■ ^H H ■ ■ i»\:J2#Xl ■ ■ ■ Glass Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT .1 SquiWs Atlas of The Official Drugs BY WILLIAM MANSFIELD, A.M., Phar.D. Dean aDd Professor of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Union University, Department of Pharmacy. Albany, N. Y.; Late Professor of Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Columbia University, and Botanist and Pharmacognosist to E. R. Squibb & Sons: etc. Published by E. R. SQUIBB & SONS New York b° «^1 Copyright. 1919, by E. R, Squibb & Sons MAR -5 1919 CLA5124S3 PREFACE SQUIBB 'S ATLAS OF THE OFFICIAL DRUGS is a complete, up-to-date, trustworthy handbook on pharmacognosy. Pharmacognosy in its broadest signification is a knowledge of drugs, whether healing or noxious. It has been made to include all remedies, not only those in a natural state but also those changed by art. This latter inclusive meaning is designated more correctly by pharmacology, and the best present-day usage limits pharmacognosy to one branch of pharmacology, namely, a knowledge of crude drugs. The importance of a knowledge of crude drugs (pharmacognosy) to the physician, and especially to the pharmacist, cannot be overestimated. It is true that the day when the physician gathered or bought roots and leaves, and himself prepared his remedies from them, has gone. He now has at hand elegant preparations made in large laboratories. In this, how- ever, may be a danger. Too often the pharmacist al- lows low price rather than quality to appeal to him, and too often the physician is content to use without question what is offered by the manufacturer. A knowledge of the nature and of the therapeutic value of the crude drugs used as the basis for the remedies in question would have dispelled an illusion finan- cially detrimental and injurious to reputation. It has been urged, however, and with some degree of truth, that, without an unwarranted expenditure of time, a working knowledge of pharmacognosy cannot be had, 3 as it must be sought out from much which is of use to the specialist only. To provide pharmacists and physicians and students of pharmacy and of medicine with a handbook on pharmacognosy, one which should be complete, yet at the same time clear, concise and with its matter in a form easy to get at and to use, has been our object in publishing this Atlas. Squibb 's Atlas of The Official Drugs, then, has the following characteristics : 1. It is complete but does not burden the usar with matter of no interest to him. It confines itself to the living materia medica, to the standardized drugs of the United States Pharmacopoeia and of the National Formulary; so all that is mentioned in Squibb 's Atlas is of worth. 2. It classifies and groups the drugs so as to permit ready reference. 3. It systematizes all descriptions, so that the in- formation contained therein is easily remembered. 4. It provides a working photograph of each drug, so that by the eye the description is made clearer and easily comprehended, while there is gained informa- tion which no verbal description could convey. 5. The introduction to each chapter contains an ex- planation of the terms used in describing each class of drugs. 6. A glossary of botanical terms is added, giving direct information to the student and affording the professional man an opportunity to refresh his memory. The author is convinced by years of practical work and teaching that the most logical method of classify- ing drugs is by separating them into groups accord- ing to the part or parts used, i.e., roots, barks, etc. Such a classification enables the student and phar- 4 macist more easily to recognize and memorize the diagnostic characteristics of each drug. Under each drug are given its title, abbreviation, English name, synonyms, botanical origin, part or parts used, permissible limits of impurities, assay, habitat, description (including odor and taste), and official preparations, if any. The descriptions of the drugs of a group have been systematized so that they all begin and end in the same sequence. Each description is complete, yet free from unnecessary technical terms, and care has been taken to include such new facts as are indispensable to the selection of pure drugs. All the photographs are made from original ma- terial selected and arranged by the author. In the case of starch, lycopodium, etc., the plates are made from drawings by the author. In preparing the plates care has been taken to have every part of the descrip- tion illustrated, so that the reader has a pictorial as well as a written description of each official drug. In selecting and arranging the material preparatory to photographing, it frequently has been necessary to ex- amine hundreds of samples and tons of drugs in order to make the photographs typical and at the same time to show the normal variation in form. In most cases separate photographs and descriptions are given of each drug, even though in some instances the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary group these drugs under one title. The introduction to each chapter sets forth the plan of study of each group and includes illustrations of the terms used in describing the individual drugs of that chapter. In a work on pharmacognosy the use of technical terms is unavoidable, but the introductions to the chapters will sufficiently explain their meaning and obviate any difficulties in this respect, while the glos- sary will give further help in understanding the terms used. The author is indebted to Messrs. E. R. Squibb & Sons for their generosity in the matter of illustrations and general execution of the book, inasmuch as they have provided the very best products of the photog- raphers' and engravers' arts. It is hoped that Squibb 's Atlas, for the preparation of which years of work have been required, will stimu- late the interest of both pharmacists and physicians in the nature and genuineness of the drugs they use and will awaken the members of each of these profes- sions to the necessity for using only genuine drugs. William Mansfield Union University, Department of Pharmacy, Albany College of Pharmacy. CONTENTS Chapter I . . Koots Chapter II . . Rhizomes Chapter Ill . . Roots and Rhizomes Chapter IV . . Tuberous Roots, Bulbs, and Corms Chapter V . . Barks Chapter VI . . Woods Chapter VII . . Stems Chapter VIII . . Plants Chapter IX . . Herbs Chapter X . . Leaves and Flowering Tops Chapter XI . . Leaf Buds, Leaflets, and Leaves Chapter XII . . . Flower Buds, Flowers, Flower Heads, and Parts of Flowers Chapter XIII . . . Fruits and Parts of Fruits Chapter XIV . . . Seeds and Parts of Seeds Chapter XV . . . Alg.e and Fungi Chapter XVI . . . Spores, non-glandular and glandular hairs and excres- CENCES 7 Chapter XVII . . . Starch, Gums, Sugars, and MUCHAGE Chapter XVIII . . . R ESINS , Gum ResinSj Balsams> Balsamic Resins and Oleo- RESINS Chapter XIX .. . Latex, Dried Juices, Extracts and Camphors Chapter XX . . . Drugs of Animal Origin Appendix Useful Tables, Glossary, As- says, etc. Index CHAPTER I ROOTS IN the study of roots the following must be consid- ered: Occurrence, size, type, nature, stem bases and scars, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, cambium or endodermis, wood or central cylin- der, pith, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. This refers to the condition of the root, whether entire, as parsley; or broken, as bella- donna ; or cut. If cut, the sections may be transverse, as in bryony; or oblique, as in calumba; or longitudi- nal, as in spikenard. 2. Size. The length may vary from a few milli- meters, as in the broken pieces of most roots, to a meter or more, as in Mexican sarsaparilla. The diame- ter may vary from 1 mm., as in Virginia snakeroot, to 9.7 cm., as in Phytolacca. 3. Type. This refers to the position of the root, whether vertical, usual position, as in pyrethrum; or oblique, as in senega; or horizontal, as in senega. In most roots with numerous branches, both horizontal and oblique types occur. 4. Nature. This refers to the shape of the root, whether simple, as in pyrethrum; or branched, as in senega; or straight, as in stillingia; or twisted, as in American burdock ; or crooked, as in Rio ipecac. 5. Stem Bases and Scars. This refers to the re- mains of stems, as in Peruvian krameria, and to scars, as in burdock. The stems may be short, as in scam- mony; or long, as in ipecac. The stem scars may be small, as in senega ; or large, as in pyrethrum. 6. Texture. The texture may be non-fibrous, as in parsley; starchy, as in bryony; resinous, as in pyre- thrum ; waxy, as in the cut surface of pareira ; granu- 9 lar, as in asclepias; horny, as in European burdock; fibrous, as in phytolacca ; waxy and fibrous, as in ipe- cac; starchy and fibrous, as in sarsaparilla ; resinous and fibrous, as in baptisia; granular and fibrous, as in krameria. 7. Color. The color refers to the outer surface of the drug. The most common shades are the grays, yel- lows, browns and reds. The color of the different drugs is given under the description, and the variation is fairly uniform. The color of drugs is important, because it is a criterion of quality. Off-color indicates improper collecting, drying, shipping or storing of drugs. Experience in handling drugs is necessary in order to acquire a knowledge of color values. 8. Surface markings. The surface is furrowed when it has sharply denned, parallel elevations and depressions, as in Mexican sarsaparilla. Furrows may form straight parallel lines, as in Mexican sarsapa- rilla, or they may be spirally arranged, as in scam- mony root. The surface is wrinkled when it is irregu- larly contracted into furrows, as in bryony and in pyrethrum. The surface is fissured when it has nar- row openings caused by the separation of the tissues. The fissures may be shallow, as in stillingia, or deep, as in Savanilla krameria and in Carthagena ipecac. The surface is sunken when it is depressed because of the shrinking of the inner tissue, as in jalap; cleft when it has irregular openings caused by the separa- tion of the tissues, as in Russian licorice; split when it has longitudinal breaks in the tissue caused by cut- ting it into pieces, as in berberis and in gelsemium: keeled when it has a longitudinal ridge or elevation of the cortex, beginning at the crown and extending toward the root, as in senega ; annulated when it has transverse parallel elevations or outgrowths of tissue. It may be incompletely annulate, as in phytolacca : or completely annulate, as in parsley root. The surface is nodulated when it is extended as a rounded, knot- like mass of tissue, as in wild yam ; abraded when the outer layers have been removed by the friction result- ing from handling and transporting the drug, as in 10 belladonna root; smooth when it has no perceptible projections or depressions, as in cut sections of bella- donna root. 9. Fracture. The term fracture refers to the man- ner in which a root breaks when it is subjected to sufficient pressure. In determining the fracture, place the drug between the thumbs and the two adjacent fingers. Press the thumbs outward until they come together. If the drug breaks clear across it has a complete fracture. Belladonna root, and most roots, in fact, have a complete fracture. If the drug breaks only part way, it has an incomplete fracture. All the sarsaparillas and spikenard have an incomplete frac- ture. When the root is too tenacious to be fractured, the broken surface is spoken of. Pareira is so tena- cious that it requires a sharp blow of a hammer or a hatchet to break the surface. If the root bends instead of breaking when subjected to pressure, it has no frac- ture or is fractureless, as the roots of the convallaria, caulophyllum, aletris and helonias. Drugs with a complete fracture or an incomplete fracture or a broken surface are divided into seven groups: (1) Those having a very weak, brittle fracture, as the roots of American angelica, senega, spigelia and ser- pentaria; (2) those having a weak, brittle fracture, as parsley root; (3) those having a brittle fracture, as the roots of burdock, rumex and belladonna; (4) those having & tough fracture, as pyrethrum; (5) those hav- ing a strong, tough fracture, as licorice, stillingia and echinacea; (6) those having a very strong, tough frac- ture, as Phytolacca; (7) those which are too tough to be fractured, but are breakable, as pareira, asclepias, hydrangea, krameria and scammony. In a few drugs the cortex is brittle and the wood is tough, as in Rio ipecac, Carthagena ipecac, the kramerias and baptisia. When a fracture is made, the nature of the fractured surface should be observed. It is concordat if the surface is curved; even, if the surface is plain; un- even, if the surface is rough; and hackly, if the sur- face is sharp and jagged. These terms are combined with the classifications of brittle and tough fractures 11 to denote fractures. Calumba has a brittle, concordat fracture; senega has a very weak, brittle, even frac- ture; burdock has a brittle, uneven fracture; hy- drangea has a very strong, tough, hackly fracture. Fracture is an aid to the identification of drugs ; there- fore it should be kept in mind when drugs are se- lected. Many drugs when exposed to moisture will absorb water and become pliable. This is caused by the softening of the tissue by the absorbed water. Parsley root is an example of such a drug. When parsley root is pliable it contains an excess of mois- ture ; it is, therefore, deficient in strength and is likely to become mouldy. Fracture, or lack of fracture, is in most cases a criterion of the quality of the drug. 10. Outline. The outline of roots refers to the form of the oblique, or longitudinal, or cross sections of the root. In most roots the outlines are,— cylindrical, as in krameria ; in others it is nearly circular, as in stil- lingia; or oval, as in calumba; or rectangular, as in Phytolacca; or irregular, as in rumex; or as in cross- sections of most cut roots, as in belladonna root. The outline may also be wavy, as in scammony root. 11. Cortex. The cortex includes everything out- side the cambium or endodermis. When the cortex is studied, the diameter, the color, and the markings must be considered. The diameter varies from 1 mm., as in senega, to 6 mm., as in calumba. For every drug there is a fairly uniform maximum diameter — i.e., the cortex of roots growing under normal conditions does not exceed a certain diameter. The ratio of the diameter of the cortex to that of the central cylinder should also be kept in mind. In the majority of roots the central cylinder or wood is thicker than the cortex. This point is well illustrated in krameria and in Carthagena ipecac. In other roots, the cortex is thicker than the central cylinder. The color of the cortex, which is given under the description of each drug, varies in different roots. Frequently the cortex is of one color and the wood of another, as in krameria. The markings, or macroscopic structures, of the cortex must be kept in mind. The cortex of European angelica 12 has prominent round resin cavities with resin ; parsley has less distinct resin cavities ; the cortex of stillingia root also has small resin cells; the cortex of calumba is radiate ; baptisia is less distinctly radiate ; the cortex of althaea has concentric lines composed of mucilage cells. Many roots have no characteristic markings in the cortex. 12. Cambium. The cambium increases the growth "(diameter) of the root by the addition of new cells to the wood and to the cortex. The cambium zone occurs between the cortex and the wood. It is usually very distinct, as in belladonna ; or indistinct, as in baptisia. In the latter case the cortex appears to come directly in contact with the wood. It should be remembered, however, that a cambium zone is present even if not distinguishable. 13. Endodermis. Endodermis is a term applied to a layer of cells surrounding the central conducting strand (stele) of roots and rhizomes of plants having one seed leaf (monocotyledonous plants). Such an en- dodermis is faintly seen in the cross-section of Mexi- can sarsaparilla root. 14. Wood. The wood includes everything within the cambium zone, as in calumba. When the wood is studied, its diameter, its color, and its markings should be considered. The diameter varies from less than 2 mm., as in Rio ipecac, to 10.5 cm., as in the sections of a large bryony root. The color of the wood, which is given under the description, varies in differ- ent roots. An odd case of coloring occurs in krameria, the central portion of which is darker than the outer ; and in pyrethrum, the radiate portion of which is yel- low. It differs in many cases from the color of the cortex, as in calumba. The markings of the wood are frequently diagnostic. The wood of belladonna and rumex is finely radiate; pyrethrum is prominently radiate ; calumba is interruptedly radiate. The wood of Phytolacca is divided into concentric zones. The wood of senega has a Y-shaped, undeveloped portion. The wood of scammony has a mottled surface caused by alternating masses of yellowish conducting tissue 13 and light-colored parenchymatic tissue. Longitudinal sections of the wood of Phytolacca have parallel ridges. In krameria and other roots the wood has no characteristic markings. The pith may be of small diameter, as in pareira ; or of large diameter, as in ca- lumba. In European burdock it is hollow or cleft. 15. Central Cylinder. The central cylinder is everything within the endodermis. In the sarsapa- rillas it is porous. 16. Odor. In order to judge of the genuineness of many drugs a knowledge of odors is necessary. This knowledge is acquired only by considerable practice in smelling drugs. It is impossible to describe an odor so minutely that one unfamiliar with a drug can rec- ognize it from a description of its odor, or to distin- guish between two odorous drugs by the description alone. Most drugs with characteristic odors give off aromatic or volatile constituents. Drugs giving off such volatile constituents are called aromatic drugs. The odors of aromatic drugs differ in kind as well as in degree. When one has learned to associate a par- ticular odor with a certain drug, odors become, as it were, diagnostic. Odors are qualified as faint or strong, pleasing or displeasing, and pungent. There are several roots with characteristic odors. These are parsley, inula, belladonna. There are many roots, such as belladonna, phytolacca, the sarsaparillas, the kramerias, wild yam and pleurisy, which have no characteristic or pronounced odor. These are classed as odorless roots. 17. Taste. The taste of many drugs is characteris- tic; and since many drugs have similar tastes, it is possible to classify them according to taste. Taste may be simple— i.e., one taste only; or complex— i.e., two or more tastes, (a) Simple Tastes. The important simple tastes are mucilaginous, starchy, sweet, bitter, astringent, pungent, acrid, tingling and aromatic. Of the official roots, lappa has a mucilaginous taste ; stil- lingia, a starchy taste ; licorice, a sweet taste ; calumba, a bitter taste ; krameria, an astringent taste ; wild in- digo, a pungent taste; pyrethrum, senega, and stil- 14 lingia, acrid tastes ; echinacea, a tingling taste ; inula, an aromatic taste, (b) Complex Tastes. Several roots have complex tastes. In each case the first taste ex- perienced is placed first, the second taste placed sec- ond, etc. Parsley has a sweet, pleasingly aromatic taste; althaea, a starchy, sweet, mucilaginous taste; sarsaparilla, a starchy, mucilaginous, sweet and acrid taste. Both the simple and complex tastes may be qualified — i.e., weakly or strongly acrid, etc. ; and the aromatic taste may be classed as pleasingly or dis- agreeably aromatic, as well as weakly and strongly aromatic. It should be remembered, however, that taste is an aid to, and not a positive means of, identifying the average drug. 15 SARSAPARILLA-MEXICAN 1, A typical curved and twisted root. 2, A cut root show- ing the woody central cylinder. 3, Furrowed surface of the root. 4, Cross-section of the root showing the endodermis. 16 SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. (1) Mexican Sarsaparilla English name : Sarsaparilla. Synonyms: Mexican Sarsaparilla, Gray Sarsaparilla. Botanical origin: Smilax medica Chamisso and Schlechtendal. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used: Root. Impurities : None given in the Pharmacopoeia. Assay: None given. . Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Tropical America, Mexico and Vera Cruz. Description : Mexican sarsaparilla comes to market in the form of bales wound with three or four wire bands. The bales are composed of a great number of separate clusters of roots attached to a crown which bears several stem bases. The crown frequently has 150 roots attached to it. The stems are angled and thorny, and the surface is smooth and yellowish white. The crown is gnarled, hard, and woody. The stem and crown must not be used. The dirt stems and crowns make up about 25 per cent, of the drug. The roots are tortuous and variable in diameter; the larger roots have a maximum diameter of 6 mm. A few of the roots have rootlets. The texture is very slightly starchy and fibrous. The color varies from light brownish gray to nearlv black. The blackness is caused by adhering particles of soil. The surface is deeply furrowed longitudinally. The fracture of the cortex is brittle, even, and complete; of the central cylinder, tough and half-complete. The outline is irregular and wavy. The cortex is less starchy than the other sarsaparillas, and it frequently has cavities near the central cylinder, from which it separates in drying. The central cylinder is brownish yellow and porous. The pith is grayish white and starchy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly starchy, mucilaginous, sweet and acrid. Constituents: Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, vola- tile oil, pectin, etc. Preparations : Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparillas Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 17 SARSAPARILLA-HONDURAS 1, A large branch. 2, A small rootlet. 3, Shallow furrows. IS SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. (2) Honduras Sarsaparilla English name: Sarsaparilla. Synonyms: Honduras Sarsaparilla, Brown Sarsa- parilla. Botanical origin: Smilax officinalis Kunth, or an un- determined species of smilax. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used: Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Tropical America, Honduras and adjacent territory. Description : Honduras sarsaparilla comes to market in the form of bales, par- tially covered by two pieces of hide laced together with thongs of hide. These bales contain about 50 rolls. The individual rolls measure up to 75 cm. in length and up to 10 cm. in diameter. They are composed of roots folded lengthwise and wound tightly with long roots externally to within a few centimeters of the ends of the roll. The roots are tortuous and vary in diameter, the maximum diameter being 5 mm. The individual roots are nearly uniform. A few of the roots have rootlets. The texture is partly starchy and partly woody. The color is dark reddish brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed. The fracture of the bark is brittle, even and complete; of the wood, tough and half-complete. The outline is wavy. The cortex is starchy and thinner than the central cylinder. The color varies from gray to nearly white. The central cylinder is woody, porous, and yellowish brown. The pith forms the greater part of the central cylinder and is grayish white and starchy The odor is not characteristic. The taste is starchy, mucilaginous, slightly sweet and acrid. Constituents : Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, volatile oil, pectin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Decoctum Sarsaparilla? Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla? Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 19 SARSAPARILLA-JAMAICA 1, A typical root with numerous rootlets. 2, A very small rootlet. 3, A cut root, showing the woody central cylinder. 4, Typical furrow. 20 SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. (3) Jamaica Sarsaparilla English name : Sarsaparilla. Synonyms : Jamaica Sarsaparilla, Red Sarsaparilla. Botanical origin: Smilax ornata Hooker filius. (Fam. LiliacecE.) Part used: Root. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given. Ash : 10 per cent, or less. Habitat: Tropical America, Jamaica, Costa Rica. Description : Jamaica sarsaparilla comes to market in burlap bales. The bales are composed of bundles of roots freed from the crown, folded lengthwise, and wound loosely with a long root. The roots are tortuous and have numerous branches with rootlets. Their maximum diameter is 5 mm. The texture is non-starchy or slightly starchy and woody. The color is yellowish or reddish brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed, the furrows being shallow and numerous. The fracture of the cortex is brittle, even and complete; of the central cylinder, tough and half-com- plete. The outline is very irregular and wavy. The cortex is thin and mostly non-starchy. The central cylinder is brownish yellow and porous. The pith is grayish white and starchy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, slightly mucilaginous and acrid. Constituents : Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, volatile oil, pectin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Decoctum Sarsaparillse Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum ; Dose. 2 mils. (30 min.). Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 21 BAPTISIA 1, A typical root with numerous branches. 2, Elevated root scar. 3, Cross-section showing the thick cortex. 4, Longitudinal section. 22 BAPTISIA (Baptis.) N. F. English name : Baptisia. Synonyms : Wild Indigo. Botanical origin: Baptisia tinctoria (Linne) R. Brown. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used: Root. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of the crown and stem or other matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Eastern United States. Description : Baptisia occurs as cut and broken fragments, varying in length arid diameter. The individual roots are simple or branched, and are frequently attached to a -woody crown bearing one or more stem bases. The texture is resinous and -woody. The largest roots have a maximum diameter of 15 mm. The color is light brownish yellow. The surface is finely wrinkled longitudinally and has many elevated root scars. The fracture is tough, strong, uneven and incomplete. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is about one-half as thick as the wood, dark brown, with numerous black resinous cavities, and radiate. The wood is yel- lowish, fibrous, slightly porous and finely radiate. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is strongly bitter, acrid and tingling. Constituents: Ghicosides (baptism, baptin), resin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Baptisiae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 23 KRAMERIA-PERUVIAN 1, Large crown. 2, Clusters of small roots. 3. Older root with rough, scaly surface. 4, Younger root with smooth surface. 5, Light outer zone of wood. 6, Dark central zone of wood. 24 KRAMERIA (Kramer.) N. F. (1) Peruvian Krameria English name : Krameria. Synonyms : Peruvian Rhatany. Botanical origin: Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used: Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 9 per cent, of aqueous extractive. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Peru and Bolivia. Description : Peruvian krameria occurs as whole and broken roots mixed. These are branched and measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 9.5 cm. in diameter at the crown. The crown bears numerous short stem bases, and it tapers into the main root, which has numerous branches. The texture of the cortex is granular ; of the wood, fibrous. The color of the smaller roots is light reddish brown; of the larger roots, dark reddish brown. The surface of the smaller roots is nearly smooth ; of the larger roots, rough and scaly. The fracture of the cortex is very brittle and hackly ; that of the wood, very tough and hackly. The outline of sections of small roots is cylindrical. The cortex is not so thick as that of the Savanilla Krameria. The color is dull reddish brown. The wood has a yellowish brown outer zone and a nearly black central zone. The entire surface may be of a uniform brown color. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is astringent. Constituents : Tannin, starch, gum, wax, coloring mat- ter, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Extractum Krameria?; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Fluidextractum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidglyceratum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Syrupus Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 25 KRAMERIA-SA VANILLA 1, Typical branched root. 2, Large transverse fissure. 3, Root with numerous fissures. 4. Cross-section of root. 26 KRAMERIA (Kramer.) N. F. (2) Savanilla Krameria English name : Krameria. Synonyms: Savanilla Rhatany. Botanical origin: Krameria Ixina Linne. (Fam. Legu- minosce.) Part used : Dried root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 9 per cent, of aqueous extractive. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Mexico and Northern South America. Description : Savanilla krameria occurs as broken pieces of the roots. The roots are simple, rarely branched. They measure up to 13 mm. in diameter. Crowns and stem bases have never been observed. The texture of the bark is granular ; of the wood, fibrous. The color varies from a deep reddish to chocolate brown. The surface has numerous slight longitudinal ridges and transverse fissures, which frequently extend to the wood. The fracture of the cortex is very brittle and even; that of the wood, very tough and hackly. The outline of sections is cylindrical. The cortex is thick, dark chocolate brown, and has no distinctive structure. The wood is yellowish brown and finely fibrous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is strongly astringent. Constituents: Tannin, starch, gum, wax, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Extractum Krameriae; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Fluidextractum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidglyceratum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Syrupus Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 27 PAREIRA 1, A large root with small rootlets. 2, Branched root. 3, Cross-section showing eccentric zones of tissue. 4, Cross- section showing concentric zones of tissue. 5, Cross-sec- tion of small root. 28 PAREIRA (Pareira) N. F. English name: Pareira. Synonyms : Pareira Brava. Botanical origin: Ghondodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pavon. (Fam. Menispermacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Peru, Brazil. Description : Pareira occurs as long transverse pieces. The roots are simple or branched, with few small rootlets. They measure, up to 6.5 cm. in diameter. The stems, which may be present, are cut in long, transverse pieces. They are greenish gray with scattered patches of lichens and with black apothecia (fruiting bodies). The cross-sections show concentric layers of radiating conducting tissue separated by narrow medullary rays. The surface is a dull gray. The texture of the roots is fibrous. The color is a dull brownish black. The surface is rough, with numerous in- complete transverse ridges, or it is nodulated, with irregular de- pressions. The fracture is very strong, tough and hackly. The outline is cylindrical and irregular. The cortex, which is light brown, is very thin and undulate. The wood shows several con- centric or eccentric zones of conducting tissue Separated by concentric zones of parenchymatic tissue. The concentric and eccentric zones of conducting tissue are composed of wedge-shaped masses with large pores (vessels), separated by broad medullary rays filled with starch. The odor is not distinct. The taste is strongly bitter. Constituents: Alkaloid (buxine), fat, starch, gum, tannin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Pareira?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 29 SCAMMONLE RADIX 1, Crown with stem scars and bases. 2, Twisted root with deep furrows. 3, Cross-section showing mottled surface. 4, Fractured surface. SCAMMONLdE RADIX (Scam. Rad.) U. S. P. English name : Scammony Root. Synonyms : None commonly known. Botanical origin: Convolvulus Scammonia Linne. (Fam. Convolvulacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 8 per cent, of the total resins of Scammony Root. Ash : None given. Habitat: Western Asia. Description : Scammony root occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces. The roots are mostly simple and twisted, with few root- lets. They measure up to 43 cm. in length, and up to 4.8 cm. in diameter. The crown is enlarged, and in the older roots it often has twenty-five stem bases or scars. The texture is resinous and fibrous. The color varies from gray to yellow or reddish brown. The surface has longitudinal furrows, which are spiral in the twisted portion of the root. If old, the root scars are slight de- pressions ; if recent, elevations. The fracture is very strong, tough, and uneven. The outline is cylindrical and irregular. The cortex is of unequal thickness, slightly radiate and dark in the region of the cambium. The wood is strongly porous and radiate near the cambium. It has scattered yellowish wood bundles separated by white or yellowish white parenchyma. This gives the wood a mottled appearance. The odor is slightly aro- matic. The taste is slightly sweet and strongly acrid. Constituents: Resin (scammonin), etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Enters into Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum (from resin) ; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Resina Scammoniae ; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). :;i PHYTOLACCA 1, Longitudinal section. 2, A typical cross-section q Fa^^S "°°, dy n° r fibr0US tissue: *. IncompLTerannJ: late surface. 5, Cross-section of small root. 32 PHYTOLACCA (Phytolac.) N. F. English name : Phytolacca. Synonyms : Poke Root, Ink-herry Root. Botanical origin: Phytolacca decandra Linne. (Fam. Phytolaccacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. Habitat: Northeastern, Central and Southern United States. Description : Phytolacca occurs as a mixture of entire, broken, transverse, longitudinal, and oblique sections. The roots vary in length up to 5 dm. and in width up to 9.7 cm. The uncut roots are simple or branched. The texture is coarsely fibrous. The color varies from light yellowish to grayish brown. The surface is irregularly wrinkled longitudinally and incompletely annulate; the ridges are very light yellow. , The fracture is very strong, tough and hackly. The outline is circular or oval and irregular. The cortex is thin and brown. The wood in transverse sections shows concentric ridges of elevated fibrous tissue, between which are sunken masses of parenchymatic tissue; longitudinal sections show parallel ridges of fibrous tissue. The color varies from whitish brown to gray. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet and strongly acrid. Constituents: Resin, tannin, phytolaccin, asparagin, sugar, starch, etc. Dose: Emetic, 1 Gm. (15 grains) ; Alterative, 0.1 Gm. (li/ 2 grains). Preparations : Fluidextr actum Phytolacca; Dose, Emetic, 1 mil (15 min.) ; Alterative, 0.1 mil (1^ min.). 33 STILLINGIA 1, Typical root tapering toward the ends. 2, Stems, which are usually present in the drug. 3, Partially cut root, showing hbrous nature of the cortex. 4. Gross-section showing cortex separated from the wood. 5, Longitudinal section. 6, Cross-section showing concentric and radiate structure. 34 STILLINGIA (Stilling.) U. S. P. English name: Stillingia. Synonyms: Queen's Root, Queen's Delight. Botanical origin: Stillingia sylvatica Linne. (Fam. EuphorMacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities: None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Southern United States, from Virginia to Texas. Description : Stillingia root occurs as a mixture of entire, cut, and as partially cut pieces. The roots are entire or branched. The branches curve upward when dry. The typical root has a smaller diameter at the ends than in the center. It measures up to 45 cm. in length, and up to 3.5 cm. in diameter. The crown frequently bears one or more hard, woody, purplish brown stems. The texture is soft fibrous. The color is dark reddish or chocolate brown. The surface is longitudinally striated and has many shallow trans- verse fissures. The -fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The outline is nearly cylindrical and slightly wavy. The cortex is thick, soft fibrous, and frequently slightly separated from the wood. It is pinkish brown and has numerous dark resin cavi- ties. The wood has a concentric and radiate structure and is pinkish white. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet, acrid and bitter. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, fixed oil, starch, gum, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluid extr actum Stillingiae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractum Stillingiae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fi. dr.). 35 RUMEX-CURLED 1, Twisted root. 2, Transverse and longitudinal sections. 3, Stem of the plant. 4, The thick cortex. 5, Radiate wood. 36 RUMEX N. F. (1) Curled Rumex English name : Rumex. Synonyms : Curled Dock. Botanical origin: Rumex crispus Linne. (Fam. Po- ly gonacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Asia; naturalized in United States and Canada. Description : Curled rumex occurs as entire roots, as transverse, and as longi- tudinal slices. The entire roots are simple or branched and twisted. They measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 25 mm. in diameter. The crown frequently bears a portion of the stem, which is purplish brown, longitudinally striated, and has a large purple pith. The texture of the root is partially fibrous. The color is dark reddish brown. The surface has numerous slightly elevated transverse ridges, longitudinal furrows, and few fine root- lets. The fracture is brittle when the root is dry, but pliable when it is moist. The outline of the cross-sections is very irregu- lar and wavy. The cortex is yellowish brown and finely radiate. The cambium zone is dark brown. The wood has a distinct radial structure composed of numerous yellowish masses of conducting tissues. The pith is light yellow and has numerous scattered iso- » lated strands of conducting tissue. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet, astringent and bitter. Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, tannin, ru- micin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Rumicis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 37 RUMEX— BROAD-LEAVED 1, A twisted, furrowed root, annulate at the crown. 2, Numerous transverse and longitudinal sections. 3, Stems of the plant. 4, Wavy cortex. 5, Wood of irregular diameter. 38 RUMEX N. F. (2) Broad-leaved Rumex English name : Rumex. Synonyms: Yellow Dock Root, Broad-leaved Rumex, Broad-leaved Dock Root. Botanical origin: Rumex obtusifolius Linne. (Fam. Polygonacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia; naturalized in United States and Canada. Description : Broad-leaved rumex occurs as a mixture of entire roots and as transverse or longitudinal sections of roots. The entire roots are simple or branched and twisted, and they measure up to 35 cm. in length and up to 30 mm. in diameter. The stem is striated and purple with fragments of leaf scales; the center is usually hollow. The texture is slightly fibrous. The color is pale yellowish brown. The surface of the roots is mostly free of annulate portions. They are finely furrowed longitudinally and have few fine rootlets or root scars. The fracture is brittle when the root is dry, but pliable when it is moist. The outline of the cross-sections is cylindrical or irregular. The cortex is dark greenish yellow, thick and finely radiate. The cambium zone is nearly black. The wood frequently separates from the cambium upon drying. The outer part is very fibrous and grayish white; the central part is yellow or brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet and astringent. Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, tannin, ru- micin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Rumicis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 39 ALTHiEA 1, Longitudinal section showing dark cambium zone. 2, Longitudinal furrow. 3, Irregular cut pieces. 4, Cross- section showing wavy cortex, dark cambium zone and wood. 40 ALTHJEA U. S. P. English name : Althaea. Synonyms : Marsh Mallow Root, White Mallow Root. Botanical origin: Althcea officinalis Linne (Fam. Mal- vaceae) deprived of the brown, corky layer and small roots. Part used: Root. Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia; cultivated. Description : Althaea occurs as peeled, entire, or as small cut pieces of the peeled root. The roots are simple or branched and straight or twisted. The branches are usually separated when the root is peeled. Entire roots measure up to 35 cm. in length and up to 22 mm. in diameter. Stems have never been observed. The tex- ture is fibrous and starchy. The color varies from gray to yellow- ish white. The surface has numerous long, projecting bast fibers, deep, longitudinal furrows, and many slightly elevated dark brown root scars. The fracture is very tough and uneven. The outline of sections of entire roots is irregular and wavy. The cortex is thick, and when magnified shows fine concentric dark-colored zones of sieve and mucilage tissue. The cambium zone is dark- colored. The wood is indistinctly radiate near the cambium. The central portion appears structureless and starchy. The odor is very slight. The taste is starchy, mucilaginous and sweet. Constituents: Starch, mucilage, pectin, sugar, fat, asparagin (althein), betaine, etc. Preparations : Species Pectoralis N. F. ; Dose, 4 Om. (1 drachm). Syrupus Althseae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils ( 1 fl. dr. ) . 41 ASCLEPIAS 1, Large root with a rough surface and transverse de- pressions. 2, Irregular piece of root with sunken surface. 3, 4, Peeled root showing wavy lines of conducting tissue. 5, Transverse section with concentric and slightly radiate lines. 42 ASCLEPIAS (Asclep.) N. F. English name : Asclepias. Synonyms : Pleurisy Root, Butterfly "Weed Root. Botanical origin: Asclepias tuber vsa Linne. (Fam. Asclepiadacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Northern, Southern, Middle, and Middle Western United States. Description : Asclepias occurs as entire roots, as transverse and oblique slices, or as broken fragments. The roots are simple or rarely branched and have a few small rootlets free of cortex. Entire roots measure up to 26 cm. in length and up to 6 cm. in diameter. Stems are rarely present. They are circular, smooth, and hollow, and have an easily removed cortex. The texture is. fibrous and starchy. The color is orange when recently gathered, but in time changes to light orange, and finally gray. The surface of the younger roots is nearly smooth, while that of the older roots is rough. This rough- ness is caused by the separation of the periderm and by numerous incomplete transverse depressions, caused by the shortening of the length of the root during drying. When the periderm is removed the surface is nearly white with darker-colored wavy lines of con- ducting tissue. Transverse sections show fine concentric and coarser radiating ridges. The fracture is very tough and uneven. The outline is irregularly rounded. The cortex is thin, hard and brittle. The wood has fine concentric and coarser radiating ridges. The color varies from nearly white with yellow conducting tissue to dull gray. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Starch, tannin, albumin, pectin, gum, fat, volatile oil, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Asclepiadis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 43 IPECACUANHA-CARTAGENA 1, A branched root. 2, A large root with numerous ridges and shallow fissures. 3, Stem portion of the plant above and root below. 4, A large fissure. 5, A small rootlet. The cross-section showing the cortex thicker than the wood is unnumbered. 44 IPECACUANHA (Ipecac.) U. S. P. (1) Cartagena Ipecac English name : Ipecac. Synonyms : Cartagena Ipecac, Colombia Ipecac. Botanical origin: Cephaelis acuminata Karsten. (Fam. BubiacecB.) Part used : Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 1.75 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. Ash: Not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 per cent. Habitat: Colombia. Description : Cartagena ipecac occurs as a mixture of entire, and as broken pieces of, roots. These roots are simple and branched and have many fine rootlets. They measure up to 15 cm. in length and up to 8 mm. in diameter. The stems are frequently as large as the roots, and they are very tough and woody. The texture of the cortex of the roots is horny; of the wood, fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface has a few low, incomplete transverse ridges, and a few narrow fissures. The fracture of the cortex is weak, brittle and even ; that of the wood, strong, tough and even. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is grayish brown, horny, and slightly radiate when magnified, and it is thicker than the wood. The wood is yellowish white and finely fibrous. The odor is indistinct. The taste is bitter, nauseous and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (emetine, cephaeline, etc.), starch, sugar, resin, choline, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii ; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (from fluidextract) ; Dose, Expectorant, 1 mil (15 min.); Emetic, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Syrupus Ipecacuanhae et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Vinum Ipecacuanhae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 46 IPECACUANHA-RIO 1, Stem above and root below. 2, Irregular transverse ridge. 3, A broad fissure. 4, Transverse section of the root. 46 IPECACUANHA (Ipecac.) U. S. P. (2) Rio Ipecac English name : Ipecac. Synonyms : Eio Ipecac, Brazilian Ipecac. Botanical origin: Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) A. Richard. (Fam. Rubiaeece.) Part used: Root. Impurities: Xot more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 1.75 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. Ash: Not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 per cent. Habitat: Brazil, Bolivia; cultivated. Description : Rio ipecac occurs as entire or as broken pieces of roots. The roots are simple or branched and much twisted and crooked. They measure up to 18 cm. in length and up to 6 mm. in diame- ter. The stems have a smaller diameter than the roots, and they are very fibrous. The texture of the cortex of the root is waxy; of the wood, fibrous. The color varies from dark brown to nearly black. The surface has numerous incomplete transverse ridges and shallow or broad fissures, which extend to the wood. The outline of cross-sections is irregularly cylindrical. The fracture of the cortex is weak, brittle and even; that of the wood, strong, tough and even. The cortex is as thick as the wood and yellowish white. The cambium zone is dark brown. The wood is yellowish white and finely fibrous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter, nauseous and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (emetine, cephaeline, etc.), starch, sugar, resin, choline, etc. Dose: (Emetic) 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Ipecacuanha? ; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). Pulvis Ipecacuanha? et Opii; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Syrupus Ipecacuanhas (from fluidextract) ; Dose. Expectorant, 1 mil (15 min.) ; Emetic, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Ipecacuanha? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Vinum Ipecacuanha? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 47 PYRETHRUM 1, Broken surface showing radiate ridges. 2, Tuft of white fibers in center of the crown. 3, Crown showing concen- tric lines. 4, Cut longitudinal surface showing wavy line. 5, Root with a large crown. 6, A slightly twisted spindle- shaped root. 48 PYRETHRUM (Pyreth.) U. S. P. English name : Pyrethrum. Synonyms : Pellitory Root, Roman Pyrethrum. Botanical origin: Anacyclus Pyrethrum (Linne) Dc Candolle. (Fam. Compositce.) Part used : Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Northern Africa, Algeria almost wholly. Description : Pyrethrum occurs as whole and broken pieces, varying in length up to 14 cm. and in width up to 15 mm. The roots are mostly simple, slightly twisted, and frequently narrowed at either end. The crown is slightly enlarged, finely annulate, and marked above with projecting fibers. The center is hollow or it contains a tuft of white unicellular hairs. The surface is rough and wrinkled, occasionally longitudinally furrowed. The texture is resinous. The fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The outline is irregu- lar and wavy. The cortex is resinous and dark yellowish brown. The wood is light yellow and marked with dark yellow radiating bands of tissue. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent, acrid and tingling. Constituents : Volatile oil, pyrethrin, tannin, gum, fat, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Pyrethri (used externally). 49 LAPPA-AMERICAN 1, Curved root with a crown and leaf bases. 2, Twisted root with a finely furrowed surface. 3, Longitudinal sec- tion showing partially hollow pith. 4, White hairs in cen- ter of the crown. 5, Larger crown showing concentric ridges. 6, White pith. 50 LAPPA N. F. (1) American Lappa English name : Lappa. Synonyms : Burdock Root, American Burdock. Botanical origin: Arctium minus. (Fam. Com- posite.) Part used: Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Europe and United States. Description : American lappa occurs as a mixture of entire, curved or twisted roots, as longitudinal slices, and as broken pieces. The roots are simple or branched, and they measure up to 25 cm. in length and up to 15 mm. in diameter. The crown is scaly, slightly annu- late, and hollow above. The cavity is filled either with unicellular hairs of undeveloped leaves or with partially developed leaves. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light grayish yellow to dark brown and is rarely abraded. The surface is finely fur- rowed and has few elevated root scars. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline of cross-sections is nearly circular. The cortex is yellowish brown and distinctly radiate. The wood has distinct yellowish radial conducting tissue near the cambium zone and a hollow or solid pith center. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet, mucilaginous and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, inulin, sugar, fat, mucilage, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Lappge. Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 51 LAPPA-EUROPEAN 1, Crown with tuft of white hairs. 2, Longitudinal section showing the white pith and the incurved edges of the cor- tex. 3, Small curved root. 4, Large transverse section. 5, Small transverse section. 52 LAPPA N. F. (2) European Lappa English name : Lappa. Synonyms: Burdock Root, Foreign Burdock, Euro- pean Burdock. Botanical origin: Arctium Lappa Linne. (Fam. Com positce.) Part used : Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None mentioned. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Northern Asia; sparingly natu- ralized in the United States, mostly in the East- ern States. Description : European lappa occurs as entire roots, as longitudinal, and as transverse slices or root. The entire roots are usually simple. They measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 25 mm. in diameter. The crown is slightly annulate, hollow above and fre- quently filled with unicellular hairs of partially developed leaves. The texture is resinous and horny. The color is grayish brown or white where the surface has been abraded. The surface is irregularly longitudinally furrowed, and has slightly elevated root scars. The fracture is very brittle and uneven. The outline of cross-sections of entire roots is cylindrical; of cut slices, irregular. The cortex, which is yellowish gray or brown, is thin and slightly radiate. The cambium zone is blackish brown. The wood is yellowish white near the cambium and radiate. The pith is white and cleft or solid. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, mucilaginous and slightly bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, inulin, sugar, fat, mucilage, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Lappoe; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 53 BELLADONNA RADIX 1, Large root with a finely wrinkled and abraded surface. 2, Stem of the plant. 3, White abraded surface. 4, Dark cambium separating the cortex and wood. 5, White starchy wood. 6, Dark resinous wood. 54 BELLADONNA RADIX (Bellad. Rad.) U. S. P. English name : Belladonna Root. Synonyms : Deadly Nightshade Root. Botanical Origin: Atropa Belladonna Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) Part used: Root. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of its stem bases or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 0.45 per cent, of the total alka- loids of Belladonna Root. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat : Southern and Central Europe ; cultivated in Germany, England, and the United States. Description : Belladonna root occurs as entire or broken fragments, or as longi- tudinal sections, which vary in length up to 30 cm. and in diame- ter up to 2.7 cm. Stem bases are frequently present. They are woody, hollow, annulate and wrinkled. The roots are simple or branched. The texture is starchy, resinous and slightly fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface is longitudinally wrinkled with numerous white patches where the surface has been abraded. The fracture is weak, brittle, and even. The outline of entire roots is cylindrical; of cut roots, very irregular. The cortex is thick, white and starchy, or resinous and dark gray. Most sections show a dark zone in the region of the cambium. The wood is yellow and radiate. The pith is very thick and starchy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Starch, albumin, atrosin, alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.), etc. Dose: 0.045 Gm. (% grain). Preparations : Fluidextractum Belladonna? Radicis; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). Linimentum Belladonna? (from fluidextract). 55 PETROSELINI RADIX 1, Longitudinal section with recurved cortex and ridge of pith. 2, Annulate surface. 3, Transverse section showing round resin cavities. 56 PETROSELINI RADIX (Petrosel. Rad.) N. F. English name : Parsley Root. Synonyms : Garden Parsley, Common Parsley. Botanical origin: Petroselinum sativum Hoffmann. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Root. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Southern Europe; cultivated quite univer- sally. Description : Parsley root occurs as entire, longitudinally cut, and as broken pieces, varying in length up to 25 cm. and in diameter up to 3 cm The crown is cone-shaped, annulate, and scaly. The roots are mostly simple. The texture is non-fibrous. The color is light yellowish brown. The surface is interruptedly annulate, longitudinally wrinkled; the root scars are elevated and slightly depressed in the center. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven when dry, but pliable when moist. The outline varies from nearly cylindrical to very irregular. Sections of longitudi- nal pieces show a prominent wood portion and incurved margins of the cortex. The cortex is yellow brown, and it has scattered reddish brown resin cavities with resin. The wood is light yellow- ish brown with brown resin cavities. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents: Gum, starch, sugar, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Petroselini Radicis Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 57 SENEGA 1, Crown with numerous stem bases. 2, Branch at right angles to the main root. 3, Surface view of the crown. 4, Keel. 5, Broken root, is typical of senega. 6, Undeveloped part of wood which 58 SENEGA (Seneg.) U. S. P. English name : Senega. Synonyms: Seneca Snakeroot, Senega Snakeroot. Botanical origin: Poly gala Senega Linne. (Fam. Polygalacece.) Part used: Root. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, stems and other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Canada, Eastern United States west to Cana- dian Rockies and south to Arkansas and North Carolina. Description : Senega occurs in broken pieces, varying in length up to 29 cm. and in diameter up to 11 mm. at the crown. The crown bears generously, having often as many as 40 stem bases. The stems are of variable length, and they have numerous purple scales. The surface of the crown is purplish black. The root is usually branched and twisted, and the branches frequently grow out at right angles. On a few of the roots there is a keel, or ridge, which extends a short distance from the crown. In many of the roots the wood is exposed, owing to the removal of the cortex. The texture is resinous and woody. The color varies from brown- ish yellow to blackish yellow. The surface is annulate near the crown and in the region of the root branches; other parts of the surface are longitudinally wrinkled. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven. The outline is cylindrical and wavy. The cortex is thin and yellowish brown. The wood is light yellow, and in places undeveloped and finely porous. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet and acrid. Constituents: Saponin, polygalic acid, senegin, resin, fat, sugar, oil (fixed and volatile), etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Senegae ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Syrupus Senegae (from fluidextract); Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 59 1, Oblique section showing cambium zone and radiate wood. 2, Longitudinal section. 3, Transverse section of cut root. 4, Wrinkled outer surface of the root. 5, Radiate ridges common in the drug of commerce. CALUMBA (Calumb.) U. S. P. Snglish name : Calumba. ynonyms: Columba, Columbo, Colombo. lotanical origin: Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck) Miers. (Fam. Menispermacece.) Part used : Root. Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Eastern Africa ; also cultivated. Description : Calumba occurs as transverse, oblique, and as longitudinal slices. These sections are usually entire. They measure up to 8 cm. in diameter and up to 12 mm. in thickness. The texture is fibrous and starchy. The color is dark reddish, yellowish, or greenish brown. The surface is irregularly wrinkled. The fracture is brittle and even. The outline of the transverse slices is circular; of the oblique slices, oval; of the longitudinal slices, rectangular. The cortex is thick. The thin oiitermost layer is brown, and the remaining part of the cortex is greenish yellow except near the cambium ring, where it is yellowish gray. This inner layer fre- quently has dark radiating lines of tissue. The wood is dark yellowish green near the cambium, and has dark, interrupted lines of conducting tissue. The central portion is greenish yellow with a few scattered masses of conducting tissue. The odor is not distinct. The taste is very bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids, starch, pectin, gum, resin, fat, volatile oil, wax, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Calumbaa N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura CalumbaB; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Gl BRYONIA 1, Large transverse section. 2, Longitudinal section. 3, Section showing prominent concentric and radiate ridges. 4, Small transverse section. 5, Wrinkled surface with cortex curved back from the cut surface. the 62 BRYONIA (Bryon.) N. F. English name : Bryonia. Synonyms: Wild Bryony, Bryony Root. Botanical origin: Bryonia alba Linne or Bryonia dioica Jacqu. (Fam. Cucurbit acece.) Part used : Root. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Central and Southern Europe. Description: Bryonia occurs as transverse, oblique, and as longitudinal slices. These pieces measure up to 11 cm. in width and up to 16 mm. in thickness. The texture is starchy. The color is grayish yellow or grayish brown. The surface is irregularly wrinkled. The fracture is very brittle and even. The outline is circular in transverse, oval in oblique, and rectangular in longitudinal sections. The cortex is thin and brownish yellow. The wood is white or yellow- ish white. The wood forms concentric and radiating zones. The odor is slight. The taste is bitter and nauseating. Constituents: Starch, gum, sugar, fat, glucosides (bryonin, bryonidin), resin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Bryoniae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 63 Rhubarb in wooden case covered with yellow tissue paper painted red at the border. Inside the case is an inner tin or zinc which is hermetically sealed. 64 CHAPTER II RHIZOMES IN the study of rhizomes the following must be con- sidered: Occurrence, size, type, nature, stem and leaf scars and bases, texture, color, surface, tenacity, fracture, outline, cortex, cambium or endodermis, wood or central cylinder, pith, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence/ Rhizomes are entire, as in gera- nium ; or broken, as in blue flag ; or cut transversely, as in zedoaria and in galangal; or cut longitudinally, as in blue flag. 2. Size. The size of rhizomes varies in length from 8 cm., as in Virginia serpentaria, to 8.5 dm., as in some of the unbroken rhizomes of wild yam. The diameter varies from one millimeter, as in Virginia snake-root, to 5 cm., as in zedoaria. 3. Type. All the rhizomes are horizontal except trillium, which is frequently oblique. 4. Nature. Rhizomes are simple, as in trillium and some of the rhizomes of geranium. All the other rhi- zomes are branched. 5. Stem and Leaf Scars and Bases. Stem bases or scars of stems are diagnostic in most rhizomes. Their distinctness, size, position— whether above, even with, or below the surface of the rhizome— and their dis- tance apart must be considered. The stem scars on the branches of all the gingers are sunken, laterally con- stricted; the stem scars on geranium and wild yam are indistinct. The leaf scars on Florentine orris root are distinct. American male fern consists largely of stipe bases. 6. Texture. The texture is resinous, as in a good quality of any of the gingers ; fibrous, as in wild yam and galangal; starchy, as in geranium; oily and starchy, as in trillium. 65 7. Color. The more common colors are grays, yel- lows, and browns, which are combined to form the characteristic colors of the different drugs. The color of each drug is given under the description. 8. Surface. The surface of wild yam is nodulated ; that of galangal, blue flag, orris root, the unpeeled portion of gingers and trillium is annulated; that of Jamaica ginger is smooth. 9. Tenacity. By tenacity is meant the resistance which a rhizome offers to tearing and pulling stresses. The six classes are as follows : Very weak brittle, weak brittle, brittle, tough, strong tough and very strong tough. Very weak brittle: There are no rhizomes which come under this class. Weak brittle : Male fern (American and European). Brittle: The brittle rhizome is blue flag. Tough : All the gingers. Strong tough : Geranium and beth root. Very strong tough : Wild yam, orris roots, and galangal belong to this class. 10. Fracture. The fracture is even, as in orris root ; uneven, as in the gingers, etc. 11. Outline of Transverse Sections. The outline of most rhizomes is nearly cylindrical. In the gingers, the outline is oval. 12. Cortex. The cortex may be thin, as in African ginger and in geranium ; thick, as in blue flag, orris roots and zedoary ; very thick, as in galangal and beth root. The color of the cortex is characteristic for each drug. The markings are not distinct in the cortex of any of the rhizomes except beth root, which has many cavities formed by decayed roots. 13. Endodermis. The endodermis is distinct in most of the rhizomes when they are freshly cut. 14. Central Cylinder. The central cylinder of Florentine orris root and most of the other rhizomes shows scattered bundles of conducting tissue. Zedoarj' has numerous dark resin cavities with resin. In wild yam and zedoary the bundles are not distinct. 15. Pith. The pith is not distinct in most of the rhizomes. 66 16. Odor. The gingers, orris roots, gaiangal and zedoary are strongly aromatic; beth root is slightly aromatic; wild yam, blue flag, geranium, and the aspidiums are not odorous. 17. Taste. All the gingers, orris root, zedoary and galanga are pungent; geranium is astringent; wild yam is starchy and acrid ; beth root is sweet, bitter and acrid; male fern is sweet, astringent and acrid; orris roots are sweet, pungent and acrid. 67 DIOSCOREA 1, Portion of stem attached to the rhizome and a rhizome which is branched and nodulated. 2, Wiry slender rootlets. 3, Cut woody surface. 4, Cross-section showing thin cor- tex. 68 DIOSCOREA (Diosc.) N. F. English name : Dioscorea. Synonyms : Wild Yam Root, Yam Root. Botanical origin: Dioscorea villosa Linne. (Fam. DioscoreacecB. ) Part used : Dried rhizome. Impurities : None given. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Canada; Eastern, Central, and Southern United States. Description : Wild yam occurs as broken pieces of the rhizome. The rhizomes are branched. They measure up to 70 cm. in length and up to 10 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal, and the younger part frequently bears a portion of the slender, striated, twisted stem. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light to dark yellow. The upper surface is marked with circular, slightly de- pressed stem scars or with nodular projections, and has a short stem base with long and short rootlets. The under surface has nodular projections and rootlets, and, like the upper surface, it is finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very tough and even. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The cross-section is gray- ish white, and shows, when magnified, yellow conducting tissue. The odor is not distinct. The taste is starchy and acrid. Constituents : Resin, starch, saponin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Dioscoreae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). IRIS VERSICOLOR 1, Outer surface of a typical rhizome. 2, Leaf bast Transversely wrinkled roots. 4, Root scar. 5, Central cyl- inder showing scattered conducting tissue. 70 IRIS VERSICOLOR (Iris Vers.) N. F. English name : Blue Flag. Synonyms : Iris Koot. Botanical origin: Iris versicolor Linne. (Fain. Iri- dacecB.) Part used : Dried rhizome. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of roots and leaf bases. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Eastern North America and Central United States. Description : Blue flag occurs as entire rhizomes, or as longitudinal slices, or as broken pieces. The rhizomes are simple or branched, and they measure up to 15 cm. in length and up to 18 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal and no stem scars are present ; the rhizome is the stem. The texture is slightly starchy and fibrous. The color varies from gray to purplish brown. The upper surface has many dark, obliquely annulate leaf scars with scattered masses of conducting tissue. The surface between the scars is wrinkled longitudinally. The under surface has numerous fine, transversely wrinkled roots or circular depressed root scars. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline of the sections is cylindrical or irregular. The cortex is purplish brown, thick, and finely por- ous. The endodermis is yellowish white, and the central cylinder is purplish and has numerous scattered yellowish masses of con- ducting tissue. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, astringent and acrid. Constituents: Starch, gum, tannin, oil, sugar, resin, glucoside (iridin). etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Iridis Versicolors ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 71 IRIS— FLORENTINE 1, Branched rhizome. 2, Root scars on the under surface. 3, Indistinct annulations. 4, Transverse section showing thick cortex. 5, Section showing conducting tissue in scat- tered masses. 72 IRIS N. F. (1) Florentine Orris English name : Orris. Synonyms : Orris Root, Florentine Orris Root. Botanical origin: Iris florentina Linne. (Fam. Iri- dacecB.) Part used : Rhizome freed from roots, and peeled and dried. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash: Not less than 2 per cent, nor more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Eastern Mediterranean region, Northern Africa ; cultivated in Europe for the drug, in the United States for the flower. Description : Florentine orris occurs as entire or broken pieces of the com- pletely peeled rhizome. The rhizome is simple or branched, and the branches are broad at the end but narrow at the point of origin from the main rhizome. They measure up to 12 cm. in length and up to 4 cm. in width and a maximum thickness of 2 cm. The rhizome is horizontal and free of stems or stem scars. The texture is starchy and non-fibrous. The color is whitish yel- low. The upper surface is annulate with leaf scars showing the circular parallel rows of conducting tissue. The under surface has numerous circular depressed root scars or circular slightly projecting cut portions of roots. The fracture is very strong, tough and even. The outline of cross-sections is circular or oval, and has a slightly irregular edge. The cortex is thick and grayish white. The endodermis is distinct and yellowish. The central cylinder has numerous circular isolated masses of conducting tissue, which are more numerous near the endodermis. The odor is fragrant and aromatic. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and pungent. Constituents: Ionone, starch, resin, tannin, volatile oil, etc. Dose : Not used therapeutically. Preparations : None. r.\ IRIS— VERONA 1, Large rhizome showing under surface and numerous root scars. -2, Leaf bases. 3, Portion of unpeeled surface. 4, Cortex. 5, Large, frequently dark, central cylinder. 74 IRIS N. F. (2) Verona Orris English name : Orris. Synonyms : Orris Root, Verona Orris Root. Botanical origin: Iris germanica Linne, Iris pallida Lamarck. (Fam. Iridacece.) Part used: Rhizome freed from roots, and peeled and dried. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not less than 2 per cent, nor more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Eastern Mediterranean region, Northern Africa ; cultivated in Europe for the drug, in the United States for the flower. Description : Verona orris occurs as entire or broken pieces of the partially peeled rhizome. The rhizome is branched, but the commercial drug consists largely of separated branches, or it is simple. The root measures up to 14 cm. in length and up to 3 cm. in diameter, and a maximum thickness of 15 mm. It is horizontal and free of stem bases and scars. The texture is starchy and non-fibrous. The color of the unpeeled surface is orange-yellow, that of the peeled surface grayish yellow. The upper surface is rough; this roughness is caused by careless paring. The siirface has patches of orange-yellow periderm or numerous whitish concentric leaf bases. The under surface has numerous circular depressed root scars or circular, slightly projecting, cut portions of roots. The fracture is very strong, tough, and even. The outline is broadly oval and wavy. The cortex is thin and grayish white. The endo- dermis is distinct and yellowish, and the circular masses of con- ducting tissue are scattered throughout the stele, which is green- ish yellow to brown. The odor is fragrant and aromatic. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and pungent. Constituents: Ionone, starch, resin, tannin, volatile oil, etc. Dose : Not used therapeutically. Preparations : None. GERANIUM 1, A branched rhizome with a strongly nodulated surface. A btem scar. 3, Nodule. 4, Cross-section of the rhizome. 76 ^ GERANIUM (Geran.) N. P. English name : Geranium. Synonyms: Wild Geranium, Cranesbill. Botanical origin: Geranium maculatum Linne. (Fam. Geraniacece. ) Part used: Dried rhizome. Impurities: None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Eastern and Central North America, and Middle Western United States. Description : Geranium rhizome occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces. The rhizome is simple or branched, and it measures up to 11 cm. in length and up to 15 mm in width. Jt is horizontal and is marked with circular, slightly depressed stem scars. The texture is starchy««nd waxy. The color is dark yellowish or red- dish brown. The upper surface has many circular stem scars and is prominently nodulated. Between the nodules the rhizome is annulate with transverse ridges. The under surface and sides are nodulated and annulated. The fracture is strong, tough, and even. The outline is irregularly oval. The cortex is thick and purplish brown. The cambium zone is prominent and darker than the remaining portion of the surface. The wood has isolated yel- lowish masses of conducting tissue near the cambium. The pith makes up the greater part of the rhizome and is grayish purple. The odor is indistinct. The taste is strongly astringent. Constituents : Tannin, gallic acid, resin, pectin, sugar, geranium red, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Geranii; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 77 ZINGIBER— JAMAICA 1, A typical branched peeled rhizome. 2, Small rhizome. 3, Stem scar. 78 ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (1) Jamaica Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms: Jamaica Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingiberacece.) Part used : Khizoine. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Cultivated in West Indies. Description : Jamaica ginger occurs as a mixture of irregularly branched rhi- zomes and broken pieces. All surfaces are completely peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 12 cm. in length, up to 3.5 cm. in height, and up to 1 cm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy, resinous and fibrous. The color of all sur- faces is yellowish brown. The upper surface has several branches which terminate in sunken stem scars. All the surfaces are striated longitudinally, and have a few projecting thread-like strands of conducting tissue. The under surface frequently has short, undeveloped branches, or longer branches which normally continue the growth of the rhizome. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is oval. This is caused by lateral com- pression. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is yellowish and encloses the large stele; it has scattered masses of conducting tissue and resin cavities with resin. The color is light yellow. The odor is strongly aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil f 15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V& grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. dr). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 79 ZINGIBER-AFRICAN 1, A branched rhizome, rhizome. 3, Small rhizome, showing small resin cells. 2, Unpeeled portion of the 4,. Stem scar. 5, Cross-section 80 ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (2) African Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms: African Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingib eracece.) Part used: Rhizome. Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non- volatile ex- tract soluble in ether, and not less than 4 per cent. of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Cultivated in tropical Africa. Description : African ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The fiat surfaces are mostly peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 9 cm. in length, up to 2.5 cm. in height and up to 1.5 cm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut surface is dark grayish brown, that of the cut surface brownish black. The upper surface has many short and long branches with prominent terminal stem scars with cork. The under sur- face, which frequently has branches which in turn branch, has patches of cork. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is nearly circular or broadly oval. The cortex is thin and yellow- ish brown. The endodermis is dark brown. The stele is large and has numerous separated masses of conducting cells and red- dish resin cells with resin. The odor is aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compos itus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fiuidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). starch, gum, fat, acrid 81 ZINGIBER-OALICUT 1, A large branched rhizome. 2, Broad type of rhizome. 3, Stem scar. 4, Small rhizome. 5, Cross-section of rhizome showing resin cells. 82 ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (3) Calcutta Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms : Calcutta Ginger, Race Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingib eracece.) Part used: Rhizome. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Cultivated in India. Description : Calcutta ginger occurs as irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are partially or com pletely peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length, to 3 cm. in height and to 1 5 cm. in width. The rhizome is hori- zontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy, resinous and fibrous. The color of the uncut surface is grayish brown, that of the cut sur- face bluish. The upper surface has many short and long branches with prominent terminal sunken stem scars. The under surface has several long, incompletely developed branches with cork. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. The cortex is thin and darker than the remaining part of the rhizome. The endodermis is yellowish. The stele is large and has numer- ous separated masses of conducting cells, and resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V 2 grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 83 ZINGIBER-CALCUTTA 1, Branched rhizome. 2, Unbranched rhizome. 3, Annulate leaf scar. 4, Transverse section showing resin cells. 5. Stem scar. 84 ^w ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (4) Calicut Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms: Calicut Ginger, Lemon Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingib eraceoe.) Part used : Rhizome. Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Cultivated on west coast of Africa. Description : Calicut ginger occurs as irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are mostly peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 8 cm. in length, to 2.8 cm. in height and to 13 mm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut surface is dark yellow, orange, or reddish brown ; of the cut surface, grayish brown. The upper surface has short and long branches with prominent sunken stem scars. The under surface has many undeveloped branches with cork patches. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline varies from oval to circular. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is indistinct. The stele is large and has large scat- tered masses of brownish conducting strands and small yellow resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compositus; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 85 ZINGIBER— COCHIN 1, Branched rhizome. 2, Large hranch. 3, Cross section of rhizome showing resin cells. 4, Stem scar. SG ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (5) Cochin Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms : Cochin Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingiberacece.) Part used: Rhizome. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Cultivated in China. Description : Chinese ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are partially or completely peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 6.7 cm. in length, to 3.5 cm. in height and to 12 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal; the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut surface is light gray or yellowish brown; of the cut surface, light grayish yellow. The upper surface has long and short branches with sunken stem scars and patches of cork. The under surface has branches of variable length with cork patches. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is light brown. The stele is large and has numerous separated strands of conducting tissue and yellow resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 87 ZINGIBER-JAPANESE 1, Large branched rhizome. 2, Simple rhizome. 3, Small rhizome. 4, Stem scar. 5, Section showing resin cells. 88 ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. (6) Japanese Ginger English name : Ginger. Synonyms: Japanese Ginger. Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. Zingib eracece.) Part used : Rhizome. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Cultivated in Japan. Description : Japanese ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and of broken pieces. The flat surfaces are usually completely peeled. The rhizome measures up to 7 cm. in length, to 2.8 cm. in height and to 12 mm. in width. It is horizontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut and cut surfaces is grayish white, owing to a thin coating of lime. The upper surface has short, broad branches with a terminal con- stricted stem scar and with patches of cork. The under surface has short or long branches with adhering cork. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. The cortex is thick. The endodermis is dark brown. The stele is large and has numerous very small separated masses of conducting cells and yellowish resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid resin, gingerol, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 89 GALANGA 1, Annulate, wavy leaf bases or scars. 2, Simple rhizome. 3. Branched rhizome. 4, Transverse section of rhizome showing scattered circular conducting strands. 90 GALANGA (Galang.) N. F. English name: Galanga. Synonyms : Galangal, East India Root. Botanical origin: AJpinia officinarum Hance (Fam. Zingiberacece.) Part used: Dried rhizome. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: China; cultivated in Asia. Description : Galanga rhizome occurs as long, transverse pieces. The rhizome is branched. The branches may be separated. They measure up to 11.5 cm. in length and to 2 cm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal. The texture is fibrous. The color is dark reddish or cinnamon brown. The surface is annulate with numerous light yellow, wavy leaf bases. The fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The outline is irregularly circular. The diameter of the cut ends is greater than the central portion. This is caused by the tissues bending outward. The cortex is thick and has no distinctive markings. The endo dermis is indistinct and encloses a large stele with scattered masses of conducting tissue. The odor is aromatic. The taste is aromatic and pungent, resembling pepper. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, starch, fixed oil, crystalline principles, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : None. 91 ZEDOARIA 1, Large transverse section of the rhizome. 2, Longitudinal section of the rhizome. 3, Top of the rhizome showing con- centric leaf scars. 4, Cross-section showing sunken tis- sue inside endodermis. 5, Projecting woody conducting strands. 6, Wrinkled outer surface of the rhizome. 92 ZEDOARIA (Zedoar.) N. F. English name : Zedoary. Synonyms : Zedoary Root. Botanical origin: Curcuma Zedoaria (Bergius) Ros- coe. (F am.. Zingiber acece.) Part used : Dried rhizome. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given. Ash : 7 per cent, or less. Habitat: East Indies. Description : Zedoary occurs as a mixture of transverse and longitudinal slices of the rhizome. The slices measure up to 5 cm. in diameter and to 15 mm. in thickness. The rhizome is vertical. The texture is resinous and starchy. The color of the uncut surface is yellowish or reddish brown. The edge (uncut surface) of the slices is wrinkled and has several root scars, from the center of which project short woody conducting strands. The fracture is brittle and even. The cortex is thick and grayish yellow, and it has scattered brown resin cavities with resin. The endodermis is yellowish white, on either side of which the tissues are dark. The stele is grayish brown, and it has great numbers of brown resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic and is suggestive of camphor. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Starch, volatile oil, etc. gum, bitter extractive, resin, Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Zedoariae Amara N. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). ASPIDIUM-AMERICAN 1, Large rhizome with stipe bases, roots and scales. 2, Cross-section of stipe base showing conducting strands. 3, Worthless upper part of stipe. 4, Stipe bases separated from the rhizome. 94 ASPIDIUM (Aspid.) U. S. P. (1) American Aspidium English name : Aspidium. Synonyms : American Male Fern. Botanical origin : Dryopteris marginalis (Linne) Asa Gray. (Fam. Polypodiacece.) Part used : Rhizome and stipes. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Most of North America. Description : American male fern occurs as entire rhizomes with attached stipes, scales and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 10 cm. in length, to 6 cm. in width and to 7 cm. in height. The rhizome is horizontal and is simple. The stipe bases are curved and scaly below. The texture is soft and slightly fibrous. The color is brownish black. The surface of stipes is longitudinally wrinkled but smooth. The roots are brownish black and wiry. The scales are dark brown. The fracture of the stipes and rhizomes is weak, brittle and even. The outline of the stipes is oval, that of the rhizome irregular. Cross-sections have up to 12 yellowish strands of conducting tissue arranged in a circle near the epi- dermis. The odor is indistinct. The taste is sweet, astringent and acrid. Constituents: Filicic acid, volatile oil, bitter prin- ciples, starch, wax, resin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Oleoresina Aspidii ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 95 ASPIDIUM— EUROPEAN 1, Outer part of rhizome showing stipe scars. 2, Lon- gitudinal section of the rhizome showing the conducting strands. 3, Curved and furrowed stipe base. 4, Cross-sec- tion of rhizome. 96 ASPIDIUM (Aspid.) U. S. P. (2) European Aspidium English name : Aspidium. Synonyms : European Male Fern. Botanical origin: Dryopteris Filix-mas (Linne) Schott. (Fam. Polypodiacece.) Part used : Rhizome and stipes. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. Description : European male fern occurs as the partially peeled stipes and rhi zomes and, rarely, as the entire rhizome. The stipes measure up to 6 cm. in length and to 9 cm. in length in diameter. The rhi- zome measures up to 15 cm. in length and to 3.5 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is simple and has numerous curved, persistent stem bases, and numerous roots and scales. The stem bases are promi- nent and have a great number of rusty brown scales. The outer part is black and decayed. The texture of the peeled stipes is fleshy; that of the rhizome, fleshy and fibrous. The color of the unpeeled stipes is brownish black, that of the peeled stipes brown- ish yellow. The color of the rhizomes varies from brownish yellow to brownish black. The surface of the stipes is longitudinally fur- rowed and has patches of brownish black periderm. The outer surface of the rhizomes has numerous broken stipe bases sur- rounded by semicircular brown colored depressions. The cut sur- face of the rhizomes has long-branching yellowish strands of con- ducting tissue. The fracture of the stipes and rhizomes is very weak, brittle, and even. The outline of the sections is irregular. The sections show a reddish brown outer region, a central region with up to 12 yellow conducting strands arranged in a circle, and an inner reddish-brown portion, which is distinctly porous when magnified. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, astringent and acrid. Constituents: Filicic acid, volatile oil, bitter prin- ciples, starch, wax, resin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Oleoresina Aspidii; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 97 TRILLIUM 1, Large rhizome with numerous stem scars. 2, Small rhizome with roots. 3, Small horizontal rhizome. 4, Cross-section showing the thick cortex with cavities caused by decaying roots. 5, Stem scar. 9S TRILLIUM (Trill.) N. F. English name: Trillium. Synonyms : Beth Root, Wake-Robin. Botanical origin : Trillium erectum Linne and closely allied species of Trillium. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used : Dried rhizome. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Eastern and Central North America. Description : Trillium occurs as a mixture of entire and cut sections of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 6 cm. in width. The young rhizomes are horizontal ; the older rhizomes are oblique or horizontal; both are simple. They have a maximum length of 6 cm. and a maximum diameter of 3 cm. The older rhizomes have large, depressed stem scars. The texture is oily and starchy. The color varies from light yellow to dark reddish brown. The surface has numerous light yellow transversely wrinkled roots. The rhizome has slightly annulate leaf scars and numerous large depressed, elongated stem scars. The rhizome is usually termi- nated by an undeveloped stem bud and by numerous scales. The fracture is brittle and even. The cortex is thick and has numer- ous root scars. The endo dermis is distinct and dark greenish brown. There are no distinctive markings within the endodermis. The color of the surface is greenish yellow. The odor is slight, like rancid oil, not characteristic. The taste is sweet, bitter or acrid. Constituents: Saponin (trillin), resin, fixed oil, starch, tannin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Trillii ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 99 Bags of different shapes and sizes. At right, a bag of pars- ley root on top of fennel seed. At left, canary seed in striped bag, licorice cuttings in tall bag (rear). 100 CHAPTER III RHIZOMES AND ROOTS IN the study of rhizomes and roots the following must be considered : Occurrence, size, type, nature, stem and leaf scars and bases, texture, color, surface, tenacity, fracture, outline, cortex, cambium or endo dermis, wood or central cylinder, pith, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Roots and rhizomes occur in the entire condition, as in helonias ; or broken, as in man- drake ; or cut, as in sumbul. 2. Size. The length of rhizomes varies from 15 mm., as in geranium, to 8.5 dm., as in gentian. The diameter varies from 2 mm., as in Virginia serpen- taria, up to 12.2 cm., as in sumbul. The roots of lady- slipper, unicorn root and helonias are usually less than 1 mm. in diameter. 3. Type. The rhizomes of gentian, taraxacum, ve- ratrum, etc., are vertical ; those of mandrake, asarum and many others are horizontal; helonias, aralia and pimpinella are oblique. The type is always given in the description. 4. Nature. The root and rhizome may be simple or branched. Helonias is a simple rhizome ; spigelia is a branched rhizome. 5. Stem and Leaf Scars and Bases. The stem scars of pink root are very small and contiguous; in man- drake and blue cohosh they are larger; in spikenard root they are very large. Stem bases. Short stem bases occur in leptandra; long stem bases occur in black cohosh, hydrastis, and blue cohosh. In dande- lion and in senega the stem bases form a multiple crown. Leaf Bases and Leaves. Leaf bases are diagnostic in veratrum, gentian, European angelica, dandelion, 101 convallaria, helonias, and young rhizomes of unicorn root. Leaves occur in both Virginia and Texas snake- root. 6. Texture. The texture of berberis, gelsemium, hydrangea, Russian and Spanish licorice roots, and echinacea is fibrous and ivoody; gentian is non- fibrous; inula is resinous, etc. 7. Color. Shades of gray, yellow, brown, red, are common in roots and rhizomes. Each drug has a nor- mal color variation, which is a criterion of quality. 8. Surface. The surface of the rhizome portion of the vertical roots and rhizomes is annulate, as in American angelica. Prominent rings also occur on the black cohosh and on mandrake and helonias. It will be seen by referring to the plates that the rings may be contiguous, as in helonias, or separated by consid- erable space, as in black cohosh. 9. Tenacity. The tenacity or resistance to break- ing varies in the different roots and rhizomes. Ac- cording to the resistance which they offer, they are divided into classes as follows: Very weak brittle, weak brittle, brittle, tough, strong tough, and very strong tough roots and rhizomes. Very weak brittle : Texas and Virginia snakeroot, pink root, asarum, hydrastis, valerian, cypripedium, the angelicas, and senega. Weak brittle : Mandrake, parsley, pimpinella, and the male ferns. Brittle: Apocynum, dandelion, and gentian; dandelion and gentian, if moist, are pliable. Tough: Stillingia. Strong tough: Marsh- mallow, the licorice roots, leptandra, echinacea and valerian rhizome. Very strong tough: Wild yam, sumbul, Phytolacca, inula and kava. The following cannot be broken by the ordinary means: Rhubarb, berberis, gelsemium, hydrangea, convallaria, spikenard, triticum and the roots of caulo- phyllum, aletris and helonias. 10. Fracture. The fracture of apocynum is even; of leptandra uneven; of hydrangea hackly. 11. Outline. The outline of the roots and rhizomes is usually irregularly cylindrical. 102 12. Cortex. The cortex is thin, as in berberis; thicker, as in apocynum ; or several times thicker than the wood (exception), as in dandelion. The color of the cortex is fairly uniform, and diagnostic for each drug. The markings of the cortex are indistinct in some drugs, distinct in others. The cortex of Ameri- can angelica and Spanish licorice is finely radiate; dandelion has concentric latex zones ; German angelica has large oleoresin cavities. 13. Cambium. The cambium zone is usually dis- tinct in most drugs. 14. Wood. The wood of berberis is concentric and radiate; of gelsemium, echinacea and kava, radiate; apocynum has large pores ; German angelica is radiate near the cambium; mandrake has an interrupted circle of yellow conducting tissue ; rhubarb is mottled. 15. Pith. The pith is prominent in a number of drugs. In berberis it is dark brown and small; in angelica it is large and frequently layered; in triti- cum the pith is hollow. 16. Odor. Many of the drugs have diagnostic odors, others are odorless. It should be remembered that odor is a criterion of quality. 17. Taste. The taste of the different drugs varies considerably. A few of the drugs have simple tastes (one). Russian and Spanish licorice and triticum are sweet ; berberis, gelsemium, hydrastis and helonias are bitter; asarum is pungent. In the remaining roots and rhizomes two or more tastes are experienced as indicated under the description of each drug. 103 BERBERIS 1, Large root with a split branch. 2, Longitudinal sec- tion showing small pith and patches of medullary rays. 3, Concentric rings of wood. 4, Radiating medullary rays. 5, Thin cortex. 104 BERBERIS (Berber.) N. F. English name : Berber is. Synonyms : Oregon Grape Root, Trailing Mahonia. Botanical origin : Species of Odostemon Rafinesque of the genus Berberis Linne. (Fam. Berberidacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of the over- ground parts of the plant or other foreign matter. Berberis without the bark should be rejected. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Mountainous regions of North and South America. Description : Berberis occurs as broken and as long transversely cut pieces of the rhizome and roots. Their length is variable and they measure up to 5 cm. in diameter. The sections of the roots are simple or branched. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light yellow to dark yellowish brown. The surface is rough. This roughness is caused by small, irregular fissures of the peri- derm. The fracture is very strong, tough, and hackly. The out- line of the cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin and brownish green. The wood is concentric and is divided into small zones by the numerous radial medullary rays. In longitu- dinal sections of the root the medullary rays form broad, dark- colored bands. The pith is central or eccentral and is very small and greenish brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Gum, fat, resin, tannin, alkaloids (ber- berine, oxycanthine, etc.), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Berberidis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 105 GELSEMIUM 1, A twisted, split (at 1) and striated root. 2, Small fis- sure beginning at root scar. 3, Small wiry roots. 4, Thin cortex. 5, Thick, finely radiate wood. 106 GELSEMIUM (Gelsem.) U. S. P. English name : Gelsemium. Synonyms: Yellow Jasmine Root, Evening Trumpet Flower. Botanical origin: Gelsemium sempervirens (Linne) Aiton films. (Fam. Loganiacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: Eastern United States from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas America. Mexico and Central Description : Gelsemium occurs as a mixture of long transverse or oblique sec- tions of the rhizome and roots. These sections measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 35 mm. in diameter. The sections are frequently spirally twisted and usually simple. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light yellowish brown to purple. The surface of the rhizome is longitudinally striated and trans- versely fissured, or occasionally split near the cut ends. The surface of the roots, which are small and wiry, is nearly smooth. The fracture is very strong, tough and hackly. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical or oval. The cortex is thin and purplish brown. The wood is indistinctly concentric and porous when magnified, and it is divided into narrow zones by radial medullary rays. The pith is very small and brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, acid, alkaloids (gel- semine, gelseminine), etc. Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). Preparations : Extractum Gelsemii; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (Yq grain). Fluidextractum Gelsemii; Dose, 0.03 mil ( Vz min.). Tinctura Gelsemii; Dose, 0.25 mil (4 min.). 107 HYDRANGEA 1, Woody knotted crown. 2, Cut surface of wood. 3, Fine roots. 108 HYDRANGEA (Hydrang.) N. F. English name : Hydrangea. Synonyms : Seven-barks, Wild Hydrangea. Botanical origin: Hydrangea arborescens Linne. (Fam. Saxifragacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat : Southeastern United States, from New York to Florida and west to Louisiana. Description : Hydrangea occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and roots and as broken pieces. The crown measures up to 6 cm. in diameter ; the roots to 3 dm. in length and to 3 cm. in diameter. The crown is usually multiple, and the stem bases are woody, hollow and pinkish. The stem scars are circular and depressed. The crown is compound; the stem bases have a thin, easily sepa- rated cortex. The wood, usually splits longitudinally and has a white pith. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light yellow to pinkish or reddish brown. The surface of the crown is gnarled and rough. The tortuous roots are longitudinally striated and have root scars or broken fibrous roots. The fracture is very strong, tough, and hackly. The outline of the cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin and pinkish brown. The wood is fibrous, finely radiate and nearly white. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and acrid. Constituents : Fat, resin, starch, fixed and volatile oih glucoside (hydrangin), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Hydrangea?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 109 GLYCYRRHIZA-RUSSIAN L.? nP o ele p W With ? ray and reddish-brown patches of rSot" f ' w2 d r -°V^ h sma11 fissures - s - Sl » :l11 Peeled root. 4, Wood, o. Thick cortex. 110 GLYCYRRHIZA (Glycyrrh.) U. S. P. (1) Russian Glycyrrhiza English name: Glycyrrhiza. Synonyms : Licorice, Liquorice Root, Russian Licorice. Botanical origin: Glycyrrhiza glabra glanclulifera Regel et Herder. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Russia, Hungary. Description : Russian glycyrrhiza occurs as the entire and broken peeled or unpeeled roots, or cut pieces. The roots measure up to 6 dm. in length and to 6 cm. in diameter. Stem bases are never pres- ent. The roots are usually simple and tapering. The texture is soft fibrous. The color of the peeled roots is greenish yellow; that of the unpeeled roots, brownish red. The surface of the peeled roots is smooth or rough and has transverse clefts; the surface of the unpeeled roots is rough and wrinkled, and it has many elevated lenticels. The fracture is tough and uneven. The out- line of the cross-section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, radially cleft and radiate. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish green and radiate. The pith is small and inconspicuous. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, volatile oil, asparagin, resin, sugar, yellow coloring matter, bitter prin- ciple, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Glycyrrhizae (from Fluidextract). Elixir GlycyrrhizaB Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Extractum Glycyrrhizae. Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum. Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita- (from extract) ; Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus ; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Syrupus Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Ill GLYCYRRHIZA-SPANISH 1, Rhizome showing wrinkled surface. 2, Small bud. 3, Longitudinal section showing central pith and cortex. 4, Cross-section of rhizome. 112 GLYCYRRHIZA (Glycyrrh.) U. S. P. (2) Spanish Glycyrrhiza English name : Glycyrrhiza. Synonyms: Licorice, Liquorice Root, Spanish Licorice. Botanical origin: Glycyrrhiza glabra typica Regel et Herder. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Central and Western Asia, Southern Europe. Description : Spanish Glycyrrhiza occurs as the entire rhizome and root, or as sawed sections arranged in bundles and held together with wire bands, or it occurs as small cut pieces called cut licorice, or as the cut stems, rhizomes, and roots separated in making the bun- dles and known as licorice cuttings. This contains much worth- less stem bases. The entire drug measures up to 1 m. in length and to 2 cm. in diameter. The rhizome is simple and the crown usually has several stem bases, which vary in color from grayish brown to nearly black, very woody, and with brown piths. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish or purplish brown with light yellow longitudinal patches of cork. The surface of the rhizome is rough, longitudinally wrinkled, and has alternately arranged buds. The roots are small, inconspicuous, and occur near the bud. The fracture is tough and uneven. The outline of the cross-section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick and radiate. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish green, radiate and porous. The pith is bright yellowish green. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, volatile oil, asparagin, resin, sugar, yellow coloring matter, bitter prin- ciple, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Glycyrrhiza (from fluidextract). Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Elixir Glycyrrhiza Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Extractum Glycyrrhizae. Extractum Glycyrrhiza? Purum. Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita (from extract) : Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Syrupus GlycyrrhizaB N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 113 ECHINACEA 1, Stem of plant. 2, Typical rhizome and root. 3, Longi- tudinal section. 4, Transverse section. 114 ECHINACEA (Echin.) N. F. English name : Echinacea. Synonyms : Pale Purple Cone Flower. Botanical origin: Brauneria pallida (Nuttall) Britton (Echinacea an gusti folia De Candolle). (Fam. Compositce. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat : Central and Southern United States. Description : Echinacea occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. These pieces measure up to 25 cm. in length and to 3.8 cm. in diameter. Echinacea is a vertical rhizome and root, and is usually crooked and twisted. The croAvn is simple or multiple. The stem bases are gray or purplish brown, annulate near the crown, striated above, and have a white pith. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from gray and yellow to reddish brown. The surface of the crown is annulate; that of the root, longitudinally striated and wrinkled. The fracture is tough when dry, but it is slightly pliable when moist. The outline of the sec- tions is cylindrical. The cortex is thick and grayish or brownish black. The wood has alternate yellow wedge-shaped masses of conducting tissue and parenchymatic tissue with black cell con- tents. The pith is small and circular. The odor is not character- istic. The taste is sweet and tingling. Constituents: Acrid resin, possibly also an alkaloid, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Echinacese; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 115 APOCYNUM 1, Portion of stem. 2, Wrinkled and fissured root. 3, Transverse section showing the porous wood. 4, Small transverse section. 116 APOCYNUM (Apocyn.) N. F. cannabinum Linne. English name: Apocynum. Synonyms : Canadian Hemp. Botanical origin : Apocynum (Fam. Apocynacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: United States and Canada. Description : Apocynum occurs as broken pieces of the rhizome with and with- out roots. The rhizome measures up to 5 cm. in length and to 2 cm. in diameter. The roots are small and may measure up to 5 cm. in length. The rhizome is horizontal and simple or branched. The stem bases are purplish brown. The bark is thin and frequently removed. The wood is yellow and the center is usually hollow. The texture is starchy. The color is gray or purplish brown. The surface of the rhizomes is longitudinally furrowed and transversely fissured. The fracture is weak and even. The outlint is irregularly cylindrical. The cortex, which is thick, has dark latex cavities. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish and coarsely porous. The odor is not dis- tinct. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Glucosides (apocynin and apocynein), resin, starch, gum, tannin, etc. Dose: 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Apocyni ; Dose. 0.75 mil (12 min.). 117 GENTIANA 1, Root with numerous leaf bases. 2, Deep wrinkles. 3, Annulate rhizome portion. 4, Curved and twisted root. 5, Cross-section of root showing dark cambium zone. 118 GENTIANA (Gentian.) U. S. P. English name : Gentian. Synonyms : Yellow Gentian Root. Botanical origin: Gentiana lutea Linne. (Fam. Gen- tianacece.) Part used : Rhizome and root. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Central and Southern Europe. Description : Gentian root occurs as broken pieces and rarely as entire roots. These roots measure up to 8.5 dm. in length, but are usually shorter, and to 37 mm. in diameter. The rhizome and root are vertical and simple or branched. The crown terminates in a cir- cular stem scar or in leafy scales surrounding the undeveloped stem. The texture is non-starchy and slightly waxy. The color is light or dark yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate and rough with fibers from leaf bases ; that of the root, deeply wrinkled longitudinally. The fracture is brittle when the root is dry, but pliable when it is moist. The outline is very irregular on account of wrinkles. The cortex is of variable thick- ness and yellow-brown. The cambium zone is dark brown. The wood is distinctly radiate near the cambium, but less so near the large brownish yellow pith. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet or strongly bitter. Constituents: Fat, resin, pectin, sugar, glucosides (gentiopicrin, gentisin), yellow coloring matter, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Elixir Gentiana? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Gentianae et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Gentianae et Ferri Phosphatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Gentianae Glycerinatum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Extractum Gentianae; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum Gentianae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Amara N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Gentianae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 119 TARAXACUM 1, Multiple crown and root below. 2, Surface view of crown with depressed scars. 3, Scales occurring in the crown. 4, Yellow porous wood. 5, Cortex with concentric zones of latex. 120 TARAXACUM (Tarax.) U. S. P. English name: Taraxacum. Synonyms: Dandelion, Foreign Dandelion, Lion's Tooth. Botanical origin: Taraxacum officinale Weber. (Fam. Composite.) Part used : Rhizome and root. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the United States, where it is a common weed. Description : Dandelion occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fragments of the rhizome and roots. These fragments measure up to 16 cm. in length and to 3 cm. in diameter at the crown. Dandelion is a vertical rhizome and root, and it may be simple or branched. Leaf bases or leaf scars terminate the branches of the crown. The texture is waxy. The color varies from light gray to dark reddish brown. The surface of the crown is annulate with leaf scales ; that of the roots is irregularly and longitudinally wrinkled. The crown is hollow or has a mass of brown hairs from scales and undeveloped leaves. The fracture is brittle when dry but pliable when moist. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex makes up the greater part of the root and has dark, concentric circles of lati- ciferous ducts. The cambium zone is dark brown and distinct. The wood is yellow, and in the older roots and rhizome a pith is present. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet and bitter. Constituents: Resin, bitter principles, inulin, levulin. pectin, etc. Dose: 10 Gm. (2% drachms). Preparations : Elixir Taraxaci Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Extractum Taraxaci; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Fluidextractum Taraxaci; Dose, 10 mils (2^ fl. drs.). 121 , .i INULA 1, Longitudinally furrowed surface. 2, Stem scar. 3, Cut surface of the rhizome. 4, Resinous cut surface. 122 INULA N. F. English name : Inula. Synonyms : Elecampane, HorseheacU Botanical origin: Inula Helenium Linne. (Fam. Com- positce. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of its stem bases or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Asia, Central Europe ; naturalized in North- eastern North America, south to North Carolina, west to Missouri. Description : Inula occurs as a mixture of entire rhizomes and roots, as broken and as cut slices. The rhizomes measure up to 6.5 cm. in diame- ter near the crown. The roots measure up to 18 cm. in length. The roots are simple or branched. The crown has one or more stem scars, or short stem bases, or the fibrous remains of stems, or a central terminal bud with grayish brown scales. The texture is resinous and fibrous. The color varies from a light yellow to brownish black. The surface of the crown is slightly annulate and longitudinally furrowed, and has several prominent buds. The surface of the roots is longitudinally furrowed and wrinkled, and has root scars. The fracture is very strong, tough and even when dry, long and pliable when moist. The outline of the cross- section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is of unequal diameter, brownish white, and finely radiate. The cambium zone is dis- tinct. The wood is finely radiate and has yellowish green resin masses. The pith is small and inconspicuous. The odor is aro- matic. The taste is sweet, pungent, or acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, mucilage, helenin. inulin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Enters into Pilulae Antiperiodioe N. F. odica N. F. and Tinctura Antiperi- 123 ANGELICA RADIX-AMERICAN 1, Annulate rhizome with several branches. 2, Large white pith. 3, Small root. 4, Cross-section showing cortex with resin ceils and slightly radiate wood, and pith. 5, Longi- tudinal section. 124 ANGELICA RADIX (Angel. Rad.) N. F. (1) American Angelica Root English name: Angelica Root. Synonyms : American Angelica, Great Angelica, Pur- ple Angelica. Botanical origin: Angelica atropurpurea Linne and other species of Angelica. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases and leaves or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Eastern United States, south to Delaware, west to Minnesota. Description : American Angelica Root occurs as a mixture of the longitudinally cut rhizome with entire and cut roots. The rhizome and roots measure up to 30 cm. in length, the crown to 4 cm. in diameter, and the roots to 15 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is usually simple, but the roots are branched. The crown tapers upward and is usually free of scales and stem bases. The texture is non- fibrous. The color varies from grayish yellow to grayish brown. The surface of the rhizome is prominently annulate ; that of the roots is longitudinally wrinkled, and has elevated points of origin of rootlets or root scars. The fracture is very weak, brittle, even when dry, but soft and pliable when moist. The outline of cross- section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, radiate, and has scattered yellowish oleoresin cavities. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is radiate and the pith is large and fre- quently separated in the rhizome into layers by longitudinal clefts. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent and tingling. Constituents: Volatile oil, acid resin (angelicin), angelic acid, starch, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Angelicas Radicis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 125 ANGELICA RADIX-EUROPEAN 1, Numerous leaf bases attached to the crown. 2, Annu- late surface. 3, Small pliable root. 4, Cortex with resin cavities. 5, Pith. 6, Radiate yellow wood. 126 ANGELICA RADIX (Angel. Rad.) N. F. (2) European Angelica Boot English name: Angelica Root. Synonyms: European Angelica, Garden Angelica, Arkangel. Botanical origin: Angelica Archangelica Linne and other species of Angelica. (Fam. TJmbelliferce.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases and leaves or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Northern Europe; cultivated in France, Germany and Belgium. Description : German Angelica Root occurs as the entire rhizome with its nu- merous roots folded, twisted and braided. The drug measures up to 15 cm. in length and to 4.5 cm. in diameter at the crown. The rhizome and the roots are simple or branched. The crown has numerous concentric purplish or brown prominently veined scales. The texture is fleshy. The color varies from a light grayish brown to a purplish brown. The surface of the rhizome portion is annu- late. The surface of the roots is longitudinally furrowed and with small transversely elongated ridges which are the point of origin of the rootlets. The fracture is short when dry, but long and pliable when moist. The outline of cross-sections of the rhizome and roots is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, radiate, and with numerous isolated, yellowish brown oleoresin cavities. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is distinctly radiate. The pith is large and frequently longitudinally cleft in the rhizome. The odor is aromatic. The taste is aromatic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, acrid resin (angelicin), angelic acid, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Angelica Radicis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 12: VERATRUM VIRIDE 1, Concentric leaf bases attached to the crown. 2, Longi- tudinal section of the rhizome. 3, Curved and twisted soft-tissued roots. 4, Surface view of the crown. 5, Cross- section of the rhizome showing the cortex. 6, Central cylinder. 128 VERATRUM VIRIDE (Verat. Vir.) U. S. P. English name : Veratrum Viride. Synonyms: Green Hellebore, American White Helle- bore. Botanical origin: Veratrum viride Aiton. (Fam. Liliaceoe. ) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems and other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: Eastern North America, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Description : Veratrum Viride occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and the roots with longitudinal sections of the rhizomes. The rhizome is vertical, short or elongated; both roots and rhizomes are simple. The rhizomes have a maximum length of 10 cm. and width of 4 cm. The upper part of the rhizome has numerous concentric leaf scales. The texture is starchy and resinous. The color of the scales is yellowish white, of the roots gray or grayish yellow, of the rhizome brownish black. The surface of the scales is striated, that of the rhizome rough, that of the roots wrinkled. The frac- ture of the rhizome is strong and tough, that of the roots very weak and brittle. The outline of entire rhizomes and of roots is cylindrical. The cortex is thick, and it has scattered masses of yellowish conducting cells. The endodermis is very distinct and yellowish brown. The central cylinder has numerous irregular groups of yellowish conducting tissue. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet, bitter or acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (veratrine, rubiervine), fat. resin, gum, starch, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). Tinctura Veratri Viridis; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 129 VALERIANA 1, Stem scar of valerian and folded roots. 2, Double band of grass 3, Mass of roots. 4, Split rhizome and the large roots of Belgian valerian. 130 VALERIANA (Valer.) U. S. P. English name: Valerian. Synonyms : Valerian Koot, Garden Valerian. Botanical origin: Valeriana officinalis Linne. (Fam. Valerianae ece.) Part used : Rhizome and root. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Asia; cultivated in Germany, Belgium and England; naturalized in New York and New Jersey. Description : Valeriana occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and roots and of cut sections of the rhizome with roots. The rhizomes of German Valeriana are usually entire. The roots are folded and held together with a blade of dried grass passed twice around the roots and tied. The rhizomes measure up to 4 cm. in length, and to 2 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 18 cm. in length, and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is vertical, simple or branched, and has one or more stem bases and numerous leaf scales. The roots are branched or simple. The texture is non- fibrous and waxy. The color varies from a gray to yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome is rough from root scars and is annulate. The roots are wrinkled longitudinally. The fracture of the roots is very weak and brittle. The outline of entire rhizomes and roots is cylindrical. The cortex is thick. The cam- bium zone is distinct. The wood has a yellow ring of conducting tissue. The pith is white or grayish white. The cortex of the root is thick and yellowish brown. The wood is small, central and cylindrical. The odor is strongly and persistently aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, acids, tannin, sugar, muci- lage, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Valerianae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Valerianae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 131 - 1 I,-.*- 'I. f^\ G^g-^* * r If^Sbsw "' ^ ! /^ • fSfiPp.. ef?sr ■* MO* • I ^1T > Sfe MHwl 4|MW CAULOPHYLLUM 1. Circular depressed stem scar of the rhizome. 2, Wiry branched roots. 132 CAULOPHYLLUM (Cauloph.) N. F. English name : Caulophyllum. Synonyms: Blue Cohosh, Papoose Root, Squaw Root. Botanical origin: Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linne) Miehaux. (Fam. Berberidacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Eastern North America south to North Carolina, west to Nebraska. Description : Caulophyllum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizomes and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. in length and up to 18 mm. in diameter. The branched roots measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizomes are horizontal and irregularly branched, and they are marked above with circular, depressed, contiguous stem scars. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate between the stem scars. The roots are finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is tough and hackly. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is thin. The wood is fibrous and radiate. The pith is large, solid, or cleft, and brownish. The odor is not charac- teristic. The taste is strongly bitter and acrid. Constituents: Gum, starch, resins, alkaloid (caulophyl- line), glucoside (leontin), etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Caulophylli ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 133 LEPTANDRA 1, Rhizome, stem bases and numerous woody tough roots. 2, Purplish pith. 3, Wood. 4, Cortex. 5, Longitudinal section of the rhizome. 134 LEPTANDRA (Leptand.) N. F. English name: Leptandra. Synonyms: Culver's Root, Culver's Physic. Botanical origin: Veronica virginica Linne. (Fam. Scrophulariacece. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat: Eastern Canada, and United States south to Alabama and west to Nebraska. Description : Leptandra occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 27 cm. in length and to 14 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is hori- zontal, simple, or branched, and has a large woody, hollow stem base, frequently 3 cm. in length, and undeveloped buds. The older portions of the rhizome have the shortest stem bases. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish to purplish brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate with slightly elevated leaf scars. The surface of the roots is wrinkled longi- tudinally. The fracture is tough and uneven. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is thin, resinous and dark brown. The wood of the rhizome is yellowish brown and forms a compact ring. The pith of the rhizome is purplish brown. The roots have a purplish brown cortex and a small gray central cylinder. The odor is not charac- teristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Bitter principle (leptandrin), resin, saponin, tannin, gum, mannit, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Extractum Leptandra?; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum Leptandra?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 135 CIMICIFUGA 1, Portion of the stem. 2 root. 4, Cross-section of wood bundles. , Annulate stem bases. 3, Small a stem base showing interrupted 136 CIMICIFUGA (Cimicif.) U. S. P. English name : Cimicif uga. Synonyms : Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Macrotys. Botanical origin: Cimicif uga racemosa (Linne) Nut- tall. (Fam. EanunculacecB.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or foreign matter. Assay : None given officially. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Eastern North America south to Georgia, west to Missouri. Description : Cimicifuga occurs as a mixture of entire, cut and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 30 mm. in diameter, the broken roots up to 10 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal, and has several large stem bases, which frequently measure 10 cm. in length, and several undeveloped buds. The texture is resinous and fibrous. The color varies from grayish brown to brownish black. The surface of the rhizome is annulate with elevated leaf scales; and the ends of the stem bases are frequently separated into fibrous strands. The fracture is very strong, tough and uneven. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin. The wood has a broad interrupted radiating struc- ture. The pith is large and solid. The roots are cylindrical or obtusely angled. The cortex is thick and nearly black. The wood is radiate with two to six widely separated strands. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Resin, cimicifugin, volatile oil, sugar, gum, starch, tannin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Extractum Cimicifugae. Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum Cimicifugae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Syrupus Cimicifugae Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Cimicifugae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 137 PODOPHYLLUM 1, Under surface of the rhizome shoAving stem scars and roots. 2, Depressed stem scar. 3, Root scar. 4, Annulate leaf scar. 5, Cross-section showing interrupted conducting strands. 6, Longitudinal section of the rhizome. 138 PODOPHYLLUM (Podoph.) U. S. P. English name: Podophyllum. Synonyms : Mandrake, May Apple Rhizome. Botanical origin: Podophyllum peltatum Linne. (Fam. Berberidacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: Not less than 3 per cent, of resin. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat: Eastern and Central North America. Description : Podophyllum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and root. It measures up to 30 cm. in length and to 15 mm. in diameter at the node. It is a horizontal rhizome with enlarged nodes, each with a circular depressed stem scar and an occasional undeveloped bud and long internodes up to 17 cm. in length. The texture is starchy or resinous. The color varies from gray and yellow to reddish brown. The upper sur- face of the rhizome is striated longitudinally, annulate with light- colored, slightly elevated leaf-scale scars and with deep, circular, depressed stem scars. The under surface of the rhizome at the node has several white root scars or several attached roots. The roots are finely striated longitudinally and of a grayish or yellow- ish brown color. The fracture of the rhizome and root is weak, brittle and even. The outline of the cross-section of the rhizome is circular or oval, that of the root circular. The cortex of the rhizome is thin and grayish white. The wood has an interrupted circle of isolated yellow conducting strands and a large grayish white pith. Longitudinal sections of the rhizome show the con- ducting strands as parallel lines. The root has a white cortex and a solitary central yellow conducting strand. The odor is not dis- tinct. The taste is sweet, bitter or acrid. Constituents : Resin, glucosides, starch, gum, fixed oil, acid, etc. Dose : Used only in the form of its preparations. Preparations : Extractum Podophylli N. F. ; Dose, 0.015 Gm. (% grain). Fluidextractum Podophylli; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). ResiDa Podophylli; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). 139 ■ A ASARUM 1, Rhizome with numerous roots and rootlets. 2, Winded edge of the rhizome. 3, Enlarged node. 4, Cross-section showing branching wood. 5, Longitudinal section. 140 ASARUM (Asar.) N. F. English name : Asarum. Synonyms : Wild Ginger, Canada Snakeroot. Botanical origin: Asarum canadense Linne. (Fam. Aristolochiacece. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Eastern North America south to North Caro- lina. Description : Asarum occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 6 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 10 cm. in length. The rhizome has enlarged nodes, is horizontal, simple or branched, and twisted or bent. The roots are branched Petiole scars occur at the enlarged nodes. The texture is starchy or resinous. The color varies from light yellow to dark purplish brown. The surface is longitudinally striated and winged and occasionally annulate from leaf-scale scars. The fracture is very weak, brittle and even. The outline of the cross-section of the rhizome varies from nearly cylindrical to triangular or to quad- rangular. The cortex is thin and dark yellowish brown. The wood has isolated, brown, conducting strands arranged in a circle. The pith is yellowish-white. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Volatile and fixed oil, starch, gum, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Syrupus Asari Compositus; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 141 CONVALLARLffi RADIX 1, Rhizome with mass of curved, twisted roots. 2, Leafy scales of bud. 3, Node with radiate roots. 4, Internode with red spots. 142 CONVALLARLffi RADIX (Convallar. Rad.) N. F. English name : Convallaria Root. Synonyms : Lily-of-the-Valley Root. Botanical origin: Convallaria majalis Linne. (Fam. LiliacecB. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given officially. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: North America, Europe and Northern Asia; cultivated for its flower. Description : Convallaria Root occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and root. The rhizome measures up to 25 cm. in length and to 4 cm. in diameter; the internodes measure up to 4.5 cm. in length. The roots measure up to 15 cm. in length. The rhi- zome is horizontal, simple, or branched, and has enlarged nodes, a circle of roots, or root scars, and an occasional undeveloped branch or stem. Stem bases^with leafy scales frequently terminate the rhizome. The texture is 'fibrous. The color varies from light yellow to dark brown, with purple patches. The surface of the rhizome is longitudinally striated. The nodes are enlarged and have prominent root scars or roots. The fracture is weak, tough, even and incomplete. The outline of the rhizome and roots is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is dis- tinct when magnified. The central cylinder has isolated conduct- ing strands. The pith is frequently hollow. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, glucosides (conval- lamarin, convallarin), etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Convallariae Radicis ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 143 V WagCi- V 3 fcJ3 "^\ii[^PiF^ If l^f* if ■I'^Jv • *3 TRITICUM 1, Node with circle of roots. 2, Mass of chopped rhizomes. 3, Cross-section of the rhizome with hollow pith. 4, Fur- rowed internode. 144 TRITICUM (Tritic.) U. S. P. English name : Triticum. Synonyms: Couch Grass, Dog Grass. Botanical origin: Agropyron repens (Linne) Beau- vois. (Fam. Graminece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia; naturalized and common in North America. Description : Triticum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces, or as cut pieces of the rhizome and roots. It measures up to 40 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The branched roots measure up to 7 cm. in length. The rhizome is horizontal, slightly en- larged at the nodes, and has a circle of roots or root scars and an occasional undeveloped branch. The internodes measure up to 3.5 cm. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from yellow to yellowish brown. The surface of the internodes of the rhizome is longitudinally furrowed and smooth, the fracture is very tough, even and incomplete. The outline of cross-sections of the rhizome is irregular and circular and the central portion is hollow. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Bitter principle (triticin), levulose, acid malates, gum, etc. Dose: 8 Gm. (2 drachms). Preparations : Fluidextractum Tritici; Dose, 10 mils (2 Ms fl. drs.). 145 CYPRIPEDIUM 1, Rhizome with numerous crooked roots. 3, Stem scar. 2, Typical root. 146 CYPRIPEDIUM (Cypriped.) N. F. English name: Cypripedium. Synonyms: Lady Slipper Root, Yellow Lady's Slipper Root. Botanical origin : Cypripedium hirsutum Miller, Cyp- ripedium pubescens Willdenow, or Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury. (Fam. Orchidacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of parts of the same plant or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Canada and United States, south to Georgia and west to Nebraska. Description : Cypripedium occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 11 cm. in length and to 7 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal and usually simple. The upper surface has several circular depressed stem scars which are not over 5 mm. apart. Attached to all sides of the rhizome are numerous curved and twisted roots. The texture is non-fibrous. The color of the rhizome varies from yel- lowish to brownish black; the roots are yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome and roots is finely striated. The fracture of the rhizomes and roots is very weak, brittle and uneven. The outline of cross-sections of rhizomes and roots is cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is thin, that of the root thick. The wood of the rhizome and root is distinctly not separated into wood and pith. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, acids, resin, tannin, starch, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Cypripedii; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 147 SANGUINARIA 1, Branched rhizome. 2, Rhizome with its small roots. 3, Stem scar. 4, Cross-section showing circular latex tubes. 5, Orange-black surface. 148 SANGUINARIA (Sanguin.) U. S. P. English name : Sanguinaria. Synonyms : Blood Root, Red Puccoon. Botanical origin: Sanguinaria canadensis Linne. (Fam. Papaveracece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Eastern Canada, south to Florida, west to Nebraska. Description : Sanguinaria occurs as a mixture of the entire and of the broken pieces of the rhizome and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 10.5 cm. in length, to 16 mm. in width and to 12 mm. in height. The roots measure up to 1 mm. in width and to 7 cm. in length. The rhizomes are vertically compressed and horizontal; both the rhizomes and roots are simple or branched. The stem scars are depressed and frequently inconspicuous. The younger portion of the rhizome may have one or more yellowish brown leaf scales. The texture is starchy or resinous. The color varies from a grayish to a dark reddish brown. The upper surface has several stem scars and numerous incompletely annulate leaf scars and roots which are more numerous on the under surface. The frac- ture of the rhizome is tough and uneven. The outline of the rhizome is oval or, less frequently, cylindrical. The cortex is thin and has numerous reddish brown or black circular resin cavities. The wood varies in color from yellowish to brownish to reddish orange. It has numerous resin cavities which may show clearly or be indistinct. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine), citric and malic acids, resin, starch, etc. Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Sanguinariee N. F. ; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). Syrupus Sanguinariae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Sanguinariee; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 149 ALETRIS 2 5£°l? nd Q ma o n 7 ro ? ts with and without their cortex, zome ' Stem base - 4 ' Cross-section of the rhi- 150 w ALETRIS (Aletr.) N. F. English name: Aletris. Synonyms : True Unicorn Koot, Star Grass. Botanical origin: Aletris farinosa Linne. (Fam. Lili- acece.) Part used: Khizome and roots. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. Habitat: Maine to Ontario, south to Florida and Louisiana. Description : Aletris occurs as a mixture of the entire and the broken pieces of the rhizome and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 5.5 cm. in length, and to 12 mm. in width and to 2 cm. in height. The roots measure up to 12 cm. in length and to 1 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal, simple or non-branched. The roots are tough and wiry, and simple or branched. The stem scars are circular, fibrous and hollow. The stem bases are often 8 mm. in length. The texture of the rhizome is starchy and fibrous, that of the root fibrous. The color of the rhizome varies from grayish yellow to grayish brown ; that of the roots, gray when the cortex is present, or reddish brown when the cortex is removed. The upper surface of the rhizome has numerous fibrous remains of leaf bases and stem scars or stems. Numerous roots are attached to the side and under surface of the rhizome. The fracture of the rhizome is strong and tough; the roots have no fracture. The roots have no fracture because they are very strong, fibrous and flexible. The outline of the rhizome is irregular, that of the roots cylindrical. The cortex is thin and yellowish. The endodermis is distinct when magnified. The central cylinder is large, and it has numerous scattered yellowish cylindrical masses of conducting cells. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is starchy and bitter. Constituents : Starch, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aletridis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 151 HYDRASTIS 1, A large rhizome with numerous roots. 2, Portion of a stem. 3, Stem scar. 4, Simple rhizome. 152 HYDRASTIS (Hydr.) U. S. P. English name: Hydrastis. Synonyms : Golden Seal, Orange Root. Botanical origin: Hydrastis canadensis Linne. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 2.5 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. Ash: None stated officially. Habitat : Connecticut to Vermont, to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Description : Hydrastis occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizome measures up to 6 cm. in length and to 13 mm. in diameter; the roots measure up to 30 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal and is simple or branched; the upper surface has many circular, slightly depressed stem scars, or short stem bases, or portions of stems. The stems are fibrous, longitudinally furrowed and greenish brown. They are surrounded at the base by numerous thin yellow scales. The texture is slightly fibrous. The color varies from yellowish to dark grayish or to reddish brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate and longitudinally striated, that of the roots striated longitudinally. The fracture is very brittle and even. The outline of the rhizome and roots is cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is thick. The wood has several isolated masses of radial conducting cells and a greenish yellow pith. The cortex of the roots is yellowish green. The wood is minute and yellowish. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (hydrastine, berberine, cana- dine), fixed oil, starch, gum, sugar, coloring mat- ter, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Extractum Hydrastis; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Fluidextractum Hydrastis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Glyceritum Hydrastis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) Tinctura Hydrastis; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 153 SPIGELIA 1, A large branched rhizome with numerous roots. 2, Branched root. 3, Stem scar. 4, A branched rhizome freed of roots. 154 SPIGELIA (Spig.) U. S. P. English name: Spigelia. Synonyms: Pink Koot. Indian Pink. Botanical origin: Spigelia marilandica Linne. (Fam. Loganiacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: New Jersey to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Pink Root occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length and to 5 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 10 cm. in length. The rhizomes are branched, and they have numerous circular de- pressed stem scars and stem bases ; the latter measure up to 1 cm. in length. The brittle branched roots grow from all parts of the rhizome. The texture is non-fibrous. The color of the rhizome and roots varies from grayish to brownish black and pinkish brown. The rhizome is usually darker than the roots. The sur- face of the rhizome is finely annulate, the roots finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven. The outline of the rhizome and roots is cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is white, of the wood yellow. The pith is white. The roots have a white cortex and small central yellow wood. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent, bitter and slightly acrid. Constituents: Spigeline (alkaloid), volatile oil, tan- nin, resin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Spigeliae. Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 155 SERPENTARIA— TEXAS 1, Rhizomes with roots. 2, Rhizome freed of roots show- ing contiguous stem bases. 3, Stems. 4, Fruit and three seeds. 5, A leaf. 156 ^7^< SERPENTARIA (Serpent.) U. S. P. (1) Texas Serpentaria English name : Serpentaria. Synonyms : Texas Snakeroot, Texas Serpentaria. Botanical origin: Aristolochia reticulata Nuttall. (Fam. Aristolochiacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Louisiana to Arkansas, south to Texas. Description : Texas Serpentaria occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and root. The rhizomes measure up to 3 cm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 10 cm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is oblique and simple or branched. It has many contiguous stem bases, or longer stems with flowers or with fruits, or with strongly reticulately veined, cordate leaf blades. The texture is non- fibrous. The color varies from grayish to dark yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome and stem bases is annulate, the surface of the roots smooth or slightly striated longitudinally, and occa- sionally fissured. The fracture is very weak, brittle and even. The outline of the cross-sections of the rhizome, stem bases and roots is cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is white, of the wood, yellow and very small. The odor is aromatic like turpen- tine. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, starch, gum, resin, etc. Preparations : Fluidextractum Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Cinchonae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Serpentaria N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 157 SERPENTARIA-VIRGINIA 1, Rhizome with its mass of fine branching roots. 2, Leaf. 3, Seed. 4, Fruit with numerous seeds. 5, Rhizome freed of roots. 158 SERPENTARIA (Serpent.) U. S. P. (2) Virginia Serpentaria English name: Serpentaria. Synonyms : Virginia Snakeroot, Virginia Serpentaria. Botanical origin: Aristolochia Serpentaria Linne. (Fam. Aristolochiacece.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri. * Description : Virginia Serpentaria occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizome measures up to 2 cm. in length and to 2.5 mm. in diameter; the roots measure up to 12 cm. in length and to 1 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is oblique or simple, or branched. It has several short, contigu- ous stem bases, or stems with flowers or with fruit, or with an occasional leaf. The texture is non-fibrous. The color is yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome and stem bases is finely annu- late. The roots are finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very neat, brittle and even. The outline of the rhizome, stem bases and roots is cylindrical. The cortex is grayish. The wood is yellowish. The cortex of the root is grayish, that of the wood minute and yellowish. The odor is aromatic like turpentine. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, starch, sugar, gum, resin. Preparations : Fluidextractum Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Cinchona? Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) Tinctura Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 159 HELONIAS 1, Oblique rhizome with roots and prominent stem bases. 2, Stem base. 3, Surface view of stem base. 4, Leaf bases which are attached to young rhizomes. 5, Longitudinal sec- tion of rhizome. 6, Cross-section of the rhizome. 160 HELONIAS (Helon.) N. F. English name : Helonias. Synonyms : Blazing Star, False Unicorn. Botanical origin: Chamcelirium luteum (Linne) A. Gray. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Massachusetts to Ontario, to Michigan, south to Florida, and west to Arkansas. Description : Helonias occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken rhizomes and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length and to 15 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 9 cm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter. Young rhizomes are erect; older rhizomes are oblique. Both the rhizomes and roots are simple. The stem scars are prominent and raised above the surface of the rhizome. The youngest portion of the rhizome has numerous yel- lowish imbricated leaf bases. The texture of both the rhizome and the root is resinous and fibrous. The outline of the rhizome and roots is cylindrical. The cortex, which is thick and yellowish gray, has brown cavities formed by decaying roots. The endoder- mis is distinct. The central cylinder has numerous grayish yellow groups of conducting tissue. The pith is central and dark yellow- ish brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is strongly bitter. Constituents: Glucoside (chamaelirin), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains).' Preparations : Fluidextractum Heloniadis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 161 ARALIA 1, Root with a wrinkled surface. 2, Rhizome with large contiguous stem scars. 3, Longitudinal section of the rhizome. 4, Longitudinal section of the root. 5, Cross- section of the root. 162 XV s ARALIA (Aral.) N. F. English name: Aralia. Synonyms : American Spikenard Root, Spignet Root, Botanical origin: Aralia racemosa Linne. (Fam. Araliacece. ) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of adhering stem bases or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Canada to Florida, west to Rocky Mountains. Description : Aralia occurs as a mixture of broken and as cut slices of the rhizomes and roots. The rhizome measures up to 20 cm. in length and to 6 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 4 cm. in length and to 27 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is oblique, simple or branched, and has large, depressed, contiguous stem scars. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from pale yellow to deep purplish brown. The rhizome is rough and annulate between the stem scars. The roots are longitudinally furrowed and have transversely elongated ridges and root scars. The fracture of the cortex is brittle and even, that of the wood tough. When moist the root is pliable. The outline of sections is cylindrical or irregular. The cortex is thick and yellowish white and has brown oleoresin cavities; the tissue is irregularly porous when magni- fied. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish, dis- tinctly radiate and loosely arranged. The pith "is white and porous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent or acrid. Constituents: Starch, pectin, sugar, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aralia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 163 PIMPINELLA 1, Nodulated surface of the root. 2, Crown with many stem bases. 3, Stem scar. 4, Dark cambium zone. 5, Wood. 164 PIMPINELLA (Pimpinell.) N. P. English name : Pimpinella. Synonyms : Pimpernel Root. Botanical origin: Pimpinella Saxifraga Linne or Pimpinella magna Linne. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more #ian 5 per cent. Habitat: Europe. Description : Pimpinella occurs as a mixture of entire, of broken pieces and of cut slices of the rhizome and root. They measure up to 18 cm. in length and to 3 cm. at the crown. The rhizome and root are ver- tical and oblique. The root is usually simple, but the crown is multiple. The stem scars are numerous, circular and depressed. The texture is non-fibrous. The color is light brownish yellow. The surface of the crown and its branches is annulate; the sur- face of the root is longitudinally striated, and both the crown and the root are slightly nodulated. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven when dry, but pliable when moist. The outline is nearly circular. The cortex is thick and has numerous groups of radially arranged brown phloem tissue. The cambium zone is distinct and dark brown. The wood is yellowish and radiate. The pith is small and light yellow. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, benzoic acid, pimpi- nellin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Pimpinellae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 165 RHEUM 1, Large piece of the root showing the wrinkled and sunken surface. 2, Cross-section of a root. 3, Irregular perfora- tion through which a string is passed in drying the drug. 4, Square of cut rhubarb. 5, Rectangular piece "of the root. 166 ^s*^. RHEUM U. S. P. English name : Rhubarb. Synonyms: Rhubarb Root. Botanical origin: Rheum officinale Baillon, Rheum palmatum Linne, and the var. tanguticum Maxi- mowicz, and probably other species of Rheum grown in China and Thibet. (Fani. Polygo- nacece.) Part used: Peeled rhizomes and roots. Impurities: None given. Assay: Yields not less than 30 per cent, of extractive to diluted alcohol. f Ash : Not more than 13 per cent. • Habitat: China and Thibet. Description : Rhubarb occurs as long transverse, or as oblique pieces, or as cubes, or as rectangular pieces of the peeled rhizome and roots. The pieces are always simple. Leaf scars or leaf bases are pres- ent. The pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 15 cm. in width. The texture is fibrous and resinous. The color varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The surface is smooth, longitudinally wrinkled or sunken, and frequently has an irregu- lar perforation, through which a string is inserted when the drug is dried. The root is very strong and tough, and requires a sharp blow to break it. The outline of sections is irregular. The cortex is thin. The wood is mottled with radial reddish brown medullary rays and yellowish white parenchyma tissue, or the mottling may be irregular. The pith in the larger pieces is dark brown. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and astringent. Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, rhein, tannin, glucoside (glucogallum), bitter principle, starch, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidglyceratum Rhei N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Mistura Rhei Alkalina N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Mistura Rhei Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Pilulae Rhei N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Extractum Rhei; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum Rhei; Dose, 1 mil (15 rain.). Pilulae Rhei Compositae; Dose, 2 pills. Pulvis Rhei Compositus; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Rhei (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (from aromatic tincture); Dose, 10 mils (2V 2 fl. drs.). Tinctura Rhei Aromatic; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinc- tura Rhei Aquosa N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Rhei Dulcis N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Rhei et Gen tianae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Pulvis Rhei et Magnesiae Anisatus N. F. ; Dose (for infants), 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Vinum Rhei Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 167 KAVA 1, Irregular piece of the root. 2, Transverse section show- ing the radiate and slightly concentric wood. 3, Large pith. 168 KAVA (Kava) N. F. English name: Kava. Synonyms: Methysticum, Kava Kava. Botanical origin: Piper methysticum Forster. (Fam. Piperacece.) Part used : Rhizome and roots. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Polynesian Islands. Description : Kava occurs as a mixture of long-cut transverse and irregular-cut sections. The pieces measure up to 10 cm. in width and to 20 cm. in length. Portions of the cut stem have a central hollow pith. The texture is coarse, fibrous and starchy. The color varies from grayish brown to nearly black. The surface is longitudinally wrinkled and transversely annulate. The fracture is very strong, tough and uneven. The outline of the sections is irregular. The cortex is very thin. The wood is distinctly concentric or occa- sionally radiate. The pith is large, pinkish or yellowish gray and sunken. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is starchy, sweet, slightly bitter and pungent. Constituents: ResiDs, methysticin, glucosides, alka- loid, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Kavae; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). 169 SUMBUL 1, Multiple crown with fibrous remains of stem bases. 2, A large resinous root. 3, Cross-section of a small root. 4, Branched and irregularly thickened wood. 170 SUMBUL (Sumb.) U. S. P. English name: Sumbul. Synonyms : Musk Boot, Sumbul Root. Botanical origin: Ferula Sumbul (Kauffmann) Hooker filius. (Fam. TJmbelliferce.) Part used: Rhizome and roots. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Central and Northern Asia. Description : Sumbul occurs as a mixture of the long and short transverse sec- tions of the rhizome and of the root. The pieces measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 12.2 cm. in width. The rhizome is verti- cal. The crown is branched, and so is an occasional root. The crown has numerous fibrous remains of stem bases. The texture is coarsely fibrous and resinous. The color of the rhizome and roots varies from grayish yellow to dark-reddish brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate; of the roots, longitudinally wrinkled or smooth. The fracture is very strong, tough and uneven. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex is thick. In the older roots the thickness is variable. The wood is yellowish white in color and radiate and cylindrical. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is bitter or pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, valeric and other acids, bitter extractive, etc' Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Extractum Sumbul; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum Sumbul; Dose, 2 mils (30 ruin.). Tinctura Sumbul N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 171 CHAPTER IV TUBEROUS ROOTS, BULBS AND CORMS IN the study of tuberous roots, bulbs aud corms, the following must be considered: Occurrence, size. type, nature, stem bases or scars, texture, color, sur- face, fracture, outline, cortex, wood (central cylinder), odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Aconite and corydalis occur in the entire condition • colchicum and squill and occasionally jalap occur in the cut Condition. 2. Size. Of this class of drugs jalap is the largest. It frequently measures 11 cm. in diameter. 3. Type. Aconite, jalap and corydalis, the entire drugs, are vertical. 4. Nature. Aconite and jalap are frequently branched, the others are simple. 5. Stem Bases or Scars. Large stem bases are pres- ent in aconite and garlic. In colchicum the growth of the corm around the stem forms the groove or scar of the corm. In the others, the scars are not diagnostic. 6. Texture. The texture of jalap is resinous, of aconite and colchicum starchy and resinous, of scilla and corydalis mucilaginous. 7. Color. The color of aconite is grayish brown, of jalap reddish brown, of scilla yellowish white, of co- rydalis yellow to reddish brown, of allium white or pink, of colchicum brownish black. 8. Surface. The surface of aconite is wrinkled, of jalap furrowed, of scilla rough with projecting vascu- lar bundles, of allium with striated scales, of corydalis granular, of colchicum rough. 9. Fracture. Jalap and corydalis are too tough to 172 be fractured ; aconite, squill, allium and colchicum are brittle. 10. Outline. The outline of aconite is cylindrical or irregular, of jalap and sections of squill irregular ; of corydalis, circular or irregular; of colchicum reni- form or ovate. 11. Cortex. The cortex of aconite is thick, of jalap thin, of squill, corydalis and colchicum there is no distinct cortex. _ 12. Wood and Central Cylinder. In aconite, the wood is 5 to 7 angled, in jalap mottled, in squill not distinct, in corydalis and colchicum with oleoresin tubes. 13. Odor. The odor of jalap is smoky, of allium strongly aromatic ; in the others it is not characteristic. 14. Taste. The taste of aconite is sweet, acrid and tingling; of jalap, sweet and acrid, of squill sweet, bitter and strongly pungent, of eolcMeum bitter and acrid. 173 ACONITUM 1, Cluster of two tuberous roots, the older one on the left. 2, Surface view of the crown. 3, Cross-section of an old shriveled root. 4, Cross-section showing 5, 6, 7. and 8-angled wood. 174 ^y>? ACONITUM (Aconit.) U. S. P. English name: Aconite. Synonyms: Monkshood, Aconite Root. Botanical origin: Aconitum Napellus Linne. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used: Tuberous roots. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: 0.5 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. B. A.— Minimum lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat : Mountainous regions of Europe and Asia ; cultivated in England. Description : Aconite occurs as clusters of two and three tuberous roots, and as roots separated from clusters. The roots measure up to 11 cm. in length and to 3 cm. in width at the crown. The tuberous roots are fleshy or thickened roots. They are simple or rarely branched. The old shriveled rhizome has stem scars, or the basal portion of stems with a hollow pith. The texture is starchy or resinous. The color is gray to dark reddish brown. Roots which have pro- duced stems, flowers, etc., are deeply wrinkled longitudinally and slightly twisted, and have large root scars and root fragments. The fracture is brittle and even. The outline is cylindrical or irregular. The cortex is thick and yellow or grayish brown. The cambium zone is distinct and yellow or brown. The wood is 5, 6, 7 or 8 angled, and in each angle there is a conducting strand. The pith is large and parenchymatic, gray and starchy. except in the older roots, where it is hollow or fissured and non- starchy. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet, acrid, tingling and benumbing. Constituents: Alkaloids (aconitine, benzaconine, aco- nine and napelline), aconitic acid, starch, resin, fat, sugar, etc. Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). Preparations : Extractum Aconiti; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (Yq grain). Fluidextractum Aconiti; Dose, 0.03 mil (% min.). Linimentum Aconiti et Chloroformi N. F. Tinctura Aconiti; Dose, 0.3 mil (5 min.). 175 JALAPA 1, An elongated root. 2, Sunken surface of the root. 3, A typical black and gray surfaced root. 4, Cortex. 5, Mottled wood. 6, Branched tuberous root. 176 ^H JALAPA (Jalap.) U. S. P. English name: Jalap. Synonyms : Jalap Root. Botanical origin: Exogonium Purga (Wenderoth) Bentham. (Fam. Convolvidacece.) Part used : Tuberous root. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 7 per cent, of total resins. Ash: Not more than 6.5 per cent. Habitat : Mexico ; cultivated in Mexico and India. Description : " Jalap occurs as the entire and cut pieces of tuberous roots, or is entire and partially cut longitudinally to aid in drying. Jalap varies in height up to 16 cm. and in width to 11 cm. The tuber- ous root is a fleshy, enlarged root. It is simple or branched. The upper end is tapering, and it has a rounded stem scar. The tex- ture is hard and resinous. The color is dark reddish brown; the ridges are light gray or yellow. The surface is rough. This is caused by numerous short transverse ridges and by deep longi- tudinal furrows. The fracture cannot be made. The broken sur- face is uneven. The outline is irregular, rounded or oval. The cortex is thin and variable in thickness. The cambium zone is dark brown or black and distinct. The wood has dark brown threadlike strands of conducting tissue and grayish brown paren- chymatic tissue. The odor is smoky. The taste is sweet and acrid. Constituents: Resins ( convolvulin, jalapin), sugar, gum, starch, coloring matter. Dose: 1 Gin. (15 grains). Preparations : Extractum Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose. 1 Gm. (15 grains). Fluidextractum Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Pilula? Catharticae Composita? (from Resin) ; Dose, 2 pills. Pulvis Jalapa? Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Resina Jalapa?; Dose. 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Tinctura Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Jalapae Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 177 SCILLA 1, Concentric slices of squill bulb. 2, Typical curved piece. 3, Irregular pieces of the bulb. 178 SCILLA (Scill.) U. S. P. English name : Squill. Synonyms : Squills, Squill Bulb. Botanical origin: White variety of Urginea maritima (Linne) Baker. (Fam. Liliacece.) ^art used: Fleshy inner scales of the bulb. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: B. A.— Lethal dose should be not greater than 0.006 mil of tincture or the equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain for each gramme of frog. Ash : 8 per cent, or less. Habitat : Mediterranean basin. Description : Squill occurs as entire and broken concentric, transverse slices. Squill, when entire, is a tunicated bulb resembling the onion. The pieces measure up to 6 cm. in length and to 8 mm. in thick- ness. There are no stem bases or stem scars present in the drug. The texture is mucilaginous or gummy. The color varies from gray to whitish yellow. The uncut surface is smooth and dull. The cut surface is rough with projecting masses of conducting tissue, which usually occur parallel to and near the inner surface of the scale. The fracture is very weak and brittle when squill is dry. but pliable when it is moist. The outline of the sections is irregular. The cortex and stele are not clearly defined in the scales. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, sugar, mucilage, glucosides (scillin, scillipicrin, scillitoxin), etc. Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Preparations : Acetum Scillae; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Scillae; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). Oxymel SciUffl X. F. : Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Syrupus Scillae (from vinegar) : Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Scillae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 179 1 "# jfc * 1 J i ri : J :'9JBp\ VIBURNUM OPULUS (Viburn. Opul.) N. F. English name : Viburnum Opulus. Synonyms : Cramp Bark, High Bush Cranberry Bark. Botanical, origin: Viburnum Opulus Linne var. Americanum (Miller) Aiton. (Fam. Caprifoli- acece.) Part used : Bark. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of wood and other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Northern North America, south to New Jer- sey, west to Oregon. Description : Viburnum opulus occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. These pieces measure up to 30 cm. in length, to 3 cm. in width and to 3 mm. in diameter. The bark may be chip-like, partially quilled, and quilled. The outer surface of the thin pieces is yel- lowish gray ; it frequently has short, shallow, longitudinal purple fissures and small brown lenticels. The thicker bark varies in color from grayish brown to purplish brown to brownish black; it has numerous shallow, longitudinal fissures and numerous brown lenticels. The inner surface varies from light greenish yellow to dark brown ; it is finely striated longitudinally and frag- ments of wood are sometimes present. The fracture is very weak and brittle. The fractured surface is brown in the outer layer, yellow in the middle layer, and yellowish brown in the inner layer. The odor is aromatic, resembling valerianic acid. The taste is slightly astringent and bitter. Constituents: Starch, tannin, resin, glucoside (vibur- nin), valeric acid, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Viburni Opuli Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Fluidextractum Viburni Opuli; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Viburni Opuli Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 229 MEZEREUM 1, Outer surface showing prominent lenticels. 2, Inner smooth satin-like surface. 3, Small bundle formed by fold- ing the bark lengthwise and tying with pieces of the bark. 230 MEZEREUM (Mezer.) U. S. P. English name: Mezereum. Synonyms: Mezereon, Spurge Olive. Botanical origin: Daphne Mezereum Linne, Daphne Gnidium Linne, or Daphne Laureola Linne. (Fam. Thymeleacece.) Part used: Bark. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. Description : Mezereum occurs as long, cut pieces of the bark. These pieces measure up to 1.2 m. in length, to 2.5 cm. in width and to 1 mm. in thickness. The bark is partially quilled, quilled, and overlap- ping quilled, and is frequently arranged in a small bundle. The outer surface varies in color from yellowish brown to purplish gray; it is smooth or has short, longitudinal wrinkles and large scattered light-colored lenticels and buds. The inner surface varies in color from gray to yellowish gray to greenish gray; it is finely striated longitudinally and is shiny like satin. There is no frac- ture. The bark bends when pressure is applied. The cut surface shows fine, silky fibers. The odor is not distinct. The taste is pungent and acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, wax, acrid resin, coloring matter, bitter principle, etc. Dose: Preparations : Fluidextractum Mezerei N. F. (Used externally.) Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla? Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 231 CASCARILLA 1, Bark with the outer corky layer covered with lichens. 2, Piece of the bark with outer corky layer removed. 3, Small pieces of the bark. 232 CASCARILLA (CascariU.) N. F. English name: Cascarilla. Synonyms : Sweetwood Bark, Sweet Bark. Botanical origin: Croton Eluteria (Linne) Bennett. (Fam. Euphorbiacece.) Part used : Bark. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of adhering wood. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Bahama Islands. Description : Cascarilla bark occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. These pieces measure up to 7.5 dm. in length, in small pieces usually up to 1 cm. in width and to 2 mm. in thickness. The bark is partially quilled and quilled. The outer surface is light gray except where the outer bark has been removed; then it varies in color from reddish brown to greenish brown. The thicker gray pieces are transversely fissured and longitudinally wrinkled; where the outer bark is removed the surface is smooth or slightly wrinkled. The inner surface varies from yellow to greenish brown ; it is finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very weak and brittle; that of the thinner bark is incomplete. The fractured surface is greenish brown and slightly radiate. The odor is pleasingly aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, fat, pectin, tannin, cascarillin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 233 QUILLAJA 1, Inner surface of the peeled bark. 2, Outer surface of the peeled bark with dark red patches of cork. 234 QUILLAJA N. F. English name : Quillaja. Synonyms : Soap-tree Bark. Botanical origin: Quillaja Saponaria Molina. (Fam. Rosacea}.) Part used : Peeled bark. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Chile to Peru. Description : Quillaja occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 7.8 dm. in length, to 2.7 dm. in width and to 10 mm. in thickness. The bark is flat or slab-like and partially quilled. The outer surface varies from yel- lowish gray to purplish brown when cork patches are present; it is frequently fissured. The inner surface is yellowish gray; it is non-striated, granular, and nearly smooth, and has small nodular projections and circular depressions. The fracture is incomplete and very strong, tough and hackly. The broken surface is coarsely fibrous and yellowish white. The odor is not character- istic. The taste is acrid. Constituents: Glucosides (quillajic acid, quillajasapo- toxin), tannin^ calcium oxalate and sulphate, etc. Dose : Not used internally. Preparations : Tinctura QuillajaB. 235 ■ ..,.;* 7^^^ VMW l -W .J* 1 1 * - ; ^B ' ^H 1 f ■'ill ■ ■0 MB • EP "^3fc?. I §'• ill'.' 1 1 H ■ H H 'H ^V ■Kin * ^ . lft|lflff 1 mk*m±±<< nh.'.umth^t^m ULMUS 1, Outer surface of the peeled bark with adhering patches of cork. 2, Fibers showing at the broken ends. 3, The long, coarsely striated inner surface. 236 ULMUS U. S. P. English name : Elm. Synonym: Elm Bark, Slippery Elm. Botanical origin: Ulmus fulva Michaux. (Fam. VI- macece.) Part used : Peeled bark. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Elm bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces, or as cut and sawed pieces These pieces measure up to 3 dm. in length, to 17 cm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The sawed pieces are usually arranged in bundles, which measure up to 3 dm. in length. to 1.7 dm. in width and to 1.6 dm. in thickness. The bark is flat or slab-like and partially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from pinkish yellow to reddish brown, when cork patches are present; it has numerous partially detached bast fibers. The inner surface varies from brownish yellow to yellowish brown; it is coarsely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very strong, tough and incomplete. The fractured surface is very fibrous and of a light pinkish gray. The odor is distinct. The taste is sweet and mucilaginous. Constituents : Gum, starch, tannin, etc. Dose: None stated officially. Preparations : Trochisci Ulmi N. F. ; Dose. 1 troche. 237 1, Coarsely striated inner surface. 2, Fissure of the par- tially peeled bark. T^-^"»7 FRAXINUS (Fraxin.) N. F. English name : White Ash Bark. Synonyms : "White Ash, Cane Ash. Botanical origin: Fraxinus americana Linne, and probably other species of Fraxinus. (Fam. Ole- acecB.) Part used: Peeled bark. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Description : White ash bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces These pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length, to 7 cm. in width and to 7 mm. in thickness. The bark is fiat or slab-like and par tially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from gray brown where it is fissured, to yellowish brown where the cork has been removed. The inner surface is brownish yellow, smooth where completely removed from the tree or striated longitudinally when partially removed. The fracture is very strong, tough, and incom- plete. The fractured surface is coarsely fibrous. The odor is very slightly aromatic. The taste is slightly pungent, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Fraxin (glucoside), a bitter substance (fraxetin), tannin, mannit, ^volatile oil, gum, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Vinum Fraxini ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 239 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA 1, Outer surface of the bark with adhering cork. 2, Peeled bark with numerous white lenticels. 3, Finely striated and fissured inner surface. 4, Cross-section of stem bark. 240 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (Prun. Virg.) U. S. P. English name : Wild Cherry. Synonyms : Wild Cherry Bark, Black Cherry Bark. Botanical origin: Prunus serotina Ehrhart (Prunus virginiana Miller) . (Fam. Rosacece.) Part used : Stem bark. Impurities : None given in XJ. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Ontario to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Wild Cherry occurs as a mixture of cut aud broken pieces, which may be peeled, partially peeled and unpeeled. These pieces measure up to 30 cm. in length, to 5 cm. in width and to 4 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like or partially quilled. The outer surface, if impeeled, is brownish black; it has numerous trans- versely elongated brown lenticels ; if the outer surface is peeled it is brownish green and brown ; it has numerous transversely elongated grayish white lenticel scars. The inner surface varies from yellowish brown to reddish brown; it is finely striated and fissured. The fracture is weak, brittle and uneven. The frac- tured surface is yellowish and reddish brown, granular and slightly fibrous. The odor is aromatic, bitter-almond-like when moistened. The taste is astringent and pungent. Constituents: Amygdalin (glucoside), ferment (emul- sin), bitter principle, resin, tannin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Pruni Virginiana? N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) Infusum Pruni Virginianae N. F. ; Dose, 60 mils (2 fl. ozs.). Syrupus Pruni Virginiana?; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Vinum Pruni Virginiana? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 241 CASCARA SAGRADA 1, Hepatics attached to the outer surface, ered with lichens. 3, Fruiting lichens. of a double quill. 5, Cross-section of a bark. 6, Overlapping quilled bark. 2, Surface cov- 4, Cross-section partially quilled 242 T^N* 1 CASCARA SAGRADA (Case. Sagr.) U. S. P. English name : Cascara Sagrada. Synonyms : Cascara Bark, Chittem Bark. Botanical origin: Rhamnns Purshiana de Candolle. (Fam. Rhamnacece.) Part used : Bark of the trunk and branches. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Northwestern United States, south to North- ern California and Idaho. Description : Cascara Sagrada occurs as cut pieces or entire and broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 6 dm. in length, to 8.5 cm. in width and to 6 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like, partially quilled, ?[uilled, and overlapping quilled. The outer surface varies in color rom purple to grayish purple to light gray. The surface of the thin bark has prominent transverse lenticels; the thicker bark, a few broad lenticels with apothecia; still thicker pieces have longi- tudinal fissures and attached moss or hepatic plants. The inner surface varies in color from yellowish to reddish to purplish brown ; it is smooth and non-striated. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The fractured surface is brownish yellow, granular and fibrous. The odor is slight. The taste is slightly sweet and bitter. Constituents: Resins, emodin, cascarin, frangulin, tannin, fixed and volatile oils, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Elixir Cascara? Sagrada? N. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Cascara? Sagrada? Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Extractum Cascara? Sagrada?; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Pluidextractum Cascara? Sagrada?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidextractum Cascara? Sagrada? Aromaticum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagrada? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagrada? Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). 243 CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM 1, Bark from a small branch. 2, Outer surface of medium thick bark. 3, Inner surface of the bark. 4, Outer and inner surface of a thicker bark. 244 ^"*SS-^« CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM (Cinnam. Saigon.) U. S. P. English name : Saigon Cinnamon. Synonyms: Annam Cinnamon. Botanical origin: An undetermined species of Cinna- momum. (Fam. Lanracece.) Part used : Bark. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in ether. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. The amount of ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the weight of Saigon Cinna- mon taken. Habitat: China. Description : Saigon Cinnamon occurs as a mixture of long, cut and broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 2.9 dm. in length, to 3.8 mm. in width and to 5 mm. in thickness ; they are usually arranged in bundles which measure up to 2.9 dm. in length and to 18 cm. in width. Each bundle is held together with three strands of bam- boo, and a bamboo stick on which are Chinese characters occurs in each bundle. The bark is quilled and overlapping quilled. The outer surface of the thin bark is dark purplish brown ; it is longitudinally striated and has portions of branches or branch scars ; that of the thicker bark varies in color from brown to grayish brown ; the surface is rough and wrinkled and has branch scars. The inner surface varies in color from light yellowish to reddish brown; it is very finely striated and granular. The frac- ture of the thin pieces is very weak and brittle ; that of the thicker pieces, brittle. The fractured surface has a dark brown outer and inner layer and a light yellowish brown central layer. The thicker pieces are granular and have numerous masses of white bast fibers. The odor is aromatic. The taste is very sweet, aro- matic and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, mucilage, resin, sugar, tannin, cinnamic aldehyde, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aromaticum; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus N. F. ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Cinnamomi N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Aromatica N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Cinnamomi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 245 XANTHOXYLUM-SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH 1, Outer surface showing wide shallow fissures and gray lichens. 2, Peeled bark. 3, Corky wart surmounted by a spine, and just beneath is a piece of bark with a cluster of warts. 246 XANTHOXYLUM (Xanthox.) U. S. P. (1) Southern Prickly Ash English name : Xanthoxyhim. Synonyms: Southern Prickly-ash Bark, Pepper "Wood. Botanical origin : Xanthoxyhim Clava-Hercnlis Linne. (Faro. Eutacece.) Part used : Bark. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Virginia to Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Southern Prickly- ash Bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 20 cm. in length, to 6 cm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like, or par- tially quilled and quilled. The outer surface is usually covered with gray lichens and shallow transverse fissures and yellow lenticels. The peeled outer bark is greenish or yellowish brown and smooth. Many of the pieces of the bark have solitary or clustered wart-like elevations of cork, frequently surmounted by a small spine. The inner surface varies in color from yellowish green to greenish brown, and it glistens with many small crystals. The fracture is brittle. The fractured surface varies in color from yellowish to dark brown ; it is finely radiate and has numerous yellowish brown oil cavities and glistening crystals. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter, acrid and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, fat, sugar, tannin, acrid resin, alkaloid (xanthoxyline), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 247 XANTHOXYLUM-NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH 1, Scaly inner surface of the bark. 2, Partially peeled bark. 3, Spine attached to the outer surface. 4, Bark showing a fragment of attached wood. 248 ^T^^W XANTHOXYLUM (Xanthox.) U. S. P. (2) Northern Prickly Ash English name : Xanthoxylum. Synonyms: Northern Prickly-ash Bark, Toothache Tree. Botanical origin: Xanthoxylum americanum Miller. (Fam. Rutacece.) Part used : Bark. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Nebraska. Description : Northern prickly-ash bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 15.5 cm. in length, to 22 mm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like and partially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from gray to grayish black; it is slightly striated longitudinally and fur- rowed, and has an occasional bud stem scar and spines. The inner surface is gray and yellowish white; it is finely striated longitudinally, and it has great numbers of minute oleoresin cavi- ties with resin. Occasionally the surface is scaly. The fracture is weak, brittle and uneven. The fractured surface is nearly black in the outermost layer, yellowish in the middle layer, and yellow- ish brown and radiate in the inner layer. The entire surface has minute oleoresin cavities. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter, acrid and strongly pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, fat, sugar, tannin, acrid resin, alkaloid (xanthoxyline), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 249 QUERCUS 1, Piece of wood attached to the inner surface. 2, Longi- tudinal striations. 3, Outer surface of the peeled bark showing the fibrous ends. 250 QUERCUS (Querc.) N. F. ^?.^K English name : Quercus. Synonyms : White Oak Bark. Botanical origin: Quercus alba Linne. (Fam. Fa- gacece.) Part used : Peeled bark of the trunk and branches. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Quercus occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length, to 7 cm. in width and to 8 mm. in thickness. The bark is fiat, slab-like or partially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from light brown to dark brown; it is striated and has numerous partially detached groups of bast fibers. The inner surface is dark brown and striated longitudi- nally ; the striated portion is often porous. The fracture is strong, tough and incomplete. The fractured surface is dark brown and coarsely fibrous. The odor is not' characteristic. The taste is strongly astringent. Constituents: Quercitannic and gallic acids, oak-red, pectin, resin, fat, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Quercus; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 251 * Ml ill * W ! ,\Sf a^ if j « ^'f ' Hb^*^ 1 K ■TTnlM lilT ' M'i" t " ; " 1 • *J 'SU6« nil ; -^,r '" P ^tf^ 1 ■ti^E" M ' '*' I $' 1 • " i HSnB *S h i f * i - ?» I i ■ |*p*V r[ ftf^H j ¥lM : :Mliiv>l ; -: : i 1 ■ j^f flRKgflf ^3HS' i*kM KyN 4 t ST a , BHjt:. ; L i ! | : 1 j i i -5 S/*-'*'^ PINUS ALBA 1, Corrugated inner surface of the bark. 2, Striated outer surface with numerous round oleoresin cavities with resins. 252 ^■^;"V»" PINUS ALBA (Pinus Alb.) N. F. English name : White Pine Bark. Synonyms : Northern Pine, Spruce Pine. Botanical origin: Pinus Strobus Linne. (Fam. Pi- nacece.) Part used : Peeled bark. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat: Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to New Jersey and Iowa. Description : White Pine Bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 8 dm. in length, to 4 dm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is flat and frequently folded several times lengthwise. The outer surface varies in color from pinkish yellow to brown; it is coarsely striated and has numerous oleoresin cavities with resin. The surface frequently has patches of brown or gray cork tissue. The inner surface is yellowish brown, finely striated, smooth, and cor rugated. The fracture is strong, tough and incomplete. The frac- tured surface is light yellow and fibrous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and astringent. Constituents : Volatile oil, tannin, gum, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus cum Morphina ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 253 • a- ' CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM 1, Outer surface of a large quill. 2, Oblique section of a multiple overlapping quill. 3, Cross-section of a quill. 254 CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM (Cinnam. Zeylan.) U. S. P. English name: Ceylon Cinnamon. Synonyms: True Cinnamon. Botanical origin: Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Breyne. (Fam. Lauracece.) Part used: Peeled bark. Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of the outer bark or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extrac- tive, soluble in ether. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. The amount of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the weight of Ceylon Cinnamon taken. Habitat : Island of Ceylon. Description : Ceylon Cinnamon occurs as cut, rarely as broken, pieces of the peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 1.2 m. in length, to 18 mm. in width, and to 1.5 mm. in thickness. The bark is mul- tiple overlapping quilled; frequently there are fifteen individual pieces of bark in a quill. The outer surface is yellowish brown; it is striated and smooth and occasionally has branch scars. The inner surface is dark yellowish brown; it is finely striated and either smooth or rough. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven. The fractured surface is fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The. taste is slightly sweet, pungent and slightly astringent. Constituents : Volatile oil, mucilage, resin, sugar, tan- nin, cinnamic aldehyde, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : None. 255 Ceylon Cinnamon, 40-inch quills, in bundle 18 inches in diameter, tied with 5 bands of rope and with an outer cov- ering of burlap. 256 CHAPTER VI WOODS AND PITH IN the study of woods the following must be consid- ered: Occurrence, size, nature, texture, color, sur- face, fracture, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Woods occur as cut, as sawed, or as bored pieces. 2. Size. The size of the pieces of the different woods is variable and not diagnostic. 3. Nature. Logwood is frequently in the form of logs; guaiac, in the form of borings; quassia, in the form of shavings or chips or cubes (sawed). 4. Texture. The texture of all the woods is fibrous ; guaiac is resinous and fibrous. 5. Color. The woods vary greatly in color. The sap wood of quassia is gray; the heart wood, yellow; santalum album varies from yellow to reddish brown ; santalum rubrum is brownish red. 6. Surface. The surface of all the woods is splin- tery. 7. Fracture. The fracture is in all cases hackly. 8. Odor. The only odorous wood is white sandal- wood, which is aromatic; the pther woods have no characteristic odor. 9. Taste. Quassia is strongly bitter ; white sandal- wood is pungent ; guaiac wood is acrid and pungent ; logwood is astringent. PITH Sassafras pith is the only one official. In studying piths one should keep in mind the characters given under woods. 257 QUASSIA 1. Cubes of the wood. 2, Chips. 3, Shavings 258 QUASSIA (Quass.) U. S. P. English name : Quassia. Synonyms: Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia, Surinam Quassia. Botanical origin: Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Plan- chon or Quassia amara Linne. (Fam. Simarub- acece.) Part used : Wood. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : West Indies. Description : Quassia occurs as the sawed or cut pieces of the wood. These pieces are of variable size. The wood may be in the form of shavings, small chips, or sawed into cubes. The outer and inner surfaces of the sap-wood are gray ; of the heart- wood light or dark yellow and slightly porous. The fracture of the larger pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured surface varies in color from gray to dark yellow; it is porous and fibrous. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is very strong and persist- ently bitter. Constituents: Bitter principles, alkaloids, resin, pec- tin, mucilage, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Extractum Quassia? N. F. ; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluidextractum Quassia? N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Quassia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 259 SANTALUM ALBUM 1, Fragment of the wood showing the splintery ends. Small fragment. 3, Fragment showing light patches medullary rays. 260 SANTALUM ALBUM (Santal. Alb.) N. F. (1) White Sandal Wood English name : Sandal Wood. Synonyms: White Sandal Wood, Yellow Sandal Wood. Botanical origin: Santalum album Linne. (Fam. San- talacece.) Part used : Heart-wood. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Southern India. Description : White Sandal Wood occurs as small logs or billets and as cut and broken pieces. The billets and pieces are of variable length and diameter. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light yellowish to dark reddish brown. The cut surface has ax marks ; it is smooth and dark yellowish brown. The uncut sur- face is rough and furrowed, or it has dark bands of medullary- rays alternating with the lighter wood. The fracture of the smaller pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured surface is similar to the surface. The odor is pleasingly aromatic. The taste is slightly sweet and pungent. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, tannin, etc. Dose:JJsed only in the form of its preparations. Preparations : Oleum Santali U. S. P.; Dose. 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Sabal et Santali N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 261 SANTALUM RUBRUM 1, A mass of granulated wood of variable size. 262 _ SANTALUM RUBRUM (Santal. Rub.) U. S. P. (2) Red Sandal Wood English name : Red Sandal Wood. Synonyms : Red Saunders, Ruby Wood. Botanical origin : Pterocarpus santalinus Linne filius. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Heart- wood. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat : East Indies. Description : Red Sandal "Wood occurs usually as a mixture of fine and coarse powder. The largest pieces are usually less than a millimeter in length. The texture is fibrous. The color is bright brownish red. The surface is rough. The fracture and the fractured surface cannot be observed on account of the fineness of the powder. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly astringent. Constituents : Red coloring matter, pterocarpin, resin, tannin, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Enters into Tinctura Lavandulae Composita; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 263 GUAIACI LIGNUM 1, Mass of chips showing white nonofficial pieces. 2, Por- tion of a boring from a bowling ball. 3, Projecting fibers of the wood. 264 GUAIACI LIGNUM (Guaiac. Lig.) N. F. English name : Guaiac Wood. Synonyms : Lignum Vitae, Lignum Sanctum. Botanical origin : Guaiacum officinale Linne or Guaia- cum sanctum Linne. (Fam. Zygophyllacece.) Part used: Heart-wood. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Yields not less than 15 per cent, extractive to alcohol. Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat: West Indies. Description : Guaiac wood occurs as a mixture of chips, shavings, cuttings and trimmings. Most of the drug is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of bowling balls. The size of the pieces is very variable. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from greenish brown to reddish brown. The pieces of sap-wood are light yellow in color, and few of these should be present because they do not contain so much resin as the dark green heart-wood. The surface is powdery, rough and irregularly furrowed. The fracture of the smaller pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured ■surface is splintery. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is not distinct at first, but upon prolonged chewing it is acrid and pungent. Constituents: Resin, cellulose, vasculose, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Guaiacum (Guaiac Resin), U. S. P.; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 265 HJEMATOXYLON 1, Pieces of worthless fermented wood. 2 and 3, Piectv of unfermented wood. 266 HiEMATOXYLON (Hsematox.) N. F. English name: Hematoxylon. Synonyms: Logwood. Botanical origin: Hcematoxylon campechianum Linne. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used: Unfermented heart-wood. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 3.5 per cent. Habitat : Central America and West Indies. Description : Logwood occurs as small logs and as cut and broken pieces. The logs and pieces are of variable size. The texture is fibrous. The color of the outer surface is reddish brown, of the cut or broken surface yellowish red. It is longitudinally striated and slightly porous. The fracture of the smaller pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured surface is splintery and yellowish red. The fermented drug, which is frequently supplied as the official drug, is dark purplish brown and of an iridescent green color. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet and astringent. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resin, hematoxylin, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Extractum Haemotoxyli; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 20; SASSAFRAS MEDULLA 1, Straight piece of pith. 2, Mass of irregular pieces. ;i. Curved pieces of pith. SASSAFRAS MEDULLA (Sassaf. Med.) N. F. English name : Sassafras Pith. Synonyms : Ague-tree Pith. Botanical origin: Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury) 0. Kuntz. (Fam. Lauracece.) Part used : Dried pith. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Sassafras pith occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. These pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 6 mm. in diameter. The texture is non-fibrous and parenchymatic. The color varies from white to yellowish brown. The surface is striated and is split or cleft on the outer edge. The fracture is very weak and brittle, or it may be pliable. The fractured sur- face is yellowish white and porous. The odor is slight. The taste is mucilaginous. Constituents : Gum, volatile oil, etc. Preparations : Mucilago Sassafras Medulke; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). CARBO LIGNI (Carbo Lig.) U. S. P. English name : Wood Charcoal. Synonyms: Charcoal, Soft-wood Charcoal. Botanical Origin: Variable. Part used : Charred wood. Impurities : Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Variable, according to the source of the wood. Description : Dull black, fine powder, which should not be gritty and which adheres to the fingers when touched; odor and taste not charac- teristic. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Trochisci Carbonis Ligni N. P. ; Dose, 1 troche. 2(59 CHAPTER VII STEMS IN the study of stems the following must be consid- ered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood and pith. 1. Occurrence. Cactus and dulcamara occur as cut stems, arbor- vitae as broken branches, scoparius as cut and broken branches. 2. Size. Cactus has a maximum diameter of 3 cm. ; the smaller branches of scoparius are less than 1 mm. in diameter. 3. Nature. Cactus and dulcamara are simple (non-branched), scoparius and thuja are branched. In scoparius the branches are alternate. 4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged and a variable distance apart. They are diagnostic. 5. Internodes. The internodes are very variable in length. In the older branches they are usually farther apart than in the younger branches. 6. Texture. The texture of cactus stem is succulent (non-fibrous), all the other stems are fibrous. 7. Color. The color of cactus is dark-green, of scoparius greenish brown; of thuja the color varies from dark green to reddish brown. Bittersweet is greenish brown. 8. Surface. The surface of cactus is spiny and channeled ; of scoparius winged, of thuja covered with four rows of leaves ; of bittersweet striated. 9. Fracture. The fracture of thuja, scoparius and bittersweet is uneven. Cactus grandiflorus bends, therefore it has no fracture. 270 10. Outline. The outline of cactus grandiflorus is wavy; of scoparius usually five-angled, of thuja ir- regular, of bittersweet cylindrical. 11, 12, 13. Cortex, Wood and Pith. The cortex of cactus grandiflorus is very thick and non-fibrous. The cortex in thuja, scoparius and bittersweet is thin and the wood is rather thick. In bittersweet the pith is hollow. 271 CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS 1, Central wood portion of a longitudinal section, mucilaginous cortex. 3, Ridges of a young stem, of the outer surface. 5, Circular wood portion, section of a young stem. 2, Thick 4, Spines 6, Cross- 272 CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS (Cact. Grand.) N. F. English name : Cactus Grandiflorus. Synonyms: Night-blooming Cereus, Sweet-scented Cactus. Botanical origin: Cactus grandiflorus Linne [Cereus grandiflorus Miller]. (Fam. Cactacece.) Part used: Fresh succulent stems. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : West Indies, Porto Rico and Mexico. Description : Cactus Grandiflorus occurs as long pieces several meters in length, or as pieces of variable length, contained in a bottle, etc., and covered with alcohol. The maximum diameter of the stem is 3 cm. The stems are simple or rarely branched (when cut). The nodes are not distinct. The texture of the cortex is mucilaginous ; of the central cylinder fibrous. The color is dark green. The surface is deeply channeled longitudinally. The ridges have clus- ters of spines 6 mm. in length and occasionally tough branched roots. The outline is from 5 to 9 angled. The cortex is muci- laginous ; the wood fibrous ; the pith hollow. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is mucilaginous, SAveet and bitter. Constituents: Alkaloid (cactine), glucoside, resin, fat, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Tinctura Cacti Grandiflori : Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 273 SCOPARIUS 1, Stem showing the two wings ending in a node. 2, A large flower and a flower bud. 3, The hairy pistil. 4, Fruit. 5, Three foliate leaves. 274 SCOPARIUS (Scopar.) N. F. English name: Scoparius. Synonyms : Broom Tops. Botanical origin: Cytisus scoparius (Linne) Link. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Dried tops. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Asia and Europe. Description : Scoparius occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the tops. The pieces measure up to 9 dm. in length. The stems are branched and alternate. The branches curve upward parallel to the main stem. The nodes have small leaf scars and prominent buds. The internodes are of variable length and five-winged, the elevations beginning and ending in nodes. The texture is fibrous. The color of the small twigs is dark green, of the thicker twigs reddish brown. The surface is wrinkled or striated transversely. The fracture is tough. The outline is five-angled. The cortex is thin. The wood is yellowish. The pith is small. Occasionally a few leaves, flowers and fruits are present. The leaves are three- foliate. The petiole of the leaflets is long. The base is cuneate or acute. The margin is entire. The apex is mucronate. The outline is obovate or elliptical. The upper and under surface is ciliate. The odor is not distinct. The taste is disagreeably bitter. Constituents: Sparteine (alkaloid), scoparin (gluco- side), tannin, volatile oil, fat, sugar, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Scoparii ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 275 THUJA 1, A typical leafy twig. 2, Small twig showing three of the four rows of leaves. 3, Fruit attached to a voting twig. 4, Seed. 276 THUJA (Thu.) N. F. English name: Thuja. Synonyms : Arbor Yitae, White Cedar. Botanical origin: Thuja occidentalis Linne. (Fam. PinacecB.) Part used : Leafy young twigs. Impurities : Not more than 1 per cent, of foreign sub- stances. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat : New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Description : Thuja occurs as a mixture of broken pieces of leaves and twigs. The pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length. The leaves measure up to 5 mm. in diameter and to 4 mm. in width. The stems are branched. The nodes are not discernible. The leaves, which are arranged in four rows, are scale-like. The two lateral rows ar^ keeled, and they partially overlap the two rows of flat leaves. All four rows are acute at the apex. The two rows of flat leaves have a large gland near the apex. The two rows of keel-shaped leaves have indistinct glands. The internodes are variable in length. The texture of the stem is fibrous. The color varies from dark green to* yellowish brown. The fracture is fibrous. The out- line of the twigs and leaves is irregular. The cortex is thin. The wood is finely fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is tere- binthinate (like turpentine) and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resins, wax, tannin, gluco- sides (pinipicrin, thujin), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Thuja?; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 277 .;;: DULCAMARA 1, Mass of cut pieces. 2, Pith of the stem. 3, Thick wood. 278 DULCAMARA (Dulcam.) N. F. English name : Bittersweet. Synonyms: Woody Nightshade, Poison Berry, Wolf Grape. Botanical origin: Solanum Dulcamara Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) Part used: Dried stems and branches. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in North America, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Description : Bittersweet occurs as a mixture of short, oblique and transverse sections. These pieces measure up to 1 cm. in length and to 7 mm. in diameter. The entire stems are branched. The nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaf buds are alternate. The inter- nodes are not distinct. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from yellow to greenish brown. The surface is striated longi- tudinally. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex is thin and dark greenish brown in color. The wood varies in color from gray to greenish brown. The pith is brown and hollow or solid. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and sweet. Constituents: Glucoside (dulcamarin), alkaloid (so- lanine), gum, wax, resin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Dulcamarae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 279 Euphorbia Pilulifera, 100 lbs. In mats, covered with light burlap. 280 CHAPTER VIII PLANTS IN the study of plants the following must be consid- ered: (1) Leaves, (2) stems, (3) flowers, and (4) fruits. LEAVES In considering leaves, note carefully their occur- rence ; petiole, length, width, and nature ; blade, base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper surface, under sur- face, texture, odor, and taste. 1. Occurrence. Leaves occur in a broken or entire condition. PETIOLE 2. The petiole of euphorbia is very short ; of coptis and drosera, very long. BLADE 3. Base. The base of euphorbia and Scutellaria is rounded; of the lobes of coptis, cuneate; of drosera, slenderly tapering. 4. Margin. The margin of the leaves of chirata and the droseras is entire. The margin of euphorbia is serrate. In coptis the margin is crenate. 5. Apex. The apex of drosera rotundifolia is rounded; of chirata, Scutellaria, and euphorbia, acute. 6. Outline. The outline of drosera longifolia is oblong-spatulate ; of drosera intermedia, spatulate ; of drosera rotundifolia, orbicular; of chirata, oblong- spatulate; of Scutellaria, ovate-lanceolate; of chirata, oblong-ovate. 7. Size. Varies greatly in the different leaves. 281 8. Upper Surface. A study of the upper surface includes the color, markings, and veins. The color usually is dark green. The markings and the veins are not diagnostic. 9. Under Surface. The under surface is light gray and non-hairy except in euphorbia. The markings are not characteristic, and the veins are elevated promi- nently, as in Scutellaria. 10. Texture. The texture is thin and papery, and the leaves are brittle. 11. Odor. The leaves of the plants have no charac- teristic odor. 12. Taste. The taste of chirata is very strongly bitter; of drosera, coptis, and euphorbia, less so; of Scutellaria, only very slightly bitter. Euphorbia and the droseras also have a slightly acrid taste. STEMS In the study of stems the following must be consid- ered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood, and pith. 1. Occurrence. Most stems occur in a broken con- dition. 2. Size. The size of the different stems is extremely variable, but for each there is a rather uniform maxi- mum diameter. The stems of plants vary in diameter from 1 mm., as in chirata, to 4 mm., as in Scutellaria. 3. Nature. Stems are simple, as in cactus, or branched, as in scoparius. 4. Nodes. The nodes are enlarged in most of the plants studied. Euphorbia Pilulifera is an example. From the nodes may develop one branch, in which case they alternate on the stem, as in chirata; if they de- velop two stems at the node, the branches are then opposite, as in Scutellaria. 5. Internode. This is variable and not diagnostic. 282 <^^M 6. Texture. The stems of all the plants are fibrous. Chirata is quite woody; Scutellaria is fibrous, but not woody. The sundews never have stems except when in flower. 7. Color. The color is purplish brown, as in chi- rata; yellowish brown, as in Scutellaria; reddish brown, as in euphorbia. 8. Surface. The surface may be smooth, as in dro- sera rotundif olia ; slightly winged, as in chirata; sunken, as in Scutellaria; and spotted, as in a few of the stems of euphorbia. 9. Fracture. The fracture has little diagnostic im- portance in the study of stems of herbs. 10. Outline. The outline is quadrangular, as in Scutellaria and in the small branches of chirata; or cylindrical, as in the larger chirata stems and in euphorbia. 11. 12, 13. The study of the cortex, wood and pith is not macroscopically diagnostic in the stems of the official plants. 2S3 W i \¥i 1 r I 2 ^^F^- CHIRATA 1, Root of the plant. 2, Flowering and fruiting top. ii, Fruit. 4. Leaf showing the characteristic venation. 284 CHIRATA (Ohirat.) N. F. English name: Chirata. Synonyms : Chirayta, Chiretta, Bitter Stick. Botanical origin: Swertia Chirayita (Roxburgh) Hamilton. (Fam. Gentianacece.) Part used: Dried plant. Impurities: None given. Assay : None given. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Northern India. Description : Chirata occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the plant. These pieces measure up to 10 dm. in length. The stems are usually branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light yellow to purplish brown. The surface of the stem is smooth and slightly winged and striated. The fracture is fibrous. The outline of the thick stems is cylin- drical, of the small stems four-sided. The cortex is thin. The wood is thin and brown. The pith is large, hollow or solid. A few roots, leaves and fruits are usually present. The roots are simple or branched, tapering and woody. The leaves are sessile. The base is rounded. The margin is entire. The apex is acute or acuminate. The outline is oblong-ovate. The size is variable. The larger leaves measure up to 9 cm. in length and to 3 cm. in width. The under surface shows five or six prominent veins. The fruit is a two-celled capsule; the carpels are acute and usually partially opened. The odor is not distinct. The taste is strongly bitter. Constituents: Tannin, wax, bitter principles (ophelic acid and chiratin), etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Chirata?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 285 DROSERA-ROUND-LEAVED 1, The round glandular leaves of the plant. 2, Flower cluster. 3, Large flower cluster. 4, Glandular hairs pro- jecting from the edge of the leaf. 286 -^ DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. (1) Round-leaved Drosera English name : Drosera. Synonyms: Round-leaved Sundew, Common Sundew. Botanical origin: Drosera rotundifolia Linne. (Fam. Droseracece.) Part used : Air-dried flowering plant. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. Habitat: Northern North America, south to Florida and Alabama. Description : Round-leaved Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the plant. The plants measure up to 12 cm. when in flower. The leaves are all basal and are arranged in a rosette. The petiole is flat and pubescent and has glandular hairs which measure up to 5 mm. in length. The base of the blade is cuneate. The margin is entire. The outline is orbicular or broader than long. The size varies. The largest blades measure up to 1 cm. in width. The upper surface and margins have numerous glandu- lar hairs. The under surface is nearly smooth. The scape is simple or branched and smooth. The flowers have five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and one pistil with a three-parted style. The fruit is a three-parted capsule containing many seeds. The odor of the plant is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter and acrid. Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- ment, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Droserae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 287 DROSERA— INTERMEDIATE 1, Rosette of leaves. 2, Flower pedicle. 3, Cluster of flowers. 288 -^-^ DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. (2) Intermediate Drosera English name : Drosera. Synonyms : Intermediate Sundew. Botanical origin: Drosera intermedia Hayne. (Fam. Droseracece.) Part used : Plant. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. Habitat: Northern North America, south to Florida and Louisiana. Description : Intermediate Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the plant. The plants measure up to 11.5 cm. when in flower. The leaves are all basal and are arranged in an ascend- ing rosette. The petiole is flat and glabrous; it measures up to 27 mm. in length. The base of the blade is acuminate. The margin is entire. The outline is spatulate. The size varies. The larger blade measures up to 13 mm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. The upper surface and margins have numerous glandu- lar hairs. The under surface is smooth. The scape is simple or branched and smooth. The flowers have five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and one pistil with a three-parted style. The fruit is a three-parted capsule. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter and acrid. Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- ment, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Flu idextr actum Drosera?; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 289 DROSERA— LONG-LEAVED 1, Spatulate leaves of the plant. 2, Roots of the plant. 3, Glandular hairs on the margin of the leaf. 4, Flower cluster. 290 -^^B i DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. (3) Long-leaved Drosera English name : Drosera. Synonyms: Long-leaved Sundew. Botanical origin: Drosera longifolia Linne. (Fam. Droseracece.) Part used: Air-dried flowering plant. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. Habitat : Europe and United States. Description : Long-leaved Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the plant. These plants measure up to 24 cm. when in flower. The leaves are all basal and erect. The petiole, which is flat and mostly glabrous, measures up to 4.7 cm. in length. The base of the blade is strongly tapering. The margin is entire. The outline is oblong spatulate. The size varies. The largest blades measure up to 2 cm. in length and to 4 mm. in width. The upper surface and margins have numerous glandular hairs. The under surface is smooth. The scape is usually simple and smooth. The flowers have five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and one pistil with a three-parted style. The fruit is a three-parted capsule. The seeds are numerous. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- ment, etc. )ose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Reparations : Fluidextractum Droserae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 291 SCUTELLARIA 1, Petiole. 2, Acute apex. 3, Coarsely serrate margin. 4, Rounded base. 5, Single flower. 6, Leaf and axillary raceme. 292 SCUTELLARIA (Scutell.) N. F. English name : Scutellaria. Synonyms : Skullcap, Hoodwort, Madweed. Botanical origin: Scutellaria lateriflora Linne. (Fam. Labiatce.) Part used: Dried plant. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and New Mexico. Description : Scutellaria occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the herb. The stems measure up to 4 mm. in diameter. The stems are branched. The nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and stems are opposite. The internodes are of unequal length. The texture of the stem is fibrous. The color is yellowish green. The surface is smooth and sunken on four sides. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is square. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large. The leaves have petioles measuring up to 2.5 cm. The base of the blade is rounded or cordate. The margin is coarsely serrate. The apex is acuminate or acute. The outline is ovate lanceolate. The size is variable. Large leaves measure up to 7 cm. in length and 3 cm. in width. The upper surface is dark green. The under surface is light green. The veins are promi- nent on both surfaces. The flowers are in terminal or axillary racemes. The calyx is campanulate (two-lipped). The white or blue corolla turns yellow when dry ; the two-lipped calyx enlarges at the throat. The calyx is helmet-shaped in the fruit, and con- tains the fruit. The odor of the plant is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter. Constituents: Scutellarin (glucoside), volatile oil, tan- nin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Scutellariae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 293 EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA 1, Stems of the plant. 2, Root of the plant. 3. Yellow hairs growing on the stem. 4, Leaf. 5, Flower cluster. 294 -^^H EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA (Euphorb. Pilul.) N. F. English name : Euphorbia Pilulif era. Synonyms : Pill-bearing Spurge, Asthma Weed. Botanical origin: Euphorbia pilulif era Linne. (Fam. Euphorbiacece.) Part used : Dried plant. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Florida to Texas, south to Tropical America. Description : Euphorbia pilulifera occurs as a mixture of the entire plant and broken pieces. The plant measures up to 25 cm. in length. The stems are simple or branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish yellow to reddish brown. The surface is smooth, striated or spotted. The smaller stems are covered with a dense coat of long, yellow hairs ; the thicker stems have scattered hairs. The fracture is brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex, wood and pith are not distinctive. The leaves have short petioles. The blade is unequilateral and rounded at the base. The margin is finely ser- rate. The apex is acute. The outline is ovate lanceolate. The upper surface and the under surface are yellowish green and pubescent, and the veins are distinct. The flowers are inconspicu- ous and occur in axillary clusters. The fruits are very small and three-celled, and have as many as three seeds. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Acrid and other resins. Not fully in- vestigated. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Euphorbia? Pilulifera? ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 295 COPTIS 1, Leaf with a long petiole. 2, Portion of a rhizome with slender roots. 3, Tangled mass of leaves, rhizomes and roots. 296 COPTIS (Cop.) N. F. English name: Coptis. Synonyms: Goldthread, Canker-root, Mouth-root. Botanical origin: Coptis trifolia (Linne) Salisbury. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used: Plant. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Northern North America, south to Canada and Minnesota. Description : Coptis occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the plant. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 1 mm. in diameter. The leaves measure up to 10 cm. in length. The rhizome is horizontal and branched. Minute stem scars and a circle of root occur at the node. The internodes are long. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light to dark orange. The surface is smooth. The fracture is very weak and brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and the wood are bright orange. The leaves are trifoliate and have long petioles up to 9 cm. The base of the segments is cuneate. The margin of the wedge-shaped portion is serrate, of the remaining portion crenate mucronate. The apex of the side segments is two-lobed, of the central segment three-lobed. The upper surface is dark green and shiny above; the under surface is light green and dull. The odor of the plant is not distinct. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (berberine, coptine), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Coptis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 297 HELIANTHEMUM 1, Stems, leaves and flowers. 2, Flower. 3, Leaf. 4, Fruit. 298 HELIANTHEMUM (Helianth.) N. F. English name : Helianthemum. Synonyms: Frost-weed, Rock-rose. Botanical origin: Helianthemum canadense (Linne) Michaux. (Fam. Cistacece.) Part used: Herb. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Maine to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Description : Helianthemum occurs as a mixture of entire or broken stems with leaves attached or separated. The plant measures up to 20 cm. in length. The stems are branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves, stems and buds are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is woody. The color varies from gray to grayish red. The surface is canescent. The fracture is brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex is thin. The wood is thick. The pith is small and hollow. The petiole of the leaf is short; the longest measures up to 5 mm. The Made is tapering at the base. The margin is entire and slightly revolute. The apex is acute or rounded. The upper surface varies in color from green to yellowish green and is canescent. The under surface is grayish green and canescent. The flowers are solitary or clus- tered. The solitary flowers have a calyx of five sepals, a corolla of five yellow petals, an andrvecium of thirty stamens, a gyncecium of one pistil with a 3-celled ovary, one style and a capitate stigma. The clustered flowers have a calyx of five sepals, no corolla (apetalous), an andrcecium of four stamens, a gyncecium of one pistil with a 3-celled ovary, one style, and a clavate stigma. The fruit is a three-celled capsule with numerous reticulate seeds. The odor is slight. The taste is bitter. Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, wax, tannin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Pluidextractum Helianthemi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 299 CENTAURIUM 1, Plants with flower clusters. 2, Separate flower cluster. 3, Two flowers. 4, Opposite leaves. 300 ^^H CENTAURIUM (Centaur.) N. F. English name : Centaury. Synonyms: European Century Herb, Lesser Cen- taury. Botanical origin: Erythrcea Centaurium (Linne) Per- soon. (Fam. Gentianacece.) Part used : Dried flowering plant. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Europe. Description : Centaury occurs as small bundles of the entire herb, held together with a strand of grass. The largest herbs measure up to 2 cm. in length, the stems to 2 mm. in diameter. The nodes are dis- tinct. The leaves and stems are opposite. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The eo'or is light green. The surface is finely striated and winged. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is angled. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is hollow. The leaves, which have no petiole, are sessile. The blade is tapering at the base. The margin is entire. The apex is acute. The outline varies from oval to lance-linear. The largest leaves measure up to 23 mm. in length and to 8 mm. in width. The upper surface is dark green. The under surface is light green and is usually three-nerved. The flowers occur in com- pound racemes. The individual flowers have short pedicles, a calyx of five-parted lobes, a corolla united below and expanded above into five lobes, an androzcium of five stamens, a gyncecium of two carpels. The fruit is a two-celled capsule. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is strongly bitter. Constituents: Bitter glucoside, volatile oil, resin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Amara ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 301 /> Alexandria Senna, whole leaf, 250 to 500 lbs. Wooden case covered with heavy burlap. 302 CHAPTER IX HERBS IN the study of herbs the following must be con- sidered : Leaves, stems, flowers, and sometimes the fruits. LEAVES In the study of the leaves of herbs the following must be considered: (1) Occurrence; (2) petiole, length, width, and nature; (3) blade, base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper surface, under surface, tex- ture, odor, and taste. 1. Occurrence. The leaves occur in the broken or entire condition. 2. Petiole. The petioles vary greatly. In passi- flora they are short, in senecio they are long, etc. 3. Blade, (a) The base of passiflora is rounded; of helianthemum, tapering; of senecio, cordate. (&) The margin in centaurium and in helianthemum is entire ; in verbena it is doubly serrate ; and in senecio it is lobed. Adonis and Pulsatilla have compound leaves, (c) The apex of senecio is rounded; of cen- taurium and helianthemum, acute ; of verbena, acumi- nate. (cZ) The outline of the divisions of adonis leaves is capillary; of centaurium, lanceo-linear ; verbena is oblong-lanceolate; that of many of the radicle leaves of senecio are orbicular, (e) The upper surface em- braces a study of the color, markings, and veins. The color varies from dark green, as in centaurium, to purplish green, as in verbena and senecio, to yellowish green, as in passiflora. No special markings occur on the leaves of the herbs. The veins are usually even with the surface. (/) The under surface varies in color from grayish green, as in verbena, to gray, as in 303 senecio. The markings are not diagnostic. The veins are elevated and usually characteristically arranged. In centaurium the three veins are very prominent. (g) The texture of all the leaves is papery, and they are very brittle, (h) The odor is so slight in the leaves of the herbs as to be uncharacteristic, (i) The taste in all cases is bitter. In adonis there is also a slight acrid taste. STEMS In the study of the stems of herbs the following must be considered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood, and pith. 1. Occurrence. Stems occur in the broken, cut, or entire condition. 2. Size. The size of the stems of herbs varies from 2 mm., as in centaurium, to 7 cm., as in verbena. 3. Nature. The stems of herbs may be simple, as in Pulsatilla, or branched, as in centaurium. 4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged and the branches may be alternate, one at a node, as in passi- flora ; or opposite, two at a node, as in centaurium. 5. Internodes. A study of the internodes is not diagnostic. 6. Texture. The texture of the stems of all the herbs is fibrous but not woody. 7. Color. The stem of centaurium is light green; of helianthemum, grayish red; of verbena, purplish brown ; of senecio, grayish purple ; of passiflora, gray- ish or yellowish green; of adonis and Pulsatilla, purplish. 8. Surface. The surface of helianthemum is canes- cent (hairy); of centaurium, winged; of verbena, channeled ; of passiflora, striated ; of adonis, sunken. 9. Fracture. The fracture is usually uneven and of slight importance. 304 10. Outline. The outline of verbena is quadrangu- lar; of passiflora, cylindrical; of senecio, adonis, and Pulsatilla, irregular. 11, 12, and 13. The study of the cortex, wood and pith is not important in the study of the stems of the official herbs. 305 VERBENA 1, Mass of the cut herb. 2, Panicled spike of flowers. 3, Doubly serrate margin. 306 VERBENA (Verben.) N. F. English name : Verbena. Synonyms : Blue Vervain. Botanical origin: Verbena hastata Linne. (Fam. Ver- benacece.) Part used: Herb (overground portion). Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida and New Mexico. Description : Verbena occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces of the herb. These pieces are of variable length and up to 7 cm. in diameter. The uncut stem is branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves and branches are opposite. The intemodes are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purple. The surface is usually channeled on its four sides. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is quadrangular. The cortex is thicker at the angles. The wood is white. The pith is large, hollow and cylindrical. The petiole of the leaf measures up to 2 cm. The blade is rounded at the base. _ The margin is coarsely and doubly serrate; the inner teeth are smaller than the outer. The apex is acuminate or acute. The outline is mostly oblong-lanceolate. The upper surface is green or purplish green. The under surface is grayish green and the veins are prominent. The flowers occur in panicled spikes. Each flower is subtended by a subulate bract. The calyx is five-lobed. The corolla is usually blue or pink and five-lobed. The andrcecium consists of four stamens. The gynce- cium consists of one pistil with a four-celled ovary, one style, and two stigmas, but only one lobe is stigmatic. The fruit, consisting of four nutlets, is enclosed in the calyx. The odor of the plant is not characteristic. The taste is bitter. Constituents : Tannin and bitter principle. Not fully investigated. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Verbenae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 307 SENECIO 1, Leaf showing doubly dentate margin. 2, Small leaf. 3, Lyrately pinnatifid leaf of the stem. 4. Flower. 5. Involucre bracts and receptacle. 6, Stem. 308 SENECIO (Sene.) N. F. English name : Senecio. Synonyms : Life-root, Golden Ragroot. Botanical origin: Senecio aureus Linne. (Fam. Com- positce. ) Part used : Dried overground portion. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Senecio occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken pieces of the herb. The stems are branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves and stems are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from yellow to grayish purple. The fracture is brittle. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is hollow. There are two types of leaves, radical and stem. The radical leaves have petioles measuring up to 28 cm. The base is usually cordate. The margin is sharply and often doubly dentate. The apex is rounded. The outline is ovate or nearly orbicular. The upper surface varies from green to purplish green. The under surface is grayish, brownish, or purplish green, and the veins are promi- nent. The stem leaves are subtended by bracts, and they are sessile, lyrately pinnatifid. The flowers occur as heads arranged in corymbs. The peduncle is long. The involucre consists of two rows of bracts, the outer smaller, the inner larger and linear. The ray flowers are yellow and number up to twelve. The disk flowers are numerous and perfect. The receptacle is convex and non-scaly. The fruits are achenes, each of which has a white pappus. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and slightly pungent. Constituents : Acrid bitter principle and tannin. Not fully investigated. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Senecionis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 309 PASSIFLORA 1, Three-lobed leaf. 2, Coiled tendril. 3, Stem. 4, Fruit. 5, Developing fruit. 6, Crown. 7, Flower. 310 PASSIFLORA (Passiflor.) N. F. English name : Passion Flower. Synonyms : Passion Vine. Botanical origin: Passiflora incarnata Linne. (Fam. Passiflor acece.) Part used : Herbage collected after some of the berries have matured. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat: Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Passion Flower Herb occurs as broken pieces. These pieces are of variable length. The stems are branched. The nodes are dis- tinct. The leaves and stems or scars are alternate. The inter- nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish green. The surface is striated. The fracture is brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is hollow or solid. The leaves vary from three to five-lobed. The petioles measure up to 1 cm. At the point of union with the blade there are two glands. The Made is round or subcordate at the base and the margin is finely serrate. The apex of the lobes is acute. The outline is orbicular if the lobes are con- nected. The size is variable. The length is up to 12 cm., the width to 12 cm. The upper surface is dark green. The under surface is yellowish green and the veins are prominent. The pedicle of the flower is three-bracted. The flower has a calyx of five imbricated, cuspidate sepals, a corolla of five yellow petals, a purple crown, an andrcecium of five stamens with versatile anthers, and a gyncecium of one pistil with a three-parted style terminating in three club-shaped stigmas. The fruit is an indehiscent berry with numerous seeds. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter. Constituents: Alkaloid (trace). Not fully investi- gated. Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Passiflorae; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 311 ADONIS 1, Stem. 2, Stem covered with leaves. 3, Flowers. 5, Fruit. 312 ADONIS (Adonis) N. F. English name : Adonis. Synonyms: Pheasant's Eye, False Hellebore. Botanical origin: Adonis vernalis Linne. (Fam. Ra- nunculacece.) Part used: Dried overground portion, Herb. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Asia and Northern Europe. Description : Adonis occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the plant. The longest plants measure up to 25 cm. in length. They are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The internodes are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purplish green. The surface is striated longitudi- nally and sunken. The base is surrounded by numerous scales. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are thin, collapsed on the hollow pith. The leaves are com- pound. The petiole is short. The blade is pinnatifid; the ultimate segments capillary. The flowers are solitary and terminal. It has a calyx of five greenish gray sepals, a corolla of five to twenty yellowish petals, an androzcium of an indefinite number of sta- mens, and a gyncecium of an indefinite number of pistils. The fruit is capitate and consists of a great number of achenes. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Adonidin (glucoside), etc. Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Adonidis ; Dose, 0.125 mil (2 min.). 313 PULSATILLA-ANEMONE 1, Many plumose achenes. 2, Small leaves. 3, Flower. 4, Radical leaves. 314 PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. (1) Anemone Pulsatilla English name: Pulsatilla. Synonyms : Pasque Flower, Wind Flower. Botanical origin: Anemone Pulsatilla Linne. (Fam. Banunculacece.) Part used : Dried herb. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. Description : Anemone Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. The stems are present when the plant is in flower or fruit. They are simple. The texture is herbaceous. The color is grayish green. The surface is striated and hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are not distinct. The pith is white. The leaves, which are longer than broad, are all radical. The petioles are of variable length. The blade is twice pinnately compound and the divisions are narrowly linear (narrowest of the official varieties). The flowers are solitary, ter- minal and erect. The six sepals are twice the length of the sta- mens. The androecium consists of numerous stamens ; the gynce- cvum, of numerous plumose pistils which are longer than the stamens. The fruit is an achene with a persistent plumose style. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly acrid. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Pulsatillas; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). PULSATILLA-EUROPEAN 1, Plumose achenes. 2, Small leaves, stem. 5, Circle of radical leaves. 3, Flower. 4, Cut 316 PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. (2) European Pulsatilla English name: Pulsatilla. Synonyms: European Pulsatilla, European Pasque Flower. Botanical origin: Anemone pratensis Linne. (Fam. RanunculacecB.) Part used : Dried herb. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. Description : European Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. The stem (flower stalk) is present only in fruiting and flowering specimens. These stems are simple and below the flower there are three palmately divided hairy bracts. The texture is herbaceous. The color is grayish purple. The surface is finely striated and hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is small. The leaves are longer than broad. The petioles are usually purple and they are hairy and of variable length. The Made is twice pinnately com- pound. The divisions are linear (broader than in A. Pulsatilla but narrower than in A. Ludoviciana). The flowers are terminal, solitary, nodding, bell-shaped and dark violet. The six sepals are turned back at the tip and their length is not twice that of the stamens. The andrcecium consists of numerous stamens. The gyncecium of numerous plumose pistils. The fruit is an achene with a persistent plumose style. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly acrid. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Pulsatilla;; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 317 PULSATILLA— AMERICAN 1, Plumose achenes. 2, Closed flower. 3, Open flower. 318 ^^ PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. (3) American Pulsatilla English name: Pulsatilla. Synonyms : American Pulsatilla, Prairie Anemone. Botanical origin: Anemone Ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used: Herb. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: British Columbia, Nebraska south to Texas. Description : American Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. The stems are present only when the plant is in flower or fruit. The stems are simple and just below the flower stalks there are three palmately divided hairy bracts. These bracts are best seen in the fruiting specimen. The texture is herbaceous. The color is grayish or purplish green. The surface is finely striated and hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and frequently hollow. The leaves are broader than long and all are radical. The petioles are usually purple and they measure 35 cm. or less in length. The blade is palmate — pinnately compound; the divisions measure 6 mm. or less in width (broadest of the official varieties). The flowers are solitary, terminal and erect. The five-seven purple sepals are twice as long as the stamens. The andrcecium consists of numerous stamens. The gyncecium consists of numerous plu- mose pistils. The fruit is an achene with a persistent plumose style. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly acrid. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Pulsatilla; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 319 ^6 Stramonium Leaves, iron bands. 450 lbs. In burlap packing, held by 320 -^ I CHAPTER X LEAVES AND FLOWERING TOPS N the study of herbs the following must be consid- ered : Leaves, stems and flowers. LEAVES In the study of leaves the following must be consid- ered: Occurrence: petiole,— length, width and na- ture; blade,— base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper surface, under surface, texture, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Leaves occur either in broken or in entire condition. 2. Petiole. The petiole may be short and slender, as in spearmint, or short and thick, as in belladonna, or long and slender, as in melilotus, or long and thick, as in stramonium. 3. Blade, (a) The base may be truncate, as in melilotus; or rounded, as in peppermint, spearmint and thyme ; or inequilateral, as in henbane ; or taper- ing, as in belladonna and lobelia; or cordate, as in catnep. (&) The margin of belladonna, thyme and galega is entire. In peppermint, spearmint, melilotus and grindelia it is serrate. In catnep, lobelia and eupatorium the margin is crenate. In hyoscyamus the margin is lobed. In absinthium and cannabis the mar- gin is divided, (c) The apex of melilotus is truncate or notched. The divisions of absinthium leaf are obtuse ; of henbane, eupatorium, cataria, lobelia, spearmint, peppermint and thyme, acute; of galega, mucronate. {d) The outline of thyme is linear-lanceolate; of spearmint, oblong-lanceolate; of melilotus, oblong- oval; of belladonna, ovate-lanceolate, (e) The upper surface embraces the color, the markings and the veins. The color is in most cases dark green. In 321 henbane it is yellowish green ; in belladonna, yellowish brown. In most leaves the surface is dull, but in the grindelia species the surface is shiny, because of a layer of resin. Thyme has numerous pits or oil cavi- ties; in belladonna there are numerous holes which extend from the upper to the lower surface of the leaf. The veins are usually on a level with the surface of the leaf tissues. (/) The under surface is usually higher colored than the upper; grayish green is the prevail- ing color. In catnep and eupatorium the under sur- face is hairy. Many of the other leaves have hairs, but they are not macroscopic, (g) The texture of the leaves from the flowering tops is almost without ex- ception thin and papery, and they are very brittle. (h) Odor. Belladonna and henbane have a narcotic odor. Thyme, peppermint, spearmint, ■ eupatorium, absinthium and grindelia species have an aromatic odor, (i) Taste. Thyme, spearmint, peppermint, eupatorium, absinthium and the grindelia species have a pungent taste. Absinthium, eupatorium, henbane and belladonna have a bitter taste. STEMS In the study of stems, the following must be con- sidered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood and pith. 1. Occurrence. The stems occur in the broken or cut condition. 2. Size. The size varies from 0.5 mm., as in thy- mus, to 7 mm., as in henbane. 3. Nature. The stems are simple or branched. 4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged, and the branches from them may be alternate (one at a node) or opposite (two at a node). 5. Internodes. The internodes may be short or long, but in most cases they are of variable length and unimportant. 6. Texture. The texture of the stems of thyme is 322 fibrous and woody, but in the stems found in the other drugs the texture is fibrous and non-woody. 7. Color. The color of the stems varies from green to purple to brown to gray. 8. Surface. The surface of peppermint, spearmint and catnep is channeled; of lobelia, slightly chan- neled; absinthium, cannabis and eupatorium are striated; henbane is sunken; absinthium, cannabis, eupatorium and lobelia are hairy. 9. Fracture. The fracture of thyme stem is hackly ; other stems have an uneven fracture. 10. Outline. The outline of peppermint, spear- mint and catnip is quadrangular; of cannabis, ab- sinthium, eupatorium and the grindelias, cylindrical; of henbane, sunken. 11. 12, 13. The study of the cortex, wood and pith is not diagnostic. 323 THYMUS 1, Mass of leaves and flowers. 2, Tops of the plant. 3, Flowers. 324 THYMUS N. F. English name: Thyme. Synonyms : Garden Thyme, Common Thyme. Botanical origin: Thymus vulgaris Linne. (Fam. Labiatce.) Part used : Dried tops. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. HabitaJ : Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description : Thyme occurs as broken pieces of the flowering tops, or as a mix- ture of leaves and flowers. The stems are variable in length and diameter. The stems are simple or branched. The nodes are en- larged. The leaves and branches are opposite. The internodes are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from gray to purplish brown. The surface is pubescent. The fracture is tough. The outline of the larger stems is nearly cylindrical, of the smaller stems quadrangular. The cortex is thin and the wood is thick and fibrous. The pith is small and central. The leaves are sessile; the petiole measures up to 2 mm. in length. The blade is slightly rounded and it tapers into the short petiole. The margin is entire and revolute. The apex is acute. The out- line varies from linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. The blade measures up to 8 mm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter. The upper surface is grayish green and hairy and pitted. The under surface is gray and hairy and pitted. The flowers are arranged in axillary or terminal clusters. The calyx is united below into a tube, free above; the four lobes are subulate. The corolla is united below, free above, and bilabiate; three lobes are short and small, and one lobe is large and emarginate. The androecium consists of four exserted stamens. The gynaecium consists of one pistil with a four-celled ovary and one curved exserted two-parted style. The fruit consists of four nutlets enclosed in a persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and warming. Constituents : Volatile oil, tannin, resin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Thvmi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Oleum Thymi U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 325 BELLADONNA FOLIA 1, Perforated leaf. 2, Flower. 3, Five stamens. 4. Fruit. 5, Upper and under surface of the fruit. 6, Five-cleft calyx. 326 ^^ BELLADONNA FOLIA (Bellad. Fol.) U. S. P. English name : Belladonna Leaves. Synonyms: Deadly Nightshade Leaves, Belladonnae folium P. I. Botanical origin: Atropa Belladonna Linne. (Fam. SolanacecB.) Part used : Dried leaves and tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 0.3 per cent, of total alkaloids. Ash : Not more than 20 per cent. Habitat: Central Asia and Central Europe ; cultivated j in United States. Description : Belladonna Leaves occur as a mixture of broken pieces of leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 25 cm. in length and to 12 mm. in diameter. They are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves and branches are opposite. The internodea are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to brownish green. The surface is smooth and sunken. The fracture is brittle. The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large. The leaves have petioles up to 4.5 cm. in length. The base is tapering and narrows into the petiole, or is slightly cordate. The margin is entire. The apex is acute. The outline varies from broadly to narrowly ovate-lanceolate. They measure up to 27 cm. in length and the blade up to 11.7 cm. in width. The upper surface is greenish or yellowish brown, and it usually has several holes of variable size. The under surface is light yellowish or grayish brown, and the veins are prominent. The flowers are axillary. The pedicles measure up to 2.5 cm. The calyx is deeply five-cleft; the divisions are acute. The corolla is campanulate and five- lobed. The androecium consists of five stamens. The yyncecium consists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and an exserted style. The fruit is-a two-celled berry. The seeds are small and reticulate. The odor is narcotic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Starch, albumin, alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, belladonnine, . etc.), chlorophyl, wax, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Emplastrum Belladonnae (from extract). Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum; Dose, 0.015 Gm. ( \i grain). Linimentum Belladonna 1 (from fluidextract). Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). Unguentum Belladonnas (from extract). 327 GALEGA 1, Compound leaf. 2, Small leaves. 3, Flower cluster and, just below, five fruits. 328 GALEGA (Galeg.) N. F. English name : Galega. Synonyms: European Goat's Rue. Botanical origin: Galega officinalis Linne. (Fam, Leguminosce. ) Part used: Flowering tops. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat : Mediterranean region to Central Europe. Description : Galega occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 2.5 dm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. The stems are usually branched. The nodes are dis- tinct. The leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is greenish yellow. The surface is striated. The fracture is uneven. The outline is oblong. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is hollow. The leaves have petioles which measure up to 2.5 cm. in length. The blade is compound, and is divided into six to eight pairs of leaflets and terminates in one (odd) leaflet. The base of the leaflets is tapering and rounded. The margin is entire. The apex is mucronate. The outline varies from ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. The leaflets measure up to 4 cm. in length and to 11 mm. in diameter. The upper and under surfaces are yellowish green and distinctly, finely parallel-veined. The flowers are arranged in racemes, and they are papilionaceous. The bracts are subulate. The pedicles measure up to 5 mm. The calyx is tubular-spreading; the free portion terminates in five subulate lobes. The corolla consists of five petals. The keel is formed of two coherent petals. The wings are of equal size. The standard is large. The androscium consists of five stamens. The gynce- cium consists of one pistil. The fruit is a legume. Constituents: Bitter principle and tannin. Not fully investigated. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Galegse; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 329 MENTHA PIPERITA 1, Stem, leaves and flowers. 2, Petiole. 3, Sharply serrate margin. 4. Acute apex. 5, Flower. 6, Flower spike. 330 "^M MENTHA PIPERITA (Menth. Pip.) U. S. P. English name : Peppermint. Synonyms : Brandy Mint, Lamb Mint. Botanical origin : Mentha piperita Linne, (Fam. La- biatw.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in North America, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Ala- bama ; cultivated in Japan and United States. Description : Peppermint occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the flowering tops with detached and entire and broken leaves. The stems are simple or branched. They measure up to 9.5 cm. in length and to 3.3 cm. in width. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves are opposite. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purple. The surface is striated longitudinally and channeled on its four sides. The fracture is tough and incomplete. The outline is quadrangu- lar. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white, large, and solid or hollow. The petiole of the leaves measures up to 15 mm. The blade is rounded at the base and tapers slightly into the petiole. The margin is sharply serrate. The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to ovate-lanceolate. The blade measures up to 7.5 cm. in length and to 32 mm. in width. The upper sur- face varies in color from yellowish green to purple, and the veins are slightly depressed. The under surface is light green, and the * veins are more prominent. The flowers are arranged in dense, broad, interrupted spikes. The bracts are lanceolate. The calyx is campanulate; its five teeth are subulate. The corolla is united and tubular below, four-lobed above; its color varies from light to dark purple. The androecium consists of four stamens of equal length. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four-celled ovary and a two-parted style. The fruit consists of four nutlets enclosed in the persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and finally cooling. Constituents: Volatile oil, chlorophyl, tannin, resin, gum, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). Preparations : Aqua Menthae Piperita? (from oil) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Oleum Mentha} Piperita?; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Spiritus Mentha; Piperita;; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 331 MENTHA VIRIDIS 1, Short petiole. 2, Serrate margin. 3. Acute apex. 4, Prominent vein on the under surface. 5, Single spike of flowers. 6, Panicled spike of flowers. 332 MENTHA VIRIDIS (Menth. Vir.) U. S. P. English name : Spearmint. Synonyms : Mint, Brown or Garden Mint. Botanical origin: Mentha spicata Linne (Mentha viri- dis Liime). (Fam. Labiatce.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Europe; naturalized in North America, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. Description : Spearmint occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the flowering tops with detached and entire and broken leaves. The stems measure up to 40 cm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves are opposite. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purplish green. The surface is striated longitudi- nally and channeled on its four sides. The fracture is tough and incomplete. The outline is quadrangular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and white. The leaves are sessile above and petioled below. The petiole measures up to 5 mm. in length. The blade is rounded and slightly inequilateral at the base. The margin is sharply serrate ; the teeth are usually of unequal length and more abundant near the apex. The apex is usually acute. The outline varies from ovate-lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate. The leaves measure up to 7.5 cm. in length and the blade up to 2.5 cm. in diameter. The upper surface is greenish yellow and green, and the veins are distinct. The under surface is grayish green, and the veins are distinct. The flowers are arranged in long, narrow, acute interrupted spikes. The bracts are lanceolate. The calyx is united into a tube below, free above, and the five teeth are subulate. The corolla is united and tubular below, four-lobed above; it has three short and one long emargi- nate light purple lobes. The androzcium consists of four stamens of equal length. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four- celled ovary and a two-parted style. The fruit consists of four nutlets enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is persistently aromatic. The taste is pungent, but not cooling. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, chlorophyl, resin, gum, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). Preparations : Aqua Menthae Viridis (from oil) ; Dose. IS mils (4 fl. drs.). Oleum Menthae Viridis; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Spiritus Menthae Viridis (from oil) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 333 MELILOTUS 1, Cluster of young leaves. 2, Leaves of the flowering stalk. 3, Raceme of flowers. 4, Raceme of short hairy pods. 334 MELILOTUS (Melilot.) N. F. English name : Melilot. Synonyms : Yellow Sweet Clover, Yellow Melilot. Botanical origin: Melilotus officinalis (Linne) La- marck. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Europe; naturalized throughout southern Canada and United States. Description : Melilot occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 6 dm. in length and up to 8 mm. in diameter. The stems are branched or simple. The nodes are prominent. The leaves and stems are alternate. The in- ternodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light green to greenish purple. The surface is striated and winged. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is angled. The cortex is thin and green. The wood is yellow. The pith is large and hollow. The leaves are trifoliate. The petiole measures up to 2.3 cm. in length. The leaflets have petioles up to 1 mm. in length. The blades are tapering or cuneate at the base. The margin is sharply serrate. The apex is notched, truncate, or rounded. The outline varies from narrowly oblong to oval to obovate. The blades of the flowering branches measure up to 24 mm. in length and up to 5 mm. in width ; those of the young, non-flowering branches measure up to 28 mm. in length and up to 14 mm. in width. The upper surface varies from dark to yellowish green. The under surface is grayish green. The veins are distinct on both surfaces ; the branches of the midvein terminate in a tooth. The flowers occur in racemes. The pedicles measure up to 2 mm. The calyx is campanulate ; the five lobes are subulate and shorter than the tube. The corolla is papilionaceous. The standard is broad and erect. The wings are narrower than the standard, and the keel is shorter and obtuse. The androecium consists of 10 stamens in two groups. The gynoecium consists of one pistil with a one-celled ovary J»nd a long: slender style. The fruit is a short, thick, globose hairy pod, with the persistent base of the style. Constituents: Cumarin, resin, acid, volatile oil, etc. Preparations : None. 335 GRINDELIA CAMPORUM 1, Leaf with serrate margin and acute apex. 2, In- volucre with overlapping recurved bracts. 3, Circle of ray flowers. 336 GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. (1) Grindelia Camporum English name : Grindelia. Synonyms : Gum Plant. Botanical origin: Grindelia camporum Greene. (Fam. Compositce.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: California. Description : Grindelia camporum occurs as broken and entire pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 30 cm. in length and to 2 cm. in diameter. They are branched. The nodes are small. The leaves and branches are alternate. The inter- nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is pinkish yellow. The surface is striated. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The cortex and wood are thin, the pith is large. The leaves are sessile and clasping. The base of the blade is subcordate. The margin is serrate and the teeth are irregularly placed. The apex is acute. The outline of the basal leaves is oblong-spatulate, of the upper leaves oblong. The blade measures 6.2 cm. or less in length and 15 mm. or less in width, the narrowest part frequently being in the middle of the length. The upper surface is pale bright green, resinous and shiny, and the veins are even with the surface. The under sur- face is lighter and the veins are elevated and indistinct near the apex. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts sub- tending each flower are entire, clasping and linear-lanceolate. The involucre is 24 mm. or less in width. The bracts are long, linear and the tips are recurved. All parts of the involucre are resinous. The ray flowers are pistillate, orange brown and ligu- late. The disk flowers are light yellow and perfect. The dish achenes are angled, compressed and biauriculate. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Grindelia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 337 GRINDELIA CUNEIFOLIA 1, Portion of the root. 2, Large basal leaf. 3, Small stem leaf. 4, Involucre. 5, Ray flowers. 338 GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. (2) Grindelia Cuneifolia English name : Grindelia. Synonyms : None in common use. Botanical origin: Grindelia cuneifolia Nuttall. (Fam. Compositce. ) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat : Rocky Mountains, Mexico and California. Description : Grindelia cuneifolia occurs as entire and broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 35 cm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter, and they are branched. The nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and branches are alter- nate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from pink to purplish brown. The sur- face is finely striated. The fracture is uneven. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The leaves are sessile and clasping. The blade is subcordate at the base. The margin is entire below, serrate above and the entire margin is ciliate. The apex is acute. The outline is oblong. The blade measures 9.7 cm. or less in length and 27 mm. or less in width. The upper surface is light green, pitted and slightly impressed. The under surface is free of resin and it is slightly wrinkled, and the veins are broad, purple and elevated. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts sub- tending the flowers are entire, clasping and recurved. The invo- lucre is 28 mm. or less in width. The bracts are resinous, imbri- cate, and the tips are green and recurved. The ray) flowers are yellowish, ligulate and pistillate. The disk flowers are yellow and perfect. The disk achenes are dentate and auriculate and com- pressed. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : 339 GRINDELIA SQUARROSA 1, Leaf of the stem. 2, Involucre. 3, Ray flowers. 340 GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. (3) Grrindelia Squarrosa English name : Grindelia. Synonyms : Broad-leaved Gum Plant. Botanical origin: Grindelia squarrosa (Purshi) Dunal. Part used : Dried leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Minnesota to Manitoba, south to Missouri and Texas. Description : Grindelia squarrosa occurs as entire and broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The sterns measure up to 30 cm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter, and they are branched. The nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and branches are alter- nate. The leaves occur at more frequent intervals than in the Nos. 1 and 2. The internodes are only short distances apart. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish to yellowish. The surface is striated. The fracture is uneven. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The leaves are sessile and clasping. The blade is subcordate at the base. The margin is dentate. The apex is obtuse. The outline is oblong. The blade measures 4.5 cm. or less in length and 15 mm. or less in diameter. The upper surface is grayish green and the veins are not prominent. The under surface is pellucid-punctate and the veins are slightly elevated. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts subtending the flowers are very small and they resemble the leaves. The involucre is 0.5 mm. or less in width and its bracts are linear-lanceolate, the tip subulate and recurved. The ray flowers are yellowish, ligulate and pistillate. The disk flowers are yellowish and perfect. The disk achenes are four-angled and without a border above. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Grindelise: Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 341 LOBELIA 1, Channeled and winged stems. 2, Mass of leaves, fruits and stems. 3, Inflated calyx. 4, Three types of leaves. 5, Raceme of flowers. 342 LOBELIA (Lobel.) U. S. P. English name : Lobelia. Synonyms: Indian Tobacco, Lobelia Herb, Puke- weed. Botanical origin: Lobelia inflata Linne. (Fam. Lo- beliacece.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Canada and the United States, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Description : Lobelia occurs as entire and broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 40 cm. in length and to 8 mm. in diameter. They are usually branched. The nodes are prominent. The leaves and branches are alternate. The inter- nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purple. The surface is channeled, winged and hirsute. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is angled. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and white. The bores have petioles that measure up to 2 mm., or they are sessile. The blade is rounded or tapering at the base. The margin is crenate. The apex is obtuse or acute. The outline is ovate-oval or oblong-oval. The blade measures up to 5.5 cm. in length and up to 27 mm. in diameter. The upper surface varies in color from green to purple and the veins are impressed. The under surface varies in color from green to yellow to purple and the veins are prominent. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The bracts subtending each flower are ovate or ovate-lanceolate. The pedicles are slender and they measure up to 5 mm. The calyx is united and tubular below; the free portion terminates in five subulate teeth. The corolla is united below; the free portion ter- ■ minates in five acute lobes. The androecium consists of five sta- mens; their anthers are united and enclose the Style. The //"//"- Hum consists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and a two-parted stigma. The fruit is a two-celled capsule with numerous reticulate seeds. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is strongly acrid. Constituents: Alkaloid (lobeline), gum, resin, fixed and volatile oils, etc. Dose: 0.15 Gm. (2% grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Lobelia; Dose. 0.15 mil (2^ min.). Tinctura Lobelia? ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). ?A?> CATARIA 1, Upper surface of the crenate margined leaf. 2, Under surface showing the venation. 3, Spike of flowers. 4, Seeds. 5, Flowers. 344 C ATARI A (Catar.) N. F. English name: Catnep. Synonyms: Catmint, Catnip. Botanical origin: Nepeta Cataria Linne. (Fam. La- biates. ) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. Habitat: Europe; naturalized in North America, from New Brunswick south to Georgia and Kansas. Description : Oatnep occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 6 dm. in length and to 8 mm. in diameter. They are simple and branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves are opposite. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish green. The surface is hairy and channeled on its four sides. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is quadrangular. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large, solid or hollow. The petioles of the leaves measure up to 4 cm. in length. The blade of the larger leaves is cordate, of the smaller upper leaves rounded. The margin is coarsely crenate. The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to triangular-ovate. The leaves measure up to 15 cm. in length and the blades to 5.6 cm. in width. The upper surface varies from green to yellowish green and the veins are distinct. The under surface is grayish green ; the veins are prominent and hairy. The flowers are arranged in axillary or terminal spikes. The calyx is united, tubular below, indistinctly two-lipped, and five-toothed. The corolla is bilabiate and spotted. The androecium consists of four stems, two short and two long. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four- celled ovary and a two-cleft style. The fruit consists of four nutlets enclosed in the persistent calyx. The taste is aromatic. The odor is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, wax, gum, tan- nin, sugar, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Catariae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 345 EUPATORIUM 1, Portion of the stem with loaves and flowers. 2. Under surface of the leaf. 3, Upper surface of the leaf. 4. Head of flowers. 5, Single flower and, to the left, a fruit. 346 EUPATORIUM (Eupator.) N. F. English name : Eupatorium. Synonyms: Boneset, Thoroughwort. Botanical origin: Eupatorium perfoliatum Linne. (Fam. Compositce.) Part used: Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Flor- ida and Texas. Description : Eupatorium occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 6 mm. in diameter. They are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves are oppo- site ; the pairs on the lower portions of the stems unite at their bases, forming connate-perfoliate leaves. The internod.es are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is yellowish green. The surface is longitudinally striated and hairy. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is cylindrical and wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and white. The leaves are sessile. The blade is connate or cordate at the base. The margin is crenate. The apex is narrowly acuminate. Th« j outline is lanceolate-acuminate. The blades of the leaves measure up to 20 dm. in length and to 4.5 cm. in width. The upper sur- face varies in color from green to yellowish green. The under surface is yellowish green and hairy, and has numerous yellow, shiny, minute, glandular hairs. The veins are yellowish white. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The involucre consists of two or three series of lanceolate imbricated greenish gray bracts. Xo ray flowers are present. The disk flowers are perfect. The fruit is a five-angled achene with a persistent pappus in one row. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is strongly bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resin, coloring mat- ter, wax, glucoside (eupatorin), etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Eupatorii; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 347 HYOSCYAMUS 1, Leaf from the lower part of the stem. 2, Upper stem leaves. 3, Leaf bract subtending the flower and fruit. 4. Two-celled pyxis. 5, Flowers. 6, Persistent five-toothed calyx inclosing the fruit. 348 HYOSCYAMUS (Hyos.) U. S. P. English name : Hyoscyamus. Synonyms : Henbane, Hyoscyami folium P. I. Botanical origin: Hyoscyamus niger Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) Part used : Leaves and flowering or fruiting tops. Impurities: None given. Assay: Not less than 0.065 per cent, of alkaloids. Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. Habitat: Europe and parts of Asia; cultivated in United States. Description : Hyoscyamus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops, adhering in masses. The stems measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 4 cm. in diameter. They are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from gray to brownish green. The surface is rough, hairy and sunken. The fracture is brittle. The outline is irregular. The cortex is green and thin. The wood is thin. The pith is hollow. The leaves have petioles up to 30 cm. in length. The upper leaves are sessile. The blade is inequilateral at the base. The margin has from one to six acute-angled lobes or teeth. The apex is acute. The outline is ovate or oblong. The leaves measure up to 26 cm. in length and the blade up to 28 cm. in width. The upper surface varies in color from dark green to yellowish green. The under surface is grayish green and hairy. The midvein is broad and yellowish on both surfaces ; the branches are small and curve upward and out- ward toward the teeth or lobes. The flowers are in spikes or racemes. The pedicle measures up to 3 mm. The calyx is urn- shaped and five-toothed above. The corolla is yellow-spotted and campanulate; the five lobes are rounded and prominently veined. The androzcium consists of five stamens. The yyncecium con- sists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and one style. The fruit is a two-celled pyxis. The seeds are small, biconcave and reticulate. The odor is narcotic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (hyoscyamine, hyoscine), resin, fixed oil, choline, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Extractum Hyoscyami; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluidextractum Hyoscyami; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Oleum Hyoscyami Compositum N. F. (for external use). Tinctura Hyoscyami; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 349 ^^ W^***" ■Masfil'lfelfflBfl^^^^Bfff U 4 1 MT'l m » > J f* J^/K _ C -^ ml^ a ' • » ^ i^^^^^ni tfS 1 y^^-mie^^ "^ / rw ~ * y fl^^ 4 k "J 3 / ABSINTHIUM 1, Mass of leaves and stems. 2. Large stem, nound leaf. 4, Panieled raceme of heads. 3. Coui- 350 ABSINTHIUM (Absinth.) N. F. English name : Absinthium. Synonyms : Wormwood. Botanical origin: Artemisia Absinthium Linne. (Fam. CompositcE.) Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign mat- ter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia, and Africa. Natu- ralized in the Northeastern United States. Description : Absinthium occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 30 cm. in length and to 6 mm. in diameter. They are simple or branched. The nodes are dis- tinct. The leaves are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish and yellow- ish green. The surface is canescent. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and wood are thin. The )>ith is hollow. The petioles of the leaves measure up to 2 cm. The upper leaves are frequently sessile. The blade is 1 to 3 times pinnately divided; the ultimate divisions are oblong-lance- olate and obtuse. The margin is divided. The apex of the divi- sions is obtuse. The leaves measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 14 cm. in width. The upper surface is dark grayish green and canescent. The under surface is light grayish green and ca- nescent; and the midvein of each division is prominent. The flowers are in heads, arranged in panicled racemes. The peduncle is short. The involucre consists of several rows of imbricated bracts ; the outer ones are short and the inner have scarious mar- gins. No ray flowers are present. The disk flowers of the margin are pistillate. The fruits are striate and winged achenes, with a persistent disk. The receptacle is convex and pubescent. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and strongly bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principles, starch, tannin, succinic acid, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : None. 351 CANNABIS— AMERICAN 1, Leaves, fruits and small stems. 2, Small branch with leaf-like bracts. 3, Part of a broad leaflet. 352 ^ CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. (1) American Cannabis English name : Cannabis. Synonyms : American Cannabis. Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa Linne. (Fam. Moracece.) Part used : Flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of fruits or other foreign matter. Assay : Biologically assayed. Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. Habitat : Southern United States. Description : American Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. The stems are of variable length and they must not measure more than 3 mm. in diameter. The drug of com- merce frequently has stems 6 mm. in diameter. They are branehed. The nodes are distinct. The branches are alternate. The inter- nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light brown to brownish green. The surface is longi- tudinally furrowed and covered with short hairs. The fracture is uneven. The outline is wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white and porous. The leaves are light green and have petioles which measure 6.5 cm. or less in length. The blade is palmately divided into nine or fewer leaflets. The leaflets are sessile. The base is tapering. The margin is sharply serrate. The apex is acuminate. The veins are pinnate, impressed above, elevated below. The flowers are arranged in short spikes on a peduncle which measures up to 12.5 cm. in length and is of variable width. The bracts or leaves subtending the spikes have (usually) three large and two small leaflets; the bracts subtending the individual flowers, three small leaflets. The flowers have a green- ish calyx. The gyncecium has one pistil with a reddish brown, filiform, two-parted style. The fruit is an achene enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and resinous. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 353 ■J3V&L* .■.jg'gMaf,"). < J&z3e< mBKF^ ETJOl?' % #m^ ^KBa BE8^?^w>i «Efc" ^PHBn^^WB'v ^ vS^Am^ {%&* 3 CANNABIS-AFRICAN 1, Portion of a disk composed of the compressed drug. 2, Single stem with flowers, fruits and bracts. 3, Irregular fragment of the drug. 354 CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. (2) African Cannabis English name : Cannabis. Synonyms : African Cannabis. Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa, var. indica. (Fam. Moracece.) Part used : Flowering tops. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of fruits or other foreign matter. Assay : Biologically assayed. Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. Habitat: Africa. Description : African Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flower- ing tops. The stems are of variable length and they must not measure more than 3 mm. in diameter. They are branched. The nodes are distinct and the branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is greenish brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed and short hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white and porous. The stem leaves are rarely present. The flowers are arranged in short spikes on a peduncle which rarely exceeds 7 cm. in length. The bracts subtending the spikes are divided into five linear leaflets. The bracts subtending the individual flowers usually have three minute leaflets. The flowers have a green calyx. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a reddish brown two-parted filiform style. The fruit is an achene and is enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and resinous. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 355 CANNABIS-INDIAN 1, Large resinous branch. 2, Seed. 3, Small branches without seed. 4, Larger branch. 356 ^5 CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. (3) Indian Cannabis English name : Cannabis. Synonyms: Indian Hemp, Guaza, Ganjah. Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa, var. indica. (Fam. Moracece.) Part used : Flowering tops. Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, fruits or other foreign matter. Assay: Biologically assayed. Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. Habitat: East Indies. Description : Indian Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of leaves and flowering tops. The stems vary in length and they must not exceed 3 mm. in diameter. They are branched. The nodes are distinct. The branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed and short hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white and porous. Stem leaves are rarely present. The flowers are arranged in short broad spikes on a peduncle which rarely exceeds 7 cm. in length and which is frequently 4.5 cm. wide. The bracts subtending the spikes and flowers are short and the leaflets vary from three to five. The flowers have a grayish green hairy calyx. The gyncecium consists of a single pistil with a reddish brown two-parted filiform style. The fruit is an achene and is enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and resinous. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. Dose: Preparations : Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (^s grain). Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (l 1 /^ min.). Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 357 POPULI GEMMJE- BALM OF GILEAD BUDS 1, Overlapping scale of the bud. 2, Base of the bud. 3, Cross-section of the bud. 4, Longitudinal section of the bud. 5, A very large bud. 358 POPULI GEMlYLffi (Pop. Gem.) N. P. (1) Balm of Gilead Buds English name : Balsam Poplar Buds. Synonyms : Balm of Gilead Buds. Botanical origin: Populus balsamifera Linne. (Fam. Salicacece.) Part used: Leaf buds. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Northern North America, south to New York and Nevada. Description : Balm of Gilead Buds occur as solitary buds and agglutinated masses of buds. These buds are sessile. They measure up to 13 mm. in width and up to 28 cm. in length. The buds are simple or clustered in twos, or in threes occasionally. The base is trun- cate or depressed. The margin has projecting points of scales. The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to ovate-lance- olate. The surface of the imbricated scales is smooth, and is cov- ered with a thin coat of sticky resin. The inner surface is more sticky than the outer. The scales enclose numerous undeveloped leaves. The color is reddish brown. The odor is balsamic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, populin, salicin, resin, etc- Dose: None given. Preparations : None. Enters into Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus. 359 POPULI GEMMiE -BLACK POPLAR BUDS 1, Mass of buds. 2, Buds of different sizes. 3, Portion of the stem. 360 POPULI GEMMJE (Pop. Gem.) N. F. (2) Black Poplar Buds English name : Balsam Poplar Buds. Synonyms : Black Poplar Buds, Willow Poplar Buds. Botanical origin: Populus nigra Linne. (Fam. Sali- cacecs.) Part used : Leaf buds. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the Delaware River and Hudson River valleys and Staten Island. Description : Black Poplar Buds occur only as solitary buds and never as agglutinated masses. These buds are sessile or short-stalked. They measure up to 6 mm. in width and up to 15 mm. in length. The buds are simple or rarely clustered. The base is truncate. The margin has imbricated projecting scales. The apex is acuminate. The outline is lanceolate. The surface of the imbricated scales is smooth and free of sticky resin. The central scales are slightly sticky. The color varies from yellowish brown to blackish brown. The odor is balsamic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, populin, salicin, resin, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : None. Enters into Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus. 361 CHAPTER XI LEAVES IN the study of leaves the following must be con- sidered: Occurrence; petiole,— length, width, etc.; blade, — base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper sur- face, under surface, texture, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Leaves usually occur in a broken or partially broken condition, as in mullein; or as entire leaves, as in eucalyptus. 2. Petiole. The petioles of leaves vary greatly in the different leaves. In damiana they are slender and short; in matico they are short and thick; in low mallow they are long and slender; in coltsfoot they are very long; some of the leaves have a maximum length of 5.5 dm. In mullein and digitalis the petiole is margined; in coltsfoot the petiole is channeled on the upper surface; in eucalyptus the petiole is fre- quently twisted; in coltsfoot and marshmallow leaves the petioles are hairy; in most of the leaves the petioles are glabrous (without hairs). 3. Blade, (a) The base is cordate in matico, far- fara and low and high mallow; it is subcordate in marshmallow; rounded, as in boldo; cuneate, as in uva ursi and short buchu; tapering, as in digitalis, mullein, eriodictyon and long buchu. (b) The mar- gin in eucalyptus, mullein, matico, boldo and uva ursi is entire. In buchu, chimaphila, damiana, casta- nea and eriodictyon it is serrate; in digitalis, den- tate ; in hamamelis, crenate ; and in malvae folia, colts- foot, stramonium and menyanthes, lobed. (c) The apex of long buchu is truncate; of menyanthes and farfara, rounded or obtuse; of stramonium, althaea, digitalis, eriodictyon and short buchu, acute; in euca- lyptus, matico and castanea, acuminate, (d) The outline of long buchu is oblong-linear; of castanea, 362 oblong-lanceolate; of eucalyptus, falcate; of boldo, oval; of menyanthes, obovate; of low malva, rotund; and of farfara, reniform. (e) The upper surface in- cludes the consideration of the color, the markings and the veins. The color of the upper surface is usually dark green; exceptions occur, however, in a number of leaves : eucalyptus is bluish green ; eriodic- tyon is brown; short buchu is yellowish green. In most leaves this surface is dull, but in buchu, uva ursi and chimaphila the surface is shiny. Most of the leaves are not hairy, but mullein and althaea are very hairy or tomentose. The surface of eriodictyon is shiny from a coat of resin ; in matico it is elevated be- tween the veins ; in boldo it is papillose ; and in short buchu it is pellucid-punctate. The veins are usually not conspicuous on the upper surface. In boldo, chimaphila and althaea the veins are impressed. (/) The under surface of most leaves is lighter in color than the upper surface ; grayish green is the most com- mon color. In eucalyptus the surface is bluish green ; in short buchu, yellow; in coltsfoot, light gray; etc. In most leaves the under surface is dull and smooth ; in witch-hazel leaves it is very shiny; in mullein and althaea, densely hairy; in matico the hairs are more abundant on the veins; in damiana and malva the surface is only slightly hairy. The veins are usually elevated more on the under than on the upper surface, and in every leaf their arrangement must be noted. Refer to eucalyptus, to large pilocarpus and to casta- nea. (g) The texture of most leaves is thin and papery, and they are very brittle; in eucalyptus, castanea, witch-hazel, etc., the texture is leathery (coriaceous), and tough, (h) Odor. Most leaves are odorless, but stramonium has a narcotic odor ; eriodictyon, long and short buchu, matico and eucalyptus are aromatic. (i) Eriodictyon, long and short buchu, matico and eucalyptus have a pungent taste; chimaphila, castanea and uva ursi, an astringent taste ; mullein and malva leaves, a mucilaginous taste ; and menyanthes, farfara and digitalis, a bitter taste. :;r>.T EUCALYPTUS 1, Upper surface of the leaf at the left; under surface at the right. 2, An older fruit with the lid removed. 3, Persistent stamen and a central style. 4, Lid of the fruit. 5, Side view of a young fruit. 364 EUCALYPTUS (Eucalypt.) U. S. P. English name : Eucalyptus. Synonyms : Blue Gum Leaves. Botanical origin: Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardiere. (Fam. Myrtacem.) Part used: Leaves collected from older parts of the tree. Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of stems, fruits or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Australia ; cultivated in California and sub- tropics. Description : Eucalyptus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The petioles are twisted, and they measure up to 25 cm. in length. The blade is inequilateral, rounded, or tapering at the base. The margin is entire. The apex is acuminate or acute. The outline varies from falcate to oblong-lanceolate. The blade measures up to 6 cm. in width and to 33 cm. in length. The upper surface and the lower surface vary in color from grayish to yellowish or to bluish green, and they are pellucid-punctate. The branches of the midvein unite into one vein, which occurs a short distance from and parallel to the margin of the leaf. The texture is cori- aceous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resins, eucalyptic acid, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Eucalypti; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Oleum Eucalypti; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 365 VERBASCI FOLIA 1, Petiole of leaf. 2, Smaller leaf, the surface tomentose. 3, Very small leaf. 366 VERBASCI FOLIA (Verbasc. Fol.) N. F. English name : Mullein Leaves. Synonyms : Common Mullein, Velvet or Mullein Dock. Botanical origin: Verbascum Thapsus Linne and other species of Verbascum. (Fam. Scrophulari- acece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. Habitat: Europe ; naturalized in North America, south to Florida and Kansas. Description : Mullein Leaves occur as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the leaves. No petioles are present, although the constricted blade resembles a petiole. The blade is tapering at the base. The mar- gin is entire. The apex is acute or obtuse. The outline varies from oblong-lanceolate to ovate to oblong. The blades measure 36 cm. or less in length and 12 cm. or less in width. The upper sur- face is tomentose, and it varies in color from yellowish to greenish gray; the veins are not seen on account of the long hairs. The under surface is similar to the upper surface. The texture is hairy. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter, mucilaginous and irritating on account of the hairs. Constituents : Volatile oil, wax, resin, tannin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Verbasci Folire; Dose, 4 mil (1 fl. dr.). 367 MATICO 1, Folded leaf. 2, Under surface of the leaf. 3, Flower spike. 4, A piece of stem and, above, the upper surface of the leaf. 368 MATICO (Matic.) N. F. English name : Matico. Synonyms: Matico Leaves. Botanical origin: Piper angustifolium Ruiz et Pavon. (Fam. Piperacece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of stems, flow- ers, spikes or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 18 per cent. Habitat : Mountains of Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. Description : Matico occurs as a mixture of entire, broken and folded leaves. The petioles are stout and they measure up to 6 mm. in length. Tne blade is inequilateral and cordate at the base. The margin is entire. The apex is acuminate. The outline is oblong-lanceolate. The blade measures up to 25 cm. in length and to 6 cm. in width. The upper surface is cancellate ; the veins are not distinct and the color varies from dark green to yellowish green. The under surface is bullate; the veins are pubescent, parallel and reticulate. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent, resembling pepper. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, mucilage, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Matico; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 369 BOLDO 1, Broad leaf with deeply impressed veins. 2, Coarsely papillose upper surface. 3, Stem. 4, Fruit. 5, Flower buds. 370 BOLDO N. F. English name : Boldo. Synonyms : Boldo Leaves. Botanical origin: Boldu Boldus (Molina) Lyons. (Fam. Monimiacece-) Part used : Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Mountain regions of Chile. Description : Boldo occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The petiole is stout, and it measures up to 6 mm. in length. The blade is rounded or subcordate at the base. The margin is entire and revolute. The apex is rounded or notched. The outline varies from ovate-oval to oblong-ovate. The blade measures up to 7.5 cm. in length and up to 5.2 cm. in width. The upper surface is coarsely papillose, and it varies in color from greenish yellow to grayish green, and the veins are deeply impressed. The under surface varies in color from grayish green to yellowish green, and the veins are reticulate and prominent. The texture is coriaceous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and it resembles oil of wormseed. Constituents: Tannin, resinous compounds, volatile oil, alkaloid (boldine), etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Boldi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 371 UVA URSI 1, Branched stem. 2, Several leaves of variable outline and size. 3, Branch with leaves and flowers. 4, Single flower. 5, Fruit. 372 UVA URSI U. S. P. English name : Uva Ursi. Synonyms: Bearberry. Botanical origin: Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (Linne) Sprengel. (Fam. Ericacece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Asia, Europe, North America south to Penn- sylvania and California. Description : Uva ursi occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The petioles are thick and they measure up to 6 cm. in length. The blade is cuneate at the base. The margin is entire and revolute. The apex is rounded, obtuse or acute. The outline varies from spatulate to oblong-spatulate to obovate. The blade measures up to 30 mm. in length and to 15 mm. in width. The upper surface is smooth and shiny; it varies in color from yellowish green to grayish green; the veins are slightly impressed, and this gives the surface a reticulate appearance. The under surface is yellowish green and reticulate. The texture is coriaceous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is astringent. Constituents: Glucosides (arbutin, ericolin), volatile oil, urson, fat, gum, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Uvae Ursi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). :;:: BUCHU-SHORT 1, Leaves and small stems. 2, Several leaves of variable size. 3, Top view of fruit with seeds removed. 4, Under view of fruit. 5, Seed. 6, Stems. 374 BUCHU U. S. P. (1) Short Buchu English name : Buchu. Synonyms : Short Buchu. Botanical origin: Barosma betulina (Thunberg) Bart- ling and Wendland. (Fam. Butacece.) Part used: Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat : South Africa. Description : Short Buchu occurs as a mixture of broken and entire leaves, stems, and fruits, and occasionally flowers. The petioles are stout, and they measure 2 mm. or less in length. The blade is cuneate at the base. The margin is finely serrate, and at the base of each tooth there is an oil gland. The apex is obtuse or broadly acute, and it is bent back toward the under surface. The outline varies from obovate to oval to rotund-cuneate. The blade measures 26 mm. or less in length and 21 mm. or less in width. The upper surface is papillose and yellowish green in color; the veins are prominent. The under surface is papillose, wrinkled and pellucid- punctate ; the color is yellowish green. The texture is. coriaceous. The odor is aromatic and like mint. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, mucilage, gluco- sides, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Buchu N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Fluidextractum Buchu; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractom Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 375 BUCHU-LONG 1, Leaves and small stems. 2, Leaves of variable size. 3, Partially developed fruit. 4, Seed. 5, Stems. 6, Flower. 376 BUCHU U. S. P. (2) Long Buchu English name: Buchu. Synonyms : Long Buchu. Botanical origin: Barosma serratifolia (Curtis) Will- denow. (Fam. Ratacece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat : South Africa. Description : Long Buchu occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the leaves and stems. The petioles are stout and they measure 2 cm. or less in length. The blades are tapering at the base. The margin is finely serrate and a gland occurs at the base of each tooth. The apex is truncate or obtuse and glandular. The outline varies from linear-lanceolate to oblong-linear-lanceolate. The blades measure 4 cm. or less in length and 10 mm. or less in width. The upper surface varies in color from dark green to yellowish green. The under surface is grayish green and pellucid- punctate; the midvein is prominent. The texture is brittle and coriaceous. The odor is aromatic and mint-like. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, mucilage, gluco- sides, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Buchu N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Fluidextractum Buchu; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Fluidextractum Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 377 CHIMAPHILA 1, Stem with many leaves. 2, Three leaves of variable size. 3, Side and surface view of fruits. 378 CHIMAPHILA (Chimaph.) N. F. English name : Chimaphila. Synonyms: Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa. Botanical origin : Chimaphila umbellata (Linne) Bar- ton. (Fam. Ericacece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America. Description : Chimaphila occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The petioles are thick, and they measure up to 7 mm. in length. The blade is cuneate at the base. The margin of the cuneate portion is entire, of the upper portion sharply serrate. The teeth are more prominent when viewed from the under surface. The apex is acute or obtuse. The outline varies from oblanceolate to obovate-cuneate. The blade measures up to 5.5 cm. in length and to 17 mm. in width. The upper sur- face is smooth, shiny and dark green; the veins are slightly im- pressed. The under surface is smooth, dull and yellowish green or gray green; the veins are prominent. The texture is coriaceous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is astringent. Constituents: Crystalline principles (chimaphilin, ar- butin, etc.), tannin, volatile oil, fat, resin, starch, gum, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Chimaphila?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 379 DAMIANA-TURNERA DIFFUSA 1, Stem with clusters of leaves. 2, Cluster of leaves. Leaves of variable size. 4, Flower. 380 DAMIANA N. F. (1) Turnera Diffusa English name: Damiana. Synonyms: Turnera. Botanical origin: Turnera diffusa Willdenow. (Fam. Turneracece.) Part used : Leaves. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems and other parts of the same plant or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Southern Texas, Lower California to South America. Description : Turners diffusa occurs as broken or as cut pieces of the stems, leaves and flowers. The size is variable. The nodes are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is woody. The color varies from yellowish to grayish purple or brown. The surface is usually non-striated and the smallest and larger twigs are tomentose. The fracture is uneven. The cortex, wood and pith are not distinct. The leaves are nearly sessile. The blade is cuneate at the base. The margin is sharply serrate and the mar- gin of the teeth is revolute. The apex is rounded. The outline varies from oblong-oval to spatulate. The leaf varies in size from 16 mm. or less in length to 7 mm. or less in width. The upper surface varies in color from yellow to grayish brown and it is tomentose. The veins are impressed and each branch of the midvein ends in a sinus. The under surface is light grayish yel- low and tomentose. The midvein is elevated and two to three times as broad as in Turnera aphrodisiaca. The branches of the midvein are slightly elevated. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle (dami- anin), resin, tannin, sugar, gum, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Damianae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 381 ^^Bm#*" Mr h ■'T-, .ft % ^ ,t&\ ,/ . ! **' * XJ k* lis Kjjnhi &« - cium consists of numerous reddish brown stamens which are cov- ered by the petals. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and one stout, persistent style. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. The three com- mercial varieties of cloves are Zanzibar, Amboyna and Penang. The Zanzibar cloves are the smallest, darkest variety. The Am- boyna cloves are larger and lighter in color, and many of the petals and stamens are not present. Penang cloves are the largest, and they are light reddish brown in color. All the varieties should yield oil to a groove caused by a scratch or cut. Constituents : Volatile oil, eugenol, gum, resin, tannin, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Oleum Caryophylli; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Pulvis Aromaticus Rubefaciens N. F. (for external use). 417 VERBASCI FLORES 1, Mass of flowers. 2, Flower showing the hairy stamens. 3, Small flower. 4, Under surface of the flower. 418 -_ VERBASCI FLORES (Verbasc. Flor.) N. F. English name : Mullein Flowers. Synonyms: Mullen Flowers. Botanical origin: Verbascum phlomoides Linne or Verbascum thapsiforme Schraeder. (F&m.Scroph- ulariacece. ) Part used : Corollas with adhering stamens. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in Massachu- setts. Description : Mullein Flowers occur in an entire condition, and they consist only of the corolla and the stamens. The corolla consists of five petals united below into a narrow tube and expanded above into a saucer-shaped part. The free ends are lobed. The lobes are rounded and usually unequal in length. The androecium consists of five stamens adnate (attached) to the base of the corolla. Three of the stamens are shorter than the other two. All the stamens have a great number of white hairs ; this gives them a woolly appearance. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly mucilaginous. Constituents: Fixed and volatile oils, sugar, resin, wax, tannin, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 8 Gm. (2 drachms). Preparations : None. 419 CONVALLARLflE FLORES 1, Flowers and stems. 2, One-sided raceme of flowers. 3, Five stamens of the flower. 420 CONVALLARLffi FLORES (Convallar. Flor.) N. F. English name : Convallaria Flowers. Synonyms : Lily-of -the-Valley Flowers. Botanical origin: Convallaria majalis Linne. (Fam. LiliaceoB.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia and Southern United States; cultivated extensively for its flowers. Description : Convallaria Flowers occur as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the one-sided raceme. The peduncles measure 19 cm. or less in length. The bracts subtending each flower are thin and lanceolate. The pedicels curve downward and measure 1 cm. or less in length. The perianth is campanulate ; its six lobes are ovate and acute. The androzcium consists of six included, short- ened stamens inserted on the perianth. The gyncecium consists of one ovary with three cells, a three-grooved style, and a three- lobed capitate stigma. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet and slightly acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, glucosides (conval- lamarin, convallarin), etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Convallariae Florum ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 421 SAMBUCUS 1, Numerous flowers and flower buds. 2, Small panicle of flowers. 3, Stems. 4, Single flower and, above, a cluster of buds. 422 "W SAMBUCUS (Sambuc.) N. F. English name: Sambucus. Synonyms: Elder Flowers, American Elder, Sweet Elder. Botanical origin: Sambucus canadensis Linne or Sambucus nigra Linne. (Fam. Capri foliacece.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Flor- ida and Texas. Description : Sambucus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken flowers and buds. The pedicels measure 5 mm. or less in length. The calyx is ovoid and its five teeth are minute. The corolla is greenish yel- low and rotate ; its lobes are ovate. The androecmm consists of five stamens adnate to the base of the corolla and alternating with the corolla lobes. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a three-celled ovary and one three-parted style with three stigmas. The buds are small, greenish yellow, and globular. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is slightly bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, gum, resin, tannin, bitter glucoside, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : None. 423 BRAYERA 1, Flowers and stems. 2, Bract. 4, Part of a panicle. 5, Small bracts. 6, Three flowers and a floral bract. 424 BRAYERA (Brayer.) N. F. English name : Brayera. Synonyms: Kousso, Cusso. Botanical origin: Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) Gmelin. (Fam. Rosacea.) Part used: Panicles of pistillate flowers. Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of the stami- nate flowers, other parts of the tree or other mat- ter. Reject portions of the stems over 3 mm. in diameter, and any binding material, before the drug is powdered or used. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Abyssinia. Description : Brayera occurs as broken fragments or as panicles arranged in bundles, held together with spirally arranged flattened portions of the larger stems of brayera plant. The peduncles are tortuous and pinkish brown; the surface is sunken and hairy. At the base of the larger peduncles there is a large, oblong, two-lobed sheathing bract, and several leaves subtending the panicles. At the base of the medium-sized peduncles the bract is smaller and is asso- ciated with two leaves. The smallest peduncles are subtended by a thin, hairy ovate bract. The pedicels are short; each is sub- tended by two rounded bracts. The bractlets subtending each flower are obovate, and the veins are large, elevated, and purple. The calyx consists of five small calyx lobes. The petals, which are usually absent in the drug, are small and white. The andrcecium consists of aborted stamens. The nvncecium consists of a one- celled ovary, a two-parted style, and two stigmas. The fruit is an achene. The odor is indistinct. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, resin, glucosides (kosin, koussein, etc.), etc. Dose: 15 Gm. (240 grains). Preparations : Infusum Brayerse. Dose, 250 mils (8 fl. ozs.). 425 ROSA GALLICA 1, Many united and separated petals. 2, Cone of imbri- cate petals. 3, Inner surface of the petal. 426 ROSA GALLIC A (Rosa Gall.) U. S. P. English name : Red Rose. Synonyms : French Rose. Botanical origin: Rosa gallica Linne. (Fam. Rosacea.) Part used: Petals collected just before expansion of the flower. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 3.5 per cent. Habitat: Southern Europe and Western Asia; culti- vated in gardens. Description : Red Rose occurs as a mixture of entire cones and separated and broken petals. The cones consist of a great number of imbricated petals. They measure 20 mm. or less in length and 16 mm. or less in width at the base. The petals are tapering and yellow at the base. The margin is entire. The apex is rounded and notched. The outline is obcordate. The upper surface is soft and velvety and purplish red in color. The under surface is smooth and light purplish red in color ; the veins are distinct. The odor is aromatic. The taste is slightly pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, red coloring matter, gallo- tannic acid, sugar, mucilage, quercitrin. Dose: None given. Preparations : Fluidextractum Rosae; Dose. 2. mils (30 min.). Infusum Rosae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 100 mils (3^ fl. ozs.). Mel Rosae (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Syrupus Rosae N. F. (from fluidextract). 427 1, A mass of stigmas and stigma, magnified. CROCUS styles. 2, Papillae of the 428 -w CROCUS (Croc.) N. F. English name : Crocus. Synonyms: Saffron, Spanish Saffron. Botanical origin: Crocus sativus Linne. (Fam. Iri- dacece.) Part used: Stigmas. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of yellow styles or other foreign matter. Assay : It loses not more than 14 per cent, of its weight when dried at 100° C. Ash: Not more than 7.5 per cent, of infusible ash. Habitat : Southern Europe and Asia. Description : Saffron occurs as entire or broken pieces of the styles and stigmas. The styles are slender and yellow. The stigmas are tapering below, three-lobed above, and rolled inward. The stigmas are covered with large papillae which are visible under the high power of the microscope. The odor is persistent and aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, wax, bitter prin- ciple, crocin (glucoside), etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Tinctura Croci. (Used for coloring.) 429 ZEA 1, Light-colored styles and stigmas, styles and stigmas, which are worthless. 2, Dark-colored 430 ZEA N. F. English name : Zea. Synonyms : Corn Silk. Botanical origin: Zea Mays Linne. (Fam. Graminece.) Part used : Fresh styles and stigmas. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Tropical America ; cultivated extensively. Description : Fresh Corn Silk occurs as tangled masses of entire and broken styles. The styles measure 30 cm. or less in length and 5 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from yellow to red to brown and to bright green. The stigma is two-parted. The drug of commerce consists of the dried styles and stigmas. This should not be used in making preparations, because it is medicinally in- active. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly sweet. Constituents: Resin, maizenic acid, fixed oil, sugar, gum, etc. Dose: 4 6m. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Zeae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 431 j ARNICA 1, Many flowers. 2, Involucre bracts. 3, Pitted receptacle. 4, Peduncle. 5, Flower head. 432 -^m ARNICA (Arnic.) U. S. P. English name : Arnica. Synonyms : Arnica Flowers. Botanical origin: Arnica montana Linne. (Fam. Composites.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Northern Asia. Description : Arnica occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the flowers. The peduncle is hairy and measures 3 cm. or less in length. The involucre consists of one or two rows of bracts which have a maximum length of 15 mm. The bracts are pubescent, dark green, except the edges, which are light green and linear- lanceolate in outline. The ray flowers are ligulate, pistillate and orange yellow in color. The disk flowers are perfect. The pappus consists of one circle of multicellular, multiseriate. branched hairs. The corolla is yellow, tubular below and five-toothed above. The androecium consists of five exserted stamens with their anthers united and around the style. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a one-celled ovary, one style, and a two-parted stigma. The fruit is an achene with a pappus. The receptacle is convex, pitted, hairy, and solid. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Bitter principle (arnicin), alkaloid (arnicine), volatile oil, fat, resin, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Fluidextractum ArnicsB N. F. ; Dose, 0.1 mil (l 1 /^ min.). Tinctura Arnicae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 433 CALENDULA 1, Many flowers. 2, Involucre bracts. 3, Flower head. 4, Disk flowers. 5, Ray flowers. 434 CALENDULA (Calend.) N. F. English name : Calendula. Synonyms : Marigold, Holligold,. Mary -bud. Botanical origin: Calendula officinalis Linne. (Fam. Compositce.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of other parts of the plant or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash: Not more than 11 per cent. Habitat : Southern Europe and parts of Asia. Description : Calendula occurs as entire ligulate flowers mixed with a few flower heads. The flower heads have a short, thick, curved peduncle. The invo'.ucre consists of oblong-lanceolate, hairy, greenish gray bracts. The individual flowers are yellow, mostly ligulate, and they have a maximum length of 26 mm. These flowers are oblanceolate, two to three-toothed and two to six-veined. The basal part of the flower is incurved and encloses a bifid stigma. The tubular flowers are small and five-lobed. The receptacle is rough. The seeds are angled and dark brown. The odor is slight. The taste is slightly salty and bitter. Constituents: Gum, coloring matter, volatile oil, bitter principle, calendulin, etc. Preparations : Fluidextractum Calendula?. (Used as a coloring agent and local irritant.) Tinctura Calendula?. (Used externally.) 435 MATRICARIA 1, Mass of flower heads. 2, Heads of variable size. 3, Involucre. 4, Head with reflex petals. 5, Receptacles of variable size. 436 k MATRICARIA (Matricar.) U. S. P. English name: Matricaria. Synonyms: German Chamomile, Wild Chamomile. Botanical origin: Matricaria Chamomilla Linne. (Fam. Compositce.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 13 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in the United States, New York southward. Description : Matricaria occurs as a mixture of entire heads and separate and broken fragments of the flowers and stems. The peduncles are furrowed and measure 2.5 cm. or less in length. The involucre is saucer-shaped. The bracts, which are in two or more series, are imbricate and oblong; their central portions are dark green and their margins lighter-colored. Their apexes are obtuse. The ray flowers, which number as many as twenty, are pistillate and white; the ligules are linear-oblong, indistinctly four-nerved and three- toothed. They usually bend back upon the peduncle. The disk flowers are perfect. The pappus is not present. The corolla is yellow, tubular below and five-toothed above. The androecium consists of five stamens. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a one-celled ovary, one style, and a two-parted pistil. The fruit is a three- to five-ribbed achene. The receptacle is pitted and naked and varies in form from lanceolate to ovoid to orbicular. The odor is sweet and aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter extractive, tannin, etc. Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). Preparations : None. 437 TRIFOLIUM 1, Flower heads. 2, Stipules. 3, Side view of the stipules. 4, Flower head with part of the flowers removed. 438 — ^ TRIFOLIUM (Trifol.) N. F. English name : Trifolium. Synonyms : Red Clover Blossoms, Honeysuckle Clover Blossoms. Botanical origin: Trifolium pratense Linne. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Flower heads. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Southern British America and the United States. Description : Trifolium occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fragments of the flower heads of papilionaceous flowers. The stipules are two- lobed, prominently veined and hairy, and associated with a small three-foliate leaf. The calyx is hairy and tubular and its five teeth are subulate. The corolla is united into a tube; the standard is longer and broader than the two wings ; the heel is short. The andrcecium consists of ten stamens in two groups, nine together and one separate. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a one-celled ovary with many ovules, and one style. The fruit is a several-seeded legume enclosed in the persistent calyx. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet and slightly bitter. Constituents: Glucosides, tannin, resins, fat, chloro- phyl, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Trif olii ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 439 CHAPTER XIII FRUITS THE official fruits are grouped into eight classes, as follows: Drupes, achenes, berries, cremocarps, capsules, multiple fruits, collective fruits, and legumes. 1. Drupes. Drupes are fruits having a thin skin (epicarp), a fleshy pulp (sarcocarp), and a hard en- docarp (putamen) around the seed. There are two classes of official drupes : those with one stone (puta- men and seed), and those with more than one stone. Prune has one stone ; pimenta has two or three stones ; rhamnus cathartica contains three or four stones. 2. Achenes. Malt (barley, germinated and dried) is an example of a caryopsis, an achene-like fruit in which the pericarp and seed are grown together. 3. Berries. A berry is a fruit in which the seed is directly embedded in the pulp. Solanum is a typical fruit; the skin (epicarp) is thin, the pulp is fleshy, and the seeds are embedded in it. 4. Cremocarps. A cremocarp is a fruit composed of two mericarps (achenes) held together by a carpo- phore. The official cremocarps are fennel, caraway, angelica, anise, parsley, conium, celery and coriander. Of these, parsley and conium are the only ones likely to be confused; therefore their structure should be compared closely. 5. Capsules. A capsule is a dehiscent fruit com- posed of a mature compound (more than one) pistil. Cassia fistula, vanilla, poppy, and prickly ash are cap sules. They differ in size, structure, etc. 6. Multiple Fruits. The multiple fruits are those in which several ripened pistils from several flowers 440 -^H form the fruit. Juniper, hops and figs are multiple fruits. 7. Aggregate Fruits. An aggregate fruit is one in which several ripened pistils from one flower form the fruit. The two official aggregate fruits are red rasp- berry and blackberry. 8. Legumes. A legume is a fruit composed of one carpel (monocarpellary) which opens (dehisces) along two sutures to discharge the seed, as in bean or pea. Tamarind is a legume. The pod should be re- moved in the official drug; when the pod is removed, all resemblance to a fruit is destroyed. 441 PRUNUM 1, Five prunes of variable size, pit. 3, Pit or stone removed. 2, Pulp removed from the 4, Seed in the putamen. 442 PRUNUM N. F. English name: Prune. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Prunus domestica Linne. (Fam, Rosacece.) Part used: Ripe fruit, partly dried. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat : Asia ; universally cultivated. Description : Prune occurs as entire, irregularly compressed fruits. Prunes are drupes. The outline varies from oval to elliptical. They measure 4 cm. or less in length and 3.5 cm. or less in width. The color is brownish black. The surface is smooth, sunken, sticky, and slightly grooved on one side, with a depressed stalk scar at the base. The epicarp is tough. The sarcocarp is yellowish brown and soft. The putamen is flattened, hard, and ridged near the edge of the two flattened surfaces. The seed is light brown, hairy, furrowed, rounded at one end and pointed at the other. The seeds measure 3 em. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The seeds are aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. The putamen and seed should be rejected when making prepara- , tions. The odor of the pulp of prunes is aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Sugar, pectin, albumin, malic and tar- taric acids, potassium salts, etc. Preparations : Ingredient of Confectio Sennae. 443 SABAL 1, Fresh berries. 2, Partially dried fruits. 3, Seed in the endocarp. 4, Seed removed from the endocarp. 5, Seed: to the right, cross-section of sarcocarp with oil cav- ities. 444 SABAL U. S. P. English name : Sabal. Synonyms: Saw Palmetto Berries. Botanical origin: Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) Hooker filius. (Fam. Palmce.) Part used: Ripe fruit, partially dried. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : North Carolina and Arkansas, south to Flor- ida and Texas. Description : Sabal occurs as entire fruits. Sabal is a drupe. The outline varies from oval to elliptical. It measures 25 cm. or less in length and 18 mm. or less in width. The color varies from brownish black to black. The surface is smooth, even or sunken, oily or dry. The base has a short stalk or stem scar. The apex has a style scar. The epicarp is tough. The sarcocarp is yellow- ish brown, fibrous and soft. The endocarp is reddish brown and fibrous on the outer surface; the inner surface is smooth. The seed is yellowish or reddish brown, ellipsoidal and waxy when cut; the raphe side is elevated. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent and acrid. Constituents : Volatile and fixed oils, resin, sugar, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Sabal; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Sabal et Santali N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 445 RHUS GLABRA 1, Branched stem with fruits. 2, Fruits. 3, Larger stem. 446 ^^ RHUS GLABRA (Rhus Glab.) N. F. English name : Rhus Glabra. Synonyms : Sumac Berries, Scarlet Sumac Fruit. Botanical origin: Rhus glabra Linne. (Fam. Anacar- diacew. ) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat : Asia, Europe and Northern North America. Description : Rhus glabra occurs as entire fruits. Rhus glabra is a drupe. The outline is subglobose and slightly compressed. The fruit meas- ures 4 mm. or less in length and 5 mm. or less in diameter. The color is dark red. The base of the fruit is frequently attached to a slender pedestal bearing a five-cleft calyx. The apex has the persistent remains of a three-parted black style. The surface is hairy and rough. The epicarp and mesocarp are thin. The endo- carp is smooth, hard and brittle, and it separates from the outer layers. The seeds are slightly reniform and smooth, and have a light-colored hilum. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sour and astringent. Constituents : Malic, tannic and gallic acids, fixed and volatile oils, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Rhois Glabra?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 447 ^^fc, "*' MBF ^^_ iflMML. j^Lm±. flK ^,i, ^B^ ^^^Hlt ^A.^tfl v Skf - /" j. * ■ * \ ■• ■'■v" ■'■':■ ■ ^p 1 ':? CUBEBA 1, Many fruits. 2, Large fruits. 3, Small fruits. 4, Seed in the pericarp. 5, Stems. 448 ™ I CUBEBA (Cubeb.) U. S. P. English name : Cubeb.. .. Synonyms : Cubebs, Cubeb Herries. Botanical origin: Piper Cubela Linne filius. (Fam. . Piperaceae.) Part used: Unripe fruit, full grown. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay : Not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in ether. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : East and West Indies, Ceylon. Description : Cubeb occurs as a mixture of entire fruits and stems. Cubeb is a drupe. The outline of the upper portion is globular, acute and pointed; the lower portion tapers into a thecaphore. Cubeb meas- ures 2 cm. or less in length, and 7 mm. or less in width. The thecaphore measures 14 mm. or less in length. The color varies from brownish to bluish to grayish black. The surface of the globular portion is reticulate, of the thecaphore wrinkled. The epicarp is thin. The mesocarp is greenish brown and oily. The endocarp is hard and smooth on the inner surface. The" seed is reddish brown and smooth; one end is slightly elevated. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, cubebic acid, resin, fatty oil, gum, cubebin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Cubebae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleoresina Cubebae; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Oleum Cubebae N. F.; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Cubebae N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Trochisci Cubebae. (from Oleoresin). 449 PIPER 1-6, Varieties of Black Pepper. 450 PIPER U. S. P. English name : Pepper. Synonyms : Black pepper. Botanical origin: Piper nigrum Linne. (Fam. Piper- acecB.) Part used : Unripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 6 per cent, of non-volatile ex- tract, soluble in ether. Not less than 25 per cent, of starch. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. The amount of ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not ex- ceed 2 per cent, of the weight of pepper taken. Habitat: West and East Indies; cultivated in Singa- pore, Ceylon, Penang, etc. Description : Pepper occurs as entire fruits. It is a drupe. The outline is nearly globular. The fruits measure 6 mm. or less in diameter. The color of the different varieties of pepper varies from grayish to brownish to black. The surface is coarsely reticulate and dull. The epicarp is thin and dark colored. The mesocarp is thin. The endocarp is light colored. The seed adheres to the endocarp; it is yellowish green in the outer layers, yellow or gray around the cavity. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. Constituents: Alkaloids (piperidine, piperine), resin, volatile oil, proteids, starch, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Oleoresina Piperis ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (Y2 grain). 451 PIMENTA 1, Three seeds from a three-carpeled fruit. 2, Seeds from a two-carpeled fruit. 3, Several fruits. 4, Mass of fruits. 5, Flowers and fruit attached to stem. 452 PIMENTA (Piment.) N. P. English name: Pimenta. Synonyms : Allspice, Clove Pepper. Botanical origin: Pimenta officinalis Lindley. (Fam. Myrtacece.) Part used: Nearly ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter. Assay: Crude fiber does not exceed 25 per cent. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: West Indies, Mexico, and South America. Description : Allspice occurs as a mixture of entire fruits and broken stems. Allspice is a two to three-celled and -seeded inferior drupe. The outline varies from globular to sub-globular. It measures 6 mm. or less in length and 8 mm. or less in width. The color varies from light to dark reddish brown. The surface is rough and granular. The base has a short stalk or a stem scar; the apex has a calyx ring and frequently minute blunt teeth. The apex is depressed within the calyx ring, and there are the remains of a persistent style in the center of the depression. Two-seeded forms are slightly grooved on two sides and three-seeded forms on three sides. The epicarp is thin. The mesocarp is yellowish and porous. The endocarp is brown, smooth and shiny. The dissepiments are thin and papery. The seeds of two-celled forms are flattened on their inner face and rounded on their outer face. The seeds of three-celled forms have two flat surfaces and an outer rounded surface. They are reddish brown and smooth. The odor is aro- matic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, tannin, sugar, muci- lage, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Oleum Pimenta? U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 453 & I H • J% RHAMNUS CATHARTICA 1. Fruits of variable size. 2, Persistent pedicle. 454 RHAMNUS CATHARTIC A (Rhamn. Cath.) N. F. English name : Rhamnus Cathartica. Synonyms: Buckthorn Berries. Botanical origin: Rhamnus cathartica Linne. (Fam. Rhamnacece.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of unripe fruit or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia and North America. Description : Rhamnus Cathartica occurs as entire fruits. The outline varies from rounded to egg-shaped. The fruits measure 8 mm. or less in length and 8 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from dark purple to black. The surface is rough and wrinkled. A pedicel is frequently attached to the basal part of the fruit. The fruit varies from three- to four-celled, and each cell may contain a nutlet. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and bitter. Constituents: Coloring matters, tannin, glucosides, emodin, sugar, pectin, gum, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Rhamni Cathartica?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Syrupus Rhamni Cathartica?; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 455 MALTUM 1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Groove at one side of the fruit. 3, Fruit freed of pales. 4, Cross-section of the fruit. 456 MALTUM U. S. P. English name : Malt. Synonyms : Barley Malt. Botanical origin: Hordeum sativum Jessen. (Fam. Graminece.) Part used : Grain partially germinated and then dried. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Capable of converting not less than five times its weight of starch into sugars. Ash: None given. Habitat : Western Asia, Egypt ; cultivated. Description : Barley Malt occurs as entire grains. Barley is an achene. Bar- ley is ovate-lanceolate in outline. It measures 15 mm. or less in length and 5 mm. or less in diameter. The base is constricted. The apex is acuminate. The color is grayish yellow. The pales are imbricated. The fruit, freed of pales, is yellowish brown and rounded at the base, grooved on one side, and acuminate and hairy at the apex. Sections of the lower portions of the fruit are reniform. The outer layer is brown, the inner nearly white. The fracture is brittle. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Diastase, hordenine (alkaloid), etc. Dose : None given in U. S. P. Preparations : Extractum Malti; Dose, 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 457 AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX 1, Outer surface of the fresh rind. 2, Inner surface show- ing the oil cavities. 3, White inner layer of the rind. 4, Dried worthless rind with sunken oil cavities. 458 AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX (Aurant. Dulc. Cort.) U. S. P. English name : Sweet Orange Peel. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Citrus Aiirantium sinensis Gallesio. (Fam. Rutacece.) Part used : Outer rind of the fresh, ripe fruit. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: Widely cultivated, Florida, California, etc Description : The fresh, outer rind of orange may be removed by peeling or grating. In no case should the white inner layer of the rind be used. Orange is a hesperidhim. The outline, measurements, etc., do not need to be considered, since the fresh fruit is used in sepa- rating the rind. The color is orange yellow. The surface has numerous convex oil cavities surrounded by a smooth, shiny sur- face. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, gura, tannin, etc. Dose : None given officially. Preparations : Oleum Aurantii; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Syrupus Aurantii (from Tincture). Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 459 AURANTII AMARI CORTEX 1, Outer surface of the peel. 2, Ribbons or narrow peel- ings. 3, Persistent calyx. 4, Inner surface of the rind. 462 — - AURANTII AMARI CORTEX (Aurant. Amar. Oort.) U. S. P. English name : Bitter Orange Peel. Synonyms : None in common use. Botanical origin: Citrus Aurantium amara Linne. (Fam. RutacecE.) Part used : Dried rind. Impurities : None given in II. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Cultivated extensively in the subtropics. Description : Bitter orange peel occurs cut into quarters, eighths, or ribbons ; the latter may be straight or curved. Bitter orange is a hespe- ridium. The outline of the pieces is irregular. The pieces are of variable length and they measure 8 mm. or less in thickness. The color of the outer surface varies from yellowish brown to dark green, of the inner surface grayish yellow. The outer surface is revolute along the cut edges ; it is rough and has great numbers of circular, sunken oil cavities. Some pieces have the remains of the calyx attached. The inner surface is rough with numerous slightly elevated vascular bundles. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principles, acrid resin, gum, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Oleum Aurantii Amari N. F. ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Tinctura Aurantii Amari; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Cinchonaa Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Gentianae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Vinum Aurantii Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 463 COLOCYNTHIS 1, Part of a compressed cake of colocynth pulp. 2, Portions of the pulp free of seed, one piece showing seed cavities. 3, Seeds. 464 COLOCYNTHIS (Colocyn.) U. S. P. English name : Colocynth. Synonyms: Colocynth Pulp, Bitter Apple, Colocynth Apple. Botanical origin: Citrallus {Jolocynthis (Linne) Schrader. (Fam. CncurbitacecE.) Part used: Dried pulp. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of seed or 2 per cent, of epicarp. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 15 per cent. Habitat : Mediterranean region and Africa. Description : Colocynth occurs as compressed cakes or as pieces of variable size mixed with epicarp and seeds. The outline of the pieces is irregu- lar, and the size of the pieces is variable. The color varies from grayish white to yellow. The surface is soft, spongy, and fre- ?uently rough from depressions caused by seeds. The seeds vary rom yellow to greenish brown ; they are ovate in outline and laterally compressed. The epicarp is yellow and tough and re- sembles dried cucumber rind. The odor is not distinct. The taste is very strongly and persistently bitter. Constituents: Colocynthin, pectin, gum, fixed oil, phosphates, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Extractum Colocynthidis ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum (from Extract) ; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Pilulae Catharticae Compositae (from Compound Extract) ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulre Cathartics Vegetables N. F. (from Compound Extract) '; Dose. 2 pills. Pilulae Colocynthidis Composite N. F. (from Extract) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami N. F. (from Extract) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Colocynthidis et Podophylli N. F. (from Compound Ex- tract) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Laxativa? Post-Partum N. F. (from Compound Extract) ; Dose, 1 pill. 465 CAPSICUM 1, Mexican capsicum. 2, Mombasa capsicum. 3, Sierra Leone capsicum. 4, Nyassaland capsicum. 5, African capsicum. 466 CAPSICUM (Caps.) U. S. P. English name : Capsicum. Synonyms: Red or Cayenne Pepper; Mexican, Mom- bassa, African or Sierra Leone Pepper ; Chillies. Botanical origin: Capsicum frutescens Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, ca- lyxes, or other foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 15 per cent, of non- volatile ex- tractive, soluble in ether. 28 per cent, crude fiber. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. The amount of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 1 per cent, of the weight of capsicum taken. Habitat : South America. Description : Capsicum occurs as entire fruits attached to and mixed with pedicles and calyxes. Capsicum is a berry. The outline varies from oval to ovate to oblong-conical. The base is constricted and is attached to a pedicel and a persistent five-toothed calyx, or is free from these. The apex is acuminate or acute. The fruits vary greatly in size. Mexican capsicums measure 19 mm. or less in length and 6 mm. or less in diameter. Mombassa capsicums measure 18 mm. or less in length and 6 mm. or less in diameter. Sierra Leone capsicums measure 19 mm. or less in length and 6 mm. or less in diameter. Nyassaland capsicums measure 21 mm. or less in length and 7 mm. or less in diameter. African capsi cums measure 26 mm. in length and 10 mm. in diameter. The colors of the different varieties vary. The Mexican variety is deep red; the Mombassa variety is mostly light red; the Sierra Leone variety is light red, yellow and brown; the Nyassaland variety is red, yellow ; the African variety is yellowish brown, red, gray and greenish red. The epicarp is thin and tough. The seeds are com- pressed and pointed. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and warming. Constituents: Proximate principles (capsaicin, cap- sicin, etc.), red coloring matter, wax, resin, fixed and volatile oils, acids. Preparations : Emplastrum Capsici (from Oleoresin). Oleoresina Capsici; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). Tinctura Capsici; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Capsici et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 467 SOLANUM 1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Pedicle and persistent calyx. 3, Sunken surface of the fruit. 4, Pedicle scar. 5, Seeds. 468 SOLANUM (Solan.) N. F. English name: Solanum. Synonyms : Horse-nettle Berries. Botanical origin: Solanum carolinense Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) Part used: Ripe fruit. Impurities : Noile given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Ontario to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Solanum occurs as entire and broken fruits. It is a berry. The outline varies from globose to subglobose. The fruits measure 2 cm. or less in width and 15 mm. in length. The color varies from light yellow to orange and to reddish brown. The base is fre- quently attached to a pedicel bearing a persistent calyx. The sur- face is sunken and shiny and the base frequently has a pedicle scar. The pericarp is thin and brittle. The fruit is two-celled and many-seeded. The seeds are flattened, slightly reniform and shiny. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (solanine, solanidine), fat, resin, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Solani ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 469 COCCULUS INDICUS 1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Side view of fruit showing the reniform outline. 3, Longitudinal section of the fruit with endosperm removed. 4, Cross-section of fruit with en- dosperm 5, Cross-section free of endosperm. 470 \V* COCCULUS INDICUS (Coccul. Ind.) N. F. English name : Cocculus Indicus. Synonyms : Fish-berry, Indian Berry. Botanical origin: Anamirta Cocculus (Linne) Wight et Arnott. (Fam. Menispermacece.) Part used : Dried fruit. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Ceylon, East Indies. Description : Cocculus indicus occurs as entire fruits. It is a berry. The out- line is broadly reniform. The fruits measure 13 mm. or less in length and 10 mm. or less in width. The color varies from light gray to brownish black. The surface is rough and wrinkled. The convex surface has an indistinct ridge which extends from the circular stalk scar to the slightly beaked apex. This ridge appears as a narrow, fibrous band when the outer coat has been removed. The fruit is one-celled and one-seeded. The pericarp is fibrous. The seeds are yellowish gray and urn-shaped; on cross-sections they are crescent-shaped. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and oily. Constituents: Fat, alkaloids (menispermine, para- menispermine), picrotoxin, cocculin, picrotoxic acid, etc. Preparations : Tinctura Cocculi Indici (for external use). 471 •vm: I 1*1111**1 ****** »#»»»»»»»>*♦>»»» FCENICULUM 1, Wild fennel (unofficial). 2, Russian fennel. 3, Levant fennel. 4, German fennel. 5, Spanish fennel. 6, Pedicle. 472 FCENICULUM (Fcenic.) U. S. P. English name : Fennel. Synonyms : Fennel Seed. Botanical origin: Foeniculum vulgar -e Mille. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 4 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Southern Europe and Asia; United States, New Jersey, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Fennel occurs as mericarps and cremocarps. Fennel is a cremo- carp. The outline varies from elliptical to oblong-cylindrical. The cremocarps are 16 mm. or less in length, 6 mm. or less in width, and 3 mm. or less in thickness. The color varies from yellow to greenish brown. The dorsal surface has three strongly elevated ribs ; the lateral surface has two ribs. The commissural surface is slightly grooved and has alternate bands of a light and dark color. The apex of each mericarp has slender stylopodium. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents : Volatile oil, fixed oil, sugar, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Aqua Foeniculi; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Infusum Senna? Compositum ; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). Oleum Foeniculi; Dose, 0.2 mils (3 min.). 473 ^ CARUM 1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Several meriearps. 474 CARUM (Car.) U. S. P. English name : Caraway. Synonyms: Caraway Seed. Botanical origin: Carum Carvi Linne. (Fam. Umbel- lifer CB.) Part used : Dried fruit. Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of other fruits, seeds or foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: North America, south to Pennsylvania and Colorado. Description : Caraway occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremocarps. Caraway is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is oblong; it tapers toward either end and is laterally compressed. The mericarps are crescent-shaped. The mericarps measure 8 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from gray to purplish brown. The outer curved surface has five yellowish narrow ribs, between which are five indistinct ribs. The commissural surface has a light-colored ridge in the center parallel to its length. The mericarps are five-angled on cross-section. The layers are not distinguishable. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Fat, resin, gum, tannin, sugar, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Oleum Cari; Dose. 0.2 mil (3 min.). 47.', § § ft • • • *yl i 1 f ' i i # ANGELICA FRUCTUS 1, European angelica. 2, Several mericarps showing the three large central ribs. 3. American angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) . 476 c£.) N. ANGELICA FRUCTUS (Angel. Fruct.) N. F. English name : Angelica Fruit. Synonyms: European Angelica Seed. Botanical origin : Angelica Archangelica Linne and of other species of Angelica. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Northern Europe. Description : Angelica fruit occurs as mericarps, rarely as cremocarps. Angelica is a cremocarp. The outline varies from oval to oblong. The cremocarps measure 6 mm. or less in width, 2.5 mm. or less in thickness, and 10 mm. or less in length. The color varies from greenish yellow to greenish brown. The dorsal surface has three large elevated ribs, the lateral surface two broad ribs. The com- missural surface is grooved and the apex of the cremocarps has five minute calyx teeth. The base of each jnericarp is slightly notched. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is tingling and very strongly pungent. Constituents : Volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : None. 477 ANISUM 1, Italian aniseed in mass. 2, _ mericarps. 3, Russian aniseed. 4, Several cremocarps and mericarps. Several cremocarps and 478 ANISUM (Anis.) U. S. P. English name : Anise. Synonyms: Aniseed. Botanical origin: Pimpinella Anisum Linne. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used : Ripe fruit, dried. Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of foreign seeds or other vegetable matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat : Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. Description : Anise occurs as a mixture of entire cremocarps and mericarps attached to or separated from long pedicels. Anise is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps and mericarps is ovate-lanceolate. The cremocarps measure 7 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. or less in width at the hase. The Russian anise is uniformly shorter and broader than the Spanish variety. The color of the Italian, Spanish and Levant anise is grayish yellow, of the Rus- sian anise dark grayish brown. The outer surface has five light yellow ribs. The apex is constricted and surmounted by a disk and a persistent style. The layers of the mericarp are not dis- tinct. The odor is sweet aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Volatile oil, fixed oil, sugar, resin, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Aqua Anisi; Dose, 15 mils (4 fi. drs.). Elixir Anisi N. F. ; Dose (Infant's) 1 mil (15 min.). Oleum Anisi; Dose. 0.2 mil (3 min.). Spiritus Anisi (from Oil) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 479 ■ >• -^ , ^ ■ ^"^ ' *£ *v. , ,-m-\ ^L ' .V-»- ". t;'^; : |V3 ••' #&.£ t ;% \ it'* -> * • 7*> ■- «■ • . * £L - --■ . ***« ♦ - 5 - ■-2 ■ ' >.#■' •- :-f<\ *£ *% -?*> *T»*f *" 5 PETROSELINUM 1, Numerous fruits. 2, Several cremocarps and mericarps. 480 PETROSELINUM (Petrosel.) U. S. P. English name : Parsley Fruit. Synonyms: Parsley Seed. Botanical origin: Petroselinum sativum Hoffmann. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Ripe fruit, dried. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign seeds or other matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Southern Europe; North America, Ontario south to North Carolina and Texas. Description : Parsley Fruit occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremo- carps. Parsley is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is ovate, of the mericarps curved and tapering. The meri- carps measure 4 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in diameter at the base. The color varies from yellow to greenish brown. The outer surface has five yellow narrow ribs, between which the surface is elevated and rounded. The commissural sur- face is slightly channeled. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Fixed oil and volatile oil containing apiol, tannin, resin, glucoside, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Oleoresina Petroselini : Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.), 481 CONIUM 1, Many fruits of variable size. 3, Pedicle. 4, Small fruits. 2, Several cremocarps. CONIUM N. F. English name : Conium. Synonyms : Poison Hemlock. Botanical origin: Conium maculatum Linne. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Unripe fruit. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of coniine. Unfit for use after being kept for more than two years. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America, south to Mexico. Description : Conium occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremocarps. Conium is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is broadly ovate. The fruits measure 3 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from green to grayish brown. The outer convex surface of the mericarp has five light yellow wavy ribs, between which the surface is wrinkled. The com- missural surface is concave and longitudinally grooved. Sections of the mericarps are angled. The layers must be studied micro- scopically. The odor is mouse-like when moistened with an alkali. The taste is slightly bitter and acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (coniine, conhydrine, etc.), fixed oil and volatile oil, etc. Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Preparations : Extractum Conii; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). Fluidextractum Cpnii ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 483 APII FRUCTUS 1, Numerous fruits. 2, Cremocarps. 3, Mericarp. 484 APII FRUCTUS (Apii Fruct.) N. F. English name : Celery Fruit. Synonyms : Celery Seed. Botanical origin: Apium graveolens Linne. (Fam. TJmbelliferce.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of foreign fruit or other matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: Europe; widely cultivated. Description : Celery Fruit occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremo carps. Celery is a cremocarp. The outline of the mericarps is nearly globular. The mericarps are curved, and when viewed from the outer surface they are ovate. The cremocarps measure 2 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in diameter. The mericarps measure 1.5 mm. or less in length and 1 mm. or less in width. The color is dark brown. The outer surface has five light yellow ribs and is convex. The commissural surface is nearly flat and frequently has a slender stylopodium adhering to it. The layers of the mericarp are not distinguishable. The odor is aro- matic. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Volatile and fixed oils, etc. Dose: 2 Gra. (30 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Apii Fructus; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 485 '% >^ **? * # » # C * 1 '" if f t% § # # I fe #<»^ CORIANDRUM 1, Small coriander. 2, Coriander of a normal size. 3, Indian coriander (not official). 486 I CORIANDRUM (Coriand.) U. S. P. English name: Coriander. Synonyms : Coriander Seed. Botanical origin: Coriandrum sativum Linne. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of other fruits, seeds, or foreign matter. Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of ether-soluble volatile extractive. Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat : Asia ; cultivated extensively. Description : , Coriander occurs as entire cremocarps. Coriander is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is globular. They measure up to 6 mm. in diameter. The color of the base is light yellowish brown, of the upper portion reddish purple. The outer surface of the mericarps has five thick, straight ribs and four slightly ele- vated, wavy ribs. The apex has a short stylopodium and five minute calyx teeth. The commissural surface is concave. The layers are not distinct. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, mucilage, malic acid, tannin, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Oleum Coriandri; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 487 CASSIA FISTULA 1, 2, Grooves and r Short stout pedicle. ! and several seeds. 4 pulp. 5, Shiny seed. on one side of the fruit. 3, (lower), Shows the cross partitions Round disk (portion) covered with 488 CASSIA FISTULA (Cass. Fist) N. F. English name : Cassia Fistula. Synonyms : Purging Cassia, Cassia Pods. Botanical origin: Cathartocarpus Fistula (Linne) Persoon. (Fam. Leguminoscc.) Part used : Dried fruit. Impurities : None given. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: East and West Indies, Africa and South America. Description : Cassia fistula occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fruits. It is a legume. The outline is oblong-cylindrical. The legumes measure 7 dm. or less in length and 2 1 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from reddish brown to nearly black. The base of the capsule is constricted and is frequently attached to a por- tion of the short, stout pedicel. The apex is acute. The surface of one side of the legume has three grooves and two rounded ridges running parallel to its length. The opposite surface has two shallow grooves and one rounded parallel ridge. The curved surface is sunken and fissured. The legume is divided trans- versely into numerous compartments, each containing a hard, shiny, brownish black, flattened seed imbedded in a black, sweet pulp. The pericarp is fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents : Sugar, mucilage, pectin, tannin, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Syrupus Rhamni Catharticae; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 489 VANILLA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Types of commercial vanilla beans. 7, Wild vanilla bean. 490 VANILLA N. F. English name : Vanilla. Synonyms: Vanilla Bean. Botanical origin: Vanilla planifolia Andrews. (Fam. Orchidacece.) Part used : Cured, full-grown, unripe fruit. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : Extractive yielded to dilute alcohol should not be less than 12 per cent. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Eastern Mexico; cultivated extensively in tropics. Description : Vanilla occurs as entire fruits arranged in bundles and tied with thread. Vanilla is a capsule. The outline is linear; the narrow- est portion is a curved or twisted base; from this point the pod expands, then narrows abruptly at the apex. The fruits measure 28 cm. or less in length and 10 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from brownish black to black. The surface is smooth, moist, shiny and longitudinally furrowed; occasionally the surface has isolated brown cork patches and white crystals of vanillin. In some varieties the pods are split longitudinally and the surface is dry. The epicarp is thick and tough. The sarcocarp is soft and fleshy. The endocarp has placentae with numerous seeds. The seeds are irregular in outline, brownish black and reticulate. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents: Vanillin, vanillinic acid, balsam, resin, fixed oil, etc. Preparations : Tinctura Vanillae (flavoring agent). 491 PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS 1, Yellowish white spotted placentae, disk. 3, Cross-section of a fruit. 2, Persistent stigma 492 PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS (Papav. Fruct.) N. F. English name : Poppy Capsules. Synonyms : Poppy Fruits. Botanical origin: Papaver somniferum Linne. (Fam. Papav eracece.) Part used : Unripe fruit, free of seeds. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat: Western Asia; extensively cultivated in Asia, China, etc. Description : Poppy Capsules occur entire or crushed. Poppy fruits are cap- sules". The base is constricted and stem -like and is frequently united with a short, yellow, fibrous stalk. They have a maximum diameter of 6 cm. The apex has a persistent stigma disk with from seven to fifteen stigma rays. The outline varies from oval to globular. The size is variable. The surface is yellowish and has scattered black spots and as many longitudinal furrows as there are rays to the stigma. The pericarp is thick and grayish yellow. The placentae are yellowish brown, dotted with numerous brown spots, which are the points of attachment of the seed to the placenta. The seeds must not be used. They are white, reniform and reticulate. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Small quantities of opium bases and other opium constituents. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Syrupus Papaveris ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 193 3 XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS 1, Numerous fruits of southern prickly ash; the seeds are rough and pitted. 2, 3, Clusters of sessile follicles of the southern variety. 4, Stalked capsules of the north- ern variety. 5, Smooth seed of the northern variety. 494 XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS (Xanthox. Fruct.) N. F. English name : Prickly Ash Berries. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis Linne and Xanthoxylum americanum Miller. (Fam. Rutacece.) Part used : Dried fruit. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Virginia to Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Prickly Ash Berries occur as a mixture of entire fruits with follicles, solitary or in clusters, and usually separated from the seeds. Prickly ash is a follicle. The outline of the capsules is globular to globose-oblong. They measure 8 mm. or less in length. The color varies from yellow to greenish brown. The base has a small scar and is sessile. The apex is usually split along both sides, and the split edges turn inward. The outer sur- face of the follicle is rough, and has numerous circular, de- pressed oil cavities. The inner surface of the follicle is smooth. The seeds are black, shiny and wrinkled. The outer layer of the seed is black; the inner layer brown, the central part hollow. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. Constituents : Not investigated ; probably same as of the bark. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : None. 495 ^ JUNIPERUS 1, Mass of fruits. 2, Triangular depression at the apex. 3, Bracts at the base 'of the fruit. 4, Fruit cut to show the three seeds. 5, A seed. 6, A leaf. 496 JUNIPERUS (Junip.) N. F. English name: Juniper Berries. Synonyms : Horse Savin Berries. Botanical origin: Juniperus communis Linne. (Fam. Pinacece.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities: Old or insect-infected fruit, which should be rejected. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America, south to Georgia and New Mexico. Description : Juniper Berries occur as entire fruits. Juniper is a galbalus. The outline varies from globular to subglobular. The fruits meas- ure 1 cm. or less in diameter. The color varies from dark red to purple; frequently the surface has a grayish bloom. The hose is attached to a short pedicle having six bracts. The apex has a triangular depression marking the line of union of the three scales forming the fruit. The surface is smooth, shiny, even or sunken. The outer layers of the fruit are greenish brown and spongy. The three seeds are three-sided and acute above, and are sur- rounded by the spongy outer layers of the fruit. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, proteids, coloring matter, acids, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Juniperi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Oleum Juniperi U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Spiritus Juniperi U. S. P.; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Spiritus Juniperi Compositus U. S. P.; Dose, 10 mils (2^ fi.drs.). 497 HUMULUS 1, Three fruits of variable size. 2, Flexuous and hairy rachis. 3, Incurved margin of the bract inclosing a seed. 4, Fragments of the leaf. 498 HUMULUS (Humul.) U. S. P. English name : Hops. Synonyms : Lupulus. Botanical origin: Humulus Lupulus Linne. (Fam. Moracece.) Part used: Dried fruit. Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves, or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Europe, Asia ; extensively cultivated in east- ern United States. . Description : Hops occurs as a mixture of entire compressed and broken fruits. Hops is a strobulus. The outline varies from ovate to oblong- cylindrical. The fruits measure 5.8 cm. or less in length and 3 cm. or less in width. The color varies from yellowish green to yellowish brown. The bracts are imbricated in the fruit. The individual bracts are thin and papery ; the veins are elevated, one margin is flat, and the other is incurved and encloses a rose- colored achene. The outline of the bracts varies from nearly rotund to oblong-ovate. The rachis is flexuous and hairy. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, tannin, wax, choline, pectin, asparagin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Humuli N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Pluidextractum Humuli N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Lupulinum; Dose, 0.5 6m. (8 grains). Tinctura Humuli; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 499 FICUS 1 and 2, Several figs. 3, Fig cut to show seeds. 500 FICUS N. F. English name: Fig. Synonyms : None. Botanical origin: Ficus Carica Linne. (Fam. Mo- racece.) Part used: Fruit, partially dried. Impurities : None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Western Asia ; cultivated in California. Description : Figs occur as the compressed entire fruits. The fig is a syconium. The outline varies from globular to obovate. Figs measure 8 cm. or less in length and 6 cm. or less in width. The color varies from yellow to light brown. The surface is smooth, moist, or dry; if dry, the surface may be powdery with sugar. It is longitudi- nally striated and wrinkled. The base is constricted into a short, stalk-like portion. The outer layer of the torus is tough and pliable, the inner layer soft and sticky. The inner surface has numerous seeds. The seeds are shiny, yellowish brown achenes which measure 0.5 mm. or less in length. The odor of figs is aromatic. The taste is very sweet. Constituents: Glucose, gum, fat, peptonizing ferment (cradin), etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Syrupus Ficorum Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 501 ,^^ RUBI FRUCTUS 1. Several fruits. 2, Cross-section of a fruit. 3, Longi- tudinal section of a fruit. 502 ^v ^^ RUBI FRUCTUS N. F. English name : Blackberries. Synonyms : High Bush Blackberries. Botanical origin: Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey or Rubus villosus Aiton. (Fam. Rosacea.) Part used : Ripe fruit. Impurities f None given. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat : Europe ; cultivated in United States. Description : Fresh Blackberries occur in the entire condition. The blackberry is an aggregate fruit. The outline is oval or globate. The berry measures 25 mm. or less in length. The drupelets are numerous, black, and shining ; they measure 5 mm. or less in diameter. The pericarp is smooth. The mesocarp is juicy; the juice is purplish red in color. The endocarp is black and hard, and encloses ono seed. The torus is fleshy and elongated. In cross-sections it is nearly cylindrical. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. Dose : None given officially. Preparations : Cordiale Rubi Fructus ; Dose 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Syrupus Rubi Fructus (flavoring agent). 503 ^ .^ RUBI IDiEI FRUCTUS 1, Mass of fruits. 2, Outer surface of the fruit. 3, Under surface. 4, Longitudinal section. 504 RUBI IDiEI FRUCTUS N. F. English name : Raspberries. Synonyms : Red Raspberries. Botanical origin: Rubus Idceus Linne or Rubus strigo- sus Michaux. (Fam. Rosacece.) Part used : Fresh ripe fruit. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : Cultivated in United States. Description : Raspberries occur in the entire condition. The fruit is aggre- gate. The outline is elongated-hemispheric. It measures 2 cm. or less in length. The drupelets are numerous and light red, and measure 4 mm. or less in lengthy The pericarps are hairy. The mesocarp is juicy; the juice is red in color. The endocarp is bony and encloses one seed. The inner surface of the fruit is hollow. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Malic and citric acids, sugar, coloring matter, etc. Preparations : Syrupus Rubi Idaei (flavoring agent). 5or> TAMARINDUS 1, Entire fruit. Mass of pulp. 5, Seed. 2, Fruit with the pericarp removed. 3, 4, Membrane which incloses the seed. 506 TAMARINDUS (Tamarind.) N. F. . English name : Tamarind. Synonyms : Tamarind Pulp. Botanical origin: Tamarindus indica Linne. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Preserved pulp of the fruit. Impurities: None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: India, Africa, and West Indies. Description : Tamarind occurs as a mass of fibers, pulp and seed. Tamarind is a capsule. When entire the outline is oblong and constricted transversely. When the pericarp is removed the pulp is reddish brown and the fibrous strands are distinct. In the commercial drug this portion is crushed and pressed into cakes or irregular masses. The crushed portion consists of fibers, pulp and seeds. The fibers are yellowish brown and tough. The pulp is reddish brown and soft. The seeds are compressed, reddish brown and shiny, and the convex central part is surrounded by a nearly flat marginal portion. The membrane which usually encloses the seed is yellowish and tough. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and sour. Constituents: Citric, tartaric and malic acids, potas- sium bitartrate, sugar, pectin, etc. Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). Preparations : None. 507 ^d 1, Entire fruit. Mass of pulp. 5, Seed. TAMARINDUS Fruit with the pericarp removed. 3, Membrane which incloses the seed. 506 TAMARINDUS (Tamarind.) N. F. English name : Tamarind. Synonyms : Tamarind Pulp. Botanical origin: Tamarindus indica Linne. (Fam. LeguminoscB. ) Part used : Preserved pulp of the fruit. Impurities: None given officially. Assay : None given. Ash: None given. Habitat : India, Africa, and West Indies. Description : Tamarind occurs as a mass of fibers, pulp and seed. Tamarind is a capsule. When entire the outline is oblong and constricted transversely. When the pericarp is removed the pulp is reddish brown and the fibrous strands are distinct. In the commercial drug this portion is crushed and pressed into cakes or irregular masses. The crushed portion consists of fibers, pulp and seeds. The fibers are yellowish brown and tough*. The pulp is reddish brown and soft. The seeds are compressed, reddish brown and shiny, and the convex central part is surrounded by a nearly flat marginal portion. The membrane which usually encloses the seed is yellowish and tough. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and sour. Constituents: Citric, tartaric and malic acids, potas- sium bitartrate, sugar, pectin, etc. Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). Preparations : None. 507 SUCCUS CITRI (Sue. Cit.) N. F. English name : Lime Juice. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Citrus medica acida (Roxburgh) Bonavia. (Fam. Rutacece.) Part used: Expressed juice of the ripe fruit. Impurities: None officially mentioned. Assay: 100 mils (Cc.) contains 5 to 10 Gm. of total acids calculated as crystallized citric acid. Ash : None officially stated. Description : Clear to slightly turbid liquid, of yellowish green color, aromatic odor and acid taste. Specific gravity 1.025 to 1.040 at 25° C. Constituents : Citric acid, etc. Dose : None stated officially. Preparations : Succus Citri et Pepshmm; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 508 SUCCUS POMORUM (Sue. Pomor.) N. F. English name : Fresh Apple Juice. Synonyms: Fresh Cider. Botanical origin: Pyrus Malus Linne. (Fam. Ro- sacea.) Part used : Juice of sound, ripe, sour apples. Impurities: None. Assay: None given. Ash: None mentioned. Description : Well known to all. Constituents : Malic acid, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Enters into Extractum Ferri Pomati. 509 K CHAPTER XIV SEEDS IN the study of seeds the following must be consid- ered : Occurrence, class, outline, size, color, surface, cross-section, odor and taste. 1. Occurrence. Seeds occur in the entire condition (usual condition), as in calabar bean, or broken, as in strophanthus, or crushed and molded into sticks, as in guarana, or as separated parts of seed, as in kola and mace. 2. Class. This refers to whether the embryo (young plant) comprises the entire seed with the ex- ception of the outer protective layers, in which case it is said to be exalbuminous, or whether the embryo only partially fills the space within the seed coats, the remaining space being occupied by stored food. Seeds having an embryo surrounded by stored food are said to be albuminous. All seeds, then, are either exal- buminous or albuminous. In the present volume the seeds are divided into these two classes: (1) Albumi- nous and (2) Exalbuminous Seeds. Nux vomica seed is a typical albuminous seed. The embryo is here shown surrounded by the stored food. Physostigma is a typical exalbuminous seed. The embryo completely fills the space within the seed coats. 3. Outline. The outlines of seeds vary greatly. In most cases the outline is made up of curved surfaces, as in nutmeg, or of plane surfaces, as in staphisagria, or of plane and curved surfaces, as in coffee. The characteristic outline of each seed is given in the description. 4. Size. The length varies from 38 mm., as in physostigma, to less than a millimeter, as in the smaller seeds of black mustard. The width varies from 30 mm., as in nux vomica, to less than a milli- 510 meter, as in black mustard. The thickness varies from 24 mm., as in Penang nutmeg, to less than one-half a millimeter, as in the tips of brown strophanthus. 5. Color. The colors of the different seeds are characteristic for each seed. Grays, yellows, browns and blacks are the most common colors. 6. Surface. The surface of brown mustard is finely reticulate; of staphisagria, coarsely reticulate; of nutmeg, furrowed; of coffee, grooved on the flat side ; of delphinium, winged. In addition the surface is hairy, as in nux vomica, brown and green strophan- thus, sweet almond and in some varieties of pumpkin seed. Or the surface may be glabrous (free of hairs), as in calabar bean, yellow and brown mustard, coffee, colchicum seed, linseed and cardamom seed. 7. Cross-section. The cross-section of nutmeg is mottled ; of coffee, folded ; of calabar bean, hollow ; in colchicum and most seeds it is solid. 8. Odor. The odor of nutmegs, cardamom, coffee and mace is strongly aromatic. Strophanthus, pump- kin and sweet almonds are slightly aromatic. White and black mustard are aromatic when moistened. Nux vomica, ignatia, staphisagria, delphinium, colchicum, linseed and physostigma have no characteristic odor. 9. Taste. The taste of nutmeg, cardamom and mace is pungent ; of white and black mustard pungent when moist. Sweet almond and linseed are sweet. Kola is astringent. Nux vomica, ignatia, brown and green strophanthus are strongly bitter. Guarana is bitter and astringent. Staphisagria, delphinium and colchicum seed are bitter and acrid. Kola is astrin- gent and physostigma is acrid. 511 MYRISTICA 1, Penang nutmegs. 2, Round West India nutmegs. 3, Banda nutmegs. 4, Longitudinal, cross and a broken surface of the seed. 5, Upper part of the seed. 6, Base of the seed. 7, Wormy seed. 512 MYRISTICA (Myrist.) U. S. P. English name : Myristica. Synonyms : Nutmeg, Round Nutmeg. Botanical origin: Myristica fragrans Houttuyn. (Fam. MyristicacecB.) Part used: Ripe seeds. Impurities: Reject broken or wormy kernels. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Molucca Islands ; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description : Myristica occurs as entire seeds. Nutmeg is an albuminous seed. The base of the seed is sunken and has a slightly convex gray scar dotted with brown. The apex is rounded, and at one side has a circular, sunken brown scar. The outline varies from globular to oval to ellipsoidal. The size of the different varieties of nutmegs differs. The Padang and West Indian nutmegs measure 21 mm. or less in width and 26 mm. or less in length. Banda nutmegs meas- ure 28 mm. or less in length and 21 mm. or less in width. Penang nutmegs measure 30 mm. or less in length and 24 mm. or less in diameter. The color of nutmegs varies from grayish brown to pur- ple. The surface is furrowed and deeply grooved along one side. Cross-sections have a mottled surface. This condition is caused, by reddish brown radial lines and by yellow and gray areas. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, proteids, gum, starch, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Oleum Myristicae; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 513 NUX VOMICA 1, Ceylon nux vomica. 2, Bombay seeds. 3, Singapore seeds. 4, Nux vomica sorts. 5, Cross-sections of the seed. 6, Embryo. 7, Outer layer. 514 1 NUX VOMICA (Nux. Vom.) U. S. P. English name : Nux Vomica. Synonyms: Dog Buttons, Quaker Buttons, Strychni semen P. I. Botanical origin: Strychnos Nux-vomicaliiime. (Fam. Loganiacece, ) Part used : Ripe seed. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 2.5 per cent, of alkaloids. Ash: Not more than 3.5 per cent. Habitat: India, East India and China. - Description : Nux vomica occurs as entire, rarely as broken, seeds. Nux vomica is an albuminous seed. The outline varies from len- ticular to oblong. Nux vomica has a maximum width of 30 mm. and a maximum thickness of 6 mm. The texture is bony. The color varies from gray to yellowish gray or green. The surface is smooth and shiny because of appressed hairs; on both of the flat sides there are ridges (raphes) which extend from about the center to the edge. Nux vomica has no fracture. When cut parallel to the flat surfaces the perisperm is separated into two parts and the small embryo with thin yellowish white cotyledons is distinct. The odor is not distinct. The taste is very strong and persist- ently bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (strychnine, brucine), fixed oil, proteids, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Extractum Nucis Vomicae; Dose, 0.015 Gm. (^4 grain). Fluidextractum Nucis Vomica?; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). Tinctura Nucis Vomica?; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 515 IGNATIA 1, 2, Numerous seeds. 3, Depressed stem scar. 4, Broken surface. 516 IGNATIA (Ignat.) N. F. English name : Ignatia. Synonyms : St. Ignatius Bean, Ignatia Amara. Botanical origin: Strychnos Ignatii Bergius. (Fam. Loganiacece.) Part used : Ripe seed. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of alkaloids. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat : Philippine Islands and parts of China. Description : Ignatia occurs as entire seeds. Ignatia is an albuminous seed. The base of the seed is oblique, rounded or concave, and it has a circular, depressed scar. The apex is rounded or truncate. The outline varies from rotund to oval to oblong to triangular, etc. Ignatia measures 31 mm. or less in length and 20 mm. or less in width. The color varies from gray to brownish black. The sur- face is dull, rough and concavo-convex; the broken surface is grayish yellow and waxy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is very strongly bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (strychnine, brucine), etc.. like nux vomica. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Extractum Ignatiae; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V2 grain). Tinctura Ignatiae; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 517 r 1, Several seeds of Arabian coffee. 2, Seeds of Arabian coffee of variable size. 3, Liberian coffee. 4, Liberian coffee of variable size. 5, Grooved surface. ?Wi COFFEA TOSTA (Coff. Tost.) N. F. English name : Coffee. Synonyms: Roasted Coffee. Botanical origin: Coffea arabica Linne or Coffea liberica Bulliard. (Fam. Rubiacece.) Part used : Ripe seed roasted until it develops a dark- brown color and a characteristic aroma. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 1 per cent, of caffeine. Ash: Not less than 3 per cent, nor more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Africa; cultivated in tropical countries (Mocha, Java, Ceylon and Brazil). Description : Coffee occurs as entire seeds. Coffee is an albuminous seed. The outline varies from rotund to oval to oblong. The arabica variety measures 11 mm. or less in length and 9 mm. or less in ■width. The liberica variety measures 16 mm. or less in length and 12 mm. or less in diameter. The color is yellowish brown. The surface is convex on one side and flat and* grooved on the opposite side. The grooved portion is frequently a fragment of the seed coat. On cross-sections the perisperm is in two parts and it is folded and rolled inward. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter. Constituents : Caffeine, caffeo-tannic acid, caffeol, sugar, dextrin, fat, proteids, volatile oil, etc. Preparations : Fluidextractum Coffea?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 519 STAPHISAGRIA 1, Numerous fruits. 2, 3, Fruit with several seeds. 4, Seeds without the pericarp. 5, Single seed. 6, Stem. 520 STAPHISAGRIA (Staphisag.) U. S. P. English name : Staphisagria. Synonyms: Stavesacre. Botanical origin: Delphinium Staphisagria Linne. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used: Ripe seeds. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of foreign vege- table matter. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: Mediterranean Region; cultivated. Description : Staphisagria occurs as solitary or grouped entire seeds. Staves- acre is an albuminous seed. The outline is variable. One sur- face is curved, the others plane and angled. One end is tapering or acute, the opposite rounded or truncate. The seeds measure 10 mm. or less in length and 8 mm. or less in width. The color varies from gray to yellow to brown. The surface is coarsely reticulate. The testa is thick. The perisperm is bluish gray. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Fixed oil, volatile oil, resins, alkaloids (delphinine, delphinoidine, staphisagrine, etc.), proteids, malic acid, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Fluidextractum Staphisagria?. (Used externally.) 521 *d^ DELPHINIUM 1, Field larkspur. 2, 3, Garden larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis) . 522 DELPHINIUM (Delphin.) N. F. English name : Larkspur Seed. Synonyms: Field Larkspur, Staggerweed, Knight's- spur. Botanical origin: Delphinium Consolida Linne, Del- phinium Ajacis Linne. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) Part used : Dried seeds. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the United States, New Jersey south to Florida, west to Kansas. Description : Larkspur Seed occurs as entire seeds. It is an albuminous seed. The base is broad and has a circular, depressed scar. The apex is acute. The outline is angularly conical, usually four-sided. The size is variable. The giant ajacis species measure 2 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The dwarf ajacis species measure 1.5 mm. or less in length and 1 mm. or less in width. The consolida species measure 3 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The color of the giant ajacis seeds is dark brown- ish black, of the dwarf ajacis seeds and consolida seeds the color varies from gray to brown to black. The surface of all varieties is prominently and transversely winged. The outer layer of the 6eed is dark, the inner layer bluish gray. The odor is not dis- tinct. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids, volatile and fixed oils, gum, resin, gallic acid, etc. Dose : Not used internally. Preparations : Tinctura Delphinii. (Used externally.) 523 COLCHICI SEMEN 1, Numerous seeds. 2, Seeds of variable size. 524 COLCHICI SEMEN (Colch. Sem.) , P. English name : Colchicum Seed. Synonyms: Colchici semen P. I. ^ -r, Botanical origin: Colchicum autumnale Linne. (Fam. LiliaceoB.) Part used : Dried seeds. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 0.45 per cent, of colchicine. Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Central and Southern Europe and Africa. Description : Colchicum Seeds occur as entire seeds. Colchicum seed is albumi- nous. The base is pointed and grayish white. The apex is rounded. The outline varies from globular to subglobular. The seeds meas- ure 3 mm. or less in length and 2.5 mm. or less in width. The color varies from yellowish brown to brownish black. The surface is dull and granular in appearance. Sections of the seed have a thin, dark outer layer, and a gray, hard, bony inner layer. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. Constituents: Colchicine, fixed oil, starch, tannin, resin, etc. Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). Tinctura Colchici Seminis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Vinum Colchici Seminis N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 525 LINUM 1, Mass of seeds. 2, Seeds of different form and size. 526 1 LINUM U. S. P. ... English name : Linseed. Synonyms: Flaxseed. Botanical origin: Linum usitatissimum Linne. (Fam. Linacece.) Part used: Kipe seeds. Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of other seeds or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: Russia, Canada and United States; culti- vated in almost all temperate regions. Description: Linseed occurs as entire seeds. Linseed is an exalbuminous seed. The base is round. The margin is rounded on one edge and acute on the other. The apex is acuminate on one side and constricted on the other; this gives the seed a beaked appearance. The out- line is ovate-lanceolate. The color varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The surface is smooth ; the acute edge is yellowish. The testa is brown and thick. The perisperm and cotyledons are yel- lowish green. The odor is slight. The taste is slightly sweet, mucilaginous and oily. Constituents: Fixed oil, mucilage, proteids, resin, tannin, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Oleum Lini; Dose, 30 mils (1 fi. oz.). 527 ^J STROPHANTHUS (GREEN) 1, Numerous seeds. 2, Seeds of variable form and size. 528 "1 ■ STROPHANTHUS (Strophanti) U. S. P. (1) Green Strophanthus English name : Strophanthus. Synonyms : Green Strophanthus. Botanical origin: Strophanthus Kombe Oliver. (Fam. Apocynacece.) Part used: Ripe seeds, deprived of the long awns. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay (Biological) : If made into the official tincture the minimum lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00006 mil of tincture for each Gm. of weight of frog. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Tropical Africa. Description : Green Strophanthus occurs as entire compressed seeds. Stro- phanthus is an exalbuminous seed. The base is rounded or slightly tapering. The margin is entire. The apex is tapering, blunt, rounded, or acuminate. The outline varies from oval to oblong to oblong-lanceolate. The seeds measure 22 mm. or less in length and 7 mm. or less in width and 3 mm. or less in thickness. The color is grayish green. The surface is densely hairy and one of the flat surfaces is ridged. The testa is thin and brittle. The endosperm and embryo are white. The odor is distinct. The taste is very strongly bitter. Constituents: Strophanthin (glucoside), fixed oil, cho- line, starch, proteids, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Tinctura Strophanthi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 529 ^A STROPHANTHUS (BROWN) 1, Mass of seeds. 2, Slender apex of seed. 3, Small seed. 530 STROPHANTHUS (Strophanth.) U. S. P. (2) Brown Strophanthus English name : Strophanthus. Synonyms: Brown Strophanthus. Botanical origin : Strophanthus Mspidus De Candolle. (Fam. Apocynacece.) Part used: Ripe seeds, deprived of the long awns. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay (Biological) : If made into the official tincture the minimum lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00006 mil of tincture for each Gm. of weight of frog. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Tropical Africa. Description : Brown Strophanthus occurs as entire compressed seeds. Brown strophanthus is an exalbuminous seed. The base is blunt, rounded, or tapering. The apex is narrowly acuminate. The outline varies from oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. The seeds measure 18 mm. or less in length and 4 mm. or less in width and 2 mm. or less in thickness. The color varies from light to dark brown. The surface is partially or completely hairy, and one of the flat surfaces is ridged. The testa is thin and brittle. The endosperm and embryo are grayish white. The odor is slight. The taste is very strongly bitter. Constituents: Strophanthin (glucoside), fixed oil, cho- line, starch, proteids, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations : Tinctura Strophanthi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 531 .^A CARDAMOMI SEMEN 1, Mass of seeds. 2, Fruit with seed. 3, Fruit cut to show seed. 4, Capsule containing fruit. 5, Groove on one side of the seed. 532 "^» CARDAMOMI SEMEN (Cardam. Sem.) U. S. P. English name : Cardamom Seed. Synonyms : Cardamom. Botanical origin: Elettaria Cardamomum White et Maton. (Fam. Zingiberacece.) Part used: Dried seeds recently removed from cap- sules. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat: India; cultivated in Ceylon. Description : Cardamom Seed occurs as entire seeds. It is an albuminous seed. The base has a circular, depressed scar. The apex is rounded. The outline is irregular, three- to four -sided. The seeds measure 5 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from gray to yellow to brown. The surface, is deeply grooved on one side, the remaining part irregularly, transversely furrowed and tuberculated. Cross-sections have a brown outer layer and a white inner layer and a small reniform cavity with a small embryo. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, resin, starch, al- buminoids, gum, manganese compounds, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Spiritus Cardamomi Compositus N. F. (Flavoring agent.) Tinctura Cardamomi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Cardamomi Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). ^A PHYSOSTIGMA 1, Side view of seed showing the reniform outline. 2, Nearly straight seed. 3, Young curved seed. 4, Groove with remains of white funiculus. 5, Longitudinal section of the seed. 6, Cross-section of the seed. 534 PHYSOSTIGMA (Physostig.) U. S. P. English name : Physostigma. Synonyms : Calabar Bean, Ordeal Bean. Botanical origin: Physostigma venenosum Balfour. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Dried ripe seed. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 0.15 per cent, of alkaloids. Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat : Southern Africa ; cultivated. Description : Physostigma occurs as entire straight, rarely as folded, seeds. Calabar bean is an exalbuminous seed. The base is rounded. The margin is grooved on the convex side and is entire on the con- cave, the plane, or the slightly convex side opposite to the groove. The apex is grooved and rounded. The outline varies from ellip- tical to oblong to broadly reniform. Calabar bean measures 38 mm. or less in length and 20 mm. or less in width. The color varies from reddish brown to nearly black. The surface is shiny and rough. The convex side is deeply grooved and the apex is grooved The margins of the groove are rounded and reddish brown. The bottom of the groove is black, and frequently has portions of the white funiculus adhering to it. Longitudinal and cross sections have a thick testa and two white cotyledons sur rounding a central cavity. The odor is not distinct. The taste is acrid. Constituents: Alkaloids (physostigmine, calabarine, etc.), physosterin, starch, proteids, gum, fat, etc. Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Preparations : Extractum Physostigmatis ; Dose, 0.008 Gm. (Vs grain). Tinctura Physostigmatis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 535 AMYGDALA DULCIS 1, Oblong almonds. 2, Inequilateral seeds. 3, Short broad seeds. 4, Longitudinal section showing small embryo. 5, Cross-section of seed showing the space between the coty- ledons. 536 AMYGDALA DULCIS (Amygd. Dulc.) U. S. P. English name : Sweet Almond. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Prunus Amygdalus dulcis De Can- dolle. (Fam. Rosacea.) Part used: Ripe seeds. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: Mediterranean Basin; cultivated in Cali- fornia. Description : Sweet Almond occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous seed. The base of the seed varies from blunt to rounded to inequi- lateral, and has a depressed scar. The margin curves to the apex, or one side is curved and the other nearly straight. The apex is acute-pointed. The outline varies from ovate to oblong. The seeds measure 4 cm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The color varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The surface is coarsely furrowed, and hairy cross-sections show a thin testa and a space at the center between the two cotyledons. The cotyledons when separated longitudinally have a white embryo, and on the opposite cotyledon is a cavity formed by the embryo. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. Constituents: Oil, emulsin, sugar, proteids, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Emulsum Amygdalae. (Vehicle.) Oleum Amygdalae Expressum. (Used pharmaceuticals.) 537 PEPO 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Various commercial varieties of seed. 6, Testa removed to show the seed. 538 PEPO U. S. P. English name : Pepo. Synonyms: Pumpkin Seed. Botanical origin: Cucurbit a Pepo Linne. (Fam. Cu- curbitacece.) Part used: Ripe seed. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other sub- stances. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat : Cultivated in America. Description : Pumpkin Seed occurs as entire and compressed seeds. Pumpkin is an exalbuminous seed. The base of the seed is rounded. The margin is entire. The apex is tapering and irregularly truncate. The outline varies from ovate to oval to elliptical. The color is yellowish or grayish white. The sizes of the different varieties of pumpkin seeds are extremely variable. The mammoth variety measure 3.5 cm. or less in length and 2.3 cm. or less in width and 5 mm. or less in thickness. The two flattened surfaces are smooth, and they have a raised portion parallel to the length, with two grooves and a slight ridge between. The remaining portion of the surface is convex. The testa has a tough outer layer and a thin greenish inner layer. The cotyledons are yellow- ish white and they make up the greater part of the seed! The odor is slight. The taste is sweet and oily. Constituents : Fixed oil, resin, starch, sugar, proteids, etc. Dose: 30 Gm. (1 ounce). Preparations : None. 539 *£jfc' SINAPIS NIGRA 1, German brown mustard. 2, English brown mustard. 3, Bari brown mustard. 4, Trieste brown mustard. 5, Cali- fornia brown mustard. 6, Levant mustard. 540 SINAPIS NIGRA (Sinap. Nig.) U. S. P, English name : Black Mustard. Synonyms : Brown Mustard. Botanical origin: Brassica nigra (Linne) Koch. (Fam. CruciferoB.) Part used : Kipe seeds. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other seeds or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Asia; naturalized in North America. Description : Black Mustard occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous seed. The outline varies from globular to subglobular. Black mustard has a maximum diameter of 2.5 mm. The color varies from gray to yellow to reddish brown. The surface is shiny and finely reticulate when magnified with a simple lens. The base of the seed is constricted to a small point and is gray in color. The embryo is greenish yellow. The odor is aromatic when the seed is moistened. The taste is very strongly pungent. Constituents: Gum, fixed oil, glucoside (sinigrin), myrosin, mucilage, proteids, etc. Dose (Emetic) : 10 Gm. (2% drachms). Preparations : Oleum Sinapis Volatile; Dose, 0.008 mil (% min.). 541 "«^» -M * * v rfi tW ' #<* Jl »*£ **.▼* *■■.-- * A< ^ 40 *«• • » Wit* SoSOjNl *%»1#!. ••*-*% i# - •«mm# i •_* »« # . a*n»%*«» W 'j##%t .« * SINAPIS ALBA 1, English yellow mustard. 2, Dutch yellow mustard. 3, German yellow mustard. 4, California yellow mustard. 542 — ^ SINAPIS ALBA (Sinap. Alb.) U. S. P. English name : White Mustard. Synonyms : Yellow Mustard. Botanical origin : Sinapis alba Linne. (Fam. Cruci- ferce.) Part used : Ripe seeds. Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other seeds or other foreign matter. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in North America. ^ ■ Description : White Mustard occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous seed. The outline varies from globular to subglobular. White mus- tard has a maximum diameter of 3 mm. The color varies from light to dark yellow. One of the curved surfaces has a ridge and two grooves parallel to its length ; the opposite curved edge has no groove or ridge. The embryo is greenish yellow. The odor is aromatic when the seed is moistened. The taste is very strongly pungent. Constituents: Gum, fixed oil, glucoside (sinalbin), enzyme (myrosin), mucilage, acids, etc. Dose (Emetic) : 10 Gm. (2y 2 drachms). Preparations : None. 54 :* GUARANA 1, Part of a larger cylinder of guarana. 2, Crack in the surface. 3, Broken end of a cylinder showing white part of seeds. 544 GUARANA U. S. P. English name : Guarana. Synonyms: Guarana Paste. Botanical origin: Paullinia Cupana Kunth. (Fam. Sapindacece.) Part used: Seeds, crushed. Impurities : None given. Assay: Not less than 4 per cent, of caffeine. Ash : None given. Habitat : Brazil and Venezuela. Description : Guarana occurs as crushed seeds molded into cakes or cylindrical pieces. Guarana is fruit. The outline of the cylindrical pieces is oblong and usually widest at the center. These pieces measure 20 dm. or less in length and 4.8 cm. or less in diameter. The color varies from reddish brown to black. The surface is smooth or rough; the roughness is caused by slightly projecting portions of seed. The fractured surface is uneven and chocolate brown; occasionally it shows entire three-angled seeds or small seed cavi- ties. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter and astringent. Constituents: Caffeine, tannin, gum, starch, fixed oil, volatile oil, saponin, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Elixir Guaranae N. F.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Fluidextractum Guaranae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 545 KOLA 1, Nearly circular cotyledon. 2, ledons. 3, 4, African Kola nuts. Space between the coty- 546 ^ KOLA (Kola) N. F. s English name : Kola. N Synonyms: Cola, Kola-nut. Botanical origin: Several species of Cola Schott and Endlicher. (Fam. Sterculiacece.) Part used : Dried cotyledons. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 1.5 per cent, of caffeine. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat : Africa and West Indies. Description : Kola occurs as the separated or united cotyledons. The base is usually rounded and smaller than the apex. The margin is entire. The apex is rounded. The outline varies from rotund to oval to irregular when the cotyledons are united. The united cotyledons measure 4 cm. or less in length, 3.5 cm. or less in width, and 22 mm. or less in thickness. The color varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The surface is dull and rough or smooth, and there is a space where the cotyledons have separated. At the base of the separated cotyledons there is an embryo. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly astringent. Constituents: Alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine), sugar, starch, tannin, coloring matter, ferment, etc. Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). Preparations : Fluidextractum Kolae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 547 MACIS 1, Banda mace. 2, Siam mace. 3, West India mace. 4, Broad bands of Banda mace. 548 "1 MACIS N. F. fragrans Houttuyn English name : Mace. Synonyms : Flowers of Mace. Botanical origin : Myristica (Fam. Myristicacece.) Part used : Arillode of seed. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 3 per dknt., which is almost com- pletely soluble in hydrochloric acid. Habitat: Molucca Islands; cultivated extensively in tropical countries. Description : Mace occurs as entire and broken compressed pieces of the arillode. The base is blunt or slightly notched, and it has a large circular scar. The apex is irregular. The outline is variable. The arillode measures 40 mm. or less in length and 30 mm. or less in width. The color varies from yellow to yellowish red. The surface is smooth, and it is usually solid near the base, but divided above into narrow bands which overlap at the apex. The arillode is brittle. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and oily. Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, resin, sugar, pro- teids, mucilage, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Oleum Myristicae; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 549 Cinnamon, 50 lbs. Square wooden case covered with mat- ting and tied with strips of bamboo. Case contains about 24 bundles, each with three bands. Cassia Buds, 50 lbs. Outer burlap, box covered with paper and an inner burlap covering. Cassia Cinnamon, 50 lbs. 24 oblong bundles. 3 bam- boo bands. China Chips, 50 lbs. In matting and tied with thick bamboo. 550 CHAPTER XV ALGiE AND FUNGI ALGjE THERE are two official algae : f ucus, a brown alga ; and chondrus, a red alga. The plant body is called a thallus. It is not divided into root, stem, and leaves. Fucus is brownish green when first collected, but it changes to black upon drying. The air bladders (vesicles), occurring in pairs, are the most Character- istic portions of the thallus. Chondrus is deep red when recently gathered; but before it is supplied to commerce it is bleached by sea water and sunlight. There are two species of red algae official under chondrus; they differ greatly, and the differences are described in the descriptions of the drugs. FUNGI The three official fungi are yeast, ergot and agaric. The fungi differ from other groups of plants because they contain no chlorophyl; therefore, they cannot manufacture their own foods. Because they obtain their food from decaying organic matter, they are called saprophytes. Yeast is a unicellular (one-celled) fungus, and its structure can be studied only under the microscope. Ergot is the rusting stage (sclerotium) of Claviceps purpurea. Under natural conditions it develops into a plant which would produce spores. Agaric is a large fungus common on the European larch tree. After the fungus is collected, it is peeled and dried before it is used as a medicine. The com- mercial drug, therefore, no longer greatly resembles a fungus. FUCUS 1. Dichotomously branched thallus. 2, Branches of vari- able length. 3, Air vesicles occurring in pairs. 552 M FUCUS (Fuc.) N. F. English name : Fucus. Synonyms : Bladderwrack, Bladder Fucus. Botanical origin: Fucus vesiculosus Linne. (Fam. Fucacece.) Part used : Dried thallus. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. Habitat: Shores of the North Pacific and North At lantic Oceans. Description : Fucus occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the plant (thallus). These pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length and up to 2 cm. in width. The thallus is dichotomously branched. The base of the thallus is cylindrical and the branches are mostly flattened. Each branch separates into two branches or is simple. The texture is cartilaginous. The color varies from brown to black. The surface has air vesicles usually occurring in pairs, a prominent midrib, and frequently white deposits of saline matter. Frequently the tips of the branches are enlarged because of great numbers of rounded, projecting, reproductive tissues. The odor is slight. The taste is saline and mucilaginous. Constituents : Volatile oil, mucilage, cellulose, mannit, iodine, etc. Dose: 0.65 Gm. (10 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Fuci; Dose, 0.65 mil (10 min.). 553 ^ A ^ CHONDRUS (CRISPUS) 1, Plant with dichotomously branched ends. 2, Numerous plants attached to the small stone. 3, Stem like parts of the thallus. 554 CHONDRUS (Chond.) U. S. P. (1) Chondrus Crispus English name : Chondrus. Synonyms : Irish Moss, Carrageen. Botanical origin: Chondrus crispus (Linne) Stack- house. (Fam. Gigartinacece.) Part used : Dried plant. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat : Shores of Atlantic Ocean. Description : Chondrus crispus occurs as entire or broken pieces of the plant (thallus). These pieces measure up to 12 cm. in length. The plant is dichotomously branching in pairs. The base of the plant is cylindrical and the branches are flat. Each branch separates into two branches. Frequently a fragment of rock occurs in the drug with several attached bases. The texture is cartilaginous. The color varies from yellowish white to red. The surface is smooth, frequently with small shells of Crustacea. The plant is pliable. The outline is irregular. There is no microscopic differ- ence in the tissues of the thallus. The odor is slight. The taste is salty and mucilaginous. Constituents : Mucilage, pectin, proteids, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Gelatinum Chondri N. F. Mucilago Chondri N. F. 555 i CHONDRUS (GIGARTINA MAMILLOSA) 1. Broad thallus with short dichotomously branched tips. 2 Papillate sporangia. 3. Broken fragments of the plant. 556 CHONDRUS (Chond.) U. S. P. (2) Gigartina Mamillosa English name : Chondrus. Synonyms : Irish Moss, Carrageen. Botanical origin: Gigartina mamillosa (Goodenough et Woodward) J. Agardh. (Fam. Gigartinacece.) Part used : Dried plant. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : None given. Habitat: Shores of Atlantic Ocean. Description : Gigartina mamillosa occurs as entire or broken pieces of the plant (thallus). These pieces measure up to 10 cm. in length. The plant is dichotomously branched. The base of the plant is cylin- drical, and the branches are flat. Each branch separates into two branches. The texture is cartilaginous. The color varies from yellowish white to red. The surface has numerous slender papil- late sporangia (reproductive bodies) scattered over the surface and an occasional shell. The outline is irregular. There is no microscopic difference in the tissues of the thallus. The odor is slight. The taste is salty and mucilaginous. Constituents: Mucilage, pectin, proteids, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Gelatinum Chondri N. F. Mucilago Chondri N. F. 557 CEREVISLffi FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM 1, Granular protoplasm. 2, Vacuole. 3, Globules of fat. 558 CEREVISLffi FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM (Cerev. Ferm. Compr.) N. F. English name : Compressed Yeast. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Saccharomyces cerevisice Meyen, or other species of Saccharomyces. (Fam. Saccharo- mycetacece.) Part used : Moist, living cells, combined with a starchy or absorbent base. Impurities: None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: None given. Habitat: In sugary solutions. Description : Yeast occurs in compressed masses or cakes. It is a fungus. The cakes are variable in size. The texture is moist and starchy. The color is yellowish white. The surface is granular, the odor aromatic and the taste bitter. Under the microscope compressed yeast is seen to be composed of yeast and starch. The starch is readily recognized by the blue color developed when Lugol's solu- tion is added. Yeast is oval or spherical. The wall is thin. The vacuoles have small globules of fat, and the protoplasm is granular. Dose: None given. (Used for making fermented milk.) Preparations : None. 559 j^HHHHI vMBr^ r L $ 1 f ' • 1 ra **i pil f ~*&S£E^ZA ^^^H i A B^ 7 ±£^m j h* ^T^-^^S /^ .r^^^ 1 ■ ? ^"t: ' ^NH-- ~~^TTI. 7~r— *- 3 |tk'^: "V ' [ ' — [ --7 : rc^jl * ,. r « # /^fil^H ¥Q&Jm*Fc!^^^' '.j •f' EH ■■.<." ' '^i^ ..*"5^3 Cassia Fistula, 110 lbs. Bamboo basket and an outer covering of burlap. The only drug that is packed in this way. 560 PERSIO N. F. English name : Cudbear. Synonyms : Red Indigo. Botanical origin: Species of Roccella De Candolle, Le- canora Acharius and other lichens. Part used : Purplish-red powder. Impurities : None given. Assay : None given. Ash: Not more than 35 per cent., consisting mainly of sodium chloride. Habitat: Sweden, East Indies, Holland and Cali- fornia. Description : Cudbear occurs as a fine or coarse powder of a purplish red color. Its botanical origin can be determined only when viewed under the compound microscope. * Constituents : Not investigated. Dose: Not used medicinally. (Coloring agent.) Preparations : Tinctura Persionis. Tinctura Persionis Composita 561 AGARICUS 1, White inner tissues. 2, Outer worthless part of the fungus. 562 AGARICUS (Agaric.) N. F. English name : Agaric. Synonyms : White Agaric, Larch Agaric. Botanical origin: Polyporus officinale Fries. (Fam. Polyporacece.) Part used : Dried fruit body. Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of foreign matter. Assay: Yields to boiling alcohol not less than 50 per cent, resinous extract. Ash: Not more than 2 per cent, of white ash rich in phosphates. % Habitat: Europe and Asia. Description : Agaric occurs as entire or broken pieces of the peeled fungus. Agaric is a fungus. The outline of the pieces is irregular. Agaric measures 35 cm. or less in height, 2.5 cm. or less in width, and 12 cm. or less in thickness. The color varies from grayish yellow to light brown. The surface is rough and fibrous-appear- ing, but soft to the touch. The fracture is tough. The broken surface is similar to the outer surface. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet, acrid and bitter. Constituents: Agaric acid, resin, etc. Dose: 0.6 Gm. (10 grains). Preparations : None. 563 ERGOTA l, 2, 3, Large and small ergots. 4, Longitudinal section of grain. 5, 6, Cross-sections. 564 ERGOTA U. S. P. English name: Ergot. Synonyms: Rye Ergot, Smut of Rye, Spurred Rye. Secale Cornutum P. I. Botanical origin: Claviceps purpurea. (Fam. Hypo- creacece.) Part used: Dried sclerotiuni. Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of seeds, fruits or other foreign matter. Assay : None given. Ash:^Tot more than 5 per cent. Habitat : Russia, Spain, Germany and France. Description : Ergot occurs as entire, rarely as broken, curved, or straight pieces. Ergot is the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea. The outline is oblong-cylindrical and tapering at either end. Ergot measures 4 cm. or less in length and 7 mm. or less in diameter. The sur- face is longitudinally furrowed and fissured, and transversely fissured. The color varies from purple to purplish black. The fracture is brittle. The fractured surface is indistinctly triangu- lar and is deeply indented on three sides. The outer layer of the sections is purplish black, the inner layer white or purplish white. The odor is distinct. The taste is oily. Constituents: Alkaloids (ergotine, cornutine, ergo- toxine, ecboline, tyramine, etc.), acids (ergotinic, sclerotic, etc.), lucin, mannit, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : Extractum Ergotae; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Extractum Ergotae Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Fluidextractum Ergotae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Ergotae Ammoniata N. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). ; r>r> Cloves, 125 lbs. Mats with a coarse rope tied three times around the short diameter of the bale and passed around the two sides of the long diameter. Capsicum comes in similar packages. 566 M CHAPTER XVI SPORES, NON-GLANDULAR AND GLANDULAR HAIRS, AND EXCRESCENCES SPORES T YCOPODIUJI is the only official spore. These Lj spores are microscopic. These spores in nature continue the life of the species by growing under suit- able conditions into a lycopodium plant. They are used in a mechanical way as a dusting powder and not as a remedial agent. NON-GLANDULAR HAIRS Cotton is the official non-glandular hair. The hairs are separated from cotton seed produced by the fa- miliar cotton plant of the south. As cotton is used in medicine as an absorbent, it must be free of fat and aseptic. The hairs are very long and thread-like, and their structure is microscopic. GLANDULAR HAIRS Lupulin, the glandular hair separated from the scales of hops,. secretes and contains the oleoresin or active constituent of hops. Two views of lupulin. which has a microscopic structure, are shown. EXCRESCENCES Nut gall is an excrescence formed as the result of an insect (Cynips tinctoria) stinging and depositing its eggs in the young leaf of European oak (Quercus infectoria). A gall or excrescence is developed instead of a leaf. There are many different types of galls, but they are all different from nutgall. 567 LYCOPODIUM 1, Hair-like projection. 2, Reticulate surface. 3, Char- acteristic marking of the spore. 568 ^ LYCOPODIUM (Lycopod.) U. S. P. English name : Ly cop odium. Synonyms : Club Moss, Running Moss, Snake Moss. Botanical origin: Lycopodium clavatum Linne. (Fam. Lycopodiacece.) Part used : Spores. Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat : Europe and Asia. Description : Lycopodium occurs as a powder consisting of microscopic entire spores. The powder is light yellow. It floats on water; when thrown into the air and ignited it burns with a flash. The only scientific means of identifying lycopodium is under the compound microscope. The spores, when magnified under the high power of the microscope, have one convex surface and three plane sur- faces. The outer is reticulate and at the point of union of the wall there is a hair-like projection. These show best when the margin is in focus. The line of union of the plane surfaces fre- quently appears as a cross or triangle. The odor is not distinct; taste is wanting. Constituents : Fixed oil, sugar, etc. Dose : None. Not used internally. Preparations : None. 569 ^A GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM 1, Mass of cotton. 2, Separated fibers. 570 GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM (Gossyp. Purif.) U. S. P. English name : Purified Cotton. Synonyms : Absorbent Cotton. Botanical origin: Gossypium herbaceum Linne. (Fam. Malvaceae.) Part used : Hairs of seed freed from adhering impuri- ties and linters and deprived of fatty matters. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 0.2 per cent. Habitat: Asia, Africa, China; cultivated extensively. Description : Purified cotton occurs as tangled masses of entire or broken hairs. Cotton is a unicellular hair. The color is white and the texture is soft and fibrous. "When seen under the high power of the microscope cotton is either flat or twisted. The edges are thick ened and the central part is structureless. There is no odor or taste to purified cotton. Preparations : Gossypium Stypticum N. F. 571 LUPULINUM 1, Surface view of glandular hair. 2, Oleoresin mass. 3, Surface without cellular structure. 4, Reticulate surface. 572 LUPULINUM (Lupul.) N. F. English name : Lupulin. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: E lunulas Lupulus Linne. (Fam. Moracece.) Part used : Glandular trichomes from the strobiles. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in ether. Ash : Not more than 16 per cent. Habitat: Asia and Europe; cultivated in countries having a temperate climate. Description : Lupulin occurs as a sticky powder, consisting of entire multicellu- lar, glandular hairs with angled walls. The color varies from lemon yellow to yellowish brown. It floats on water. Under the high power of the compound microscope the spores, when viewed from the top, are nearly circular and the outer layer of cells is in sharp focus, while the remaining curved part is not so distinct. When the spores are viewed the tube of the microscope must be gradu- ally raised. If looked at from the side the spores are seen to be mushroom-shaped. The walls of the upper part are distinct, those of the lower part indistinct. Frequently the spores contain large globules of oil. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. Constituents: Resin, volatile oil, tannin, choline, as- paragin, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Fluidextractum Lupulini; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Oleoresina Lupulini; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 573 • GALLA 1, Large perfect gall. 2, Tuberculated surface. 3, Central cavity of the gall. 4, Cylindrical opening formed by the escaping insect. 574 GALLA (Gall.) U. S. P. English name : Nutgall. Synonyms : Aleppo Galls, Smyrna Galls. Botanical origin: Quercus infectoria Olivier and other allied species of Quercus. (Fam. Fagacece.) Part used : Excrescences on the young twigs. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not more than 5 per cent, of galls floats in water. Ash : None given. Habitat: Mediterranean Basin, Asia Minor, Persia. Description : Nutgall occurs in the entire condition. It is a gall. The base of the gall is constricted and is frequently attached to a short-leaf petiole. The margin is irregular. The apex is rounded. The outline is globular. They measure 28 mm. or less in length and 25 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from bluish gray to yellowish brown. The surface is tuberculated. The bored galls have a circular opening. Sawed galls have sunken spaces, a dark, circular, central cavity and a cylindrical canal extending to the surf ace ; the latter is formed by the escaping insect. The color of the inner surface varies from gray to brown. The odor is not distinct. The taste is very strongly astringent. Constituents: Tannic, gallic and ellagic acids, sugar, resin, starch, albuminous matter, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Gallae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Unguentum Galla?. 575 Aloes. Barrel of Gourd Aloes. Keg of Socotrine Aloes. Two cases of Monkey-skin Aloes, one case with burlap and one case with matting. One monkey-skin suspended (left) to show method of transportation. Gourds (freed from seeds) filled with aloes and a piece of cloth stuck over the opening. 576 CHAPTER XVII STARCH, GUM, SUGAR, AND MUCILAGE STARCH /^lOBX STARCH is the official starch. It is separated \^j from corn by a special process. Corn starch has a characteristic microscopic structure. The purity of corn starch should always be determined because it is frequently adulterated with potato and other starches. Talcum is also frequently added to increase the weight. SUGAR Manna is a solid sugar obtained from the European ash tree. It has a very pleasing taste at first, but its final taste is rather disagreeable. The commercial product varies in price according to the size and cleanliness of the pieces. Refer to the different figures. GUMS Tragacanth and acacia are the official gums. Trag- acanth is ribbon-like and has characteristic trans- verse ridges which are formed during the period of decreased rate of flow. The pieces are always dull and opaque. Acacia occurs as straight, curved or rounded tears, which are frequently hollow in the center. The sur- face is shiny and transparent when recently collected, but when thoroughly dry, the surface is dull, full of cracks, and opaque. MUCILAGE The only official dried mucilage is agar-agar, pre- pared from Japanese sea-weed. It is used extensively in the preparation of culture media for growing bac- teria. Agar is usually shredded, and frequently packed in bundles. 577 AMYLUM 1, Starch grain with angled outline. 2, Grain with rounded outline. 3, Round hilum or space. 578 1 AMYLUM (Amyl.) U. S. P. English name : Starch. Synonyms : Corn Starch. Botanical origin: Zea Mays Linne. (Fam. Gra- minece. ) Part used: Starch separated from the grain. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent, of white ash. Habitat : South America ; cultivated. Description : Corn Starch, occurs as white powder consisting of entire starch grains. Corn starch is a starch. The powder is white and it is fine or in slightly angled masses. As seen under the high power of the microscope, the grains are rounded, angled, or rounded and angled in outline. The hilum is central, rounded or cleft. When Lugol's solution is added to the powder on the slide the grains are colored hlue. The odor of starch is not distinct. The taste is starchy and slightly sweet. Constituents: Granulose, cellulose, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Glyceritum Amyli. (Excipient.) 579 MANNA 1, Three pieces of manna of variable size. 2, Small white tear. 3, Rounded tear. 4, Manna sorts consisting of agglutinated tears and impurities. 580 MANNA U. S. P. English name : Manna. Synonyms: None. Botanical origin: Fraxinus Ornus Linne. (Fam. Oleacece.) Part used : Dried saccharine exudation. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 40 per cent, of the yellowish white fragments. Ash: None given. Habitat : Mediterranean Basin. Description : Manna occurs as entire and broken tears or sorts. Manna is a sugar. The outline of the larger pieces is oblong, and either flat or cylindrical. The pieces measure 25 cm. or less in length and 5.5 cm. or less in width. The color of large flake manna varies from white to yellowish white; of small flake manna, yellowish white; of manna sorts, yellowish brown. The surface is rough, flat or ridged. The fracture is very weak and brittle. The frac- tured surface is frequently three-sided. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet and slightly bitter. Constituents : Mannit, glucose, mucilage, resin, etc. Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). Preparations : Infusum Senna? Compositum ; Dose. 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). Sympus Manna? N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 581 TRAGAOANTHA 1, Broad ribbon. 2, Transverse band. 3, Serrate edge of a band. 4, 5, Different types of ribbons. 582 TRAGACANTHA (Trag.) U. S. P. English name : Tragacanth. Synonyms: Gum Tragacanth. Botanical origin: Astragalus gummifer Labillardiere or other Asiatic species of Astragalus. (Fam. Le- guminosce. ) Part used : Gummy exudation from the stems. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 3.5 per cent. Habitat : Asia Minor, Persia and Syria. Description : Tragacanth occurs as entire or broken, flattened pieces. Traga- canth is a gum. The outline is usually oblong and curved or straight. The pieces measure 12 cm. or less in length and 28 mm. or less in diameter. The surface has transverse bands. The color varies from white to yellowish white. The fracture is brittle. The texture is horny. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is mucilaginous. Constituents: Soluble and insoluble gum and starch, pectin, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Glyceritum Tragacanthse N. F. . Mucilago Tragacanthae. 583 ,JI& J&&. BI^rP ^ ' • * ^f ■ ' "?**, ' r ^S ^Sf- : I- 'Mk >fc "'^» ^**%}- r ,4^^^. MSP ™ RLv . . ' vi ~ - ■tg^"'- V ^■-s**- " BL^i "* - !^H HP^' ''^^H ■ ^rjr ■ . .;■■ : - , « 1 J^^^^M Bv^V *t ' :■■. HSbT mm !■&» A ^V ~?^B %fe^ ■ wt ■ .' '£ •" ^^ '. .."'■■ B^Kts^ '**•-'-. TaH ^ ' iH r»< ■ ■ :•-.*. r if • *2 * - ^ ; " : 3P ' •'• r 1 -■.>»- • ^J§fe kJfa^\* 1 ,^i/^J~ "*v Et*' v ^H - + ?.+ v ■ 1 ' w * ^ B ■fti^' ^ # 4 ACACIA 1, 2, 3, 4. Different types of acacia tears. 584 ■ ACACIA (Acac.) U. S. P. English name : Acacia. Synonyms: Gum Arabic, Gum Acacia, Gum Senegal. Botanical origin : Acacia Senegal Willdenow and other African species of Acacia. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Dried gummy exudation. Impurities: Not more than 1 per cent, of powdered acacia is insoluble in water. Assay: When powdered, contains not more than 15 per cent, of moisture. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: Africa. Description : Acacia occurs as entire and broken tears. Acacia is a gum. The outline varies from globular to oblong-cylindrical, and the pieces are straight and curved. The pieces measure 8 cm. or less in length and 5 cm. or less in width. The color varies from gray to pink and is opaque. The surface is smooth when the drug has been recently gathered, but fissured after it has been kept for some time. The fracture is brittle. The fractured surface is fre- quently glistening. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly sweet and mucilaginous. Constituents: Arabin (arabic acid), pararobin, etc. Dose: None given. Preparations : Mucilago Acaciae; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Syrupus Acaciae. (Vehicle.) 585 AGAR 1. Mass of agar-agar strips. 586 AGAR U. S. P. English name : Agar. Synonyms : Agar- Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable Gelatin. Botanical origin: Gracilaria (Sphoerococcus) liche- noides Greville and other marine algae growing along the eastern coast of China, particularly sev- eral species of Gelidium or Gloiopeltis. (Class Bhodophycece.) Part used: Dried mucilaginous substance. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: Japan and China. Description : Agar occurs as folded flat pieces arranged in bundles. The out- line of the pieces is oblong. Agar is of variable length and width. The color varies from gray to grayish brown. The surface is shiny and wrinkled. The fracture is tough. The odor is not dis- tinct. The taste is mucilaginous. Constituents : Pectin, gelose, etc. Dose: 10 Gm. (2y 2 drachms). Preparations : None. 587 Small barrel of Guaiac (200 lbs.) in solid piece. Gum Myrrh, 200 lbs. Inner matting and outer burlap covering. 588 CHAPTER XVIII RESINS, GUM RESINS, BALSAMS, BALSAMIC RESINS AND OLEORESINS RESINS THE three official resins are rosin, guaiac and mastic. Rosin is the residue left after distilling oil of tur- pentine from terebenthina. Guaiac is a resin obtained from the official guaiac wood. Mastiche is the only resin occurring as tears. It is friable, but it becomes plastic when chewed. GUM RESINS The official gum resins are asafetida, gamboge and myrrh. They all differ greatly in appearance; and in the case of asafetida, the odor is characteristically and disagreeably aromatic. BALSAMIC RESINS Benzoin is the only balsamic resin. The title in- cludes the Sumatra and Siam varieties. Sumatra ben- zoin consists of a matrix of a reddish brown color surrounding light colored tears, while Siam benzoin consists wholly of tears. OLEORESINS The only solid oleoresin is turpentine, which is ob- tained by cutting the bark of several species of south- ern pine and collecting the excretion or oleoresin. RESINA 1, Abraded white surface. 2, Concave surface. 590 RESINA (Resin.) U. S. P. Georgia Pine Rosin, Yellow English name : Rosin. Synonyms: Colophony, Pine Rosin. Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller and other species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinaceoe.) Part used: Residue left after distilling the volatile oil from the concrete oleoresin. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : None given. Ash : Not more than 0.05 per cent. Habitat: Virginia, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Resin occurs as irregular masses. Resin is a resin. The outline is irregular and angled, the size is variable, and the texture is vitreous. The color is yellowish brown; when the surface is abraded the color is white or yellowish white. The surface is translucent, powdery where abraded, and rough with numerous depressions. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is slightly aro- matic. The taste is pungent and terebinthinate. Constituents: Abietinic acid or its anhydride, pinic and sylvic acids, etc. Preparations : Ceratum Resinae. Ceratum Resinae Compositum N. F. Emplastrum Elasticum. Emplastrum Resinae. 591 GUAIACUM 1, Round cake. 2, Piece of large cake. 592 GUAIAOUM (Guaiac.) U. S. P. i English name : Guaiac. Synonyms : Guaiac Resin. Botanical origin: Guaiacum officinale Linne or Guaia- cum sanctum Linne. (Fam. Zygophyllacece.) Part used : Resin of the wood. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: South America, West Indies. Description : Guaiac occurs as angled fragments or as rounded masses. Guaiac is a resin. The outline of the fragments is angular, of the masses rounded. The pieces and fragments are variable in size. The texture is vitreous. The surface is dull, powdery and rough, and bears partially detached fragments of bark and wood. The frac- ture is hackly. Small fragments are yellowish green and shiny. The odor is not distinct. The taste is acrid. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Gargarisma Guaiaci Compositum N. F. Glyceritum Guaiaci N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Mistura Guaiaci N. F. ; Dose. 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Guaiaci; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Guaiaci Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 593 MASTICHE 1, Globular tears. 2, Oblong tears. 3, Irregular tears. 594 MASTICHE (Mastic.) N. F. English name : Mastic. Synonyms: Mastix, Resin of Mastic. Botanical origin: Pistacia Lentiscus Linne. (Fam. Anacardiacece. ) Part used: Concrete resinous exudation. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Acid number is not less than 65. Ash: None given. Habitat : Mediterranean Basin, Island of Scio. Description : Mastic occurs as entire or broken tears. Mastic is a resin. The outline varies from globular to oblong-cylindrical. Mastic tears have a maximum length of 2 cm. and a maximum width of 12 mm. The texture is vitreous. The color is light greenish yellow. The surface is transparent, smooth and shiny. The fracture is even. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly pungent. Mastic becomes plastic when it is chewed. Constituents : Volatile oil, resins, bitter principle, etc. Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). Preparations : PilulaB Aloes et Mastiches ; Dose, 2 pills. 595 ASAFCETIDA 1, Fragment of wood imbedded in mass. 2, 3, Irregular 596 ASAFCETIDA (Asafcet.) U. S. P. English name : Asafetida. Synonyms: Gum Asafetida. Botanical origin: Ferula Asafoetida Linne, Ferula foetida Regel and some other species of Ferula. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) Part used: Gum resin obtained by incising the rhi- zomes and roots. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 60 per cent., or, if powdered, 50 per cent., of alcohol-soluble constituents. Ash: Of gum-resin not more than 15 per cent.; of powder not over 30 per cent. Habitat : Persia and Afghanistan. Description : Asafetida occurs as plastic or solid masses, rarely as tears. It is a gum resin. The outline of the masses is irregular. The size of the pieces is variable. The texture is waxy when the drug is hard. The color of the mass is usually a mixture of yellow, white, brown and red. The surface is mottled and uneven. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is strongly aromatic and persistent. The taste is pungent, like garlic. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Emulsum Asafoetidoe; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). PilulaB Asafcetidae ; Dose, 2 pills. Tinctura Asafoetida?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 597 CAMBOGIA 1, Solid cylinder. 2, Curved cylinder. 3, Cross-section of hollow cylinder. 4, Cross-section of solid cylinder. 598 CAMBOGIA (Cambog.) U. S. P. English name : Gamboge. Synonyms : Pipe Gamboge. Botanical origin: Garcinia Hanburii Hooker films. (Fam. Cruttiferce.) Part used : Gum-resin. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 65 per cent, is soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 2 per cent. Habitat: India, China and Siam. Description : Gamboge occurs as cylindrical, straight and curved pieces. Gam- boge is a gum-resin. The outline of the pieces is oblong-cylindri- cal. The maximum length of the pieces is 18 cm., maximum width 4 cm. The texture is waxy. The color is orange brown; when abraded, lemon yellow; when moistened, milky, yellowish white. The surface is finely wrinkled or longitudinally striated. The fracture is conchoidal. The fractured surface is hollow or solid. The odor is not distinct. The taste is acrid. Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, acids, etc. Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Preparations : Pilulae Catharticae Composite; Dose, 2 pills. 599 MYRRHA 1, Rough and fissured surface. 2, Piece of bark. 3, Masses of variable size. 600 it* MYRRH A (Myrrh.) U. S. P. English name : Myrrh. Synonyms: Gum Myrrh. Botanical origin : One or more species of Commiphora. (Fam. Burseracece.) Part used : Gum-resin. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : Not less than 35 per cent, is soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 8.5 per cent. Habitat : Eastern Africa. Description : Myrrh occurs as irregular masses of agglutinated tears. Myrrh is a gum-resin. The outline of the pieces is irregular. The pieces have a maximum length or width of 12 cm. and a thickness of 8 cm. The texture is waxy. The color varies from light yellow to dark brown. The surface is dull, powdery and rough because of numerous projecting tears. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent, bitter and acrid. Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter prin- ciple, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Pilulse Rhei Compositae; Dose, 2 pills. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Myrrhae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). I 601 BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM (Bals. Peruv.) U. S. P. English name : Balsam of Peru. Synonyms : Peru Balsam. Botanical origin: Toluifera Pereirce (Royle) Baillon. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Balsam. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Acid number not less than 56 nor more than 84. Saponification value for the cinnamein 235 to 238. Ash : None stated in U. S. P. Description : Balsam of Peru occurs as a syrupy liquid; color reddish brown; odor agreeable and vanilla-like; taste bitter and acrid, with per- sistent after-taste; specific gravity 1.130 to 1.160 at 25° C. Constituents : Cinnamein, benzoic and cinnamic acids, vanillin, styracin, resin, etc. Dose: None given officially. Preparations : None. 602 BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM (Bals. Tolu.) U. S. P. English name : Balsam of Tolu. Synonyms : Tolu Balsam. Botanical origin: Toluifera Balsamum Linne. (Fam. LeguminoscB. ) Part used : Entire balsam. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : Saponification value not less than 154 nor more than 220. Ash: None given. Description : Balsam of Tolu occurs as a putty-like plastic solid; odor, vanilla- like; taste, mild and aromatic; becomes brittle when exposed to the air or -when cooled sufficiently. Constituents : Practically same as of balsam of Peru. Dose: None given. Preparations : Syrupus Tolutanus; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Tinctura Tolutana; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 603 STYRAX U. S. P. English name : Storax. Synonyms : Liquid Storax. Botanical origin: Liquidambar orientalis Miller. (Fam. Eamamelidacece.) Part used : Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Residue insoluble in hot alcohol not over 2.5 per cent. ; acid value not less than 56 nor more than 85 ; saponification value not less than 170 nor more than 230. Ash : Not more than 1 per cent. Description : Storax occurs as a semi-liquid, sticky, opaque mass, depositing on standing a heavy-, dark brown stratum; color grayish; odor char- acteristic; taste acrid. Constituents: Resins, volatile oil, cinnamic acid and its esters, vanillin, resins, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Enters in Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 604 7 COPAIBA (Copaib.) U. S. P. English name: Copaiba. Synonyms : Balsam of Copaiba ; Copaiva. Botanical origin : South American species of Copaiba (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used : Oleoresin. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : Acid value not less than 28 nor more than 95 ; resin content not less than 36 per cent. Ash: None given. Description : Copaiba occurs as a viscid liquid; color brownish-yellow, occa- sionally with a slightly greenish fluorescence ; odor aromatic ; taste bitter and acrid; specific gravity 0.940 to 0.995 at 25° C. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, acids, etc. Dose: 1 mil (15 min.). Preparations : Massa Copaiba? N. F. ; Dose, 1 6m. (15 grains). Mistura Copaiba? N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Mistura Copaiba? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 605 PIX LIQUIDA (Pix. Liq.) U. S. P. English name : Tar. Synonyms: Pine Tar. Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller, or other species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinacece.) Part used : Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: None stated. Description : Tar occurs as a thick, syrupy liquid; color nearly black; odor aromatic; taste pungent and empyreumatic. Constituents: Resin, turpentine, empyreumatic oils, creosote, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Glyceritum Picis Liquidae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Liquor Picis Alkalinus N. P. (Used externally.) Syrupus Picis Liquidae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Unguentum Picis Liquidae. (Used externally.) Vinum Picis N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 606 I TEREBINTHINA LARICIS (Terebinth. Laric.) N. F. English name : Venice Turpentine. Synonyms: Larch Turpentine. Botanical origin : Larix Europoea De Candolle. (Fam. Pinacece. ) Part used : Viscid oleoresin. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Acid number not more than 80. Ash : None given. Description : Venice turpentine occurs as a thick semi-liquid, heavier than water; color yellowish green; odor aromatic; taste bitter and pungent. Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Petroxolinum Terebinthinse Laricis N. F. (Used externally.) * 607 TEREBINTHINA 1, 2, Mass of turpentine. 3, Pine needle. 608 TEREBINTHINA (Terebinth.) N. F. English name : Turpentine. Synonyms : Common Turpentine, Gum Thus. Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller and from other species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinacece.) Part used : Concrete oleoresin. Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of mechanical impurities. Assay : Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, or glacial acetic acid. Ash: None given. Habitat: Virginia, south to Florida and Texas. Description : Turpentine occurs as irregular masses. The outline is irregular, the size is variable, and the texture is resinous. The color varies from yellowish white to yellow. The surface is opaque arid un- even. The fracture is uneven. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. Dose : None stated officially. Preparations : None. 609 BENZOINUM 1. Brown tear. 2, White tear. 3, Adhering pieee of burlap. 610 BENZOINUM (Benzoin.) U. S. P. English name : Benzoin. Synonyms : Gum Benzoin, Gum Benjamin. Botanical origin : Styrax Benzoin Dryander and some other species of Styrax growing in the East In- dies. (Fam. Styracaceaz.) Part used : Balsamic resin. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 75 per cent, of Sumatra and 90 per cent, of Siam benzoin dissolves in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 2.5 per cent, in Sumatra benzoin and not over 2 per cent, in Siam benzoin. Habitat : East Indies. Description : Benzoin occurs as large, square cakes, covered with burlap, or as separate tears and masses. The outline of the broken cakes and tears is irregular. The size is variable, the texture waxy. The color varies from white to yellow to reddish brown. In Sumatra benzoin the white tears are surrounded by a reddish brown mass. In Siam benzoin the tears are yellowish brown externally, yellow- ish white internally. The surface is rough. The fracture is un- even. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and acrid. Constituents: Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, styracin, vanillin and resin. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Adeps Benzoinatus. Tinctura Benzoini; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Benzoini Composita; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 611 CHAPTER XIX LATEX, DRIED JUICES, EXTRACTS AND CAMPHORS LATEX THE three drugs consisting of dried latex are opium, lactucarium, and gutta-percha. All these differ greatly in appearance and in form. Opium is obtained by cutting the poppy capsule and collecting, when dried, the milky juice. As the source of morphine, codeine, etc., opium is classed as one of the most important drugs of the Pharmacopoeia. Lactucarium is a dried milk juice occurring as small cakes of a brown or brownish black color. Gutta-percha is the purified, coagulated, milky exu- date of various trees. DRIED JUICES The official dried juices include kino and three va- rieties of aloes. Kino occurs as small irregular fragments. The different varieties of aloes are quite distinct in appearance, though supposed to be similar in prop- erties. EXTRACTS Gambir, the only official extract, occurs as brownish black cubes or rectangular pieces of variable size. "When broken, they are yellowish and powdery. CAMPHORS Camphor occurs as cakes of variable size. Its sur- face is glassy when freshly broken, and it is very aromatic. 612 OPIUM U. S. P. English name: Opium. Synonyms : Gum Opium, Meconium, Thebaica. Botanical origin: Papaver somniferum Linne and its variety album De Candolle. (Fam. Papaveracece.) Part used: Milky exudation (latex). Impurities : None given in IT. S. P. Assay: Not less than 9.5 per cent, of anhydrous mor- phine. Ash : None given. Habitat : Asia Minor and China ; also cultivated. Description : Opium occurs as rounded masses, as rectangular cakes, or as large flat cakes. It is a solidified latex. The outline of the masses and cakes is variable. The size is variable. The texture is waxy. The color varies from brown to black. The outer surface fre- quently has adhering to it fragments of leaves and fruits of rumex. The fracture is uneven. The odor is narcotic. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (morphine, codeine, narco- tine, narceine, etc.), meconic acid, glucose, gum, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, coloring matter, etc. Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Preparations: Acetum Opii N. F.; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Extractum Opii; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). Linimentum Opii Compositum N. F. Mistura Camphorae Acida N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Mistura Carminativa N. F. ; Dose (infants') 0.5 mil (8 min.). Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita ; Dose, 10 mils (2*& fl. drs.). Mistura Opii et Chloroformi Composita N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Mistura Opii et Sassafras N. F. ; Dose (infants'), 0.3 mil (5 min.). Opii Pulvis; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Opium Deodoratum; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Opium Granulatum; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Pilulae Opii, Digitalis et Quininae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Opii et Camphorae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Opii et Plumbi N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pulvis Cretae et Opii Aromaticus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Pulvis Ipecacuanha? et Opii; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Pulvis Kino et Opii Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Ipecacuanha? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Opii; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Opii Camphorata ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Opii Crocata N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). Tinctura Opii Deodorata; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). Tinctura Pectoralis N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 613 LACTUCARIUM 1. Under surface of cake. 2, Upper surface of cake. 3, Broken surfaces. 614 ^ LACTUCARIUM (Lactucar.) U. S. P. English name : Lactucarium. Synonyms : Lettuce Opium. Botanical origin : Lactuca virosa Linne. (Fam. Com- positce. ) Part used: Dried milk-juice (latex). Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : Not more than 15 per cent, moisture. Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. Habitat : Central and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description : Lactucarium occurs as cakes of variable size. Lactucarium is a latex (milk-juice). The cakes have a maximum diameter of 5.5 cm. and a maximum thickness of 3 cm. The texture is waxy. The color varies from grayish red to reddish black. The fracture is uneven. The fractured surface varies from light gray to nearly black. The odor is aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. Constituents: Alkaloids (lactucine, hyoscyamine), bit- ter principles, wax, sugar, gum, pectin, resin, etc. Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). Preparations : Syrupus Lactucarii (from Tincture) ; Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). Tinctura Lactucarii; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 615 1, Oblong slice, gutta percha. GUTTA PERCHA 2, Rough surface. 3, Rod of purified 616 I GUTTA PERCHA N. F. English name : Gutta-percha. Synonyms: Gutta Taban, Gummi Plasticum. Botanical origin: Various trees of genus Palaqaium Blanco. (Fam. Sapotacece.) Part used: Milky exudate (latex). Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of undissolved residue when dissolved in chloroform, oil turpen- tine, etc. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. Habitat: East Indies, East Africa; cultivated. Description : Gutta-percha occurs as cakes, sheets, rods or as irregular pieces. It is a latex. The cakes, sheets and pieces are of variable size. The texture is like rubber. The color varies from yellowish white to grayish, usually with reddish streaks. The uncut surface is smooth, the cut surface rough and mottled. Gutta-percha has no fracture. There is no characteristic odor and taste. Dose: None given. Preparations : Liquor Guttae Percha?. (Used externally.) ELATERINUM (Elaterin.) U. S. P. English name : Elaterin. Synonyms : None. Botanical origin: Ecballium Elaterium (Linne) A. Richard. (Fam. Cucurbit acecc.) Part used: Neutral principle. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: No ash from 0.1 Gin. of elaterin. Habitat : Description : Elaterin occurs as a white powder or white crystals; the odor is not distinct ; the taste is bitter and acrid. Dose: 0.003 Gm. (% grain). Preparations : Trituratio Elaterini ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). 617 KINO 1, Angled fragments of variable size. 618 KINO U. S. P. English name : Kino. Synonyms : Gum Kino. Botanical origin: Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxburgh. (Fam. Leguminosce.) Part used: Spontaneously dried juice. Impurities : None given in XL S. P. Assay: Not less than 45 per cent, of alcoholic extrac- tive ; not more than 12 per cent, moisture. Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. Habitat: India and Ceylon. Description : Kino occurs as small, angled fragments. Kino is a dried juice. The fragments rarely exceed 10 mm. in length or width. The color varies from reddish black to black. The surface is angled and shiny. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is not distinct. The taste is very strongly astringent. Constituents: Kinotannic acid and other principles, coloring matter, gum, etc. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations : Pulvis Kino et Opii Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Tinctura Kino; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Kino et Opii Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 619 ALOE (SOCOTRINE) 1, Fragment of mass. 2, Broken surface. 620 ^ ALOE U. S. P. (1) Socotrine Aloes English name : Aloes. Synonyms : Socotrine Aloes. Botanical origin: Aloe Perryi Baker. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used: Inspissated juice of the leaves. Impurities : None given in U. S. P, Assay : Not less than 50 per cent, soluble in cold water. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. Description : Socotrine Aloes occurs as masses packed in boxes or in animal skins. Socotrine aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the broken pieces is irregular. The texture is waxy. The color varies from a light to a dark yellowish brown. The surface is dull or slightly shiny. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is aromatic. The taste is very strongly bitter and pungent. Constituents : Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N.F.; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ; Dose. 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose. 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha? N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 621 ALOE (CURACAO) 1, 2, Two fragments of a large cake. 622 ALOE U. S. P. (2) Cura9ao Aloes English name : Aloes. Synonyms : Curacao Aloes. Botanical origin: "Aloe vera Linne. (Fam. Liliacece.) Part used: Inspissated juice of the leaves. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in cold water. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. Description : Curasao Aloes occurs as solidified masses packed in boxes or large gourds. Curasao aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the broken pieces is irregular. The size of the pieces is variable. The texture is waxy. The color varies from orange brown to blackish brown. The surface is dull and smooth. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is very strongly bitter and pungent. Constituents: Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N. P.; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes et Perri N. P. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. P. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 623 ALOE (CAPE) 1, 2, Two fragments of a large cake. 624 ALOE U. S. P. (3) Cape Aloes English name: Aloes. Synonyms: Cape Aloes. Botanical origin: Aloe ferox Miller. (Fani. Liliaceas.) Part used : Inspissated juice. Impurities : None given. Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in cold water; contains not more than 10 per cent, mois- ture. Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. Description : Cape Aloes occurs as solidified masses packed in boxes. Cape aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the broken pieces is irregular. The size of the pieces is variable. The texture is vitreous. The color is dark green. The surface is shiny and di- vided by fissures into numerous slightly adhering fragments. The fracture is even. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is very strongly bitter and pungent. Constituents: Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes; Dose. 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Composite N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ;2Dose, 1 pill. Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose. 1 pill. Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose. 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae X. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 625 GAMBIR 1, Five nearly square cakes. 2, Rectangular cake. 3, Cut surface. 626 GAMBIR U. S. P. English name : Gambir. Synonyms : Pale Catechu. Botanical origin: Leaves and twigs of Ourouparia Gambir (Hunter) Baillon. (Fam. Rubiacece.) Part used: Dried extract. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay : Not less than 65 per cent, soluble in water, 60 per cent, soluble in alcohol. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: East India Islands, Description : Gambir occurs as cubical or rectangular pieces. Gambir is an extract. The maximum length of the rectangular pieces is 4 cm., the maximum width is 3 cm. The color varies from yellow- ish brown to black. The texture is starchy. The surface is sunken and frequently striated. The fracture is uneven. The fractured surface is dull and yellowish or grayish brown. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and very strongly astringent. Constituents: Catechutannic acid, catechin, gum, ex- tractive, quercetin, etc. Dose: 1 6m. (15 grains). Preparations : Pulvis Gambir Compositus N. P.; Dose, 1.3 Gm. (20 grains). Tinctura Gambir Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Trochisci Gambir N. F. ; Dose, 1 troche. 627 CAMPHORA 1, 2, 3, Cakes and fragments of camphor. 628 CAMPHORA (Camph.) U. S. P. English name : Camphor. Synonyms : Gum Camphor. Botanical origin: Cinnamomum Camphora (Linne) Nees et Ebermaier. (Fam. Lauracece.) Part used : Ketone. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : Not more than 0.05 per cent. Habitat: China and Japan; cultivated in Southern United States. Description : Camphor occurs as cakes or as broken pieces. Camphor is a ketone. The size of the cake is variable. The color is grayish white. The texture is waxy. The surface is rough, crystalline and fissured. The fracture is uneven. The fractured surface is angled, shiny and transparent. The odor is aromatic. The taste is puugent. Dose: By mouth, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Hypodermic, 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Preparations : Aquae Camphora?; Dose, 10 mils (2V 2 fl. drs.). Ceratum Caniphorse N. F. Emplastrum Fuscum N. F. Linimentum Belladonna?. Linimentum Camphora?. Linimentum Chloroformi. Linimentum Saponis. Mistura Camphorae Acida N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Mistura Camphora? Aromatica X. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). Spiritus Camphorae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Tinctura Opii Camphorata ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Unguentum Camphorae N. F. Unguentum Fuscum N. F. 629 • # # t % « * % * e * t • 4 coccus 1, 2, Black cochineal (unofficial). 3, 4, The official sil- vered cochineal. 630 V\ CHAPTER XX DRUGS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN THE drugs of animal origin vary so much that no one set of characters will cover all the different drugs, therefore the introduction to this group is omitted. Each drug, however, is minutely described in the following pages of the text. Coccus, cantharides and gelatin are of animal origin. Coccus is collected in Mexico from cactus plants. Only the bugs covered with the natural wax are official. Cantharides is a beetle, very characteristic in struc- ture and having well known properties. Gelatin is an animal mucilage prepared from bones. It is used largely as an adhesive agent, etc. COCCUS U. S. P. English name : Cochineal. Synonyms: Coccionella. Entomological origin: Coccus cacti Linne. (Fam. Coccidce.) Part used : Dried female insect. Impurities: None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. Habitat: On species of cacti growing in Mexico. Description : Coccus occurs as entire or broken pieces. Coccus is an insect. It has a maximum length of 6 mm. and a maximum width of 6 mm. The texture is waxy. The color varies from gray to grayish purple. The upper surface is convex-channeled. The under surface is concave and has numerous larvae. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter. Constituents: Carminic acid (carmine red), wax (coc- cerin), fixed oil, fats, gum, etc. Preparations : Liquor Cocci N. F. (For coloring.) 631 CANTHARIS 1, Mass of beetles. 2, Large beetles. 4, Under surface of a beetle. 3, Small beetle. 632 CANTHARIS U. S. P. English name : Cantharides. Synonyms : Spanish Flies, Russian Flies. Entomological origin: Cantharis vesicatoria (Linne) DeGeer. (Fam. Meloidece, order Coleoptera.) Part used : Dried beetles. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 0.6 per cent, of cantharidin nor more than 10 per cent, of moisture. Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. Habitat: Europe and Asia. Description : Cantharides occurs as entire and as broken pieces. Cantharides is a beetle. Cantharides has a maximum length of 25 mm. and a maximum width of 8 mm. The color varies from bluish green to yellowish green. The outline is oblong; the body is vertically compressed. The head is triangular and separated by a groove into two divisions. The eyes are small and lateral. The prothorax is angulate. The neck is distinct. The antennae are thread-like and 11-jointed. The mandibles are short and thick. There are three pairs of legs and each leg is 5-jointed except the last pair, which is 4-jointed and covered with white unicellular hairs. The wing sheaths are longitudinally grooved, and they usually inclose the brown wings. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and acrid. Constituents: Cantharidin, fat, oil, volatile principle, chlorophyl, phosphates, acids, etc. Preparations : Ceratum Cantharidis. Collodium Cantharidatum. Emplastrum Cantharidis. Tinctura Cantharidis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 633 «ij CETACEUM Fragment of large cake. 634 CETACEUM (Cetac.) U. S. P. . English name : Spermaceti. Synonyms : None. Origin: Physeter macrocephalus Linne. (Fam. Physe- teridce.) Sperm Whale. Part used : Concrete fatty substance from the head. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Specific gravity 0.938 to 0.944 at 25° C. ; dis- solves completely in 50 parts of boiling alcohol. Ash : None given officially. Description : White or yellowish-gray cakes; when freshly broken the surface is opaque, crystalline and slightly shiny ; odor very slight ; taste not distinct; becomes yellowish and rancid on exposure. Constituents: Cetin; esters of laurinic, stearic and myristic acids ; etc. Dose : Not used internally ; only pharmaceutical^. Preparations : None; ingredient of cerates, etc. 635 CERA FLAVA Fragment of wax. 636 CERA FLAVA (Cer. Flav.) U. S. P. English name : Yellow Wax. Synonyms: Beeswax. Entomological origin: Apis mellifera Linne. (Fam. Apidce.) Part used: Wax from the honeycomb. Impurities: None stated in U. S. P. Assay: Specific gravity 0.950 to 0.960 at 25°C; melt- ing-point 62° to 65° C. ; ester value not less than 72 nor more than 77. Ash : None given officially. Description : Cakes of variable size and form, according to container in which it was cooled; color yellowish or yellowish brown; odor aro- matic, honey -like; taste bland and slightly pungent. Constituents: Cerin. ceryl alcohol, melissic acid, my- riein, aromatic and coloring matters, etc. Dose : Not used internally. Preparations : Cera Alba. (Used pharmaceutical^ and technically.) 637 MEL U. S. P. English name : Honey. Synonyms: None. Entomological origin: Apis mellifera Linne. (Fam. Apidce. ) Part used : Saccharine secretion. Impurities : None permitted. Assay : Specific gravity not less than 1.370. Ash: Not more than 0.3 per cent. Description : Honey is a viscid liquid of a yellowish color. Upon standing it becomes crystalline. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet. Constituents : Coloring matter, formic acid, wax, dex- trose, levulose, gum, etc. Dose : None given. Preparations : Mel Depuratum. DIASTASUM U. S. P. English name : Diastase. Synonyms : Diastase of Malt. Origin : Malt. Part used : A mixture containing amylolytic enzymes. Impurities : None mentioned in U. S. P. Assay: Converts not less than 50 times its weight of potato starch into sugars in 30 minutes. Ash: None stated in U. S. P. Description : Yellowish white, amorphous powder, or scales; odor and taste not distinct. Constituents: Amylolytic enzymes of undefined na- ture. Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Preparations None. 638 FEL BOVIS U. S. P. English name : Oxgall. Synonyms: Ox Bile. Origin: Bos taurus Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) Part used: Entire secretion. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given. Ash : None stated officially. Description : Dark, brownish green liquid; when shaken with water it becomes frothy; specific gravity, 1.015 to 1.025 at 25° C. Constituents: Glycocholates and taurocholates of so- dium and potassium; the bile-pigments bili- rubin and biliverdin; fat, soaps, mucin, albumi- nous matter, choline, cholesterin, traces of urea, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium phos- phates, potassium and sodium chlorides, iron, manganese and silica. Dose : None given ; not used so much. Preparations : Extractum Fellis Bovis ; Dose, 0.1 Gm. (1% grains). PIX LITHANTHRACIS (Pix Lith.) N. F. English name : Coal Tar. Synonyms: Pix Carbonis. Origin: From coal. Part used: By-product in the manufacture of illumi nating gas. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: None given. Ash: Not more than 2 per cent. Description : Black, thick liquid or semi-solid; heavier than water; odor aro- matic, naphthalene-like; taste strongly pungent. Dose : Not used internally. Preparations : Liquor Picis Carbonis N. F. (Used externally.) G39 SUPRARENALUM SICCUM (Supraren. Sice.) U. S. £. English name : Dried Suprarenals. Synonyms: Desiccated Suprarenal Glands. Origin : Animals used for food by man. Part used: Whole fresh glands, cleaned, dried, freed from fat, and powdered. One part represents 6 parts of fresh gland. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Biological; 1 Gm. contains the equivalent of 10 milligrams of lasvo-methylamino-ethanol- catechol. Must not contain more than 7 per cent. of moisture. Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. Description : Yellowish brown, amorphous powder; odor slightly aromatic; taste slight. Constituents: Epinephrine (suprarenine) and other principles. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : None. PARAFFINUM (Paraff.) U. S. P. English name : Paraffin. Synonyms : Hard Paraffin, Paraffin Wax. Origin: Petroleum. Part used : Mixture of solid hydrocarbons. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Specific gravity about 0.900 at 25°C; melts at 50° to 57° C. Ash: None given officially. Description : Grayish white solid; odor and taste not distinct; slightly greasy to the touch. Constituents: Solid hydrocarbons. Dose : Not used internally. Preparations : None. 640 SEVUM PRiEPARATUM (Sev. Prsep.) U. S. P. English name : Prepared Suet. Synonyms : Mutton Suet. Origin: Ovis aries Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) Part used : Purified internal fat of the abdomen of sheep. Impurities : Rancid fat must not be used. Assay: Melts between 45° and 50° C. ; congeals be- tween 37° and 40° C. ; saponification value not less than 193 nor more than 200 ; iodine value not less than 33 nor more than 48. Ash : None given. Description : White, solid fat; odor nearly wanting, not distinct; taste bland when fresh but becoming rancid on prolonged exposure. Constituents: Stearin, palmitin, olein, etc. Dose : Used only pharmaceutical^. Preparations : Sevum Benzoinatum N. F, (Ointment base.) HYPOPHYSIS SICCA (Hypophysis Sic.) U. S. P. English name: Desiccated Hypophysis. Synonyms : Desiccated Pituitary Body. Origin: Cattle. Part used: 1 Posterior lobe from pituitary be>dy of cattle, cleaned, dried and powdered. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: None given officially. Ash: None stated. Description : Yellowish or grayish, amorphous powder; odor peculiar; taste not distinctive; only partially soluble in water. Constituents: Not definitely determined. Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). Preparations : Liquor Hypophysis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 641 PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM (Petrolat. Liq.) U. S. P. English name: Liquid Petrolatum. Synonyms : Mineral Oil, Liquid Paraffin. Origin : From petroleum. Part used : Natural mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. Impurities : None mentioned in U. S. P. Assay: Specific gravity 0.828 to 0.905 at 25 °C. The light liquid petrolatum has a viscosity of not more than 3, heavy liquid petrolatum not less than 3.1. Ash : None given officially. Description : Colorless, transparent, oily liquid; odorless; tasteless. Constituents : Liquid hydrocarbons. Dose: 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Preparations : Petroxolinum Liquidum N. F. (Used as vehicle externally.) Petroxolinum Spissum N. F. (Ointment base.) PETROLATUM (Petrolat.) U. S. P. English name: Petrolatum. Synonyms: Petroleum Jelly, Petrolatum Ointment. Origin: Petroleum. Part used: Purified natural mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons. Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. Assay: Specific gravitv 0.820 to 0.865 at 60°C. ; melt- ing-point 38° to 54° C. Ash: None mentioned officially. Description : Yellow to light amber, unctuous mass; odor and taste very faint. Constituents: Semi-solid hydrocarbons. Dose : Used externally and as ointment base. Preparations : Eimilsum Petrolati N. F. : Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). Petrolatum Album. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.) 642 ADEPS U. S. P. English name : Lard. Synonyms : Prepared Lard. Origin: Sus scrofa var. domestica Gray. (Fam. Suidce.) Part used: Purified internal fat of the abdomen. Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. Assay: Iodine value not less than 46 nor more than 70; saponification value not less than 195 nor more than 203. Ash : None stated. Description : Soft, white unctuous solid; odor slight; taste bland and not dis- tinct; melts between 36° and 42° C. ; gets rancid on keeping. Constituents: Stearin, olein, palmitin, etc. Dose : Used pharmaceutically and in the household. Preparations : Adeps Benzoinatus. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.) ADEPS LANJK (Adeps Lan.) U. S. P. English name : Wool Fat. Synonyms : Anhydrous Lanolin. Origin: Ovis aries Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) Part used : Purified sheep 's-wool fat. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Iodine value not less than 18 nor more than 28. Ash : Not more than 0.1 per cent. ; not alkaline to lit- mus paper. Description : Light yellow stringy (when pulled), tenacious, unctuous mass; odor faint; melts between 38° and 42° C. Constituents: Free fatty acids, fatty acid esters of cholesterin and other alcohols. Dose : Used externally only. Preparations : Adeps Lanne Hydrosus. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.). 643 MOSCHUS (Mosch.) U. S. P. English name: Musk. Synonyms : Tonquin Musk, Deer Musk. Origin: Moschus moschiferus Linne. (Fam. Mos- chidce.) Part used : Dried secretion from the preputial follicles. Assay: Not more than 15 per cent, of moisture; not less than 50 per cent, is soluble in water and 10 per cent, in alcohol. Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. Habitat : Description : Small, blackish, irregular granules; glistening and somewhat oily; odor peculiar, powerful and persistent; taste somewhat bitter. Constituents: Volatile odorous substances; choles- terin, fat, wax, gelatinous and albuminous com- pounds; salts. Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Preparations : Tinctura Moschi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). PANCREATIN (Pancreat.) U. S. P. English name : Pancreatin. Synonyms: None. Origin: Sus scrofa var. domestica Gray (Fam. Suidce) ; or Bos taurus Linne (Fam. Bovidce). Part used : Mixture of enzymes. Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. Assay: Converts not less than 25 times its weight of starch into soluble carbohydrates. Ash : None stated officially. Description : Cream colored amorphous powder; odor faint, aromagic; taste peculiar. r Constituents : The enzymes trypsin, amylopsin, steap- sin, myopsin and rennin. Preparations : Liquor Pancreatini N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Pulvis Pancreatini Compositus N. F. (Used for peptonizing milk.) 644 THYROIDUM SICCUM (Thyroid. Sice.) U. S. P. English name : Dried Thyroids. Synonyms : Desiccated Thyroid Glands. Origin : Animals used for food by man. Part used: Whole gland, freed from connective tissue and fat, dried and powdered. Impurities : None given in U. S. P. Assay: Not less than 0.17 per cent, nor more than 0.23 per cent, of iodine in thyroid combination. Must not contain more than 6 per cent, moisture. Ash : Must not exceed 5 per cent. Description : Yellowish, amorphous powder ; slightly aromatic ; taste distinctive. One part represents five parts of fresh gland. Constituents: Iodine organically combined. Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Preparations : None. RENNINUM N. P. English name: Rennin. Synonyms: None in common use. Origin: Bos taurus Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) Part used : Milk-curdling enzyme from the stomach of the calf. Impurities : None given officially. Assay: Coagulates not less than 25,000 times its own weight of fresh milk. Ash : None stated. Description : Grayish yellow powder or scales; odor slightly aromatic; taste slightly saline; slightly hygroscopic; deteriorates rapidly on keeping. Constituents : Enzymes of undefined composition. Dose: None given officially. Preparations : Elixir Pepsini et Rennini Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 645 Insect Flowers, 400 lbs. Always wired and in same style package. 646 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS [Definitions derived from various authorities: Gray, Kraemer, Mansfield] Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so, or with stem subterranean. Achene. A small dry and hard 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. Acuminate. Tapering at the end. Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well defined angle. Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. Adnate Anther, one attached for its whole length to the inner or outer face of the filament. Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud. Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo. Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic. Alternate (of leaves, etc.). Not opposite to each other on the axis, but arranged singly at different heights. Ament. A catkin, or scaly spike. Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted and straight, with the hilum lateral. Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network. Androzcium. Aggregrate of stamens in the flower. Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of both staminate and pistil- late flowers. Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp. Annular. In the form of a ring. Anther. The polleniferous part of a stamen. Apetalous. Having no petals. Apothecia. Disk-like or cup-shaped bodies on the surface of the thallus. Appressed. Lying close and flat against. ArU. An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed. Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint. Attenuate. Slenderly tapering; becoming very narrow. Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage. Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage. Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; a stem, etc. Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook. Bast Fibers. Strengthening cells of the cortex. Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished with long or stiff hairs. Berry. A fruit the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy. Biennial. Of two years' duration. Bifid. Two-cleft. Bilabiate. Two-lipped. BUocular. Two-celled. Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils. Bivalvular. With two valves. Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf, etc. Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence. Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower. Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch ; an unexpanded flower Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales or coats. Caducous. Falling off very early. Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower. Cambium. Layer of cells between the cortex and the wood. Campanulate. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a broad base. . Campy lotropous (ovule or seed). So curved as to bring the apex and base nearly together. Canescent. Hoary with gray pubescence. 647 Capillary. Hair-like. Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of a capsule. Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel. Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. Carpophore. The slender prolongation of the floral axis which in the Umbelliferae supports the pendulous ripe carpels. Caryopsis. A grain, as of Grasses ; a seed-like fruit with a thin peri- carp adnate to the contained seed. Catkin. An ament. Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage. Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which plants are formed; any structure containing a cavity, as the cells of anther, ovary, etc. Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transparent thin-walled cells, in distinction from fibrous or vascular. Channeled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter. Chlorophyl. The green coloring-matter within the cells of plants. Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as the young frond of a fern. Coccus (ph Cocci). One of the parts into which a lobed fruit with one- seeded cells splits. Cohesion. The union of one organ with another of like nature. Commissure. The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferae. Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one whole. Compound leaf, one divided into separate leaflets. Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally. Coniferous. Cone-bearing. Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally. Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point upward. Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid. Corolla. The 'inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals. Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds. Cortex. Bark of the root or stem. Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stricter use of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme progressing in its flowering from the margin inward. Cotyledons. The foliar- portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in the seed. Crateriform. In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more shallow. Crenate. Having rounded teeth on the leaf margin. Cruciate. Cross-shaped. Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture. Culm. The peculiar stem of Sedges and Grasses. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward. Cuspidate. See Mucronate. Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e., with its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest. Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen. Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty. Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther. Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A. Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward. Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above. Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets. Diandrous. Having two stamens. Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons. Digitate. Compound, with the members arising together at the apex of the support. Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. Dioecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate plants. Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head; in Composite, one without ray-flowers. Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil. In Composite, the tubular flowers of the head as distinct from the ray. Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ. 648 Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the pericarp (one-celled and one-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony. Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the extremity. Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed. Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp. Endo dermis. Innermost layer of cells of the cortex. Endogenous. Growing throughout the substance of the stem, instead of by superficial layers. Entire. Without toothing or division. Epicarp. The outer layer of the pericarp or matured ovary. Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells. Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another plant, but not parasitic; an air -plant. Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers. Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near the surface; belonging to the Exogens. Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla. Farinaceous. Containing starch; starch-like. Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together. Fertile. Capable of producing fruit; or productive, as a flower having a pistil, or an anther with pollen. Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers. Fibrous Tissue, a tissue formed of elongated thick-walled cells. Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibers and ducts. Filament. The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any thread- like body. Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender and terete. Flaccid. Without rigidity; lax and weak. Floret. A small flower, usually one of a dense cluster. Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance. Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral suture. Free. Not adnate to other organs. Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggre- gated, of whatever form. Fugacious. Falling or fading very early. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward each end. Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a galea. Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla more or less united. Gamosepalous. Having the sepals united. Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side. Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy. Gland. A secreting surface or structure ; any protuberance or append- age having the appearance of such an organ. Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom. Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds, without an ovary. (1 nun rim, i. Abrogate of pistils in a flower. Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon the pistil, as in Orchi- daceae. Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing out- ward nearly at right angles. Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle. Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground. Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the seed. Hirsute. Pubescent witli rather coarse or stiff hairs. Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles. Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence. Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species. Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from the calyx ; having the petals and stamens so situated. Imhricate. Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the aestivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least one piece must be wholly external and one internal. Impressed. Bent inward, hollowed or furrowed as if by pressure. 640 Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply. Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc. ; remaining persistently closed. Indigenous. Native and original to the region. Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior. Inferior Ovary, one that is adnate to the calyx. Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its arrangement. Inserted. Attached to or growing out of. Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes. Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis. Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower cluster or head, or a single flower. Involute. Rolled inward. Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower. Labiate. Lipped; belonging to the Labiatae. Laciniate. Slashed ; cut into narrow pointed lobes. Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge. Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide, broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex. Latex. Milk; milky juice. Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosse, formed of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent by both sutures. Lenticels. Fissures in the cortex which permit easy access of air to the cells beneath. Lenticular. Lentil-shaped; of the shape of a double-convex lens. Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray -flowers of Composite; a thin scarious projection from the summit of the sheath in Grasses. Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla above the throat; the expanded portion of any petal or a leaf. Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx: the peculiar upper (but by a twist of the pedicel apparently lower) petal in Orchids. Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded. Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell through the dorsal suture. Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin, rather soft, and more or less translucent. Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of Umbelliferse. Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which was the orifice of the ovule. Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in Selaginellacese, etc. Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf. Monadelphous (stamens). United by their filaments into a tube or column. Monocotyledonous. Having but one cotyledon. Mucronate. Having the apex of the leaf like a continuation of the midrib. Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib. Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed ; the kernel of a seed. Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually resulting from a compound ovary. Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex. Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted egg. Opaque. Dull; neither shining nor translucent. Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules. Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the broader end downward. Ovule. The body which after fertilization becomes the seed. Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided. Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate flowers. Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard, wings, and keel, as in the peculiar corolla of many Leguminosae. 650 m Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Compositae, forming a crown of very various character at the summit of the achene. Parenchyma. Soft tissue of cells with unthickened walls. Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a capsule. Pedicel. The support of a single flower. Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower. Peltate. Shield-shaped and attached to the support by the lower surface. Perennial. Lasting year after year. Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens. Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever their form. Pericarp. The matured ovary. Periderm. Outer layer of the bark or cortex. Petal. A division of the corolla. Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf. Phcenogamous. Having flowers with stamens and pistils and producing Phloem. Cell layers between the cambium and cortex. Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs. Pinnate (leaf).* Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole. Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style when present. Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules. Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather, as the pappus -bristles of some Thistles. Plumule. The bud or growing point of the embryo. Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther. Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type. Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and down-like. Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands or colored dots. Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid. Putamen. The shell of a nut ; the bony part of a stone-fruit. Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis. Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around a common center ; bear- ing ray-flowers. Radicle. The portion of the embryo below the cotyledons, more properly called the caudicle. Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from the disk. Receptacle. The more or less expanded portion of an axis which bears the organs of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers of a head; any similar structure in Cryptogams. Reniform. Kidney-shaped: applied to leaves. Reticulate. In the form of network; net-veined. Retrorse. Directed back or downward. Revolute. Having both leaf margins inrolled lengthwise. Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf. Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which in an anatropous ovule con- nects the two ends. Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and becoming erect at the apex. Root. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourish- ment. Rootstock. Same as Rhizome. Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed down- ward. Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. Scabrous. Rough to the touch. Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper foliage. Sclerenchymatous. Of sclerenchyma, that is, of tissue composed of cells with thickened and hardened walls. Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats. 651 Sepal. A division of a calyx. Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the partitions and between the cells. Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind. Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree, usually with several stems. Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferae. Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis. Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem. Spore. The reproductive organ in Cryptogams, which in function corre- sponds to a seed but possesses no embryo. Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, usually nectariferous. Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing organs of the flower. Stele. Central cylinder (within the bark) of woody fiber. Stellar, Stelliform. Star-shaped. Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant. Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or a stamen without an anther. Stigma. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is effected. Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil ; the leaf -stalk of a fern. Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its insertion. Stoma (pi. Stomata). An orifice in the epidermis of a leaf communi- cating with internal air cavities. Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs. Strobile. An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and Pine Cone. Style. The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and ovary. Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to the number of its parts; having the same number of parts in each circle. Testa. The outer commonly hard and brittle seed-coat. Tetradynamous. Having four long and two shorter stamens. Thallus. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion taking the place of stem and foliage. Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx; the part be- tween the proper tube and the limb. Torus. The receptacle of a flower. Truncate. When the end of the leaf appears to be cut off. Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean branch having numerous buds or eyes. Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber -like (not necessarily subterranean) body. Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber; tuber-like in appearance. - Umbel. An inflorescence in which the peduncles or pedicels of a cluster spring from the same point. Unisexual. Of one sex; either staminate or pistillate only. Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; any small bladder -like body. Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule splits. Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, espe- cially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves). Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ : the opposite of dorsal. Vermiform. Worm-shaped. Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. Verticil. A whorl. Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl. Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity. Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs. Viscid. Glutinous ; sticky. Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem. Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs. 652 TABLE SHOWING THE LIMIT OF FOR- EIGN MATTER AND OF ASH SET BY THE U.S.P. OR N.F.; ALSO THE ASSAYS Compiled for the convenient use of examiners and analysts of drugs. Where no statements are made, the official standards do not give any data. ABSINTHIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. ACACIA.— Ash 4 per cent.; 15 per cent, moisture in powder. ACONITTJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 6 per cent.; assay 0.5 per cent, ether-soluble alkaloids. Biological assay recommended. ADONIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. AGARICUS. — Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 2 per cent. White yields to boiling alcohol not less than 50 per cent, resinous extract. ALETRIS.— Ash 16 per cent. ALOE.— Ash 4 per cent.; moisture 10 per cent. Of Socotrine aloes not less than 50 per cent, is soluble in cold water; of Curasao and Cape aloes not less than 60 per cent, is water-soluble. ALTHJEA.— Ash 8 per cent. ALTHJEJE FOLIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 16 per cent. AMYGDALA DULCIS.— Ash 4 per cent. ANGELICA FRTJCTUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. ANGELICA RADIX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. ANISUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. APII FRUCTUS.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. APOCYNTJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. ARALIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. ASAFOSTIDA.— Ash 15 per cent.; ash from powder 30 per cent.; assay yields not less than 60 per cent, alcohol- soluble constituents, the powder yielding 50 per cent. 653 ASARUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. ASCLEPI AS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. ASPIDIUM.— Ash 3 per cent. ASPIDOSPERMA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent. AURANTII AMARI CORTEX.— Ash 7 per cent. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.— Acid number 56 to 84; sa- ponification value 235 to 238; assay 56 to 58 per cent, einnamein. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.— Acid number 112 to 168; sa- ponification value 154 to 220. BAPTISI A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. BELLADONNA FOLIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 20 per cent.; assay 0.3 per cent, alkaloids. BELLADONNA RADIX.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 7 per cent.; assay 0.45 per cent, alkaloids. BENZOINUM.— Ash, Sumatra, 2.5 per cent.; Siam, 2 per cent.; assay 75 per cent, of Sumatra benzoin dissolves in alcohol and 90 per cent, of Siam benzoin is alcohol- soluble. BERBERIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; berberis without bark should be rejected; ash 5 per cent. BOLDO.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. BR A YERA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. BRYONIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. BTJCHIL— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 4 per cent. CACAO PR APARATUM.— Assay yields 14 to 22 per cent, extractive to cold water, not less than 18 per cent, fat to ether, and the fatty residue has no spicy odor or taste; crude fiber 6 per cent.; starch 12 per cent.; ash 3.5 to 8 per cent., reddish. CALENDULA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 11 per cent. CALUMBA.— Ash 8 per cent. CAMBOGIA.— Ash 2 per cent.; assay 65 per cent, soluble in alcohol. C AMPHORA.— Ash 0.05 per cent.; dextrorotatory. CANELLA.— Ash 7 per cent. CANNABIS.— Ash 15 per cent.; assay 8 per cent.; bright green alcohol extractive. Biologically assayed on dogs. CANTHARIS.— Ash 9 per cent.; assay 0.6 per cent, canthari- din; 10 per cent, moisture. Cantharides with ammoniacal odor must not be used. 654 CAPSICUM.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 7 per cent., the amount insoluble in hydrochloric acid not exceeding 1 per cent, of weight of capsicum taken; assay 15 per cent, non-volatile ether-soluble extractive. CARBO LIGNI.-Ash 7.5 per cent. CARDAMOMI SEMEN.— Ash 8 per cent. CARUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. CARYOPHYLLUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent., the amount of which insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 0.5 per cent, weight of clove taken; assay 10 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether. CASCARILL A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. C AST ANE A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. CATARIA.— Ash 16 per cent. CAULOPHYLLUM.— Ash 6 per cent. CENTAURIUM.-Ash 5 per cent. CERA ALBA.— Ester value 72 to 79. CERA FLA VA.— Ester value 72 to 77. CHIMAPHILA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. CHIONANTHUS.— Foreign matter 8 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. CHIRATA.— Ash 6 per cent. CIMICIFUGA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. CINCHONA.— Assay 5 per cent, alkaloids. CINCHONA RUBRA.— Assay 5 per cent, alkaloids. CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM.— Assay 2 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether; ash 6 per cent., amount in- soluble in diluted hydrochloric acid not exceeding 2 per cent, of weight of drug taken. CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM.-Ash 6 per cent., amount insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid not exceeding 2 per cent, of weight of drug taken; assay 0.5 per cent, vola- tile extractive soluble in ether. COCCULUS INDICUS.-Ash 5 per cent. COCCUS.— Ash 6 per cent. COCILLANA.-Ash 10 per cent. COFFEA TOSTA.— Ash 3 to 5 per cent.; assay 1 per cent, caffeine, 10 per cent. fat. COLCHICI CORMUS.— Ash 6 per cent.; assay 0.35 per cent, colchicine. COLCHICI SEMEN.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 0.45 per cent, colchicine. 655 COLOCYNTHIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent, seeds, 2 per cent, epicarp; ash 15 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, fixed oil on extraction with purified petroleum benzin. CONDURANGO.— Ash 12 per cent. CONIUM.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 0.5 per cent, coniine. \r CONVALLARLEJ FLORES.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. CONVALLARLE RADIX. -Ash 10 per cent. COPAIBA.— Resin 36 per cent.; acid value 28 to 95. COPTIS.— Ash 8 per cent. CORIANDRUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent.; assay 0.5 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether. CORNUS.— Ash 10 per cent. COR YD ALIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. CROCUS.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 7.5 per cent, in- fusible; moisture 14 per cent. CUBEBA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent.; assay 10 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether. CYPRIPEDITJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. D AMI AN A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. DELPHINIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. DI AST ASUM.— Assay; converts 50 parts potato starch into sugar. DIGITALIS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 15 per cent.; biological assay recommended. DIOSCOREA.— Ash 7 per cent. DROSERA.— Ash 30 per cent. DULCAMARA.— Ash 6 per cent. ECHINACEA.— Ash 6 per cent. ERGOT A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. ERIODICTYON.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. EUCALYPTUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent. EUONYMUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. EUPATORIUM.-Ash 10 per cent. EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA.— Ash 12 per cent. FARFARA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 20 per cent. FOZNICULUM.— Foreign matter 4 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. FRANGULA.— Ash 6 per cent. FRAXINUS.-Ash 10 per cent. 656 FUCUS.— Ash 20 per cent. GALANGA.— Ash 10 per cent. GALEGA.— Ash 20 per cent. GALLA.— Xot more than 5 per cent, floats in water. GAMBIR.— Ash 9 per cent.; assay 65 per cent, soluble in water, 60 per cent, alcohol-soluble. GELATINTJM.— Ash 2 per cent. GENTIANA.— Ash 6 per cent. GERANIUM.— Ash 8 per cent. GLYCYRRHIZA.-Ash 7 per cent. GOSSYPII CORTEX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. GOSSYFIUM PURIFICATUM.- Ash 0.2 per cent. GRINDELIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent. GUAIACI LIGNUM.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 15 per cent. extractive to alcohol. GUAIACUM.— Ash 4 per cent. GUARANA.— Assay 4 per cent, caffeine. GUTTA PERCHA.— Ash 5 per cent.; 90 per cent, soluble in chloroform, carbon disulphide, petroleum benzin or oil turpentine. ILSMATOXYLON— Ash 3.5 per cent. HAMAMELIDIS FOLIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 6 per cent. HELONIAS.— Ash 5 per cent. HUMULUS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. HYDRANGEA.— Ash 3 per cent. HYDRASTIS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; assay 2.5 per cent, ether-soluble alkaloids. HYOSCYAMUS.— Ash 30 per cent.; assay 0.065 per cent, alkaloids. IGNATIA.— Ash 4 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, alkaloids. INULA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. IPECACUANHA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 1.8 to 4.5 per cent.; assay 1.75 per cent, ether-soluble alkaloids. IRIS.— Ash 2 to 5 per cent. IRIS VERSICOLOR.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. JALAPA.— Ash 6.5 per cent.; assay 7 per cent, total resins. JUGLANS.— Ash 8 per cent. S57 JUNIPERUS.— Ash 5 per cent.; reject old or insect-infected fruit. KAVA.— Ash 8 per cent. KINO.— Ash 3 per cent.; moisture 12 per cent.; assay 40 per cent, soluble in boiling water, 45 per cent, alcohol ex- tractive. KOLA.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 1.5 per cent, caffeine. KRAMERIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent.; assay 9 per cent, aqueous extractive. LACTUCARIUM.— Ash 10 per cent.; moisture 15 per cent. LAPPA.— Ash 6 per cent. LEPTANDRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. LINUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 6 per cent.; assay petroleum benzin extracts 30 per cent, fixed oil, 98 per cent, saponifiable. LOBELIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. LUPULIN.— Ash 16 per cent.; assay 60 per cent, soluble in ether. LYCOPODIUM.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 3 per cent. MACIS.— Ash 3 per cent.; almost completely soluble in hydro- chloric acid; assay 8 per cent, volatile ether extract, 20 to 30 per cent, non-volatile ether extract. MALTUM.— Assay converts 5 times its weight of starch into sugar. MALVJE FOLIA.— Ash 16 per cent. MANNA.— Acid number not less than 65; soluble completely in ether, almost entirely in alcohol. MATICO.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 18 per cent. MEL.— Ash 0.3 per cent. MELILOTUS.-Ash 10 per cent. MENYANTHES.— Ash 10 per cent. MOSCHUS.— Ash 8 per cent.; moisture 15 per cent.; 50 per cent, soluble in water, 10 per cent, alcohol-soluble. MYRIC A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 6 per cent. MYRISTICA.— Ash 5 per cent.; reject broken or wormy kernels. MYRRHA.— Ash 8.5 per cent.; 5 per cent, soluble in alcohol. NUX VOMICA.— Ash 3.5 per cent.; assay 2.5 per cent, alka- loids. OPIUM.— Assay in normal moist condition, 9.5 per cent, an- hydrous morphine. 658 OPIUM DEODORATUM, OPIUM GRANULATUM and OPII PULVIS.— Assay 10 to 10.5 per cent, anhydrous mor- phine. PANCREATINUM.— Assay; converts 25 parts starch into soluble carbohydrates. • PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS.— Ash 10 per cent.; remove and re- ject the seeds before using pharmaceutically. PARACOTO.— Ash 3 per cent. PAREIRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. PASSIFLORA.— Ash 12 per cent. PEPO.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. PEPSINUM.— Assay; digests 3000 parts freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumin. PERSIO.— Ash 35 per cent., mainly sodium chloride. PETROLATUM.— Ash 0.05 per cent. PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM.— Light, viscosity not more than 3; heavy, viscosity not less than 3.1. PETROSELINI RADIX. -Ash 6 per cent. PETROSELINUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. PHYSOSTIGMA.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 0.15 per cent, alka- loids. PHYTOLACCA.— Ash 14 per cent. PILOCARPUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent.; assay 0.6 per cent, alkaloids. PIMENT A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; crude fiber 25 per cent.; ash 6 per cent. PIMPINELLA.— Ash 5 per cent. PINUS ALBA.— Ash 3 per cent. PIPER.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 7 per cent., of which the amount insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of weight of pepper taken; assay G per cent, non-volatile extract soluble in ether; 25 per cent, starch. PIX LITHANTHRACIS.— Ash 2 per cent. PODOPHYLLUM.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 3 per cent, resin. PULSATILLA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. PYRETHRUM.— Ash 5 per cent. QUERCUS.— Ash 7 per cent. QUILLAJA.— Ash 10 per cent. RENNINUM.— Assay; coagulates 25,000 parts fresh milk. RESINA.— Ash 0.05 per cent.; acid number 150. 650 ... RHAMNUS CATHARTIC A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. RHEUM.— Ash 13 per cent.; assay 30 per cent, dry extract when exhausted with diluted alcohol. RHUS GLABRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 4 per cent. ROSA GALLIC A.— Ash 3*5 per cent. RUBUS.— Ash 5 per cent. RUMEX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. SACCHARUM.— Ash 0.05 per cent. SACCHARUM LACTIS.— Ash 0.1 per cent. SAMBUCUS.— Ash 8 per cent. SANTALUM ALBUM.— Ash 8 per cent. SANTALUM RUBRUM.-Ash 3 per cent. SARSAPARILLA.— Ash 10 per cent. SASSAFRAS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 30 per cent. SC AMMONIA RADIX.— Assay 8 per cent, resins. SCILLA.— Ash 9 per cent.; assayed biologically. SCOP ARIUS.— Ash 5 per cent. SCUTELLARIA.— Ash 12 per cent. SENECIO.— Ash 10 per cent. SENEGA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. SENNA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 12 per cent., of which the amount insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 3 per cent, of drug taken. SERPENTARIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent. SEVUM PR^PARATUM.— Saponification value 193 to 200; iodine value 33 to 48. SINAPIS ALBA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. SIN APIS NIGRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. SOLANUM.— Ash 6 per cent. SPIGELI A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. ST APHIS AGRI A.— Foreign matter 2 per cent. STILLINGIA.— Ash 5 per cent. STRAMONIUM.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 20 per cent.; assay 0.25 per cent, alkaloids. ^ STROPHANTHUS.— Ash 5 per cent.; assayed biologically. ^r STYRAX.— Ash 1 per cent.; acid value 56 to 85; saponifica- tion value 170 to 230. 660 SUCCUS CITRL— Assay 5 to 10 Gm. crystal citric acid in 100 mils. SUPRARENALUM SICCUM.— Ash 7 per cent.; moisture 7 per cent.; assay 0.4 to 0.6 per cent, epinephrine. TARAXACUM.— Ash 10 per cent. TEREBINTHINA LARICIS.-Acid number 80. THUJA.— Foreign matter 1 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. THYMUS.— Ash 14 per cent. THYROIDEUM SICCUM.— Assay 0.17 to 0.23 per cent, iodine; moisture 6 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. TRAGACANTHA.— Ash 3.5 per cent. TRIFOLIUM.— Ash 10 per cent. TRILLIUM.— Ash 5 per cent. TRITICUM.— Ash 3 per cent. UVA URSL— Foreign matter 5 per cent. VALERIANA.— Ash 20 per cent. VANILLA.— Ash 6 per cent.; assay yields 12 per cent, ex- tractive to diluted alcohol. VERATRUM VIRIDE.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. VERBASCI FLORES.— Ash 6 per cent. VERBASCI FOLIA. -Ash 14 per cent. VERBENA.— Ash 10 per cent. VIBURNUM OPULUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS.-Ash 7 per cent. ZEDO ARIA.— Ash 7 per cent. ZINGIBER.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, non- volatile extract soluble in ether and 4 per cent, alcohol-soluble extract. 661 Jamaica Dogwood, 500 lbs. New burlap and new %-inch rope. Open on * the broad sides of the bale. No other drug comes to market in this packing. 662 ^W DOSES of U. S. P. and N. F. Products Arranged from Lowest to Highest ABBREVIATIONS : 6m. =|Gi'amme(s) mil ^milliliter (orCe.) gr. = grain (s) min.=minini(s) EQUIVALENTS: 1 6m. =15 grs. 1 mil =15 min. 0.5 Gm. = 8 grs. 4 mils = 1 fl. dr. Part I— Liquids 0.008 mil (i/ 8 minim) Oleum Sinapis Volatile, U.S. P. 0.03 mil (y 2 minim) Benzaldehydum, U.S. p. Fluidextractum Aconiti, U.S. P. Fluidextractum Gelsemii, U.S. P. Oleum Amygdalae Amara?, u.s.P. 0.05 mil (1 minim) Cresol, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Belladonnas Radicis, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Digitalis, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Ipecacuanha?, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Stramonii, n.f. Oleum Phosphoratum, n.f. Oleum Tiglii, u.s.p. Phenol Liquefactum, u.s.p. Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, U.S.P. 0.1 mil (iy 2 minims) Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Arnica?, n.f. Fluidextractum Cannabis, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Sanguinaria?, n.f. Fluidextractum Scilla?, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis, U.S.P. Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi, u.s.p. Liquor Ferri Chloridi, U.S.P. Tinctura Cantharidis, u.s.p. Tinctura Iodi, U.S.P. 0.125 mil (2 minims) Fluidextractum Adonidis, u.s.P. 0.15 mil (2y 2 minims) Fluidextractum Lobelias, U.S.P. 0.2 mil (3 minims) Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum, u.s.p. Amylis Nitris, U.8.P. Anethol. n.f. Bromoformum, U.S. P. Eugenol, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Colcbici Cormi, X.F. Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Conii, n.f. Fluidextractum Hyoscyami, u.s.P. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi, U.S.P. Liquor Arsenicalis, Clemens, n.f. Liquor Auri et Arseni Bromidi, N.F. Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, U.S. P. Liquor Hydrargyri et Potassii Iodidi, n.f. Liquor Iodi Compositus, u.s.p. Liquor Potassii Arsenitis, u.s.p. Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, u.s.P. Oleum Anisi, u.s.p. Oleum Aurantii, u.s.p. Oleum Aurantii Amari, n.f. Oleum Cari, u.s.p. Oleum Caryophylli, U.S. P. Oleum Cassias, u.s.p. Oleum Chenopodii, u.s.p. Oleum Coriandri, U.S. P. Oleum Fceniculi, u.s.p. Oleum Juniperi, U.S. P. Oleum Lavandula?, u.s.p. Oleum Limonis, u.s.p. Oleum Mentha? Piperita?, U.S. P. Oleum Mentha? Viridis, U.S.P. Oleum Myristica?, u.s.p. Oleum Picis Liquida? Rectificatum, U.S.P. Oleum Pimenta?, u.s.p. Oleum Rosmarini, u.s.p. Oleum Sassafras, u.s.p. Oleum Thymi, u.s.p. 0.25 mil (4 minims) Creosotum, u.s.p. Terebenum, u.s.p. Tinctura Gelsemii, U.S.P. 0.3 mil (5 minims) Acidum Formicum, n.f. Chloroformum, U.S.P. Eucalyptol, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Paracoto, N.F. Glyceritum Phenolis. u.s.p. Liquor Ferri Acetatis, n.f. Liquor Ferri Nitratis, N.F. 663 DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued Mistura Opii et Sassafras, N.F. Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, U.S. P. Tinctura Aconiti, U.S. p. 0.35 mil (6 minims) Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphate, U.S.P. 0.5 mil (8 minims) Acetum Opii, n.f. Acidum Hydriodicum Dilutum, U.S.P. Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilu- tum, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Boldi, n.f. Fluidextractum Caulophylli, n.f. Fluidextractum Convallariae Floruni, N.F. Fluidextractum Convallariae Radicis, n.f. Fluidextractum Euonymi, n.f. Fluidextractum Lupulini, n.f. Fluidextractum Podophylli, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Quassia3, n.f. Guaiacol, u.s.p. Misfrura Carminativa, n.f. Oleoresina Petroselini, u.s.p. Oleum Cajuputi, u.s.p. Oleum Cubebae, u.s.p. Oleum Eucalypti, u.s.p. Oleum Santali, u.s.p. Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae, u.s.p. Tinctura Capsici, u.s.p. Tinctura Digitalis, u.s.p. Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, u.s.p. Tinctura Ferri Citro-Chloridi, n.f. Tinctura Ipecacuanhas et Opii, N.F. Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, u.s.p. Tinctura Opii, u.s.P. Tinctura Opii Deodorati, U.S.P. Tinctura Stramonii, U.S. P. Tinctura Strophanthi, u.s.P. Tinctura Veratri Viridis, u.s.P. 0.6 mil (10 minims) Fluidextractum Corydalis, n.f. Fluidextractum Fuci, N.F. Liquor Ferri Citratis, N.F. Liquor Ferri Protochloridi, N.F. Liquor Phosphori, n.f. Liquor Strychnines Acetatis, N.F. Tinctura Ignatiae, n.f. Tinctura Opii Crocata, n.f. Tinctura Passiflorae, n.f. Tinctura Pectoralis, n.f. Vinum Oolchici Cormi, n.f. 0.75 mil (12 minims) Fluidextractum Apocyni, n.f. Methylis Salicylas, u.s.p. Tinctura Belladonnre Foliorum, U.S.P. Tinctura Cannabis, U.S.P. 1 mil (15 minims) Acetum Scillfe, u.s.p. Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum, U.S.P. Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum, U.S.P. Acidum Nivrohydrochloricum Dilutum, U.S.P. Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, U.S.P. Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum, U.S.P. .-Ether, u.s.p. JEther Aceticus, n.f. Aqua Ammoniae, U.S.P. Copaiba, u.s.p. Elixir Anisi, n.f. Fluidextractum Aromaticum,u.S.P. Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Baptisiae, n.f. Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Chiratae, n.f. Fluidextractum Cimicifugae, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Cinchonae, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Cinchonae Aquo- sum, N.F. Fluidextractum Cocillanae, n.f. Fluidextractum Cubebae, n.f. Fluidextractum Cypripedii, n.f. Fluidextractum Echinaceas, n.f. Fluidextractum Eriodictyi, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Frangulae, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Gentianae, u.s.p. Fluidextractum Geranii, N.F. Fluidextractum Jalapae, n.f. Fluidextractum Kavae, n.f. Fluidextractum Krameriae, n.f. Fluidextractum Leptandrae, N.F. Fluidextractum Phytolacca?, n.f. Emetic, 1 mil (15 minims) ; al- terative, 0.1 mil (II/2 minims) Fluidextractum Quercus, n.f. Fluidextractum Rhamni Cathar- ticae, N.F. Fluidextractum Rhei, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Rhois Glabrae, n.f. Fluidextractum Rubi. n.f. Fluidextractum Sabal, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Scoparii, n.f. Fluidextractum Scutellariae, n.f. Fluidextractum Senegae, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Serpentariae, n.f. Fluidextractum Verbenae, n.f. Fluidextractum Zingiberis, U.S. P. Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagradae, N.F. Fluidglyceratum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum. n.f. Fluidglyceratum Krameriae, n.f. Fluidglyceratum Rhei, n.f. Liquor Ferri Hypophosphitis, N.F. Liquor Hypophysis, U.S.P. Liquor Potassii Citratis, u.s.P. Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. u.s.P. Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. u.s.P. Spiritus Ammoniae Anisatus, n.f. Spiritus Camphora?. u.s.p. Syrupus Ferri et Mangani Iodidi. N.F. Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, u.s.P. 664 ^ DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued Tinctura Arnica?, U.S. p. Tinctura Asafoetida?, U.S. P. Tinctura Benzoini, U.S. p. Tinctura Cacti Grandiflori, n.f. Tinctura Lobelia?, u.s. p. Tinctura Myrrha?, U.S. P. Tinctura Physostigmatis, U.S. P. Tinctura Sanguinaria?, U.S. P. Tinctura Scilla?, u.s.P. Yinum Antimonii, N.F. Vinum Ipecacuanha?, n.f. 2 mils (30 minims) Acidum Aceticum Dilutum, U.S.P. Acidum Lacticum, U.S.P. Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum, U.S.P. Emulsum Olei Terebinthinse, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Aletridis, n.f. Fluidextractum Angelica? Radicis. N.F. Fluidextractum Apii Fructus, N.F. Fluidextractum Aralia?, N.F. Fluidextractum Asclepiadis, N.F. Fluidextractum Berberidis, N F. Fluidextractum Buchu, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Buchu Composi- tum, N.F. Fluidextractum Calumba?, n.f. Fluidextractum Cascara? Sagradae Aromaticum, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Chimaphila?, n.f. Fluidextractum Chionanthi, N.F. Fluidextractum Coffeae, n.f. Fluidextractum Coptis, n.f. Fluidextractum Corni, n.f. Fluidextractum Damiana?, N.F. Fluidextractum Ergota?, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Eucalypti, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Eupatorii, N.F. Fluidextractum Euphorbia? Pilulifera?, N.F. Fluidextractum Glycyrrhiza?, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Gossypii Corticis, N.F. Fluidextractum Granati, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Grindelia?, U.S.P. Fluidextractum GuaranaB, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Hamamelidis Foliorum, n.f. Fluidextractum Heloniatis, n.f. Fluidextractum Humuli, N.F. Fluidextractum Hydrangea?, n.f. Fluidextractum Hydrastis, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Iridis Versicolors, N.F. Fluidextractum Lappa?, n.f. Fluidextractum Pareirse, N.F. Fluidextractum Petroselini Radicis, N.F. Fluidextractum Pilocarpi, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Pruni Virginianae, N.F. Fluidextractum Rosae, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Sarsaparilhs Compositum, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Senna?, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Stillingia?, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Stillingia? Compositum, N.F. Fluidextractum Sumbul, u.s.P. Fluidextractum Thuja?, N.F. Fluidextractum Trillii, N.F. Fluidextractum Uva? Ursi, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Valeriana?, n.f. Fluidextractum Viburni Opuli, N.F. Fluidextractum Viburni Pruni- folii, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli, U.S.P. Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhiza?, N.F. Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, U.S.P. Glyceritum Guaiaci, N.F. Glyceritum Hydrastis, U.S.P. Liquor Ferri Oxychloridi, n.f. Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, Pearson, N.F. Mistura Chloroformi et Morphina? Composita, n.f. Mistura Opii et Chloroformi Composita, N.F. Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita, N.F. Paraldehydum, u.s.P. Spiritus .ZEtheris Nitrosi, u.s.P. Spiritus Ammonia? Aromaticus, U.S.P. Spiritus Anisi, U.S.P. Spiritus Chloroformi, U.S.P. Spiritus Cinnamomi, u.s.P. Spiritus Juniperi, U.S.P. Spiritus Lavandulae, u.s.P. Spiritus Menthae Piperita?, U.S.P. Spiritus Menthae Viridis, U.S.P. Syrupus Calcii Iodidi, n.f. Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus cum Morphina, N.F. Syrupus Sanguinaria?, N.F. Syrupus Scilla?, U.S.P. Syrupus Scilla? Compositus, u.s.P. Tinctura Aloes, u.s.P. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha?, N.F. Tinctura Amara, n.f. Tinctura Aromatica, N.F. Tinctura Benzoini Composita, U.S.P. Tinctura Capsici et Myrrha?, N.F. Tinctura Cardamomi, U.S.P. Tinctura Cinnamomi, U.S.P. Tinctura Colchici Seminis, U.S.P. Tinctura Ferri Chloridi ^Etherea, N.F. Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata, U.S.P. Tinctura Hyoscyami, U.s.P. Tinctura Lactucarii, u.s.P. Tinctura Lavandula? Composita, U.S.P. Tinctura Paracoto, n.f. Tinctura Pulsatilla?, N.F. Tinctura Quassia?, U.S.P. Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, U.S.P. Tinctura Rhei Dulcis, N.F. Tinctura Tolutana, u.s.P. 665 DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata, U.S.P. Tinctura Zingiberis, U.S.P. Vinum Colchici Seminis, N.F. 3 mils (45 minims) Glyceritum Pepsini, n.f. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, U.S.P. Elixir Ammonii Bromidi, N.F. Elixir Ammonii Valeratis, N.F. Elixir Bismuthi, n.f. Elixir Buchu, N.F. Elixir Buchu Compositum, n.f. Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis, N.F. Elixir Calcii Bromidi, N.F. Elixir Calcii et Sodii Glycerophos- phatum, n.f. Elixir Cascarae Sagradae, n.f. Elixir Cascarae Sagradae Compositum, N.F. Elixir Cinchonae Alkaloidorum, Ferri, Bismuthi et Strychninae, N.F. Elixir Cinchonae Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Strychninae, n.f. Elixir Corydalis Compositum, n.f. Elixir Eriodictyi Aromaticum, n.f. Elixir Ferri Hypophosphitis, N.F. Elixir Ferri Lactatis, n.f. Elixir Ferri Phosphatis, n.f. Elixir Ferri Pyrophosphatis, n.f. Elixir Ferri Pyrophosphatis, Quininae et Strychninae, n.f. Elixir Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae, N.F. Elixir Gentianae, N.F. Elixir Gentianae et Ferri, n.f. Elixir Gentianae et Ferri Phosphatis, N.F. Elixir Guaranae, n.f. Elixir Pepsini, Bismuthi et Strychninae, n.f. Elixir Phosphori, N.F. Elixir Phosphori et Nueis Vomicae, n.f. Elixir Quininae Valeratis et Strychninae, n.f. Elixir Sodii Hypophosphitis, n.f. Elixir Sodii Salicylatis, N.F. Elixir Sodii Salicylatis Compositum, N.F. Elixir Strychninae Valeratis, n.f. Elixir .Terpini Hydratis, N.F. Elixir Terpini Hydratis et Codeina3, n.f. Elixir Terpini Hydratis et Diacetylmorphinae, n.f. Elixir Trium Bromidorum, N.F. Elixir Viburni Opuli Compositum, N.F. Elixir Viburni Prunifolii, N.F. Elixir Zinci Valeratis, n.f. Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis, U.S.P. Fluidextractum Castaneas, n.f. Fluidextractum Catariae, n.f. Fluidextractum Condurango, N.F. Fluidextractum Dioscoreae, n.f. Fluidextractum Droserae, N.F. Fluidextractum Dulcamarae, n.f. Fluidextractum Galegae, n.f. Fluidextractum Helianthemi, N.F. Fluidextractum Juglandis, N.F. Fluidextractum Juniperi, n.f. Fluidextractum Kolae, n.f. Fluidextractum Matico, n.f. Fluidextractum Rumicis, n.f. Fluidextractum Senecionis, n.f. Fluidextractum Solani, n.f. Fluidextractum Spigeliae, U.S. p. Fluidextractum Thymi, N.F. Fluidextractum Trifolii, n.f. Fluidextractum Verbasci Foliorum, N.F. Fluidextractum Zeae, n.f. Glycerinum, U.S. P. Glyceritum Picis Liquidas, N.F. Infusum Digitalis, u.s.P. Liquor Ammonii Citratis, n.f. Liquor Antisepticus, n.f. Liquor Bismuthi, N.F. Liquor Chlori Compositus, N.F. Liquor Hydrastinae Compositus, N.F. Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi, U.S.P. Liquor Hypophosphitum, N.F. Liquor Hypophosphitum Compositus, N.F. Liquor Pancreatini, n.f. Liquor Phosphatum Acidus, N.F. Magma Bismuthi, u.s.P. Mel Rosae, u.s.P. Mistura Chloralis et Potassii Bromidi Composita, n.f. Mistura Copaibae et Opii, n.f. Mistura Pectoralis, Stokes, n.f. Mistura Rhei Alkalina, N.F. Mistura Rhei Composita, n.f. Oxymel Scillae, n.f. Spiritus Acidi Formici, N.F. Spiritus iEtheris, u.s.P. Spiritus iEtheris Compositus, n.f. Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici, U.S.P. Syrupus Allii, n.f. Syrupus Althaeae, N.F. Syrupus Ammonii Hypophosphitis, N.F. Syrupus Asari Compositus, n.f. Syrupus Bromidorum, n.f. Syrupus Calcii et Sodii Hypo- phosphitum, N.F. Syrupus Calcii Hydrochloro- phosphatis, N.F. Syrupus Calcii Hypophosphitis, N.F. Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis et Ferri, n.f. Syrupus Cimicifugae Compositus, N.F. Syrupus Cinnamomi, N.F. Syrupus Codeinae, N.F. 666 DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued Syrupus Ferri Hypophosphitis, N.F. Syrupus Ferri Lactophosphatis, n.f. Syrupus Ferri Protochloridi, N.F. Syrupus Ferri, Quinina? et Strych- ninae Phosphatum, n.f. Syrupus Ferri Saccharati Solubilis. x.f. Syrupus Ficorum Compositus, N.F. Syrupus Iodotannicus, x.f. Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii, N.F. Syrupus Krameria?, n.f. Syrupus Morphina? et Acacise, N.F. Syrupus Papaveris, n.f. Syrupus Phosphatum Compositus, N.F. Syrupus Phosphatum cum Qui- nina et Strychnina. N.F. Syrupus Picis Liquida?, U.S. P. Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus, N.F. Syrupus Pruni Virginians, U.S. P. Syrupus Quinidina?, n.f. Syrupus Rubi, n.f. Syrupus Senega?, U.S. P. Syrupus Sennae, U.S. p. Syrupus Sodii Hypophosphitis, n.f. Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus, N.F. Tinctura Antiperiodica, n.f. Tinctura Antiperiodica sine Aloe, N.F. Tinctura Aurantii Amari, u.S.P. Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis, U.S.P. Tinctura Bryonia?, N.F. Tinctura Calumbae, u.S.P. Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, U.S.P. Tinctura Cimicifuga?, N.F. Tinctura Cinchonas, u.S.P. Tinctura Cinchona? Composita, U.S.P. Tinctura Cubebae, N.F. Tinctura Ergota? Ammoniata, N.F. Tinctura Ferri Pomata, N.F. Tinctura Galla?, N.F. Tinctura Gambir Composita, u.S.P. Tinctura Gentiana? Composita, U.S.P. Tinctura Guaiaci, u.S.P. Tinctura Guaiaci Composita, n.f. Tinctura Humuli, N.F. Tinctura Hydrastis, U.S.P. Tinctura Jalapa?, n.f. Tinctura Jalapae Composita, n.f. Tinctura Kino, U.S.P. Tinctura Kino et Opii Composita, N.F. Tinctura Krameria?, n.f. Tinctura Moschi, u.S.P. Tinctura Opii Camphorata, u.S.P. Tinctura Pimpinella?, n.f. Tinctura Rhei, u.S.P. Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, n.f. Tinctura Rhei et Gentianae, N.F. Tinctura Sabal et Santali, N.F. Tinctura Serpentariae, N.F. Tinctura Sumbul, N.F. Tinctura Valerianae. N.F. Tinctura Viburni Opuli Com- posita, N.F. Tinctura Zedoariae Amara, N.F. Vinum Aurantii Compositum, N.F. Vinum Fraxini, n.f. Vinum Pruni Virginianae, N.F. Vinum Pruni Virginianae Ferratum, n.f. Vinum Rhei Compositum, N.F. 8 mils (2 fl. drs.) Cordiale Rubi Fructus, N.F. Elixir Calcii Hypophosphitis, N.F. Elixir Calcii Lactophosphatis, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum et Ferri, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum et Hypophosphitum, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Bismuthi, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum Ferri et Calcii Lactophosphatis, N.F. Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Pepsini, N.F. Elixir Formatum, N.F. Elixir Formatum Compositum, n.f. Elixir Gentiana? Glycerinatum, N.F. Elixir Glycerophosphatum Com- positum, N.F. Elixir Glycyrrhiza? Aquosum, n.f. Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aromaticum, N.F. Elixir Humuli, N.F. Elixir Hypophosphitum, N.F. Elixir Hypophosphitum et Ferri, N.F. Elixir Lithii Bromidi, N.F. Elixir Lithii Citratis, N.F. Elixir Lithii Salicylatis, N.F. Elixir Pepsini, n.f. Elixir Pepsini et Bismuthi, N.F. Elixir Pepsini et Ferri, N.F. Elixir Pepsini et Rennini Com- positum, N.F. Elixir Potassii Bromidi, N.F. Elixir Sodii Bromidi, N.F. Elixir Taraxaci Compositum, n.f. Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum Hypophosphitibus, n.f. Liquor Ferri Albuminati, N.F. Liquor Ferri Peptonati, N.F. Liquor Ferri Peptonati et Mangani, N.F. Liquor Ferri Salicylatis, n.f. Liquor Pepsini, N.F. Liquor Pepsini Aromaticus, N.F. Liquor Soda? et Mentha?, n.f. Liquor Sodii Citratis, N.F. Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Com- positus, N.F. 667 DOSES— Part I. Liquids— con tin ued Mistura Ammonii Chloridi, N.F. Mistura Camphora? Acida, n.f. Mistura Camphora? Aromatica, N.F. Mistura Copaibae, n.f. Mistura Magnesiae, Asafoetidaa et Opii, N.F. Mistura Olei Picis, N.F. Succus Citri et Pepsinum, N.F. Syrupus Eriodictyi Aromaticus, N.F. Syrupus Glycyrrhizae, N.F. Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus, n.f. Syrupus Manna?, n.f. Syrupus Rhamni Cathartica?, N.F. Syrupus Sennse Aromaticus, n.f. Syrupus Sennae Compositus, N.F. Vinum Carnis, N.F. "Vinum Carnis et Ferri, N.F. Vinum Ferri, N.F. Vinum Ferri Amarum, N.F. Vinum Pepsini, N.F. Vinum Picis, n.f. 10 mils (2y 2 fl. drs.) Aqua Camphora?, U.S. P. Aqua Creosoti, U.S. P. Fluidextractum Taraxaci, U.S. P. Fluidextr actum Tritici, U.S.P. Magma Magnesia?, u.s.P. Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita, U.S.P. Oleum MorrhuaB, u.s.P. Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, U.S.P. Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis, U.S.P. Syrupus Hypophosphitum, u.s.P. Syrupus Lactucarii, u.s.P. Syrupus Rhei, U.S.P. Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus, u.s.P. 12 mils (3 fl. drs.) Elixir Catharticum Compositum, N.F. 15 mils (4 fl. drs.) Aqua Anisi, u.s.P. Aqua Chloroformi, u.s.P. Aqua Cinnamomi, u.s.P. Aqua Fceniculi, U.S.P. Aqua Mentha? Piperita?, U.s.P. Aqua Mentha? Viridis, U.S.P. Elixir Potassii Acetatis, n.f. Elixir Potassii Acetatis et Juniperi, N.F. Elixir Rubi Compositum, N.F. Emulsum Asafcetida?, u.s.P. Emulsum Olei Morrhua?, U.S.P. Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum Calcii Lactophosphate, n.f. Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum Calcii Phosphate, n.f. Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum Malto, N.F. Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Pruno Virginiana, n.f. Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum Vitello, n.f. Emulsum Petrolati, n.f. Infusum Gentiana? Compositum, N.F. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, U.S.P. Liquor Calcis, U.S.P. Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, U.S.P. Mistura Creta?, U.S.P. Mistura Ferri Composita, N.F. Mistura Guaiaci, n.f. Mucilago Acaciae, u.s.P. Mucilago Sassafras Medulla?, n.f. Oleum Ricini, u.s.P. Oleum Ricini Aromaticum, N.F. Petrolatum Liquidum, U.S.P. Syrupus Ipecacuanha?, u.s.'P. Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus, U.S.P. Syrupus Tolutanus, U.S.P. Syrupus Zingiberis, u.s.P. 30 mils (1 fl. oz.) Oleum Lini, U.S.P. Oleum Oliva?, U.s.P. 45 mils (iy 2 fl. ozs.) Emulsum Olei Ricini, n.f. 50 mils (12 fl. drs.) Infusum Cinchonae, n.f. 60 mils (2 fl. ozs.) Infusum Pruni Virginiana?, N.F. 100 mils (3 fl. ozs.) Infusum Rosa? Compositum, x.F. 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.) . Decoctum Sarsaparilhe Compositum, x.F. Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido, u.s.P. (arsenic antidote) Infusum Senna? Compositum, U.S.P. 250 mils (8 fl. ozs.) Infusum Brayera?, n.f. Lac Fermentatum, n.f. 360 mils (12 fl. ozs.) Liquor Magnesii Citratis. U.S.P. Liquor Magnesii Sulphatis Effervescens, n.f. 1 bottle Liquor Sodii Citro -Tartratis Effervescens, N.F. 668 DOSES— Part I. Liquids— concluded Hypoderm.— 10000 units Protective— 1000 units Serum Antidiphthericum, u.S.P. Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum. U.S. P. Serum Antidiphthericum Siccum, U.S. P. U.S. P. Part II. Solids Hypoderm.— 10000 units Protective— 1500 units Serum Antitetanicum, U.S. P. Serum Antitetanicum Purificatum, u.S.P. Serum Antitetanicum Siccum, Part II— Solids 0.00015 Gm. (0.15 milligramme) .005 Gm. (i/ 12 gr.) (Moo Sr-) Aconitina, u.S.P. 0.0003 Gm. (y 200 gr.) Hyoscyaruinae Hydrobromidum, U.S.P. Scopolamines Hydrobromidum, u.s.r. 0.0005 Gm. (i/i 2 o £*•) Atropina, u.S.P. Atropinae Sulphas, U.S.P. Colchicina, u.S.P. Homatropime Hydrobromidum, U.S.P. Phosphorus, u.S.P. 0.00075 Gm. (y 80 gr.) Strophanthinum, u.S.P. (intravenous) ; mouth, 0.001 Gm. (%o gr.) 0.001 Gm. (i/ G0 gr.) Physostigminaa Salicylas, u.S.P. 0.0015 Gm. (y 40 gr.) Strychnina, U.S.P. Strychninae Glycerophosphas, N Strychninae Nitras, u.S.P. Strychninae Sulphas, U.S.P. Strychninae Valeras, x.f. 0.002 Gm. (Yo gr.) Arseni Trioxidum, u.S.P. 0.003 Gm. (y 20 gr.) Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum, u.S.P. expectorant; emetic, mouth, 0.015 Gm. (y 4 gr.) Gm. (Vc, gr.) ; emetic, hypo- iEthylmorphinae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, U.S.P. Arseni Iodidum. u.S.P. Auri et Sodii Chloridum, u.S.P. Iodum, u.S.P. Pilocarpines Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. (hypoderm.) ; mouth, 0.01 Gm. (Ve gr.) Pilocarpines Nitras, U.S. P. Same as preceding Sodii Arsenas, u.S.P. 0.006 Gm. (i/ 10 gr.) Acidum Bromauricum, x.F. 0.008 Gm. (i/ 8 gr.) Extractum Physostigmatis, u.S.P. Morphina, u.S.P. Morphinse Hydrochloridum, u.S.P. Morphinae Sulphas, U.S.P. 0.01 Gm. (i/ 6 gr.) Argenti Nitras, U.S. p. Extractum Aconiti, u.S.P. Extractum Cannabis, u.S.P. Extractum Gelsemii, U.S.P. Extractum Stramonii, u.S.P. Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum, U.S.P. Hydrastina, u.S.P. Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. Resina Podophylli, U.S.P. Sparteinae Sulphas, u.S.P. Uranii Nitras, U.S.P. (with caution) dermic. 0.005 Gm. (V12 gr.) Diacetylmorphina, U.S. P. Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochlori- dum, u.S.P. Elaterinum, u.S.P. Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- sivum, u.S.P. Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, c.s.p. Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus, U.S. p. 0.004 Gm. (y- gr.) Hydrargyri Salicylas, u.S.P. Aloinum, U.S. P. Cocaina, u.S.P. Cocainae Hydrochloridum, U.S. P. Extractum Belladonna? Foliorum, U.S.P. Extractum Nucis Vomicae, u.S.P. Extractum Podophylli, x.f. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mit«-. U.S.P. 0.02 Gm. (y 3 gr.) —hypoderm. Emetinae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. 669 DOSES— Part II. Solids— continued 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 gr-) Aconitum, U.S. p. Chrysarobinum, U.S. P. Codeina, u.S.P. Codeinae Phosphas, u.S.P. Codeinae Sulphas, u.S.P. Extractum Colocynthidis, u.S.P. Extractum Conii, N.F. Extractum Ignatiae, n.f. Extractum Opii, U.S.P. Gelsemium, u.S.P. Hydrastininge Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. Hypophysis Sicca, u.S.P. Oleoresina Capsici, u.S.P. Oleoresina Piperis, u.S.P. Oleoresina Zingiberis, U.S.P. Trinitrophenol, u.S.P. Trituratio Elaterini, u.S.P. Vanillinum, u.s.p. 0.045 Gm. ( 3 / 4 gr.) Belladonna? Radix, u.s