LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. VTT5 7T ®&ap. ®m*W f» Shelf....,L.7. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PRACTICE IN Cotton-Carding, A COMPLETE MANUAL FOR THE CARD-ROOM OF THE COTTON MILL. BY JOHN LINDSAY, Carding Master. PUBLISHED BY THE TEXTILE RECORD. 425 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Price, 75 Cents. THOMAS WOOD & CO., FAIRMOONT MAGHINE WORKS, 2 2d & Wood Sis., Philadelphia, Pa. WINDERS, SPOOLERS, REELS. Power Looms. Patent Bobbin Winding Machines. Patent Cop Winding Machines. Improved Presser Beaming Machines. Plain Beaming Machines. Improved Reels for Wool, Worsted, Cotton, Linen, etc. Improved Presser Spoolers. Plain Spoolers. DYEING, SIZING AND WARPING MACHINERY. Warp Splitting Machines. Hank Twisting Machines. Warping Mills, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 yards circumference, with patent driving heads and improved hecks. Single and Double Warp Sizing Machines. Dyeing Machines for Warp and Piece Goods. Cradle and Cone Indigo Mills. Fulling Mills. Calendering Machines. Self-Acting Wool Scouring Machines. Yarn Bundling Pressers. Loom Beam Trucks. SHAFTING, HANGERS, PULLEYS, Etc. Self Oiling Bearings, Patent Friction Pulleys, Patent Loose Pulleys, Gearing, Pope Transmission, Sheave Wheels, any size required, for Hemp, Manilla and Cotton Pope Driving, ^ELEVATORS.= PRACTICE COTTON-CARDING A Complete Manual for the Card Room of the Cotton Mill. With full detailed instructions respecting the opera- tion and manipulation of Cotton-cards, with instructions respecting the surmounting of special difficulties and with all necessary calculations. / By JOHN LINDSAY, Carding-fljlaster. Published by THE TEXTILE RECORD, 425 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 1888. Price 75 Cents. i? UNIFORM WITH THIS BOOK Textile Record Hand-book No. ], Practice in Wool Carding, by Joseph Brown, Price, 50 cents. Textile Record Hand-book No. 2, Practice in Finishing Woolens and Worsteds, by F. H. Greene. Price, 50 cents. Textile Record Hand-book No. 3, Practice in Weaving and Loom Fixing, by B. D. Nightingale, Price, 75 cents. THE TEXTILE RECORD is a first class monthly textile magazine, devoted wholly to the textile manufacturing industry in all its branches. The Textile Record contains in each number more original matter than any other textile journal in the world. Thecontents of this hand-book indicate thecharaeter of the material in The Textile Record. Its contributors include the most expert practical workers in America and Europe. The Textile Record in each number is richly illustrated. Subscription price, $3.00 a year. OPINIONS. Fairmount Worsted Mills, Phila.,"We consider the Textile Record one of the most valuable textile papers now published." Conshohocken. (Pa.) Worsted Mills, " We think here that your paper is invaluable." Beargrass Woolen Mills. Louisville, Ky., " The Textile Record never fails to make the rounds of our mill." Miami Woolen Mills, Hamilton, Ohio, "The Textile Record is in our opinion, one of the foremost papers devoted to the textile interests." Knowles Woolen Mills, New ( 'astle. Del., "It is the best textile paper I have ever seen." Rockwell's Wool- en Mills, Tiffin. Ohio, " Permit us to express our high regard for the Textile Record." Grafton Worsted Mills, Milwaukee. Wis., "We are greatly pleased with the Textile Record." Dunham Hoisery Co., Nau- gatuck.Conn., "A. very useful and interesting publication." St. Paul, (Minn.), Knitting Works, "The best journal of the kind published." South Union Mill, Rockingham, N. C. " We like the Textile Record very much." Stony Creek Mills. Reading, Pa., "We like your journal very much." Turner's Falls (Mass.), Cotton Mills, "One ot the ablest, clearest spoken and most reliable of papers." Southern Woolen Mfg. Co., Louisville, Ky., "Very complete in its several departments." Chester Woolen Mills, Coatesville, Pa., "One of the best mediums for conveying the advanced ideas of American textile manufacturers." Rosalie Mills, Natchez, Miss., "One of the best, if not the best, period- icals we have, bearing on mill subjects." Wallingford Mills, Del. Co., Pa., "It has uniformly given us satisfaction." Lowell (Mass.'* Hosiery Co., " A useful and valuable paper for any mill manager." Price, $3.00 a year. COPYRIGHTED 1888. BY CHARLES HEBER CLARK. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER I. Preliminary, selecting the stock — mixing — some practical sug- gestions — doubling on the tapper — opening the cotton — notes on the preparation of the fibre 5 CHAPTER II. Carding Cotton, general reflections on the subject — single card- ing — necessary conditions for doing it well — double carding and its advantages — card- clothing and its proper application .... ii CHAPTER III. Grinding the Cards, preparing a card for the grinder — the best kinds of grinders — covering grinders — important hints and suggestions — putting the grinder on the card — considerations to be carefully observed — points about good grinding — the care of top-flats — card setting 20 CHAPTER IV. The Sliver, importance of even-delivery draw boxes — obtain- ing uniform weight — suggestions to that end— rremarks upon the coiler— a considera- tion of the railway-head — its good qualities and its objectionable features '38 CHAPTER V. Various Kinds of Cards, the different varieties of carding-engines — back-feed and front- feed — the wellman strip- per card — the revolving flat — the roller CARD 45 CHAPTER VI. Carding Bleached and Colored Cotton, causes of difficulties — the need of a moderate, even temperature — moisture — the effects of light — artificial light — the preservation of color — making dyed cotton ready for the cards — faulty dyeing — squeezing and extract- ing — drying 55 CHAPTER VII. Carding for Combed Yarns. Page SKILL REQUIRED FOR THIS PROCESS — GOOD MACHINERY NEEDED— POINTS THAT MUST BE LOOKED AFTER — THOROUGH CARDING CALLED FOR — USE OF THE DRAWING-HEAD — COILERS 69 CHAPTER VIII. Combing the Cotton Fibre, the combing machine — fine yarns must be combed — the nipper and comb system — capacity of the comb — comber-waste — wear and repair — the number of the needles — the sliver — cam-mo- tions — draft and weight of laps — rules for setting the combs 78 CHAPTER IX. Doubling and Drawing the Sliver, the question of how many doublings — imperfec- tions in drawing — extra doublings not al- ways best — improved drawings — importance of can-filling 89 CHAPTER X. Drawing and Twisting, the slubber — weak parts in the sliver — reme- dies for them — slubber-draft regulation and roller-setting — the tension of the ends — tampering with the let off — the use and abuse of doublings — true rolls on speeders — the compound-motion explained - duty per- formed by the cones 99 CHAPTER XI. Difficulties Practically Overcome, the twist in roving good rules — the best method OF SIZING SLIVER — SIZING THE FINE DRAWING — PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS — HANK-TABLE — INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON DRAWING — A CAUSE OF UNEVEN NUMBERS — HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE FRAMES — THE PREVENTION OF WASTE — A RECEIPT FOR GOOD ROLLER-VARNISH II3 CHAPTER XII. Card room Calculations, to find the draft of any machine — drag between doffer and calender rolls — draft of rail- way-head — other miscellaneous rules for making calculations . : 1 27 4 CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY. Selecting the Stock — Mixing — Some Practical Sugges- tions — Doubling on the Lapper — Opening the Cotton — Notes on the Preparation of the Fibre. Selecting the Stock. — In dealing with the difficulties to be met with in picking and carding cotton, we must not let the selection of the stock and the bearing it has on the strength and uni- formity of the thread pass unheeded. No matter how well the preparing department may be at- tended to, ill-sorted cotton cannot be spun into even, fair yarn. Coarse, harsh fibres and those of the silky kind will not pick or card together. They will not draw or twist together, any better than will fibres of diffeient lengths. Both lead to bad work, which can only be avoided by proper classification. In this business good judgment is gained only by close study of the structure, size, and general formation of the fibres. The precise adaptation of the cotton to the mixing, and there- fore to the practical working, becomes a positive necessity in all manufacturing establishments which work upon progressive principles. .Hence comparisons made with regard to the spirality, oily matter and general characteristics of the staple are very uncertain without microscopic aid. Yet in the hands of an expert sampler, the mature fibre may be detected from the imma- ture, and a mixing prepared from which the largest amount of profit can be obtained. Mixing the Stock. — The indications of ma- tured cotton, which can be discerned without mechanical assistance, are creaminess of color, spirality of structure, evenness and conformity, and consistency and strength. It is always understood that the mixing must be suitable to the requirements of the counts, and the cotton and waste so graded that the goods will be regu- lar and saleable. Hence the inferior staple and the waste must receive special attention, so that too great a proportion of either may not be sorted together, and the strength and elasticity of the thread thereby at any time impaired. The fly, strip and roving waste, as well as that picked from the more advanced processes, should be run through the opener and made into laps so that it can be spread on the mixing with greater regularity. The low bales must also receive due attention, and have their proper courses on the mixing, and the cotton must be drawn from a perpendicular face. The manage- ment of mixings has a decided effect on the general producing powers of the machinery. 6 Because in this country we use a better quality of stock for the same number than is used else- where, that should be no reason why there should not be as much thoroughness as possible em- ployed in the handling of it, and every practical means taken, to insure good work. Superior preparation means the smallest pos- sible quantity of waste. It keeps the produc- tion to the maximum by sending all the fibres forward, and takes care that little is returned to be paid for over again. Besides, waste invariably weakens the yarn, and it also generates nits. Experience has taught that the custom of opening the bales some time before mixing gives the fibre a chance to absorb moisture and to recover its natural body. When the stock is allowed to release itself in this manner, it works better, there is less waste returned, and it removes the conditions which cause sticky laps. A moderate degree of moisture in the air is very necessary where the mixing stands. This is an object of importance, inasmuch as it permits less electricity in the preparing and the shell, leaf, seed and sand are much more easily separated. On account of the varying circumstances in actual practice, it is impossible to offer here any rules to be strictly followed in mixing. Our intention is merely to throw such light as has been developed by experience on the system of classifying the cotton to fit the requirements of the different counts, leaving it to the judgment of the practical manager if there is any room for improvement in his present methods, or whether there is such attention paid to the mixing of the stock as will prevent irregular spinning. Opening. — The work required from the opener is such as to necessitate a considerable degree of care. This machine takes the place of the willow, now almost obsolete, and contends with the material in its rude state. The lumps fed on must not be very bulky, else the rollers cannot compress them without rising out of gear and breaking the continuity of the lap, thus caus- ing such confusion as often results in breakages and lengthy stops. The sand is very trouble- some here, and is likely to choke the channels of egress prepared for it. If these are not cleaned often and well, the duties assigned to this ma- chine will be left to others in which the facilities for purifying are not sufficient, and the seeds and motes are therefore -carried forward. The burden devolving on the cards is materially lightened when the machines which open the fibre and egest the seeds and foreign matter are intelli- gently handled. An opener (unless there be a preparer attached) ought to have but one beater. In this instance the labor-saving idea has proceeded too far, to 8 the detriment of the quality of the production. This is the place above all others in which there is ample accommodation, as well as opportunity, to mix and remix the stock, and to make certain preparation for round, regular and uniformly strong thread. This can be accomplished by having machines with fewer beaters and more lattice tables for doubling, a thing which ma- chines with numerous beaters do not accomplish. Doubling on the Lapper. — The most prac- tical method of assimulating the fibres is found to be by doubling on the lappers. The advan- tages to be gained from this are much more appreciated in practice in England than with us, and this is one of the reasons why very poor cot- ton is used for coarse counts there. Good work one day and bad the next, from the same mixing, warns us that we are not putting sufficient doub- lings on the lapper to prevent the stock from being alternately weak and strong. The carding- engines may be in the best order and yet if the material is not sufficiently doubled in the picker- room some bad spinning cannot be avoided. There are other occurrences with this machine which if permitted, will cause variations in the work. The grids and screes over which the cotton passes should at all times be free from any accumulation of sand or bunches of fibre. These impede the flight of the cotton over the grids, 9 and alter the direction so as to make heavy-sided laps, and to cause poor carding where the bulk is fed in. The screw cylinders must be kept clear of bunches, to allow the draught of the fans to act uniformly and to remove the short and dead fibre. The beaters should be gauged so that the seeds which fall under will equal in quantity the full width of the feed. If not, these seeds are passing through and will be seen stick- ing in the doffers of the cards. Dirty grids, foul screes, and choked fan-ways, will prevent the short from being taken out at the proper place, and the result will be dirty carding. CHAPTER II. CARDING COTTON. General Reflections on the Subject — Single Carding —Necessary Conditions for Doing it Well— Double Carding and its Advantages— Card Clothing and its Proper Application. The end to be aimed at.— The importance attached to the manner in which the cotton is treated on the cards, is shown by the efforts con- stantly made to produce engines of greater capac- ity and perfection of work. Practical spinners agree that a good, round, clean thread cannot be manufactured unless the carding is uniform in staple and excellent in quality. To attain this end is the aim of every intelligent and enterpris- ing 1 carder. Valuable assistance has been ren- o dered by developments in the other machinery, but still it remains for the well-ground and well- set card to clear the material, separate the fibres and make the process of good spinning easy. The carder of to-day has many advantages over his predecessors and is therefore expected to produce better results. His cards, his clothing, and his apparatus for grinding, are all so much superior in every respect to those of twenty years ago that, with ordinary precaution and intelli- gence, he cannot fail to obtain a better result from a similar grade of cotton. Still, good en- gines may be set up and well started, but through bad management thev may> in a short time, be doing irregular and unsatisfactory work. On the other hand the false economy of working the clothing too long may be the source of much mischief in that direction. Hence, if we desire to know when a thing is wrong, the cause of it going wrong, and the best and most expeditious means to put it right, we must have expert men in charge of the carding. Points in Good Carding. — To deliver a sliver thoroughly clean and perfectly straight- ened, the wire points on the cylinder, the top flats and the doffer should be quite adequate to comb and separate every fibre. The cotton ought to be handled with skill and intelligence, and given to the engines in such a manner as certainly to insure the above results. This de- gree of perfection can be attained only by light carding. On single carding from 45 to 55 grains to the yard of sliver has been decided by expe- rience to be a good standard for common top — flat heads. Machines of greater capacity ought to be taxed only in proportion. Good single carding requires to have well-selected stock, clean, ripe and of a uniform length. By carding single with a draft of from 50 or 55 to one, with the above-mentioned stock, excellent results will be attained for counts from 36s down. Over-Carding and Over-Drafting. — It must be remembered that single carding may be over-done ; that is to say, the fibres may be carded too much while in one position. Most of the straightening and combing properties of a carding engine are between the feed rolls and the cylinder, and on single carding it is evident the staple is combed but one way; that is, over one end, while the other is being held by the feed rolls. If this end is held too long, the re- sult is over- carding at one end, enfeebling this part of the fibre, and leaving it unfit to be drawn out properly, or in a condition to unite closely. This is the outcome of over-drafting, because the greater the draft the slower revolve the feed rolls, and therefore the more carding the ends of the fibre next to the cylinder receive. Hence the fibres are left to pass on, with (so to speak) thick, stubby ends, and the other processes are unable to unite them in anything like the glossy condition which it is their natural tendency to assume. Increasing the velocity of the cylinder has the same effect, and adds to the waste through centrifugal force. Lickers-in remedy this to some extent by partially combing one end '3 of the fibre and delivering the other end to the cylinder. Lickers-in are effective in this manner on single engines of large capacity, where soft, short and clean cotton is used, and great product is expected. Still, the process of straightening and separating the fibre is not so complete as when carded double without lickers-in. Hence the necessity for well-selected stock for single carding. The Top-flat Card. — Attention is strongly directed just now to the top-flat card which is coming into general use. When operated dou- ble it makes the best kind of work. It combs, straightens, and softens the fibres, and removes the impurities more perfectly than any other. These qualities are very desirable for fine " counts." On medium as well as fine yarns, this card is also much liked, and even where coarse numbers are required to be soft and even, it is likely to be in the first rank. Extensive improvements in almost every part of this engine have been made from time to time. Still if we except the stripping attachment, it does not differ greatly from the engines of Greaves, Peel, Burly, Marsden and Murray of two centuries ago. From a foot and a half it has been gradually in- creased to double that width, which is the recog- nized standard. Double-Carding. — Very good single card- 14 ing, certainly, we have seen made for counts as high as 40s, while on the other hand, we have seen double-carded stock for the same numbers, which was no more than fair. The reason for this may not always be found in the machine, or in its method of construction. It is in the pick- ing machinery, or in the selecting of the cotton, that the trouble is most likely to be found. The drafts, speeds and quantity produced may ac- count in some degree for the inferiority of the work, and although these are in the line of the skilled overseer, cannot, under the circumstances, be touched. Indeed, it often happens, that the quantity demanded per inch of carding surface hinders to a great extent, the overseer in the ap- plication of his skill ; the qualities commonly de- sired in such a man being those of the pushing kind. The small black nit, the broken, prongy seed and leaf, which cannot be removed by the lapper beaters and which are to be met with at all points and are so obnoxious when exposed in the cloth and yarn, cannot be taken out un- less the fibre is double carded or combed ; that is, reversed and operated on in both directions. When carding double the drafts are always light, and so arranged that no damage can be done to the staple, either in the first or second process. The doublings gained, but which are entirely lost in single carding, are invaluable in moving and assimilating the fibre. The large extra dou- bling of fibres, with the two combing processes bringing to stock such a fine state of separation, cannot possibly be equaled by single carding, however slow or lightly delivered. The effect of carding double is to make the yarn and goods smooth and glossy, to give them just such qualities as are desirable and profitable. By changing the position of fibres they are really strengthened, because the dirt is more thor- oughly taken out, and the straightening action is made more complete. The double combing by the card wire gives gloss to the yarn and the freedom from dirt gives strength ; for in such condition the fibres lie more closely and -evenly together. Clothing the Cards. — We will next consider the clothing of the cylinders, a kind of work which is not done on the card every year and therefore ought to be executed with neatness, and at the same time, with a view to permanency. A job of this sort is not executed for show, but a neat and a strong job is easy in the hands of a good work- man. In the first place, strike a line around the cylinder for each end of the sheets. Be sure that every sheet touches this line, and nothing over. These lines can be best drawn by turning the cylinder against a pencil held steadily on the 16 string-piece. Parallel lines, by which to square the sheets, are made perfectly exact, by having the the straight-edge fixed firmly on the segments in which the top-flat-pins are screwed, and by moving the cylinder the required distance for each line. From centre to centre of the plugs (or the distance the tacks must be apart) should He marked on a nice piece of wood no longer than the cylinder. Stick tacks according to these marks, and good, regular, workmanlike tacking- on will be made sure. Be careful to lay the sheet square on the line marked out for it, and at the extreme ends drive a tack part way, then one in the middle, and another in the quarter distance. When the sheet is in this position take another look to make sure that it stands square on the lines. If so, stick and drive the tacks carefully until the one side of the sheet is nailed on. Stretching and Backing..— We now come to the most important part of the work, the stretching and backing. It may be stated here that a machine for clothing cards should be strong and rigid, the teeth in the ratchet small in pitch, well tempered and sharp, so that there will be no " give " or let back to the stretch. The same precaution is necessary with the dog by which the cylinder is bound. Heavy paper cut the exact size of the sheet, and pasted so that it cannot move with the pull, is generally used for backing. Now draw the end of the sheet square with the margin line, and tack to the same line at the other end. Each time the pliers are shifted great care must be taken that the ratchet is moved the same distance, else the sheet will be pulled laterally, which will cause trouble at the finish by trimming the part drawn over the line. The judgment of the practical operator is the best rule that can be given for stretching the sheets. Leather is not always alike, some parts on the same sheet will stretch more than others. In clothing the doffer, the margin at each end must not project beyond that of the cylinder. A good way is to divide the circumference of the doffer in as many equal spaces as there are rows of teeth in the fillet. Split these rows and tack tightly and carefully. During the winding-on be sure, whether it is done with a machine or by hand, to have the same tension all the time. The Usage of Card Clothing.— An intelli- gent conception of what is required of the card clothing tends to preserve it and to keep the card- ing good and uniform. Vulcanized rubber-faced clothing is one of the best substitutes for all purposes for which leather is used, and is rapidly superceding it. When leather hardens on account of exposure to water and oil, as in wool carding, this clothing runs without injury. It has also a valuable feature in the firm and j8 elastic support it furnishes to the teeth. In clothing with this foundation the holes contract about the wire more closely than on leather, thus securing an important factor towards durability. Before putting on, it should be conditioned somewhat like the natural rubber-faced clothing, by keeping it for several days and nights in a temperature a few degrees higher than where it is to run. If this is attended to the cloth will, on account of the decrease of temperature, slightly tighten up after it is nailed on. Cylin- ders on which natural rubber-clothing is used should be free from paint, or any under-pinning in which there is oil. Cotton cloth put on with some harmless paste, such as is made from flour, and given time to dry, has been known to give good satisfaction. Day and night the temper- ature in the room where rubber clothing is used must be kept the same. When exposed to a low temperature the teeth become so hard that the carding is spoiled, while loose clothing and fillets are found to be caused by a rise in the temper- ature. 19 CHAPTER III. GRINDING THE CARDS. Preparing a Card for the grinder — The Best Kinds of Grinders — Covering Grinders — Important Hints and Suggestions — Putting the Grinder on the Card — Considerations to be Carefully Observed — Points About Good Grinding — The Care of top-flats— Card Setting. The man who does the grinding. — The trustworthiness of the man who is to do the grinding of a card may be estimated from the way in which, after stripping the cylinder, he looks over and studies the card. His purpose should be to find out how the wire, cloth and fillets have stood the strain and the wear and tear during the interval which has elapsed since the last grinding and setting were done. Much in- formation may be gained here, which is difficult and troublesome to get at on any other occasion. The engine with mountings and covers removed, stripped clean and brushed free from fibre, after having run its full quota of time, which may be three, four, or even five weeks, offers a good opportunity to a practical man to ascertain what the card is doing and what it is likely to continue 20 to do. It also gives him a chance to determine whether anything is necessary to be done to it before grinding again. A few minutes spent on each card at this time will be found profitable, and if the ascertained information be put into practice, will tend to maintain its condition. If the cylinder and doffer are both rubbed at the same place it shows that the doffer has been running too close. A rubbed cylinder and a sharp doffer, point to the licker-in or feed rolls ; the one or the other as the case may be. A licker-in rubbed blunt, indicates the feed rolls ; and if glazed but sharp, the cylinder. Loose top-flat sheets will rub only the cylinder and are always discovered when running the "flats." A tack out of the top-flat, will rub a narrow ring around the cylinder, while the same thing will happen to the "doffer " when there is a tack out on the cylinder cloth. Loose clothing will rub doffer and flats alike. All of these must be looked to, and remedied before the card is started up again. If the licker-in is doing its duty, it ought to be free from strip, and the hard tempered wire teeth in good condition. If not, it is ready for the grinder, because it is either rubbed or hooked, and in no condition suitable for egesting filth. This is of considerable importance when carding with lickers-in ; so much so, that it is often found to be necessary when at work, to lift the cover 2 J and see if the topside is clean. If it is not, it is dropping good fibre, and producing nitty carding. The fillets. — Much harm may follow from not giving special attention to the fillets at this time. These always tighten, with the heft of grinding, at the end where the winding- on be- gins, and frequently tear or break. All fillets ought to be looked over and made secure before grinding. They should be drawn up neatly, and all the ragged teeth removed from the edges. Before the card is ready for the grinder, the wire must be drawn up with the card knife in good shape and all the jammed wire picked up, and tubed into line. Each sheet of clothing must be gone over in this way, and care taken to find out if any slack or blistered parts have escaped no- tice. If the picking up of the fallen teeth is neglected, for any length of time, the standing wires will get ground so much shorter that when they are picked up, they will found to be what is called " long teeth." The Best Grinders. — The most popular way of grinding is with a wheel about five or six inches in diameter, having a five-inch face. This grinder, when in what is termed good running order, does capital work, but the time it takes to do it in, is somewhat to its disadvantage. For instance, in grinding a thirty-six inch cylinder 22 with this wheel, one-seventh of the surface is all that is touched at any time during the traverse. Hence, although the card is well ground, the time consumed by the work is something that carders fret over. Still, if it can be afforded at all, the superior sharpening accomplished by this make of emery grinders fully warrants, and in most cases repays, the loss of time. The other kind of grinder most generally in use is what is designated the roller grinder. It is five inches in diameter and one inch anda-half longer than the width of the cylinder. This over-reach is allowed for the traverse. On ac- count of the work done by this grinder being continuous, and therefore at least six times faster than the narrow wheel, it is often preferred. In competent hands, excellent sharpening can be executed with either sort ; still the narrow wheel is the favorite where the ruling desire is not to save time. Leather and wooden strickels, and other appliances of the kind, are often used in emer- gencies, but are never to be recommended, be- cause they strain the wire and grind the card off the true, the result of which is nitty carding at certain points where otherwise the work is good. Covering Grinders. — Our first duty is to make sure that the tools with which the grind- ing, setting, or clothing is done are in such order as will insure "well set-up" teeth and true cyl- inders. The grinders should be properly cov- ered, true-running and in good condition other- wise. A faithful index of the manner in which the cards are kept, is to be found in the thor- oughness exhibited in caring for the tools. To cover or relay a grinder so as to insure first-class results, requires that careful attention should be given to the emery, the lapping of the wheel and the handling of the glue. The emery being mostly dusty, ought to be washed in clean hot water. In such case the old emery washed off the wheels previously may be added, as the boil- ing water will dissolve whatever glue or oily matter may be still in it. The water ought to be changed until it remains clear. Put the emery away to dry in a clean, warm place. Wind spinner's banding tightly and evenly around the wheel. Be sure that both ends are well secured. Soak over night the glue in vine- gar instead of water. Prepare it very warm, and with a good body put it on very evenly over the wheel with a brush. Keep the wheel turning all the time, and when all is ready hold the hot emery high over the wheel and drop it on so evenly and carefully that every part will be cov- ered as it passes. Keep turning slowly until the glue sets. In order to keep out moisture, or oil, the grinders ought to be kept in a clean, warm, 24 covered in place. They should also be sponged every week with turpentine, so that the full cut- ting qualities of the emery may be secured. Putting the Grinder on the Card.— There are a few points essential to safe and successful grinding, which it will be in order to call atten- tion to here. It is well known that there are whole cylinders of clothing rendered worthless on account of accidents which happen when the cards are being ground. To prevent these, more than ordinary caution must be taken. In the first place, let the doffer be drawn back from the cylinder about one quarter of an inch. This is for the purpose of allowing space sufficient to set the doffer to the grinder and to be safe from rubbing the cylinder, a circumstance which must be prevented. That is to say, by drawing the doffer back, we afford room for the wheel to be set lower down, so that the peripheries of both cylinders will come in contact with it, and the cylinders will run clear of each other. It is very important now to see to the "tighten- ing-up" bolts and ''adjusting screws" of the " doffer," for a good many accidents are the con- sequence of these being neglected. If the adjust- ing screws are forced to put the doffer back, without the tightening-up bolts being loosened, as they sometimes are, something is likely to be strained or broken, which takes such a long time 25 to repair that the operator will use his ingenuity to make it " go " until a more convenient oppor- tunity. These screws and bolts being intended to hold the doffer in position, are needed most when the said doffer is revolving at 500 or 600 revolutions, and ought, therefore, to be carefully seen to, as should also be the bolts with which the " grinder stands " are bound to the card frame. If these do not fit exactly, the high speed at which the wheel is driven will surely shake them loose, and the result will be similar to that of a badly fastened " doffer." The belts by which the grinder is driven must be very neatly lapped so that no tug or jerk may be felt while running. It is of great utility that these belts be of sufficient tension to main- tain a regular speed, but not so tight as to shake the stands and cause the wheel to bump against the cylinder. Every card-grinder is well ac- quainted with the effects which follow the " grinder " getting out of place, and has spent many weary hours in the endeavor to " set back " the teeth so as to make decent work, but without avail. The result in every case is shovel-edged wire such as is seen in the cuts on the succeeding pages, of teeth spoiled by the grinder, and which invariably produces nitty carding. Good Grinding. — The sharpening power of an emery grinder is its peripheric velocity added 26 to that of the cylinder with which it comes in contact. And the traverse is the difference be- tween the revolutions of the shell and the screw. These data are taken from a full length grinder; but the power of a wheel, according to the same rule, would be as much less as its width would divide into the width of the cylinder. This theory is certaintly not correct ; if so, a five-inch face emery wheel would take seven hours to grind a 36 inch card, which the roller grinder would do in one hour. Long experience has proved that a good wheel will do at least half as much work as a good roller grinder. It will make sharper and more perfect points on the wire, and save time, by making it necessary to brush less to get rid of the hook. (See cut on succeeding pages: well-ground teeth unbrushed). But it matters not (as both patterns of grinders will do good work) which we are operating on. The science of the one is the science of the other. Let the wheel be level, brought to the distance of a thick gauge at both ends of the cylinder, and the set-screws on the back of the slides made pretty tight. Follow up with the doffer to the same gauge, run the wheel across a time or two, to make sure that all is clear. Put on the belts, and start the engine up slowly. A small quantity of oil will be necessary, but not enough to spatter on the clothing. Set 27 lightly to the cylinder first, and bring the doffer to bear afterwards. After running a couple of hours, stop the card and ascertain how the grinder is acting on the parts which have been blunted through rubbing. If the glaze on the wire is not being sharpened, the wheel may be set a little closer. But it will not do to be setting up the wheel to the wire often, for the best card- ing edge, and the most free from hook, is that on which the grinder cuts itself almost clear. There may be some parts of the blistered clothing recently drawn up which have been made hollow by rubbing against the feed-rolls, top-flats, and doffer ; or, if we are operating on a roller card, against the licker-in, rollers, and clearers ; but it is not necessary to keep the grinder running until these are ground out. This would incur too much wear of clothing for such small results, unless it should happen that the sheets are all redrawn. Then it is incumbent that they be as well ground as when the card is newly clothed. The traverse or lateral movement of the wheel prevents a flat edge, so that when a cylinder is well sharpened it will feel perfectly smooth both ways. A brush with good long bristles is a part of the card grinder's " kit," and, after the grinder is taken off, should be used lightly on the cylin- 28 ders for as much as ten minutes. This is very effective in removing the hook from the wire, and when the card is started the fibre will comb much freer from the doffer. The licker-in, generally clothed with hardened steel wire, is a very particular cylinder to grind in such a way that there will be no hooked or raeeed edee; for if there is, it will not remain in good form for any length of time, but will get choked up so as to be very damaging to the carding. It should be allowed to remain grind- ing until it is perfectly smooth, both roundwise and crosswise, after which it should be thoroughly brushed, either by circular or hand brush, set and tried, and if it will not clean it should be brushed again until the cotton is delivered to the cylinder free from sticking. (See cuts at end of this chapter of well-ground and brushed teeth). The care of top-flats.— The teeth of the top-flats ought to be " run" with the card-knife tubed straight into line, and ground and brushed to a perfect edge, by the time the cylinder and doffer are ready. From the hard usage the top- flats receive from the automatic strippers, the teeth are often found to be laid in a very irregu- lar manner. Being in this state interferes greatly with their usefulness in straightening the passing fibres, and shows the value of having them at- 29 tended to and put in position every time the card is ground. If a flat sheet be met with, the teeth of which are maintaining- their regular form, and standing up well to the work for which they are designed, it is not absolutely necessary that the knife be run through them. The por- tions of the wire laid down and tangled are quite sufficient to be manipulated with the tool, because this continuous running is found in time so to loosen the teeth in the foundations, that when at work they do not stand against the "pull " in their orginal or best carding form, but give back so as to be almost straight. This, instead of' drawing, the fibres parallel with each other as much as possible, allows them to pass on in a far from sat- isfactory state. A flat is sometimes discovered so hollow in the centre, that it cannot be ground true, except by reducing the teeth at the ends. The cause of this is generally the warping of the wood and the remedy is to take the sheet off and have it " trued up." The top-flat clothing table.— The top -flat clothing table is of special service to the man who knows how, yet it is seldom kept in such a state that a flat can be put on and reclothed, or drawn up, without some trouble in putting it in serviceable order. This is, perhaps, the worst neglected piece of mechanism in the card-room. It consists of a strong frame set up in a conven- 30 ient place for light, with bar, ratchet and pliers attached. The flat-seat is made full length and nearly the depth of the flat, with the front or breast-piece well rounded off for the pliers, and with clasps to fit over the ends of the flat to hold it in position. This tool is generally home-made, and many original ideas are developed in the construction of it, which no doubt could be im- proved if builders of card-room machinery were to take hold of it. But the principle point is to keep it always ready, to save time ; and then small jobs will be done at once, which, on ac- count of the condition in which it is kept, are often neglected until they become extremely hurtful to the work. Card Setting. — The style of the engine de- termines the manner in which it is to be set. The eye, the ear and the guage are often all brought into requisition before the various card- ing points are properly adjusted. Correct setting becomes each year of more consequence, on account of the increasing demand for perfect yarn. Especially is this so when the carding is for fine numbers. There are so many machines in the market for carding cotton all of which have their good setting points, that it is no easy matter to determine which is the most proficient. The many antiquated ideas which are being bur- nished anew and put into more effective settings 31 by the aid of improved construction, make one conclude that the advancement in carding cotton is not due so much to recent scientific research as to the perfection of the mechanical means for making all appliances more effectual. There are but few serviceable devices on the cotton card of to-day that were not in operation forty years ago. What is the railway-head but an extension of the old-fashioned " doubler," where from two to four slivers were condensed into one ? A combination of rollers and top- flats has been in operation, and, for numbers up to 36s, has proved a more than ordinarily good card. Extractors of every conceivable shape have been applied to cylinders, and operated with more or less advantage for as great a length of time. Revolving flats, cards doffed with rollers instead of combs, cards feeding back and front at the same time, two slivers delivered from separate doffers, from the same cylinder, shell feeds, centre-pressed feeds, feed-rollers covered with card-clothing, self-strippers, brush-strippers, fancy rollers, draw-boxes, coilers, knife-edge plates set with screws, steel knives inserted be- tween rollers underneath the cylinders of front feed cards, cylinder screens, solid, perforated and slatted in every possible form and width of space — all these for the purpose of preserving the staple, multiplying the setting points, and ren- 32 dering the card more effective as a single ma- chine. It will be seen from these numerous devices that the " setting " is one of the most particular operations belonging to the business of the card grinder. He must study what is of practical and positive efficiency in attachments, and the particular purposes for which they are intended, so as to produce the best effects in actual opera- tion. The common top-flats, on account of the manner in which they are gradually widened from doffer to feed, set bevelling, so that the front of the flat be twice as far from the cylinder as the back, are all that is ever allowed to be measured by sight, and that only for the purpose of deter- mining the bevel ; for the back must be gauged in the same way as the feed-rolls, or doffer. Where the space to be measured is from the ninetieth to one hundredth part of an inch, the unaided sight alone is not a sufficient guide. By the use of a steel gauge the utmost exactness can be attained, as well as the greatest possible safety to the clothing, and the certainty of regular and protracted production. The gauge then must be used everywhere in " setting " the parts together in working position, in bringing the different points to the closest possible clearance, and to ascertain definitely whether the cylinders and flats have been ground true or not. A well-made card, suit- 33 able for fine cottons, can be set to No. 33 gauge, and when so set will produce splendid work. The card grinder must always bear in mind that the feed rolls, to make uniform work ought to be set so that the cylinder or licker-in will " nip the staple clean, without any lapping or ap- pearance of fibres dragging, or turning over the rolls." In adjusting the "flats" he must under- stand that the fibre is, by the action of the cylin- der teeth, made to slide from one to the other, and that the movement of the cotton is checked by the teeth of the flat, until it is laid, fibre by fibre, as it passes onward. Hence the necessity for having top-flats set bevelling, gradually widening in front towards the feed-rolls. This space well proportioned materially increases the efficiency of the card. Rollers and cleanersshould be set as close as possible without being allow- ed to rub. These doff and feed on to the cylinder alter- nately. A i represents wire from the top-fiat, well-ground and brushed ; and Aa i represents the same wire much more largely magnified. A 2 represents the top- flat wire well-ground,but not brushed ; and Aa 2, shows the same wire more largely magnified. A3 In A 3 we have top-flat wire so treated as to have been spoiled, and the particular effects of bad grinding are more distinctly shown in the enlargement of the same points in Aa 3. "BU A a. S 3 6 2 * 35 In]B 4 we have cylinder wire ground and not brushed, while Bb 4 is an enlargement of the point of the same wire. In B 6 we have cylin- der wire well-ground and brushed, and in Bb 6 the enlarged point of the same wire. In B 8 we have cylinder wire badly spoiled in the grind- ^v ing, and the effects of the \\ maltreatment are more \ \\ plainly shown in Bb 8 an \\ \\ enlargement of the points \\ \\ of the said wire. c r C 5 shows wire from the doffer well ground and brushed; while Cc 5 is the point of the doffer wire greatly magnified. C 7 represents the doffer wire ground but not brushed, and Cc 7 is an enlargement of the point. f ' c 1 C < drivers, bide shaft bevel gear 35 Gear on doffer pulley 26 " I Diameter of calender roll 3^ inches Gear on calender roll 24 teeth Bevel gear on doffer pully 37 " Side shaft bevel gear 12 " Stud gear 1 1 Diameter of feed roll 1 Vk inches drivers. J 73X50X35X26X3^ g 24X37X12X11X1^ /9 ' b " 129 EXAMPLE 3. Common back feed card first driver 138 Driving a pinion 13 " " " second driver 67 Driving a pinion 16 " third driver 27 Driving a pinion 30 " fourth driver 18 Driving a pinion 37 Diameter of condensing role 3^ ' of feeding role 1 %& 138x67x27X18x31. i3Xi6x30X37Xn' 54.81. To Change the Carding from one Weight to Another. — If less weight is required say, as the greater weight is to the lesser so is the present gear to the required gear, but if more weight be required say, as the lesser weight is to the greater so is the present gear to the required gear. EXAMPLE. What feed pinion will be required to change the weight of the carding from 60 grains per yard to 48 grains, the present feed pinion bung having 1 5 teeth ? As 60 : 48 : : 15 : 12 the pinion required. Sup- pose that you want to change from 48 grains of 130 the yard to 60 grains say : As 48 : 60 : : 1 2 : 1 5 the change gear required. This rule is applicable to drafts in the same manner. To Prove Whether there is any Drag between the Doffer and the Calender Rolls. —Multiply the calender roll gear by the diameter of the doffer for a divisor, and for a dividend find the product of the doffer gear and the diameter of the calender roll. Whatever is more than one in the quotient will be the drag. EXAMPLE. The doffer gear is 128 and the diameter of the calender roll 3^ and the calendar roll gear is 32 and diameter of doffer 1 3^$ to find the drag. 128X 27 2 , —-——l=1.002 ths the drag. 32x107 1000 s To find the take up between the back roller of a railway head and the surface speed of the traveling railway belt.— Find the product of the revolutions per minute of the driving shaft, the diameter of driving pulleys and the teeth in driving gears, and divide by the pro- duct of the diameter of driven pulleys, and teeth in driven gears for a divisor. Then find the product of the revolutions of driving shaft and the number of teeth in driving gears, and diameter of drum and belt. And 131 divide by the product of the number of teeth in the driven gears for a dividend and the quotient will be the take-up minus one. EXAMPLE. Speed of pulley shaft 1 80 per minute on which is first driven 17 teeth driving 43. Second driver 18 driving 50. Third driver 21 driving 59. Di- ameter of drum and belt 6}i inches. 180x17x18x21x6^ ^ inches, speed of railway 43X50X59 55 - 85 belt. Speed of pulley shaft 180, first driver is 55^ inches in diameter driving another pulley 6^{ inches in diameter and on end of short shaft is second driver 24 teeth driving a 72 on end of back roller the diameter of which is I }& inches. i8QX575X24Xi.375 =6 d of back rolL 72x6.25 y — '-^= T n< TT S is therefore the take-up. 55.85 i,il 100 Fluted roller gear, 25; condensing roller gear, 43; diameter of fluted roller, 1 y 2 inches ; diame- ter of condensing roller, 2^ inches, what is the drag or take-up ? 41> draft. To find the speed the back roll ought to run to take up what the front roll produces. — Multiply the speed of the front roll by its diameter by the time it works per day, and by the number of ends delivering at the same time, and divide by the number of ends up at the back of the next machine supplied by these de- liveries, the time the machine works per day, and the diameter of the back roll. * Diameter of front roll. t Diameter of back roll. 134 EXAMPLE. At what speed must the back roller of a slub- ber revolve per minute, its diameter being ]/% of an inch, and the number of ends up 80, so as to uptake what is delivered from the drawing, the condensing roller of which revolves 220 times per minute and the diameter 2% inches, the stoppages on both machines being equal, and the number of ends delivering at drawing 2. 220x2^2X2 a /^ =20.95 turns. 6o X # * To find the draft of a combing machine. — Note. The index wheel and the cam shaft go at one speed. The index wheel is on the cylin- der shaft and driving the feed is with a pin on this shaft. The pinion on end of cam-shaft drives the delivery. The ratchet gear which drives the de- taching shaft and front roller is also driven by the cam-shaft one turn of which makes one teeth of rachet. The product of the turns of the detaching roller, for one of the ratchet gear and its diameter divided by the product of the turns of the feed- ing roller; for one of the ratchet gear and its di- ameter will be the draft. EXAMPLE. In a combing machine the ratchet gear has 20 teeth and the wheel on end of ratchet shaft i35 138, pinion on detaching or front roller 18, and the diameter of said roller 7/q of an inch. Notched gear driven by feed pin 5 teeth pinion on end of notched gear shaft driving feed roller 19, gear on feeding roller 38, diameter of feeding roller y^ of an inch. Required the draft. 138 7 4XIQ 3 966 228 . r ^8 X 8-^><4=i44^^ =4 ' 47 draft The following rules are from a book by Joseph Cheatham. To find a twist wheel for a roving frame in changing from one number of hank to another. — Take the square root of the hanks roving required for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the square root of the hanks roving you are making by the twist-wheel you have on. example. If a roving-frame is making a 2 J^ -hank roving with a 36 twist-wheel, what would a 5 -hank re- quire? 2,23 : 1,58 : : 36 : 25 twist-wheel required. To find a rack-wheel for a slubbing or roving frame in changing from one hank to another. — Take the square root of the hanks roving or slubbing you are making for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the square root of 136 the hanks roving or slubbing required by the rack-wheel you have on. EXAMPLE. Suppose in making a i^-hank slubbing or roving with a 22-rack wheel, what would a 2^ hank require ? 1,22 : 1,50 : : 22 : 27 rack-wheel required. To find a change-wheel in changing from one hank roving to another. — Take the hanks roving required for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the hanks roving you are making by the change-wheel you have on. EXAMPLE. Suppose a frame making a 3 hank roving with a 38 change-wheel, what wheel would you re- quire to make a 5^-hank roving? 5,5 : 38 : : 3 : 20 change-wheel required. To find a change-wheel to give a re- quired hank slubbing from a given hank drawing. — Multiply the front-roller pinion, hank slubbing required, and diameter of back roller together for a divisor, then multiply the carrier- wheel, back-roller wheel, hanks drawing, and diameter of front roller together for a dividend. EXAMPLE. If the front-roller pinion of a slubbing frame contains 18 teeth, carrier wheel 72, back roller i37 wheel 44, hanks drawing J^ hank, diameter of front roller I inch or fths, back roller ^ths, re- quired a change pinion to produce a i^-hank slubbing. 18 : 72 i>5 44 90 288 18 288 27,9 7 3168 8 189,0 25344 ,25 126720 50688 189,0)63360,0(33 pinion required. Note. — If there are two ends put up at back of the slubbing frame multiply the divisior by 2. To draw a required hanks roving from a given hanks slubbing is found in exactly the same manner. To find a change-wheel for a roving frame in changing from one hank roving to another when the hank slubbing is altered. — Multiply the hanks slubbing to be 138 altered from by the hanks roving required for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the hanks roving to be altered from by the hanks slubbing you are going to work, and that product by the change-wheel. EXAMPLE. Suppose a roving frame was making a 2-hank roving with a 33 pinion, and a j(-hank slub- bing, what pinion would be required to produce a 3-hank roving from a J^-hank slubbing ? ,25 : ,50 : 33 3 : 2 75 100 33 300 300 75)3300(44 pinion required. Note. — The same rule also applies to a slub- bing frame. To find the hanks roving when the slub- bing is altered. — Take the slubbing you are working for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the slubbing you are going to work by the rov- ing you are making. 139 EXAMPLE. Suppose a i^-hank stubbing produce a 2-hank roving, what will a ^-hank slubbing produce ? ,25 : ,75 : : 2 : 6 hanks roving. To find the hanks slubbing when the rov- ing is altered. — Take the hanks roving you are making for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the roving required by the hanks slubbing you are working. EXAMPLE. Suppose a ^-hank slubbing produce a 2-hank roving, what hank slubbing will be required to produce a 6-hank roving? 2 : ,25 : : 6 : ,75 or ^ -hanks slubbing. To find the draft of slubbing or rov- ing frames. — Multiply the front-roller pinion, change pinion, and diameter of back-roller to- gether for a divisor, and for a dividend multiply the carrier-Avheel, back-roller wheel and diameter of front roller together. Reduce the diameter to 8th s of an inch. EXAMPLE. Suppose the diameter of back roller be 1^ inch, front roller i}( inch, front pinion 22 teeth, change pinion 26 teeth, carrier wheel 78 teeth, back-roller wheel 36 teeth, required the draft. 140 26 78 22 36 52 468 52 234 572 28o8 9 IO 5148 )28o8o(5,45 draft RULE 2. The hanks roving you are making divided by the hanks slubbing you are working will give you the draft. EXAMPLE. Suppose the slubbing was J^-hank, the roving 3 -hank, required the draft. ,50)3,00(6 draft. The draft and hank slubbing given, to find the hanks roving, RULE. The hank slubbing multiplied by the draft will give you the hank roving you are making. EXAMPLE. Suppose a frame had a ^-hank slubbing put up at the back, and a 6 of a draft, what would be the hanks roving ? 141 >5o 6 3,00 hank roving. Note. — If 2 ends put up at the back, divide the quotient by 2. To find the hanks slubbing. — The hanks roving you are working divided by the draft will give the hanks slubbing. EXAMPLE. Suppose the draft was 6, the hanks roving 3, required the hanks slubbing you are working. 6)3,oo(,50 or y 2 hank slubbing. To find the length of yarn delivered from the rollers of a slubbing or roving frame in a given time. — Multiply the number of revolutions by the circumference of front roller. EXAMPLE. If the front roller of a frame makes 70 revo- lutions per minute, required the length of yarn delivered, supposing the roller is 1 inch diameter. 3,i4i6 70 219,9120 or nearly 220 inches. THE END. 142 The Fettee Machine Works NEWTON UPPER FALLS, MASS, ARE THE ONLY BUILDERS OF THE Devolving Flat Gaming Engl IN AMERICA, (PLATT PATTERN WITH RECENT IMPROVEMENTS). Also, COMBINATION CARDS, ETC, SEND FOR CIRCULARS. C, W. LASELL, Prest. 6. M. WHITIN, Treas. H. ELLIS, Supt. G. E. TAFT, Agent, THE Whitin Machine Works MANUFACTURERS OF COTTON MACHINERY, Openers, Lappers, Cards (Full Roller, Combination, Arlington, Wellman, Whitin Strippers), Railway Heads, Drawing, Ring Spinning, Spoolers, Wet and Dry Twisters, Reels, Warpers, Dressers, Looms, Etc. WHITINSVILLE, WORCESTER CO., MASS. SKUD TffXTER-FDWER Machine Shdf, BIDDEFORD, MAINE, MANUFACTURERS OF COTTON MACHINERY OF THE MOST IMPROVED PATTERNS. CARDS, RAILWAY HEADS, DRAWING FRAMES, ENGLISH SLUBBERS AND FLY FRAMES, RING SPINNING FRAMES, TWISTERS, SELF-ACTING MULES. S. f . RICHARDSON, Treasurer, iil JAS. H. McMULLAN, Ag J No. 1 Simmons Building, Boston. Biddeford, Maine. STEDMAN & FULLER MF6. GO., PROVIDENCE, R. I., U. S. A. MANUFACTURERS OF CARD CLOTHING OF EVERY VARIETY, Made of Leather, 6-ply Cotton, Woolen Cloth or Vulcanized Rubber, Tempered Steel or Common Wire. N. B. — Tempered Steel Wire Cards Ground if required. PHILADELPHIA OFFICE: 236 Chestnut St. WESTERN AGENTS: R. HENRY, Agt. Messrs. R. R. STREET &, CO., 188 and 190 Washington St. CHICAGO. A GRAND SUCCESS. HOWARD & BULLOIJGH'S PATENT REVOLVING FLAT CARD. ITS SIMPLICITY, ACCURACY AND SUPERIORITY ARE UNEQUALLED EITHER IN THEORY OR IN PRACTICE. THE PERFECT CONCENTRICITY OF FLATS TO THE CYLINDER CANNOT BE DESTROYED. AN ORDINARY WORKMAN CAN BE ENTRUSTED WITH THE ADJUSTING ARRANGEMENT. Electric Stop-Motion Drawing Frames. SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND FINE JACK FRAMES, WARPERS, AND SLASHERS, Etc., Etc. Boston, Dlass. SOLE IMPORTERS. ATHERTOM MACHINE CO., SOLE SUCCESSORS TO THE Whitehead & Atherton Machine Company. PATENT COTTON MACHINERY Works at Atherton Station on B. & M. R. R. Telegraph and P. O. Address, Lowell, Mass. A. A. COBURN, Pbes't. ALFRED CLARKE, Sup't. LO"WELL, MASS. COTTON OPENERS and LAPPERS, Pat. Perforated Hollow Steel Shaft Hipper Openers, The most perfect Opener for Bale and Colored Cotton, in connection with PAT. CLEANING TRUNK. Compact, Simple and Effective. No Overhead Condensers, Gage Boxes or other complications. The largest and most successful Mills in the country have our Cleaning Trunk in operation. PAT. STEEL RIBBON EVENER, The most Sensitive aud Accurate in use. CARDS, RAILWAY HEADS, DRAWING FRAMES, CARD GRINDERS, CLOTH INSPECTORS. PLANS AND ESTIMATES. Cotton Openers, Cotton Lappers, THREAD EXTRACTORS —AND- Waste Working Machinery. WOOL WASHERS # DRYERS. Shoddy Pickers. Kitson Machine Co., LOWELL^ MASS. Uniform with this Hand-Book. THREE TeWlThAND-BOOKS. 1 — Practice in Wool-Carding, By Joseph Brown. 2— Practice in Finishing Woolens and Worsteds, By Fred. H. Greene. 3 — Practice in Weaving and Loom-Fixing, By D. B. Nightingale. Nos. 1 8? %> Price, 50 cents each. No. S, 75 cents— the three for $1.50. By Mail to any Address. PRACTICE IN WOOL-CARDING Is the work of a carder of 40 years' experience and is full of practical instructions as to how to overcome difficulties. Over 2300 copies have already been sold. PRACTICE IN FINISHING Is a complete, carefully written and accurate explanation of the best methods of finishing woolens and worsteds. We already have orders for nearly 2800 of these books. PRACTICE IN WEAVING AND LOOM-FIXING Is a manual for the use of the weaver and loom-fixer in a woolen or worsted mill. It is the very best book for practical men ever written. No difficulty can be encountered by a loom fixer in a woolen or worsted mill which is not solved in this handy little book. It has already had a wide sale. The volumes are small enough to go in the pocket. The prices of technical textile books are usually very high. These have been issued for the uses of workingmen, and the prices put at very low figures. The three volumes mailed on receipt of $1.50. THE TEXTILE RECORD, 425 Walnut St., Philada. ESTABLISHED 1786. Manufacturing Company, CARD CLOTHING OF ALL VARIETIES. Patent jm Polixtefl. Hardened and Tempered Steel Wire A SPECIALTY. FACTORY AND OFFICE : WORCESTER, MASS, U. S. A, F, A, LEIGH & CO,, 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS, THE LATEST AND MOST IMPROVED TEXTILE MACHINERY OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. O o H M M d CO H ► ft % P o 3 -» •+ /-> § z 3-<« p X a pi H 0) o o I 3 H CO W CO w H W ► M CO O H H O ► H O H H O CO 5« Q 3 B H CO H o w H ft B M\M \ Bonitz dai^d Clothing Co., Factories: Philadelphia, Pa., and Leicester, Mass. MANUFACTURE ALL KINDS OF CARD CLOTHING For Woolen, Worsted, Cotton, Flax and Silk Ma- chinery, in mild and tempered Steel Wire, Set in Leather, Woolen and Cotton Cloth, Rubber or Felt. We fur- nish all sheets and fillet- ings ground smooth and ready for work WITHOUT EXTRA CHARGE. MAKERS OF THE CELEBRATED "Decker's leedle Point" MEET ALL COMPETITION PRICES. AND 1 URNISH ONLY FIRST-CLASS WORK. SEND FOR SAMPLES. PHILADELPHIA OFFICE, 22 gOUTH $EdO]\lD gT. FRANKLIN MACHINE CO., PROVIDENCE, R. I. Cotton Mill Machinery PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO SPINNING AHD CARDING, THE IMPROVED FOSS & PEVEY UNDERFLAT COTTON CARD, CYLINDER 36 x 36. WILL CARD 150 LBS. PER 10 HOURS FOR Nos. 12 AND 16 YARN. JOHN M. PEVEY, Prop'r, LOWELL, MASS. See what the Author says, page BO. ■THE- PHILADELPHIA CARD CLOTHING CO. D. C. BATEMAN, Manager, Makers of every description of CARD CLOTHING -FOR- woolpji, wojisjEP & cotjw cafps, From Imported Tempered Steel Wire, -AND- ENGLISH OAK BARK TANNED LEATHER, S. E. Cor. Putnam and Mascler Sts., PHILADELPHIA. D. F. ROBINSON, MANUFACTURER OF Card*Clnthing OF EVERY DESCRIPTION ROR COTTON, WOOLEN AND FLAX MACHINERY LAWRENCE, MASS. — coieiaEsr'OurnDEnsrcE! solicited- HARDY MACHINE CO., MANUFACTURERS OF THE Hardy Improved Traverse Emery Wheel CURD GRINDERS J AND Card Grinding Machinery, BIDDEFORD, MAINE. Fidelity Machine Works, MANAYUNK, PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. R. H. PATTON, Propr. COTTON MEN tsg- WRITE FOR CIRCULARS.' = S«r Hill's Z c P~g£ ^P fS^o pa -• rn _o o © 30 ^(D ST ^ — z taMeS O m .T2.2 m DO <;