/ 
 
 ■/ »<-. 
 
 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
THE 
 
 DAY-STAR 
 
 OP 
 
 AMERICAN FREEDOM; 
 
 OR 
 
 THE BIRTH AND EARLY GROWTH 
 
 OF - 
 
 TOLERATION, 
 
 IN 
 
 t 
 
 THE PROVmCE OF MARYLAND: 
 
 A SKETCH OF THK COLONIZATION UPON THE CHESAPKAKB AND ITS TRIBUTABH8, 
 PKECEDING THE REMOVAL OP THE GOVERNMENT FROM ST. MARY'S TO ANNAPOLIS J 
 
 A Glimpse of Vie Numbers and General State of Societi/, of the Religion 
 
 and Legislation, of the Life arid Planners of the Men, who Worshipped 
 
 in the Wilderness, at the First llude Altar of Liberty. 
 
 BY GEORGE LYM-LACHLAN JDAYIS, 
 
 OP THE BAR OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 0. SOKIBNER, 145, NASSAU STREET. 
 
 BALTIMORE : 
 
 JOHN MURPHY tt Co., 178 MARKET STREET. 
 
 1855. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congrew, In the year 1MB, by 
 
 GEO. LYNN-LACHLAN DAVIS, 
 
 la tbe Cl«rk'» Office of the U. S. District Court, for the District of UarylwC 
 
 f \ %A 
 
 'S>^^ 
 
 W. H. TISBON, STEBKOTYFBa. 
 
 fiSO. BUSSELL « CO., PBINTXSa. 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 THE STAT E 
 
 6 narrju - Porphyey 
 
 c c . . T^ roi^ tteon 'i'Cfray^ —St. Padi- 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The papers, I will cite, are, most of them, taken from 
 the Archives, at Annapolis, and at London. Those at 
 the Capital of my State, may be seen in the Executive 
 Chamber, in the Armory, in the Hall of the Court of 
 Appeals, in the Land Office, or in the Office of the 
 Register of Wills. And the documents transmitted to 
 me, were obtained, through the aid of an Index, from the 
 EngHsh State-Paper Office. 
 
 For the sake of brevity, I will generally omit the 
 depository. The two Records designated by A. B. 
 <k H., and by Q., can be consulted, in the Land 
 Office. Where the " Xo." of the Liber is simply given, 
 the citation has been made from the same office. The 
 *'Laws," and "Judgments" belong to the Court of 
 Appeals ; and are kept, either in the Hall, or in the 
 Armory. In all other cases, the nature of the subject 
 will indicate the place, from which the paper is taken. 
 
 The Index, which has aided me, in sketching the Revo- 
 
via PREFACE. 
 
 lution of 1689, was presented to our Historical Society. 
 It is the gift of my generous countryman, Mr. Peabody, 
 of London ; and the key to a rich store-house of docu- 
 ments and facts, preserved at the great city, from which 
 so many of our forefathers came. 
 
 To Mr. Jas. Frisby Gordon, and Doct. Fisher, of 
 Kent ; to Mr. Benj. Ed. Gantt, of Anne-Arundel ; to 
 Messrs. Palmer, and Harrison, of Queen Anne's ; to 
 Messrs. Hopkins, and Donoven, of Talbot ; to Mr. 
 Wm. A. Jarboe, of Prince George's ; to Col. Wm. 
 A. Spencer, and the Hon. Jas. Murray, of Annapolis ; I 
 beg leave to express my thanks, for their polite atten- 
 tion, during my examination of the Archives, in the 
 offices, they respectively occupy. To most of them, am I 
 further indebted for communications addressed me, as 
 marks of their courtesy, in reply to a great variety of 
 inquiries. And my acknowledgments are due to the 
 memory, also, of Owen Norfolk, the late clerk at Upper- 
 Marlborough. 
 
 I am under an additional obligation to the librarians, 
 and other officers, in various parts of this State, for the 
 privilege extended me, as an author, of consulting any of 
 the books in their custody. Nor can I fail to confess my 
 sense of gratitude, for the interest so generously mani- 
 fested in the success of all my researches, by many other 
 gentlemen of Maryland, especially by the members of the 
 Bar, and of the Bench, not only in the communication of 
 important facts and suggestions, but also in the loan of 
 valuable private manuscripts. I may here venture to 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 individualize the Hon. John Carroll Le Grand, Saml. 
 Tyler, Esq., Prof. Evert M. Topping, Wm. Meade Addi- 
 son, Esq., Prof. Saml. Chew, Hon. E. Louis Lowe, Doct. 
 Peregrine Wroth, Rev. Saml. R. Gordon, Jas. E. Barroll, 
 Esq., Prof. George Eenwick, and Genl. Thos. E. Bowie. 
 
 And there are a few personal friends not named in this 
 Preface, nor confined altogether to my own sex, whose 
 companionship has occasionally lightened my labor ; 
 whose bright sympathies have shed a sun-shine over the 
 heart, in the hour of toilsome solitude ; whose aid, and 
 whose many kind offices, will be sweetly, and sincerely 
 remembered. 
 
 1* 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Toleration— Its Logical Relations—Its History cannot yet 
 
 be Properly Written, . . . . P . .15 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Visible Influence of Ideas^The Charm of External 
 History — Illustrations from Islamism, from Christianity, 
 and from Toleration, 19 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Toleration Secured by the Charter for Maryland, . . 20 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Toleration under the First Governor, .... St 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Toleration Implied by the Official Oath, ... 39 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Assembly of 1649 — Kent, and St. Mary's Represented — . 
 Sketch of their Early History — Passage of the Tolera- 
 tion Act, . .41 
 
Xli CONTENTS. 
 
 PA«B 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 " The Act Concerning Religon," • . 64 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Its Influence upon the Colonization of the Province — 
 Arrival of Families — Foundation of Settlements — Erec- 
 tion of Counties — Protestant Revolution, in 1689, . 68 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 State of Societj, from 1634 to 1689, 108 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Luw-Givers of 1649— Their Names — A Fragment of the 
 
 Legislative Journal, . 128 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Their Faith— They Sit in One House, 136 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Whole Strength of the Roman Catholic Element, in the 
 
 Assembly, 138 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Burgesses, as a Distinct Branch of the Legislature — 
 
 A Majority of Roman Catholic Representatives, . . 140 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Population of the Province, in 1649 — Predominance of the 
 Roman Catholic Element, at the Period of the Assembly 
 — The Honor Due to the Roman Catholic Freemen of 
 Marvland, 142 
 
CONTENTS XUl 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Cecelius, the Lord Proprietary— His Life, Character, and 
 
 Family, 162 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Governor Leonard Calvert, 171 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Governor William Stone, 175 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Governor Thomas Green, . 181 
 
 CHAPTER XIX.' 
 Col. John Price, 183 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 The Honorable John Pile, 186 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 Capt. Robert Vaughan, 190 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 The Honorable Robert Clarke, 195 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 The Honorable Thomas Hatton, 200 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick, 207 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 Mr. Philip Conner, 220 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 Mr. William Bretton, 224 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 Mr. Richard Browne, ....... 229 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 Mr. George Manners, 231 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 Capt. Richard Banks, . . .233 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 Mr. John Maunsell, 237 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 Mr. Thomas Thornborough, .... . . 242 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 Mr. Walter Peake, 247 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 Conclusion, 254 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. I. — Emigrants from England, .... 261 
 
 *• II. — Settlement upon the Bohemia, . . . 269 
 
 " HI. — Faith of the Jurors, in the case of the Plsca- 
 
 tawav Indians, ... . . 270 
 
THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 CHAP TEE I. 
 
 Toleration — Its Logical Relations — Its History cannot yet bo 
 properly written. 
 
 The marcli of tlie mind is slow. Of Islamism, 
 the faitli for twelve centuries of a fifth part of the 
 whole human race, no real history, it is sad to 
 think, has ever been written ; and the most pro- 
 found men of Europe confess their ignorance of 
 the subject. It also admits of the gravest doubt, 
 whether we yet have, in the truest and most com- 
 prehensive sense, a history of Christianity. And 
 ii: ia vain to hope, in the present state of know- 
 ledge, for a satisfactory history of Toleration. 
 
IG THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 Notwithstanding a regard for tlie rights of con- 
 science, the haws of our own nation have always 
 evinced a greater sympathy for the Christian than 
 for any other form of belief; while no government 
 has existed without some kind of religious theory ; 
 nor has any state, in modern times, at periods even 
 of the wildest anarchy, gone far enough to deny 
 its own ethical nature, or reject that element which 
 constitutes the ground-work and condition of its 
 being. 
 
 The Church of no Christian country, on the 
 other hand, is prepared, either upon the Protestant, 
 or upon any other basis, to acknowledge the 
 supremacy of the State, or surrender^ the jurisdic- 
 tion it exercises over questions of faith and ethics 
 — questions, wliich touch the very heart of 
 humanity, and connect us with the invisible world ; 
 but work, at the same time, such deep changes in 
 states and empires — ^having occasioned more 
 
 ^ The English Church may be oppressed, or enslaved. But it is 
 a great mistake to suppose she has ever acknowledged the supre- 
 macy of the Civil Magistrate. See Magna Charta, the Works of 
 Lord Coke, and the late Writings of the Rt. Rev. Doct. Philpott, 
 of the StJe of Exeter. 
 
ANTAGONISM. 17 
 
 bloodshed, since the martyrdom of St. Stephen (to 
 say nothing of the church controversy, which now, 
 alas ! involves the European nations in a fresh 
 conflict) than any of the subjects, which ever 
 engage the attention either of kings or of courts, 
 of cabinets or of parliaments. 
 
 The antagonism between the State and the 
 Church, under the existing order of things, may 
 not, indeed, be observed by the ordinary eye. It 
 may apparently sleep, for a season, or for a cen- 
 tury. But it is not the less real ; and not the less 
 destined, sooner or later, to unfold itself, in all its 
 terrific energy. The advocates of Toleration will 
 then be ready to proclaim, that atheism is the 
 proper fundamental principle of the State ; and its 
 opponents, that faith is the foundation of ethics, 
 that the notion of a perfect state implies a church 
 of the same character, that the one is but identical 
 ■with the other, and that under a more beneficent 
 arrangement of Providence, a higher law of 
 society, and a nobler system of civilization, the 
 identity will be fully and triumphantly revealed. 
 Before the termination of this contest (probably 
 the most momentous, if not the most bloody, which 
 
18 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 man will be called upon to endure), it ^vill be 
 impossible to find the central-point involved in tlie 
 great problem of Toleration ; or to grasp it. in all 
 its liigbest logico-historical relations. 
 
IfiLAMISM* 19 
 
 CHAPTER 11, 
 
 The Visible Influence of Ideas^TTie Charm of External History— 
 niustratioas from Islamism, from Christianity, and from Tolera- 
 tion 
 
 Yet Islamism lias undoubtedly a meaning. Of 
 its external history, do we also know something. 
 Amid the fiery sands and deserts of Arabia, a 
 thought strikes the mind of a man. To him, it is a 
 vision ; to us, a small cloud upon the horizon, des- 
 tined to overspread the firmament. In the one, we 
 see the image, and the hand of God ; in the other, 
 are locked up the living forces of nature. Out of 
 the brain of a wild, but earnest son of the wilder- 
 ness, springs forth, with the rapidity of magic, a 
 vast and magnificent empire ; having its strong and 
 impregnable centre in the East, but extending its 
 dominion to the very confines of the West ; clad, 
 indeed, with all the terrors of the sword, but deriv- 
 ing its original strength from the simple words, he 
 
20 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 had uttered ; tlie grandest and boldest embodiment, 
 (however imperfect,) we have so far witnessed, of 
 the identity (if I may tread upon forbidden ground') 
 of the temporal with the spiritual authority ; at one 
 moment, threatening to absorb the Christian nations 
 of Europe; at another communicating to their civil- 
 ization that impulse, which will be felt through all 
 ages ! a rich, and gorgeous picture ! perplexing, it 
 is true, the judgment of the historical critic; but 
 dazzling the imagination, elevating the fancy, and 
 (may I add?) purifying the heart. 
 
 In spite, also, of the little that is known of the 
 higher relations, or the logical harmonies of eccle- 
 siastical history, there is something which touches 
 a still deeper spring in the simple and short story 
 of the Cross — of the visible struggle of Christianity, 
 during the first three centuries, with the Paganism 
 of a great empire — of the mild and serene triumph 
 of the church, at the end of that period, amid the 
 shocks and convulsions of society, over all the phy- 
 
 ^If Newman and Ranke touch this subject with eo much 
 caution, an unwillingness in myself to go beyond a mere sugges- 
 tion, indicates no affectation of modesty. 
 
CHRISTIANITT. 21 
 
 sical, intellectual, and other powers of the civilized 
 world. From the Crusades to the present, from 
 childhood to hoary age, o\'^: the dream of the vir- 
 gin, and the meditation of the matron, over men of 
 every taste and of every type, it has exerted a 
 magical influence. This moment, I study it, with 
 a more passionate fondness, than " The Arabian 
 ISi'ights,*' or the most truthful and enchanting pic- 
 ture, the hand of man has sketched, either of do- 
 mestic manners, or of Oriental magnificence and 
 renown. There is nothing approaching it, upon the 
 pages of the historical record — nothing, in the glory 
 of Grecian combatants, or the march of Roman 
 legions — in living, or in dying gladiators ; or victo- 
 rious generals, whose returning " chariot- wheels " 
 were " graced " by kings " in captive bonds." 
 
 The Crescent and the Cross have, each of them, a 
 charm. They represent the two great historical 
 Ideas ; they mark the two grand epochs in the 
 destiny of the human race. As the fallen column, 
 amid the ruins of the Acropolis, retains the traces 
 of a high creative art, so man, with all his gross- 
 ness, still proclaims the divinity of his original 
 nature, by the interest he manifests in the contest 
 
22 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 of the intellectual with the physical forces ; by the 
 sympathy he feels for the spiritual world ; by the 
 sacrifice he so joyfully suffers, for the sake of his 
 conscience ; hj the pride he exhibits at the 
 triumph of a cherished faith ; and by the pleasure 
 he derives from the study of those ideas, which 
 have wielded their influence over any considerable 
 portion of society. His ideality/ is the secret of 
 that true historic dignity, which belongs to the 
 colonization of America. Scarcely a settlement,, 
 or a colony was founded, which cannot, more or 
 less, be traced to the agency of some religious 
 idea. And the remark includes the landing of 
 the Pilgrims, at St. Mary's, in the year 1634. 
 It forms the key to the earliest history of the 
 province — the pivot to the' primitive policy and 
 legislation of the State — and the centre of so much 
 that is interesting in the traditions and recollec- 
 tions, which have been handed down to our own 
 generation. The idea, which our ancestors brought 
 with them to the forests of Maryland, was appa- 
 rently feeble, in the beginning. But it soon began 
 to show its strength ; and like all ideas having 
 vitality, it was progressive. The acorn has since 
 
IDEALITT. 23 
 
 become an oak ; the fountain a majestic river. 
 Though it seems to be but half developed (for 
 Toleration is yet without a strict definition, or a 
 symbol), it has already, under a variety of shapes, 
 but all of them substantially the same, become an 
 active element in the religious and political life of 
 a great and colossal confederacy. Judging from 
 the past, it is destined to occupy a still wider field, 
 to over-run other countries, to revolutionize distant 
 nations, and to achieve a greater, a more glorious 
 conquest over the human mind. If we may speak 
 from its visible results, it would be but just to say, 
 its career has so far been bright and hopeful. 
 Yiewing it from the Anglo-American side, from 
 the popular theory of religious liberty, we cannot 
 feel too grateful for the blessings, it has conferred ; 
 for the prospect, it presents to other portions of 
 humanity. Its developments, indeed, I cannot 
 give ; its history, in the proper sense, I cannot 
 write ; for that involves relations of a logical sort, 
 which no one living can state upon any of the 
 received hypotheses either of Europe, or of Ame- 
 rica. But we have much information respecting 
 its external history ; something also will I tell of 
 
24 THE Day- STAR. 
 
 its origin and early growth in this country ; nor do 
 I disguise the pride a Marylander must feel, in 
 sketching the following facts. And I think, in the 
 course of this brief narrative, I will be able to 
 suggest a solution to some of the j)roblems which 
 now engross the attention of the nation. Who 
 were the originators of the idea? and what was 
 their faith ? are but two of the questions I am so 
 often asked. Addressed by respectable persons, 
 tortured with inquiries upon those and other inte- 
 resting points, I am urged to speak. And the 
 settlement of open questions in the history of this 
 continent, is surely a matter of no trifling consi- 
 deration in the present state of the national mind, 
 giving such striking indications of excitement in 
 every quarter, from the St. Lawrence to the 
 Pacific. Most gladly, then, if I could, would I do 
 the state some service ; and I hope at a future day 
 to give a perfectly satisfactory answer. But my 
 life is one of accidents ; and the history I am writing 
 of the colonization of Maryland, may demand the 
 unsparing toil of several more years. From my 
 portfolio I will, therefore, take a few papers, and at 
 once respond ; from the shadows of my solitary 
 
OPEN QUESTIONS. 25 
 
 cli amber, from the dry and dusty records, from the 
 living oracles of the past, I will now addresij the 
 millions of my comitrymen. 
 
26 TTTE DAY-STAR. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Toleration Secured by the Charter for Maryland. 
 
 The charter^ was a compact between a member 
 of tlie English, and a disciple of the Roman 
 church ; between an Anglo-Catholic king and a 
 Roman Catholic prince ; between Charles the 
 First of England, and Cecilius, the second baron 
 of Baltimore, and the first lord proprietary of 
 Maryland. To the confessors of each faith, it was 
 the pledge of religions freedom. If not the form, 
 it had the spirit and substance of a concordat^ in 
 the sense quite as strong, as any of those earlier 
 charters of the English Crown, to which the chief 
 priest of Rome was, in any respect, a party. This 
 is the inference faithfully drawn from a view of 
 the instrument itself ; from a consideration of the 
 facts and circumstances attending the grant ; and 
 
 ^ The Charter was given in 1632. There is a copy in Bacon's 
 Laws, in Bozman's Maryland, and in Hazard's Collections. 
 
THE CONCORDAT. 27 
 
 from a study of the various interpretations, essays, 
 and histories, of the many discourses, and other pub- 
 lications, which have appeared upon this prolific 
 theme. It accounts for the prohibition of every con- 
 struction inconsistent with the " true Christian 
 religion^^'' — an expression coming from the lips of an 
 English king, and resembling a clause in the first 
 charter for the Anglo-CathoUo colony of Virginia * 
 
 * The words ia the English copy (see Sec. 22 of the Charter) are 
 *' God's holy and true Christiaa religion 5" in the Latin (see Bacon 
 and Hazard), " Sacrosancta Dei et vera Christiana religio." To 
 Mr. Brantz Mayer (see his Calvert and Penn) is due the credit of 
 pointing out a grammatical inaccuracy in the English translation. 
 We are indebted to Mr. S. F. Streeter also (see his Maryland Two 
 Hundred Years Ago) for a learned note of a subsequent date. 
 The former's translation is, ''God's holy rights, and the true 
 Christian religion 5" the latter's, ''the holy service of God, and 
 true Christian religion 5" and my own, '' the most sacred thine,., 
 of God, and the true Christian religion." Mr. Mayer, indeed, sug- 
 gests, in a note, the agreement of "sacrosancta " with "negotia ;" 
 and gives no sufficient reason, it strikes mo, for substituting 
 " rights " for " things." See his text, p. 28. The substitute is too 
 narrow ; and I cannot, therefore, adopt it. 
 
 ^ In the Charter of 1606 occur, "the true word and service of 
 God and Christian faith ;" in the one of 1609, " the true worship 
 of God and Christian religion ;" and in the orders of 1619 and 
 
28 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 — but, in a grant to the Roman Catholic propne- 
 tary, intended, doubtless, as a simple security for 
 the members of the English church. It suggests 
 the reason also, why the obligation to establish the 
 religion of Englishmen was omitted in the case of 
 Maryland ; but expressly or tacitly imposed, either 
 by the charters or by the orders given to most, if 
 not all, of the other Anglo-American colonies.* It 
 is not less in harmony with the supposition of 
 Ejing Charles's regard for the rights of his Anglo- 
 Catholic brethren, who subsequently came to St. 
 
 1620, " the true religion and service of God." These expressions 
 clearly refer to the religion of the English Church in a strictly 
 exclusive sense. See Henning's Collection, and the preceding 
 publication of Mr. Streeter, pp. 71-76. " The true Christian faith, 
 now professed in the Church of England," is a clause in the letters 
 .patent to Sir Walter Raleigh. See Streeter, p. 73. See also, in 
 Streeter, the Charters to Sir Edmund Plowden for New Albion, 
 and to Sir Ferdinando Gorges for Maine. " Worship and religion 
 of Christ," in the 4th sec. of the Maryland Charter, doubtless refers 
 to the English Church. 
 
 ^ The Virginia Charter of 1609 virtually excluded the Roman 
 Catholics ; so did the one for New England to Fernando Gorges 
 and other persons, in 1621. See Streeter. Other cases could be 
 cited. 
 
THE CONCOKDAT. 29 
 
 Mary's, than with that generally admitted sin- 
 cerity of Lord Baltimore, which cannot be recon- 
 ciled to the notion of his accepting a grant directly 
 opposed to the principles, or to the practice of his 
 own faith. It is supported by the fact, that the 
 object of the Calverts, in asking for the charter, 
 was to found a colony, including the members, 
 respectively, of the English, and of the Roman 
 church — an object which, we cannot doubt, was 
 known to the king, who signed, the instrument. 
 And it is fully confirmed by the action of the pro- 
 vincial legislature — the best commentary upon the 
 spirit of the charter — and by one of the first 
 judicial decisions still preserved upon the records. 
 Within a short period after the landing of the 
 Pilgrims, an act was passed, declaring, that "Holy 
 Church " should enjoy " all her rights ;" and, a 
 year later, it was followed by another of the same 
 purport.^ These words were clearly taken from the 
 
 * The Act of 1639 declares that, " Holy Church, within this pro- 
 vince, shall have all her rights and liberties ;" the one of 16iO, 
 that, *' Holy Church, within this province, shall have and enjoy 
 all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and without blemish." 
 See Bacon, Bozman, and many other authorities. A bill also of 
 
30 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 great charters of the English Crown, in the days 
 of the Normans and of the Plantagenets ; ^ and, 
 in both cases, the term ^^Holy^^ included the 
 English as well as the Roman church.^ We will 
 
 1639 says, " Holy Church, within this province, shall have all her 
 rights, liberties, and immunities, safe, whole, and inviolable in all 
 things." 
 
 ^ The Charter of King John stipulates that the English Church 
 " shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her libertiea 
 inviolable ;" the first one of Henry the Third, that she shall " be 
 free," and " have her whole rights and liberties inviolable ;" the 
 second of the same king, that " she shall be free,'- and " have her 
 whole rights and her liberties inviolable ;" the third, that she 
 " shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her liberties 
 inviolable ;" and the fii-st of Edward the First, that she " shall be 
 free," and " have her whole rights and liberties inviolable." 
 
 ^ It is surprising to think, how some of our historians have been 
 embarrassed in the attempt to interpret the two acts of the 
 Assembly. The close resemblance of our early legislation to the 
 charters I have cited does not seem to have occurred to Chalmers, 
 Hawks, Allen, and many others. If the case of the Rev. Francis 
 Fitzherbert, in another note, be any authority, the " doctors of the 
 Church" were by no means "puzzled." There is also a striking 
 analogy between our primitive forms or precedents, and the 
 expressions contained in the charter of King John. Compare, for 
 instance, the oath of the Privy Councillor, in 1648, to " delay or 
 deny right" to "none," with the fortieth section of that charter. 
 
* THE CONCORDAT. 31 
 
 see that ^' Holy Church^'' was used, at a subsequent 
 period, in a mucli more compreliensive sense. 
 But neither in the early English charters, nor in 
 the two preceding acts of the Assembly, did the 
 words secure anything but the rights of the 
 Anglican, and of the Roman Catholic. In the 
 case of Lieut. Wm. Lewis, the Roman Catholic, 
 convicted, in 1638, of violating a proclamation, 
 by improperly engaging in religious controversy, 
 and thereby disturbing the "peace'' of the colony; 
 the main ground of the offence consisted, in his 
 inveighing against the Protestants, for reading a 
 book ^ " allowed^^ by '' the State of England. "^^ Such 
 
 Each sectioa of the charter has, indeed, been called a statute. 
 And the law of 1639, including the section relating to the Church, 
 may be regarded as a series of acts partaking of the nature of a 
 Magna Charta. Certain it is, that, in the Charter of King John, 
 "Holy Church" occurs in a sense distinct from "Holy Roman 
 Church," as well as from " English Church." It can bear but one 
 interpretation. Both in the early charters, and in the acts of our 
 Assembly, it clearly includes the Anglican not less than the 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 ^ The case of Lewis has so often been published (see, e.g., Boz- 
 man, vol. 2, pp. 83-85, and 596-598), that it is necessary only to 
 add, the proclamation of Governor Calvert prohibited *' all unsea- 
 
32 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 was the test of an Aiiglo-Catliolic's rights, under 
 tlie earliest practice of the government. Such 
 was the doctrine in the case which has been cited ; 
 such the opinion of Mr. Secretary Lewger, a 
 justice of the Supreme Court; and such the 
 decision of Leonard Calvert, the lieutenant gene- 
 ral or governor, and the chief justice of the pro- 
 vince. " lloly^'^ as well as " CatKolic^^ we know 
 also,. is used in creeds common to the English and 
 to the Roman church. And " Catholic " is a term 
 not unfrequently applied, upon the provincial 
 records, to the Church of England.' The little 
 chapel also, near the Fort at St. Mary's, the place 
 for the worship of the Anglo-Catholic colonists 
 before the arrival of any of their ministers, and 
 
 sonable disputations, in point of religion, tending to tlie disturb- 
 ance of the public peace and quiet of the colony, and to the 
 opening of faction in religion." See 2 Bozman, p. 83. 
 
 ^ In 1642, " the Protestant Catholics of Maryland " are men- 
 tioned upon the Records— intended, no doubt, for the members of 
 the English Church. See their petition to the Assembly, in 2 Boz- 
 man, p. 199. In some, also, of the early wills, " Catholic " is 
 applied to the Church of England. See the one of Thos. Banks, 
 in 1684, Lib. G., p. 126. 
 
THE CONCOEDAT. 33 
 
 given hj most writers to the Protestants, was pro- 
 bably not their property exclusively, but erected 
 with the joint funds or contributions of the Roman 
 and of the Anglican Catholics. The key to it 
 was seized, in 1642, by Doctor Gerrard, a pBbmi- 
 nent Roman Catholic,' and npon the grouad of 
 some clawi, if we may judge from an expression 
 in the decision against him. In the proposjM, about 
 the same year, for a transfer of the pre^nises to 
 Lord Baltimore (an arrangement not imijiediately, 
 if ever at all, effected), another Romaii Catholic 
 gentleman was the ostensible owner c^ represen- 
 tative of the title. And there is evidence to show, 
 that at a very early period, the graveyard was tlie 
 usual burial-place of the Roman Catholics.'' Some 
 also of the colonists, who held land,iinder Doctor 
 Gerrard, as the lord of St. ClemeiJ's Manor, as 
 
 
 ' See the case of Thos. Gerrard, in 2 Bozman, pp. 199-200. 
 
 ' Such, it seems, was the fact, from the will of Joha Lloyd, of 
 St. Mary's — a Roman Catholic, who expressed the wish to bo 
 interred "in ye ordinary burying-place, in St. Mary's chapel- 
 yard." See his will of 1C58, in Lib. S., lGo8 to 1GG2, Judgments, 
 pp. 74-75. 
 
 2* 
 
34 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 well as the Doctor's wife/ were Protestants. And 
 he, and other Roman Catholics, it is not unreason- 
 able to suppose, were partly instrumental in build- 
 ing this little temple, in token of the concord' 
 between the English and the Roman Catholic ; and 
 where each, at his own appropriate hour, might 
 offer up his sacrifice to the Most High. 
 
 Faithfully did Cecilius, the proprietary, execute 
 the pledge he had given to the members of the Eng- 
 lish church. How intoxicating is the taste of power! 
 How apt are we to forget the obligation we owe to 
 those whom we command ! How easy was it for 
 the proprietary, in an obscure and remote part of 
 the world, beyond the immediate eye of the Crown, 
 
 ^ The case of the Rev. Francis Fitzherbert develops the faith 
 of Doctor Gerrard and his wife. 
 
 ^ My theory respecting the object and ownership of the chapel, 
 is by no means essential ^o the support of the Interpretation given 
 to the charter. But under every aspect, It Is, in itself, highly 
 probable. And I suggest It as one of the evidences that the har- 
 mony existed, barring a few Individual cases, as a living reality, 
 independently even of the action of the Proprietary's govern- 
 ment. For negotiations respecting the purchase, see Bozman, vol. 
 2, pp. 263, and 627-628. 
 
THE HONOR DUE TO CECILIUS. 35 
 
 to commit acts of petty cruelty and oppression 
 towards those who differed with him on points of 
 faith, not only by excluding them from civil offices 
 but also in many other respects ! How often do 
 we deny to others, what we have so earnestly 
 claimed for ourselves ! And how great is the 
 reproach to human nature — to peasants as well as 
 princes, in that and in every other age — arising 
 from the disregard so often manifested for the 
 obligation of promises, or for the sacredness of 
 treaties! The singular fidelity with which the 
 second baron of Baltimore kept his pledge, pre- 
 sents one of the best examples upon the record, 
 one of the purest lessons of history, one of the 
 strongest claims to the gratitude of Maryland, and 
 to the admiration of the world. 
 
36 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 CHAPTEK lY. 
 
 The Toleration under the first Governor. 
 
 Such is the meaning of the charter historically 
 interpreted ; and such the earliest principle and 
 practice of the government — freedom to the Angli- 
 can and freedom to the Eoman Catholic — a free- 
 dom of conscience, not allowed but exacted. A 
 freedom, however, of a wider sort springs forth at 
 the birth of the colony — not demanded by that 
 instrument, but permitted by it — not graven upon 
 the tables of stone, or written upon the pages of 
 the statute-book — but conceived in the very bosom 
 of the proprietary, and of the original Pilgrims — 
 not a formal or constructive, but a living freedom 
 — a freedom of the most practical sort. It is the 
 freedom, which it remained for them, and for them 
 alone, either to grant or to deny — a freedom 
 embracing within its range, and protecting under 
 its banner, all those who were believers in Jesus 
 
PRACTICAL TOLEKATION IN 1034. 37 
 
 Cheist. And the grant of this freedom is that 
 which has placed the proprietary among the first 
 law-reformers of the world, and Maryland in 
 advance of every State upon the continent. Our 
 ancestors had seen the evils of intolerance ; they 
 had tasted the bitter cup of persecution. Happy 
 is lie whose moral sense has not been corrupted by 
 bigotry, whose heart is not hardened by misfor- 
 tune, whose soul (the spring of generous impulse) 
 has never been dried up by the parching adversi- 
 ties of life ! They brought with them, in " The 
 Ark," and " The Dove," the elements of that 
 liberty they had so much desired, themselves, in the 
 Old World, and which to others in the New, of a 
 different faith, they were too good and too just to 
 deny. Upon the banks of the St. Mary's, in the 
 soil of Maryland, amid the wilderness of America, 
 they planted that seed which has since become a 
 tree of life to the nation, extending its branches 
 and casting its shadows across a whole continent. 
 The records have been carefully searched. No 
 case of persecution occurred during the adminis- 
 tration of Governor Leonard Calvert, from the 
 foundation of the settlement at St. Mary's to the 
 
38 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 year 1647. His policy included the humblest as 
 well as the most exalted ; and his maxim was, 
 Peace to all — Pkoscription of none.^ Keligious 
 LIBERTY was a VITAL PART of the earliest common- 
 law of the province. 
 
 ^ The inference from a careful search of the Records is con- 
 firmed by the testimony of Langford, whose " Refutation of 
 Babylon's Fall" was published very soon after the battle of 
 1655 ; and by the authority of Bancroft and other historians. 
 Mr. Bancroft says (see vol. 1, p. 257) that the government, in 
 conformity with strict and repeated injunctions, had never given 
 disturbance to any persons in Maryland *'for matter of reli- 
 gion." The Protestant declaration of 1G50, also contains evi- 
 dence independently of that, which relates to the Act of 1649. 
 
THE OFFICIAL OATH. 39 
 
 CHAPTEE Y. 
 
 Toleration Implied ia the Official Oath, 
 
 At the date of tlie charter. Toleration existed in 
 the heart of tlie proprietary. And it appeared, in 
 the earliest administration of the afi'airs of the 
 province. But an oath was soon prepared by him, 
 including a pledge from the governor and the 
 privy counsellors, " directly or indirectly," to 
 " trouble, molest, or discountenance " no " person 
 whatever," in the province, " professing to believe 
 in Jesus Christ." Its d ite is still an open question 
 — some writers supposing it was imj)osed in 1637 ; 
 and others, in 1618. I am inclined to think the 
 oath of the latter was but " an augmented edition"' 
 
 * See Brantz Mayer's "Calvert and Pcnn," pp. 46-47; Chal- 
 mers's Annals ; and the authorities quoted by Mr. Mayer. See also 
 Langford's " Refutation of Babylon's Fall." I do not, however, 
 conceive there is anything material in the exact date, or in the 
 formal imposition. 
 
40 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 of the one in the former year. The grant of the 
 charter marks the era of a special Toleration. But 
 the earliest practice of the government presents 
 the first ; the ofiicial oath, the second ; the action 
 of the Assembly in 16i9, the third, and, to advo- 
 cates of a republican government, the most impor- 
 tant phasis, in the history of the general Tolera- 
 tion. Tlie oath of 1648 is worthy of attention, in 
 another particular. It contained a special pledge, 
 in favor of the Roman Catholics — a feature, which 
 might have been deemed requisite, in consideration 
 of the fact, that the proprietary had appointed a 
 Protestant gentleman ^ for the post of lieutenant- 
 general, or governor. Some also of the privy 
 counsellors were of the same faith. 
 
 ^ This view is confirmed by Langford, and accepted by Streeter, 
 who certainly manifests no partiality for the proprietary. 
 
A&SE]^rBLT OF 1649. 41 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 The Assembly of 1649 — Kent and St. Mary's Represented- 
 Sketch of their Early History— Passage of the Toleration Act. 
 
 The little provincial parliament of Maryland 
 assembled, at St. Mary's, in the month of April,^ 
 during the year 1649. This was about fifteen 
 years after the landing of the Pilgrims, under 
 Governor Calvert ; about thirty later than the set- 
 tlement of the Puritans at Plymouth ; and more 
 than forty, subsequently to the arrival of the 
 Anglo-Catholics at Jamestown, in Yirginia. The 
 members of the Assembly at St. Mary's met in a 
 spirit of moderation but seldom the characteristic 
 of a dominant party. The province was at peace 
 with the aboriginal tribes within its limits. The 
 unhappy contest with Col. Wm. Clayborne had 
 
 ^ The Assembly met about the 14th of April, according to the 
 present calendar, or the 2d of that month. Old Style. For the 
 Julian, or Old Style, see 2 Bozman, p. 384. 
 
4:2 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 been virtually terminated ; tlie rebellions of Capt. 
 Richard Ingle, and other Protestant enemies, 
 effectively suppressed; the reins of government 
 recovered ; and the principles of order once more 
 established. Governor Calvert, the chief of the 
 Maryland Pilgrims, after a trying, but heroic, and 
 honorable administration, had died, amid the 
 prayers and blessings of his friends, without a 
 stain upon his memory. Thos. Green had, also, 
 for a short period, been the governor. And the 
 principal key of authority was then held by Capt. 
 "Wm. Stone. 
 
 The Assembly was composed of the governor, 
 the privy counsellors and the burgesses. In many 
 particulars, its model was not unlike that of the 
 primitive parliaments of England.' The governor 
 and the privy counsellors were appointed by 
 Cecilius, the feudal prince or ^proprietary of the 
 province ; the burgesses, who were chosen by the 
 freemen, represented the democratic element in 
 the original constitution of Maryland. The dele- 
 
 * The Assembly was sometimes called " Parliament." See the 
 Records ; also 2 Posman, p. 185, note. 
 
KENT. 43 
 
 gates were sent by Kent and by St. Mary's, the 
 only two counties at that time within tlie limits of 
 the principality ; the former upon the east, the 
 latter upon the west side of " The Great Bay." 
 And while there is no reason for asserting the 
 want of harmony upon the business of this Assem- 
 bly, it is a remarkable fact, that for more than two 
 centuries the most strongly marked diiferences 
 have existed between the shores of the Chesa- 
 peake, not only of a geographical, but also of a 
 political character. 
 
 Kent, in the midst of many sad reverses, had 
 grown out of a settlement founded as early as 1630, 
 by Col. Clayborne, in the spirit of a truly heroic 
 adventure, under the jurisdiction established at 
 Jamestown, and during the administration (it is 
 supposed) of Governor Harvey, upon an island of 
 the Chesapeake called Kent, but then the "Isle 
 of Kent ;" ' a purchase (to quote the colonel's own 
 
 ^ It is supposed by some that the island derived its name from 
 the birthplace of Clayborne. There were families of his name ia 
 Westmoreland and York. But there is no trace of him in Phil- 
 pot'a " Villare," or any other work I have seen relating to Kent. 
 The island, I think, was named in boaor of the governor under 
 
44 THE DAY-STAR 
 
 words) from " the kings of that country ;" ^ and the 
 original centre* of the county represented at St. 
 Mary's, though now included within the limits 
 
 whose administration, or auspices, the settlement was founded, 
 and who was probably a native of the English county of Kent. 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. ii. pp. 67 and 582. 
 
 ' The seat of Clayborne's settlement was at Kent Point. There 
 also was the "Mill," several of which (that is, windmills) can still 
 be seen. There is not a single water-fall upon the island, and the 
 records mention the **vane," and other things, which prove the 
 wind was the motive power. 
 
 Near the "Mill" was Fort Kent. Fort Crayford stood near 
 Craney Creek, now a pond, and is frequently noticed upon the old 
 records at Chestertown, especially in the deeds containing the 
 boundary lines to tracts of land. It is not named in any of our 
 histories ; but the recorded evidence is as strong as that relating 
 to the site of the other fort. 
 
 Kent Fort Manor included Kent Mill and Kent Fort. It was 
 given by the proprietary to Gov. Calvert as a reward for his ser- 
 vices in the conquest of the island ; but assigned to Capt. Giles 
 Brent, whose family, for many generations, held the title. From 
 the testimony of Mr. Bryan, a soldier of 1776, and at the time of 
 my interview nearly ninety-five years old, I learn that the manor- 
 house was burnt during his childhood ; but another, upon the 
 same foundation, soon afterwards .built. The spot is easily desig- 
 nated, being but a few hundred yards from the vault, and still 
 nearer to a small clump of old and dwarfish damagoene-treeg, Tha 
 
jj:ent. 45 
 
 of Queen Anne's* — an island still noted for the 
 beauty of its scenery, and the wealth of its wa- 
 ters in fish and fowl ; and the only dwelling-place 
 of the colonists upon the eastern shore, at the time 
 of this Assembly ; the seat, also, of opulence and 
 elegance at a period anterior to the American 
 Revolution ;' and represented in the Yirginia 
 
 piece of a mill-stone, the fragment of an oven-lid, and a few other 
 relics, may now be picked up. In the examination of these inte- 
 resting localities, I was kindly aided by several intelligent gen- 
 tlemen, especially by Doctor Samnel Harper, of Easton. 
 
 There was a court-house upon the island ; the first on the east 
 side of the Chesapeake. It stood, I am inclined to think, upon 
 the eastern part of the island. 
 
 The Matapeakes are the only Indians whose residence upon the 
 island, or whose name can be traced. They lived at one time 
 near Indian Spring ; and at another, in Matapax Neck. See my 
 paper presented to the Md. Hist. Society. 
 
 ^ The island, first of all, was under the jurisdiction of Virginia; 
 then the subject of contest between Lord Baltimore and Colonel 
 Clayborne ; subsequently annexed as a hundred to St. Mary's ; 
 and next erected into a county. At a later period, it belonged to 
 Talbot. But before the year 1695, it was again, though for a short 
 ^ime, erected into. a county. 
 
 ' See Eddis's Letters — an instructive, well-written volume — 
 where the reader will find an interesting sketch of a visit to the 
 island. 
 
46 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 House of Burgesses, before tlie settlement at St. 
 Mary's;' but, above all, distinguished as the first 
 focal point of Anglo-American civilization' within 
 the present boundaries of our State. 
 
 St. Mary's, which also had been purchased from 
 the Indians — how honorable to the memory of 
 those who took part in that transaction ! * — and 
 
 ^ " The Virginians," says Chalmers, " boasted, with their wonted 
 pride, that the colonists of Kent sent burgesses to their Assembly, 
 and were subjected to their jurisdiction, before Maryland had a 
 name." Nor was the boast without foundation. Their early 
 legislative journals (see Henning's Collection) show conclusively, 
 that the island was represented by Capt. Nicholas Martin. 
 
 ^ The date of the settlement cannot be accurately given. The 
 Rev, Ethan Allen supposes it was during the year 1G29. See 
 Allen's Maryland Toleration, p. 8. 
 
 ' The followinoj extract will show the manner in which Gover- 
 nor Calvort proceeded, soon after his arrival : — 
 
 '- To make his entry peaceable and safe, he thought fit to present 
 ye Werowance and Wisoes of the town (so they call ye chief men 
 of account among them), with some English cloth (such as is used 
 in trade with ye Indians), axes, hoes, and knives, which they 
 accepted very kindly, and freely gave consent to his company, 
 that he and they should dwell in one part of- their town, and 
 reserve the other for themselves : aM those Indians that dwelt in 
 that part of ye town which was allotted for ye English, freely left 
 them their houses and some corn that they had begun to plant. 
 
ST. MAEY'S. 47 
 
 which had borne the appellation . of Augusta- 
 CaroUna,^ included a territory of thirty miles, 
 extending towards the mouth of the Potomac, and 
 embracing the St. Mary's, which flows into that 
 river. Within this county was also the small city, 
 which had been founded upon the site an abori- 
 
 It was also agreed between them, that at ye end of ye harvest, 
 they should have ye whole town, which they did accordingly. 
 And they made mutual promises to each other to live peaceably 
 and friendly together ; and if any injury should happen to be 
 done, on any part, that satisfaction should be made for ye samej 
 and thus, on ye 27th day of March, A.D. 1C34, ye governor took 
 possession of ye place, and named ye town St. Maries. 
 
 " There was an occasion that much facilitated their treaty with 
 these Indians, which was this : the Susquehanocks (a warlike peo- 
 ple that inhabit between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did 
 usually make wars and incursions upon ye neighboring Indians, 
 partly for superiority, partly for to get their women, and what 
 other purchase they could meet with ; which the Indians of Yoa- 
 comaco fearing, had, ye year before our arrival there, made a 
 resolution, for their safety, to remove themselves higher into ye 
 country, where it was more populous, and many of them were 
 gone there when ye English arrived." See " A Relation of Mary- 
 land, 1G35." 
 
 ^ In lionor, we may suppose of King Charles. Augusta was not 
 borne by any member of the royal family ; nor was Caroline. The 
 former may be regarded as an adjective, or epithet. 
 
48 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 ginal village ; ^ and whicli, like the river upon 
 wliich it stood, derived its beautiful name from tlie 
 Blessed Virgin ; the chief star in a constellation of 
 little settlements and plantations ; and for a period 
 of about sixty years, the provincial capital of 
 Maryland — a city of which nothing now remains, 
 deserving the dignity of ruins, and a few relics only 
 are preserved — the records and everything belong- 
 ing to the government having long since been 
 removed to Annapolis — but a spot still consecrated 
 in the affections of the country — one which is 
 visited upon anniversary and other occasions by 
 the well-bred sons of Maryland, and to which 
 patriots of other States may look with pride and 
 pleasure — ^where also the pilgrim of the future, in 
 approaching the shrine already dedicated by the 
 voice of history, will ever rejoice to pour out his 
 feelings in exj^ressions of profound gratitude to 
 God. 
 
 The principle of compensation for services, it is 
 proper to state, was not adopted by the memor- 
 able Assembly of 1649. The only consideration 
 
 * Yacomico, 
 
BILL OF CHARGES. 49 
 
 allowed the representatives of the freemen, and 
 paid in their usual currency, was twenty-six pounds 
 of tobacco each day — a quantity equivalent to 
 seventy-eight pence in English, or a hundred and 
 fifty-six cents in American money — and intended 
 simply to cover the "cost of " their diet,'' and the 
 "loss of their time." One member, indeed, of the 
 Lower House received a consideration for service, 
 or " trouble ;" but three others only ten pounds of 
 tobacco, respectively. The whole "bill of 
 charges," so far, at least, as regards the burgesses, 
 was prepared with a special reference to the 
 exhausted state of the province. And we may 
 suppose, that some of them waived a part even of 
 their right to the little allowance. 
 
 The membei*s of our early provincial parlia- 
 ments, unlike some of their English prototypes, 
 generally, if not always, in entering the House 
 took off their hats. They also stood when they 
 addressed the chair. They seem, indeed, to have 
 been distinguished, for their sense of modesty ; and 
 for the strongest sentiments of respect and affec- 
 tion for the person of the proprietary. But they 
 lacked nothing of the spirit, or independence of 
 8 
 
60 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 freemen. They were not under the proprietary's 
 dictation. The legislative annals are full of strik- 
 ing and well-known illustrations of their manhood. 
 If proof were needed, the very letter addressed 
 him, by the Assembly of this year, and published 
 in Bozman's History, would be sufficient. 
 
 In the Hall of Edward the Confessor, a picture 
 has been presented of the primitive parliament, by 
 one of England's most accurate historians. The 
 Anglo-Saxon is giving his friendly explanations 
 of the Assembly to the ISiorwegian stranger. 
 "Haco," says he, "you well know how we call 
 this Assembly ?— A Micel getheaht^ ' or Great 
 tliought — a Witena-gemot, or Meeting of the Wise 
 — and at present it well deserves its name. Our 
 Redes-men^ or counsellors, the members of the 
 legislature, ponder much before they come 
 together, say little, and write less." ' May it not, 
 with a still greater truth, be affii-med, that our own 
 early law-givers were the representatives of a 
 great and sublime conception? And judging 
 
 ^ From the Anglo-Saxon word, <' micel ' ' (big), is derived our 
 English surname " MitchelP 
 ' Palgrave's History of the Anglo-Saxons, Preface, p. 25. 
 
THE WITENAGEMOT OP 1649. 51 
 
 from the number of wholesome laws enacted in 
 164:9, as well as the shortness of their session (for 
 it did not include twentj^five days), it would 
 seem, the Assembly-men of this year were cer- 
 tainly not very fond of talking or speech-making. 
 It appears also, that some of them, like our Saxon 
 forefathers,' could neither read nor write. It can 
 be proved from the records, that two of them, at 
 least, were in the habit of making a signet mark." 
 But did they not leave a mark also upon the coun- 
 try, and upon the world ? In depth and earnest- 
 
 * *• I hear," says the Anglo-Saxon, " that amongst the French 
 they designate such assemblies as ours by the name of a * collo- 
 quium^'' or, as we should say, a ' talk- — which they render, in their 
 corrupted romance-jargon, by the word ^parlement;'' and should 
 our '■ Witena gemot,'' our ^ Micel-getheaht^'' ever cease to be a 
 'meeting of the wise,- or 'great-thought,' and become a ^ parle- 
 ment,'' or 'great-talk,' it will be worse for England than if a 
 myriad of your northern pirates were to ravish the land from sea 
 to sea." Palgrave, p. 26. 
 
 ^ Some even of the Anglo-Saxon kings made their mark. It is 
 doubtful if William the Conqueror could write. 
 
 ^ Col. John Price, of the upper, and Mr. John Maunsell, of the 
 lower House : the former a Protestant, the latter a Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
52 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 ness, iu real dignity and propriety, in profound 
 views of human nature, and in true legislative 
 wisdom, they were not a whit behind those earlier 
 law-givers, who bore the appellation of "The 
 "Wise," and wdiose bright renown has come down 
 to our own age. Tlie law^s of King Alfred, so 
 celebrated in the history of English jurisprudence, 
 do not excel the legislation of our own little 
 Assembly, during the dominion of the first pro- 
 prietary. The principle adopted by the Assembly 
 of this year, respecting the purchase of Indian 
 land-titles, has since been tested a thousand times; 
 and is now a prominent feature in the policy of 
 the federal government. But to the legislators of 
 1649, was it given, to discharge a much higher 
 task — to execute a much nobler mission — to inau- 
 gurate a much greater idea — an idea which had 
 existed in the bosom of the proprietary, and been 
 sanctioned by the earliest practice of the govern- 
 ment ; but yet awaited a formal confirmation from 
 the Roman Catholic and from the Protestant 
 planters of the province. The time, at length, 
 arrived for them also, to officiate at the altar of 
 religious freedom ; and to take their own rank 
 
THE NOBLE MISSION. 53 
 
 among the foremost spirits of tlie age. Near 
 the close of the session, within the range of abo- 
 riginal villages, and the blaze of Indian council 
 fires, thej took counsel, we may suppose, not only 
 of each other, but also of the true "Father of 
 Lights," and then, by a solemn act, they endorsed 
 that policy, which ever since has shed the bright- 
 est lustre upon the legislative annals of the 
 province. 
 
54 THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 CHAPTEK YIL 
 
 ''The Act concerning Religion." 
 
 The '' Act concerning Religion " (for that is the 
 the title of the law), has already been printed. 
 But it forms so important a Ihik in the chain of 
 this narrative, that its leading provisions should be 
 stated. The design was five-fold: — to guard by an 
 express penalty " the most sacred things ^ of God ;" 
 to inculcate the principle of religious decency and 
 order ; to establish, upon a firmer basis, the har- 
 mony alread}" existing between the colonists ; to 
 secure, in the fullest sense, freedom as well as pro- 
 tection to all believers in Christianity ; ^ and to 
 
 ' '• Sacrosancta " was used by the Latin fathers (see Andrews 
 and other authorities) for the most sacred things. And such I 
 take to be the sense intended in the writings of English- divines 
 and in state papers corresponding with the date of the charter. 
 In this I am confirmed also by the action of the provincial legis- 
 lature. 
 
 "^ Upon the Records of the High Provincial Court is preserved 
 
ACT CONCERNING RELIGION. 55 
 
 protect quiet disbelievers against every sort of 
 reproach, or ignominy. In determining the diffe- 
 rent lines and landmarks, a regard, of course, must 
 be had to the spirit of the charter, to the theolo- 
 gical notions of the age, and to the character of 
 the elements, which then composed the population 
 of the province. 
 
 a case ia which the prisoner, a Roman Catholic priest, vindicated 
 his right under this leading provision of the law. It is, in many 
 respects, a very interesting one, and sheds a great deal of light 
 upon the domestic, social, and religious history of this period. 
 The Act of 1C39 included, we have seen, the English and the 
 Roman Church. But the one of 1G49 practically gave to the term 
 " holy '' a much more comprehensive signification. 
 
 In Father Fitzherbert's case, the following are the proceedings 
 of the court, which was held at St. Leonard's Creek, " the 5th of 
 October" o. s. a.d. 1658. Present— Gov. Fendall ; Philip Cal- 
 vert, Esq., Col. Utye, Capt. Stone, and Messrs. Job Chandler and 
 Baker Brooke. 
 
 " An information of his lordship's attorney against Francis Fitzherbert, for 
 practising of treason and sedition, and giving out rebellious and mutinous 
 speeches, in this his lordship's province of Maryland, and endeavouring, as far 
 as in him lay, to raise distraction and disturbances in this his lordship's said 
 province. 
 
 " 1. Francis Fitzherbert did, on ye 24th of August, 165S, traitorously and sedi- 
 tiously, at a general meeting in arms of the people of the upper parts of Patuxent 
 River, to muster, endeavour to seduce, and draw from their religion, the inhabi- 
 tante there met together. 
 
56 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 1. The proprietary had the right upon all doubt- 
 ful points, to construe the charter in that manner 
 which was most favorable to himself. But no 
 interpretation was allowed inconsistent with the 
 '' Sacrosancta Dei^'' and the " Vera Christiana 
 Religio " — the former, doubtless, implying a pro- 
 hibition of the most wicked kind of hlasphemy^ as 
 
 " 2. He did use the same traitorous and rebellious practice at Newtown on the 
 80th of August, 1658, the people being met together for ye end aforesaid. 
 
 " 3. That, by these his traitorous and seditious practices, be hath caused several 
 inhabitants of this province to refuse to appear at musters ; that they shall 
 thereby be incapable of defending the peace and liberty of ye inhabitants of 
 this his lordship's province, against the attempt of foreign or homebred 
 enemies. 
 
 •'4. That he hath rebelliously and mutinously said, that if Thos, Gerrard, 
 Esq. (of the council), did not come and bring his wife and children to his church, 
 he would come and force them to the church, contrary to a known Act of 
 Assembly in this province. 
 
 " Rt. Honourable — Since I writ my last to you, I have received a message 
 from Mrs. Gerrard, which is th^ Mr. Fitaherbert hath threatened excommuni- 
 cation to Mr. Gerrard, because he doth not bring to his church his wife and 
 children. And further, Mr. Fitzherbert saith, that he hath written home to ye 
 head of the Church in England, and that if it be their judgments to have it so 
 he will come with a party and compel them. My lord, this I offer to your 
 lordship, as Mrs. Gerrard's relation, who I think would not offer to report any 
 such thing if it were not so. And, my lord, I thank God, ye govei-nment of ye 
 country is now in your officers' hands. But I think (and I have good grounds 
 to think so) that it will not long continue there if such things be not remedied. 
 I told Mr. Fitzherbert of it, about a year since in private, and also that such 
 things were against the law of ye country. Yet his answer was, that he must b« 
 
ACT CONCERNING RELIGION. 57 
 
 well as the desecration of the most holy institu- 
 tions ; the latter defining or bounding the pledge of 
 religious freedom to the Roman Catholic by secur- 
 ing the same liberty for the English churchman. 
 And there cannot be reasonable doubt, that among 
 statesmen as well as ecclesiastics, two centuries 
 ago, the Lord's Day and the Trinity (or funda- 
 
 directed by his conscience mor^than by the law of any country. I do not, my 
 lord, thrust myself upon any business of quarrel ; but it is peace and quietness 
 I desire. And I hope your lordship hath no other cause but to wish the same. 
 And so I refer the consideration of it to you ; and remain your lordship's most 
 faithful servant to command, — Hen : Coorsey. 
 
 " Thos. Gerrard, Esq., saith upon oath, that having conference with Mr. 
 Fitzherbert, as they were walking in the woods, and in his own orchard, touch- 
 ing ye bringing his children to the Roman Catholic Church, he gave Mr. Fitz- 
 herbert reasons why it was not safe for himself and this deponent. And the 
 said Mr. Fitzherbert told his deponent that he would compel and force them, 
 And likewise, he said, that he would excommunicate him; for he would make 
 him know that he had to do with ye bringing up of his children and his estate. 
 
 '• The deposition of Robt. Slye, aged 30 years, or thereabouts, sworn and 
 examined in open court, saith : — That some time in or about July or August in 
 the year 1656, Mr. Fitzherbert being then at this deponent's house, this deponent 
 desired Mr. Fitzherbert to inform him who it was that had scandalously and 
 falsely accused him of beating his Irish servants, because they refused to be 
 of the same religion of him, the said deponent. Which request Mr. Fitzherbert 
 refused to grant, saying that he did believe the report to be false ; and therefore 
 desired him, this deponent, not farther to urge him in that business, for he 
 ■would not, and could not, disclose the author thereof. Mr. Fitzherbert told ye 
 said deponent that Mr. Gerrard had also beaten an Irish servant of his like- 
 wise, because she refused to be a Protestant, or go to prayer witli those of his 
 
 3* 
 
58 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 mental article of revealed religion) were two of the 
 " 7nost sacred''^ things of God. This fact accounts 
 for the penalty against those who wei-e guilty of 
 violating the sanctity of the ''Sabbath;" or of 
 "cursing" God, that is denying the great doctrine 
 of the Athanasian creed. 
 
 2. A history is not an argument. In any other 
 
 family that were so. To which the said deponent replied, that that story was 
 like the other (or words to yt purpose) ; from which discourse likewise we fell 
 to other relating to Mr. Gerrard and the children. Mr. Fitzherbert told him, 
 the said deponent, that Mr. Gerrard, although he professed himself a Roman 
 Gatholic, yet his life and conversation was not agreeable to his profession. The 
 said deponent asked him his reason. Mr. Fitzherbert answered, because he 
 brought not his wife and children to the Roman Catholic Church. Moreover, 
 he told him, the said deponent, that ,if Mr. Gerrard would not bring his 
 children to his church he would force and compel him thereunto, if he 
 were the same in reality, that he pretended himself to be. Moreover, that if 
 Mr. Gerrard's life and conversation was not otherwise for the future than what 
 it had been formerly, he would draw his sword against him, if he made choice of 
 him for his father confessor, or to that effect. By the word sword this deponent 
 understood, that he meant the censure of ye church. But this deponent under- 
 stood not what he meant by the words force or compel. Mr. Fitzherbert told 
 this deponent further, that if Mr. Gerrard brought not his children freely to his 
 church, nor educated them in the principles of the Romish religion, he would 
 lake such a course that he would undertake their education in Mr. Gerrard's 
 own house, whether Mr. Gerrard would give way thereunto or no. This depo- 
 nent advised Mr. Fitzherbert to forbear to proceed according to such resolution. 
 Whereupon, after long arguing about this business, Mr. Fitzherbert told the 
 said deponent that if he would tell him his opinion, what it were best to do in 
 relation to Mr. Gerrard, liis wife, and children; and he, the said Mr, Fitzher- 
 
FATHER FITZHERBERT S CASE. 59 
 
 place, a dispute indeed upon a question of religious 
 decency would be quite as useless as one upon a 
 point of taste. But the world, eitlier Roman 
 Catholic or Protestant, is hardly yet so wise as to 
 be prepared to condemn Lord Baltimore and the 
 Assembly of Maryland for the imposition of a fine 
 of five pounds upon the man who should dare to 
 
 bert, promised him to follow his counsel. This deponent advised him not to 
 disturb Mrs. Gerrard nor her children, in relation to their religion, or words to 
 yt effect, as the deponent hath declared. And further saith not. 
 
 "Henry Keine, sworn in open court, raaketh oath, that he went to Mrs. 
 Brooke's house upon a summons to a muster, the 24th of July last, when 
 Mr. Fitzherbert made a sermon. And Mr. Fitzherbert, coming forth, 
 demanded of them how they hked his doctrine. And further, ye said Mr. Fitz- 
 herbert said, if any would give him leave to be in their house, he would now 
 and then come and give them a sermon. And, if he could get leave of the 
 governor, he would preach at the court-house. That night, or the next day, 
 Richard Games, turning Catholic, came home, and brought two books with him, 
 which he said Mr. Fitzherbert gave him. And further saith not. 
 
 " John Grammer maketh oath, that he was present at the muster at Mrs. 
 Brooke's house, at the ^ame time. And there he heard a declaration, or 
 sermon, by Mr. Fitzherbert, not expecting any. And after sermon Mr. Fitzher- 
 bert said, that if the people in this river would hear him he would come now and 
 then and give them a sermon. lie asked them how they liked his doctrino. 
 But he lieard nobody make answer to him. The next day being Sunday, this 
 deponent and his wife, going to Mrs. Brooke, he met there Mr. Fiizheibert, who 
 asked him again how he liked his sermon. AVho answered, y; :;ouie filings he 
 liked, and other some he did not like. Mr. Fitzherbert lin n nsked him what 
 those things were he did not like ? and walked out wiih ti,is (J..i».iii.'nt, when 
 they had a quarter of an hour's discourse. Ami in discomx^ lie ^.mvc liitn, this 
 
60 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 speak reproachfully of "The Blessed Virgin," or 
 of the heroic evangelists and apostolic martyrs of 
 the primitive church. 
 
 S. There is a striking diiference between reli- 
 gious uniformity and social harmony. And it was 
 an object of the law to tolerate the want of the 
 one, and to promote the growth of the other. In 
 this particular, it was but the development of the 
 policy which had been adopted under the first 
 governor's administration. Bounded by the pre- 
 ceding explanations, the law throughout breathes 
 the spirit of peace and charity as well as harmony. 
 
 4. Freedom, in the fullest sense, was secured to 
 all believers in Christianity ; to Homan Catholics 
 and Protestants ; to Episcopalians and Puritans ; to 
 Calvinists and Arminians ; and to Christians of 
 
 deponent, indifferent good satisfaction — his memory bging but wealc on Scrip- 
 ture. And in conclusion of the discourse, Captain Thos. Brooke came and 
 called ye said Mr. Fitzherbert in to dinner. And (whether after dinner or 
 before he remembereth not) he gave him a little catechism book, desiring him to 
 read it; bidding him, after he had read yt book, call to Richard Games for 
 another book. And further saith not." See Lib. S. 1653 to 1662. Judgments 
 pp. 102-105. 
 
 Oil page 1082 is the following : — 
 
 " Then was put an information against Francis Fitzherbert, by liis Lordship's 
 attorney-general, folio 102. 
 
ACT CONCEKNING RELIGION. CI 
 
 every otlier name coming within the meaning of 
 the Assembly. A Christian was a believer in Jesus 
 Christ. The belief in Christ was synonymous with 
 a faith in his divinity. And the recognition of 
 his God-head, was equivalent (such is the clear 
 intention of the Act) to a confession of that 
 article in the apostolic creed, which teaches the 
 great doctrine of the Trinity. The act of the 
 Assembly also fully explains the oath which had 
 been imposed upon the governor, and the privy 
 counsellors. And the believer enjoyed not only a 
 freedom but also a protection. He who " troubled, 
 molested, or discountenanced " him, was, according 
 to the law, fined for his ofFeuce. 
 
 5. From the language of the Act, as well as the 
 subsequent practice of the government, it is evi- 
 
 " To which Francis Fitzherbert demurred in law : 
 
 " 1. Neither denying or confessing the matter here objected, since by the 
 very first law of this country, Holy Church, within this province, shall have 
 and enjoy all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and without blemish, 
 amongst which that of preacliing and teaching is not the least. Neither 
 imports it what church is there meant; since, by tiie true intent of the Act 
 concerning religion, every church professing to believe in God the Father, Son, 
 and Holy Ghost, is accounted Holy Church here. 
 
 "2. Because, by the act entitled An Act Concerning Religion, it is provided 
 that no per.-ion whaisoever professing to believe in .Tesns Christ shall be molested 
 
62 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 dent that tlie quiet disbeliever also was protected. 
 A case can easily be given. But it is enough 
 for the reader to look at that section of the law, 
 which forbids the application, in a reproachful 
 sense, to " any person or persons whatsoever," of 
 any " name or term " " relating to matter of reli- 
 gion." 
 
 The Act, it will be observed, covers a very broad 
 ground. It is true, it did not embrace every class 
 of subsequent religionists. A Jew, without peril to 
 his life, could not call the Saviour of the w^orld 
 a " magician," or a " necromancer. A Quaker, 
 under the order of the government, was required 
 to take off his hat in coiirt, or go immediately to 
 the whipping-post. The Mormon, who dignifies 
 polygamy with the notion of a sacrament, who 
 disseminates the gospel in the propagation of his 
 
 for or in respect of his or her religion, or the free exercise thereof. And 
 undoubtedly preaching and teaching is the free exercise of every churchman's 
 religion. And upon this I crave judgment. 
 
 " To the first and second point in the information put against the said Francis 
 Fitzherbert the demurrer is allowed. The third point depends upon the two 
 first, and is dis-allowed. 
 
 " The opinion of the Board is, that it is neither rebellion nor mutiny to utter 
 Buch words as alleged in the 4th article, if it were proved." See Lib. S. 1658 to 
 1662, Judirment?, p. 10P2. 
 
CASE OF THE QUAKERS. (jd 
 
 species, would not have been allowed, we may 
 suppose, to many more than one woman. But as 
 early as 1659, a well-known non-believer in the 
 Trinity lived here, transacted his business, and 
 instituted without objection his suits in the civil 
 courts; nor were the Jewish disabilities entirely 
 removed, till a period long after the American 
 Revolution ; and this feature of the law, all 
 things considered, was not more of a reproach 
 to the legislators of 1649 than the constitution 
 of tlie State to the reformers of 1774. We have 
 no evidence, indeed, that any Quakers were in 
 Maryland, at the passage of the law ; and when 
 they came, their case was misunderstood ; for the 
 dislike toward them arose from their supposed 
 want of respect for the constituted authorities, and 
 their refusal to take the oath of submission. A 
 constitutional difficulty might also readily occur to 
 any one, as it certainly did to the proprietary, who 
 was bound l)y the charter to maintain the funda- 
 mental principles of Anglo-Saxon law, which had 
 always regarded the instrumentality of the oath in 
 the administration of practical justice, as the cor- 
 ner-stone of a system. But every disposition was 
 
64: TIIE DAY-STAE. 
 
 manifested to render them comfortable. And tliej 
 soon became a flonrisbing and influential denomi- 
 nation. ISTotwitbstanding the imperfection wliich 
 ever marks buman legislation, it is wonderful to 
 tbink bow far our ancestors went in tbe marcli of 
 religious freedom. Tbe earliest policy of Mary- 
 land was in striking contrast witb tbat of every 
 otber colony. Tbe toleration, wliicb prevailed 
 from the first, and fifteen years later was formally 
 ratified by tbe voice of tbe people, must, therefore, 
 be regarded as tbe living embodiment of a great 
 idea ; tbe introduction of a new element into tbe 
 civilization of Anglo-American humanity ; tbe 
 beginning of another movejnent in tbe progress of 
 the buman mind.^ 
 
 * Toleration, in the widest sense, or in the most strictly logical 
 acceptation, exists only in a State founded upon naked atheism. 
 The history of the whole of Western Christendom (I speak of 
 Europe), for a period of many centuries, exhibits but the perpetual 
 struggle between the Church and the State, arising from the some- 
 times quiet, but always uniform tendency of the one to absorb the 
 other. The conflict is illustrated in the most striking manner, by 
 glancing at the jurisdiction constantly claimed and denied over the 
 important institution of marriage. The interesting case of the 
 
LUMBROZO, THE JEW. 65 
 
 Rev. Wm. Wilkinson (for Mormonism I am unwilling to touch), will 
 be given from our records, in a further part of this volume. 
 
 With regard to the Quakers, it may be proper to add, that, 
 while I do not assert there never was a practical case of whipping, 
 I can sincerely say 1 have never met with any. I am clearly of 
 the opinion that some of our writers have indulged in very great 
 exaggeration. As early as Fox's visit, many Quakers were here. 
 The speaker of the Assembly attended his meeting. Judges of the 
 county courts, wives of privy counsellors, and a large number of 
 the most prominent colonists became his disciples. The general 
 spirit of the proprietary's government cannot be mistaken. No 
 principle in history is better settled. And I cannot, therefore, so 
 easily or readily regard the case of the Quakers in the light of a 
 practical anomaly. See Fox's Journal — a very interesting book — 
 and the next chapter of this volume. 
 
 y la the text, I have referred to Dr. Lumbrozo, the well-known 
 Jew (for he seems to have observed no secrecy), who lived some 
 time in Maryland, without rebuke from the government, in the 
 usual exercise of his calling, and of the right to institute actions 
 in the Civil Court. We cannot doubt he was also allowed the 
 quiet enjoymi nt of his religion. But he was accused of blas- 
 pliemy ; and although he fortunately escaped a trial, in conse- 
 quence of the pardon accompanying the proclamation in favor 
 of Richard, the son of the lord protector— a proclamation 
 which was issued but a few days after the accusation — the 
 case is one which was instituted under the Act of 1649 ; and 
 I, therefore, give the proceeding as it occurs upon the Records 
 of the Provincial Court, Lib. S. 1C58 to 1662, Judgments, pp. 
 159-160 
 
66 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 "At a Provincial Court, held at St. Mary's on Wednesday, this 23d February, 
 1658. 
 
 "Present — Joslas Fendall, Esq., Governor ; Philip Calvert, Esq., Secretary; 
 Mr. Robert Clarke ; Mr. Baker Brooke ; Dr. Luke Barber. 
 
 " Was called afore the Board, Jacob Lumbrozo, and charged by his Lordsliip's 
 Attorney for uttering words of blasphemy against our Blessed Saviour, Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 " The deposition of John Hoflfsett, aged 4-t years, or thereabouts, sayeth this 
 19th day of February, 1658 :— 
 
 "That, about half a year since, this deponent being at ye house of Mr. 
 Richard Preston, and there meeting with Jacob Lumbrozo, he, this deponent, 
 and the said Lumbrozo falling into discourse concerning our Blessed Saviour, 
 Christ, his resuri-ection, telling ye said Lumbrozo that he was more than man, 
 as did appear by his resurrection. To which the said Lumbrozo answered, that 
 his disciples stole him away. Then this deponent replied, yt no man ever did 
 such miracles as he. To which ye said Lumbrozo answered, that such works 
 might be done by necromancy or sorcery, or words to that purpose. And this 
 deponent replied to ye said Lumbrozo, yt he supposed yt ye said Lumbrozo 
 took Christ to be a necromancer. To which ye said Lumbrozo answered nothing, 
 but laughed. And further this deponent sayeth not. 
 
 " Jurat die et anno supradict. cor. me, 
 
 " Henry Coursey. 
 
 " I, Richard Preston, Jr., do testify yt, about June or July last past, coming 
 from Thomas Thomas's, in company with Josias Cole and ye Jew Doctor, known 
 by ye name of Jacob Lumbrozo, the said Josias Cole asked ye said Lumbrozo, 
 whether ye Jews did look for a Messias ? And ye said Lumbrozo answered, j'-es. 
 Then ye said Cole asked him, what He was that was crucified at Jerusalem ? 
 And ye said Lumbrozo answered, He was a man. Then ys said Cole asked hira, 
 how He did do all His miracles? And ye said Lumbrozo answered. He did 
 them by ye Art Magic. Then ye said Cole asked him, how His disciples did do 
 ye same miracles, after He was crucified ? And ye said Lumbrozo answered, 
 that He tauglit them His art. And further saith not. 
 
LUMBEOZO. 67 
 
 "This was declared before me, as in the presence of God, that it is true, this 
 21st of February, 165S. Henry Cocrsey. 
 
 " Tlie said Lumbrozo saith, that he had some talli with those persons, and 
 willed by them to declare his opinion, and by his profession, a Jew, he answered 
 to some particular demands then urged. And as to that of miracles done by 
 art magic, he declared what remains written concerning Moses and ye Magi- 
 cians of Egypt. But said not anything scoflSngly, or in derogation of Ilim 
 Christians acknowledge for their Messias. 
 
 " It is ordered, that ye said Lumbrozo remain in ye Sheriff's custody, until he 
 put in security, body for body, to make answer to what shall be laid to his 
 charge concerning those blasphemous words and speeches, at ye next Provin- 
 cial Court; and yt the persons be then present to testify, viva voce, in Court. 
 
 ^^ Mittimus.— To ye SherifiF of St. Mary's County, according to the order 
 Sujyradict." 
 
 N.B.— The reader will observe, that Ri. Preston, a Quaker, simply declares. 
 
68 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 CHAPTEK YIII. 
 
 The influence of the Legislation of 1649 upon the Colonization 
 of Maryland — Arrival of Families — Foundation of Settle- 
 ments. Erection of Counties. 
 
 The liberal policy of Maryland could not fail to 
 attract tlie attention of the otlier Anglo-American 
 colonies. The Puritans upon the James and upon 
 tlie Elizabeth, having, in consequence of their non- 
 conformity^ been ordered to leave Yirginia, soon 
 found an asylum here, and during the latter part 
 of 1649, and the beginning of 1650, founded (under 
 the patronage, it is supposed, of Governor Stone) 
 several settlements at Greenberry's Point, and 
 upon the Severn^ — the whole body consisting of 
 
 ^ It is generally believed that the first settlement of the Puri- 
 tans was at the point where the city of Annapolis stands ; and that 
 the foundation of that city was laid almost immediately after 
 their arrival. I can only say, there is no recorded evidence 
 within my knowledge, of the facts. The earliest settlement which 
 I can discover (the one of 1649) was at Greenberry's Point, a 
 
GREENBERRY's point AKD the SEVERN. 
 
 more than one hundred persons, distinguished not 
 less for their intelligence than for the fervor of 
 their religious feelings, and for the stubbornness of 
 tlieir wills — destined, also, at no distant period, to 
 take a very consj)icuous part in the aifairs of the 
 province. One of them was the ancestor of the 
 extinct Bennetts of Bennett's Point in Queen 
 Anne's ;' the descent of the Lloyds of Wye House, 
 is derived from a second ; ^ and a third was the 
 
 peninsula of the Chesapeake, a little below the mouth of the 
 Severn. My belief is, that Annapolis was not founded till many 
 years later. But at Greenberry's Point a town was laid out the 
 very first year of the settlement there ; and the tract running 
 down to the point, and now in the possession of Capt. Taylor, was 
 originally called Town Neck, as the history of the land-title will 
 clearly show. See also my Historical Letter in the summer of 
 1854, to Mr. Ch. Justice Le Grand, upon the files of the Baltimore 
 American^ of the New York Churchman, and, if I mistake not, 
 of other newspapers. 
 
 ^ Richard, whose tombstone is still preserved at Bennett's Point, 
 the largest landholder of the province, and to whom tradition has 
 uniformly given the prefix of *• Squire," was the grandson of the 
 Richard, who, soon after the settlement at Greenberry's Point, 
 returned to Virginia, and became the governor of that colony. 
 
 ' Edward, who came from Virginia, was many years a privy 
 councillor of Maryland, but died at an advanced age, in the city 
 of London. James, a descendant of the privy councillor, was the 
 
70 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 progenitor of the Marshes of Kent Island, now 
 represented/ through a female line, by the For- 
 mans of Rose Hill and of Clover Fields, and by 
 several other distinguished families of the Eastern 
 shore. Two of them, James Cox and George 
 Puddington, represented Anne Arundel at St. 
 Mary's, in the legislature of 1650 ; the former 
 being elected the speaker of that assembly. And 
 they both signed the celebrated Declaration setting 
 forth the " fitting and convenient freedom " which 
 Protestants enjoyed, in the "exercise," of their 
 religion, under the government of the Roman 
 Catholic proprietary.'* The name of the Puritan 
 -speaker is the very first upon the list of signers. 
 
 ancestor of the- family of Nichols, now residing at Derby, in Kent 
 county. The Tilghmans also are descendants, through another 
 female line, of the Hon. Edw. Lloyd, the emigrant. 
 
 ^ Capt. Marsh, of Kent Island, with a residence also at Chester- 
 town, and the fourth in the direct line from the Hon. Thomas 
 Marsh inclusive, died, at an advanced age, during the early stage 
 of the American Revolution. Each generation was represented 
 by one gentleman only ; and they all bore the name of Thomas, 
 still perpetuated in the Rose Hill branch. The captain was the 
 last of the male line The first Thomas held a seat in the council. 
 
 ' In Langford's " Refutation " of Leonard Strong's " Babylon's 
 
SOUTH EIVER. 
 
 71 
 
 The settlement also upon South Elver was an 
 interesting one. It was founded in 1650 ; and con- 
 sisted chiefly of Puritans of a milder type than 
 
 Fall," and in Bozman's Maryland (see vol. 2, pp. 672-673), we 
 have this important document. 
 
 DECLARATION. 
 
 " The declaration and certificate of William Stone, Esquire, lieutenant of the 
 Province of Maryland, by commission from the right honorable the Lord Bal- 
 timore, Lord Proprietary thereof, and of Captain John Price, Mr. Thomas 
 Hatton, and Captain Robert Vaughan, of his .said Lordship's Council there, and 
 of divers of the Burgesses now met in the Assembly there, and other Protes- 
 tant inhabitants of the said Province, made the 17th day of April, Anno Dom., 
 one thousand, six hundred and fifty. 
 
 "TVe the said Lieutenant, Council, Burgesses, and other Protestant inhabi- 
 tants above mentioned, whose names are hereunto subscribed, do declare and 
 certify to all persons whom it may concern. That, according to an act of 
 Assembly here, and several other strict injunctions and declarations by his 
 said Lordship for that purpose made and provided, we do here enjoy all fitting 
 and convenient freedom and liberty in the exercise of our religion, under his 
 Lordship's government and interest; And that none of us are anyways troubled 
 or molested, for or by reason thereof, within his Lordship's said province. 
 
 James Cox, 
 Tho. Steerman, 
 John Hatche, 
 George Puddington, 
 Robert Robines, 
 Walter Bain, 
 William Brough, 
 Franoia Poesy. 
 ♦William Durand 
 Anthony Rawlina 
 Thomas Maydwell 
 
 y^urgesiea. 
 
 William Stone, Governor. 
 Jo. Price, '\ 
 
 Robert Vaughan, ^ Council. 
 Tho. Hatton, ) 
 
 J^ole.—Th&t James Cox and George 
 Puddington were then Burgesses for the 
 people at Ann Arundell. 
 
 * ^ote.— That this Is the aamo man 
 who attests Mr. Strong's pamphlet be- 
 fore mentioned, 
 
72 
 
 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 those upon the Severn, and of Anglo-Catholies 
 from England. One of the most prominent colonists 
 upon this river was the Hon. Wm. Burgess, who 
 bore the arms ' of the family at Truro, in Cornwall 
 ((?r, a fesse chequy^ or and gules^ in chief three 
 crosses-crosslet-Jltchee of the last), but sustained a 
 very near relationship to the Burgesses of Marl- 
 borough in "Wilts, and whose daughter was the 
 
 Marke Bloomfield 
 Thomas Bushell 
 William Hungei'ford 
 William Stumpson 
 Thomas Dinyard 
 John Grinsdith 
 William Edwin 
 Richard Browne 
 William Pell 
 William Warren 
 Edward Williams 
 Raph Beane 
 John Slingsby 
 James Morphen 
 Francis Martin 
 John Walker 
 Stanhop Roberts 
 William Browne 
 John Halfehead 
 William Hardwick 
 
 * An impression from his 
 
 Elias Beech 
 George Sawyer 
 William Edia 
 John Gage 
 Robert Ward 
 William Marshall 
 Richard Smith 
 Arthur Turner 
 William Hawley 
 William Smoot 
 John Sturman 
 John Nichols 
 Hugh Crage 
 George Whitacre 
 Daniel Clocker 
 John Perin 
 Patrick Forrest 
 George Beckwlth 
 Thomas Warr 
 Walter Waterling ." 
 
 seal is still preserved. 
 
 y 
 
SETTLEMENT UPON SOUTH RIYER. 73 
 
 wife of Lord Cbas. Baltimore's step-son. About 
 1680, he founded the once little flourishing, but 
 now extinct, town of London. From this town's 
 successful rivalship with Annapolis, during the first 
 few years; from the antiquity of the South River 
 Club (the oldest probably on the continent) ; and 
 from the superior style of the monumental inscrip- 
 tions at the parish church and upon the planta- 
 tions ; I infer, the settlement, in point of intellec- 
 tual culture and refinement, upon this river, was 
 in advance of the one upon the other. Of all the 
 provincial governors, whose tombstones are pre- 
 served, or I have been fortunate enough, at least, to 
 find. Col. Burgess is the one whose epitaph is the 
 oldest ' 
 
 » EPITAPH. 
 Here lyeth ye body of "W. Surges, 
 Esq., who departed this life on ye 
 
 24 day of Janu., 1686 ; 
 Aged about 64 years ; leaving his 
 Dear beloved wife Ursula, and eleven 
 Children ; viz. seven sons and four daughters, 
 And eight grand children. 
 
 In his life-time, he was a Member of 
 His Lordship's Council of State : one 
 4 
 
74 
 
 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 Twenty miles from the mouth of the Patuxent, 
 during the same year (1650), a Protestant settlement 
 (probably Anglo-Catholic) was founded by Kobert 
 Brooke, from England; consisting originally of 
 forty persons — their names are still preserved' — 
 
 Of his Lordship's Deputy-Governors 5 
 
 A Justice of ye High Provincial Court ; 
 
 Colon, of a regiment of ye Trained Bands ; 
 
 And sometimes General* of all ye 
 
 Military Forces of this Province. 
 
 His loving wife Ursula, his Executrix, 
 
 In testimony of her true respect, 
 
 And due regard to the worthy 
 
 Deserts of her dear deceased 
 
 Husband, hath erected this Monument. 
 ' '•' The names of people come out of England, and arrived in 
 Maryland, June 30, 1C50, at the cost and charge of Robert 
 Brooke, Esq. 
 
 Robt. Brooke Thomas Brooke 
 
 Mary his wife ; Charles Brooke 
 
 His children Roger Brooke 
 
 Baker Brooke Robt. Brooke 
 
 John Brook- 
 Wm. Brooke 
 Francis Brooke 
 Mary Brooke 
 Anna Brooke. 
 
 Marke Lovely 
 Marke King 
 
 en-Seryants 
 Wm. Bradney 
 Phil. Harwood 
 
 Rich. Robinson. 
 Anthony Kitchin 
 
SETTLEMENT UPON THE PATUXENT. 
 
 75 
 
 and including his own very large family, now 
 represented by the Brookes of Brooke-Grove in 
 Montgomery, and by a vast number of descendants 
 in Prince George's, and in other counties of the 
 western shore. One of his representatives, through 
 a female line, is Eoger Brooke Taney, the present 
 chief justice of the United States. The settlement 
 was erected into a county, under the name of 
 Charles ; and one of Mr. Brooke's sons created 
 lord of the manor, ^ which formed the chief seat 
 of the little colony. Under a commission from 
 the proprietary, Mr, Brooke was the first com- 
 mander of the county. He also held a seat in the 
 
 Wm. Jones 
 John Clifford 
 James Leigh 
 Benjamin Hammond 
 Robt. Sheale 
 
 Thos. Joyce 
 Kenry Peere 
 Thomas Elstone 
 Edward Cooke 
 Ambrose Brie:jjs 
 
 Robt. Hooper 
 Wm. Hinson 
 John Boocock 
 David Brown ] 
 Henry Robinson. 
 
 Maid-Servaxts. 
 
 Anne Marshall 
 Katherine Fisher 
 Elizabeth Williamson 
 Margaritc Watts. 
 
 Abigael Mountague 
 Eleanor Williams 
 Agnes Neale 
 
 Forty persons. 
 
 Land Records, Lib. No. I. pp. 165, 166. 
 The name of the manor was Be la Brooke. 
 
76 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 privy council ; and, at a little later period, but 
 during the ascendency of the Puritans, was elevated 
 to the post of president — an office analogous to that 
 of lieutenant-general, or governor. 
 
 The mild and gentle Friend also came-— 
 ■unkindly treated, it is said, at first — the rea- 
 sons have been suggested— but in due course 
 of time, much better understood, and saving a 
 single exception (the one relating to the oath'), 
 made joyful and happy, in a religious and in 
 every other particular. Fox, himself, appeared — 
 the chief of the Quakers — a great reformer — 
 a man of rude, but powerful eloquence, and 
 whose fame had preceded his mission to the 
 'New World — travelling with an energy almost 
 incredible over various parts of the continent, 
 through forests and thickets, through deep marshes 
 and dangerous bogs — crossing rivers and bays in 
 caribes — and sleeping in the open woods by a fire 
 — preaching at the cliffs of the Patuxent, and upon 
 the banks of the Severn, upon the Choptank and 
 
 * Even from the statements and few extracts in Kidgely's excel- 
 lent Annals, it is quite evident, that the constitutional question 
 (ante, p. 63) was mooted, at an early day. 
 
THE QUAKERS. 77 
 
 elsewhere, to Indians and crowds of colonists^ — • 
 speaking before aboriginal kings, and leading 
 emigrants from tlie old world — giving utterance to 
 the Spirit, in words of fire and with all the appa- 
 rent life of an apostle — thus promoting the growth 
 of a denomination whicli soon absorbed a large 
 number of the Puritans,"^ and embraced many of 
 the most respectable and some of the most distin- 
 guished families of the province. In 1672, exclu- 
 sive of Fox, there w^ere at least seven ministers of 
 the Society of Friends in Maryland ! The names 
 are all of them still known.^ 
 
 ^ 5 ox's " Journal.'' 
 
 ^ The cliffs of Calvert, the banks of West River, and the Chop- 
 tank, were, it seems, the early rallying-points of this denomination. 
 And while some of the Puritans sympathized with Episcopacy, a 
 large number embraced the faith of the great preacher. The 
 Prestons, the Sharpes, the Thomases, and many others, might be 
 cited. The Pichardsons also of West River — originally, it is 
 supposed, of the Puritan type — became prominent Quakers ; and 
 the prevalence of Fox's doctrines is evident from the preservation 
 of the wills (to omit other proof) containing contributions to the 
 fund for the support of the body, and bearing the strongly-marked 
 phraseology, for which the Friends have always been noted. 
 
 ^ An island of the Chesapeake, near the mouth of the Choptank 
 perpetuates the name of a well-known Quaker. It was originally 
 
78 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 Flying from discontent, from tm'moil, and 
 misery, some of tlie Swedes^ and of the Dutch, 
 
 called Clayborne's. For there the founder of the Kent Island 
 colony, we may presume, established a trading-post, lilie the one 
 upon Palmer's, now Watson's ; or perhaps planted a small settle- 
 ment, as he also did, as early as 1636, through the agency of his 
 "cousin," Ri. Thompson, upon Poplar, still nearer Kent Island. 
 But Sharpe's Island was held by Doct. Peter Sharpe, for some 
 time before 1672, or the year of Fox's appearance. " I give," 
 says the Doctor (see his will of 1672, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, 
 p. 496), " to Friends in ye ministry, viz. Alice Gary, William Cole, 
 and Sarah Mash " (intended doubtless for Mrs. Marsh, the widow 
 of the Hon. Thos. Marsh), '* if then in being 5 Winlock Christeson 
 and his wife ; John Burnett, and Daniel Gould ; in money or 
 goods, at the choice of my executors, forty shillings' worth 
 apiece ; also for a perpetual standing, a horse, for the use of 
 Friends in ye ministry, and to be placed at the conveftient place 
 for their use." There is also other evidence in the will, that Doct. 
 Sharpe was a Friend. But writers as respectable as Kilty (see 
 " Land-holder's-Assistant," p. 88) are so horror-struck at the 
 ''indignities" with which the " strangers" were treated, that they 
 do not even admit the probability, that the testator of 1G72 was a 
 disciple of Fox. Nor are they in the least aware of the early and 
 extensive spread of the Quakers in Maryland. 
 
 ^ The settlement and subsequent fate of the Swedes suggest a 
 subject for one of the saddest, yet sweetest chapters, in the history 
 of American colonization. Planted upon the Delaware, under the 
 auspices of a crown distinguished for its noble qualities ; but 
 overlaid, if not crushed, in the infancy of the colony, by the supe- 
 
THE SWEDES AND DUTCH. 79 
 
 wlio had founded the respective settlements upon 
 the Delaware, received a glad and joyful welcome. 
 
 rior numbers, first of the Dutch, and thea of the English ; they 
 still retained, in the midst of all their reverses, the fond remem- 
 brance of their native land ; and cherished, wfth a gentle but 
 glowing love, the faith and traditions of their original ancestry. 
 Eight generations also have lingered around the gravestone and 
 the hearth of their early American forefathers ; nor have they yet 
 lost those elements so characteristic of their race, and which, in spite 
 of so much that is mean in every age, have imparted such real 
 dignity to human nature. But some of them wandered off, at the 
 period of their severest sufferings, and three were upon Kent 
 Island about 1665. There also did Valerius Leo and Andrew 
 Hanson find their early grave. The heart of Major Joseph 
 Wickes was touched at the lonely condition of Hanse, the orphan 
 of Mr. Hanson ; and to the young Swede he was, it seems, a 
 father. The child became a man. He rose to a high official rank, 
 and held the most honorable posts in Kent County. Upon the 
 seal of Col. Hanse Hanson's near descendant, is preserved a 
 coat of arms, consisting of four lilies, with something strongly 
 resembling a cross ; and there are representatives of his family now 
 living in Maryland. One of his descendants was the late Mrs. 
 Doct. Wroth, of Chestertown. 
 
 The number of the Dutch refugees was larger than that of the 
 Swedish ; including the governor, Alexander Diniossa, and his 
 children, originally from Gilderland. He lived sometime upon an 
 island of the Chesapeake, then called " Foster's ;'' but subse- 
 quently, it seems, upon the western shore. And the last glimps : 
 I obtain is in Prince George's county, where his family dwindled 
 
80 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 They lived and died among us. Their blood, for 
 many generations, has been mingled with that of 
 the other colonists. And from them have sprung 
 some of the most patriotic sons of Maryland. 
 
 In 1660, a small colony from the mouth of the 
 Hudson was founded upon the Bohemia Kiver, by 
 Augustine Herman, a very remarkable man.^ A 
 manor also of the same name, still a well-known 
 locality, was erected in consideration of the highly 
 meritorious services ' he had rendered the proprie- 
 tary. And he has descendants tlirough various 
 female lines who now do honor to the State. 
 
 down into a state either of extreme misfortune or of great 
 obscurity. 
 
 * Honorably connected with the early diplomatic histories both 
 of New York and of Maryland. See Albany Records ; and his 
 embassy to Maryland, Bancroft. See also Brodhead. It is due to 
 the memory of Herman to add, that he derived a title to the land 
 upon the Bohemia, not only from the proprietary, a suflBcienfc 
 BGCurity, but also from the Indians. The consideration is given in 
 one of his journals preserved in the Land Office, at Annapolis. A 
 copy is also in the possession of Col. Spencer's family. 
 
 * The preparation of a map of Maryland and Virginia — a work, 
 at that time, of great labor— and the best, in the opinion of the 
 English Crown, which had appeared — but a great curiosity, no 
 doubt, at present — and a good illustration of the imperfect state 
 
ENGLISH AND WELSH. 81 
 
 The tidings went also to the Old World. Glad- 
 dened with the prospect of religions liberty, and 
 invited by a policy so liberal in all other respects, 
 strangers arrived from England^ and from Wales ;' 
 
 of geographical knowledge at the date of its publication. I have 
 never seen it ; but presume it is still extant. 
 
 I have been informed that the Oldhams, the Bayards, the 
 Maclanes, and other families, claim a descent from the proud 
 Bohemian. But the only ones coming within the proof to which I 
 have had access are those of Thompson, Forman, Chambers, 
 Spencer, and their various branches. Within, or near the Manor, 
 was a small community, which held the principles of Labady ; 
 including the one which abolishes private property, by a sur- 
 render of every thing to the common stock. One of Herman's 
 sons embraced the faith of that visionary French divine— a source 
 of real grief to the lord of the manor during his latter years — and 
 the occasion which demanded a codicil, in which he tied up the 
 title to his large possessions. 
 
 ^ In Appendix, No. 1, I shall notice the arrival of the families 
 of Burgess, Ringgold, Hynson, Dunn, Wickes, Leeds, Stone, Carroll, 
 Faca, Chase, Pearce, Pratt, Chambers, Goldsborough, Tilghman, 
 Hawkins, Thompson, Wroth, Sewall, Sprigg, Taney, Tyler, Lowe, 
 Claggett, Addison, Dorsey, and of Darnall. Most of them were 
 Protestants. They furnish some of the best representatives of the 
 early provincial gentry of Maryland. And they nearly all held 
 some post of honor, under the dominion of the first and of the 
 second proprietary. 
 
 ^ The Lloyds, the Thomases, the Snowdons, the Richardson?, the 
 4* 
 
82 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 from Scotland ' and from Ireland ; from the domi- 
 nions of tlie kings of France and of Spain ; from 
 
 Shipleys, and many other families, came, it is supposed, from the 
 Principality. The Severn and the Vfje, upon which the Hon. 
 Edward Lloyd resided, were no doubt named after the rivers of 
 Wales, in honor of his native land. 
 
 The Thomases, it is said, first lived upon Kent Island ; but 
 according to the earliest recorded information I have been able 
 to obtain, they resided in Anne Arundel, near Thomas's Point, 
 about 16»5. Philip, the emigrant, was a privy councillor, and 
 many of his descendants held high public positions, including 
 Phil. Evan Thomas, now living at a very advanced age, the 
 projector and first president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 
 Upon a gold-headed cane, handed down from an early genera- 
 tion, I have seen the arms borne by a well-known family of Wales, 
 a branch of which once existed near Swansea and Bristol. 
 
 The Snowdens arrived about 1660. They were the ancestors of 
 the large family living in Prince George's and in other counties. 
 
 The Richardsons resided many generations upon West River. 
 They came, probably, about 1665. There is a branch at Eutaw- 
 Place, near the Monocacy. 
 
 The Shipleys, a family of planters in Anne Arundel, and sub- 
 sequently in several other counties, arrived, I am inclined to 
 think, at a period but little later. One branch of this family is at 
 Enfield Chase. 
 
 ^ The settlement, near the site of Washington city, long before 
 the erection of Prince George's, but which subsequently formed 
 a hundred of that county, bore the name of JVeiv Scotland. 
 
SCOTLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 83 
 
 the States of Holland, and from various parts of 
 Germany; from Sweed-land, the country of the 
 
 And two of the largest families of Maryland — the Magruders and 
 the Beales — undoubtedly came from Scotland. So, also, it seems, 
 did the Bowies, the Edmonstones, and other families. The Magru- 
 ders arrived about 1655. One of their earliest seats was upon the 
 western branch of the Patuxent. Alexander, the emigrant, died 
 about 1680, leaving his children, Alexander, Nathaniel, James, 
 John, Samuel, and Elizabeth. The Beales, I think, came some 
 time after the Magruders. Col. Ninian Beale is the earliest I 
 remember. The Bowies (ancestors of the governor) and the 
 Edmonstones, did not arrive, it would appear, before the Protestant 
 Revolution. Archibald, the progenitor of the latter, is the first^ 
 representative of whom I have any knowledge ; and a relation, it 
 is supposed, to the family of Sir Archibald Edmonstone, of Scot- 
 land. He was the progenitor of the Edmonstones, near Bladens- 
 burg, one of whom was a leading provincial judge of Prince 
 George's County Court ; and the ancestor, through a female line, 
 of the Lachlans of Montgomery, but now in the State of Missouri ; 
 and of the wife and children of Gov. Hempstead, of Iowa. 
 
 A few only of a high social rank arrived from Ireland. I 
 remember no prominent ones, excepting the De Courcys, who, 
 it is supposed, emigrated from that country. Cheston, their 
 present family seat, has been held for a period of nearly two 
 hundred years. It is difficult to say, with certainty, at what 
 time, or from what country, the Worthingtons came. John, 
 of Anne Arundel County, who died about 1700. and who, it 
 appears, was the first of the Maryland line, gave his home planta- 
 
84 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 great Gastavus, the champion of Protestant Chris- 
 tendom ; and from the very heart of the kingdom 
 of Bohemia, the land of Jerome and of Huss. 
 The pious emigrant of every name, who believed 
 
 tion upon the Severn, to his son, John ; " Greenberry's Forest" to 
 Thomas ; and to William, " Howard's Inheritance," with two other 
 tracts, the one near " Mr. Richard Beard's Mill," the other at 
 "The Fresh Pond, in the Bodkin Creek of Patapsco River." 
 
 The Causins, of Causiu's Manor ; the Jarbos, of St. Mary's ; the 
 Lamars, of Prince George's and other counties (one of whom was 
 a gallant officer of the American revolutionary army) ; the 
 Du Yalles, of Anne Arundel, ancestors of a judge of the United 
 States Supreme Court ; the Brashaers, of Anne Arundel and of 
 Prince George's, represented also by the late Doct. Brashaer, of 
 New Market, Frederick county ; and the Lacounts, of the eastern 
 shore, ancestors of the chief justice of Kansas ; are some of our 
 oldest French families. There is also but little doubt that the 
 Ricauds of Kent, represented by the Hon. Jas. B. Ricaud, came 
 also, originally, if not directly, from France. Colonel Jarbo, and 
 the ancestor of the Hon Jno. M. S. Causin, arrived before the year 
 1649 ; the Ricauds, about 1650 ; and the Brashaers (directly from 
 Virginia) at a period not much later. They all arrived before the 
 Protestant Revolution of 1689. There is the strongest presump- 
 tion that the Contees (about the time of their arrival closely 
 connected with the family of Gov. Seymour, and lately represented 
 by the gallant John Contee, of Java) came also, originally, from 
 France ; though there is evidence of the fact, that they had lived 
 at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, as did some of the most distinguished 
 
KMTG RANTS FROM MANY LANDS. 85 
 
 only in Chkist, could securely sit under his own 
 vine or bower, or still more unpretending roof; 
 and the weeping penitent at his rude altar or hum- 
 ble hearth-stone, might offer up his confession and 
 his jDrayer. To the children of sorrow and to the 
 victims of persecution, to men of various races, of 
 divers languages, and of many religions, the voice 
 
 Huguenots in other parts of England before their emigration to 
 other countries. The arrival, however, of the Contees in Mary- 
 land was late. I doubt if it was before the year 1690. 
 
 Four of Capt. James Neal's children were born within the I 
 Spanish or Portuguese dominions, and subsequently naturalized ' 
 by an Act of our Assembly, So also were Anthony Brispoe, 
 Barbara de Barette, and probably other emigrants. See Liber, 
 " Laws, C. & W. H., 1638 to 1678." 
 
 A large number came from Holland and Germany, including 
 the families of ''Comegyes"' and Lockerraan. See last-named 
 liber, where also I have obtained the birth-place of many alien 
 emigrants. 
 
 Axell Still, John Elexon, Oliver Colke, Marcus Syserson, Jeffrey 
 Jacobson, Mounts Anderson, Cornelius Peterson, and Andrew 
 Clements, may be named among those who were born in Sweden. 
 
 Augustine Herman, the founder and original lord of Bohemia 
 Manor, was born at the city of Prague. Manhattan, now New 
 York, was the birth-place of most of his children. See Liber, 
 ♦• Laws, C. & W. H., 1638 to 1678," p. 158. His wife also waa 
 probably born at Prague. 
 
86 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 of our early legislators was like the " sound" from 
 a better world — like a second evangely from the 
 skies ! For they spoke, " every " one in his " own 
 tongue,'' " the wonderful works of God." 
 
 I have attempted to trace the birth and early 
 growth of our religious liberty, under its succes- 
 sive phases ; showing the harmony between the 
 proprietary and the planters ; explaining the legis- 
 lation of the provincial Assembly according to the 
 rights and obligations springing out of the charter; 
 and sketching the effects of so liberal a system 
 upon the colonization of Maryland. Without refe- 
 rence to the credit due either to the Roman 
 Catholic or to the Protestant Assemblymen of 
 1649, it is but proper to add, what will be denied 
 by no one at all familiar with the colonial records, 
 tliat the legislative policy so honorable to our 
 ancestors and so beneficial in its influence, under- 
 went no material change, except a few years later, 
 at the short period of the ascendency of the 
 Puritans ; and in 1689, at the complete overthrow 
 of the proprietary's government — an event which 
 resulted in the establishment of the Anglican 
 church, and in the persecution of the Eoman 
 Catholics. 
 
RETOLTJTION OF 1689. 87 
 
 The history of the Protestant revolution in 1689 
 has never yet been fully written. But there is 
 evidence upon the records of the English govern- 
 ment to show it was the result of a panic, produced 
 by one of the most dishonorable falsehoods^ which 
 
 ^ The following documents are taken from the English State 
 Paper Office. As specimens of the spelling, of the method of 
 abbreviation, and of the punctuation, nearly two hundred years 
 ago, the first five are printed in a style which resembles the copies 
 sent me : 
 
 REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS TO THE INDIANS 
 
 23 August, 1689. 
 S. P. 0. 
 B. T. Maryland, 
 Vol. 1,B.D. 251. 
 
 August ye 23«Z, '80. 
 
 These may acquaint yo'^, that we whose names are underwritten 
 have, according to request, bin and treated with y« Indians, and 
 doe find 'em to be very civill and kind, and desire nothing butt 
 peace and quiettness, butt y' in part thorough y« instigation of 
 bad people, and chiefly doe instance Andrew Gray, that y" 
 English in one raoone would cutt them all of; likewise, con- 
 cerning an Indian woman, w<='» they say was kill'd by Cornelius 
 Mulraine's wife, w*=i» they have expected some satisfactory answer, 
 concerning which as yett they have not received. Also, y' y* s<* 
 Cornelius since their departure ofifer'd great abuse in robbing 
 them of their cannous,corn, matts, bowles, and basketts, and they 
 say their chests have been broke open, and since they have bin 
 gone out, y« s'J Gray hath bin with 'em and threatned them if they 
 
88 THE DAY-STAPw 
 
 lias ever disgraced any religious or any political 
 party — by the story, in a few words, tliat the 
 
 Kould not come home, he would gett a party of men and fetch 
 'era ^ force. Likewise they say they have ten Indians w'=^ went 
 between Oxford towne and Coll. Lowe's, and that their time of 
 return is relapsed, and are not satisfyed what is become of 'em. 
 Whereof all these things being computed together, hath seized 
 them with feare, butt that they were very joyfull att our come- 
 ing and were takeing up their goods to return to their 
 habitations. 
 
 John Stanley Wm. Dickenson 
 John Hawkins Wm. Stevens '' 
 Clement Sales. Wm. Bealey. 
 
 This is y« copy of the answer sent to the 
 Burgesses from y* Indians. 
 
 The next discloses the nature of the charge against the Roman 
 Catholic governors : 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF SECRECY. 
 
 Rec'd. 31 Dec. 1689. 
 S. P. o. 
 B. T. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 The Committee of Secrecy appointed by this present 
 Assembly, the Representative Body of this Province 
 doe make their Report as followeth, viz*. 
 Wee have diligently faithfully and with all due circumspec- 
 tion made inquisition into the severall affaires and concernes 
 committed to our care, for discovering of the truth thereof, and 
 
 i. P. O. ^ 
 
 Maryland, v 
 1,B.D.5. ) 
 
REVOLUTION OF 1689. 89 
 
 Roman Catholics had formed a conspiracy with 
 the Indians, to massacre the Protestants ! The 
 
 we find, First, that the late Popish Governo" have contrived con- 
 spired and designed by severall villanous practices and machina- 
 tions, to betray their Maj''«' Protestant subjects, of this Province, 
 to the French, Northern, and other Indians ; and that there hath 
 been and still is eminent danger of our lives libertyes and 
 estates, by the malitious endeavo" and combinations of the said 
 Governo" with the Indians and Papists to assist in our destruc- 
 tion and the subversion of our Religion. And wee also find by 
 the informations, examinations evidences and depositions by ua 
 taken, that the late Governo" did prorogue and obstruct the last 
 Assembly from meeting, least the truth of their unjust con- 
 trivances and wicked designes should be made manifest. 
 
 And wee the Committee aforesaid doe also discover and appa- 
 rently find the trayterous undertakings of the said Governours in 
 their Renunciation disowning and denying the right title and 
 Soveraignty of King William and Queen Mary to the Crowne of 
 England and its Dominions. 
 
 The verity of the above particulars is to be further proved by 
 other numerous circumstances and evidences that are now in the 
 custody of the said Committee, for their Maj''«>» service. 
 
 Read approved of and ordered to be entered in the Journall 
 of the House of Assembly. 
 
 {Memorandum on the back.) 
 Memorandum, notwithstanding the Country have 
 often desired a proofe of the accusations this 
 
90 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 testimony comes from tlie most respectable sources 
 — not only from the members of the Church of 
 
 Comittee charged upon some of y" Lord Pro- 
 prietaryes Dep'y^', yet the same could never be 
 obtained, or was any wayes made appear. 
 
 {Indorsed.) 
 " Report of the Comittee of Secrecy, 
 
 touching the late Governm*. Copy. 
 " Rcc^ fro ye L"^ Baltemore, 31 Dec. 
 
 1689." 
 
 Voted in Assembly, 28 Aug., 1689. 
 
 I beg to invite especial attention to the narrative of Mrs. 
 Smith : 
 
 .5. P. 0. \ 
 T. Mayyland > 
 l.\. B.D.ll.) 
 
 NARRATIVE OF MRS. BARBARA SMITH. 
 
 30 Dec. 1689. 
 S.P. 
 B. T. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 The Narrative of Barbara wife of Richard Smith of 
 Puttuxent River in Calvert County in the Province 
 of Maryland. 
 
 Upon the 25 th of March last a rumour was spread abroad about 
 the mouth of Puttuxent River, that ten thousand Indians were 
 come down to the Western branch of the said river. "Whereupon 
 my husband went up to the said Western branch, where he found 
 Doe Indians, but there a strong report that nine thousand were at 
 Matapany, and at the Mouth of Puttuxent, and that they had cutt 
 off" Capt. Bournes family, and had inforted themselves at Mata- 
 
REVOLUTION OF 1689. 91 
 
 Rome, but also from many of the most prominent 
 Protestants of the province ; inchiding the Honor- 
 
 pany, ; which was all false. Upon these rumours the country 
 rose in amies, but after diligent search and inquiry in all parts of 
 the Province, this rumour was found to be only a sham, and noe 
 Indians any where appeared to disturb or molest any the people 
 of our Province. All which reports I doe verily beleeve were 
 designedly spread abroad to incite the people to rise in armes as 
 afterwards by the like sham they were induced to doe. For in 
 the latter end of July following one Capt. Code, Coll. Jowles, 
 Maj"" Beal, Mr. Blakiston, with some others appeared in armes, and 
 gave for their pretence that the Papists had invited the Northern 
 Indians to come down and cut off the Protestants, and that their 
 descent was to be about the latter end of August when Roasting 
 Eares were in season, & that they therefore rose in armes to 
 secure the Magazine of Armes and Amunition and the Protestants 
 from being cut off by the said Indians and Papists. This was their 
 pretence to those they found very apprehensive of the said 
 Indians ; to others they .said their designe was only to proclaim 
 the King and Queen ; but when the aforesaid persons with some 
 others had gathered together a great number of People together, 
 they then came and seized upon the Government, who withstood 
 them first at St. Maryes in the State House where the Records are 
 kept, whom the said Code and his party soon overcame and 
 seized upon the Records, from thence he proceeded with his party 
 to Matapany House wherein Coll. Darnall with some forces, as 
 many Protestants as Papists, had garisoned themselves, but were 
 soon forced to capitulate surrender and yield to the said Code 
 and his party. They haveing thus possessed themselves of the 
 governm', one Johnson master of a ship being bound for England, 
 they gave him charge he should carry noe letters but what was 
 Beat from themselves, & my husband they arrested and put in 
 
92 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 able Thomas Smyth, the ancestor of the Smyths 
 of Trum^^ington, subsequently of Chestertown ; 
 
 prison for fear he should goe for England with the said Johnson 
 to give an accompt of their proceedings, and as soon as the said 
 Johnson was gone they released him again. The said Cole and 
 his complices then sent out letters to all the Countyes of the Pro- 
 vince to choose an Assembly. What was done in the rest of the 
 Countyes besides Calvert and Ann Arrundell I am not acquainted 
 with, but when the s^ letters for the chooseing of Burgesses came 
 to our Sheriff to sumon the people for that purpose, he refused the 
 same. They then went to Mr. Clegatt, Corroner, and he alsoe 
 refused (who are both Protestants). Whereupon Coll. Jowles rode 
 about to give the people notice himself. When the County were 
 come together most of the Housekeepers agreed not to choose any 
 Burgesses, and drew up an abhorrence against such proceedings ; 
 y^ which election was alsoe much opposed by our Sheriff. Where- 
 upon Coll. Jowles gathered his souldiers and caused the election 
 to be made by the number he had, which was not above twenty, 
 and of them not above ten that were capable of electing. Coll. 
 v/ Jowles himself and Maj"* Beal his next officer were returned for two 
 of the Burgesses elected, and because Mr. Taney, the Sheriff, & 
 my husband endeavoured to oppose the said Election, the said 
 Code caused them to be put in Prison. Neither for this Election 
 nor in their cause did almost any of our county appear that were 
 men of estates or men of note, but they to the contrary pub- 
 lished an abhorrence against such proceedings, and were them- 
 selves, as are most of our County, Protestants. The County of 
 Ann Arrundell, which is accounted the most populous and richest 
 of the whole Province, and wherein is but one Papist family, 
 unanimously stood out, and would not elect any Burgesses. 
 About the 21st of August the Assembly of their calling met, before 
 whom was brought Mr. Taney our Sheriff and my husband ; and 
 
THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION. 93 
 
 from Major Joseph WickeSj at one time chief jus- 
 tice of the County Court, and many years a 
 
 Capt. Code and his complices haveing pretended they had the 
 Kings Proclaraa" for what they did, my husband demanded to see 
 the same ; but their answer was, take him away, Sheriff. Mr. 
 Taney likewise asking them by what authority he was called 
 before them, Code answered What, this is like King Charles, and 
 you are King Taney,take him away. Notwithstanding upon the 
 said Code's riseing as before is said, their pretence was cheifly to 
 secure the Country against the Indians, yet all this while nor 
 untill my comeing away which was the 26th "of September last, 
 there was not the least appearance of any forreign or home 
 Indians comeing to disturb us. What was their further proceed- 
 ings in their Assembly I am not able to give any acco' of, but Mr. 
 Taney and my husband were detained prisoner at my comeing 
 away. 
 
 ^Signed) Barbara Smith. 
 
 Dated in London, the 30/^ of December, 1G89. 
 
 (Indorsed) " Mrs. Smith's Narrative of 
 
 the troubles in Maryland." 
 
 The testimony from the Protestant county of Kent is exceed- 
 ingly valuable : 
 
 ADDRESS OF PROTESTANTS OF KENT COUNTY. 
 November, 1689. 
 
 S. P. 0. ^ 
 
 '. T. Maryland, v 
 rol.\,B.D.A\. ) 
 
 B. 
 
 Vol 
 
 To THE King's Most Excellent Majestie : — 
 
 Wee your Majesties most loyall and dutyfuU subjects the ancient 
 Protestant Inhabitants of Kent County in your Maj''*» Province 
 of Maryland, who have here enjoyed many halcyon dnyes under 
 
94 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 distinguished representative of Kent; from tlie 
 Honorable Henry De Coiircy (then written Cour- 
 
 the imediate Governm' of Charles Lord Barou of Balteraore and 
 his hon''i« !Father, absolute Lords Proprietaries of y« said Province 
 by charter of your Royall Progenitors, wherein our Rights and 
 Freedoms are so interwoven with his Lordships prerogative, that 
 wee have allwaies had y^ same liberties and priviledges secured 
 to us, as other your Majt'^s subjects in the Kingdome of England. 
 And wee againe by vertue of the said Charter (as it enjoyned us) 
 have alwayes paid our obedience to the said Lord Baltemore and 
 his hon^'« Father, by whom equally and indifferently were justice, 
 favour, authority & preferment administered, bestowed con- 
 ferred and given to and upon your Maj^'^s subjects of all perswa- 
 sions : Doe in prostrate and humble manner testifie to your 
 Ma"* that we abhorr & detest y« falsehood and unfaithfuUness 
 of John Coade and others his Associates and Agents, who first by 
 dispersing untrue reports of prodigious armies of Indians and 
 French Papists invadeing us, did stirr up unjust jealousies and 
 dismall apprehensions in y* less cautious sort of people of this 
 Province, and then haveing thereby created unnecessary feares 
 & disposed y« people to mutiny and tumult, made further insur- 
 rection, and extorted the lawfull governm' from the Lord Pro- 
 priety, who was alwayes as ready to redress our aggrievances as 
 wee to complaine. And now the said John Coade and his accom- 
 plices haveing assumed the Government upon themselves, and 
 procured a Convention to be tumultuously assembled, did tyran- 
 nically imprison, restrain and turn out of civill and military 
 Comission severall of your Maj^'^s good subjects of unquestion- 
 able loyalty and affection to the Church of England, who 
 approved nott of his actions, and who might justly by your 
 Maj''^^ proclamation have continued in authority, and done your 
 Maj''« good service. And those Delegates in that manner con- 
 
THE PKOTESTANT REVOLUTION. 95 
 
 sey\ a descendant, it is strongly presumed, of an 
 illustrious Anglo-^Norman family, and a perfect 
 
 vened, (being part or most of them factious persons of no com- 
 endable life and conversation) have arbitrarily decreed and 
 ordained many things to the inconvenience of your Majesties 
 people, placed the Militia of severall Counties in the hands of 
 unworthy and infamous persons ; and the better to make their 
 decrees to be observed, many of the said Delegates have procured 
 themselves to be putt in judiciall places, to the terror of your 
 Maj''e* more peaceable subjects. From the. dangers and apprehen- 
 sions whereof, Wee your Majesties most loyall, duty full, and Pro- 
 testant subjects, in these our Addresses humbly crave by your 
 Princely care and prudence to be freed and enlarged, and that 
 the Government together with your Maj''"* favour and a lasting 
 settlement may be again restored to the Rt. Hon'''« Lord Balte- 
 more, which will make him and us happy, and give us new occa- 
 sion to bless God, and pray for your Maj''«« life and happy reign. 
 
 (Signed) Wm. Frisby, Henry Coursey, 
 
 Griflath Jones, Josh. Wickes, 
 
 Robert Burman, Jno. Hynson, 
 
 Philemon Hemsley, George Sturton, 
 
 Simon Wilmer, Lambart Wilmer, 
 
 William Peckett, Gerrardus Wessels, 
 
 Josias Lanham, Richard Jones, 
 
 Thomas Ringgold, Philip Conner. 
 
 Tho. Smyth, 
 
 {Indorsed) 
 
 " Kent County in the Province of Maryland. 
 
 Address to His Maj'y." 
 
 N.B.— There are several other addresses from various Counties, 
 
 with numerous signatures. 
 
 R. L. 
 
96 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 master of the whole aboriginal diplomacy of that 
 period ; from Michael Taney, the high sheriff of 
 
 Col. Darnall was a Roman Catholic. But he surely should be 
 allowed to speak : 
 
 COL. HENRY DARNALL'S NARRATIVE. 
 
 31 Dec, 1689. 
 
 S. P.O. \ 
 B. T. Maryland, V 
 Vol.\,B.D.U. ) 
 
 The Narrative of Coll. Henry Darnall, late one of the 
 Councill of the Rt. Hon''i« y« Lord Proprietary of 
 the Province of Maryland. 
 
 On the 15th of March last Coll. Jowles sent word to the Coun- 
 cill (then at St. Maryes) that three thousand Indians were comeing 
 down on the Inhabitants, and were at the head of Puttuxent 
 River, and required armes and amunition for the people to goe 
 against the said Indians, all which was with all expedition sent 
 him by Coll. Digges. The next morning I went up myself to Coll. 
 Jowles, where I found them all in armes, and they told me they 
 heard there was three thousand Indians at Matapany (from when 
 I then came). I assured the People it was a false report, and 
 oflfered myself to goe in person if they could advise me where 
 any enemyes were, Indians or others, whereat they seemed very 
 well satisfied. I began to suspect this was only a contrivance of 
 some ill-minded men, who under this pretence would raise the 
 Country, as by what happened afterwards we had reason to 
 beleeve. Upon the most diligent search and enquiry into this 
 whole matter, noe Indians any where appeared, and when ever 
 any messenger was sent to the place where it was said the Indians 
 
THE PEOTESTAKT REVOLUTION. 97 
 
 Calvert, and the ancestor of the present chief jus- 
 tice of the United States ; from Richard Smith, a 
 
 were come, there the Inhabitants would tell them they heard they 
 were landed at such a place ; but after long search from place to 
 place and noe sign of any Indians, the people were pretty well 
 pacified, and Coll. Jowles himself wrote a Remonstrance (the copy 
 whereof is here inclosed) which he signed, as did severall others 
 who had the examination of this matter, the which was published 
 in order to quiet the People, who in a few dayes seemed to be 
 freed from their apprehensions. From this time untill the 16th 
 of July foil, the country was all quiet and noe appearance of 
 any enemy to disturb them, Indians or else. On the said 16th of 
 July, a messenger came to me at Matapany, in the night time, 
 to acquaint me that John Good was raiseing men up Potowmeck ; 
 whereupon I informed the Councill thereof, who immediately dis- 
 patched a person to know the truth ; but the said person was 
 taken by Good as a spy and by him kept, soe the Councill had 
 noe notice untill two dayes of any thing, when they were assured 
 that Good had raised men up Potowmeck, and that some were 
 come to him out of Charles County, who were all marching down 
 toward St. Maryes, and in their way were joined with Maj"" Camp- 
 bell and his men. Coll. Digges, haveing notice whereof, got toge- 
 ther about an hundred men, and went into the State House at St. 
 Maryes, which Good, and his party came to attack, and which Coll. 
 Digges (his men not being willing to fight) was forced to surren- 
 der, wherein were the Records of the whole Province, which Good 
 and his party seized. In this while Maj'" Sewall and myself went 
 up Pattuxent River to raise men to oppose said Good and his 
 party, where wee found most of the OfiScers ready to come in to 
 us, but their men were possessed with a beleef that Good rose 
 only to preserve the country from the Indians & Papists, and to 
 
 5 
 
9b THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 brave and generous spirit, connected with the 
 family of Somerset, and the forefather of the 
 
 proclaim the King & Queen, and would doe them noe harm, and 
 therefore would not stir to run themselves into danger ; soe that 
 all the men we could get amounted not to one hundred and sixty, 
 and by this time Good's party were encreased to seaven hun- 
 dred. The Councill seeing how the people were led away by false 
 reports and shams, in order to quiet them and give them all 
 imaginable assurance they were clear and innocent of inviteing 
 the Indians down, as was laid to their charge, offered to make 
 Coll. Jowles (who was the cheif of their party next to Good) 
 Gen" of all the forces in the Province, and sent such an offer to 
 him, who returned a very civill answere, that haveing comuni- 
 cated what we wrote to his own men he had with him, they were 
 extreamly satisfied therewith, and gave us hopes he would come 
 down to us ; but to the contrary he went & joined Good at St. 
 Maryes, to whom and to all then in armes there, the Gouncill sent 
 a Proclamation of pardon, upon condition they would lay down 
 their armes and repair to their respective habitations : the which 
 Good (as we were credibly informed) instead of reading to the 
 People what was therein contained, read a defyance from us, 
 thereby to enrage and not to pacify them. Good and his party 
 haveing thus made themselves masters of the State House & the 
 Records at St. Maryes, borrowed some great gunns of one Gaptain 
 Burnham, master of a ship belonging to London, and came to 
 attack Matapany House, the which when he came before, he sent a 
 Trumpeter & demanded a surrender. Wee desired a parley and 
 personall treaty in the hearing of the People, which Good would 
 never consent to. We knew if we could but obtain that in the 
 hearing of the People, we should be able to disabuse them and 
 clear ourselves of what they were made beleeve against us j but 
 
THE PROTESTANT EEVOLtTTION. 99 
 
 Smiths of St. Leonard's Creek, and of the Dula- 
 nys and the Addisons ; and from Captain Thomas 
 Claggett, the progenitor of the first Anglican 
 bishop of Maryland. The opposition of these 
 Protestants is, indeed, honorable, in the highest 
 degree, to their memory. Taney was one of the 
 
 this we could never get at their hands, but to the contrary they 
 used all possible meanes to keep the People ignorant of what we 
 proposed or offered, and made use of such artifices as the follow- 
 ing, to exasperate them. They caused a man to come rideing 
 Post with a letter, wherein was contained that our neighbour 
 Indians had cut up their corn and were gone from their towns, 
 and that there was an Englishman found with his belly ript open, 
 which in truth was no such thing, as they themselves owned 
 after Matapany House was surrendred. We being in this condi- 
 tion and noe hopes left of quieting or repelling the People thus 
 enraged, to prevent efFasion of blood, capitulated and surrendred. 
 After the surrender of the said house, his Lordships Councill 
 endeavoured to send an acco' of these transactions by one John- 
 son master of a ship bound for London, to his Lordship, the 
 which the said Johnson delivered to Good. When we found we 
 could send noe letters, Maj"" Sewall and myself desired of Johnson 
 we might have a passage in him for England, to give his LordsP 
 acco' of matters by word of mouth, which the said John- 
 son refused, upon pretended orders to the contrary from Good. 
 Whereupon Maj' Sewall & myself went to Pensylvania, to 
 endeavour to get a passage there ; upon which Good and his 
 party to occasion to give out we were gone to bring in the 
 Northern Indians ; but we missing of a passage there, came back 
 and stayd in Ann Arrundell Gounty (who never had joyned with 
 
100 THE BAY-STAR. 
 
 victims of a cruel imprisonment, accompanied 
 with gross insults and indecent taimts, in conse- 
 quence of his cool and inflexible refusal to sanction 
 the iniquitous proceedings of Col. Jowles, and the 
 other leaders of the revolution. Smith also was a 
 victim. 
 
 Good and his party) until the 26th of September, when (Maj' 
 Sewall then being sick) I myself got a passage hither in one 
 Everard. As to their proceedings in their Assembly, I can give 
 noe acco*, only that they have taken severall Prisoners. 
 
 (Signed) Henry Darnall. 
 
 London, December Z\st, 1689. 
 
 {Indorsed) 
 " Coll. Darnall's Narrative of the 
 troubles in Maryland. 1689." 
 
 The following is from the ancestor of the Chief Justice ; 
 
 MR. MICHAEL TANEY TO MRS. SMITH. 
 
 14 Sept., 1689. 
 8. r. 0. ) 
 
 B. T. Maryland^ . 
 Vol. 1, B. 2)., 26. ) 
 
 Madam Smith : — 
 I doubt not but you have heard what pretence those gentlemen 
 who have lately taken up arms here in Maryland, in their majes- 
 ties' names (to pull down y« lawful authority of y^ Lord Ballta- 
 more here, which he held under their said majesties), makes for 
 my confinement in prison along with your husband, the which I 
 
EKECTION OF COUNTIES. 101 
 
 Besides Anne Arundel and Charles, six counties, 
 between the years 1649 and 1698, were erected — 
 
 hope neither you nor any good Christian or moral honest man or 
 woman, which ever had any acquaintance with my life and con- 
 versation, will credit ; and that you and all persons to whom this 
 shall come, may know what I have done, whereby they ground 
 their pretence. I therefore hereafter write down y'' heads of 
 the whole (viz.) : At the first of my knowing of their taking 
 up arms, which was some time in July, 1689, I endeavored, 
 with what arguments I could use, to persuade all people, but 
 chiefly Col. Jowles (my now chief enemy), to lie still and keep 
 the peace of y^ country, until their majesties' pleasure should 
 be known ; for that I looked upon it to be rebellion for persons 
 here, without order from their majesties, to take up arms against 
 y« lawful authority, which then rested in y^ lord proprietary 
 under their majesties, as I did conceive ; which arguments, with 
 some, I presume, prevailed, so that they lay still, but not with 
 Col. Jowles. Then afterwards, when they besieged Mattapony, I 
 went first to the gentlemen's camp, and afterwards to Mattapony, 
 and, as an instrument of peace, so far as I could with my weak 
 endeavors, Mr. Marsham being with me, persuaded both parties to 
 comply without shedding blood, and accordingly they did. At 
 which time Mattapony by y* Governors being surrendered, and the 
 magazine of arms and ammunition all over the country, as soon 
 as they possibly they could, seized on by those gent., so that they 
 had the strength and command of most of y« country in their 
 hands; and all papists in general desisting to act any further in 
 government and office : but Col. Jowles and y« rest of those gent., 
 not content to rest there, or not thinking themselves safe in what 
 they had done, sending out precepts in their majesties' names, 
 requiring the sheriff's of each county to warn the people to meet 
 together and choose delegates and representatives to meet and 
 
102 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 four upon the eastern, and two upon the western 
 shore. And at the period of the Protestant revo- 
 
 assemble together, under pretence of settling affairs ; and also a 
 proclamation that all officers not being papists, or having been in 
 actual arms, nor any ways declared against their majesties' service, 
 honor, and dignity, should continue in their places', and also a 
 declaration of their own aggrievances to be publicly read; and 
 Col. Jowles showing me some of those papers, being directed to 
 me, as sheriff of Calvert County, I not being willing to execute 
 their commands, endeavored to excuse myself, saying, I look upon 
 myself, by y« surrender of y^ government, to be discharged of my 
 office. Whereupon Col. Jowles took some other course to have it 
 done ; but afterwards I finding most people of our county, and 
 being informed it was so generally through y^ country, that all 
 people, except such as had been in arms or abetters to their cause, 
 was willing to remain as they were, until their Majesties plea- 
 sure should be known, and I conceiving that my consenting to 
 choose delegates and representatives to sit in such Assembly, and 
 they countenancing the thing that was done, although they were 
 awed to it, would make me guilty as well as they that did it ; 
 therefore I resolved not to choose, nor consent that any should be 
 chose ; however, being modest forbore railing or speaking grossly 
 of what was done. And when the time appointed was come for y« 
 election, Col. Jowles and divers of his soldiers being at y^ place, 
 and I also and divers of the better sort of the people of our 
 county, discourse arose about choosing representatives, and I and 
 many others, being much the greater number, argued against 
 choosing any. Amongst which discourse. Col. Jowles threatened 
 that if we would not choose representatives freely, he would fetch 
 them down with y" long sword, and withall required y« deputy 
 clerk to read some papers that he had. Whereupon I asked Col. 
 Jowles whether those papers were their majesties' authority, and 
 
ERECTION OF COUNTIES. 103 
 
 iution, the population of the province, we may 
 suppose, was not less than twenty-five thousand; 
 
 if they were I would read them myself, if not, they should not 
 be read. But he still bid y^ clerk read them. Whereupon I said 
 to him and the rest of y« company, " Gentlemen, if the lord pro- 
 prietary have any authority here, I command you, speaking to y« 
 clerk, in y« name of y« lord proprietary, to read no papers here. 
 Whereupon Col. Jowles went away in great rage, saying he would 
 choose none, yet, afterwards, having got some of his soldiers to 
 drink, he and they did somewhat which they called a free choice, 
 and I and many more of the better sort of y« people set our hands 
 to a paper, writing that expressed modestly and loyally some 
 reasons why we were not willing to choose any representatives to 
 sit in that intended assembly. For which doing I was fetched 
 from my house on Sunday y« 25th of August, 1689, by James 
 Bigger and six other armed men, by order of the persons assem- 
 bled at y« command of Coad and his accomplices, and kept close 
 prisoner at y« house of Philip Lynes, under a guard of armed 
 men, and upon y« 3<i day of September carried by a company of 
 soldiers before y« said Assembly, where Coad accused me of rebel- 
 lion against their majesties King William and Queen Mary, for 
 acting as above written, and withal told me if I would submit 
 to a trial they would assign me counsel. Whereto I answered 
 them that I was a freeborn and loyal subject to their majesties of 
 England, and therefore expected the benefit of all those laws of 
 England that were made for the preservation of y* lives and 
 estates of all such persons, and therefore should not submit myself 
 to any such unlawful authority as I take yours to be. AVhereupon 
 they demanded of me who was their majesties' lawful authority 
 here. I answered, I was, as being an officer under y« Lord Ballta- 
 more, until their majesties' pleasure should be otherwise lawfully 
 made known. Then they ordered the soldiers to take me away 
 
104 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 most of the earliest settlements having been 
 founded upon the islands of the Chesapeake, near 
 the banks of its tributaries, or within the immedi- 
 ate vicinity of its shores. In 1654, the order erect- 
 ing. Charles upon the Patuxent, was rescinded ; 
 and Calvert established in place of it. A few 
 years later, the county of the former name was 
 erected upon the Potomac, and upon the Wico- 
 
 awhile, and soon after ordered my bringing in again before them, 
 with Mr. Smith and Mr. Botler, telling us it was y« order of y* 
 House that we must find good and sufiScient security to be bound 
 for us to answer before their majesties' commissioners and lawful 
 authority what should be objected against us, and in the meau 
 time be of good behavior. To which we answered, their authori- 
 ties we looked upon not lawful to force us to give any bonds, and 
 that we had estates in this country suflScient to oblige our staying 
 to answer what any lawful authority could object against us. 
 Then we were again ordered away to Mr. Lynes's, with a guard 
 to keep us prisoners still, and afterwards having considered with 
 ourselves, we informed them by Mr. Johns and several of them 
 themselves speaking with us, that we would give them what bonds 
 they pleased for our answering what should be objected against 
 us by any lawful authority, leaving out the clause of good 
 behavior, for that we knew they would make any thing they 
 pleased breach of good behavior, and under presence of that, 
 trouble us again at their pleasure. But that would not do, so at 
 ye adjourning of y" Assembly we were all ordered by them to be 
 kept in safe custody of Mr. Gillbert Clarke whom they made 
 sheriff of Charles County, until we should give bond as above 
 
ERECTION OF COUNTIES. 105 
 
 mico ; and about 1659, the extensive, now popu- 
 lous, rapidly-growing county of Baltimore. There 
 is no trace of Talbot anterior to 1660. Somerset 
 was erected in 1666 ; Dorchester, about 1669 ; and 
 Cecil (which had mainly grown out of Herman's 
 settlement) in the year 1674. Great doubt exists 
 
 required. Which is y* whole substance hitherto proceeded on, 
 that is known to your humble servant to command. 
 
 Mich. Taney. 
 
 September y» 14th, 1689. 
 
 Charlestown, in Charles 
 
 County, where we are, and 
 
 are like to remain still. 
 
 (Addressed) 
 
 To Madame Barbara 
 Smith. These. 
 
 Mem. — Y« 14th Sept'. 1689, Capt. Cocde mustered all y» men oi 
 St. Mary's County at Choptlcoe, and did then and there order y* all 
 Protestants servants and freemen should apear there at Chopticoe 
 y* day fortnight, with provision for a march into Anne Arundel 
 County, and those y^ were provided arms, to bring them with 
 them, and those . y* were not should there be furnished with y"» 
 country armes. 
 
 (Indorsed) 
 
 " Maryland, 1689. 
 Letter to Mrs. Smith 
 about Capt. Smith. 
 Reel 16 Dec, 1689." 
 
 5* 
 
106 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 respecting the original boundaries of most of these 
 counties. Anne Arundel, for instance, extended to 
 Fishing Creek, some distance below its present 
 limit ; but the fact was not known to the legisla- 
 ture subsequently to the American Revolution ; 
 and a long, tedious, and very expensive contro- 
 versy was the result. The boundary of Cecil 
 reached to the southern extremity of Kent, in 
 1674. And at an earlier period, Baltimore 
 embraced a large portion of the eastern shore, 
 including Bohemia manor. The first courts of this 
 county, there is strong reason to believe, were held 
 upon the same side of the Chesapeake ; and its 
 ancient limits included the island, which received 
 the first foot-prints of civilization upon the western 
 shore of Maryland. Before the year 16S9, many 
 tracts were taken up in Prince George's ; but that 
 extensive county, out of which Frederick was 
 carved as late as 1748, was not itself erected out 
 of portions of Calvert and Charles till the year 
 1695. The names of our early counties are not 
 unworthy of a notice. Tliey suggest or comme- 
 morate interesting facts, in the history of our 
 colonization. 
 
6PESUTIA ISLAND. 107 
 
 Spesutia Island, originally within the limits of 
 Baltimore, perpetuates the name of Col. Nathaniel 
 Utye, one of the most sanguine and adventurous 
 pioneers in the colonization of the country, npon 
 the head-waters of the Chesapeake. There, also, 
 did Augustine Herman make his treaty with 
 the Indian chiefs, for his title to the land upon the 
 Bohemia Kiver. Spesutia has sometimes been 
 confounded with the island, upon which Clay borne 
 established his trading-post with the Susquehan- 
 nocks, as early as 1630, But Watson's is the one 
 which corresponds with Palmer's in size, and in 
 every other particular. 
 
 In duration as well as the difHculty of arriving 
 at a satisfactory result, the contest between Anne 
 Arundel and Calvert was not unlike that between 
 Lord Baltimore and the Penns. But the identity 
 of Marsh's (the admitted boundary) with Fishing 
 Creek, is clearly proved by the records in the 
 Land Office. And the history of the title to 
 " Major's Choice " taken up by the Honorable 
 Thomas Marsh, near the cliffs of Calvert, will rea- 
 dily develop all the evidence upon this knotty 
 question. 
 
 ( 
 
108 THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 The state of Society, from 1634 to 1689. 
 
 The overthrow of the proprietary's authority 
 was the knell to the hopes of St. Mary's ; and, be- 
 fore the lapse of many more years, Annapolis 
 became the seat of government. 
 
 During the era of Roman Catholic toleration, 
 the original tenant of the forest lived almost side 
 by side, and generally upon terms of the best amity, 
 with our early colonial forefathers. Half-breeds, 
 or theu' near descendants, probably still exist, 
 both in the neighborhood of the Piscataway, and 
 upon one or more rivers of the Eastern Shore. It 
 has also been a thousand times asserted, that the 
 blood of aboriginal chiefs is now represented by the 
 Brents, by the Goldsboroughs, and by many of 
 our other most distinguished families. 
 
 Of the ChesajpeaJces (the nation who had given a 
 name to our " Great Bay '') no vestige in Maryland 
 
THE YOACOMIOOS. 109 
 
 appeared, at the arrival of Governor Calvert. Long 
 before tlie settlement at St. Mary's, tliej were a 
 small tribe, with not more than a hundred warriors, 
 living upon a branch of the Elizabeth river, and 
 under the dominion of the Powhatans, a powerful 
 confederacy embracing more than thirty different 
 nations, and which had extended its sway to the 
 very banks of the Patuxent/ 
 
 The Yoacomicos lived upon the St. Mary's. 
 They were there at the arrival of the Pilgrims. 
 The scene between Governor Calvert and the chiefs 
 of this tribe, has been described, not only by eye- 
 witnesses, but also by a host of later writers. It is 
 not more honorable to the religion of the Roman 
 Catholic, than to the instinct of the savage. A cup 
 of cold watei*, we are taught, is not without its 
 reward ; and the welcome given by these simple 
 children of the wilderness, deserves to be held by 
 the succeeding generations of Maryland, in the 
 most grateful and enduring remembrance.' 
 
 ^ See Smith's History of Virginia ; Bozman's History of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 ' See ante, pp. 4G-47. For further particulars see " A Relation 
 of Maryland," and also Father White's Journal. 
 
110 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 At an early period, the Matapeaks lived upon 
 Kent Island. Their name is still perpetuated by a 
 small stream. And upon the farm held by the late 
 General Emory, is " The Indian Spring." There 
 also was a large number of arrow-heads, and other 
 relics. And in the same part of the island, is a 
 neck of land, which for a long time, bore the name 
 of Matapax^ 
 
 The Susquehannvclcs^ who gave their name to a 
 large tributary of the Chesapeake, were the most 
 powerful confederacy within the limits of Mary- 
 land. Their chief dwelling-place was upon the 
 head waters of the Chesapeake ; but they overran 
 a large portion of the Eastern and of the "Western 
 shore ; and even invaded the Yoacomicos. They 
 w^ere also distinguished for their noble, gigantic 
 size ; and received with great kindness, Capt. Smith 
 and his companions, during his exploration of the 
 Chesapeake, long before the settlement upon Kent 
 Island. Many also were the treaties, which they 
 
 ^ For several facts relating to the Indians upon this Island, see 
 my paper presented about three years since to the Md. Historical 
 Society. 
 
THE PATUXENTS. Ill 
 
 signed with Maryland ; including the one' for a 
 large portion of our territory.^ 
 
 ^ This was signed (see Bozman, vol. 2. p. 683), in 1G52, at the river 
 Severn, by Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Thom- 
 as Marsh, and Leonard Strong, the commissioners on the part of 
 Maryland ; and by Sawahegeh, Auroghtaregh, Scarhuhadigh, 
 Ruthchogah, and JVatheldiarieh, the chiefs on behalf of the Sus- 
 quehannocks. The treaty ceded to Maryland all the land from 
 the Patuxent to Palmer's Island, and from the Choptank to the 
 Elk ; but did not embrace Kent Island, nor Palmer's (now Wat- 
 son's) Island. See also their treaty with Augustine Herman, Ap- 
 pendix, No. 2. 
 
 '■' The Patuxents, whoise principal seat was upon the river which 
 perpetuates their name, included a large number of little nations 
 and tribes, remarkable for the friendliness of their feelings. The 
 territory of the Piscataways, whose prominent chief bore the title 
 of Emperor, was bounded, in one direction, by the country of the 
 Susquehannoks ; in another, by the region of the Patuxents. It 
 also embraced a part of the country bordering upon the Patapsco, 
 and upon the Potomac ; including Piscataway creek, and probably 
 the sites both of W'ashington and of Baltimore. Upon the Sassa- 
 fras lived the Tockwhoghs, quite a considerable tribe, and more 
 ferocious than many of the other Indians. Near the mouth of the 
 Chester was a very small one, which bore the name of Ozenics, 
 Both these tribes disappeared at a very early period. The former 
 was probably absorbed by the Susquehannoks. 
 
 Further towards the South, on the same shore of the Chesapeake, 
 dwelt also, at a very early period, the Kuskarawoaks, the great 
 makers of peake and roanoke (the money of the Indians), and the 
 chief " merchants " of aboriginal Maryland — subsequently repre- 
 sented by two considerable confederacies, under the names of 
 Choptank and JVanticoke, which are still borne by the large and 
 
112 THK DAY-STAPv. 
 
 The Accomacs, and some other tribes further 
 South than the Kuskarawoaks^ fell within the wide 
 domain of the Powhatans. 
 
 But North of the Province, was the still more 
 warlike and powerful confederacy, consisting of the 
 
 beautiful rivers, upon which they lived. The peake was more 
 valuable than the roanoke. But they both consisted of shell — the 
 former of the conch, the latter of the cockle — wrought into the 
 shape of beads. 
 
 With the Indians upon the Delaware, also, we entered into trea- 
 ties. To this race belonged, it is supposed, the Ozenies, with some 
 other tribes of Maryland. And a chief was held, for his virtues, 
 in such profound veneration, not only by the Red man, but also 
 by the White ; and his memory is so closely interwoven with the 
 traditions and recollections of our ancestry ; that I cannot close 
 this sketch, without the mention of his name. To the Aborigines 
 upon the Delaware, he appeared, indeed, in the same light as did 
 Alfred to the English, or St. Louis to the French. Eising above 
 the level of his own kindred, he became also the representative of 
 a sympathy (how hard was it to realize a union !) between the dis- 
 ciples of civilization and the children of barbarism. And, in token 
 of the companionship, societies were formed, both in Maryland 
 and elsewhere, some time before the American Revolution ; and, 
 in May, celebrated their anniversaries, with the Indian war-dance, 
 and other ceremonies. At a little later period, a larger one was 
 organized, representing the thirteen original States of the North 
 American confederacy. And the Hall of St. Tammany, in the 
 City of New York, now devoted to the purposes of a mere political 
 party, is still, in its highest and most historical sense, a monument 
 to the memory of the illustrious chief of the Delawares. 
 
HENET DE COTJROT. 113 
 
 Mohawks^ and of four other nations ;' whose chiet 
 dwelling place was upon the rivers of Kew York ; 
 but who not unfrequentlj descended the Susquehan- 
 nah, and spread the greatest alarm among the colo- 
 nists.^ The relations, both at peace and at war, with 
 this formidable confederacy, constitute (if ^NQ ex- 
 cept the labors of the missionaries) the most interest- 
 ing and important portion of the Aboriginal History 
 of Maryland. The highest diplomatic skill was also 
 exerted. And to the services of the Honorable 
 Philemon Lloyd, but especially of the Honorable 
 Henry De Courcy, both at Albany and elsewhere, 
 was the proprietary, so many years, indebted, not 
 only for the peace of his province, but also for the 
 lives of many of his subjects. The treaties of these 
 faithful and estimable commissioners with, the chiefs 
 of the Five Nations (who were called Iroquois by 
 the French), elicited the strongest and most signifi- 
 cant testimonials both fjjpm the Governor and from 
 the Assembly of Maryland. And, in the Documen- 
 
 ^ Called sometimes " The Northern Indians." See ante, e. g., 
 p. 89. 
 
 • Witness, also, the ill-founded panic of 1689, ante, pp. 87- 
 106. 
 
114 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 tary Histories of New York, some of them have 
 been lately printed, at the expense, and through 
 the noble energy (I blush to add) of the New 
 Yorkers. ' They are written in the rich, metaphor- 
 ical style of the Indian. 
 
 * The De Courcys of My-Lord's-Griffc (including Mrs. Mitchell of 
 the Western shore), and the De Courcys of Cheston (see ante, p. 
 83), are representatives of the family of the Hon. Henry De Courcy. 
 Mrs. May, the wife of the Hon. Henry May, is also a descendant of 
 this family. 
 
 The claim of the De Courcys of Cheston (ante, p. 95) to the titles 
 and estates of the old Anglo-Norman barony of Courcy and King- 
 sale, has never been tested by a judicial or by a parliamentary 
 investigation. But the daughters of Gerald (the baron, who died 
 about the middle of the last century) expressed the opiniony that a 
 member of the family at Cheston was clearly entitled ; and said, 
 their impression had been derived (they spoke upon the point very 
 positively) from their own father, before the period of his alleged 
 insanity, or the date of the will, in which he selected Myles, of 
 Rhode Island, as the successor. These, and many other interesting 
 facts, upon the subject, may be found in The De Courcy P.apers now 
 held by Doct. William Henry De Courcy, of Cheston, the brother 
 of the Hon. Mrs, May. Of the hi*^ social rank of this family, at 
 the very period of their arrival, the letter of Mr. Secretary Hatton 
 is sufficient evidence. See note to the sketch of Mr. Hatton's 
 life. 
 
 It is generally supposed, the Hon. Henry De Courcy was a Ro- 
 man Catholic. The inference has been drawn, I presume, from the 
 fact of his extreme intimacy with Lord Baltimore, and from his 
 uniform support of the principles, upon which the proprietary's 
 
FKAME-WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT. 115 
 
 , Under that mild form of the feudal polity, which 
 from the first prevailed in Maryland, our ancestors 
 held their lands as a gift from the proprietary, bore 
 a williDg allegiance, and paid a very small rent. 
 Their title, indeed, for all practical purposes, 
 was equivalent to a fee-simple. A little tract was 
 given to each emigrant ; and an additional quantity 
 for every person he had brought, or subsequently 
 transported. Tracts of a thousand acres and up- 
 wards w^ere erected into manors, under the propri- 
 etary, with the right given to the lords of these 
 limited territories, to hold courts-baron and courts- 
 leet. And we have the recorded evidence of the 
 fact, that upon St. Gabriel's, and St. Clement's, it 
 was exercised. The lord proprietary also, who 
 held the whole province, by fealty, of the English 
 crown, pledged himself to deliver, every year, " on 
 Tuesday, in Easter week," at the royal castle of 
 Windsor, " two Indian arrows," and a fifth of 
 " all the gold and silver," which might be " found."* 
 
 government was conducted. It can easily be proved, however, 
 that he was a Protestant. Nor was he the only Protestant cavalier, 
 whose magnanimity and high sense of justice had induced him, 
 with so much zeal, to sustain the proprietary's cause. 
 
116 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 The goYernment, in every essential particular, 
 was a monarchy. Of this, the charter is sufficient 
 evidence. It is true, the proprietary was a subject 
 of the English crown. But, under the feudal state 
 of society, it was not unusual for one j)rince to hold 
 his territory of another. Scotland was once a lief 
 of England ; and King John a vassal of the Pope 
 of Rome. But no powers were ever exercised 
 with a more substantial regard for the welfare of 
 the colonists. And practical liberty did exist, at 
 the very foundation of the colony. 
 
 The privy councillors, and the lords of manors 
 formed the class," in which we find the germ of a 
 nobility. Below them, was a considerable number 
 of planters, who bore the title of gentlemen — as 
 large a class ^ in Maryland, as in any other Anglo- 
 American colony — and the greater part of them, 
 
 ^ The high Provincial Court was analogous to that of the King's 
 Bench ; and constituted the original of our present Court of Ap- 
 peals. For many years, the governor or lord proprietary, and 
 the privy councillors, sat upon its bench. 
 
 ' From them, also, were taken the early county court judges, 
 originally styled justices and commissioners. They had, also, much 
 of the jurisdiction subsequently given to the levy courts, and to 
 the orphans' courts ; and personally were held in the very highest 
 esteem. 
 
ANNAPOLIS. 117 
 
 during the first twenty years, probably Roman 
 Catholics. Upon the small manors (those held by 
 the colonists) were the tenants, usually styled free- 
 holders and suitors ; and who, unlike the gentle- 
 men, rarely had the prefix of Mr. 
 
 Three kinds of servitude prevailed — but, all of 
 them, mild in their character ; and honorable, in a 
 high degree, to the master. Many emigrants, who 
 had come under an indenture, performed a faith- 
 ful service ; and then received their discharge, with 
 a comfortable outfit. A few Indians, also, were 
 held in a state of slavery. And negro slaves, 
 although not many of them, were introduced, dur- 
 ing the earliest period of our history. Subsequently 
 to the Protestant Revolution, convicts from Eng- 
 land, it is certain, were imported. 
 
 ]N"o towns of any commercial importance arose, 
 during the first sixty years. St. Mary's was never 
 large. And the only edifice of any pretension was 
 the State House. The foundation of Annapolis was 
 laid. That city (then called a landing), and the one 
 projected upon South River, were erected into ports 
 of entry, in 16S3. And, on the Eastern shore, were 
 the little towns of New- Yarmouth and York ; the 
 
118 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 former upon a branch of the Chester ; the latter, it 
 is supposed, upon some part of the Wye.' But the 
 p.ecessity for many towns did not then exist. The 
 most striking feature upon the face of society was 
 the plantations. Upon them, were held some of our 
 earliest courts and councils. Hardly a home, or a 
 tenement was not approached by water. And our 
 governors, privy councillors, and county court 
 judges were, all of them, planters. The principal 
 planters were also the merchants, who traded w4th 
 London, and the other great ports of England. 
 And the large plantations, with their group of store- 
 houses and other buildings, assumed the appear- 
 ance, and performed the office of little towns. 
 
 The currency of the province presents a good 
 key to the state of society. In some contracts, 
 none was required. There was simply a barter, or 
 an exchange of one commodity for another. In 
 commercial transactions, a little English or Euro- 
 pean coin was occasionally used. In the trade with 
 the Indians, for beaver-skins and other valuable 
 
 X 
 * Charleston, the original county seat of Prince George's, bat 
 
 founded long before the erection of that county, stood at the fork 
 
 of the Patuxent, either near or upon the site of Mount Calvert. 
 
PKOVmCIAL CUKliENCY. 119 
 
 articles, Xh.Qjpea'ke and the roanoke obtained a free 
 circulation ; and a good deal of this kind of cur- 
 rency was held by the colonists. There was also a 
 provincial coin, consisting of silver, and issued by 
 the proprietary, of various denominations (as groats, 
 sixpences, and shillings), having upon one side his 
 lordshi]3's arms, with the motto Crescite et Multi- 
 jplicainini^ upon the other his image, with the cir- 
 cumscription Ccecilius Dominus Terrae-Marice^ 
 c&c. ; being equal, in fineness, to English sterling, 
 and of the same standard, though somewhat less in 
 weight. Specimens of this curious money are pre- 
 served ;^ very little of which, there is reason to be- 
 lieve, w^as ever coined — tobacco being the most 
 common currency of the province ; and one pound 
 of it, in 1650, worth about three-pence of English 
 money. 
 
 Our ancestors generally sat upon stools' and 
 
 ^ I have seen oue or two in the possession of the Maryland His- 
 torical Society, presented, I am informed, by our generous coun- 
 tryman, Mr. Peabody, of London. 
 
 ^ I have seen several chairs. But stools and forms were chiefly 
 Uised. The form was a sort of bench ; and sometimes, if not 
 always, attached to the wall. The few chairs were, most of them, 
 made of iron, and covered with leather. They were considered 
 tho beat. 
 
120 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 forms ; dined without forks ;* but made a free use 
 of the napkin ; and paid especial attention to the 
 furniture of their bed-chambers. The walls also 
 of their principal rooms were wainscoted.' And 
 they kept a great deal of rich and massive silver 
 plate, upon which were carved the arms of their 
 own ancestry. Tea and coffee they rarely, if ever, 
 tasted. Sugar they sometimes had. Bat freely did 
 they drink both cider, and sack. And there is fre- 
 quent mention of the silver sack-cup. Strong punch 
 and sack, it would seem, were their favorite drinks.* 
 
 * Their tables were oval. I was upon the eve of adding, our 
 forefathers usually cut their meat with their rapiers, or other wea- 
 pons ; for I have rarely met with dinner-knives. And I have 
 examined a hundred inventories, without finding a single fork. 
 I doubt, if there was one, in the whole province, the first thirty 
 years. Nor should the fact surprise us. If we look at Beckmann's 
 History of Inventions (I am obliged to an old schoolmate, for so 
 good an authority), we will see, that this article was introduced 
 into society at a late period. 
 
 ' Specimens of the wainscoted wall are still preserved at somo 
 of the old family seats in Maryland. They have been much ad- 
 mired ; and, in England, are again becoming fa/'iionable. 
 
 ^ Sack was the special favorite. A case, e. g., is referred for aa 
 arbitration to the Hon. Thomas Marsh, who, in giving his award, 
 added " a hogshead of sack " to be drunk between the parties. 
 Take another :— Gov. Calvert ordered Col. Price to bring various 
 articles to Fort St, Inigo's, for the use of the soldiers. <* And 
 
LIFE OF THE PLANTERS. 121 
 
 They had also every variety of fruit, both for the 
 winter, as well as for tlie summer. They delighted 
 in pears and apricots, in figs and pomegranates,' in 
 peaches and apples, and the most luscious melons. 
 The wild strawberry and the grape-vine grew also, 
 in the richest profusion. Many of the hills v/ere 
 covered with vines ; and we have the proof, that 
 vineyards also were cultivated. The air and the 
 forest abounded in game ; the rivers and bays in 
 fish. Our ancestors feasted upon the best oysters 
 of America ; and dined, we may suppose, upon the 
 Canvass-back, the most delicious duck in the world. 
 Providence was " not content with food to nour- 
 ish man." All nature then was " music to the ear," 
 or " beauty to the eye." The feathered songsters 
 of the forest were constantly heard. And so fasci- 
 nated were our forefathers with a bird they had 
 never seen before their arrival, that they gave it 
 the name of Baltimore — its colors (black and yel- 
 
 upon motion of s^ck,'' says the witness (see Tiios. Hebdea's Depo- 
 sition, Lib. No. 2, p. 354), " the said governor replied, bidding him 
 to bring sack if he found any." It occurs more frequently upon 
 the records of the province, than upon the pages of Sbakspeare. 
 
 * See Ogilby's America— a very interesting work —from which 
 many of the facte in thifi chapter are taken. 
 
 a 
 
122 THE DAY-STAU. 
 
 low) corresponding with those upon the escutcheon 
 of the Calverts. The eagle also, which still lingers, 
 was then more frequently seen, in all his proud- 
 est majesty. 
 
 Tobacco was the great product of the province. 
 In all the parts of Maryland at that time colonized, 
 was it cultivated. And it is said, upon good author- 
 ity, that " a hundred sail of ships," a year, from 
 the West Indies and from England, traded in this 
 article — ^the source also of a very large revenue to 
 the English crown, at " his lordship's vast expense, 
 industry, and hazard." Indian corn (or " mayz "), 
 was also cultivated at an early period. From the 
 Indians also did we obtain the sweet potato. The 
 word, itself, is derived from them. So also 2irQ^one^ 
 hominy^ jpocoson^ and many others. 
 
 No regular post was established ; and it is doubt- 
 ful, if we had any printing-press before the year 
 1689. Gentlemen travelled on horseback by land ; 
 or in canoes, or other small boats by w^ater. Fer- 
 ries over the rivers and other large streams, were 
 erected by the government ; and kept by the most 
 respectable colonists — the duties, in most cases, 
 however, being performed by their deputies. Let- 
 ters were ?ient by ]^rivate hand ; and despatches 
 
cosxriviE. 123 
 
 from the government by a special messen- 
 ger. 
 
 The practice of partaking of ardent spirits, and 
 other refreshments, at funerals, was brought by our 
 earliest ancestors from their own father-land ; and 
 generally, if not universally observed. The sums 
 expended in '' hot waters," and other drinks, upon 
 such sad occasions, were surprisingly large. 
 
 Tlie costume, during the reign of Charles the 
 First, bore the marks of the strong military spirit 
 of that age ; and was the most striking and pictur- 
 esque ever worn in England. We have also, here 
 and there, a glimpse of it, upon the records of this 
 province. The inventory of Thomas Egerton, a 
 cavalier, may illustrate a part of it. There we have 
 the falchion, and the rapier ; the cloth coat lined 
 with plush, and the embroidered belt; the gold 
 hat-band, and the feather ; the pair of shoes, and 
 the silk stockings ; the pair, also, of cuffs, and the 
 silk garters. The signet-ring is also mentioned, one 
 of the articles of a gentleman, at that period. And 
 we find, that leather breeches, and stockings of the 
 same material, were frequently worn.^ The large 
 
 ^ Boot hose-tops, it appears, were also worn, about 1650. For 
 Mr. Egcrtou's Inventory, see the Records of the Land-Office ; and 
 
124 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 collar was succeeded by the cravat, it would seem, 
 about tlie time of the Protestant Revolution. Buff 
 coats were also worn as early as 1650. The cocked hat 
 was probably not introduced before the year ITOO. 
 
 Finger-rings were worn by almost all the early 
 landed gentry of Maryland. And they were the 
 favorite tokens of regard and remembrance, given 
 in their wills. The number bequeathed, during the 
 first hundred years after the settlement at St, 
 Mary's, would seem incredible to any one, who is 
 not familiar with our early testamentary records. 
 The i^receding facts, in relation to dress, and 
 including finger-rings, are predicated mainly of the 
 Anglican and the Roman Catholic colonists. 
 
 Cattle-stealing never prevailed in Maryland to 
 the same extent as it did in Scotland. But a gover- 
 nor of Virginia was convicted ; and we had many 
 cases in this province. A high sheriff of Kent was 
 tried ; and, notwithstanding his acquittal, the evi- 
 dence was very strong. The witnesses stated, that 
 the bullock was eaten in *^ hugger-mugger ;" that 
 a sentinel kept watch ; and that Capt. Thomas 
 Bradnox, the gentleman accused, had ordered one 
 
 for some of the articles of a lady's dresa, eee note, in this volume, 
 upon the will of Mrs. Fenwick, p. 215. 
 
IGNORANCE OF LETTERS. 125 
 
 of ttem to say nothing of the subject to the Governor 
 of Maryland, whose visit was soon afterwards 
 expected. Capt. Bradnox^ was the friend, also, of 
 Mr. Secretary Hatton. 
 
 ISTo execution for witchcraft, under the sentence 
 of a court, has ever marred, it would seem, the 
 annals of this province. But Mary Lee, during a 
 stormy passage upon the high seas, was i)ut to death 
 by a company of sailors. And we have at least 
 one case of conviction. It is that of John Cow- 
 man, given in Ridgely's Annals of Annapolis. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay says, that many English gentle- 
 men and lords of manors, as late as 1685, had 
 hardly " learning enough to sign " a mittimus. 
 The accuracy of his picture has been doubted. 
 But so far as it regards the education of many of 
 the early gentry of Maryland, nothing could be 
 more faithfully drawn.' We have instances here, 
 in which the servant writes his name, and the mas- 
 ter makes his mark. " Capt. Bradnox was wholly 
 ignorant of the art of writing. And one, if not 
 
 » For the law relating to cattle-marks, see this volume, p. 226. 
 
 * That many gentlemen could not write their names, is evident. 
 They repeatedly make their marks. Cases from the Record 
 could be cited. 
 
126 THE DAY-STA-R. 
 
 several of the earliest judges of tlie provincial court, 
 came within the same category. The fact, indeed, 
 suggests a very important inference ; and can only 
 be accounted for upon the true historical hypothe- 
 sis. In the past, we see the military ; in the pres- 
 ent, the commercial spirit of society. Unights, 
 and not merchants, were once the gentlemen of 
 England. The sword, and not the purse or the pen, 
 was still the emblem of power. And it would be 
 a great mistake to suppose, the unlettered gentle- 
 men of two hundred years ago, were not persons 
 either of intelligence, or of lofty bearing. The an- 
 cestors of these men had been upon many a bloody 
 battle-field ; and a living tradition had supplied the 
 place of history. IsTo class was more jealous of the 
 honor of their families ; or the glory of their coun- 
 try. The landed gentlemen of England, from 
 whom many of our own early gentry derived their 
 origin, were, themselves, the descendants, through 
 younger branches, of the old and powerful aristo- 
 cracy of that kingdom ; and felt the highest pride in 
 all that is grand, chivalrous, or glorious, in the an- 
 nals of that great country, for the period of a thou- 
 sand years. 
 
 Between the morals of the past, and those of the 
 
THE MORALS OF OUR ANCESTRY. 127 
 
 present, it would be impossible to draw a full or 
 fair contrast. But injustice, in tliis particular, has 
 certainly been done to tlie memory of our ancestors ; 
 and tlie letter of Parson Yeo to the Archbishop, in 
 1676, is little better than a libel. Without wishing 
 to throw a veil over the sins of the past, or excuse 
 in the least its rudeness or its violence ; I have no 
 hesitation in expressing the opinion, for whatever 
 it may be worth, that in the sincerity of their 
 friendships, in the depth of their religious convic- 
 tions, in the strength of their domestic aflections, 
 and in a general reverence for things sacred, our 
 forefathers far outshine the men of this generation, 
 with all its pomp and pride of civilization. 
 
 'Nov must we forget the new element which was 
 introduced into the early society of Maryland — the 
 element of religious liberty — an element, which we 
 cannot but suppose, constantly exerted its influence 
 in enlarging the mind, and elevating the thought of 
 the colonists — an active principle in the life of the 
 early planters — the crowning glory of the era, in 
 which they lived, ISTor did it die, at the fall of St. 
 Mary's, or the overthrow of the proprietary. It 
 had taken root in other parts of the continent. 
 And its fruit we now enjoy. 
 
128 THE DAY-dTAit. 
 
 CHAPTEK X. 
 
 The Law-givers of 1649 — Their Names — A fragment of the 
 Legislative Journal. 
 
 The claim of the Roman Catholic legislators 
 has been either denied or doubted by so many 
 respectable writers;' and so much obscurity has 
 
 * I will name but four :— the Honorable John Pendleton Ken- 
 nedy, whose various contributions to our literature have con- 
 ferred a lasting obligation upon the friends of historical learning j 
 the late John Leeds Bozman, whose history (a book of high 
 authority) was published by the State ; Mr. Sebastian F. Streeter, 
 in his •' Two Hundred Years Ago," distinguished not less for its 
 general accuracy of statement than for the noble zeal of its 
 author in the prosecution of some of the most diflBcult inquiries 
 within the whole range of our early history; and the Rev. 
 Ethan Allen, whose " Maryland .Toleration " is favorably received 
 by the public, especially by the clergy and laity of the Protestant 
 Episcopal church. More than a century after the passage of the 
 important act, Mr. Chalmers wrote the celebrated '' Annals,'' in 
 which he states the Assembly was "composed chiefly of Roman 
 Catholics." But he did not give the proof; nor does Mr. 
 Bancroft, or any other historian. Mr. McMahon, the highest 
 authority upon the history of Maryland, abstains (I think rather 
 
A FRAGMENT OF THE JOURNAL. 129 
 
 really hung (for the journal is lost) over the faith, 
 and identity (including the very names) of the 
 members; that no apology, it is hoped, will be 
 demanded by the truth-loving reader, for the 
 tediousness of the following details. 
 
 Fortunately for the settlement of the question, a 
 fragment of the legislative journal is still pre- 
 served (strangely enough !) upon the records of the 
 Land Office. It consists of a report from the 
 financial committee ; and the action of the Assem- 
 
 etudiously) from the expression of any very clear opinion. But 
 while I do not feel it safe, upon some questions, to follow Mr. 
 McSherry, the Roman Catholic, it is but due to him to say, in 
 simplicity and beauty of style, in freshness of thought, and the 
 general fascination with which he invests his subject, he has 
 excelled all the historians of this State ; and that in reading his 
 book, I was, for the first time in my life, inspired with a taste for 
 the study of our early provincial annals. The Georgetown College 
 MS. for a copy of which I am indebted, through the kindness of 
 Governor Lowe, to President Stouestreet, is a much older produc- 
 tion, judging from its internal evidence, than any of the pub- 
 lished writings of Mr. Chalmers ; but not only without a date or 
 the name of its author, but also unsatisfactory in many other 
 respects. "With perfect candor, I will now add, that the best 
 argument I have seen in favor of the Roman Catholic claim, is 
 from the pea of my good and dear friend, Wm. Meade Addison. 
 It yet remains for me, by God's help, to try my own hand. 
 
 6* 
 
130 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 bly in relation to " The Bill of Charges." ' If we 
 add to it a part of the journal of the following 
 
 * The Report which follows contains the name of every Burgess : 
 
 "Saturday, the 21st of April, 1649, being ye last day and 
 sessions-day of the Assembly — the House being called, all assem- 
 bled but Mr. Pile and IVIr, Hatton, whose absence was excused by 
 the governor. The committee brought in the charge of this 
 present Assembly, which is as followeth, viz. — At the committee 
 for charges of the Assembly, the committee appointed the sums 
 under-written to be paid to the parties under-written this 21st of 
 April, 1G49 — all tobacco under-written due with cask. 
 
 ImprimiH, for the shallop and one man 9 days, . 
 
 For one man 8 days, 
 
 For two men, seven days, 
 
 For provisions for the men paid by the sherifif,. 
 For fetching wood and water during this Assembly, 
 
 Tob. 
 200 
 080 
 140 
 100 
 150 
 
 670 
 Hereof Kent is to pay a sixth part being . . . 112 
 St. Mary's county is to pay the rest, being, . . 558 
 
 000 
 
 Lieut. Banks, Walter Peake, Mr. Browne, and John Maunsell, for '\ 000 
 their diet, at 161b. Tob. per day a man for twenty-one days >■ 2184 
 and for loss of their time, 101b. Tobacco per day, with cask, ) 000 
 
 Mr. Thornborough, for 21 days, 210 
 
 George Manners, for 16 days, 160 
 
 To Mr. Fenwick for his trouble at this Assembly, . . . 1200 
 
 For Mr. Bretton, 210 
 
 For Capt. Vaughan for going to the eastern shore, and sending 
 down a boat and hands to St. Mary's, .... 
 
 500 
 
 [ 
 
 For the clerk of the Assembly, for 25 days, at 501b. per day, . 1250 
 
FRAGMENT OF THE JOURNAL OF 16J:9. 131 
 
 year/ and the facts already given by Bozman and 
 other historians, it will be easy for ns to ascertain, 
 
 The sixth part of which 1250 Kent is to pay . . . 208 
 St. Mary's county to pay the rest, being .... 1042 
 For Mr. Conner for the charge of this Assembly, . . . 1342 
 The committee finding it just to be levied per poll, as we con- 
 ceive. 
 
 CUTHBERT FeNWICK, \ PhILIP CoXNEK, 
 
 RicEtAKD Bajnks. v Richard Browne, 
 
 ) Walter Peake. 
 See Land Records, Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 
 
 * " April 29th, 1650. — We, whose names are hereunder written, 
 declare, that our intents in passing the Bill the last year, entitled 
 an Act for the support of the Lord Proprietary (and do verily 
 believe, that the intention of the whole House then was), that 
 these words in the law, viz., * touching the late recovery and 
 defence of the province,'' is only meant thereby, that those sol- 
 diers who came up in person with Governor Calvert, deceased, 
 out of Virginia, and those others who were hired into the Fort 
 of St. Migo's, for the defence and preservation of the province, 
 and government reassumed by him ; and other just arrears incurred 
 during that time in the said Fort, should be satisfied by virtue of 
 that Act ; and no others. Wm. Stone, Thos. Green, John Price, 
 John Pile, Thomas Hatton, Robert Vaughan, Cuthbcrt Fenwick, 
 William Bretton, George Manners, Robert Clarke. 
 
 " 29 th April predict. It is thought fit by both Houses of this 
 present Assembly, that the act above-mentioned be understood 
 and judged upon according to the intentions expressed in the 
 declaration above-written. Concurred, nt supra. Assented ut 
 supra. 
 
 Land Record?, Lib. No. 3, p. 345. 
 
132 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 beyond the shadow of a doubt, who were the 
 Assemblymen of 1649.' 
 
 * The inference from the preceding fragment of 1649 is fully 
 established by the analogy drawn from the Journal of 1650 — 
 remembering, however, that Mr. Fenwick took the place of Doctor 
 Mathews (see Bozman), and (what is also well known) that Messrs. 
 Cox and Puddington were sent from Anne Arundel county. 
 
 " Return from the Sheriff of St. Mary's, 2d of April, 1650. 
 
 "All and every the freemen of St. Mary's county have been 
 summoned, according to the direction of those summons, and 
 have made choice of these burgesses following for every hundred, 
 viz. : — 
 
 -n OL rt » 1. J J ( Mr. John Hatch, 
 
 For St. George's hundred, •< 
 
 ( Mr. Walter Beane. 
 
 { Mr. John Medley, 
 For Newtown hundred, ) Mr. Wm. Brough, 
 
 ( Mr. Robert Robins. 
 
 For St. Clement's hundred, Mr. Francis Posey. 
 
 ( Mr. Philip Land, 
 For St. Mary's hundred, | ^^^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 For St. Inigo's hundred, Mr. Thomas Matthews. 
 
 For St. Michael's hundred, 
 
 i Mr. Thomas Sterman, 
 ( Mr. George Manners. 
 
 •• Which I humbly certify, in return hereof. 
 
 Nicholas Gwyther." 
 See Land Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 
 
 " Return from Kent, April, 5, 1650. 
 " These summons were duly executed, and by virtue thereof, I 
 was by the major part of the freemen, chosen burgess for the Isle 
 of Kent county, which I do certify, in return hereof. 
 
 '* Robert VAUGHiusJ." 
 Land Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 
 
COKRESPONDINa DOCUMENTS, 1650. 
 
 133 
 
 It will be remembered, that Cecilius, tlie pro- 
 prietary, notwithstanding his residence in England, 
 
 0400 
 
 I 0600 
 
 Common Charges to be levied by equal Assessment through ye 
 whole Province. April 21th. 
 " The committee brought in the country's charge, 
 For Wm. Lewis, for his attendance and bringing down Indians 
 
 last year, 
 
 For Matthias Briant for carrying ye governor's letter, . . 0100 
 
 For pressing Mr. Chappel's boat, 0200 
 
 For Francis Martinson, for going to Anne Arundel and Kent 
 
 counties, 
 
 For the cleric of the Assembly, for 24 days at 501b. per day, . 1200 
 For Philip's attendance on the burgesses, &c., .... 0420 
 For ye Sheriff, for his attendance on the House, . . . 0500 
 
 8420 
 Same Lib., p. 59. 
 
 '* The Committee^s Sill of Charges, this Assembly, brought in 
 
 27th April. Allowing:— 
 St. Mary's, 
 
 {Robert Robins, for 27 days' attendance, at 501b. per day, 1360 
 
 Mr. Wm. Brough, for 21 days, at 501b. per day, . . 1050 
 
 John Medley, for 14 days, " "... 0700 
 
 To Mr. Philip Land, 26 days, " " • . . 1300 
 
 C John Hatch, 24 days, " "... 1200 
 
 < Walter Beane, 24 days, " "... 1200 
 
 To Francis Foesey, 2S days, at 501b. per day, . . . 1400 
 
 C George Manners, 21 days, 1050 
 
 To < 
 
 ( Mr. Thomas Sterman, 21 days, 1050 
 
 To Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick, 11 days, 0550 
 
 " As for that Mr. Francis Broolfs was not able, through sicliness, 
 to attend the House, and drawing of his wine, the committee 
 think fit not to provide for hira at all. 
 Kent, 
 To Capt. Robert Vaughan, for 40 days, at 501b. per day, . 2000 
 To boat and hard, &c., 0250 
 
134 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 possessed an important part of the law-making 
 power. It is certain, the " Act " relating to " Eeli- 
 gion" received his approval. Under the provi- 
 sions of the charter, it could not have become a 
 law, in the proper sense, without his sanction, 
 either expressed or implied. "We know he 
 approved it. And the fact is undisputed. 
 
 Capt. "VYm. Stone, it is also known, was the pro- 
 prietary's lieutenant-general, or governor of the 
 province. And the governor, at that period, was 
 ex-officio the president of the privy council. His 
 concurrence also in the passage of the Act, is a 
 matter of record. 
 
 And we have the well-known commission of four 
 privy councillors : — Thos. Green, John Price, John 
 
 Anne Arundel, 
 
 To Mr. Puddington, . 
 „ , J. ^ ? for 37 days apiece, at 501b. per day, . 8700 
 
 Boat, hands, and wages. 
 
 " This assessment to be laid on the hundreds and counties, j^ro 
 portionably, every county and hundred bearing their particular 
 charge of their own particular burgess or burgesses. 
 
 " The committee finding already 3420 lb. more of tobacco upon 
 common charge, besides what will hereafter be reckoned. Where- 
 upon (not be able to make a true estimate of the people inhabit- 
 ing in the several counties, whereby to proportionate the 
 
ASSEMBLY-MEN OF 1649. 135 
 
 Pile, and Eobert Yauglian. Eobert Clark was, at 
 tlie same time, the surveyor-general ; and Tliomas 
 Hatton, the secretary of the province. It was the 
 practice of these high officers, to sit in the Assem- 
 bly with the councillors. And we have the j)roof, 
 that they did so, in 1649./ 
 
 Nine burgesses represented Kent and St. Mary's. 
 Their names are : — Cuthbert Fenwick, Philip Con- 
 ner, William Bretton, Richard Browne, George 
 Manners, Pichard Banks, John Maunsell, Thomas 
 Thornborough, and Walter Peake. 
 
 Including the governor, there were sixteen mem- 
 bers, in the whole Assembly. Of the six privy 
 councillors, Pobert Yaughan was the only one who 
 resided in Kent. And Philip Conner represented 
 the freemen of that county. 
 
 assessment equally) they refer the making thereof unto the meet- 
 ing in October for that purpose. 
 
 Signed, 
 John Price, James Cox, 
 
 Robert Vaughan, Philip Land, 
 
 John Hatch, Robert Robins, 
 
 Wm. Brough George Puddington.'' 
 
 Same Lib., pp. 60, 61. 
 
 * They signed the certificate prefixed to the Declaratory Act of 
 
 1650. 
 
136 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 CHAPTEE XL 
 
 Their Faith — They sit in One House. 
 
 The proprietary was a Eoman Catholic ; and the 
 governor, a Protestant. Three of the privj coun- 
 cillors (Thomas Green, John Pile, and Robert 
 Clarke), held the faith of the former; the other 
 three (John Price, Robert Yaughan, and Thomas 
 Hatton), with equal certainty, may be classed 
 with the latter law-giver. 
 
 As the result of the strictest historical criticism — 
 of the most careful and exhausting analysis of the 
 whole evidence — it is but right to say, the proof is 
 not discoverable, that more than two members of 
 the whole House of burgesses (or representatives 
 of the people) were either Protestants, or in direct 
 sympathy with the Protestant class of colonists. 
 That Mr. Conner and Capt. Banks belonged to 
 that class, is a matter of evidence. And there is 
 some degree of probability that Mr. Browne also 
 
FAITH OF THE ASSEMBLY-MEN OP 1649. 137 
 
 held the faith of the English church. But it is 
 certain, that five of the burgesses (Messrs. Fen- 
 wick, Bretton, Manners, Maunsell, and Peake) 
 cherished a faith in the Roman church ; and we 
 have the basis of a very strong presumption, that 
 Mr. Thornborough (a sixth member of this House) 
 was also a Eoman Catholic. 
 
 Including the proprietary and Mr. Thornborough, 
 ten of the law-givers of 1649 held the faith of the 
 .Homan Catholic Church. If we count the 
 governor and the two burgesses ; six, it will appear, 
 belonged to some branch of the Protestant — pro- 
 bably the Anglo-Catholic. Adding Mr. Browne, 
 we have a seventh. But this is a superficial 
 view of the question ; and refers only to the time, 
 I they all sat in one House. 
 
138 THE DAT-STAB. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Whole Strength of the Roman Catholic Element in the 
 Assembly. 
 
 All, we have from the remaining parts of the 
 journal, is that on the " last day " of the Assem- 
 bly, the representatives of the freemen, with the 
 governor, and with the privy conncillors (except- 
 ing Messrs. Pile and Hatton), assembled in one 
 " House ;" and that, on the same day, was passed 
 the " Act concerning Religion." ^ It can be proved 
 from the records, that of the fourteen, eight 
 (including Mr. Thornborough) were Roman Catho- 
 lics ; and six (with Mr. Browne) were Protestants. 
 But this estimate does not render strict historical 
 justice to the claim of the former. The privy coun- 
 cillors were, all of them, as well as the governor, 
 the special representatives of the Roman Catholic 
 
 ^ In the marginal note to the copy of the Act upon the Records 
 of the Land Office, the date of its passage is given. 
 
EOMAN CATHOLIC ELEMENT IN THE ASSEMBLY. 139 
 
 proprietary;' under an express pledge imposed by 
 him, shortly before the meeting of the Assembly 
 (as may be seen from the official oath), to do nothing 
 at variance with the religions freedom of any be- 
 liever in Christianity ; and removable, any moment, 
 at his bidding. It would be fairer, therefore, to 
 place the governor and the four privy councillors 
 on the same side as the six Roman Catholic bur- 
 gesses. Giving Mr. Browne to the other side, we 
 have eleven Eoman Catholic against three Pro- 
 testant votes. 
 
 * This fact is presented, in a very forcible light, by Mr 
 Addison. See Addison's Religious Toleration in America. 
 
140 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 CHAPTEK XIII. 
 
 The Burgesses, as a Distinct Branch of the Legislature — A 
 Majority of Roman Catholic Representatives. 
 
 But there is the strongest evidence to show, that 
 at a previous stage of the session, the Assembly sat 
 in two Houses. This is the opinion of Bozman, 
 w^ho is, by no means, partial towards the Roman 
 Catholics — an opinion sustained also by Chalmers, 
 by Bacon, and by Bancroft. It is evident that Mr. 
 Fenwick received an extra allowance.^ May we 
 not suppose, he was the chief officer, or speaker, 
 of the Lower House? But the best argument 
 is drawn from the analogy furnished by the 
 Assembly of the following year ; and by the very 
 phraseology, in the Act relating to religion. We 
 know the Legislature* of 1650, although expressly 
 divided into two distinct chambers, sat near the 
 end of the session, in one House. '^ And, in the 
 
 * See the Bill of Charges, ante, p. 130. 
 
 • The journal of 1650 has been preserved. It is in Lib. No. 3, 
 
ROMAN CATHOLICS IN THE LOWER HOUSE. 141 
 
 Act, of which we are speaking, there is a clear 
 reference to an Upper and Lower House/ If we 
 suppose, therefore (what cannot admit of a reason- 
 able doubt), that the Act passed each House 
 before its final adoption by the whole Assembly in 
 one body ; and still give Mr. Browne to the Pro- 
 testants ; we will find there were six Roman Catho- 
 lics (including Mr. Thornborough) against three 
 only of the other class of delegates. 
 
 in the Land OfBce. And there is abundant evidence to show that 
 many of the laws and orders of that year were passed by " both 
 Houses" sitting in one. I have now before me an extract from p. 
 61, which distinctly states, that on the " 29th " of April, the " bur- 
 gesses of the Lower House being sent for, came and joined them- 
 selves with the Upper House," for the *' more convenient and 
 speedier dispatch of all business." Other extracts could be 
 given. 
 
 ^ In the recorded copies in Lib. Laws, C. and W. H., p. 106, and 
 in Lib. W. H. and L., p. 1, it is said, the law was enacted, " with 
 the advice and consent of the U^per and Lower House." '* With 
 the advice and consent of this general Assembly," according to 
 the copy in Lib. No. 2. These copies seem to indicate the different 
 stages of proceeding. 
 
142 THE DAY-STAB. 
 
 CHAPTER Xiy. 
 
 Population of the Province in 1649 — ^Predominance of tlie Roman 
 Catholic Element at the Period of the Assembly — The Honor due 
 to the Roman Catholic Freemen of Maryland. 
 
 If we take the religions elements of the popula- 
 tion represented in this Assembly ; the difference 
 will again be in favor of the Roman Catholics. 
 
 In 1648, the burgesses appeared either as indivi- 
 dual freemen ; or as the representatives, each, of a 
 definite number. And, in 1650, the six hundreds 
 of St. Mary's county, as distinct integers, sent their 
 own respective delegates. Assuming the constitu- 
 tion of either year, for the sake of the argument ; 
 the result, in 1649, would be substantially the 
 same. 
 
 The settlement upon Kent Island was an off- 
 shoot of the Anglo-Catholic colony at Jamestown. 
 Col. Clayborne was undoubtedly an Episcopalian. 
 There, also, have we the traces of the life and 
 
ANGLO-CATHOLICS OF KENT. 143 
 
 Jabors of the Rev. Richard James, and ol one or 
 more other ministers of the Anglican church.^ It 
 is but just to admit, that most of the Islanders 
 were Protestants. But the population of Kent was 
 small. In 1639, if not mcmy years later^ she was 
 but a hundred of St. Mary's county.' In 1648, she 
 paid a fifth part only of the tax ;' and did not 
 hold, in the Assembly of that year, a larger ratio 
 of political power.* That also was before the 
 
 * Thanks to the zeal and learned diligence of the Rev. Mr. 
 Allen, but especially of Mr. Streeter. 
 
 "^ In 1639, was also erected the "hundred Court of Kent." 
 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 140. 
 
 ' From the Bill of Common Charges at the Assembly of 1648, 
 I talie, as an illustration, " The Clerk's Fees." This item amounts 
 to 1250 pounds of toba«cco, of which " Kent is to pay 250." Lib. 
 No. 2, pp. 302-303. 
 
 * It was about a fifth, as the following Protest of that year will 
 show. It is signed by all the members, including Captain 
 Vaughan, the delegate from Kent ; and Captain Bradnox, and Mr. 
 Conner, the two freemen from that county ; — 
 
 Tlie Protest of 1648, JVew Style. 
 
 " "Wo, the freemen assembled in this present general Assembly, 
 do hereby declare, under our hands ; and generally, jointly, and 
 unanimously protest, against the laws which are now pretended 
 to be put in force by the last general Assembly ; conceiving that 
 they were not lawfully enacted. For that no summons issued out 
 
144: THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 return, we may suppose, of all the Koman Catho- 
 lics, who had been expelled or exported from St. 
 Mary's, by Capt. Ingle, and the other enemies 
 of the proprietary. In 1649, she had but one 
 delegate; while St. Mary's was represented by 
 eight. And this year, she paid but a sixth part of 
 the tax.' And for many years after, as well as 
 before this Assembly, there is no evidence what- 
 ever of a division of the island, or the county, even 
 into hundreds.^ Its population did not, in 1648, 
 exceed the fifth ; nor in 1649, the sixth part of the 
 
 to all the inhabitants, whereby their appearance was required by 
 lawful authority. Witness our hands, this 28th January, 1647. 
 
 Robert Vaughan, 24 voices. Robt. Clarke, proxy, Geo. Akerick, 8, 
 
 Cuthbert Fenwick, 3, Walter Peake, 22, 
 
 Robert Percy, proxy, ) ^ Wm. Thompson, proxy, Capt. Price, 9, 
 
 > 15 
 John Medley, ) Thomas Bradnox, 
 
 Phil. Conner, Thomas Thornborough, 
 
 Richard Banks, 24, Edward Packer, 8, 
 
 Thomas Allen, 6, John Wyatt, proxy, Mr. Brooke, 
 
 George Saugher, 6, Edwd.Cotton, proxy, Barnaby Jackson, 9 
 
 Walter Waterlen, 2, William Bretton, 4." 
 
 Lib. No. 3, pp. 293-294 ; and Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 323-324. 
 
 It would seem, then, that in the Assembly of 1648, there werd 
 
 but 27 votes for Kent, and 130 for St. Mary's. 
 
 * Bill of Charges for 1649, Lib. 2, p. 488. 
 
 ' I have carefully examined the records at Chestertown ; and 
 
 am satisfied this county was not laid off into hundreds till many 
 
 years afterwards. 
 
POPULATION OF THE PROVINCE IN 16d:9. 145 
 
 whole number of free white persons in the pro- 
 vince,* 
 
 In no hundred of St. Mary's county, was there a 
 majority of Protestants, unless in St. George's. It 
 is not altogether certain that the Protestants out- 
 numbered the Roman Catholics, even in that hun- 
 dred. The Rev. William Wilkinson, of the 
 English church — the first permanent pastor of the 
 
 ' The numbers and resources of the province had been greatly 
 diminished by the contest of Col. Clayborne, by the rebellion of 
 Capt. Ingle, and by various other causes. 
 
 Notwithstanding the destruction of so many of the records, and 
 the lapse of so much time, it is gratifying to think that amid 
 the twilight of the past, we have still •preserved for our own 
 generation, many of the most important lights and landmarks of 
 history ; and that the population of the province, at the period 
 of which I am writing, may yet be ascertained with a reasonable 
 degree of certainty. If we multiply five by the twenty-seven 
 votes from Kent — the number which represented, in 1G48, its 
 freemen, or the heads of its families — that county will have 135 
 persons. The same ratio will give to St. Mary's 650. But this 
 estimate was true of the latter county only at the beginning of 
 that year. The month of June, there were not less than 110 
 tithables, or 700 persons in this county. And the return of other 
 colonists to St. Mary's before the succeeding April, accounts for 
 the fact, that in 1649 Kent paid but a sixth part of the tax ; at 
 which time the whole population of the province approached 900, 
 including the 130 or 140 inhabitants upon the Isle of Kent. For 
 the levy and assessment of 1648 upon St. Mary's, see Lib. No. 2, 
 p. 366, and p. 369. 
 
 7 
 
146 " THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 Anglo-Catliolic faith after the landing of the Pil- 
 grims — but whose name has never yet appeared 
 upon any page of Maryland's history — did not 
 arrive in St. Mary's till the year 1650. A preacher 
 and a planter, engaged in the discharge of his 
 ministerial functions, as well as in the trade of the 
 province (and what right have we to censure one 
 who seems to have been without a temporal sup- 
 port from his own church ?) ; living also, for a long 
 period, in St. George's hundred ; we cannot sup- 
 pose he was altogether unsuccessful in his official 
 labors. But even before his arrival, we there 
 discover the germs of an early Anglican faith. In 
 that hundred, as early as 1642, lived the "Wick- 
 liffes, the Cadgers, the Marshalls, and other Epis- 
 copalians.^ There also was the earliest home, 
 
 ^ " Council Proceedings," Lib. 1637 to 1658, pp. 209-215. Wm. 
 Marshall's deed for •' three heifers " is an interesting paper ; and one 
 of the earliest gifts upon the Records of Maryland for the support 
 of a Protestant ministry — the very first I remember, in which 
 allusion is made to a " parish." It may be found in Lib. No. 1, on 
 pp. 608-609, and is dated "the 3 day of June," 1654— the pro- 
 posed field of labor being a locality then called " The Neck of 
 Wicocomico." Robt. Cadger, whose devise is mentioned by 
 Bacon, was the only son of the Robert who came from the Old 
 World, and who lived in St. George's in 1642. The will of the 
 
a:nglo*catiiolics of st* oeobge^s, 14? 
 
 Jthough at a period subsequent to 1649, of the 
 Addisons, of Oxon-Hill, a family wliich, for more 
 than six generations, has borne a willing testimony 
 to the faith of Cranmer, of Ridley, and of Latimer/ 
 Conceding, what must remain a matter of consi- 
 derable doubt, that St. George's was a Protestant 
 hundred as early as 1649 ; and adding the county 
 of Kent, on the eastern shore ; the Protestants 
 would hold two-sixths, or one- third, of the whole 
 political power, substantially, if not formally, 
 represented during this year, in the Lower House of 
 the Assembly — an estimate which also accords 
 with the ratio of the Protestant to the Roman 
 
 emigrant contains a conditional devise for the erecting and 
 " maintaining of a free-school " upon his home plantation, and is 
 dated in the year 1667. We are also struck ^'ritu the fact that the 
 person selected by the ** Protestant CathoLcs," as the organ of 
 their petition against Doct. Gerrard, fo: seizing the "key " to the 
 chapel (see Bozman, Vol. 2, anno 1642, p. 1!)9), resided in thia 
 very hundred ; and that he bore the surname of Wickliffe, the 
 morning-star, in the opinion of our Protestant historians, to the 
 Reformation of the sixteenth century ; certainly as important an 
 agent in the production of that event as the great Wesley in the 
 reproduction of the Oxford theology of the present age. 
 
 ^ In this hundred lived also Col. Price ; and (I have reason to 
 think), for a short period, Capt. Banks. But I cannot say what 
 time they became residents. 
 
14S THE DAY-STAR* 
 
 Catholic delegates— assuming that Mr. Browne was 
 one of the former* But it is not improbable that 
 the Protestants constituted a fourth only of the 
 population of Maryland. 
 
 The Protestants had, it is true, a majority in the 
 Assembly of 1650o^ But it was proper tliat the 
 opportunity should lye offered them^ under the most 
 favorable circumstances, of acknowledging their 
 gratitude for so beneficent an administration of the 
 government ;' and of testifying in the most formal 
 manner, that, under the proprietary's rule, they 
 were in the enjoyment of a real, practical free- 
 
 * The eleven delegates from St. Mary's were John Hatch, 
 Walter Beane, Wm. Brough, Robt. Robins, Francis Poesy, Thos. 
 Steerman, Cuthbert Fenwick, Geo. Manners, John Medley, Philip 
 Land, and Francis Brooke — the first six Protestants, the remaining 
 five Roman Catholics. James Cox and Geo. Puddington (Protes- 
 tants) represented the newly-erected Puritan county of Anne 
 Arundel ; while Capt. Yaughan (another Protestant) was the repre- 
 sentative from Kent, but sat also in the Upper House. Of the 
 hundred of St. Mary's, Messrs. Hatch an i Beane represented St. 
 George's ; Messrs. Medley, Brough, and Robins, Newtown ; Mr 
 Poesy, St. Clement's ; Messrs. Land and Brooke, St. Mary's ; Mr. 
 Fenwick, St. Inigoe's ; and Messrs. Steerman and Manners, St. 
 Michael's. Lib. No. 3, 47-55. See also ante, p. 71, and p. 132. 
 
 ^ This they did in a most handsome manner. See Act of Re- 
 cognition in Bacon and in Bozman. 
 
K03kIAN CATHOLICS OF ST. MARy's. 149 
 
 .dom.^ Even on that occasion, they outnumbered 
 the Roman Catholic delegates from St. Mary's, by 
 a majority of one only.' And it is but necessary 
 to add, while one of the most prominent Roman 
 Catholic delegates of 1649 was elected to the 
 honorable post of clerk of the Assembly in 1650, 
 and two others held a seat in that body, not a sin- 
 gle Protestant of the latter year had represented 
 the county in the Legislature of the former. 
 
 St. Mary's was the home — the chosen home — of 
 the disciples of the Roman church. The fact has 
 been generally received. It is sustained by the 
 tradition of two hundred years, and by volumes of 
 written testimony ; by the records of the courts ; 
 by the proceedings of the privy council ; by the 
 trial of law-cases ; by the wills and inventories ; 
 by the land-records, and rent-rolls ; and by the 
 very names originally given to the towns and hun- 
 dreds ; to the creeks and rivulets ; to the tracts and 
 manors of the co mty. The State itself bears the 
 
 ^ See the Protestant Declaration. 
 
 ' The Declaratioa itself is quite suflScient. But abundant evi« 
 dence of the fact is elsewhere preserved. 
 
150 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 name' of a Kornan Catholic queen.' Of the six 
 hundreds of this small county, in 1650, five had 
 the prefix of St. Sixty tracts and manors, most of 
 them taken up at a very early period, bear the 
 same Roman Catholic mark.' The villages and 
 
 ^ It was once very often written " Marie-Land ;" and St Mary's, 
 not unfrequently " Saint Marie's." " Terra-Marias " is the name 
 given to the province in the Latin Charter. 
 
 ^ Henrietta Mariah, the wife of Charles the First, and daughter 
 of Henry the Fourth, the great king of France — a name given 
 also to a daughter of Capt. Neale (a favorite of the Crown), 
 through whom the Lloyds, the Tilghmans, and many of the other 
 most distinguished Protestant families of the province, derived 
 the best Roman Catholic blood. The name itself has come down 
 through the same channel, consecrated by the recollections and 
 traditions of many generations ; cherished in the memory, and 
 enshrined in the heart of more than one living descendant of the 
 Neales. 
 
 ^ I have easily counted this number ; and am satisfied they are 
 not all — to say nothing of many more taken up in Charles, by 
 colonists living there in 1649, and before that county was carved 
 out of St. Mary's. It is, of course, not certain that every one was 
 surveyed for a Roman Catholic ; nor have many of the well- 
 known FbOman Catholic estates any prefix. But who can doubt 
 the historical value of such general evidence in estimating num- 
 bers or masses, or deny that '• St. Peter's Key," "St. Peter's Hill," 
 or most of the other tracts of this class were taken up by the mem- 
 bers of the Roman Catholic Church? See Rent Roll for St. 
 Mary's and Charles, Vol. 1 and 2. In the county of Anne Arundel, 
 
BKIGH-TAM-MOUGH AND COUNA-WEZA.. 151 
 
 creeks, to this day, attest the wide-spread preva- 
 lence of the same tastes, sentiments, and sympa- 
 thies. Not long after the passage of the " Act " 
 relating to " religion," the Protestants, it is admit- 
 ted, outgrew their Eoman Catholic brethren ; and, 
 in 1689, succeeded very easily in their attempt to 
 overthrow the proprietary. But judging from the 
 composition of the juries, in 1655, we see no rea- 
 son to believe they then had a majority. In the 
 trial of the Piscataway Indians,' during the year 
 
 the original seat of the Puritans (but soon after the home of the 
 Quakers and of other Protestants), and at the date of the Rent 
 Roll I have consulted, several times the area of St. Mary's, there 
 were but three estates with the prefix 1 And each of these, it 
 appears, was taken up by gentlemen, who from evidence aliunde, 
 were Roman Catholics. 
 
 ' Skigh-tani-mough and Couna-weza. They were tried at the 
 September Term of the Provincial Court, at St. Mary's, for the 
 murder of two negro servants. Gov. Stone, the Chief Justice, 
 presided 5 the Attorney-General, Mr. Hatton, conducted the pro- 
 secution ; and Mr. Feuwick was the foreman of the Jury. The 
 scene of the murder was nrjar South River ; and the servants, as 
 well as the plantation where the deed was done, belonged to 
 Capt. Daniel Gookins— a name distinguished in the early history 
 of New England. Mary, the servant, who had escaped, notwith- 
 standing the severity of her wound, was the chief witness. But 
 Warcosse, the Emperor, had sent down to St, Mary's some arti- 
 cles found in the possession of the suspected Indians, and which, it 
 
152 TEE DAY-STAS. 
 
 1653— -a case where religious bias, we may sup- 
 pose, could exert but little influence on tlie selec- 
 tion of the jurors — it would be safe to assert, that, 
 at least, twelve (or one-half of the panel) were 
 Eoman Catholics.' In the cases of Kobert Holt, 
 
 was known, had belonged to Capt. Gookins. And the Indians, 
 who spoke through interpreters, confessed at the trial they were 
 present at the murder — at one moment admitting, at the next 
 denying their guilt : " fearful, and desiring," says the record, " to 
 conceal " it. They were convicted, sentenced, and executed on 
 the same day. For the trial of the case, see Lib. No. 1, pp. 
 482-485. 
 
 * The Jurors were Cuthbert Fenwick, Wm. Bretton, Edward 
 Packer, Philip Land, Wm. Evans, Richard Hoskins, Wm. Johnson, 
 John Medley, Richard Willan, Henry Adams, James Langworth, 
 John Thimblebee, Nicholas Gwyther, John Steerman, Richard 
 Banks, John Lawson, Robt. Cadger, John Nichols, Daniel Clocker, 
 Wm. Edwine, John Taylor, John Harwood, Zachary Wade, and 
 Thomas Sympson. There is strong reason for the opinion, that 
 the first twelve were Roman Catholics ; and that eight of the 
 other twelve were Protestants : i. <?. Messrs. John Steerman, Richard 
 Banks, John Lawson, Robt. Cadger, John Nichols, Daniel Clocker, 
 Wm. Edwine, and John Taylor. The faith of the remaining four 
 is a matter of doubt. See Appendix, No. 3. This trial, we also 
 know, occurred after the arrival of the Puritans, and the influx of 
 other Protestant population. The Roman Catholic, therefore, 
 was comparatively a weaker element, in September, 1653, than 
 in the month of April, 1649. But even then it was probably 
 stronger than the whole combination of the Episcopal with the 
 Puritan, and other Protestant elements. There cannot be a doubt, 
 
CASES OF HOLT AND WILKINSON. 153 
 
 and the Kev. Wm. Wilkinson,' in 1659, evidence 
 of the strongest character appears. For the trial 
 
 so far as regards St. Mary's County — the only one involved in the 
 main point of the inquiry. 
 
 * Indicted, the one for " bigamy ;" the other as an " accessary." 
 See Lib. S. 1658 to 16G2, Judgments, pp. 200-201. They were 
 indicted separately ; but it Nvas proposed to try them before the 
 same jury. And they both lived in St. George's. See Indict- 
 ment. Mr. Thomas Hynson, the ancestor of the Ilynsons of 
 Chestertown, was the foreman of the Grand Jury ; and Mr. Thos. 
 Ringgold, from whom so many gentlemen of the same county, 
 and elsewhere, have derived their intermediate ancestry, was the 
 foreman of the trial Jury. The cases are extraordinary ; and the 
 degree of Mr. Wilkinson's sin presents a difficult question for the 
 casuist. Holt is indicted for marrying Christiana Bonnefield 
 during the life-time of his "lawful wife ;" and Parson Wilkinson 
 for feloniously joining the parties, "after he had divorced ye said 
 Robert Holt." The reverend gentleman "saith, that he did 
 join" them "in marriage ;" " but denyeth yt he did any thing by 
 way of divorce ;" " notwithstanding confesseth y t he drew, and 
 signed as a witness," the paper containing " a release of all claim 
 of marriage " " to the said Robert ;" upon a confession, from the 
 wife, of two distinct deeds of infidelity ; and her subsequent 
 " refusal to be reconciled." There is no doubt of the fact, that 
 the parson violated the civil law. But how far he was guilty, in 
 a religious sense (upon proof, if any, of the wife's bad faith), 
 would depend, not only upon the soundness of the Roman Catho- 
 lic theory, which elevates monogamy to the dignity of a sacra- 
 ment, but also upon the condition of parties living in a sort of 
 wilderness — the Bishop of London having no power, under the 
 laws of England, to dissolve the bond — the Parliament, without 
 any practical or real jurisdiction over the case — the Provincial 
 
154 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 of these cases, twelve fit Protestants conlcl not be 
 found at the provincial court' held at St. Mary's, 
 and usually thronged at that period with crowds of 
 appellants and appellees ; with witnesses in civil and 
 in criminal proceedings ; Avith spectators, and many 
 other residents of the province !^ Immediately 
 
 Assembly never granting a divorce a vinculo for any cause what- 
 ever — and the English Church having no higher representative, 
 or depositary of her authority, in this province, than the clergy- 
 man indicted. I am quite sure* the legislature did not grant 
 divorces at that time. I have no recollection, indeed, at this 
 moment, of a single case under either of the first two proprie- 
 taries, during the sixty years before the removal of the govern- 
 ment to Annapolis. And I do not see how Lord Baltimore* 
 consistently with his faith in the Church of Rome, could appprove 
 of the dissolution of a marriage. 
 
 ^ The fondness for law-suits, mingled with a veneration for 
 judicial authority, was a striking characteristic of our ancestors. 
 The most trifling disputes were submitted to the magistrates of the 
 county, and afterwards to the Appellate Court of the province- 
 St. Mary's, where the Court sat, was the great place of resort ; 
 the centre of news ; and the scene of the most important business 
 transactions. 
 
 ^ The jurors summoned for the trial were Mr. Thomas Ringgold, 
 Robert Cadger, Nicholas Young, Daniel Clocker, William Hewes, 
 Thomas Cadger, James Veitch, Thomas South, John Hamilton, 
 Thomas Belcher, PLobert Blunkhome, and Hugh Bemin. After 
 the reading of the indictment, " the prisoners allege, yt this jury 
 *' is a very weak jury to go upon so weighty a business (they being 
 ' so nearly-concerned therein) as life and death. And there being 
 
OVERZEE VS. C0RNWALLI3. 155 
 
 afterwards a verdict, in another case/ was given by 
 a jury taken, apparently, from the by-standers, and 
 consisting of not less than six Roman Catholics. 
 nor more than two Protestants ^ (one, if not both, 
 non-residents of St. Mary's county), exclusive of 
 the four, who had been summoned in the cases of 
 Messrs. Holt and Wilkinson. 
 
 " few others present in court but what are Catholics, which the 
 *' prisoners afore requested might not be warned on the jury, desir- 
 " ing that a Protestant jury might pass on them, and which the 
 " governor consented unto, as most reasonable " (see pp. 200-201) ; 
 " bail " is therefore ordered for their appearance at the next term, 
 the governor himself becoming Mr. Wilkinson's security. But a 
 few days later, a proclamation was issued in favor of Richard, 
 the son of the Lord Protector, including a pardon of all persona 
 indicted or convicted. P. 215. 
 
 * The case Overzee vs. Cornvvallis. 
 
 ' The jurors in this case, it would seem, were summoned upon 
 the spur of the moment, and without the least difficulty. The 
 Roman Catholic jurors (their faith could easily be proved by the 
 testamentary and other records) were James Lindsey, James 
 Langworth, Henry Adams, Richard Will, Philip Land, and a 
 sixth, whose name I do not this moment remember ; the four 
 taken from the panel in Holt's case (all Protestants) were 
 Thomas Ringgold, Thomas South (both, I think, residents of 
 Kent), Thomas Belcher, and James Veitch 5 and the remaining 
 two were Mr. Thomas Hynson, and Capt. Sampson Waring. See 
 p. 201. We might also take, at randon, a jury, on p. 188 ; and 
 from various records conclusively show, that one-half, if not more 
 of them, wi^re members of the church of Rome. 
 
156 THE DAY-STAH. 
 
 But the wills furnish the best clew to the faith 
 of our early ancestors — ^precious memorials of the 
 past — ripe liarvest-fielcis of rich historical lore — 
 giving us the best glimpse of our primitive life and 
 manners — and bringing us into close and living 
 sympathy with the state of society, two hundred 
 years ago. But more beautiful are they than pre- 
 cious. For they touch our hearts. They breathe 
 the sj)irit of parental affection, in all its depth and 
 wild intensity. They point from the rude home, 
 where the weary pilgrim of the forest lies down to 
 die in his humility, to a bright and everlasting 
 mansion prepared for him in the skies ! This day, 
 they speak — voices from the dead — a willing testi- 
 mony to a mighty truth in the history of a conti- 
 nent, and to a sublime doctrine of the Christian 
 religion! More of them emanate from a Boman 
 Catholic than from a Protestant source. The will 
 of William Smith, one of the original pilgrims of 
 1634, appears upon the first page of the oldest 
 testamentory record at Annapolis; and contains 
 the living evidence of his faith in the church of 
 Eome. It would be difiicult to give all the 
 recorded confessions, or the half of those little tes- 
 
ROMAN CATHOLIC WILLS. 15T 
 
 timonials of love and fidelity, which were be- 
 queathed to the same church, during the fifty 
 years Bucceeding the settlement at St. Mary's. 
 But it will be sufiicient to say, the Koman Catholic 
 greatly exceed the number of Protestant wills ;* 
 and of the latter (or those having any sort of anti- 
 Eoman-Catholic mark), many are signed by the 
 Quakers — a denomination, of whom there is no 
 trace upon the provincial records, as early as 1649. 
 Counting the suitors and freeholders of the dif- 
 ferent manors, with all the indented white servants, 
 it is highly probable, that every hundred of St. 
 Mary's county, except St. George's, had a majority 
 of Eoman Catholics, in 1649. Excluding the ser- 
 vants (a large class, at that time), there can be lit- 
 tle doubt upon the point of mere numbers, and 
 
 ^ I have examined most of the wills anterior to 1650, including 
 those from Kent Island. And as far as any result may be based 
 upon so general an inquiry, I find the Roman Catholic (or those 
 either having upon their face a Roman Catholic mark, or known 
 from other evidence to have been signed by Roman Catholics) bear 
 to the Protestant wills in both counties, a ratio of not loss than 
 four to one. Messrs. Fenwick and Manners are the only burgesses 
 of the Assembly in 1019, whose wills are preserved. It is not 
 unworthy of note, that both papers are strongly marked Roman 
 Catholic ones. 
 
158 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 none whatever with regard to superior influence. 
 Even, in 1650, St. Mary's hundred was represented 
 by two disciples of the Eoman church ; and there 
 also was the seat of the proprietary's government. 
 In St. Michael's, were the three manors of 
 Governor Leonard Calvert, to say nothing of other 
 evidence. Doctor Thomas Gerard was the lord of 
 two large manors, in St. Clement's ; and Newtown 
 had more estates with the prefix of jSV than any 
 hundred erected before or after the year 1649. 
 St. Inigo's was probably not carved out either of 
 St. Mary's, or of St. Michael's, before the year 
 1650 ; but included a manor held by the missiona- 
 ries as early as 1639,^ with the manor-house,' or 
 supposed seat of one of the interesting little 
 Roman Catholic missions. 
 
 E'or ought the activity of many of the priests, 
 in converting the Protestants ; or the large number 
 of emigrants they also had introduced ;* be omit- 
 
 * Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, Newtowa hua 
 dred. 
 
 ^ See Rent Roll, St. Inigo's manor. 
 
 ' St. Inigo's House was the residence of Father Copley. See 
 Lib. No. 1, pp. 212-13, and p. 500. 
 
 * They transported (see Governor Green's testimony, Lib. No. 
 
THE JESUIT FATHERS. 159 
 
 ted in this outline of the evidence. For some of 
 the methods they adopted in the propagation of 
 their faith, writers of a different church have cen- 
 sured them. Bat the very reproach implies a con- 
 cession. Before the year 1649, they labored Avith 
 their lay-assistants, in various fields ;' and around 
 their lives will for ever glow a bright and glorious 
 remembrance. Their pathway was through the 
 desert; and their first chapel, the wigwam of an 
 Indian.^ Two of them were here, at the dawn of 
 
 1, p. 166) not less than sixty persons — most of them, we may 
 presume, Roman Catholics, either before or after their arrival. 
 
 ^ We have no complete catalogue of the Roman Catholic Mis- 
 sionaries, who arrived before the year 1649. But the following 
 embraces nearly all : The Reverend Messrs. Andrew White (styled 
 not untruly " The Apostle of Maryland -') ; John Altham ; a third 
 not named, in 1635 ; Thomas Copley; Ferdinando Pulton ; Father 
 Ferret, the year of whose arrival is involved in doubt ; John 
 Brock, whose real paternal name, it is said, was Morgan ; Philip 
 Fisher, and Roger Rigbie. John Knoles, Thomas Gervass, and 
 Mr. Morley, were three of the temporal coadjutors, or lay-brothers. 
 The Rev. Lawrence Starkie, another Jesuit Missionary, came soon 
 after the Assembly of 1649 ; probably about the time of Parson 
 Wilkinson's arrival. 
 
 ' I speak, not figuratively, but in a strictly historical sense. 
 Obtaining the consent of the aboriginal occupant, they fitted up 
 the little hut, the best manner their means would allow, and 
 called it " The First Chapel in Maryland." See Campbell. 
 
160 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 our history:' they came to St. Mary's with the 
 original emigrants ; they assisted, by pious rites, in 
 laying the corner-stone of a State ; they kindled 
 the torch of civilization in the wilderness; they 
 gave consolation to the grief-stricken pilgrim ; they 
 taught the religion of CHEIST to the simple sons 
 of the forest. The history of Maryland presents 
 no better, no purer, no more sublime lesson than 
 the story of the toils, sacrifices, and successes of 
 her early missionaries." 
 
 Looking, then, at the question, under both of its 
 aspects — regarding the faith, either of the dele- 
 gates, or of those whom they substantially repre- 
 sented — we cannot but award the chief honor to 
 the members of the Koman church. To the 
 Koman Catholic freemen of Maryland, is justly 
 
 ^ The Jesuit Fathers, who came in 1C34, were the Rev. Messrs. 
 White and Altham. The same year, also, arrived John Knoles, 
 and Thomas Gervass. See Campbell's Missions, and McSherry-s 
 Maryland. 
 
 2 Honor to the memory of the Rev. Mr. MeSherry, and of Col. 
 Barney U. Campbell, for their labors in this department of our 
 history. Maryland owes a debt of gratitude ; while the lovers of 
 learning, in other States, will not fail to cherish a grateful esti- 
 mate of their contributions to our literature. 
 
HONOR DUE TO THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 161 
 
 due the main credit arising from the establishment, 
 by a solemn legislative act, of religious freedom 
 for all believers in Christianity. 
 
162 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 CHAPTEE XY. 
 
 Cecilius, the Lord Proprietary. His Life, Character, and Family. 
 
 If the founders of our ]3olitical liberty — if the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence — now 
 receive the admiration and the homage of the 
 civilized world ; the early law-givers of Maryland 
 — the originators of our religious freedom — have 
 clearly a right to some place upon the page of 
 American history. 
 
 Happily for the present generation, something is 
 yet known, not only of the proprietary and the 
 first governor, but also of almost every member of 
 the Assembly, in 16^9. 
 
 The Calverts of England derived their descent 
 from a Flemish noble family. Their armorial 
 bearings are traced to a very remote period ; but 
 the meritorious services, for which they were 
 granted, or the honorable deeds they commemo- 
 rated, cannot now be fully ascertained. They are : 
 jpaly of six^ or and sable ^ a hend coimterchanged ; 
 
CECILIU8. 1^3 
 
 and were engraved upon the early seal of the 
 province/ occupying the lirst and fourth quarters 
 of the escutcheon. They are also borne by the 
 English Calvej'ts now living at Albury Hall, and 
 at Hunsdon in Herts.^ And they reappear, after 
 the lapse of many years, upon the present seal of the 
 State. George, the father of Cecilius, was born in 
 Yorkshire, about the year 1582. He represented 
 that county in the Parliament in 1620 ; and Oxford at 
 a later period. He held, at various times, the posts 
 of private secretary to Sir Robert Cecil ; clerk to 
 the privy council ; and one of the secretaries of 
 state. In 1617 he was knighted ; ' and about 1625 
 created Baron of Baltimore. He was a member 
 of the Virginia Company, in 1609 ; and at a much 
 later period, received the charter for a part of 
 
 ^ According to Lord Baltimore's instruction (see the Com- 
 mission for the Great Seal, Bosman, vol. 2, p. 652), six pieces 
 were requisite. But upon the provincial Seal, there were, in 
 point of fact, but five — the result, I presume of the engraver's 
 mistalie or carelessness— and a defect, I find, perpetuated by our 
 new Seal, which follows the provincial too closely in that, but 
 not enough so, it strikes me, in some other particulars — an opinion 
 submitted with unaffected diffidence. 
 
 ^ Burke's Dictionary of the Landed Gentry. 
 
 ' Kennedy's First Lord Baltimore. * 
 
164 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 Newfoundland, where he attempted to plant a 
 colony. Disheartened with the enterprise, he went 
 to Virginia ; but finding he was there required to 
 take an oath inconsistent with his fidelity to the 
 church of Rome, he returned to England, after a 
 survey of the country bordering upon the Chesa- 
 peake ; and shortly before his death, obtained the 
 promise of a charter for the province of Maryland, 
 and which was given to his son. 
 
 Cecilius had imbibed the spirit of his father. 
 And faithfully did he carry out the noble design. 
 The respect which is due to his memory, arises not 
 only from the part he performed in laying the 
 foundations of religious liberty; but also from 
 the liberal policy he adopted, in the establish- 
 ment and government of the colony in every other 
 particular. During the first few years, he ex- 
 pended upwards of forty thousand pounds sterling 
 — a very large sum at that time. The lands he 
 granted to the emigrants upon easy conditions, and 
 at a rent almost nominal.^ And, although he 
 manifested no sympathy with republicanism, in its 
 present sense (the supposition betrays, indeed, a 
 
 Kilty's Landholder's Assistant, pp. 29-45. 
 
csciLits. 165 
 
 great aosurditv), the whole administration was 
 distinguished for its mild, and just, its beneficent, 
 and paternal character. Tradition, also, has given 
 him the appellation of Pater PatricBo And the jour- 
 nal of the Assembly,^ the proceedings of the courts, 
 the frequent acts of executive clemency, and the 
 admissions even of Protestants^ are full of the 
 strongest and most interesting testimony. As the 
 patron of the early Roman Catholic missions, he 
 also has a claim upon our regards. Could any- 
 thing have been conceived in the spirit of a more 
 sublime charity ? Singular, also, was the sense of 
 justice, which marked his conduct in everything 
 relating to the aborigines. The Indians looked up 
 to him as their patriarch. The chiefs upon the 
 Piscataway, and upon other streams, were accus- 
 tomed to submit their gravest questions to the 
 decision of his government. To them, as well as 
 to the colonists, was he indeed a guardian ; temper- 
 ing justice with mercy in every case compatible 
 with the principles of order, and with the great 
 ends of civil society. " Halcyon " ' was the period ; 
 
 ^ McMahoa's Maryland. 
 
 ' A word used by many Protestants, soon after the overthrow 
 
166 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 and happy the people. Unfortunately for his 
 memory, no artist has yet arisen to do him histori- 
 cal justice. The scene at Yaocomico^ upon the 
 landing of the Maryland pilgrims, is not unworthy 
 of the pencil of a West ; and the other treaties of 
 of Lord Baltimore with the Indians, do not lack 
 the dignity of the one signed at Sliakamaxon^ and 
 which has given such wide celebrity to the vene- 
 rable name of Penn. 
 
 It is painful to think of the case of Col. Clay- 
 borne. His heroism was unquestionable ; and his 
 motive in founding a colony upon an island of the 
 Chesapeake, was of the most honorable character. 
 His fate was hard ; and history has done injustice 
 to his memory. The friends of historical learning 
 are indebted to the late labors of a gentleman now 
 living at Baltimore ; ^ and for the light he has shed 
 upon the controversy, I also am under much obli- 
 
 of the proprietary's government, in 1689 ; and applicable to the 
 days of Cecilius as well as to those of Charles. 
 
 ^ Subsequently St. Mary's. The Proprietary, it is needless to 
 add, was not personally present ; but the spirit of his policy was 
 fairly represented by his brother, Gov. Calvert. 
 
 * Where a part of Philadelphia now stands. 
 
 ' Mr. S. F. Streeter. 
 
cEciLnj&« 16T 
 
 gation. It seems the principle upon whicli the 
 founder of the Kent Island settlement had based 
 his claim, was not without some support, in a 
 clause of the Maryland charter.' It appears, also, 
 with great force, in the case of the early Dutch and 
 Swedish settlen>ents upon the Delaware ; and in the 
 one decided about a century later, it is indirectly 
 sanctioned, so far as regards the ground of prior 
 occupancy, by the celebrated opinion of an English 
 chancellor." But Clayborne, unlike Penn, never 
 had a charter. The contest in Maryland was 
 bitter and bloody. Both settlements had suffered 
 much misery and loss. And upon Clayborne's 
 own appeal to the authorities of the English gov- 
 ernment, the course of the proprietary upon the 
 main point, was sustained. The claimant from 
 Virginia committed another error. He con- 
 
 ^ Clayborne founded his settlement before the arrival of the 
 Pilgrims at St. Mary's, or even the date of Lord Baltimore's char- 
 ter, which did not, in clear language, include any colonized terri- 
 tory. The claim of the Swedes upon the Delaware also embraced 
 within the Maryland charter (as far up as the fortieth degree 
 including the site of Philadelphia), was partly based upon the 
 same ground as that of Clayborne. 
 
 " Lord Hardwick. See Reports, 1 Vesey, Sr., pp. 444-456. This 
 decision virtually settled the long and tedious controversy between 
 Marvland and Pennsylvania. 
 
168 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 founded the question of jurisdiction with the right 
 to the soil ; and Maryland could not consent to the 
 exercise by Yirginia of any sovereignty over the 
 Isle of Kent. E'or was Clayborne, as the occupant 
 of land there, justified in retaining his alle- 
 giance to the government at Jamestown. At 
 the origin of his settlement, our sister colony, it 
 will be remembered, existed by the sufferance, or 
 at best by the guardianship of the Enghsh crown.' 
 And there is no evidence whatever of the pro- 
 prietary's unwillingness at the beginning of the 
 controversy, to grant, upon the proper application, 
 a full confirmation of the title to every tract the 
 secretary of Virginia had reclaimed from the wil- 
 derness. The purchase from the Indians was not 
 sufficient.* 
 
 Cecilius died in 1675. As early, however, as 
 1662,. he sent Charles, his son and heir, who lived 
 
 ^ It has been said, the charter to Lord Baltimore for territory 
 within the original limits of Virginia invaded the rights of that 
 ct)lony. But the one given to Virginia was talien away, however 
 unjustly, before the date of Lord Baltimore's. 
 
 ' It was against a well established principle in the policy of 
 nations, to recognize a title, without a previous sanction from the 
 Crown, of which the purchaser was a subject. Such is also the 
 law of the United States. 
 
CECILIUS. 169 
 
 many years in the province, a part of tlie time at 
 Mattapany-Sewall ; ' sharing the fortunes of the 
 other colonists ; and marrying the widow ^ of one of 
 the most distinguished; giving evidence of those 
 noble qualities, which had rendered the memory of 
 the first proprietary so dear to the people of Mary- 
 land ; and amxid many embarrassments, leaving, 
 both as a governor and a pix)prietary, the indelible 
 foot-prints of an able, a wise, and a just administra- 
 tion. From Charles is traced the descent of the 
 other proprietaries^ now represented by the Cal- 
 
 * Near the mouth of the Patuxent, originally the dwelling-place 
 the Mattapanients (one of the most friendly tribes of Maryland) ; 
 next, the storehouse of the Jesuit Jrissions; but subsequently 
 relinquished by the Missionaries ; and given by the Proprietary to 
 the Hon. Henry Sewali, the privy councillor. The Mansion 
 during Lord Charles Baltimore's residence, was the Government 
 House of the Province. There, also, once stood a fort and a 
 magazine. 
 
 ' Jane, the widow of the Honorable Henry Sewali, the privy 
 councillor, and the ancestor of the Sewalls of Mattapany-Sewall, 
 including the descendants at Poplar-Hill, Prince George's County. 
 
 ' The errors of Lodge (see his •' Irish Peerage ") were perpetuated 
 by the " London Magazine " of June 1768 ; and some of the mem- 
 bers of the family, art this time, are under the impression that 
 John, instead of Charles, was the third baron of Baltimore. The 
 following statement consists of facts derived from the provincial 
 records, from the State Law Reports, and from other sources of 
 
 8 
 
170 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 verts of Prince George's County — George and his 
 brothers being the grandsons of Benedict, the son 
 of the fifth baron/ and who bore the baton in his 
 escutcheon. Mount Airy, in the same county, has 
 been the family seat, for several generations. May 
 it long remain the home of the Calverts 1 * 
 
 the most reliable character. George was the first baron ; CecUius 
 the second baron and the first lord proprietary ; Charles I. the 
 third baron and second proprietary ; Benedict Leonard, the fourth 
 baron and third proprietary ; Charles 11., the fifth baron and fourth 
 proprietary ; and Frederick, the fifth proprietary ; at whose death, 
 for want of legal issue, the barony became extinct ; but he gave 
 the lord-proprietaryship to his natural son, Henry Harford, a 
 highly accomplished gentleman, and whose authority, at the 
 period of the American Revolution, was represented by Governor 
 Robert Eden. 
 
 * There is also a branch at Riversdale, near "Washington ; and 
 another at Newport, R. I. ; both offshoots from Mount Airy. 
 
 ' Nelly, the daughter of Benedict, was married to Mr. Custis, 
 The letter of General "Washington, the guardian of the gentleman 
 who had sought her hand, is published in Sparks's Collection, vol. 
 2, p. 371. 
 
GOYERNOR CALYERT, 171 
 
 CHAPTEE XYL 
 
 Governor Leonard Calvert^ 
 
 The planting of a colony, amid tlie dangers and 
 privations of a wilderness, from the most ancient to 
 a comparatively modern period, assumed a high 
 rank among the "heroical works''^ of man. In 
 the history of Maryland, we see the union of the 
 hero with the pilgrim ; the combination of a mis- 
 sion derived from the laws of human destiny, and 
 expressly given before the Fall, with the magnifi- 
 cent and sublime sentiment, which soon became a 
 living embodiment, under the form of religious 
 liberty. The first of the spirits who personally 
 took part in the noble adventure, and the chief of 
 the original pilgrims, was Gov. Leonard Calvert.' 
 The brother of the proprietary — young, but dis- 
 
 * Lord Bacon. 
 
 ' He also bore the baton in his escutcheon. See Hildretb, Vol. L 
 p. 209. 
 
172 THE BAY-STAR. 
 
 creet ; full of confidence in his own stfengtli, yet 
 fondly relying npon a higher power ; devoting his 
 life and fortuneSj in the most energetic and honor- 
 able manner, to the task of guiding and protecting 
 the little band of emigrants— he seems to have pre- 
 sented a practical exemplification of that beautiful 
 conception J which pervades the bosom of . the 
 idealist in every age ; representing the ruler of a 
 grateful people, under the striking similitude of a 
 shepherd. The visions of childhood are dispelled 
 by the sober sense of manhood. But youth is the 
 type of a cheerful spirit, and of a hopeful heart— 
 the season of daring enterprise, and of heroic 
 adventure, At the darkest hour in the fortunes of 
 the colony, the soul of young Calvert never des- 
 paired. Once driven from the capital by the 
 enemies of the proprietary ; he rallied a force in 
 Yirginia ; and returning to Maryland, at a propi- 
 tious moment, recovered the government, which had 
 been wrested from his grasp by the hand of pirates 
 and traitors* The proprietary, of a less sanguine 
 temperament, had regarded the temporary success 
 of Ingle's arms in Maryland, with other untoward 
 events, as a knell to the hopes of his colony ; and 
 
GOVERNOR CALVERT. 173 
 
 a'ccordingly instructed Governor Calvert to gather 
 Tip the wreck of his private property ; apparently 
 abandoning for ever his rights under the charter/ 
 But the courage of Calvert was not subdued ; his 
 energy, at the most trying crisis, was not wanting. 
 Pledging the personal resources of the proj)rietary, 
 and making another effort, he succeeded. To him 
 is due the honor of re-establishing the government, 
 against the most fearful odds ; and of securing the 
 field, which had been lost, for a fair experiment of 
 those principles of religious liberty, which have 
 since become the pride and boast of Maryland. 
 Although his death occurred before the year 1649, 
 he occupies a high and honorable place among the 
 law-reformers of his age — having exhibited the 
 first practical example of toleration, in his twofold 
 character of governor and chief justice — in the 
 former, exerting the largest discretionary power, 
 both under the charter, and also under his commis- 
 sion from the proprietary — in the latter, anticipa- 
 ting the statute law, and shaping the judicial 
 policy of the province, in a manner which 
 reflected the liberal spirit of Cecilius. His tomb- 
 
 * McSherry. 
 
 i 
 
174: THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 stone cannot be found; and our ignorance of the 
 spot is a reproach to the living generation of 
 Marylanders. But he was *'a great and good 
 man," more illustrious for what he founded than 
 the most successful generals for what they have^ 
 overthrown and destroyed/ The sincerity of his 
 faith in the Church of Rome has never been ques- 
 tioned.'^ 
 
 ^ McSherry. 
 
 ' I have no knowledge of his posterity ; and doubt if he was 
 ever married, ly ^^i rr^^i^rxA^^ t 'L*.^****.* 
 
GOVERNOR STONE. 175 
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 Governor William Stone. 
 
 The ancestors of Gov. William Stone probably 
 resided in ITortliamptonsbire, in England.^ But 
 he bad one, if not several kinsmen'^ at London. 
 
 ^ His earliest American residence of which I have any recorded 
 knowledge, was in Northampton County, Va. ; Nanjemy Eiver, 
 upon which stood his manor, in Charles county, Md., bore, about 
 the time of the original survey, the name (Lib. No. 12, p. 116) of 
 Avon ; and Mr. Thos. Sprigg, of Prince George's county, whom in 
 his will (Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 90) he calls " brother," held 
 a tract (Liber, Wills, T. B., No. 2, p. 444) also named Northampton 
 I am inclined to think, the governor gave the name to Northampton 
 county, t, 
 
 ' He had (Lib. No. 2, pp. 313, 314) a near relation at London, 
 whose very street is given, and whose name was Thomas ; and 
 one of the divisions of Nanjemy Manor (called also the Manor of 
 Poynton) was bounded (Lib. No. 11, p. 330) by Cheapside creek. 
 He had at least two brothers. John also probably lived at London ; 
 Mathew, in the province of Maryland. And several families of his 
 surname, with distinct armorial bearings, resided at that city. 
 With the aid derived from these facts, especially by connecting 
 Thomas with the street he lived upon, it would be easy, it strikes 
 me, to obtain the further evidence which is no doubt preserved 
 
176 THE DAT'STAE. 
 
 And we may suppose he came from that city to 
 America. He was the high sheriff in one of the 
 counties of Yirginia, before he received his com- 
 mission from Lord Baltimore. The early part of 
 1649, he arrived in Maryland ; and the same year, 
 brought six persons into the province.* It seems 
 also he took a kind and active part in securing a 
 home for the Pnritans from Virginia.^ At the 
 Assembly of 1649, he presided over the privy 
 councillors, when they sat separately from the 
 burgesses ; and over both branches when the mem- 
 bers assembled in one body. In 1652, his unhappy 
 contest began with the Puritan party.^ The Eng- 
 
 upon the records there, and thus to establish the identity of his 
 with one of the other families j as well as to ascertain his own 
 arms. For the armorial bearings of the different families of 
 Stone, see Burke's General Armory. 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 2, p. 425. 
 
 ' Such is the opinion of a very respectable atithority. It is also 
 certain (see his commission for the ofifice of governor, in Bozman) 
 that he had undertaken to introduce 500 persons. But I have 
 never seen the proof of the fulfilment of his engagement, nor the 
 reasons of his failure. 
 
 ' Many of the facts of this sketch not directly taken from 
 the Records, will be found in Bozman's Maryland, to which I must 
 refer my readers for a long but interesting, and in most respects 
 strictly accurate account of the controversy. 
 
 V 
 
GOVERNOR BTONE. 177 
 
 lisli parliament had sent out commissioners, with 
 instructions to bring under subjection the colonies 
 upon the Chesapeake ; and the governor was ready 
 to acknowledge the authority of the home govern- 
 ment, as it had been organized without a king or a 
 house of lords. But more was exacted. And 
 changes rapidly succeeded each other, not without 
 violence, and greatly to the distress and disturb- 
 ance of the whole province. Acting under in- 
 structions from the proprietary, and. aiming to 
 re-establish the form of government recognized by 
 the charter, he marched from St. Mary's, in 1655, 
 at the head of a little army ; and near the site of 
 Annapolis was fought a memorable battle,^ in which 
 the Puritans exhibited much fanaticism, great 
 bravery, and extreme brutality. The governor 
 "received a wound in his shoulder;" and most 
 of his surviving adherents, including Col. Price, 
 surrendered. The victorious party then held a 
 court-martial ; passed sentence upon many ; exe- 
 
 * The battlefield, it is supposed, was at the site of Fort Horn, 
 nearly opposite Greenbcrry's Point, where stood the first Puritan 
 town. See Leonard Strong's " Babylon's Fall," and Langford's 
 "Refutation," Ridgely's "Annals," and other authoVities. In 
 another note, I have noticed the origin of the town. 
 
 8* 
 
178 THE DAT-STAR. 
 
 cuted several; and, in cold blood, shot William 
 Eltonhead, a privy councillor, a Roman Catholic, 
 and a near relation of Mr. Fenwick. Through the 
 earnest intercession of some of their own soldiers, 
 the governor was rescued from the fate of Charles 
 the First ! The estates of the prisoners were next 
 sequestered ; heavy and cruel lines inflicted. And 
 the governor was one of the greatest sufferers, 
 through the agency of the very men whom, but a 
 few years before, we have good reason for believing, 
 he had so generously befriended. Some time after 
 the restoration of the proprietary's government, 
 he was a privy councillor ; and, throughout his 
 whole life, sustained a high reputation for integrity 
 and honor. Soon after his arrival, he lived in St. 
 Michael's hundred ; the latter part of his life, upon 
 " Poynton Manor," then called ]!!^anjemy; a part 
 of which had been granted, in consideration of his 
 " good and faithful services." ' At his death, 
 which occurred about 1660, he had a house also at 
 
 ^ Lib. Q. pp. 179-180. The original patent embraced 5000 acres ; 
 and was held of the " honor of West St. Mary's ;" with the usual 
 powers and privileges of a manor, including that of holding the 
 court-leet and the court-baron. 
 
GOVERNOR STONE. 1T9 
 
 St. Mary's city. He left many children ; ' whose 
 posterity also resided upon the Manor. And most 
 of his descendants, like himself/ were Protestants ; 
 including the Kt. Eev. "William Murray Stone,' the 
 third bishop in the Protestant Episcopal succession 
 of Maryland. Many also of his descendants are 
 distinguished in the civil and military annals of our 
 country — ^Thomas/ his great-great-grandson, having 
 signed the Declaration of American Independence ; 
 Michael Jenifer, the brother of Thomas, having 
 
 * Verlinda was his wife ; and Thomas, Richard, Elizabeth, John, 
 Mathew, Catharine, and Mary, were some of his children. See his 
 will (Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 90-93),) where he names also 
 his brother-in-law, Francis Doughty ; and Richard, the uncle of 
 his son, Richard Stone. 
 
 ' See Signers of the Protestant Declaration. 
 
 ' Of the eastern-shore branch, quite remote from the present 
 representatives in Charles. But the relationship was claimed and 
 recognized as late as the life-time of the bishop. 
 
 * Thomas, the grauduncle of Frederick, it is well known, was 
 the son of David, who died about 1772. And it can be proved 
 from the testamentary, and other records, that David was the 
 son of Tliomas, and the grandson of John, the son of the provin- 
 cial governor. The principal part of the proof is derived from 
 their wills, recorded at Annapolis, and probably at Port Tobacco. 
 The ascent also of Thomas, the son of William, may be traced, 
 through the grandfather, Thomas, to Governor William, the great- 
 grandfather. See their wills. 
 
180 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 been a member of the Convention whicli, in 1788, 
 ratified the Constitution of the United States ; and 
 John, another brother, and who had been wounded 
 at Long Island, having held the post of governor, 
 in this State, nearly a hundred and fifty years after 
 the date of the commission from the proprietary 
 for the same office, to William, the emigrant. 
 And Frederick, now living at Port Tobacco, and a 
 descendant of the sixth degree, through Michael 
 Jenifer, from the early provincial governor, is one 
 of the commissioners engaged in the grave work 
 of reforming the practice of the courts in Mary- 
 land. 
 
GOVERNOR GREEN. 181 
 
 CHAPTEE XYIII. 
 
 Governor Thomas Green. 
 
 GoYERNOR Green was one of the pilgrims of 
 1634/ and the intimate friend of Governor Calvert. 
 He was a privy councillor, as early as 1639 ; and 
 for many subsequent years. The two short periods 
 he held the post of governor are involved in too 
 much obscurity to warrant any important inference, 
 beyond the fact of his sincere attachment to the 
 interests of the royal family at home." Governor 
 Calvert appointed him, upon his death-bed, simply 
 to supply a vacancy, in 1647.^ Under Governor 
 Stone's appointment, he was also the chief execu- 
 tive, a part of 1619. Of his faith, there is no 
 doubt. One of his children was the namesake and 
 godson of the first governor." And, in a trust-deed 
 
 ' Lib. A. B. & H., p. 67 ; and Lib. No. 1, p. 41. 
 ^ See the proclamation in favor of Charles the Second, in 1049, 
 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 670. 
 » Bozman, vol. 2, p. 307. * See Gov. Calvert's will. 
 
182 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 to Henry Adams and James Langworth, in 1650, 
 he expressly says he is a Roman Catholic ; and 
 gives by the same instrument, in testimony of the 
 fact, a token of regard for the Rev. Thomas Cop- 
 ley.^ He was several times married, and lived, it 
 would seem, a short time before his death, in 
 Yirginia. He had four sons.' His descendants 
 resided in Charles County, at a period not long 
 before the American Revolution. And some of 
 his posterity' are probably now in the State. We 
 have no reason to doubt he was present, in the 
 Assembly, during all the important proceedings 
 relating to the Toleration Act. 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 1, pp. 188-189. 
 
 ^ See his deed to Messrs. Adams & Langworth. Their names 
 were Thomas, Leonard, Robert, and Francis. He had also a 
 brother named Robert. See Lib. No. 2, p. 444. 
 
 ' Greea's Inheritance was one of the tracts held by them. 
 
COL. PRICE. 183 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Colonel John Price. 
 
 The year of Colonel John Price's arrival is 
 involved in doubt.' But in 1639,' he represented 
 St. Michael's hundred in the General Assembly ; 
 and soon rose to eminence, as a soldier. His ser- 
 vices are the subject of the proprietary's notice ; 
 and as a mark of his merit, he received the com- 
 mission of mustermaster-general of the province, 
 in 1648.'' The same year, he was appointed a 
 privy councillor. He was distinguished for his 
 fidelity, during the insurrections and rebellions 
 beginning in 1645. And perhaps to his soldier- 
 like skill and courage, was Governor Calvert chiefly 
 indebted for the recovery of his authority. He 
 also had the command of St. Inigo's Fort, at a 
 
 ^ Several persons of his name came about the same time. 
 
 ^ Bozman. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 652. 
 
184 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 very critical period. He was a signer of the 
 Protestant declaration in 1650 ; one of the chief 
 sufferers, at an advanced stage of his life, under the 
 misrule of the Puritans ; ^ and, as a privy council- 
 lor, at a subsequent period, sat upon the bench of 
 the Provincial Court. He died in 1661. As a 
 soldier, a councillor, and a provincial judge, he 
 sustained the highest character. Judging from his 
 will, he was also a kind master. He bequeathed 
 a token of his benevolence to each of the six 
 indented white-servants who had lived with him.' 
 He was illiterate ; but nature had given him the 
 best powers of observation and perception. His 
 opinions in council are marked with a candor 
 worthy of the knight ; and generally, if not always, 
 on the side of a strict conservatism ;^ short, 
 indeed, yet full of pith, and directly to the point. 
 Tliose upon the bench are equally brief; but still 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 3. 
 
 " '' I give and bequeath," he also says, '' unto my loving friend, 
 Mr. William Wilkinson, the sum of 350 pounds of tobacco, for the 
 preaching of my funeral sermon." His daughter was named Ann. 
 See the Will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 141. 
 
 ' Witness his pithy opinion against the revolutionary manoeuvre 
 of Gov. Fendall. See Council Proceedings. 
 
COL. PEICE. 185 
 
 distinguished for their strong and clear sense of 
 justice. The sword, however, and not the pen, 
 was the emblem of his greatest excellence. It 
 was in the garrison and the field, rather than at 
 the council-board, in the march against the 
 Indians more than in the delivery of judicial 
 decisions, that we find, he was conspicuous. But 
 we have every reason to believe, the part he took 
 m the Assembly of 164:9, was in the highest degree 
 honorable to his memory. Of the posterity of this 
 rude and unlettered, but still genuine cavalier of 
 St. George's hundred (for there he resided the 
 latter part of his life), nothing is known beyond 
 the mention of a daughter in his will. 
 
186 THE DAY- STAR. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Honorable John Pile. 
 
 The Honorable Jolin Pile ^ was probably a 
 native of Wilts. And his residence upon the 
 Wicomico, in Maryland, granted for "good and 
 acceptable services," consisting of four hundred,* 
 but subsequently of a thousand acres,^ bore the 
 name of Salisbury.'' It was the home also of his 
 posterity for several generations. Before 1648, he 
 
 * The appellation of "Honorable" was given at a very early 
 period, to the members of the Privy Council, and to the Judges 
 of the Provincial Court. The name of Mr. Pile is, in some places 
 upon the Record, spelt Pyle—at others, Pille. 
 
 2 Records of the Land Office, Lib. Q., pp. 447-448. 
 ' Rent-RoU for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 371. 
 
 * It is generally called *' Sarum " — another name only for the 
 old borough in Wilts, where also, about two miles distant, is the 
 city of " New-Sarum,'' or Salisbury. In Liber S., 1658 to 1662, 
 •'Judgments" (see p. 221), the plantation is called "Salisbury." 
 Salisbury was the name also of another tract held by the privy 
 councillor's son. See Joseph's will,' Testamentary Records at 
 Annapolis, Lib. No. H., pp. 64-65. 
 
HON. ME. PILE. 187 
 
 ai'rived, with his wife ; ' and under his immediate 
 care, during that year, came also the Tettershalls,' 
 his relations/ professing the same faith,* and appa- 
 rently from the same English county." In 16^9 
 
 ' Records of the Land Office, Lib. No. 2, pp. 508-509. His 
 wife's name is not given; but it was, no doubt, "Sarah" — the 
 name borne by his wife, in 1660. See Records of the Court of 
 Appeals, Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 22L 
 
 ^ Their names were William and Mary. Records of the Land 
 Office, Lib. No. 2, pp. 508-509. 
 
 ^ The privy councillor frequently calls William Tettershall his 
 " brother." E. g., see Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, " Judgments," p. 1072. 
 He also calls Lieut. Col. John Jarboe his " brother." Land Office 
 Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 247. 
 
 * William Tettershall's Will (see Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, among 
 the Testamentary Records in the Register's Office, at Annapolis) 
 contains incontestable evidence of the fact. He also calls Lieut. 
 Col. Jarboe (R. Catholic) his "brother." 
 
 * William Tettershall (see his will) mentions his brother John, 
 " of Oddstoake, in Wiltshire." It seems also he had two other 
 brothers : Lawrence, who lived at the same place, in Wilts, about 
 1648 ; and Peter, who resided at "Chidooch," in Dorchester, Eng- 
 land. See the deed of his nephew, Edmund Smith, of Maryland, 
 to Cuthbert Fenwick, upon the Records of the Land Office, Lib. 
 No. 2, p. 439. The Tettershalls of Maryland subsequently lived 
 in Prince George's. The supposition, that the Piles came from 
 Salisbury, in England, is confirmed not only by the preceding 
 facts relating to the Tettershalls, but also by a marriage men- 
 tioned in the history of the Pophams, of Littlecott, in Wilts. 
 About 1640, Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Francis Popham, was 
 married to Sir Gabriel Pile. The residence of Sir Gabriel is not 
 
188 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 and 1650, he sat in the privy conncil;* but his 
 commission is dated in 1648.^ One of his descen- 
 dants, it is said, became a Roman Catholic clergy- 
 man ; and another a nun.^ Of the sincerity of 
 his own faith, we have the recorded evidence. 
 During the ascendency of the Puritans, at the 
 period of a bitter persecution, he comes forward ; 
 and '^ confesseth himself in court do he a Roman 
 CatholiG " — acknowledging " the Pojpe's siqyre- 
 raacy.^''^ The time of his death is not known ; nor 
 can his will be found. But in 1660, he had three 
 children, whose names were Joseph, Ann, and 
 
 stated. But I cannot but think he lived in the same county ; and 
 was a relation of the Piles of Maryland. See Burke's Dictionary 
 of the Landed Gentry, vol. 2, p. 1058. Constance, the daughter 
 of George Tattershall, of Wilts, was married to Wm. Smith. See 
 same authority, Vol. 2, p. 1354. There is no history in that work, 
 of the Piles of Wilts, nor of any family of the same name. 
 
 ^ See certificate prefixed to the Declaratory law of 1G50, 
 Records of the Land Office, Lib. No. 3, p. 45. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 650. 
 • ' The Testamentary Records also show how fondly attached 
 were the Piles of Maryland to the faith of their forefathers. See, 
 e, g., the will of Joseph, in 1692. 
 
 * The following is the entry upon the Record of the Provincial 
 Court, in the Land Office, for October Term, in 1655 : "John Pyle 
 confesseth himself, in court, to be a Roman Catholic ; and hath 
 acknowledged the Pope's supremacy." See Lib. No. 3, p. 161. 
 
HON. MK. HLE. 189 
 
 Mary.' His sou died in 16925^^ gi'^ing Salisbury 
 to Joseph, the only grandson, and leaving Sarah 
 with two other descendants. His grandson, whose 
 will is dated in 1724, divided the family seat 
 between the five great-grandchildren, Joseph, 
 Bennett, Ann, Elizabeth, and Mary.^ Of Joseph, 
 the privy councillor's great-grandson, there is an 
 entry npon the records, as late as 1738.* At his 
 death, the family, in the male line, it is supposed, 
 became extinct. But there are descendants through 
 several female representatives. It is said, the blood 
 of the privy councillor still flows through the 
 veins of the Brents of Louisiana, the descendants 
 of Eobert Brent, of Charles County ; and that it is 
 also represented by the children of Henry J. 
 Carroll, of St. Mary's, in Maryland, 
 
 ' Records of the Court of Appeals, in the Armory of the State 
 House, Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 221. 
 
 ' Will of Joseph Pile, Lib. No. H., pp. 64-65. 
 
 3 Will of Joseph, the grandson. Lib. W. B. No. 1, pp. 312-313. 
 The testator also calls John Parnham his " brother." 
 
 * He was one of the witnesses to the will of John Parnham, 
 dated la 1738 ; and in which are mentioned John, Francis, Xave- 
 rius, Ann Maria, and Elizabeth, the children of the testator, and 
 probably the descendants of the privy councillor. 
 
190 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 CHAPTEK XXI. 
 
 Captain Robert Vaughan. 
 
 Captain Yaughak held land upon Kent Island,^ 
 upon Langford's Bay,'' and upon the Chester 
 Eiyer." One of the tracts taken up by him, was 
 called ^'Kuerdon," and another "Kimbplton" — the 
 name also of a small town in Huntingdonshire, 
 England. He was one of the Protestant members* 
 of the privy council, in 1649 and 1650. In 1638, 
 he held the office of constable' for St. George's 
 hundred, in St. Mary's County — a post, at that 
 time, not below the dignity of a gentleman. In 
 1642, he was one of the representatives^ in the 
 General Assembly, from the Isle of Kent. He 
 
 ^ Rent Roll for Talbot and Queen Anne's, vol. 2, fol. 299. 
 ' Records of the Land Office, Lib. Q. p. 333. 
 •Lib. Q., p. 338. 
 
 * See his signature to the Protestant Declaration. 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 45. 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 215. 
 
CAPT. TATJGHAN. 191 
 
 also represented tlie Island, during many subse- 
 quent sessions of the Legislature. In 1647, he was 
 the commander/ or viceroy, of Kent. In 1648, he 
 received two commissions^ from the proprietary— 
 the one investing him with the office of a privy 
 councillor ; the other re-appointing him to the post 
 of commander. In the latter, there is a strong testi- 
 mony to his " fidelity, courage," and " wisdom," 
 during the "insurrection" of Capt. Ingle, and his 
 accomplices. About the first of ITovember, during 
 the same year, he was removed from the com- 
 mandership of the Island,^ in consequence of his 
 disrespectful language towards Governor Green ; 
 but re-instated, upon the ofi'er of an apology. 
 Having become involved in a dispute with the 
 commissioners of the County Court, he asked and 
 received their forgiveness also." In 1652, com- 
 plaints were expressed by the inhabitants of the 
 Island."* We cannot say what they were. But he 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 304. ' Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 649 and 653. 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 660-6G1. 
 
 * See Record of the County Court, at Chestertown, in the 
 Clerk's OflBce, marked " Court Proceedings '' (a fragment only of 
 it remains), and beginning in the year " 1647." 
 
 ' See Bozmaa. vol. 2. p 453-454. But Mr. Bozman is mistaken 
 
THE DAY'STAR. 
 
 was soon afterwards removed from the office of 
 commander, by Eichard Bennett, and the other 
 commissioners appointed by Governor Stone. The 
 office he had held, somewhat analogous to that of 
 lieutenant-general, was one of the most honorable 
 within the limits of the province.' He had exer- 
 cised the power of granting land-warrants; but 
 failed to transmit a copy of his record' — an omis- 
 sion which nothing could justify, and which we 
 can excuse ^ only, upon the supposition then pre va- 
 
 in supposing Capt. Vaughan was not removed by the commis- 
 sioners. See the preceding " Court Proceedings," at Chestertown, 
 beginning in " 1647." The Record does not, indeed, contain the 
 charges or tke trial. But we will find there the order of the 
 commissioners displacing Capt. Vaughan. 
 
 ^ In the commission of 1648 (see Bozman, vol. 2, p. 653), he 
 was clothed with the power of selecting his councillors ; of hold- 
 ing courts, whenever there was a necessity ; of deciding all civil 
 cases "not exceeding" ten pounds sterling; and of disposing of 
 all criminal ©nes " determined by any justice of the peace in 
 England," in the "courts of session, not extending to life or 
 member." Some of the early commissions conferred also a great 
 deal of military and executive authority. See Bozman for a copy 
 of these commissions. 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 460-463. 
 
 ' In extenuation of Capt. Vaughan's delinquency, it may be 
 added, that the commander of Anne Arundel also failed to trans- 
 mit a copy of his proceedings. And even the surveyor-general, 
 
CAPT. VAUGHAN, 193 
 
 lent in the province, that the English government 
 had resolved to deprive the proprietary of his 
 lawful authority. The power to grant warrants 
 was, therefore, revoked by Governor Stone, the 
 latter part of 1652,' The date of Capt. Yaughan's 
 death cannot be given. But he left two children : 
 William,^ who died in 1684 ; and Mary, the wife 
 of Major James Einggold,^ of Huntingfield. Wil- 
 
 Robert Clarke, a Roman Catholic, did Rot make a due return, in 
 1.652, of the certificates from that couuiy, and from Kent. 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p, 463. 
 
 '^ The will of William Vaughan is recorded in Lib. G. See p. 64. 
 He desires his friends to bury him " near ye body of his deceased 
 father ;" requests Major Ringgold to be the " guardian " to his two 
 little children 5 and gives his daughter a tract of 200 acres upon 
 the Island, and which is still called '^ Parson's Point ;" but does 
 not name either of the children — speaking of them, simply, as his 
 "son" and "daughter." He divides the rest of the estate 
 between his wife and two children. 
 
 ^ The following is an extract (see Lib. G., pp, 232-233) from the 
 will of Major Ringgold: '*1 give and bequeath unto my son, 
 James Ringgold, the plantation I now live on, provided that my 
 Bon, Thomas Ringgold, shall refuse to set him out 300 acres of 
 land, at the northernmost bounds of GOO acres of land given by my 
 father, Thomas Ringgold, deceased, unto my said son Thomas, 
 before his death. And whereas my son, James Ringgold, is now 
 the heir apparent unto Captain Robert Vaughan, late of Kent 
 County, deceased — being the eldest son of the now only daughter, 
 and heir of him, the said Vaughan — my will and intent is, that in 
 
 9 
 
1.94 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 iiain also left two children, who both died without 
 Issue. But the priyy councillor was represented 
 by James/ the son of Major Einggold, and who 
 died upon Kent Island, about 1705, leaving three 
 children.' 
 
 case he, the said James, comes to enjoy the same, that then ray 
 aforesaid plaatation mentioned in this fourth Article, as also the 
 300 mentioned in the same Article, be and remain wholly to my 
 son, Thomas Ringgold, and his heirs, for ever." Thomas, it would 
 seem, was the son by a previous marriage. "William, John, and 
 Charles, appear to be full brothers of James. 
 
 ^ The will of James Ringgold, of Kent Island, then a part cf 
 Talbot County, is dated in 1704. See Lib. T. B. No. 2, p. 660, 
 He names his three children, Moses, Mary, and James. 
 
 ' Thomas, the emigrant, and the ancestor of the Ringgolds af 
 Kent Island, of Huntingfield, of Chestertown, and of Fountain- 
 Rock, resided upon the Island, was a cotenporary of Captaia 
 Vaughan, and sustained a responsible position upon the bench of 
 the County Court. His son, Major James Ringgold, about 1680, 
 founded New Yarmouth, which stood upon Gray's Inn Creek, and 
 where the courts of the county were once held. For a period of 
 more than two hundred years, the Ringgolds have been one of the 
 leading families of Maryland. They are distinguished in the his- 
 tory of our colonization, and of the early provincial commerce 
 upon the Chester. At the period of the American Revolution, 
 they were conspicuous for their patriotism. They have been 
 represented in the Hall of Congress ; and upon the field of battle. 
 
HON. MR. CLAUSE. 195 
 
 CHAPTER XXn. 
 
 The Honorable Robert Clarke, 
 
 The Honorable Robert Clarke arrived witbin 
 four years ^ of tbe settlement at St. Mary's; and, in 
 tbe sbipment of goods for tbe Indian trade, be 
 represented a Roman Catbolic missionary, as early 
 as 1639." Tbe same year, be sat as a freeman in 
 tbe legislature ; ^ tbe following, was a deputy sur- 
 veyor ;"* and in 1649, tbe surveyor-general of tbe 
 province." He was not included in tbe commis- 
 sion of 1648 for tbe privy council. But tbere is 
 
 * One of the records states he came in 1637 ; another, in 1633. 
 See Land Office Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 71 ; and Lib. No. 2, p. 425. 
 
 ' The Reverend Thomas Copley. Land Office Records, Lib. 
 No. 2, p. 38. 
 
 * An individual, not a delegate. Into some of our early assem- 
 blies, the representative system was but partially Introduced. 
 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 103. 
 
 * Lib. No. 1, p. 72. 
 
 * The commission (see Bozman, Vol. 2, p. 339) is dated in 1648 ; 
 but he did not immediately enter the office. 
 
196 THE DAY-STAB. 
 
 evidence of the fact, tliat he sat in that House of 
 the Assembly, in 1649, and in several subsequent 
 years.' Many of the certificates signed by this 
 survey or-general, are still preserved ; and in 1651, 
 he occupied the post of steward (with power to 
 hold the court-baron) of Calverton — a manor of 
 nearly ten thousand acres,' at the head of the 
 Wicomico, intended (such was the paternal policy 
 of the feudal proprietary) for a secure "habita» 
 ti#n " of " six nations " of Indians, who had desired 
 "to put themselves" under the government's "pro- 
 tection." He also, during the ascendency of the 
 Puritans, openly, in court, confessed his faith in 
 
 ^ The documents, in a preceding part of this volume, prove he 
 was afBiember of the council in 1649. On the 20th of April (0. S.) 
 1650, he was, for a reason not stated upon the Journal, excused 
 from sitting. See Lib. No. 3, p. 55. In 1654, also, he was a 
 privy councillor. See Lib. No. 1, p. 521. In 1648 he was a bur- 
 gess (see Lib. No. 2, pp. 293, 294) and held nine proxies. In 1658 
 he was a judge of the Provincial Court. Lib. " S, 1658 to 1662, 
 Judgments," p. 15. In 1660 he was again in the council ; but did 
 not sympathize with governor Fendall, in his treachery toward 
 the proprietary. 
 
 ^ The " six nations " who had desired to be under the proprie* 
 tary's prote«tion, and for whom, as copyhold tenants, this manor 
 was intended, bore the names of Mattapanians, Wicomocons, 
 Patuxents, Lamasconsons, Highahwixons, and Chopticons. See 
 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 675. 
 
HON. MR. CLARKE. 197 
 
 the Koman Catholic Church.' Upon a previous 
 surrender, at the battle near the Severn, he was 
 taken prisoner by the Puritans ; "^ and then treated 
 as a rebel. Tried by a '' council of war," but 
 saved " by the petitions of the women," ^ he was 
 next lined ten thousand pounds of tobacco." Un- 
 able to pay the mulct, he assigned various bills 
 to the amount of three thousand ; and surrendered 
 his plantation upon Britton's Bay.^ About six 
 months later, in a state of " deep distress," without 
 the means of "subsistence" either for his "chil- 
 dren " or for " himself," he submitted a petition. 
 And the court, composed of Capt. Fuller and 
 other leading Puritans, gave him a temporary 
 possession of the land.^ In 1657, his boiijd. was 
 
 ^ '•' Robert Clarke, Gent., hath openly in court confessed him- 
 self to be a Roman Catholic ; owning the Pope's supremacy." See 
 Proceedings of the Provincial Court, October Term, 1G55 ; Land 
 Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 156, This was many months after 
 the battle near the Severn. 
 
 " Bozman, vol. 2, p. 527 ; and Records of the Land Office, Lib. 
 No. 3, p. 163. 
 
 " Bozman, vol. 2, p. 688. 
 
 * Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, pp. 156 and 157. 
 
 ' Same Liber, pp. 156, 157. 
 
 'The following is the order passed by the court in 1656:— 
 " Whereas Robert Clarke, Gent., hath petitioned to this court for 
 
198 THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 required.* He never succeeded in reclaiming his 
 fortunes ; and, in his will, dated in 1664, there ap- 
 pears but little property.^ His posterity was dis- 
 persed through various parts of the province ; and, 
 in 1686, died his eldest son, John, a resident of St. 
 Mary's County, holding land upon a branch of 
 St. Thomas's Creek,^ in Charles County ; and leav- 
 ing John, Kobert, Benjamin, and two other chil- 
 dren.* The only marriage of the privy councillor 
 
 some relief in liis exceeding deep distress, not having any way of 
 subsistence for himself and children ; the court taking it into 
 consideration, have thought fit and ordered that the plantation 
 of the said Clarke, formerly made over unto the public for part 
 of satisfaction of a fine imposed upon the said Clarke for his late 
 rising up in arms and other great crimes at that time committed, 
 be delivered into the hands of him the said Clarke for his present 
 relief, without which he is likely to perish. And further, if the 
 said Clarke should sell the said plantation, that then he is to pay 
 the one half of what it shall be sold for, in part of the said fine, 
 when it shall be demanded." Lib. No. 3, pp. 178, 179. 
 
 ^ Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 317 ; and p. 349. 
 
 ^ He names his children, John, Robert, Thomas, and Mary. 
 Gives the most of his estate to John ; and half the value of a 
 horse "to the Church." See his will. Testamentary Records at 
 Annapolis, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 217-218. 
 
 ' Rent-roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 314 ; and 
 Land Office Records, Lib. No. 6, p. 223. 
 
 * See will of John, Lib. G. p. 193. The name of Clarke occurs 
 
HON. MR. OLAKKE. 19^ 
 
 mentioned upon the records, was the one to Jane, 
 the widow ^ of JS'icholas Causin, the ancestor of the 
 family which held the "Manor of Causin," now 
 represented by the Honorable John M. S. Causin. 
 
 so frequently that it is very difficult to trace the descendants of 
 the privy councillor. But the reader who may be interested in 
 this subject, is referred to the following sources of information, in 
 the Register's Office at Annapolis : — Wills of Thomas, in 1675, 
 Lib. No. 2, p. 247 ; John, Lib. H., p. 48 ^ John, Lib. H. p. 177 ; Robert, 
 Lib. T. B., p. 375 ; John, Lib. J. C— W. B., No. 2, Part 2, p. 32 ; 
 Thomas, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 375 ; Edward. Lib. W. B., No. G, 
 p. 8 ; William, Lib. T. B., No. 1, p. 51 ; Thomas, same Liber, 
 p. 280 ; and Robert, Lib. W. B., No. 1, p. 438. There is also the 
 will, in 1689 (see Lib. T. B., No. 2, p. 727) of Robt. Clarke, " of 
 the parish of St. Giles, Without Cripple-Gate, London," but who 
 had lived in Maryland, "in the West Indies" (as America was 
 then called) ; and who was probably one of the Hon. Robt. Clarke's 
 descendants. John's, in Lib. H., on p. 48, is dated the 7th of 
 May, 1680, " according to the computation of the Holy Catholic 
 Church." 
 
 ' Land Office, Lib. No. 7, p. 132. 
 
200 THE BAY -STAR, 
 
 CHAPTEE XXm. 
 
 The Honorable Thomas Hattoo. 
 
 The Honorable Thomas Hatton, it wonld seeiHj 
 was the son of John Hatton ; and, there is hardly a 
 doubt, lived at London/ before his arrival. It is 
 said, his family (which came in 1648^) had sprung 
 from that of Sir Christopher Hatton, the lord 
 
 ^ John HattoD — a brother, I presume, of the secretary — in his 
 will of 1654 (see Records at Annapolis, Libw No. 1, 1635 to 1674, 
 p. 519) speaks of his " late father, John Hatton f of his brothers 
 Thomas, Samuel, and Henry ; and his sisters Sarah and Susan. 
 The lands left him by his father, he gives his brother Thomas ; and 
 appoints him one of his executors. Most of the family, it seems, 
 lived in England ; and the testator, although then on a visit to 
 Maryland, resided at London. The godfather of the secretary's 
 Bon, Thomas, was " one of the clerks in the Six-Clerks' Office.. 
 Chancery Lane," in the same city. See the silver spoon given, 
 about 1650, by the godfather, Thomas Motham, on p. 186, Lib. 
 No. 1, Records of the Land Office. 
 
 ' The secretary himself states, that he came, with his wife, his 
 two sons (Robert and Thomas), and his three white servants, in 
 1648 ; and that the following year arrived, under his auspices, the 
 widow, and William, Richard, Elinor, and the other children of his 
 
HON. MK. HATTON. 201 
 
 chancellor in the reign of Elizabeth, and so much 
 admired by the queen for his graceful person and 
 his elegant style of dancing. And the tradition, to 
 some extent, is confirmed, not only by the exist- 
 ence in both families of the same baptismal 
 names/ but also by that sense of beauty, ^ which 
 was a characteristic not less of the honorable 
 
 deceased brother Richard. Land Office Records, Lib. No. 2, 
 p. 613. 
 
 ^ " Sir Robert Hatton was a brother," says Burlie, '' of Sir 
 Thomas Hatton, baronet ; and of Sir Christopher Hatton, K.B.. 
 father of Lord Hatton, and ancestor of George Finch Hatton, Earl 
 of Winchilsea." Burke's Dictionary of the Landed Gentry, Vol. 2, 
 p. 1287. The names also of Richard, Henry, John, William, and 
 Sarah, occur both in Burke and upon our early records. Thomas, 
 indeed, is found frequently in the history of the English, as well 
 as of the provincial family. 
 
 ' The following note from the secretary, introducing Mr. John 
 De Courcy (then written Coursey), is a fine specimen of the 
 author's style — a model b©th of terseness and of elegance. John 
 De Courcy was a brother of the Honorable Henry De Courcy ; and 
 subsequently the clerk of Kent County : 
 
 "Mr. Bradnox, — The bearer hereof, Mr. John Coursey, upon 
 
 the invitation of some friends, comes amongst you to try his fortunes 
 at Kent. His quality and good carriage will, I know, purchase 
 ^-espect from all ; and especially from yourself and Mistress Brad- 
 nox, whose courtesy and respect to strangers, especially to those 
 of the better sort, hath never been wanting. And, therefore, T 
 shall not need to use many words of commendation in his behalf. 
 
 9* 
 
202 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 secretary of Maryland than of the distinguished 
 statesman of England. The armorial bearings of 
 the Hattons of London were : — " Argent, three 
 hurts, each charged with a hend of the first / on a 
 chief vert, an eagle displayed or^ And their crest 
 was : — " A demi-hear rampant sable P ^ 
 
 Besides the offices of secretary and of privy 
 councillor (the commissions for which were dated 
 on the same day,^ in the year 1648), he held the 
 post of attorney-general of the province.' Like 
 the other councillors appointed in 1648, he went 
 into office, it would seem, at the commencement of 
 the Assembly, in 1649. It is supposed he brought 
 from England the draft of ''The Act concerning 
 Eeligion." The official power and rank conferred 
 
 But desiring, with my wife, to be kindly remembered to yourself, 
 and Mistress Bradnox ; Rest ; 
 
 '' Your assured, loving friend, Thomas Hatton, 
 *' St. Mary's, Feb. 1653. 
 
 *• The superscription — To his much respected friend Mr. Thos. 
 Bradnox, at the Isle of Kent, in Maryland." See Court Record, 
 at Chester-town, commencing in 1647. 
 
 ^ Burke's General Armory. * 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 649, and p. 651. 
 
 ^ In 1652, and I presume other years, he was the attorney- 
 general. Land Office Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 302. 
 
HON. MR. HATTON. ' 203 
 
 upon our early secretaries were very great.' The 
 present secretaryship of State is but tlie shadow of 
 the original office, under the dominion of the first 
 lord proprietary. Although there is no evidence 
 of the contiugency, upon which he was authorized 
 to act, we know he also received a commission 
 appointing him to the post of governor.* In 1652, 
 about the beginning of the revolutionary measures 
 under the commissioners from the English com- 
 monwealth, he w^as removed from the secretary- 
 ship;' re-instated in July, the same year;* and again 
 deprived of the office, in the month of August, 
 1654.^ Before the Puritan Assembly at Patuxent, 
 the last-named year, he appeared with Mr. Chand- 
 ler, the other burgess from St. Mary's; and, in 
 view of his " oath " to Lord Baltimore, as well as 
 
 * The secretary sat, not only in the privy council, but also upon 
 the bench of the High Provincial Court. And great weight was 
 attached to his opinions. The office also of chancellor was usually 
 annexed to the secretaryship. 
 
 ' The latter part of 1649, Gov. Stone having occasion to be 
 absent from the province, appointed Thomas Green governor ; in 
 case of his refusal, Mr. Hatton. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 377. la 1650, 
 also, I perceive, he was appointed. Lib. No. 2, p. 615. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 681. 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 682. * Bozman, vol. '2, p. 685. 
 
204 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 other reasons then reduced to writing, but now 
 unfortunately lost, he refused to sit in that body.* At 
 the battle of 1655, in the service of the proprietary, 
 he lost his life. An order was issued for the " sub- 
 sistence " of his widow out of his lordship's "rents;" 
 and every disposition manifested, in testimony of 
 respect for his memory, and of gratitude for his 
 noble fidelity.* Kemarkable not more for mode- 
 ration than for decision ; discharging his duty in 
 every j)rivate and official relation ; a Protestant,' 
 but not a bigot ; the ornament of his own faith, 
 but distinguished for his loyalty to the charter, and 
 to the person of the Koman Catholic proprietary ; 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 508. 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 698. 
 
 ' He was one of the signers of the Protestant Declaration. The 
 case of Gardiner (Bozman, vol. 2, p. 493) proves also how ready 
 was the secretary to resist every attempt to seduce his ward and 
 niece, Eleanor Hatton, from the faith of her family. And his 
 nephew, William, married Elizabeth, the daughter (See Rev. Wil- 
 liam Wilkinson's will. Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 190) of the 
 first Protestant clergyman (an Anglo- Catholic) who arrived in 
 St. Mary's after the landing of the Maryland Pilgrims. See 
 arrival (Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. G2) of " William Wil- 
 kinson, clerk," in 1650, with his wife Mary, his daughters Rebecca 
 and Elizabeth, and several other persons including his indented 
 servants. The secretary's wife was also the godmother of Mathew, 
 the son of William Stono, the Protestant governor. See p. 65. 
 
HON. MR. HATTON. 205 
 
 he presents to the student one of the most interest- 
 ing characters in the history of the colonization of 
 Maryland. A son and grandson, both bearing his 
 own baptismal name, died, it wonld seem, in 
 Maryland ; the one, in 1676,' the other in 1701 ;' 
 the former (or a consin also called Thomas), having 
 lived some time at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, 
 England ;' the latter, disposing, by his will, of the 
 right to a large tract, not then fully confirmed, but 
 due to him, as heir to the " Secretary of Mary- 
 land ;" and granted, probably, in token of the 
 grateful recollections cherished by the proprietary, 
 for the noble sacrifice at the battle of 1655. I 
 
 ^ Will of Thomas Hattoa of St. Mary's County, " gentleman," 
 in Lib. No. 2, 1674 to 1704, on p. 381. Names his only son 
 Thomas ; his sisters, Margaret and Rebecca " Wahop ;•' and seve- 
 ral of the Hansons, who seem to be his relations. 
 
 ^ Will of Thomas Hatton, of St. Mary's County, also styled 
 " gentleman," in Lib. T. B., p. 120. He possibly had a posthumous 
 Bon ; but the only child named in the will is Elizabeth, to whom 
 he gives " Hunting-Creek," surveyed (see Rent Roll for St. Mary's 
 County, No. 1, Manors, fol. 2) for the secretary, in 1G55. 
 
 ' Thomas (the son, I presume of the Hon. Thomas Hatton) lived 
 at Tewkesbury, about 1674 ; and gave Samuel of Maryland a power 
 of attorney relating to the claim arising upon the death of his 
 brother John. Lib. M. M., 1672 to 1675, Judgments, p. 193, and 
 pp 578-580. 
 
206 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 doubt if there is now living a lineal descendant of 
 the same surname anywhere in America. But the 
 Hattons of Piscataway are related to the family, 
 through William, the nephew of the secretary, 
 and the son-in-law of the Rev. William Wilkinson. 
 William Hatton died at an advanced age in 1712, 
 naming his children, Joseph Hatton and Penelope 
 Middleton ; and giving to each of his grand* 
 childi'en (including Hatton Middleton), " a gold 
 ring," as the " token " of his " love." He also 
 divided between his children, the home plantation, 
 consisting of " Thompson's Rest," and " Rich 
 Hill."^ 
 
 ^ Will of William, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 432. la tracing the 
 descent of the Hattons, near Piscataway, I am indebted, for the 
 use of several land-papers, to the kindness of the Hon. William H. 
 Tuck, of the Court of Appeals. 
 
ME. FENWICK. 207 
 
 CHAPTEE XXIY. 
 
 Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick. 
 
 We now desgend from tlie Upper to the Lower 
 House — from the privy councillors to the burgesses 
 — ^from the representatives of the proprietary to 
 the delegates of the planters, and of the other 
 freemen of the province. The leading member of 
 this body, one who breathed the spirit of Copley, 
 of Cornwallis, and of Calvert, it would seem, was 
 Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick ; a sincere believer in the 
 faith of the old Latin church ; one of the original 
 Pilgrims of 1634: ; and the fairest exponent of that 
 system of religious liberty, which had constituted 
 the very corner-stone of the first settlement under 
 the charter. Many, also, are his descendants in 
 the United States. They have held a distin- 
 guished rank in the field of civil and of military 
 services. And they have been ornaments, not 
 only of the priesthood, but also of the hierarchy 
 of the American Roman Catholic church. Some 
 
208 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 still linger among us ; our neighbors, and our 
 friends. Tlirough evil, and through good, after 
 the lapse of many years, in the midst of vast social 
 and political revolutions, they have clung, with 
 the fondness of children, to the faith of their first 
 forefather. Is there no gratitude among Pro- 
 testants ? Will the Protestant flinch from the 
 performance of a plain historical duty ? Shall he, 
 who inherits a pure Protestant blood, an unbroken 
 Protestant faith, through eight generation s, from 
 the age of Elizabeth ; whose first Protestant 
 ancestor of the provincial line reached the shores 
 of the Chesapeake but a year after the passage of 
 the memorable Toleration Act, hesitate for one 
 moment in doing justice to the memory of the 
 early Roman Catholic law-givers of Maryland ? 
 
 Fenwick was the seat of a distinguished family 
 of the same name, in the county of Northumber- 
 land, England/ And Fenwick was the manor 
 erected for the early colonist, in what was subse- 
 quently Resurrection hundred, St. Mary's County.' 
 
 ^ Burke's General Armory ; Art. Fenwick, at Fenwick, in 
 Northumberland. 
 * Fenwick Manor was surveyed for Cuthbert Fenwick, in 1651. 
 
MR. FENWICK. 209 
 
 lu Maryland, also, I am told, there was an old 
 signet ring containing the arms of the Fenwicks, 
 of Fenwick manor ; and, it is said, that Cuthbert 
 was a descendant of the Fenwicks in ISTorthumber- 
 land County. But history has a more solid founda- 
 tion than mere oral tradition; and nothing, I 
 regret, can positively be asserted respecting the 
 armorial bearings of the Fenwicks, of St. Mary's ; 
 or. even their English original, beyond the relation- 
 ship to the Eltonheads. 
 
 Of Captain Cornwallis, the chief councillor of 
 the governor in 1634, and one of the noblest spirits 
 in the band of original Pilgrims, Mr. Fenwick was 
 the special protege.^ For many years, also, from 
 his arrival, did he hold a great variety of confi- 
 dential trusts and responsible agencies ; living at 
 " The Cross," ^ during the captain's frequent voy- 
 ages to England ; and transacting, with strict 
 fidelity, all his important business upon the manor. 
 
 It is upon the Patuxent. Rent Roll for St. Mary's & Charles, vol. 
 1, fol. 55. 
 
 » Land OfiQce Records, Lib. A. B. & H., p. 244. 
 
 ^ The name of Capt. Cornwallis's manor-house. The manor, 
 itself, was called " Cornwallis's Gross." Rent Roll for St. Mary's 
 County ; also Lib. No. 1, pp. 115-117, and elsewhere. 
 
210 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 So intimate was the relationship, that he was sum- 
 moned on one occasion (the only case of so peculiar 
 a kind of representation, I believe, upon the 
 records), by a special w^rit, to sit as the " attorney " 
 of the councillor, at a meeting of the General 
 Assembly.' More, also, on account of the enmity 
 towards Cornwallis than any ground of personal 
 dislike, was he plundered by Captain Ingle," the 
 pirate, the man who gloried in the name of " The 
 Eeformation."' In the grant of land for the early 
 Eoman Catholic missions, his name and services, it 
 appears, were used. It seems, also, he was inti- 
 
 ^ This was in 1640. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 171. 
 
 ^ He was, about 1645, surprised by Ingle's party, and treacher- 
 ously confined as a prisoner, on board that pirate'8 ship ; the 
 manor-house of Capt. Thomas Cornwallis much injured, and also 
 plundered of its servants, valuable furniture, and other property. 
 On his way to Accomac, Va., he was also robbed of his " clothes," 
 and " papers." Lib. No. 1, pp. 432-433 ; pp. 572-573 ; pp. 582- 
 583 ; and p. 584. Lib. No. 2, p. 354 ; and pp. 616-617. 
 
 ^ The world, alas ! is governed more by the shadow than by the 
 substance ! Here is a man from "Wapping, in Middlesex, England 
 (see Lib. No. 1, pp. 377) — a sea-captain of a reckless sort of 
 courage — plundering a missionary, and many other Roman Catho- 
 lics of the province ; and, by universal consent, a pirate ; yet 
 giving to his very ship the name of " The Reformation !" Lib. 
 No. 1, p. 224. Triumphant, for a short time, in his rebellion ; he 
 did a great deal of injury to the proprietary. 
 
ME. FENWICK. 211 
 
 mate with the Kev. Thomas Copley ; and often in 
 contact with Governor Leonard Calvert ; took part 
 in the little engagement of 1635, upon a tributary of 
 the Chesapeake, between the pinnace commanded 
 by Warren (the lieutenant of Clayborne), and the 
 two armed boats under the command of Cornwal- 
 lis ; ' and sat in the Assembly of 1638, the earliest 
 of which we have a satisfactory account.^ As an 
 individual freeman, he had a seat also in the legis- 
 lature of the subsequent year/ And few, if any, 
 of the original colonists were members more fre- 
 quently of the legislative body. Again : we find 
 him aiding the government in the regulation of 
 the Indian trade with the colonists ; * and about 
 the same time, he reported the information he had 
 obtained respecting the murder of Rowland Wil- 
 liams, of Accomac' — a case which engaged the 
 
 ^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 35 ; and p. 65, where the name is written 
 '• Hemirk," but doubtless intended for " Fenwick." The lieute- 
 nant and two of his men were killed ; and one was lost on the 
 captain's side, Cornwallis's boats were called " The St. Helen," 
 and " The St. Margaret." Clayborne's next officer in command 
 was subsequently convicted at St. Mary's. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. G5. 
 
 " Bozman, vol. 2, p. 103. ' * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 115. 
 
 " The Report is dated May S, 1638." See Lib. No. 2, pp. 83-84. 
 
212 THE DAY-STAB. 
 
 prompt attention of the governor, and resulted in 
 the union of Maryland with her sister colony/ in 
 the punishment of the Nanticokes. In 1644, he held 
 a commissionership in St. Mary's "" — an oftice out 
 of which grew that of the early county court judge. 
 He was the foreman of many of the most impor- 
 tant trial juries,^ at the provincial court ; the first 
 member of the financial committee,* and proba- 
 bly the speaker, in the Lower House of the Roman 
 Catholic Assembly of 1649 ;'* and, in the Protestant 
 one of 1650, the chairman of a joint committee" 
 upon the " Laws,'' including Governor Green and 
 Colonel Price from the Upper House. The latter 
 part of his life, he resided upon Fenwick 
 manor ; and died about the year 1655.'' Nothing 
 
 ' Lib. No. 1, p. 159. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 280. 
 
 ' In the case, for instance, of the Piscataway Indians already 
 quoted. 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 2, p. 489. 
 
 * From the report of the financial committee, the only remain- 
 ing fragment of the Journal, it is evident that he performed some 
 ppecial or honorable service, besides that of an ordinary member. 
 
 « Lib. No. 3, p. 56. 
 
 ' His Will is dated "March 6, 1654." Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, 
 "Judgments," Court of Appeals (in the Armory), p. 219. 
 
MR* FEKWICK. 213 
 
 occurs upon the record, to lessen, in the least, the 
 esteem to which he is so justly entitled as a 
 legislator, and a public officer ; a Christian, and a 
 man» 
 
 Mr. Fenwick bore the name of one of the most 
 celebrated saints,' in the history of the early Eng- 
 lish Church; held a tract bounded by St. Cuth- 
 bert's Creek ;^ although present, did not sign the 
 
 * la speaking of the ravages of the Danes, during the ninth 
 century. Sir Francis Palgrave says : ** The Pagans, under Half- 
 dane, destroyed all the churches and monasteries. The ruin of 
 the Cathedral of Lindisfairne, in particular, was lamented as the 
 greatest misfortune of the age. Cuthbert, one of the prelates of 
 this see, canonized by the grateful veneration of the English, was 
 considered as the patron saint of the North 5 and the island of 
 Lindisfairne was viewed as holy land." 
 
 In a note, he adds: — "The body of St. Cuthbert was saved 
 when the church of Lindisfairne was destroyed, and after many 
 migrations it was deposited in the Cathedral of Durham, to which 
 city the see of Lindisfairne was transferred (A. D. 990) ; the pre- 
 sent bishops of Durham being the successors of the bishops of 
 Lindisfairne. The corpse of St. Cuthbert was deposited in a 
 magnificent shrine, which was destroyed at the time of the 
 Reformation." " In 1827, a skeleton, supposed to be that of St. 
 Cuthbert, was disinterred by the Rev. James Raine. The body 
 had been deposited with some most curious relics of the Anglo- 
 Saxon age — amongst Ihem, the cross." Palgrave's History of the 
 Anglo-Saxons, p. 124. The engraving of St. Cuthbert's cross is 
 on p. 142 of the History. 
 
 " Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, fol. 55. 
 
214 THE DAY'STAE. 
 
 Protestant Declaration ; upon the questions arising 
 between the two religions parties, in the Protestant 
 Assembly of 1650, voted with the Koman Catholic 
 members ; ^ • gave a legacy to each of the Eoman 
 Catholic priests, in testimony of his faith in the 
 Church of Rome ; ^ to say nothing of the further 
 evidence derived from the fact, that so many of his 
 descendants are still members of the same commu^ 
 nion. 
 
 In 1649, then a widower, and the father of 
 Thomas (who seems to have died young), of Cuth- 
 bert, Ignatius, and " Teresa ;" ' Mr. Fenwick mar- 
 ried Jane,* the widow of Robert Moryson (the 
 name is written upon the record, indistinctly), of 
 
 * See, in various places, the proceedings of the Assembly, in 
 1650, Lib. No. 3, Land Office ; also the signatures, in the same 
 Liber, on p. 57, to the letter of this Assembly, intended for Lord 
 Baltimore. 
 
 ^ By some of the early Roman Catholics (for example, by 
 Robert Clarke) legacies were given " to the church " — meaning, 
 of course, the Roman Catholic ; by others, to the well known 
 priests, Lawrence Starkie and Francis Fitzherbert, always, either 
 tacitly or avowedly, in token of their faith in the same church ; 
 and by a third class (Cuthbert Fenwick, for instance), simply 
 "unto Mr. Starkie," and *' unto Mr. Fitzherbert." See Mr. 
 Fenwick's Will, Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 219. 
 
 » Land Office Records, Lib. No. 2, p. 515. 
 
 * Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 218. 
 
ME. fenwick:. 215 
 
 " Kecouglitan " County, Ya. ; the sister also of Wil- 
 liam Eltoiiliead ^ (the privy councillor of Md.), and 
 Eichard Eltonhead^ (of " Eltonhead," Lancaster 
 County, England) ; and the niece of Edward^ Elton- 
 head, one of the "masters'"' of the English ''High 
 Court of Chancery." He had issue, also, by his 
 last marriage ; and his widow died in 1660.' The 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 3, p. 262 ; Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 135 5 
 and pp. 219-220. Also Testamentary Records, Lib. No. I, p. 94. 
 
 ^ Lib. F. F. 1665 to 1669, Judgments (Court of Appeals), in the 
 Armory, p. 788. 
 
 « Laud Office, Lib. A. B. and H., p. 165. 
 
 * Lib. 5, 1658 to 1662, Judgments (Court of Appeals), p. 1 ; and 
 Lib. No. 3 (Land Office), p. 413. 
 
 ' The social and domestic life of the past constitutes the most 
 interesting branch of history. Mrs. Fenwick's will (see Testamentary 
 Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 114) sheds much light upon the subject ; 
 enables us to form some idea of the degree of comfort in the 
 family of this early colonial legislator ; and gives a very good 
 key to a bed-chamber, a lady's wardrobe, head-dress, and other 
 articles, in 1660. She bequeaths to her step-daughter, " Teresa," 
 a little bed, a mohair rug, a blanket, a pair of sheets, aud *' the 
 yellow curtains ;" her taffeta suit, and serge coat ; all her *' fine 
 linen," consisting of aprons, handkerchiefs, head-clothes, &c. ; her 
 ** wedding-ring;" her hoods, scarfs (except her " great" one), aud 
 gloves (except three pair of cotton) ; and her three petticoats, one 
 of which is a " tufted-holland," another a " new serge," and the 
 third a " spangled " one. She gives to her own three children, 
 Robert, Richard, and John, her '' great scarf," all her jewels^ 
 "plate," and rings (except the " wedding" one) ; and to each of 
 them a bed, and pair of cotton gloves. To her stepsons, Cuthbert 
 
216 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 children were Robert, Richard, and John.^ But 
 
 and*Ignatiiis, she wills an " ell of taffeta ;" to her negro-servant, 
 Dorothy, her " red cotton coat " and some " old linen ;" to Esther, 
 her " new maid-servant," all the linen of ''the coarser sort ;" to 
 Thomas, the Indian, two pair of shoes, a matchcoat, and some 
 other things ; to Anthumpt, another Indian, several articles of 
 clothing ; to Thomas's mother (the " old Indian woman ") three 
 yards of cotton ; to the Rev. Francis Fitzherbert, a hogshead of 
 tobacco, for five years ; to William (a negro) the right to his free- 
 dom, provided he pay a hogshead every year to the church, and 
 continue a member ; and to the church the same negro, as a slave 
 " for ever," if he leave her communion — one of the few cases of 
 individual intolerance, on the same side, in our early history, and 
 outweighed by a great number of instances, on the other if not, 
 indeed, excusable by the fact, that some of her dearest friends had 
 fallen by the bloody hand of the Puritans, including her own bro- 
 ther, the Hon. Wm. Eltonhead. Take also the following (from Lib. 
 No. 1, Land Office Records, p. 401) about two years before her 
 brother's execution. According to the testimony of Mary Jones, 
 it appears, Martin Kirk and his wife, with Lizy Potter, " had 
 found a way to pay Eltonhead, without weight or scales !" " Hang 
 them!'' they added, "Papists! dogs! They shall have no right 
 here ; for the governor cannot abide them, but from the teeth 
 outwards." The Yandal outruns the bigot in the case of a noted 
 Protestant of Kent Island, who, entering Capt. Brent's house, and 
 going into the " loft," threw down the captain's books, with the 
 words, " Burn Papists ! devils !" This was about the time of 
 Ingle's rebellion. I deem it fair to add, the part of Roger Bax- 
 ter's testimony relating to the books, was not reduced to writing. 
 But Francis Brooke, a judge of the county court, was present at 
 the taking of the deposition ; and states the fact, in his own depo- 
 sition. Lib. No. 2, p. 387. 
 
 * See wills of Mr. Fenwick, and hia widow Jane. I infer, then, 
 
ME. FENWIOK. 217 
 
 Cutlibert, his eldest son by a previous marriage, 
 held, under the will, the lordship of Fenwick 
 Manor, The Fenwicks of Cole's Creek, of Cherry- 
 iields, of Pomonkey, and elsewhere, in Maryland ; 
 of Kentucky ; and (it is said) of the South also 
 (including a well-known officer in the war of 1812) ; 
 are but some of the off-shoots ^ from the family of 
 Cuthbert, the pilgrim of 1634, and the original 
 lord of the manor. One of the descendants of the 
 early law-giver was a member of the convention, 
 which framed the Constitution of the State, in 
 
 that his three youngest sons were, on their mother's side, descend- 
 ants of the Eltonheads, of Eltonhead ; whose arras, according to 
 Burke's General Armory, are — Quarterly, per /esse indented, 
 sable and argent^ on the first quarter three plates. 
 
 - The family is so large as to render it impossible to present 
 even a condensed history in any but a v/ork expressly devoted to 
 the department of genealogy. The following wills contain a large 
 body of facts :— Wills of Richard, in 1714, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 
 699 ; of John, 1720, T. B. No. 1, p. 339 ; Dorothy, 1724, W. B., No. 1, 
 p. 285 5 Cuthbert, about 1728, C. C, No. 2, p. 888 ; Ellen, 1737, 
 T. D., p. 825 ; Philip, 1750, D. D., No. 6, p. 183 ; Enock, 1758, 
 B. T., No. 2, p. 582 ; Joseph, 1758, B. T., No. 2, p. 624 ; Cuthbert, 
 1762, D. D., No. 1, in 2 parts, p. 891 ; Benedict, 1769, W. D., No. 2, 
 p. 251 ; Bennett, 1770, W. D., No. 3, p. 458 ; George, 1769, W. D., 
 No. 3, p. 703 ; Elizabeth, 1771, AV. D., No. 4, p. 347 ; Robert, 
 1774, W. F., No. 1, p. 113; and Ignatius, 1776, W. F., No. 2. 
 p. 219. 
 
 10 
 
218 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 1774-1776;' two held a seat in the Senate of 
 Maryland ; ' and a fourth was the consul of the 
 United States, at Bordeaux. Many of them were 
 priests;^ one was the president of a college;* and 
 two were bishops/ They are also connected with 
 the Spaldings of St. Mary's, the relations of the 
 bishop of Louisville/ And a living descendant 
 of the pilgrim held the post of attorney-general ^ — • 
 
 ' Ignatius, of Mary's County. 
 
 ^ Athanasius and James j the former closely related to the 
 Jherry-field branch, near St. Inigo's, St. Mary's County ; the latter 
 (Col. James), the brother of the bishop of Cincinnati, and the 
 ancestor of the Fenwicks, of Pomonkey, in Charles. 
 
 ' John, the uncle of the bishop of Cincinnati ; Enoch, who died 
 in 1827 ; George, late professor of Rhetoric, in the Novitiate of 
 the Society of Jesus, at Frederick, but now living at Inigo's : the 
 children of Mrs. Young, the sister of Col. Jas. Fenwick ; and pro- 
 bably several others ; have represented the family in the priest- 
 hood. John died about 1814. 
 
 * Enock, already named, ^was the president of Georgetown 
 College. 
 
 * Edward, the first bishop of Cincinnati, and a very near rela- 
 tion to the Fenwicks of Pomonkey 5 and Benedict, the second 
 bishop of Boston, and the brother of President Fenwick, and Pro- 
 fessor Fenwick. Edward died in 1832 ; Benedict in 1845. 
 
 * The Rt. Rev. Martin J. Spalding, the present bishop of the 
 diocese. See Elizabeth's will, 1771, W. D. No. 4, p. S47, for the 
 connection with the Spaldings. 
 
 ^ Robert James Brent, a Fenwick on the maternal side, and th€ 
 immediate descendant of the Fenwicks of Pomonkey. 
 
MB. FENWICE, 219 
 
 the last link ^ in a long chain of distinguished law* 
 yers from the provincial era of the Hattons, the 
 Lowes, and the Darnalls, down to the days of a 
 Martin, a Taney, and a Richardson. 
 
 * The oflSce was aboliahed by the late Constitutional Convention 
 of Maryland. 
 
THE DAY-STAB. 
 
 CHAPTER XXY. 
 
 Mr. Philip Conner. 
 
 The time of Mr. Philip Conner's * arrival cannot 
 be ascertained ; but be came about tbe year 1645. 
 Under tbe commandersbip of Captain Kobert 
 Yaugban, in 1647, be was a commissioner of tbe 
 Isle of Kent ; ^ sat, tbe following year, in tbe 
 Assembly, as an individual freeman ; ^ and was tbe 
 member from Kent, in 1649/ Autborized-to issue 
 writs, upon tbe removal of tbe captain, in tbe 
 montli of ]^ovember, 1648;' and tbe only one of 
 tbe commissioners retained in office, tbe succeeding 
 
 * Sometimes spelled "Conyer." Kent Island Records at Chea- 
 tertown. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 304. 
 
 ' Capt. Vaughan, in 1648, held 24 voices ; Mr. Conner, and 
 Capt. Thomas Bradnox sat, simply, at* freemen, without any 
 proxies. Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. 
 
 * Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 
 
 * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 343. 
 
MR. CONNER. 221 
 
 'month, by a Roman Catholic governor ; * he fortu- 
 nately, about four years later, escaped the censure 
 of the Puritan commissioners.'* Free from entan- 
 glements of every sort — giving great satisfaction, 
 for a period of many years, by his manner of 
 administering justice — he was elevated, near the 
 close of his life, to the honorable post of com- 
 mander of the county.^ His career, in every par- 
 ticular, was marked with discretion ; and we might 
 suppose he was a Roman Catholic, living in a 
 Protestant county. But, while no satisfactory clew 
 can be found in his own words or deeds ; from the 
 pen of a contemporary, we have the proof, that he 
 was a Protestant.* 
 
 The will of this early colonist is lost. But from 
 his inventory, it appears, he died about 1660. 
 Judging from the same paper, he lived in a style 
 
 ^ Upon Captain Vaugban's re-instatement. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 
 344. 
 
 ' Vaughan, in 1652, was removed by the Puritan commissioners. 
 See the names of the commissioners sent, in Bozman, vol. 2, p. 454. 
 But Bozman's inference is false. They did visit the island. See 
 Kent Island Records, at Chestertown. 
 
 ' See oldest Land Records, at Chestertown. 
 
 * The evidence, which is obtained from the will of Thomas 
 Allen, will be given, in a note to the sketch of Capt. Banks's life. 
 
222 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 superior to the ordinary level of comfort, at that 
 period/ He held " Conner's Neck," " The Wood- 
 yard Thicket," and other tracts, upon Kent Island;^ 
 and there, lived his descendants also, for several 
 generations. It seems, there was a branch of the 
 family in Dorchester and Somerset ; and he has 
 probably a descendant living at Chestertown. His 
 son, Philip,^ died, about 1700, upon the Isle of 
 Kent,^ then a part of Talbot ; and his grandson, of 
 the same name, in 1722, leaving two brothers and 
 three sons.' 
 
 ^ The inventory is found in a Record of Wills, and Proceedings 
 in Testamentary cases, beginning in 1657. He had 120 head of 
 cattle, and 34 hogs ; 7 feather beds, and 6 rugs ; 2 pair of cur- 
 tains, with valance ; 2 flock beds, with 2 rugs ; 3 diaper table- 
 cloths ; 18 napkins ; 8 chairs ; 12 wine glasses ; and a great 
 variety of other articles. 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 12, pp. 572-573. See also Rent Roll for Queen 
 Anne's ; for a copy of which, I was indebted, through the kind 
 agency of Judge Chambers, to the late Hon. William Carmichael. 
 
 => Lib. No. 12, p. 572. 
 
 * Will of Philip, 1701 (Lib. T. B. p. 350), who gives his son, 
 Philip, " Conner's Neck ;" and to his other children Nathaniel, and 
 Charles, "The Wood-yard Thicket." Disposes also of a tract, 
 supposed to be his, on the Elk River. 
 
 ^ Will of Philip (witnessed by Nathaniel and Charles, Lib. A. & 
 D., No. 2, p. 196) gives a tract, when recovered, in Kent, near 
 Morgan's Creek, in equal parts, to his sons James, Nathaniel, and 
 
MK. CONNER. 223 
 
 Charles. Will of Nathaniel, his brother, is found in Lib. C. C, 
 No. 2, p. 150. Nathaniel names his son-in-law, Mathew Brown ; h\3 
 daughter, Letitia Brown; and his granddaughter, Mary Brown. 
 There is also the will of John Conner, a merchant of Chestertown, 
 whose children were James and Isabella. He died about 1750. 
 
224 THE DAY-STAK, 
 
 CHAPTER XXYI. 
 
 Mr. William Bretton. 
 
 Mk. Bkettoi^ arrived^ with his wife, Mary (the 
 daughter of Thomas ]|l"abbs), and one child, within 
 three years from the landing of the Pilgrims.* 
 He soon afterwards held a large tract upon 
 Britton's Bay ;* and many years, lived in Newtown 
 hundred ; was a soldier at St. Inigo's Fort, at a 
 very critical period, in the administration of Gover- 
 nor Calvert ; ^ and the register of the Provincial 
 Court, under Governor Green, with the power, 
 during the lieutenant-generars absence, to sign 
 writs, " under the governor's name;'^* kept some of 
 the most important records of the province, till the 
 
 ^ He arrived ia 1637. Lib. No. 1, p. 69. 
 
 ' la Newtown hundred, and held of the Manor of Little Britain, 
 and also called ''Little Britton" (Rent Roll for St. Mary's and 
 Charles, vol. 1, fol. 24) ; bounded on the south by the Potomac, on 
 the east by Britton's Bay, on the west by St. Clement's Bay, and 
 partly by St. Nicholas's Creek, on the North. Lib. No. 1, p. 69. 
 He certainly lived in Newtown, in 1649. Lib. No. 2, p. 459. 
 
 » Lib. No. 2, p. 284. * Lib, No. 2, p. 226 ; and p. 22& 
 
MR. BRETTON. 225 
 
 , arrival of Mr. Hatton, in 1 649 ; ' and was the 
 clerk of the Protestant Assembly in 1650.'' In 
 the legislature of 164:8, he held four voices/ three 
 of them certainly* from IsTewtown; probably the 
 fourth also. And, from his familiarity with the 
 records, as well as his general knowledge of busi- 
 ness, we cannot but presume he was one of the 
 most influential members of the Koman Catholic 
 Assembly in 1649." He is also worthy of remem- 
 brance, in consideration of the fact, that he 
 founded one of the first Koman Catholic chapels 
 of the province " — a chapel which was erected and 
 sustained by the pious members of his own church 
 in ISTewtown,^ and in St. Clement's hundred ; which 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 2, p. 448. ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 383. 
 
 ' Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. * Lib. No. 2, pp. 287-288. 
 
 " Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 
 
 » Lib. S. 1G58 to 1G62, Judgments, p. 1026. 
 
 ' There is evidence, upon various Records. The deed, itself, 
 recites the " unanimous" agreement. And Col. Jarboe, and Wil- 
 liam Tattershall (planters upon Britton's Bay, and relations of the 
 U. C. privy councillor, Mr. Pile), gave, each of them, a legacy 5 
 the former, in 1671, to the Father of ''St. Ignatius's Chapel," for 
 the use of the "poor Catholics ;" the latter, about 1670, to the 
 *• Reverend father " of the same chapel. See Wills, Lib. No. 2, 
 1674 to 1704, p. C7 ; and Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 391-392. 
 Other cases could be cited, 
 
 10* 
 
220 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 also bore the name of " the patron saint of Mary- 
 land."^ 
 
 A mystery clonds the latter part of his life. 
 About 1651, he married Mrs. Temperance Jay.' 
 Misfortune seems soon after to have attended him ; 
 and his " son " and " daughter " received " alms," 
 at a moment of deep distress.' ]^or can his will 
 be found ; or his posterity traced. But there is no 
 doubt whatever, he was one of the Boman Catholio 
 Assemblymen of 1649. He held a tract bounded 
 by St. William's Creek ;* the most striking part of 
 his cattle-mark {a fleur-de-lisf was a favorite device 
 
 ' St. Michael was one of the guardian angels. But St. Ignatius 
 was generally regarded the patron saint. See Father White. 
 
 « Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 336-337 ; and p. 1026. 
 
 ' " There was given to Mr. Bretton's son and daughter an alms, 
 they being in extremity of want." See Statement of Ralph 
 Croutch, at London, in 1662 ; Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, p. 22. Mr. 
 Croutch was one of the executors of Edward Cotton, a colonist. 
 
 * Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 1026. 
 
 ' To prevent mistakes and disputes, as well as felonies (for 
 many of our early plantations had but few fences, and the flocks 
 and herds often wandered through thick forests, which have long 
 since disappeared), the law of the province required, in the 
 strictest manner, every colonist to register his cattle-mark. On 
 p. 459, in Lib. No. 2, we find :— " William Bretton, gent., recorded 
 his mark of hogs and cattle, viz.: Over and underkeeled, y* right 
 ear, commonly called a fleur-de-lis ; cropt y« left ear. Which is 
 
MR. BEETTON. 227 
 
 with the members of his chm-ch, at that period ; ' 
 his name is not among the signers of the Protestant 
 Declaration;^ and the very phraseology, in his gift 
 of the church-lot, has the unmistakable marks of 
 his sympathy with the faith of the Eoman church, 
 and (independently of other evidence) is sufficient 
 to satisfy a reasonable mind.^ 
 
 the true and only mark of ye said William Bretton." It will be 
 observed, that the Jleur-de-lis (or, heraldic lily) differs from the 
 lily of the garden, in having three leaves instead of five. See 
 Burke. 
 
 ' It was a part of the mark of Doctor Thomas Matthews (Lib. 
 No. 2, p. 511), of Col. William Evans (Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 25), 
 and of Doctor Thomas Gerrard (Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 117). These 
 gentlemen were, all, Roman Catholics. See confession of Mathews, 
 Lib. No. 3, p. 157 ; will of Evans, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 331 ; 
 and the faith of Gerrard, in the case of the Rev. Francis Fitzher- 
 bert, in another note. I perceive no instance, at this period, in 
 which the Jieur-de-lis^ as a part of the cattle-mark, was adopted 
 by any Protestant. 
 
 ' He was in the Assembly when the Declaration was drawn up 
 and signed. But he was not one of the signers. 
 
 ' The following is from Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, 
 p. 1026 : 
 
 " April y* 12, 1662. This day came Mr. Wm. Bretton, and 
 desired the ensuing to be recorded : viz. 
 
 " AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM. 
 
 " Forasmuch as divers good and zealous Roman Catholic inhabit- 
 ants of Newtown, and St. Clement's Bay, have unanimously agreed, 
 amongst themselves, to erect and build a church or chapel whither 
 
228 THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 they may repair oa Sundays, and other holy days appointed and 
 commanded by Holy Church ; to serve Almighty God ; and hear 
 divine service. And the most convenient place for that purpose, 
 desired and pitched upon, by them all, is on a certain parcel of 
 the land belonging to Wm. Bretton, gentleman. Now know ye, 
 that I, William Bretton, of Little-Bretton, in y« county of St. 
 Mary's, in the province of Maryland, gentleman ; with the hearty, 
 good-liking of my dearly beloved wife, Temperance Bretton ; to 
 the greater honor and glory of Almighty God, the Ever-Immacu- 
 late Virgin Mary, and all Saints ; have given, and do hereby 
 freely for ever give, to the behoof of the said Roman Catholic 
 inhabitants, and their posterity, or successors, Roman Catholics, 
 60 much land, as they shall build y* said church or chapel ou ; 
 which, for their better convenience, they may frequent, to serve 
 Almighty God, and hear divine service, as aforesaid ; with such 
 other land adjoining to y^ said church or chapel, convenient like- 
 wise for a churchyard, wherein to bury their dead ; containing 
 about one acre and a half of ground, situate and lying on a 
 dividend of land called Bretton's Outlet, and on the east side of 
 y« said dividend, near to y^ head of the creek called St. William's 
 Creek, which falleth into St. Nicholas's Creek, and near unto the 
 narrowest place of y« freehold of Little-Bretton, commonly called 
 The Straits," &c., &c. 
 
 Could not this interesting little chapel's history yet be writ- 
 ten ? The deed surely indicates, with suflacient distinctness, the 
 gpot where it stood. It is dated the " tenth " of November 
 
ME. BROWNE, 229 
 
 CHAPTEK XXYII. 
 
 Mr. Richard Browne. 
 
 Nothing is known of the ancestry, birth-place, 
 or posterity of Mr. Browne ; and less, indeed, of his 
 own immediate life, than that of any member of 
 the Assembly in 1649. A part of the obscurity 
 arises from the fact, that two persons of his name 
 lived here about the same period ; the one hav- 
 ing arrived about the year 1638;' the other, 
 during the month of July, 1648.' The former, it 
 seems, took the " oath of fealty," '^ June 27th, 
 1647;"' and the latter, the ''14th of J^ovember," 
 1648." The name of ^^ Ricliard Browne^'' also 
 appears among the members of the preceding 
 
 * He was one of the securities, that year, upon the bond of 
 Lieut. Wm. Lewis, the Roman Catholic. See Lewis's case, in 
 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 598. 
 
 * Lib. No. 2, p. 458. 
 
 ^ Council Proceedings, from 1636 to 1657, in the Executive Cham, 
 ber, p. 144. 
 
 * Council Proceedings, p. 145. 
 
230 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 Assembly ; ^ and is affixed, about a year later, to 
 the Protestant Declaration.^ One of them (the 
 emigrant of 1648) usually had the prefix of " JI/t".", 
 or the addition of " gerdlemayir The other, proba- 
 bly, belonged to the class of yeomen.^ The 
 former lived upon Clement's manor, the latter 
 part of 1649/ The residence of the latter, during 
 the same year, it is now impossible to give. We 
 may suppose, the " gentleman " was the member 
 of the Assembly ; and also one of the persons of 
 consideration, in the province, who signed the 
 Declaration. But the evidence of the Assembly- 
 man's identity with the Protestant, is, by no means, 
 conclusive. The result of the investigation is any- 
 thing but satisfactory. 
 
 ' Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 
 
 " See Declaration, Bozman, vol. 2, p. 672. 
 
 ^ He rarely had eitlier the prefix or the addition. 
 
 * Lib. No. 3, pp. 96, 97. The plantation upon the manor was 
 bought (see Lib. No. 2, p. 508) "June 29, 1649 ;" and sold, by 
 " Richard Brown, gentleman " (see Lib. No. 3, pp. 101, 102), 
 <' unto George Manners and his assigns," in the year 1651. 
 
MR. MANNERS. 231 
 
 OHAPTEE XXYIII. 
 
 Mr. George Manners. 
 
 But little also can be gleaned from the records 
 relating to tlie life of Mr. Manners. Enongh, 
 however, remains to warrant the supposition, he 
 was a soldier in the march under Colonel Price, in 
 1647, against a hostile band of eastern-shore 
 Indians ; ' and we know he held a seat in the 
 
 ^ The JVanticokes and the JVicomicks. Bozraan (vol. 2, p. 310) 
 doubts if the "expedition" ever "took place." That it did, is 
 evident. " Jas. Lindsay, at y« request of Capt. Jno. Price, saith 
 upon his oath, that Lieut. Wm. Lewis was the first man, that drew 
 sword, and entered the house, pullitig the mat from off the house ; 
 and brought forth out of the house an Indian woman, and a child ; 
 delivering her to the guard, at y march on y^ Eastern shore, 
 sometime in July last ; and further he saith not. George Man- 
 ners deposeth the same, and addeth further, that at the entering 
 of the house, Lt. Lewis gave the word ' Give fire.' And an Indian 
 bolting out of y« house, the said Lt. Lewis commanded his party 
 to give fire upon the Indian also. And when both parties came 
 together, Capt. Price commanded the whole party to march, and 
 bid them not to wrong, or take any thing from any Indian, or 
 ehoot at any Indian. And so they marched near upon two miles 
 
232 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 Assembly of the province, during the years 1649 * 
 and 1650.^ We have also the evidence of the fact, 
 that he was a Roman Catholic. Present at the 
 signing of the Declaration, he did not affix his 
 name. Upon the test questions of 1650, he acted 
 with the Itoman Catholic members of the Assem- 
 bly.' And he gave a legacy to the church, of 
 which he was a member. He died in 1651,* 
 leaving his sons William and Edward, and his 
 daughter Barbara. 
 
 back again, not shooting any gun. But the Indians, gathering 
 in great companies about our men, shot a man of ours in the rear. 
 And then Capt. Price commanded the company to give fire ; and 
 not before. Walter Gweast deposeth idem ad verha.''^ See Lib. 
 No. 2, pp. 306-307. 
 
 ^ Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 
 
 "^ Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 
 
 ^ See, for the sake of illustration, Bozman, vol. 2, p. 389 ; and 
 Lib. No. 3 (Laud-Office Kecorfls), p. 57. 
 
 * The possessions of our forefathers, besides their lands and ser- 
 vants, consisted chiefly of flocks and herds. " I give and bequeath 
 to the church one red cow-calf." See will of Mr. Manners, Lib. 
 No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 32. "Church," without an express decla- 
 ration to the contrary, always, during that period, signified the 
 Roman Catholic. And the gift was in token of the testator's 
 faith. See {ex. gra.) the wills of the well-known Roman Catholics, 
 Robt. Clarke, and Barnaby Jackson. See also, on the other hand, 
 the note to p. 235 of this volume. 
 
CAPT. BAlfKS, 233 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 Captain Richard Banks. 
 
 AssuMESTG, that Captain Banks was one of the Pro- 
 testant members of the Assembly in 164:9 ; we are 
 struck with the magnanimity, w^hich subsequently 
 marked his career. Of his ancestry, nothing is posi- 
 tively known ; and it is doubtful if he left any de- 
 scendants. But we are informed of the fact, that lie 
 married Margaret Hatton, the widow of the secre- 
 tary's brother.' He arrived in 1646.^ His house 
 was robbed by Ingle's accomplices ; ' and he 
 arrested, about the same time, five Indians,* who 
 were suspected of "felony," but soon afterwards 
 tried and acquitted. In the Assembly of 1648, he 
 represented twenty-four freemen ; " and we know, 
 
 ^ Lib. No. l,p. 440. 
 
 ■■' Lib. No. 2, p. 458 ; and Lib. A. B. and H., p. 15. 
 ' Robbed of tobacco sold to Capt. Cornwallii. Lib. No. 2, 
 p. 303. 
 
 * They were Patuxents. Lib. No. 2, p. 343. 
 
 * On the 20th of January (0. S.) he held, from New-town, 
 
234 THE DAT-STAE. 
 
 he sat in the same body, during the year 1649/ 
 In 1652, he held the responsible post of a council- 
 lor, under the sway of the Puritans ;'' yet in 1655, 
 he was on the side of Governor Stone. Satisfied of 
 the purity of his intentions, the victorious party, 
 within a few months after the battle, gave him a 
 discharge;' but the following October (having 
 "done something" offensive at 'the election of 
 burgesses), he was required to give securit}^ for his 
 "good abearance."* From all, that can now be 
 ascertained, we have reason for the belief, that his 
 character was in the highest degree estimable. 
 His pledge for the redemption, from captivity, 
 of an orphan child, is honorable to his memory ; ^ 
 
 " 19 proxies '' (Lib. No. 2, pp. 287, 288) ; and, on the 28th of the 
 same month (p. 293, 294), " 24 voices." 
 
 ' Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 
 
 2 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 681. 
 
 ^ •* Lieut. Richard Banks and Thomas Tunnell, being found in 
 arms against the present government ; and pleading they were 
 misled by the protestation of Capt. Stone, who said, he had power, 
 from the Lord Protector ; and also did surrender a fort upon the 
 first summons; are discharged from further trouble, in the 
 action, upon their submission, and good forbearance to the present 
 government." Lib. No. 3, p. 138, Proceedings of the Provincial 
 Court, April Term, 1655. "• Lib. No. 3 p. 156. 
 
 ® An order was passed by the Assembly for the ransom of Thos. 
 
CAPT. BANKS. 235 
 
 and illustrates a trait, for which he seems to have 
 been distinguished. His acceptance of an office 
 under the Puritans, suggests the idea that he 
 was a Protestant ; but his subsequent sympathy 
 with the government of the proprietary, and the 
 part he took in the contest of 1655, would render 
 the supposition extremely doubtful. A colonist of 
 his surname (probably his son), was unquestionably 
 a member of the English church ; ' and this fact 
 strengthens the opinion, that the Assembly-man of 
 1649 held the same faith. But the probability is 
 weakened by the further fact, that the name of 
 Banks occurs very frequently upon the records ; 
 
 Allen's two children ; and they were required to serve the persons 
 who might advance the money. But on " the 15th of September, 
 1650, lieutenant" (subsequently captain) "Banks freely engageth 
 himself to satisfy the 900 pounds of tobacco and cask, for the 
 redemption of Thomas, the son of Thos. Allen, deceased ; accord- 
 ing to the order of the Assembly for that purpose ; without any 
 consideration of servitude, or any other consideration whatever, 
 but his free love, and affection. Witness his hand, y" day and 
 year abovesaid. Richard Banks.-' See the Assembly's Order 
 (Lib. No. 3, p. 42-43) for the payment to the Indians ; and Capt. 
 Banks's Engagement, Lib. No. 3, p. 26. 
 
 ^ •■' Declaring myself hereby to be a Christian, and to hold the 
 Catholic faith, as it is established by the canonical doctrine of the 
 Church of England, into which I was baptized." Will of Thos. 
 Bankes, in 1684, Lib. G., p. 126. Catholic is, here, expressly defined 
 
236 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 and that many who bore it, were not at all related 
 to each other. Accident, however, sometimes 
 rewards the diligence of the student. From an 
 incidental som-ce, we have the proof, that Captain 
 Banks was a Protestant.^ 
 
 ^ " Now for the disposal of my children," says Thos. Allen, '' I 
 would not have them live with any Papist. For my eldest son, 
 Thomas, if he pleases to live with one of the overseers of this my 
 will ; he may, during his pleasure." Capt. Banks was one of the 
 overseers. See the Will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 15. In the 
 same paper, he suggests to his overseers to offer another son to 
 Mr, Phil. Conner, who had expressed a desire to adopt one of the 
 children. The will is dated in 1648 ; and written, under great 
 anxiety, from an apprehension of violence, or some other cause. 
 The next thing, we learn, is the captivity of his orphans among the 
 Indians He was an Assembly-man in 1648. 
 
ME. MAtmSELL. 2ST 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Mr. John Maunsell. 
 
 Mr. Maunsell^ arrived, as early as the year 
 1637;' and lived in St. Clement's hundred in 
 1642.^ It would seem, his residence about ten 
 years later, was in the same part of St. Mary's 
 county ;^ and either there, or in the adjacent hun- 
 dred of ^ewtown,^ we cannot but suppose, he may 
 be traced, during the year 1649, when he held a 
 seat in the General Assembly of the province. He 
 did not take up many tracts of land ; and all his 
 possessions were indeed rather small; but he is 
 generally styled " planter " upon . the records. 
 And, while his name is not often connected with 
 important events in our early history, yet surely 
 
 ^ Spelt also " Mansell." 
 » Lib. No. 1, pp. 68-69. 
 
 ' Records of the Executive Chamber.. Proceedings of the Assem- 
 bly, Lib. 1637 to 1658, pp. 209-215. 
 
 * Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, pp. 153-154. 
 
 * Lib. A. B. and H., p. 167. 
 
238 ' THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 two incidents demand a notice — the plunder of his 
 house by Ingle's piratical party '—and his relation- 
 ship towards the memorable Assembly of 1649.* 
 The evidence of his faith in the Roman Catholic 
 church, is purely circumstantial, but not the less 
 conclusive or satisfactory. The inference is drawn 
 from the absence of everything (so far as his life 
 can now be illustrated), like the least taint of dis» 
 loyalty toward the proprietary; from the historical 
 traditions connected with the name of " Maun- 
 sell'^^^'' from the faith of the gentleman, under 
 
 * "John Maunsell maketh oath that about five years since 
 (when Richard Ingle, mariner, and his accomplices, plundered 
 divers of the inhabitants of this province of Maryland) divers per- 
 sons of his, the said Ingle's party, plundered and took away from 
 this deponent's house, in Maryland aforesaid, one hogshead of 
 tobacco, which then had been paid, and belonged to Mr. Cuthbert 
 Fenwick, or to Capt. Thos. Cornwallis ; and that John Rablay, of 
 Virginia, was then in company of them that so plundered and took 
 away the said tobacco ; which Rablay was one of them, that was 
 most active and busy in employments of that nature. 
 
 "Jurat, 5 die November, 1649, coram me, 
 Lib. No. 2, p. 524. " Thos. Hatton." 
 
 "" Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 
 
 ' The name of one distinguished, but fifty years later, in the 
 Roman Catholic missions of Maryland. The records are lost, and I 
 cannot trace tbe relationship ; but presume he was a member of 
 the same family. Thomas was his first name. 
 
ME. MAtJKSELL. 239 
 
 wlioae Special care, and immediate auspices, he 
 came to Maryland ; ' from the year of his arrival, 
 so distinguished for the large number of Roman 
 Catholic emigrants,'^ and so near the landing of 
 the original Pilgrims at St. Mary's, as to warrant 
 the presumption (apart from other reasons), that he 
 was a discij)le of the same church ; from the hosti- 
 lity manifested (chiefly, indeed, toward Captain 
 Corhwallis, but partly, also, we may suppose, 
 against himself) by the Catholic-hating, Puritan 
 pirate ; ' from the well-known Roman Catholic 
 prefix to a tract surveyed for him ; ^ from the 
 absence of his name (a fact of very great weight) 
 from a Declaration signed by so many of the most 
 prominent Protestants, including (it would seem) 
 some of his neighbors;^ but especially from the 
 
 ^ Mr. William Bretton, the Roman-Catholic Assembly-man of 
 1649. See Lib. No. 1, pp. 68-69. 
 
 ' The Rev. Thos. Copley, Messrs. Wm. Bretton, Luke Gardiner, 
 Thos. Mathews, John Lewger, and the members of Mr. Lewger'a 
 family, were some of the Roman Catholics, who came in 1637. See 
 Lib. No. 1, pp. 19-20. 
 
 ' See Mr. Maunsell's preceding deposition. 
 
 * '* St. John's," consisting of 100 acres, on the west side of 
 Britton's Bay, was surveyed for Mr. Maunsell in 1649. Rent-Roll 
 for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, fol. 26. 
 
 » In Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, and on pp. 153-164, 
 
240 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 faith of Colonel William Evans/ the administrator 
 upon his estate, and the guardian of his orphan 
 eon' (a point, upon which our ancestors betrayed 
 the keenest sensibility),' as well as the god-father 
 of his supposed daughter/ No fact, in his life, 
 
 there is a certificate of Doct. Thos. Gerrard's election, in 1652, to 
 the House of Burgesses, over the signature of thirty-seven free- 
 men, including Mr. Maunsell. Some of them had signed the Pro- 
 testant Declaration. If Mr. Maunsell 's neighbors could affix their 
 names, why was not he, also, a signer ? 
 
 ^ See Will of Col. Wm. Evans, the Roman Catholic, Lib. No. 1, 
 1635 to 1674, p. 331-332. 
 
 ' Mr. Maunsell, it would seem, died about 1660, without a will. 
 And his son John, then in his seventeenth year (in conformity, we 
 may presume, with the faith of the family), " made choice of Capt." 
 (subsequently Col.) " Wm. Evans, for his guardian ;" who imme- 
 diately afterwards received instructions from the Court, to " take 
 out letters of administration." See Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judg- 
 ments, p. 343. 
 
 * So great was the anxiety manifested by our ancestors upon this 
 subject, that in some cases they provided, even in their wills, for a 
 change of the guardian, upon his adoption of a different faith from 
 that held by the testator. 
 
 * No freeman, or gentleman, who bore the name of Maunsell, had 
 lived here, but the Assembly-man and his son ; and from the rela- 
 tionship also of Col. Evans — the godfather of the one (see his will) 
 and the guardian of the other child — we infer, that Mary was the 
 iister of John, and the daughter of the emigrant of 1637. In an 
 age of so much earnestness, we cannot believe that a Protestant 
 would allow his child to be baptized by a Roman Catholic priest ; 
 or that a Roman Catholic would become the sponsor for an infant 
 
ME. MATJNSELL. 241 
 
 weakens the inference ; but everything, that is 
 known of him, confirms and sustains it. Even if 
 he were a Protestant ; or we suppose, he was a 
 delegate, either from St Clemen ('s, or from l!Tew- 
 town ; he could still but represent the sentiments 
 of the Eoman Catholic party. J^early all the 
 inhabitants of the former hundred were the tenants 
 of Doct. Gerrard ; or the suitors before the court- 
 leet and the court-baron held upon St. Clement's 
 manor. For nothing was the latter more noted, 
 than for the great number of its Eoman Catholics. 
 
 receiving the sacramental rite from a Protestant How natural, 
 then, is the supposition, that Col. Evans, and the Assembly-man of 
 1649, were members of the same church ! 
 
 11 
 
243 THE DAT-STAJS. 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXI, 
 
 Mr. Thomas Thornborough. 
 
 There is sufficient evidence to prove the iden- 
 tity of "Thomas" with "Mr. Thornborough," the 
 Assembly-man of 1649^ — to say nothing of the 
 fact, that he was the only person of his surname, 
 in the province, during that period. The first 
 glimpse, we have of him, relates to the right, he 
 held to "Mr. ITeale's Plantation," the same, I pre- 
 sume, as " "Wolleston " ^ (itself a corruption of 
 " Woolstanton " ') Manor, surveyed in 1642, near 
 the mouth of the Wicomico,* for Capt. James. 
 Keale, the privy councillor of Maryland, and the 
 
 * In some parts of the record, he is styled " Mr. Thornborough ;" 
 in others, relating to the same transactions, " Mr. Thomas Thorn- 
 borough." 
 
 ' Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 283. - 
 ^ The name of a town in Staffordshire. 
 
 * Lib. A. B. and H., p. 95. 
 
MR. TH0EKB0E0UG3. 243 
 
 Ancestor of the second arclibisliop ' of Baltimore. 
 From some expressions in the deposition of CoL 
 Jarboe, it would seem, he soon afterwards mani- 
 fested a sympathy for Capt. Ingle, or the other 
 enemies of the government.' But his offence is 
 nowhere stated ; we know but little, if anything, 
 of its nature ; although it is highly probable (look- 
 ing at the subsequent Act of the Assembly) that the 
 07'iginal ground of hostility had reference rather 
 to the subject of a land-title than to the rightful 
 authority of Governor Calvert.^ It is certain that 
 
 ^ The most Rev. Leonard Neale, who died in 1817. 
 
 ' The depositions of Col. Evans, and of Col. Jarboe, are of the 
 same purport. " John Jarbo deposed, saith, that being at Kicetan, 
 Mr. Calvert sent this deponent to Mr. Thornborough, to desire him 
 to meet him at York, and speak with him ; and bid this deponent 
 tell y« said Mr. Thornborough, that he should not fear any thing, 
 what had passed in former times, and that y" plantation (meaning 
 Mr. Neale's plantation, as this deponent believeth), or any thing 
 else that was formerly his (to wit Mr. Thornborough's) in Mary- 
 land, he would confirm it unto him. And, upon this, the said Mr. 
 Thornborough. came up with Mr. Calvert. And further, meeting 
 him, the said Mr. Calvert, at York ; he, the said Mr. Calvert, took 
 him, the said Mr. Thornborough, by the hand, bidding him wel- 
 come ; and, in this deponent's hearing, forgave him ; and spake 
 the former words of gift, or such like, to him." Lib. No. 2, p. 286. 
 
 ' In case of Mr. Thornborough's attainder, or the forfeiture of a 
 fee-simple title, the manor would have become, not Capt. Neale's. 
 
2i4 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 a cordial understanding was re-established between 
 the governor and himself, while they were both in 
 Virginia; that they returned to Maryland; that 
 the latter aided the former in the defence of Fort 
 St. Inigo's, as well as the overthrow of the 
 rebels;' and that he was the object of the most 
 
 but the proprietary's. Why should the legislature find it necessary 
 '* to stand betwixt" the grantor and the grantee, except upon the 
 supposition of a controversy, which had involved, first, the captain 
 and then the governor, before the meeting in Virginia ? " Whereas 
 it appeareth, that Nathanial Pope, attorney of Mr. James Neale, 
 by virtue of his letter of attorney, gave unto Mr. Thos. Thornbo- 
 rough the plantation, which was formerly y« said Mr. Neale's, to 
 enjoy for ever, upon condition y' he would come into the country, 
 and seat upon it. And whereas likewise there are divers deposi- 
 tions upon record, how that Mr. Calvert, late governor, did confirm 
 what was formerly belonging to the said Mr. Thornborough, in 
 Maryland, before his last coming into the province to reassume 
 the government ; and did give the said plantation unto the said 
 Mr. Thornborough. We, the freemen assembled in this General 
 Assembly, do generally and unanimously bind ourselves, to save 
 y« said Mr. Thornborough harmless ; and to stand betwixt the said 
 Mr. Neale and him ; whereby he, the said Mr. Thornborough, may 
 go upon the said plantation, and enjoy the same." See Legisla- 
 tive Proceedings of 1648, Lib. No. 2, pp. 295, 296. The convey- 
 ance from Capt. Neale's attorney to Mr. Thornborough is not, 
 indeed, upon the record ; and it is impossible to say exactly what 
 sort of title was transferred. 
 
 ^ For his services at St. Inigo's Fort, Governor Calvert gave 
 him a ** horse." Lib, No. 3, p. 43. 
 
 I 
 
MB. THORNBOROUGH. 245 
 
 bitter hate on the part of the Protestant enemies 
 of the proprietary.' He also sat in the Assemblies 
 of 1648* and 1649.' Considering the period of our 
 provincial history, when questions of a religious cha- 
 racter formed the most important element in the 
 composition of political parties ; we do no violence 
 to the evidence still accessible, in at least presum- 
 ing,* he held the same faith as the governor and 
 
 ^ Col. Trice, Mr. Thornborough, and Thos. Hebden, were spe- 
 cially " aimed at, and their deaths vowed," by the enemies of the 
 government. Observe the hostility of Gray, as we find it, in the 
 testimony of Edward Thompson, of Virginia, taken before the 
 government of Maryland, the " 18th January, 1646," 0. S. " This 
 examinantsaith, that being at his house in Chickacoan, on Wednes- 
 day last, one Samuel Tailor, coming into the house, and being 
 asked by this examinant, what was abroad, replied : — The speaker 
 (meaning Francis Gray) had spoke once again ; and that they, 
 that were the chief cause of entertaining the present governor, 
 were aimed at, and their death vowed (meaning Capt. Price, 
 and Thornbury, and Hebden) ; but that there was a party, that 
 wouhl go over from this place (meaning Chickacoan), so soon as 
 the governor is gone to Kent, or where else they can get an oppor- 
 tunity to go over ; and would fire, and burn, and destroy; all, that 
 they can." Lib. No. 1, p. 210. 
 
 " In the Assembly of 1648, he sat simply as an individual free- 
 man. Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. 
 
 'Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 
 
 * Nothing is more reasonable — a presumption not rebutted (as 
 It Is in the case of Col. Price), but greatly confirmed, with regard 
 
246 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 the proprietary. Nothing is known of his family, 
 or the time of his death ; but it is not unlikely, he 
 was a relative of Capt. Neale, the Koman Catholic 
 gentleman, who "gave" him the plantation. 
 
 to Messrs. Thornborough and Hebden ; for neither of them signed 
 the Declaration, although the former, having business at St. 
 Mary's (see Lib. No. 3, p. 43), probably went to the very spot, 
 where that paper was drawn up. Of the latter's faith there is no 
 doubt. See his deed to Messrs. Nicholas Causin, Barnaby Jackson, 
 and Luke Gardiner, for the use of the Rev. Thos. Copley, and his 
 " successors," Lib. No. 2, p. 533. I may also add, that the suppo- 
 sition of two Roman Catholics out of three colonists comes nearer 
 to the ratio of the former to the whole population. 
 
MB. PEAEE. 247 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXII. 
 
 Mr. Walter Peake.* 
 
 It still remains for us, to notice tlie life of 
 another Assemblj-raan of 1649 ; but one upon 
 whose memory, is cast the shade of sin and shame ; 
 whose fate it was, under the stern laws of that 
 period, to look forward, as the consequence of his 
 own deed, to the forfeiture of all his lands,'' and to 
 the beggary of his children ; and, about the sixtieth 
 year of his age,' to suffer a felon's death.* The 
 time of his arrival is not exactly known ; but it is 
 probable, he came in 1646 ; ' and that, in 1648 and 
 
 ^ Spelt also Pake. 
 
 ^ " Considering the miserable condition of the orphan," " who 
 no way shared in the guilt of the parent," the proprietary subse- 
 quently gave a new patent for St. Margaret's, to Margaret, the 
 daughter of Mr. Peake, and the wife of John Noble. Lib. No. 17, 
 p. 98. 
 
 ^ In January, 1664, he was fifty-five. See his deposition, Lib. 
 B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, p. 262. 
 
 * The patent to Mrs. Margaret Noble recites his execution. 
 
 • He brought bis eon, Peter, during that year. Lib. No. 2, p. 623. 
 
248 THE DAT-STAK. 
 
 1649 (when he sat in the Assembly/ apparently 
 one of the most respectable members), he resided 
 in Newtown hundred; as he certainly did soon 
 afterwards,^ and for a period of many years later. 
 From his association with Governor Calvert," we 
 cannot doubt the sincerity of his attachment to the 
 proprietary's government. There is also farther 
 evidence of his faith in the Koman church, 
 derived from the fact, that he did not sign the 
 Protestant Declaration; from the composition of 
 the jury, which tried his painful case ;* from his 
 intimacy with many of the noted members of 
 the Roman church,^ from more than one of whom 
 
 ' Lib. No. 2, p. 288, and p. 488. 
 
 » Lib. No. 3, p. 100 ; Lib. No. 4, p. 11 ; and Lib. F. F. 1665 to 
 1669, Judgments, pp. 651-656. 
 
 ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 640. 
 
 * If Mr. Peake were a Protestant ; and the rule, in the eases of 
 Robt. Holt and Parson Wilkinson, observed; the jury, in his case, 
 would have been of the same faith. It seems, however, it was not 
 a pure, but a mixed one. See, e. g., the will of the juror, Raymond 
 Staplefort, Lib. G. p. 265. " And so," says he, at the end of that 
 paper, *' I rest in God, and all his saints, and angels. Amen." 
 Roman Catholics, it seems, never asked for a jury of their own faith. 
 
 ^ He was intimate with Philip Land, John Jarboe, Thos. Mathews, 
 and James Langworth. See Lib. No. 2, p. 449, and p. 372 ; Lilx 
 No. 1, p. 5C2 : ana Lib. No. 3. p. 201. 
 
MK. PEAKE. 249 
 
 did his children, at different times, receive those 
 gifts, which it was so mnch the practice of the 
 early colonial god-fathers to present ; ' from the 
 well-known Koman Catholic family of Peake, 
 living in St. Mary's, as late as the American Revo- 
 lution, whose ascent indeed cannot be clearly 
 traced (such has been the destruction of our 
 records), but who, we have but little ground to 
 doubt, were either his lineal or his collateral 
 descendants; from the names given to his chil- 
 dren ; and from the marks borne by the tracts, he 
 had taken up. His eldest daughter was named 
 after the Virgin Mother ; his son, in remembrance 
 of him who is regarded as the chief of the Apos- 
 tles, and the founder of the universal primacy of 
 the Roman see. The names* of his wife, of a 
 
 ^ See the gift from Col. Jarboe, Lib, No. 2, p. 372 ; and the one 
 from Thos. Mathews, Lib, No, 1, p. 562. Doct. Mathews was pro- 
 bably the god-father of Mr. Peake's son. 
 
 ' His wife was named Frances, Anne Peake was either his 
 daughter, or his daughter-in-law. I am inclined to think, there 
 were two persons of that name, besides his other children, Peter, 
 Mary, and Margaret. Richard Lawrence gave a legacy to one of 
 his children. See the will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 65, For 
 the names of his wife and children, see Lib. No. 2, p, 372 ; Lib. 
 No. 17, p. 98 : Lib. No. 2. p. 52.3 ; Lib. P.. P. 1663 to 1665, Judg- 
 11^- 
 
250 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 second daughter, of a third member of his family, 
 and of a friend, were, each of them, given to cor- 
 responding tracts, all of which had the prefix of 
 St^ More estates were surveyed for him, with the 
 Roman Catholic mark, than for Governor Calvert, 
 for Capt. Cornwallis, for Mr. Lewger, for Doctor 
 Gerrard, or for any other Roman Catholic colonist 
 in the whole province of Maryland.' The evidence 
 is conclusive. 
 
 ments, p. 226 ; Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 473 ; and Lib. No. 14, 
 p. 82. Margaret was married to Henry Aspinall. 
 ' ^ St. Frances, St. Margaret, St. Lawrence, and St. Peter's Hill 
 were, all of them, in Newtown hundred, St. Mary's County ; St. 
 Anne's was in Charles. See Rent-Rolls. He lived upon St. Law- 
 rence, at the time of his trial. 
 
 ' In counting the tracts taken up by Mr. Peake, I include St. 
 Anne's, surveyed, not for him, but for Ann. Excluding that tract, 
 his number equals Mr. Lewger's, or that of any other colonist. 
 For Gov. Calvert were surveyed the manors of St. Michael and 
 St. Gabriel ; for Capt. Cornwallis, St. Elizabeth, and West-Saint- 
 Mary's Manor ; for Mr. John Lewger, St. John's Freehold, and St. 
 Anne's, in St. Mary's, and St. Barbara's, and St. Thomas's in 
 Charles ; for Doct. Thos. Gerrard, St. Winfred, and St. Clement's 
 Manor, in St. Mary's ; for Thomas Simpson, three tracts, with the 
 prefix, in Charles ; for Thos. Mathews, two, in the same county ; 
 for Luke Gardiner, St. John's, and St. John's Landing, in St. 
 Mary's ; for Col. Jarboe, St. John's, in Charles ; for Mr. Clarke, 
 the privy-councillor, St. Lawrence, and St. Lawrence's Freehold, 
 in St Mary's ; and for Mr. James Lindsey, St. James's, St. Thomas's, 
 
♦ ME. PEAKE. 251 
 
 At St. Mary's city, in the month of December, 
 dm-ing the year 1668, sat the high Provincial Court 
 of the Right Honorable Cecil! us, the lord pro- 
 prietary. Charles Calvert, the governor, subse- 
 quently the third baron of Baltimore, was the 
 chief justice. Before the bar of this tribunal, 
 appeared this Assembly-man, indicted for the 
 murder of William Price,^ by piercing him, with 
 a " sword^^ " on the left," " through, to his right 
 side, under the shoulder ;" and then cutting his 
 " throat," to " the depth of three inches." His 
 plea (the usual one in such cases) was Not Guilty, 
 Thomas Sprigg^ was the chief member of the 
 grand jury ; and Christopher Rowsby' (destined, 
 
 St. Philip's, and St. James', all of them ia Charles — and two 
 having the same name — four being the highest number, with the 
 Roman Catholic index, taken up by any one, excepting Mr. Peake ; 
 for whom, I am inclined to think, St. Anne's also was originally 
 surveyed (although the certificate cannot now be found), making a 
 fifth. 
 
 * " By force and arms "— '' feloniously, and of malice fore« 
 thought " — " contrary to the peace of his said lordship, his rule, 
 and dignity," — are the words used in the indictment. 
 
 ^ A near relation of Gov. Stone, and the ancestor of the Spriggs 
 of Calvert, now of Prince George's County. 
 
 • Stabbed in 1684, by Col. Talbot, the deputy governor. See 
 Thomas's Lessee t>. Hamilton. 1 Harris and McHenry, p. 192. 
 
252 THE DAY-STAK. • 
 
 himself, many years afterwards, to die by the hand 
 of violence), the foreman of the panel summoned 
 to try the case. No technical objection is made to 
 the indictment ; no attorney appears on the priso- 
 ner's behalf ; no testimony is offered in his defence ; 
 no witness for the proprietary, in any way, cross- 
 examined/ The jury retire ; but soon return with 
 their verdict. Asking the court to say, whether 
 the deed was manslaughter, or murder ; they find 
 he " is guilty of the death," but " was drunk " at 
 the time, and knew' not "what he did." He 
 addresses no appeal to the sympathy of the 
 judges ; he submits no objection to the form of 
 
 Respecting the governor's flight to Virginia, his conviction there, 
 and subsequent retreat to a cave, in Cecil, near the Susquehannah, 
 where he was fed for a long time by the falcons, a strange and 
 somewhat interesting legend has also been preserved. 
 
 ' I write from the record of the case. We have no knowledge 
 whatever of any cross-examination. 
 
 ' The verdict :— " We, the men of the jury, sworn upon the trial 
 of the life and death of Walter Peake, do return our verdict 
 specially in manner following: That Walter Peake is guilty of 
 the death of Wm. Price, by wounding him, in several places of the 
 body, whereof he died ; that Walter Peake was drunk, and did not 
 know what he did, at the time of committing the fact aforesaid. 
 Therefore, if the court are of judgment, that it was murdor, then 
 the jury do find it murder ; but if not, then the jury do find it 
 manslaughter." Lib. F. F. 1665 to 1669, Judgments, pp. 651-656. 
 
MR. PEAKE. 253 
 
 the verdict ; but still remains in silence. " The 
 whole bench, then," decide, he is guilty of " mur- 
 der." But neither against the decision of the 
 court, nor the impending sentence of death, 
 does he utter a word. Once, and once only, did 
 he open his mouth. It was the moment after the 
 sentence. Then, he " desired," as a favor (and the 
 request was not denied), that " he " might " suffe7^ 
 death hefore his own house^ where he " /^(^ " com- 
 mitted the fact P Thus perished and passed away, 
 upon the gallows, in the spirit of a Catholic peni- 
 tent, after a life of toilsome, heroic sacrifice in the 
 wilderness, one of the men so honorably connected 
 with the most sublime and magnificent conception 
 of the seventeenth century ! Pojpe Ahiey was tlie 
 name of his executioner^ — the only fact, which 
 gives him a claim to any place upon the page of 
 our country's history. 
 
 * Convicted of cow-stealing — but the subject of a respite, — " seve- 
 ral persons" having, "upon their knees," begged his " life "of 
 the governor. See the last-named Liber. 
 
254 THE DAY-STAB. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 The result is before the reader. A word will be 
 added, upon the general spirit, which distinguishes 
 the era of Roman. Catholic toleration. 
 
 For the purpose of depriving the Roman Catho- 
 lics of the honor, to which they- are so clearly 
 entitled, skepticism has often united with bigotry, 
 in the feeble and inglorious attempt to overthrow 
 the facts of external history. It has not stopped 
 there. Admitting, for the argument's sake, the 
 accuracy of the preceding narrative ; it has been 
 busy in suggesting, with a cold-blooded malignity, 
 a variety of imaginary reasons for the policy 
 adopted by the proprietary. It goes upon the 
 assumption, that man is mean ; that he has no 
 generous, or noble spring of action. Representing 
 a philosophy, which ignores not only the charity 
 of the Gospel, but the very life and soul of history ; 
 
BIGOTRY UNITED WITH SKEPTICISM. 255 
 
 it never records the performance of a good deed, 
 without the assignment of a bad motive. And it 
 has been sometimes asserted, but more frequently 
 insinuated — insinuated, also, in the most crafty 
 and sly manner — that the Calverts were actuated 
 by considerations of a selfish sort — that the fear of 
 offending the Anglo-Catholic king at one time, 
 and the Puritans of England at another, was the 
 real secret of the policy, for which they have been so 
 much commended — and that, in giving the invita- 
 tion to Christians of every name, less regard was 
 felt for the lona fide principle of religious liberty, 
 than for the purse of the proprietary, or for the 
 success of an experiment conceived, and executed 
 in the spirit of a mere money-making adventure"! ! 
 Policy, indeed, of an enlightened and honorable 
 sort, has always been one of the elements of a good 
 government. It is also admitted, that the province of 
 Maryland grew, both in population and in resources, 
 during the sway of the first, and of the second 
 proprietary. A course of honor is not at all times 
 attended with disaster ; virtue is sometimes re- 
 warded, even in this world ; and a liberal principle 
 of government is not necessarily unsuccessful, in 
 
256 THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 its practical or commercial results. Is nothing due 
 to the memory of Washington, for spurning the 
 vain and visionary offer of a crown? Does a 
 gentleman regard his honor, in a purely utilitarian 
 light ? Do the daughters of America, in protect- 
 ing the purity of our hearth-stones, consider merely 
 how impolitic is the sin, which leads them so 
 swiftly to the chambers of death ? Or was 
 Mammonism, under its thousand forms, either of a 
 gross, or of a refined sensualism, the all-pervading, 
 universal genius of society, two hundred years 
 ago? 
 
 The truth is, the ingenuous student is rather 
 surprised at the small extent, to which the principle 
 of a mere self-loving policy was carried. There is 
 no doubt whatever, that the early Eoman Catho- 
 lics of Maryland were heartily opposed to the 
 political party represented by the Puritans. Nor 
 were they afraid to manifest their opposition. We 
 have two memorable instances. They opposed 
 them by a proclamation, in favor of Charles the 
 Second, within twelve months after the passage of 
 the Toleration Act. And they bravely, though 
 unsuccessfully, fought them, at the battle near the 
 
SPIRIT OF THE EARLY ROMAN CATHOLICS. 257 
 
 Severn in 1655. The governor, who issued the 
 proclamation, had been a leading member of the 
 Assembly in April, 1649. He was a Roman 
 Catholic, it will be remembered ; and a fair expo- 
 nent of the views of the Roman Catholic party, 
 on the question, which then divided the English 
 nation at home. His councillors, also, had been 
 in the same Assembly. And however imj)olitic 
 may have been the course of Governor Green,' his 
 very want of policy is the strongest evidence of 
 the fact, that the administration of the proprie- 
 tary's government was not shaped by any very 
 great fear of the Puritans. 
 
 The most remarkable view of the whole era 
 arises from the stability of the principle, the uni- 
 formity of the practice, and the unwillingness of 
 the government to run to extremes in either direc- 
 tion. The case of Lieut. Lewis called for the 
 prompt interposition of the governor ; for the rule 
 was plain. Equally plain do we find it, under the 
 articles filed against Father Fitzherbert. Notwith- 
 standing his indiscreet zeal, no respectable court 
 
 * Thomas Green was the acting governor, the latter part of 
 1649. See Bozman, Addison, and other authorities. 
 
258 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 could have given judgment in favor of the prose- 
 cution. But how easy would it have been for a 
 class of time-serving politicians to pass such a sen- 
 tence, as might gratify the colonists, in the midst 
 of their clamor. Considerations of policy, also, 
 were then urged, but without avail, upon the pro- 
 prietary. 
 
 Cases enough have been cited, upon the preced- 
 ing pages, to show also (what is the most interest- 
 ing fact in the whole of our provincial history), 
 I that freedom of conscience existed, not only in the 
 I legislation, but also in the very heart of the colony. 
 It prevailed for a period of nearly sixty years ; a 
 real, active principle; and the life-guidance of 
 many thousands. Cases of individual intolerance 
 always produced a sensation^ — the best proof, in 
 the judgment of the historical critic, that they 
 formed, not the rule itself, but (to borrow a 
 popular expression) the very exceptions to it. 
 
 Let not the Protestant historian of America give 
 grudgingly. Let him testify, with a warm heart ; 
 and pay, with gladness, the tribute so richly due 
 
 See Depositions, in the case of Father Fitzherbert, and other 
 oases already cited ; also note upon the will of Mrs. Fenwick. 
 
THE INHERITANCE. 259 
 
 to tlie memory of our early forefathers. Let their 
 deeds be enshrined in our hearts ; and their names 
 repeated in our households. Let them he canon- 
 ized, in the grateful regards of the American; and 
 handed down, through the lips of a living tradi- 
 tion, to his most remote posterity. In an age of 
 cruelty, like true men, with heroic hearts, they 
 fought the first great battle of religious liberty. 
 And their fame, without reference to their faith, 
 is now the inheritance, not only of Maryland, but 
 also of America. 
 
^61 
 
 APPENDIX.— ]S"o. I. 
 
 EMIGRANTS FROM ENGLAND. 
 See Note 1, ante, p. 81. 
 
 The Hon. Wm. Burgess, the leading colonist upon South River 
 (see ante, pp.72-73), probably from Marlborough, in Wilts, arrived 
 in 1650 ; and, at various times, transported about one hundred 
 and fifty persons, including the forefathers of several of the most 
 distinguished families now living in this state. He was himself, 
 through his son Charles, the ancestor of the Burgesses of Westpha- 
 lia ; through his daughter Susannah, of the Sewalls of Mattapany- 
 Sewall, closely connected with the family of Lord Charles Balti- 
 more ; through his grand-daughter Ursula, of the Davises of 
 Mount Hope, who did not arrive from the principality of Wales, 
 before the year 1720 ; and, through a still later female line, of the 
 Bowies of Prince George's, represented by Doct. Bowie, of Upper- 
 Marlborough, in 1853. 
 
 Many, also, of the distinguished families of Kent came, about the 
 year of Col. Burgess's arrival. The few only which can be named 
 here, are the Ringgolds of Kent Island, now so honorably repre- 
 sented, as they have been for many generations (see note 2, ante, 
 p. 194), by a large number of branches ; the Hynsons, who also 
 have many descendants, including two families quite remote from 
 
262 THE DAY-STAE. 
 
 each other, at Chestertown, and ia other parts of this state ; the 
 Dunns, who are now extinct everywhere in America, so far as 
 I can ascertain, in the male line, except the branch represented by 
 James L. Dunn, Esq., of Reading, Pa. ; and the families of Wickes 
 (see note top. 79, also pp. 93-94), and of Leeds — the former 
 having removed from Kent Island, at a very early period, to 
 Eastern-Neck Island (where also is a descendant), and at present 
 represented by Col. Jos. "Wickes, of Chestertown, and by many 
 other descendants — the latter also having left a large posterity in 
 Talbot and elsewhere, related to several of the most prominent 
 historical families of Maryland. 
 
 The Stones of Poynton Manor (see ante, p. 178), the ancestors 
 of the signer of the Declaration of Independence, arrived in 1649 ; 
 the forefathers of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, another signer, 
 about 1680 ; and the Pacas, and the Chases, a long time after the 
 Protestant Revolution. 
 
 The ancestors of the Hon. Jas. Alfred Pearce were distinguished 
 in the early judicial and parochial history of Cecil County. They 
 came about 1670 ; and the Pratts (a family of planters, and the fore- 
 fathers, I presume, of our other United States senator), about the 
 year 1660. The latter first lived in Anne Arundel County ; and 
 Thomas, the name of the senator, was borne by the emigrant, and 
 by several of his immediate descendants. 
 
 A late senator, on the side of his father. General Benjamin 
 Chambers, is a Pennsylvanian — the General, however, having 
 before his marriage, become a resident of Chestertown, in Mary- 
 land. And the ex-senator, who resigned his seat in 1835, inherits, 
 upon one side of his mother's ancestry, the blood of the Bohemian, 
 who founded the colony in 1660 ; upon another, that of the Haw- 
 
APPENDIX, NO. I. 263 
 
 kinses, who arrived about 1655, and of the Marshes, who came as 
 early as 1650. See p. 70, p. 81, p. 263, and p. 264. 
 
 The ancestors of the late Hon. Robert H. Goldsborougb, descend- 
 ants of a very distinguished family of England, arrived about 
 1670, at Kent Island. They are now represented by the Golds- 
 boroughs of Myrtle-Grove, of Frederick, and of many other parts 
 of the State. The very manners of this senator illustrated the ' 
 gentleness of his blood. 
 
 The Tilghmans of The Hermitage, represented by so many hon 
 orable men, including the president of the constitutional conven 
 tion of Maryland in 1774, and a chief-justice of Pennsylvania, 
 arrived about 1655. They came from Snodland, in Kent ; and 
 their arms are : Per f esse sa. and ar. a lion ramp, reguard; tail 
 forked, counter changed, crowned or. The crest is a demi-lion 
 sejant sa. crowned or. No family of Maryland has exhibited a 
 higher proof of piety — of that piety which manifests itself, in the 
 reverence and affection cherished for the memory of those, from 
 whom we derive our earliest being and blood — a sentiment 
 indeed, which forms the only foundation, either directly or through 
 sympathy and association, of the true historical taste. They took 
 up many tracts, including " Tilghman-and-Foxley-Grove," upon 
 which Chestertown was subsequently founded, then held, if I mis- 
 take not. through an intermarriage, by the Wilraers of Kent. I 
 regret, I have not, at this moment, my memoranda before me. 
 
 The family of Hawkins, first of Poplar Island, afterwards of 
 Queenstown ; one of them a judge of the Provincial Court, about 
 1700 ; another (Ernault), at a later period, the surveyor-general 
 of the customs ; arrived from Nominy Bay about 1655 ; but came 
 from London, several years earlier. Through the Fosters and the 
 
264 TEE DAY-STAR. 
 
 Lowes, they were connected with the family of Lord Charles Bal- 
 timore. They were also connected with the DeCourcys ; and> 
 through the Marshes, are the ancestors of the Formans of Clover- 
 Fields ; of the Tilghmans, of Hope ; and of the Chamberses, and 
 other families, at Chestertown. And they are connected with the 
 "Williamses, of Roxbury, through a resident of Baltimore — Eliza- 
 beth, the daughter of Matthew, having married the late George 
 Williams ; and left eight children, including George Hawkins 
 Williams, of the latter city. Of John, the judge of the Provincial 
 Court, the father of the surveyor-general, and the son of Thomas 
 the emigrant, a very interesting memorial remains, in the pos- 
 session of the vestry at Centreville — consisting of a large and 
 massive piece of silver plate, in a noble state of preservation. A 
 fragment of his son's tombstone may yet be seen, near Queen's- 
 town ; but the date of Ernault's death can be ascertained, only by 
 a reference to the correspondence of Elizabeth, his widow, now 
 in the keeping of the descendants of the Hon. Thomas Hands, at 
 Chestertown, 
 
 The Thompsons, of Cecil, subsequently of Queen Anne's and 
 of Kent, arrived about 1665. Col. John Thompson, the emigrant, 
 is distinguished in the history of the early treaties with the 
 Indians upon the Delaware ; and held a great variety of offices, 
 including that of a provincial judge at St. Mary's. He married a 
 daughter of Augustine Herman ; and left a son bearing the bap- 
 tismal name of the Bohemian. Augusta, Jiugusten, and Augus- 
 tene, the names of his descendants, are but abbreviations or cor- 
 ruptions of Augustina derived from Augustine. The Thomp- 
 sons of Kent Island, including the clergyman, are some of the 
 descendants of this emigrant. See also ante, p. 80. Col. 
 
APPENDIX, NO. I. 265 
 
 /Thompson, it is not improbable, was related to the cousin of Col. 
 Clayborne. See ante, p. 78. 
 
 The family now represented by Doct, Peregrine Wroth, of 
 Chestertown, descendants (there is strong reason to believe) of the 
 Wroths of Durance (a highly distinguished house), arrived about 
 1G70. To this gentleman I have expressed my thanks, for the 
 interest so generously manifested, in the success of all my 
 researches. 
 
 The Sewalls, of Mattapany-Sewall, connected with the Hon. 
 Wm. Burgess, and with the family of Lord Chas. Baltimore, came 
 about 1660. Henry was the name of the emigrant. From the 
 first, they were Roman Catholics. See also ante, p. 73, and p. 169. 
 
 The Spriggs, the ancestors of the late governor, came, it 
 seems, from Northamptonshire, about 1655. Thomas was the name 
 of the emigrant. One of the tracts taken up by him, was called 
 Kettering, the name of a town in that county. Northampton was 
 another tract held by him 5 and the family seat, if I am correctly 
 informed, for many generations. 
 
 The Taneys (the ancestors of the present chief-justice of the 
 United States), arrived about 1660, and lived in Calvert. Michael, 
 which runs through so many generations, was the name of the emi- 
 grant. The noble part he played in 1689, has already been 
 noticed. In the late ** Lives of the Chief-Justices," and also in 
 " The Southern Quarterly Review," it is erroneously said, that he 
 held the faith of the Roman Catholic Church. See ante, p. 92. 
 
 The Tylers, of Prince George's County, came about 1660. X 
 Robert was the emigrant's name. They are now represented by 
 the Tylers of that county, and of Frederick, including Saml. Tyler, 
 of Frederick city, the author of several works, and one of the 
 12 
 
266 THE DAY-STAK. 
 
 commissioners for the reform of the practice, in the courts of 
 Maryland. 
 
 The Lowes of Talbot, and, it would seem, of St. Mary^s also 
 — the branch in the latter county being represented by ex- 
 governor Lowe— arrived about the year 1675. They were closely 
 connected with the family of Lord Charles Baltimore ; and came 
 from Denby, in Derbyshire. Their arms are : — Az. a hart trip- 
 pant ar. And the crest is a wolf passant ar. One of the wills 
 at Annapolis points directly toward Denby. See also Burke. 
 And I am inclined to think, Lady Jane Baltimore was a descend- 
 ant of the family at that place. Lord Baltimore calls Vincent 
 Lowe his " brother." 
 
 The Claggetts of St. Leonard's Creek, ancestors of the first 
 Anglo-Catholic bishop of Maryland, came in 1G71. Thomas, the 
 emigrant, was the descendant, on bis father's side, of a mayor of 
 Canterbury ; on his mother's, of Sir Thomas Adams, a lord mayor 
 of London, and a cavalier in the reign of Charles the First. Their 
 arms, which were admitted and confirmed in the visitation of the 
 heralds, are impaled upon the original seal of the bishopric of 
 Maryland. And they have various descendants, in the male as 
 well as female line, including Doct. Claggett, of Leesburg, Va. ; 
 Prof. Saml. Chew, and the Rev. John. H. Chew, of Maryland. 
 Thraugh a daughter of the third Thomas from Col. Claggett, of 
 London, they are the ancestors also of the Davises, of Moun't 
 Hope. Their arms are : — Erm. on a /esse sa. three pheons or. 
 For an impression from the seal of the bishopric, I beg to express 
 my thanks to the Rt. Rev. Doct. Whittingham. See also ante, 
 p. 99. 
 The Addisons of Oxon-Hill, the descendants of the family in 
 
267 
 
 Cumberland County, and represented by Doct. Edmund B. Addi- 
 son, by Wm. Meade Addison, Esq., and by many other living 
 gentlemen, came about the year 1678. John, the emigrant, was 
 a privy-councillor soon after the Protestant Revolution 5 but had 
 opposed the revolutionary party. See also ante, p. 147. 
 
 I cannot give the year, the Dorseys arrived ; but it v/as proba* 
 bly some time before the Protestant Revolution. Col. Ed. Dorsey^ 
 
 V 
 ■ of Baltimore County (I presume, the emigrant), died about 1700, 
 
 leaving a large number of children ; and giving to his sons^ 
 Charles, Lacon, Francis, and Edward, all his lands on the north 
 side of the Patapsco ; to his son Samuel, a part of " Major's 
 Choice," and his " silver-hilted sword ;" to his sons Nicholas, and 
 Benjamin, a parf of " Long Reach," at " Elk Ridge ;" and to his 
 son Edward, his silver tankard, silver tobacco-box, and " seal gold 
 ring." This is now one of the most extensive families of Mary- 
 land ; and they are probably of an English original. Col. Dorsey, 
 I presume, was the ancestor of the ex-chief-justice. 
 
 The Darnalls, of Loudon, arrived about twenty years before the 
 Protestant Revolution. Col. Henry Darnall, the emigrant, M'aa 
 the son of Philip Darnall, and a kinsman of Lord Baltimore. For 
 the part he performed, in 1G89, the reader is referred to the Nar- 
 ratives. See ante, pp. 87-100. He resided at The Wood-Yard, 
 in Prince George's County ; and, a later period, at Portland 
 Manor, in Anne Arundel. He left many descendants 5 and bis 
 tombstone is at The Wood-Yard, now (as it has been, for several 
 generations) in the possession of the Wests ; and the most inte- 
 resting family seat, I have yet seen, in Maryland. The vane upon 
 the house-top, the wainscottcd wall — the other relics, and memo- 
 rials relating to the era of the Darnalls— -are nil preserved with 
 
 >■ 
 
M$ THE DAY-STAR. 
 
 ihe most studious care. I give this testimony, witii a grateful 
 heart. It is honorable, in the highest degree, to the taste and 
 piety of the present proprietors. The Darnalls were Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 The Brents, the Neales, and other distinguished Roman Catholic 
 families arrived before 1649 ; and are therefore not here noticed. 
 In making selections subsequently to that year, I have confined 
 myself chiefly to the Protestants ; for whose special benefit, the 
 principle of religious liberty was extended, by the Act of the 
 Assembly, to all believers in Christianity. Let the living sons of 
 Maryland know something of the blessings enjoyed by their ances- 
 tors, under the beneficent government of the Roman Catholic pro- 
 prietaries. 
 
 Most of the persons, whose arrival is sketched in this Appendix, 
 held the right, I presume, to a coat of arms. But not knowing the 
 ■fact, I have said nothing; well assured, how many spurious 
 escutcheons are now used in this country ; and fully aware of the 
 danger of running into very gross mistakes. 
 
APPENDIX, NO. n. 269 
 
 APPEJSTDIX.— JSTo. II. 
 
 See ante, p. 80 and p. 107. 
 
 SETTLEMENT UPON THE BOHEMIA.— EXTRACT FROM 
 HERMAN'S JOURNAL. 
 
 From the extract, it seems the colonists did not arrive till 16GL 
 But there is evidence, aliunde, that the foundation of the colony 
 was laid in 1660. 
 
 " By letter, Sept. 18, his Lordship, in acceptance thereof, recom- 
 mended the granting to the Honorable Philip Calvert, Esquire, 
 then Governor — And was then supposed* the one tract to contain 
 about 4,000 acres ; the other 1,000 acres ; good, plantable land — 
 danger of Indians not then permitting a certain inspection, nor 
 survey of that far-remote, then unknown wilderness. 
 
 " Whereupon, January 14, a Patent of free Denization issueth 
 forth out of the office ; and Augustine Herman bought all the land 
 there (hj permission of the Governor and Council) of the Susque- 
 sahanoh Indians, then met with the great men out of the Susque- 
 saliannoh .Fort at Spes-Uty Isle, upon a treaty of soldiers * as 
 the old Record will testify, and thereupon took possession ; and 
 transported his people from Manhattam, now New York, 1661, 
 (with groat cost and charge) to inhabit." • 
 
 * In the MS. copy, this word is very indistinctly written. 
 
270 THE DAY'STAE. 
 
 appe:^dix.— 1^0. in. 
 
 See ante, p.l52, note 1. 
 
 FAITH OF THE JURORS, IN THE CASE OF THE 
 PISCATAWAY INDIANS. 
 
 I HAVE said, the first twelve, there is strong reason to believe, 
 were Roman Catholics ; but I arranged them, not in conformity 
 with the record, but simply with a view to my own convenience. 
 The follov/ing is the or&er observed upon the record : — 
 
 Cuthbert Fenwick, foreman ; William Bretton ; Nicholas 
 Gwyther ; John Steerman ; Edward Packer ; Richard Banks ; 
 Philip Land ; Wm. Evans ; John Lawson ; Richard Hoskins ; 
 William Johnson ; John Medley; Richard Willan ; Henry Adams ; 
 Robert Cadger ; John NichoUs ; Daniel Clocker ; James Lang- 
 worth ; John Thimbleby ; William Edwine ; John Taylor ; John 
 Harwood ; Zachary Wade ; and Thomas Sympson. 
 
 Three of the preceding jurors had been in the Assembly of 
 1649. 
 
 Most of the Roman Catholics are easily distinguished by a refe- 
 rence to their wills. See, e. g., the wills of Philip Land, and 
 William Evans.* Richard Hoskins is the only one, of whom I enter- 
 
APPENDIX, NO- III. 271 
 
 Xaia a doubt. But we have the best ground for the belief, that he 
 was the same person as Richard Hotchlveys, of "The Cross/' and 
 whose name is written in a variety of ways — a very common thing, 
 two hundred years ago. Edward Packer, for instance, was the 
 same, it would seem, as Edward Parker, a kinsman of Mr. Bretton. 
 See his will. In the index to the Land Warrants, on p. 17, for 
 Lib. No. 1, Hichard Hoskins, it appears, is spelt •' Richard Hodg 
 key ;" on p. 622, for the same liber, " Richard Hodgkeys ;" p. 136, 
 for Lib. No. 3, " Richard Hodskeys f ' in the oldest book of wills, 
 ''Richard Hotchkeys ;" and, iu the index to that book, " Richard 
 Hotchkey." It is not improbable, that Nicholas Gwyther, a thur- 
 teenth, was also a Roman Catholic ; although I have not included 
 him. 
 
 Four of the Protestant jurors (Messrs. Steerraan, Nichols, 
 Clocker, and Edwin) had signed the Declaration. Capt. Banks, a 
 fifth, had been in the Assembly of 1640 ; and it is quite evident, 
 that Robt. Cadger was a sixth. See his will ; and the one also of 
 his son, Robert. John Lawson, in his will, desires to be buried 
 " according to the canon of the Church of England ;" and speaks 
 of John Taylor, the god-father of his daughter, " Jean." It is 
 highly probable, therefore, that Messrs, Lawson and Taylor, 
 making a seventh and eighth, were both Protestants of the Anglo- 
 Catholic type. 
 
 It would be unsafe to assert any thing positive, with regard to 
 the faith of the remaining four, Messrs. Guythcr, Ilarwood, AVade, 
 and Sympson ; though it is quite probable, Mr. HaiVood was a 
 Protestant. 
 
 The result, then, so far as the investigation has been successful, 
 presents twelve Roman Catholics against eight Protbstants. Nor 
 
272 1HE DAY-STAE, 
 
 is it certain, that these eight (a point of the first importance) all 
 lived, in St. Mary's, in 1653. 
 
 Excluding Messrs. Packer, and Hoskins, we have ten Roman 
 Catholics against eight Protestants, 
 
273 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 AccoMACs:— A tribe of Indians, 112. 
 Under the Rule of the Foichatans, 
 112. 
 
 Act Concerning Religion, 54. Its Lead- 
 ing Provisions, 54-67. Its Influence 
 upon the Colonization of Maryland, 
 68-86, and 101-107. 
 
 AddisoxNS, of Oxon-Hill, the English 
 county they carae from, 266; Their 
 Arrival, 266; Their Earliest Home in 
 Maryland, 147. The Emigrant a Privy 
 Councillor, 267. Opposed to the Revo- 
 lution of 1689, 267. His Posterity, 
 267. 
 
 Addison, Wm. Meade, Arrival of his 
 Ancestry, 267. 
 
 Address to the Crown from the Protest- 
 ants of Kent, 93. See also Protest- 
 ant Revolution. 
 
 Allen, Thomas, Extracts from his Will, 
 236 ; Friend of Captain Banks, 236 ; 
 Had been in the Assembly ; 227 ; 
 Apprehensive of Violence, 236. His 
 Children held Captive by the Indians, 
 236; Captain Banks's Engagement 
 to redeem one of them, 235. Faith 
 of Mr. Connor and Captain Banks 
 derived from his Will, 236. 
 
 Alney, Pope, the Hangman of Walter 
 Peake, 253; Convicted of Cow-Steal- 
 ing, 253. 
 
 Altham, Rev. Father, 159, 160. 
 
 Anglo-Catholics: — the probable num- 
 ber in the Assembly of 1649, 137. 
 
 Anolo-Catholics : — the Term CalhoUc 
 applied to them, upon the Early 
 Provincial Records, 32 and 235. 
 
 Anglo-Catuolics : — Compact between 
 an Anglo-Catholic King and a Roman 
 Catholic Prince, 26-34. Fidelity of 
 the Prince, 35. HoliJ^ in the Creeds, 
 and Catholic, upon the Provincial 
 Records, applied to the English 
 Church,32. "Holy Clmrnh " included 
 
 1 
 
 A. 
 
 the English Branch, 30. Illustration 
 from the early Charters of the Eng- 
 lish Crown, 30. Case of Lewis, 81. 
 Case of Doctor Q-errard, 33. Chapel at 
 St. Mary's, 32. Anglo-Catholics at 
 Jamestown, 27. Extract from their 
 Charter, 27. Anglo-Catholics upon 
 Kent Island, 142. Anglo-Catholics 
 upon South River, 72. Anglo-Catho- 
 lics upon Patuxent,74. Anglo-Catho- 
 lics in St. George's Hundred, 145- 
 148. The Probable NumSer of Anglo- 
 Catholics in the Assembly of 1649, 
 137. Anglo-Catholic clergyman of St. 
 Mary's, the first, 145, 146. Eirly 
 Anglo-Catholic Clergymen of Kent 
 Island, 142, 14:3. Anglo-Catholic 
 Bishop of Maryland, the first, ances- 
 try of, 266. His Arms, 266. Anglo- 
 Catholic Bishop of Maryland, the 
 third, his ancestry, 179. The settle- 
 ment upon Kent Island the offshoot 
 of an Anglo-Catholic Colony, 142. 
 Early Anglo-Catholic families of St. 
 George's, 145-146. The Wickliffes, the 
 Cadgers, the Rlarshalls, the Addisons, 
 and other Anglo-Catholic families of 
 St. George's, 146-147. Earliest Deed 
 for the Support of the Anglo-Catholic 
 ministry, 146. The Gift of " three 
 heifers," 146. First reference to a 
 Parish, 146. " The Neck of Wicoco- 
 raico," 146. Wickliffe, the organ of 
 the Anglo-Catholics, 147. Wickliffe 
 and Wesley, 147. 
 
 Anglo-Catholic Bishop of Maryland, 
 the first, his ancestry, 266. 
 
 Anglo-Catholic Bishop of Maryland, 
 the third, his ancestry, 179. 
 
 Anglo-Catholic Clergyman of Saint 
 Mary's, the first after the landing 
 of the Pilgrims, 145-146. 
 
 Anglo-Catholic Clergymen of Kent, 
 the earlv, 142-143. 
 
 9^- 
 
274 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Anglo-Catholic Bishopric of Maryland, 
 the original arms of, 266. 
 
 Annapolis : — Erected into a port of 
 Entry, as late as 1683, 117. A Rival 
 upon South Kiver, T2. The govern- 
 ment removed from St. Mary's to 
 Annapolis, 108. 
 
 Anne Arundel County : — Original seat 
 of the Puritans, 151. Small num- 
 ber of estates, with the U. C. Pre- 
 fix, 151. Home also of the Qua- 
 kers, 151. First settlement, in 1649, 
 63. Greenberry's Point, the site of 
 the first Puritan town, 68-69, and 
 117. The Severn, 68. James Cox, 70. 
 Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, and 
 Thomas Marsh, 69-70. The county 
 represented as early as 1650, 70. 
 Anglo-Catiiolics upon South Kiver, 
 
 72. William Burgess, 72. South River' 
 Club, 73. London founded by Colonel 
 Burgess, 73. A rival of Annapolis, 
 
 73. London and Annapolis erected 
 into ports of entry, in 1683, 117. Fort 
 Horn, 177. The battle-field of 1655, 
 177. Monumental Inscriptions upoh 
 South ftiver, 73. Quakers upon West 
 River, 77. The Prestons, Thomases, 
 and Richardsons, 77. But one R. 
 C. family, in the whole county, 
 in 1689, 92. Opposition of the inliabi- 
 tants to the Protestant Revolution, 
 92. The richest and most populous 
 County, in 1659, 92. Contest with 
 Calvert, respecting her boundary 
 Line, lo6. Her position overruled 
 by the Legislature, 106 ; but fully 
 sustained by the Records, 107. Ma- 
 jor's Choice, and the Hon. Thomas 
 Marsh, 107. 
 
 Annivkrsary of the St. Tammany So- 
 cieties, 112. 
 
 Antagonism between the State and the 
 Ciiurch,17And 64. 
 
 Anthumpt, the Indian, Gift to Him, 
 from Mrs. Fenwick, 216. 
 
 Armorial Bearings : — Anns of the Bur- 
 gesses, 72 ; of the Calverts, 162 ; of 
 the Claggetts, 2CS ; of the Kltouheads, 
 217; of the Hansons, 79; of the 
 Hattoiis. 202; of the Lowes, 2.66; 
 of the Thomases, 82; of the Tilgh- 
 mans, 263. Armorial seals, 72, 266, 
 163, and 79. Arms of the Province, 
 163. Armsof the State, 163. Original 
 arms of the Bishopric, 266. Presumed 
 right of many of the early planters, 
 268. Danger of running into very 
 gross mistakes, 383. )1 .-.illic lily. 
 
 A. 
 
 227. Early Practice of Carving ar* 
 morial bearings upon plate, 120. 
 Baltimore bird, 122. The fleur-de- 
 lis, a favourite device of the early 
 Roman Catholic planters, as a part 
 of their cattle-mark, 226. 
 Armorial Seals:— Preservation of the 
 Seal of Colonel Burgess, 72. Original 
 Seal of the Bishopric, 266. Seal of 
 one of the early Hansons of Kent, 
 79. Seal of the Province, 163. Seal 
 of the State, 163. 
 Arrival of the Addisons, 267; of tha 
 Beales, S3; of the Bennetts, 69; 
 of the Bowies, 83; of the Brasha- 
 ers, 84; of the Brents, 268; of the 
 Brettons, 224; of the Brooks, 74; of 
 the Burgesses, 261 ; of the Calverta, 
 168 and 171 ; of the Carrolls, 262 ; of 
 the Causins, 84; of the Chamberses, 
 262 ; of the Chases, 262 ; of the Clag- 
 getts, 266 ; of the family of Comegys, 
 85; of the Conners, 220; of the Con- 
 tees, 84 . of the Darnalls, 267 ; of th» 
 Dc Cour'cys, 83 ; of the Diniossas, 79 ; 
 of the Dorseys, 267 ; of the Dunns, 
 262; of the Du Valles, 84; of the 
 Edmonstons, 83; of the Fen wicks, 
 207; of the Goldsboroughs, 263; of 
 the Greens, 181 ; of the Hansons, 
 79 ; of the Hattons, 200 ; of the 
 Hawkinses, 263 ; of the Hermans, 
 8J; of the Hynsons, 261; of the 
 Jarbos,84; of the Lacounts, 84; of 
 the Lamars, 84 ; of the faiuily of 
 Leeds, 262 ; of the Lloyds, 69 ; of 
 the Lockermans, 85 ; of the Lowes, 
 266; of the Magruders, 83; of the 
 Mannerses, 231 ; of the Marshes, 69 ; 
 of the Maunsells,237; of the Neales, 
 268; of the Pacas, 262; of the 
 Pearces, 262; of the Peakes, 247; of 
 the Piles, 187 ; of the Pratts, 262 ; of 
 the Prices, 183; of the Ricauds, 85; 
 of the Richardsons, 82 ; of the Ring- 
 golds, 261; of the Sewalls, i|65; of 
 the Shipleys, 82 ; of the Snowdens 
 82; of the Spriggs, 265; of the 
 Stones, 262 ; of the Taneys, 265 ; of 
 tha Tettershalls, 187; of the Tho- 
 mases, 8.:; of the Thompsons, 264; 
 of the Tilghmans, 263 ; of the Tylers, 
 265; of the Vaughans, 19J ; of the 
 1 Family of Wickes, 26i ; of the Wil- 
 ! kinsons, 2J4; of the Wi.rthingtons, 
 I 83; and of the AVroihs, 265. 
 I AscENDENCV of the Puritans, 86; their 
 Intolerance, 86. 
 Asskmblv- of Maryl.inl, its Early Con- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 275 
 
 Btitution, 42-48, and 142. Its analogy 
 to the primitive Parliament of Eng- 
 land, 42. Contrast with the Wite7ia- 
 gemiit, 51). 
 
 AssKMBLY of 1638, the earliest of which 
 we have a satisfactory accounr, 
 211. Cuthbert Feiiwick, a raember, 
 211. 
 
 A.SSEMBLY of 164S, 143 and 144. Names 
 of the Uurgesses, 144. Their Protest, 
 144. 
 
 ASSE.MBLY of 1649, 41-5S. Names of the 
 Burgf-sses, 13J and 135. Their faith, 
 136-137, and 207-253. The Toleration 
 Act, 54-67. Hill of Charges. 49 and 
 133. Act relating to the recovery of 
 the Province, 131. 
 
 Assembly of 1650, 131-132. Names of 
 the Burgesses, 132 Their Faith, 148. 
 Declaratory Act, 131. Act of Recog- 
 nition, 148. Declaration of the Pro- 
 testant members, 71, 72. 
 
 AS3KMBLY of 16S9, 83. Report of the 
 commissioners to the Indians, b7. 
 Report of the committee of Secrecv, 
 88. Their accusation against Col'inel 
 Darnall, and the other Roman Catho- 
 lic Depury Governors, 89. See also 
 Protestant Revolution. 
 
 Augusta Carolina, the Name of St. 
 Mary's County, 47. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baltimorb, barons of, 162-170 ; George, 
 163-64; Cecilins, 164-168; Charles 
 the First, 169; Benedict Leonard, 170 ; 
 Charles the Second, 170; Frederick, 
 170 ; their descendants at Mount 
 Airy, 170. 
 
 Baltimore bird, 121. 
 
 Baltimore City, its site, probably, with- 
 in the territory of tlie Piiicatuwui/s, 
 111. 
 
 Baltimore county erected, 105. Settle- 
 ment upon Bohemia River, 80. Bohe- 
 mia Maii'ir within tlie original limits, i 
 106. Karliest Courts of the County! 
 probably lield upon the Flastern Shore, ' 
 106. The first foot-prints of civiliza- | 
 tion upon the Western Sliore, li)6. ' 
 Identity of Palmer's Island with ; 
 AVatson's, 107. Clayborne's early I 
 trading-post, 107. Spesutia Island, I 
 ] 07 and 269. Augustin Herman, 107. i 
 His treaty with the Susquehannockfi, 
 269. Labadyists, 81, Col. Nathaniel 
 Utye, 107. Site of Baltimore city i 
 
 within the supposed territory of tbg 
 Piscataways, 111. The Dorseys, 267. 
 
 Baltimore, Lady Jane, wife of the Hon. 
 Henry Sewall, 169; subsequently of 
 Lord Cliarles Baltimore, 169 ; a sup- 
 posed descendant of the Lowes, of 
 Denby. 266; and the mother of the 
 Hon.Maj. Nicholas Sewall, of Matta- 
 pany-Sewall, 73 and 231. 
 
 Banks, Thomas, 235. Extract from 
 his will of 1684, 235. Cntholic ap- 
 plied to the faith of the English 
 Church, 235. 
 
 Banks, Capt. Richard, a law-giver of 
 1649, 135. Hia faith, 236. His en- 
 gagement to rediieni from captivity, 
 the child of Thos. Allen, 235. Notice 
 of his life, 233-236. His marriage to 
 the widow of Mr. Secretary Hatton's 
 brother, 233. 
 
 Battle between the Roman Catholics 
 and the Puritans, 177-17S ; the Gover- 
 nor wounded, 177 ; a surrender, and a 
 court-martial, 177. Skirmish be- 
 tween Capt. Cornwallis and Colonel 
 Clayborne's Lieutenant, 211. Attack 
 of Cood upon the State House, in 
 16S9, 91 and 97. Surrender of Col. 
 Digges, 97. Siege of Mattapany- 
 House, 98. Surrender of Col. Darn- 
 all, 99. 
 
 Beales, their arrival, 83 ; one of the 
 largest families of Maryland, 83; CU. 
 Nitiian Beale, 83. 
 
 Bearings. See Armorial Bearings. 
 
 Bed-ciiambeks, 120 ; much attention 
 T>aid t) the furniture. 120. See also 
 Mrs. Fen wick's will, 215. 
 
 Bennett, Gov. Richard, his posterity, 
 69. 
 
 Bennett, Richard, the largest land- 
 holder of the province, 69. Prefix 
 of Squire, 69. His tombstone at Ben- 
 nett's Point, 69. His ancestry, 69. 
 
 Bill of charges, at the Assembly, of 
 1649, 49, and 180. Per-diem of the 
 Burgesses, 49. 
 
 Bishopric of Mil., original seal of, 266. 
 See Armorial Bearings, and Armorial 
 Seals. 
 
 Blo' D of Aboriginal Chiefs represented, 
 103. 
 
 Blood, the best Roman Catholic, de- 
 rived by the Lloyds, and other dis- 
 tinguished Protestant families, from 
 the Neales, 150. See also Neales. 
 
 BOHEMiA.N. emigrants, 80 and 85. 
 
 Boundaries: — The Northern boundary 
 of Maryland included the site of 
 
276 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 B. 
 
 Philadelphia, 167; the Eastern, the 
 Swedish settlements upon the Dela- 
 ware, 167. Early boundaries of the 
 . counties, 106. Cecil, 106. Baltimore, 
 
 106. Anne Arundel, 106. Contest 
 between Anne Arundel and Calvert, 
 
 107. Original boundary line, 106. 
 Major's choice, 107. 
 
 BowiKS of Prince George's, 83. The 
 governor's ancestry probably Scotch, 
 83. Their arrival, 83. Their rela- 
 tionship to the family of Wm. Bur- 
 gess, the early Deputy-Governor, 261. 
 
 Bradnox, Capt. Thomas, a freeman, in 
 the Assembly of 1648, 220. High sheriff 
 of Kent, 124. The friend of Mr. 
 Secretary Hatton, 125. Note to him 
 from Mr. Hatton, introducing John 
 De Courcy, 201. Could not write, 125. 
 Tried for cattle-stealing, 124. 
 
 Brashaers, 84. Their arrival, 84. Ori- 
 ginally from France, but directly from 
 Va., 84. Their posterity, 84. 
 
 Brashaer, Doct., of New Market, his 
 ancestry, 84. 
 
 Bkents, their arrival, 268. Their faith, 
 268. Blood of aboriginal chiefs, 108. 
 Capt. Giles Brent's books, 216. Spirit 
 of a Protestant Vandal, 216. Brents 
 of Charles county, 189. Their sup- 
 posed relationship to the Pilt-s, 189. 
 Relationship to the Fenwicks, 218. 
 
 BKENT3 of Louisiana, supposed descend- 
 ants of the Hon. John Pile, 189. 
 
 Bkent, Robt. James, late attorney- 
 general, his ancestry, 189 and 218. 
 
 Bretton, William, a law-giver of 1649, 
 135. His faith, 226-227. Notice of 
 his life, 224-228. His gift of a church 
 lot, 227. His cattle-mark, 226. Fieur- 
 de-lis, 227. Poverty of his children, 
 226. Application ol ever -immaculate 
 to the Virgin Mother, 228. 
 
 Brock, Rev. Father, his arrival, 159. 
 
 Brooke, Hon. Robert, founder of the 
 little colony upon the Patuxent, 74. 
 Persons introduced by him, 74-75. 
 Ancestor of the present Chief Justice 
 of the United States, 75. President 
 of the Provincial Council, 76. Ances- 
 tor of the Brookes of Brooke-Grove, 
 75. Manor of Z>e Za .S/'00&«, 75. 
 
 Bkookks, of Brooke-Grove, their ances- 
 try, 75. 
 
 Brookes, of Prince George's county, 
 descendants, many of them, of the 
 Hon. Robt. Brooke, 75. 
 
 Brookes, of De la Brcoke. See Hon. 
 Robt. Brooke. 
 
 Browne, Richard, a law-giver of 1649, 
 135. Notice of his life, 229-230. His 
 faith and identity involved in doubt, 
 229-230. 
 
 Burgesses of 1643, 1649, and 1650:— 
 Their names, faith, &c. See Assem- 
 bly. The democratic element, 42. A 
 distinct branch of the Assembly in 
 1649, 140. 
 
 Burgess, Hon. Wm., a leading colonist, 
 upon South River, 72. His armorial 
 bearings, 72. Founder of London, 
 73. A Deputy-Governor, 73. His 
 epitaph, 73. Large number of emi- 
 grants introduced by him, 261. His 
 Posterity, 261. 
 
 Burgesses, of South River, 71-74, and 
 261. Their armorial bearings, 72. 
 Ancestry of the Burgesses of West- 
 phalia, and of the Sewalls, the Da- 
 vises, and the Bowies, 261. 
 
 Burgesses, of Westphalia. See Hon. 
 Wm. Burgess, and Burgesses of South 
 River 
 
 Cadgers, a very early Anglo- Catholic 
 family of St. George's, 146. Their 
 Devises, 146-147. 
 
 Calvert County, erection of, 104. Boun- 
 dary line between Calvert and Anne 
 Arundel, 107. Controversy, 106. 
 Major's choice, 107. Settlement of 
 Robt. Brooke, anterior to the erection 
 of Calvert, 74. The Claggetts, 99 
 and 266. The Smiths, of St. Leonard's 
 Creek, 98. The Taneys, 96 and 265. 
 A Protestant County in 1689, 92. 
 " Men of Note " opposed to the Pro- 
 testant Revolution, 92. The PaUix- 
 enis. 111. 
 
 Calvert, Leonard, the chief of the ori- 
 ginal Pilgrims, 171. The first Gover- 
 nor of the Province, 37. His death, 
 42, and 173. Toleration, under his 
 Administration, 36-38. Sketch of his 
 life and character, 171-174. His 
 faith, 174. 
 
 Calverts. See Barons of Baltimore, 
 and Armorial Bearings. See also 
 Coin, and Armorial Seals. Family 
 seats in England and in Maryland, 
 163, 169, and 170. Arms upon the 
 Great. Seal, 163. See also Leonard 
 Calvert. 
 
 Calverton, Manor of, 196. Intended 
 for the dwelling-place of six abori- 
 ginal nations, 196. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 277 
 
 Canvass-back duck, 121. 
 
 Carroll, Charles, of CarroUton, arrival 
 of his ancestry, 262. 
 
 Carroll, Henry J., children of, suppos- 
 ed descendants of the Hon. John 
 Pile, 189. 
 
 Cases: — Case of Lord Baltimore and 
 the Penns, 16T; of Capt. Banks, 234; 
 of Captain Bradnox, 124; of Robert 
 Clarke, 197; of Colonel Clayborne 
 (appeal to the Crown-), 166-168; of 
 Edward Commins, the Protestant 
 Vandal, 216; of John Cowman, the 
 wizard, 125; of Father Fitzherbert, 
 55-62 ; of Doct. Gerrard, 83 and 147 ; 
 of Robt. Holt, 153; of Martin Kirk 
 and others, 21,6 ; of Lieut. Lewis, 31 ; 
 of Doct. Lumbrozo, the Jew, 65-07 ; 
 of Overzee vs. Cornwallis, 155; of 
 the Patuxent Indians, 233 ; of Wal- 
 ter Peake, 251 ; of John Pile, 188 ; of 
 the Piscataway Indians, 151-152 ; 
 of Col. Price, 184; of Richard Smith, 
 92-93 ; of Gov. Stone, 178 ; of Michael 
 Taney, 92 and 104; of Thornborough 
 m. Neal, 244 ; of Thos. Tunnell, 234 ; of 
 Capt. Vaughan, 191 ; and of Parson 
 Wilkinson, 153. 
 
 Catholic, the word, applied, upon the 
 early provincial Records, to the Eng- 
 lish Church, 32, and 235. 
 
 Cattle-stealing, 124. Case of Captain 
 Bradnox, 124. 
 
 Causin, Hon. John M. S., iiis ancestry, 
 84. See also Causins. 
 
 Causins, of Causin's Manor, 84. Their 
 arrival, 84. Name of the emigrant, 
 246. Marriage of his widow to the 
 Hon. Robt. Clarke, 199. A trustee 
 for the Roman Catholic Missionaries, i 
 246. I 
 
 Cecil County, erected, 105. Its early j 
 boundary, 106. Bohemia Manor, ' 
 105. See also Baltimore County, and ; 
 Augustine Herman ; and the Pearces, 
 the Thompsons, and the Hermans. l 
 
 Cecilius, the proprietary, sketch of his 
 life and character, 162-170. A law- \ 
 giver of 1649, 134. His faith, 26. 
 
 Chairs, 119. Their great scarcity, 119. ' 
 Made of iron, 119; covered with 
 leather, 119. 
 
 Chambers, Hon. E. F., iiis ancestry, 
 arrival ..f, 26i. 
 
 Chapels, early provincial, 32-.34, 159, 
 and 2'25. The first chapel, a wigwuiu, j 
 159, St. Mary's Ch,4.pel, a token of 
 the concord between the Ant:lican 
 and the Roman Catholic, 34. .St. ig- I 
 
 natius's Chapel, founded by a Roman 
 Catholic law-giver of 1649, 225-228. 
 
 Charles, the Second, of England, pro- 
 clamation in favor of, 256-257. 
 
 Charles the First, and Charles the 
 Second, of Maryland. See Barons 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 Charles County, upon thfe Patuxent, 
 erected in 1650, 75. See also Robt. 
 Brooke, and Calvert County. ^Char- 
 les County upon the Potomac, 104. 
 Large number of Estates, with the 
 Roman Catholic mark, 150, and 250- 
 251. Brents of Charles County, 189. 
 See also the Causins, the Greens, the 
 Piles, and the Stones. Also the In- 
 dians. Part of Prince George's 
 ■ M rved out of Charles, 106. Charles- 
 .Mi, in Charles, in 16S9, 105. The 
 place of Taney's imprisonment, 105. 
 Charleston, the first seat of Prince 
 George's county, 118. 
 
 Charleston, 118. Its early foundation, 
 118. Its site, 118. The original seat 
 of Prince George's County, 118. The 
 place of Michael Taney's and Rich. 
 Smitii's imprisonment, 105. In Char- 
 les County, daring the year 1689, 106. 
 
 Charters, American Colonial, their his- 
 torical relation to the one given to 
 Lord Baltimore, 27-28. 
 
 Charters, early, of the English Crown, 
 27-31. The light they shed upon the 
 Charter given to the'proprietary, 27- 
 31. 
 
 Charter for Maryland, a compact be- 
 tween a member of the English and a 
 disciple of the Roman Church, 26. 
 
 Charter for Virgina, taken away before 
 the date of Lord Baltimore's, 168. 
 
 Chases, their arrival, 262. 
 
 Chesapeakes, their dwelling-place, 109. 
 Number of their warriors, 109. Ruled 
 by the Powluitanis, 109. See also 
 Indians. 
 
 Chew, Prof. Saml., his Anglo-Catholic 
 ancestry, 266. 
 
 Cuoptanks, 111. Descendants of the 
 Katikdrdivoakx, 111. See also /?i- 
 diiins. 
 
 Chopticons desire to put themselves 
 under the proprietary's protection, 
 196. 
 
 Chuisteson, Winlock ; and other minis- 
 ters, in the Society of Friends, 78. 
 Bequest of Doct. Sharpe, 7S. See 
 also Quakers. 
 
 Christianity, 15-20. 
 
 Church, meaning of, upon the provln- 
 
278 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 cial records, when used by itself, 
 232. 
 
 Church Holt, definition of. See Holy 
 Ciiurch, and Words. 
 
 CiDRiR, a favorite drinlc, 120. 
 
 Claggett, Capt. Thomas, ancestor of 
 the firs'-, Anglo-Catholic Bishop of 
 Maryland, 99. A Protestant, 92 ; but 
 oppoi^ed to the Revolution of 1689, 
 92 and 99. 
 
 Claggrtt, Doct., of Leesburg, his early 
 Angio-Catholic ancestry, 266. 
 
 Claggetts, their arrival, 266. Posi- 
 tion of the emigrant, upon the Revo- 
 lution of 16S9, 92. Arms of his 
 family, 265. Impaled upon the seal 
 of a bishopric, 266; but previously 
 confirmed in the visitations, 266. Col. 
 Edward Claggett, and Sir Thomas 
 Adams, 266. Ancestor of the firsX 
 Anglican bishop of Md., 266. Pos- 
 terity of Capt. Claggett, 266. 
 
 Claim of the Roman Catholics, 12S-161. 
 
 Clarke, Hon. Robt., a law-giver of 
 1649, 135. Surveyor-general of the 
 province, 195. Mis faith, 197. Pos- 
 terity, 19S-199. His sufferings during 
 the ascendency of the Puritans, 197. 
 Steward of the manor of Calverton, 
 196. Copy-hold tenants, 196. 
 
 Clayborne, Col. Wm., his settlement 
 upon Kent Island, 43. The first 
 within the limits of Md., 46. His con- 
 test with Lord Baltimore, 166. His 
 claim, 166-16S. His settlement upon 
 Watson'.s Island, 78. The first upon 
 the Western shore, and within the ori- 
 ginal limits of Baltimore County, 107. 
 Supposed settlement upon Sharp's 
 Island, 78. Settlement upon Poplar 
 Island, 78. A cousin of Col. Clay- 
 borne, 78. 
 
 Coffee, its great scarcity, 120, 
 
 Coin, proprietary's, 119. 
 
 CoMEGYS, the family of, their arrival, 85. 
 
 Commander, office of, 191. Its great* 
 dignity, i92. Power given to an early 
 commander, to select his-councillors, 
 192. 
 
 Compact between an Anglo-Catholic 
 king and a Roman Catholic prince, 
 26. Fidelity of the latter, 35. 
 
 CO.SCORDAT, 26-S4. 
 
 Cokkedekacy. See Indians, 
 
 CosNEK, Phiiip. a law-giver of 1649, 135. 
 His faith, 221. and 236. Commander 
 of the county of Kent, 221. Sketch 
 of his life and ciiaracter, 23;)--'2;3. 
 His posterity, 222-2?3. 
 
 C. 
 
 CoNTES, John, of Java, his ancestry, 84. 
 
 CoNTEES, of Prince George's County, 84. 
 Connected with the family of Gov. 
 Seymour, 84. Residence at Barn- 
 staple, 84. John Contee, of Java, 84. 
 
 Convicts, 117. 
 
 CuoDE, John, a leader, in the Revolu- 
 tion of 1689, 98. 
 
 Copley, Rev Father, 158 and 159. Gift 
 from Governor Green, 182. Gift from 
 Thos. Hebden, 246. 
 
 CORNWALLis, Capt. Thomas, one of the 
 noblest spirits in the band of the ori- 
 ginal emigrants, 209. The patron of 
 Cuthbert Fenwic'k, 209. His estates, 
 with the R. C. prefix, 250. His manor- 
 house, 209. His skirmish with Col. 
 Clayborne's Lieutenant, 211. 
 
 Costume, glimpse of a provincial gen- 
 tleman's, about 1650, 123. Of a lady's, 
 at the same period, 215-216. 
 
 COUNA-WEZA, the Piscataway Indian, 
 tried, convicted, and executed, 151. 
 
 Councillors of the Commander, 192. 
 Their office analogous to that of the 
 privy councillors, 192. 
 
 Councillors, privy, 116. The early 
 germ of a nobility, 116. 
 
 Counties erected, between 1649 and 
 16S9, 102-105. 
 
 Courts: — 1. The Provincial Court was 
 analogous to tlie Court of King's 
 Bench, 116 ; and the original of the 
 present Court of Appeals, 116. The 
 lord proprietary and the privy coun- 
 cillors sat upon its bench, 116. 2. 
 The County Court, 116. Its early 
 original, 212. Jurisdiction of ita 
 judges, 116. The judges taken from 
 the gentlemen, 116. 3. Court-baron 
 and Court-leet, 115. See also Manors. 
 Also Freeholders, and Suitors, 
 
 Cox, James, the speaker of the Assem- 
 bly, in 1650, 70. A Puritan, ,70. A 
 signer of the Protestant Declaration, 
 70. 
 
 Currency, 118-119. Penke, 112 and 
 119. Hoanoke, 112 and 119. The 
 coin of the lord proprietary, 119. 
 Specimens, 119. English and Euro- 
 pean coin, 118, Tobacco, the com- 
 Mion currency, 119. Its value, 119, 
 
 Cuthbert, the prelate, and saint, 213. 
 His corpse, 213. His shrine, 213. 
 St. Cuthbert's cross, 213. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 279 
 
 7" 
 
 Darnall, Col. Henry, Deputj' Governor, 
 in 1689, 96. Overthrow of the Go- 
 vernment, 87-100. His narrative, 
 96-11)0. Arrival at London, 100. 
 
 Darxalls, their arrival, and faith, 267. 
 
 Kinsmen of Lord Baltimore, 267. 
 
 Uol. Henry Darnall, 87-100, and 267. 
 
 Place of his touibstone, 267. Early 
 
 •ifaniily seats, 267. 
 
 Davises, of Mount Hope, their ancestry, 
 261, and 266. Their arrival, 261. 
 
 Declaration, Protestant, 71-72. 
 
 De Courcy, John, introduced by the 
 Hon Thos. Hatton, 201. Note of in- 
 troduction to Capt. Bradnox, 201. 
 
 De CouRCV, Hon. Henry, 113-114. His 
 letter to Lord Baltimore, 56-57. The 
 Signer of an Address to the Crown, 
 95. An Opponent of the Protestant 
 Revolution, 94. A master of the 
 whole Aboriginal diplomacy, 95. His 
 xliplomatic services, 113. His faith, 
 95, and 115. A cavalier, 115. Inte- 
 resting character of our negotiations 
 with the Iroquois, 113. 
 
 Dk CouRCrs, of Cheston, probably from 
 Ireland, 83. Their claim to the old 
 Anglo-Norman barony, 95, and 114. 
 Higii social rank, at the period of their 
 arrival, 2()1 and 114. 
 
 De Courcvs, of JMy-Lord's-Gift, 114. 
 
 Dk La Brooke, the Manor of, 75. Upon 
 the Patuxent, 75. The seat of a little 
 colony, 75. Held by the Brookes, 
 75. 
 
 Dkla wares, 112. St. Tammany, their 
 great chief; 112. Osenies, and other 
 tribes of -Maryland, representatives 
 of the same race, 112. Honors paid 
 to SL Tammatiy, 112. St. Tammany 
 Societies, 112. May celebrations, 112. 
 Hall of St. Tarn man?/, 112. 
 
 DiGGES, Col., a Deputy Governor, in 
 1689, 96-100. Attack upon the State 
 House, 97. Surrender, 97. 
 
 DiNiosSAS, arrival of, 79. 
 
 DrNiOsSA, Governor Ale.xander, 79. 
 
 DiNNKK-K.NivES, their scarcity, 12L). 
 
 DoRCHKSTER County, erected, 105. 
 'OKSEYS, arrival of, 267. Will of Col. 
 Dorsey, 267. Supposed ancestor of a 
 Chief Justice of ■Md., 267. 
 
 DtTN.NS, their early arrival, 262. One 
 of Uie i)rominent families of Kent, 
 261. Now represented, in the male 
 line, by a gentleman of Pa., 262. 
 
 DUTCU settlement upon the Delaware, 
 78. Refugees in Maryland, 79. Gov 
 Alexander Diniossa, 79. The fa n,i ies 
 
 of Coraegys, and Lockerman, 85. 
 
 Claim of the Dutch, 167. 
 Du Valle, Judge of the U. S. Supreme 
 
 Court, his ancestry, 84. 
 Du Vallbs, their arrival, 84. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, 122. 
 
 Eden, Gov. Robt., 170. 
 
 EU.MONSTONS, their arrival, 83. Their 
 
 posterity, 83. 
 Eltonheads, of Eltonhead, 215. Their 
 relationship to the Fenwicks, of Fen- 
 wick Manor, 209 and 215. Their 
 arms, 217. A Privy Councillor of 
 Md., 215. A Master of the English 
 High Court of Chancery, 215. 
 Eltonhead, the Hon. \Vm., a Privy 
 Councillor, 215. A Rom;in Catholic, 
 178. Shot in cold blood by the Puri- 
 tans, 178 and 216. The enmity of 
 Martin Kirke, 216. 
 Eltonhead, Edward, a Master of the 
 English High Court of Chancery, 215. 
 Relationship to the Eltonheads, of 
 Eltonhead, 215. 
 English Emigrants, 81, and 261-268. 
 Era of Roman Catholic toleration, 254. 
 Spirit which distinguishes it, 254-259. 
 Estates, large nuniber of, with the Pre- 
 fix ftr St , 25). Names of many 
 • tracts, 25:)-251. Names of the ori- 
 I ginal Ilomau Catholic proprietors, 
 
 250-251. 
 1 Evans, Col. Wm., a Roman Catholic, 
 227 and 24). His cattle-mark, 227. 
 i The guardian of Mr. John Maunsell's 
 I son, 241). The g id- father of Mary 
 j Maunsell, 24). Fleur-de-lis, 227. 
 ' Ever-Immaculate, the application of, to 
 ! the Blessed Virgin, upon the Provin- 
 cial Records, as early as 1661, 223. 
 
 F. 
 
 Palciiion, 123. 
 
 Famm.iks, provincial : —The Cadgers, 
 146; the Davises, 261 and 266; the 
 Eltonheads, 215; the Formans, 70 
 and 264; the Lachlans,83; the Mar- 
 shalls, 146; the family of Nichols, 70; 
 the Smiths, of St. Leonard's Creek, 
 99 ; the Smyths, of Trumpington, 92 ; 
 the Spaldings, 218; the Wests, 268; 
 the Wickliffes, 146. and tho Wjlmers, 
 •2'U. See al-to Arrivals. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pbather, worn by the early cavaliers 
 of the Province, 123. 
 
 Fenwick, Cuthbert, one of the Pilgrims 
 of 1634, 207 ; and a law-giver of 1649, 
 135. Sketch of his life, 2'17-215. 
 His faith, 213-214. The leading 
 member of the Lower House, in 1649, 
 212. The attorney of Captain 
 Cornwallis, in the Assembly, 210. 
 Plundered by Ingle, 210. A large pos- 
 terity, 217. Representatives at the 
 Bar, in the Army, in the Senate, in 
 the Priesthood, and in the Hierarchy, 
 2a7 and 217-219. 
 
 Fenwicks, of Fenwick Manor, 217. 
 
 Fenwjck, Ignatius, his ancestry, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, Athanasius, his ancestry, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, James, his ancestry, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, the Reverend John, his ances- 
 try, 218 ; uncle of the Bishop of Cin- 
 cinnati, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, Rev. Enoch, his ancestry, 
 218 ; President of Georgetown Col- 
 lege, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, Rev. Prof. George, his ances- 
 try, 218; brother of the Bishop of 
 Boston, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, Rt. Rev. Benedict, Bishop of 
 Boston, his ancestry, 218. 
 
 Fenwick, Rt. Rev. Edward, Bishop of 
 Cincinnati, 218. 
 
 Fenwicks, of Cole's Creek, 211. 
 
 Fenwicks, of Cherry-Fields, 2l7. 
 
 Fenwicks, of Pomonkey, 217. 
 
 Fenwicks, of Kentucky, 217. 
 
 Fenwicks, of the South, 217. 
 
 Fenwick, Mrs. Jane, the wife of Cuth- 
 bert Fenwick, 214. Her will, 215- 
 216. Articles of a lady's dress, in 
 1660,215. 
 
 Ferries, 122. Early ones erected by 
 the Government, and kept by the 
 most respectable colonists, 122. 
 
 Ferret, Rev. Father, 159. 
 
 Feudal polity, 115. 
 
 Figs, 121. 
 
 Finger-rings, much worn by the early 
 gentry of Maryland, 124; frequently 
 given in their wills, 124, 
 
 Fisher, Rev. Father, 159. 
 
 Fitzherbert, Father, his case, 54-62. 
 
 Fondness for law-suits, mingled with a 
 veneration for judicial authority, a 
 characteristic of our ancestry, 154. 
 
 Forks, 120. Our ancestors dined with- 
 out them, 120. Their late introduc- 
 tion into general society, 120. 
 
 FoRMANS, of Clover-fields, and of Rose- 
 Hill, 70 and 264. 
 
 \ 
 
 Forms, much used by our early fore- 
 fathers, 119. 
 
 Forts :— 1. Fort Kent, 44. 2. Fort Cray- 
 ford, 44. 3. St. Inigo's,183. 4. Sus- 
 quehannah Fort, 269. 5. St. Mary's 
 Fort, 32. 6. Fort Horn, its site, 177, 
 Supposed battle-field between the 
 Roman Catholics and Puritans in 
 1655, 177. 
 
 Fox, the chief of the Quakers, 76. 
 Preaches, in the Province, 76, Pow- 
 erful effects, 77. 
 
 Frederick County carved out of Prince 
 George's, 106, Erected in 1748, 106. 
 The Brashaers, 84. The Darnalls, 
 267. The Davises, 261 and 266. The 
 Goldsboroughs,263. The Lowes, 266. 
 The Richardsons, 77 and 82. The 
 Shipleys, 82. The Taneys, 265. The 
 Tylers, 26^266. 
 
 Freeholders, 117, 
 
 French emigrants, 84-85. The Bra- 
 shaers, Causins, Contees, Du Valles, 
 Jarbos, Lacounts, Lamars, and Ri- 
 cauds, 84, 
 
 Friends. See Quakers. 
 
 Gentleman, 116. A large class in Mary- 
 land, 116, County Court judges taken 
 from them, 116. 
 
 Gerrard, Doct. Thos., a Roman Catho- 
 lic, 33 and 58. A privy councillor, 
 56. Lord of St. Clement's Manor, 33 
 and 158. His non-compliance with 
 the Rev. Father Fitzherbert's requisi- 
 tion, 58. His cattle-mark, 227. Fleur- 
 de-lis, 227. His estates with the R. 
 C. prefix, 250, See also Cases. 
 
 Goldsborough, Hon. Robt. H., arrival 
 of his ancestry, 263. Ancstry of the 
 Goldsboroughs of Myrtle-Grove, and 
 of other families, 263. Blood of Abo- 
 riginal Chiefs, 108. 
 
 Goldsboroughs, of Myrtle-Grove, 263, 
 
 GooKiNS, Cfipt. Daniel, 151. 
 
 Govern.ment, frame-work of, 115-117, 
 
 Grep;n, Gov. Tliomas, a law-giver of 
 1649, 134. A Privy Councillor, 134, 
 His proclamation in faV'r of Charles 
 the Second, ISl and 256. Notice of 
 his life, and family, 181-182, His 
 faith, 182. Sympathy with the royal 
 family, ISI. A representative of the 
 Roman Catholic sentiment, 257. 
 
 Greens, of Green's Inheritance, ances- 
 try of, 1S2. 
 
 Growth of a great idea, 23, and 26-86. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 H. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hanson, Col. Hanse, 79. His posterity, 
 T9. Arms upon the seal of a near 
 descendant, 79. 
 
 Hansons, of Kent, their ancestry, 79. 
 
 Hardwick, Lord Chancellor, his deci- 
 sion of the case between the proprie- 
 taries, 167. Virtual settlement of the 
 Controversy, 167. 
 
 Harford, Henry, the Lord Proprietary, 
 170. 
 
 Hat-band, 123. Gold hat-band worn, 
 by the early cavaliers of Maryland, 
 123. 
 
 Hatton, Hon. Thomas, 200. Secretary 
 of the Province, 135, and 202. A 
 Privy Councillor, 135. Clothed with 
 the powers of a Governor, 203. At- 
 torney-General, 202. A law-giver of 
 1649, 135. His death at the battle 
 near the Severn, 204. His life, and 
 character, 200-205. His faith, 204. 
 Family, 200 and 205. 
 
 Hattcn, Richard, the brother of the 
 Secretary, 200. Arrival of his wife 
 and children, 201. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher, 200. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Thomas, 201. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Robt., 201. 
 
 Hattons, of London, their arms, 202. 
 
 Hattons, of Piscataway, their ancestry, 
 206. Relationship to the Hon. Thos. 
 Hatton, 206. 
 
 Hattons, their connexion with the 
 family of Capt. Banks, 233 ; and with 
 the first Anglo-Catholic Clergyman, 
 204. 
 
 Hawkins, arrival of the family of, 263. 
 Their various family seats, 263. Two 
 of its most distinguished members, 
 263. Interesting memorial of a judge 
 of the Provincial Court, 204. A com- 
 missioner to the Indians in 16S9, 83. 
 Indirectly connected with the family 
 of Lord Baltimore, 264. Connected 
 with the WiJliamses, of Roxbury, 264. 
 A large posterity, 264. 
 
 llEiD-cu)TU£3. See Mrs. Fenwick'a 
 Will. 
 
 HEBDEN,Thos., his gift to the R. C. Mis- 
 sionaries, 246. His Deposition, 121. 
 
 Hempstkad, Hon. Mrs., her ancestry, 
 83. 
 
 Hermans, of Bohemia Manor, their pos- 
 terity, 81 and 264. 
 
 Herman, Augustine, a native of Prague, 
 
 85; distinguished in the early history 
 
 of NewYork, 80. His Treaty with the 
 
 Susguchannoc/cs, 107 and 269. Settle- 
 
 . n'ect upou Bohemia River, SO. A 
 
 little colony from New York, 80 and 
 269. His Map, 80-81. Original lord 
 of Bohemia Manor, SO. His posterity, 
 81 and 264. 
 
 HiGHAHWixoNS desire to put themselves 
 under the proprietary's protection, 
 196. 
 
 History, charm of External, 19. Illus- 
 trations from Islamism, from Chris- 
 tianity, and from Toleration, 19-24. 
 
 Holt, Robert, his case. See Cases. 
 
 Holy Church, definition of, 30 and 55. 
 See also the case of Father Fitzher- 
 bert, 61. 
 
 Honor due to the Roman Catholic free- 
 men of Md., 160-161. 
 
 Honorable applied to the Privy Coun- 
 cillors, and the judges of the Provin- 
 cial Court, 186. 
 
 Hood. See Mrs. Fenwick's Will. 
 
 Hundreds. See St. Mary's County. 
 
 Hynson, Thes., ancestor of the Hyn- 
 sons of Kent, and foreman of the 
 Grand Jury, in the cases of Wilkin- 
 son and Holt, 153. 
 
 Hynsons, 261. Their early arrival, 261. 
 One of the distinguished families of 
 Kent, 261-262. Large number of 
 descendants, 262, 
 
 Ideas, the visible influence of, 21. II- 
 ' lustrated m the history of American 
 Colonization, 22. Secret of the dig- 
 nity which belongs to the early epoch 
 of American histoiy, 22. The settle- 
 luent at St. Mary's, a striking case, 22. 
 
 Indians, upon the Chesapeake, and its 
 tributaries, 108-114, and 196. Their 
 friendly relations with the colonists, 
 103. Treaties of the Lord Proprietary 
 with the Indians, 166. The Ohesa- 
 peakes, 108. The Yoacomicos, 109. 
 The Mdtapenks, 110. The Acco7nacs, 
 112. The Poiokatnns, 109 and 112. 
 The PatioxenU, 111. Tlie Piscata- 
 ways. 111. The SunquehannockHy 
 
 110. Tlie Ozenies, 111. Tlie 7bc/fc- 
 whoghs. 111. The Mattdpnnienta, 
 169 and 196. Kuskaratooaks, 111. 
 The Iroquois AIS. The Ckoptanka, 
 
 111. The NanticoJcfiS, 111. The 
 WicomocoM, 196. The Lamascon- 
 
 sons, 196. The IligJuthwixona, 196. 
 The Chopticons, 196. The Dela- 
 tcares, 112. St. Tammany, 112. 
 Pone, hominy, and other words de- 
 
282 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 rived from the Indians, 122. Lega- 
 cies of Mrs. Fenvvick to the Indians, 
 216. Trial of the Piseatawdys, 152. 
 Acquittal of the P<ituxenis, 283. 
 Iniiiat) name for St. Mary's, 4S. In- 
 dian name for Piiiiadelphia., 166. 
 Two Indian arrows pledged by the 
 Proprietary to the Crown, 115. In- 
 dian half-breeds, 108. The blood of 
 Aboriginal Chiefs represented by tlie 
 Goldsboroughs, and other families, 
 108. Murder of Rowland Williams, 
 212. Indian slaves, 117. Indian 
 Money, 111 and 119. Charge of con- 
 spiracy with the Indians, against the 
 Roman Catholic Deputy Governors, 
 
 88. The labors of the Missionaries, 
 113 and 160. Treaties at Albany, 113. 
 Susquehannah Fort, 269. Indian corn 
 cultivated, at a very early period. 
 
 Ingle, Capt. Richard, his residence, 
 210. Name of his ship, 210. A I'nvi- 
 tan pirate, 210. His robberies, 210. 
 See also many of the Assembly-men 
 of 1649. 
 
 Iroquois, 112— 114. Called "The Five 
 Nations," 11.3. Also, " The Northern 
 Indians," 113. A very warlike con- 
 federacy, 113. Their dwelling-place, 
 113. Alarm of tlie colonists, 113. 
 Our relations with the Iroqunis con- 
 stitute a very important part of our 
 Aboriginal History, 113. The Revo- 
 lution of 1689, the result of a panic, 
 
 89. Treaties ut Albany with tins con- 
 federacy, 113. Pliil.-mon Lloyd, and 
 Henry de Courcy, 113 and 114. Tes- 
 timonials in their favor, from the Go- 
 vernor and the Assembly, 113. 
 
 IsLAMisM, 15 and 19. 
 
 Isle of Kent, settlement under Clay- 
 borne, 43. Original centre of Kent 
 County, 44. Seat of opulence and 
 elegance >efore the American Rhvo- 
 lution, 45. Bought of Aboriginal 
 chiefs, 44. Under the juris iction at 
 Jamestown, 43. A hundred of St. 
 Mary's, 45. Elected into a County, 
 
 ■ 45. Annexed 10 Talbot, now to Queen 
 Anne's, 45. The Mill, 44. Kent Fort, 
 44. Kent Fort Manor, 44. Court- 
 House, 45. Fort Crawford, 44. Rel- 
 ics, 45. See also Anglo-Catholics ; and 
 Assemblies. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jamestown, settlement at, 41. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jarbo, Col. John, his legacy to the Rev. 
 Father of St. Ignatius's'Chapel, 225. 
 ]lis relationship to the Hon. John 
 Pile, 225. His gift to Walter Peake's 
 daughter, 249. His deposition relat- 
 ing to Mr. Thornborough's claim, 243. 
 See also Arrivals. 
 
 Jarbos, their arrival, 84. See also Col. 
 Jai'oo. 
 
 Jews. 62. Case of Doct. Lumbrozo, 
 65-67. 
 
 JowLES, Col., a leader in the Revolution 
 of 1689, 90-104. 
 
 JtJRiES : — A jury of twelve Protestants, 
 154-155. A mixed jury, 155. Roman 
 Catholics did not ask for a jury of 
 their own faith, 248. A jury of twen- 
 ty-four, in the case of the Fiscata- 
 way Indians, 151. See also Cases. 
 
 Kent County : — See Anglo-Catholics ; 
 and Isle of Kent. Also Arrivala •, 
 and Col. Clayborne. 
 
 Knowledge, the present imperfect state 
 of historical, 15-17. 
 
 KusKARAWOAKS, the great makers of 
 peake and roanoke. 111. The mer- 
 chants of Aboriginal .Maryland, 111. 
 Represented by the Choptanks, and 
 the Nanticokes, 111. 
 
 Labadyists, their faith, 81. Their 
 dwelling-place, 81. 
 
 Labors of the early missionaries, the 
 mo-st interesting chapter in the Abo- 
 riginal History of Maryland, 113, and 
 158- 160. 
 
 Lachlans, of iMontgomery county, and 
 of Missoui-i, tlieir ancestry, 83. 
 
 Lacounts, a French family, 84. Their 
 arrival, 84. 
 
 La Count, Chief Justice of Kansas, his 
 ancestry, 84. 
 
 Lamars, tiieir arrival, 84. A gallant 
 representative, 84. . 
 
 Lamasconsons desir'i to ptit tlietnselves 
 under the proprietary's protection, 
 196. 
 
 Land-titles, colonial, 115. 
 [ Land-titles, Indian, the policy with re- 
 gard to the purchase of them, 52 and 
 168. 
 
 Lawgivers of 1649, 128. Their names. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 283 
 
 180 and 134-135. Fragment of the 
 Journal of 1649, 130. Confirmatory 
 extract from the Journal of 1630, 131. 
 Documents of 1650, establishing the 
 inference drawn from the fragment 
 of 1649, 132-135. Per-diem of 1649, 
 49, and 130. 
 
 Laws. See Assemblies ; and Charters. 
 For the Law relating to cattle-marks, 
 see 2i6. 
 
 Learning, low state of, 125. Gentlemen 
 make their marks, 125. 
 
 Leeds, arrival of the family, 262. A 
 distinguished posterity, 202. 
 
 Legislative heroes, 162-253. 
 
 Letters sent by private hand, 122. 
 - Official dispatches by a special mes- 
 senger, 122. 
 
 Lewis, Lt. Wra., his case, 31. 
 
 Liberty, 116. Existence of practical 
 liberty, at the foundation of the 
 colony, 116. Early democratic ele- 
 ment, 42. Independence of the Re- 
 presentatives, 49 and 5 ). 
 
 Life of the Planters, 121. Specimen 
 of more than ordinary comfort, 222. 
 Inventory of Phil. Conner, 222. See 
 also .Mrs. Fenwick's will ; and the 
 whole of the Ninth Chapter. 
 
 Lloyds, originally from Wales, S1-S2. 
 The Welsh rivers, Severn, and Wye, 
 82. 
 
 Lloyd, Hon. Edward, his posterity, 69. 
 
 Lloyd, Philemon, 113. Commissioner 
 at Albany, 113. Testimonials from 
 the Governor and the Assembly, 113. 
 Interesting character of the treaties^ 
 with the Iroquois^ 113. 
 
 Lloyds of Wye House, their ancestry, 
 69. 
 
 LocKERMANS, their arrival, 85. 
 
 London, founded by Col. Burgess, 73. 
 Early rival of Annapolis, 73. Erect- 
 ed, in 1633, into a port of entry, 117. 
 
 Lowes, their arrival, 260. They came 
 from Denby, 266. Tiieir arms, 266. 
 Close connect! m with Lord Balti- 
 more's family, 26G. 
 
 Lowe. Hon. E. Louis, arrival of h.is an- 
 cestry, 266. 
 
 M. 
 
 Magruders, their arrival, 83. One of 
 
 the largest families of Maryland, S3. 
 
 Will, and posterity of the emigrant, 
 
 83. 
 Manners, George, a lawgiver of 1649, 
 
 135. Notice of his life, 231-232. His 
 
 faith, 281-232. A soldier, in the 
 march of 1647, 231. His posterity, 
 232. 
 Manors, 115. The seats of an early 
 aristocracv, U5-117. Calverton, 196. 
 Cornwallis's Cross, 209. De la 
 Brooke, 75. Fenwick, 208. Kent Fort 
 Manor, 44. St. Clement's, 33, and 241. 
 St. Gab.-iel's, 115. Bohemia, 80. 
 Marsh, Hon. Thomas, his posterity, 69. 
 Major's Choice, 107. An award, 120. 
 Signer of the Treaty with the Smqtie- 
 harinock'i. 111. A member of the 
 council, 70. 
 Marsh's Creek, the original boundary 
 line of Calvert, 107. Its identity with 
 Fishing, 107. 
 Marshalls, of St. George's, 146. 
 Martin, Capt. Nicholas, a representa- 
 tive from the Isle of Kent, at James- 
 town, 46. 
 Maryland, her name derived from a 
 Roman CatlioHc Queen, 150. Origi- 
 nally a feudal principalitv, 42, and 
 116.' Her Patron Saint, 226. Her 
 guardian angels, 226 Her Roman 
 i Catholic gentry, 116-117. See also 
 ! the Cal verts ; Cornwallis ; the Neales ; 
 j and other families. See also Maners. 
 I The Cradle of Religious Liberty. 37. 
 
 Mash, Sa-ah, h^er identity with the widow 
 i of the Hon. Thos. Marsh, 73. A Minis- 
 j^ ter, in the Society of Friends, 000. 
 U. Bequest of Doctor Sharpe, 78. 
 I Matapeakes. 45 and 110. 
 [.Matthews, Doct. Thos., of St. Inigo's 
 I 132. His faith, 227. Cattle-mark, 
 i 227. Giftto the son of Walter Peake, 
 219. Elected in 1650, 1-32. Succeeded 
 by Mr. Fen wick, 132. Estates with 
 the R. C. prefix, 250. 
 Mattapanients, one of the most friendly 
 • tribes, 169. Their dwelling-place, the 
 store-house of the Missions, 169. The 
 residence of l.,ord (Charles Baltimore, 
 169. The home of the Sewalls, 169. 
 Mattapany-house, the residence of the 
 Sewalls, 169 ; and of Lord Charles 
 Biltimo'e, 169. The (rovernment 
 House, 169. Tlie siege, and surrender, 
 99. 
 Maltnsell, John, his life. 237-241. His 
 faith, 238-241. Col. Wm. Kvans, the 
 guardian of his son, and the god- 
 father of Mary Maunsell, 240. 
 May, Hon. Mrs., the ancestry of, 114. 
 Melons, 121. 
 
 Mitchel, Mrs., ancestry of, 114. 
 MoNDMKNTAL Re.mains ; — Epitaph of an 
 
284 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 M. 
 
 early Deputy Governor, 73. See also 
 St. Cuthbert; Colonel Darnall; the 
 family of Hawkins ; and the Bennetts. 
 
 Morals of our ancestry, 127. 
 
 Mormons, 62. 
 
 Mount Airy, the home of the Calverts, 
 170. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nanticokes, 111. Descendants of the 
 Kuskarmcoaks, 111. Punished for 
 the murder of Rowland Williams, of 
 Accomac, 212. The march against 
 them, in 1647, 231. 
 
 Napkins, freely used by our forefathers, 
 120. 
 
 Neales :— Their faith, 268. Their arri- 
 val, 268. Capt. James Neale, the 
 ancestor of the second archbishop 
 of Baltimore, 243. His gift to Mr. 
 Thornborough, 244. A favorite.of the 
 English crown, 150. Natives of Spain, 
 85. Henrietta Maria, 150. Blood of 
 the Neales inherited by the Lloyds, 
 and by other distinguished Protestant 
 families, 150. 
 
 Neale, Most Reverend. See Neales. 
 
 Negro Slaves, 117. Their early intro- 
 duction, 117. 
 
 New- Yarmouth, its site, 118, and 194.. 
 Its founder, 194. The seat of Kent 
 County, 194. 
 
 Nkw York:— The Iroquois, 113. The 
 Swedes, 78, and 167. The Dutch, 79, 
 and 167. St. Tammany''s Hall, 112. 
 A little colony from Manhattan, 80, 
 and 269. See also Augustine Her- 
 man. 
 
 Nichols, the family at Derby, their an- 
 cestry, 70. 
 
 Nobility, the early germ of, 116. 
 
 Opposition of the Roman Catholics to 
 
 the political party represented by the 
 
 Puritans, 256. 
 Oysters, 121. 
 OzRNiES, 111. Their dwelling-place 
 
 upon the Chester, 111. Their affinity 
 
 with the Delawares, 112. 
 
 Pacas, their arrival, 262. 
 
 Palmer's Island, 78. Its identity with 
 
 Watson's 107. The first foot-print of 
 civilization upon the western shore, 
 106. Settlement under Colonel Clay- 
 borne, 78. 
 
 Patuxents; — Their territory bounded 
 on one side by the Piscataways, 111. 
 Large number of little nations and 
 tribes. 111. Their friendship for the 
 colonists. 111. They propose to put 
 themselves under the proprietary's 
 protection, 196. Five Patuxents tried 
 and acquitted, 233. 
 
 Patuxent, settlement upon, 74-75. Pro- 
 bably Anglo-Catholic, 74. Founded 
 by the Hon. Robt. Brooke, 74. 
 
 Peake, a species of Aboriginal currency, 
 111, and 119. 
 
 Peake, Walter, his life, faith, trial, exe- 
 cution, posterity, &c., 247-253. 
 
 Peakes, the time of their arrival, 247. 
 The posterity of Walter Peake, 249. 
 
 Pearce, Hon. Jas. Alfred, arrival of his 
 ancestry, 262. Distinguished in the 
 early history of Cecil, 262. 
 
 Pennsylvania :— Our boundary includ- 
 ed Philadelphia, 167. Indian name 
 for that city, lb6. Tediousness of the 
 controversy with the Penns, 167. 
 Lord Hardwick's decision, 167. See 
 also New York. Baltimore & Penn, 
 166. 
 
 Pile, Hon. John, 186. A Privy Coun- 
 cillor of 1649, 135. His faith, 188. 
 Notice of his life and family, 186- 
 189. Related to the Tettershatls, and 
 to the Jarbos, 187. Ancestor, it is 
 supposed, of the Brents of Louisiana, 
 and the Carrolls of St. Mary's, 189. 
 His posterity, 189. 
 
 Pilgrims of Maryland: — The year of 
 their arrival, 22. They brought with 
 them the germ of religious liberty, 
 37. The Ark, 37. The Dove, 87. 
 
 Piscataways : — Title of their most pro- 
 minent chief. 111. Boundaries of 
 their dominion. 111. Their territory 
 probably embraced the sites of Wash- 
 ington and Baltimore, 111. Pisca- 
 taway half-breeds, 108. The chiefs 
 submit their gravest questions to 
 the proprietary, as their patriarch, 
 165. Murders upon the plantation 
 of Capt. Gookins, 151. Trial of Skigh- 
 tam-mough and Couna-weza, 151. 
 Wtreosse, the emperor, 151. A trial 
 jury of twenty-four, 152. Large num- 
 ber of Roman Catholic Jurors, 152, 
 and 270. 
 
 Plantations, the most striking feature 
 
INDEX. 
 
 285 
 
 upon the face of our early provincial 
 Bociety, 118. Harly Courts and Coun- 
 cils held upon thera, 113. The seats 
 also of trade, 118. Tlieir town-like 
 appearance, 118. 
 
 Plantkrs, the merchants of the prov- 
 ince, 118. Descendants of the old 
 aristocracy of England, 126. 
 
 Plymouth, settlement at, 41. 
 
 PocosoN, the word derived from the In- 
 dians, 122. 
 
 Pomegranates, 121. 
 
 Pone, the word derived from the In- 
 dians, 122. 
 
 Poplar Island, settlement upon, under 
 Col. Clayborne's auspicesj as early as 
 1636, 78. 
 
 il'OPULATioN : — Population of Kent, in 
 1649, 145 ; of St. Mary's, 14.5. Popu- 
 
 i lation of the Province, in 1649, 145. 
 Its population, in 1699, 103. Ratio, 
 in 1649, of the Protestant to the Ro- 
 rran Catholic colonists, 147-148. 
 
 Possessions of our forefathers, their 
 lands and servants, flocks and herds, 
 2-32. See also Life of the Planters. 
 
 Post, «i22. 
 
 Potato, derived from the Indians, 122. 
 The word also borrowed from them, 
 122. 
 
 Powhatans :— Number of the nations 
 under their sway, 109. Their domin- 
 ion upon the banks of the Patuxent, 
 109. The AtiC07nacs included within 
 their territory, 112. See also Cliesa- 
 peakes. 
 
 Pratt, Hon. Thomas G., arrival, and 
 residence of his supposed ancestry, 
 262. 
 
 Price, Col. John, a lawgiver of 1649, 
 134. A Privy Councillor, 134. His 
 faith, 184. Could not write, 51. A 
 soldier, 183. Service in the contest 
 with Ingle, 183. March against the 
 Eastern Shore Indians, 231. Ilis 
 high character, 184. Notice of his 
 life and family, 183-185. 
 
 Prince George's County, erected 
 1695, 106. Carved out of Calvert and 
 Charles, 106. Charleston, its original 
 seat, 113. New-Scotland, 82. The 
 Addisons, 267. The Beales, 83. The 
 Bowies, 83. The Brashaers, 84. The 
 Brookes, 75. The Burgesses, 261 
 The Calverts, 170. The Claggetts. 
 
 266. The Contees, 84. The Darnalls 
 
 267. The Davises, 261. The Dinios- 
 sas, 79. The Du Valles, 84. The 
 Edmonstons, 83. The Hattons, 206. 
 
 Tir.e Lamars, 84. The Magruders, 
 83. The Tracts, 262. The Sewalls, 
 265. The Shlpleys, 82, The Snow- 
 dens, 82. The Spriggs, 265. The 
 Tettershalls, 187. The Tylers, 265. 
 And the Wests, 268. See also Indians. 
 
 Printikg-Press, 122. 
 
 Privy Codncillors, 116. 
 
 Proprietary's Coin, 119. 
 
 Protestant Declaration. See Decla» 
 ration. 
 
 Protestant Revolution, 87-100. 
 
 Protestants, ratio of, to Roman Catho- 
 lics, in the Province, during the year 
 1649, 147. 
 
 Protestants, in the Assembly of 1649, 
 137. Anglo-Catholics, 137. 
 
 Provincial Courts. See Courts. 
 
 Provincial Families. See Families. 
 
 Provincial towns : — The first Puritan 
 town, 69, and 177. London founded 
 by Col. Burgess, 73. Early rival of 
 Annapolis, 73. London erected into 
 a port of entry, 117. Annapolis 
 erected into a port of entry, 117. 
 Becomes the seat of the Provincial 
 government, 108. New Yarmouth 
 founded by Major Ringgold, 194. Its 
 site, 117. York, 117. See also St. 
 Mary's City; and Piantationa. 
 
 Pulton, Rev. Father, 159. 
 
 Punch, a favorite drink, 120. 
 
 Puritans :— Their arrival, 68. Their 
 first town, 69. Greenberry's Point, 
 and the Severn, 69. Gov. Bennett, 
 Hon. Edward Lloyd, and Hon. Tho- 
 mas Marsh, 69. Puritans represented 
 in the Assembly of 16iO, 70. The 
 Puritan speaker, 70. The ascenden- 
 cy of the Puritans, a period of intol- 
 erance, 86. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers :— Their arrival, 76. Their 
 peculiar relation to the government, 
 63. Refusal to take the oath of sub- 
 mission, 63. Their case examined, 
 63 and 65. The exaggeration of his- 
 torians, 65 and 78. In 1659, in a le- 
 gal proceeding, a Quaker aflSrmed, 
 67. George Fox, 76. He preaches, 
 in the province, 77. Ilis j)owerful el- 
 oquence, 77. Rapid growth of the 
 communion, 77. Names of the 
 preachers, in 1672, 78. Respectabil- 
 ity of the Friends, 65 and 77. Doct. 
 
 *» Peter Sharpe, 77. Interesting ex- 
 tract from his will, 73. The Sharpes, 
 
286 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 \ the Preston s, and other prominent 
 ^Quaker families, 65, and 77. The 
 Cliflfs of Culvert. 77. West River, 77. 
 The Cho])tanli, 77. Sharpe's Islaml, 
 78. Wi(io\7 of the Hon. Thomas 
 Marsh, 78. 
 
 QuKKN Anne's County, 45. The Ben- 
 netts, 69. The Coiiners, 222. The 
 l)e Courcys, 114. The Formans, 70. 
 The Goldsboroushs, 263. TJie family 
 of Hawkins, 26-3. The Thompsons 
 264. The Tilgtiraans, 263. See also 
 Isle of Kent. 
 
 RiCAUDS, of Kent, their arrival, 84. 
 
 RiCAUD, Hon. Jas. B., his ancestry, 
 84. 
 
 RiCHARDSONS, of West River, 82. A 
 branch at Eutaw-Place, 82. TheirN 
 arrival. 82. A Quaker family, 77. 
 
 RiGBiE, Rev. Father, 159. 
 
 RiNGGOLDS, 261. One of the old and 
 leading families of Md., 194. Their 
 arrival, 261. Founders of New-Yar- 
 mouth, 194. Their relationship to 
 the family of Capt. Vaughan, the 
 Privy Councillor, 198, Distinguished, 
 for the period of two centuries, at 
 every epoch, in our history, 194. 
 
 Ringgold, Thomas, foreman of the trial 
 jury, in the cases of Robt. Holt, and 
 Parson Wilkinson, 153. 
 
 Roanoke, a species of Aboriginal cur- 
 rency, 111, and 119. 
 
 Roman Catholics:— Compact between 
 an Anjrlo-Caiholic King, and a Roman 
 Catholic Prince, 26. The arrival of 
 Roman Catholic Missionaries, 158- 
 159. Their labors constitute the most 
 interesting part of our Aboriginal 
 History, 113, and 158. The seed of 
 Religious Liberty planted by the Pil- 
 grims at St. Rlary's, 37. Honor due 
 to the first Roman Catholic proprie- 
 tary, 34, and 162-168; to the first 
 Roman Catholic Governor, 36-38, and 
 171-174 ; to the Roman Catholic 
 Assembly of 1649, 53; and to the 
 Roman Catholic freemen of the Pro- 
 vince, 160. St. Mary's County, the 
 home of the Roman Catholics, 149. 
 Roman Catholic hundieds, 157. Ratio 
 of the Protestant to the Roman Catho 
 lie population of the Province, at the 
 period of the Assembly, 148. Spirit 
 which distinguishes the era of Roman 
 
 Catholic Toleration, 254-259. Ovef- 
 throwof the Roman Catholic proprie- 
 tary in 16=9, 87-100. 
 
 Sack, a favorite drink, 120. 
 
 Sacrosancta, its use by the Latin 
 
 fathers, 54. 
 Sackosancta Dei et Vera Christiana 
 Relioio, its meaning, 27, 54-56. 
 
 Saint. See Estates; and St. Mary's 
 County. 
 
 St. Ignatius, the patron saint of Mary- 
 land, 226. 
 
 St. Mary, the Virgin Mother, applica- 
 tion to her, upon the early Provincial 
 Records, of the terra ever-immacu' 
 late, 228. 
 
 St. Mary's City: — The first provincial 
 capital, 43. Named in honor of the 
 Virgin Mother, 48. Founded upon 
 the site of an Aboriginal Vill-ige, 47. 
 The Chapel, 32. The Port, 82. The 
 State House, 117. Siege of 16S9, 97. 
 Surrender of the State House, 97. 
 Seizui'e of the Records, 97. Fall of 
 St. Mary's, 108. A slirine, 48. 
 
 St. Mary's County : — The country of the 
 Y<tocomicos, 46. The treaty, 46-47. 
 Subsequently called Augusta -Caro- 
 lina, 47. The home of the Roman 
 Catholics, 149. Roman Catholic hun- 
 dreds, and manors, 158. The seat of 
 a Roman Catholic mission, 15S. See 
 also St. Mary's City ; and Estates 
 with the Roman Catholic prefix. Also 
 Arrivals ; the Lives of the early law- 
 givers ; and Provincial Families. 
 
 Salisbury, the family seat of the Piles, 
 186. 
 
 Scarf. See will of Mrs. Fenwick. 
 
 Scotch Emigrants, 82. The Beales, 
 Bowies, Edmonstons, and Magruders, 
 83. See also Prince George's County. 
 
 Seals. See Armorial Seals. 
 
 Secretary, ofiice of, one of great dig- 
 nity, 203. 
 
 Servitude, three kinds of, 117. 
 
 Sewall, Hon. Henry, the ancestor of 
 the Sewalls of Mattapany-Sewall. 169, 
 and 265. A Privy Councillor, 169. 
 
 Sewall, Hon. Maj. Nicholas, step-son 
 of Lord Charles Baltimore, 72, and 
 261. Son-in-law of the Hon. Wm. 
 Burgess, 72, and 261. A Deputy 
 Governor in 16S9, 96-100, Overthrovf 
 1 of the Government, 99. Vindicated 
 
INDEX. 
 
 m 
 
 S. 
 
 tiEfain-it the charge of a couspiracy, 
 87-100. 
 
 Sewai.ls, of Mattapnnv-Sewall, their 
 
 ~ ancestry, 261, and 265. 'I'heh- rela- 
 tionship to the Burgesses, 73, and 261 ; 
 and to the Calverts, 169. 
 
 Shakamaxox, Indian name for a part 
 of Piiiladelpliia, 166. 
 
 Sharpe's Island, originally called Clay- 
 ^ ' borne's, 78. A settlement probably 
 under Col. Clayborne, 78. 
 
 Shiplkvs, of Anne Arundel, and other 
 Cimiities, 82. A branch, at Enfield 
 Chase, 82. Their arrival, 82. 
 
 Signet-ring, one of the articles of a 
 ])rovincial gentleman, 12-3. 
 
 Silver-plate, 12.>. Its richness and 
 massiveness, 120. Much of it kept 
 by our ancestors, 120. They carved 
 upon it the arms of their own fore- 
 fathers, 12;). 
 
 Shigh-tam-mough, a Piscataway Indian, 
 tried, convicted, and executed, 151. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Barbara, wife of Richard, 
 9=». Her narrative, 90-93. Her ar- 
 rival at London, 93. 
 
 Smith, Richard, ancestor of the Smiths 
 of St. Leonard's Creek, and of the 
 Dalanys, and Addisons, 99. Con- 
 necteil witii the family of Somerset, 
 93. Opposed to tlie Revolution of 
 1639, 93. A brave and generous 
 spirit, 98. His imprisonment, 90-93 
 anil 100. 
 
 Smyth, Hon. Thog., opposed to the Rev- 
 olution of 1689, 92. A signer of the 
 Address to the Crown, from the 
 County of Kent, 95. Ancestor of the 
 Smyths of Trumpington, and of Clies- 
 tertown, 92. A Protestant, 95. 
 
 Snowdens, of Prince George's, and of 
 other counties, 82. 
 
 Somkrset County erected, 105. 
 
 Spalding, Rt. Rev. Martin J., bishop of 
 Louisville, his relationship to the 
 Fenwicks of St. Mary's, 218. 
 
 Spanish Emigrants, 85. Cliildren of 
 Capt, Neale, 85. 
 
 Spesutia Island, 107. Herman's trea- 
 ty, 107, and 269. 
 
 Spriggs, arrival of, 265. Their proba- 
 ble family seat in England, 265. The 
 relationship of the emigrant to Gov. 
 AVin. Stone, 175. Foreman of the 
 JiM-y, in the case of Walter Peake, 
 251. Ancestor of Gov. Sprigg. 265. 
 
 Starkie, Rev. Father, 159, A legacy 
 given him, 214. 
 
 S. 
 
 State of Societt, 103-127. 
 
 StoN'.;s, 262. Gov. \Vm. Sfone's life, 
 175-179. President of the Privy 
 Council, at the Assembly of 1649, 
 134. Year of his arrival, 176. Hia 
 kinsmen at London, 175-176. Rela- 
 tionship to the ancestor of Gov. 
 Sprigg, 175. .\ncestor of the Stones 
 of Poynton Manor, 173-179 ; of the 
 third Anglican Bishop of Md., 179 ; 
 of a signer of the Declaration, 179; 
 of a member of the Convention of 
 1783, 180; of a Governor of the 
 State, 180; and of a Commissioner 
 for tiie reform of the practice, in the 
 Courts, 130. 
 
 Stone, William, the Governor in 1649, 
 42. Sketch of his life, character, and 
 family, 175-180. See also Stones. 
 
 Stone, Frederick, the Commissioner, 
 his ancestry, 180. 
 
 Stove, Rt. Rev. Wm. M., his ancestry, 
 179. 
 
 Stone, Thomas, the Signer of the Decla- 
 I'ation of Independence, his ancestry, 
 179. 
 
 Stone, John, a Governor of Md., his 
 ancestry, 180. 
 
 Stone, Michael Jenifer, member of the 
 Convention of 17S8, his ancestry, 
 180. 
 
 Stools much used by our forefathers, 
 119. 
 
 Sugar, its occasional use, 120. 
 
 Soitors, 117. See also Manors. 
 
 Survevor General, an officer of much 
 dignity, 135. Usually sat in the 
 Council, 135. 
 
 SusQUEHANNOCKS : — A powerful Confed- 
 eracy, 110. Chief dwelling-place, 
 110. Wide extent of their conquests, 
 110. They invade the YoitconiicoH, 
 upon the St. Mary's, 47 and 110. 
 Their noble figure, Ho. Kindness to 
 Cai)t. Smith, 110. Their treatii-s with 
 Mary'and, 111. Signers of the treaty 
 in 1652, 111. Territory ceded. 111. 
 Treaty with Herman, 111 and 269. 
 They absorb tlie Toc.kickoghs, 111. 
 Susquehannah Fort, 269. 
 
 SwEDfcS, their settlement upon the De- 
 laware, 78. A fond remembrance of 
 their fatherland, 79. Refugees in 
 Maryland, 79. Col. Hanse Hanson, 
 79. His posterity, 79. Natives of 
 Sweden in Maryland, 85. Claim of 
 the Swedes upon the Delaware, 167. 
 
288 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Taffeta. See Mrs. Fenwick's will. 
 Taney, Michael, high sheriff of Calvert, 
 
 96. Ancestor of the Chief Justice, 
 
 97. Opposition to the revolutionary 
 party of 16S9, 101. His imprisonment, 
 103. Attitude before the Assembly, 
 93, and 104. His letter to Mrs. Smith, 
 100. 
 
 Taneys, their arrival, 265. Faith of the 
 emigrant, 265. 
 
 Taney, Hon. Roger Brooke, his ances- 
 try, 75, and 265. 
 
 Tables, their early shape, 120. 
 
 Talbot, Deputy Governor, 251. 
 
 Talbot County, erected, 105. York, 
 118. The Goldsboroughs. 263. The 
 family of Leeds, 262. The Lloyds, 
 69. The Lockermans, 85. The Lowes, 
 266. The Tilghmans, of Hope, 264. 
 
 Tea, its great scarcity, 120. 
 
 Tbttbrshalls, their English family seat, 
 187. Related to the Piles, 187. Resi- 
 dence in Prince George's County, 187. 
 Related to the Jarbos, 187. William 
 Tettershall's legacy to one of the 
 missionaries, 225. 
 
 "The Ark," 37. 
 
 •' The Dove," 37. 
 
 Thomases, of Anne Arundel, and other 
 Counties, 82. Their arrival", 82. Their 
 arms engraved upon a gold-headed 
 cane, handed down to the present 
 generation, 82. Their identity with 
 those of a well-known Welsh family, 
 82. A distinguished posterity, 82. 
 An early and prominent Quaker 
 family, 77. 
 
 Thomas, Philip Evan, (first president of 
 the B. & 0. Railroad,) his ancestry, 
 82. 
 
 Thompson, Rev. John A., ancestry of, 
 264. 
 
 Thompsons, 264. Their arrival, 264. 
 Descendants of the Hermans, of 
 Bohemia Manor, 264. Colonel John 
 Thompson, 264. The name of -<lwfirws- 
 tina, 264. 
 
 Thornborodgh, Thomas, 242. Sketch 
 of his life, 242-246. Mr. Neale's plan- 
 tation, 242-244. Mr. Thornborough's 
 supposed faith, 244-245. His proba- 
 ble relationship to the ancestor of an 
 archbishop, 246, 
 Tilghmans, 263, Their arrival, 263. 
 Their coat of arms, 263. English 
 family seat, 263. Chief family seat 
 in Maryland, 263. Distinguished 
 representatives, 263. Original pro- 
 
 T. 
 
 prietors of the site of ChestertOWB*^ 
 263. Tilghmans, of Hope, 264. | 
 
 Tobacco, 122. The common currency, 
 of the province, 119. The great pro*' 
 duct, 122. The large trade in it, 12SL' 
 A source of revenue to the EngUl^ 
 Crown, 122, ti 
 
 TocKWHOGHS, their seat upon the Sasaki 
 fras. 111. A ferocious tribe, 111, 
 Probably absorbed by the Susquehan* 
 nocks. 111. 
 
 Toleration, not yet defined, 18 and 2S, 
 The past, 23. The future, 23. Tha 
 pride of a Marylander, 24. The 
 toleration secured by the charter, 26. 
 Toleration under the first Governor, 
 36. Toleration implied by the ofiScial 
 oath, 39. Passage of the Toleration 
 Act, 52-53. Provisions of the Act, 54- 
 64. Its influence upon the coloniza- 
 tion of Maryland, 68. 
 
 Towns. See Provincial Towns. 
 
 Trade : — See Currency ; Plantations ; 
 Tobacco ; and Towns. 
 
 Travelling, 122. 
 
 Treaties of Lord Baltimore with the 
 Indians, 166, 
 
 Tdnnell, Thomas, his discharge, 234. 
 
 Tylers, their arrival, 265. Name of the 
 emigrant, 265, His posterity, 265- 
 266. 
 
 Tyler, Sam!., arrival of his ancestry, 
 265-266. 
 
 U. 
 
 Utte, CoL Nathaniel, a pioneer, lOT. 
 Spesutia Island, 107. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaughan, Capt. Robert, a lawgiver of 
 1649, 135, A Privy Councillor, 135. 
 Commander of the Isle of Kent, 191. 
 His faith, 190, Posterity, 193-194, 
 Relationship to the Ringgolds, 194. 
 Fidelity during Ingle's rebellion, 191. 
 Notice of his life, 390-194. 
 
 Vine- Yards, 121. 
 
 Virginia :— The Accomacs, 112. The 
 Chesapeakes, 109 . The Powhatans, 
 109 and 112. Settlement at James- 
 town, 41. An Anglo-Catholic colony, 
 27. Extract from the charter, 27, 
 Kind reception of Capt, Smith by the 
 Susquehannocks, during his explo- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 289 
 
 w. 
 
 ration of the Chesapeake, 110. Ma- 
 ryland embraced within the original 
 limits of "Virginia, 168. The charter 
 for the latter taken away before the^ 
 date of the one for Maryland, 168. 
 Settlement upon Kent Island, 43. 
 Off-shoot of an Anglo-Catholic colo- 
 ny, 142. Kent Island represented 
 by Capt. Martin, in the Assembly, at 
 Jamestown, 46. Cattle-stealing, 124. 
 Arrival of the Puritans from Va., 68. 
 Gov. Stone's residence there, 175. 
 Gov. Bennett, 69. See also Isle of 
 Kent; and Col. Clayborne. Punish- 
 ment of the Nanticokes, 212. 
 
 Wainscotted Walls, 123. Much ad- 
 mired, 120. Specimens still preserv- 
 ed, 120. 
 
 Welsh emigrants, 81-82. The Lloyds, 
 Richardsons, Shipleys, Snowdens, 
 and Thomases, 81-82. See also 
 Lloyds. 
 
 Wests, 267. Their family seat, 267. 
 Preservation of relics, 268. 
 
 White, Rev. Father, 159-160. "The 
 Apostle of Maryland," 159. 
 
 WiCKKS, Col. Joseph, arrival of his an- 
 cestry, 262. 
 
 WiCKES, arrival of the family of, 262. 
 One of the most distinguished of 
 Kent, 262. The aflfection of the em- 
 igrant for a young Swede, 79. Mis 
 testimony ngr.inst the revolutionists 
 of 1689, 93-94. His posterity, 262. 
 He sign.s an Address to the English 
 Crown, 95. Chief Justice of the 
 County Court, 93. His faith, 93-95. 
 
 WiCKLiFFES, of St. George's, 146-147. 
 
 WiCKLIKFE AND WeSLEY, 147. 
 
 WicoMicKs, march against, 231, and 
 232. Col. Price, and Mr. Manners, 
 231. 
 
 WicoMOCONS desire to put themselves 
 under the proprietary's protection, 
 196. 
 
 Wigwam, the first chapel, 159. 
 
 Wild Grape-vine, 121. 
 
 W[l,D Strawbekry, 121. 
 
 Wilkinson, Hev. \Vm., the first Anglo- 
 Catholic clergyman of St. Mary's, 
 145 and 2U4. His arrival, 204. Arri- 
 val of his family, 204. Marriage of 
 his daughter to a nephew of Mr. Sec- 
 
 W. 
 
 retary Hatton, 204. His residence 
 in St. George's Hundred, 146. His 
 occupations, 146. His indictment, 
 153. A Protestant jury, 155. 
 
 WiLCiAMS, George Hawkins, his ances- 
 try, 264. 
 
 Wills of our Ancestry :— Their histor- 
 ical value, 156. The best key to their 
 faith, deep domestic affection, and 
 piety, 156. Ratio of Protestant to 
 R. Catholic wills, in the whole prov- 
 ince, anterior to 1650, 157. See also 
 Finger-rings ; Mrs. Fenwick's Will ; 
 and many others. 
 
 WiLMEKSof Kent, 263. 
 
 Witchcraft in Maryland, 125. Cases 
 of Mary Lee, and John Cowman, 
 125. 
 
 Wood-Yard, the home of the Darnalls, 
 subsequently of the Wests, 268. Pre- 
 servation of relics, 268. 
 
 Words : — Derivation of Ifitchel, 50. 
 Meaning of Micel-getheaht, and of 
 Witena-gemot, 50-51. Pone, and 
 other words derived from the Indians, 
 122. Catholic applied, upon the ear- 
 ly provincial Records, to the English 
 Church, 32 and 235 ; and ever iinma- 
 ciddte, to the Virgin Mother, 228. 
 The meaning of Church, when used 
 by itself, 197-198, and 232. IIolij 
 Church, in the early Acts of the As- 
 sembly, included the E glish as well 
 as the Roman branch, 31. It subse- 
 quently embraced all believers in 
 Christ's Divinity, 55 and 61. SaorO' 
 sancta, in the Latin fathers, 54. Sa- 
 cromncta Dei et vera Christiana 
 7'eUgio, in the Charter, 27 and 56. 
 Honorable given to Privy Council- 
 lors, and Judges of the Provincial 
 Court, 186. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTONS, 88-84. Their early pos- 
 sessions upon the Severn, and upon 
 the Patapsco, 84. Will of the emi- 
 grant, 84. 
 
 Wroths, their arrival, 265. Their pre- 
 sumed descent from a highly distin- 
 guished English family, 265. 
 
 Wroth, Mrs. Catharine, her ancestry. 
 79. 
 
 Wroth, Doct. P., his ancestry, 265. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YoACOMicos :— Their dwelling-place up- 
 on the St. Mary's, 109. Invaded by 
 
 13 
 
290 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Y. 
 
 the SusQuehaniiocks, 47 and 110. 
 Their country, by the Pilgrims, call- 
 ed Augusta-Carolina, 47. Village of 
 Yoacomico, 4S. Tlie Site of St. Ma- 
 
 ry's City, 47, Treaty with Gov. Cal- 
 vert, 46-47, and 166. Kind reception 
 given, by the Yo.aeomicoa, to the 
 Pilgriujs of Maryland, 46-47 and 109. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 IE My 'II