existed, and the people refused to use the taxed article. No tea was therefore imported. 12, The East India Company now made prepa- rations to send large cargoes of tea to America. Philadelphia began the work of preventing its lauding. Its inhabitants denied the right of Parliament to tax Ame- rica, condemned the duty on tea, and declared every one who favored the tax an enemy to his country, and requested the agents of the East India Company to resign. The people of New York resolved the tea should not be landed. The people of Boston passed similar resolutions, and re- quested the consignees to send the ships back. But they equivocated, and hoped to gain by delay. The custom- house refused a clearance, the governor refused his permis- sion, and the people prepared foi the struggle. On the Might of the 6th of December, a band of men disguised as Indians took possession of the three tea ships at the wharf, broke open the chests, and emptied the contents into the bay, without any injury to the vessels. 13. The general opposition in America to the principle of taxation, had embittered the king and ministry against all the colonies; but this last bold act eon- FROM THE FRENCH WAR TO THE REVOLUTION. SS ceutrated all their wrath on the devoted town of 17 7 4. Boston. An act was passed (called the Boston Port Bill) by which all lading and unlading of goods should cease in the town and harbor, on and after the 4th day of June, and the collection of customs be transferred to Salem. Another act decreed that all judges and magistrates should be appointed by the king. It was also enacted, that any person indicted for crimes might be sent to another colony, or to G-reat Britain, for trial. 14. These oppressive acts of the British ministry served 6ut to strengthen the bonds of union throughout the colo- nies. It was resolved to hold a general congress of the different provinces. This body assembled in Philadelphia on the 5th of September. It was composed of fifty-five delegates, representing all the colonies except Georgia. They adopted a series of resolutions, as a " declaration of colonial rights/' in which were enumerated their natural rights to the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, and their rights as British subjects. They also agreed to enter into a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exporta- tion agreement, and they sent an address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants of British America. Having finished theii labors, they adjourned on the 26th of October. 15. In order to enforce the obnoxious laws, and intimi- date the people of Massachusetts, General Gage had been appointed military governor, and he occupied Boston xnth an army, to compel obedience. But he had no power beyond the town. The colonists were firm in their de- termination to resist the arbitrary decrees of king and parliament, and they were everywhere arming and pre- paring fur the 3xpected contest. The power of Great 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Britain was at au end, and tlie united colonies were then on the eve of becoming free and inde- pendent, in consequence of the unwise and unjust policj of what was then regarded as the mother country. Questions on Colonial History from the French Wor to the Revohi- Hon.— I. What Indian tribes made war? Who was their leader? What colonies suffered most ? 2. ^Vhat was determined by tlie British ministry? What re- strictions were imposed by the navigation laws? What duties were imposed ? 3. What act was passed in 1765 ? What was required by this act? Recite the quotation. 4. How was the Stamp Act received in the colonies? What was done by the mercliants ? 5. What was done the next year? What clause was contained in the repeal ? 6. What duties were imposed in 17G7? What other act gav« )ffonce ? 7. What was voted by the inhabitants of Boston ? 8. What measure did the colonists refuse to submit to ? What did the ministry do? 9. Wlien and where were troops landed? 10. Y/hat is now said of the people ? n. What took place on the 5th of March ? What was done by Parliament? What is said of tea? 12. What did Pliiladelphia do to prevent the landing of tea? New York? Boston? 13. What was enacted by the Boston Port Bill? What other acts were passed ? 14. When and where did the first general congress meet ? What did they adopt? What was agreed upon? When did they adjourn? 15 Who was appointed military govei^nor of INIassachusetts J Why was he sent? What were the colonists doing? THE REVOLUTION. 85 THE REVOLUTION. i. Tlie people of tlie colonies had failed in 19?5. ^ ^ .... every attempt at conciliation; tlieir petivioas were ijpurned, and their remonstrances disregarded, and now ^liere seemed to be no resource left them but an appeal to arms. Preparations were made on both sides for approach- ing hostilities, but nothing decisive occurred until the 19t,h of April. General Gage determined to surprise and destroy the magazine of military stores at Concord, about eighteen miles from Boston. 2. For this purpose a body of troops was despatched, in the silence and secrecy of night, under command of Lieu- tenant-Colonel Smith, and took the road to Concord. But, though General Gage used every precaution to conceal this expedition from the inhabitants, and issued strict orders rJiat none should leave the town, yet messengers were sent out, and signals given to alarm the country. When the advanced party arrived at Lexington, they found about seventy persons in arms, drawn up in two ranks, on the villi) ge green, near the church. 3. Major Pitcairn rode in front, and cried out, " Disperse, you rebels, throw down your arms, and disperse I" He then discharged his pistol, and gave orders to his men to fire. The order was immediately followed by a destructive fire of musketry. The British then proceeded to Concord, and destroyed the military stores which the colonists had nol previously removed. While thus engaged, the inhabitants of the neighboring towns were hastening to join the Concord militia. 8* 80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. MAJOR PITCAIRN AT LEXINGTON. 4. Colonel Smith now made preparations for his retrograde march to Boston, and the Americans for a galling fire, which was kept up until they reached Lexington. Here Lord Percy, with a large detachment, came to the relief of the exhausted troops, and, after a short interval for rest and refreshment, continued the re- treat. The firing was renewed by the pursuers until the British reached Charlestown Common, when General Heath, who had taken the command, brought the provincials to a halt. In this memorable battle the British loss was two hundred and seventy-three, in killed, wounded, and missing, while that of the Americans was eighty-eight. 5. The cry of the blood shed at Lexington and Concord «?cnt through the whole land, and multitudes hastened to the relief of their brethren of Massachusetts. General Gage and his army were closely besieged in Boston, and every avenue to the surrounding country was strictly guarded. When the news reached Georgia, that colony joined tho THE REVOLUTION. 87 niiioo, thus makin*;- thirteen colonies joined to resist the oppressions of the British government. 6. As war was now considered inevitable, it was resolved to surprise the old forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, which commanded the approach to Canada. A party of men enlisted for this purpose, under the command of Colonel Ethan Allen, who arrived at Ticonderoga on the morning of the 10th of May. Guided by a boy of the neighborhood, they rushed through a sally port-hole, and gave three cheers, which roused up the sleeping garrison. The commander appeared at his door, and asked x\llen by what authority he acted. " In the name of the great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress," exclaimed Allen. The fort was immediately surrendered. 7. Colonel Warner, second in command to Allen, was sent against Crown Point, which surrendered without re- sistance. A detachment took possession of Skenesborough. Kow Whitehall, and captured a schooner. Colonel Benedict Arnold was sent in this schooner to capture St. John's, which he effected, and took a sloop of war, with two brass six- pounders and seven men. Thus did this band of patriots gain the command of Lakes George and Champlain, and open the great highway into Canada. 8. On the 10th of May, but a few hours after the sur- render of Ticonderoga, the Continental Congress again met in Philadelphia. They elected Peyton Randolph president, but that gentleman being obliged to return to Virginia. John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was selected to succeed him. A federal union was formed, vesting in Congress the power of making peace or war, of entering into treaties and alliances, and of Ie2;islatin2; on all such matters as regarded the general security and welfare, and George Washingtoo was elected commander-in-chief. 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 9. While Congress was in session, great Bventa were transpiring in Boston and its vicinity On the 25th of May several transports and ships of war arrived from England, bringing large reinforcements under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton. General Gage now deter- mined to take the field, and dislodge the Americans who were besieging the royal army in Bostcui, But the pro- vincials, anticipating such a movemant, sent out a force to throw up an intrenchment on Bunker Hill. On the night of the IGth of June, the party, under command of Colonel Prescott, set out in fulfilment of this duty, but finding that Breed's Ilill was nearer to Boston, and had a better com- mand of the town and shipping, it was determined to fortify that position instead of Bunker Hill. 10. Early on next morning the British beheld the Ame- ricans at their work, and commenced firing upon them. As nothing was effected by this cannonade, a large detach- ment under command of Major-General Howe was sent to dislodge the provincials. The enemy advanced in two columns, discharging a heavy fire of musketry, but, in obedience to General Putnam's orders, the Americans re- served their fire till the enemy were within thirty paces. When the British came within the prescribed distance, a deadly fire was poured upon them from muskets, rifles, and fowHng-picces. The enemy were thrown into confusion, and precipitately retreated. 11. The British now prepared for a second attack. Charlestown was set on tire, and wrapped in a general conflagration, while the enemy ascended the hill to storm the redoubt. They were received as before; whole ranks cut down by the destructive fire of the provincials, and again compelled to retreat. They now made their third attack, when, the ammunition of the proviucialL being THE REVOLUTION. 89 expended, Colonel Prescott gave tlie order to re- treat, which they did iu good order. The British now gained the redoubt, to them a dear-bought victory. Major Pitcairn fell, mortally wounded, as he was entering the works, and the enemy's total loss was one thousand and fifty-four, including many officers. The American loss w;is four hundred and fifty, among whom was General Warren, one of the noblest and purest minded patriots. 12. After General Washington's appointment to the chief command, he set out for IMassachusetts. On his way, in- telligence met him of the battle of Bunker Hill, and the noble stand made by the inexperienced militia. On the od of July he took formal command of the army at Cambridge. Here he found a body of raw militia, totally inade([uate to carry on a siege, and sadly deficient in clothing and military liupplies. He now urged on Congress the necessity of supplies, took measures to strengthen the fortifications around Boston, and improve and perfect the discipline of his army. 13. Preparations were made for the invasion of Canada. Arnold, who had assisted in the capture of Ticonderoga, was sent with a body of troops, and, after a toilsome march through the wilderness, arrived at Point Levi, near Quebec, which he could at once have captured had he been able to cross the river. When he did so, and drew up his army on the Heights of Abraham, the garrison was strongly rein- forced. Arnold, therefore, was obliged to withdraw, and wait for the main body of the army. 14. The other expedition was conducted by General Schuyler, who had sent out a reconnoitering party under Colonel Allen and Major Brown. The former, with a small force, attempted the capture of Montreal, but they were repulsed, made prisoners, and treated as rebels and outlaws, 9U His:o:iY 0¥ the united states. unworthy of the courtesy shown to prisoners of war. Colonel Allen himself was loaded >dth irons, and sent to England, where he endured a rigorous captivity. 15. General Schuyler was now attacked with serious ill- ness, and the expedition was conducted by Montgomyne with his army was very plow, in consequence of the obstructions placed in his way by Genend Schuyler, and he did not reach Fort Edward until the 30th of July. At his approach General Schuyler retired, and took post at Fort Miller, lower down the Hud- son, then at Stillwater, and finally at the mouth of the Mohawk. In the mean time Colonel St. Leger was besieg- ing Fort Schuyler, at the head of the navigable waters of the Mohawk. General Herkimer, with a force of militia, marched to the relief of the garrison, but was met at Oriskany by a detachment of tories and Indians. A fierce battle ensued, and General Herkimer, with four hundied men, was killed. 9. Arnold soon after advanced to the relief of the be- si(>'ged, and, by sending out exaggerated reports of his * Irviag's Life of Washington, Vol. Ill , p. 117. THE REVOLUTION. 103 forces, he so terrified the Indians, that they fled, and St- Leger was obliged to raise the siege. eneral Burgoyne now sent out an expedition under Colo- nel Baum against Bennington, for the purpose of seizing on the stores which the Americans had collected. This detachment was met near Bennington by a large body of New Hampshire militia, under General Stark. Colonel Baum was killed and his party routed. A reinforcement of the enemy, under Colonel Breyman, arrived at Benning- ton after the battle, who were attacked by Colonel V/arner, and defeated. The British loss was seven hundred, gene- rally prisoners (x\ugust 16th). 10. General Washington was so well convinced that it was the intention of (xeneral Howe to form a junction with Burgoyne, that he advanced with the main army towards the Hudson. On the 23d of July the British fleet put out to sea, and a number of circumstances led Washington to the belief that its destination was Philadelphia, and he set out with his army to the Delaware. On his way he was informed that the fleet had appeared ofi" the capes, and he immediately marched to Philadelphia. Soon after, the British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake, and the army landed near Elkton, and marched towards Philadelphia. Wash- ington took a stand at Chad's rord_, on Bxandywine Creek, where he was attacked by ths British (Septem- ber 11th). The battle lasted through the day, and to- wards night the Americans were obliged to retreat to Chester, where they rested, and the next day retreated to Philadelphia. Congress adjourned to Lancaster, and afterwards to York. 11. In this battle a number of distinguished foreigners were engaged. The Marqui.s La Fayette served as a volun- 104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. j^y^ teer, and was severely wounded. Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, and General Conway, acquitted i^heniselves with great credit. Tlie American loss in this disastrous battle was, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, twelve hundred, and the British near eight hundred. 12. As soon as Washington's troops were rested, he crossed the Schuylkill to oppose General Howe. The two armies met and skirmishing ensued, but a heavy rain pre- vented a general battle, and the American troops withdrew. General Wayne, who had been sent to watch the movements of the enemy, was attacked in the night at Paoli, and three hundred of his men were killed. General Howe, by a sudden movement, crossed the Schuylkill, and encamped his army at Germantov/n, from which place he sent Lord Cornwallis, with a large detachment, to take possession of Philadelphia. That general marched into the city on the 2Gth of September, with a brilliant statF and escort, and followed by some of the finest troops in the British army ; strongly contrasting with the poor and ill-clothed, but determined patriots. 33. General Schujder continued his active career as chief of the northern army until the arrival of General Gates, who had been appointed the commander. Burgoyne was in a distressed condition. His Indian allies had d{>serted him, and he found great difficulty in obtaining provisions. He now crossed the Hudson, and posted his army at Saratoga. The American general was at Stillwater, and had fortified Bemis' Heights, in the vicinity. On the I9th of September a battle commenced at three o'clock in the afternoon, and continued till night, when the x^mericans retired to their camp, and the British remained on the battle-field. Both armies claimed the victory. Tnt REVOLUTION. 105 • 1-1. On the Ttli of October, General Bur-'oyrie 1777. , . commenced an attack on the American lines. Colonel Morgan, with his riflemen, was sent to gain posses- sion of the heights to the right of the enemy, while General Poor, with his brigade, attacked the left. In the midst of the action Arnold sallied forth, and, putting himself at ihf head of the troops of Learned's brigade, he attacked the Hes- sians in the centre, and broke their ranks with his repeated charges. The British then retreated to their intrenchments, which were desperately assailed by the Americans, with Arnold at their head. Arnold's horse was killed under him, and he was wounded in the leg and borne off the field, but not until the victory was complete. In thi& battle. General Frazer, of the British army, was mortally wounded, and died the following morning. 15. Burgoyne now endeavored to return to Fort Edward, but found the Americans had entirely cut off his retreat. He therefore sent a note under sanction of a flag to General Gates, asking for a cessation of hostilities until terms should be mutually agreed upon. The articles of capitulation were agreed upon and signed on the 17th of October, by which they were allowed a free passage to England, on condition of their not serving in America during the war. The whole number of the army surrendered amounted to five thousand seven hundred and fiTty-two men. The Americans gained a fine train of artillery, seven thousand stand of arms, tents, j»,Qd military stores. 16. Sir Henry Clinton had sent a detachment along the Hudson River to relieve General Burgoyne, but when they heard of his surrender they returned to New York. They captured some fortresses in the Highlands, burned Esopus, and plundered other villages, and behaved more like 10 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. marauders, than a re^^ular army sent for the lehef 1777. , , ' . of their harassed and suffering countrymen. 17 After the British had obtained possession of Phila- delphia, Admiral Howe had brought round his ships from the Chesapeake into the Delaware Bay, and moved them up as far as the obstructions placed in the river would admit. It now became important to the welfare of the British army to remove these obstructions, and reduce the forts com- manding the river. For this purpose General Howe sent a detachment to New Jersey. General Washington improved the opportunity to make an attack on the enemy at German- town. Success at first waited on the Americans, but a party of the enemy threw themselves into a stone house, which they barricaded and made good against all attempts. Meanwhile the advantages at first gained were lost, and the Americans were compelled to retreat (October 4th). 18. Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, was assaulted on the 22d of October, by a body of Hessians under Count Donop. The fort was defended by Colonel Christopher Green. After a valiant defence the enemy were repulsed with great slaughter, and the Hessian commander mortally wounded. An attack made on Fort Mifflin, immediately opposite, by the enemy's shipping, was also unsuccessful. Finally, however, a large force sent out by Sir William Howe cap- tured the two forts, and removed the obstructions in the Delaware (November 18th). 19. An attack was made (December 4th) on the camp at White Marsh, by General Howe, without success, and soon after, tlie American army, who were in a destitute condition, went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill. Questions on the Events of 1777.— 1. Who joined "Washington at Trenton ? By whom wat he atta<;ked ? How were the two armies THE REVOLUTION. 107 po8(ed? What did Washington do at midnight? What battle took place on the following morning ? Who gained the battle ? What general was killed ? 2. What did Cornwallis now do ? Where did Washington rd tire to winter quarters ? The British ? 3 Describe the expedition against Danbury. By whom were the British assailed in their retreat? What general was slain? 4. Describe Colonel Meigs's expedition. 5. Where did Washington encamp in May ? Where did Sir William Howe establish his head-quarters ? What did he do sooa afterwards ? 6. For what purpose did General Burgoyne leave Canada ? What took place on his arrival at Ticonderoga ? To what place did General St. Clair send his stores? 7. How was the flight revealed to the British? What was the result ? When did the remaining troops reach Fort Edward ? By whom was General Prescott captured ? For vv'hom exchanged ? 8. When did Burgoyne reach Fort Edward ? Where did General Schuyler take post? Who was besieging Fort Schuyler, and who was sent to its relief? Where did a battle take place, and with what result? 9. Who now went to the relief of the garrison ? What was St. Leger obliged to do ? What expedition was sent out by Burgoyne ? What battle ensusd ? Who was killed in this battle ? What battle took place subsequently ? 10. Why did General Washington advance towards the Hudson ? What did the British fleet do on the 23d of July ? To what place did he now march ? Where did the British fleet sail, and where did the army laud? Where and when was a battle fought, and with what result? Where did the Americans retreat the next day ? To what places did Congress retire ? 11. What distinguished foreigners assisted the Americans at the battle of Brandy wine ? 12. When Washington's troops had rested, what did he do? What disaster happened to the troops under General Wayne? What did General Howe do ? What general occupied Philadelphia with his troops? 13. Who succeeded General Schuyler? Wliere was Burgoyne* 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Where the American general ? What battle took place on the 1 5th of September ? What is said of it ? 14. Describe the battle of Saratoga. What general was mortallj wounded ? 15. What was Burgoyne now compelled to do? What were ilie terLis of the capitulation? What number surrendered? Whai stores came into the possession of the Americans? 16, What was effected by the expedition sent to relieve Bui- goyne ? 17. To what river did Admiral Howe remove his ships? De- scribe the battle of Germantown. 18, By whom and when was Fort Mercer assaulted? By whom was it defended ? What was the result ? Who was mortally wounded ? What other fort was attacked ? V/ere the forts after- wards captured ? Give the date. 19, Where were the Americans attacked by General Howe, December 4th? Where did the army retire to winter quarters? EVENTS OF 1778. 1. Never was a greater contrast presented in tlie annals of war, than between the two contending armies. The British in elegant quarters in the city of Philadelphia, living in luxury, in ease, and the indulgence of licentious revelry ; the Americans in log huts at Valley Forge, ill- clothed, worse fed, and suffering every privation. It re- quired all Washington's influence to retain his army in carap, and to provide them with food. 2. Towards the latter end of February, Baron Steuben arrived in camp, and commenced training the army in the discipline and manoeuvres of the battle- field He was successful in his course of instruction, and from a mass of untrained militia, he raised up a disciplined THE REVOLUTrO!bell ? 2. Who took command of the army in the south? What battle *oo> place? Who commanded the Americans in the battle ol K.c'.ae Creek? S. What did Lincoln and Ash do in March ? What took place .•\t T5rier Creek? At Port Royal? At Stono Ferry ? 4. What towns in Virginia were plundered ? Who laid waste the sea coast of Connecticut ? What towns were burned ? 5. Who captured Stony Point? Describe the assault and cap- ture. What is said of the achievement ? no HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. What fort was taken by Colonel Lee ? Describe the capture. 7. Who marched against the Indians ? When and where did a battle take place ? How far was the country laid waste ? 8. When and where did a naval engagement take place? Who commanded the American squadron, and what British vessels were captured ? 9. Who commanded a French fleet on the coast of Georgia ? With whom did he unite ? When was Savannah assaulted? What was the result ? Who are mentioned as among the wounded and slain ? 10. When and where did Washington's army go into winter quarters ? EVENTS OF 1780. 1. This year opened on distressed aad almost 1.T80. famishing soldiers. The winter was one of unusual severity, and" the army in the huts near Morristown suffered from want of blankets and clothing. They were also fre- quently without meat, often without bread, and sometimea without both. If it had not been for the kindness of the neighboring farmers, who furnished supplies, the army oould not have subsisted. 2. Sir Henry Clinton now left New York with a largo body of troops, in a fleet commanded by Admiral Arbuthuot, for the invasion of South Carolina. Early in April he commenced the siege of Charleston, which was defended by (Jeneral Lincoln. He now sent out Colonel Webster to break up some posts occupied by the Americans. One of these posts, at Monk's Corner, was surprised and taken by Colonel Tarleton, who commanded Webster's advanced guard. This achievement shut off Charleston from all supplies (April 14th). 3. The siege of Charleston was continued with great THE REVOLCTIOX. 117 vigor. Fort Moultrie surrendered, and General Lincoln, finding no relief, capitulated, and the city fell into the hands of the enemy (May 12th). A body of Americans, under command of Colonel Buford, was over- taken on the banks of the Waxhaw, by Colonel Tarleton, and, after being defeated, were butchered, after they had laid down their arms. Colonel Buford and some of his cavalry escaped. Having struck a blow which he supposed reduced the south to absolute submission^ Sir Henry Clinton embarked with part of his forces for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North Carolina, and then into Virginia (June 5th). 4. New Jersey was now invaded by a large body of troops under command of General Knyphausen, who landed at Klizabethtown Point. The American troops sent to oppose him made a stand at Springfield, where a severe engage- ment took place. The British outnumbered the Americans, but the latter being strongly posted, and reinforcements advancing, the British general retreated, and during the night passed over to Staten Island (June 23d). 5. Washington now moved with his army to the High- lands, and resumed his measures for the security of West Point. On the 10th of July, a large French fleet, with five thousand troops^ arrived at Newport, in Rhode Island. It was intended to attack New York with the combined forces, but a fleet arrived from England which gave the superiority to the British arms, and the proposed attack was for the present abandoned. 6. In the south, though for a time no opposition was made to British rule, symptoms of revolt at length were manifested. Bold and determined leaders only were needed, and one was soon found in Colonel Sumter, who made several attacks on the enemy. The post at Hanging Rock was 11 118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES captured, and a body of British and torics defeated (August 6th). The Baron de Kalb, at the head of tlie Maryland division, who had been detached to Caro- lina, made but slow progress, for want of supplies. On the 25th of July, General Grates, who had been appointed lo command the southern army, arrived, and immediately marched towards Camden, South Carolina, and on the 13th of August encamped at Clermont, twelve miles distant. 7. On the approach of Gates, Lord Bawdon concentrated his forces at Camden, where he was joined by Cornwallis. On the evening of the 15th, General Gates moved with his main force to Sanders' Creek, seven miles from Camden. Here they encountered the British army, which had sallied out in the night to attack them at Clermont. A skirmish ensued, which lasted but a short time, when both armies halted, and waited for daylight, to renew hostilities. At daybreak (August 16th), the enemy advanced, and put the militia to flight. The regular troops stood their ground, and fought with great bravery, but were at length compelled to give way. Baron de Kalb, while exerting himself to the utmost to prevent the loss of this battle, fell, aftei receiving eleven wounds. 8. On the evening before the battle of Sanders' Creek, Colonel Sumter had made a successful attack on a post of the enemy on the Wateree, and captured one hundred prisoners and forty loaded wagons. Tarleton was sent against him, and coming to his camp at a time when his troops were resting from their fatigues, the Americans were surprised, and able to make but a feeble resistance. Between three and four hundred were killed and wounded and all their arms and baggage fell into the hands of the enemy (August 18th). 9. We have now to narrate the most sorrowful event in THE REVOLUTION. 119 the history of the Eevolution — an event which brings up sad recollections both to British and Ame- ricans. It is the treason of Arnold, and the fate of Andre. We have recited the bravery, the enterprise, the military skill of the hero of Quebec, of Saratoga, and the brave warrior of many a battle-field. We must reverse the pic- ture, and, instead of a patriot, behold a traitor. 10. After the evacuation of Philadelphia in 1778, Arnold was stationed in that city as military governor. Here he lived in an extravagant style, and, by his arrogance, raised up many enemies. He was charged before a court-martial with misconduct, fraud, and the granting certain privileges to disaiiccted persons. Though nothing fraudulent was proved against him, the transactions in which he was in- volved were pronounced " irregular, contrary to the articlas of war, imprudent, and reprehensible;" and the court sen- tenced him to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. 11. The reprimand administered by Washington was one of delicacy and kindness, and ought to have sunk into his heart. But from the moment of his sentence by the court- martial, he seemed bent on vengeance. Dissembling his hatred to his country, he asked for the command at West Point, which was conferred upon him. Ilis head-quarters were at Beverly,* on the eastern side of the river, and opposite to West Point. Here he carried on a secret correspondence with Major Andre, General Clinton's aide- de-camp, under the assumed names of Gustavus and John Anderson, offering to betray West Point and the posts in the Highlands to Sir Henry Clinton. 12. In order to complete this nefarious business, it noi;* became necessary for Arnold and Andre to hold a persona) * Commonly callofl the Kobinson House. 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. INTESVIEW BETWEEN ARNOLD AND ANDr£, interview. Andre left New York, and went on board 1780. . ' the Vulture, wliicli lay at anchor in the Hudson. Here at midnight Arnold sent a boat to convey him to the west side of the river. Arnold was in waiting to receive him, and the conference lasted until near daybreak. As Arnold feared that sending the boat back to tlie ship might excite suspicion, he prevailed on Andre to remain on shore during the day. 13. The two conspirators now repaired to the house of .Toshua Smith, a tory, who was aiding Arnold in his designs. Here the bargain for the betrayal of West Point was com- pleted, and Arnold returned in his barge to head-quarters. He suggested to Andre a return by land, and furnished him with the following pass : " Permit Mr. John Anderson tc pass the guards to the White Plains, or below if he chooses; he being on public business by my direction. '' B. ARx\old, Major-General.'' THE REVOLUTION. 121 li. As Smith refused to put Andr6 on board the Vulture, he left his place of concealment about sunset, having exchanged his military coat for a citizen's, and crossed the river to King's Ferry, when he proceeded on horseback towards New York. He passed unmolested through the American lines by means of his pas.sport, until he came near Tarry town. Here he was stopped by three militia men armed with muskets. The first one who hailed him wore a refugee uniform, which led Andre to suppose he was among friends, and he declared at once that he was a British officer, on urgent business, and must not be detained a single moment. They then declared themselves to be Americans, and told Andre he was their prisoner. 15. They proceeded to search him, and found concealed papers in his boots, which satisfied them he was a spy. He offered his horse, watch, and one hundred guineas, if they would let him go. But they were patriots, refused all his offers, and led him as a prisoner to Colonel Jameson, at Northcastle. By request of Andre, Jameson wrote to Arnold that Anderson was a prisoner. Arnold was at breakfast when the letter arrived ; the commander-in-chief was expected every moment, and the traitor would soon be exposed. Calling his wife aside, he told her that '' he was a ruined man, and that he must fly for his life." Thus saying, he left the apartment, mounted a horse ready sad- dled, and fled to the river. Here throwing himself into his barge, he directed his men to row to the Yulture, which he entered as a traitor and renegade. 16. Major Andre was arraigned before a court-martial, tried as a spy, and being convicted, was hanged on the 2d of October. He was universally lamented, both by the British and Americans, and Sir Henry Clinton used every exertion to induce Washington to spare his life. But the 11* 123 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. stern usages of war, and the safety of the country, required ttie sacrifice. It was suggested to Sir Henry Clinton that Andre would be set at liberty if Arnold wercigiven up. But the proposition was rejected, as in- corapatible with honor and military principle. The captors of Andre were John Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams. Congress, by a formal vote, expressed a high €ense of their virtuous and patriotic conduct; awarded to each of them a farm, a pension for life of two hundred dollars, and a silver medal, bearing on one side a shield, with the word Fidelity, and on the other the motto Vincii amor Patrice. These medals were presented to them by Genera] Washington at his head-quarters. 17. In the south Coruwallis had established a military despotism, and used the most oppressive measures to coerce the people to submit to royal authority. But these violent measures failed of their object, for the people only waited for a favorable opportunity to assert their freedom. Colonel Ferguson, who had been sent with a body of troops, princi- pally tories, to sweep the country, was attacked by a body of hardy mountaineers and backwoodsmen on King's Mountain, where he had made a stand. The assailants ascended the mountain in three divisions, and were at first driven back by the fixed bayonets of the enemy, who in turn were attacked by the Americans on every side. At last Colonel Ferguson was killed, and the enemy surrendered, with a loss of three hundred killed and wounded, and eight hun- dred prisoners (October 7th). 18. G-eneral Marion, a partisan leader, annoyed the British outposts, and manosuvred so skilfully that he avoided the strong parties of the enemy sent in pursuit of him. On the 12th of October, Major Wemyss made an attack on Sumter at Broad River, but the British were defeated, and THE REVOLUTION. 12?^ their commander taken prisoner. Tarleton whs now sent in pursuit of Sumter, and overtook him on the 20th of November at Blackstock, on the Tyger Kiver. A battle ensued, but the British sustained a severe loss, and retired, leaving the Americans victors on the field- General Sumter was severely wounded in this battle. 19. After General Gates had been defeated, he retired with the remains of his army to Charlotte, North Carolina, where he was soon after informed by ofGc'ial despatches that General Greene would supersede him in command. General Greene arrived in camp on the 2d of December, and made preparations for strengthening his army, introducing disci- pline, and obtaining needful supplies, but no encounter took place with the enemy until January. In the latter part of this year. Great Britain declared war against Holland, for the encouragement that nation had given to American privateers. War had previously been declared against France and Spain. Questions on the Events of 1780. — 1. What is said of the winter, and from what causes did the soldiei'S suflfe • ? 2. Who invaded South Carolina? Whe.i was Charleston be- sieged ? By whom was it defended ? What American post was taken, and what did its capture effect ? 3. What fort surrendered ? What was General Lincoln com- pelled to do? What is said of Colonel Buford's detachment? Whom did Sir Henry Clinton leave in South Carolina ? 4. By whom was New Jersey invaded ? Where did an engage- ment take place? Give the result. 5. To what place did Washington remove ? What arrived ai Newport ? 6. Who made attacks on the enemy in the south ? What is said »f the Baron de Kalb ? General Gates ? 7. What was done by Lord RaAvdon ? To what place did 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. General Gates move his army? When did the battle take place? Describe the battle. What is said of De Kalb ? 8. What was done by Colonel Sumter ? W^ho was sent against him ? Give the result. 9. What is the most sorrowful event in the Revolution? What is said of Arnold ? 10. What office did Arnold hold in 1778? What charges were made against him ? What decision was given by the court- martial, and what sentence? 11. What efl'ect was produced on Arnold? What command was conferred upon him ? With whom did he carry on a cor- respondence ? What assumed names were used by the parties ? 12. What became necessary on behalf of the conspirators? What did Andr^ do ? Arnold ? Where was the conference held ? 13. Relate the incidents of the following day. What was re- quired by the pass ? By whom was it signed ? 14. Wliat did Andre now do? By whom was he stopped? Why did he suppose his captors to belong to the British ? 15. What was found in his boots ? To whom and where did they take him ? What did he write to Arnold ? What did Arnold do on receipt of the letter ? 16. What became of Andre ? What were the names of his captors ? What did Congress express by their vote ? What was awarded to them? 17. What had Cornwallis established? Describe the battle of King's Mountain. Who was killed and how many were prisoners ? 18. What is said of General Marion? Major Wemyss ? De- scribe the battle of Blackstock. 19. Where did General Gates retire? By whom was he super- seded? Against what nation did Great Britain declare war? With v«^hat other nations was she at war previously ? THE REVOLUTION. 125 EVENTS OF 1781, AND CLOSE t)E THE REVOLUTION. 1. The Dcw year was ushered iu with a painful event. On the 1st of January, the Pennsylvania line stationed at Morristown turned out under arms, refused obedience to orders, and declared their intention to march to Philadelphia, and demand redress of grievances from Congress. When they had marched as far as Princeton, a committee from Congress met them, and induced them to agree to a compromise, by which their wants were relieved, and provision made for their being paid in full. 2. A large body of troops had been sent by Sir Henry Clinton to invade Virginia, and Benedict Arnold, now a brigadier-general in the British service, was appointed to the command. He landed on the James River, twenty-five miles from Richmond, on the 4th of January, and, on the following day, marched into the capital, after a feeble opposition. Here he destroyed the public edifices, stores, and workshops, and private property to a large amount. He then went down the river, and then to Portsmouth, where he took post on the 20th of January. 3. Greneral Greene, who now had command of the southern army, was encamped at Charlotte, North Carolina. He sent General Morgan, with a division one thousand strong, to tnke post near the Broad River, in the western part of South Carolina Tarleton was sent against him with a force of eleven hundred men. He came up with Morgan at a place known as the Cowpens. The attack was made by Tarleton (January 17th). In the commencement of the battle, some of Morgan's troops gave way, but they soon rallied and at- tacked the enemy with such fury, that they were conipletely J 21) HISTORY 01^ THE UNITED STATES, 17 81 ^^^^^^^^' '^"^ ^ general flight took place. The loss of the British in this battle was ten officers and one hundred men killed, and five hundred prisoners, while the loss of the Americans was twelve killed and sixty wounded. 4. Morgan did not remain long on the battle-field. The same day at noon he set out with his prisoners and spoils. Before night set in he crossed the Broad Kiver, and earlj the next morning he started for the Catawba. As soon as Cornwallis heard of the defeat of Tarleton, he sent out part of his force in pursuit, while he followed with the main army and baggage (January 19th). But finding the latter impeded his march, he destroyed all the baggage and stores that could be spared, and continued his pursuit. Morgan succeeded in crossing the Catawba two hours before the enemy arrived on its banks. A heavy rain fell through the night, and the river was so swollen as to be impassable (January 29th). 5. Two days after, General Greene arrived, took the command, and continued the retreat. As soon as the waters subsided, Cornwallis with his army crossed the Catawba, though his passage was contested by the Carolina militia. These, however, were dispersed by the British, and their commander. General Davidson, was killed (Feb- ruary 1st). The Americans now crossed the river Yadkin, but lost some wagons which were taken by the van of the Ih'itish army. That night the rain poured down in torrents, and the river was unforduble. G. General Greene now pressed forward for the river Dan, and Lord Cornwallis pursued with the hope of inter- cepting him before he could cross that river. But General Greene had secured boats to ferry his troops across, which ae accomplished successfully, thus placing a deep river THE REVOLUTION. 127 between liimself and his pursuers. The British 1 7 8 !• were much vexed to find " that all their toil and exertions had been vain, and that all their hopes were frustrated/'* 7. The pursuit of the British ended at the Dan Biver, and Lord Cornwallis, after a day's rest, marched ofi" with his army, and, on the 20th, took post at Hillsborough. General Grreene soon after recrossed the Dan River, and sfter several skirmishes with his light troops and the enemy's foraging parties, he reached Guilford Court House (March 15th), and the same day was attacked by Cornwallis. The enemy advanced in three columns. In the early part of the battle the North Carolina militia took to flight, and although there was intrepid fighting in diiFerent parts of the field, it became evident to General Greene that the day was lost; and he therefore directed a retreat, which was made in good order. 8. Soon after the battle Cornwallis retreated towards "Wilmington, North Carolina, closely pursued by General Greene, who, being unable to overtake him, changed liIs course, and marched into South Carolina. Cornwallis now marched with his army to Wilmington, and, after a short delay, set out to Virginia (April 25th). In the mean time General Greene arrived at Hobkirk's Hill, two miles from Lord Rawdon's post at Camden. Here a hard-fought battle took place on the 25th of April, but through a false move of a portion of the troops, Greene was obliged to retreat. 9. In the mean time Colonel Lee and General Marion captured Fort Watson and Fort Motte. Colonel Lee cap- tured Fort Granby, and marched to the aid of Colonel Pickens in the siege of Augusta, while General Greene * Annual Register, 178L 128 IirSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. commenced the sie":e of the strono; fortress of 1781 ^ ° Ninety-Six. Hearing of tlie approach of Lord Kawdon, he made an assault on the fort (June 18th). After a severe contest the stockaded fort was taken, but the troops were repulsed from the main works. 10. We left Arnold at Portsmouth with his forces, where he had taken post in January. In March, General Phillips was sent to Virginia, with an army of two thousand five hundred men. He joined Arnold, and took the chief com- mand. He then ravaged the country, took Petersburg, and proceeded towards Richmond, but found that General La Fayette was there with a strong force. After burning the stores, and destroying property at Manchester, they returned to Petersburg. Here General Phillips died, and the command again devolved on Arnold. Lord Oornwallis arrived on the 20th of May, and took command of the army. 11. The first object of Lord Cornwaliis was to strike a blow at General La Fayette, who was then at Richmond, where he was waiting for the arrival of General Wayne. On his approach to Richmond, La Fayette left that place, and retreated until he was joined by General Wayne and nine hundred soldiers of the Pennsylvania line. Ho now pursued Cornwaliis, who retreated to Williamsburg, and soon after to Portsmouth. But not liking Portsmouth, he embarked with his army, and sailed for Yorktown, which lie fortified Gloucester Point, on the opposite side of the York River, had likewise been fortified (August 22d). 12. It was now Washington's intention to attack the British in New York, in which enterprise he was to b<3 assisted by the French troops. But receiving despatclies from Count de Grasse that he should leave St. Domjngo with a large fleet, and a considerable body of land forces, THE REVOLUTION. 129 and feteer for the Chesapeake, he determined to move to Virginia, and postpone his attack on New York. The whole of the French army near New York, and about two thousand of the American, under command of General Washiii<^ton, assisted by Count de Rochambeau, now marched up the Hudson River, crossed at King's Ferry, and marched down through New Jersey, thence crossed the Delaware on their way to Virginia. 13. Clinton was not aware of the destination of the allied troops till they had crossed the Delaware. As a sort of counterplot, therefore, he sent Arnold on an expedition to Connecticut. On the 6th of September the latter appeared off the harbor of New London, and landed his troops in two divisions. He met with little opposition, but a detachment sent against Fort Griswold, on the opposite side of the river, sustained a severe contest. At last the garrison was overpowered by the enemy, and cruelly massacred, after they had thrown down their arms. Arnold now entered New London and set fire to the stores, which communicating to the dwellings, the wdiole place was wrapped in flames. He now retreated to his boats, and was pursued by the exasperated countrymen, whose vengeance he escaped, although several of his men were wounded. This expe- dition ended Arnold's infamous career in his native land, and thenceforth he appears no more in the annals of history (September 6th). 14. General Greene, who had been encamped for weeks during the heats of July and August, on the high nills of the San tee, broke up his encampment on the 22d of August to march against Colonel Stuart. He encountered the enemy on the 8th of September at Eutaw Springs. A desperate battle ensued, lasting near four hours, when the enemy w^e^ 8 completely routed, and a large number of 12 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. prisoners taken by the Americans. After the battle appeared, however, to be decided, a number of the enemy opened a destructive fire from a brick house forming part of their encampment. General Greene, finding liis ammunition nearly exhausted, gave up the attempt to dislodge the enemy, who retired in the night, and marched to Monk's Corner, twenty-five miles from Charleston. 15. Lord Cornwallis, who had fortified Yorktown and Gloucester Point, deemed himself perfectly secure against all attacks of the Americans. He was aroused from his fancied security by the appearance of the fleet of Count de Grasse at the mouth of York River, and the landing of a French army. Count de Barras, with a large reinforcement, arrived soon after, and though Admiral Graves with a British fleet had attacked the French ships, he was unable to prevent their obtaining full command of the Chesapeake. 16. Washington reached Williamsburg, September 14th, and by the 25th the American and French troops had arrived and encamped near that town. The allied armies soon after marched for Yorktown, and by the 1st of October completely invested the place. They then threw up a parallel line of fortifications, which was completed on the 9th, when the batteries poured in a destructive fire upon the town. On the night of the 11th a second parallel was opened within three hundred yards of the works. The British kept up an incessant fire, and as two redoubts of the enemy particularly annoyed the besiegers, it was resolved to capture them. This was efi"ected by a party of Americans storming one, and a detachment of French the other. Cornwallis was now reduced to great distress, and, as his post was no longer tenable, he attempted to escape by means of boats across the river. Part of his array suc- Gopded in crossing, but a storm scattered the boats with the ii THE REVOLUTION. 131 second detacliraent, and oblmed him to relinquish 1T81. ... his design. His hopes were now at an end, and on the 17th he sent a flag to General Washington, proposing a cessation of hostilities. This was acceded to, and com- missioners appointed to arrange the terms of capitulation. These were signed on the 19th of October, when the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester were surrendered to General Washington, and the ships of war to the Count de Grasse. On the very day of the surrender of Cornwallis, Sir Henry Clinton left New York with a large fleet and army for his relief, and arrived oif the capes on the 24th, when, finding that Yorktown had fiilleu, he returned to New York. 17. The rejoicings in the victorious camp extended throughout the Union. '^" Cornwallis is taken !" was uttered in tones of gladness, for "it was considered a death-blow to the war." The power of the British was now limited to the cities of New York, Savannah, and Charleston ; and tliough peace was not concluded between the tvfo countries for more than a year after the suiTender of Yorktown, hostilities ceased between the two armies, with the exception of some skirmishes in South Carolina and Georgia, which will be adverted to in due order. The French army re mained during the winter in Virginia, and the Count de Rochambeau established his head-quarters at Williamsburg, while the American amiy moved to the north of New Jersey and the Hudson River. Washington passed the winter in Philadelphia. 18. In April, General Washington rejoined the army encamped at Newburg. The British army continued to occupy New Y^ork, but no active operations took place between the opposing forces. Sir Guy Carleton * Irving's Life of Washington, Vol. IV., p. S8G 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. arrived in May, and took command of the Britislj army, Sir Henry Clinton having been recalled at his own request. After the surrender of Cornwallis, the southern army had been reinforced by the Pennsylvanie line. General Greene had sent Wayne into Georgia. Colonel Browne from Savannah marched against him, but the American commander attacked him at midnight, and routed his whole party, Wayne was afterwards attacked by a large body of Creek Indians, led by their chiefs and British officers, but he defeated them. This was the last battle in Georgia. 19. A change now took place in the British ministry, and soon after, overtures of peace being made, commissioners were appointed by both governments to settle the terms. John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin, were the agents who represented the United States. A general treaty of peace was signed at Paris on the 20th of January, and on the 19th of April the joyful intelligence was proclaimed in the American army.* This was the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, and the end of the eight years of warfare, and blood, and armed hosts contending for the mastery. 20. On the 3d of November the army was disbanded, the cities occupied by British troops evacuated : Savannah in July, New York in November, and Charleston in De- cc mber. As the service of the men engaged for the time of tiie war would not terminate until the ratification of the definitive articles of peace, it was deemed advisable to grant furloughs to such of the men as the commander thought proper. This enabled the army to be disbanded by degrees, and prevented the danger of letting loose in large masses a body of unpaid soldiers. Arrangements having been made with General Carleton for the evacuation of New York by * The definitive treaty was signed Seqteniber 3d, 178S THE REVOLUTION. 133 tlie British troops on the 25thof Not ember, Gene- ral Washington with his troops, accompanied by Governor Clinton and other state officers, entered the city in triumphal procession, as soon as the British troi^j*:* embarked. 21. On the 4th of December, Washington took a final leave of his companions in arms. He then repaired to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, and, on the 23d of December, resigned his commission as commander-in- chief of the continental armies. *" He then hastened to Mount Vernon to enjoy the pleasures of domestic life, with the pleasing reflection that his beloved country was free and independent, and had taken her position among th" nations of the earth." Questions on the Events of 1781, and Close of the devolution. — 1. What painful event occurred on tlie 1st of January ? How wa? the difficulty settled ? 2. By whom was Virginia invaded ? What city did he capture, and what did he destroy ? Wliere did he take post ? 3. Whom did General Greene send out, and for what purpose \ Who was sent against him ? Describe the battle of Cowpens. 4. What did Morgan do after the battle? Describe the pursuit. What rivers were forded ? 5. What did General Greene now do ? Cornwallis ? What rivei did the Americans ford, and what occurred after their crossing ? 6. What river was now crossed by the Americans, and wkat ended Cornwallis's pursuit ? 7. Where did Cornwallis take post ? What did General Greene do ? Describe the battle of Guilford Court House 8. What did Cornwallis do after the battle ? General Greene ? Describe the battle of Hobkirk's Hill. Who were the respective commanders ? 9. What forts were captured ? * Lossing's Seventeen Hundred and Seventy-Six, p. 359. 134 HISTORY or THE UNITED STATES. 10. Who took command of the British forces in Virginia? V/hat towns were captured ? What is said of General La Fayette ? What is said of Generals Phillips, Arnold, and Cornwallis * 11. What was the first object of Lord Cornwallis? What did General La Fayette do ? What town did Cornwallis fortify ? 12. Why did Washington determine to move with his army to Virginia, instead of attacking New York ? With what forces did he march, and by whom was he assisted? Describe the route taken. 13. What did Clinton do as a couviterplot ? Where did Arnold land, and what did he do ? What is said of the capture of Fort Griswold? What is said of New London? What is now said of Arnold ? 14. Where was General Greene during July and August? De- scribe the battle of Eutaw Springs. To wliat place did General Greene march that night? 15. What roused Lord Cornwallis from his fancied security? Who arrived soon after? 16. What was done by the 1st of October ? On the 9th ? What took place on the night of the 11th ? How did Cornwallis attempt to escape ? After his failure in this attempt, what did he propose ? Wlien did the surrender take place, and to whom ? 17. To what cities was the British power limited ? Where did Washington spend the winter ? 18. Where was the army encamped in April ? Who took ccm- mand of the British army in New York? What two battles took place in Georgia? 19. Who were appointed by the American government to make terras of peace? When and where was a general treaty signed? When was peace proclaimed in the American army ? 20. WMien was the army disbanded ? When were the cities occupied by the British evacuated ? When did General Washing- ton occupy New York? 21. What did General Washington do on the 4th of December? On the 23d ? Where was Congress in session ? What did Wash- ington then do ? THE CONFEDERA'l'ION. 135 THE CONFEDERATION. 1. The war liaving happily terminated, a treatj? of peace being signed, and the independence of the United States acknowledged, it might be supposed that prosperity and happiness would wait on a people delivered from oppressive rulers, and the cares, anxieties, and horrors of war. But such was not the case. At the close of the war, Congress, as the representative of the nation, was bur- dened with an immense foreign debt. It had no means of discharging that or its domestic debts ; and the soldiers who had fought the battles and endured every hardship of war were unpaid. The Articles of Confederation gave Congress no power to create a public revenue ; and could only recom- mend to the states the levying of taxes to pay the debts which had been contracted. 2. General bankruptcy prevailed, there was no commerce. and Congress had no authority to make commercial treaties. Insurrections broke out among the people. In Massachusetts a large number of discontented citizens, headed by Daniel Shay, who had been a captain in the Continental army, marched against Worcester, and threatened to compel the General Assembly to repeal the taxes. General Lincoln, with a large body of mihtia, was sent against them ; three were killed, and fourteen of the prisoners were found guilty of high treason, but afterwards pardoned. On the 11th of September commissioners from five states* met at Annapolis " to consider the best means of * New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia. 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. remedying tlie defects of the federal government/' The result of their deliberations was transmitted to Congret^s, which body recommended to the several states the appointr- ment of delegates to meet in convention at Philadelphia " lor the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress such alterations and provisions as should render the federal constitution adequate to the wants of the nation/' THE TEDEBAL CONTENTION. 1787. 8. The delegates from the different states met in Philadelphia in IMay, and General Washington was chosen president of the convention. All the states were represented except Pvhode Island. On the 17th of kSeptember the convention having agreed upon the several articles of the Constitution, it was adopted, and signed by all the members present. The Constitution thus formed was sent to Congress, who forwarded it to the several state legislatures for their consideration and approval. THE CONFEDERATION. 137 4. *TIie Constitution haviiio; been ratified by a 1T88. sufficient number of states, an act was passed by (!!ongress, on the 13th of September, appointing the first Wednesday in January, 1789, for the people of the United States to choose electors of a President, and the first Wed- nesday in February for the electors to meet and make a choice. The first Wednesda}?- in March was named for the meeting of government in the city of New York, being the place where the present Congress was then in session. Questions on the Confederation. — 1. Wkat was Congress unable to do? 2. What was the condition of the country? Describe Shay's insurrection. For what purpose did commissioners meet at An- napolis ? What did Congress recommend ? 3. When and whei-e was the Convention held ? Who was chosen to preside? When was it adopted and signed ? 4. When was it approved by Congress ? What Jay was named for the meeting of the new government ? * The Constitution was ratified in all the states but North Caro- lina and Ilho.Ie Island. It was adopted by both states subse- (juently. 138 HISTORl OF THE UNITED STATES. i789. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Tlie members of both Houses of Congress assembled in New York at the appointed time, but in consequence of a delay in forming a quorum the votcit^ of the Electoral College were not counted till April^ when they were found to be unanimous in favor of Washiugtoii. On the 16th of April, having been officially notified of his election, he set out fmm jMount Vernon for the seat of government. His jouniey was a continued ovation. He was hailed by all classes of people as their deliverer, and every town and city through which he passed poured forth its thousands to bid him welcome. 2. At Trenton a triumphal arch was erected on the bridge across that stream where, twelve years before, he had beeu attacked by Cornwallis whom he baffled by. his retreat at midnight. It bore the inscription: — "^ December 26th, .1776. The defender of the mothere will be the protector of the daughters." As he passed under the arch a number of young ladies, dressed in white, strewed flowers in hi^ path, and sang an ode descriptive of their veneration and gratitude. 8. The time of the President's inauguration was named for the oOth of April, when the oath of office was adminis- tered by Mr. Living-ston, chancellor of the state of New York, in the presence of an immense multitude. He then retired to th3 Senate chamber, and addressed both houses Washington's administration. 139 with an impressive speech. John Adams was 1 T 8 9 elected Vice-President, and the heads of depart- ment, and judges were appointed. Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, Plenry Knox Secretary of War, Edmund }\andolph Attorney-GeDeral, and John Jay Chief Justice. 'J'he organization of the new government occupied the attention of Congress during its first session, which closed <*n the 29th of September, by adjournment to the fii.st Monday in January. 4. During the recess the President set out on a journey through the Eastern States, accompanied by his secretaries, Major Jackson, and Mr. Lear. Wherever he came " the benedictions of the people" were poured forth, and all classes hailed him as the Father of his country, and testi- fied in every possible way their respect and affection. He continued his journey as far as Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire, returning to New York on the 13th of November. 5. Cono-ress reassembled on the 8th of January, 1790. ° '' when the session was opened by an address from the President, delivered to the members of both houses in the Senate chamber. He recommended that provision should be made for national defence, for intercourse with foreign nations, for the support of public credit, and suggested the adoption of many useful laws. Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, had been directed by Congress to present a plan for retrieving the public credit. The public debt of the United States was fifty-four millions of dollars, besides twenty-five millions which had been contracted by the states individually. About twelve millions were due to France, Spain, and Holland. Mr. Hamilton recommended that the entire mass of debt should be funded, the Union made responsible for i\ and taxes imposed for its liqui- 110 HISTORY or THE UNITED STATES. dation. The assumption of the state debts met with much opposition in Congress, aud led to warm discussions, though it was finally adopted. For the purpose of establishing a revenue, duties were levied on imported merchandise, and taxes on the tonnage of vessels. The establishment of a permanent scat of government, which had been a subject of violent contest, was now set- tled by compromise. It was agreed that Congress should continue for ten years to hold its sessions in Philadelphia, during which time the public buildings should be erected at some place on the Potomac. A territory ten miles square was ceded by the states of Maryland and Virginia for this purpose. It was called the District of Columbia. 6. During this year frequent depredations were made by the Indians from the north-west side of the Ohio River on our frontier settlements. On the oOth of September an expedition under command of General Ilarmer set out from Fort Washington (now Cincinnati), He destroyed the principal villages of the Miamis, but his troops were be- trayed into an ambush, and routed with great slaughter. Another engagement took place on the 21st of October, when the Americans were compelled to retreat, leaving the dead and wounded in the hands of the eneu^y. 7. Congress met on the first Monday of December in Philadelphia, which now became the seat of government. The Secretary of the Treasury recommended an increase of the impost on foreign distilled spirits, and a tax on spirits distilled at home, which became a law. A 1791. . bill was also introduced for the establishment of a national bank, which met with much opposition, but it was finally passed by both houses and approved by the President. During this session of Congress Vermont was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Thi^ 1 Washington's administration. 141 state was first settled at Fort Duramer (now Brat- tleborough) in 1725. The territory was claimed both by New York and New Hampshire, and the possession warmly contested. But the people of Vermont declared their independence, and refused to acknowledge either of the claimants New York relinquished all claim on the payment of S30,000. 8. Another expedition had been fitted out against the Indians. General St. Clair, the commander, set out with about 1400 men from Fort Washington, and, on the 3d of November, encamped near the Miami villages. The next -•norning, half an hour before sunrise, the. Indians made a sudden attack on the camp. A severe contest followed, lasting for two hours and a half, when the general was compelled to order a retreat. In this disastrous battle the Americans lost nearly nine hundred in killed and woundecL 9. In Auaust, 1792, Kentucky became one of 1793. ^ . the states of the Union. The first settlement was made at Boonesborough, in 1775, by Colonel Daniel Boone and a small party of the hardy sons of the wilderness. Wash- ington wished to retire from the presidential office at the termination of the four years for which he was elected, bui the wishes of friends and the people prevailed on him to remain. He was elected for a second term by a unanimous vote, and John Adams was re-elected Vice-President. 10. Washino^ton's second term of office com- 1T93. menced at an unfavorable period. The Revolution in France had overthrown monarchy and beheaded the king, and the existing government had now declared war against England. Many persons wished to render assistance to France and enable that country to establish a republic. But the President, having consulted his cabinet council, issued his proclamation, "forbidding the citizens of the 13 142 TirSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. United States takino; any part in tte hostilities un 1 T93. tiie seas, or supplying either party with contraband articles/' 11. The French republic had appointed citizen Genet minister to the United States. He landed at Charleston, South Carolina, and was received with great rejoicing. Though aware of the proclamation of neutrality, he author- ized the fitting out of privateers to cruise against the vessels of a nation with which the United States were at peace. Though notified by the government of his violation of the neutrality laws, he persevered in his improper course until recalled by his government. On the last day of this year j\Ir. Jefferson resigned his oflice of Secretary of State, and was succeeded by Mr. Edmund Randolph. 12. Great excitement was now produced in the 1794r. . .... United States by the acts of tRe British ministry. One of these acts directed English cruisers to detain all vessels bound to France with cargoes of corn, flour, or meal, and take them into port. Another act authorized the seizure of vessels laden with the produce of any French colony, or carrying supplies to such colony. In consequence of these acts many American vessels were captured. Preparatory measures to an expected war were made by Congress, and aii, embargo was laid for thirty days on all foreign trade. The British ministry, however, soon after revoked these offensive measures, and Mr. John Jay was sent as a special envoy to adjust existing difficulties. 13. General Wayne carried on a successful campaign against the hostile Indians west of the Ohio. After all overtures for peace were ineffectual, he advanced against the enemy, and in a battle (August 20th) on the banks of the Maumee lliver he gained a complete and decisive vie- Washington's administration. 143 tory. Their towns were destroyed and the products of their fields laid waste, 14. In the western part of Pennsylvania great opposition had been made to the excise law, or tax on spirituous liquors. Armed men combined to resist the execution of the law, and the officers appointed to enforce it were assailed and compelled to fly. The President issued his proclama- tion, warning the insurgents to desist, and declared his fixed purpose to reduce the refractory to obedience. As they persisted in their rebellion, fifteen thousand men, under command of G-eneral Lee, then governor of Virginia, were sent against them. To this overwhelming force the insur- gents made no opposition. They laid down their arms and gave assurance of submission to the ^-overnment. Thus the "Whiskey Insurrection" was suppressed without blood- shed. 15. Mr. Jay's treaty with Great Britain was 1795. , . now received and laid before the Senate. It pro- vided for the evacuation of western posts held by the British, made provision for compensation for vessels illegally cap- tured, secured to British creditors the means of collecting debts due before the treaty of peace, and authorized a re- stricted commerce between the United States and British West India islands. It was violently opposed by many persons, but approved by the President and ratified by the Senate. 16. General Wayne, who had brought the war to a suc- cessful termination with the Indians north-west of the Ohio, now concluded a treaty with them, which was soon after ratified. A treaty was made with Spain, which secured to the Americans the free navigation of the Mississippi River : and during the year a treaty was made with the Dey aad J 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STi^TES. regency of Algiers, whicli liberated mauy American citizenj from a long and grievous captivity. 17. On the 1st of January the French minister, 1796. "^ Mr. Adet, presented the colors of France, with an address, which was replied to by the President. But though these friendly manifestations were made at the commence- ment of the year, bitter feelings were soon after exhibited by the French Kepublic, in consequence of which it was deemed expedient to recall Mr. Monroe, and send Charles C. Pinckney, with instructions to explain the policy of the United States to the French government, and express their wish to maintain amicable relations. 18. During this year Tennessee was admitted as a stato into tlie Union. The first settlement was made in 1757, ai Fort Loudon, by emigrants from North Carolina. In 179C it was ceded by the latter state to the general government, and organized into the " Territory south-west of the Ohio." 19. The time for the presidential election being at hand, great anxiety began to be felt whether Washington would consent to stand for a third term. This question was soon put at rest by the publication of his " Farewell Address,'' in which he announced his intention of retiring from the cares and responsibilities of office. This Address was pub- lished in September in the " Philadelphia Daily Advertiser," and produced a great sensation throughout the country. Numerous testimonials were sent in by State Legislatures and other public bodies, expressing the greatest respect for the President, and regret at his intended retirement. 20. In February the votes at the recent election were opened and counted in Congress, when John Adams, having the greatest number, was declared President, and Thomas JeflPerson, havin'g the next number, Vice-Pre- sident for four years, their term of office to commence on ^ASIIIXQTOx\'s ADMINISTRATION. 145 the 4tli of Marcli next ensuing. Washington's term of office ended on the 3d of March, when, having remained until the inauguration of his successor, he set out for Mount Vernon, that peaceful abode to which lie had so often turned a wishful eye amidst the cares and anxieties of his public life, and where he hoped to pass the rest of his days in quiet and serenity. Questions on Washingioii's Ad?nimstraiion. — 1. What is said of President Washington's journey to the seat of government? 2. Give an account of his refeeption at Trenton. 3. When did the President take the oath of office ? Who was elected Vice-President ? 4. What did the President do in the recess ? How far did he extend his journey ? 5. What did the President recommend? What debts were due by the national government? By individual states? What mea- sures were adopted for payment ? What was done to establish a revenue? What measure was adopted respecting the seat of government? By what states was a territory ceded? What was it called ? 6. Describe General Harmer's expedition against the Indians. 7. When and where did Congress now meet? Wliat acts were passed ? When was Vermont admitted into the Union ? When was this state first settled ? 8. Describe General St. Clair's expedition against the Indians. 9. When was Kentucky admitted as a state ? When, where, and by whom was the first settlement made ? W^hat is said of Wash- ington ? Mr. Adams ? 10. What proclamation was issued by the President? 11. Who was sent as minister from France to the United States? How did he violate the neutrality laws ? 12. What acts were passed by the British government injurious to American commerce? What act was passed by Congress in consequence ? Who was sent to adjust difficulties ? 13. Describe General Wayne's campaign against the Indians? 13* 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 14. What law was resisted in Pennsylvania? What did the President do ? Who was sent against the insurgents? 15. What were the provisions of Jay's treaty? Was it approved? 16. What other treaties were made ? Give their stipulations ? 17. What was done by the French minister on the 1st of Janu- ary ? For what purpose was Mr. Pinckney sent to France ? 18. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union? When and by whom was the first settlement made? By whom was it ceded to the general government, and what was it called ? 19. What did President Washington publish ? What effect was produced by his Farewell Address ? 20. Who were elected President and Vice-President? What 5ay did they enter on their duties ? Relate what is said of Wash- ington. JOHN ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 1. Soon after Mr. Adams became President, he 1T97. . . . . issued a proclamation for a special meeting of Con- gress, in consequence of the threatening aspect of affairs in France. Mr. Pinckney, who succeeded Mr. Monroe as minister to that country, was treated with studied neglect and insult, and ordered to leave the country, the French aovernment refusing to receive or acknowledge him as the envoy of the United States. The French cruisers captured a large number of American merchant vessels, and confis- cated their cargoes. Congress assembled on the 15th of May, and adopted measures to maintain the honor of the nation, by resisting the encroachments of France. 2." In pursuance of the policy recommended by the Pre- sident, of effecting an amicable adjustment of differences by negotiation, three envoys extraordinary were appointed •o ^>he French Republic, namely, Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 147 ney, Jolin Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry The new envoys met in Paris (October 4th), and sent notice of their arrival to the government. A secret agent waited on them, and intimated that a loan of money to the Republic, and a present to the French Directory, would open the way to a negotiation. " We will not give you one cent/' was the spirited reply of the American envoys. 3. Government now resolved on vigorous mea- sures, and Congress authorized the President to enlist ten thousand men as a provisional army, to be called into service in case of hostilities. Washington was appointed commander-in-chief. An act was also passed, authorizing the commanders of public armed vessels, and granting commissions to private vessels, to capture French armed vessels. 4. In consequence of the latter-named act, a number of French armed vessels were captured. The French frigate L'Insurgente was taken by the Constel- lation, Commodore Truxtun, after a sharp action, lasting an hour and a quarter. The prize was manned and sent to the United States. The President, having received an intima- tion that the French government were willing to negotiate, appointed three envoys, who were confirmed by the Senate, and soon after proceeded to France. The envoys appointed were Messrs. William V. Murray, W. R. Davie, and Olivei Ellsworth. 5. But all public affairs were now lost sight of and ab- sorbed by a domestic calamity, which filled every heart with the deepest sorrow. This was the news of the death of that best of men and most unselfish of patriots, George Washing- ton. He died on the 14th of December, after one day's illness, brought on by exposure to a cold rain while riding over his estate. Congress adopted suitable testimonials of 148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. profound respect for liis memory, and appointed a committee to devise the most suitable manner of doing honor to the memory of the man ''first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.'^ 6. As there now appeared some prospect of a favorable adjustment of difiiculties v/ith Fmiico, warlike preparations by laud were abandoned, though hostilities at sea still continued, as well as the arming of merchant vessels. Commodore Truxtun, while cruising off Guadaloupe, discovered a large vessel, to which he gave chase. It was the French frigate La Vengeance, of fifty guns, which was overtaken by the Constellation, and a running fire kept up for several hours. The French vessel was silenced, but before Truxtun could take possession of his prize, she managed to escape in the darkness of the night, with a hundred and fifty men killed or wounded (February 1st). 7. The removal of the seat of government from Philadel- phia to Washington took place in the course of the summer, and Congress met in the Federal city in November. A rreaty of peace was now made with the French government, at the head of which was Napoleon Bonaparte. 8. The votes of the electors for President showed isoi. that no one of the candidates had a majority of the whole number of votes. Mr. Jefi"erson and Mr. Burr had each seventy-three votes, Mr. Adams sixty-five, and Mr. Pinckney sixty-four. The decision consequently had to be made by the House of Representatives. The contest now was between Burr and Jefferson, and thirty-five ballots were taken without electing either of the candidates. But at the thirty-sixth ballot some of Burr's supporters gave way, and Mr. Jefferson was elected, and Mr. Burr^ being the second In choice, became Vica-President. 149 Qtuidsns on John Adams' Administration. — 1. How was Mr. Pinckney treated in France ? What was done by the French cruisers ? When did Congress assemble ? 2. Who were now sent to France ? What intimation was made to them? What was their answer? 3. What vigorous measures were adopted by Congress ? Who was appointed commander-in-chief? 4. What vessel was captured by Commodore Truxiun? What envoys were now sent to the French Republic ? 5. Why were all public affairs lost sight of? When did Wash- ington die ? What was the committee of Congress appointed to devise ? 6. What is said of a naval engagement in 1800 ? 7. When was the seat of government removed from Philadelphia to Washington ? How long was the seat of government in the former city ? What treaty was made ? 8. Give the result of the presidential election. Who was elected President by the House of Representatives ? Wh« became Vice- President ? In what year ? THOMAS JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. At tlie commencement of Mr. Jefferson's 1801. administration, the United States were at jDeace with the whole world. The revenue was abundant, com- merce flourishing, and the President was not harassed by foreign wars or domestic insurrections. But this halcyon state was of short continuance. Much insolence was dis- played by the Barbary States, to whom the United States paid large sums in annual tribute. The Bey of Tripoli had feceived a gross sum for the purchase of a treaty, but, (iissatisned with not receiving a sum annually, he declared war airainst the United States 150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Commodore Dale was sent with four sliips into 1801. ... the Mediterranean. On his arrival at Gibraltar he found two cruisers watching for American vessels. These were blockaded by the Philadelphia frigate, while Bain- bridge was giving convoy to the American merchant vessels. Dale, in the ship President, followed by the schooner Experiment, set ofiF to cruise oflf the harbor of Tripoli. On their way the Experiment captured a Tripolitan cruiser, after an action of three hours. 3. As the territory now constitutins: the state 1803. , *^ , . p . of Ohio had the requisite number of inhabitants, it was admitted as a state into the Union. It originally formed part of the North-West Territory, and was first settled at Marietta in 1788, by emigrants from the New England States. Ohio had increased with wonderful ra- pidity, although not settled at' the close of the Revolution. 4. Much trouble had been anticipated by the refusal of the Spanish to allow the Americans the free navigation of the Mississippi River, and it was feared that the closing of the port of New Orleans to the pro- ductions of the United States would occasion war, or the alienation of the western states bordering on the Mississippi. Accordingly negotiations were opened for the purchase of the country of Louisiana. It had been ceded to France in 1 800. Bonaparte, knowing that France could not retain it against the naval power of England, sold it to the United States for fifteen millions of dollars, out of which sum ^iree million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars were to ba paid to American citizens for claims on France. 5. The war with Tripoli still continuing, a fleet under command of Commodore Edward Preble was sent out to relieve the ships which had been so long on duty in the Mediterranean. The PhilaCelphia, commanded by Captaia Jefferson's administration. 153 Bainbridge, wh?Ie pursuing a vessel wliicli was attempting to enter the harbor, ran with great force upon a sunken rock, where she remained fixed, and the brare commander was obliged to surrender. The captciin and officers were treated with comparative indul- gence, but the men were reduced to slavery. The vessel was soon after set afloat and towed into the liarbor. 6. Soon after the loss of the Philadelphia, it was 1804. ^ ' suggested to Commodore Preble to destroy that vessel, then refitting in the harbor of Tripoli. This adven- turous operation was intrusted to Lieutenant Decatur. He set sail from Syracuse in a vessel taken from the enemy, and named the Intrepid. He entered the harbor of Tripoli in the evening, and at midnight boarded the captured frigate, overcame the guard, set fire to the vessel, and retreated without loss or injury. 7. Great excitement prevailed in the public mind in consequence of a duel between Vice-President Burr and General Hamilton, in which the latter was killed. Burr, fearful of arrest for murder, escaped to the south, and waited till the public indignation had in some measure subsided. Hamilton was universally lamented, as he was a statesman of rare qualification, and fitted to adorn any station. 8. The blockade of Tripoli was kept up through the summer, and several attacks were made on the city. Soon after, a new squadron arrived, and Commodore Barron, who had superseded Commodore Preble, now took the command. But new alarms of hostilities on the part of Morocco made it necessary for a part of the fleet to cruise near Gibraltar; and at Tripoli nothing was done beyond keeping up thte blockade. 9. When the votes for President and Vice-President were counted, it was found that Mr. Jefferson was re-elected 152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. President. Georo-e Clinton was elected Vice- ] 805 President for four years from the 4tli of March. The war with Tripoli still continued. Hamet, the brother of the reigning bashaw of Tripoli, and who had been deprived of his sovereignty and driven into exile, was now sought out by William Eaton, American consul at Tunis, and an army raised to make a land attack on Tripoli. They set-out from Alexandria, and, after a weary march across the desert, attacked and captured Derne, a city belonging to Tripoli. But soon after, a treaty of peace was made by Mr. Lear, consul at Algiers, with the Tripolitans. This treaty provided for an exchange of prisoners, but as the bashaw had two hundred more prisoners than the Americans, sixty thousand dollars were paid for their liberation, and no farther aid was to be extended to Hamet. 10. The wars of Europe furnished a vast amount of trade to American vessels, who, being neutrals, carried on the commerce of Europe, and supplied all its ports with manufactured goods and agricultural productions. The British government became dissatisfied with this com- merce with France, and, to prevent it, an order was issued, declaring the coast of France, from Brest to the river Elbe, in a state of blockade. Napoleon, the same year, issued what is known as the Berlin Decree, declaring the British Islands in a state of blockade. In consequence of these acts great numbers of American vessels were taken by both British and French cruisers, and their cargoes confiscated. Another grievance arose from the practice by Great Britain of impressing American seamen, claiming them as British subjects. 11. Aaron Burr, the late Vice-President of the 1807. . ' . , United States, was brought to trial for high treason. Hq had collected a large number of men and boats, and it Jefferson's administration. 153 was char2;ed on him that he desioned to effect a separation of the Western States from the Union, or make an attack on the Spanish provinces of Mexico But in both cases the jury found him not guilty, and this ended the prosecution. 12. By an order from a British admiral, the frigate Chesapeake, Commodore Barron, which was leaving her port for the Mediterranean, was attacked by the British ship Leopard. Three men were killed, eighteen wounded, and four taken as deserters from the British navy. This outrage produced great excitement throughout the country, and the President by proclamation ordered all British armed vessels to leave the harbors of the United States, and for- bade all intercourse with them. 13. In November, the British government issued the celebrated "• Orders in Council," prohibiting any neutral trade with France, exceptfjUcensed in a British port. Soon after. Napoleon issued the " Milan Decree," forbidding all trade with England and her colonies, and making vessels sailing from England lawful prizes, thus exposing all American vessels to seizure by one or other of the con- tending powers. In December, Congress laid an embargo on American ships, which they hoped would compel Eng- land and France to repeal decrees so ruinous to American commerce. 14. The embaro-o, however, failed of its destined 1809. effect, and it was bitterly opposed at home, as putting an end to all commerce with foreign nations. It was repealed by Congress, and an act interdicting all commerce with France and England substituted in its place. Mr. Jefferson having declined a re-election, Jamea Madison was elected President, and George Clinton Vice- President. 14 154 niSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. Questions on TJioinas Jefferson's Administration. — 1. Who declared war ag.ainst the United States, and why ? 2. Describe Commodore Dale's expedition against Tripoli. 3. When was Ohio admitted into the Union? Where and when was it first settled ? By whom ? 4. What large territory was purchased from France? How much was paid for it ? How much of the purchase-money was retained for claims due by France ? 5. Who commanded the fleet now sent against Tripoli ? What happened to the Philadelphia ? 6. Who undertook the destruction of that vessel? Relate the circumstances. 7. What excitement prevailed ? W^hat is said of Hamilton ? 8. What further is said of the war with Tripoli? Who took command of the fleet ? What other nation seemed to be hostile ? 9. AVhat was the result of the presidential election ? Describe a land attack made on Tripoli. By whom was it conducted ? By whom was a treaty of peace made ? What were its pro- visions? J , 10. What order was issued by the "^Jritisli government ? What by Napoleon ? What was the consequence of these two acts ? What other grievance arose ? 11. What charge was made against Aaron Burr? 12. What American vessel was attacked by the British ship Leopard ? Give the result. 13. What was decreed by the "Orders in Council?" What by the "Milan Decree?" What act was- passed by Congress in con- sequence ? 14. What is said of the Embargo ? When it was repealed, what act was substituted? Who were elected President and Vice-President? 1 Madison's administration. 155 JAMES MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Madison eutered on the duties of bis 1 S 09. office at a time when the country was beset with difiicuUies and dangers. Commerce had been paralyzed by the embargo, and England and France persisted in their obnoxious measures. Soon after his accession, however, a prospect of conciliation was aiforded by the assurance of Mr. Erskine, the British minister, that the " Orders in Council" should be repealed by the lOtli of June. The President therefore gave notice that commercial intercourse would be renewed on that day. The British ministry, how- ever, disavowed the acts of their minister, and non-inter- course with England was again proclaimed. Mr. Erskine was recalled, and succeeded by Mr. Jackson, whose conduct was so offensive to the American government, that the Pre- fiident declined all communication with him. 2. The next year Napoleon issued a decree, by which American vessels arriving in any of the ports of France were to be seized ; but in November the decree was repealed, and commercial intercourse between the United States and France renewed. England cessful on the Pacific Ocean. Having returned to Valpa- raiiso, she was attacked by two vessels, the frigate Phoebe and the sloop of war Cherub. After a desperate resistance ag^ainst this unequal force, Porter was compelled to surrender (March 28th). On the 21st of April, the new sloop of war Frolic was captured by the British frigate Orpheus. The Peacock, Captain ^yarrington, captured the brig Epervier, with $118,000 in specie, and carried her prize into Savan- nah (April 27th). The Wasp, Captain Blakely, captured and destroyed the Reindeer, near the English Channel, and then put into L'Orient for repairs. 28. The next important event of the year was another invasion of Canada. The expedition was conducted by General Brown, assisted by Generals Scott and Ripley Crossing the Niagara from Buffalo, they came to Fort Erie early in the morning of July 3d. The small garrison holding this post surrendered the same day, without re- sistance. The next day. General Scott led the advance against General Riall, at Chippewa, and having driven in the British outposts, he was joined by General Brown, witli the rest of the army. 29. On the 5th, the British advanced on the Americans, and the battle commenced with skirmishes of the light troops. The British were driven back by General Portei. but finding the main army under General Riall advancing, they rallied and in turn attacked Porter, whose light troops broke and fled. At this juncture, General Scott's brigade was moving forward, and soon encountered the main army under General Riall, which had crossed the Chippewa, and 15 166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. formed on the plain. Major Jessup attacked the enemy on the right wing, and, after a severe encounter, caused them to retire. General Scott ordered his men to charge, which they did so effectually, supported by Towson's artillery, that the British broke and fled, faitly routed in an open plain. They fled to their intrenchments beyond the Chippewa, closely pursued by General Scott, who took a large number of prisoners. 30. After the battle of Chippewa, General Riall reinforced the forts near the mouth of the Niagara River, and then retired to Burlington Heights, near the head of Lake Ontario. On the 25th of July, General Brown received information that the enemy were crossing the Niagara River at Queenstowu. He immediately despatched General Scott, with a detachment of thirteen hundred men, to threaten the forts at the mouth of the Niagara. Just above the Falls, Scott learned that the enemy was drawn up in force to oppose him. Supposing that it was a remnant of the British army, he dashed forward to disperse them, and was astonished to find the whole British army drawn up in order of battle on Lundy's Lane. 31. Notwithstanding the disparity of numbers, however, Scott gallantly maintained his position, and sent to General Brown to hasten up the reserved forces. The battle com- menced a little before sunset, and continued till midnight. General Riall was wounded in the onset, and, with several other officers, was made prisoner. About nine o'clock, General Brown came to the relief of Scott, and directed General Ripley to form a new line with the advancing forces, and thus relieve General Scott's exhausted troops. The enemy's battery on an adjoining eminence commanded the field of action. In order to obtain the victory, it was necessary to seize this, battery. This duty was assigned to Madison's administration. 167 Colonel Miller, who, on beinsr asked if he could 1814. ' ' ° take the battery, answered, " I will try/^ He advanced steadily and gallantly to the charge, captured the position, and seized the cannon. The British made desperate attempts to recover their lost ground, but failed in each attempt, and the contest closed by the field of battle remaining in possession of the Americans. 32. General Scott was severely wounded in this battle. He had two horses shot under him, and was finally disabled from a musket-ball through his shoulder. General Brown was also wounded, but did not at once resign the command. The army fell back to Chippewa, but learning that General Drummond with a large British column was fast approaching. General Brown fell back to Fort Erie, of which post he directed General Gaines to take the command. On the 3d of August, General Drummond arrived at Fort Erie, and commenced his preparations for a siege. On the 13th he commenced a cannonade, and, on the 15th, attempted to storm the works. The assailants were met and repulsed on every side, one column only proving for a short time successful. This party got possession of an exterior bastion, but soon after were driven out by the explosion of a quantity of cartridges in a small stone building within it. The enemy lost in this unsuccessful attack more than nine hundred men. 33. While the British were besieging Fort Erie, a suc- cessful invasion was made by a fleet under Admiral Coch- rane, which resulted in the capture of Washington. The fleet, with four thousand five hundred troops under General Ross, entered the Chesapeake Bay on the 18th of August, and disembarked on the 20th at Benedict, on the Patuxont. without opposition. Commodore Barney, v/ho had command of a flotilla of gun-boats, destroyed them on the approach i58 History of tfie united states. of the enemy, and thus nothing oppovsed tlioir march until they reached Bladeusburg. 34. General Winder made a stand at the latter place, and was attacked by the enemy on the 24th. The battle commenced at one o'clock, and lasted till four, when the Americans were obliged to give way, and the British marched the same evening into Washington. The Secre- tary of the Navy ordered the destruction of the stores in the Navy Yard, and the burning of two vessels, to prevent their falling into the hands of the British. The President and his cabinet officers, and the principal inhabitants, fled on the approach of the British troops. The British burned the Capitol, the President's House, the Treasury and War Offices, the State Department, the Library of Congress, the bridge across the Potomac, and several unoffending private dwellings. The next night they left the sackeil and plundered city, and, after four days' march, arrived at Benedict, where they rc-embarked. A detachment of Cochrane's fleet sailed up the Potomac, and anchored before Alexandria, which surrendered at discretion, giving up twenty-one merchant vessels, and a large quantity of merchandise, with which the enemy successfully retreated, the Americans being unable to make any efl^ective oppo- sition. 35. The Wasp, after refitting at L'Orient, subsequently to her hard-fought battle with the Reindeer, put to sea, and, on September 1st, engaged and captured the British sloop of war Avon, which sank soon after striking. The Wasp made three other prizes, and was last seen October Otli, near the Cape Verde Islands. From that time she was never heard of^ the good vessel, with her brave captain and gallant crew, perished at sea; far from human •5'iccor, they sank into the depths of unknown waters. The Madison's administration. 169 Americans now had no navy on the ocean, and it is mortifying to state that at sea the x\merican flag floated from no national vesseL 86. General Izard, in command of the army at Plattsburg, was ordered to Sackett's Harbor, with four thousand men, the flower of his army, to co-operate with General Brown, should occasion present. General Prevost now adA'aueed against Plattsburg, with twelve thousand men. General Macomb, with his forces, was strongly intrenched behind the Saranac, a rapid and unfordable stream. The enemy spent four days in throwing up batteries and preparing for an attack, which they resolved should commence with the appearance of their fleet. In the mean time, Commodore M'Donough's squadron anchored in Plattsburg Bay. It consisted of fourteen vessels, carrying eighty-six guns and eight hundred and fifty men. The British fleet, commanded by Captain Do^nie, consisted of seventeen vessels, carrying ninety-five gtins, and manned by one thousand seamen. 37. The battle commenced on the 11th of September, between the two fleets. Captain Downie attempted to carry his fleet into the harbor, but his largest vessel sufi'ered so severely, he was obliged to abandon it at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the American ships. The battle continued for more than two hours, when the flag-ship of the enemy having surrendered, the other vessels soon fol- lowed her example. On shore the enemy attacked Macomb's position, but were unsuccessful in every attempt. The same evening the British retreated in haste, leaving their sick and wounded behind, and a part of their military stores. 38. The same day which witnessed M'Donough's victory, the British fleet in the Chesapeake appeared ofl" the Patapsco. The following morning, General Ross, with five thousacd men, landed at North Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore, 15* 170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and immediately marched towards that city. The 1814. -^ . -^ defence of the city had been intrusted to ten thousand militia, including the city regiments, and some volunteei"s from Pennsylvania. One division was under the command of General Strieker, the other was confided to General Winder, and the whole under the command of General Samuel Smith. As General Ross, at the head of a reconnoitering party, approached the outposts of the Americans, a skirmish ensued, in which Ross was killed, but, the main body coming up, the militia were driven from the ground. The command of the British now devolved on Colonel Brooke, who led the army near the American lines. The British rested on the field that night, and the fleet opened a heavy bombardment on Fort M' Henry. Major Armistead returned the fire, and the bombardment was continued through the night, after which the British troops retired to their ships, re-embarked, and abandoned the attack on Baltimore. 39. In the mean time the siege of Fort Erie continued. General Brown, who had recovered from his wounds, took command of the fort, and, on the 17th of September, made a sally on the British works, which he surprised, exploded the magazines, rendered their guns useless, and captured four hundred prisoners. The British soon after raised the siege, and retired to Chippewa. In this sally of the Americans, General Ripley was severely wounded while spiking tlie enemy's guns. General Drummond remained a short time at Chippewa, and then retired to Fort George. Soon after, General Izard, who superseded General Brown in command of the army, arrived. Fort Erie was demolished, and the army went into winter quarters at Buffalo, Black Rock, and Hatavia (November 5th). 40. General Jackson, who had command of the southern 1 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION 171 department of the army, found tliat two British sloops of war had landed troops at Pensacola, and were arming the fugitive Creeks. He immediately marched against that cit}^, which he entered without opposition, and compelled the British to take to their shipping, and leave the harbor. As a report prevailed that a large British fleet was proceeding against New Orleans, General Jackson hastened by way of Mobile to that city. On the 21st of December, the British fleet entered L«ke Borgne, and soon landed on the banks of the Mississippi. Here an engage- ment took place on the 23d, which was renewed on the 27th and 28th, and the enemj^'s advance checked. 41. Great alarm was caused to the government by the celebrated Hartford Convention. The people of New Eng- land had been dissatisfied with the war, and, agreeably to a recommendation of the Massachusetts Legislature, delegates were appointed to deliberate on the public measures of the Federal Government, The assembly met at Hartford on the 15th of December, and consisted of twenty-six delegates. Twelve members were appointed by the legislature of Mas- sachusetts, seven by Connecticut, four by Rhode Island, two by county meetings in New Hampshire, and one by a similar meeting in Vermont. After deliberating with closed doors for twenty days, they proposed several amendments to the Federal Constitution, and messengers were sent to Washington to request that a portion of the public taxes should be appropriated to the defence of the New England States. Elbridge Gerry, the Vice-President, whose health had for some time past been failing, died in the mouth of November. 42. The commencement of the new year found 1815. . *^ the British army before New Orleans, making extensive preparations for the capture of that city. GenerJ 172 HISTORY OF THE U.N I TED STATES. Jackson had been actively enfrajred in liis prepara- 1815. ^ J ^ » ^ X k tioiis for defence. Not relying on tbe eitiseoG of New Orleans, maDj of wliom were alieRS. lie proclaimed martiai law, threw up a Iii>e of intrenchments, strongly defended by artillery, and with a deep diteh in front. To g'lard against an attack on the opposite side of the river, General Morgan had been sent to throw np similar defences. On the morning of the 8th of January, the main body of the British army, led by General Packenham, advanced to storm Jackson's position. The British soldiers advanced with a determined air, attended by detachments bearing fascines and ladders. The American artillery opened on them with a destructive fire; but they still moved on with a firm step, fresh troops taking the place of the fallen. At last, when they came within range of the rifles and muskets, tliey were thrown into confusion. General Packenham was killed, General Gibbs mortally wonnded, and Genei'al Keene so severely, tliat he died soon after the battle. 43. The command now devolved on General Lambei't, who withdrew his forces, and abandoned the contest. The enemy on the opposite side of the river, led by Colonel Thornton, had been successful, but the British army had lost two thousand men, and Lambert, dreading further disasters, fell back to the landing-place on Lake Borgne, from which place the army re-embarked and left the coast. 44. The Constitution, commanded by Commodore Charles Stewart, had succeeded in getting out of Boston Harbor, where she had been so long blockaded. Commodore De- catur, now in command of the President, left New York, expecting to be joined by the Hornet and Peacock. The next morning (January 15th) he was chased by a squadron of British vessels. The Endymion frigate, which was in advance of the other vessels, was soon disabled by the mabison's administration. 173 President, but, tlie other vessels cominn: up, Dc- catur, -not wishing to sacrmce his men in an un- equal contest, surrendered. 45. Hardly had the rejoicings for the preservation of New Orleans begun, before the public attention was called to an event more joyful than that occasioned by the clash of arms or the shouts for victories. The sloop of war Favorite, under a flag of truce, arrived at New York on the 11th of February, bringing intelligence that a treaty of peace had been signed, December 2il:th, at Ghent, by the I^ritish and American commissioners, and ratified by the British government. This treaty was immediately forwarded to Washington, laid before the Senate, and unanimously ratified by that body on the 17th of February. 46. Three naval engagements took plat" the treaty ? Of Osceola ? 3 What is said of the battle of December 25th? Who was com- mander of the American forces? What circumstance threatened war between Great Britain and the United States ? What is said of the steamboat Caroline ? ^ 4. Why did the government send General Scott to the frontier . What was required by the President's proclamation ? ^ ^ 5 What act was passed? What appropriation was maae . Who were elected President and Vice-President ? IIARPvISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 1. General Harrison took the oatli of office on ^^*^' the 4th of March, in the presence of a large as- semblage. He soon after issued a proclamation for a session of Con-ress, to commence on the 31st of May. But he never Uved to see it assemble, nor to carry out the measures of his government. One .m^-nth after his inauguration he died, expressing with his last breath an ardent wish that his principles of government should be carried out by his successor. 2 On the death of General Harrison Mr. Tyler became the acting President. On the 5th of April he took the oath of office, and entered on 1.he discharge of his duties. The extra session of Congress commenced on the 31st of May, and several important measures were brought forward The 'sub-treasury was repealed, a general bankrupt law passed, and bills for establishing a Bank of the United States were also passed by both houses, but vetoed by the President. 8. The controversy which had for a long time *^^^' existed between the United States and Great 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. I S42 I^J^'it^ain, respecting the nortli-eastern boundary, was put at rest during this year, by a treaty agreed upon by the American and English commissioners, Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton. The Americans claimed^ according to the treaty of 1783, the boundary as extending from " a line drawn due north from the source of St. Croix River to the high lands, and along the said high lands to tlie Connecticut River." The British claimed from a line intersecting the state from east to west, and cutting oiF from the Americans almost all the tract lying north of the 46tli parallel of north latitude. By mutual concessions agreed upon, a new line was run, which is now satisfactory to both nations. 4. In Rhode Island some difficulties occurred of so serious a character that it was feared they would lead to civil war. The old charter, granted by Charles II., in 1663, was in full force, the government of the state being administered under it. A number of citizens wished to abrogate the charter and adopt a state constitution. Under the name of the " Suffrage Party," they adopted a new constitution, chose a governor, and elected a legislature. The majority, called the ^' Law and Order Party," opposed this movement, insisted that any change in the fundamental charter of the state must be made by the full concurrence of a majority of the people, and denounced the suffrage party as guilty of high treason. Government sent troops to preserve the peace, and the suffrage party abandoned the contest. A new constitution has since then been adopted. 5. The President was suddenly deprived of two members of his cabinet by a dreadful catastrophe. This occurred on board the government vessel, Princeton, while on an excursion down the Potomac. The President and a number of distinguished persons were on board Tyler's administration. 195 Duviug the trial of a large cannon, which had received the name of the '^ Peacemaker," it burst, and instantly killed Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Mr. Gilmore, Secretary of the Navy. John C Calhoun, of South Carolina, was soon after appointed to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Upshur. 6. In January a joint resolution for the annexa- tion of Texas to the United States was adopted ; and in March, Florida was admitted as a state. The earliest permanent settlement in this state was made by the Span- iards, at St. Augustine, in 1565. Florida continued to be a Spanish province till 1763, when it was ceded to the British government. In 1783 it reverted to Spain, and remained in her possession until its cession to the United States. In 1822 it was erected into a territorial govern- ment, and so continued until its admission as one of the states of the Union. Questions on Ilarrison^s and Tyler''s Administrations. — 1. What proclamation was issued by President Harrison ? Did he live to see it assemble ? When did he die ? What did he express in his last moments ? 2. AVho now became acting; President? Wlien did he take the oath of office ? What was done at the session of Congress ? What bills were vetoed by the President ? 3. By whom was a treaty to settle the north-eastern boundary agreed upon ? What was claimed by the Americans ? By the British ? How was it settled ? 4. What constitution was still in force in Rhode Island? Whnt did the "Suffrage Party" do? The "Law and Order Party"? Why did government send troops? What has since been adopted? 5. Describe the accident on board the Princeton, and state who were killed. W^ho was appointed Secretary of State? 6. V/hat joint resolution was adopted by Congress? When was Florida admitted as a state? When and where was the earliest settlement made? Give other particulars of its history. 196 HISTORY or THE UNITED STATES. JAMES K. rOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1 James K. Polk, of Tennessee, and George M Dallas, of Pennsylvania, liaving received a large majority of the votes of electors for President and Vice- President, entered on the duties of their offices March 4th. The republic of Texas accepted the terms of the resolutions Adopted by Congress, and, by annexation, became United States' territory. As the Mexican government threatened an invasion of the territory, General Taylor, with a body of forces, was sent into Texas, and Commodore Stockton, with a naval squadron, into the Gulf of Mexico, and. diplo- matic relations were suspended between the two govern- ments. General Jackson, aged seventy-eight, died at his ■•-esidence, the Hermitage, in June. 2. In December, Texas, having formed a constitution, was admitted as a state into the Union. The country embraced within the limits of Texas was claimed by the Spaniards as part of Mexico, and by the French as constituting a portion of Louisiana. In 1G85 La Salle, with a French colony destined for the mouth of the Mississippi, mistook their way, and, sailing far past their destination, landed at the Bay of Matagorda. Here they established the infant colouy, and France never relinquished her claim to Texas whil« Louisiana remained in her possession. But La Salie was murdered, and the colony broken up by hostile Indians. Li 1690 the Spanish established a settlement at St. Antonio de Bexar, and maintained possession of the territory. 3. After Mexico had thrown oif the Spanish yoke, the government invited and encouraged emigration. Large numbers of the citizens of the United States settled in the folk's administration. 197 territory, and petitioned to be received into the Mexican Confederacy as a sovereign state. This petition was rejected, and such a series of wrongs were per- petrated against the colonists of Texas as compelled them to take up arms and fight for their lives and liberties. Al the battle of San Jacinto the Mexicans were totally routed, and General Santa Anna, the Dictator of Mexico, taken prisoner. He entered into an agreement of peace, and the acknowledgment of the independence of Texas. After his restoration to liberty he disavowed all treaties made while he was a prisoner, and declared he would sufler a thousand deaths, rather than place in jeopardy the integrity of his country's territory. 4. The battle of San Jacinto, however, caused a cessation of active hostilities in Texas. In March. 1836, a Declara- tion of Independence was adopted, and signed by all her delegates in convention. The same year a Constitution was adopted, and her independence was acknowledged by the United States in 1837, by France in 1839, and by England in 1840. Texas continued as a separate independent re- public until its annexation to the United States, and its admission as one of the states of the Union. 5. Cono-ress, at this session, established the sub- 1846. o ' _ ' treasury, repealed the tariff hiw of 1842, and sub- stituted another with a much lower rate of duties. The governments of Great Britain and the United States had both claimed the territory of Oregon ; the American claim, made by the President, being to tbe latitude of fifty-four degrees forty minutes, the British to the Columbia River and its head waters. In June the boundary was agreed upon by the British and American commissioners, Richard Packenham and James Buchanan. The forty-ninth degree of north latitude to the Straits of Juan de Fuea, giving to 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the Britisli the undivided territory of Vancouver's 1846. . . . '^ Island, constituted the provisions of the treaty. 6. Iowa, during the year, was admitted into the Union aft an independent state. This territory was first visited by the French Jesuits in 1673, but no settlements were made by them. The country was included in the purchase of Louisiana, but remained in Indian occupancy until 1832, when the Indian title was extinguished, and it was ceded to the United States. The first settlement was made at Burlington, in 1833, by emigrants from the Eastern States. T. Early in March, General Taylor moved his army from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, opposite the city of Matamoras, where he built a fort. He had previously fortified Point Isabel, and left it garrisoned. The Mexican troops now commenced active hostilities. On the 10th of April, Colonel Cross was murdered, and, on the 18th, Lieutenant Porter, with a small body of men, were taken prisoners, and butchered. On the 24th, Captain Thornton, with a party of dragoons, consisting of sixty-three men, became engaged with a large body of Mexicans, in which sixteen were killed and wounded, and the others compelled to surrender. 8. General Arista informed General Taylor that he con- sidered hostilities commenced, and that he should prosecute them vigorously. General Taylor received information that large forces of the Mexicans were crossing the Rio Grande, and started with his main force for the protection of Point Isabel, leaving Major Brown in command of the fort, then in an unfinished condition. Soon after his departure, the Mexicans at Matamoras commenced a cannonade on the fort, which the garrison returned. During this engagement Major Brown was killed, and the post so gallantly defended by him was named Fort Brown. tolk's administration. 199 9. On General Taylor's return from Point Isabel May Sth, he was met at Palo Alto by the Mexicans, drawn up in order of battle. The enemy's force amounted to six thousand men, the army of General Taylor to two thousand three hundred. The battle lasted five hours, when the enemy fell back. The American loss in this battle was four men killed, and three officers and thirty-nine men wounded. Among the wounded were Major Ringgold and Captain Page, who died soon afterwards. 10. After the battle of Palo Alto, General Arista took a strong position at Resaca de la Palma. General Taylor resumed his march on the afternoon of the 9th, and in two hours came up to the enemy. The action commenced by the firing of the Mexican artillery, which was promptly returned by Ridgely's battery. As the Mexican battery proved to be very destructive, he directed Captain May to capture it. This he accomplished; his dragoons cut through the enemy, seized the cannon, and captured Geneial La Vega. The infantry now charged the Mexican Kne, which broke, and the enemy fled with the utmost precipitation. 11. A message from the President to Congress having declared " that by the act of the Republic of Mexico, a war existed between that government and the United States." that body authorized the President to call into the field fifty thousand volunteers, and made an appropriation for the purpose of carrying on the war (May loth). Soon after the battle of Resaca de la Palma, General Taylor with his army crossed the Rio Grande, and took possession of Matamoras. The Mexican towns of Reinosa, Meir, Re villa, and Camargo, surrendered without resistance. 12. The general government and the officers of the army were now making preparations for carrying the war inio the interior of Mexico. General Taylor being reinforced, 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. early in September left Camaroro, and marched 181-6. . against Monterey. On the 19th the army encamped near the city, and prepared for an immediate attack. Mon- terey was defended by forty pieces of cannon, and more than nine thousand troops ; it also possessed strong natural defences, and massive fortifications. 13. It being deemed advisable to gain possession of the exterior defences and fortifications of the city, General Worth was sent to capture the forts on the Saltillo road and the Bishop's Palace. This was successfully accom- plished on the 22d, and the town was under the command of Worth's artillery. Other divisions of the army, led by Generals Butler and Twiggs, made an attack on the opposite side of the city, into which they effected an entrance, and advanced by burrowing or digging through from house to house. On the 24th, General Ampudia offered to capitu- late, and terms being agreed upon, the Mexican troops evacuated Monterey, and General Taylor took possession of it. The battle and capture of Monterey ended the campaign of the E,io Grande, in which the American arms had been completely successful. 14. Contemporary with these events is the capture of California by Colonel Fremont and Commodores Sloat and Stockton, the occupation of New Mexico by General Kear- ney, and the surrender of Tampico, Frontiera, and Tabasco to Commodore Connor. Colonel Doniphan left Santa F4 for Chihuahua with eight hundred men. On his way he was attacked by a Mexican force at Bracito. A well-direoted fire from the Americans put the enemy to flight, and Doni- phan pursued his long and wearisome journey, which ended by the capture of Chihuahua. 15. General Taylor remained at Monterey for 1847. -^ , . . -^ . several months after its capture. During this time folk's administration. 201 General Scott had been sent to Mexico, where he 1847. ' , , arrived about the 1st of January, and was joined by Generals Pillow, Twiggs, Quitman, and Worth, with detacli- nients from General Taylor's army, for the proposed attack on Vera Cruz. General Santa Anna, with an army of twenty- two thousand men, was at San Luis Potosi, and it was supposed from his movements he intended to advance with his wiiole army. General Taylor resolved to give him battle. For this purpose, leaving fifteen hundred men at Monterey, he marched to Saltillo, and on the 4th of February encamped at Agua Nueva, where he remained until the 21st. ]jearning that Santa Anna was advancing against him, he withdrew to a strong mountain pass called Buena Vista, where, having formed his army in battle array, he awaited the approach of the enemy. A summons to surrender was - despatched to General Taylor, granting him an hour's time for consideration. General Taylor promptly declined ac- ceding to the summons, and the following morning the battle commenced by an attack on the part of the Mexicans. The battle continued through the entire day, and though the enemy gained partial successes from their overwhelming numbers, they were finally repulsed, and left the field. This victory ended the war in the northern part of Mexico. 16. General Scott effected a landing with his army near Vera Cruz, on the 9th of March. The city was iuv-ested, batteries erected, and, on the 22d, General Scott summoned the governor to surrender. The proposition was rejected, and the batteries opened a deadly and destructive fire, which continued without intermission until the 26th, when the Mexican general made proposals to surrender. Articles of capitulation were signed on the following day, and the city of Vera Cruz, as well as the strong castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, were taker possession of by the American forces. 18 202 HISTORY or THE UNITED STATES 17. Soon after the capture of Vera Cru*, Lieutenant Hunter captured Alvarado, on th^ Gulf of Mexico, and in April Commodore Perry gained possession of Tuspan. General Worth being temporarily appointed governor of Vera Cruz, the army on the 8th of April commenced its march towards the city of Mexico. General Santa Anna, defeated at Buena Vista, had now fortified the heights of Cerro Gordo, and, at the head of fifteen thousand men, looked down on the advancing Americans. 18. General Scott, who knew that an attack in front would be useless, ordered a road to be cut to the left of the heights ascending in the rear of the Mexican forts. In the night heavy cannon were taken to the heights, and opened a destructive fire on the enemy on the morning of the 18th. The strong fortress of Cerro Gordo was taken by storm, and the Mexicans w^ere totally routed. Santa Anna escaped and reached Jalapa, closely pursued by the victorious army. 19. The following day the Americans entered the town of Jalapa, and on the 2 2d they took the fortress of Perote. On the 15th of May, La Puebla* was in the occupancy of the American army, and became their head-quarters until the following August. War and disease had thinned their ranks, and it was necessary that the soldiers should have a season of rest after their severe labors. Reinforcements also were requisite to enable them to complete the work of conquest. The government had in the mean time sent an agent (Mr. Trist) to make overtures of peace to the Mexican government. 20. General Scott, being reinforced by fresh troops sent by way of Vera Cruz, left Puebla early in August on his * Puebla de los Angelos, "City of the Angels." folk's ADMINISTRATIO.^f. 203 march towards the capital. The routo led the army across the Cordilleras, from whose lofty heights they '^^.ked down on the vast plain of Mexico. No enemy opposed thv^.ir march until the 19th, when they arrived in front of ihe stiong fortress of St. Antonio, with the heights c»f Churubusco on the right, covered with cannon, and close by the fortified camp of Contreras. 21. Early on the morning of the 20th, General Smith* marched to the attack on Contreras. General Valencia was at the head of six thousand Mexicans, and General Santa Anna stood ready to support him with a powerful force. When the arrangements of the Americans were completed, they made an impetuous attack, dashed into the intrench- ments, and drove out the enemy, in the short space of seventeen minutes. St. Antonio was evacuated shortly aft^r this battle. 22. Churubusco was the next point of attack. This consisted of a strong breastwork at the head of a bridge, a church strongly fortified, strong military outworks, and a powerful army, commanded personally by Santa Anna. The battle commenced early in the afternoon, and continued with unabated fury for three hours, when Santa Anna abandoned the field, and with his army fled to the capital. 23. The day succeeding these fiercely-contended battles, propositions were made by Santa Anna for an armistice. This was mutually agreed upon, but its provisions were shamefully violated by the Mexican general. On the 7th of September, General Scott declared the armistice to be at an end, and hostiUties again commenced. On the 8th, an attack was made by General Worth on El Moliuos del Key (the King's Mills). The troops were at first repulsed. * General Persifer F. Smith, of Louisiana. 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. but return in 2: to the charc-e they fousrht despe 1847. ^ & ^.T q f rately for an hour, when the Mexicans were totally routed. 24. On the 12th, Chapul tepee was attacked by a heavy cannonade and bombardment. On the loth, the besiegers commenced a furious asssault, which resulted in the capture of the castle, and the pursuit of the flying enemy to tlie very gates of Mexico. Santa Anna and the officers of government fied that night, and the next day (Septem- ber 11th) General Scott directed Generals Worth and Quitman to enter the city, and plant the American flag -^-.^imtM-^^ GENERAL SCOTT'S ENTRY INTO MEXICO. on the summit of the National Palace. General Scott then with the main body of the army made his triumphal but peaceful entry into the heart of that capital so renowned m American, Spanish, and Mexican history, 25. The occupation of the capital, and the flight of Santa Anna, put an end to the Mexican War; for although some polk's administration. 205 unimportant skirmishes occurred soon after, and J 847 , , an i»«nrrection broke out in the city, the Mexiciuis were not able to oppose an effectual resistance to the vic- torious Americans. On the 2d of February, 1848, 1848. •'' a treaty of peace was signed by Mr, Trist, on the ]mrt of the United States, and commissioners appointed b}' the Mexican Congress. This treaty, with some modifica- tions, was adopted by both governments, and on the 19th of June the proclamation of the President announced tb t peace existed between Mexico and the United States. 26. By this treaty, New Mexico and California we e transferred to the United States. All captured posts wei s to be given up, and fifteen millions of dollars were to hi paid to the Mexican government for the ceded territory . On the 12th of June, our army left the city of Mexicc , and soon aft^r, all the posts which had been held by th^ American soldiery were evacuated. The discovery of gold in California led to an immense emigration to that distant region and its settlement as a territory by adventurers from the Atlantic and Western States. John Quincy Adams was stricken down with illness in the House of Representa- tives, and died the following day. 27. During this year, Wisconsin was admitted as a state into the Union, being the thirtieth in number. Wisconsin was first settled by the French at Green Bay in 1(390. Oregon and Minnesota were erected into territorial govern- ments soon after the admission of Wisconsin. The presi- dential election resulted in the election of Zachary Taylor for President. Millard Fillmore was elected Vice-Presi- dent, and Mr. Polk's administration terminated on the 3d of March, 1849. He retired to his residence, 184:9. where he died on the 15th of June. 18^- 2')6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES'. Questions on James K. PoWs Administration. — 1. Who had been elected President and Vice-President ? What is said of Texas ? What, did Mexico threaten? Where was General Taylor sent? Commodore Stockton ? In what year and where did General Jackson die ? 2. When was Texas admitted as a state? By what nations had Toxas been claimed ? When and by whom was Texas first settled ? Where and by whom was a settlement made in 1G90? 3. Give an account of the settlement of Texas by citizens of tJio United States. Battle of San Jacinto. 4. Give a further account of the history of Texas. 5. What was done by Congress in 1846? How far to the north did the President claim Oregon ? How far south was it claimed by the British? How was it settled by the commissioners? 6. When was Iowa admitted ? When and by whom was the country first visited ? W^hen, where, and by whom was the first settlement made ? 7. What movement was made by General Taylor in Marca ? What place had been previously fortified ? What did the Mexican troops do ? Give the particulars. • 8. What did General Taylor now do ? In whose charge did he leave the fort? What was done by the Mexicans at Matamoras ? Who was killed in this engagement ? 9. On General Taylor's return from Point Isabel, where was a Mexican force drawn up to oppose him ? What was the number of the respective armies? Describe the battle, and the American loss. 10. What did General Arista do after the battle? Describe the battle of Resaca de la Palma. Who was captured ? What is said of the Mexican line ? 11. What communication did the President make to Congress? What did Congress do? What did General Taylor do after the battle of Resaca de la Palma ? AVhat Mexican towns surrendered ? 12. What did General Taylor do in September? How was Monterey defended ? 13. What was General Worth directed to do? Who attacked the opposite side of the city? What did General Ampudia then propose ? What did this battle put an end to ? 14. By whom was California captured? New Mexico? What places were taken by Commodore Connor? Describe the expe- dition of Colonel Doniphan. folk's administration. 207 15. When did General Scott arrive in Mexico? By whom was ho joined? Where was General Santa Anna ? What did General Taylor now do ? At what place did he await the enemy ? Desci'ibo the battle of Buena Vista. What did this victory put an end to ? 16. When did General Scott land near Vera Cruz ? When did the attack on the city commence ? What proposal was made by the Mexican general ? What was surrendered ? 17. What ports were captured by Lieutenant Hunter? By Commodore Perry? When did the army march towards the city of Mexico ? What did General Santa Anna do ? 18. What was ordered by General Scott? What was done in the night? On the 18th of April? Give the result of the battle of Cerro Gordo. To what place did Santa Anna escape ? 19. What did the Americans do on the lOth? On the 22d ? What became the head-quarters of the army ? Who had been sent by the government to make overtures of peace ? 20. When did General Scott leave Puebla? Describe the route Near to what fortified places did the army arrive on the 19th of August ? 21. Describe the attack on Contreras. Name the generals en- gaged. What is said of St. Antonio ? 22. Of what did Churubusco consist ? Name the other defences. Describe the battle. What is said of Santa Anna ? 23. What was agreed upon the day after the battle ? What wa8 declared by General Scott on the 7th of September ? What took place on the 8th ? Describe the battle. 24. What place was attacked on the 12th? Describe the battle of Chapultepec. What was done by Santa Anna and the officers of government ? Who were sent by General Scott to take possession of the city? What did General Scott do on the 15th of September? 25. When was a treaty of peace signed by commissioners ? When was peace proclaimed ? 26. State the conditions of the treaty. When did the American army leave Mexico ? What led to the settlement of California ? 27. When was Wisconsin admitted as a state ? When and by whom was Wisconsin settled ? What wore erected into territorial governments? Who were elected President and Vice President? When did Mr. Polk's administration terminate ? When did he die 7 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, TAYLOR'S AND FILLBiORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 1. On the 5th of March, President Taylor entered 1849. *^ . . on the duties of his oifice. The absorbing topic which occupied the attention of citizens at the time was the gold found in immense quantities in California, and a con- tinued tide of emigration was pouring to the golden region, A convention of delegates assembled at Monterey on the 1st of September, and adopted a state constitution, which excluded slavery. This constitution was kid bef»>re Congress at its next session, and produced great excitement in the discussions which followed. The article relating to slavery engendered the strongest sectional feel- ings, and many predicted the dissolution of the Union. 2. In the midst of the tumult Mr. Clay, the distinguished Senator from Kentucky, suggested a plan of compromise. The whole matter was referred to a committee who reported a bill containing a number of provisions. It was discussed for four months in Congress, and its respective measures separately considered and adopted. The measures recom- mended were, 1st. That California should be admitted into the Union as a free state, having its territorial extent from Oregon to the Mexican possessions ; 2d. That the country east of California, containing the Mormon settlements near the Great Salt Lake, should be erected into a territory called Utah, without mention of slavery ; 3d. That New Mexico should be erected into a territory without any stipulations respecting slavery, and that ten millions of dollars should be paid to Texas from the Federal treasury, in purchase of her claims ', 4th. That the slave trade in the District of Columbia should be abolished ; 5th. That an efficient law Fillmore's administration. 209 should be passed for the arrest and return of fuoi- 1850. . , ^ tive slaves, 3. While these measures were under discussion, a deep and sorrowful sensation was produced throughout the nation b}' the death of the President, after a short illness. His death took place on the 9th of July, and, agreeably to th« Constitution, Millard Fillmore took the oath of office on the day following, and became President of the United States. The compromise measures, which had been so long und^r discussion, were adopted ; among which was the admission of California as the thirty-first state of the Union. Its settlement and growth has been rapid beyond a precedent, and it gives to the Union an empire on the shores of the Pacific. California was first settled at Los Augelos, by the Spaniards, in 1769. 4. In the autumn of 1851 twenty-one millions of 1851. . acres were purchased by the United States govern- ment from the Indian tribes of Minnesota. Another tract was soon after purchased from the Snow Sioux, and the pay- ments for Indian lands amounted to three millions of dol- lars. Much interest was manifested by the visit of Lewis Kossuth, the exiled governor of Hungary. He arrived in New York on the 4th of December, and was received with the highest marks of respect by the public authorities of all our principal cities. He wished to enlist the aid and sympathy of our government for his downtrodden country, but the policy always pursued here forbade any interference in the public affairs of foreign nations. Kossuth, however, received the warmest sympathy of all classes, and material aid from private contributions. 5. Two distinguished statesmen and eloquent 1 fi 5*3 orators died in the year 1852. One was Henry Clay, who had been for more than fifty years in public life, 210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and, at the lime of his decease, represeoted the stat« 1S53. of Kentucky in the United States Senate. The other death which the nation mourned was that of Daniel Webster, the Secretary of State, and who, Uke Mr. Clay, had always eloquently advocated and upheld the honor and interests of his country. 6. After the settlements on the Pacific coast had assumed great national importance, the government felt the necessity of commercial intercourse with Japan, and fitted out an expedition under command of Commodore M. C. Perry, for the purpose of soliciting from the Emperor of Japan the negotiation of a treaty of commerce and friendship between the two nations. The mission was successful, and the most friendly feelings exist between the two govei-nments. At the presidential election held this year, Frankhn Pierce, of New Hampshire, was elected President, and William R. King, of Alabama, Vice-President. A new territory, called Washington, taken from Oregon, was foi*med, and the bill became a law on the 2d of March, the close of Mr. Fillmore's administration. Questions on Taylor's and Fillmore's Admimstrations. — 1. What is said of the constitution of the state of California ? Of the article excluding slavei-y ? 2. What did Mr. Clay do? What were the stipulations of the compromise act ? 3. What sorrowful event took place? When did the President die, and who succeeded him ? What is said of the admission of California ? When and by whom was it first settled ? 4. V/hat purchases were made by government ? 5. What is said of Henry Clay ? Daniel Webster ? 6. For what purpose was an expedition sent to Japan ? What is said of the mission and its result ? AVho were elected President and Vice-President ? What new territory was formed ? 1853. Pierce's administration. 211 FRANKLIN PIERCES ADMINISTRATION. ■^ 1. President Pierce took the oath of office on tlie I 853« 4th of March, 1853, and entered on the duties of President, Mr. King never took his seat as Vice-President. His ill health led him to seek the warmer climate of Cuba, where he spent the winter. He died April 18th, soon after his return to his residence in Alabama. 2. Some dispute occurred between rival claimants for the Mesilla Valley. It was claimed by New Mexico as consti- tuting a part of its southern boundary, and it was also claimed by the Mexican government as part of the state of Chihuahua. The governor of the latter state took military possession of the disputed territory, and it was feared a col- lision would take place between the two governments. But the difficulty was adjusted by a treaty, by which the Mesilla ^''alley and the tract of country now constituting the terri Uvy of Arizona was conveyed to the United States. B} this treaty the United States agreed to pay to Mexico th< sum of twenty millions of dollars. 3. In January a bill was introduced into Con gress proposmg to erect the immense region west of the Missouri, to the Rocky Mountains, into two districts, to be called Nebraska and Kansas, and repealing the Mis- souri Compromise, giving to the people of each territory the right to be admitted into the Union either as free or slave states. The discussion of this bill led to intense excitement, but it finally passed both houses and became a law. 4. At this time war was waged against Russia by Great Britain, France, and Turkey, and an incident occurred which threatened for a time the interruption of the ami- 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. cibie relations which existed between England and America. It was evident that enlistments of men to aid the British in the war in the Crimea were made by the sanction of Mr. Crampton, the British minister. The government requested that Mr. Crampton might be recalled, but several months having elapsed before the demand was coraphed with, the President dismissed the minister and the consuls at New York, Philadelphia, and Cinciunati. 5. The rejDeal of the Missouri Compromise opened the territory of the United States to settlers from all sections of the Union. An immense number of avowed anti-slavery persons ax once rushed to Kansas, and founded a number of towns. The pro-slavery men also went in large numbers from Missouri, and a reign of terror and civil war raged for more than a year in that ill-fated terri- tory. The events have been of such recent occurrence, and the statements so varying and contradictory, it is not pos- sible, at this time, to write a true and impartial history which shall render justice to the contestants for rule in Kansas. 6. The presidential campaign excited much in- terest throughout the country. Three candidates were nominated : — Millard Fillmore by the American party, James Buchanan by the Democratic party, and John C. Fremont by the Republicans. The electoral election was held November 4th, and resulted in the choice of James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C. Bveckenridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. Questions on Franklin Pierce's Administration. — 1. What is said of Mr. King, the Vice-President? 2. Who were claimants of the Mesilla Valley ? How was the diihculty settled? What did the United States agree to pay to Mexico ? Buchanan's administration. 213 3. What did the bill introduced into Congress propose to do ? What did it repeal? What is said of the discussion of this bilH 4. By whose sanction were enlistments for the British army made? What diplomatic agents were dismissed in consequence? 5. To what territory was there a rush of settlers ? What pre- vailed in Kansas ? 6. What three candidates were nominated for the Presidency ? Wiiv was elected ? Who was elected Vice-President ? JAMES BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Buclianan took the oath of office and entered on its duties on the 4th of March, 1857, and Mr. Breckenridge also took his seat as President of the Senate. For some time a threatening state of affairs existed in Utah. The Mormons, who were the settlers of that territory, refused obedience to the laws of the United States, or to submit to any authority other than that derived from Brigham Young, the head of the Mormon church, and the acting governor of the territory. By order of the President, Colonel Cummings, of Missouri, was appointed governor, and a strong body of troops were sent to enforce his autho- rity, and suppress rebellion. 2. Aft^r a toilsome march, the troops reached Salt Lake City. No opposition was offered to the entrance of the troops, but many of the inhabitants left their homes, and moved to the southern portion of the territory. Commissioners were sent by the Federal government lo induce the Mormons to return, promising the withdrawal of the troops. These terms were acceded to, and the diffi- culty terminated. 3. The President recommended to Congress the admission 19 214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of Kansa,s as a state into the Union, and assent to 1 85 8. the constitution adopted at Lecompton. This was strongly objected to, on the ground that the constitution had never been submitted to a popular vote, and that it was at variance with the wislies of the majority. In the Senate a small majority voted in favor of the bill, but it was rejected in the House. A substitute was adopted, to which the Senate refused its assent. A committee of conference was then appointed by both houses, and a bill reported by them was passed by both branches of Congress, and approved by the President, but rejected by the people of Kansas, at an election held in the territory. 4. During this session of Congress, Minnesota wa.5 ad- mitted into the Union. The growth and settlement of this new state has been very rapid, having till recently been a hunting-ground for the Indian, and a habitation for the wild beast of the forest. It was first settled at St. Paul, in 1846, by emigrants from the Eastern States. 5. The most important act passed by Congress at the present session, was the admission of Oregon into the Union. The bill for its admission had been passed by the Senate at its last session, but was not acted on by the House until the 12th of February. Oregon was first settled at Astoria, in 1811, by emigrants from the Eastern States. 6. The debates consequent on the Kansas bill effected a division among the members of Congress. One portion opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution, because of its slavery proclivities, and because the will of the people had not been tested with regard to their wishes on the subject. The others considered that injustice had been done to the South by the rejection of nlavery, as introduced by actual settlers^ and their votea were for the Lecompton Constitution Buchanan's administration. 215 7. Oue of the most prominent events of 1860 I860 '■ was the official visit of the Japanese ambassadors The J arrived at San Francisco, and thence proceeded to Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, from whence they embarked for Japan, highly gratified by their visit to the United States. Another pleasing event arose from a visit paid by the Prince of Wales, who made quite an extensive journey through Canada and several states of the Union. In every part of the United States which he visited he was received with respect, and much attention was paid him by the corporate bodies of our principal cities 8. Four candidates were nominated for the Presidency, viz. : Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois ; Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois J John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky; and John Bell, of Tennessee. A very exciting campaign followed the nominations, and great anxiety wjis manifested in the result. By the returns, Mr. Lincoln was elected President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. Some of the leading politicians in the Southern States denounced the election as sectional, and hostile to the rights of the South and threatened to withdraw from the Union. 9. This threat was first carried into efi"ect by South Caro- lina. On the 20th of December, that state in convention adopted an Act of Secession from the government of the United States, declared her own state sovereignty, hoisted the palmetto flag, and assumed an attitude of hostility to the general government. By this measure she dishonored the " Flag of the Union," the " Stars and Stripes," which once waved over her battle-fields of Eutaw Springs, Cowpens, Ilobkirk's Hill, Charleston, and Sullivan's Island. 10. At the time that South Carolina set the example of secession. Fort Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, was garri- soned by Major Robert x\nderson and a small body of troops 216 IIISTOHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Convinced that lie could not defend this post, he 18G0. . . . . withdrew his forces to Fort Sumter, spiking the guns and burning the gun-carriages of the deserted fort. Soon after the evacuation of Fort Moultrie, it was taken possession of by the troops of South Carolina, as also Castle Pinckney, General Cass, Secretary of State, had urged the necessity of sending troops to keep possession of the forts in the seceding state. This the President refused to do. in consequence of which General Cass resigned his position^ and retired from the cares of government. 11. Mr. Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, and Mr. Floyd, Secretary of War, resigned their offices from sympathy with the secessionists. Postmaster-General Holt, of Kentucky, was appointed acting Secretary of War, and Mr. Dix, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, which departments they filled with marked ability during the remaining part of Mr. Buchanan's administration. 12, The mouth of January was distinguished for a series of aggressive acts against the general government. In Georgia, Forts Pulaski and Jackson were seized by order of the state authorities. The United States revenue cutter at Savannah was fired into and captured, and the Arsenal at Augusta seized by the state troops. In North Carolina, Fort Macon, the forts at Wilmington, and the United States Arsenal at Fayetteville, were seized by the state troops. In Alabama, the United States Arsenal at Mobile was taken, also Fort Morgan, at the mouth of Mobile Bay. South Carolina seized the United States Arsenal, Custom- Ilouse, and Post-Office in Charleston, erected new fortifica- tions on Sullivan's and Johnson's Islands, and besieged ^lajor Anderson and his garrison in Fort Sumter. 13. Conventions were in session in several of the discon- tented states of the Union, which by their respective acts Buchanan's administration. 217 proclaimed that the states they represented no longer owed allegiance to the United States govern- ment, and declared their secession from it. Mississippi did so on the 9th of January, Florida and Alabama on the 11th, Georgia on the 19th, and Louisiana on the 26th. The steamer " Star of the West," sent to carry troops and provieions to Fort Sumter, was fired on by the secessionists in the harbor of Charleston, and obliged to return without effecting her mission. 14. Mr. Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of the In- terior, resigned his position in the cabinet, dissatisfied at the determination of the President to maintain the rights of the government. The aggressions on the Federal go- vernment were still continued. In New Orleans, the United States Mint and Custom-House, and Marine Hospital, were seized by the state authorities. In Florida, Fort Barrancas and the Pensacola Navy Yard were seized. Lieutenant Slemmer, in command, withdrew to Fort Pickens, which he held against the forces of the enemy. 15. On the 29th of January, Kansas was admitted into the Union as the thirty-fourth state. Its constitution pro- hibits slavery. This state was formed out of the country formerly known as the Indian Territory, and was settled by emigrants from other sections, principally, however, from New England It was long the arena of factious strife between the advocates of slavery and its opposers. The latter, however, outnumbered the former, and, after much delay and opposition, succeeded in having their constitution concurred in by Congress, and their territory'^rected into a ^sovereign state. 16. Commissioners from South Carolina asked of the President the withdrawal of government troops from the BtJite, and the surrender of the forts, to which measures he 19* 218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. refused to accede. Early in February, a conference was held in Washington, in which eleven states were represented. The object of this assembly was to devise means to preserve peace, bring back the rebellious states to their allegiance, ask Congress and the state governments to repeal obnoxious laws, and to recommend and adopt measures conducive to harmony. But the intentions of this peace conference entirely failed, and they could agree on no acceptable course of measures to arrest the career of secession and dismemberment. 17. A convention of the six rebelling states was held at Montgomery, Alabama. Three delegates were also present from North Carolina. This convention usurped a pro- visional government, and elected Jefferson Davis their so- called President, and Alexander H. Stephens their Vice- President. General Twiggs, commander of the United States forces in Texas, traitorously surrendered all the forts in that state to the secessionists, and directed the with- drawal of the troops. 18. During this session of Congress, Dacotah, Nevada, snd Colorado were organized as territories, destined in future time to take their places as states in the Federal Union. On the 11th of February, Abraham Lincoln, President elect, left his home at Springfield, Illinois, for the seat of government, where he arrived on the 23d. In the cities and towns through which he passed, he was received with the warmest expressions of respect and en- thusiasm. Mr. Buchanan remained in Washington until after the inauguration of his successor, when he retired to private life. 19. The administration now about entering on the threshold of its duties has much to encounter. Whether it will be able to Btem the tide of secession, which, by its Buchanan's administration. 219 encroacliing waves, threatens to sweep away our ancient landmarks, it is not our province to conjec- ture or predict. It will have to encounter rebellion, treason, civil war, the prostration of commerce, the failure of reve- nue, and an inc.Tcasing public debt. Instead of thirty-four states, united by common ties, it will behold a formidable array of declared enemies, who have rudely attempted to sever the bond of union framed by the wisdom of their fathers. It will be incumbent on the administration now assuming the reins of government, " to see that the laws be faithfully executed," and.it will be bound by a solemn obligation to suppress rebellion at any sacrifice, except the surrender of honor and principle. Questions on James Buchanari's Administration. — 1. What is said of the Mormons in Utah ? Who was appointed governor by the Piesident? Who were sent to Utah ? 2. What did the inhabitants of Salt Lake City do ? What did the government promise to do ? 3. What did the President recommend to Congress ? On what ground was the admission of Kansas objected to? Was the bill passed ? What is said of a subsequent bill ? 4. When was Minnesota admitted into the Union ? What is said of the growth and settlement of this new state ? When, where, and by wliom was it first settled ? 5. When was Oregon admitted? When and where was it first settled ? 6. Why was the Lecompton Constitution opposed ? Why was it advocated ? 7. What cities were visited by the Japanese ambassadors? What other distinguished person visited the United States in 1860? 8. Name the candidates nominated for the Presidency. Who were elected President and Vice-President ? 9. What state seceded from the Union ? 10. Where is Fort Moultrie ? By whom was it garrisoned ? To 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. what other fort did the commander withdraw his forces ? What had General Cass urged the President to do ? 11. What cabinet officers resigned, and why? Who succeeded them? 12. What government property was seized in Georgia? In North Carolina? In Alabama? What was done by South Carolina ? 13. What states passed acts of secession in January? What ia gaid of the Star of the West? 14. Who resigned his situation in the cabinet, and why? What seizures of government property were made in Louisiana? [n Florida? What is said of Lieutenant Slemmer? 15. What is said of the admission of Kansas? 16. What was asked by the commissioners from South Carolina? 17. Where was the convention of the rebelling states held? What states were represented? What was done by General Twiggs? 18. What territories were organized? What is said of Mr. Lincoln? How was he received by the people? What is said cf Mr. Buchanan ? 19. What Avill the new administration have to enco'inter? Lincoln's administration. 221 ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the 4th of March, Mr. Lincoln was inau- 1861, . ' gurated as President. In his address to the vast multitude assembled, he announced his intention of main- taining the supremacy of the laws, collecting the public revenues, and suppressing rebellion ; and called on law- abiding citizens to do all in their power to preserve peace and uphold the integrity of the Union. 2. Seven states had by formal acts seceded from the Union, and were arrayed in active hostilities against the Federal government. These were, South Carolina, Missis- sippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Major Anderson was besieged in Fort Sumter, and Lieu- tenant Slemmer in Fort Pickens. The government made no open demonstration of its intentions until April 11th, when it notified the insurgents, that the fleet now sent out was destined to supply Fort Sumter. 3. The authorities at Charleston immediately cut oif Major Anderson's supplies and attacked the fort. Fort Moultrie commenced the bombardment, and was followed by the batteries on Mount Pleasant, Cummings' Point, and the floating battery, with shot and shell. Firing was kept up all day by the enemy, and renewed by Major Anderson the following morning (April 13th). But a breach had been made in the walls, some of the cannon were dismounted, and the officers' quarters set on fire. With a small number of men, who were exhausted from their incessant exertions, the gallant commander found the fort no longer tenable, and, raising a flag of truce, agreed to evacuate. Fort 222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Moultrie was much damasred by Anderson's fire, 1861. o J ' but there appears to have been no loss of life on either side. 4. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter produced an excitement rarely witnessed. Feelings of attachment to the Union, and a determination to uphold it, were exhibited by all classes of people. In the loyal states secession and treason found no favor, and the voice of the people, with one accord, declared that rebellion must be suppressed. The President issued a proclamation, calling for seventy- five thousand militia in defence of the country, and an extra session of Congress on the 4th of July. The call of the President for troops was promptly responded to, and regiments were mustered into service, armed, equipped, and sent forward immediately. 5. As the city of Washington was threatened with an attack from the rebels, a number of the newly-levied troops hastened to its defence. The first arrival for that purpose consisted of five hundred Pennsylvania volunteers, whose appearance in the Federal city the 18th of April gave great joy to all its loyal inhabitants. On the following day a regiment of Massachusetts troops was assailed in the streets of Baltimore by a rebel mob, and fired on, when three of the soldiers were killed and a number wounded. The troops returned the fire, and several of the assailants fell. A body of unarmed Pennsylvania troops were attacked at the depot, and some severely wounded. They at last made their escape by being sent back in the train (April 19th). 6. Virginia, by act of a convention, declared for secession. This act was dissented from by the western portion of the state, the people of which declared their attachment to the Union, and elected delegates to a convention which assem- bled at Wheeling. The enemy in Maryland destroyed the LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 223 ENTRY OF FIRST TROOPS INTO WASHINGTON, APRIL 18, 1861. 1S61. railroad bridfres from Havre-de-Gi to Baltimore to prevent the passage of troops. This obliged the troops leaving from the Middle and Eastern States to go by sea, aiid thence up the Potomac, or to embark at Havre-de-Grace, and proceed to Washington by way of Annapolis. 7. The troops at Harper's Ferry, after removing all the arms they could with safety, destroyed the pubKc buildings and the remaining stock of arms, and retreated to Wash- ington. At Portsmouth, Va., the rebels placed obstructions in the harbor, to prevent the removal of vessels lying at the Navy Yard. In consequence, the government troops destroyed the Navy Yard, and a ship on the stocks. The other vessels were burnt or sunk to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. 224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. Early in May, the President issued his pro- clamation, calling into the service of the United States forty-two thousand volunteers for the army, and eighteen thousand seamen for the navy, to serve for the term of three years unless sooner discharged. Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina withdrew from the Union, and now rank with the seceded states. In Missouri stren- uous efforts were made by the secessionists to take the state out of the Union, but without success. In St. Louis an attack was made on the United States troops by the rebels. The soldiers fired on the mob, and upwards of twenty were killed. A camp had been formed by state troops, supposed to be secessionists, which was captured, and the troops made prisoners of war. 9. General Butler and a large body of troops now occu- pied Baltimore, and the railroad and bridges having been rebuilt, the city again assumed a quiet and orderly con- dition. During the month of May three regiments of Pennsylvania troops encamped near Fort McHenry. They were under the command of General Cadwalader. The secessionists erected a number of batteries on the Elizabeth River, the approach to Norfolk. They also put up a battery at Sewall's Point, which would command the vessels block- ading James River. The " Star" opened a cannonade, and while thus engaged. Captain Ward's steam flotilla from New York arrived. By request the captain took post with his vessel, the " Freeborn,'' within five hundred yards of the shore, which dislodged the party and destroyed the battery. It was, however, afterwards rebuilt, and continued for several months in the occupancy of the rebels. 10. On the 24th of May, a body of troops took possession of Arlington Heights, Va., and then marched to Alexandria. At this place a tragical event occurred. Colonel Ellsworth, Lincoln's administration. 225 commander of the New York Zouaves, "wlio had 1861. . taken down a secession flag from the Marshall House, was assailed by the proprietor, and killed by a dis- charge from a double-barrelled gun. The assassin instantly fell, pierced with bullets. Colonel Ellsworth was a young man, highly esteemed, and possessing a great degree of military skill. His death was universally lamented. 11. Early in June, Stephen A. Douglas, the distinguished senator and statesman, died at his residence in Chicago, Illinois. His death was looked on as a great national calamity. Two columns of troops, under General McClel- lan's command, surprised a camp of the rebels near Phil- lippi, Va., routing them completely, and capturing a large amount of arms, ammunition, horses, and camp equipage. Colonel Kelly, commander of one of the detachments, was severely wounded. 12. Early on the morning of June 10th, General Butler sent detachments from Fortress Monroe and Newport News against the enemy, who had formed an intrenched camp at Great Bethel, on the Yorktown road. At midnight. Colonel Duryea's Zouaves and Colonel Townsend's Albany regiment crossed the river at Hampton, and marched onward. Colo- nel Bendix's regiment, and detachments of Vermont and Massachusetts troops, moved from Newport News, to form a junction with the troops first named. Unfortunately, in the darkness of the night, each detachment mistook the other for the enemy, and commenced a fire, by which one man was killed and several wounded. 13. At daybreak, Colonels Allen's and Carr's regiments marched from the fortress and joined the main body, which now advanced on the enemy, who were intrenched behind a masked battery. An unsuccessful attempt was made to take the battery, when General Pierce, commander of the 20 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. expedition, ordered a retreat. Lieutenant Jolin T. Greble, of tlie regular army, a brave and ac- complished officer, who had rendered efficient service in the action, had just obeyed the order to retreat, and en- deavored to withdravr his command, when he was struck on the head by a ball from the rebel battery and instantly killed. His death was universally lamented throughout the Union, and particularly in Philadelphia, his birthplace, where he was favorably known and beloved by hosts of friends. Major Winthrop. of Massachusetts, a brave and gallant officer, also fell in this disastrous engagement. 14. In Missouri the rebels at BoonevillC; under Jackson and Price, were attacked by General Lyon, who crossed the river below the town and opened on them with a heavy fire. The rebels now retreated into a wood, whence they fired on the Federal troops. General Lyon then ordered a retreat, when the rebels left their position, and followed him. General Lyon then faced about, and opened a heavy cannonade on the enemy, who were effectually repulsed. 15. Captain Ward, of the United States steamer Free- born, landed twenty-five men at Matthias Point, with the intention of erecting a battery. Lieutenant Chaplin, of the Pawnee, had charge of the expedition. A breastwork was hastily constructed, but before it could be mounted with guns, they were surprised by the enemy, who poured in a heavy fire of musketry. LTnder cover of the guns of the Freeborn, the crews put off in their boats, and some escaped by swimming. Captain Ward behaved with great coolness, directing the fire from the steamer, when he was struck with a bail and killed. The only life lost was that of the brave commander (June 27th). 16. The troops under General Patterson crossed the Potomac at Williamsport. About a mile from Falling Lincoln's administration. 227 Waters they encountered the enemy, and a sharp conflict ensued, resulting in the defeat of the rebels. At Hainesville a stand was made by the rebels, who were again repulsed (July 2d). Agreeably to the call of the President, Congress met July 4th. The President's Message, read to both houses on the second day of tJie eessiou, recited, in calm and dispassionate language, the history of the rebellion, the secession of several states, and the seizure of the forts and public revenues within their borders. He recommended the adoption of vigorous mea- sures for the suppression of the rebellion. 17. A large majority of both houses responded cordially to the recommendations of the President, by voting the necessary supplies of men and money to support the war. In the Senate, Messrs. Mason, Hunter, Clingman, Bragg, Chestnut, Nicholson, Sebastian, Mitchell, Wigfa'l, and Hemphill, from the seceding states, were expelled. 18. An engagement took place between the United States troops under Colonel Sigel, and the Missouri state .troops under Jackson and Price. The enemy's force was greatly superior in numbers, but Colonel Sigel possessed more efficient artillery. The battle commenced at ten o'clock, and at noon the battery of the enemy was silenced. The infantry now advanced, and the enemy's centre was broken. The rebels sent a detachment to capture Sigel's baggage train, which was three miles in the rear. Colonel Sigel ordered a retreat, and sent word to the baggage train to advance, and by these means frustrated the enemy's intentions. He then retired to Carthage, and thence tc Sarcoxie, without molestation (July 5th). 19. A battle was fought at llich Mountain, Va., where the enemy under Colonel Pegram were entrenched. Gene- ral Fvosecrans marched against them, when a desperate 228 HISTORY OF TITS UNITED STATES. fia,ht ensued, which Listed an hour, wlieu tht 1861. ^ ' ' enemy fled. After the battle, General McCleilar pushed on to Beverly. His men took possession of th< enemy's works, all his cannon, and a large amount of wagons, tents, &c. Soon after, Colonel Pegram, with six hundred men, surrendered himself and command as pri- soners of war (July 11th). 20. Another battle took place near St. George, Tucker (bounty, Va., between the rebels and the pursuing forces of General McGlellan. General Morris commanded the division, and complete!}^ routed the enemy, with a loss of two hundred killed and one thousand prisoners. General Garnett, commander of the rebels, fell while endeavoring to rally his troops. General McDowell, with his army, marched against Fairfax Court House, of which they took possession without resistance, the enemy evacuating the town on the approach of the Federal troops, leaving a quantity of provisions and military stores behind. The army then advanced to Centre ville, which they occupied without opposition (July 17th), 21 General Tyler marched with his division from Cen- treville, and learning that the rebels had masked batteries at Bull Run, sent out a detachment to reconnoitre. The troops came upon the masked battery, which opened a destructive fire, that was promptly returned by the Federal troops. Their supply of grape and canister shot, however, failing, they were obliged to retire (July 18th). 22. The whole army, under command of General Mc- Powell, advanced towards the rebel batteries, and the following morning (July 21st) commenced an attack. At two o'clock, by a bright moonlight, the march began. The second division., Colonel Hunter, led the advance. The first division, led by General Tyler, advanced in nearly Lincoln's administration. 229 a parallel column. At daybreak they reaclieJ 1861. ^ . Bull Run, and their guns opened on the enemy's works. The firing was responded to by three batteries^ and continued till 11 A. M. The enemy's fire then ceased, and a charge was made on the batteries, which in a few minutes were taken, the Confederate flag torn down, and the Stars and Stripes raised. 23. ]>ut now a sad reverse occurred, and the victory wa? turned into a defeat. While the men were resting from their fatigue, and rejoicing in their success, other masked batteries opened a destructive fire with musketry and can- non. The enemy was invisible, and the late victors were compelled to abandon the batteries they had so gallantly- captured. They retired in good order under cover of their artillery. At three o'clock, the enemy, who had been strongly reinforced, charged on the Federal troops, and compelled them to retreat. General McDowell had in- tended making a stand at Centreville, but such a panic seized the army, followed by an overwhelming force, that his intention was fruitless. The army retreated rapidly through Centreville and Fairfax, finally stopping at its old entrenchments on the Potomac. 24. The loss of life on both sides in this battle was fearful. The Union army lost many valuable officers, among whom were Colonel Cameron, of the 79th New York Regiment, Colonel Slocum, 2d R. I., Lt. Colonel Fowler, 14th N.Y. The plan of the commander-in-chief contem- plated a union of the army at Charlestown, Va., with General McPowell, to prevent General Johnston reinforcing Beauregard. But this plan was not carried out, and the rebel forces at Bull Run received such an accession of numbers, that they were enabled to drive back the Union 20- 230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. forces, and capture a large quantity of artiiler}? and baggage. 25. General Lyon, with three columns, under the com- mand of himself, Sigel, and Sturgess, attacked the enemy (xiugust 10th) at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Mo. The engagement was severe, and the enemy fell back towards their encampments. Their tents and baggage- wagons were burned by the shells of Totten's artillery, General Lyon was killed while leading his detachment, and the command devolved on General Sigel, who continued the pursuit of the enemy till nightfall. Next day he re- treated to Springfield, after which he fell back to Ptolla, with his prisoners and baggage, and waited for reinforce- ments. Both sides claimed the victory. 26. On the 26th of August, a battle took place at Cross Lanes, near Summerville, Va. Colonel Tyler, of the 7th Ohio Regiment, with his whole command, was surrounded and attacked in front and on both flanks. The United States troops cut their way through, formed in line of battle, and retreated in good order. An expedition of nine vessels under Commodore Stringham and General Butler, with one thousand troops, was sent against the forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. After a severe bombardment, Forts Clark and Hatteras were captured, together with seven hundred and fifteen men, a large quantity of military stores, a brig laden with cotton, and a sloop with provisions and stores. None were killed or wounded on the part of the United States. The rebels lost eight killed and fifteen severely wounded. This victory gave the government control of the coast of North Carolina. 27. In the month of September, a number of battles and skirmishes occurred. The first took place at Boone Court House, Va., in which the enemy was routed. An Lincoln's administhation. 231 attack was made on a reconnoitrino' party at 1861. ti t J Lewinsville, Va., and soon after, Colonel Geary's pickets at Darnstown, Md., were assaulted by about four liuudred and fifty rebels. Three companies of the 28 th Pennsylvania Regiment, and two companies of the 13th Massachusetts, were sent against them, and they were routed from every house and breastwork which they had occupied. 28. General Rosecrans attacked General Floyd, who occupied a strong position near Summerville, Ya., with an army of three thousand men, and sixteen field-pieces. Colonel Lytle's regiment was in advance, and drove the enemy out of camp. He then advanced against the battery, but fell wounded. Colonel Smith, of the IBth Ohio Regiment, engaged the enemy on the left, and Colo- nel Lowe, of the 19th, in front. Colonel Lowe was killed in the early part of the engagement. McMullin's battery and Snyder's field-pieces silenced two of the rebels' guns. The German brigade was led into action, but night coming on closed the engagem-ent. In the night, Floyd crossed the Gauley River, and escaped 29. On the 17th, General Price, with a large force, marched against the fort at Lexington, Mo., and de- manded its surrender. The brave commander. Colonel Mulligan, refused the demand, on which the attack wa.s commenced by artillery The engagement continued two hours, when the rebels were repulsed with a heavy loss. The attack was renewed on the LSth, and continued with- out intermission. The enemy cut off the supply of water, and the garrison fought for fifty-nine hours, without any- thing to assuage their thirst, until the 20th, when the fort was surrendered. No place was ever more bravely de- feuded, but the desperate valor of the garrison could not 232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. avail, ao;ainst the immense disparity of force 1861. ' o f J brought to bear upon them, in addition to their sufferings. 30. Major Gould, with some troops of the loth Mas- sachusetts llegiment, crossed the Potomac for the pur- pose of securing twenty-two thousand bushels of wheat stored at Harper's Ferry. On the 14th of October, the detachment commanded by Colonel Geary crossed the river, and on that and the following day succeeded in transporting the wheat to the Maryland side. Having accomplished the object of their expedition, they were about returning to their encampments, when, on the morn- ing of the 16th, an attack was made on the outer line of pickets, consisting of companies D and F of the 2Sth Pennsylvania. They were at first driven in, but soon made a stand in the town of Bolivar, where they were joined by a portion of the Massachusetts regiment and two companies of the 3d Wisconsin, all under the command of Colonel Geary. 31. These forces sustained for a time a tremendous fire of shot and shell, and repulsed three cavalry charges made upon them. A battery from Loudon Heights opened fire upon them. About one o'clock, Lieutenant Martin, of the New York 9th Artillery, arrived on the field with one of James's rifled cannon. He at once, by some well-directed shots, silenced the enemy's battery, and disabled a steel rifled cannon, which was dragged from the field as useless A furious charge was now made by the combined forces, which was successful, compelling the enemy to fly in the direction of Charlestown, completely demoralized. 32. On the 21st of October, by orders of General Stone, a body of troops crossed the Potomac at Ball's Bluff Lincoln's administration. 233 A detachment of Massachusetts troops marched towards Leesburg, and were attacked by a large force of the enemy concealed in a ravine. Twenty-three fell, and the survivors retreated, falling back until rein- forced. Colonel Baker, of the California Regiment, now took command, and the battle raged with great fury from two until four o'clock. Colonel Baker, while actively en- o-ao-ed was shot, and fell dead. Lieutenant-Colonel Wistar was severely wounded, and the command devolved on Colonel Coggeshall, of the New York Tammany Regiment. At dusk the order was given to retreat. Th^. troops had been brought over in two or three scows, totally inade- quate as a means of transportation to make an attack, and now nearly useless, from the numbers pressing in them to escape the murderous fire of the rebels. 33. One of the boats was sunk from being overloaded, and many of the fugitives drowned. Others threw their arms and knapsacks into the Potomac, and sought safety by swimming, narrowly escaping with their lives. Others were swept away by a rapid current to a watery grave. The United States troops numbered about seventeen hun- dred, while the enemy brought three thousand five hundred into the field. This was the most unfortunate battle of the war; rushed into blindly, rashly, and without due prepara- tion, terminating in a bloody massacre. The number of killed, wounded, and missing was six hundred and forty, many of whom were taken prisoners. Grreat sorrow was felt for the death of Colonel Baker, a senator in Congress from California, and a military officer of great experience. The troops behaved bravely, and no blame attaches to ihem or their lamented leader. 34. Lexington, Mo., was recaptured in October, by Major White, and another victory was gained at Fioderick- 234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. town, in tiie same state, by Major Schofield, wliile Fremont's body-guard, under Major Zagoui, de- feated tlie rebels at Springfield. At Komuey, Va.. General Kelly gained a complete victory over the rebels, after a battle wliicli continued two hours. On the last of the mouth, General Scott tendered his resignation as com- mander-in-chief of the army, in consequence of his great age and increasing infirmities. General McClellan was appointed to succeed him. Genera} Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 1776, and has been distinguished for active service during the chief part of his long and useful life. 35. A naval expedition was sent out in October. The fleet was under the command of Commodore Dupont, and consisted of fifty vessels. It encountered very stormy weather, and a number of the smaller vessels were wrecked. But on the evening of the 4th of November, the lighter transports and gunboats were anchored in the roadstead of Port Royal, S. C. On the following morning the Wabash crossed the bar, followed by the Atlantic, the Vanderbilt, and other vessels of deep draught. On the 7th an attack was made on the forts at Hilton Head and Bay Point. The battle continued four hours, when a flag of truce was raised on Fort Walker. General Sherman, commanding the land forces, took possession of the fort and the cannon, which had been abandoned by the rebels The town of Beaufort was deserted by its white inhabitants, and taken possession of by the United States troops. 36. Commodore Wilkes, of the San Jacinto, arrested' the rebel commissioners, Messrs. Slidell and Mason, od their way to England. They were taken from the English mail steamer Trent, and sent to Fort Warren, as prisoners. AHien the news of their capture reached England, there Lincoln's administration. 235 was an immense decree of excitement, and clamer for war, to avenge the insulted flag and the national honor. Negotiations took place between the British min- istry and the Secretary of State, which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ambassadors to the British govern- ment, and their release from captivity, and thus the diffi- culty terminated. 37. In the Senate a motion was made to expel John C. Breckinridge for having joined the rebels, and passed without dissent. Subsequently, Johnson and Polk, sena- tors from Missouri, were expelled for the same cause. In December, a battle occurred in Western Virginia; General Milroy^ commanding the United States forces, and General Johnson the rebels. The latter were driven into their fortifications, when the Union forces retired. Another battle took place near Warrenton, Mo., when Colonel Davis defeated the rebels, took twelve hundred prisoners, including several officers of distinction, a thousand horses, a thousand stand of arms, and a large quantity of baggage and sup- plies. Questions on Abraham Lincohi's Administration. — 1. What did the President announce in his inaugural address ? 2. What states had seceded from the Union? What is said of Major Anderson ? Lieutenant Slemmer ? What did the govern- ment do on the 11th of April ? 3. What was done by the authorities of Charleston ? Give an account of the bombardment. 4. What effect was produced by the fall of Fort Sumter? AVhat did the President call for in his proclamation ? 5. W^hat city was threatened with an attack ? What troops first arrived for its defence ? ' What is said of a Massachusetts regi- ment ? Of Pennsylvania troops ? When did this occur ? 6. What was done by Virginia ? What did the western portion do ? What was done by the rebels in Maryland ? 236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. What was done by the troops at Harper's Ferry ? At Ports- mouth, Va. ? 8. How many troops did tlie President now call for? Hom iiiany seamen? What states now seceded? What was done in Missouri? In St. Louis? 9. What was done by General Butler ? What troops were sent to Baltimore ? Near what fort were they encamped ? Where did the secessionists of Virginia erect batteries ? Describe the attack on Sewall's Point. 10. Of what places did the Federal troops take possession? What tragical event occurred ? 11. When and where did Senator Douglas die? What is said of his death ? What is said of General McClellan ? Colonel Kelly? 12. What did General Butler do? Describe the expedition. 13. What took place at daybreak? What was the result? What officers were killed ? What is said of Lieutenant Grcble ? Of Major Winthrop ? 14 Describe the battle of Booneville. Who commanded the rebels ? The Union troops ? 15. What was done by Captain Ward? Who had command of the expedition ? Describe the operations of the party. What vessel furnished its protection ? Who was killed ? 16. What did General Patterson's troops do? What battles ensued, and when ? When did Congress assemble ? What wae recommended by the President ? 17. Who were expelled from the Senate? 18. Describe the battle in Missouri. Who commanded the Federal troops ? The Secession troops ? Give the date. 19. Describe the battle of Rich Mountain. Who were the com- manders ? What did General McClellan do ? What is said of Colonel Pegrara ? 20. Describe the battle near St. George. What general was killed ? What was done by General McDowell and his army ? Where did the army then advance ? Give the date. 21. What did General Tyler do? What took place at Bull Run? 22. What did General McDowell do July 21st? When aid tho Lincoln's administration. 287 march begin ? Who commanded the divisions ? What place was reached at daybreak? How long did the firing continue? What then look place ? 23. What was done by the masked batteries? What were the Federal troops obliged to do? What occui-red at three o'clock! To what places did the array retreat ? 24. What otficers were killed ? What was the plan of the com- mander-in-chief? Was the plan carried out? What were the consequences ? 2.5. Who attacked the enemy at Wilson's Creek? Describe the battle. Who was killed ? Who now took command? What did General Sigel do the following day? 20. Describe the battle of Cross Lanes. Where did another battle occur? Wlio commanded the naval expedition? The land forces? What were captured ? 27. What battles now occurred? Describe the attack on Colo- nel Geary's pickets. Who were sent against the enemy? 28. Where was General Floyd posted? Describe the attack. How long did the battle continue? What became of Floyd? 29. Who commenced an attack on the fort at Lexington, Mis- souri ? Who commanded the fort ? Describe the battle on the 17th. On the 18th. What compelled the garrison to surrender ? 30. Why did Major Gould cross the Potomac? To whom did he send for reinforcements ? What was accomplished by them ? What companies were attacked ? By whom were they reinforced ? Who commanded these forces ? 31. Describe the battle. Who arrived on the field? What was done by Lieutenant Martin ? What was now done by the com- bined forces ? State the result. 32. What was done by order of General Stone? Who took the lead ? What took place near Leesburg ? Who now took com- mand? How long did the battle continue? Who was killed? Wounded? Who took command? What means were provided for retreat ? 33. Describe the attempt at recrossing the river. What were the respective numbers of the opposing forces ? What was the number of killed, wounded, and missing ? What is said of Colone) S-.iker? 21 Z85 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 84. Who recaptured Lexington? What other victories were gained in Missouri? In Virginia ? What was done by General Scott? Wlio succeeded him? 35. When was a naval expedition sent out? Of what did it consist? Who commanded? What did it encounter? Where did a portion of the fleet anchor, and when ? What vessels ci-ossed tlie bar the following day ? What took place on the 7th ? State the result. What town had been deserted ? 36. Who were arrested by Commodore Wilkes? What was the effect in England ? How was the affair settled ? 37. Who were expelled from the Senate? What battle in Vir- ginia ? In Missouri ? What were captured ? EVENTS OF 1862. 1. On the 19th of January, the rebel General Zollickoffer attacked General Thomas's encamp- ment, eight miles from Somerset. Ky, The lOtli Indiana Regiment held the enemy in check for half an hour, when it was relieved by the 9th Ohio, 2d Minnesota, and 4th Kentucky. The 1st and 2d Tennessee were ordered on the right wing to outflank the enemy. After fighting for two hours, a desperate bayonet charge was made on the enemy, which drove them to their intrenchments. Night put an end to the conflict, and the rebel troops crossed the Cumberland River in the night. During the engagement, General Zollickoff'er was slain, and his body left on the battle-field. 2. A naval expedition sent against the rebels on the Tennessee River, attacked Fort Henry, which surrendered after a spirited resistance. The surrender was made by General Tilghman to flag-officer Foote. After the. battle Lincoln's administration. 239 the gunboats Lexington, Conestoga, and Tyler went up the river a distance of two hundred and fifty miles, from Paducah to Florence, in Alabama, at the head of navigation. Everywhere along the river they were welcomed by Union men, and their flag hailed with shouts of joy. Ex-President Tyler died at Richmond after a short illness, Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, was expelled from the Senate for correspondence with Jefferson Davis. 3. General Burnside, with a large body of troops, sailed for the coast of North Carolina, the fleet being under com- mand of Commodore Goldsborough. On the 7th of Feb- ruary, the fleet advanced against Boanoke Island, and attacked the batteries. The bombardment continued through the day, during which the troops effected a landing, and, the following morning, marched upon the enemy in detachments commanded by Generals Foster, Beno, and Parke. After a battle of several hours' contin- uance, the enemy surrendered. Six forts, forty cannon, three thousand small arms, and twenty -two hundred pri- soners were captured. Commodore Goldsborough attacked and destroyed the rebel fleet, and landed on the coast, W'hen the troops captured Elizabeth City (February 8th). 4. Edenton, Hertford, Colerain, and Plymouth were soon afterwards surrendered by the inhabitants. Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, Tenn., was bombarded by the gunboats which had done such gallant service at Fort Henry. A galling fire from the rebel batteries in- flicted severe injuries upon them, and crippled their ener- gies. But what was lost by the naval part of the forces was made up by the troops who invested the fort, and after a severe contest compelled its surrender (February IGth). 5. The fort, with fifteen thousand prisoners^ was given 240 ErSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. =1^^==.^:= / liUSCRBA'^ ' lATTLE OF FORT DOXELSON. 186a ^P to General Grant. General Floyd, with about five thousand men, had escaped previously. Nash- ville soon after submitted to the United States troops with- out opposition. The division of the army under General Banks made a forward movement, by crossing the Potomac, and taking possession of Harper's Ferry, Bolivar, Charles- town, Martinsburg, and other towns in Virginia. Colonel Geary took possession of Leesburg, and drove out General Hill with his entire command. Fort Johnson was taken possession of, and named Fort Geary (March 8th). 6. On the 8th of March, a naval battle took place near Newport News. The iron-clad steamer Merrimac, and the steamers Yorktown and Jamestown, attacked the United States fleet stationed near the mouth of the James River, The Merrimac ran into the sloop-of-war Cumberland, which she sunk, and then attacked the frigate Congress, which Lincoln's administration. 241 had been Dreviously assailed by the other rebel 1863. ' •^ ^ steamers. The United States vessel, unable to con- tend against iron-clad vessels, surrendered, and her officers and crew became prisoners. The steamer Minnesota, sent to the relief of the captured vessel, ran aground, and, in this condition, was attacked by the Merrimac. In the night the Ericsson iron-clad steamer Monitor arrived, and at once went to the assistance of the Minnesota. 7. On the following morning the contest was renewed, and carried on by the two iron-clad steamers from eight o'clock until noon, when the Monitor made a large hole in the Merrimac ; the latter, with the rest of the rebel fleet, escaped to Norfolk. By this battle the United States lost two vessels, the officers of the Congress, who became prisoners, and the officers and crew who were drowned by the sinking of the Cumberland. The Minnesota was re- lieved from her perilous condition, and the arrival of the Monitor changed the fortunes of the dny. 8. Commodore Dupont, with a portion of his fleet, cap- tured the town of Brunswick, Geo, The fleet then pro- ceeded to Cumberland Sound, Florida, and took Fernandina. Fort Clinch was abandoned on the approach of the fleet, and St. Mary's was captured without opposition. The Army of the South- West, under General Curtis, after three days' hard fighting, gained an important victory over the combined forces of Van Dorn, McCullough, Price, and Mcintosh. The battle commenced on the 6.th of March, near Sugar Creek, Arkansas, but, on the following day, was transferred to Pea Ridge. On the 8th the battle was renewed, when the enemy was routed, and retired in great confusion. Guns, flags, and provisions were cap- tured in large quantities. This battle is ; euerally known by the name of Pea llidge. 21^ 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 9. Tlie rebels in Virginia retreated from i^Ia- nassas and Centreville, and the Federal troops took possession of them March 10th. A battle took place on the 23d, between the forces under Generals Jackson, Smith, and Longstreet, and the United States troops under General Shields. It commenced about ten in the morning, and continued till dark. The rebels numbered about fifteen thousand, while the United States troops were eight thousand. The loss was heavy on both sides. The battle ended by the flight of the rebels, who threw away their arms in their hasty retreat to Strasburg. 10. The rebels evacuated New Madrid, Missouri, on the night of March 13th, leaving a quantity of guns and stores which they were unable to carry away. At Island' No. 10,* in the Mississippi River, the enemy had a large force, well provided with artillery. Commodore Foote, with his flotilla and mortar-boats, attacked the fortifications on the island. General Pope, with his army, crossed the river from the Tennessee shore. This movement cut off all chance of the rebels' retreat, and they were obliged to surrender, after a siege of several weeks' continuance. By this capitulation, six thousand soldiers became prisoners of war, including three generals. One hundred siege guns, several field batteries, and a large quantity of small arms and stores were captured. 11. On the 14th of March, General Burnside commenced an attack on the enemy's works, six miles below Newbern, N. C. They were defended by a large force, and reached nearly two miles. After four hours' hard fighting, the rebels were driven out of their positions, with the loss of * So called from its being the tentli in number from the mouth of tlie Ohio. LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 243 SURRENDER OF ISLAND NO. 10. three batteries of field artillery, forty-six heavy siege guns, large stores of ammunition, three thou- sand small arms, and two hundred prisoners. The chief part of the rebels escaped by the ears to Goldsboronghj burning the bridges over the Trent and Claremont Rivers, The Federal troops were commanded by Generals Reno^ Foster, and Parks, xiftcr the capture of Newbern, Gene- ral Burnside sent an expedition against Beaufort, in the same state. This town was evacuated by the enemy, on approach of the troops. 12. The city of St. Augustine was surrendered to Com- modore Dupont's fleet without opposition, the municipal authorities receiving Commodore Rodgers in the Town Hall, and raising the United States flag. Fort Marion was deserted by the rebel troops on approach of the gun- boats, and Jacksonville was surrendered by the authorities. 244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Generals Beauresrard and Johnston left their po- 1863. , . , - . ^ sition at Corinthj April 6tli, and attacked the Union forces at Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee. General Prentiss's division was first attacked, and driven in. Gen- eral Sherman's division now sustained the heaviest fire of tlie enemy, which drove the Federal troops from their camps, and a fresh division coming up assailed General McCleroand's division. The battle continued till five o'clock, at which time the rebels had driven the Federal troops to the bank of the river. The gunboats Lexington and Tyler now threw a quantity of shell on the rebel forces, and night coming on, the combatants rested. The rebel forces numbered sixty thousand, while the United States troops did not exceed thirty-eight thousand. During tl?e night the forces under Generals Lewis Wallace and Buell arrived. L3. Early on the morning of the 7th, the battle was renewed by General Wilson on the left and General Wallace on the right. General Nelson's force opened a galling HrQ on the enemy, and advanced rapidly as they fell back, aiid General Buell succeeded in flanking them and capturing their batteries of artillery. At three o'clock, GeQcr:'.! Grant rode to the left, where fresh regiments had becu ordered, and sent a portion of his body-guard to the head of each of the five regiments, and then ordered a charge, before which the rebels fled in dismay. General Buell followed the rebels, now in full retreat towards Corintli. The losses were severe on both sides. Among the killed was General Albert Sydney Johnston, the rebel commander, and General W. H. Wallace, of the United States forces. General Prentiss was'taken prisoner at the commencement of the first day's battle. 14. Fort Pulaski, Geo., was attacked and bombarded on Lincoln's administration. 245 the 10th of April, by General Hunter. At two o'ciock Oil the following day, a large breach having been made in the wails, the garrison surrendered. Fort Macon, N. C, wa.s surrendered April 25th, after a bom- bardment of more than ten hours. But the most important event of the war thus far, was the surrender of the city of New Orleans. On the approach of the fleet commanded by flag-officer D. Gr. Farragut, the rebel army abandoned the city, and it was surrendered to the fleet by the munici- pal authorities (April 26th). General Butler, with his army, landed in the city soon after, taking military posses- sion. Baton Rouge was also occupied by the United States forces. 15. Previous to the surrender of New Orleans, the enemy placed all sorts of obstructions in the river, to prevent the passage of the fleet. The bombardment of the forts St. Philip and Jackson commenced on the 18th of April, and continued until the 23d, when Commodore Farragut, vfhh the fleet, passed the forts, firing upon them in the passage, and sustaining a terrible fire in return. The fleet, however, efl^ected the hazardous passage, while the mortar-boa ti<, under Commander Porter, kept up an incessant bombard- ment on the forts. The attack on the forts was continued until the 28th, when they were surrendered. The naval engagement resulted in the destruction or capture of the enemy's fleet, thus leaving the city defenceless. General Lovell withdrew on approach ©f the fleet, and the second commercial city of the United States was again placed under Federal authority. 16. General Mitchell, with his division, made a rapid advance through Kentucky and Tennessee, to Northern Alabama- They rebuilt the broken bridges, relaid the torn-up rails, and then surprised the enemy at Huntsville, 246 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. seizincT tlie railroad aod cars, and vast quantities of stores. General Pope defeated the rebels at Farmington, took over two thousand prisoners, a large amount of tents, four pieces of cannon, and several Imndreii muskets. 17. Early in April, General McClellan, with his araij, embarked on board of transports, and proceeded down the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay to Fortress Monroe. The troops landed on the peninsula formed by the York and James Rivers, and marched towards Yorktown, at which place the rebels had collected in strong force, and erected formidable batteries. The United States troopa threw up fortifications, and prepared for the siege and attack. A fierce contest was now looked for, but on the night of May 3d, the enemy abandoned his works at York- town and Gloucester, and on the 4th, General McClellan took passession, and sent his cavalry and horse artillery, supported by infantry, in pursuit of the enemy. On the same evening the mounted troops came up with the enemy, and a brisk conflict ensued. 18. At daylight on tljie 5th, the enemy were found to bo strongly intrenched at Williamsburg. At eight o'clock the enemy opened on General Hooker's division, which was stationed on the left. During the engagement, the enensy captured three of the Federal batteries.* General Hooker's division suffered severely, as his troops bore the whole brunt of the battle for several hours, before reinforcemenis came to their relief. At foui o'clock fresh troops eame uj), and General Hancock^s brigade made a brilliant bayonet charge, which drove the rebels from the field to their entrenchments. During the night these were evacuated, * These were recaptured the same day hy Geneva! MeClellan. Lincoln's administration. 247 and General McClellan took possession of them the following morning. The same afternoon which witnessed the battle of Williamsburg, General Frankliu landed with his troops at West Point, and was attacked on the following morning. General Newton's brigade was actively engaged during the battle. At three o'clock the firing ceased and the enemy retreated (May 6th) 19. The Monitor and other steam vessels made an attack on Sewall's Point with shot and shell. The firing was briskly returned by the rebel batteries, and kept up for several hours. The Merrimac made her appearance, and halted some distance from the Monitor. As the latter vessel did not attack the Merrimac, and the rebel steamer lefused to advance, no engagement took place between the ressels, and the Merrimac steamed back to Norfolk. Pre- sident Lincoln, who was on a visit to Fortress Monroe, witnessed the battle from a tug-boat. On the 10th of May, General Wool, with five thousand men from Fortress Mon- roe, landed at Willoughby's Point, and marched towards Norfolk. At Tanner's Creek a rebel battery had been erected on the opposite bank, and near a bridge. The )-ebels fired a volley of musketry on the advancing troops, and then set fire to the bridge. At five o'clock, the troops approached Norfolk, when the mayor sent out a flag of truce, and surrendered the city to the United States forces, who took possession without having fired a gun. The following morning the Merrimac was blown up by the rebels, and totally destroyed, and thus was achieved a bloodless victory. 20. A severe cavalry battle took place at Lebanon, Tennessee, which resulted in the complete rout of Colonel Morgan's band of Rangers. The United States troops were led by General Dumont. They followed the rebels 248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. mauy miles, anac ? What is said of the Minnesota ? What vessel came to its assistance ? 7. Describe the contest of March 9th. What vessels were lost to the United States? What is said of the Monitor? 8. What towns -were captured by Commodore Dupont ? What forts? Who commanded the Army of the South-West? What generals were opposed to him ? When and where did the battle commence? To what place was it transferred? How long did it continue, and with what result? 9. What places were abandoned in Virginia ? Who commanded the rebel troops in the battle near Strasburg? The Federal troops ? What number on each side ? Describe the battle. 10. What place was evacuated^ March loth? Where was a strong fortification ? Why was it so named ? What was done by Commodore Foote ? By General Pope ? How long did the siege continue? What were captured? 11. What was done by General Burnside ? Describe the battle. What were captured ? How did the chief part of the rebels es- cape? By whom were the Federal troops commanded? What town was evacuated ? 12. What is said of St. Augustine? Who took possession? What is said of Fort Marion ? Jacksonville ? What was done by Johnston and Beauregard ? What division was first attacked ? What is said of General Sherman's division ? General McCler- nand's division ? What was done by the gunboats that evening ? What was the numerical force of each army ? 13. Who renewed the battle the following day? What wag done by General Nelson? General Buell ? General Grant? What was the result ? What generals were killed ? Who was made prisoner ? 14. What forts were bombarded and taken? What city was surrendered ? To what naval officer ? Who took military posses- sioa ? What is said of Baton Rouge ? 15. What had the enemy done to prevent the passage of the fleet ? What forts were bombarded ? What was done by Commodore Farragut ? Who continued the assault on the forts ? When were they surrendered? In what did the naval engagement result? 16. Belatc the achievements of General Mitchell. General Pope. Lincoln's administration. 271 17. What Wits done by General McClellan early in April? V>'here did tiie troops land? What had the enemy done ? What preparations were made by the United States troops? What took place in the night of May 3d ? What did General McClellan do the next day ? 18. Where were the enemy intrenched ? Which division was attacked ? Describe the battle. What Avas done by General Hancock's brigade ? What occurred that night? The following morning? Where did General Franklin land? Whose brigade was actively engaged ? What did the enemy do? 19. Give an account of an attack on Sewall's Point. What is said of the Merrimac? What is said of President Lincoln? What was done by General Wool ? Describe the march and its result. What became of the ^^errimac ? 20. What is said of the battle at Lebanon ? What was done by the gunboats on the James River? What prevented their suc- cess ? What occurred during the action ? 21. What town was captured ? What places abandoned by the enemy? Describe the battle at McDowell. Who commanded the forces ? To what place did the United States troops fall back ? 22. What did General McClellan do after the battle of West Point ? What river was crossed by the troops ? What took place at Front Royal? Who commanded ? Describe the battle. What is said of Colonel Kenley ? 23. Whose division was attacked the following morning ? Who commanded the enemy ? Describe the retreat. Where did en- gagements take place during the retreat ? What number of troops had the enemy? General Banks? What is said of the losses? How many miles did the army retreat ? 24. What is said of the Confederate army ? What was done by General Fremont? By Jackson ? 25. Where was General Halleck ? Relate the events of May 28th. What was done by the rebels? What did they lose? 26. What battle was fought ? What generals were engaged in the contest? Describe the battle. 27. Where was the rebel army the following morning? When was the battle renewed? What was done by the troops under General Hooker? Describe the charge. What is said of Richard- son's brigade ? Of the enemy ? The Federal troops ? 272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 28 Give an account of Monday's battle. What is this battle called ? What is said of it ? 29. What forts and city were evacuated ? What is said of Fort Barrancas? Where did flag-officer Davis arrive in June? What engagement ensued ? What was done by the mayor ? What was done by General Negley ? 30. Describe the operations of General Fremont. When and where was a battle? To what place did the rebels retreat? What bridge was here ? 31. Who sent a detachment to guard the bridge? AVhat was done by Jackson's army ? Who commanded the Federal troops ? What was the number in Carroll's detachment ? How far did they retreat, ? ¥/hat was now done by the enemy ? 32. What river was ascended by gunboats ? For what purpose? What was done by Colonel Fitch? What fearful disaster occurred? How many were killed by this explosion ? 33. What is said of the battle of White Oak Swamp? What did General McClellan now do? The enemy? What battle ensued ? 34. What was now done by the Federal troops ? Describe the battle of Gaines's Mills. 13y whom was General Porter rein- forced ? 35. Describe the further movements of the troops. What was done with the sick and wounded? Describe the retreat, and the oattle near Savage Station. 36 At what place did the enemy commence the attack? To what place did the Union troops withdraw? Describe the battle of Malvern Hills. What is said of General McClellan's with- drawal ? 37. Describe the battle of James's Island. Under whom was the Army of Virginia placed? Who commanded the divisions^ How many additional troops were now called into service by the President? 38. What important acts were passed during the session of Con- gress? What is said of the slave-owners? (Note.) 39. Who was sent to suppress rebellion in Arkansas ? Describe Lis retreat. 40. What was directed by General Pope? What is said of General Halleck ? Lincoln's administration. 273 41. When and at what age did Martin Van Buren die? What is said of recruiting ? What inducements were offered recruits? 42. Where did a battle take phace ? Who commanded the re- spective forces ? Who commanded the cavalry ? What general came to his relief? 43. Describe tlie battle of Cedar Mountain. Name all tlio generals of divisions. What officers were wounded ? What was done by General Jackson ? 44. By whom was Baton Rouge assailed ? By whom defended ? Describe the naval engagement, 45. Describe General McClellan's movements. Jackson's. What did General Pope do ? 46. What occurred at the Rappahannock ? To what places did General Pope remove ? What battle took place ? 47. Describe the battle near Bull Run. What is said of Gene- ral Porter ? To what place did the army move on the day fol- lowing? Where did the retreat terminate? 48. What junction was effected? Who succeeded General Pope as commander? What places were threatened? How many battles had occurred during General Pope's retreat ? What gen- erals were killed ? 49. What did the rebel army now do ? What towns did they capture ? 50. Where did a battle take place ? Who commanded the divi- sions of the Federal army ? Describe the battle. What is said of General Reno ? 51. What strong post was attacked? By whom was it surren- dered ? How many became prisoners ? 52. What effect was produced in Pennsylvania? What great battle followed ? What was done by General Hooker on the IGth ? When did the battle commence on the 17th? Who commanded the enemy ? What is said of them ? 53. What is said of General Hooker ? Sumner ? Franklin ? Describe General Burnside's movements. When did this battle commence, and when terminate ? 54. What was done on the night of the 18th? By whom were the rebels pursued? What places were now occupied by the Union troops? What is said of the battle? What were the esti- mated losses ? 24 274 nrsTORY of the united states. 55. What occurred at Natchez ? What battle in Mississippi ? Name the commanders. What town was captured by the rebels * What was done by General Cragg ? General Buell ? 56. Where were the troops defeated ? What regiment suffered most ? Describe the rebel incursion into Pennsylvania. 57. When and where was an attack made on the Union troops ? By what generals ? Describe the battle. By whom were the rebels attacked in their retreat? By whom followed? Where was the battle renewed ? By whom were the troops recalled ? 58. What battle took place ? Who commanded ? Describe the battle. What troops evacuated Kentucky ? 59. What took place in Virginia after the battle of Antietam ? Who succeeded General McClellan in command of the army ? 60. When and where did General Mitchell die ? What places were captured in Texas? Name the commanders. 61. Give an account of General Weitzell's expedition. What was done by orders from General Burnside ? V;hat was threat- ened ? 62. What did the President recommend ? 63. What is said of the Alabama ? By what other name is that vessel known ? Why was it so called ? (Note.) 64. What statement is made by the Secretary of War? Give an account of the Indians of the i'^orth-West. What state suffered most ? 65. What took place in Mississippi? Describe the battle of Fayetteville. Who commanded the armies? Name the Union generals engaged ? 66. What was the result of the battle in Hartsville ? Wliat was done by General Geary ? What skirmishes was he engaged in ? 67. What did General Burnside do ? Describe tlie crossing of the river. 68. What city was taken? Wliat was done by the enemy? When was a general attack made? Who assailed on the right? Describe the battle. Who came to French's relief? 69. Who relieved General Howard? Who commanded on the left ? Who commenced the battle ? What officers were killed ? 70. What did General Burnside do after the battle ? What number were killed, wounded, and prisoners ? Lincoln's administration. 275 EVENTS OF 1863. 1. The western portion of Virginia having dis- sented from the act of secession, and separated from that part in rebellion against the general government, adopted a constitution, and asked for admission into the Union as an independent state. This request was assented to by both Houses of Congress, and West Virginia became the thirty-fifth state. The new state at the time of its admission comprised forty-eight counties, generally settled after the Revolution by emigration from Virginia and North Carolina. 2. The 1st of January was ushered in with the din of battle at Murfreesboro', Tenn. General Rosecrans had attacked the enemy on the 31st of December 1862, and the battle was renewed on the two following daj's. On the 3d the enemy retreated, and General Rosecrans and his gallant troops occupied Murfreesboro'. The rebel General Forrest was defeated by General Sullivan at Hunt's Cross Roads, Tenn., January 1st. General Sherman, with land and naval forces, made an attack on Vicksburg and carried the intrenchments, but, finding that his forces were inade- quate to reducing the strongholds of the city, withdrew, and returned to the White river. His loss in the attack on Vicksburg was about three thousand in killed, wounded, and missing. Galveston, Texas, was recaptured by the rebels, who also seized a fine steamer, the Harriet Lane. 3. On the 14th of January a fleet of iron-clads attacked Arkansas Post, and after a brisk fire silenced its guns. Next day it was surrendered to Admiral Porter, commander of the fleet, and General M^iClernaud of the land forces. 27G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. General Burnside having asked to be relieved from commanding the Army of the Potomac, the govern- ment granted his request and conferred the command on General Hooker. 4. The rebel General Pryor crossed the Blackwater river, N. C. (Jan. 28), with infantry, cavalry, and artillery. He was met by General Corcoran, and a battle ensued, lasting more than two hours, when the enemy retreated. The rebel force then took a position two miles from the first battle-field, but were dislodged and again compelled to retreat. The fleet blockading Charleston was attacked by the rebel iron-clad rams, one of which inflicted serious injury on the Mercedita and Keystone. But the latter threw broadside after broadside against the rebel craft, which retreated on the approach of other vessels of the blockading squadron, and effected her escape. 5. In February the rebels with a strong body of forces assailed Fort Donaldson, but were repulsed with great loss and compelled to retreat, and during the same month, a number of engagenjents and skirmishes took place. During the month of March, a naval expedition under Commodore Farragut, and troops commanded by General Banks, com- menced an attack on Port Hudson. On the night of the 15th, the fleet passed the batteries. The steamer Missis- sippi in attempting to pass the batteries ran aground, and was abandoned and burned 6. An attack was made on Charleston and its harbor defences by the iron-clad vessels under Admiral Dupont, exhibiting the most terrific firing on record in the annals of naval warfare. The preparations being made, the fleet moved towards the enemy's batteries. The Weehawken approached within five hundred yards of Fort Moultrie, Lincoln's administration. 277 when the enemy commenced the action. The flag-ship Ironsides approached within twelve hun- dred yards of Fort Sumter and was obliged to anchor. The four monitors leading the advance still kept on their way, sustaining the fire from every battery of the enemy, which poured out a vast sheet of flame and smoke, extend- ing from Morris's to Sullivan's Islands, while^'a torrent of shot and shell was incessantly poured on the squadron. 7. The vessels returned the fire from their batteries, and kept on their way until stopped by the obstructions placed in the harbor by the rebels. Several attempts were made to pass these obstructions without effect, when the four vessels turned back down the harbor, sustaining a heavy fire, and responding to it. The other vessels which had been held in reserve, now came to the relief of the harassed monitors, and received the heavy fire of the enemy. In obedience to a signal from the flag-ship, all the monitors returned, and the whole fleet removed out of range of the enemy's batteries. One vessel, the Keokuk, was so badly injured as to be abandoned by her crew the day succeed- ing the battle, being in a sinking condition. 8. General Gilmore attacked a strong place near Somer- set, Kentucky, and after a battle of five hours gained a complete victory, compelling the rebel troops to evacuate the central portion of the state. General Foster was be- sieged at Washington, N. C, by a strong body of rebels. He effected his escape through the blockading fleet in the steamer Escort, with the intention of bringing up reinforce- ments. The enemy soon after raised the siege and retired. 9. In the latter part of April, General Hooker, now com- manding the army of the Potomac, sent General Stonemau with a body of cavalry across the Rappahannock, with orders to march towards Richmond, and cut off all commu- 24* 278 HISTORY OF the united states. nication between the rebel capital and tlielr army in the field. In the mean time, General Hooker with the main body of the army crossed the Eappahannock and Rapidan rivers, encamping at Chancellorville. General Sedgwick crossed the river opposite Fredericksburg, and after a severe engagement stormed the heights. 10. On the 2d of May, the battle of Chancellorville was commenced between the army of the Union, commanded by General Hooker, and the rebel army under command of General Lee. An attack was commenced on the rebels intrenched about six miles from Fredericksburg, by General Sykes's division of regulars. The advance was driven back to Chancellorville, and the enemy held in check by the Seventh Ohio, and the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania regi- ments. The rebels retired, but soon after made an attack on the right of the Union troops. They were met by General Geary's division and routed, after a fierce struggle. 11. The next day the battle was resumed, and became general. The rebels advanced steadily and with persistent bravery, but the Union batteries cut them down with great slaughter, compelling the survivors to retire. The large mansion at Chancellorville used as General Hooker's head- quarters, was set on fire by shells from the enemy, and the general himself was severely hurt by some falling timber, 60 that the command for a time devolved on General Couch. The Union troops then fell back for about a mile, when they made a stand behind strong intrenchments. This battle was a fiercely contested one, attended with great loss of life in both armies. Major-General Berry was killed, while gallantly leading his division. General Whipple was mortally wounded, and died soon after the battle. 12. On the 4th, the rebels in large force attacked General Sedgwick in Fredericksburg, pressing him at all points, and Lincoln's administration. 279 though he repulsed them with great slaughter, yet their overwhelming numbers rendered it impossi- hie for him to hold his position, and he therefore determined to recross the river. In this attempt he succeeded, though harassed by the enemy during the retreat, and immediately marched to the United States Ford to reinforce General Hooker. But the commander abandoned the further prose- cution of his enterprise, and at night recrossed with his whole army, and occupied the same position as formerly, on the north bank of the Rappahannock. 13. Greneral Stoneman, in pursuance of orders, penetrated the enemy's country to the intrenchments of Richmond, destroyed bridges, railroads, and commissary stores. He also captured large numbers of horses, and liberated the slaves of rebels in arms against the government. The near approach to. Richmond struck great terror to the few re- maining inhabitants, and General Stoneman could have captured the city without difficulty. But as his force was inadequate to hold it, it was deemed advisable to return, as the object of the expedition was accomplished. 14. In General Hooker's general orders, issued after the events we have recorded, he says : " We have taken from the enemy five thousand prisoners, fifteen colors, captured and brought off seven pieces of artillery, disabled eighteen thousand of his chosen troops, captured prisoners within the fortifications of his capital, and filled his country with fear and consternation." In the battle of Chancellorville, the rebel general " Stonewall" Jackson was mortally wounded, and died soon afterwards, 16. While these events were occurring. General U S. Grant was successfully engaged in Mississippi. He captured Grand Gulf and Port Gibson. Soon after, Jackson, the state capital, fell into his hands. A detachment of his army 280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. under General McPherson, captured the town of 1 863. . Raymond, after a battle lasting two hours. An- other victory was gained by General Grant at Baker's Creek, twenty-six miles from Vicksburg (May 16th). The battle lasted five hours, and resulted in the defeat of the enemy at every point, with a loss of more than two thou- sand killed or wounded. 16. Admiral D. D. Porter co-operated with General Grant in the attack on Yicksburg; captured Haines's Bluif, and a number of forts and defences of the most formidable description. Another severe battle was fought on the Big Black river, between Grant's forces and the rebels com- manded by General Pemberton. The enemy fought in rifle-pits, which were carried by General Lawless's brigade, and a large number of prisoners were captured. Pemberton now retreated to Vicksburg, which city was soon after closely invested by the army under General Grant, and the fleet commanded by Admiral Porter. 17. An expedition sent by Rear-Admiral Porter up the Yazoo under command of Lieutenant Walker, met with complete success. The commander captured the forts and destroyed three powerful steam-rams at Yazoo City. The Navy Yard was also destroyed, and a laige amount of pro- perty captured. About the same time, the Union gunboat Cincinnati was destroyed by the rebel batteries near Vicks- burg. 18. While the siege of Yicksburg was in progress, General Banks with a large force landed near Port Hudson, the only other remaining stronghold of the rebels on the Mississippi river. On the 22d of May a battle lasting nine hours was fought, between the Union forces under General Augur and the rebels commanded by General Garduer. The rebels were defeated with severe loss and Lincoln's administration. 281 pursued for three miles, when General Augur and his troops rested on the field. 19. An attack was made on the enemy's works at Port Tliidson, which resulted in the repulse of the assailing party. In this battle, the Louisiana regiments of colored troops exhibited a great degree of bravery, showing them- selves to be fully equal to the white soldiers in courage, endurance, and fortitude. General Banks, in his official report, spoke in the highest terms of their heroism and efficiency. 20. But the sieges of Vicksburg and Port Hudson were lost sight of, for a time, in the excitement caused by the invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the danger which threatened Washington. In May a large body of Ewell's rebel troops left Fredericksburg, and early in June Longstreet's corps moved up to the support of Ewell. Hill's corps remained for some time at Fredericksburg, while General Hooker with his army was at Falmouth on the Rappahannock. A severe cavalry engagement took place at Beverly's Ford, or Brandy Station, between the troops of General Pleasanton and General Stuart, in which the rebels were defeated. 21. General Lee and the main rebel army now moved up the Rappahannock, occupied the gaps of the Blue Ridge, captured Winchester, and crossed the Potomac into Mary- land. General Milroy made a brave defence at Winchester, hut, being surrounded by superior numbers, cut his way through the rebel forces, and reached Harper's Ferry. Lee's movements were closely watched by General Hooker, and Washington and Baltimore were protected from the a.ssault of the invaders. 22. On the 25th of June, General Hooker requested to be relieved of the command of the army. His request was 282 HISTORY OF the united states. complied with, and Major-General George G. Meade succeeded liim. On assuming the command, Gene« r;il Meade found the rebel general with a powerful force invading Pennsylvania, and threatening its capital. The enemy successively occupied Hagerstown, Green Castle, Chambersburg, Carlisle, York, and Gettysburg. At Wrightsville on the Susquehanna, the bridge crossing the river was burned by the militia to prevent the passage of the enemy, and Harper's Ferry was abandoned. 23. Great preparations were made by the states of Mary- land, New York, New Jerse}^ and Pennsylvania to repel the invaders. On the 30th of June, a body of troops was concentrated at Gettysburg under General Reynolds. On the 1st of July, a severe contest took place, when the rebels were driven back, but the brave General Reynolds was killed during the engagement. General Howard then took command, and the battle raged with great fury. The rebels were twice repulsed, but coming again to the charge with numbers greatly superior to the Union troops, the latter were compelled to retreat. They fell back to the cemetery and adjoining hills, and encamped in a strong position. 24. General Meade now brought up the reserves, and, on the 2d, the enemy commenced a fierce attack at four o'clock in the afternoon. The Union troops occupied the cemetery, which is on the slope of a hill a short distance from the town of Gettysburg. The Third Army Corps was pressed very hard by the rebel forces, but was finally relieved by the Second and Fifth Corps. The battle was now continued with great fury and without intermission, until eight o'clock, when the enemy gave way and fell back to his old position. A fierce charge was now made against the weakened lines of the right wing, but reinforcements came up and tha LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 283 rebels fell back. The battle continued until ten o'clock, when both armies rested. 25. At four o'clock on the morning of the 3d, General 81ocum, commanding the Twelfth Army Corps, commenced the battle by a terrific fire on the rebels commanded by General Ewell. For six hours the battle raged with cease- less fury. The rebels advanced with yells and shouts, and hurled their solid masses against the Union troops. But the latter stood their ground, and repelled the fury and fierceness of the enemy. At ten o'clock, General Slocum had repulsed the rebels at every point, and regained his original position. The battle ceased at eleven o'clock, and was succeeded by a solemn stillness resting on the living and the dead. 26. At two o'clock Lee opened a fire of artillery against the troops posted on Cemetery Hill, which was responded to by all the Union batteries in range. This most dreadful cannonading continued for two hours, when the rebel in- fantry rushed to attack the Union forces. The attack was first made on the troops commanded by General Webb. The steady fire of his troops staggered the enemy, and drove them back with great slaughter. The enemy now withdrew from the field, and the battle of Gettvsburo; was ended. The following day (the 4th), Lee commenced his retreat. General Meade started in pursuit, and on the 12th Ibuud the enemy at Williamsport on the Potomac. Here Lee threw a pontoon bridge across the river and escaped into Virginia. 27. The rejoicings over this victory had not subsided, when the official intelligence of the surrender of Vicksburg was received by the government. This took place July 4th, adding another great historical event to those already associated with the memories of our national holiday. 284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. *The surrender made to General Grant was uncon- ditional. By the terms of capitulation arranged by himself and General Pemberton, there were surrendered thirty-one thousand prisoners, two hundred and twenty cannon, and seventy thousand small arms. The commander of the rebel forces at Port Hudson, General Gardner, finding his post no longer tenable, surrendered it unconditionally (July 8th). This surrender divided the rebel Confederacy iuto two parts, and restored to the Union the entire control of the great river Mississippi. 28. Another battle took place on the 4th of July. General Prentiss, commander of the Union forces in Arkan- sas, encountered the rebel forces at Helena, and utterly routed them after a brisk engagement. In Tennessee the Union troops captured Shelby ville, and drove the rebels before them. The latter, in the early part of July, occu- pied Tullahoma, but on the arrival of the Union forces, abandoned their position and retreated toward Alabama. 29. After the surrender of Vicksburg, General Sherman besieged the enemy at Jackson. A number of sharp en- gagements ensued, during which the city was partially destroyed from the shells thrown by the besiegers. On the night of July 16th, General Johnston, the rebel commander, evacuated the post, and retreated with his army. General Sherman, with a portion of his troops, then occupied the deserted city. 30. The states of Ohio and Indiana were harassed dur- ing the early part of the summer, by the depredations of a guerilla band under the notorious Morgan. On July 26tli a severe engagement took place, between Morgan's troops * General Grant commenced siege operations on land, May 23d 1862, while Admiral Porter from the river bombarded the enemy's works. Lincoln's administration. 2^ and those of General Shackleford, near Salinevillo, Ohio. Morgan's forces were repulsed, and Morgan and the principal part of his troops made prisoners. 31. The President of the United States now called for a draft of 300,000 men to recruit the army. The drafting commenced in July, and received the cheerful acquiescence of the people. In some places there was slight opposition, but in the city of New York, a large mob of rioters attacked the officers, drove them away, overpowered the police, bid defiance to all authority, and for three days had undisturbed po.ssession of the city. Colonel O'Brian was murdered, several unoffending men were hung, and an Orphan Asylum burned. The riot was at last quelled by the military, who charged on the rioters, killed a number, and restored order. 32. Preparations were now made for an attack on Charles- ton and its defences. General Gilmore commanded the land forces of the expedition. In the early part of July, he landed his troops on Morris Island, and commenced an attack on Fort Wagner. He also commenced the bombard- ment of Fort Sumter, poured a mass of shot and shell, bat- tered down its walls, and made it a mass of ruins. The siege of Fort Wagner was steadily continued, until the 6th of September. The rebel garrisons of the fort, and also Battery Gregg, evacuated their posts during the night, and on the following day they were occupied by Gilmore's troops. 33. In the attack on the rebel forts, the fleet of iron- clads commanded by Admiral Dahlgren, took an active part. In the attack on Fort Wagner, no damage was sus- tained by the vessels, excepting that a ball from Fort Wag- ner broke through the lining of the pilot-house, and killed two valuable officers, Captain Rogers and Paymaster Wood- bury. The bombardment of Charleston now commenced, and was continued at intervals during the year. Fort Suni- 25 286 EISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ter, thoujzh its walls were battered down, refused 1863. , 1 . -, , \ to surrender, and continued to make a show oi resistance. In the latter part of December, Charleston was set on fire by shells thrown into the city, and twelve build- ings were destroyed before the conflagration was checked. 84. In July, an expedition commanded by General Sib- ley was sent against the Sioux Indians, in Dacotah Terri- tory. Three battles were fought, the Indians routed and driven across the Missouri river, with the loss of all their stores. '^ Little Crow," their chief, was killed, and his son taken prisoner. These successes ended the hostilities with the Indians in Dacotah. 35. In the month of August, the town of Lawrence, in Kansas, was attacked by guerillas, who destroyed it by fire, and murdered the unarmed and helpless citizens. The leader of the band placed guards to prevent the escape of citizens, and the work of massacre, pillage, and destruction commenced. Soon after the raid. General James Lane collected forces, and attacked the rebels and put them to fiight. Upwards of forty of the robbers were killed in the engagement. 36. When General Lee with the rebel army crossed the Potomac after the battle of Gettysburg, he continued his retreat through the Shenandoah Valley, and the mountain passes of the Blue Ridge, to the south bank of the Rapidan. General Meade followed the retreating enemy, crossing the river at Harper's Ferr}'-, and marching through Berlin and Warrenton to Culpepper Court House. At Manassas Gap, an engagement ensued between the rebels and General Spinola's brigade. The enemy was routed by a charge from the Union troops, and driven some distance, and dis- lodged from heights which they had occupied. General Meade with the main army now came up; and preparations J Lincoln's administration. 287 were made for a general battle. But during the night the enemy disappeared from the scene of conflict. General Spinola was severely wounded in the battle. 37. Skirmishes between detachments of the two armies were of frequent occurrence, the first of importance occur- ring in October, at Bristoe Station. General Meade moved his army from Culpepper, to the north side of the Rappa- hannock. On the march, the rear guard was attacked by the rebels. After a spirited contest, the enemy was re- pulsed. Another engagement ensued (Oct. 19), between the rebel cavalry and the Union forces at Buckland Mills. The rebel forces were defeated and driven to Gainesville, at which place troops in great force were drawn up in line of battle. A battle ensued, in which the Union troops lost two hundred men, and a number of wagons and valuable documents. 38. In November, *" Generals Sedgwick and French, attacked the enemy at Rappahannock Station and Kelly's Ford, captured several redoubts, four guns, eight battle flags, and about two thousand prisoners. After this battle, the enemy retreated to his old position, south of the Rapi- dun." Shortly after. General Meade with his whole army crossed the Rapidan, and advanced on the enemy. It was found, however, that he was intrenched behind very for- midable works, from which it would have taken time and great loss of life to dislodge him. It was therefore deemed advisable to fall back to the old position, on the line of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. 89. General Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland, after the enemy abandoned Tullahoma, pur- sued his retreatino- forces. General Braa's: now crossed the Official report of General Halleck. 288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee river, 1 863 and made a stand at Chattanooga, which he forti- fied, and threw up defensive works at the crossings of the river. 40. In August, General Rosecrans arrived at the Ten- nessee river, and commenced his attack on Chattanooga. Bridges were prepared, and the army, excepting the cavalry, crossed the river in the face of the enemy. General Thomas, and Generals McCook and Crittenden, seized the passes on Lookout Mountain, and thus threatened the enemy in Chattanooga. That position was soon abandoned by the rebels, and General Crittenden took possession. General Rosecrans, with the remainder of the army, now pressed through the passes of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge. 41. While these events were transpiring in the Army of the Cumberland, General Burnside was actively engaged in East Tennessee. He occupied Knoxville and Kingston, and, by a rapid movement on Cumberland Gap, cut off the retreat of the garrison, which had been attacked by a body of troops from Kentucky. He compelled the surrender of the post, and captured fourteen cannon and two thousand prisoners. Other posts were captured, and East Tennessee was restored to the Union, with little loss or bloodshed. 42. It was the intention of the government, that General Burnside should march with his army to reinforce Rose- crans. General Halleck directed him repeatedly to do so, but as the request was not complied with, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps of the Army of the Potomac were detached, and sent to protect General Rosecrans's line of communica- tion from Nashville to the borders of Alabama and Georgia. Before their arrival, the Union army was assailed by a strong rebel force at Chickamauga, Tenn. The battle commenced Lincoln's administration. 289 on the 19th of September, by an attack on the left wing, commanded by General Thomas. Failing ia their attempts, the rebels next attacked the centre, which was under the command of Greneral Crittenden, and at first drove it back. But, being reinforced, it regained the lost ground. 43. On the 20th, the battle was renewed, by a furious attack on the left and centre of the Union army. All the attempts of the assailants on the left were bravely met by General Thomas, who repulsed them in three successive charges. They were more successful in their attacks, on the centre, which they now assailed with great fury, and on their first charge drove the division commanded by General Davis before them, and pushing on by this openiug, cut ofi" the right and a part of the centre from that portion of the army commanded by General Thomas. 44. That brave general was now left to bear the whole fury of the battle, as *''The divisions commanded by McCook and Crittenden fled in confusion from the field, carrying with them their commander, also General Rose- craus, who was on that part of the line." General Garfield, by a circuitous route, joined General Thomas, and later in the day, General Granger, with a strong body of reserves, came to his assistance. The battle now raged fiercely for the possession of a mountain gorge. Steadman's brigade of cavalry defended the pass, and cut down the rebels with fearful slaughter. 45. About sunset they made their final charge, but were repulsed by the bayonets of the Union men, before whom they gave way and abandoned the contest. Repeated attempts had been made to carry General Thomas's position * General Halleck's official report. 25* 290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. without success, and at nightfall the enemy with- drew, leaving him victorious on this hard-fjught battle-field. That night, however, he withdrew his torn and shattered forces to Rossville, and the following night to Chattanooga. The enemy claimed this as a victory, as they remained in possession of the field. 46. In Texas, Greneral Banks took possession of Browns- ville, on the Bio Gi-rande, the rebels having evacuated the town on the approach of the Union forces. General Geary sustained a severe night attack on his camp, in the valley of the Wauhatchie. He gallantly repulsed the assailants, not, however, without the loss of many of his brave war- riors, among whom was his son, Lieutenant Geary. On the 2od of November, an attack was commenced on the enemy near Chattanooga. The attack was made at two o'clock, and the rifle-pits and two hills occupied by the Union troops. On the following day. General Sherman crossed the Tennessee river, and captured the northern extremity of Missionary Bidge. On the 25th, General Hooker, in command of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps, captured the north slope of Lookout Mountain. X>uring the night. General Bragg evacuated the summit of the mountain, and the Union troops took possession. Seve- ral attempts were made to capture Missionary Bidge, which were finally successful, and the enemy fled discomfited and utterly routed. Three thousand prisoners were captured, also fifty-two cannon, five thousand small arms^ and ten flags. 47. The day succeeding the battle the pursuit of the enemy commenced, and was continued ten miles beyond Chickamauga. The enemy made a stand at Binggold, but were repulsed after a severe engagement, with the loss of four guns and three hundred prisoners. General Burn- Lincoln's administration. 291 side, witli his army, was besieo-ed in Knoxvillc, Tenn., by the rebel army under Longstreet. The siege commenced October 17th, and continued with much skirmishing until November 29th, when the rebel general made a fierce assault on the Union works. Both sides fought ■with reckless daring, and determined bravery. The battle commenced at ten o'clock at night, and continued till day- light, when the firing ceased. The enemy lost more than seven hundred men, killed, wounded, and prisoners, while the Union loss was slight in comparison. 48. Soon after the rebel army was repulsed at Knoxville, Longstreet abandoned Tennessee, and retreated to Virginia. He was pursued by Sherman's and Foster's cavalry. His cavalry was attacked in one of the passes of the Clinch river mountains, and the pursuit continued until the enemy escaped through the mountain gap into Virginia. 49. On the assembling of Congress, the President trans- mitted his annual message, accompanied by a proclamation offering pardon and amnesty to those persons who partici- pated in the rebellion, on their taking an oath " to faith- iully support, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and abide by and support all laws of Con- gress passed during the rebellion with reference to slaves, so long as said laws shall not be repealed by Congress, or held void by decision of the Supreme Court." * All civil or diplomatic agents of the so-called Confederate govern- ment, were excepted from the terms of this proclamation. 50. The Secretary of War, in his annual report, depicted, in strong language, the inhumanity of the rebel authori- ties in their treatment of prisoners, who were deprived * President Lincoln's Message, Dec. 8tli 1863, 292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of clotiiing, shelter, and food, and died from expo- sure and famine. The exchange of prisoners had been stopped by the rebel government, and it also refused to acknowledge colored troops and their oificers as prisoners of war. * The Secretary bears testimony to the efficiency of colored troops, " as shown at Milliken's Bend, at the assault on Fort Hudson, and the storming of Fort Wagner.'' Questions on the Events of 1863. — 1. "What is said of West Vir- ginia ? 2. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro' ? WHiat is said of General Sherman's attack on Vicksburg? What was done by the enemy at Galveston 1 3. What is said of Arkansas Post ? Of General Burnside ? 4. What is said of the battle at Blackwater river ? What was done by the enemy's iron-clad rams ? 5. Describe the attack on Fort Donelson. By whom was Port Hudson attacked ? 6. What is said of the attack on Charleston ? 7. What prevented the vessels' progress in Charleston Harbor? 8. Describe the battle near Somei'set. What is said of the siege of Washington, N. C. ? 9. Where was General Stoneman sent ? What was now done by General Hooker ? By General Sedgwick ? 10. When was the battle of Chanccllorville fought? Who were the commanders 1 Describe the battle. 1 1. Describe the second day's engagement. Who was killed ? 12. What battle took place on the succeeding day? What was the result 1 13. What was done by General Stoneman? 14. What is said of General Hooker ? 15. What places were captured by General Grant? By General McPherson ? What is said of the battle of Baker's Creek? 16. Who attacked Vicksburg? What were captured? Give an account of the battle of Big Black river ? 17. What was done by Lieutenant Walker, in Yazoo river ? * Secretary Stanton's Official Report. Lincoln's administration. 293 18. What is said of the battle which ensued? Who were the commanders ? 19. Describe the attack on Fort Hudson. WTiat is said of the colored troops ? 20. What is said of the invasion of Maryland ? What battle was fought 1 21. "What is said of General Lee ? What places were captured ? What was done by General Hooker ? 22. Who was now appointed commander of the army ? What towns were occupied by the enemy ? 23. What states prepared for the invaders ? Where were troops assembled ? Who was killed in the first engagement ? Who now took command? 24. What Avas done by General Meade ? Describe the battle. 25. What was done by General Slocum? Who commanded the enemy ? Describe the battle. 26. What did General Lee do? What is said of the attack? What effect was produced by General Webb's troops ? What did the enemy now do 1 What did General Lee do after the battle of Gettysburg ? 27. When was Vicksburg surrendered ? Who commanded the respective armies ? What were the trophies ? What effect was produced by the surrender of Port Hudson ? Repeat note under this paragraph. 28. What other battle took place on the 4th of .July ? What was done in Tennessee ? 29. Describe the siege of Jackson. Who were the commanders ? 30. What is said of the engagement between Morgan and Shac- klcford ? 31. What did the President call for ? When did the draft com- mence ? What took place in New York ? 32. What was done by General Gillmore ? Describe the attack on Fort Sumter ? 33. Give an account of the fleet, of iron-clads ? What is said of the bombardment of Charleston ? 34. What is said of the expedition sent against the Indians ? 35. By whom was the town of Lawrence attacked ? Who attacked the robbers ? 29-1: HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 38. What is said of General Lee's movements after the battle of Gettysburg ? Of General Meade ? 37. Describe the battle at Buckland Mills. 38. What was done by Generals Sedgwick and French ? By General Meade ? 39. What was done by General Rosecrans ? General Bragg ? 40. What is said of the advance of the army on the Tennessee river ? 41. What was done by General Burnside in East Tennessee? 42. What corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac ? W^here were they sent ? Give an account of the battle of Chicka- mauga. 43. What was now done by the enemy ? General Thomas ? What was the result of the attack on General Davis ? 44. Who was now left to bear the whole fm-y of battle ? What is said of the other divisions ? Who came to the assistance of General Thomas ? What is said of Steadman's brigade ? 45. What is said of the final charge of the enemy? When did General Thomas withdraw his forces, and to what places 1 46. What is said of General Banks? General Geary? What is said of the attack on the enemy near Chattanooga ? General Sherman? General Hooker ? General Bragg ? 47. What is said of the engagement at Ringgold ? Of the siege of Knoxville ? 48. What did General Longstreet do after his repulse at Knox- ville ? 49. What was offered by the President's proclamation ? Who were excepted ? 50. What is said of the treatment of Union prisoners ? Of colored troops ? EVENTS OF 1864. 1. Early in January, a force of three hundred Union troops at Jonesville, Ala., was attacked by a large force of rebels, and, after a desperate fight, compelled Lincoln's administration. 295 to surrender. A surprise and skirmish took place near Strawberry Plains, Tenn., resulting in the cap- ture of the whole rebel party, including the commander, Major-General Vance. The cavalry under General Sturgis gained a victory over the enemy's cavalry in East Tennessee. The battle lasted from daylight to four o'clock p. m., when the enemy was completely routed, and driven from the field. 2. An expedition sent out from Chattanooga, to dislodge the rebels posted at Tunnel Hill, was successful. The enemy's troops were driven from the town, and pursued some distance. Suffolk, Virginia, was captured after a brief struggle with the enemy. In North Carolina, twenty- three Union prisoners were hanged by the rebels, under the pretence that they had been in the service of the Con- federate government. Great indignation was expressed by the inhabitants at these murders. 3. On the 17th of March, General Grant assumed the command of the armies of the United States, he having been previously appointed Lieutenant-General. This rank was justly conferred on him, in consideration of his services and ability as a commander, and his distinguished military successes. Admiral Porter, with his fleet, appeared off the town of Alexandria, La., and demanded its surrender. As his force was too strong to be resisted, the demand was com- plied with without resistance on the part of the garrison. General A. J. Smith's forces had disembarked from the fleet on the previous day (March 14th), and captured Fort Dc Russey. General Banks was commander-in-chief of the troops. 4. A cavalry expedition, conducted by General Kilpatriek, occasioned great alarm to the people of Richmond. The soldiers in their march destroyed military stores, canals, railroads, and everything which would strengthen and uphold 293 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the rebel cause, dasliing up to the very entrance of Kichmond. But the alarm had spread, the rebels were prepared for the inroad, and General Kilpatrick with his brave soldiers returned to camp. Colonel Dahlgren, of the advance guard, was slain in an attempt to rejoin the main body, from which, with a small party, he had been separated. He was a brave man and an excellent officer, and his fall was much regretted by the friends of the Union. 5. Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi river, was attacked by a large force of rebels under Forrest, and stormed after a gallant resistance. Immediately after the capture of the fort, an indiscriminate massacre ensued. The assailants shot down the unarmed and unresisting soldiers both white and black, and in many instances massacred the wounded. According to General Sherman's report, three hundred colored troops were inhumanly murdered after all resistance had ceased. The town of Paducah, Kentucky, was attacked by a rebel force, who drove the pickets into the town. The rebel General Buford then sent in a flag of truce, request- ing the removal of the women and children. The enemy's troops then drew up in line of battle, when the fort opened fire, and compelled them to retreat. 6. The Bed Biver expedition continued on its course after the capture of Alexandria, and soon took possession of Natchitoches, where General Banks established his head- quarters. On the 7th of April, the Union cavalry, near Grand Ecore, after a skirmish with the rebels and driving them for several miles, came on a large force in a strong position. The enemy was dislodged by the Union troops, and driven off the field. The next morning, the battle was renewed by an attack on the rebel troops, who met in strong force, and the engagement was fierce and bloody. The Lincoln's administration-. 297 rebels made a desperate charge in masses, and drove the Union troops back for nearly four miles, but ^re checked by two advancing brigades under General Emery. In this engagement, the enemy captured the Chi- cago Battery. 7. That night, the Union troops were withdrawn to Pleasant Hill, without the enemy's being aware of the movement. The battle was resumed on the following day (April 9th), on a large common near the town of Pleasant Hill. The Union forces were drawn up in order of battle, and awaited the attack of the enemy until five o'clock in the afternoon. Skirmishing had been going on through the day, but now the enemy came down in three lines to a general attack on the Union army. Soon the action became general, with the exception of General Smith's Division, which held its fire in reserve until the enemy came almost to the muzzles of the guns, when a sheet of flame flashed along the line, and hundreds fell before the destructive fire. Before the rebels could recover from the shock, the word "Charge" was given, and the whole army was precipitated on the rebels, who fled to the woods in confusion and dis- may. 8. The disasters of the Bed River expedition and the Fort Pillow massacre, were followed by the capture of Plymouth, N. C. The commander, General Wessels, and his troops, resisted for three days the attack of the rebels by land and water, but were at last overpowered by numbers and obliged to surrender. After the capture, the unresist- ing colored soldiers were murdered by the rebels. Soon after the capture of Plymouth, Washington, one of the strongest fortified places in North Carolina, was evacuated by order of General Butler. 9. Early in May, the Army of the Potomac crossed the 26 298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Eapidaii, and marched on the lines of the enemy. On the 5th, the expected encounter began at the " Wilderness," near Orange Court House. The divisions of the army were led by G-enerals Warren, Hancock, and Sedgwick, the whole being under General Meade. About noon, the action became general, and continued until late in the afternoon. The battle was resumed at daylight the next morning. General Hancock with his fine corps was severely pressed during the early part of the day, by Longstreet and his numerous forces. Twice he was driven back, and twice he repulsed the enemy, until at last he was relieved by General Burnside. 10. Later in the day, the rebel General Hill attacked Sedgwick's right, with great force and impetuosity, and compelled it to give way. But the corps was quickly re- formod by the gallant Sedgwick, and in turn rushed on the rebels, driving them from the breastworks. During the night. General Lee with his whole army fell back about twelve miles, leaving his dead and wounded on the field. On the 7th, he reached Spottsylvania Court House, closely pursued by the L^nion army. General Wadsworth was killed in the action, after deeds of great bravery, and Major- General Sedgwick also fell in the battle at Spottsylvania. His death was much lamented in the army and by the country at large. 11. While these battles were in progress, the city of Fredericksburg was taken possession of by the Union troops. General Butler, during these events, was harassing the enemy between Petersburg and Richmond, and General Sheridan, with a force of cavalry, destroying the enemy's works, public stores, and munitions of war. 12. General Crook, in the valley of the Shenandoah, fought three battles with the rebel forces, gaining com- Lincoln's administration. 299 plete victories. General Sherman continued his march through Georgia. A battle was fought at Kesaca, by General Hooker. His troops made a deter- mined charge which was successful, the enemy was repulsed, and that night abandoned the town, which was taken posses- sion of by the Union troops. After the capture of this post. General Sherman successively took possession of Kingston, Rome, Cassville, and the line of the Etowah river. 13. After the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, Lee fell back with his whole army. Generals Hancock and Warren immediately followed in full pursuit. A battle was fought near the Chickahominy, the enemy repulsed, and the rebel General J. S. B. Stewart killed. General Butler was also engaged with a portion of the army, in harassing the enemy in the vicinity of Petersburg. After Sheridan's successful expedition, he united his forces with those of General Butler, on the James river. 14. On the south side of the river. General Kautz, with a body of cavalry, destroj^ed the railroad connecting Rich- mond and Petersburg, and several miles of the railroad connecting Petersburg with Weldon, in North Carolina. This destruction of the various railroads leading to Rich- mond, was effected to prevent the transportation of troops and supplies for recruiting the rebel army and furnishing them with military stores. 15. In Georgia, General Sherman, with his victorious army, made a steady progress. On the 8th of June, he had advanced to Ackworth Station, having full possession of the line of railroad, to within a mile of Marietta. The enemy soon after evacuated the town, and General Sherman took possession. A severe battle took place at Kenesaw Mountain. The enemy being strongly posted in the nioun- 300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tain pass, it was determined to storm his works at the point of the bayonet. Some shot and shell were discharged, when five thousand men rushed impetu- ously to the charge. The rebels opened a dreadful fire, but the Union troops rushed on till they carried the first line of the rebei works. 16. An advance was now made on the second line of the enemy's works, and the assailants were again confronted with a deadly fire. They were several times repulsed, again rallied, and again advanced. They pushed forward to the foot of a perpendicular cliff. Here the rebels were so strongly posted that the troops could not dislodge them, and were compelled to retire with great loss. General Harker, in this engagement, fell mortally wounded. 17. Soon after this repulse. General Sherman, by a flank movement, compelled the enemy to evacuate his strong posi- tion, and the Union troops took possession. After the array occupied Marietta, it continued its advance towards Atlanta. Here the enemy had thrown up fortifications, and made a determined stand. In July, a severe battle was fought at Proctor's Creek. The Union forces were commanded by General Howard, and were completely vic- torious. 18. We now return to the Army of the Potomac. Soon after the battle of Spottsylvania, General Grant executed a flank movement, pushing on towards Richmond. He crossed the North Anna, before the enemy could intercept or oppose him. Lee, alarmed for the safety of the rebel capital, moved forward for its defence, while General Grant successively crossed the Pamunkey, Chickahominy, and the James rivers. After crossing the latter river, the Union forces attacked the rebels near Harrison's Landing, and drove them into the fortifications. A charge was then 1804. ' Lincoln's administration. 301 made, and the entire line of works taken, with six- teen guns and three hundred prisoners. In the afternoon, Burnside and Hancock made a combined attack on the enemy's works, and a desperate struggle lasting till dark ensued. The next morning, the attack was renewed, and a large number of prisoners captured. General Biruey made an attack on a part of the works, and drove the enemy from a strong position. 19. The attacks on the outer line of fortifications were successful, but the inner line resisted all attempts of the assailants. While the army was engaged in constant at- tacks on the enemy's works, detachments were sent out to destroy the railroads which formed the connection between positions held by the rebels. Two. battles were fought, near Cold Harbor, with indecisive results and great loss of life. 20. Among those successful in destroying the enemy's railroads, we must record the name of General Wilson, who with a body of cavalry, tore up the Petersburg and Weldon road, and then moved to the road connecting Petersburg with Lynchburg. 21. General Sheridan, after a hard fought battle with the enemy, at Trevillian Station, on the Virginia Central Railroad, gained a victory. General Hunter achieved a victory over the rebels beyond Staunton, Va. The rebel general Jones was killed in the engagement. After the battle. General Hunter with his troops occupied the town of Staunton. 22. The piratical cruiser, Alabama, had inflicted a great amount of damage on American commerce. She had attacked, captured, and destroyed a large number of mer- chant vessels, and for nearly three years eluded all efforts made by the vessels of the navy to intercept her. In June, 26* 302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. she refitted in the port of Cherboura^, France, and 1804. . thence steamed out to attack the United States steamer Kearsarge, which awaited her coming ten miles from the French coast. An engagement ensued, continuing a little over an hour, when the Alabama endeavored to escape toward the land, in a disabled and sinking condition. Soon after she sunk in the depths of the ocean, leaving her crew struggling in the water. Most of them were rescued. The pirate captain was taken up by the boat of an English vessel, and thus escaped capture. Captain Winslow, the victorious commander, received the thanks of the Secretary of the Navy for his gallant achievement. 23. Generals Wilson and Kautz, who had been sent to destroy the Danville j-ailroad, succeeded in the objects of their expeditix)n. The road was destroyed for a distance of sixty miles, but the rebel troops attacked them in force, causing great loss both of artillery and men. General Wil- son brought away about four hundred contraband slaves, and a large number of horses. At one time he w^as sur- rounded, and his only means of escape was through an almost impenetrable swamp. The Sixth Corps was sent to his assistance, and the enemy repulsed. 24, While General Grant was lying before Petersburg, a large rebel force under General Early, attacked * Martins- burg, which was occupied by a small force, who were com- pelled to retreat. The enemy soon after attacked Harper's Ferry, which was defended by General Weber. They soon after invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania, and sent out parties in search of plunder. In Hagerstown and other places, the inhabitants were compelled to pay a large sum of money to save their towns from being burnt. A party * Martinsburg, Berkley county, Virginia. Lincoln's administration. 303 of guerillas dashed into tlie town shortly after this stipulation, plundered the inhabitants, and set fire to a number of buildings. Another party plundered and burnt Chambersburg, Pa. ' 25. A regular battle betweeen the forces under General Wallace, and the rebel forces, took place at Monocacy, Md., commencing at nine o'clock A. M., and closing at five in the afternoon, when the Union forces were compelled to retreat. The rebels now cut the railroads between Baltimore and Ilarrisburg, and at Magnolia Station, on the Philadelphia road. Here they plundered a passenger train, and captured General Franklin, who was a passenger. That gentleman, however, had the good fortune to make his escape from the marauders, soon afterwards. The rebels occupied Frederick, exacted the sum of $250,000 from the citizens, and threatened to destroy the city if payment were not made. 26. The rebel raiders now invaded the District of Colum- bia, and skirmishes ensued, one of which took place on the Seventh Street road, but a few miles from Washington. Soon after, the assembling of large bodies of troops for the defence of the capital, compelled the raiders to return to Virginia. In Mississippi, General A. J. Smith fought a succession of battles with the rebel General Forrest, de- feating him in all of them. In Virginia, General Averili attacked and defeated Early, killing and wounding three hundred of his officers and men, and capturing caunon, small arms, and two hundred prisoners. 27. In West Virginia, the enemy was defeated by Gene- ral Kelly, at New Creek, and compelled to leave the state; but while the people of Maryland and Pennsylvania were rejoicing over the retreat of the rebels, a sudden irruption into Ilagerstown, brought consternation and terror with it 304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. But after remainiuo; a short time in the state, the 1864. rebels as suddenly retired to the Valley of the Shenandoah, carrying off a large amount of plunder. 28. General Hood, commanding the rebels at Atlanta, made an attack on the Fifteenth Army Coi'ps, General Logan (July 28th). The skirmishing commenced early in the morning, and after driving in the pickets, the enemy marched up towards General Logan's fortifications. They met with no opposition until they had advanced within two hundred yards of the lines, when they were encountered with a terrific storm of cannon and musketry, from which the survivors fled in dismay and terror. A second charge was made, the fighting being carried on with great fury, but without avail. In two hours from the commencement of the battle, the field was cleared of all but the dead, the dying, and the wounded. 29. General Sherman, having left the Twentieth Corps at the Chatahoochie bridge, marched south and broke up twelve miles of the West Point Railroad, and advanced towards the Macon road. The right. General Howard, was near Jonesborough ; the left, General Schofield, near Rough and Ready. The centre was commanded by General Thomas. The enemy attacked General Howard, and was repulsed, leaving his dead and wounded on the field. Gene- ral Sherman then advanced the left and centre on the railroad, which they broke for about eight miles, and then assaulted the enemy at Jonesborough. 30. The works here were carried, and General Gorman "and two thousand prisoners taken. Hood, finding his rail- roads destroyed, and his supplies cut off, destroyed his ammunition cars and locomotives, and evacuated Atlanta the same night. On the day following (Sept. 2d), General Slocum took possession of the city. The country had to il Lincoln's administration. 305 deplore the death of General McPherson, who fell in the attack on Atlanta. He was succeeded in the command by General Logan. At the time of these successes of General Sherman, the naval forces achieved brilliant victories in the harbor of Mobile, by the capture of Forts Powell, Gaines, and Morgan. Great praise is due to Admiral Farragut, and Generals Canby and Granger. 31. The band of the notorious rebel leader Morgan, was attacked at Bull's Gap, Tenn., by General Gillem, and totally routed. Morgan himself being killed in the engage- ment. A battle took place (Sept. 3d), at Berryville, in the Shenandoah Valley, between General Crook's command and the rebels, resulting in the defeat of the latter with great loss. A large rebel force at Dutch Gap, twelve miles from Richmond, was attacked by General Hancock's army corps, and routed with the loss of five hundred prisoners, and five pieces of artillery. 32. General Sheridan attacked General Early at Opequan Creek, Va., and after a desperate engagement, lasting from early in the morning until five o'clock in the evening, com- pletely defeated him, drove the enemy through Winchester, and captured two thousand five hundred prisoners, five pieces of artillery, and nine battle-flags. General Russell was killed in the battle, also the rebel generals Rhodes and Goodwin. Great praise was awarded to Generals Wright, Crook, Emory, and Torbert, and their officers and men. This was a very important victory, as it broke the power of rebellion in the Shenandoah Valley, and prevented all invasions into the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. 33. After this victory, General Sheridan continued his pursuit of the flying enemy. Another battle took place at Fisher's Hill, a strong position on the north fork of the Shenandoah, extending across the Strasburg Valley, to the 30G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. North Mountains. General Crook attacked the 1 864:. left of the enemy's line, carrying everything before him. The Sixth and Nineteenth Army Corps attacked the rebel works in front, and the enemy fled in the utmost con- fusion. The battle commenced at four o'clock in the after- noon, and the official report says : " Only the darkness saved the whole of Early's army from total destruction." 34. These victories were followed up by Sheridan's cavalry occupying Staunton and Waynesborough. Early was pursued so closely and unremittingly, that he left the valley and escaped to the mountains. Sheridan kept up the pursuit to Port Hepublic. Another battle took place at Strasburg. On General Sheridan's return to that place, a large force of the enemy's cavalry hung on the rear of his army. He halted, and attacked the enemy at da^^break (Oct. 9). The attack was commenced by Generals Custer and Merritt. The rebels were repulsed and fled, pursued by the troops through the town of Mount Jackson, and across the north fork of the Shenandoah. They lost eleven cannon, and three hundred and fifty prisoners. 35. General Grant and his army were actively engaged in front of Petersburg, cutting off" the enemy's supplies, and destroying the railroads and other facilities of communica- tion. In September, General Ord advanced his corps, and carried the strong fortifications and line of intrenchmesits below Chapia's Farm. General Birney also advanced, and carried the New Market road and intrenchments. Soon after, General Meade drove the enemy from the first two lines of defences on the Squirrel Level road, within four miles of Petersburg. In October, the enemy attacked General Kautz's cavalry, and drove them back. The rebels then attacked General Birney, and were repulsed with great loss. General Birney pursued them^ and drove them from Lincoln's administration. 307 the intrencliments which had been taken from General Kautz. 86. General Sheridan's army was attacked (Oct. 19th), at Cedar Creek,* before daylight, and its left turned and driven back with the loss of twenty pieces of cannon. General Sheridan was at Winchester at the commencement of the battle, and, on his hurried return, found his forces had been driven four miles. He quickly united the corps, and formed a compact line of battle to repulse an attack of the enemy. This was eiFected, and at three o'clock he attacked the enemy, driving and routing his forces, captur- ing forty- three cannon, and two thousand prisoners. Dis- aster was thus changed into victory. 37. The rebel steamer Florida, with fifty-eight men and twelve officers, was captured in the Bay of St. Salvador, Brazil, by the United States steam sloop Wachuset, Com- mander Collins. A battle was fought in October, near Kansas City, in which Price's army was defeated, and pur- sued for several miles. On the 31st of October, slavery by the voluntary action of the people ceased for ever in Maryland. At the presidential election held in November, Mr. Lincoln was re-elected by a large majority, and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee was elected Vice President. 38. In East Tennessee, General Gillem fought a san- guinary battle with Breckenridge's forces, completely rout- ing them, and driving Vaughn's brigade a long distance. An entire battery was captured. An attack was made by a large body of rebels on the fort at Altoona, Ga. The fort was bravely defended by General Corse, and after a severe assault lasting five hours, the assailants were repulsed. * Cedar Creek, in Frederick county, Virginia, between Winchester and Strasburtr. 308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Knoxville, Tenn., which had been besieged by 1864- n J Longstreet, was relieved by the arrival of General Sherman's cavalry. The rebels then raised the siege, and retreated through the mountain passes into Virginia and North Carolina. 39. On the 15th of December, General Thomas attacked the enemy near Nashville, drove his forces eight miles, and captured two trains of wagons, nearly one thousand pri- soners, and sixteen pieces of artillery. The battle was re- newed the following day, and the enemy driven from every position. During the night. General Hood withdrew from the river, and took a position covering the Hillsboro' and other turnpikes. He was soon driven from the first line, but the second was obstinately contested. It was finally taken, and two thousand men, including General Jackson, became prisoners. The Union loss did not exceed three hundred men, during this hard-fought engagement. 40. The general in his official report, acknowledges the co-operation of the gunboats under Lieutenant Commander Fitch, in driving the enemy from his established batteries on the Cumberland river, below Nashville. After the battle of Nashville, General Thomas continued his pursuit of the flying enemy for several days. Hood's army retreated in great confusion and disorder from Franklin, Tenn., to the Duck river, and thence to the Tennessee river, where with the remains of his once large army, he escaped utter destruction at the hands of General Thomas, and the pur- suing Army of the Cumberland. In this campaign he lost seventeen thousand men, fifty-one cannon, and eighteen general officers. 41. But the most wonderful feature of the year, was General Sherman's march of three hundred miles through the heart of the enemy's country, and the complete success Lincoln's administration. 309 of his expedition. From Atlanta to Savannali his army marched steadily, and without hindrance or obstruction. He destroyed all the railroads by which the enemy might transport his armies, and sweeping through the country by a track sixty miles in width, carried his victorious standard from the mountain peaks of Alabama and Georgia, to the shores of the Atlantic. In conjunction with a naval force, be captured Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee river, and then laid siege to Savannah. This city was occupiod by General Hardee, and a large body of forces. 42. But the rebel leader did not await an assault. On the night of December 20th, he abandoned the city, escap- ing with the main body of his infantry, and eight pieces of artillery, after blowing up the iron-clad vessels, and burning the Navy Yard. General Sherman occupied the city on the morning of the 21st, and his despatch announc- ing his peaceable occupation of the city, added greatly to the Christmas rejoicings throughout the whole country. The captures included eight hundred prisoners, one hundred and fifty cannon, locomotives, cars, thirty-three thousand bales of cotton, and a large supply of military stores. General Geary was appointed military governor. 43. The North Atlantic squadron, commanded by Admi- ral D. D. Porter, made an attack on Fort Fisher, N. C, on the 24th of December, commencing at eleven o'clock. The whole fleet successively bombarded the fort, and in little over an hour silenced its batteries. The following morning the battle was resumed, and while the fleet attacked the fort, General Butler landed a body of troops to attack it on the inland side. In conjunction with General Weitzel, he captured two batteries, and a number of ofiicers and men. General Weitzel advanced to within fifty yards of 27 110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1864 siege. Fort Fislier, but found the works too strong to be captured, except by the operations of a regular General Butler therefore ordered the troops to re- embark, as he *" could see nothing further that could be done by the land forces." 44. The bombardment of Fort Fisher, and the unsuc- cessful attempt to capture that strong post, closed the naval and military operations of the year, a year marked with so many signal successes, that the friends of the Union looked forward with confidence to the overthrow of the rebellion, and the close of the war. During the year, two prominent public men died, viz.^ Chief Justice Taney, and Hon. George M. Dallas. Judge Taney had for many years occupied the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to which position he was appointed by President Jackson. Mr. Dallas was Vice President of the United States during Mr. Polk's administration. The territory of Nevada was organized as a state, and admitted into the Union. This state is in the far Vv'est, and forms the thirty-sixth in its order of admission. Questions on theEvmts q/" 1864. — 1. What took place at Jonesville, Ala. ? Strawberry Plains, Teun. ? What is said of a battle in East Tennessee? 2. What towns were captured? What murders were committed in North Carolina? 3. What rank was conferred on General Grant ? What com- mand did he assume ? What was done by Admiral Porter ? General A. J. Smith's forces ? 4. What is said of General Kilpatrick's cavalry raid ? Colonel Dahlgren ? 5. What is said of Fort Pillow ? Who commanded the assail- ants ? What is said of the massacre ? * General Butler's official report. Lincoln's administration. 311 6. Wliat is said of tlie Eed Eiver expedition ? Describe the battle. 7. Describe the battle of Pleasant Hill. 8. What town was captured by the enemy? Describe the attack. What is said of the colored troops ? What town Avas evacuated by the Union troops ? 9. A^Hiat did the Army of the Potomac do in May ? What battle e-isued ? Who led the divisions of the army ? What is said of General Hancock ? 10. What is said of General Sedgwick's corps ? General Lee ? What generals were killed at Spottsylvania ? 11. What city was captured bv the Union troops? What was done by General Butler and General vSheridan ? 12. What was done by General Crook? General Sherman? Wliat is said of the battle of Eesaca 1 13. WTiat did General Lee do after the battle of Spottsylvania? What general was killed at Chickahominy ? 14. What was done by General Kautz? 15. What places were taken possession of in Georgia? Describe the battle of Kenesaw Mountain. 16. What was the result? AVho was mortally wounded? 17. What was now done by General Sherman ? Towards what place did the army advance ? What was the result of the battle of Proctor's Creek? 18. What did General Grant do soon after the battle of Spottsyl- vania ? What rivers were crossed by the army in this march ? When did General Grant attack the enemy ? Give the result. What was done by Generals Bumside and Hnncock ? 19. What is said of the battle of Cold Harbor? 20. What was done by General Wilson ? 21. What is said of the battle of Trevillian Station ? What toAvn was taken by General Hunter ? 22. What was done by the Alabama ? When and where was she attacked ? How long did the engagement last ? What was the result ? What is said of the piratical captain ? What is said of Captain WinsloAV ? 23. What is said of General Wilson ? 312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 24. What was done by General Early ? What states were invaded by the rebels ? What towns were plundered 1 25. Describe the battle at Monocacy. Who M-as the Union general? What was done by the rebels at Magnolia Station ? 26. What is said of General A. J. Smith's battles with General Forrest 1 General AA^erill ? 27. What was done by General Kelly in West Virg inia 28. Describe General Hood's attack on General Logan's fortifi- cations, and the result. 29. Who was attacked by the enemy near Jonesborough ? What was now done by General Sherman ? 30. What was captured at Jonesborough ? What was done by General Hood 1 What general took possession of Atlanta ? What general was killed in the attack ? 31. By whom was Morgan's band attacked, and what Avas the result ? What is said of the battle at Berryville ? Dutch Gap ? 32. Describe the battle at Opequan Creek. Who were the com- manders ? What generals were killed ? What generals deserved great praise ? Why was tliis an important victory ? 33. Describe the battle of Fisher's Hill. 34. What places were occupied by Sheridan ? What was General Early compelled to do ? What other battle took place, and Avho commenced the attack 1 Through what towns did the enemy flee ? 35. What was done by General' Ord in September? General Birney ? General Meade ? 36. Where was Sheridan's army attacked ? State the result. Where was General Sheridan at the time ? How far did the enemy drive his forces ? What was done by Sheridan on his return ? What did he capture 1 37. By whom Avas the rebel steamer Florida captured, and when ? What battle was fought in which Price's army was en- gaged ? Who was elected President and Vice-President ? 38. What battle took place in East Tennessee? What fort was attacked ? How was Knoxville relieved ? 39. Give an account of the battle near Nashville. 40. Y/hat was done by the gunboats ? What is said of Hood and his army ? Lincoln's administration. 313 41. What is said of General Sherman's march ? VH^at fort was captured ? What city besieged 1 42. When Avas Savannah abandoned? What did the captures include ? Who was made military gOA-ernor of the city? 43. Describe the attack on Fort Fisher. 44. What prominent public men died this year ? What state was admitted into the Union? EVENTS OF 1S65. 1. The most important military event in the 1S65. month of January, was the assault and capture of Fort Fisher. This strong fortress, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear river, formed the chief defence of the harbor of Wilmington, N. C, the sole remaining harbor open to blockade runners, and a great depot of military store? for the Confederate government. 2. The assault on the fort was commenced by the fleet under Commodore Porter, on the 14th, by throwing im- mense numbers of shells, and battering the walls. On the 15th, a direct ass^ault by the land forces, consisting of Greneral Ames's division, and a brigade of the Twenty-ninth Army Corps, assisted by two thousand sailors and marines from the fleet. The garrison maintained a fierce and stub- born defence, but were at last comnelled to yield to the superior force of the assailants. 3. The losses in this severely contested battle were heavy on both sides, but the loss of this fort was a heavy blow to the enemy. Twenty-five hundred prisoners and seventy- four cannon were captured, and great praise was awarded to General Terry, for his management of the expedition. Both General Terry and Commodore Porter received the 27* 314 nisToay of the united states. thciiiks of tlie government. Tlie enemy now blew up Forts Campbell and Caswell, and abandoned tlieir otlier defences on Cape Fear river. 4. Early in January, General Butler was removed from the department of Virginia and Nortli Carolina, and Gene- ral Ord was appointed to succeed him. Hon. Edward Everett, long distinguished as a statesman and scholar, died on the 15th of the month, and the customary public respects were paid to his memory. General Grierson, in Mississippi, captured the town of Egypt, on the Mobile and Ohio Eailroad, and took possession of a large quantity of military stores. The pirate vessel Shenandoah inflicted great damage on our commerce, by capturing and burning our merchant vessels on the coast of Brazil. 5. Both Houses of Congress adopted an Amendment to the Constitution, by which slaver}^ is abolished, and for- bidcfen ever to exist in the territory of the United States (Jan. 31st). Said amendment was submitted to the several states for their approval or rejection. The passage of this act was approved by the President, and hailed with joy by the lovers of freedom throughout the civilized world. 6. Early in February, the army in Virginia moved for- ward. A severe fight took place at Hatcher's run, between the advanced guard, and the enemy who were strongly posted. The Fifth Corps, overpowered . with the strong force of the enemy, were compelled to give way, and to fall back on their works. Here, however, they rallied, and, advancing on the rebels, drove them back. 7. G-eneral Sherman, and his victorious army, marched through South Carolina, successively capturing Branchville, Orangeburg, and Kiagsville, and arrived at Columbia, which was captured (Feb. 17th). Charleston and all its defeuces^ with four hundred and fifty cannon, and a supply Lincoln's administration. 315 of ammunition, came into the possessioD of tlie Union troops on tlie 21st of February. Tlie prin- cipal inhabitants and the troops having evacuated the city, the Mayor formally surrendered it to the troops who first entered and took possession, and after a period of four years the National flag again waved from its public buildings, to the great joy of ail true patriots. 8. Fort Anderson, N. C., the principal remaining defence of Wilmington, was captured (Feb. 19th) by General Scho- field and Admiral Porter. The evacuation was hastened by a successful stratagem on the part of the Navy, which consisted of sending in at night, a vessel resembling an iron-clad monitor, which floated past the fort, impressing the garrison with an idea that they were cut ofi" by land and water. They, therefore, hastily escaped, leaving their guns uuspiked and their ammunition uninjured. 9. On the same day, Camden, S. C, was occupied by General Sherman's forces. The evacuation of Fort Ander- son was soon followed by the fall of Wilmington, that city being taken possession of by General Terry's victorious troops, on the 22d of February, Washington's birth-day. After these important captures of the ports of North and South Carolina, the fleet was relieved from the blockade, and resumed active operations. Fort White was captured, after bombardment by Admiral Dahlgren, and a detachment of marines and sailors landed and took possession of George- town (Feb. 25th). 10. A battle between General Sheridan and General Early was fought at Fishersville, in which the rebels were defeated, and forty officers, thirteen hundred men, eight cannon, and one hundred guns were captured. General Sheridan then took possession of Gharlotteville, and sent out detachments to destroy the enemy's railroads and mili- 316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tary stores. This accomplislied, lie rejoined the main army under General Grant. 11. President Lincoln entered on his second term of office on the 4th of March, and with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, elected Vice President, was solemnly inaugu- rated. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice Chase. The President read his inaugural address, closing with these words : '- With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. '' 12. After General Sherman left Columbia and resumed his march, a battle was fought at Averysboro', between Gape Fear and South rivers, in which the Union army was victorious. Another battle took place at Bentonsville, N. C, with like success. On the 12th of March, the army reached Fayetteville, and on the 21st, Goldsboro' was occu- pied by the advance under General Schofield without opposition. Here General Sherman's army went into camp for the purpose of rest from their fatiguing march, part through swamps and morasses for five hundred miles, and in order to obtain supplies for their further progress. 13. Fort Steadman, on Appomattox river, was suddenly and strongly assaulted (Mar. 25th), and captured by the enemy. After a sharp contest between Grant's troops, who now marched to the scene of conflict, the fort was retaken, and with it a thousand prisoners. The contest continued through the day, resulting in the defeat of the enemy, and the capture of a large number of prisoners. On the 29th, the combined armies of the James and the Potomac, Lincoln's administration". 817 advanced from their respective positions, crossed Hatclier's run, and drove tlie enemy before thein for five miles. 14. On the 31st, the enemy drove General Grant's left wing back some distance, when it rallied, and in turn re- pulsed the enemy. After three days of hard fighting, Sheridan's troo|3S carried all before them, capturing three brigades of infantry, a wagou train, and several batteries of artillery. ff)n the 2d of April, General Grant ordered an attack along the whole line of the enemj^'s works, and Generals Parke, Wright, and Ord broke through the in- trenchments, capturing guns, forts, and prisoners. The battle lasted all day, and the troops having taken all the outer defences of Petersburg, advanced to the inner line, formed in the streets of the city, 15. But there was no further contest. At ten o'clock that night, the rebel troops commenced the evacuation of Peters- burg, and early next morning it was surrendered by the Mayor and City Council, to Grant's victorious troops (April 3d). Richmond was evacuated the same day, and General Weitzel moved at daylight for its occupation. He met with no opposition, and was greeted with a hearty welcome by the people. The army entered the city with the band playing " Yankee Doodle," and the no less popular air of '" Shouting the Battle Cry of Freedom." It is almost need- less to say, that the poor famished inmates of Libby prison were at once set free, and clothed and fed. 16. But the army did not remain long in Richmond. Leaving a sufHcient guard, the main body followed, in rapid pursuit, Lee's retreating army. On the 6th, the rebel army, who had made a stand at " Burke's Station," was attacked by General Sheridan, and routed after a shjirp engagement. Several thousand prisoners were captured, dlB HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and amone; tliem, Generals Ewell and Custis Lee, The same day, anotlier engagement took place at Deatsonville, when the enemy was driven to the Appo- mattox. 17. Negotiations between General Grant and Gen'eral Lee were opened, ending with the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia (April 9th), on the terms proposed by General Grant. The officers and men were paroled, and the arms, artillery, and public property surrendered to tha Government of the United States. The fall of Richmond, and surrender of Lee's army, were hailed with great rejoic- ing by all loyal citizens, and looked on as the end of war and the overthrow of rebellion. 18. General Sherman now left Goldsboro*, and struck out for Johnston's army. On the 13th, Raleigh was cap- tured with but little fighting, and soon after Salisbury was taken by General Stoneman, with immense quantities of artillery, ammunition, and supplies. Proclamation was now made by the President, that all drafting and recruiting for the army should cease. While these events were transpir- ing, the siege of Mobile was ended by its surrender. On the 9th of April, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely were cap- tured, and on the 12th, Mobile surrendered to General Canby. 19. On the 14th of April, the flag of the Union was raised over the ruins of Fort Sumter. Four years pre- viously it had been hauled down, and its brave commander compelled to evacuate the post he had so gallantly defended. The same brave soldier, General Anderson, was appointed to restore the flag to the proud position it then occupied, and to unfurl the stars and stripes of our National Union to the winds of Heaven. 20. And now the most sorrowful event in our history Lincoln's administration. 319 must be recorded — the murder of our wise and 1865. good President. On the 14th of April, in the evening, Mr. Lincoln, with his wife and others, attended Ford's Theatre in Washington. While enjoying the per- formance, and suspecting no danger, he was shot in the back of the head by a miscreant with a pistol ball. The murderer fied from the theatre, leaped on a horse in wait- ing and escaped. The President was removed to a neigh- boring house, in an insensible condition, and died on the following morning. The night of the President's murder, Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, was attacked in his bed by a ruffian, stabbed and severely wounded. His son, who went to his rescue, was also assailed, and severely injured. 21. On the day of the President's death, Mr. Johnson, Vice President, was called on to perform his duties, and took the oath of office. The whole land was filled with mourning, and the President's body was taken to his home at Springfield, attended by thousands who loved his name and revered his memory. Booth, the murderer, was, soon after the sad event, killed by a sergeant, while attempting to fire on the capturing party ; and four others convicted of being accessary to the murder, were hanged. 22. President Johnson offered $100,000 reward for the arrest of Jeiferson Pavis, who was soon after captured, v/hile trying to escape in female apparel. Greneral Johnston was now obliged to surrender all the forces under his command to General Sherman. These consisted of four armies, amounting to twenty-seven thousand four hundred men. Early in May, General Dick Taylor surrendered his army to General Canby, and on the 26th, General Kirby Smith also surrendered his entire command to the same officer. This closed all armed resistance to the government, with the exception of a pirate vessel, the Shenandoah, which 320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. continued capturing our vessels for several mo/iths, not closing her infamous career till November.'*' And now, as the closing act of this great struggle to sup- press rebellion, a grand review of the troops of the two great armies of Grant and Sherman, took place in Wash- ington on the 24th of May. Nearly two hundred thousand brave men marched through the streets, on their way from the bloody battle-fields of the South, to the pursuits of peaceful industry, and from War's " stern alarms," to enjoy the blessings of peace, and the delights of Home. Questions on the Events of 1865. — 1. What is said of Fort Fisher? 2. Describe the first day's assault. What land forces were engaged the second day ? 3. What were captured ? Who received thanks from the gorern- mcnt ? 4. Who succeeded General Butler 1 What is said of Edward Everett ? General Gricrson ? 5. What amendment to the Constitution ? To whom was the amendment submitted ? 6. Where did a battle take place ? Describe it. 7. What places were captured by General Sherman? What is said of Charleston ? 8. By whom was Fort Anderson captured '? 9. What is said of Camden ? Wilmington? The fleet ? Fort White and Georgetown ? 10. What is said of the battle of Fishersville ? WHiat was done by General Sheridan after the battle 1 11. When did President Lincoln enter on his second term of office ? Who Avas elected Yice-President ? Recite the passage from the inaugural. 12. What battles were fought after General Sherman renewed *The Shenandoah was surrendered, Nov. 1865, to an English laan-of-war in the Mersey river. Lincoln's administration. 321 his march ? What was done by General Sherman's army at Fayettevillc ? How far had the troops marched ? 13. What is said of Fort Steadman ? AVliat was done by the armies on the 29th of March ? 14. What was done by the enemy 7 By General Sheridan? What was effected by a general attack ? 15. What was now done by the rebel troops ? AVhat is now said of Petersburg ? Who took possession of Richmond, and when^ 16. Where did Lee's retreating army make a stand? Describe the battle and its results. 17. When did Lee surrender? 18. What town was captured by General Sherman ? By General Stoneman ? What forts and city surrendered to General Canby ? 19. When and by whom was the American flag raised at Fort Sumter ? 20. What sorrowful event is recorded ? When did the President die ? 21. Who succeeded to his office, and when ? What is said of the murderers .' 22. What is said of Jciferson Davis? General Johnston? What other rebel generals surrendered ? Wliat is said of the Shenandoah ? THE END. CHKONOLOGY. 1'192 Discovery of America. 1497 Cabot discovers the American continent. 1498 Sebastian Cabot's discoveries. 1501 Cortereal's expedition. 1512 Florida discovered. 1521 Spaniards attempt a settlement. 1524 Verrazani explores the coast. 1534 Cartier discovers the St. Lawrence. 1535 Sails up the river and names Montreal. 1539 De Soto invades Florida. 1540 Battle with the natives. 1541 Discovery of the Mississippi. 1542 Death of De Soto. 1549 Spaniards attempt to settle in Florida. 1562 Settlement at Port Royal, S. C. 1564 Settlement at St. John's River. 1565 St. Augustine settled. 1583 Gilbert's voyage. 1584 Raleigh sends out two vessels. •' Virginia named. 1585 Settlement at Roanoke. 1587 Second colony at Roanoke. 1602 Discovery of Cape Cod. 1606 London and Plymouth companies. 1607 Jamestown settled. 1609 Discovery of the Hudson. 1613 New York settled. 1614 Captain Smith names New England 19* (i) 11 CHRONOLOGY. 1618 Trading station at Bergen, N. J. 1620 Plymouth settled. " Negro slavery introduced in Virginia. 1622 Indian massacre. 1623 New Hampshire settled. " Fort Nassau, N. J., built. 1628 Salem, Mass., settled. 1631 Settlement near Lewes, Del. 1632 Lord Baltimore obtains a charter. 1633 Fort at Hartford built, 1634 St. Mary's, Md., settled. 1685 Windsor and Weathersfield settled. 1636 Governor Harvey deposed. " Hartford founded. 1637 Pequod War. 1638 New Haven founded. " Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport settled. 1641 New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts. 1643 Union of New England colonies. " Swedes settle at Tinicum, Pa. 1644 Indian War in Virginia. 1651 Dutch build Fort Casimir. 1652 Maine annexed to Massachusetts. 1 658 Bergen permanently settled. 1 661 Settlement on Cape Fear River. 1663 Settlement at Albemarle. " St. Genevieve settled. 1664 New Netherlands surrendered. 1 665 New Jersey named. 1668 Michigan first settled. 1670 First English settlement in South Carolina 1673 New York surrenders to the Dutch. 1675 King Philip's War. 1676 Lord Berkley sells West New Jersey. " Andross governor of New York. ♦« Death of King Philip. '* Lord Baltimore dies. 1678 Culpepper's insurrection. CHRONOLOGY. lU 1680 Charleston settled. 1G81 English settlers land in Pennsylvania. 1 682 Philadelphia founded by William Pena. '* East New Jersey sold. " Delaware joined to Pennsylvania. 1685 Arkansas settled, " Andross governor of New England. 1686 Illinois settled. 1688 .lames II. dethroned. 1690 Maryland becomes a royal province. " St. Antonio de Bexar settled. " Indiana settled. 1697 Treaty of Ryswick. 1699 Louisiana settled. 1701 Penn's new frame of government. 1702 East and West New Jersey united. " Delaware separates from Pennsylvania. " Queen Anne's War. " Siege of St. Augustine. 1704 Deerfield burned. 1705 Governor Moore defeats the Indians. 1706 Charleston attacked. " War with the Yamasees. 1710 Capture of Port Royal, N. S. 1711 Admiral Walker's iieet wrecked. " War with the Tuscaroras. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht 1716 Natchez settled. 1718 Death of William Penn. 1722 Fort Oswego built. 1725 Vermont settled. 1731 Fortress at Crown Point built, 1732 Charter granted for Georgia. 1733 Settlement of Savannah. 1736 The French build Fort Niagara. " Oglethorpe builds Fort St. George. 1740 Oglethorpe invades Florida. 1742 Spaniards invade Georgia. IT CHRO: