Author . 
 
 Title 
 
 Imprint. 
 
 19— «7872-2 aPO 
 
DEPAETMENT OP THE INTERIOE-U. g, GEOLOGICAL SUKVET 
 CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIEECTOK 
 
 TIMBER CONDITIONS 
 
 PINE REGION OF MINNESOTA 
 
 BT 
 
 Hv bI^'ayres 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SURVEY, ]WI«-1<JOO 
 
 PART V, FOREST RESERVES— HENRY GANNETT, CEIIEF OF 
 
 DIVISION OF GEOCiRAI'HY AND FORESTRY 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVEBNMENT PBINTING OFFICE 
 1900 
 
SV'-, 
 
 U 
 
TIMBER COXDITIONS OF THE PINE REdlON 
 OF MINNESOTA 
 
 II. ]!. AYKKS 
 
 •21 (iEOL, PT r> 4-3 "''■' 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Pasrft. 
 
 Bounilaries 679 
 
 Species 679 
 
 Tiiiiber trees 680 
 
 DistriVmtiou 680 
 
 Exi>laiiatifin of iiia[) 6S1 
 
 Kstiiiiates 682 
 
 Classification of forest latnl 684 
 
 Forest history 685 
 
 Fires 685 
 
 Fires on stump land 687 
 
 Fire protection 687 
 
 New fjnjwth 688 
 
 Value of stump land 688 
 
 675 
 
ILLI STItATlOX 
 
 1'latk CXLIII. ^lap nf the piiu- rt'jfiiju uf JliniiL't-ota, showing flassifieation 
 
 of htm Is In atlas. 
 
TIMBER CONDITIONS OF THE PINE REGION OF 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Bv H. B. Ayres. 
 
 BOUNDARIES. 
 
 The pine lands of Minnesota, as indicated by the earliest surveys, 
 extended to the State line on the north and east, while southward 
 they merged into the hardwood "park i-egion" along the southern 
 lines of Pine and Kanabec counties. Thence westward the irregular 
 border passed near Milaca, Little Falls, and Wadena to Frazer City 
 and northward to the western extnMuitics of Red Lake and Lake of 
 the Woods. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 The trees composing this forest are: 
 
 Sjx'ciexfoiiiiil ill pi III' region nf Minnesota. 
 
 White pine Pinus strobus Linn. 
 
 Jack i)ine Pinus di variaita ( Ait. I Du M<:int de Coura. 
 
 Norway or red i>ine - Pinus resinosa Ait. 
 
 Tamaraclc Larix laricina ( Du Roi ) Koih. 
 
 White eedar Tliuja dccideiitalis Linn. 
 
 Red cedar Juniperus viririniana Linn. 
 
 Black spruce Picea niariana ( MilL ) B. 8. P. 
 
 White spruce Picea canadensis (Mill. ) B. 8. P. 
 
 Balsam Abies balsamea (Linn. ) Mill. 
 
 Hemhick Tsuga canadensis (Linn. ) Carr. 
 
 Aspen Populus tremuloide.s ^lichx. 
 
 White poplar Populus grandidentata Jlichx. 
 
 Balm of Gilead Populus Ijalsamifera Linn. 
 
 White birch Betula papyrifera ilarsh. 
 
 Yellow birch Betula lutea Jlichx. f. 
 
 Hard maple Acer saccharum Marsh. 
 
 Red uiaple Acer rubrum Linn. 
 
 White maple Acer saccharinum Linn. 
 
 Basswood Tilia americana Linn. 
 
 Red oak Quercus rubra Linn. 
 
 Burr oak Quercus niacrocar]>a Michx. 
 
 White oak Quercus all>a Linn. 
 
 Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh. 
 
 H79 
 
680 FORKST KESKRVKS. 
 
 Black ai*li Fraxinus nigra Marsli. 
 
 White ash Fraxinus americana Linn. 
 
 White ehn TJlmus aniericana T-inn. 
 
 Rock ehii ITlmuiJ raceniosa Thoiiia.". 
 
 Slipi)ery ehn Uhuuf piilnwcens Walt. 
 
 Iroinvood Ostrya virginiana ( Mill. ) Koch. 
 
 Hai-kberry Celtis occidentalis Linn. 
 
 Butternut Juglans cinerea Linn. 
 
 Hickory (pig nut ) Hicoria minima ( Marsh. ) Britton. 
 
 Black cherry Prunu.« serotina Ehrli. 
 
 TIMBKII TRKES. 
 
 The trees now used fnv lumlxT are. in order of the amounts cut: 
 
 Timlier trees in pine regioii tif Minnexuln. 
 
 1. White pine. 5. Jack pine. St. Yellow birch. 
 
 2. Norway pine. 6. White elm. 10. Hard Uiaple. 
 
 3. Burr oak. 7. Tamarack. 11. White poplar. 
 
 4. White spruce. S. Basswood. 12. Rock ehn. 
 
 Of these twelve, but three, white pine, No]-way pine, and tnirr oak, 
 have been of conimereial importance. 
 
 Tamaraek has been extensi\el_v used iov railway- ties. Cedar is used 
 in large quantity for poles, posts, and ties. A small amount of jack 
 pine is eut and sold with Norway pine as lumber and many ties are 
 made of it for branch railroads, but its principal u.se is for fuel. 
 
 Spruee and a small quantity of aspen are iLsed for pulp. 
 
 Yellow birch, hard maple, basswood. ash. etc., are utilized for lum- 
 ber when accessible, but trees suital)le for lumber are much scattered, 
 and nntil I'eceutly land owners or l)uyers have paid little attention to 
 hardwt)od. 
 
 ^lost lumbeiincn ha\e igntired evi-rytiiino- l»ut pine, but some have 
 estimated it in cords as fuel. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIOX. 
 
 The trees have their preferences as to soil. sul)soil. and exposure, 
 but there is so little ditference in large areas and so much varietj' on 
 almost every iO-aere tract that, excepting the larger tracts of sandy 
 lands and muskegs, the classes are so intermingled that the}' can not 
 be differentiated on a map. 
 
 White pine, like all' other trees, grows best in deep, porous, moist, 
 fertile soil, and in this region the effect of the climate and the tires 
 have often enabled it to establish itself on the best of the land in com- 
 petition with species which in milder climate and freedom from tires 
 would have crowded it out. 
 
 While Norway pine and jack pine enjoy good soil, they find most 
 fa\(:)rable starting places on sandy and gravelly lands, occasionally 
 
AYREs,] PINE RP:GI0N of MINNESOTA. 081 
 
 fire-swept, such as the triangular tract of which Sturgeon Lake is the 
 center and the large crescent-shaped area extending from Brainerd to 
 Red Lake. 
 
 Burr oak also likes a porous soil and is foiuid as a timber tree on 
 the l)orders oi the pine land and on alluvial banks and bottoms. On 
 shallow soils, with hard clay subsoils, this species becomes a scrub 
 oak, notably on the bowlder cla3^s west of Park Rapids. Basswood 
 and maple are found on the verj' best uplands. Yellow ))irch, red 
 oak, aspen, white birch, and others are found on the medium quality 
 or inferior clay lands. Tamarack thrives on the loamy borders of 
 swamps, while black spruce is seldom found on dry land, but usually 
 borders and reaches out slightly upon the muskegs. 
 
 Within the borders indicated the only natural treeless areas are 
 uui.skegs or swamps and tlie few small prairie openings or parks in 
 the western portion. 
 
 KXPTvAXATIOK OF IMAP. 
 
 A \'ery prominent feature of the Minnesota pine forest is its variety. 
 The so-called original forest, or the forest found by the earliest 
 whites, was a complicated patchwork of kinds and conditions due to a 
 great variety of surface and soil, to the ceaseless strife between the 
 thirty-nine species of trees composing it, and to the effect of ever- 
 varying lires. Incidentally, the white man has greatly increased this 
 variety of conditions by cutting, burning, and clearing. 
 
 Some of the lines between the differing classes of forest are sharp 
 and distinct, but most of them are indetinite. Some areas of each 
 class are extensive, but many of them are very small and irregular in 
 outline. 
 
 To make a map showing such small details and such interlapping 
 and l)lending areas is impractical, not oidy because of the impossibil- 
 ity of printing such a map, but also because of the expense of col- 
 lecting such minute data. Fui'thermore it would not be good policj' 
 to publish a statement of the amounts and exact locations of standing 
 timber which timber thieves could use. Therefore the information 
 collected has been generalized to show the proportions of original 
 forest remaining, the approximate amount of standing pine timber, 
 the areas of stump land, and the land burned before cutting. 
 
 In presenting this information on the map the principal color has 
 been used to represent the more important feature of the forest and 
 the subordinate colors to show as nearly as possible the proportion of 
 the classes they each represent. 
 
 For example, a township is reported as cut over, with 10,000,000 
 feet of pine left. This township is colored yellow and dotted with 
 green, the green representing not the exact location but the general 
 proportion of standing timber. Again, where lines in the forest are 
 
682 FOREST RESKRVKS. 
 
 iiuk'finito, and classes blend oi" natural borders fade into one another, 
 the lines must on the map be drawn sharp in order to print them. 
 The details of the actual condition are thus lost, but the proportions 
 are belie\ed to be approximately correct. 
 
 An unavoidable source of inaccuracy lies in the fact that some of the 
 land has not been thoroughly explored and estimated. Some thirty 
 townships are yet unsurveyed. and while they have been looked over 
 in a general way by timbermen, the estimates do not coverall the land, 
 and are.intcndL'd to be less than the actual cut or '"safe estimates." 
 
 Fomier estimates of the amount of pine-log timber in the State liave 
 Ijeen small for the same reason. The amounts stated were the amounts 
 known, and a large discrepancy often occurred in making allowance 
 for the unexplored areas. It is quite possible that the present esti- 
 mate may prove less than the cut, especially if tires are efi'ectually 
 checked and natural growth be permitted to increase by normal annual 
 accretions the size of the trees now standing. 
 
 ESTI>IATES>. 
 
 In making up the present estimate it was found that the comity 
 i-ecords were of no' use. but were rather misleading, with the few 
 exceptions where special assessments had been made, as in parts of 
 Itaska. Hubljard. and Lake counties. Large areas were found assessed 
 at a uniform valuation, I'anging from i^l to §3 per acre, whether tim- 
 bered or stump land, pine, hardwood, or open bog. 
 
 The areas assigned to assessors are often so large that it is impos- 
 sible for them to make a proper estimate of timber with the fluids set 
 apart for their remuneration. 
 
 The reports of lumbermen and pine-land owners have been equally 
 unsatisfactory for s(>veral reasons. Their lands art> not in large, con- 
 tinuous tracts, l)ut are isolated selected 40-acre lots, chosen on account 
 of the pine on them from the lands vacant or purchasable at the time. 
 Being picked areas, they do not represent the average, and their esti- 
 mates can applj' only to the tracts on which thej' were made. 
 
 A serious difficulty was due to the great number of small holdings 
 and the distant residence of the owners. This, combined with their 
 tjusiness reasons for not making known the amount of pine on their 
 lands, has rendered the collection of data from the owners impractical. 
 
 Tlic most satisfactory class of information has been tinit furnished 
 bv criusers who have estimated standing timber or looked after cut- 
 ting in their several regions. The estimates obtained from them have 
 not in all cases been a summary of their own cruisings. Ijut are partly 
 rough estimates, based on their general knowledge, in order to cover 
 the intei-mediate ground they have not cruised. 
 
 The need of careful estimates and appraisals by township assessors, 
 in order to levy a just taxation and f miiisli accurate knowledge of the 
 
AYKES.] 
 
 PINE REGION OF MINNESOTA. 
 
 683 
 
 forest, is keenly felt by the owners and other taxpayers as well as by 
 those who are studying the maintenance of the forest. 
 
 In the following table the attempt is made to show approximately 
 the amount of forest material left in the pine region. In preparing it 
 especial care was taken to a\'oid making estimates on an imperfect 
 basis, such as applying an average of lands held by one person (selected 
 areas) to any large contiguous area. O^^enings, swamps, sapling and 
 hard-wood tracts must be averaged with these selected areas to secure 
 a fair factor for the whole region. 
 
 Tahlf shniriiu/ timher I'cnmiainr/ in jtliw rrtjiini itf Mlnnesotfl. 
 
 Cook 
 
 Lake 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Itasca 
 
 Beltrami 
 
 Norman 
 
 Becker 
 
 Ottertail 
 
 Wadena 
 
 Hubbard . . . 
 
 Cass 
 
 Crow AVing . 
 
 Aitkin 
 
 Carlton 
 
 Pine 
 
 Kanaljec 
 
 Millelacs ... 
 
 Morrison 
 
 Benton 
 
 Log timber (million ft. B.M.). 
 
 White 
 pine. 
 
 900 
 400 
 440 
 500 
 400 
 
 50 
 
 230 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 300 
 
 850 
 
 40 
 160 
 250 
 450 
 
 70 
 1.30 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 Norway 
 pine. 
 
 Hard 
 wood. 
 
 Pulp wood ( thou- 
 sand cords). 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 100 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 800 
 
 500 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Aspen. 
 
 Fuel (thousand 
 cordsj. 
 
 Hard. 
 
 Total I 11,190 
 
 4,819 
 
 500 
 
 1, 000 
 
 650 
 
 3, 000 
 
 400 
 
 3, 000 
 
 200 
 
 1,000 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 .5 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 200 
 
 50 
 
 1,000 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 110 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 2,780 
 
 10, 328. 5' 
 
 1,000 
 
 3, 000 
 
 8,200 
 
 8,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 100 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 1,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 3, 000 
 500 
 400 
 200 
 100 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 5, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 18, 000 
 
 17,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 280 
 
 2,000 
 
 800 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 2,000 
 
 3, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 500 
 
 1,100 
 
 73, 680 
 
 900 
 
 1,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 3, 000 
 
 2,000 
 
 20 
 
 5110 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 3, 010 
 
 5, 000 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 800 
 
 24, 250 
 
 In comparison with the estimate of standing timber made by the 
 Minnesota chief tire warden in his annual report for the year 1S96. viz, 
 white and Norwaj' pine, 20,666,475.000 feet B. M., the present esti- 
 mate for ISltO of 16,009,000,000 feet B. ^L is less by 4,257,475,000 feet 
 B. M. This difference is not far from the cut of the intervening years, 
 and as these two estimates were made independently by summing 
 detailed data collected by extensive canvass, it seems tliat the amount 
 of standing timber has been learned as accurately as possible by the 
 
(;84 
 
 FORKST RKSKKVES. 
 
 methods onipl<)V«'(l. As .suggested elsewhtTc in this article, township 
 assessors might, iit small additional cost in making their assessments, 
 collect such data and make our knowledge of such lands much moi'e 
 accurate. The estimate would thus be revised with each asscs.sment. 
 
 CT.ASSIFICATIOX OF FOliKST T.,AX1). 
 
 '{"he following table serves to show the general condition of the for- 
 est with reference to cutting and burning, with the explanation that 
 about '.to per cent of the stump lands are burned and that much of 
 the .so-called virgin forest has been burned and is now in the various 
 stages of restocking. ]Much of this area is mere bru.sh. and some of 
 it is open slough, muskeg, or meadow, which it has been impracticable 
 tf) separate. 
 
 Large areas have been burned over and large amounts of log tim- 
 ber have been killed and lost, of which there is no record and no 
 evidence. The fires occurred years ago and these lands are now 
 classed as cut over, because the timber trees that survived have since 
 been cut. 
 
 Cltissiji-catioii of jored land in pine region of Minnesolii. 
 
 ^■™--- ^o'fis"!' 
 
 KridWii to have 
 Stump laiiils. been burned be- 
 fore cutting. 
 
 Cook 
 
 Lake 
 
 Square miles. 
 
 1,277 
 
 2, 2.37 
 
 2, .520 
 
 3.744 
 
 924 
 
 20 
 
 lOS 
 
 None. 
 
 Sqttare inilfs. Sqiiarf; viiks. 
 
 4 240 
 
 90 230 
 
 1,.S10 2,232 
 
 1,160 .576 
 
 400 ". 160 
 
 Itasca 
 
 Beltrami 
 
 Norman 
 
 Becker 
 
 Ottertail 
 
 
 144 
 
 430 
 260 
 
 216 
 Not, rpcf»rded. 
 
 Wadena 
 
 None. 400 40 
 228 .500 324 
 .504 1.2KI) 400 
 
 Hubbard 
 
 Cass 
 
 Crow Wing 
 
 Aitkin 
 
 20 
 70 
 .5.5 
 63 
 20 
 ,S2 
 10 
 None. 
 
 1,080 Not recorded. 
 1,,SOO Not recorded. 
 
 Carlton 
 
 Pine 
 
 Kanabec 
 
 Millelacs 
 
 Morrison 
 
 Benton 
 
 790 
 1,000 
 580 
 280 
 400 
 40 
 
 a 14 
 Not recorded. 
 Not recorded. 
 Not recorded. 
 Not recorded. 
 Not recorded. 
 
 Total 
 
 11,882 
 
 12, 684 
 
 
 
 
 (I Partly recorded. 
 
AVKEs.i PINE REGION OF MINNESOTA. 6b5 
 
 FOKEST HISTORY. 
 
 Where undisturbed 1)}- cutting, tlie forest of to-day differs from that 
 of a hundred years ago only as affected directly or indirectly by tire. 
 The oldest woods are fire scattered, especially where composed of 
 young- or middle-aged pine, having large trees scattered among it. 
 These large trees have almost invariably been marked bv fire at a date 
 older than the younger portion of the forest. 
 
 In the so-called original forest the scarred veterans of old fires 
 standing high above the common woods form a prominent feature of 
 the landscape. 
 
 Only a portion of the old burns were restocked with pine, however, 
 for large areas severely burned and without seed trees were occupied 
 >)y aspen and birch and are as yet very scantily timbered. 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 Thus it is seen that fires are not a novelty in these old woods, but 
 have for hundreds of years been a prominent factor in their history. 
 The coming of the whites and the general distribution of trappers 
 and "couriers du bois" through the woods by the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany and the American Fur Company 100 to 140 years ago seem to 
 h-Ave been prolific of fires, for a very large proportion of the trees of 
 the older uniform forests are 100 to 1-10 years of age, and uuist have 
 started during that period. Later fires, especially those of 1840 north 
 of Red Lake, those of 1860 and 1878 northeast of Tower, and the gen- 
 eral fire of 189-4, have been very destructive, and since lumbering began 
 large areas untouched by the ax have been reduced by tire to brush 
 land, on which stubs and stumps of the former forest are abundant. 
 
 In the Seventh Annual Report of the Geological and Natural 
 History Survey of Minnesota. Prof. N. H. Winchell says: 
 
 During the seasKin [1878] all i)artit'H cdiniected with the survey have liad oi'casion 
 to uute the frequent and wanton destruction of the native forests by fire. It is esti- 
 mated that annually ten times as nuich pine is destroyed in the State as is cut by all 
 the mills. A large part of the triangle north of Lake Superior has been thus dev- 
 astated. The State has lost in this waj* more than as much pine as now I'eniains. 
 
 On the western Ijorder of the pine forest from Red Lake to Becker 
 County and southeastward to Brainerd, fires have been frequent and 
 severe. In this region pine is usually found in clumps that have 
 escaped the killing fires. The trees in these clumps are scorched and 
 partly killed, while the intermediate areas are open and brushv, with 
 many remains of large pine trees. The amount of pine log timbei 
 lost by these fires has been enormous, even within the memory of 
 lumbermen. Where accessible, much of the log timber can be used 
 immediately after being killed by fire, but in remote and undeveloped 
 territory losses have been very heavy, as the timber killed has neces- 
 sarily been wasted. Only a sTuall proportion of such losses has been 
 
68n 
 
 FOREST RESERVES. 
 
 o-:timiitt'd <)i- rcoordt'd, but the foUowinjf notes illustrate some of the 
 dauiaire: 
 
 Damage from fire m pine region of Minnesota. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Locality. ' Killed. 
 
 1889 
 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 
 Various firet' 
 
 T. 144 X..R.39 W... 
 T. US X.,R.38 W... 
 T. 149 X.,R. 38 W... 
 T. 143X.,R.,S7 W... 
 T. 145X.,R.38 AV... 
 T.144X.,R.37\V... 
 T. 145X.,R.37 \V... 
 T. 146X.,R.37 W... 
 T. 146X.,R.38W... 
 T.144X.,R.31 W... 
 T. 144X.,R.32W... 
 T. 144X.,R.30W... 
 T.144X.,R.29AV... 
 T.144X.,R.27 W... 
 
 Feet B. M. 
 25, 000. OOO 
 9, 600, 000 
 55, 740, 000 
 
 105, 000, 000 
 10,000,000 
 
 165, 000, 000 
 55, 000, 000 
 97, 000, 000 
 25, 000, 000 
 
 122, 000, 000 
 22, 000, (X)0 
 70, 000, 000 
 45, 000, 000 
 90, 000, 000 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do... 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 In these 14 townships there has been a known loss of 836 million feet, 
 which to-day would have been worth on the .stump §>3, 344,000. or an 
 average of some §1240,000 to each township. 
 
 Fires ha\e been very destructive in the northern part of the State 
 also. A large proportion of the area north of Red Lake and eastward 
 to Lake Superior (.several thousand square miles) has been reduced to 
 brush land, and several thousand acres are now bare rock on which 
 dead stubs and partly burned roots show that timber once grew. The 
 areas burned over, killing the timber before cutting, are now undeter- 
 minable. Those now known and shown on the map are but a fraction 
 of the whole. The area of these amounts to about 4, 760 square miles. 
 There is no way of closely estimating this amount. Roughly, it may 
 be assumed that this land averaged probably 2,00() feet per acre, or 
 1,280.000 feet per square mile. The amount killed was probably 8 
 billion feet. 
 
 In considering the damage by fires it should be remembered that 
 only a small portion of severely burned lands are soon restocked with 
 timber trees. This fact is illustrated by the condition of the old forest, 
 most of which was probably seeded on burns. The yield on such land 
 seldom exceeds 10,000 feet B. M. per acre (though 100,000 feet have 
 been cut on exceptional acres), and there are large areas that do not 
 average more than 1,000 feet per acre. Some 14,00() square miles of 
 original forest in the northern part of the State will not average 3,000 
 
AYREs.] PINE REGION OF MINNESOTA. 687 
 
 feet of pine per aer(% iind it is proliable thut tlie iiverage yield for the 
 ■whole pine region has been about this figure. The difference between 
 this figure and 10,000 feet per acre, which would be only a moderate 
 possible stand for white and Norway pine, may with reason be attrib- 
 uted to the effect of fires. 
 
 FIRES ON STUMP LAND. 
 
 Stump land is seldom found unburned. It is roughl}' eistimated that 
 !K) per cent of the cut-over land in the State has been overrun by tire. 
 In such burning mo.st of the seeds, seedlings, and seed trees are killed. 
 
 Whert> tiri's have been moderate and some seed trees survived, a new 
 stand of pine sometimes appears, but where severe the fires are fol- 
 lowed by aspen, birch, scrub pine, or brush. 
 
 The loss in liurning stump land is usually greatly underestimated. 
 Much of the land immediately after cutting has many saplings, which 
 in a few years would make timljer and seed trees. Fires kill these 
 and render the land nonproductive, or at least greatly reduce the 
 product. 
 
 Perhaps the best way to estimate the damage is to consider the dif- 
 ference between fairly stocked land yielding 10,000 feet per acre and 
 fire-swept land yielding nothing. About one hundred j'ears are 
 required to produce a crop of 10,000 feet per acre. This means an 
 average annual growth of 100 feet B. M., or 4:0 cents' worth of log 
 timber, per acre each year, besides fuel, etc. This amount, though 
 small, is in contrast with lands going delinquent for taxes, the com- 
 mon rate of taxation being about "i cents per acre. In the pine 
 region of the State there are about 1,000,000 acres of land on which 
 taxes are delinciuent. 
 
 In tabulating the delinquent lists it is quite noticeable that a great 
 proportion of deliiKjuent lands are in the old pineries, where soil 
 is light. The delinquent lands in Cass County number 116,000 acres; 
 in Crow Wing County, 08,000 acres, and in Millelacs County, 80,000 
 acres. Where exhausted forests and collapsed real estate booms have 
 both occurred the highest proportion is found, as in Carlton County, 
 where the delinquent lands amount to 10t),000 acres, or nearly 20 per 
 cent of the area of the county. 
 
 FIRE PROTECTION. 
 
 The present system of fire protection is unquestionably a great check 
 upon fire, but the few years that have passed since its inauguration 
 are not sufficient to show exactly what its effect will be after the fear 
 of the people, excited by the fires of 1891r, subsides and a very dry 
 season occurs. The present .sj'stem is too much under local influence. 
 
688 
 
 FOREST RESERVES. 
 
 XKW GUOWTIl. 
 
 On burned stump liiiid the principal stock is aspen. Among this 
 are white hirch and send) pine, witli other species and hrush in mix- 
 ture. The reappearance of white and Norway pine on severe burns 
 is rather unusual. 
 
 VAJA'P: ok .STl'.Mf I.AXI). 
 
 In considering the A'alue of stump land, a comparative \ iew of the 
 areas cut over, the areas improved, and the areas on which taxes are 
 delinquent serves to show the waste or misuse of land that miufht l)e 
 growing timber until needed for agriculture. 
 
 Comparatife lahh' f<hfKrin{/ use of stump hind in the pine refpon of Mimteifota. 
 
 Couniy. 
 
 Cook 
 
 Lake 
 
 St. Louis . . . 
 
 Itasca 
 
 Beltrami . . . 
 
 Bei:ker 
 
 Ottertail 
 
 AVadena 
 
 Hubbard ... 
 
 Cass 
 
 Crow "Wing . 
 
 Aitkin 
 
 Carlton 
 
 Pine 
 
 Kanabec . . . 
 
 Todd 
 
 Millelacs . . . 
 Morrison . . . 
 Benton 
 
 Areas of 1 .Areas cut 
 pine forest. ' over. 
 
 Areas 
 assessed as 
 improved. 
 
 -Vreason 
 which taxes 
 are delin- 
 quent. 
 
 Stfuare miles. St/uare miUs.tSquare miies. Square miles. 
 
 4 ' 
 
 1,520 
 
 2,380 
 
 5,860 
 
 5,430 
 
 .5,040 
 
 720 
 
 260 
 
 460 
 
 1.000 
 
 2,990 
 
 550 
 
 1,900 
 
 860 
 
 1,400 
 
 522 
 
 280 
 
 580 
 
 400 
 
 40 
 
 I 
 
 Total .32,192 
 
 M 
 
 1,810 
 
 1,160 
 
 400 
 
 430 
 
 260 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 1,260 
 
 1,080 
 
 1, 800 
 
 790 
 
 1,000 
 
 580 
 
 280 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 40 
 
 12, 684 
 
 I). 42 
 
 8.84 
 
 19.62 
 
 .39 
 
 131. 40 
 
 .55. 23 
 
 117.19 
 
 9.30 
 
 33.40 
 
 11.5.00 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.35. 10 
 73. 35 
 
 15. 
 134. 
 113. 
 
 .31. 
 ((99. 
 
 68 
 37 
 62 
 60 
 28 
 
 a 35. 
 25. 
 179. 
 103. 
 110. 
 163. 
 
 i i . 
 
 16. 
 
 121. 
 
 SO. 
 35. 
 
 56 
 62 
 30 
 
 a Mostly agricultiiDil. 
 
AYREs.] PINE REGION OF MINNESOTA. (l89 
 
 It should be remembered that not all the improved lands are assessed 
 as improved; only those that have been deeded from the Government. 
 On the other hand, in the forest the areas of improved lands not 
 deeded are very small; seldom over 3 acres; merely a garden patch. 
 
 With this table it would be very interesting to compare the areas of 
 entered lands and to note the great discrepancy between the amount 
 of forest land bought or entered (much of it '"honiesteaded") by indi- 
 viduals and the amount actually improved liv agricultural use. 
 
 Of Ihe land from which the timber has Ijeen cut off 90 per cent is 
 burned over and lies waste, while the remainder is utilized in agri- 
 culture. 
 
 If forest land is to be farmed, the farming should begin immediately 
 after cutting, as with such practice the land would not lie idle, and 
 that would be the easiest time to clear the land. 
 21 GEOL, FT 5 44 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Pagy. 
 AbbotsButle, Oreg,, forest coiidiiionsnear. 309-311 
 
 plate showing view near 22G 
 
 Abies amabilis. Sec Fir, lovely. 
 
 Abies concolor. See Fir, white. 
 
 .\bies grandis. See Fir, silver. 
 
 Abies lasiocarpa. See Fir, alpine; balsam. 
 
 Abies magniiiea, plates showing 570 
 
 See aim Fir, California red. 
 .A.bies nobilis. See Fir, noble. 
 Acer circinatuni. See Maple, vine. 
 Acerglabrum. See Maple, dwarf. 
 Acer macrophyllum, range and occurrence 
 
 of 155 
 
 . See also Maple; Maple, Oregon. 
 Adams, Mount. .S'cc Mount Adams. 
 Alaska cedar. Sec Cedar, .Vlaska. 
 Alder, paper-leaf, range and occurrence of . 542 
 Alder, white, range, size, and occurrence 
 
 of 533-534,543 
 
 .■\lnus oregona. rate of growth of 109 
 
 .\lnus rhonibifolia. See Alder, white. 
 Alnus tenuifolia. Sec Alder, paper-leaf. 
 Alpine flr. Sec Fir, alpine. 
 Alpine-iir type, composition and character 
 
 in Sandpoint quadrangle, Idaho .594 
 
 Alpine hemlock. See Hemlock, alpine. 
 Alpine-hemlock type, composition and 
 character of, in Cascade Range Re- 
 serve 259-265 
 
 American River, Cal., plate showing views 
 
 of South Fork of 536 
 
 Arbor vitse, PaciHe, amount in Sandpoint 
 
 quadrangle, Idaho 595 
 
 See also Cedar, red. 
 Arbutus menziesii. See Madroiia. 
 
 .\sh. plate showing 139 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of. . 105 
 
 rate of growth of 108 
 
 Ashland Butte, Orcg. See Siskiyou Peak. 
 .\shland quadrangle, Oreg., map showing 
 
 classification of lands in In atlas 
 
 .\shland Reserve, Oreg,, area of 13 
 
 boundaries of 472 
 
 general description of 472-474 '< 
 
 Aspen, areas covered by 42 ' 
 
 size .of 43 
 
 See also Aspen, quaking. 
 Aspen, quaking, range, size, quality, and 
 
 occurrence of lO-j-106 
 
 rate of growth of 109 
 
 See also Aspen. 
 Atanum River, Wash., timber conditions in 
 
 walersliedof 122-123 
 
 Ayres, H. B., report on Lewis and Clarke 
 
 Reserve, Mont., by 27-80 
 
 report on timber conditions of the pine 
 
 region of Minnesota 1173-689 
 
 work of 15, 22 
 
 Page. 
 Badger Creek, Mont., deadwood in valleyof 62 
 
 estimate of cutting near 63 
 
 timber in valleyof 5,s 
 
 Bald Mountain, Wash., burn on 134 
 
 Bald Mountain quadrangle, Wyo., ela.ssifl- 
 
 cation of lands in 598-600 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Balsam, amount in South Fork of Flathead 
 
 Valley, Mont 70 
 
 areas covered by 42 
 
 size of 43 
 
 Set: also Fir, alpine. 
 Barnard, E. C, paper on forest conditions in 
 
 Fiirtymile quadrangle by .V.17 
 
 paper on land classification in Coos Bay 
 
 quadrangle by .576-577 
 
 paper on land elussification in Roseburg 
 
 quadrangle by 577 
 
 Battlement Me.sa Reserve, Colo., area and 
 
 date of establishment of 13 
 
 Bearberry, rate of growth of 109 
 
 Bear Prairie, Wash., section in yi 
 
 BeaverCreek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. 62 
 Bighorn Reserve, Wyo., area and date of es- 
 tablishment of 13 
 
 Big River, Wash., view of .spruce on 202 
 
 Big trees, character of forest in groves of. .529-530 
 
 groves in Yosemite quadrangle, Cal 526- 
 
 527,572,573 
 
 na mcs ( >f 527-529 
 
 plates showing 574 
 
 range and occurrence of ,526, 543 
 
 size and age of .531 
 
 Big Trees quadrangle, Cal., classification of 
 
 lands in 549 
 
 map showing clas.sification of lands. . In atlas 
 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Birch Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. 62 
 
 estimate of cutting on 63 
 
 plate showing view on South Fork of . . 78 
 
 settlement on ,54 
 
 timber in valley of .53 
 
 Bitter cherry, range, size, and occurrence of, 542 
 Bitterroot Reserve, Idaho-Mont., area and 
 
 date of establishment of 13 
 
 Black Cottonwood. See Cottonwood, Ijluek. 
 Blackfoot River, Mont., plate showing jam 
 
 of logs in 35 
 
 Black hemlock. See Hemlock, black. 
 Black Hills Reserve, S. Dak. -Wyo., area and 
 
 date of establishment of 13 
 
 Black Leaf Creek, Mont., deadwood in val- 
 ley of 132 
 
 Black Mesa Reserve, Ariz., area and <late of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Black oak. See Oak, black. 
 Black oak, California. See Oak, California 
 black. 
 
 691 
 
692 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Blue Creek. Cal.. plate showing California 
 
 red fir near o'S-'2 
 
 Blue spruce. See Spruce, blue. 
 
 Brown, Mount, See Mount Brown. 
 
 Bull Run Reserve, Greg., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 11 
 
 Bumping River, Wash., eharaeter of valley 
 
 of 92 
 
 ('. 
 
 Calaveras grove, Cal.. names of big trees 
 
 in 527-529 
 
 plate showing view of 52S 
 
 California black oak. ^Vr Oak. California 
 
 black. 
 California live nak. .svrOak, California live. 
 California red fir. See Fir, California red. 
 California rock oak. See Oak, California 
 
 rock. 
 California scrub oak. Sec Oak, California 
 
 scrub. 
 California torreya. Sec Torreya. California. 
 California white oak. Sec Oak, California 
 
 white. 
 Camp Creek Pass, Mont., plate showing view 
 
 near 42 
 
 Canyon live oak. See Oak, Canyon live. 
 Carbon River, Wash., arable land in valley 
 
 of 91 
 
 Cascade Lake, Cal., plate showing view of.. 538 
 Cascade Range, Oreg., altitudinal range of 
 
 species on eastern slope of 2-13-244 
 
 un western slope of 242-243 
 
 climatic conditions on eastern slope 
 
 of 234-235 
 
 on western slope of 232-233 
 
 relative proportions of species on east- 
 ern slope of 238 
 
 on western slope of 237 
 
 topographical features of eastern slope 
 
 of 228-231 
 
 of western slope of 219-228 
 
 Cascade Range Reserve, Oreg., age, dimen- 
 sions, and soundness of trees in,. 274-275 
 amount and distribution of timberin. 265-274 
 
 area and date of establishment of 14 
 
 boundaries of 29:3-2% 
 
 climatic conditions in and adjacent 
 
 to 231-235 
 
 forest fires in 276-293 
 
 forest types in and adjacent to 244-265 
 
 geographical distribution of species in 
 
 and adjacent to 238-242 
 
 logging operations in and adjacent to. . . 276 
 range of species in and adjacent to .. 242-244 
 
 report on Ashland Reserve and 209-498 
 
 species found in and adjacent to 235-238 
 
 summary of estimates of timber in .. 474-477 
 
 summary of work in 18-19 
 
 topographic features in and adjacent 
 
 to 219-231,296-297 
 
 Cascara sagrada, range, size, and occurrence 
 
 of 535,543 
 
 Cedar, amount in Olympic Reserve, Wash.. 154 
 amount in Seattle quadrangle. Wash.. 580 
 amount in Tacoma ijiiadrangle. Wash. 578 
 
 Page, 
 Cedar — Continued. 
 
 areas timbered by 42 
 
 maps showing distribution of 48, atlas 
 
 plates showing 1S4, 192. 200, 206 
 
 rate of growth of 24 
 
 size of 43 
 
 Cedar, .\laska. amount in Mount Rainier 
 
 Reserve, Wash 127 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of 104, 155 
 
 rate of growth of 108 
 
 Cedar, incense, age, and reproduction of. 521-522 
 amount in Cascade Range Reserve, Oreg., 
 
 and adjacent regions. 267,474,478,496,497 
 
 areas timbered by 241, 521 
 
 map showing distribution of 240 
 
 range of 243, 244, 521, &48 
 
 size and (Hialityof 275,521,548 
 
 Cedar, red, amount and percentage in Coos 
 
 Bay quadrangle. Oreg .i77 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 map showing distributiun of 104 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence 
 
 of 103-104, 155 
 
 rate of growth of 108 
 
 .Set' aim Arbor vita^, Pacific. 
 Cedar, white, amount and percentage in 
 
 Coos Bay quadrangle, Oreg 577 
 
 ChamEecyparis nooikatensis. See Cedar, 
 
 Alaska. 
 Chelan quadrangle, Wash., classification of 
 
 lands in 581-582 
 
 map .showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Cherry, bitter. See Bitter cherry. 
 Chokecherry, western, range and occur- 
 rence of 535, 543 
 
 Cispus Range, Wash., plateshowing view of 142 
 Cispus River, Wash., arable land in valley of. 92 
 
 section in valley of 92 
 
 timber conditions in watershed of 115 
 
 Classification of lands 563-601 
 
 Clearwater River. Mont., settlement on 55 
 
 Sec also Swan-Clearwater Valley. 
 Cloud Peak quadrangle, Wyo., classifica- 
 tion of lands in 600-601 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Coffee berry, range, size, and occurrence 
 
 of 535,543 
 
 Coos Bay quadrangle, Oreg., land classifica- 
 tion and stand of timber in 57tW577 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Cornus nuttallii. See Dogwood, Pacific. 
 Cosumnes River. Cal., plate showing view 
 
 of South Fork of 546 
 
 Cottonwood, areas timbered by 42,105,155 
 
 range, size, and quality of 105,155 
 
 rate of growth of 109 
 
 See also Cottonwood, black. 
 Cottonwood, black, range, size, and occur- 
 rence of 533, 543 
 
 Sec also Cottonwood. 
 Cow Creek, Cal., plates showing forest 
 
 near 510, 514 
 
 Cowlitz River, Wa^h.. burns near 134 
 
 mineral spring on 95 
 
 timber conditions in watershed of 114 
 
INDEX. 
 
 693 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cowlitz Valley, Wash., .section in 91 
 
 Coyote Creek, Cal., plate showing view of.. .550 
 
 Coyoteville, Cal.. plate showingview of 5-16 
 
 Crab apple, rate of growth of 109 
 
 Crater Lake, Oreg., description of 222 
 
 Crescent, Lake, Wash. .S'cf Lake Crescent. 
 
 Crow Creek Pass, llont., reproduction on.. 49 
 
 P. 
 
 Dardanelles Creek, Cal., iilate showing view 
 
 near 51(5 
 
 Dardanelles quadrangle, Cal., classification 
 
 of lands in 550 
 
 map showing cla.ssilication of lands. . In atlas 
 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Dayton quadrangle, Wyo., classification of 
 
 lands in .597-.59S 
 
 map showing land classification Inatlas 
 
 Dearborn Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley 
 
 of 62 
 
 estimate of cutting on 63 
 
 plate showing view of burn on 46 
 
 settlement on 55 
 
 timber in valley of ,58 
 
 Dearborn Mount. See Slount Dearborn. 
 Deep Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. . 62 
 See also South Fork of Deep Creek. 
 
 Depuyer Creek, Mont., settlement on .5.5 
 
 See a!so North Fork and South Fork 
 of Depuyer Creek. 
 
 Dodwell, Arthur, work of 17 
 
 Dodwell, Arthur, and Ki.xon, T. F.. report 
 on Olympic Reserve from notes 
 
 by 14.5-208 
 
 Dogwood, Pacific, range, size, and occur- 
 rence of .533, .543 
 
 Dogwood, western, rate of growth of 109 
 
 Douglas spruce. Sec Fir, red. 
 
 Dungeness River, plate showing view near. 196 
 
 Dwarf maple. See Maple, dwarf. 
 
 E. 
 
 Elbow Lake, Mont., plate showing view at. 76 
 Elk Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley of... 62 
 Ellensburg quadrangle. Wash., classifica- 
 tion of lands in 580-581 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 El wha River, Wash. .plate showing view on. 184 
 Engelmann spruce. .sVc Spruce, Engel- 
 mann. 
 
 F. 
 
 Falls Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. 62 
 
 estimate of cutting on 63 
 
 Fencing timber, species used for 546 
 
 Fir, plates showing 184, 186, 192, 198, 202 
 
 Fir, alpine, areas timbered by 101, 241, 594 
 
 plates showing 98, 132 
 
 range of 101, 243, 244 
 
 rate of growth of 24, 107 
 
 size and quality of 101 
 
 See also Fir, mountain; Balsam. 
 Fir, California red, range, size, age, repro- 
 duction, and occurrenceof .537-638, 543, 548 
 
 I'age. 
 
 Fir, great silver, rate of growth of 23 
 
 Fir, lovely, amount in Mount Rainier Re- 
 serve, Wash 127 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of. lOO-lOl 
 
 rate of growth of 107 
 
 Fir, mountain, amount in Mount Rainier 
 
 Reserve, Wash 127 
 
 See also Fir, Alpine. 
 Fir, noble, amount in Cascade Range Re- 
 serve, Oreg., and adjacent regions.. 267, 
 474,478,496,497 
 amount in Mount Rainier Re.serve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 areas timbered by 100. 240 
 
 map showing distribution of 240 
 
 plate showing 276 
 
 range of 100, 243, 244 
 
 rate of growth of 107 
 
 size and quality of 100, 275 
 
 Fir, red, age and reproduction of 520 
 
 amount in Cascade Range Reserve, 
 
 Oreg., and adjacent region 267, 
 
 474,478,496,497 
 amount and percentage In Coos Bay 
 
 quadrangle, Oreg .- 577 
 
 amount in Lewis and Clarke Reserve, 
 
 Mont ...-. 44 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 amount in Olj-mpic Reserve, Wash 154 
 
 amount in Sandpoint quadrangle, 
 
 Idaho 595 
 
 amount in Seattle quadrangle. Wash ... 580 
 amount in Tacoma quadrangle. Wash . . 578 
 
 areas timbered by 42, 
 
 103, 1.55, 240, .525-526, 587-590 
 
 maps showing distribution of 94, 248, atlas 
 
 plates showing 44, 50, 74, 78, 96, 110, 130, 256 
 
 range of 103, 155, 243, 244, 525, 543 
 
 rate of growth of 22-23, 108 
 
 .size and quality of 43, .59, 103, 275, .526, 548 
 
 See also Red-tir type. 
 Fir, silver, amount in Olympic Reserve. 
 
 Wash 1,54 
 
 areas timbered by 42 
 
 maps showing distribution of 48, atlas 
 
 plate showing 206 
 
 Fir, subalpine, range and occurrence of 155 
 
 Fir, white, age and reproduction of 524 
 
 amount in Cascade Range Reserve, 
 
 Oreg., and adjacent regions 267, 
 
 474, 478, 496, 497 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 areas timbered by 101, 155, 240, 523 
 
 map showing distribution of 284 
 
 range of 101, 1.5,5, 243, 244, 523, .543 
 
 rate of growth of 107 
 
 size and quality of 101, 275, 523-524 
 
 Fir, yellow. 5feFir, red. 
 
 Fires, causes of 49, 134-136 
 
 damage from 49, 60-61 , 67, 72, 77-78 
 
 effect of 50, 62, 72, 280-293, 557-559 
 
 oVigin of 278-2S0, .559-560 
 
 precautions against 560 
 
694 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fish Lake, Orcg., description of 225 
 
 Fish Lake Keserve. Utah, area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Filch, C. H., paper on land classification in 
 
 Sonoru quadrangle by 569-^71 
 
 paper on land classilk-ation in Yosemite 
 
 qimdrang^le by 571-574 
 
 report on woodland of Indian Terri- 
 tory by 603-C72 
 
 work of 19, 22 
 
 Flathead Reserve, Mont., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 11 
 
 Flathead River. Mont. See Middle Fork 
 
 and South Fork of Flathead. 
 Ford Oeek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. 62 
 
 settlement-^ on 54 
 
 Sff also North Fork of Ford Creek. 
 Forest reserves, map showing national 
 
 parks and In atlas 
 
 names, locations, and areas of 13 
 
 public sentiment toward 06O-.WI 
 
 summary ui work on 13-21 
 
 Forest trees, table showing rate of growth 
 
 of 22-25 
 
 Forest type, conditions determining com- 
 position of 245 
 
 Forks Prairie, Wash., plates showing forest 
 
 near 184,186,198 
 
 Fortymile quadrangle, Alaska, forest con- 
 ditions in 597 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Fraxinns oregona. Sec Ash. 
 
 Gallatin Reserve, Mont., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Gannett. H., paper on classification of lands 
 
 by 563-601 
 
 summary of forestry work in 1899-1900 
 
 by 9-25 
 
 Gerlo Creek. Cal., plate showing view of... 540 
 Gila Reserve, N. Mex., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Glacier Point, Cal., plate .showing view 
 
 from 572 
 
 Goat Mountain, Wash., altitude of 88 
 
 Iilatesshowing views from 136,138,140 
 
 v<»lcanic activity on 96 
 
 Gordon Pass, Mont., plate showing view 
 
 near 76 
 
 Grand Canyon Reserve, Ariz., area and date 
 
 of estiiblishmcnt of 14 
 
 Gray pine. Sec Pine, gray. 
 
 Grazing, effect of 140-143, 552-557 
 
 Great silver fir. See Fir, great silver. 
 Growth of forest trees, table showing rate 
 
 of 22-25, 107, 109 
 
 HhU Dome, Cal., plate showing view of 672 
 
 HamiU<m quudrangle, Mont. -Idaho, map 
 
 showing land t'las.sification IiT atlas 
 
 topographic features and classification 
 
 of lands in .596 
 
 Page. 
 Hemlock, amount in Mount Rainier Re- 
 serve. Wash 127 
 
 amount in Olympic Reserve. Wash lot 
 
 amount in Taeonia quudrangle. Wash.. 878 
 
 maps showing distribution of 48.98, atlas 
 
 plates showing... 1,%.192, 198.200, 202,204,206 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence 
 
 of 101-102. 1.T.5 
 
 rate of growth of 23. 107 
 
 Hemlock, alpine, amount in Ca.scade Range 
 Reserve, Oreg., and adjacent re- 
 gions 267, 
 
 474,478,490,497 
 
 area.s timbered by 241 
 
 map .showing distribution of 248 
 
 plate showing 270 
 
 range of 243,244 
 
 size and quality of 27.5 
 
 Stf <iho Alpine-hemlock type. 
 Hemlock, black, range, size, age, reproduc- 
 tion, and occurrence of . . . 539-&10, »13, .>18 
 Hemlock, mountain, amount in Mount 
 
 Rainier Reserve, Wash 127 
 
 areas timbered by 42, 102 
 
 plate showing .- go 
 
 range, size, and quality of 102 
 
 rate of growth of los 
 
 Hemlock, Patton, map showing distribution 
 
 of 40 
 
 Hemlock, western, amount in Cascade 
 Range Reserve. Oreg., and adjacent 
 
 region 207,474,496,497 
 
 areas timbered by 241 
 
 map showing distribution of 240 
 
 range of 244 
 
 size and quality of 27.5 
 
 Holland Creek, Mont., settlement on 55 
 
 Holland Lake. Mont., plate showing view 
 
 near 70 
 
 Hood, Mount. .Set Mount Hood. 
 
 1. 
 
 Incense cedar. See Cedar, incense. 
 Indian Territory, map showing extent and 
 
 distribution of woodlands In atlas 
 
 report on woodland of 003-672 
 
 summary of work in 21-22 
 
 timber conditions in T. 1 X., R. 1 E 063 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 2 E 666 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 3 E 666 
 
 inT.lX.,R.4E B66 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. .5 E 667 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 6 E 667 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 7 E 667 
 
 in T. 1 X.. R. 8 E 021, 667 
 
 inT.l X.,R.9E 622 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 10 E 622 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 11 E 022 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 12 E 623 
 
 inT.l N.,R. 13 E 623 
 
 inT.l N.,R. 14 E 623 
 
 in T. 1 X., R. 15 E 624 
 
 inT.lX.,R. lOE 624 
 
 in T.l X..R.17E 624 
 
 in T.l X.,R.]» E 025 
 
INDEX. 
 
 095 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. Page. 
 
 limber conditions in T.l X.. U.H) K 025 
 
 inT.l X.,U.20E G26 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 21 E 625 
 
 inT.lN.,R.22E 620 
 
 inT. 1 N.,K.23E 62B 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 21 E 626 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 25 E 626 
 
 ' in T. 1 N., R. 26 E 62(; 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 27 E 627 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 1 W 661 
 
 in T. 1 N. , R. 2 W 661 
 
 in T. 1 N. , R. 3 W 661 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. -i W 662 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 5 VV 662 
 
 inT.lN.,R.6W 662 
 
 in T. 1 N., R. 7 W 663 
 
 inT.l N.,R.8W 663 
 
 inT.lS.,R.l E 668 
 
 in T.l S.,R.2E 668 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 3 E 668 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 4 E 669 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 5 E 670 
 
 inT.lS.,R.6 E 670 
 
 in T. 1 S., R, 7 E 671 
 
 inT.lS.,R.8E 610,671 
 
 inT.lS.,R.9E 611 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 10 E 611 
 
 in T.1S.,R.U E 611 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 12 E 612 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 13 E 612 
 
 in T. 1 S.,^. 14 E 612 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 15 E 613 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 16 E 613 
 
 in T. 1 S. , R. 17 E. . . -■ 613 
 
 in T.l S.,R. 18E 614 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 19 E 614 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 20 E 614 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 21 E 614 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 22 E 615 
 
 inT.l S.,R. 23 E 615 
 
 inT.l S.,R. 24 E 615 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 25 E 615 
 
 inT.l S.,R. 26 E 615 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 27 E 616 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 1 \V 658 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 2 \V 658 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 3 \V 658 
 
 in T. 1 .?.. R. 4 \V 658 
 
 in T. 1 S., R. 5 \V 659 
 
 inT.lS.,R.6\V 659 
 
 inT.lS.,R.7\V 659 
 
 inT.lS.,R.8 W 660 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 1 E 665 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 2 E 666 
 
 inT.2 N.,R.3E 066 
 
 -in T. 2 N.. R. 4 E S66 
 
 inT.2N.,E.5E 667 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 6 E 667 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 7 E 667 
 
 inT.2X.,R.8E 621,667 
 
 in T.9X.,R.9E 622 
 
 inT.2 N.,E. 10 E 622 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 11 E 622 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 12 E 623 
 
 inT.2X.,R. 13E 623 
 
 in T. 2 X.. R. 14 E 623 
 
 Indian Territory— Continued. I'age. 
 
 timber conditions in T. 2 X., R. 1.') E 624 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 16 E 624 
 
 inT.2N.,R.17E 624 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 18 E 625 
 
 in T. 2 N., R. 19 E 625 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 20 E 625 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 21 E G25 
 
 in T.2X.,R.22E 626 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 23 E 626 
 
 i II T. 2 N., R. 24 E 626 
 
 ill T. 2 X., R. 25 E 626 
 
 in T.2X.,R.26E G26 
 
 ill T.2X.,R.27E 627 
 
 in T.2X.,R.l \V 661 
 
 inT.2N.,R.2 \V 661 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 3 \V 662 
 
 inT.2X.,R.4 W 662 
 
 in T.2X.,R.5 W 662 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. (J \V 662 
 
 in T. 2 X., R. 7 \V 663 
 
 inT.2N.,R.8 W 663 
 
 in T. 2 S. , R. 1 E 60S 
 
 in T.2S.,R.2E 668 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 3 E 668 
 
 in T.2S.,R.4E 609 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 5 E 670 
 
 in T. 2 .S., R. 6 E 670 
 
 inT.2S.,R.7 E 671 
 
 in T.2S.,R.8E 610.671 
 
 i 11 T. 2 S. , R. 9 E Oil 
 
 in T. 2 S.. R. 10 E 611 
 
 inT.2S.,R.ll E 611 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 12 E 612 
 
 in T. 2 S. , R. 13 E 612 
 
 inT.2S..R.14 E 612 
 
 in T.2S.,R.15E 013 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 16 E 613 
 
 in T.2S.,R.17 E 613 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 18 E 614 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 19 E 614 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 20 E 014 
 
 inT.2S.,R.21 E 614 
 
 in T.2S.,R.22E 615 
 
 inT.2.S.,R.23 E 015 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 24 E 015 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 25 E 615 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 26 E 016 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 27 E 616 
 
 inT.2S.,R.lW 6.58 
 
 inT.2S.,R.2\V 058 
 
 inT.2S.,R.3W 658 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 4 W 658 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 5 W 659 
 
 in T. 2 y., R. 6 W 6.59 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 7 W 659 
 
 in T. 2 S., R. 8 W 660 
 
 inT.3X.,R.l E 665 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 2 E 666 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 3 E 666 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 4 E 666 
 
 in T.3X.,R. 5E 667 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 6 E 667 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 7 E 667 
 
 in T. 3 N., R. 8 E 621, 668 
 
 in T.3X..R.9E 622 
 
 in T. 3X..R.10E 622 
 
696 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. I'age. 
 
 timtier iimditions in T. 3 N..U. 11 E G22 
 
 in T.:iX.,R.12E 623 
 
 in T. 3 N.. R. 18 E 623 
 
 in T.:!N".,R.11E 623 
 
 inT.3X..R. IftE 624 
 
 in T.3X.,R.16E 624 
 
 inT.3N..R.nE 624 
 
 in T.3N..R.18E 625 
 
 in T.3X..R.19E 625 
 
 inT.3N..R.20E 625 
 
 in T.;iN..R.21E 625 
 
 in T.3N'..R.22E 626 
 
 in T.3N..R.23E 626 
 
 in T.3N..R.24E 626 
 
 in T.3X..R.25E 626 
 
 in T. 3 N., R. 26 E 627 
 
 in T.3N.,R.27E 627 
 
 in T. 3 N., R. 1 W 661 
 
 in T.3X.,R.2 W 661 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 3 \V 662 
 
 in T.3N..R.4 \V 662 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 3 \V ... 662 
 
 in T 3 X.. R. 6 W 662 
 
 in T. 3 N., R. 7 W 663 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 1 E 668 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 2 E 668 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 3 E 668 
 
 in T. 3 S. , R. 4 E 669 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 5 E 670 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 6 E 670 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 7 E 671 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 8 E i;iO. G71 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 9 E 611 
 
 inT.3S.,R.10 E 611 
 
 inT.3S.,R.ll E 611 
 
 inT.3S..R.12 E 612 
 
 inT.3S..R.13 E 612 
 
 in T.3S.,R.14 E 612 
 
 inT.3S.,R.15 E 613 
 
 inT.3S.,R.16 E 613 
 
 inT.3S.,R.17 E 613 
 
 inT.3S.,R.18 E 614 
 
 inT.3S.,R.19 E 614 
 
 inT.3S.,R.20 E 614 
 
 inT.3S.,R.21 E 614 
 
 inT.3S.,R.2-2 E 615 
 
 inT.3S.,R.23 E 615 
 
 in T.3S.,R.24 E 615 
 
 inT.3S.,R.25 E 615 
 
 inT.3S.,R.26 E 616 
 
 inT.3S..R.27 E 616 
 
 inT.3S.,R. 1 \V 658 
 
 inT.3S.,R.2 \V 658 
 
 inT.3S.,R.3 W 6.5S 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 4 \V 659 
 
 in T. 3 S.. R. \V 659 
 
 inT.3S..R.6W 659 
 
 in T. 3 S., R. 7 \V 659 
 
 in T. 3 S.. R. 8 W 660 
 
 inT. 4N., R. 1 E 665 
 
 inT. 4X.. R. 2 E 666 
 
 in T. 4X., R. 3E 666 
 
 in T. 4X., R. 4 E 666 
 
 in T. 4N.. R. E 667 
 
 in T. 4 N., R. E 667 
 
 iuT. 4X., R. 7 E 667 
 
 Inflian Territor.v 
 timber eondi 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T.4X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X. 
 in T. 4 X 
 in T. 4 X 
 in T. 4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S.. 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 in T.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 in T.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 in T.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 in T.4S., 
 in T.4 S.. 
 in T.4.S., 
 in T. 4S., 
 in T.4 S., 
 in T.4S.. 
 in T.4 S., 
 in T.4 S., 
 inT.4S., 
 inT.4S., 
 in T.4 S., 
 inT.SX., 
 inT.oX., 
 iu T. 5 X 
 in T.o X 
 
 "ontinuiMi. Page. 
 
 tion.s in T. 4 X.. K. S E .. 622. 66S 
 
 ,R.9E 622 
 
 . R. 10 E 622 
 
 . R. 11 E 622 
 
 ,R. 12E 623 
 
 , R. 13 E 623 
 
 , R. 14 E 624 
 
 .R.15E 624 
 
 . R. 16 E 624 
 
 ,R.17E 624 
 
 . R. 18 E 625 
 
 .R.19E 625 
 
 .R.20E 625 
 
 . R. 21 E 625 
 
 , R. 22 E 626 
 
 .R.23E 626 
 
 ,R.24E 626 
 
 . R. 25E 626 
 
 . R. 26 E 627 
 
 ,R.27E 627 
 
 .R.IW 661 
 
 ,R.2VV 661 
 
 ,R.3\V 662 
 
 ,R.4W 662 
 
 R.5VV 662 
 
 ,R.6W 662 
 
 ,R.7\V 663 
 
 R. 1 E 668 
 
 R. 2E 668 
 
 R.3E 669 
 
 R. 4E 669 
 
 R.5E 670 
 
 R. 6 E 670 
 
 R.7E 671 
 
 R. 8E i;n.671 
 
 R. 9E 611 
 
 R. lOE 611 
 
 R.llE 611 
 
 R. 12E 612 
 
 R. 13 E C12 
 
 R. 14E 612 
 
 R. 15 E 613 
 
 R.16E 613 
 
 R.17E 613 
 
 R. 18E 614 
 
 R. 19 E 614 
 
 R. 20 E 614 
 
 R. 21E 615 
 
 R.22E 615 
 
 R.23E 615 
 
 R. 24 E 615 
 
 R.2aE 615 
 
 R.26E 616 
 
 R.27E 616 
 
 R. 1 \V 658 
 
 R. 2 W ■ 658 
 
 R. 3 W 658 
 
 R.4VV 659 
 
 R.5W 659 
 
 R.6W 659 
 
 R. 7 W 659 
 
 R.SW 660 
 
 , R. 1 E 665 
 
 ,R.2E 666 
 
 ,R.3E 666 
 
 , R. 4 E 666 
 
INDEX. 
 
 697 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions in T. ■=. X.. R. .i E . . . 627, 667 
 
 in T..5X.,R.C E 627,667 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 7 E 627, 667 
 
 in T. .5 N., R. 8 E 628, 668 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 9 E 628 
 
 in T. .5 N., R. lO'E 628 
 
 in T. .=) N., R. 11 E 629 
 
 in T.5N.,R.12E 629 
 
 in T. .5 N., R. 13 E 629 
 
 in T.5N.,R. HE 629 
 
 in T. 5 X., R. 15 E 630 
 
 in T.5X.,R. 16E 630 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 17 E v 630 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 18 E 630 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 19 E 631 
 
 in T. .5 N., R. 20 E 631 
 
 in T. .-i N. , R. 21 E 631 
 
 in T. .5 N., R. 22 E 631 
 
 in T. .5 X., R. 23 E 632 
 
 inT.5N.,R.24 E 632 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 25 E 632 
 
 in T. 5 N., R. 26 E 632 
 
 in T. 3 X., R. 27 E 632 
 
 inT.5N.,R. 1 \V 663 
 
 inT.5X.,R.2 \V 663 
 
 inT.5N.,R.3 \V 663 
 
 inT.5X.,R.4 W 664 
 
 inT.5X.,R.5 W 664 
 
 in T. 5 X., R. 6 W 664 
 
 in T. 5 X., R. 7 \V 664 
 
 inT.5S.,R.l E 668 
 
 in T.5S.,R.2 E 668 
 
 inT.5S.,R.3 E 669 
 
 inT.5S.,R. 4 E 669 
 
 in T. 5S.,R.5 E 670 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 6 E 670 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 7 E 671 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 8 E 616, 671 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 9 E 616 
 
 in T.5S.,R.10E 616 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 11 E 617 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 12 E 617 
 
 in T.5S.,R.13E 617 
 
 inT.5S.,R. 14 E 617 
 
 in T.5S.,R.15E 618 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 16 E 618 
 
 ip T. 5 S., R. 17 E 618 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 18 E 618 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 19 E 619 
 
 in T.5S.,R.20E 619 
 
 inT.5S.,R.21 E 619 
 
 inT.3S.,R.22 E 619 
 
 in T.5S.,R.23 E 619 
 
 inT.5S..R.24 E 620 
 
 in T.5S.,R.25E 620 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 26 E 620 
 
 inT. 5S.,R.27 E 621 
 
 inT.5S.,R.l W 658 
 
 inT.5S.,R.2 W 658 
 
 inT.5.S..R.3\V 658 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 4 \V 669 
 
 iuT.5S.,R.5 \V 659 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 6 W 659 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 7 W 659 
 
 in T. 5 S., R. 8 \V 660 
 
 inT.6X.,R. 1 E 666 
 
 ndian Territory— Continued. 
 
 timber conditions in T. 6 X., R.2 
 inT.6N.,R.3E 
 
 Page. 
 
 E C32 
 
 666 
 
 inT.6X.,R.4E 
 
 inT.6N.,R.5E 
 
 in T.6 X.,R.6E. 
 
 666 
 
 627 
 
 027 
 
 inT.6X.,R.7 E 
 
 G27 
 
 in T.6N.,R.8 E 
 
 628 
 
 inT.6X.,R.9E 
 
 628 
 
 inT.6X.,R.10E 
 
 628 
 
 in T. 6X.,R. 11 E 
 
 629 
 
 inT.6X.,R.12E 
 
 in T.6N.,R. 13 E . 
 
 629 
 
 629 
 
 inT.6X.,R.14 E 
 
 629 
 
 inT.6X.,R.1.5E 
 
 inT.6N.,R.16 E 
 
 inT.6N.,R. 17 E 
 
 630 
 
 630 
 
 630 
 
 in T. 6 N.,R. 18 E 
 
 631 
 
 inT.6X.,R.19E 
 
 631 
 
 in T.6 X.,R. 20 E . .. 
 
 631 
 
 inT.6N.,R.21 E 
 
 631 
 
 inT.6X.,R.22E 
 
 632 
 
 inT.6N.,R.23 E 
 
 632 
 
 inT.6X.,R.24 E 
 
 632 
 
 in T.6N.,R.25 E .. 
 
 632 
 
 in T. 6 X., R. 26 E 
 
 632 
 
 in T.6X.,R.27 E 
 
 633 
 
 in T. 6N.,R. 1 W 
 
 .... 663 
 
 inT.6X.,R.^2\V 
 
 in T.6X.,R.3 W 
 
 663 
 
 663 
 
 in T. 6 X., R. 4 W 
 
 664 
 
 inT.6N.,R.5\V 
 
 in T. 6 X.,R.6 W 
 
 664 
 
 664 
 
 .inT.6N.,R.7 W 
 
 in T.6S.,R. 1 E 
 
 664 
 
 669 
 
 inT.6S.,R.2E 
 
 inT.6S.,R.3E 
 
 669 
 
 CC9 
 
 in T.CS.,R.4 E 
 
 670 
 
 in T.6S.,R. 5 E 
 
 671 
 
 in T.6S.,R.6 E. 
 
 672 
 
 in T.6S.,R.7 E 
 
 672 
 
 in T.6S.,R.8 E 
 
 616, 672 
 
 inT.6S.,R.9E 
 
 616 
 
 in T. 6 S., R. 10 E 
 
 616 
 
 inT.6S.,R.12 E 
 
 617 
 
 inT.6S.,R.13 E 
 
 617 
 
 in T.6S.,R.14 E 
 
 617 
 
 inT.6S.,R.15E 
 
 618 
 
 in T. 6 S.,R. 16 E 
 
 618 
 
 in T. 6S.,R.17 E 
 
 618 
 
 in T.6S.,R. 18 E. 
 
 618 
 
 in T.6S.,R. 19 E 
 
 619 
 
 in T.6S.,R.2DE 
 
 619 
 
 inT.6S.,R. 21 E. 
 
 619 
 
 inT.6S.,R.22E 
 
 inT.6S.,R.23 E 
 
 619 
 
 620 
 
 in T.6S.,R.24E 
 
 620 
 
 inT.6S.,R. 25 E 
 
 620 
 
 inT.6S.,R.26E 
 
 620 
 
 inT.6S.,R.27 E 
 
 621 
 
 in T. 6S.,R.l W 
 
 660 
 
 inT.6S.,R.2W 
 
 in T. 6 S.,R.3 W 
 
 660 
 
 660 
 
 inT.6S.,R.4 W 
 
 660 
 
 inT.6S.,R.5 W 
 
 6G1 
 
 in T. 6 S. , R. 6 W 
 
 661 
 
 in T. 6 S., R. 7 \V 
 
 661 
 
698 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indiim Territory— Continued. 
 
 timber conditions in T. 6 S., R. 8 W 
 
 inT.7N.,R.5E 
 
 inT.7N.,R.6E 
 
 inT.7N.,R.7E 
 
 inT.7N.,R.8E 
 
 r N.,R.9E 
 
 ■N.,R.10E 
 
 ■X.pR.llE 
 
 Pnge. 
 
 661 
 
 627 
 
 . 627 
 
 628 
 
 . 628 
 
 . 628 
 
 . 628 
 
 . 629 
 
 X.,R.12E 629 
 
 X..R.13E 629 
 
 X.,R.14E 630 
 
 X.,R.15E 630 
 
 X„R.lliE C30 
 
 X.,R.17E 630 
 
 X.,R.1SE 631 
 
 X..R.19E 631 
 
 X.,R.20E 631 
 
 X.,R.21E ; 631 
 
 N.,R.22E <'>32 
 
 N.,R.23E 632 
 
 N.,R.24E 632 
 
 N.,R.25E 632 
 
 N.,R.20E 632 
 
 X.,R.27E 633 
 
 N.,R.2\V 663 
 
 N.,R.3\V 663 
 
 inT. 
 in T. 
 in T. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 in T. 
 inT. 
 in T. 
 iiiT. 
 inT. 
 in T. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 inT. 
 
 in T. 7 N., R. 4 VV 664 
 
 inT.7N.,R.5\V. 
 inT.7N.,R.C\V. 
 inT.7N.,R. 7\V. 
 inT.7.S.,R.l E.. 
 
 in T.7S.,R.2E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.3E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.4E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.5E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.6E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.7E 
 
 inT.7.?..R.8E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.9E 
 
 inT.7S.,R.10E 
 
 inT.7S., R.12E 
 
 inT.7S., R.13E 617 
 
 . . 604 
 664 
 665 
 .. 669 
 .. 669 
 .. 669 
 .. '670 
 .. 671 
 .. 672 
 .. 672 
 616, 672 
 .. 616 
 .. 616 
 .. 617 
 
 617 
 618 
 618 
 618 
 619 
 619 
 619 
 
 inT.7S., R.14E 
 inT.7S.. R.15E 
 inT.7S., R.16E 
 inT.7S., R.17E 
 inT.7i«. 
 inT.7S. 
 in T. 7 S. 
 inT.7S. 
 inT.7S. 
 inT.7S., R.23E 
 inT.7S.,R.24E 
 in T.7S., R.25E 
 inT.7S., R.26E 
 inT.7S., R.27E 
 inT.7S., R.l W 
 inT.7S., R.2 W 
 inT.7S., R.3VV 
 inT.7S.,R.4 W 
 inT. 7S.,R..5\V 
 inT.7S.,U.6\V 
 inT.7S.,R.7 W 
 inT.SN., R..TE 627 
 
 R.18E 
 
 R.19E 
 
 R.20E 
 
 R.21E 619 
 
 R.22E 619 
 
 620 
 
 620 
 
 620 
 
 620 
 
 621 
 
 660 
 
 660 
 
 060 
 
 660 
 
 661 
 
 661 
 
 661 
 
 inT.8X..R.0E . 
 inT.8X.,R.7E . 
 
 627 
 628 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. Page. 
 
 timber conditions in T.KX..R.SE 628 
 
 in T. 8 X.. R. 9 E 628 
 
 inT.8X.,R. lOE 628 
 
 • inT.8X.,R.ll E 629 
 
 inT.8 X.,R.12E 629 
 
 inT.8X.,R.13E .. 629 
 
 inT.8N.,R.14E 630 
 
 inT.8N.,R.I.TE 630 
 
 inT.8N..R.16E 630 
 
 iuT.8N.,R.17 E 630 
 
 inT.8N.,R.18E 631 
 
 inT.8X..R.19E 631 
 
 inT.8X.,R.20E 631 
 
 inT.8X.,R.21 E 631 
 
 inT.8X.,R.22E 632 
 
 inT.8X..R.23E 632 
 
 inT.8N..R.24 E 632 
 
 inT.8X.,R.2.5E 632 
 
 inT.8N.,R.26E 632 
 
 inT.8N.,R.27E 6:« 
 
 inT.8N.,R.2\V 663 
 
 inT.8N.,R.3 W 663 
 
 in T.8N.,R.4W 604 
 
 in T. 8 X., R. 5 \V 664 
 
 in T. 8 N., R. 6 W 664 
 
 inT.8N.,R.7 W 665 
 
 inT.8S.,R.l E 669 
 
 inT.8S.,R.2 E 669 
 
 inT.8S.,R.3 E 670 
 
 inT.8S.,R.4 E 670 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. .1 E 672 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 6 E 672 
 
 inT.8S.,R.7 E 672 
 
 inT.8S.,R.8 E 616,672 
 
 inT.8S.,R.9 E 661.672 
 
 inT.8S.,R.10 E i'.16,672 
 
 inT.8S.,R.ll E 672 
 
 lnT.8S.,R.12 E 617 
 
 inT.8S.,R.13 E 617 
 
 inT.8S.,R.14 E 618 
 
 inT.8S.,R.1.5 E 618 
 
 lnT.8S.,R.10 E 618 
 
 inT.8S.,R.17 E 618 
 
 inT.8S.,R.lS E 619 
 
 inT.8S.,R.19 E 619 
 
 inT.8S.,R.21 E 619 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 22 E 619 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. -23 E 620 
 
 inT.8S.,R.24 E 620 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 25 E 620 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 20 E 620 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 27 E 021 
 
 inT.8S.,R.l\V 060 
 
 in T. 8 S., K. 2 W 600 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. 3 \V 0«i 
 
 in T. 8 S., R. W 001 
 
 In T. 8 S., R. 7 \V 001 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 5 E 033 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. E 033 
 
 in T. 9 N., R. 7 E 633 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. S E 633 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 9 E 634 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 10 E 034 
 
 inT.9X.,R.ll E 634 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 13 E 635 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 14 E 635 
 
INDEX. 
 
 i\\)\) 
 
 Indian Territory— Continued. 
 
 timber conditions in T. 9 N.. R. 15 E . - 
 
 inT.9N.,R.16E 
 
 inT.9N.,R.17E 
 
 inT.9N.,R.18E 
 
 inT.9N.,R-19E 
 
 inT.9N.,R.20E 
 
 inT.9N,,R.21E 
 
 in T. 9 X., R. 22 E 
 
 inT.9N.,R.23E 
 
 inT.9N.,R.2-lE 
 
 )nT.9N.,R.25E 
 
 in T. 9 N., E. 20 E 
 
 inT.9N.,E.2-E 
 
 rage. 
 . 635 
 . G3G 
 
 036 
 . 630 
 . 036 
 . 637 
 . 037 
 
 637 
 . 638 
 
 638 
 . 638 
 . 638 
 . 638 
 
 inT.9N.,E.3\V 665 
 
 inT.9N.,R.4 W. 
 inT.9N.,E.5 W. 
 inT.9N.,E.6W. 
 inT.9N.,E.7\V. 
 inT.9S..E.lE.. 
 inT.9S.,R.2E .. 
 inT.9S.,R.8E .. 
 
 665 
 
 665 
 
 065 
 
 665 
 
 669 
 
 669 
 
 , 672 
 
 inT.9S.,R.9E 672 
 
 , 072 
 
 072 
 
 021 
 
 621 
 
 621 
 
 621 
 
 621 
 
 633 
 
 inT.9S.,E.10E 
 
 inT.9S.,R.ll E 
 
 inT.9S.,R.23E 
 
 inT.9S.,R.24E 
 
 inT.9S.,E.25E 
 
 inT.9S.,R.26E 
 
 inT.9S.,R.27E 
 
 inT.10N.,E.5E 
 
 inT.10N.,R.0E 633 
 
 633 
 
 633 
 
 634 
 
 634 
 
 634 
 
 635 
 
 635 
 
 inT.10N.,R.15E 635 
 
 inT.10N.,R.16E 
 
 inT.10X.,R.17E 
 
 inT.!0N.,R.18E 
 
 inT.lDN.,R.7E .. 
 inT.10N.,R.8E.. 
 in T.10N.,R.9E.. 
 inT.10N.,R.10E. 
 inT.10X.,R.ll E . 
 inT.10N.,R.13E . 
 inT.10N.,E.14E . 
 
 inT.10N.,R. 19E 
 
 inT.10N.,R.20E 
 
 inT.10N.,E.21E 
 
 inT.10N.,R.22E 
 
 in T.10N.,R.23E 
 
 inT.10K.,R.24E 
 
 in T. 10 N., R. 25 E 
 
 in T.10N.,R.26 E 
 
 inT.10N.,R.27E 
 
 inT.10N.,R.4W 
 
 inT.10N.,R.5W 665 
 
 In T. 10 N., R. ^V 665 
 
 in T. 10 N., E. 7 W 605 
 
 in T. 10 S. , R. 2 E 069 
 
 in T. 10 S., R. 9 E 672 
 
 in T. 10 S. , R. 10 E 672 
 
 inT.10S.,R.24E 621 
 
 inT.10S.,E.25E 621 
 
 inT.10S.,R.26E 621 
 
 inT.10S.,R.27E 621 
 
 inT.llN.,R.5E 633 
 
 in T. 11 N., R. 6 E 633 
 
 inT.llN.,E.7E 633 
 
 inT.llN.,R.8E 634 
 
 Indian Territory— I'ontinued. I'age. 
 
 timber eondition.s in T. 11 N., R. 9 E . . . . 034 
 
 raT.llN.,R.10E 034 
 
 inT.nN..R.ll E 634 
 
 inT.llN..E.13E 035 
 
 in T. 11X.,E.14 E 035 
 
 inT.nX.,R.15E 636 
 
 inT.llX.,R. 16E 636 
 
 inT.llX.,R.17E 636 
 
 inT.ll X..R.18E 630 
 
 in T. 11 X., E. 19 E 637 
 
 inT.llN.,R.20'E 637 
 
 inT.llN.,E.21 E 637 
 
 in T. 11 X., E. 22 E 637 
 
 inT.llX.,R.23E 63.S 
 
 in T. U X., R. 24 E 038 
 
 in T.n X.,R.25E 638 
 
 in T. 11 X., R. 26 E 638 
 
 inT.nX.,R.27E 638 
 
 in T. 11 S., R. 27 E 621 
 
 inT.12X.,E.0E 633 
 
 inT.12X.,E.7E 633 
 
 in T. 12 X., E. 8 E 634 
 
 inT.12X.,R.9E 634 
 
 inT.12X.,E.I0E 634 
 
 inT. 12X.,R.12E 634 
 
 inT.12X.,R.13E 635 
 
 inT.12X.,R.14E 635 
 
 inT.12X.,R.15E 636 
 
 in T. 12 X., R. 10 E 636 
 
 inT.12X.,R.17E 636 
 
 inT.12X.,R.18E 636 
 
 inT.12X.,E.19E 037 
 
 in T. 12 X., E. 20 E 637 
 
 inT.12X.,E.21 E 637 
 
 inT.12X.,R.22E 637 
 
 inT.12X.,R.23E 638 
 
 inT.12X.,R.24E 638 
 
 inT.12X.,R.25E 638 
 
 in T. 12 N., R. 26 E 638 
 
 inT.12X..R.27E 638 
 
 inT.13X.,R.6E 639 
 
 in T. 13 X., E. 7 E 639 
 
 in T.13X.,R.SE 639 
 
 inT.l;iX.,E.9E 039 
 
 inT.13X..E.10E 640 
 
 inT.13X.,E.llE 640 
 
 inT.13X.,R.12E 640 
 
 inT.13X.,R.13E Ml 
 
 inT.13X.,R.14E 641 
 
 in T.13X.,R.15E 641 
 
 inT.I3X.,R.16E 641 
 
 inT.13X.,E.17E 612 
 
 in T. 13 X., R. 18 E 642 
 
 inT.13X.,R.19E 642 
 
 in T. 13 X., R. 20 E 643 
 
 inT.13X.,E.21E 643 
 
 inT.13X.,E.22E 643 
 
 inT. 13N.,R.23E 644 
 
 in T. 13 X., E. 24 E 644 
 
 inT.13X.,E.25E 644 
 
 inT.13X.,R.26E 644 
 
 inT.13X.,R.27E 645 
 
 inT.14X..R.6 E 639 
 
 inT.14X.,R.7E 639 
 
 in T. 14 X., R. 8 E 639 
 
 in T.14 X..R.9 E 039 
 
700 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indian TiTrilnry — CoiUiiiucHt. Page, 
 
 timber conditions in T. U X., R. 10 E . . . ©40 
 
 inT. 14X..R.11 E MO 
 
 inT.H N'..R.12 E WO 
 
 inT.14N'.,R.13 E 6U 
 
 in T.14X.,R. HE Ml 
 
 inT. 14X.,R. 15E 641 
 
 inT.14X.,R.16E 641 
 
 inT.14X.,R.17 E 642 
 
 in T. 14 X.. R. 18 E 612 
 
 inT.14X.,R.19E 612 
 
 inT.14X.,R.20E 6J3 
 
 inT.14X.,R.21 E 643 
 
 in T. 14 X., R. 22 E 613 
 
 inT.14X.,R.23E 644 
 
 inT.14X.,R.24E 614 
 
 inT. 14X.,R.25E 614 
 
 in T.14X.,R.26E 644 
 
 inT.14X.,R.27E 645 
 
 inT.1.5X.,R.6E 639 
 
 inT.15X.,R.7E 639 
 
 inT.15X.,R.8E 639 
 
 in T. 15 X., R. 9 E 639 
 
 in T. 1.5 X., R. 10 E 640 
 
 inT. l.SX.,R.ll E 640 
 
 in T.15X.,R.12E : 640 
 
 inT.l.TX.,R. 13E 611 
 
 inT.15X.,R.14E 611 
 
 inT. l.iX.,R.15E 641 
 
 inT.15X.,R.lGE 6U 
 
 inT.15X.,R.17E 642 
 
 inT.1.5X.,R.18E 642 
 
 inT.l.iX.,R.19E 643 
 
 inT.15X.,R.20E 643 
 
 inT.15X.,R.21E 643 
 
 inT. I5X.,R.22E 643 
 
 inT.1.5X.,R.23E 644 
 
 inT. 15X.,R.24E 644 
 
 inT. 1.5X.,R.2.5E 644 
 
 inT. 15X.,R.26E 645 
 
 in T. 16 X.. R. 7 E 639 
 
 inT.16X.,R.SE 639 
 
 inT.16X.,R.9E 640 
 
 inT.16X.,R.10E 640 
 
 inT.l(;X.,R.ll E 640 
 
 in T. It; X., R. 12 E 640 
 
 inT. 16X.,R.13E 611 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 14 E 6U 
 
 in T. IC X., R. 15 E 641 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. If. E 641 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 17 E 642 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. IS E 612 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 19 E 643 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 20 E 613 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 21 E 613 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 22 E 644 
 
 in T. 16 X., R. 23 E 614 
 
 in T. 16 X.. R. 24 E 644 
 
 in T. 10 X., R. 25 E 544 
 
 inT.16N.,R.26E 645 
 
 in T. 17 X., R. 7 E 645 
 
 inT.17X.,R.8E 646 
 
 in T.17X..R.9E 645 
 
 in T.17X.,R.10E 645 
 
 inT.17X..R.ll E 646 
 
 in T.17X.,R.12E 646 
 
 inT.17X.,R.13E 646 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions in T. 17 X..R. 14 E ... 646 
 
 inT.17X.,R.15E 646 
 
 in T. 17X.,R.16E 647 
 
 in T. 17 X., R. 17 E 647 
 
 in T. 17 X.. R. 18 E 647 
 
 in T. 17 X., R. 19 E 648 
 
 in T. 17 X., R. 20 E 648 
 
 inT.17X..R.21E 648 
 
 in T. 17 X., R. 22 E 648 
 
 inT.17X.,R.23 E 649 
 
 inT.17X.,R.24E 619 
 
 inT.17X..R.25E 649 
 
 inT.17X.,R.26E 649 
 
 inT.lSX.,R.7E 645 
 
 inT.18X.,R.8E 645 
 
 • inT18X.,R.9E 645 
 
 in T. 18 X., R. 10 E 645 
 
 in T. 18 X., R. 11 E 646 
 
 inT.18X.,R.12E 646 
 
 inT.18X.,R.13E 646 
 
 inT.18X.,R. 14E 646 
 
 inT.18X.,R.15E 647 
 
 inT.18X.,R.16E 647 
 
 inT.lSX..R. 17E 647 
 
 inT.18X.,R.18E 617 
 
 in T. 18 X., R. 19 E 618 
 
 inT. 18X.,R.20E 648 
 
 in T. 18 X., R. 21 E 648 
 
 inT.18X.,R.22E 649 
 
 inT.18X.,R.23E 619 
 
 inT.18X.,R.24E 649 
 
 inT.18X..R.25E 649 
 
 inT.18X.,R.26E 650 
 
 inT.19X.,R.7E 645 
 
 inT.19X.,R.8E 645 
 
 in T. 19 X., R. 9 E 615 
 
 in T.19X.,R.10E 645 
 
 inT.19X.,R.ll E 616 
 
 inT.19X..R.12E 646 
 
 in T. 19 X., R. 13 E 646 
 
 inT.19X.,R.14E 646 
 
 inT.19X.,R.15E 647 
 
 in T. 19 X.. R. 16 E 617 
 
 in T. 19 X., R. 17 E 647 
 
 inT.19X.,R.lSE 647 
 
 inT. 19X.,R.19E 648 
 
 in T. 19 X., R. 20 E 648 
 
 inT.19X.,R.21 E 618 
 
 inT.19X.,R.22E 649 
 
 inT.19X.,R.23E 649 
 
 inT.19X.,R.24E 649 
 
 inT.19X.,R.25E 649 
 
 inT.19X.,R.26E 650 
 
 in T. 20 X., R. 12 E 646 
 
 in T.20X.,R.13E 646 
 
 in T.20X.,R.14E 646 
 
 inT.20X..R.15E 617 
 
 in T.20X.,R.16 E 617 
 
 inT.20X..R.17E 617 
 
 inT.20X.,R.18E 648 
 
 in T.20X.,R.19E 648 
 
 in T.20X.,R.20E 648 
 
 in T.20X..R.21 E 618 
 
 inT.20X..R.22E 649 
 
 in T.-20X..R.-23 E 649 
 
 in T.2t)N.,H.24E 649 
 
/ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 701 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions in T. 20 X.. R. 25 E ... ti49 
 
 in T.20X.,R.2i;E 650 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 12 E 650 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 13 E 650 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 14 E 6.50 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 15 E tSO 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 16 E 651 
 
 in T. 21 X., E. 17 E 661 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 18 E 651 
 
 inT.21N.,R.19E 652 
 
 in T. 21 X., R. 20 E 652 
 
 in T. 21 X., E. 21 E 652 
 
 inT.21N.,E.22E 652 
 
 inT.21X.,R.23E 053 
 
 inT.21X.,R.24E 653 
 
 inT.21 X.,R.2oE 653 
 
 inT.22X.,E.12 E 650 
 
 in T. 22 N., R. 13 E 650 
 
 in T. 22 X., R. 14 E 6.50 
 
 inT.22X.,R.15E 651 
 
 inT.22X.,E.16E 651 
 
 inT.22X.,R.17E 651 
 
 in T. 22 X., E. 18 E 651 
 
 in T. 22 X., R. 19 E 652 
 
 in T.22X.,R.20E 6.52 
 
 in T. 22 X., R. 21 E 652 
 
 inT.22X.,R.22E 653 
 
 inT.22N.,R.23E 653 
 
 inT.22X.,R.24E 653 
 
 in T. 22 X., E. 25 E 653 
 
 in T. 23 X., E. 12 E 6.50 
 
 in T. 23 X., R. 13 E 6.50 
 
 inT.23X.,E.14E 650 
 
 in T. 23 X., E. i5 E 651 
 
 inT.23X.,R.16E 6.51 
 
 inT.23X.,R.17E 651 
 
 inT.23X.,E.18E 651 
 
 inT.23N.,E.19E 652 
 
 inT.23X.,R.20E 652 
 
 inT.23X.,R.21 E 6.52 
 
 inT.23X.,R.22E 653 
 
 inT.23X.,E.23E 653 
 
 inT.23X.,E.24E 653 
 
 in T. 23 X., E. 25 E 6S4 
 
 in T. 24 X., R. 12 E 650 
 
 in T.24X..E.13 E 650 
 
 in T. 24 X., E. 14 E 650 
 
 inT.24X.,R.15E 651 
 
 inT.24X.,R.16E 651 
 
 in T. 24 X., E. 17 E 651 
 
 inT.24X.,R.18E 651 
 
 inT.24N.,E.19E 652 
 
 in T. 24 X., R. 20 E 652 
 
 inT.24X.,E.21 E 652 
 
 in T. 24 N., E. 22 E 6.53 
 
 in T. 24 X., E. 23 E 653 
 
 inT.24N.,E.24E 653 
 
 inT.24X.,E.25E 654 
 
 inT.25X.,R.12E 654 
 
 inT.25X.,R.13E 654 
 
 inT.25X.,E.14E 654 
 
 inT.25X.,E.15E 665 
 
 in T. 25 X., E. 16 E (65 
 
 in T. 25 N., R. 17 E 655 
 
 inT.25X.,R.18E 6.56 
 
 in T.25X.,R.19E 6.56 
 
 Indian Territory — Continued. I'age. 
 
 timber conditions in T. 25 X.. R.20 E . . . 656 
 
 in T.25X.,R.21E 657 
 
 inT.25X.,R.22E 657 
 
 inT.25X.,R.23E 657 
 
 in T. 25 X., R. 24 E 6.57 
 
 in T. 25 X., E. J5 E 658 
 
 in T. 26 X., E. 12 E r 651 
 
 in T.26X.,R.13E 654 
 
 in T. 26 X.. R. 14 E 6.M 
 
 in T. 26 X.,E. 15E 655 
 
 in T.26X.,E.16E 655 
 
 inT.26X.,E.17E ....• 655 
 
 inT. 26X.,E. 18E 656 
 
 in T. 26X.,R.19E 656 
 
 inT.26X.,R.20E 6o6 
 
 in T. 26X.,R.21 E 657 
 
 in T. 26 X., R. 22 E 657 
 
 in T. 26 N., R. 23 E 657 
 
 in T.26X.,R.24E 657 
 
 in T.27X.,R.12E 654 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 13 E 654 
 
 in T.27^.,E.14E 655 
 
 inT.27X.,E. 16E 655 
 
 inT.27X.,R.16E 655 
 
 inT.27X.,E.17E 655 
 
 in T.27X.,R.18E 656 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 19 E 656 
 
 in T.27X.,E.2DE 656 
 
 in T.27X.,E.21 E 657 
 
 inT.27X.,E.22E 657 
 
 in T. 27 X., E. 23 E 657 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 24 E 658 
 
 in T. 28 N., E. 12 E 654 
 
 in T. 28 X., R. 13 E 6M 
 
 in T. 28 N., E. 14 E 6.55 
 
 inT.28X.,E.15E 655 
 
 inT.28X.,R.16E 655 
 
 in T.28X.,R.17E 6.55 
 
 inT.28X.,R.18E 656 
 
 in T. 28 X., E. 19 E 656 
 
 in T. 28 X., E. 20 E 656 
 
 in T. 28 X., E, 21 E 657 
 
 in T. 28 X., E. 22 E 657 
 
 in T.28X..R.23E 657 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 12 E 654 
 
 inT.29X.,R.13E 651 
 
 in T.29X.,R.14E 655 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 15 E 655 
 
 inT.-29X.,R.16E 655 
 
 in T.29X.,R.17E 656 
 
 in T.29X.,E.18E 656 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 19 E 656 
 
 inT.29X.,R.20E 656 
 
 jnT.29X.,R.21 E 657 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 22 E 6.67 
 
 Jaclison quadrangle, Cal., ela-ssiiication of 
 
 lands in 549 
 
 map showing classification of lands. In atla.s 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Jeffrey pine, ^yc Pine. .Tetlrey. 
 
 Jesus Maria Creel;, Cal.. plate showing ef- 
 fect of fires and grazing on .626 
 
 Juniper Mountain, Wash., burn on i;J4 
 
\ 
 
 702 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Juni|)erus occidental is. See Juniper, west- 
 em. 
 
 Juniper, westeni. area& timbered by.. 2-!l-242,540 
 
 range of 243,244,540,543 
 
 sizennd reproduction of 541 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaliiwa River, \Va?;li. .^>^ North Fork of 
 
 Kalrtwa River. 
 Klamath Gap, Oreg., topographic features 
 
 of 220-221 
 
 Klamath Lake. Oreg. ,*^r Upper Klamath 
 
 Lake and Lower Klamath Lake. 
 Klaiimih quadrangle. Oreg., map showing 
 
 elassifieation o£ lands In atlas 
 
 Klickitat River, Wash., character of valley 
 
 of 92 
 
 mineral springs on 95-96 
 
 timber conditions in watershed of ... 121-122 
 
 I- 
 
 Lugging, price oi 545 
 
 Lake Crescent, Wash., plate showing view 
 
 on 1% 
 
 Lake Tahoe Reserve, Cal., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 boundaries of 506 
 
 classification of lands in 550 
 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Sec also Stanislaus and Lake Tahoe 
 reserves. 
 Litkf Tenaya, Cal.. plate showing view of. . 572 
 
 Lands, classification of 563-601 
 
 Lii Push, Wash., plate showing view at 186 
 
 Larch, amount in Lewis and Clarke Re- 
 serve, Mont 44 
 
 plates showing 44, 68, 74 
 
 Larch, Lyall, rate of growth of 25 
 
 Larch, mountain, areas timbered by 42 
 
 map showing distribution of 40 
 
 size of 43 
 
 Liirch, western, areas timbered by 41-42 
 
 map showing distribution of 40 
 
 rate of growth of 25 
 
 size of 43 
 
 Larix lyallii. See Larch, mountain. 
 1-arix occidentalis. .See Larch, western. 
 Leiberg, J.B.,pflper on forest conditions in 
 
 Sandpoint quadrangle 583-595 
 
 report on Cascade Range and Ashland 
 reserves, Oreg., and adjacent re- 
 gions 209-498 
 
 work of 18 
 
 Lewis River, W'ash., character of valley of. 92 
 
 timber conditions in watershed of 116 
 
 Lewis and Clarke Reserve, Mont., accessi- 
 bility of timber in 51-52 
 
 agricultural and grazing lands in 39-40 
 
 area and date of establishment of 14 
 
 boundaries of 35-36 
 
 climate in 53 
 
 cutting in 46-17 
 
 dead wood standing in 49 
 
 distribution of forest trees in 41-42 
 
 estimates of timber in 44 
 
 Page 
 
 Lewis and Clarke Reser\'e — Continued. 
 
 explanation of maps of 56 
 
 fires in 47-50 
 
 fish and game in 35 
 
 forest trees in 41 
 
 humus in 38 
 
 litter in 38-39 
 
 map showing land clasbificatiim In atlas 
 
 maps sho^\^ng distribution of trees 
 
 species 40. 48, 70 
 
 markets for timber from 52 
 
 mining in 53 
 
 rate of growth of tr*»es in 49-50 
 
 report on 27-80 
 
 reproduction in 49 
 
 rock found in 37 
 
 scenery in 55-56 
 
 settlements in 51-55 
 
 size and quality of timber in 42-43 
 
 soil in 37-38 
 
 suggestions for management of 52-53 
 
 summary of work in 15-16 
 
 topography of 3*5-37 
 
 undcrbrui^h in 45—16 
 
 young growth in 44-45 
 
 Libocedrus deciurens. See Cedar, incense. 
 
 Lightning, fires started by 136 
 
 Lillian Creek, Wash., plate showing view 
 
 near hwxd of 180 
 
 Ijly Creek, Cal., plate showing forest near. 510. 
 
 512,514 
 
 Limber pine. See Pine, limber. 
 
 Little Badger Creek, Mont., deadwoi>d in 
 
 valley of 62 
 
 plate showing view near 56 
 
 Little Butte Creek, Oreg., description of 225 
 
 Little White Salmon River, Wa.sh., charac- 
 ter of valley of 92 
 
 timber conditions in watershed of . . . 119-120 
 
 Live oak. California. Sec Oak, California 
 live. 
 
 Live oak, canyon. See Oak, canyon live. 
 
 Lodgepole pine. See Pine, lodgepole. 
 
 Longmire, James, reference to M 
 
 Longmire Springs, Wash., plate showing 
 
 view of 88 
 
 Love Creek, Cal., plate showing sawmill on. 526 
 
 Lovely fir. Sec Fir, lovely. 
 
 Lumber, uses and prices of 544-517 
 
 Lumbering, effect of, on forest growth . . . 551-552 
 
 Lyall larch. See Larch. Lyall. 
 
 M. 
 
 McDonald Peak, Mont., plate showing view 
 
 of 66 
 
 Madrofla. range, size, and occurrence of,. 155, 
 
 534,543 
 
 Maple, plate showing 130. 132 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of. 105 
 
 rate of growth of 109 
 
 See also Maple, Oregon. 
 Maple, dwarf, range, size, and occurrence of. 542 
 Maple, Oregon, range, size, and occurrence 
 
 of 533,513 
 
 See alifo Maple. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 703 
 
 Page. 
 
 Maple, soft, range and occurrence of Ino 
 
 Maple, vino, range and occurrence of 155 
 
 rate of growth of 109 
 
 Mariner, G. A., analysis by 95 
 
 Mariposa grove, Cal., plates showing views 
 
 in 574 
 
 Markleeville quadrangle, Cal., classifica- 
 tion of lands in 550 
 
 iiiup sliuwing classification of lands.. In atlas 
 
 stand of timber in '2\ 
 
 Marsh willow. See Willow, marsh. 
 Marshall. R. B., paper on land classification 
 
 in Mount Lyell quadrangle .by... 574-.575 
 Middle Fork of Flathead VaUey, Mont., 
 
 area burned in 47 
 
 cutting in >» (57 
 
 deadwood in 49, 07 
 
 estimate of timber in valley of 44 
 
 fires in 67 
 
 litter and humus in G6 
 
 plate showing view of 60 
 
 rock and soil in 65 
 
 topographic features of 65 
 
 tranportation facilities in 67 
 
 trees and timber in (^i^ 
 
 underbrush in 07 
 
 ynimggroA\'th in 66 
 
 Miildle Fork of Stanislaus River, Cal., plate 
 
 sliowing views on 510, 512, 514, 516, 518 
 
 Middle Fork of Sun River, Mont., plate 
 
 showing view on 50 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 Mill Creek, Oreg., plates showing views 
 
 near 250, 2.56 
 
 Mineral springs in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 ^^"ash 95 
 
 Minnesoti), map of pine region, showing 
 
 classification of lands In atlas 
 
 report on timber conditions of the pine 
 
 region of 67^-689 
 
 summary of work in 22 
 
 Minnesota pine region, classification of for- 
 est land In GS4 
 
 distribution of species in GSO-aSt 
 
 estimates of timber in 682-t.S4 
 
 explanation of map of 681-682 
 
 extent of 679 
 
 fires in 685-687 
 
 fire protection in 687 
 
 forest history of GSo 
 
 map showing olassifieation of lands.. In atlas 
 
 new growth in 688 
 
 species found in 679-ti80 
 
 timber trees in 6S0 
 
 value of stump land in 688-689 
 
 Mission Range, Mont., plate showing view 
 
 of 38 
 
 Missouri Riverdrainage, Mont., agricultural 
 
 land in 64 
 
 cutting in 62-63 
 
 deadwood in 49, 62 
 
 fires in 60-61 
 
 irrigation in 64 
 
 litter in 58 
 
 reproduction in. 61-^52 
 
 rock, soil, and subsoil in 57-58 
 
 Page. 
 
 Missouri River drainage — Continued. 
 
 topographic features oi 57 
 
 transportation facilities in 63-64 
 
 trees and timber in 58-60 
 
 water power in 65 
 
 young growth and underbnish in BO 
 
 Mokelumne River, Cal., plate showing vrew 
 
 on South Fork of 530 
 
 Montour Creek, Mont., plate showing viev/ 
 
 on 64 
 
 Mount Adams, AVash., altitude of IG, 88 
 
 plates showing views of 140, 142 
 
 volcanic activity on 96 
 
 Mountain hemlock. Sr.e Hemlock, monn- 
 tain. 
 
 Mountain larch, y^rc Larch, mountain. 
 
 Mountain pine. Src Pine, mountain. 
 
 Slount Aix, Wash., al titiide of 88 
 
 Mount Brown, Oreg., volcanic activity near 221 
 
 Mount Dearborn, Mont., plate showing view 
 
 from 56 
 
 Mount Hood, Wash., plate showing -view of. 132 
 
 Mount Lycll quadrangle, Cal., map show- 
 ing classification of lands In atlas 
 
 topographic features and forest condi- 
 tions in 574-575 
 
 Mount Pitt, Oreg., composition of forest at 
 
 various altitudes on 261 
 
 effects of fires near 281 
 
 elevation of 221 
 
 plate showing views of 406 
 
 volcanic activity near 221 
 
 Mount Rainier, Wash., altitude of 16, 88 
 
 plates showing views of 88, 136 
 
 Mount Rainier Reserve, Wash., arable lands 
 
 and soil formations in 91-93 
 
 area and date of establishment of 14 
 
 boundaries of 87-88 
 
 caves in 96-97 
 
 climate in 89-90 
 
 coal indications in 93-94 
 
 commercial uses of timber in 127-128 
 
 cutting in 138-139 
 
 defects and diseases of timber trees in. 110 
 
 estimates of timber in 111-130 
 
 evidences of volcanic activity in 96 
 
 fires in 133-137 
 
 grazing in 140-143 
 
 humus in 132-133 
 
 litter in 132 
 
 logging conditions in 139 
 
 map showing classification of lands. .In atlas 
 maps showing distribution of species . . 98, 
 
 104,134 
 
 markets for watersheds in 128 
 
 mineral springs in 94-95 
 
 minerals and mining claims in 94 
 
 mountain parks in 97 
 
 rate of growth of timber trees in 106 
 
 plate showing range of tree species in. . 102 
 prices of lumber in markets adjacent 
 
 to 129-130 
 
 report on 81-143 
 
 restocking in 136-137 
 
 settlements and improvements in 140 
 
 summary of work on 16-17 
 
704 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Mount Rainier Reserve — Continued. 
 
 timbcrle>*s areas in 137-138 
 
 topopra])hie features of 88-S9 
 
 tree species in 9H-10G 
 
 underbrlLsh in 130-132 
 
 Mount St. Helens, Wasli., plate showing 
 
 view of 9> 
 
 Mount Stuart quadrangle, Wash., classifica- 
 tion of lands in .^0 
 
 map .showing land cla.s.siflcation In atlas 
 
 Mount Thielsen, Oreg., forest conditions 
 
 near 299,300 
 
 Mowieh River, Wash., arable land in valley 
 
 of M 
 
 N. 
 
 National ]>arks, map showing forest re- 
 serves and In atlas 
 
 Xtiehes River, Wash., timber conditions in 
 
 watershed of 124-125 
 
 Narada Falls, Wash., plate showing view of 90 
 Newcastle quadrangle, Wyo.-S. Dak.,cla.ssi- 
 
 fication of lands in GO! 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Nevada Falls, Cal., plate showing view of. . 572 
 Nisqually River, Wash., timber conditions 
 
 in -watershed of 113 
 
 arable land in valley of 91 
 
 Noble fir. ,S( c Fir, noble. 
 North Fork of Depuyer Creek, Mont., dead- 
 wood in valley of 62 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 North Fork of Ford Creek, Mont., timber in 
 
 valley of 58 
 
 North Fork of Kalawa River, Wash., plate 
 
 showing timber on 186 
 
 North Fork of Rogue River, Oreg., plate 
 
 showing view on 276 
 
 North Fork of Sun River, Mont., estimate of 
 
 cutting on 63 
 
 plates showing views of 36, 58, 60 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 North Fork of Tetoh Creek, Mont., dead- 
 wood in valley of 62 
 
 estimateof cutting on 63 
 
 plate showing mountains on 36 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 North Fork of Tuolumne River, Cal., plate 
 
 showing views on 506 
 
 Nut pine. See Pine, nut. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oak. range, size, quality, and occurrence of. 106 
 
 Oak, black, size and occurrence of 519 
 
 Oak, California black, range, size, age, re- 
 production, and occurrence of. 532,543,548 
 
 ttak, California rock, areas timbered by 518 
 
 range, size, and character of 518 
 
 Oak, California scrub, range, size, and occur- 
 rence of 534-535, 543 
 
 Oak, California white, range, size, and oc- 
 currence of 518-519 
 
 Oak, California live, range, .size, and occur- 
 rence of 319,533 
 
 I'age. 
 Oak, tan-bark, range, size, and occurrence 
 
 of .'134,543 
 
 Olympic Re6er\'e, Wash., agricultural land 
 
 in 1.53-154 
 
 area and date of establi.shment of 14 
 
 iKiundaries of 1.51-1.52 
 
 detailed description of townships in.. 1.59-208 
 
 forest fires in 1.5.5-156 
 
 grazing lands in 157 
 
 humus in 156 
 
 litter in 156 
 
 logging in 157 
 
 logging facilities in 158 
 
 map showing classification of lands. . In atlas 
 mapsshowingdistributionofspecies. In atlas 
 
 mining in 157 
 
 navigation in 158 
 
 plants and shrubs in 155 
 
 reduction of 13 
 
 report on 145-208 
 
 roads and trails in 1.58 
 
 summary of work in 17-18 
 
 stand of timber in 154 
 
 timber trees in 155 
 
 topographic features of 153 
 
 underbrush in 156, 157 
 
 Oregon, climatic conditions in southern.. 231-235 
 maps of part of .southern, showing distri- 
 bution of species 240, 248, 284, 320, 440 
 
 timber conditions and composition of 
 
 forest in T. 2S S.. R. 5 F, 269, 
 
 297-299, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.28S..R.6E 263, 
 
 299-300, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.28S..R.6i- E 300-301, 
 
 475,470,477,479,480,481 
 
 inT.28S.,R.7 E 301,479,480,481 
 
 in T. 28 S., R. 8 E 302,479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.29S.,R.3 E 302-303, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 479. 480, 481 
 
 304-305, 
 
 475,476,477,479,480,481 
 
 R.5E 263, 
 
 305-306, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 R.7E 306,479,480,481 
 
 R. 8 E 306-307, 479, 480, 481 
 
 R.l E 308-309, 
 
 475,476,477,479,480,481 
 
 inT.30S.,R.2E 254, 
 
 309-311, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480. 481 
 
 in T.3;1S..R.3 E 312-314, 
 
 475,476,477,479,480,481 
 
 inT.30S.,R.4 E 311-315, 
 
 475,476,477,479.480,481 
 
 inT.30S.,R.5 K 315-317, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 479; 480, 481 
 
 317-318, 
 
 475.476,477,479,480,481 
 
 318-320, 
 
 475, 470, 477, 479, 4.S0, 481 
 
 R. 7 E 320, 479. 4S0, 481 
 
 R.8E 321,479,480,481 
 
 R. 9 E 321-322, 479, 480. 481 
 
 R. lOE 322-323,479,480,481 
 
 in T.29S..K.4 K . 
 
 in T.29t 
 
 inT.29S. 
 in T. 29 S. 
 in T.30S. 
 
 in T.30S..K. C K 
 
 ill T.SOf 
 
 . R. 11; E . 
 
 in T.30S. 
 in T. 30 S. 
 inT.30S, 
 in T..30S, 
 inT.30S.,R.ll E 323,479,480,481 
 
INDEX. 
 
 705 
 
 Oregon— Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions and composition of 
 
 forest in T. 30 .S., R. 12 E 32a-32J, 
 
 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 30 .S., R. 13 E 324, 479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.30S.,R.14E 324-32.5, 479, 480, 481 
 
 ill T. 30 S., R. 1 W 307-308, 479, 4S0, 481 
 
 in T. 30 S., R. 2 W 307, 479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.31S.,R.lE 326-328, 
 
 47.5, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 inT.31 S.,R.2 K 32.S-329, 
 
 47.5,476,477,479,480,481 
 
 inT.31.'<.,K.3E 329-331, 
 
 475, 47B, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T.31 S.,U.4 E 331-333, 
 
 475,476,477,479,480,481 
 
 in T.31 .-^..R.oE 260, 
 
 333-334, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 ill T.31.'i.,R.6E 270, 
 
 335-336, 475, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T.31 S.,E.6JE 336-337,479,480,481 
 
 in T. 31 S., R. 7 E 337-338, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 31 S., R. 8 E 338, 479, 4.S0, 481 
 
 inT.31S.,R.9E 3*8-339, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 31 S., R. 10 E. 246, 270, 3:39, 479, 480, 481 
 inT.31S.,R.llE. 246, 339-340, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 31 S., R. 12 E 340-341, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 31 S., R. 13 E 341 , 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T.31 .S., R. 14 E 341-342,482,483,484 
 
 in T. 31 S. , R. 1 W 325, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 31 S. , R. 2 W 325, 479, 480, 481 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 1 E. . 268, 343-344, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 2 E 344-345, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 3 E. . 2.53, 345-346, 482, 483, 484 
 
 inT.32S.,R.4E 269, 
 
 346-347, 475, 476, 477, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 5 E 260, 
 
 347-349, 475, 476, 477, 482, 483, 484 
 
 inT.a2S.,R.6E 349-351, 
 
 475, 476, 477. 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 7 E 3.52-353, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 7i E a51-3.52, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 8 E 3.53, 4.82, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 9 E 3.53-351, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 10 E 354-3-55, 482, 483, 484 
 
 inT.32S.,R.ll E 355,4,82,483,484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 12 E 3.5.5-3.50, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 13 E 3.56, 482, 483, 4Si 
 
 inT.32S.,R. I4E 3.57,4.82,483,484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 1 W . 2.52, 342-313, 4.S2, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 32 S., R. 2 VV 342, 482, 4.S3, 484 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 1 E 3.58-3.59, 4.82, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 2 E 3.59-360, 482, 4,83, 484 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 3 E. . 2.53, 360-361, 4.82, 483, 484 
 
 inT.33S.,R.4E 361-362, 
 
 475, 476, 477. 482, 483, 4M 
 
 in T.33S.,R.5E 200, 
 
 362-364, 475, 476, 477, 482, 483, 484 
 
 inT;33S.,R.6E 364-366, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 4,82, 483, 484 
 
 in T.33S.,R. 7 E 367-368,482,483,484 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 7i E 366-367, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 33 S., E. 8 E 368, 482, 483, 484 
 
 inT.33S.,R. 9E.^ 369,482,483,484 
 
 in T. 33 S. , R. 10 E. 246, 369-370, 4,82, 483, 484 
 inT.33S.,R.llE 370,482,483,484 
 
 21 GEOL, PT 5 45 
 
 Oregon— Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions and composition of 
 
 forest in T.33S.,R. 12E. 371,482,483,484 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 13 E 371-372, 482, 483, 484 
 
 ill T. 33 S., R. 14 E 372, 4.82, 483, 4.84 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 1 \V 358, 482, 4s:!, 4S4 
 
 in T. 33 S., R. 2 W 357, 4,82, 4s;i, 4S4 
 
 in T. 34 S., R. 1 E 374, 485, 48(1, 187 
 
 in T. 34 g., R. 2 E 375,485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 34 S., R. 3 E 2.53, 376, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.34S.,R.4E 260, 
 
 376-377, 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T.34P.,R.5E 265, 
 
 378-380, 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 4.87 
 
 inT.34S.,R.6E 3.81-383, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.34S.,R.7E 383-381,485,486,487 
 
 inT.34S.,R. 7JE 383,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 34 g. , R. 8 E 384-385, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.34.S.,E.9E 385,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 34 S., R. 10 E. 240, 385-386, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 34 S., E. 11 E 270, 386, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 34 S., E. 12 E 387, 485, 480, 487 
 
 in T. 34 S., R. 13 E 387-388, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.34S.,R.14E 388,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 34 S. , R. 1 \V 373-374, 482, 483, 484 
 
 in T. 34 S., R. 2 W 372-373, 482, 4S3, 484 
 
 in T. 35 S., E. 1 E 390, 485, 4.86, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., E. 2 E 253, 391, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 3 E 391-392, 485, 4.S6, 487 
 
 inT.35S.,R.4E 392-394, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.35S.,R.5E 394-396, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.35.S.,R.0E 396-397, 
 
 475,476,477, 485, 486,487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 7 E 398, 4.85, 486, 487 
 
 inT.35S.,R.7i E 398,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 8 E 398-399, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S. , E. 9 E . . 248, 399-100, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 10 E 400, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.35S.,R.UE 401,485,486,4,87 
 
 inT.35S.,R.!2 E 401-102,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 35 S. , R. 13 E 402, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 14 E 403, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., E. 1 W 3.89-390, 485, 486, 487 
 
 in T. 35 S., R. 2 W 389, 485, 486, 4.87 
 
 in T. 36 S. , R. 4 E. . 247, 404-405, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.36S.,R.2 E 40.5-406,485,486,487 
 
 in T. 36 S., E. 3 E 406-407, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT,36S.,R.4E 269, 
 
 407-409. 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 487 
 
 inT.36S.,R.5E 409-411, 
 
 47.5,476,477,485,486,487 
 
 ill T.36S.,R. 6E 411-413, 
 
 475, 476, 477, 488, 489, 490 
 
 in T. 36 S., R. 7a E 413, 488, 489, 490 
 
 inT.36S.,R.7b E 414,488,489,490 
 
 in T. 36 S., R. 8 E 414-115, 488, 489, 490 
 
 in T. 36 S., E. 9 E 248, 415, 488, 4.89, 490 
 
 in T. 36 S., E. 10 E 416, 488, 489, 490 
 
 in T. 36 S., E. 11 E 416-417, 488, 489, 49^* 
 
 in T. 36 S., E. 12 E 417-118, 488, 489, 490 
 
 inT.36S.,R.13E 418,488,489,490 
 
 in T. 36 S., R. 14 E 418, 488, 489, 490 
 
 inT.36S.,E.lW 404,486,486,4.87 
 
706 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Oregon — Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions and composition of 
 
 forest in T. 36 S., R. 2 W. 403, 48.5, 486, 487 
 
 inT.37S.,R.lE 420,488, 
 
 mT.37S.,R.2 E 420-421,488, 
 
 inT.37S.,R.3 E 421-422,488, 
 
 mT.37S.,R.4E 
 
 422-423, 475, 476, 477, 488, 
 
 inT.37S.,R..5E .' 
 
 423-125, 475, 476, 477, 488, 
 
 inT.37S.,R.6E 
 
 475,476,477,488, 
 
 inT.37.S.,R.7 E 426-427,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,K.8E 427,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,R.9 E 428,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,R.10E 428-429,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,R.ll E 430,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,K.ni E 429,488, 
 
 lT.37S.,R,]2 E 430,488, 
 
 ,R.13E 430,488, 
 
 ,R.14 E 431,488, 
 
 , R. 1 W 419-120, 488, 
 
 T.37S., 
 T. 37 S., 
 T.37S., 
 T.37S., 
 
 R.2 W 418-119,488, 
 
 T.38S.,R.l E 432,488, 
 
 T.38S..R.2E 432-433,488, 
 
 T.38S.,R.3E 433-434,488, 
 
 T.38S.,R.4 E 434-135,488, 
 
 T.38S.,R.5E 435-130,488, 
 
 nT.38S.,R.6 E 436-137,488, 
 
 nT.38S.,R.7 E 437-138,488, 
 
 nT.38S.,R.SE 438-439,488 
 
 nT.38S.,R.9 E 439,488 
 
 nT.38g..R.10 E 439-140,488 
 
 nT.38S<.,R.ll E 440-441,491, 
 
 nT.38S.,R.lU E 440,491 
 
 nT.38S.,R.12 E +11,491 
 
 nT.38S.,R.13 E 441,491 
 
 nT.38S.,R.14 E 442,491 
 
 n T. 38 S., R 1 W 432, 488, 
 
 nT.38S.,R.2\V 431,488, 
 
 nT.39S.,R.lE 443-144,491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.2E 444,491 
 
 n T. 39 S., R. 3 E 445, 491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.4 E 445-140,491 
 
 ,nT.39S.,R.3 E.. 269,440-447,491 
 nT.39S.,R.6 E.. 2.>4, 447-448, 491, 
 
 n T. 39 S., R. 7 E 448-H9, 491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.8 E 449,491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.9 E 449,491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.10E 449-4.30,491 
 
 .nT.39S.,B.ll E 450,491, 
 
 nT.39S.,R.n;- E 450,491, 
 
 nT.39S.,R.12 E 450-151,491, 
 
 nT.39f>.,R.13 E 451,491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.14 E 451,491 
 
 n T. 39 S.. R. 1 W 443, 491 
 
 nT.39S.,R.2W 442,491 
 
 nT.40S.,R.lE 453-l.>l,491, 
 
 nT.40S.,R.2 E 4.>4-15.5,491, 
 
 nT.40S..R.3 E 4.55-456,491, 
 
 nT.40S.,R.4E 247,4.56,491, 
 
 nT.40S.,R.5 E 457-1.58,491 
 
 nT.40S.,l:.6 E 247,4.58,491 
 
 nT.40S;.,R.7 E 254,459,491 
 
 nT.40S.,R.S E 459-460,491 
 
 nT.40.S.,R.9 E 460,491, 
 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 ... 251, 
 489, 490 
 ... 2.56, 
 489,490 
 425-126, 
 489, 490 
 489,490 
 489, 490 
 489, 490 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 489, 490 
 489, 490 
 489, 490 
 489,490 
 489, 490 
 489, 490 
 4.S9, 490 
 489,490 
 4.89, 490 
 489,490 
 489, 490 
 489, 490 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 489,490 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492,493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 489,490 
 489.490 
 492, 493 
 492,493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492,493 
 492,493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492,493 
 492,493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492, 493 
 492.493 
 492,493 
 
 Oregon — Continued. Page, 
 
 timber conditions and composition of 
 
 forest in T. 40 S., R. 10 E. 460, 491, 492, 493 
 
 inT.40S.,R.ll E 460-461,491,492,493 
 
 inT.40S.,R.12 E 461,491,492,493 
 
 in T.40S.,R.13 E 461,491,492.493 
 
 in T.40.S.,R.14 E 462,491,492,493 
 
 in T.40S.,R.14S E 402,491,492,493 
 
 in T.40S.,R.l VV . 253,452-153,491,492.493 
 
 in T. 40 S., R. 2 \V 451-152, 491, 492. 493 
 
 inT.41.S.,R.l E 464-165,494,495,496 
 
 inT.41S.,R.2 E 405-406,494,49.5,4% 
 
 inT.41S.,R.3 E.. 247,269,406,491,495,496 
 
 inT.41S.,R.4 E 406-107,494,495,496 
 
 inT.41 S.,R.5 E 467-108,494,495,4% 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 6 E 468-169, 491, 495, 4% 
 
 inT.41S.,R.7 E 469,494,49.5,4% 
 
 in T. 41 .S., R. 8 E 469-170, 494, 495, 4fti 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 9 E 470, 494, 495, 4% 
 
 in T.41S.,R.10 E 470,494,495,490 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 11 E 470, 494, 495, 4% 
 
 inT.41S.,R.12 E 470,494,495,4% 
 
 in T.41S.,R.13 E 470-4n,491,495,4% 
 
 inT.41S.,R.14E 471,494,495,4% 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 14J E 471, 494, 493, 4% 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 1 W 463-464, 494, 495, 4% 
 
 in T. 41 S., R. 2 W 462-463, 494, 495, 4% 
 
 Oregon maple. See Maple, Oregon. 
 
 Ozette Lake, Wash., plates showing views 
 
 near lw.206 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacific arbor vitse. See Arbor vita, Pacitic. 
 Pacific dogivood. See Dogwood, Pacific. 
 Pacific plum. Sic Plum, Pacific. 
 Pacific yew. .SV*^ Yew, Pacific. 
 Paper-leaf alder. &« Alder, paper-leaf. 
 Parks, national, map showing forest reserves 
 
 and In atlas 
 
 Pattou spruce. See Spruce, Patton. 
 
 Pecos River Reserve, Ariz., area and date 
 
 of estitblishment of 14 
 
 Piceaalba. 6Vc Spruce, white. 
 Pieea engelmanni. :^i: Spruce. Engehnnnn. 
 Pieea sitchen^is, amount in Tacomn quad- 
 rangle. Wash .578 
 
 .Sec Spruce; Spruce, tide-land. 
 Pikes Peak Reserve, Colo., area and date of 
 
 estjiblishment of 14 
 
 Pine, gray, range, size, character, and occur- 
 rence of 617, 543 
 
 Pine, Jelfrey. range, size, age, reproduction, 
 
 and occurrence of 524-525. 543, 548 
 
 Pine limber, areas timbered by 41 
 
 map showing distribution of 70 
 
 size of 42 
 
 Pine, lodgepole, amount in Lewis and 
 
 Chirke Reserve, Mont 44 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 areas timbered by 41,99,240,537 
 
 map showing distribution of 440 
 
 plates showing 50, 62, 68, 72, 74. 276 
 
 range of 99. 243, 536. 543 
 
 rate of growth of 23, 107 
 
INDEX. 
 
 707 
 
 Page. 
 Pine, lodjiei'ole. size. «ge. quality, and re- 
 
 pnnluetion of 42, 59, 99, 537 
 
 Pine, mountain, plate showing 98 
 
 rateof growlli of 107 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of.. 100 
 Seeal^io Pine, white-bark; Pine, nut. 
 PineMountJiinanc) Zaca Lake Reserve. Cal.. 
 
 area and date of establishment of . . 14 
 
 Pine, nut, areas timbered by 41 
 
 plate showing 50 
 
 size and quality of 42, 59 
 
 Sceattio Pine, mountain; Pine, white- 
 bark. 
 
 Pine, sugar, age, and reproduction of 522-523 
 
 amount in Cascade Range Reserve, 
 
 Oreg.. and adjacent region 267, 
 
 474,478,496,497 
 
 areas tm:bercd by 238-239, 522 
 
 map showing distribution of 240 
 
 range <»f 243, 522, 543 
 
 size and quality of 275,522,548 
 
 Pine, western white, range, size, age, repro- 
 duction and occurrence of 539,543,548 
 
 rate of growth uf 24 
 
 .See also Pine, white. 
 Pine, white, amount in Cascade Range Re- 
 serve, Oreg., and adjacent region... 267. 
 474,478,496,497 
 amount in Lewis and Clarke Reserve, 
 
 Mont 44 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 amount in Sandpoint quadrangle, 
 
 Idaho 595 
 
 areas timbered by 41, 98, 155, 239, 590-^94 
 
 map showing distribution of 48 
 
 plate showing 96 
 
 range of 98, 155, 243 
 
 rate of growth of 107 
 
 size and quality of 42, 98, 275, 548 
 
 See also Pine, western white- 
 Pine, white-bark, areas timbered by . . 239-240, 541 
 
 maps showing distribution of 70, 320 
 
 range of 243, 541, 543 
 
 rate of growth of 24 
 
 size and reproduction of 541-542 
 
 S€€ also Pine, mountain; Pine, nut. 
 
 Pine, yellow, age and reproduction of 520-521 
 
 amount in Cascade Range Reserve, 
 
 Oreg. , and adjacent region 267, 
 
 474,478,496,497 
 amount in Lewis and Clarke Reserve, 
 
 Mont 44 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 amount in Sandpoint quadrangle, Idaho 595 
 
 areas timbered by 41,99,238,520,585-587 
 
 maps showing distribution of 70, 134, 320 
 
 plates showing 38, 
 
 42, 44, 68, 72, 74. 78. 96, 246, 250 
 
 range of 99 242, 243, 520, 543 
 
 rate of growth of 23, 107 
 
 size and quality of 42, 99, 275, 520, 548 
 
 See also Yellow-pine type. 
 Pinus albicaulis. See Pine, white-bark; 
 Pine, mountain; Pine. nut. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pinus flexilis. See Pine, Umber. 
 
 Pinus jeffreyi. See Pine. Jeffrey. 
 
 Pinus lambertiana. See Pine, sugar. 
 
 Pinus monticola. See Pine, white; Pine, 
 western white. 
 
 Pinus murrayana. See Pine, lodgepole. 
 
 Pinus ponderosa. See Pine, yellow. 
 
 Pinus sabiniana. Str- Pine. gray. 
 
 Pitt, Mount. See Mount Pitt. 
 
 Placerville quadrangle, Cal., classiti cation 
 
 of lands in 549 
 
 map showing classification of lands. In atlas 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Placid Creek, Mont., plate showing view on 46 
 
 Placid Lake, Mont., plate showing views at 
 
 and near 42.50.74 
 
 Pliun Creek Reserve, Colo., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Plum, Pacific, range and occurrence of. . . 535. 543 
 
 Plummer, F. G.. report on Mount Rainier 
 
 Reserve, Wash., by 81-143 
 
 work of 16 
 
 Populus angustifolia. See Cottonwood. 
 
 Populus tremuloides. See Aspen; Aspen, 
 quaking. 
 
 Populus irichocarpa. See Cottonwood; Cot- 
 tonwood, black. 
 
 PortOrford quadrangle, Oreg., forest condi- 
 tions in 576 
 
 map .showing land classification In atla^ 
 
 Prescott Reserve, Ariz., addition to 13 
 
 area and date of establishment of 14 
 
 Priest River Reserve, Idaho-Wash., area and 
 
 date of establishment of 14 
 
 Prunusdcmis-sa. SceChokechcrry, western, 
 
 Prunus emarginata. See Bitter cherry. 
 
 I 'run us subcordati*. Sec Plum. Pacific. 
 
 Pseudotsuga mucronata. See Fir. red. 
 
 Pseudotsuga taxifolia, amount in Seattle 
 
 quadrangle. Wash 580 
 
 amount in Tacoma quadrangle, Wash . 578 
 See (ifs'i Fir. red. 
 
 Ptarmigan Peak. M(tnt., plate showing view 
 
 of burn neur 46 
 
 Puyallup River, Wash., timber conditions in 
 
 watershed of Ill 
 
 Pyramid Peak quadrangle, Cal., classifica- 
 tion of lands in : 549 
 
 map showing classification of lands. . In atlas 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Pyrus rivularis. See Crab apple. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quaking aspen. See Aspen, quaking. 
 Quercus califomica. See Oak, California 
 
 black. 
 Quercus chrysolepis. See Oak, canyon live. 
 Quercus densiflora. See Oak, tan-bark. 
 Quercus douglasii. See Oak, California 
 
 rock. 
 Quercus dumosa. See Oak, California .scrub. 
 Quercus garryana. See Oak. 
 Quercus lobata. See Oak, California white. 
 Quercus morehus. size and occurrence of. . . 519 
 Quercus wislizeni. See Oak, California live 
 
708 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Qiiillayute Prairie, Wash., plate showing 
 
 view of 184 
 
 Qiiillayute River, plate showing \iew on. . . 186 
 
 K. 
 
 Rainier, Mount. Scr Mount Rainier. 
 
 Red eedar. See Cedar, red. 
 
 Red fir. Src Fir. red. 
 
 Red fir. California. Sec Fir, California red. 
 
 Red-fir type.eomposition and character in 
 
 Cascade Rantje Reserve. Oreg., and 
 
 adjacent region 251-259 
 
 composition and character in Sandpoint 
 
 quadrangle. Idaho 587-590 
 
 Redwood, rate of growth of 24 
 
 Rluimnus purshiana. Sec Bearberry. 
 
 Ri xon , T. F. . work of IT 
 
 Rixon, T. F., and Dodwell, Arthur, report 
 
 on Olympic Forest Reserves. Wash.. 
 
 from notes by 145-208 
 
 Rock Creek, Wash., timber conditions in 
 
 watershed of 117-118 
 
 R(iek oak, California. Sec Oak. California 
 
 rock. 
 Rogue River, Greg., description of drainage 
 
 area of 223-225 
 
 plates showing views in valley of 250 
 
 plate showing view t)n North Fork of- . . 27G 
 Roseburg quadrangle, Oreg. .classification of 
 
 lands in 577 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Rubic-on River, (.'al., plate showing view of. 538 
 
 Salix lasiandra. Sfc Willow, marsh. 
 
 San Bernardino Reserve, Cal.. area and date 
 
 of establishment of 14 
 
 Sandpoint quadrangle, Idaho, classification 
 
 of lands in 595 
 
 estimates of mill timber in 595 
 
 forest conditions in 584-^594 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 topographical features of 583-584 
 
 San Francisco Mountains Reserve. Ariz.. 
 
 area and date of establishment of . . 14 
 
 San Gabriel Reserve, Cal., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 San Jacinto quadrangle, Cal., forest condi- 
 tions in 575-576 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 San Jacinto Reserve, Cal., area and date of 
 
 establishment of 14 
 
 Santa Inez Reserve, Cal., area of 13,14 
 
 Scrub oak. California. Srr Oak, California 
 scr, 1>, 
 
 Seattle quadrangle. Wash., classilivation of 
 
 lands in 579-580 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Sequoia gigantea. Sec Big tree. 
 
 Shake timber, price of 545 
 
 Sierra Nevada, Cal., summary of work in... 19-21 
 
 Sierra Reserve, Cal., area and date of estab- 
 lishment of 14 
 
 Silver fir. See Fir, silver. 
 
 Page. 
 Siskiyou Mountains, Oreg.. plate showing 
 
 view of 226 
 
 topographic feature.*' of 226-227 
 
 Siskiyou i*eak. Oreg.. elevation of 226 
 
 Smith Creek, Mont., deadwood in valley of. 62 
 
 estimate of cutting on 63 
 
 plate showing view of mill on 44 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 Snow, Oreg.. plate showing method of haul- 
 ing logs near 296 
 
 Snow Range. Wash., plate showing view of. 196 
 
 Soap Creek. Cal.. plates showing forestnear. 520 
 Soleduck River. Wa.^h.. plates showing 
 
 views on 184, 186 
 
 Sonora quadrangle, Cal., classification of 
 
 lands in 571 
 
 map showing classification of lands . In atlas 
 
 stand of timber in 20 
 
 topographic features and forest condi- 
 tions in 569-570 
 
 South Fork of American River, plate show- 
 ing views of 536 
 
 South Fork of Birch Creek, Mont., plate 
 
 showing view on 78 
 
 South Fork of Cosumnes River, Cal., plate 
 
 showing view of 516 
 
 South Fork of Deep Creek, Mont., timber in 
 
 valley of .58 
 
 South Fork of i)epuyer Creek, Mont., esti- 
 mate of cutting on 63 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 South Fork of Flathead Valley, Mont.. 
 
 agricultural land in 73 
 
 area burned in 47 
 
 deadwood in 49. 73 
 
 estimate of timber in 44 
 
 fires and reproduction in 72 
 
 humus in 69 
 
 irrigation and water power in 73 
 
 litter in 69 
 
 rock. soil, and subsoil in 69 
 
 topographic features of 68 
 
 transportation facilities in 73 
 
 trees and timber in 70-71 
 
 young growth and underbrush in 71 
 
 South Fork of Mokelumne River, Cal., plate 
 
 showing view on 530 
 
 South Fork of Stanislaus River. Cal.. plate 
 
 showing views on 508 
 
 South Fork of Teton Creek. Mont., dead- 
 wood in valley of 62 
 
 estimate of cutting on 63 
 
 plates showing views on 44, 54, 58 
 
 timber in valley of 58 
 
 South Gerl6 Creek. Cal., plate showing 
 
 view of 540 
 
 South Platte Reserve. Colo., area and date 
 
 of establishment of 14 
 
 Spokane quadrangle, Wash., classification 
 
 oflandsin 5S2 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Spotted Bear, Mont., reproduction near 49 
 
 Sprague River. Oreg., terrace near 231 
 
 Spruce, amount and percentage in Coos Bay 
 
 quadrangle, Oreg 577 
 
INDEX. 
 
 709 
 
 Page. 
 Spruce, amount in Lewis and Clarke Re- 
 serve. Mont 44 
 
 amount in Olympic Reserve. Wash 154 
 
 amount in Taeoma quadrangle, Wash. . 578 
 
 map showing distribution of In atlas 
 
 plates showing 184,202,204 
 
 rate of growth of 24 
 
 See afofj Spruce, tide-land. 
 
 Spruce, blue, rate of growth of 24 
 
 Spruce, Douglas. .SVr Fir. red. 
 Spruce, Engelmann, amount in Cascade 
 Range Reserve. Greg., and adjacent 
 
 region 267, 474, 478, 496, 497 
 
 amount in Mount Rainier Reserve, 
 
 Wash 127 
 
 areas timbered by 41,102,241 
 
 size and quality of 43,59,102,275 
 
 plates showing 64, 100 
 
 range of 102, 243, 244 
 
 rate of growth of 24, 108 
 
 Spruce, Patton. rate ("f growth of 25 
 
 Spruce, tide-land, range, size, quality, and 
 
 occurrence of 102-103 
 
 See also Spruce. 
 
 Spruce, white, areas timbered by 41 
 
 Stampede Tunnel, Wash., temperature and 
 
 snowfall at 90 
 
 Stanislaus grove, Cal., names of big trees in 529 
 Stanislaus Reserve, Cal.. area and date of es- 
 tablishment of 14 
 
 boundaries of 506 
 
 classification of lands in 550 
 
 stand of timber in 21 
 
 Stanislaus River, Cal. See South Fork and 
 
 Middle Fork of Stanislaus River. 
 Stanislaus and Lake Tahoe reserves. Cal., 
 agriculture and agricultural lands 
 
 in 511-512 
 
 character and distribution of species 
 
 in 517-544 
 
 character of forest in 514-515 
 
 compositi jn of forest in 516-517 
 
 effect of industries on reproduction in 551-557 
 
 forest tires in 557-560 
 
 forest land in 514 
 
 grazing in 510-511 
 
 lumbering and timber industries in.. 512-514 ; 
 
 mining in 509-510 
 
 report on 499-561 
 
 settleu.ents in 508-509 
 
 standing c immercial timber in 547-550 
 
 tables showing size and density of trees 
 
 in 548 
 
 topographic features of 507-508 
 
 uses and market prices of timber in.. 544r-547 
 
 water supply in 508 
 
 Steamboat Mountain. Wash., burn on 134 i 
 
 Storehouse Creek, Mont., plate showing 
 
 view of valley of 38 
 
 settlement on 54 
 
 Studding, price of 545 
 
 Sudworth. G.B., report on Stanislaus and 
 
 Lake Tahoe reserves by 499-561 
 
 work of 20 
 
 Sugar pine. Sec Pine, sugar. 
 
 Page. 
 Summit Creek. Cal., plate showing forest 
 
 near 518 
 
 Summit Creek, Wash., mineral spring on . . . 95 
 
 Sun River, Mont., deadwood in valley of. . . 62 
 
 settlements on 54 
 
 See also North Fork and Middle Fork 
 of Sun River. 
 Swan-Clearwater Valley. Mont., areas 
 
 burned in 47 
 
 agricultural land and grazing in 80 
 
 deadwood in 49, 79 
 
 estimate of timber in valley of 44 
 
 fires in 77-78 
 
 humus in 75 
 
 litter in 75 
 
 means of transportation in 79 
 
 reproduction in 78-79 
 
 rock, soil, and subsoil in 74-75 
 
 topographic features of 74 
 
 trees and timber in 75-76 
 
 water power in 80 
 
 young growth and underbrush in 76-77 
 
 Swan Lake,Mont.,platesshowing views of. 52,66 
 Swan River, Mont., plates showing forest in 
 
 valley of 38, 42, 54, 62, 68, 72 
 
 reproduction on 49 
 
 Sycan River, Oreg., effects of fires along ... 282 
 
 terrace near 230 
 
 T. 
 
 Tacoma quadrangle. Wash., classification of 
 
 lands in , 578-579 
 
 map showing land classification In atlas 
 
 Tamarack, amount in Mount Rainier Re- 
 serve, Wash 127 
 
 amountinSandpoint quadrangle, Idaho 595 
 
 plate showing 93 
 
 range, size, quality, and occurrence of.. 104 
 
 rate of growth of .' 108 
 
 Tan-bark oak. Sec Oak, tan-bark. 
 
 Tannum Lake, Wash., cutting near 138 
 
 Tatoosh Range, Wash., plate showing view 
 
 of 92 
 
 Taxus brevifolia. See Yew; Yew, Pacific. 
 
 Teton Creek, Mont., settlement on 54 
 
 See also North Fork and Soutli Fork 
 of Teton Creek. 
 Teton :^eserve, Wyo., area and date of estab- 
 lishment of 14 
 
 Thuja plicata, amount in Seattle quad- 
 rangle, Wash 580 
 
 amount in Tacoma quadrangle, Wash, . 578 
 See also Cedar; Cedar, red. 
 Tide-land spruce. See Spruce, tide -land. 
 
 Tieton River, Wash., cutting along 138 
 
 mineral springs on 95 
 
 plate showing view of headwaters of .. 138 
 timber conditions in watershed of ... 123-124 
 
 Timber, uses and prices of 128, 544-547 
 
 Timber trees, defects and diseases of 109-110 
 
 table showing rate of growth of 107-109 
 
 Torreya, California, range, size, and occur- 
 rence of 535, 543 
 
 Trabuco Canyon Reserve, Cal., area and date 
 
 of establishment of 14 
 
710 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tsuga heterophyllrt. .Srr Hemlofk. 
 
 Tsuga mertensiana. amount in Tacoma 
 
 quadrunglu, Wash 678 
 
 .S(r atmlivm Iwk : Henilwk. western. 
 
 Tsuga pattoiiiaim. .S'/- Hemlock; Hemlot^k, 
 mountjiin. 
 
 Tsuga pattonii. .*y(Hcuil(X'k,alpiue: Hem- 
 loc-k. black. 
 
 Timiion oalifornifuni. St-e Torreya, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Tuolumne River. Cal.. plate showing views 
 
 on North Fork of 506 
 
 Two Medicine Creek. Mont., deadwood in 
 
 valley of 62 
 
 f. 
 
 Uinta Reserve, Utah, arett and date of estab- 
 lishment of 14 
 
 Union Peak, Oreg.. altitude of 333 
 
 Umpqua divides, tireg., plale showing view 
 
 of summit of 226 
 
 Umpqua Mountain.s. Oreg., topographic fea- 
 tures of 227-22S 
 
 Upper Klamath Lake. Oreg., terraces near . 230 
 
 V. 
 
 Vernal Falls, Cal., plate showing view of. . . 572 
 Vine maple. .Sff Maple, vine. 
 
 W. 
 
 Washington, timber c{)ndilions in T.21 N.. 
 
 R.oW 159 
 
 iuT. 22 N'.,R.5 W 159-160 
 
 in T. 23 X.. R.5 W 160-161 
 
 inT. L>:)X.,R.6 W 161 
 
 in T . 24 X. , R . 4 VV 162 
 
 in T. 24 X., R. 5 \V 162-163 
 
 inT.24X.,R.6W 163 
 
 in T. 25 X., R. 3 W 164 
 
 in T. 25 X., R. 4 W 164-165 
 
 in T. •25X..R.5 W 165 
 
 in T. 26 X., R. 3 \V 166 
 
 inT.26X.,R.4 W 166-167 
 
 in T. 26 X., R. o W 167 
 
 in T. 26 X., R. 6 W 168 
 
 in T. 26 X., R. 7 W 168-169 
 
 iuT. 26X.,R.12 \V 169 
 
 iu T. 26 X., R. 13 W 170 
 
 in T. 26X.,R. 14\V 170-171 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 3 W 171 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 4 W 171-172 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 5 \V 172 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 6 W 172-173 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 7 W 173 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 8 W 171 
 
 in T. 27 X.. R. 10 \V 174-175 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 11 \V 175 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 12 \V 176 
 
 in T. 27 X.. R. 13 W 176-177 
 
 in T. 27 X., R. 14 \V 177 
 
 iu T. 27 N., R. 15 W" 178 
 
 inT.28X.,R.3W 178 
 
 in T.28X.,R.4 W 179 
 
 inT. 28N.,R.5 \V 179-180 
 
 Page. 
 
 Washington, timber conditions in T. 28 X.. 
 
 R.6W 180 
 
 in T. 28 X., R. 7 W 1,S0-181 
 
 in T. 2XX.,R.8 W 181-182 
 
 in T.28 N.,R.9 W 182 
 
 inT. 28X.,R.10 W 183 
 
 in T. -28 X..R. 11 W 183-184 
 
 inT. 28X..R.12 W 184 
 
 in T. 28 X., R. 13 W 185 
 
 inT.28X..R.14 W 185-186 
 
 inT.28X.,R.15W 186 
 
 inT. 29X.,R.S W 187 
 
 in T. 29 X.. R. 4 W 187-188 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 5 W , 188-189 
 
 in T. -29 X.. R. 6 W 189 
 
 i n T. 29 X . , R . 7 W 1 89-190 
 
 in T.29X.,R.8 W 190-191 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 9 W 191 
 
 iu T. 29 X., R. 10 W 192 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 11 W 192-193 
 
 in T.29X.,R.12 W 193-194 
 
 in T. 29 X., R. 13 W 194-195 
 
 in T. 29 X.. R. 14 W 195 
 
 inT. 29X.,R.15 W 196 
 
 in T. 30 X., R. 9 W 196-197 
 
 in T. 30 X.. R. 10 W 197-198 
 
 inT.30X..R.ll W 198-199 
 
 in T. 30X..R.12 W 199 
 
 iu T. 30X.,R.13 W 200 
 
 inT. 30X.,R. 14 W 201 
 
 in T. 30 X., R. 15 W 202 
 
 in T. 30 X.. R. IC W 202-203 
 
 inT.31 X.,R.14 W 20S-2O4 
 
 inT. 31 X.,R.15 W 204-205 
 
 inT. 31 X., R. 16 W 205 
 
 i n T. 32 X . , R . 1 4 W 206 
 
 inT.32X.,R.15 W 206-207 
 
 inT.32X.,R.16 W 207-208 
 
 inT. 33X..R.14 W 208 
 
 Washington Reserve, Wash., area and date 
 
 of establishment of 14 
 
 Washougal River, Wash., timber conditions 
 
 in watershed of 117 
 
 Wawona, Cal.. plate showing view of .572 
 
 Western chokeeherry. See Chokecherry, 
 western. 
 
 Western dogwood. See Dog^vbod, western. 
 
 Western hemlock. See Hemlock. western. 
 
 Western juniper. S^r Juniper, western. 
 
 Western larch. See Larch, western. 
 
 Western white pine. See Pine, western 
 white. 
 
 White alder. See .\lder, white. 
 
 White-bark pine. See Pine, white-bark. 
 
 White cedar. .Sec Cedar, white. 
 
 White fir. See Fir, white. 
 
 White oak, California. See Oak, California 
 white. 
 
 White pine. See Pine, white. 
 
 White-pine tjiM?. composition and character 
 
 iu Sandpoint quadrangle, Idaho. . .590-591 
 
 White pine, western. .Sec Pine, western 
 white. 
 
 White River. Wash., timber- conditions in 
 
 watershed of Ill 
 
INDEX. 
 
 711 
 
 Page. 
 White Salmon Rirer, Wash., timber cnndi- 
 
 tions in watershed of 120-121 
 
 White spruce. .See Spruce, white. 
 Williamson River, Oreg.. plate showing 
 
 view on 250 
 
 Willow Creeli, Mont., character of valley of. 68 
 
 reproduction on 49 
 
 settlements on .W 
 
 Willow, marsh, rate of growth of 109 
 
 Wind River, Wash., character of valley of.. 92* 
 timber conditions in watershed of llS-119 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yakima River, Wash., limber conditions in 
 
 watershed of 125-126 
 
 Y'ellow fir. Sec Fir, red. 
 
 Y'ellow piue. See Pine, yellow. 
 
 Y'ellow-pine type, composition and eharac- 
 terin Cascade Range Reserve. Oreg., 
 and ad,iacent regions 24r>-2.'il 
 
 Page. 
 Yellow-pine type, composition and char- 
 acter in Sandpoint quadrangle. 
 
 Idaho 585-587 
 
 Y'ellowstone Reserve, Wyo.. area and date 
 
 of establishment of 14 
 
 Yew, rate of growth of 109 
 
 Seeafso Yew, Pacific. 
 Yew, Pacific, range, size, quality, and oc- 
 currence of 105, 53.5-536, .M3 
 
 See also Y'ew. 
 Yosemite National Park, Cal., plates show- 
 ing views in 570,572 
 
 Y'oseraite quadrangle. Cal., classification of 
 
 lands in 574 
 
 map showing classification of lands. . In atlas 
 
 .stand of timber in 20 
 
 topographic features and forest condi- 
 tions in 571-573 
 
 o 
 
'^NTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PARTV PL CXLI 
 
 ^i