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 CELEBRATION 
 
 ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT IN THE 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 WILLIAM V. COX. 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1 9 o I . 
 
c 
 
 
 AUG 2 1902 
 D. of D. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL CELEBES 
 
 OF THE ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 45; $4, 
 
 lAT-OF-GOVERNMENT'n™*DISTRICT-OF-COLUMBIA- 
 
 1900. 
 
REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE. 
 
 At a meeting of the committee held on December 20, 1900, 
 and on motion of Mr. Edson, the committee requested the 
 secretary to undertake the preparation of a report on the 
 Centennial Celebration. 
 
AUTHORIZATION TO PRINT REPORT. 1 
 
 "To print the report of the Committee on the Centennial 
 Celebration of the Establishment of the Seat of Government 
 in the District of Columbia, held in the city of Washington, 
 December twelfth, nineteen hundred, together with the pro- 
 ceedings and public addresses on the commemoration of that 
 event, in a memorial volume, with suitable illustrations as 
 selected by the committee, one thousand five, hundred copies 
 for the use of the Senate, three thousand copies for the use 
 of the House of Representatives, and two thousand five hun- 
 dred copies for distribution by the citizens' committee on the 
 celebration, five thousand five hundred dollars, or so much 
 thereof as may be necessary; of which amount the sum of five 
 hundred dollars shall be available for the preparation of the 
 report and for obtaining the necessary material for illustrating 
 the same. That the work shall be done under the direction 
 of the Joint Committee on Printing." 
 
 ■ An act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for 
 the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, and for prior years, and for other purposes. 
 (Approved March 3, 1 901. Public, 136.) 
 
 5 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 List of illustrations 9 
 
 Introductory 13 
 
 Inception of plan and preliminary work of committees 17 
 
 Proceedings of the meeting of the joint committee, February 21, 1900 29 
 
 Completion of arrangements 41 
 
 Da}' of the Centennial celebration 55 
 
 Programme 57 
 
 Reception and exercises at the White House 59 
 
 Parade, and review by the President of the United States 79 
 
 Exercises at the Capitol '. 99 
 
 Reception at the Corcoran Gallery of Art 131 
 
 Personnel of committees 135 
 
 Powers and duties of committees 155 
 
 Committee meetings 163 
 
 Banquet by the Board of Trade 167 
 
 Decoration and illumination 176 
 
 Souvenir medal and badge 1S3 
 
 Congressional action 1S5 
 
 Finance 211 
 
 Appendix 219 
 
 7 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Portraits of Presidents Adams and McKinley (1S00-1900) Frontispiece 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate 1. City of Washington, 1800 13 
 
 2. Pennsylvania avenue, Washington, 1834 17 
 
 3. An early view of the city of Washington 21 
 
 4. Washington and Georgetown in 1S12 25 
 
 5. Washington about 1S40 29 
 
 6. Washington City from the Monument, 1900 33 
 
 7. White House, Hoban's design, 1792 37 
 
 8. White House, 1799, after sketch by N. King 39 
 
 9. White House, south front, 1900 41 
 
 10. White House, east front, 1900 45 
 
 11. White House, north front, 1900 49 
 
 12. Official programme 5§ 
 
 13. Model of proposed enlargement of the White House, north front. . . 62 
 
 14. Model of proposed enlargement of the White House, south front. . 64 
 
 15. President McKinley leaving the White House, December 12, 1900. . 79 
 
 16. Centennial parade, December 12, 1900 Si 
 
 17. Pennsylvania avenue, Washington, 1900 . . . '. S3 
 
 iS. The Capitol, 1830-1S50 S5 
 
 19. The Capitol from Maryland avenue 87 
 
 20. The Capitol in 1900 93 
 
 21. President McKinley on the reviewing stand, December 12, 1900. ... 96 
 
 22. East front of the Capitol, showing the President's reviewing stand, 
 
 December 12, 1900 99 
 
 23. President McKinley, Cabinet, Supreme Court, and Congress at the 
 
 Capitol, December 12, 1900 10S 
 
 24. Exercises in the House of Representatives, December 12, 1900 112 
 
 25-26. Buildings used for early Congresses 118, 126 
 
 ' 1. Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 2. State House, Philadelphia. Pa, 
 
 3. Congress House, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 4. Old Court-House, York, Pa. 
 
 5. Nassau Hall, Princeton, N, J. 
 
 6. State House, Annapolis, Md. 
 
 7. Old Court-House, Trenton, N. J. 
 S. Federal Hall, New York, N. Y. 
 
 9 
 
io List of Illustrations, 
 
 Page. 
 Plate 27. Invitation to reception at Corcoran Gallery of Art, December 12, 
 
 19 00 J 33 
 
 28. Main stairway, Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1900 135 
 
 29. Medal of the National Capital Centennial 1S4 
 
 30. Plan for the treatment of that section of the city of Washington 
 
 situated south of Pennsylvania avenue 32S 
 
 31. Transverse road-crossing for the Mall 32S 
 
 32. Perspective toward south, from corner of Pennsylvania avenue and 
 
 Fifteenth street NW 328 
 
 33. Working plan showing approximate grades and drains for the 
 
 treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW 328 
 
 34. Parkway between proposed Memorial Bridge and Rock Creek 328 
 
 35. Exhibit of early literature relating to the District of Columbia, 
 
 Library of Congress, 1900 337 
 
 PLANS OF WASHINGTON AND THE DISTRICT OF COLOMBIA. 
 
 36. The " I/Enfant Map," 1790 
 
 37. Engraved plan of Washington, 1800 
 
 38. Defenses of Washington during the civil war, 1865 . 
 
 39. Map of the District of Columbia, 1901 
 
 [After 343 
 
PRESIDENT dOHN ADAMS, 1f 
 
 PRESIDENT WILLIAM McKINLEY, 1900. 
 
CELEBRATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT 
 IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 In the last month of the last year of the nineteenth century 
 the centenary of the establishment of the seat of Government 
 in the District of Columbia was appropriately celebrated in 
 the city of Washington by the representatives of the nation 
 and of the District of Columbia. The 12th of December, 
 1900, was the day selected, at the instance of President 
 McKinley, in order to have the celebration occur during the 
 session of Congress. As the Federal Government began to 
 move into the Federal district in May, 1800, and the executive 
 and legislative branches were in full operation in Washing- 
 ton by November of that year, when Congress met in extra- 
 ordinary session, although the Supreme Court of the United 
 States did not meet in Washington until February, 1S01, 
 there was no one day which stood out in the record of 1800 
 so conspicuously as to demand special recognition in the 
 celebration. 
 
 Everything, including the weather, conspired to make 
 the celebration in every way successful. The President of 
 the United States, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the 
 ambassadors and ministers of foreign powers, Governors of 
 States and Territories, by personal participation and in 
 other ways, contributed cordially to produce this result. 
 The national character of the event was emphasized by them, 
 and they secured not only national but international atten- 
 tion for it. For that day the eyes of the world were fixed 
 upon the District of Columbia distinctively as they never 
 
14 Establishment of the Seat of Governmeut. 
 
 were before. The citizens of the District of Columbia who 
 proposed the celebration, and who did most of the work of 
 planning and preparation, had a special and intimate pride in 
 it which was highly gratified by its success. They rejoiced 
 with civic patriotism to see their home, which is also the 
 National Capital, honored by the National Government and 
 by the representatives of all the Governments of the world. 
 They realized that the District of Columbia had made the 
 most of its first centennial birthday, and in so doing had 
 acquired new dignity and importance, and had received a new 
 recognition of its claims and needs, its beauties and its pos- 
 sibilities, which would prove invaluable to it in the future. 
 They had tangible proof during the remainder of the session 
 of Congress, in the enactment of important and much-needed 
 legislation and the increase of appropriations for the future 
 improvement of the District, of the practical value of this 
 recognition. 
 
 The celebration was simple and dignified. There was 
 nothing spectacular and nothing meretricious in the events 
 of the day. It was not calculated to draw great quantities of 
 visitors, but it did draw visitors of the highest quality. On 
 no other occasion, for example, were so many governors of 
 States and Territories ever gathered together, and the signifi- 
 cance of their presence, as representatives of the States, was 
 very evident in all the proceedings. 
 
 The general scheme of the celebration contemplated an 
 exhibition of the development both of the nation and of the 
 national capital during the century in addresses by eminent 
 men representing both, who should also indicate the possi- 
 bilities of development for the United States and the District 
 of Columbia in the future. Certain social entertainments, an 
 escort procession representing the Army, the Navy, the 
 National Guard, and other uniformed organizations, military 
 in character, together with suitable decoration of the city of 
 Washington, especially with the national flag, which was 
 used more extensively than ever before, naturally accom- 
 panied the more important features of the programme. 
 
 Three addresses were delivered in the morning at the 
 ■Executive Mansion (the first formal addresses ever delivered in 
 
Introdtictory. 15 
 
 that place), and five were delivered in the afternoon before the 
 joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives 
 in the Hall of the House of Representatives. On both occa- 
 sions the President and his Cabinet, the Supreme Court, 
 governors of States and Territories, the Lieutenant-General 
 of the Army, the Admiral of the Navy, and other distin- 
 guished men were present. The ambassadors and ministers 
 of foreign Governments were present at the exercises in the 
 Hall of the House of Representatives. 
 
 The arrangements for the celebration were made, by 
 authority of an act of Congress, under the direction of a 
 joint executive committee, made up of representatives of the 
 two Houses of Congress, of the Governors of the States and 
 Territories, and of citizens of the District of Columbia. The 
 details of the preparations were confided by this committee 
 to the National Capital Centennial Committee, composed of 
 citizens of the District of Columbia. This committee organ- 
 ized suitable subcommittees. The very general desire of 
 citizens to serve upon these committees made the member- 
 ship large, and they included members of every important 
 organization in the District of Columbia. The Commis- 
 sioners of the District of Columbia, as its executive govern- 
 ment, had a prominent part in the preparations and the 
 proceedings, the District of Columbia, through these official 
 representatives, being given its proper place among the 
 States and Territories. The members of all the committees 
 labored with indefatigable zeal. 
 
 In the early deliberations of the joint committee it was 
 proposed that the celebration should be marked by the begin- 
 ning of some great national improvement within the District 
 of Columbia, and several such projects were suggested. Con- 
 gress in its wisdom, however, did not see fit to provide for the 
 beginning of any work of that character at that time. It 
 authorized, however, the preparation of plans for the enlarge- 
 ment of the Executive Mansion, which were exhibited on 
 Centennial Day, and also the preparation of a project for the 
 general improvement of the park system of the District of 
 Columbia, upon which, under the direction of the Senate 
 Committee on the District of Columbia, a commission of 
 
1 6 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 experts is to report at trie first session of the Fifty-seventh 
 Congress. 1 
 
 The expenses of the celebration proper were met by the 
 contributions of the citizens of the District of Columbia. 
 Congress appropriated money to meet the expenses of the 
 Governors of States and Territories attending the meetings 
 of the committee at large, and also for the preparation and 
 publication of the report of the celebration, prepared under 
 the authority of the joint committee. 
 
 The total amount expended from the Congressional appro- 
 priation in connection with the attendance of the Governors 
 was $3,613, as shown in the report of Mr. George W. Evans, 
 Disbursing Clerk of the Interior Department, who was 
 charged by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary 
 of the Interior with the disbursement of this appropriation. 
 
 1 A special committee consisting of Senator McMillan of Michigan, Senator Gal- 
 linger of New Hampshire, and Senator Martin of Virginia, with Dr. Charles Moore 
 as secretary, was appointed to report a plan for the improvement of the entire park 
 svstem of the District of Columbia. On March 19 this committee met Mr. Robert 
 S. Peabody, president of the American Institute of Architects, and the legislative 
 committee of that body. After a discussion of the problem Mr. Boring, for the 
 Institute committee, recommended that Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, of Chicago, form- 
 erly director of the World's Fair, and Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, jr., of Brook- 
 line, Mass., be requested to prepare the contemplated plan, with power to select a 
 third member to act with them. These recommendations having been adopted by 
 the committee, Mr. Charles F. McKim, of New York City, was selected to serve as 
 the third member of the commission. Mr. Augustus St. Gaudens has also been 
 added to the commission. 
 
INCEPTION OF PLAN AND PRELIMINARY 
 WORK OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 H. Doc. 552 2 
 
INCEPTION OP PLAN AND PRELIMINARY WORK 
 OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 In October, 1898, the attention of some of the prominent 
 citizens of the District of Columbia was directed to the fact 
 that the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of 
 the permanent seat of Government in the District would occur 
 in 1900, and the suggestion of celebrating this event met 
 with so much favor that, upon informal invitations extended 
 to representative citizens of the District and through pub- 
 lished notices in the local papers by Mr. W. S. McKean, one 
 of those who first proposed such a celebration, a meeting was 
 held on the evening of October 24, 1898, at the Lenman 
 Building in Washington City, for the purpose of organizing, 
 with a view to preparing for appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 The president of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis- 
 trict, Hon. John B. Wight, was present and consented to act 
 as chairman of the meeting, Mr. McKean being chosen secre- 
 tary. On motion of Mr. Charles B. Bayly it was declared to 
 be the unanimous sense of the meeting that the citizens of 
 the District should celebrate in some appropriate manner 
 the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the 
 National Capital in the District of Columbia. 
 
 During the course of the meeting the chairman was author- 
 ized to appoint a committee of nine citizens, with himself as 
 chairman ex officio, to take the matter into consideration and 
 to report to a second public meeting, which he should convene 
 at the proper time. 
 
 The following named gentlemen were invited to form this 
 committee, of whom the seven first mentioned had previously 
 acted as chairmen of inaugural committees: Messrs. James G. 
 Berret, Charles J. Bell, John Joy Edson, Myron M. Parker, 
 
20 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 A. T. Britton, John W. Thompson, Lawrence Gardner, 
 Theodore W. Noyes, and R. Ross Perry. 
 
 All of these gentlemen having accepted the appointment, 
 the first meeting of the citizens' committee was held on 
 Wednesday, November i, 1898, when a majority of the mem- 
 bers were present, and it was the unanimous opinion of the 
 meeting that, inasmuch as the celebration had as the object 
 of commemoration the establishment of the capital of the 
 nation in the District of Columbia, it should be national in 
 character, and that before determining upon any plans, a con- 
 ference should be had with the President of the United States, 
 who later consented to receive the committee on November 14. 
 
 On the morning of that day the President met the commit- 
 tee, and he was handed by Commissioner Wight the following 
 memorial, explanatory of the object sought by the committee 
 on behalf of the citizens of the District of Columbia: 
 
 The citizens of the National Capital appreciate the fact that the year 
 1900 will be the centennial of events in the nation's hist ory which, while 
 they are general in character, are directly related to our city and the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 The one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of 
 the Capitol was properly commemorated by our citizens on September 18, 
 1893, but the approaching events to which we refer are of larger impor- 
 tance and demand more general notice. 
 
 In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Govern- 
 ment were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800, the 
 National Congress met here for the first time, and assumed executive 
 control of the Federal district and city. 
 
 This may be said to have been the establishment of the city of Wash- 
 ington as the permanent capital of the United States, the legal require- 
 ments being fully complied with when Congress met in regular session 
 on the first Monday in December, 1800, in accordance with the act of 
 July 16, 1799, which reads as follows: 
 
 "And be it further enacted ', That on the first Monday in December, in 
 the year 1800, the seat of government of the United States shall, by 
 virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid. ' ' 
 
 At a meeting of citizens held on the 24th of October the chairman 
 was authorized to appoint a committee of nine citizens who should con- 
 sider plans for the proper celebration of this centennial and report their 
 recommendations at a meeting to be called for that purpose. 
 
 It is the opinion of this committee that the national character of this 
 event and the peculiar conditions which do now, and doubtless will, 
 
Preliminary Work of Committees. 21 
 
 surround our national history, make it desirable to elevate the celebration 
 beyond purely local aspects. It marks the creation and growth of the 
 capital of a great country; it indicates the rapidly opening possibilities 
 of our future. The country has, apparently, completed one phase of its 
 development. The coming century opens for it a world-wide field which 
 it has not hitherto sought to enter. Within our borders we have a 
 united and prosperous people. 
 
 In order that this subject may be brought to the attention of Congress 
 in a manner suited to the dignity and importance of the occasion, we 
 have the honor to request that you will suggest in your annual message 
 to Congress such legislation as will provide for the appointment of a 
 national committee, consisting of five Senators and five Representatives, 
 to be appointed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the 
 House, respectively, who shall act with the committee appointed by the 
 citizens of the District of Columbia, and that you be empowered to 
 further increase this committee by the addition of citizens at large. 
 
 It is also suggested that you invite the Governors of the several States 
 and Territories to act as members of this committee, which, when finally 
 constituted, shall be authorized to report to Congress a suitable plan for 
 the celebration of the event. 
 
 It might be added that the committee already appointed are unani- 
 mously of the opinion that so important an event could well be marked 
 by the erection of a type of architecture which will in itself inspire 
 patriotism and a broader love of country, such as a memorial hall, a 
 bridge connecting the District of Columbia with the sacred ground of 
 Arlington, or some other permanent structure which would commemo- 
 rate not only the occasion but also the exceptionally happy condition of 
 our people at this time, when to so marked a degree there is noticed the 
 absence of all sectional feeling and the prevalence of good will throughout 
 the land. 
 
 Mr. Berret further explained the views of the committee, 
 giving special prominence to the idea that the celebration 
 should be national in character, and expressing the hope of 
 the citizens of the District of Columbia that some permanent 
 structure might be erected in the city of Washington in 
 commemoration of the event. 
 
 The President assured the committee that he was in full 
 sympathy with its aims. Referring to the mention in the 
 memorial of a committee to represent the country at large, he 
 suggested that it might be appropriate for the governor of 
 each State and Territory to be appointed to constitute such a 
 committee. He further advised that before the committee 
 definitely outlined its plan for the celebration Congress be 
 
22 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 asked for its official approval and for authorization for the 
 President to appoint representatives of the country at large 
 to cooperate with committees of the two Houses of Congress 
 and the citizens' committee of the District of Columbia. He 
 promised to comply with the request contained in the memo- 
 rial that he make reference to the matter in his next message 
 to Congress, which he did, on December 5, 1898, in the fol- 
 lowing words : 
 
 In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the founding 
 of the city of Washington for the permanent capital of the Government 
 of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved July 
 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal 
 Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 
 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time, and assumed 
 exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This interesting event 
 assumes all the more significance when we recall the circumstances 
 attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the capital in honor 
 of the Father of his country, and the interest taken by him in the adop- 
 tion of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale. 
 
 These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress 
 and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have 
 foreseen. The people of the country are justly proud of the distinct 
 beauty and government of the capital, and of the rare instruments of 
 science and education which here find their natural home. 
 
 A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniversary 
 celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including perhaps the establishment 
 of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion, 
 and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor on 
 the part of the public. 
 
 I recommend to Congress the granting of an appropriation for this 
 purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies. 
 It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a com- 
 mittee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional 
 and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans for an 
 appropriate national celebration. 
 
 On December 7, 1898, a select committee of seven members 
 was appointed by the Senate, while ten members of the 
 House of Representatives were appointed as a similar com- 
 mittee on December 12 of the following year. The Senate 
 committee consisted of Hon. George F. Hoar, chairman; Hon. 
 Eugene Hale, Hon. Alexander S. Clay, Hon. John L. 
 McLaurin, Hon. George C. Perkins, Hon. Joseph Simon, and 
 
Preliminary Work of Committees. 23 
 
 Hon. Thomas B. Turley. The members of the House com- 
 mittee were Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, chairman; Hon. Joseph 
 W. Bailey, Hon. John C. Bell, Hon. William S. Cowherd, 
 Hon. Marion De Vries, Hon. Robert J. Gamble, Hon. William 
 W. Grout, Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, Hon. James A. Hemenway, 
 and Hon. James S. Sherman. 
 
 A meeting of the committee of nine, appointed at the pub- 
 lic meeting on October 24, was held in the rooms of the 
 Washington Board of Trade on December 9, 1898, at 4.30 
 o'clock, for the purpose of drafting a bill to be introduced in 
 Congress, authorizing the appointment by the President of a 
 committee to represent the country at large. 
 
 A joint resolution, substantially as drafted by the commit- 
 tee, was introduced both in the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, and the resolution originating in the former body 
 passed in the following form: 
 
 Pubuc, No. 84. — AN ACT to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the 
 establishment of the seat of government in the District of Columbia. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to 
 appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he shall 
 think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed by the 
 two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any committee that 
 maybe appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia, who may 
 prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year nine- 
 teen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District and the 
 establishment of the seat of Government therein. Said committee shall 
 report their proceedings to the President, to be by him communicated to 
 Congress. 
 
 Sec 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee so 
 appointed by the President shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury 
 on vouchers to be approved by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Sec 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may 
 be necessary, is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury 
 not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of 
 this act. 
 
 Approved, February 28, 1899. 
 
 In accordance with the resolution adopted at the citizens' 
 meeting held October 24, and the committee then appointed 
 being prepared to report, the chairman issued a call for a sec- 
 ond public meeting, which occurred on Saturday, December 
 
24 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 17, at 8 o'clock, in Willard's Hall, for the special purpose of 
 receiving the report. The chairman gave an account of the 
 progress which had been made up to that time, stating that 
 the committee had endeavored to secure the widest and most 
 beneficial results for the District of Columbia, and hoped 
 that its action would meet with general approval. Should 
 the joint resolution introduced in Congress become a law 
 (which, as has been stated, proved to be the case), it was his 
 wish that the Congressional committee, the committee from 
 the country at large, and the citizens' committee be called 
 together for definitely outlining plans, and that when plans 
 had been agreed upon, a second bill be prepared for presen- 
 tation to Congress, requesting authority to carry them out, 
 and asking for such an appropriation as might be deemed 
 necessary. 
 
 A resolution, offered by Mr. William Dickson, was then 
 unanimously adopted, as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the report of the committee be, and it is hereby, 
 adopted, and that the committee of nine appointed by the chairman of 
 the citizens' organization be, and it is hereby, authorized and empowered, 
 in connection with the committees appointed under resolutions intro- 
 duced into the Senate and House, to assist in the formulation and 
 execution of all plans for the celebration. 
 
 The first meeting of the committee of nine, as the author- 
 ized and empowered citizens' committee to represent the 
 District of Columbia, was held in the rooms of the Washing- 
 ton Board of Trade on the evening of January 25, 1899, when 
 Mr. Lawrence Gardner was chosen secretary. After having 
 stated that on January 12 he had, upon invitation, appeared 
 before the Senate committee and presented the views of the 
 citizens' committee as to the initial steps to be taken, the 
 chairman was authorized to appoint a committee of three to 
 consider and recommend tentative plans upon which could 
 be based an estimate of the amount of funds necessary to 
 meet all the expenses of the local features of the celebration. 
 This committee was composed of Messrs. Noyes, Bell, and 
 Gardner. 
 
 The chairman was also authorized to designate a member 
 to act as chairman of a finance committee, the members of 
 
Preliminary Work of Committees. 25 
 
 which should be selected from the citizens of the District of 
 Columbia by the chairman of that committee and himself, 
 the duty of this committee being to secure subscriptions from 
 the public. 
 
 It was announced at this meeting that the Washington 
 Board of Trade had on January 6 adopted the following reso- 
 lution, heartily indorsing the Centennial movement, which 
 had been reported by Mr. Marion Dorian from the committee 
 on mercantile interests: 
 
 Whereas it is proposed to celebrate, in 1900, with proper ceremonies, 
 the one hundredth anniversary of the removal of the seat of the Federal 
 Government to Washington, and as this celebration will be national in 
 character, and should be of such magnificence as to reflect credit not 
 only upon the Nation, but upon our beautiful city and its public-spirited 
 citizens as well; therefore the Washington Board of Trade pledges its 
 aid and cooperation to the committees, official and civic, having the 
 arrangements in charge, and \>y its influence and zeal will help to make 
 of the occasion a success commensurate with the importance of the 
 events to be celebrated. 
 
 Among other organizations of the District which formally 
 indorsed the movement were the Columbia Historical Society, 
 the Oldest Inhabitants' Association, and the Business Men's 
 Association, the latter having on December 6, 1898, adopted 
 the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That this board of directors of the Business Men's Associ- 
 ation of Washington, D. C, heartil}' approve the movement, already 
 inaugurated, to properly celebrate in 1900 the centennial anniversary of 
 the location of the permanent seat of Government in this city, and pledge 
 to that movement its most earnest support. 
 
 The joint resolution drafted by the citizens' committee and 
 introduced in Congress, was passed by the Senate on January 
 28, 1899, and two days later by the House of Representatives, 
 It authorized the President to appoint a committee from the 
 country at large, and appropriated $10,000 to meet the 
 necessary expenses of the members. It was approved by the 
 President on February 28. 
 
 In accordance with the authority given at the meeting of 
 the citizens' committee on January 25, the chairman desig- 
 nated Mr. Myron M. Parker to serve as chairman of the finance 
 committee, and at a meeting held February 2 it was deemed 
 
26 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 best to combine that office and the one of treasurer, and Mr. 
 Parker kindly consented to serve in both capacities. 
 
 At a meeting held in the rooms of the Washington Board 
 of Trade on the afternoon of October 30, 1899, a special com- 
 mittee, consisting of Messrs. Bell, Noyes, and Parker, was 
 chosen to consider and suggest a plan of celebration, recom- 
 mending also the date on which it should be held and its 
 general character, together with any features in respect to 
 which national and State legislation might be deemed neces- 
 sary or desirable. This committee's report, presented shortly 
 afterwards, was adopted and formed the basis of the recom- 
 mendations of the citizens' committee to the committees of 
 Congress and from the country at large. 
 
 Occasion was taken at this meeting to deplore the deaths 
 of two members of the citizens' committee, Messrs. Britton- 
 and Gardner. The names of Messrs. Beriah Wilkins and 
 William V. Cox, as their respective successors, were presented 
 by the chairman, and these gentlemen were duly appointed. 
 On November 6, the date of the next meeting, Mr. Cox was 
 chosen secretary of the committee. 
 
 Closely following this date, the Board of Trade considered 
 plans for the suitable entertainment of the Governors and 
 members of the Congressional and citizens' committees on 
 the occasion of a meeting of the several committees to be 
 organized as a joint committee, which was called first for the 
 21st of December, 1899, but afterwards postponed until Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1900. The hospitality extended by the Board of 
 Trade took the form of a banquet at the Arlington Hotel on 
 the evening of the same day, and a full account of this enter- 
 tainment will be found elsewhere in this volume. 
 
 In his annual message to Congress of December 5, 1899, 
 the President informed that body of the appointment of the 
 Governors of the States and Territories as a committee from 
 the country at large, to act with the Congressional committees 
 and the citizens' committee, in the following words: 
 
 In accordance with the act of Congress providing for an appropriate 
 national celebration in the year 1900 of the establishment of the seat of 
 Government in the District of Columbia, I have appointed a committee 
 consisting of the Governors of all the States and Territories of the United 
 
Preliminary Work of Committees. 27 
 
 States, who have been invited to assemble in the city of Washington on 
 the 21st of December, 1899, which, with the committees of the Congress 
 and the District of Columbia, are charged with the proper conduct of 
 this celebration. 
 
 A conference of the citizens' committee with the Senate 
 committee was held on December 7, 1899, and a second con- 
 ference with both of the Congressional committees on the 
 15th of the same month, at which the citizens' committee was 
 requested to submit plans for consideration. It was under- 
 stood that the local features were to be left in the hands of 
 the citizens' committee, with assurance that such parts of the 
 plan suggested as would require action by Congress should 
 receive full consideration at the hands of its specially 
 appointed committees on the centennial celebration. 
 
 Before the joint meeting of February 21, 1900, three more 
 meetings of the citizens' committee were held, on the following 
 dates: January 10, January 18, February 14. In obedience 
 to the wishes of the committees of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives, a programme was formulated by the citizens' 
 committee. This met with the approval of the Congressional 
 committees, and at their request was later submitted by the 
 chairman of the citizens' committee at the joint meeting for 
 final consideration. He was also instructed to submit a full 
 report of progress on the centennial movement at the joint 
 meeting, for which a special order of business had been previ- 
 ously arranged. 
 
 At the meeting held February 14, the chairman was author- 
 ized to designate Mr. W. P. Van Wickle assistant secretary. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE 
 JOINT COMMITTEE. 
 
 (FEERUAEY 21, 1900.) 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE JOINT 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 The members of the joint committee assembled at n 
 o'clock, February 21, 1900, in the parlors of the Arlington 
 Hotel. The meeting was called to order by Hon. John B. 
 Wight, chairman of the citizens' committee. After welcoming 
 the members to the capital of the nation, he briefly presented 
 a history of the movement to celebrate the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the establishment of the permanent seat of 
 Government in the District of Columbia since its inception, 
 in October, 1898, referring especially to the deep interest 
 shown by the President, and to his suggestions, all of which 
 had been carried out. The members of the committee from 
 the country at large, as appointed by the President, were read, 
 as follows: 
 
 Alabama Joseph F. Johnston. 
 
 Arkansas Daniel W. Jones. 
 
 California' Henry T. Gage. 
 
 Colorado Charles S. Thomas. 
 
 Connecticut George E. Lounsbury. 
 
 Delaware Ebe W. Tunnell. 
 
 Florida Wm. D.Bloxham. 
 
 Georgia Allen D. Candler. 
 
 Idaho F. Steunenberg. 
 
 Illinois John R. Tanner. 
 
 Indiana James A. Mount. 
 
 Iowa Leslie M. Shaw. 
 
 Kansas W. E. Stanley. 
 
 Kentucky = W. O. Bradley. 
 
 Louisiana Murphy J. Foster. 
 
 Maine Llewellyn Powers. 
 
 Maryland Lloyd Lowndes. 
 
 Massachusetts .... Roger Wolcott. 
 
 Michigan Hazen S. Pingree. 
 
 Minnesota John Lind. 
 
 Mississippi A. J. McLaurin. 
 
 Missouri Lon V. Stephens. 
 
 Montana Robert B. Smith. 
 
 Nebraska W. A. Poynter. 
 
 Nevada Reinhold Sadler. 
 
 New Hampshire. .Frank W. Rollins. 
 
 New Jersey Foster M. Voorhees. 
 
 New York Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 North Carolina. . .Daniel L. Russell. 
 
 North Dakota F. B. Fancher. 
 
 Ohio Asa S. Bushnell. 
 
 Oregon Theo. T.Geer. 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . .William A. Stone. 
 Rhode Island .... Elisha Dyer. 
 South Carolina. . .M. B. McSweeney. 
 South Dakota .... Andrew E. Lee. 
 
 Tennessee Benton McMillin. 
 
 Texas * Joseph D. Say ers. 
 
 Utah Heber M. Wells. 
 
 Vermont Edwin C. Smith. 
 
 Virginia J. Hoge Tyler. 
 
 Washington John R. Rogers. 
 
 West Virginia. . . .G. W. Atkinson. 
 
 Wisconsin Edward Scofield. 
 
 Wyoming De Forest Richards. 
 
 Alaska John G. Brady. 
 
 Arizona N. O. Murphy. 
 
 New Mexico Miguel A. Otero. 
 
 Oklahoma Cassius M. Barnes. 
 
 1 State constitution prohibits governor from accepting appointment. 
 = Appointment declined. 
 
32 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The chairman then suggested the selection of a chairman 
 of the joint committee, and on motion of Col. M. M. Parker, 
 duly seconded, Hon. Eugene Hale, of Maine, chairman of the 
 select committee from the Senate, was unanimously elected. 
 
 In accepting the office Mr. Hale expressed his appreciation 
 of the honor conferred upon him in being chosen to preside 
 over a committee which, if it prospered in its work, would 
 give to Washington City and the country a most interesting 
 celebration of one of the greatest events in the history of the 
 nation. 
 
 The chairman suggested the selection of a permanent 
 secretary, and on motion of Mr. Wight, Mr. W. V. Cox, 
 secretary of the citizens' committee, was unanimously chosen. 
 
 The chair then directed that the roll be called, whereupon 
 the following-named gentlemen responded: 
 
 Eugene Hale, Senator from Maine; George C. Perkins, 
 Senator from California; Joseph Simon, Senator from Oregon; 
 Alexander S. Clay, Senator from Georgia; Thomas B. Turley, 
 Senator from Tennessee, and James McMillan, Senator from 
 Michigan, members of the select committee from the United 
 States Senate. 
 
 Joseph G. Cannon, Representative from Illinois; J. P. Heat- 
 wole, Representative from Minnesota; J. S. Sherman, Repre- 
 sentative from New York; J. A. Hemenway, Representative 
 from Indiana; R. J. Gamble, Representative from South 
 Dakota, and John C. Bell, Representative from Colorado, 
 members of the select committee from the United States 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Charles S. Thomas, governor of Colorado; Ebe W. Tunnell, 
 governor of Delaware; F. Q. Brown, proxy for William D. 
 Bloxham, governor of Florida; Allen D. Candler, governor of 
 Georgia; F. Steunenberg, governor of Idaho; James A. Mount, 
 governor of Indiana; Llewellyn Powers, governor of Maine; 
 John Lind, governor of Minnesota; Robert B. Smith, governor 
 of Montana; W. A. Poynter, governor of Nebraska; Frank 
 W. Rollins, governor of New Hampshire; William A. Stone, 
 governor of Pennsylvania; Elisha Dyer, governor of Rhode 
 Island; Andrew E. Lee, governor of South Dakota; Benton 
 McMillin, governor of Tennessee; Heber M. Wells, governor 
 
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 33 
 
 of Utah; Edwin C. Smith, governor of Vermont; G. W. Atkin- 
 son, governor of West Virginia; Alexander Stewart, proxy 
 for Edward Seofield, governor of Wisconsin; De Forest Rich- 
 ards, governor of Wyoming; John G. Brady, governor of 
 Alaska; N. O. Murphy, governor of Arizona, members of the 
 committee from the country at large. 
 
 John B. Wight, Commissioner of the District of Columbia; 
 M. M. Parker; Chas. J. Bell; James G. Berret; John Joy 
 Edson; George H. Harries, proxy for Theodore W. Noyes; 
 R. Ross Perry; John W. Thompson; Scott C. Bone, proxy for 
 Beriah Wilkins, and W. V. Cox, members of the committee 
 from the District of Columbia. 
 
 At the request of the chair the secretary read the act of 
 Congress (Public 84, approved February 28, 1899) entitled 
 "An act to provide for an appropriate national celebration of 
 the establishment of the seat of Government in the District 
 of Columbia." (See p. 23.) 
 
 The chairman said that in view of the fact that the citizens' 
 committee had taken the initiative in the centennial move- 
 ment and had performed all necessary preliminary work 
 looking toward the celebration, he would call upon the chair- 
 man of "that committee to outline such plans as it had consid- 
 ered. Mr. Wight, chairman of the citizens' committee, replied 
 that his committee had prepared a report, which, on motion 
 of His Excellency Charles S. Thomas, Mr. Wight then read. 
 The report was as follows: 
 
 The citizens' committee of the District of Columbia has the honor to 
 propose the following plan for the celebration of the Centennial of the 
 Establishment of the Permanent Seat of Government in the District of 
 Columbia : 
 
 First. That the celebration be held in the month of December, 1900. 
 
 Second. That commemorative exercises be held in the two Houses of 
 Congress, separately or jointly, in honor of the anniversary of the first 
 session of Congress held in the permanent capital. 
 
 Third. That the la}dng of the corner stone of an appropriate, sub- 
 stantial, and permanent memorial structure be made a feature of the 
 celebration, and that Congress be urged to provide for such a memorial. 
 In the judgment of this committee, a bridge across the Potomac River 
 to the Arlington National Cemetery, now the property of the United 
 States, would be the most fitting and appreciated ' ' Memorial to Ameri- 
 can Patriotism" that could be raised, and should be embellished with 
 H. Doc. 552 3 
 
34 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 decorations illustrative of the great events in the nation's history and 
 the progress of our country. Congress has already provided for pre- 
 liminary surveys and plans, and these plans have been completed so that 
 they are now available for the purpose of building such a memorial 
 bridge. It will therefore be possible to laj r the corner stone of the pro- 
 posed bridge at the time of celebration. In connection with the cere- 
 mony, orations should be delivered by distinguished citizens of national 
 reputation; and further, such exercises should be preceded and followed 
 by a parade of military and naval forces and of civic organizations of as 
 great proportions and varied representations as practicable from the 
 United States and the several States and Territories. 
 
 Fourth. That the celebration should culminate in an evening recep- 
 tion and ball. 
 
 In connection with the first recommendation, that the celebration be 
 held in the month of December, 1900, it is, perhaps, proper to say that 
 much attention was given to the matter of date. It appears that during 
 the year 1800 the archives were being moved to Washington, and there 
 were several dates having some interest, covering a period from Ma}' to 
 December. In 1790 Congress decided, in connection with the establish- 
 ment of the permanent seat of government, that it should assume charge 
 and direction of this Territory at its meeting in December, 1800. The 
 first meeting of Congress in the District of Columbia, however, was held 
 in November, 1800, and no special significance seems to have been 
 attached to that meeting. The committee is of the opinion that, inas- 
 much as there are so many dates from which to choose, that date should 
 be chosen which would meet most fully all the objects to be attained. 
 It is, of course, essential that it should be at a time when Congress is in 
 session, and it should be sufficiently remote from the present to admit of 
 such preparations as may be necessary in connection with the laying of 
 the corner stone of the memorial structure, which must be appropriated 
 for and for which some preliminary work must be done. 
 
 In connection with the third recommendation, that a memorial struc- 
 ture be erected, the citizens' committee call attention to the following 
 propositions, which have also received its consideration: 
 
 The erection of a municipal building for Washington Cit}'; a memo- 
 rial arch at the head of Sixteenth street; a series of statues of American 
 worthies; a new Executive Mansion; the, reclamation of the flats of 
 Anacostia River, the eastern branch of the Potomac; the enlarging of 
 the Capitol grounds by the condemnation of adjacent squares; the elim- 
 ination of Florida avenue as the northern boundary of the city of Wash- 
 ington; the policy of erecting all future Government buildings on the 
 south side of Pennsylvania avenue, and the purchase of the ground for 
 that purpose; a new building for the Supreme Court of the United 
 States, to be erected on a site corresponding to that of the Congres- 
 sional Library building; the retrocession of the whole or a part of the 
 
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 35 
 
 territory of the State of Virginia originally embraced in the ten-mile 
 square forming the District of Columbia. 
 
 Some of these suggestions, however, are open to the criticism that 
 they are partly local and are such as should be paid for in part by the 
 District of Columbia, such as the municipal building. The whole plan 
 of this celebration, as must be evident by all the steps taken since its 
 inception, looks to a national event, and whatever structure is chosen to 
 mark this interesting epoch should be provided by the nation. 
 
 The citizens' committee have agreed — and will take pleasure in doing 
 the same — to raise such an amount of funds as will be required to meet 
 the expenses of the celebration proper, so that everything which is 
 purely local shall be paid for by the citizens of the District entirely at 
 their expense. The only expense asked of the General Government is 
 to provide for that which is purely national in its character. 
 
 In conclusion the citizens' committee respectfully calls the attention 
 of the members of the full committee to the many interesting articles on 
 the early history of Washington City and the proposed celebration 
 which have appeared in local newspapers, as well as those throughout 
 the country, a number of which contain pertinent suggestions which 
 may be of interest to the committee, such articles having been preserved 
 by the citizens' committee to form a part of its archives. 
 
 On the conclusion of the reading of the report, the chair- 
 man asked what action the committee wished to take upon it. 
 
 Hon. James S. Sherman, M. C, moved that the proposition of 
 the citizens' committee, that the celebration take place in the 
 month of December, 1900, be approved, and the motion was 
 seconded by His Excellency Benton McMillin, and carried. 
 
 Col. M. M. Parker moved that a committee of five be 
 appointed by the chair, to which should be referred the 
 recommendations of the citizens' committee for consideration 
 and report. This motion was seconded and carried, and the 
 chairman appointed as members of the committee: Hon. James 
 McMillan, United States Senator; Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, 
 member of Congress; His Excellency Elisha Dyer, Mr. C. J. 
 Bell, and Col. M. M. Parker. 
 
 The chairman then called for additional suggestions for 
 features of the celebration. None being offered, the com- 
 mittee of five was requested to consider the report of the 
 citizens' committee at once, so as to be able to report plans of 
 celebration at the afternoon session. 
 
 On motion, a recess was taken until 3 o'clock in the after- 
 noon. 
 
36 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 AFTERNOON SESSION. 
 
 The chairman, Mr. Hale, called the meeting to order at 
 3.15 o'clock, and asked Senator McMillan to submit the report 
 of the committee of five. 
 
 Senator McMillan stated that the committee of five had 
 met as arranged, and had given the recommendations of the 
 citizens' committee careful consideration, and had adopted 
 unanimously the following report: 
 
 First. That the celebration be held in the month of Decem- 
 ber, 1900. 
 
 Second. That commemorative exercises be held in the two 
 Houses of Congress, separately or jointly, in honor of the 
 anniversary of the first session of Congress held in the per- 
 manent capital. 
 
 Third. That the enlargement of the Executive Mansion 
 in harmony with its present style of architecture, and the 
 construction of an avenue to be known as "Centennial ave- 
 nue," running from the Capitol grounds, through the Mall, 
 to the Potomac River, be made features of the celebration. 
 
 Fourth. That in connection with the ceremonies of enlarg- 
 ing the Executive Mansion and opening Centennial avenue, 
 orations be delivered by citizens of national reputation, and 
 that such exercises be preceded and followed by parades of 
 military and naval forces and of civic organizations, of as 
 great proportions and varied representations as practicable, 
 from the United States and the several States and Territories. 
 
 Fifth. That the celebration culminate in an evening recep- 
 tion, and such other entertainment as the committee may 
 determine upon. 
 
 Senator McMillan said: 
 
 Everyone recognizes that the Executive Mansion is not adequate for 
 the purposes for which it is used. It was built a great many years ago; 
 it is not in good order — in fact, the foundations of the building have 
 had to be supported from time to time, and it is not fit either as an office 
 or a residence for the President of the United States. The committee, 
 recognizing this, after a thorough discussion, came to the conclusion 
 that it would be wise to recommend that an enlargement of the Execu- 
 tive Mansion should be made, not to interfere with the architectural 
 
, • +* 
 
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 37 
 
 beauty of the present structure. It is suggested, at the same time, 
 that an avenue might be opened through the Mall from the grounds of 
 the Capitol to the Potomac River, where the proposed memorial bridge 
 might be built at some future time, making that avenue a boulevard, 
 with trees on either side, and possibly a riding path. This avenue 
 would be known as ' ' Centennial avenue, ' ' and would be probably three 
 miles in length. Strange to say, upon looking at the maps which the 
 committee had before it, it was seen that the original plan of Washing- 
 ton, as prepared by Major L'Enfant, provided for just such an avenue, 
 public buildings to be erected on either side of the same. 
 
 I might add that the committee was unanimous in the adoption of its 
 report, and that it consulted several gentlemen, not members of the 
 committee, who take a great interest in matters relating to Washington, 
 and they, too, were unanimous in approving these suggestions for sub- 
 mission to this meeting. 
 
 The chairman asked for any suggestions 'that members 
 might desire to make before taking action on the report. 
 
 Mr. Wight, as chairman of the citizens' committee, stated 
 that while the report of the committee of five provided for a 
 proposition not recommended by his committee in its recom- 
 mendations, still he and his associates were pleased with the 
 same and heartily indorsed them as the best that could be 
 agreed on. The suggestion of the enlargement of the Execu- 
 tive Mansion is, he said, very necessary in the opinion of all 
 Washingtonians, housing as it does under one roof all the 
 offices of the Executive, as well as the living rooms of the 
 President and his family, with but a single doorway for 
 entrance and exit of officials as well as the Executive's family 
 and private guests. 
 
 His Excellency John Eind said that he did not feel like 
 voting for the adoption of a report which was in the nature 
 of suggestions as to what Congress should do in matters over 
 which it alone had jurisdiction, referring principally to the 
 proposition that the enlargement of the Executive Mansion 
 be made a feature of the celebration. Mr. Eind suggested 
 that the report be modified so as to make it read that the 
 joint committee approved of the suggestions of the citizens' 
 committee, if the same met with the approval of Congress. 
 Mr. Eind, in conclusion, said, in brief, that he did not think 
 that the committee should take the initiative in a matter 
 belonging peculiarly to Congress. 
 
38 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Senator McMillan explained that the entire matter was pre- 
 liminary only, and that, according to the law, whatever action 
 the committee took, would have to first receive the approval 
 of Congress before the same could be carried into effect. 
 
 His Excellency G. W. Atkinson thought that it would be 
 more practicable for the committee to recommend the erection 
 of an entirely new Executive Mansion, since the present one 
 is, he considered, entirely inadequate for the use of the Exec- 
 utive of the nation as his office and residence. He said that, 
 so far as sentiment was concerned in the objection to destroy- 
 ing the present Mansion, he thought a new one could be con- 
 structed on the same lines of architecture as the present one, 
 which, he appreciated, was of an unusually appropriate and 
 admired design. He said the condition of the present Exec- 
 utive Mansion almost required that it be overhauled and 
 remodeled from the ground up, which would practically mean 
 a new structure. 
 
 Senator McMillan said that his committee would not obj ect 
 to such an amendment of its report, and Mr. Atkinson there- 
 upon moved that the report be amended by inserting after the 
 word "architecture," in the third proposition, the words, "or 
 the erection of a new Executive Mansion." 
 
 After considerable discussion on the objections to the report 
 made by Mr. Lind, Mr. Atkinson's amendment was adopted. 
 During the discussion referred to, His Excellency Benton 
 McMillin stated that he thought the original proposition for 
 the enlargement of the Executive Mansion was more satis- 
 factory than the amendment. Mr. Atkinson did not think 
 Mr. Land's reasons for objecting to the report were well taken, 
 nor did His Excellency Charles S. Thomas. The latter 
 argued that, since a proposition to improve the Executive 
 Mansion and also to erect a new Executive Mansion had been 
 before Congress for a number of years past, the recommenda- 
 tions of the centennial committee would in his opinion be 
 perfectly proper and appropriate and would very likely be 
 welcomed by Congress. He pointed out that there was no 
 question of the great need of a new Executive Mansion, and 
 he thought that the centennial committee, which represented 
 every State and Territory of the Union and the United States, 
 
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 39 
 
 could very appropriately take such action as it now proposed 
 to do. The improvement of Washington city and the capital 
 of the nation should, Mr. Thomas considered, receive the 
 attention and recommendation and material interest of every 
 citizen of the United States, and especially of those that rep- 
 resented it on the centennial committee. The committee, in 
 fact, should feel it to be its duty to urge such a worthy prop- 
 osition. 
 
 His Excellency James A. Mount moved that the report of 
 the committee of five, as amended, be adopted, which motion 
 was unanimously carried. The chair then asked what action 
 the committee desired to take in the matter of preparing its 
 plans of celebration and presenting the same to the President 
 and the two Houses of Congress. Mr. Thomas moved that 
 the citizens' committee, which had taken the initiative in the 
 movement to celebrate and was so appropriately suited to take 
 full charge of the celebration, be authorized to make a report 
 to the President. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson suggested that Mr. Thomas amend his 
 motion by providing that the chairman of the joint com- 
 mittee act as ex officio chairman with the citizens' committee. 
 
 Mr. Wight thought the committee of five a most repre- 
 sentative one and exceptionally suited to take charge of all 
 matters of detail that might arise in the future, and on this 
 line he suggested that this committee of five be increased by 
 the appointment of about five additional members and created 
 an executive committee with general directing powers. This 
 was indorsed by His Excellency William A. Poynter. 
 
 Mr. Sherman moved that the committee of five, and five 
 additional members to be appointed by the chairman, be made 
 an executive committee, the chairman of the joint committee, 
 Mr. Hale, to act as chairman ex officio thereof, which execu- 
 tive committee should possess all powers of the joint committee 
 at times when it was impracticable to call a meeting of the 
 latter. 
 
 Chairman Hale said that, while he desired to do everything 
 in his power to aid the movement and be of as much service 
 as possible to the committee, he felt that it was impossible 
 for him to act as chairman of the executive committee, owing 
 
40 Establislnnent of the Seat of Government. 
 
 to his Congressional duties. Mr. Sherman thereupon modi- 
 fied his motion so as not to provide for the chairman of the 
 joint committee to act as chairman ex officio of the executive 
 committee. The motion was then put to the committee, and 
 was unanimously carried. The chair announced the follow- 
 ing-named gentlemen as members of the executive committee 
 thus provided for: George C. Perkins, of the Senate commit- 
 tee, chairman; Joel P. Heatwole, of the House of Represent- 
 atives committee; J. Hoge Tyler 1 and Elisha Dyer, of the 
 committee from the country at large; John B. Wight, C. J. 
 Bell, John Joy Bdson, Theodore W. Noyes, M. M. Parker, 
 and W. V. Cox, of the citizens' committee. 
 
 Mr. Wight stated that he had ascertained that the Presi- 
 dent of the United States would be pleased to receive the 
 committee at the Executive Mansion at 3.30 o'clock, and he 
 moved that the committee adjourn and proceed in a body to 
 call upon the President. At the suggestion of Mr. Atkinson, 
 Mr. Wight amended his motion so as to make the adjourn- 
 ment subject to the call of the chair. This motion was adopted, 
 and the committee adjourned. 
 
 'See footnote, page 46. 
 
COMPLETION OF ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
COMPLETION OF ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
 The executive committee met in the President's room of 
 the Senate six days after the joint meeting, and on motion 
 of Mr. Edson elected Commissioner Wight, chairman of the 
 citizens' committee, its vice-chairman. At the suggestion of 
 Senator Perkins, Mr. Cox, secretary of the citizens' commit- 
 tee and joint committee, was elected secretary of the execu- 
 tive committee. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Heatwole, it was unanimously adopted 
 as the sense of the executive committee that the citizens' com- 
 mittee be requested to take full charge of all matters of detail 
 connected with the celebration, including the reception at the 
 Corcoran Gallery of Art ; and, in brief, to make such arrange- 
 ments for the local features of the celebration as were deemed 
 necessary to insure its success, and to report action at a meet- 
 ing of the joint committee to be held in December. It was 
 thought proper that the exercises to be participated in jointly 
 by the Senate and House of Representatives, in honor of the 
 one hundredth anniversary of the first session of Congress 
 held at the permanent capital, should be under the direction 
 of the Congressional Committees on the Centennial. 
 
 On February 28, the day following the date of this meet- 
 ing, the executive committee called upon the President for 
 the purpose of submitting for transmission to Congress the 
 proceedings of the joint meeting of the 21st. The chairman, 
 Senator Perkins, presented to the President the following 
 letter, accompanied by an outline of the plan of celebration 
 as adopted, a copy of the act of Congress, and a facsimile of 
 the original plan of the city of Washington. 
 
 NATIONAL CAPITAL CENTENNIAL, 1900. 
 
 Washington City, February 28, igoo. 
 To the President: 
 
 In conformity with an act of Congress entitled "An act to provide 
 for an appropriate national celebration of the establishment of the seat of 
 
 43 
 
44 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Government in the District of Columbia," approved February 28, 1899, 
 the committee appointed for that purpose has the honor to submit to 
 you herewith its proceedings. 
 
 The committee met at the Arlington Hotel, Washington City, on the 
 21st of February, 1900, and unanimously adopted plans for the proposed 
 celebration, which are appended. 
 
 The features of the celebration, as proposed, are, in brief, that in 
 December, 1900, appropriate exercises shall be held in the Halls of Con- 
 gress; that a corner stone shall be laid for an enlargement of the present 
 Executive Mansion or a new structure; that an avenue extending from 
 the Capitol grounds to the Potomac River and running through the 
 Mall, to be known as Centennial avenue, shall be provided for; that in 
 the evening there shall be a reception and such other entertainment 
 as the committee may determine upon; that in connection with the 
 laying of the corner stone there shall be a military, naval, and civic 
 parade of great proportions, and orations shall be delivered by distin- 
 guished citizens. 
 
 The committee ventures to hope that its action will meet with 3'our 
 approval and that in transmitting this report to Congress you will give 
 it your indorsement, so that the objects of the celebration ma}' be suc- 
 cessfully attained. 
 
 I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Geo. C. Perkins 
 Chairman, Executive Committee. 
 W. V. Cox, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 The report of the proceedings of the meeting, together with 
 Senator Perkins's letter and the above plan and other inci- 
 sures, was transmitted to Congress by the President on 
 March 7 with the following message: 
 
 To the Senate and House of Representatives: 
 
 I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the report of the 
 proceedings of the committee appointed in conformity with an act of 
 Congress entitled "An act to provide for an appropriate national celebra- 
 tion of the establishment of the seat of Government in the District of 
 Columbia," approved February 28, 1899. 
 
 William McKinley. 
 
 Executive Mansion, March 7, 1900. 
 
 On the same date the message and report were read in the 
 Senate, referred to the Committee on the Centennial Celebra- 
 tion, and ordered to be printed. (Senate Doc. 210, Fifty-sixth 
 Congress, first session.) In the House it was referred to the 
 Committee on Appropriations. 
 
Completion of Arrangements. 45 
 
 On May 14, 1900, Commissioner Wight tendered his resig- 
 nation as chairman of the citizens' committee in the following 
 letter: 
 
 Sir: Inasmuch as I am no longer Commissioner of the District of 
 Columbia, and having been elected to the position of chairman of the 
 citizens' committee b}' virtue of that office, I hereby tender my resigna- 
 tion as chairman of that committee. I beg to say, in this connection, 
 that my interest in the celebration of the Centennial is just as great as 
 ever, and I shall be glad in an}' way, no matter how humble, to aid 
 as much as possible in bringing to a successful issue whatever plans may 
 be decided upon. 
 
 I am, very respectfully, John B. Wight. 
 
 W. V. Cox, Esq., 
 
 Secretary, Citizens' Centennial Committee. 
 
 Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland succeeded Commissioner 
 Wight as president of the Board of District Commissioners 
 on May 9, 1900. 
 
 In this connection the minutes of a meeting of the citizens' 
 committee held May 21 record that — 
 
 * * * The secretary presented a letter received from Chairman 
 Wight, tendering his resignation of that office, which he had held by 
 virtue of his position as president of the Board of Commissioners of the 
 District of Columbia. On motion of Colonel Parker, Mr. Wight's resig- 
 nation was accepted with many regrets, since his work in behalf of the 
 celebration had been most zealous and energetic. 
 
 On motion, Mr. Wight was unanimously elected a member of the com- 
 mittee. He thereupon moved that his successor on the Board of Dis- 
 trict Commissioners, Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, be unanimously 
 elected a member of the committee, and chairman thereof by virtue of 
 his office. This motion was adopted, and the secretary was instructed 
 to so advise Commissioner Macfarland. 
 
 In the following letter, dated May 23, 1900, Commissioner 
 Macfarland conveyed his acceptance: 
 
 Executive Office 
 Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 
 
 Washington, May 23, ipoo. 
 Sir: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your notice of May 21, to the 
 effect that at a meeting of the citizens' committee, centennial celebra- 
 tion of the establishment of the seat of government in the District of 
 Columbia, held that date, I was unanimously elected a member of the 
 
46 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 committee and chairman thereof. I appreciate the honor conferred 
 upon me, and shall be pleased to serve, to the best of my ability, in 
 furtherance of the proposed celebration. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Henry B. F. Macfarland. 
 W. V. Cox, Esq., 
 
 Secretary , Citizens' Centennial Committee. 
 
 Commissioner Macfarland also succeeded Commissioner 
 Wight as a member and vice-chairman of the executive com- 
 mittee, Mr. Wight being reappointed by Senator Hale as a 
 member of that committee to fill a vacancy. 1 
 
 Commissioner Wight was subsequently (October 24) chosen 
 by the citizens' committee as its vice-chairman. 
 
 Congress took important steps, in connection with the 
 recommendations of the joint committee, providing for the 
 construction of a model showing the proposed enlargement of 
 the Executive Mansion, and for the treatment of the territory 
 south of and adjacent to Pennsylvania avenue and the con- 
 necting of Potomac Park along the valley of Rock Creek with 
 the Zoological Park. Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. A., 
 in charge of public buildings and grounds, was requested to 
 prepare such a model, and he agreed to have it ready, with the 
 necessary drawings, by December. Thereupon the citizens' 
 committee conferred, through its chairman and secretary, 
 with the President as to holding a part of the exercises of the 
 centennial celebration in the Executive Mansion, at which 
 time the model and drawings might be exhibited for the first 
 time, and also suggested a reception by the President to the 
 Governors of the States and Territories. The President 
 informally signified his approval of such exercises and his 
 readiness to accord a reception to the State executives. He 
 
 1 Governor J. Hoge Tyler, of Virginia, whom Senator Hale appointed a member 
 of the executive committee, was unable to accept the President's commission, owing 
 to an inhibition of the State's constitution, which does not allow the governor or 
 other State officer to hold an office of profit or trust under the Federal Government. 
 Similar inhibitions of the constitutions of California and Texas also prevented 
 Governors Gage and Savers from accepting the appointments of the President. In 
 view of the important part Virginia took in the establishment of the District of 
 Columbia, ceding, with Maryland, the territory originally forming the District, at 
 the instance of the citizens' committee the President requested Governor Tyler to 
 act on the centennial committee informally as the representative of the Old Domin- 
 ion State, and to this he consented. 
 
Completion of Arrangements. 47 
 
 was also consulted as to the date of the celebration, the month 
 of December having alread}' been decided upon. 
 
 For the purpose of considering and adopting the necessary 
 modification of the plan of celebration, a meeting of the 
 executive committee was held on August 30, when, in the 
 absence of Senator Perkins, Commissioner Macfarland on 
 taking the chair said: 
 
 We have met to perfect plans for celebrating in December next the 
 centennial anniversary of the establishment of the seat of government in 
 the District of Columbia. These plans, in provisional form, have 
 already been submitted \>y the executive committee to the President of 
 the United States, who has signified his approval of them. They have 
 also been approved by the representatives of Congress upon the execu- 
 tive committee. They are designed to carry out the general purpose of 
 the celebration as adopted by the national committee, on the recommen- 
 dation of the citizens' committee, with the approval of the President and 
 Congress. The fact that such an important anniversary ought not to be 
 allowed to pass without celebration has been recognized by everyone. 
 While there has been some disappointment because Congress in its 
 wisdom did not provide for the laying of the corner stone of the Memo- 
 rial Bridge at the time of the celebration, it must be remembered that 
 Congress has taken steps of an important character toward the execution 
 of the two projects recommended by the national committee as those 
 which ought to be connected with the celebration, namely, the enlarge- 
 ment of the Executive Mansion and the improvement of the Mall and its 
 park connections. Congress has authorized the completion of the plans 
 of Col. Theodore A. Bingham, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., superintend- 
 ent of public buildings and grounds, for the enlargement of the Execu- 
 tive Mansion, and has authorized Brig. Gen. John M. Wilson, Chief of 
 Engineers, U. S. A., to prepare a plan for the treatment of the Mall and 
 its park connections. 
 
 President McKinley, who has shown such a sympathetic interest in 
 the proposed celebration, has consented to give a morning reception on 
 the day in December to be selected, when he will receive the Governors 
 of the States and Territories and other members of the national commit- 
 tee, together with Senators and Representatives, when it is hoped that 
 a model of the enlarged Executive Mansion, as proposed in Colonel 
 Bingham's plans, will be exhibited in the East Room, and brief appro- 
 priate addresses will be made. The representatives of Congress have 
 planned for suitable exercises on the afternoon of that day in the Hall 
 of the House of Representatives, when prominent Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives will deliver orations. The citizens' committee is to arrange 
 for a noonday military, naval, and civic parade, and for an evening 
 reception in honor of the distinguished visitors. 
 
48 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 These outlines of the proposed celebration indicate that it will be 
 worthy of the occasion in dignity and interest. Posterity, which would 
 doubtless be astonished if there should be no celebration of this signifi- 
 cant event, will certainly look back to it with the same satisfaction that 
 will be felt by all those who take an interest in it now. 
 
 At this meeting the executive committee definitely decided 
 upon the details of the programme, which were to take place 
 in the following order: 
 
 Date of celebration: Wednesday, December 12. 
 Exercises at Executive Mansion in the morning: 
 
 Reception by the President to the governors of the States 
 
 and Territories, immediately followed by — 
 Addresses: By Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. A., on 
 the history of the Executive Mansion dur- 
 ing the century 1 800-1 900, to be delivered 
 in connection with the displa}^ of the model 
 and drawings of the proposed enlargement 
 of the Executive Mansion; 
 By Hon. Henry B. E. Macfarland, president 
 of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, on the development of 
 the District during the century 1800- 1900; 
 By a member of the committee from the 
 country at large on the development of the 
 nation during the century 1 800-1 900. 
 Military, naval, and civic parade from the Executive Mansion 
 to the Capitol, to be reviewed by the President from the 
 east front of the Capitol. 
 Exercises at the Capitol in the afternoon, to be held jointly by 
 the Senate and House of Representatives in the Hall of 
 the House, commemorating the first session of the Congress 
 held at the permanent capital, to embrace addresses by two 
 Senators and two Representatives, on the following subjects: 
 "Transfer of the national capital from Philadelphia to 
 
 Washington. 
 "Establishment of the seat of government in the District 
 
 of Columbia. 
 "History of the first century of the National Capital. 
 " Future of the United States and its Capital." 
 Reception, in the evening, in honor of the Governors of the 
 States and Territories. 
 
Completion of Arrangements. 49 
 
 This plan of celebration was submitted, after adoption by 
 the executive committee, to each member of the joint com- 
 mittee, and received general approval. As will appear farther 
 on, the only change made was a slight increase in the number 
 of addresses at the Capitol. The speakers were selected by 
 the executive committee with a special view to representing 
 the States of Maryland and Virginia, which ceded the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia to the United States; Massachusetts, repre- 
 senting New England, and Tennessee, the last State admitted 
 into the Union before the capital was removed to Washington. 
 The great West, an unexplored territory a hundred years 
 ago, was also included in the plan. The speakers in Con- 
 gress represented the two great political parties and the two 
 Houses of Congress. 
 
 For the purpose of arranging the details of the ceremonies 
 the executive committee at this meeting authorized the chair- 
 man of the citizens' committee to organize the following 
 auxiliary committees: Finance, reception, exercises at the 
 Executive Mansion, exercises at the Capitol (to cooperate on 
 behalf of the citizens' committee with the committee of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives), parade and decora- 
 tion, press, medal and badges, printing, public comfort and 
 order, and auditing. In order to secure a compact organiza- 
 tion, and to enable the citizens' committee to keep in immedi- 
 ate touch with every detail of the arrangements, it was 
 suggested that each member of this committee should act as 
 the chairman of one of the auxiliary committees. 
 
 Not until as many as 2,000 prominent men of the District 
 had been appointed on these committees was it felt that the 
 general patriotic and public-spirited desire of the citizens to 
 serve had been fully and properly recognized. 
 
 To this wide interest in the event the success of the cele- 
 bration was largely due. On these committees were repre- 
 sented, it was believed, all important patriotic, historical, 
 industrial, benevolent, and other similar organizations, among 
 which may be mentioned the Columbia Historical Society, 
 Oldest Inhabitants' Association, the Loyal Legion, the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, the Confederate Veterans, Sons of the 
 American Revolution, Sons of the Revolution, Society of 
 H. Doc. 552 4 
 
50 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Mayflower Descendants, Society of Colonial Wars, Society 
 of the Cincinnati, Military Order of Foreign Wars, Society of 
 the War of 1812, Aztec Club of 1847, Order of the Descend- 
 ants of Colonial Governors, and the various local citizens' 
 associations. 
 
 The following assignment of members of the citizens' com- 
 mittee as chairmen of the auxiliary committees was made by 
 Commissioner Macfarland: 
 
 Mr. Parker, as chairman of committee on finance. 
 Mr. Bell, as chairman of committee on reception. 
 Mr. Edson, as chairman of committee on exercises at the Execu- 
 tive Mansion. 
 
 Mr. Perry, as chairman of committee on -exercises at the Capitol. 
 
 Mr. Wight, as chairman of committee on parade and decoration. 
 
 Mr. Noyes, as chairman of committee on press. 
 
 Mr. Van Wickle, as chairman of committee on medal and badges. 
 
 Mr. Wilkins, as chairman of committee on printing. 
 
 Mr. Berret, as chairman of committee on public comfort and order. 
 
 Mr. Thompson, as chairman of committee on auditing. 
 
 Upon the completion of the working organization, the com- 
 mittee was, through the courtesy of Mr. Van Wickle, assistant 
 secretary, given the use of rooms in the Bradbury Building, 
 No. 1225 Pennsylvania avenue, where headquarters were 
 established. 
 
 Through the committee on reception the executive commit- 
 tee requested the trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art to 
 permit the holding of a reception to the Governors in the build- 
 ing under their control, and to this request they graciously 
 acceded. Later, Mr. Bell, chairman of the reception commit- 
 tee, accompanied by Rear-Admiral Edwin Stewart, and Mr. 
 A. A. Wilson, members of that committee, called upon the 
 President, and on behalf of the citizens' committee invited 
 him and Mrs. McKinley to be present at the reception. To 
 this invitation the President signified his assent. 
 
 In his annual message to Congress of December 3, the 
 President again referred to the celebration in these words : 
 
 The transfer of the Government to this city is a fact of great histor- 
 ical interest. Among the people there is a feeling of genuine pride in 
 the Capital of the Republic. 
 
 It is a matter of interest in this connection that in 1S00 the population 
 
Completion of Arrangements. c i 
 
 of the District of Columbia was 14,093; to-day it is 278,718. The popu- 
 lation of the city of Washington was then 3,210; to-day it is 218,196. 
 
 The Congress having provided for ' ' an appropriate national celebra- 
 tion of the Centennial Anniversary of the Establishment of the Seat of 
 Government in the District of Columbia, ' ' the committees authorized by 
 it have prepared a programme for the 12th of December, 1900, which 
 date has been selected as the anniversary day. Deep interest has been 
 shown in the arrangements for the celebration by the members of the 
 committees of the Senate and House of Representatives, the committee 
 of Governors appointed by the President, and the committees appointed 
 by the citizens and inhabitants of the District of Columbia generally. 
 The programme, in addition to a reception and other exercises at the 
 Executive Mansion, provides commemorative exercises to be held jointly 
 by the Senate and House of Representatives in the Hall of the House of 
 Representatives, and a reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery 
 of Art in honor of the Governors of the States and Territories. 
 
 A resolution sanctioning the holding of the joint exercises 
 in the Hall of the House of Representatives, and legalizing 
 the day of celebration as a public holiday in the District of 
 Columbia, together with other desirable provisions, was sub- 
 mitted by the committee, formulated and passed December 5, 
 1900, and received the approval of the President on Decem- 
 ber 8. 
 
 The text of the resolution was as follows : 
 
 [PUBUC-No. I.] 
 
 AN ACT In relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establish- 
 ment of the permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia. 
 
 Whereas the Senate and House of Representatives have each appointed 
 a committee to act with other committees appointed respectively by the 
 President of the United States and by the citizens of the District of Colum- 
 bia (in a mass meeting assembled), which committees have in charge 
 the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the 
 permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia; and 
 
 Whereas said committees have in joint session adopted a plan of cele- 
 bration which has been submitted to the President of the United States 
 and by him transmitted to Congress, such plan proposing as a feature of 
 the celebration the holding by the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 jointly, commemorative exercises in the Hall of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives on the afternoon of the twelfth day of December, nineteen 
 hundred, in honor of the centennial anniversary of the first session of 
 Congress held in the permanent capital: Therefore 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Co?igress assembled, That the two Houses of Con- 
 
52 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 gress shall assemble in the Hall of the House of Representatives on the 
 twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, at the hour of half past 
 three o'clock post meridian, and that addresses on subjects bearing on 
 the celebration shall be made by Senators and Representatives to be 
 chosen by the joint committee mentioned in the preamble; that the 
 President and ex- Presidents of the United States, the heads of the sev- 
 eral Executive Departments, the Justices of the Supreme Court, repre- 
 sentatives of foreign Governments accredited to this Government, the 
 Governors of the several States and Territories, the Commissioners of the 
 District of Columbia, the Lieutenant- General of the Army and the 
 Admiral of the Navy, officers of the Army and Navy who have received 
 the thanks of Congress, and all persons who have the privilege of the 
 floor either of the Senate or the House be, and are hereby, invited to be 
 present on the occasion, and that the members of the committee from 
 the country at large, the members of the said citizens' committee, and 
 the chairmen and vice-chairmen of the committees of the national capital 
 centennial are hereby granted the privilege of the floor of the House 
 during the exercises; that the said citizens' committee shall issue cards 
 of admission to such portions of the public galleries of the Hall of the 
 House as may be set apart by the Doorkeeper of the House for that pur- 
 pose; that the Speaker of the House shall call the assembly to order 
 and the President pro tempore of the Senate shall act as presiding officer 
 during the exercises; that the twelfth day of December, nineteen hun- 
 dred, be a legal holiday within the District of Columbia; that the 
 Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized to deliver 
 to the Architect of the Capitol, for the purpose of decorating the Capitol, 
 its approaches, and the reviewing stands in the Capitol grounds for the 
 occasion, such United States ensigns and flags, except battle flags, and 
 such signal numbers and other flags as may be spared, the same to be 
 delivered to the Architect immediately, and returned by him not later 
 than the thirty-first day of December, nineteen hundred: that admis- 
 sion of the general public to the southern portion of the Capitol, includ- 
 ing the Rotunda, on the said twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, 
 shall be by card only, under the direction of the Doorkeeper of the 
 House; that the Commissioners of the District of Columbia are author- 
 ized and directed, for the occasion, to make all reasonable regulations 
 necessary to secure the preservation of public order and protection of life 
 and property, and to grant authority or permits for the use of such 
 thoroughfares and sidewalks in the city of Washington as may be neces- 
 sary for parades, and that the citizens' committee are authorized to erect 
 for the occasion a reviewing stand at the east side of or on the east steps 
 of the Capitol. 
 
 Approved, December 7, 1900. 
 
 In accordance with action taken by the executive commit- 
 tee on February 27, which charged the citizens' committee 
 
Completion of Arrangements. 53 
 
 with the perfecting of arrangements for the celebration and 
 directed it to report at a meeting of the joint committee to be 
 held in December, such meeting was called for December 11 
 and held on that date in the parlor of the Arlington Hotel at 
 1 1 o'clock. The proceedings of this meeting are best shown 
 by the minutes, in part here quoted: 
 
 Commissioner Macfarland, chairman of the citizens' committee, said: 
 ' ' The committee has performed the functions assigned to it by the 
 joint committee, in making arrangements for the celebration. In spite 
 of the absorbing interest of the Presidential campaign, which has delayed 
 the work so that all of the subcommittees were not actively at work until 
 after election day, the citizens of the District of Columbia, through their 
 committees, have done their full share toward the success of the celebra- 
 tion. Appreciating the importance of the occasion and sympathizing 
 with the purpose of the joint committee to commemorate it in a simple, 
 dignified, and impressive manner, they have worked zealously and effect- 
 ively, and have successfully accomplished the task assigned them. Most 
 of their work has been done within a month. The contributions of 
 money were made with unusual promptness and cheerfulness. The 
 general interest prompted a desire to serve on the committees, which was 
 met by the appointment of a large number of prominent citizens. These 
 committees have raised the necessary funds, arranged the details of the 
 exercises at the Executive Mansion and at the Capitol, securing the 
 necessary additional legislation, and also a provision in the act of Con- 
 gress for the observance of Centennial Day as a legal holida3' in the 
 District this year. They have also prepared for a procession to escort 
 the President and other distinguished men from the Executive Mansion 
 to the Capitol, and for a reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery 
 of Art, which promises to be the most notable of the receptions at the 
 gallery. They have also arranged for the preparation of a beautiful 
 memorial medal and programme, and for decorations and illuminations, 
 for reduced railroad rates, and other necessary details. They are show- 
 ing the hospitality of the city to the Governors and other special guests 
 of the occasion as they arrive. It would be invidious to mention any of 
 the committeemen by name where all have done so well, but I must be 
 allowed to speak for the committee in praise of the efficient and untiring 
 labor of Secretary Cox and Assistant Secretary Van Wickle. I desire to 
 make formal acknowledgment of the cordial and constant interest of the 
 President of the United States, always a staunch friend of the District, 
 and of his unvarying kindness and courtesy to the committee. In his 
 desire to promote the success of the celebration, the President has much 
 more than met the wishes of the committee, and the committee is appre- 
 ciative and grateful." 
 
 Commissioner Macfarland then presented and read at length the 
 
54 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 programme of the celebration, and the same was filed with the minutes. 
 He moved that the action taken by the citizens' committee in arranging 
 the ceremonies be approved and ratified. This motion was seconded by 
 Senator McMillan and was unanimously carried. 
 
 In connection with the programme as presented, Commissioner Mac- 
 farland said: 
 
 "The committee, in the selection of speakers, sought first to recog- 
 nize the States that ceded the territory originally forming the District of 
 Columbia, and then the leaders of the two parties in Congress. Senator 
 Hoar, as first chairman of the centennial committee, and as senior Sena- 
 tor, was first in mind as one of the speakers, but the Senator believed at 
 that time that he would not be able to take the part in the ceremonies 
 which had been chosen for him by the committee. Finally, however, 
 he consented to speak, and his name will appear in the specially printed 
 programme. Senator Hoar desired to speak last. He will pronounce 
 the benediction." 
 
 The chairman, Senator Hale, called upon Senator Perkins, chairman 
 of the executive committee, who reported that with patriotic zeal and 
 public spirit the citizens' committee had performed the work of prepara- 
 tion for the celebration in a manner deserving great credit and the 
 commendation of Congress. He said the executive committee, which 
 had delegated this work to the citizens' committee, had felt confident 
 that the arrangements as made would result most satisfactorily and suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 The chair expressed his full satisfaction with the manner in which 
 the citizens' committee had performed the duties intrusted to it, dis- 
 playing great good sense and good taste. 
 
 On motion of Senator Perkins the committee adjourned subject to the 
 call of the chair. 
 
 With a view to gratifying a general desire to place on 
 permanent record the illuminated programme which was pre- 
 pared under the direction of the citizens' committee, it was 
 decided to recommend that the same be included in this Report. 
 
DAY OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 
 
DAY OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 
 
 PROGRAMME. 
 
 The programme, which is printed in extenso, commenced 
 with a reception at the Executive Mansion to the Governors 
 of the States and Territories by the President of the United 
 States, followed by a display of the model and drawings of 
 the proposed enlargement. The remarks of the speakers 
 chosen for that occasion are given in full in the following 
 chapter. 
 
 At 1.30 p. m. the military, naval, and civic escort proceeded 
 from the Executive Mansion to the Capitol. The National 
 Government was represented by the President and his Cabi- 
 net, with troops of the Regular Army; the States, by their 
 Governors and military escorts, and the District of Columbia, 
 in the persons of its Commissioners, national guard, citizens, 
 committees of the celebration, and representative organiza- 
 tions. Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles was the chief marshal of 
 the parade. 
 
 At 2.30 o'clock the President reviewed the escort at the 
 east front of the Capitol, and an hour later were held the 
 appointed exercises in the Hall of the House of Representa- 
 tives. The addresses suggested more particularly the intimate 
 relationship existing between the District and the National 
 Government, and included an account of the removal of the 
 seat of Government from Philadelphia to Washington. These 
 also are given in full in the proper place. 
 
 In the evening from 8 to 1 1 o'clock a reception was held at 
 the Corcoran Gallery of Art, through the courtesy of the 
 trustees, in honor of the visiting Governors of the States and 
 Territories. 
 
58 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The official programme is here printed in full. Much 
 credit is due Messrs. Beriah Wilkins and Barry Bulkley, of 
 the printing committee, in the selection of the designs, as 
 well as to Mr. Fred D. Owen, of Washington City, for his 
 assistance, especially in connection with the preparation of 
 the design for the front page. 
 
mdccc. — Washington - mdcccc. 
 
,&c<m§ti 
 
 r 
 
 programme of tbe 
 
 Centennial Celebration of tbe Establishment 
 
 of tbe Scat of Government in tbe District of Columbia, 
 
 TKlasbinoton Citv, 
 
 IWeonesbav, December 12, 1900. 
 
 1b tbe Jftenooiw 
 
 10 o'clock. IReception by tbe ©rcsiDent of tbe TUniteD States to tbe 
 
 Governors of tbe States anD territories, at tbe Executive Mansion. , - 
 
 1 1 o'clock. Displag of moDel ana Drawings of tbe proposes enlarges 
 
 Executive Mansion, in tbe East IRoom. 
 
 
 Booresses : 
 
 Ibistorv. of tbe Erccutlve Mansion During tbe Centum? 1800=1900, 
 
 JSE Colonel "Cbcooorc H. JGingbam, TO.. S. aim?, Supciintcnoent 
 of public 3Suiloings ano Orounes. 
 
 Development of tbe ©(strict of Columbia During tbe 
 Centura IS00=1900. 
 
 3Bs Ubc Ibonorable Iftcnrg 36. if. flrSacfarlano, iprcsiocnt 
 of tbe 36oar6 of Commissioners of tbe Ehstrict of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Development of tbe States During 
 tbe Century 1800=1900. 
 
 36v Ibis Excellency TLeslic 
 rm. Sbaw, Ooecrnor of 
 tbe State of llowa. 
 
 Development of tbe Illation 
 During tbe Century 
 IS00=1900. 
 
 38 1 'Cbe Ibonorable a^s. 
 Woaer TOlolcott, 
 of tbe State of 
 /iBassaebusetts. 
 
Hn tbe afternoon, 
 
 t.30 o'clock. fTOilitans, IRaval ano Ctvic Escort starts from Executive 
 Mansion, marcbing via flSennsvlvania avenue to tbe Capitol. 
 Column to be composed a3 follows : 
 
 platoon of finountco (police. 
 
 Civic Escort to flJaraoc, 
 
 •»icutcnant=Gcncral IRclson B. {miles, Grano flDarebal, ano Staff, 
 
 JGrigaoe of tlnitco States Stoops, annv; ano 1Rav2, 
 
 TPrcsiocnt of tbe TUniteO States ano Cabinet, 
 
 ffirifjaoe, IRational Guaro of tbe IDistrict of Columbia, 
 
 Governors of tbe States, xvitb tbeir escorts, in tbe oroer of tbe 
 
 aomission of tbe States into tbe THrn'on, 
 Governors of tbe territories, 
 Commissioners of tbe district of Columbia, 
 Specially flnvitco Guests, 
 Centennial Committee, 
 tfctcrati an» otber ©rganijatione. 
 
 fllotc : 
 
 TTetails of tbe parabc 
 ocscribeo in otbets 
 issues bv autboritv. of 
 tbe Grano flflarsbal. 
 

 y^fTrffmv -^ ^FTnynr ^ 
 
 fln tbe afternoon. 
 
 2.30 o'clock. IRcview of Escort bv. tbe ©resident of the lamtcO States at 
 tbe East front of tbe Capitol. 
 
 3.30 o'clocft. Joint Exercises bg tbe llniteo States Senate ano "Mouse of 
 "(Representatives in tbe THall of tbe Ibouse of IRepresentatives. 
 
 Mben order bas been called, tbe Cemporarg {presiding 
 
 Officer, tbe Honorable 2>ax>id 3B. Menderson, Speaker of tbe 
 
 Mouse, will introduce tbe IReverend M. M. /Ibilburn, D.H>. 
 
 Cbaplain of tbe Senate, wbo will pronounce tbe invocation. 
 
 Uhe Speaker of tbe Mouse of IRepresentatives will pre* 
 
 sent tbe Honorable 'watlliam ll>. jfrpe, president (pro 
 
 tempore) of tbe Senate, wbo will assume direc* 
 
 tton of tbe erercises. 
 
 Hostesses : 
 
 transfer of tbe THattonal Capital from iPbtlaoelpbia, 
 
 TIbe Ibonorable panics 2). 1Ricbar6son, Ifteprcscntativc from Tennessee. 
 
 Establishment of tbe Seat of Government in tbe SMstrtct of 
 Columbia, 
 
 Tbe Ibonorablc Sereno Si. lpasne, IRepresentatwe from Iftcw yorh. 
 
 'iHistort! of tbe #irst Centurv. of tbe National Capital, 
 
 Ubc Ibonorablc H.ouis si. IIRcComas, Senator from JUlarslan*. 
 
 Cbe jfutute of tbe tlniteo States ano its Capital, 
 
 Cbe lbonorable 3obn isa. H>aniel, Senator from Virginia . 
 

 ,t 
 
 Hffl< 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^7^ 
 
 Ifn tbc Evening. 
 
 S to 11 o'clock. TRcccption in bonor 
 o( tbc ©ovcrnors of tbc States ano 
 territories, at tbc Cotcotan ©allcrg 
 of art. 
 
 3BoatO of Crugtccs, 
 Corcoran ©alters of Btt : 
 
 S. lb. Ifeauffman, Iprcsiscnt, jf. J6. fincOuire, Secretary, 
 
 UHalter S. Cor, Wice=fl>rcsiScnt, C. C. ©lover, ^Treasurer, 
 
 Eowarb Glarft, 
 
 Caloeron Carlisle, 
 
 JEcrnars 'If!. Green, 
 
 XUm. Coreoran Eustis, 
 
 •Cbomas Ibsoe. 
 
 flDusie I)? Unites States {marine ;(San6, 
 
 lieutenant TM. lb Sautclmann, 
 
 JDirector. 
 
Zbc fllational Capital Centennial, 1900 
 
 Joint Committee 
 
 EUGENE HALE. Chairman W. V. COX. Secretary 
 
 Executive Committee 
 
 GEORGE C. PERKINS. Chairman 
 HENRY B. F. MACFARLAND. Vice-Chairman 
 W. V. COX. Secretary 
 CHARLES J. BELL ELISHA DYER JOHN JOY EDSON 
 
 JOEL P. HEATWOLE THEODORE W. NOYES 
 
 MYRON M. PARKER 
 
 Select Committee of TUniteo States 
 Senate 
 
 EUGENE HALE. Chairman 
 GEORGE C. PERKINS 
 JOSEPH SIMON 
 JOHN L. McLAURIN 
 
 alexander s. clay 
 thomas b. turley 
 james McMillan 
 
 JOHN B. WIGHT 
 
 Select Committee of TUniteo States 
 House of IReprescntatives 
 
 JOSEPH G. CANNON, Chairman 
 WILLIAM W. GROUT 
 JOEL P. HEATWOLE 
 JAMES S. SHERMAN 
 JAMES A. HEMENWAY 
 JOSEPH W. BAILEY 
 MARION DeVhTIES 
 WILLIAM S. COWHERD 
 JOHN C. BELL 
 ROBERT J. GAMBLE 
 
 Committee from Countrv>=at=5Largc 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 JOSEPH F. JOHNSTON 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 DANIEL W. JONES 
 
 California. 
 
 H. H. MARKHAM 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 CHARLES S. THOMAS 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 GEORGE E. LOUNSBURY 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 EBE W. TUNNELL 
 
 Florida. 
 
 WM. D. BLOXHAM 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 ALLEN D. CANDLER 
 
 Idaho, 
 
 F. STEUNENBERG 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 JOHN R. TANNER 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 JAMES A. MOUNT 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 LESLIE M. SHAW 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 W. E. STANLEY 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 J. C. W. BECKHAM 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 MURPHY J. FOSTER 
 
 Maine, 
 
 LLEWELLYN POWERS 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 LLOYD LOWNDES 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ROGER WOLCOTT 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 HAZEN S. PINGREE 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 JOHN LIND 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 A. J. McLAURIN 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 LON V. STEPHENS 
 
 Montana. 
 
 ROBERT B. SMITH 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 W. A. POYNTER 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 REINHOLD SADLER 
 
 North 
 
 Carolina 
 
 North 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 Orego. 
 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rhode 
 
 Island. 
 
 South 
 
 Carol. n, 
 
 South 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 Citi3ens' Committee 
 
 HENRY B. F. MACFARLAND. Ch 
 JOHN B. WIGHT, Vice-Chairman 
 MYRON M. PARKER, Treasurer 
 
 CHARLES J. BELL 
 
 THEODORE W. NOYES 
 JOHN W. THOMPSON 
 
 JAMES G. BERRET 
 
 e. FRANK W. ROLLINS 
 FOSTER M. VOORHEES 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 DANIEL L. RUSSELL 
 
 F. B. FANCHER 
 ASA S. BUSHNELL 
 THEODORE T. GEER 
 WILLIAM A. STONE 
 ELISHA DYER 
 
 M. B. McSWEENEY 
 ANDREW E. LEE 
 BENTON McMILLIN 
 A. W. FLY 
 HEBER M. WELLS 
 EDWIN C. SMITH 
 J. HOGE TYLER (Honorar 
 JOHN R. ROGERS 
 
 G. W. ATKINSON 
 EDWARD SCOFIELD 
 DeFOREST RICHARDS 
 
 JOHN G. BRADY 
 N. O. MURPHY 
 MIGUEL A. OTERO 
 CASSIUS M. BARNES 
 
 JOHN JOY EDSON 
 R. ROSS PERRV 
 BERIAH WILKINS 
 
 Committee on printing 
 
 PERIAH WILKINS, Cha 
 
 BARRY BULKLEY, Vice-Oha 
 
RECEPTION AND EXERCISES AT THE WHITE 
 HOUSE. 
 
 The ceremonies of the day commenced with a formal recep- 
 tion to the Governors of the States and Territories and the 
 Commissioners of the District of Columbia by the President 
 of the United States. Shortly after 10 o'clock, accompanied 
 by members of the Cabinet, he entered the Blue Room, while 
 the Marine Band, under the leadership of Lieut. William H. 
 Santelmann, stationed in the large hallway, played "Hail to 
 the Chief." 
 
 Their excellencies the Governors had meanwhile assembled 
 in the Red Room, attended by their chiefs of staff, having 
 been escorted to the Mansion by members of the committee 
 in charge of the exercises. The Commissioners were also 
 present. The President being ready to receive them, they 
 were then ushered into his presence and were presented by 
 Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. A. The President cordially 
 greeted his distinguished guests and some little time was 
 spent in conversation. At the close of the reception, the 
 guests with the members of the Cabinet proceeded to the East 
 Room where they were seated by members of the committee. 
 
 The Governors who attended the reception were their excel- 
 lencies Ebe W. Tunnell, of Delaware; William A. Stone, of 
 Pennsylvania; Foster M. Voorhees, of New Jersey; W. Murray 
 Crane, of Massachusetts; John Walter Smith, of Maryland; 
 Frank W. Rollins, of New Hampshire; J. Hoge Tyler, of 
 Virginia; Theodore Roosevelt, of New York; D. L. Russell, 
 of North Carolina; Benton McMillin, of Tennessee; James 
 A. Mount, of Indiana; Llewellyn Powers, of Maine; D. W. 
 Jones, of Arkansas; Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa; Edward Sco- 
 field, of Wisconsin; G. W.Atkinson, of West Virginia; Charles 
 S. Thomas, of Colorado; Frank Steunenberg, of Idaho; M. A. 
 Otero, of New Mexico; N. O. Murphy, of Arizona; John G. 
 Brady, of Alaska; C. M. Barnes, of Oklahoma. There were 
 
 59 
 
60 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 also present the following ex-Governors: Hon. Lloyd Lowndes, 
 of Maryland; Hon. Asa A. Bushnell, of Ohio; Hon. H. H. 
 Markham, of California; and also Governor-elect A. M. Dock- 
 ery, of Missouri. Commissioners Henry B. F. Macfarland, 
 John W. Ross, and Lansing H. Beach were present. 
 
 During the reception other invited guests had entered the 
 East Room. Here was finally gathered an assemblage typ- 
 ical not only of the life of the capital city, but of the nation, 
 including the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, the President pro tempoie 
 of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 
 the Commanding General of the Army, the Admiral of the 
 Navy, the Senate committees on the Centennial Celebration 
 and the District of Columbia, the House committees on the 
 Centennial Celebration and the District of Columbia, the 
 Governors of States and Territories, the Commissioners of 
 the District of Columbia, the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, the members of the committee at large and of the 
 citizens' committee on the Centennial Celebration, the mem- 
 bers of the court of appeals and of the supreme court of the 
 District of Columbia, the members of the United States Court 
 of Claims, ex-Commissioners of the District, ex-mayors of 
 the city of Washington, officers of the Army and Navy, and 
 many governmental officials and prominent citizens of the 
 various States and of the District of Columbia. There were 
 also present the wives of some of the governors, who remained 
 attentive listeners throughout the exercises. The wife of the 
 Chief Executive occupied a seat in the main corridor, with 
 the ladies of the Cabinet families. 
 
 When all were seated, the President entered, accompanied 
 by the speakers of the occasion. On a raised decorated plat- 
 form in the center was a plaster model of the Executive 
 Mansion with the proposed additions. With it were shown 
 ground plans and a side section, and also a view of the 
 completed bi:ilding. 
 
 At 11.45 o'clock Senator Hale, chairman of the joint com- 
 mittee, introduced the chairman of the committee on exer- 
 cises at the Executive Mansion, Mr. John Jo} r Edson, as 
 master of ceremonies. Mr. Edson at once called on Colonel 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 61 
 
 Bingham, engineer officer in charge of Public Buildings and 
 Grounds, who delivered an address on the "History of the 
 Executive Mansion during the century 1800-1900." 
 
 ADDRESS OF COLONEL THEODORE A. BINGHAM. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: In the spring of 1792 
 the commissioners of public buildings and grounds, under the imme- 
 diate direction of the President, undertook the preparation of plans for 
 the President's house. The house was occupied in November, 1800, 
 although it was not then entirely completed. The room in which we 
 now are was not finished. There was no north portico nor any graceful 
 south portico, and the north door was approached by narrow wooden 
 steps. 
 
 In December, 1900, the commissioner of public buildings and grounds 
 presents to you a plan for enlarging the President's house. 
 
 In 1800 the population of the country was five and a quarter millions, 
 and there was more than room enough in this house for all the purposes 
 for which it was then required. In 1900 the population of the country 
 has increased to seventy-six and a quarter millions, and it has long been 
 practically impossible for this house to answer the purposes for which it 
 is intended. 
 
 In the spring of 1897 I began to study the question of the enlarge- 
 ment of the present Executive Mansion, with a view to satisfying myself 
 as to whether it should be enlarged; and if so, how. As I became 
 familiar with -the daily life of a President, the conclusion was forcibly 
 presented to my mind that he would be more comfortable, both in his 
 private and official life, if both office and home were under one roof. 
 How, then, could an extension of this house be best accomplished, since 
 there is sufficient ground for the purpose? Five guiding principles were 
 adopted as necessary to be followed in any design for an extension, not 
 only on account of their own propriety, but also to meet the wishes of 
 the great majority of the American people. These were: 
 
 1 . The present Executive Mansion to remain absolutely unchanged, 
 and, if possible, not an outer door or window to be closed up. 
 
 2. The additions to be of such a character as not to dwarf nor obscure 
 the present mansion; rather, if possible, to accentuate it. 
 
 3.' Architectural harmony to be absolutely preserved. 
 
 4. The additions to be such as to relieve the pressure upon the present 
 building for, say, twenty-five or thirty years, and permit of still further 
 extension in the future as may be found necessary, while at the same 
 time presenting the appearance of a finished building. 
 
 5. Reasonable expenditure. 
 
 Of all the records I was able to find of extensions which had been 
 proposed in the past to the Executive Mansion, that prepared under the 
 supervision of the late Mrs. Harrison came nearest to fulfilling the 
 
62 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 required conditions as just stated. This plan, as many of you doubtless 
 know, consisted, in a word, of buildings about the same size as the 
 present house, one on the east side and one on the west side of the White 
 House grounds, connected to the present mansion by curved wings — the 
 quadrangle being completed by rebuilding the conservatories at the south 
 end of the grounds. Perhaps the most striking advantage of this plan 
 is that it quite maintains the present openness to sun and air toward the 
 south and southwest — a vital necessity — and preserves the beautiful view 
 to the south as unobstructed as it is to-day. 
 
 Such a quadrangular plan, of course, involves a large expenditure for 
 its completion, but it seemed worthy of adoption in general outline. 
 
 One of the conditions by which I limited myself being reasonable 
 expenditure, which I assumed at about $1,000,000, study was then made 
 of the question, How much of Mrs. Harrison's plan could be completed 
 for that sum? It was found that the two wings, one on the east side and 
 one on the west side, could probably be built, though in the completed 
 plan these wings were intended rather as connecting passages than for 
 daily occupancy. 
 
 Study was next given to the question, Could these wings be utilized 
 until such time as further addition should be made and the wings could 
 revert to their intended use? A satisfactory solution, it is thought, was 
 reached. 
 
 It then became necessary to have these studies worked out. For this 
 work I naturally turned to Mr. Frederick D. Owen, the architect who 
 had shaped up Mrs. Harrison's plans and who was already familiar with 
 the limitations which surrounded this question of extending the Execu- 
 tive Mansion. The results of our studies are presented to you to-day in 
 part. In the short time which has passed since the 1st of last July it 
 has only been possible to complete what you see before you. Much 
 other work has been done in the study of details, as, for instance, the 
 interior finish and decoration, interior steel construction, fireproofing, 
 heating, ventilating, refrigerating, etc. 
 
 The plan presented to you complies with the five limiting conditions 
 laid down at the outset. As you will observe, the present mansion is 
 left unchanged; not an outer door or window of a room is closed, the 
 extensions beginning on the prolongations of the main corridors. 
 
 Architectural harmony has been preserved. The main columns used 
 are enriched by fluting, but this is a detail which could be changed. 
 The same windows and casings have been carried on in the proposed 
 additions. Owing to the recession of the extensions to the rear, the 
 present building is not obscured nor dwarfed. As to the extensions 
 themselves, every shape that could be thought of has been drawn out 
 and studied, with the result that what you see before you is regarded as 
 the best. The vista which the two extensions present from New York 
 avenue and Pennsylvania avenue is fine and in harmony with the 
 present front view of the mansion. 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 63 
 
 Careful study was given to the question as to whether the extension 
 adjoining the present mansion should be of one story or two. This 
 question was complicated X>y the necessity for having living rooms on 
 the second story, under the conditions imposed of a limited expenditure, 
 yet providing for all demands made upon the house. It is not impossi- 
 ble that a two-storied extension was originally intended by Hoban, the 
 architect and builder. For you will remember that this house was 
 originally intended to be one story higher, and you can still see at each 
 end, just above the arched windows of the second story, a horizontal 
 panel across the frieze and architrave, left, as I suppose, for the exten- 
 sion joint. Considering that the necessities of the case required the 
 extension in two stories, it is submitted that the resulting design is not 
 displeasing. 
 
 The necessity for using the second story for living purposes also com- 
 plicated very much the construction and design of the large circular 
 room on the main floor, but the solution presented will, it is believed, 
 prove satisfactory when all the circumstances are considered. 
 
 It is proposed to build the basement of granite, the walls of concrete 
 and marble, inclosing a steel framework. At the west end the large 
 room would be suitable for a state dining room, capable of seating more 
 than 200 guests. That end of the building has been studied with that 
 purpose in view, having proper provision for kitchen, serving rooms, 
 pantries, etc., in the basement. Provision has also been made at both 
 east and west ends for the reception of large companies of guests, with 
 necessary arrangements in the way of dressing rooms and wardrobes. 
 The large room at the east end is intended as a reception room, 
 additional to the present East room. 
 
 On the second story, at the west end, six bedrooms are provided en 
 suite, with four bathrooms in connection therewith. At the extreme 
 southwest end is a very bright, cheerful room, which might be utilized 
 as a boudoir. At the east end of the second story are six additional 
 rooms, intended for executive offices, provided with necessary store- 
 rooms for records, stationery, etc., and with toilet and wash rooms; and 
 at the extreme southeast end there is a room available for visitors, 
 newspaper men, or other similar needs. Two additional entrances are 
 provided, one more private than the present one and the other more 
 convenient for official use. 
 
 It is intended to heat both additions by air, warmed by passing over 
 hot-water coils, and to ventilate, heat, and cool the extensions mechan- 
 ically. Provision has been made throughout both extensions for ducts 
 for the necessary pipes, wires, etc. Lighting is to be electric, and elec- 
 tric elevators are also provided in both extensions. 
 
 Although not entirely satisfied with what is offered for your inspec- 
 tion to-day, owing to the difficulty of using these extensions mainly for 
 living purposes instead of as corridors, I still feel a reasonable confidence 
 that examination of the details and explanation of the reasons for their 
 
64 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 adoption will produce increased satisfaction with the plans proposed. 
 Should either of the larger additions, included in Mrs. Harrison's plans, 
 ever be added to these extensions, many of the imperfections of the 
 present plan due to lack of space would be removed. 
 
 Careful but not final estimates on the extensions proposed amount to 
 $1,100,000, including partial furnishing. Should the work be under- 
 taken, however, I think from past experience that this estimate is quite 
 sufficient. 
 
 In the necessarily short time at my disposal to-day for showing you 
 these plans it is, of course, impossible to do more than describe the main 
 features. 
 
 The history of this house as it grew, year by year, is very interesting. 
 It was a delightful study to trace up the source of Hoban's inspiration 
 and see how, point by point, he had improved on his first idea. 
 
 The period of its rebuilding after 18 14 up to its final completion in 
 1829, under Hoban's own eye, only increases one's admiration for its 
 architectural beauties and for its designer and builder. But for this 
 there is at present no time. 
 
 Before closing I wish particularly to thank Mr. Owen for enthusiasm, 
 energy, and untiring devotion to the work during the past three years, 
 and particularly in the rapid preparation of this exhibit. The modeler 
 should also not be forgotten, who with every desire to produce artistic 
 work was much hampered by lack of time in completing some of the 
 details to his own satisfaction. 
 
 We have endeavored to imbue ourselves with a part, at least, of the 
 spirit of the first architect of this house and have worked for the entire 
 county; .and if these results please you, its representatives, that is our 
 sufficient reward. 
 
 The chairman next called upon Hon. Henry B. F. Mac- 
 farland, president of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, who made the following address on the 
 " Development of the District of Columbia during the century, 
 1 800- 1 900:" 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. HENRY B. F. MACFARLA.ND. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen: One hundred years ago 
 the District of Columbia became the permanent seat of the Government 
 of the United States. For the first time the young nation had a capital 
 after twenty-four years of wandering from one State to another. Moved 
 by the attack of the mob of soldiers on Congress in Philadelphia in 1783, 
 the makers of the new Government had written in the Federal Constitu- 
 tion that the nation should have its own capital, in a Federal district to 
 be ceded to the exclusive control of Congress. It is the only provision 
 for an independent capital ever made by any nation. The North and 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 65 
 
 South had contended for the honor of providing this Federal district, 
 until threats of secession were occasionally heard, and it seemed to some 
 that there might soon come to be no need for a National Capital. States 
 offered cities, and even capitals, and their Representatives in Congress 
 fought over these offers. At last, with a characteristic compromise, the 
 fathers provided that the Federal district should be given to the South, 
 while the North should be given its desire in the assumption by the 
 nation of the Revolutionary indebtedness of the States. Nothing could 
 have been more fortunate than this decision, unless it be the determina- 
 tion to leave to George Washington the selection of the site for the new 
 capital and the direction of its preparation. His own State of Virginia 
 had offered 10 miles square. The State of Maryland had done the same, 
 and under the authority of Congress Washington had 100 miles of the 
 Potomac, from Williamsport, in Maryland, to the Eastern Branch, where 
 to choose. 
 
 Washington chose with the eye of a surveyor the best site available 
 under the circumstances, and then laid it out with the eye of a seer. 
 All that he saw could not come true. The Federal district could not 
 contain ' ' the greatest commercial emporium ' ' of the United States 
 which he hoped for here, believing that the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
 which he had promoted, would, as its name suggested, with the Potomac, 
 connect the then East and West by the most practicable route to the 
 sea. Nor could it contain the national university, which was so dear to 
 Washington's heart that he richly remembered it in his will, though it 
 was to become a roofless university. But Washington saw clearly, what 
 few other public men could see, that the young and small, but not feeble, 
 nation would grow and expand until it became the greatest of all 
 nations. While men were still doubting whether it would last long as a 
 nation, George Washington was planning, with the assistance of Thomas 
 Jefferson and L'Enfant and Ellicott, a National Capital for all time — a 
 city of magnificent proportions, greater and better in design than any 
 other in the world. No other city has ever been laid out on such a 
 scale or in such a style. Even Washington's reputation for common 
 sense did not save it from being called a visionary scheme. For more 
 than half a century home and foreign wits jested at it as it lay undevel- 
 oped, half village, half capital, through the neglect of the General Gov- 
 ernment. Although it was south of Mason and Dixon's line, it was 
 almost in the center of the narrow Union of 1800, as it stretched along 
 the Atlantic coast; but after the expansion of its domains, begun under 
 Washington, three years later, under Jefferson, crossed the Mississippi, 
 suggestions of the removal of the capital west of the Alleghenies began, 
 and continued, in what seemed an entirely natural way to the statesmen 
 meeting in the then Washington, until the railroad and the telegraph, 
 making communication so much quicker, deprived the advocates of 
 removal of their chief argument. 
 H. Doc. 552 5 
 
66 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The "Federal City," as Washington called it, the "City of Washing- 
 ton," as the Commissioners and Congress inevitably called it, is Washing- 
 ton's prediction that the nation would live for centuries and would grow 
 to the full need of such a capital. It is most appropriate that we begin 
 this celebration almost under the shadow of the Washington Monument, 
 that unique structure which practically marks the center of the original 
 District of Columbia, and in the President's house, which so interested 
 Washington, and is the only public building completed in 1800 that is 
 still standing. For while Congress in the preliminary legislation pro- 
 vided only for a Federal district (though it afterwards ratified the prepa- 
 rations for a Federal city made by Washington), the city, named for 
 him, has always been more prominent than the District in the world's 
 eye, and now that they are so nearly coterminous, the capital will be 
 more and more known by its great founder's name; not, however, as 
 Washington Cit}-, but as the City of Washington. 
 
 It is interesting to read, in the official and unofficial documents, of the 
 part which Washington took, with his customary energy, thoroughness, 
 and patience, in all the details of the founding of the Federal district and 
 of the Federal city. It was he, personally, who made the bargain with 
 the nineteen original proprietors, advantageous to them but much more 
 so to the Government, and who finally brought even the refract ory 
 David Burns to terms. It was he, personally, who directed the com- 
 missioners and the surveyors, as they laid out the streets and built build- 
 ings, and who mediated between them when they quarreled. It was the 
 crowning work of his life, and perhaps nothing that he did, except the 
 Jersey campaign that saved the Revolution and the making of the Con- 
 stitution that saved the nation, interested or pleased him more. It must 
 have grieved him that he could not live to see the actual establishment 
 of the National Government in the city that had been named for him. 
 He died in December, and, under the act of Congress passed ten years 
 before, the National Government began its removal from Philadelphia in 
 Ma5 r . By July the six Executive Departments of that day were all in 
 full working order here. By November, President Adams, after a visit 
 of inspection in June, was occupying this house, and Congress was in 
 session preparatory to the regular session in December. The Supreme 
 Court, having adjourned in August until February, did not meet here in 
 1800. But through the address of President Adams in Congress, and 
 the responses of the Senate and the House, it was officially declared in 
 November that the seat of government had been established here. 
 
 These formal announcements and the addresses exchanged by President 
 Adams and the citizens are full of gratitude for the fact that the National 
 Government had at last a home of its own. Privately, there was much 
 complaining over the discomforts of the new city. The letters of Mrs. 
 Adams show what was thought of the President's house by his family. 
 There were similar criticisms of the unfinished Capitol, while Senators 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 67 
 
 and Representatives complained of the places where they had to board, 
 and all agreed in denouncing the wretched roads which were called 
 streets. Besides the construction of a few public buildings at a cost of 
 $1,000,000, given by Mar3dand and Virginia or raised by the sale of lots, 
 and the outlining of the few streets, little had been done by the Govern- 
 ment in the ten years of preparation, and less proportionately had been 
 done by private individuals. The Government had no money to spare 
 for such work from its scanty treasure, and there were only a few thou- 
 sand people here. There had been a good deal of speculation in the 
 new-made real estate lots, but there had been comparatively little build- 
 ing on them. It is not strange that the members of the Government and 
 of the diplomatic corps looked back regretfully from the crude capital to 
 the comforts and pleasures of Philadelphia. If Congress had then begun 
 to provide for the gradual improvement of the streets and parks reserved 
 by Washington as the property of the nation, which owned more than 
 half of the new city, it would have carried out the plan of its founder as 
 he doubtless intended should be done. But Congress left almost all that 
 work to the few thousand inhabitants, who were also expected to pro- 
 vide most of the cost of police and fire protection and other municipal 
 services, while Congress practically confined its appropriations to the 
 construction, repair, and maintenance of the Government buildings and 
 their surroundings. 
 
 It was impossible for the people of Washington to sustain this burden, 
 which was not shared by their neighbors of Georgetown and Alexandria, 
 and as the size of the Government, and with it the population and 
 needs of the city, increased, its municipal affairs went from bad to worse. 
 Guided by their admirable mayors (at first appointed by the President, 
 but afterwards elected, first by councils and later by the people), assisted 
 by councils, the Washingtonians doubtless did their best to perform what 
 was impossible, but of course failed. Even when Congress recognized 
 this failure and provided for some of its indebtedness, it made no material 
 change in the arrangement for nearly three-quarters of a century. Indeed, 
 it provided no form of government for the entire District of Columbia 
 until 1 87 1, and no permanent form of government for it until 1878, 
 although in 1801 it did establish a judicial system for it. Washington 
 and Georgetown, and Alexandria (until, grown tired of the unreciprocal 
 arrangement, she induced the nation in 1846 to let Virginia take back the 
 territory south of the Potomac), had each a separate municipal govern- 
 ment, while a levy court of justices of the peace in Washington County, 
 and a county court of justices of the peace in Alexandria County, looked 
 after the regions outside of the towns. The United States, owning more 
 than half of the real estate of the District of Columbia, was for nearly 
 three-fourths of the century like a visitor rather than a citizen, paying 
 no taxes and making but small direct contributions to meet the expenses 
 of the city of Washington or of the District of Columbia. It spent over 
 
68 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 $90,000,000 in the District in that time on public buildings and their 
 surroundings, and occasional contributions to local objects, but it left the 
 citizens to carry out the rest of Washington's plans and to maintain local 
 government. It was not until after the civil war had made the National 
 Capital known to the whole country and endeared to two-thirds of it as 
 never before, it was not until it had been contended for by the bravest 
 armies ever arrayed in battle, that the national interest in it induced 
 Congress to assume the nation's share of its government and its burden. 
 The National Government ceased to have a transient feeling, and the 
 talk of the removal of the capital west of the Mississippi could, for the 
 first time, be treated humorously. The hundreds of thousands of men 
 whom the demands of war first brought to Washington came from all the 
 States and Territories. Man3'of them went home again to tell the people 
 how homely Washington was, 3'et how well worth fighting for; many 
 remained as citizens, while others gave their lives that it might con- 
 tinue to be the capital of the United States. From these men sprang its 
 new life. 
 
 The history of the District of Columbia falls naturally into two chap- 
 ters. The first covers the seventy-one years in which it had no real 
 existence. It was neither dead nor alive, although it had a name to 
 live. For forty-six years the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and 
 Alexandria lived independently, but in more or less harmony, within the 
 limits of the District of Columbia. Then Alexandria withdrew, while 
 Washington and Georgetown lived on the same terms for twent3'-five 
 years more, but with constantly increasing community of interest. 
 Washington, as -the actual seat of Government, naturally grew as the 
 nation grew, and much more rapidly than its older neighbors. With a 
 selected population, representing from the beginning the best elements 
 of the whole countrj', brought together largely in connection with the 
 National Government, which at first boasted of long tenure of office, 
 Washington developed a local life unique in character. It shared with 
 Georgetown a peculiarly refined and cultivated society and an especially 
 intelligent citizenship. It had a cosmopolitan tone and view before the 
 days of constant and general world traveling. It had the consciousness 
 of being distinguished by the presence of the National Government and 
 by events in the country's history. Members of the diplomatic corps 
 and European travelers who wrote about the National Capital in the 
 first half of the century admitted all this, even when they made sharp 
 criticisms of its ptn^sical appearance and temporary defects in comfort 
 and convenience. It is eas} r to see in the letters and reminiscences of 
 the Washingtonians of that time that life here had a flavor and interest 
 not found in any other American city. Washingtonians thought nation- 
 ally more than the people of other cities, and showed a peculiar public 
 spirit as they endeavored to meet the obligations which the neglect of 
 the National Government imposed upon them in peace and in war. 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 69 
 
 To meet the local needs a considerable commercial and manufacturing 
 interest developed with the growth of the city, and gradually the taxable 
 wealth increased so that by i860 it amounted to $547 per capita. 
 
 The civil war wrought great changes here. For the second time the 
 whole District of Columbia was recognized in practical legislation by the 
 creation of a metropolitan police force. The exigencies of the war times 
 compelled in other ways the recognition of the fact that there was a 
 District of Columbia. But Congress was too busy to take up any gen- 
 eral scheme for its improvement until ten years later when, by the act 
 of February 21, 187 1, it created a territorial form of government with a 
 governor and a legislature, the governor and the upper chamber to be 
 appointed by the President, together with a board of public works and 
 a board of health, while the house of delegates was to be elected by the 
 male citizens. 
 
 With this act begins the second chapter of the District's history and 
 its real existence under a substantial government. In three years the 
 District was transformed, largely through the energy and enterprise of 
 one man in the new government. All that should have been done 
 toward the improvement of the District, and especially the city of Wash- 
 ington, according to Washington's plan in seventy years, was done in 
 half that many mouths. The district was saved from being, like the 
 then unfinished Washington Monument, a disgrace rather than a credit 
 to the great founder. It was literally redeemed and given beauty for 
 ugliness, and wealth for poverty. But the first work was done roughly, 
 hastily, though thoroughly, and it naturally roused strong opposition, 
 and for the time being was misunderstood. People saw the compara- 
 tively large indebtedness it created, rather than the incomparably large 
 results it ensured, and many of them felt personal resentment, as well 
 as righteous anger, against some of the workers. 
 
 Between the private griefs and the public indignation, and a certain 
 amount of political feeling, there was pressure enough on Congress to 
 induce it to make a radical change of government in 1874, abolishing 
 the elective franchise and providing temporarily a government by three 
 Commissioners, at the same time guaranteeing the interest and principal 
 of the bonds issued for the new improvements and providing for the 
 preparation of a permanent frame of government and a plan of dividing 
 the payment of expenses between the United States and the District of 
 Columbia. Four years later these pledges were redeemed in the act 
 of June 11, 1878, which the United States Supreme Court has called the 
 "Constitution of the District." It provided, in place of the governor 
 and legislature, a board of three Commissioners, to be appointed by the 
 President, and to execute the laws of Congress, with the equitable pro- 
 vision that Congress should appropriate for the expenses half from the 
 District tax funds and half from the National Treasury. Although 
 many good citizens have regretted that in the National Capital taxation 
 
jo Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 without representation is the principle of government, it is generally 
 admitted that for the District of Columbia the present form of govern- 
 ment is the best possible. Under it the District has doubled in popula- 
 tion and in wealth. Under it it has become the most beautiful capital 
 in the world. Free from the slighest suspicion of scandal, successive 
 boards of commissioners of the highest character have administered the 
 affairs of the District more efficiently and economically than the affairs 
 of any other American municipality have been administered, and to such 
 general satisfaction that there has been no lasting criticism. The com- 
 pact between the National Government and the people of the District of 
 Columbia for the equal division of its expenses has worked so well that 
 no adverse comment is now made upon it. 
 
 As the larger patriotism makes the nation dearer than the State, so 
 the capital of the nation claims the allegiance of the citizen of every 
 other city, even above that which he gives to his own city. This is 
 recognized in the growing desire of our countrymen everywhere that the 
 needs of the National Capital shall be generously met. They agree that 
 no niggard hand should minister to the nation's city, and that regardless 
 of outlay, save that it shall be wise, she shall be kept the most beautiful 
 capital in the world. 
 
 After twenty-two years of experience the present government is recog- 
 nized as being, in the language of the act of 1878, the "permanent form 
 of government ' ' for the District, or in the language of the United States 
 Supreme Court in 1890, "the final judgment of Congress as to the 
 system of a government which should obtain. ' ' Like all human systems, 
 it has its imperfections in theory and in practice, but for its purpose it 
 comes nearer to an ideal standard than any other of its kind. Its great- 
 est virtue is that it is distinctly a government by public opinion. The 
 unusually high intelligence of the citizens of the District, and their 
 remarkable interest and activity in the conduct of its affairs, make them 
 its real rulers, under the constitutional authority of the President and 
 Congress. 
 
 The very character of the District of Columbia as the seat of the 
 National Government makes a part of its life the histor}^ of that Gov- 
 ernment in the century now closing — the most remarkable since the 
 first of our era. Every President, except George Washington, has per- 
 formed the duties of his great office, the greatest in the world, within 
 these walls. Every Congress since the Fifth has done its work in the 
 Capitol. There, too, the Supreme Court of the United States has ren- 
 dered all its decisions since the day when John Marshall became its 
 Chief Justice. Simply to mention the names of John Adams, and Thomas 
 Jefferson, and James Madison, and James Monroe, and John Ouincy 
 Adams, and Andrew Jackson, and then of Abraham Lincoln and Ulys- 
 ses S. Grant, brings before the mind a throng of great deeds done in 
 this very house. Think of the expansion of the country by successive 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. yi 
 
 acts of the Presidents, beginning with Jefferson. Think of the negotia- 
 tions with foreign powers, of the war-making and of the peace-making, 
 of the formulation of far-reaching policies, and of all the dealings with 
 Congress by President after President. Think what went on here 
 under President Lincoln alone, when the eyes of the whole world were 
 for the first time fixed upon the Capitol of the United States. Time 
 would fail to tell the mere story of the great Presidents who have made 
 •history in the District of Columbia. 
 
 When we go to the Capitol this afternoon we shall be reminded of the 
 great Senators and Representatives and judges who have won lasting 
 fame by their services to the country here. Their memorable acts, 
 speeches, and opinions are events in our history as well as in the history 
 of the country. These illustrious men who have made, executed, and 
 interpreted our national laws for a hundred years, belong to the District 
 of Columbia as well as to the States that sent them here. They have 
 been the dominant element in the life of the District of Columbia, and 
 have given its society a peculiar character. 
 
 The District of Columbia, coming to the manhood of States, at the 
 opening of the twentieth century, looks forward to a larger and nobler 
 career as the capital of the nation which has grown in its short life to be 
 the greatest in the world. At the beginning of the nineteenth century it 
 was the capital of an ill-defined quarter of the present United States, 
 with a population one-fifteenth that of the present, and despised by 
 Europe. The flag waved nowhere on the Gulf of Mexico, or west of 
 the Mississippi, and only in scattered settlements west of the Alleghe- 
 nies. The locomotive, the telegraph, the telephone, and almost all the 
 other great mechanical inventions were yet to come. The country and 
 the Government were alike poor. There was no American literature, 
 there was no American art, there was no American music, there was no 
 American press. 
 
 At the beginning of the twentieth century the District of Columbia is 
 the capital of a mighty nation whose flag brightens and controls the far 
 Pacific as well as the near Atlantic, that holds the headship of this 
 hemisphere and leads among the powers of the world, all coveting its 
 favor; enriched at home with the material blessings which its myriad 
 inventors and industrial chieftains have bestowed upon all mankind, and 
 proud of the literary, artistic, and musical achievements of its sons and 
 daughters. Made one out of many in the fires of civil war, and strength- 
 ened by their tempering, it is even more than the Father of his Country 
 believed that in a century it could become. Standing here in its splendid 
 capital, looking back with pride on its wonderful past, it can face the 
 future with hope, in spite of difficulties and dangers, in a confidence born 
 of reverent and trustful devotion still given to Him who has been our 
 dwelling place in all generations, and to whom a thousand years are but 
 as yesterday when it is passed. 
 
j 2 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 His Excellency Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa, was the last 
 speaker, the title of his address being "The development of 
 the States during the century 1800- 1900." 
 
 ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LESLIE M. SHAW. 
 
 Mr. President, Members of the Commission; Cultured Ladies; 
 Distinguished Gentlemen; Fellow Citizens: At the date of the 
 event this day commemorates, the United States of America was com- 
 posed of sixteen States — Kentucky, Vermont, and Tennessee having 
 been admitted to the Union during the closing decade of the eighteenth 
 century. Since then Massachusetts and Virginia have been divided and 
 two additional States created without increasing the area included in the 
 sixteen, and there have also been added twenty-seven other States. 
 
 To better appreciate the growth of the nation, a few comparisons may 
 not seem ill advised. 
 
 Had there been no change in area, and without taking into account 
 Territories then or now owned by the nation, and supposing the same 
 development and increase within the several States as has been witnessed, 
 the United States would be larger than Great Britain plus France and 
 Denmark, Greece, Portugal, and Belgium, and would have a population 
 more numerous than Italy plus Norway and Denmark; it would out- 
 number Austria plus Sweden, Switzerland, and Greece. The population 
 of these seventeen States is very nearly equal to that of Great Britain. 
 
 The twenty-nine States admitted during the century have brought an 
 increase of territory exceeding the German Empire plus Great Britain, 
 France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Denmark, and 
 Sweden. The United States to-day, exclusive of organized Territories 
 and other possessions, is larger than European Russia and larger than 
 all Europe except Russia, while our population is nearly equal to that of 
 Great Britain and France combined, and once and a half as large as that 
 of the German Empire. The area of the United States, exclusive of 
 organized Territories and possessions, has increased sixfold and our 
 population fifteenfold in one hundred 3'ears. 
 
 Not only have we increased numerically and the States developed 
 materially and our people prospered financially, but intellectual, moral, 
 and religious improvement has been equally marked. While the popu- 
 lation of the United States has increased fifteenfold in one hundred years, 
 church membership has increased four times fifteenfold in the same 
 period. 
 
 We have 16,000,000 pupils receiving elementary instruction, 650,000 
 receiving secondary instruction in high schools and academies, 100,000 
 in colleges and universities, 90,000 receiving normal school training, and 
 50,000 under professional tuition. Comparisons for the last thirty years 
 show an ever increasing per cent in the enrollment of children of school 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 73 
 
 age, as we. I as the number of days' attendance of pupils enrolled and in 
 the average length of the school year. The expenditure for educational 
 purposes, exclusive of donations to endowments and for college and 
 university buildings, exceeds $300,000,000 per annum. 
 
 When the seat of Government was moved to the District of Columbia, 
 our 5,000,000 people were dependent almost entirely upon agriculture 
 and fisheries. Their clothing was spun and woven in the home of the 
 wearer; their grain, home grown, was ground to order, and their meat, 
 mostly "range fed," was generally slaughtered at the door of the con- 
 sumer. The table of the average American was not then debtor thrice 
 a day to three continents for what we now call necessaries. Very little 
 consumed by that frugal people, salt and rum excepted, had been trans- 
 ported twenty miles from the place of its production. 
 
 The Edinburgh Encyclopedia, published in 1830, spends forty columns 
 of an 18-volume edition in describing farm machinery. It calls atten- 
 tion to the ' ' conspicuous superiority of British rural implements, ' ' and 
 records the fact that "in former times the construction of utensils 
 of husbandry was left almost entirely to rude and ignorant artisans. ' ' 
 It speaks in glowing terms of a machine for ' ' separating grain from 
 straw," which, it declares, "has been brought to a degree of perfec- 
 tion that few people expected when it was first introduced." So 
 important did these inventions appear to the author of the article, and 
 lest their construction might become a lost art, he describes in detail, 
 with cuts and drawings, all implements then known to agriculture, to 
 wit, a plow 10 feet in length, a single section A-shaped harrow, a roller, 
 a two-wheel cart, a drilling machine, a reaper that neither gathered nor 
 raked nor dropped, a machine "designed to separate grain from straw," 
 and a fanner. 
 
 Time forbids even a hasty review of the more recent as well as more 
 marvelous improvements in agricultural methods and appliances, which, 
 in forty-five years, have reduced the time in human labor required to 
 produce a bushel of corn 85 per cent, and the cost of this labor, not- 
 withstanding ever increasing wages, 70 per cent, and which have reduced 
 the time in human labor required to raise a bushel of wheat from an 
 average of more than three hours in 1830 to ten minutes at the present 
 time, and the cost in human labor from 17 cents to 3^ cents. Rates of 
 transportation have also materially decreased. The average rate per ton 
 per mile charged by one of the oldest and best-known roads in the United 
 States has been reduced more than 90 per cent since 1S70, and the aver- 
 age rate charged by all roads in this country has decreased 61 per cent 
 during the. same period. Average passenger rates have declined 43 per 
 cent in twenty years. Freight rates in England are nearly three times 
 as high as in the United States, and on the continent of Europe the rates 
 are higher than in England. No wonder that agriculture has prospered 
 under these favoring conditions, and no wonder that conditions are made 
 
74 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 most congenial for all industrial pursuits when we note the tremendous 
 product of field and fold, of mine and quarry, of furnace and factory. 
 
 Our farms produce per annum in round numbers thirty-seven hundred 
 million bushels of cereals, worth $1,300,000,000. We grow two hun- 
 dred and thirty million bushels of potatoes, worth $90,000,000; fifty-five 
 million tons of hay, worth $400,000,000; eleven million bales of cotton, 
 worth $300,000,000; seventeen hundred million pounds of butter and 
 cheese, and market two thousand million gallons of milk, worth in the 
 aggregate $450,000,000; clip two hundred and seventy million pounds 
 of wool, worth $80,000,000; and sell a thousand million dozen eggs, 
 worth over $100,000,000; and hold upon our farms one hundred and 
 seventy million farm animals, worth $2,250,000,000. And still I have 
 not referred to tobacco; nor cane, beet, and other sugars; honey, seeds, 
 nuts, fruits, cut flowers, nor many other sources of agricultural and 
 horticultural wealth; all of which have been developed surprisingly dur- 
 ing the century. I shall not be surprised if the Twelfth Census shall 
 show an annual yield from the lands of the forty-five States worth, as it 
 leaves the producer $4,000,000,000. 
 
 No less remarkable has been the development in mineral products. 
 We produce 14,000,000 tons of pig iron per annum, 35 per cent more 
 than Great Britain and nearly 70 per cent more than Germany, and 
 over one-third the product of the world. At the same time we manu- 
 facture 10,000,000 tons of steel, practically as much as Great Britain 
 and Germany, and 30 per cent of the product of the world. While the 
 world's production of coal has doubled in twenty years, that of the 
 United States has trebled in the same period. We produced in 1899 
 more coal than Great Britain, nearly twice as much as Germany, and 
 nearly double that of all countries except Great Britain and Germany. 
 In the closing year of this century we shall doubtless mine 275,000,000 
 tons of coal, nearly one-third of the world's output, worth $250,000,000. 
 Not only do we produce more coal, but we also consume more and then 
 have more left than any other country on the map. We consume more 
 even than Great Britain and all her possessions; and nearly twice as 
 much as Germany, the third great consumer. 
 
 In 1845 we mined 100 tons of copper. We now produce nearly 
 300,000 tons, worth more than $100,000,000. In ten years the world's 
 product of copper has increased 66 per cent, while ours has increased 
 twice 66 per cent in the same period. 
 
 We produce, in round numbers, 55,000,000 ounces of silver per 
 annum, one-third the output of the world, worth $35,000,000; and 
 3,400,000 ounces of gold, one-quarter of the world's output, worth 
 $70,000,000. 
 
 We produce, in round numbers, 18,000,000 barrels of salt per annum, 
 practically one-fourth of the world's output. This is twice the amount 
 produced ten years ago and three times the product of twenty years ago. 
 
Reception and Exercises at the White Hotise. 75 
 
 Ten years ago Great Britain and Russia each produced more salt than 
 we, and Germany quite as much. Now we produce more than Great 
 Britain and fifty per cent more than Russia or Germany. 
 
 The petroleum industry is forty-five years old. In 1859 we produced 
 2,000 barrels. Since then our wells have yielded 900,000,000 barrels. 
 The yield in 1899 was 57,000,000 barrels, worth, crude, $64,000,000. 
 
 Equally favorable showing can be made with respect to nearly all 
 mineral products. Our mines and quarries and wells and banks and pits 
 yielded last year $575,000,000 worth of metallic and nonmetallic min- 
 erals, an increase of 75 per cent in ten years and of 150 per cent in 
 twenty years. 
 
 I regret that the latest available statistics of manufactures are ten 
 years old and therefore valueless. But so good an authorit}- as Senator 
 Nelson W. Aldrich, of Rhode Island, after careful consideration, recently 
 predicted that the Twelfth Census will disclose manufactured products 
 worth more than $12,000,000,000, exceeding in value the output of all 
 the factories and shops of Great Britain and Germany combined, by more 
 than $2,000,000,000. The latest available statistics giving the value of 
 the tangible property of the United States are found in the reports of 
 the Eleventh Census. It is probable that the rate of increase during - 
 the present decade will be as favorable as in previous periods. If this 
 assumption be correct, then the Twelfth Census will show accumulated 
 wealth in the hands of the people of the United States amounting to 
 one hundred billions of dollars. 
 
 When the act was passed making the city of Washington the capital 
 of the nation, no one had ever seen a steamboat, a railroad, an iron plow, 
 or a friction match, or thought of an electric telegraph or telephone, or 
 dreamed of an automobile. Established highways were few and poorly 
 constructed. Generally, at least, ' ' the roads were built on Adam's plan, 
 and not McAdam's." 
 
 The first railroad was constructed in 1830. Since then we have built, 
 in round numbers, 200,000 miles. These lines of commerce have 
 become the track of empire, the pioneer of civilization. The unsurveyed 
 frontier of one hundred years ago is now an eastern metropolis, while 
 the unknown wilderness has become a veritable garden of flowers and a 
 paradise of fruits. Happy millions, housed in what our fathers would 
 have called palatial residences, now dwell where then no white man 
 " was or had been from the making of the world." 
 
 The close of the most remarkable century in the flight of time finds 
 Americans the best housed, the best fed, the best clothed, the best edu- 
 cated, the best churched, the most profitably employed, and the happiest 
 because the most hopeful of any people at any time or under any sky. 
 Marvelous are the pages of their history; unprecedented and unparalleled 
 the record of their achievements; great and honorable the annals of their 
 deeds. 
 
j6 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 We have perfected and applied all sciences known to our fathers and 
 discovered new ones. We have harnessed every known physical force 
 except the tide, and sought new elements and combinations of elements 
 to enslave. We have annexed all contiguous territory lying between 
 parallels of latitude congenial to our civilization, and have not been slow 
 to assume responsibility, when duty or national honor has demanded, 
 beyond these limits. We have made surve3 7 s preliminary to the con- 
 struction of a canal for the bisecting of the continent and the nuptials 
 of oceans, through which in coming years shall pass the commerce of the 
 world, a moiety, let us hope, in American bottoms. Events, unplanned 
 and by some unwelcomed, have made the United States the mistress of 
 the Pacific. Destiny or man's wisdom, call it which you will, has placed 
 both Asia and the islands of the sea under American tuition, and has 
 made the flag of freedom the harbinger of better things to 800,000,000 
 people, the natural distributing point for whose more than $1 ,000,000,000 
 of commerce is under the sovereignty of the United States. 
 
 Surely the future is big with possibilities. To be a parent and respon- 
 sible for the development and education of the baby in the cradle is a 
 great charge; to be of the faculty of a university with a thousand stu- 
 dents is quite enough to make one thoughtful and serious; but to be a 
 citizen of the United States, commissioned to instruct a strange and 
 ancient people in things new and in ways righteous and in acts honora- 
 ble, and to be answerable to the world and to God for results should 
 inspire not pride, but humility, and demands of the least and of all the 
 exercise of greatest wisdom. 
 
 Mr. Edson explained that his excellency ex-Governor 
 Roger Wolcott, of Massachusetts, was critically ill at his 
 home, and the address which he had undertaken to prepare 
 on the "Development of the nation during the century 
 1800-1900" would of necessity be omitted. 
 
 The Marine Band played the National Anthem, the audi- 
 ence rising. An informal reception was held, after which 
 the President, escorted by the Chief Justice, led the way to 
 the dining rooms, where luncheon was served to all present. 
 During the luncheon the Marine Band played appropriate 
 music, intruding a piece entitled "National Capital Cen- 
 tennial," composed by its leader, Lieutenant Santelmami, 
 especially for the occasion. 
 
 The floor arrangements for the comfort of the guests, which 
 were under the supervision of Mr. Edson, chairman of the 
 committee on exercises at the Executive Mansion, were ably 
 carried out. His committee was divided into the following 
 
Reception and Exercises at the Wliite House. 77 
 
 subcommittees: Press, Mr. C. H. Rudolph, chairman; oldest 
 inhabitants, Mr. Noble D. Lamer, chairman; ushers, Mr. 
 Harrison Dingman, chairman; ex-mayors, ex-judges, and ex- 
 commissioners, Dr. Edward M. Gallaudet, chairman; carriages, 
 Mr. J. W. Schaefer, chairman; escort to Governors, Mr. S. 
 W. Woodward, chairman. Bach of these gentlemen, with 
 their assistants, contributed very materially to the successful 
 performance of the exercises by the fidelity with which they 
 fulfilled the several duties alloted to them, and particular 
 mention should be made of the excellent services performed 
 by those who acted as escorts to the Governors, in accordance 
 with the arrangements carefully planned by Mr. Woodward, 
 chairman of the subcommittee on escorts. 
 
PARADE, AND REVIEW BY THE PRESIDENT OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 At half past i o'clock, the President, accompanied by Sena- 
 tor Hale, chairman of the joint committee, and the members 
 of the Cabinet, entered their carriages in front of the Execu- 
 tive Mansion, proceeding to Pennsylvania avenue, being 
 immediately preceded by the Fifth United States Cavalry. 
 They were followed by the brigade of the District of Colum- 
 bia National Guard. The governors, with their respective 
 staffs or escorts, formed in proper order behind the National 
 Gtiard. The signal for the parade to start was given by a 
 detail from the guard under command of Capt. C. Fred Cook. 
 
 The following orders for the organization, movement, and 
 dismissal of the parade were issued on December 8 by the 
 chief marshal, Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A., and 
 were closely^ adhered to: 
 
 General Orders, } Headquarters of the Chief Marshal, 
 
 No. 2. J Washington, D. C, Decembers, ipoo. 
 
 I. The escort will be composed as follows: 
 
 Platoon of mounted police; band; citizens' escort, mounted; chief 
 marshal; staff and aids; chief marshal's colors and escort. 
 
 Brigade United States forces, Col. Francis L. Guenther, Fourth Artil- 
 lery, commanding: Staff; regiment United States artillery, Lieut. Col. 
 John R. Myrick, Second Artillery, commanding; staff; First Battalion, 
 Fourth United States Artillery, Maj. E. Van Arsdale Andruss, Fourth 
 Artillery, commanding; Second Battalion, Fourth United States Artillery, 
 Maj. Henry W. Hubbell, Fourth Artillery, commanding; Third Battalion, 
 Second, Seventh, and Sixth United States Artillery, Capt. John P. Wisser, 
 Seventh Artillery, commanding; battalion United States marines and 
 company United States seamen, Lieut. Col. Benjamin R. Russell, com- 
 manding; Light Battery F, Second United States Artillery, Capt. Charles 
 D. Parkhurst, commanding; Fifth United States Cavalry, Col. William 
 A. Rafferty, commanding. 
 
 79 
 
8o 
 
 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 President of the United States and Cabinet. 
 
 Brigade of District of Columbia National Guard, Brig. Gen. George H. 
 Harries, commanding: Staff; company of engineers, First Lieut. Roy 
 B. Hayes, commanding; Second Regiment Infantry, Col. M. E. Urell, 
 commanding; First Regiment Infantry, Lieut. Col. B. R. Ross, com- 
 manding; First Separate Battalion of Infantry, Maj. Arthur Brooks, 
 commanding; Signal Company, First Lieut. F. C. Mattingly, command- 
 ing; Naval Battalion, Commander R. P. Hains, commanding; Ambulance 
 Corps, First Lieut. W. D. Fales, commanding; High School Cadet Regi- 
 ment; Separate Battalion High School Cadets. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF STATES, IN ORDER OF ADMISSION OF STATES 
 TO THE UNION. * 
 
 
 
 [With staffs and m 
 
 ilitary escorts.] 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 16. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 3i- 
 
 California. 
 
 2. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 17- 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 32- 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 3- 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 iS. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 33- 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 4- 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 19- 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 34- 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 5- 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 20. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 35- 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 6. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 21. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 36. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 7- 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 22. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 37- 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 8. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 23- 
 
 Maine. 
 
 3§. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 9- 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 24- 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 39- 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 IO. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 25. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 40. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 ii. 
 
 New York. 
 
 26. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 4i- 
 
 Montana. 
 
 12. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 27. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 42. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 13- 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 28. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 43- 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 14- 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 29. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 44- 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 15- 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 30. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 45- 
 
 Utah. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF TERRITORIES, IN ORDER OF TERRITORIAL 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 [With staffs and military escorts.] 
 
 3. New Mexico. 5. Alaska. 
 
 4. Arizona. 6. Oklahoma. 
 
 Specially invited guests; Centennial Committee. 
 
 Veteran and other organizations: The Old Guard; Grand Army of the 
 Republic; Union Veterans' Union; Eighth District of Columbia Battalion; 
 Gen. Guy V. Henry Garrison, Regular Army and Navy Union; Span- 
 ish War Veterans; Gonzaga College Cadets. 
 
 II. The citizens' escort, mounted, will assemble on Pennsylvania ave- 
 nue, in column of platoons of 12 men each, closed in mass, at 1 o'clock 
 p. m., facing the Capitol, the head of the column midway between 
 Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. 
 
 *A list of the governors who actually participated in the parade will be found on 
 pages 84-S6. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 81 
 
 The staff and aides of the chief marshal will assemble ou Pennsylvania 
 avenue, facing the Capitol, at i o'clock p. m. , in column of eights, with 
 S paces distance, and intervals suited to the width of the avenue; the 
 head of the column opposite the New National Theater. 
 
 The regiment of artillery will assemble on Pennsylvania avenue and 
 Fifteenth street west, facing the Capitol, at i o'clock p. m. , in column 
 of platoons, 16 files each, at 12 paces; the head of the column midway 
 between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets. 
 
 The battalion of United States Marines and company of United States 
 seamen will assemble on Fifteenth street, facing south, at 1.10 o'clock 
 p. in., in column of platoons, 16 files each, at 12 paces distance, in rear 
 of the regiment of artillery. 
 
 Eight Battery F, Second Artillery, will assemble on Pennsylvania ave- 
 nue, at 1 o'clock p. m. , opposite the north front of the United States 
 Treasury, facing east, in column of platoons. 
 
 The squadron of the Fifth United States Cavalry will assemble in line 
 facing south, along the north curb of Pennsylvania avenue, at 1 o'clock 
 p. m., right of the line opposite the north front of the State, War, and 
 Navy building. 
 
 The salute to the President will be executed b}' this command, imme- 
 diately after which it will be wheeled into column of platoons of 12 
 troopers each. 
 
 The brigade of the District of Columbia National Guard will assemble 
 in close column, at 1 o'clock p. in., on Pennsylvania avenue, head of the 
 column at Seventeenth street, conforming in formation to that of the 
 brigade of United States forces. 
 
 The staffs and military escorts of the governors of States and Terri- 
 tories, in the order designated above, will assemble on Eighteenth street, 
 facing south, at 1 o'clock p. m., head of the column at Pennsylvania 
 avenue, conforming in their formations to those above prescribed. 
 
 The carriages or mounts of the governors will be assembled in column 
 on Executive avenue west, between the Executive Mansion and the 
 State, War, and Navy building, in the order of admission of the States 
 and of Territorial organization, the head of the column at Pennsylvania 
 avenue. 
 
 Upon the conclusion of the ceremonies at the Executive Mansion, the 
 governors, in the order above stated, will take carriages as called at the 
 south exit of the Executive Mansion and move to their respective posi- 
 tions on Executive avenue west and halt, entering the column immedi- 
 ately in front of their respective staffs or escorts as the same approaches 
 their position. 
 
 Gonzaga College Cadets and other armed organizations of the District, 
 unattached, will assemble in column in formation as above described, at 
 1 o'clock p. m., on Seventeenth street, facing north, head of the column 
 on Pennsylvania avenue, and will follow the veteran organizations. 
 H. Doc. 552 6 
 
82 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Veteran organizations, in the order above prescribed, will assemble at 
 i o'clock p. m., on Eighteenth street, facing north, head of column 
 at Pennsylvania avenue. The column closed in mass, and will follow 
 the military escorts of the governors of the States and Territories. 
 
 The President having been received in front of the Executive Man- 
 sion, the column will move in the order and formation already given. 
 
 III. The escort on arriving at First street west will execute column 
 left and march to C street north, thence on C street to Delaware avenue 
 NE., thence on Delaware avenue to the entrance to the Capitol grounds, 
 where the escort will halt and the entire column be closely massed. 
 
 The President and Cabinet will leave the column and enter the Capitol 
 driveway at First street west, leading to the Senate wing, their carriages 
 being parked in the southeast driveways. 
 
 The governors, whether in carriages or mounted, and all others in 
 carriages will leave the escort promptly as soon as the column is halted 
 and, following the President and Cabinet, will take position upon the 
 reviewing stand, their carriages being parked in the northeast driveways. 
 
 The column will then be reviewed by the President from the reviewing 
 stand at the center of the east front of the Capitol. 
 
 IV. The guide for the foot troops will be right; for mounted troops 
 the guide will be center. 
 
 V. Salutes will be executed as prescribed in the drill regulations. 
 
 DISMISSAL. 
 
 VI. Organizations, after having passed the President, will not, under 
 any circumstances, execute any change of formation, but will hasten 
 their march to avoid all possibility of checking the march of organizations 
 in rear. 
 
 No organization will be permitted to break ranks and return to the 
 Capitol grounds, but will be held intact and marched expeditiously to 
 their respective rendezvous. 
 
 No organization returning to its rendezvous will be permitted to use 
 Pennsylvania avenue. 
 
 The Fifth United States Cavalry, except the band, will escort the 
 President to the Executive Mansion at the close of the ceremonies at 
 the Capitol, and for this purpose, after passing in review, will execute 
 column left on B street south, and proceed thence to First street east, 
 thence north on same to the driveway into the Capitol grounds opposite 
 the reviewing stand, thence into this driveway, where they will be 
 closely massed and await the conclusion of the ceremonies, when they 
 will escort the President by such route as he may elect, to the Executive 
 mansion, two troops leading and two following. 
 
 VII. Undress uniform with overcoats will be worn. 
 
 By command of Lieutenant-General Miles, Chief Marshal: 
 
 John A. Johnston, 
 Assistant Adpttant-Genej-al. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 
 
 83 
 
 The mounted citizens' escort, under Marshal Andrew Parker, 
 was composed as follows: 
 
 E. H. Droop. 
 
 SPECIAL AIDS. 
 
 Maj. Harvey C. Carbaugh, 
 U. S. A. 
 
 W.T.Galliher. 
 Gist Blair. 
 Colin Studds. 
 
 Dr. E. K. Goldsborough. 
 
 S. B. Hege. 
 
 E. H. Pillsbury. 
 
 W.H.Bayly. 
 A. C. Moses. 
 Dr. A. G. White. 
 
 F. G. Alexander. 
 Notley Anderson. 
 J. L. Atkins. 
 
 C. Auerbach. 
 J. Auerbach. 
 
 J. W.Babson, jr. 
 J. Emory Bair. 
 Dr. C. A. Ball. 
 H.K. Beck. 
 F. W. Behrens. 
 P. T. Berry. 
 Maj. H. L. Biscoe. 
 Dr. F. B. Bishop. 
 Z. D. Blackistone. 
 George S. Boos. 
 W. Andrew Boyd. 
 J. H. Bradley. 
 Austin P. Brown. 
 Col. L. S. Brown. 
 W. W. Brown. 
 Thomas W. Buckey. 
 August Burgdorf. 
 A. J. Byer. 
 Henry Calver. 
 E. R. Campbell. 
 H.A.Campbell. 
 J. D. Carmody. 
 James Ciscle. 
 W. H. H. Cissel. 
 
 E. A. Clifford. 
 H. W. Coffin. 
 Robert Cook.- 
 
 D. L. Coon. 
 George H. Coutts. 
 George E.Corson. 
 Percy Cranford. 
 A. J. Curtis. 
 
 F. S. Curtis. 
 Col. L. B. Cutter. 
 Charles W. Darr. 
 
 Dr. J. C. De Vries. 
 
 L. C. Dyer. 
 
 E. M. Dyrenforth. 
 
 George J. Easterday. 
 
 W. K. Ellis. 
 
 George E. Emmons. 
 
 L. G. Estes. 
 
 H. D. Feast. ' 
 
 Charles H. Fickling. 
 
 W. H. Freeman. 
 
 Fred. C. Geiseking. 
 
 John C. Gittings. 
 
 Peyton Gordon. 
 
 G. D. Graham. 
 
 Maj. H. A. Gripp. 
 
 W. F. Gude. 
 
 P. T. Hall. 
 
 J. V. Heidt. 
 
 August G. Herrmann. 
 
 William A. Hill. 
 
 W. K. Hill. 
 
 Charles E. Howe. 
 
 Graham Hume. 
 
 Thomas L. Hume. 
 
 Dr. William M. Hunt. 
 
 Thomas Bryan Huyck. 
 
 Dr. C. H. James. 
 
 B. T. Janney. 
 
 J. F. Javins. 
 
 T. M. Jones. 
 
 E. L. Johnson. 
 
 Dr. H. L. E. Johnson. 
 
 A. W. Kelley. 
 
 J. Miller Kenyon. 
 
 Dr. Richard Kingsman. 
 
 R. J. Kirk-Patrick. 
 
 Walter H. Klopfer. 
 
 Thomas E. Landon. 
 
 Clifford Lanham. 
 
 W. F. Lannon. 
 
 F. B. Dibbey. 
 
 Irwin B. Linton. 
 
 F. A. Lutz, jr. 
 
 Dr. William A. Lyon. 
 
 Dr. Louis Mackall, jr. 
 
 Dr. Charles C. Marbury. 
 
 R. J. Marshall. 
 
 Joseph Mathy. 
 
 F. C. Maxey. 
 
 E. C. Mayberry. 
 
 B. F. McCaully. 
 
 H. H. McKee. 
 
 R. L. Middleton, 
 
 J. H. Miller. 
 
 J. E. Minnix. 
 
 W. S. Minnix. 
 
 David Moore. 
 
 William Muehleisen. 
 
 J. E. Mulcare. 
 
 Allison Nailor. 
 
 P. J. Nee. 
 
 Henry T. Ofterdiuger. 
 
 J. F. O'Neill. 
 
 Thomas J. Owen. 
 
 Benjamin Parkhurst. 
 
 Dr. W. E. Philes. 
 
 Capt. H. L. Prince. 
 
 E. E. Ramey. 
 William Ramsay. 
 Frank T. Rawlings. 
 
 F. K. Raymond. 
 M. P. Rice. 
 Joseph Richardson. 
 Thomas R. Riley. 
 M. D. Rosenberg. 
 
 I. N. Runyan. 
 William H. Sands. 
 James F. Scaggs. 
 J. W. Schafer. 
 J. M. Schneider. 
 
Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 J. A. Shaffer. 
 
 C. B. Smith. 
 
 C. A. Snow. 
 
 De Witt C. Sprague. 
 
 O. G. Staples. 
 
 A. T. Sullivan. 
 
 Dr. L. B. Swormstedt. 
 
 Dr. John Thomas. 
 
 E. S. Thompson. 
 
 Smith Thompson, jr. 
 H. A.Tolson. 
 J. W. Tolson. 
 B. Trueworthy. 
 D. C. Turner. 
 Joseph Van Vliet. 
 Charles P. Walter. 
 F. Baker Weaver. 
 J. I. Weller. 
 
 C. H. Welsh. 
 O. W. White. 
 Alexander Wolf. 
 William H. Yerkes, jr. 
 E. S. York. 
 J. C. Yost. 
 Elphonzo Young. 
 
 The staff and aids of the chief marshal, whose appoint- 
 ments were announced December 6, were: 
 
 Maj. John A. Johnston, U. S. A., adjutant-general. 
 
 SPECIAL AIDS. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Francis Michler, U. S. A. Lieut. Col. H. K. Bailey, U. S. A. 
 
 Lieut. Col. H. H. Whitney, U. S. A. 
 
 Brig. Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Brig. Gen. John M. Wilson, U. S. A. 
 . Brig. Gen. Alfred E. Bates, U. S. A. 
 Col. Thomas Ward, U. S. A. 
 Col. John F. Weston, U. S. A. 
 Commander L. C. Logan, U. S. N. 
 Lieut. Col. Henry G. Sharpe, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. Col. Alexander M. Miller, TJ. S. A. 
 Lieut. Col. Culver C. Sniff en, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. Col. George W. Baird, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. Col. Charles H. Heyl, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. Commander F. S. Carter, U. S. N. 
 Maj. George Andrews, U. S. A. 
 
 Maj. Abiel L. Smith, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Frederick G. Hodgson, U. S. A. 
 Maj. John M. Carson, jr., U. S. A. 
 Maj. William A. Simpson, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Thomas T. Knox, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Edward C. Carter, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Webster Vinson, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Charles McClure, U. S. A. 
 Maj. Harvey C. Carbaugh, TJ. S. A. 
 Maj. John L. Chamberlain, TJ. S. A. 
 Capt. Eugene O. Fechet, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. George M. Hoffman, TJ. S. A. 
 Lieut. Winfield S. Overton, U. S. A. 
 Lieut. Joseph S. Herron, TJ. S. A. 
 
 The following-named States and Territories, numbering 
 thirty-five, were represented in the parade by their respective 
 governors or others officially designated, the order in which 
 they are given being that of admission into the Union. 
 
 Delaware, Governor Ebe W. Tunnell, escorted \>y Mr. Joseph R. 
 
 Edson. 
 Pennsylvania, Governor William A. Stone, escorted by Mr. E. 
 
 Southard Parker. 
 New Jersey, Governor Foster M. Voorhees, escorted by Mr. Thomas 
 
 W. Smith. 
 Connecticut, Governor George E. Eounsbury, escorted by Mr. F. 
 
 L. Moore. 
 Massachusetts, Governor W. Murray Crane, escorted by Mr. S. W. 
 
 Woodward. 
 Maryland, Governor John Walter Smith, escorted by Mr. Samuel 
 
 Maddox; and ex-Governor L,loyd Lowndes, escorted by Mr. B. 
 
 H. Warner. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 85 
 
 New Hampshire, Governor Frank W. Rollins, escorted by Mr. E. 
 
 S. Smith. 
 Virginia, Governor J. Hoge Tyler, escorted hy Mr. W. F. Mattingly. 
 New York, Governor Theodore Roosevelt, escorted by Hon. Martin 
 
 A. Knapp. 
 
 North Carolina, Governor Daniel L. Russell, escorted by Mr. Jesse 
 
 B. Wilson. 
 
 Rhode Island, Governor William Gregory, escorted b}' Mr. W. H. 
 McKnew. 
 
 Vermont, Governor W. W. Stickney, represented by Adjutant- 
 General A. H. Gilmore, escorted by Dr. E. M. Gallaudet. 
 
 Tennessee, Governor Benton McMillin, escorted by Mr. D. S. 
 Hendrick. 
 
 Ohio, ex-Governor Asa S. Bushnell, escorted by Mr. D. A. 
 Chambers. 
 
 Louisiana, Governor W. W. Heard, represented by Lieut. Governor 
 Albert Estopinal, escorted by Mr. Ernest Wilkinson. 
 
 Indiana, Governor James A. Mount, escorted by Mr. Henry F. 
 Blount. 
 
 Maine, Governor Llewellyn Powers, escorted by Gen. Ellis Spear. 
 
 Missouri, Governor Lon. V. Stephens, represented by Lieut. Gov- 
 ernor A. H. Bolte; and Hon. A. M. Dockery, governor- elect, 
 escorted by Mr. Joseph R. Edson. 
 
 Arkansas, Governor Daniel W. Jones, escorted by Mr. Alexander 
 Britton. 
 
 Florida, Governor W. D. Bloxham, represented by Col. F. Q. 
 Brown, escorted by Mr. Frederick L. Moore. 
 
 Texas, Hon. A. W. Fly, escorted by Mr. Freeborn G. Smith. 
 
 Iowa, Governor Leslie M. Shaw, escorted by Hon. John B. Hen- 
 derson, sr. 
 
 Wisconsin, Governor Edward Scofield, escorted by Mr. Matthew 
 Trimble. 
 
 California, ex-Governor H. H. Markham, escorted by Mr. S. S. 
 Burdett. 
 
 West Virginia, Governor George W. Atkinson, escorted by Dr. 
 Thomas Wilson. 
 
 Nevada, Governor Reinhold Sadler, represented by Hon. W. O. H. 
 Martin, escorted by Mr. M. P. Ward. 
 
 Colorado, Governor Charles S. Thomas, escorted by Mr. Thomas F. 
 Walsh. 
 
 South Dakota, Governor A. E. Lee, escorted by Dr. E. M. Gallaudet. 
 
 Idaho, Governor Frank Steunenberg, escorted by Dr. D. Percy 
 Hickling. 
 
 Wyoming, Governor De Forest Richards, represented by ex-Governor 
 W. A. Richards, escorted by Mr. Aldis B. Browne. 
 
86 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 District of Columbia, Commissioners Henry B. F. Macfarland, John 
 W. Ross, Capt. Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A. 
 
 New Mexico, Governor M. A. Otero, escorted by Mr. L. M. Saun- 
 ders. 
 
 Arizona, Governor N. O. Murphy, escorted by Mr. H. H. Darnielle. 
 
 Alaska, Governor John G. Brady, escorted by Mr. C. F. Nesbit. 
 
 Oklahoma, Governor Cassius M. Barnes, escorted by Mr. B. H. 
 Stinemetz. 
 STAFFS ACCOMPANYING THE GOVERNORS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Governor Ebe W. Tunnell, of Delaware. 
 
 Staff: Adjt. Gen. Garrett J. Hart. 
 Governor William A. Stone, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Staff: Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Stewart, adjutant-general. 
 Col. Ezra H. Ripple, assistant adjutant-general. 
 Col. Frank G. Sweeney, inspector-general. 
 Col. B. Frank Eshleman, judgc-advocate-general. 
 Col. Thomas Potter, jr., quartermaster-general. 
 Lieut. Col. Samuel Moody, assistant quartermaster-general. 
 Lieut. Col. George M. Halstead, assistant commissary-general. 
 Col. John V. Shoemaker, surgeon-general. 
 Col. Frank K. Patterson, general inspector of rifle practice. 
 Col. Shelden Potter, chief of ordnance. 
 Col. Asher Miner. 
 Aids-de-camp: 
 
 Lieut. Col. Henry Hall. 
 Lieut. Col. Thomas J. Keenan, jr. 
 Lieut. Col. James M. Reid. 
 Lieut. Col. Harry C. Trexler. 
 Lieut. Col. Ned Arden Flood. 
 Lieut. Col. Charles C. Pratt. 
 Lieut. Col. J. Milton Taylor. 
 Color Sergt. Jacob Greene. 
 Governor Foster M. Voorhees, of New Jersey. 
 
 Staff: Brig. Gen. Alexander C. OHphant, adjutant-general. 
 
 Brig, and Bvt. Gen. Richard A. Donnelly, quartermaster- 
 general. 
 Brig. Gen. BirdW. Spencer, inspector-general of rifle practice. 
 Brig. Gen. Edward P. Meany, judge-advocate-general. 
 Brig. Gen. Joseph W. Congdon, inspector-general. 
 Col. Robert M. Thompson, aid-de-camp. 
 Maj. William J. Sewell, jr., acting aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. William Libbey, acting aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. Charles W. Parker, acting aid-de-camp. 
 Governor W. Murray Crane, of Massachusetts. 
 Staff: Adjt. Gen. Samuel Dal ton. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 8j 
 
 Governor John Walter Smith, of Maryland. 
 Staff: Adjt. Gen. John S. Saunders. 
 Col. Frank Markoe. 
 Capt. J. E. Emerson. 
 Lieut. Col. J. Frank Supplee. 
 Lieut. Col. Charles B. McLean. 
 Capt. S. Johnson Poe. 
 Maj. Louis N. Rawlins. 
 Maj. SethS. Urich. 
 Maj. Andrew W. Feuss. 
 Cavalry Troop A (under command of Capt. Jos. W. Shirley). 
 Governor Frank W. Rollins, of New Hampshire. 
 
 Staff: Brig. Gen. A. D. Ayling, adjutant-general. 
 Governor J. Hoge Tyler, of Virginia. 
 
 Staff: Col. W. O. Skelton, chief of staff. 
 C©1. King E. Harmon. 
 Col. W. O. Moore. 
 Col. George S. Shackelford. 
 Col. S. S. Thomas. 
 Col. C. V. Carrington. 
 Col. Alexander Cameron. 
 Col. George C. Cabell, jr. 
 Col. W. W. Sale. 
 Col. W. S. Battle. 
 Col. James Mann. 
 Col. E. D. Cole. 
 Col. Joe Lane Stern. 
 Col. John D. Potts. 
 Governor Theodore Roosevelt, of New York. 
 
 Staff: Brig. Gen. Edward M. Hoffman, adjutant-general. 
 Col. George Curtis Treadwell, military secretary. 
 Capt. William Littauer, aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. David S. Iglehart, aid-de-camp. 
 Maj. William Wilson, aid-de-camp. 
 Lieut. Col. Henry H. Treadwell, aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. George A. Wingate, aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. James M. Andrews, aid-de-camp. 
 Capt. Adrian W. Mather, aid-de-camp. 
 First Lieut. William L. Flanagan, aid-de-camp. 
 First Lieutenant Patterson, aid-de-camp. 
 Second Lieut. J. Wray Cleveland, aid-de-camp. 
 Governor William Gregory, of Rhode Island. 
 
 Staff: Brig. Gen. Frederic M. Sackett, adjutant-general. 
 
 Brig. Gen. W. Howard Walker, quartermaster-general. 
 Brig. Gen. Walter R. Stiness, judge-advocate-general. 
 
Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Staff: Lieut. Col. Lester S. Hill, assistant surgeon-general. 
 
 Col. Frank W. Tillinghast, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Col. John H. Wetherell, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Col. Robert F. Rodman, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Col. Harold J. Gross, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Col. Felix R. Wendelschaefer, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Col. Henry O. Potter, aid-de-camp. 
 
 Executive secretary Charles H. Howland. 
 
 Brig. Gen. Hiram Kendall, commanding brigade, R. I. M. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Arthur V. Warfield, assistant adjutant-general, 
 brigade, R. I. M. 
 
 Sergt. Frank P. Droney, Troop B, Cavalry, R. I. M. (flag). 
 
 Private Edward M. Holmes, Troop B, Cavalry, R- L M. 
 (orderly). 
 State officials and members of the general assembly: 
 Hon. Walter A. Read, general treasurer. 
 Hon. Charles P. Bennett, secretary of state. 
 Hon. Charles C. Gray, state auditor. 
 Senators: 
 
 Edward L. Freeman. 
 Christopher L. Champlin. 
 Alexander G. Crumb. 
 Alfred W. Kenyon. 
 Ezra K. Parker. 
 John A. Grinnell. 
 Benjamin F. Robinson, jr. 
 Representatives : 
 
 Frank E. Holden, speaker of the house. 
 Harry C. Curtis. 
 John L. Remlinger. 
 John H. Crosby. 
 Other guests: 
 
 Hon. John H. Stiness, chief justice of the supreme court. 
 
 Hon. Charles A. Wilson, United States district attorney. 
 
 Gen. Charles R. Brayton. 
 
 Col. Frank F. Olney. 
 
 Hon. Walter Price. 
 
 Judge Edward M. Burke. 
 
 Hon. Joseph C. Church. 
 
 Rev. Carl N. Rabenius. 
 
 Col. Thomas J. Pierce. 
 
 Mr. John R. Dennis. 
 
 Mr. Alphonse Gaulin. 
 
 Mr. Edward Smith. 
 
 Mr. James F. McCusker. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President, 89 
 
 Other guests — Continued. 
 Mr. Charles Alexander. 
 Mr. William B. Banigan. 
 Mr. Jesse P. Eddy, jr. 
 Mr. George A. Phillips. 
 Mr. Lance De Jongh. 
 Mr. George C. Cranston. 
 Mr. Edwin A. Kenyon. 
 
 Mr. Horace G. Belcher, representative of the Providence Journal. 
 Mr. Thomas H. McElroy , representative of the Providence News.- 
 Hon. Albert Estopinal, of Louisiana. 
 Staff: Gen. Adolphe Meyer. 
 Col. R. F. Broussard. 
 Col. Phanor Breazeale. 
 Governor Llewellyn Powers, of Maine. 
 
 Staff: Maj. Gen. John T. Richards, adjutant-general. 
 Maj. Atwood W. Spaulding, military secretary. 
 Governor Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa. 
 Staff: Gen. M. H. Byers. 
 
 Gen. Milton Hemley, attorney -general. 
 Hon. George L. Dobson, secretary of state. 
 Governor Edward Scofield, of Wisconsin. 
 Staff: Col. Daniel B. Starkey. 
 
 Hon. J. O. Davidson, State treasurer. 
 Governor Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado. 
 
 Staff: Maj. Nathan Gregg, military secretary. 
 Governor M. A. Otero, of New Mexico. 
 
 Staff: Adjt. Gen. W. H. Whiteman, chief of staff. 
 Col. R. E. Twitchell, judge-advocate-general. 
 Governor C. M. Barnes, of Oklahoma. 
 
 Staff: Maj. Joseph E. Ball, chief of staff. 
 
 The military escort of Governor Tyler, of Virginia, con- 
 sisted of nearly 400 national guardsmen, representing the 
 Seventieth Regiment, Col. George Wayne Anderson, of Rich- 
 mond, commanding, with staff consisting of Capt. C. Gray 
 Bossieux, of Richmond, adjutant; Maj. W. M. Randolph, of 
 Charlottesville, surgeon; Capt. Ashby Miller, of Alexandria, 
 quartermaster; and Lieut. G. R. Lewis, of Lynchburg, ord- 
 nance officer. The companies from Richmond were Com- 
 pany A, Capt. Charles O. Saville; Company B, Capt. Anthony 
 W. Miller; Company C, Capt. George B. Shackelford; Com- 
 pany F, Capt. A. S. Lanier; Company H, Capt. Theo. C. 
 Baptist. Another battalion was under the command of Maj. 
 
90 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 William J. Perry, of Staunton, embracing Company E, of 
 Lynchburg, Capt. P. F. Williams; Company I, of Farmville, 
 Capt. John R. Martin and Lieuts. N. M. Gill and J. L. 
 Bugg; Company D, of Charlottesville, Capt. William B. 
 Peyton and Lieut. John S. White; and Companj- K, of 
 Staunton, Capt. Carter Braxton and Lieut. Eugene Somer- 
 son. The Virginia contingent closed with Companies A, B, 
 C, F, and H, of Richmond, headed by the Richmond band. 
 
 A novel feature of the parade was presented by a part of 
 the staff accompanying the governor of Rhode Island who 
 rode in automobiles. 
 
 The following special committee was appointed to see that 
 the governors and their staffs were placed in proper posi- 
 tions in the procession: Maj. H. B. Looker, A. A. Hoehling, 
 Charles W. Darr, John Gunnell, and Percy Cranford. 
 
 Following the governors came the specially invited guests, 
 including the ex-Commissioners of the District, J. W. Doug- 
 lass, L. G. Hine, George Truesdell, and J. B. Wight, and the 
 ex-mayors, M. G. Emery ' and J. G. Berret. 2 Then came the 
 members of the centennial committee, 3 as follows: 
 
 Senate Committee. — Senators Perkins, McLaurin, Clay, Si- 
 mon, Turley, McMillan. 
 
 House of Representatives Committee. — Representatives Can- 
 non, Bell, Bailey, Heatwole, Cowherd, Denny, Gamble, Sher- 
 man, Hemenway, Grout. 
 
 Citizens' Committee. — Mr. John B. Wight, Mr, Charles J. 
 Bell, Mr. James G. Berret, Mr. William V. Cox, Mr. John 
 Joy Edson, Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, Mr. John W. Thompson, 
 Mr. W. P. Van Wickle, Mr. Beriah Wilkins. 
 
 The veteran organizations in the parade were under the 
 marshalship of Maj. L. P. Williams, senior department com- 
 mander of the Grand Army of the Republic, and were pre- 
 ceded by the John B. Henderson Drum Corps. First in 
 order came the Old Guard, in charge of Capt. J. M. Edgar. 
 The veterans of the Grand Army and the Union Veterans' 
 Union, the latter under command of Gen. Robert St. George 
 
 ' Died October 12, 1901. 
 
 - Died April 15, 1901. 
 
 3 Excepting Senator Hale, who rode with the President. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 91 
 
 Dyrenforth, were followed by the Eighth District Battalion, 
 consisting of two companies — the Butler Zouaves and the 
 Capital City Guard. Then came the Spanish war veterans, 
 under the command of Col. Lee M. Lipscomb, senior vice- 
 commander, followed by the Guy V. Henry Garrison of the 
 Regular Army and Navy Union. The Gonzaga College 
 Cadets, under the command of Maj. Frederick L. Devereux, 
 followed with their own band, and next came the Jackson 
 Democratic Association, with over three hundred members. 
 They were marshaled by Hon. James L. Norris, national 
 committeeman (Democratic) from the District of Columbia, 
 with the following aids: Bernard Kilmartin, John Campbell, 
 John A. Clarke, Frederic B. Keefer, Philip N. Tilden, Har- 
 vey S. W. DeGraw, and John P. Hamlin. The High School 
 Cadet Regiment, which made an attractive appearance in the 
 line of the District National Guard, was commanded by Col. 
 Clarence E. Boesch, and the "separate battalion" of cadets 
 was under the command of Maj. Walter P. Ray. 
 
 When the head of the column of the parade reached the 
 east entrance to the Capitol grounds, the line was halted, and 
 the President and Cabinet, the Governors and their staffs 
 and escorts, Commissioners of the District, specially-invited 
 guests, members of the centennial committee and others 
 riding in carriages, were driven directly to the Capitol. The 
 President and his immediate party, including Hon. William 
 P. Frye, President pro tempore of the Senate, and Hon. David 
 B. Henderson, Speaker of the House of Representatives, 
 occupied a covered pavilion, which had been constructed for 
 the occasion at the east front. On either side of the pavilion 
 were passageways. The members of the Cabinet, the Govern- 
 ors, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, invited guests, 
 judges of the courts, Senators and Representatives, members 
 of the diplomatic corps, and the committeemen took positions 
 to the rear of the reviewing stand, which was tastefully dec- 
 orated with flags. The parade was then reviewed by the 
 President. As the organizations of the various States passed 
 in review, the Governors of the same took positions, succes- 
 sively, by the side of the President, remaining there during 
 the march past. 
 
92 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 When the last organization had passed, the President and 
 those with him who had witnessed the review, entered the 
 Capitol building, and were ushered into different apartments 
 prior to assembling in the order assigned for proceeding to 
 the Hall of the House of Representatives for the purpose of 
 participating in the commemorative exercises. 
 
 The orders issued by the War Department, the District 
 National Guard, the District Naval Battalion, and the chief 
 of police, being of special interest in connection with the 
 parade, are here reproduced : 
 
 orders for the united states troops. 
 
 General Orders, ] Governor's Island, 
 
 No. 25. j New York City, Novembe?~ 15, 1900. 
 
 In accordance with instructions from the Headquarters of the Arm3 r , 
 dated November 13, 1900, the following troops are designated to take 
 part in the centennial celebration of the establishment of the seat of 
 Government in the District of Columbia, and will be assembled in 
 Washington, D. C, by 9 o'clock on the morning of December 12, 1900: 
 
 The Fifth Cavalry Band and one squadron of the Fifth Cavalry, 
 under command of Col. William A. Raffertj', Fifth Cavalry. 
 
 Light Battery F, Second Artillery, Capt. Charles B. Parkhurst, 
 Second Artillery, commanding. 
 
 The Fourth Artillery Band and a regiment of foot artiller}-, under the 
 command of Lieut. Col. John R. Myrick, Second Artillery, to be com- 
 posed as follows: 
 
 First Battalion: Batteries N, A, K, and G, Fourth Artillery, Maj. E. 
 Van A. Andrus, Fourth Artillery, commanding. 
 
 Second Battalion: Batteries D, E, L, and H, Fourth Artillery, Maj. 
 Henry W. Hubbell, Fourth Artillery, commanding. 
 
 Third Battalion: Batteries G, First Artillery; B, Seventh Artillery; 
 B, Second Artillery, and M, Sixth Artillery; Capt. John P. Wisser, 
 Seventh Artillery, commanding. 
 
 The above-mentioned troops will be under the command of Col. 
 Francis L. Guenther, Fourth Artillery. 
 
 Each foot battery will have, if possible, not less than two officers, and 
 will be of such strength as to form with a front of thirty-two files, exclu- 
 sive of guides. 
 
 The staff of the commander will be composed of his regimental staff 
 and a surgeon, whom he will select. The staff of the commander of the 
 regiment of foot artillery will be composed of two officers, whom he shall 
 select. Each battalion commander will select a commander adjutant. 
 
 The commanding officers of Fort Myer and Washington Barracks will 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 93 
 
 each cause one ambulance, properly manned and equipped, to be reported 
 to the surgeon with the commander of the troops for assignment. 
 
 Undress uniform with overcoats will be worn. 
 
 Upon determination of the duty contemplated, the troops will return 
 to their respective stations. 
 
 Further instructions concerning the hour and formation for the cere- 
 mony will be communicated in due season. 
 
 The Quartermaster's Department will furnish the transportation, and 
 the Subsistence Department the necessary subsistence. 
 
 By order of Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke: 
 
 M. V. Sheridan, 
 Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 
 ORDERS FOR DISTRICT NATIONAL GUARD. 
 
 The National Guard of the District of Columbia will assemble for 
 escort and parade duty on Wednesday, December 12, 1900, to participate 
 in the Centennial Celebration of the Establishment of the Seat of Govern- 
 ment in the District of Columbia. The brigade will assemble in close 
 columns, right in front, facing east, at 12.50 o'clock p. m., in Pennsyl- 
 vania avenue NW., head of column resting on Seventeenth street, the 
 order of formation to be as follows: 
 
 General staff and noncommissioned staff. 
 
 Brigade band. 
 
 Engineer corps. 
 
 Second regiment of infantry. 
 
 First regiment of infantry. 
 
 Corps of field music. 
 
 First separate battalion. 
 
 Signal corps. 
 
 Naval battalion. 
 
 Ambulance corps. 
 
 Undress uniform, with overcoats, forage caps, leggings, and white 
 gloves, will be worn; the naval battalion to be in its prescribed uniform. 
 
 All members of the general staff and noncommissioned staff, and all 
 regimental, field, and staff officers, will be mounted and will wear the 
 prescribed undress mounted uniform, with overcoats. 
 
 Commanding officers of companies will furnish their battalion adju- 
 tants with "morning reports" immediately after the parade is dismissed, 
 noting thereon the names of all officers and men absent from the parade 
 without leave. Commanding officers of regiments, separate battalions, 
 and separate companies, will furnish these headquarters with consolidated 
 morning reports before 10 o'clock a. m. of the 13th instant; will see 
 that all enlisted men absent without leave are properly dealt with, and 
 will report to these headquarters the names of all commissioned officers 
 so absent. / 
 
94 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 ORDERS FOR DISTRICT NAVAL BATTALION. 
 
 [Issued by Commander Robert P. Haines, commanding the naval battalion. District of Columbia 
 National Guard.] 
 
 The naval battalion will assemble on board the U. S. S. Fern at 
 9.30 o'clock a. m,, December 12, 1900; uniform blue, with overcoats 
 and leggings, ready to take up the line of march to the point of assembly 
 of the National Guard, at n o'clock, in the order of close column for- 
 mation, as follows: 
 
 Buglers and drummers, battalion staff, signal corps. 
 
 First division, equipped as infantry, with color guard on the left, 
 consisting of two petty officers and two men, armed with cutlasses. 
 
 Second division, equipped as artillery, 3-inch fieldpieces; staff, petty 
 officers, ambulance. 
 
 Divisional commanders will see that the men of their commands are 
 properly equipped, belts square, hats adjusted straight, leggings laeed the 
 entire length, arms cleaned and properly carried, and will furnish the 
 battalion adjutant with reports immediately after the parade is dismissed, 
 noting thereon the names of all officers and men absent without leave. 
 
 The executive officer will act as battalion adjutant. 
 
 In passing the east front of the Capitol, the salute will be executed 
 at the north line of the reviewing stand and maintained until the south 
 line of the stand is reached. Guide will be ' ' right. ' ' Distance between 
 divisions, eight paces. 
 
 After the parade the battalion will be marched to the Fern, and 
 prior to dismissal divisional commanders will see that all arms and 
 equipment, leggings, and pea-jackets are properly returned. 
 
 The men being called out under special orders, National Guard head- 
 quarters, those in Government employ will receive their pay, and be 
 provided with time certificates by the divisional officers. 
 
 ORDERS FOR METROPOLITAN POLICE. 
 [Issued by Maj. Richard Sylvester, Chief of Police.] 
 
 At 10 o'clock a. m. , December 12, 1900, a reception by the President of 
 the United States to the Governors will take place at the Executive 
 Mansion. In order that every facility may be afforded those going to 
 and coming therefrom, the full force under command of Sergeant Goss 
 will report to that officer at the Executive Mansion at 9.15 a. m., in full 
 dress, with white gloves, and an additional detail of 8 privates and 3 
 mounted men, in like attire, will report to the same officer at the time 
 and place mentioned. 
 
 Sergeant Goss will in the meantime report to Col. Theo. A. Bingham, 
 U. S. A. , for instructions. 
 
 At 1.30 o'clock p. m. a civil, military, and naval parade will take place 
 from the Executive Mansion to the United States Capitol. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 95 
 
 Pennsylvania avenue from Seventeenth street NW. to Fifteenth street, 
 to Pennsylvania avenue, to First street NW. will be roped, but the 
 parade will follow along First street to C street, to Delaware avenue, to 
 the Capitol grounds, where it will halt. At First street the President 
 and Cabinet and other distinguished guests will proceed by the roadway 
 through the north Capitol grounds, passing under the east Senate steps 
 and on to the basement east entrance, where they will alight and enter 
 the building. 
 
 At the close of the ceremonies at the Executive Mansion the 8 privates 
 detailed thereat will report to Lieutenant Boyle. The 3 mounted men 
 will flank the carriages of the President and party on the right next to 
 the curb, 20 paces apart. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyle will have 3 mounted men flank the carriages of the 
 President and part}' on the left, next to the curb, 20 paces apart. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyle will detail 6 privates to flank the same carriages on 
 right and left, who will preserve their positions next to the curb in 
 single file, 25 paces apart, and march to the Capitol. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyle will detail 2 mounted men to flank the carriages of 
 the visiting governors on right and left, to move with the parade. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyle will detail 2 mounted men at Seventeenth street to 
 flank the governors' staffs on right and left, who enter the line from 
 Eighteenth street. 
 
 A detail of 50 privates and 12 mounted men will report to Lieutenant 
 Boyle on Pennsylvania avenue north of the Executive grounds at 12.45 
 o'clock p. m. , these to include 8 privates and 3 mounted men heretofore 
 mentioned to report at the Executive Mansion at 9.15 a. m. With this 
 force he will clear Pennsylvania avenue from Fifteenth to Eighteenth 
 streets NW. of all unauthorized persons and vehicles at 1 o'clock p. m., 
 and further carry out the preceding instructions when the parade moves. 
 
 A detail of 60 privates will report to Lieutenant Amiss at Fifteenth 
 street and Pennsylvania avenue at 12.45 o'clock p. m., with which force 
 he will clear from Fifteenth street at New York avenue, Fifteenth street 
 and the avenue to Ninth street NW. at 1 o'clock p. m., all unauthorized 
 persons and vehicles. 
 
 A detail of 60 privates will report to Lieutenant Moore at 12.45 o'clock 
 p. m., at Ninth street and Pennsylvania avenue, with which force he 
 will clear the avenue from the west side of Ninth street to First street 
 NW. of all unauthorized persons and vehicles at 1 o'clock p. m. 
 
 When the carriages of the President and Cabinet officers leave the line 
 at First street to proceed through the Capitol grounds, as heretofore 
 stated, the mounted men and footmen flanking will continue through the 
 grounds and facilitate the parking of their carriages and return with 
 them in like order, except that the footmen will be dismissed to return 
 to their precincts, and 2 of the 6 mounted escort will report to Captain 
 Austin 4 remaining with the carriages. 
 
96 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 A detail of 20 privates will report to Lieutenant Heffner at First street 
 and Pennsylvania avenue at 12.45 o'clock p. m. , and at 1 o'clock clear 
 First street to C street, C street to Delaware avenue, of all unauthorized 
 persons and vehicles. 
 
 Lieutenants Swindells, Kenuey, Daley, and McCathran, mounted; 8 
 privates, mounted, and 90 footmen will report to Capt. M. A. Austin, 
 mounted, at the United States Capitol, at 1 o'clock p. m. 
 
 At 10 o'clock a. m. 9 footmen will report to Sergeant Kaucher at the 
 east front of the United States Capitol and clear the Senate east front 
 and House steps of all unauthorized persons, and allow no one to go 
 thereon from the street. 
 
 At 12.45 o'clock all unauthorized persons and vehicles will be cleared 
 from the driveway east of the Capitol between the building and the rope 
 on the east and B street north to B street south, except that the public 
 will be permitted to occupy the intermediate grass plats. 
 
 At the conclusion of the ceremonies in the Capitol the cavalry troop, 
 which will have massed west of the statue of Washington, will proceed 
 to accompany the President's carriage on its return to the Executive 
 Mansion, and the captain will see that the rope across the east side of 
 the grounds is opened in order to permit of the cavalry coming forward. 
 
 Sergeants Matthews and Harry and 14 mounted privates will report 
 to the major and superintendent of police at the corner of Twelfth street 
 and Pennsylvania avenue at 1 o'clock p. m. 
 
 After the parade has been reviewed at the Capitol a section of the 
 foregoing detail under Sergeant Harry will escort Lieutenant- General 
 Miles and staff to the War Department via B street south to First street, 
 to Pennsylvania avenue. 
 
 The other section of the mounted detail, under Sergeant Matthews, 
 will take position near the location of the President's carriage, and pre- 
 cede the platoon of cavalry which will act as escort to the Executive 
 Mansion at the close of the exercises in the Capitol. 
 
 All streets and avenues included in the route of parade must be closed 
 to traffic of all kinds and to unauthorized persons at 12.45 o'clock p. m. 
 
 The several lieutenants in charge along the line of parade will provide 
 and place ropes at intersecting streets, and no vehicles, excepting United 
 States mail wagons, will be permitted to cross the streets and avenues of 
 parade after 12.45 o'clock p. m. 
 
 Members of the press and telegraph messengers will have tickets per- 
 mitting them to cross the lines, and no exceptions will be made to others 
 except in case of emergency and by order of a lieutenant or sergeant. 
 
 Ambulances will be stationed as follows: 
 
 Emergency, at Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue NW. 
 
 Garfield, at Fifteenth street and New York avenue NW. 
 
 Freedmen's, at Thirteenth and E streets NW. 
 
 Police, at Ninth street and Pennsylvania avenue NW. 
 
Parade, and Review by the President. 97 
 
 Police, at Four-and-a-half street and Pennsylvania avenue NW. 
 
 Police, at Delaware avenue and B street NE. 
 
 Lieutenants will utilize patrol wagons as their judgment may dictate. 
 
 Citizens having police authority will assist the police, and may be 
 called upon for such purpose. 
 
 The command under Lieutenant Boyle will give the close of the parade 
 safe and clean conduct to Fifteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, 
 where the officers detailed to the first precinct will do likewise to Ninth 
 street, where the officers detailed to the sixth precinct will do likewise 
 to Delaware avenue. 
 
 Members of the force along the line of the parade, except at the Cap- 
 itol, will be dismissed as soon as practicable after the parade, but the 
 command at the Capitol will be subject to the orders of Captain Austin. 
 
 At 7 o'clock p. m. 40 privates, in dress coats and white gloves, and 6 
 mounted men will report to Lieutenant Boyle at the north entrance to 
 the Corcoran Art Gallery. 
 
 The lieutenant will arrange for cloaking the overcoats and belts at the 
 Gallery. 
 
 All- members of the force will wear white gloves during time of parade. 
 
 Members of the force are expected to be respectful, but firm, and per- 
 sons who are out of order or attempt to provoke trouble should be 
 arrested. 
 
 Orders for the day park the carriages of the President and Cabinet in 
 the southeast driveways at the Capitol, which may be reached readily by 
 B street south, and carriages of the governors will be parked in the 
 northeast driveways. 
 
 . All ropes along the route of parade, including supports, and at the 
 Capitol grounds will be removed by employees of the engineer depart- 
 ment immediately following the conclusion of the parade. 
 
 The many important details contributing to the successful 
 accomplishment of the plans for the parade were under the 
 charge of Hon. John B. Wight, chairman of the committee 
 on parade and decorations. The pun duality with which this 
 arduous part of the programme was carried out was very largely 
 due to his carefully-planned arrangements. The distribution 
 of the bands was so effected as to furnish a continuance of 
 music sufficient for the whole line, yet not in such excess as 
 to produce the discordance and confusion of step so commonly 
 noticeable on occasions of this kind. The engagement of the 
 bands was intrusted to Mr. T. F. Alvey, a member of the com- 
 mittee, and special reference is also made in Mr. Wight's 
 report to the efficient aid rendered under the supervision of 
 H. Doc. 552 7 
 
98 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Messrs. L. B. Cutler, Joseph Auerbach, B. M. Bridget, Charles 
 E. Kern, Isaac Gans, D. Agnew Greenlees, W. W." Danen- 
 hower, F. B. Pyle, E. S. Ford, W. F. Hart, and Oscar W. 
 White, who personally secured the decorations along the line 
 of march; Capt. Andrew Parker, for the organization of civic 
 escort; Mr. W. C. Allen, for his capable supervision of the 
 illuminations of Seventeenth street and the approach to 
 the Corcoran Gallery of Art; ancLMr. W. H. Rapley, for his 
 valuable assistance in placing the Governors and other dis- 
 tinguished guests in their respective positions in the parade. 
 
EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL. 
 
 At 3.30 o'clock, the hour appointed by law for a joint 
 convention of the Senate and House of Representatives to 
 celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment 
 of the permanent seat of Government in the District of 
 Columbia and of the first session of Congress held in the 
 permanent Capitol, the President of the United States with 
 the members of his Cabinet, the president pro tempore and 
 members of the United States Senate, the Chief Justice and 
 associate justices of the Supreme Court, the foreign ambas- 
 sadors and ministers to the United States, the governors of 
 the States and Territories, the Commissioners of the District 
 of Columbia and those entitled to admission to the floor, 
 entered the Hall of the House of Representatives, which 
 body was already in session. 
 
 Long before the hour of the ceremonies arrived, the galleries 
 had been filled with invited spectators, including in the press 
 gallery a large number of the most prominent journalists of 
 the country. The standing committee of correspondents in 
 charge of the press gallery, at the request of the citizens' 
 committee, extended the privileges of the gallery to the 
 members of the press committee. 
 
 The assemblage being seated, the Speaker, Hon. David B. 
 Henderson, of Iowa, arose and stated that under the provi- 
 sions of the law and in accordance with the programme 
 which had been arranged by duly appointed committees, it 
 became his duty to call the convention to order. This being 
 done, he requested the Chaplain of the Senate, Rev. Dr. 
 W. H. Milburn, to open the exercises with prayer. 
 
 99 
 
ioo Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Dr. Milbtirn delivered the following invocation: 
 
 We praise Thee, we worship Thee, we give thanks to Thee, O Lord 
 God, Heavenly King, God the Father Almighty. 
 
 Thus have Thy people in all ages of our era chanted or said the 
 angels' song; and we, in this latest birth of time, come to join our 
 hearts and voices in this latest ascription of honors to Thee. Especially 
 are we moved to this devotion when we behold the marvels which Thou 
 hast wrought in this our country within the last hundred 3^ears; a 
 nation of 3,000,000 people, huddled in lowly places of residence, grown 
 to well-nigh four score millions and one of the powers of the earth; and 
 this city, from an insignificant and almost squalid village, grown to be 
 one of the fairest and stateliest capitals of the world, challenging the 
 admiration and the homage of all well-informed and traveled people. 
 
 For these Thy gifts and the promises which the} 7 contain, we join in 
 the angels' song — 
 
 Glory to God in the mghest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. 
 
 And now we humbly ask Thy blessing upon this notable assembly; 
 upon the first and most eminent citizen of the land, our honored Presi- 
 dent, and the members of his official f amity; upon the Chief Justice and 
 associate justices of the Supreme Court; upon the President and all 
 members of the Senate; upon the Speaker and all members of the 
 House of Representatives; upon the chief men of the Army and Navy 
 of the country; upon the gathering of Governors, the heads of the sov- 
 ereign States of this great Republic; upon all who are engaged in the 
 making, the interpretation, and the execution of the laws. 
 
 Nor would we forget the public-spirited citizens who have moved in 
 this matter and brought it to so admirable a conclusion. And we hum- 
 bly come to Thee, in our hearts and best desires asking Thy blessing 
 upon the ambassadors and ministers of the foreign nations and powers 
 with whom we are at peace and amit3'. And upon this great concourse 
 of men and women who represent the masses of our country from sea to 
 sea let Thy loving kindness descend and abide. 
 
 And so, moved in heart with unutterable gratitude for all Thy benefits, 
 we cry "Alleluia, for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth!" 
 
 All of which, in praise and prayer to Thee, we offer in the name and 
 mediation of our blessed Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen. 
 
 The Speaker then introduced the President pro tempore of 
 the Senate, Hon. William P. Frye, of Maine, to preside over 
 the exercises of the convention, who, after briefly stating the 
 purpose for which the assemblage had met, called upon the 
 Hon. James D. Richardson, a Representative from the State 
 of Tennessee, to deliver an address on the subject of "the 
 transfer of the national capital from Philadelphia." 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 101 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. JAMES D. RICHARDSON. 
 
 Mr. President : It is a matter of the sincerest congratulation to us 
 all on this auspicious occasion that there is assembled in this historic 
 Chamber, the official home of the representatives of the people, this 
 splendid audience, comprising in part the Governors of the States, the 
 Lieutenant-Geueral of the Army, the Admiral of the Navy, detachments 
 of the Arm}-, Navy, Marine Corps, and National State Guards; the 
 Commissioners of the District of Columbia; the diplomatic corps, resident 
 with us ; the members of the several courts of the District of Columbia, 
 the Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court, the Senate, 
 and, with his Cabinet of constitutional advisers, the Chief Magistrate of 
 our beloved country. 
 
 The occasion for bringing together so large a number of illustrious 
 public men and officials can not be without great national significance. 
 As a nation we have just emerged from a fierce contest between the dif- 
 ferent parties for political supremacy, which was characterized in most 
 quarters by manly warfare. This political struggle ended as similar 
 contests have heretofore had their sequel, in bringing unhappy regrets 
 and disappointments to many, while it brought contentment and joy to 
 others. It is a source of pride to every patriotic American who loves his 
 country and her institutions that, when these periodical battles come 
 around, although the conflict may have raged with desperation while 
 the heat of the struggle was on, yet when the victory is won, "liberty 
 has not lost but gained in strength," and ever}' man, from the highest 
 to the humblest in the land, dutifully accepts the result and loyally 
 upholds the verdict reached. But the cause of our coming together is 
 wholly apart from our recent contest. We are here to take part in a 
 highly interesting ceremony — ' ' the celebration of the centennial anni- 
 versary of the establishment of the seat of government in the District 
 of Columbia." 
 
 The first Congress under the Constitution assembled in the city of 
 New York in 1789. One of the first questions which engrossed the 
 attention of the Congress and the country was, Where shall the seat of 
 government be located? This question was debated with acrimony and 
 bitterness, and in the minds of some of the participants therein much 
 sectional feeling was engendered. Such subjects always excite warmth 
 in debate and more or less of irritation. It has been charged that the 
 location of the capital was the result of a bargain between the contend- 
 ing sides in the Congress. If it was not an express bargain, it was the 
 direct result of a compromise between the factions. The plan of com- 
 promising for a result so early instituted in our history has never been 
 abandoned, and I fear is too often resorted to by those who are looking 
 out for special objects. Alexander Hamilton, in his full manhood, with 
 all his ability, was then endeavoring to have Congress assume the debts 
 of the several States of the Union, which had come to them as legacies of 
 
102 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the great Revolution. He eloquently maintained that the public debt 
 was "the price of liberty." His plan of assumption was rejected by 
 Congress. The excitement resulting therefrom ran so high and the 
 public feeling was so greatly embittered it seemed that the experiment 
 of a general government had failed. It was said that Congress assem- 
 bled thereafter eve^ morning as usual, but only to adjourn at once, as 
 the two sides were "too much out of -temper to do business together." 
 The question was largely the North versus the South; centralization 
 against the rights and dignity of the State governments. Hamilton 
 refused to submit to the verdict reached, and kept up his fight, while 
 Madison and those who stood with him resolutely resisted him. Late in 
 his life Mr. Madison, in giving his version of this parting of company 
 with Hamilton , said that ' ' the purpose of the latter was to commit the 
 Government to a polic)' totally different from that which he and I both 
 knew perfect^ well had been understood and intended by the convention 
 which framed the Constitution and by the people in adopting it." 
 
 In the emergenc}^ upon them a compromise was effected, the details of 
 which I will omit, but the result was that Hamilton and his friends car- 
 ried assumption, and the capital was located on the Potomac. Prior to 
 this action a measure had almost gone through Congress to fix the seat 
 of government at Wrights Ferry, on the Susquehanna. This place is 
 within the State of Pennsylvania and within the Congressional district 
 represented by Mr. Zeigler. It is now known as Wrightsville. By a 
 census of this town which I remember to have seen not very many years 
 ago, it contained "two sawmills and 1,310 inhabitants." 
 
 We learn that the members from New England and New York agreed 
 in proposing Wrights Ferry, and claimed it was the point nearest the 
 center of population and wealth, and that it would remain so indefinitely. 
 For many days this location appeared to have a better chance of becom- 
 ing the capital than either Harrisburg, Baltimore, New York, German- 
 town, Philadelphia, or any other place proposed. Wrights Ferry was 
 shown in the debate to be the veritable "hub of the universe," a region 
 favored by nature above all others. One gentleman advocating the loca- 
 tion there claimed that not merely the soil, the water, and the "advan- 
 tages of nature were unsurpassed," but he said — 
 
 "If honorable gentlemen were disposed to pay much attention to a 
 dish of fish, he could assure them their table might be furnished with 
 fine and good from the waters of the Susquehanna." 
 
 Mr. Madison favored the shores of the Potomac as the place, and 
 insisted the location should be in a central position, geographically 
 speaking. The first reason assigned by him was that the Government 
 would expend probably a half million dollars, and every citizen should 
 partake of this advantage as equally as nature had rendered it possible. 
 And further he said — 
 
 "If it were possible to promulgate our laws by some instantaneous 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 103 
 
 operation, it would be of less consequence in that point of view where the 
 Government might be placed." 
 
 Upon a vote being taken in the House the advocates of Wrights Ferry 
 on the Susquehanna triumphed, but the Senate amended the bill by- 
 inserting " German town." The House would not accept the amend- 
 ment, and the session ended without an agreement. The subject was 
 brought forward again in the spring of 1790, and after something of a 
 repetition of the proceedings of the former session the compromise was 
 made by which it was agreed that assumption should prevail and that 
 the capital should go permanently to the southern location on the bank 
 of the Potomac. Accordingly, on July 16, 1790, Congress passed the act 
 which provided, among other things, "that a district of territory not 
 exceeding 10 miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river 
 Potomac at some place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and 
 Conogocheague, be, and the same is hereby, accepted for the permanent 
 seat of the Government of the United States. ' ' 
 
 And further provided ' ' that prior to the first Monday in December 
 next all offices attached to the seat of Government of the United States 
 shall be removed to, and until the first said Monday in December in the 
 year 1800, shall remain at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Penn- 
 s)dvania, at which place the session of Congress next ensuing to the 
 present shall be held." 
 
 The act was amended March 3, 1791, by which it was provided that 
 the lines were to be so run as to include a portion of the territory below 
 the mouth of the Eastern Branch. It was also provided that the public 
 buildings should be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac River. 
 
 Mr. Hamilton and his followers were made happy by the passage of 
 the assumption act, the national credit was established and made sure, 
 and has never since been shaken — except temporarily — and we all trust 
 is destined to stand unimpaired so long as the Republic survives. 
 The hopes of the other localities — Harrisburg, Baltimore, New York, 
 Germantown, and Wrights Ferry — to become the seat of Government 
 were forever blasted, and Philadelphia was put off by being given a 
 temporary blessing of ten years' short duration. 
 
 The preparations for the removal began at an early date after the 
 passage of the act of January 16, 1790. Under the law three commis- 
 sioners were appointed by the President on January 22, 1791, to survey 
 the territory for the District. The States of Maryland and Virginia, 
 respectively, having passed acts of cession, the survey was made, and on 
 March 30, 1791, the President, by formal proclamation, declared and 
 made known the territory 10 miles square for the District. 
 
 On September 18, 1793, the corner stone of the Capitol building was 
 laid by President Washington with imposing ceremonies. A procession, 
 consisting — with others — of Free Masons and of the military and civil 
 authorities, took appropriate parts in these ceremonies. The Masons 
 
104 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 were represented by the Grand Lodge of Maryland and by Lodge No. 
 22, of Alexandria, Va. Washington delivered an address. After the 
 ceremonies ended all partook of a barbecue feast prepared for the 
 occasion. 
 
 In pursuance of law, in May, 1800, the ten years having expired, 
 the archives and general offices of the Federal Government were removed 
 to Washington, and hence my subject to-day, "The transfer of the 
 national capital from Philadelphia to Washington." I need not go 
 further than I have, as my subject does not require it, into the assign- 
 ment of reasons why the capital was transferred to Washington, the 
 motives which caused the removal, and the arguments which were 
 potential in bringing it about. I shall not recite at length the details of 
 the removal. We learn that on May 28, 1800, a notice was posted on 
 the office door of the Secretary of State in Philadelphia, of which the 
 following is a copy: 
 
 ' ' The office of the Department of State will be removed this day from 
 Philadelphia. All letters and applications are therefore to be addressed 
 to that Department at the city of Washington from this date. ' ' 
 
 President Adams had left Philadelphia the preceding day, and made 
 the journey to Washington overland. The books, papers, furniture, etc., 
 of the Government were brought by water transportation and landed at 
 one of the wharves and thence carted to the several offices. Washington 
 was then a mere village and poorly prepared to entertain the officers of 
 the Government, although the number was small. The employees for 
 the first year in the new city apportioned among the Departments were 
 as follows: State Department, 8 clerks; Treasury Department, 75; War 
 Department, 17; Navy Department, 16; and Post-Office Department, 10, 
 making in all 126 clerks. The total sum paid in salaries in that year 
 was $125,881. 
 
 The population of this city was estimated to be about 3,000. The 
 statistics show that on May 15, 1800; there were 109 brick and 253 
 framed houses in the city. One gentleman describing it said: " It is the 
 best city in the world for a future residence." 
 
 And he added: "We want nothing here but houses, cellars, kitchens, 
 well-informed men, amiable women, and other little trifles of this kind 
 to make our city perfect. ' ' 
 
 Although this description was given to the public, we are not informed 
 that anyone made protest against the classification of well-informed men 
 and amiable women with cellars and kitchens, and the characterization 
 of all of them as small trifles. Another gentleman, writing to his friend, 
 announced that he was thoroughly .reconciled to the change from Phila- 
 delphia to Washington. He said: 
 
 ' ' Provisions are plenty, good enough, and cheaper than in Philadelphia. 
 You can buy a peck of field strawberries for a 5 -penny bit, and garden 
 at 1 1 cents a quart. Vegetation is at least two weeks earlier than in 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 105 
 
 Philadelphia. The situation is beautiful, and this season is extremely 
 pleasant. For myself I do not regret the removal." 
 
 It is a matter of some regret that this writer of history did not tell us 
 whether it was because strawberries were earlier and cheaper here, or 
 because the situation was more beautiful and the climate more salubrious 
 than in Philadelphia, that he was constrained not to regret the transfer. 
 
 The removal was an epoch in the life of the young nation. It was 
 somewhat akin to that interesting and highly important event in the life 
 of the youthful bride and groom when they choose their home and settle 
 down permanently under their own roof-tree to fight the battle of life 
 and work out their destiny. We know that the actors in this removal 
 came hither with a resolute will to lay broad and deep the foundations 
 of the republic which is to endure while time lasts; a republic which 
 rests upon the Declaration of 1776 and the sublime principle it happily 
 inculcates, that governments are instituted among men to secure certain 
 unalienable rights, the chiefest of which are life, liberty, and happiness, 
 and that they derive their just powers from the consent of the governed; 
 a republic the asylum for the oppressed of all nations; a republic the 
 counselor, guide, and model of lovers of liberty everywhere; a republic 
 the friend and wellwisher of all nations, the ally of none. 
 
 They came to build a city not only beautiful to look upon and delight- 
 ful to reside in, but which for works of art shall surpass Rome herself; 
 for universities, colleges, and other educational opportunities shall equal 
 the capital of the German Empire; and in all things that go to make 
 a capital lovely, charming, and attractive to the eye, shall outstrip the 
 renowned city of France. 
 
 At the date of this removal the limits of our country were exceed- 
 ingly narrow. The Mississippi River was the western boundary, and we 
 had no outlet on the south to the Gulf. The young nation was then 
 hemmed in on the north by the Great Lakes and on the east by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, of all of which England was the proud master; by 
 the Mississippi on the west, beyond which lay the possessions of France, 
 the strongest power of Europe. Those possessions were then— 
 
 A solitude of vast extent, untouched 
 By hand of art; where nature sowed herself 
 And reaped her crops. 
 
 On the south Spain held the territory between us and the Gulf. 
 Within these narrow limits the young nation was held and confined like 
 a caged lion when the fierce contest came for supremacy in the Union 
 between the two great political parties of that date, the Republican under 
 Jefferson and Madison, and the Federalist under Adams and Hamilton. 
 This contest was raging with bitterness during the year 1800, and reached 
 a climax on March 4, 1801, in the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as 
 the third President of the United States. The removal was within less 
 than a twelvemonth from the death of Washington, the hero, warrior, 
 
106 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 and patriot of the Revolution. The country had not been able to recover 
 from the shock and had not had time to react from the period of sadness 
 and gloom caused by the intelligence of his death, which had not only 
 sent a thrill of emotion throughout the length and breadth of America, 
 but in whose honor the mighty fleets of England lowered their uncon- 
 quered flag, and in whose memory the young soldier of France, then 
 in the first flush of his glory, ordered his victorious standards veiled in 
 crape. 
 
 The archives and general offices of the Government having been 
 removed to this city in May, on November 17, 1800, the Congress met 
 in Washington for the first time, and assumed the exclusive control of 
 the city and the District of Columbia. Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson 
 was the commander of the United States Army. Oliver Ellsworth was 
 the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams, though recently 
 defeated for reelection, was President, and in his annual message to 
 Congress gave especial emphasis to the importance of the removal hence 
 of the capital and the founding of the city of Washington. He uttered 
 a deeply impressive and profoundh 7 beautiful invocation for the pros- 
 perity and well-being of the city and its inhabitants. He said : 
 
 ' ' May this territory be the residence of virtue and happiness. In this 
 city ma}' that piety and virtue, that wisdom and magnanimity, that con- 
 stancy and self-government which adorned the great character whose 
 name it bears be forever held in veneration. Here and throughout our 
 country may simple manners, pure morals, and true religion flourish 
 forever. ' ' 
 
 Addressing himself to the Congress, he added : 
 
 "You will consider it as the capital of a great nation, advancing with 
 unexampled rapidity in arts, in commerce, in wealth, and in population, 
 and possessing within itself those energies and resources which, if not 
 thrown away or lamentabty misdirected, will secure to it a long course 
 of prosperity and self-government." 
 
 The President and the Congress expressed regret that Washington 
 did not live to enjoy having his sum of earthly happiness made complete 
 by seeing the Government peaceably convened at Washington City. 
 The present Chief Executive of the nation, who, I have already stated, 
 honors this occasion by his presence, in his annual message in December, 
 1898, discussing this anniversary, said : 
 
 ' ' The original plans of the city of Washington have been wrought 
 out with a constant progress and a signal success even beyond anything 
 their framers could have foreseen. The people of the country are justly 
 proud of the distinctive beaut}' and government of the capital, and of the 
 rare instruments of science and education which here find their natural 
 home. ' ' 
 
 We stand to-day one hundred years from the date of the removal of 
 the capital to this city. Within this period what phenomenal develop- 
 
Exercises at tlic Capitol. 107 
 
 ment of our country has been witnessed. Our population has increased 
 from about 5,000,000 to over 76,000,000. Our wealth as a nation has 
 enhanced to more than $90,000,000,000, making us the richest in the 
 world. Products of our mines and manufactures exceed those of any 
 other land or people. Our laboring classes are blessed with more com- 
 forts and with fairer prospects for themselves and their children than 
 they have ever elsewhere been blessed. Our commerce has flourished 
 most abundantly, and a widespread well-being has richly rewarded the 
 industry of the nation. The number of the States has increased from 
 16 to 45 and the people have multiplied fifteenfold. Our territory has 
 been added to until from about 900,000 square miles in 1800 our area, 
 including Alaska, is more than 3,500,000 square miles, to say nothing 
 of our possibilities in another hemisphere. The desert has been made to 
 bloom into a garden, towns and cities have sprung up all over our Union 
 like the famed palaces of Aladdin, and all the discoveries of science have 
 been as genii of the. lamp to our people. Along the lines of invention 
 and progress which intimately affect the life and civilization of the world, 
 triumphs have been achieved and wonders accomplished, the equal, if 
 not the superior, of all the former centuries combined. The numberless 
 material and intellectual achievements have contributed in many marvel- 
 ous ways to the magical advancement and real comfort of the human 
 race. And on and on, forever and forever, we are destined to go, each 
 decade of years bringing new and larger blessings to humanity. 
 
 May we not conclude that the prayer of President Adams has been 
 most generously answered? Comparing this capital, our capital, with 
 that of any other country, may we not boast that it is the abode of virtue 
 and happiness, that it holds in veneration that piety and virtue, that 
 wisdom and magnanimity, that constancy and self-government which 
 adorned the great character whose name it bears? 
 
 On this happy occasion, with all these felicitous surroundings, let us 
 renew his invocation, and with especial emphasis pray God that not only 
 in this beautiful capital, but that throughout the length and breadth of 
 the Union, simple manners, pure morals, arid true religion may forever 
 flourish; that our glorious Republic shall continue its advance in arts, 
 in commerce, in wealth, and in population; and that it will never discard 
 nor throw, away those energies and resources, those unique and peculiar 
 characteristics, which so distinguish it from other nations of the earth, 
 and which secure and guarantee to us unsurpassed strength, unrivaled 
 happiness, and unequaled prosperity. 
 
 The presiding officer then introduced the Hon. Sereno B. 
 Payne, a Representative from the State of New York, the 
 subject of whose address was the "Establishment of the Seat 
 of Government in the District of Columbia." 
 
108 Establisliment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. SORENO E. PAYNE. 
 
 Mr. President: On the occasion of the first general debate that I 
 ever heard in Congress I was surprised to see that the first speaker pre- 
 sented the facts in the case and those who followed upon the same side 
 merely elaborated. Now, should it happen that I refer to any fact 
 alluded to by the first speaker on this occasion, I hope you will not take 
 it for granted that I have fallen into this bad habit, but that I am 
 simply following the subject given by the committee, and which seems 
 to run somewhat in the same line. 
 
 The establishment of the seat of government in the District of Colum- 
 bia is the work of more than a century. The causes that led up to it 
 and the selection of a place that was almost a wilderness as the capital 
 city of a great nation are unique in the history of the nations. Ancient 
 capitals were each the seat of all that was best in literature and art. In 
 later days London, Paris, and Berlin were cities foremost in commerce, 
 population, and wealth long before the)' each became in turn the capital 
 of a powerful nation. Our fathers located the seat of government in 
 the open fields ' ' where the trees were yet growing and the streets 
 unsurveyed. " Time has long since made it great in literature and art. 
 
 If they had followed historic precedent, New York or Philadelphia 
 would have been chosen. The former was great in population, in 
 wealth, and in enterprise. It stood at the gatewa3^ of commerce, for- 
 eign and domestic. It then gave promise of that which the closing 
 century almost witnesses, an advance to the position of the first city in 
 the world. The latter, situate on one of the natural highwa) r s of the 
 country, near the center of population, was great in commercial and 
 material things; but was far greater as the birthplace and cradle of 
 American liberty. 
 
 Each of these cities had in turn furnished a temporary seat of govern- 
 ment for the federation of the States. Each had offered to donate suit- 
 able grounds and buildings for the Federal house; an offer of no little 
 consequence in view of our bankrupt treasury. 
 
 Other cities — Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton, Trenton, and 
 Annapolis — had furnished a temporary refuge to the Continental Con- 
 gress in the varying vicissitudes of the war, and each had its claim on 
 the grateful patriotism of our people. Each of these cities had extended 
 a hospitable welcome, and quickly matured plans to give to the Congress 
 a permanent abiding place. 
 
 After the close of the war, and as early as 1783, the discussion concern- 
 ing a place for the permanent seat of government began. The people 
 tired of a roving capital; indeed, all necessity for this had ceased; there 
 was no longer danger of the capture of our lawmakers in any part of the 
 "States." 
 
 Looking back, after more than a century has passed, it is difficult to 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 109 
 
 realize the bitterness and acrimony of the debate. State after State 
 came forward with the offer of a " suitable place. ' ' New York urged 
 Kingston; Rhode Island, Newport; Maryland, Annapolis; New Jersey, 
 Trenton; and Virginia, Williamsburg; but Congress rejected all. Then 
 it was that the cities of New York and Philadelphia offered buildings for 
 a Federal house, and "Baltimore Town" proposed to erect such build- 
 ings as the Government should require if assured that the capital would 
 be located there. At least half of the thirteen States were pressing for 
 the location of the capital within their own borders. 
 
 In June, 1783, an incident happened in Philadelphia which caused not 
 only the removal of Congress from that city, but doubtless destroyed all 
 hope of locating the capital permanently in a large city. Some unpaid 
 soldiers, who had become mutinous, threatened and insulted the Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress. The local authorities failed to suppress the riot, 
 and Congress in consequence beat a masterly but hasty retreat. 
 
 In October of that year Elbridge Gerry offered a resolution to erect 
 buildings for the use of Congress on either the Potomac or the Delaware 
 River, provided a site suitable for a Federal city could be secured on 
 either river. In April, 1784, this resolution was modified, providing for 
 the erection of such buildings on both of the rivers. But this was all 
 finally repealed on the -26th of April. In the following October Con- 
 gress passed a resolution to select a place either in the State of New 
 Jersey or in Maryland. The next day they appointed a committee to 
 examine a site on the Delaware River, and soon thereafter another com- 
 mittee ' ' to examine and report on a location at or near the lower falls of 
 the Potomac." This committee discharged its duties, but years elapsed 
 before Congress passed upon it. It was as difficult for Congress to make 
 up its mind in those days on the location of the seat of government as it 
 has been during the last decade to locate a site for one of our magnificent 
 Government buildings in the city of Washington. The discussion con- 
 tinued with no abatement of zeal and earnestness down to 1790. 
 
 In the Constitutional Convention Mr. Madison moved to add to the 
 enumerated powers of Congress a proposition, which was afterwards' 
 molded into the provision as it now appears in the Constitution of the 
 United States, giving to Congress the power ' ' to exercise exclusive 
 legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding 10 
 miles square) as may by cession of particular States and the acceptance 
 of Congress become the seat of government of the United States. ' ' At 
 the first session of Congress under the Constitution the subject of the 
 establishment of a seat of government was undertaken in earnest; 
 
 Mr. Scott,, of Pennsylvania, on the 27th of August, 1789, introduced 
 a resolution that expresses briefly the considerations that were to control 
 the location of the seat of government, viz: "That a permanent resi- 
 dence ought to be fixed for the General Government of the United 
 States at some convenient place as near the center of wealth, population, 
 
no Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 and extent of territo^ as may be consistent with convenience to the 
 navigation of the Atlantic Ocean and have due regard to the particular 
 situation of the Western country. ' ' We have no record of the debate in 
 the Senate, but the debate in the House involved some curious features. 
 It was urged in favor of immediate decision that the settling of the 
 question of the capital would form a new bond of union. On the other 
 hand, it was urged that such a course might start a question upon which 
 the very existence and peace of the Union might depend. 
 
 Fisher Ames doubted whether the Government could stand the shock 
 of such a measure, which involved as many passions as the human heart 
 could display. A motion to postpone the question to the next session 
 was defeated, and it was made the order for September 3. New York 
 and New England, in the meantime, and a portion of New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania, formed a combine in favor of " some convenient place on 
 the east bank of the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania." Mr. Lee, of Vir- 
 ginia, offered a substitute providing for ' ' a place as nearly central as a 
 convenient communication with the Atlantic Ocean and an eas} r access to 
 the Western territory will permit. ' ' The southern members protested 
 against the decision until North Carolina, with her five votes in the 
 House and two in the Senate, should be admitted into the Union. The 
 debate over these propositions was sectional and acrimonious. 
 
 Apparently the question was regarded so important as to involve seri- 
 ous menace to the Union. Mr. Madison opposed the Susquehanna as 
 not navigable, and urged the importance of communication with the 
 Western territory, alleging that by the Potomac the way to the West was 
 more certain and convenient than the other, with wholly unobstructed 
 communication with the sea. One of the unique speeches of the occasion 
 was by Mr. Vining, of Delaware, who said: "I confess to the House and 
 to the world that, viewing this subject with all its circumstances, I am in 
 favor of the Potomac. I wish the seat of government fixed there because 
 I think the interest, the honor, and the greatness of this country require 
 it. I look on it as the center from which those streams are to flow 
 that are to animate and invigorate the body politic. From thence, it 
 appears to me, the rays of government will most naturally diverge to the 
 extremities of the Union. I declare that I look on the Western territory 
 in an awful and striking point of view. To that region the unpolished 
 sons of earth are flowing from all quarters, men to whom the protection 
 of the laws and the controlling force of the Government are equally 
 necessary. From this great consideration I conclude that the banks of 
 the Potomac are the proper station." 
 
 This, as a sample of buncombe oratory, has seldom been surpassed in 
 Congress since' that day. As the debate waxed warmer it became more 
 acrimonious. Mr. Lee, of Virginia, said: "If it should now be found 
 that confederacies of States east of Pennsylvania were formed, to unite 
 their councils for their particular interests, disregarding the Southern 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. in 
 
 States, they would be alarmed, and the faith of all south of the Potomac 
 would be shaken. Virginia had not solicited Congress to place the seat 
 of government in her State, only contending that the interests of the 
 Southern and Western country should be consulted;" and he declared 
 ' ' that these interests would be sacrificed if Congress fixed on any place 
 but the Potomac." 
 
 Mr. Madison said that ' ' if the declarations and proceedings of this day 
 had been brought into view in the convention of Virginia which adopted 
 the Federal Constitution, he firmly believed Virginia might not have 
 been a part of the Union at this moment." Mr. Sedgwick asked " if it 
 was contended that the majority should not govern? Are we to be told 
 that an important State would not have joined the Union had they 
 known what would have been the proceedings in this House?" Mr. 
 Madison replied that all he asked was time for free deliberation. ' ' While 
 I acknowledge that the majority ought to govern, they have no authority 
 to debar the minority from the constitutional right of free debate." 
 
 This induced Mr. Ames to say that the House was ready to vote, and 
 that while he had no doubt of the patriotism and good intentions of the 
 gentlemen from Virginia, they seem to be engaged with a degree of 
 eagerness which none else seemed to feel. They seemed to think the 
 banks of the Potomac a paradise, and that river an Euphrates. Mr. Burke, 
 of South Carolina, charged that a league had been formed between the 
 Northern States and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Fitzsimmons, of Pennsylvania, denied this, as did also Mr. Wads- 
 worth, of Connecticut, who said he did not dare to go to the Potomac; 
 he feared that the whole of New England would consider the Union as 
 destroyed. 
 
 The matter going over to the following day, Mr. Madison again urged 
 the importance of a central location. He said: "If it were possible to 
 promulgate our laws by some simultaneous operation, it would be of less 
 consequence where the Government might be placed; but if time is nec- 
 essary for this purpose, we ought, as far as possible, to put every part 
 of the community on a level." 
 
 If Mr. Madison had lived a century later he would have witnessed the 
 instantaneous communication of the doings of Congress to all parts of 
 the country, and might not have urged with such vehemence the selec- 
 tion of a " central location ' ' on the banks of the Potomac. 
 
 Finally the House adopted a resolution authorizing the President to 
 appoint three commissioners to locate the most eligible situation on the 
 Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Senate by a tie vote, Vice-President Adams giving the deciding 
 vote in the affirmative, located the permanent capital in a district of ten 
 miles square at Germantown, Pa. Subsequently in the House the Sen- 
 ate's amendment was agreed to with an amendment continuing the laws 
 of Pennsylvania in force within the ceded district until Congress should 
 
ii2 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 otherwise provide. This amendment, which was unnecessary from every 
 point of view, took the bill back to the Senate for concurrence, and as 
 only one day remained in the Senate the bill finally failed for want of 
 action. This measure was not revived afterwards, and it was only this 
 narrow chance that prevented Germautown, instead of Washington, from 
 becoming the Federal city. 
 
 In July, 1790, the act was finally passed that gave to Washington the 
 sole power to select the Federal Territory, "not exceeding 10 miles 
 square on the river Potomac, at some space between the mouth of the 
 Eastern Branch and the Conococheague, for the permanent seat of gov- 
 ernment of the United States. ' ' This new seat was to be ready for use 
 in 1800, and during the meantime the "Federal Town" was to be 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 But this site was not selected without much tribulation. When the 
 District of Columbia was chosen , North Carolina had come into the Union 
 and cast her votes for the proposition. But even then the measure 
 would have failed but for the political shrewdness of Hamilton and Jef- 
 ferson. The former had brought forward his great measure of finance 
 for the assumption by the nation of the debts incurred by the several 
 States in maintaining the Revolutionary war, amounting to $20,000,000. 
 The bill had been defeated in the House, after a fierce struggle, by an 
 overwhelming vote, and Hamilton, believing that the very existence of 
 the Union depended upon the reconsideration and passage of this crown- 
 ing work of his financial greatness and statesmanship, was making 
 strenuous endeavors to accomplish that result. Virginia and the South 
 had voted against it. Hamilton proposed a compromise. Jefferson 
 should help pass the assumption act, and Hamilton, as a quid pro quo, 
 should bring over enough votes to put through the act locating the seat 
 of government on the Potomac. How this was brought about let Jeffer- 
 son tell in his own words : 
 
 " I proposed to him (Mr. Hamilton) to dine with me the next day, 
 and I would invite another friend or two and bring them into conference 
 together, and I thought it impossible that reasonable men, consulting 
 together coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form 
 a compromise which would save the Union. The discussion took place. 
 It was finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to 
 the rejection of this proposition, the preservation of the Union and of 
 concord among the States was more important, and that therefore it 
 would be better that the vote of rejection should be rescinded, to effect 
 which some members should change their votes. 
 
 ' ' But it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the 
 Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted 
 to sweeten it a little to them. There had before been propositions to 
 fix the seat of government either at Philadelphia or at Georgetown, on 
 the Potomac, and it was thought by giving it to Philadelphia for ten 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 113 
 
 years arid to Georgetown permanently afterwards this might, as an 
 anodyne, calm, in some degree, the ferment which might be excited by 
 the other measure alone. So two of the Potomac members (White and 
 Lee, but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed 
 to change their votes, and Hamilton undertook to carry the other point. 
 In doing this the influence he had established over the Eastern members, 
 with the agency of Robert Morris with those of the Middle States, 
 effected his side of the engagement; and so the assumption act was 
 passed, and twenty millions of stock divided among favored States and 
 thrown in as a pabulum to the stockjobbing herd." 
 
 This incident removes some of the glamour which time has thrown 
 over the acts of the "fathers," and reveals them to us as human beings, 
 no better than the politicians of to-day. Surely it is not the highest 
 type of legislative integrity that characterizes this historical episode. It 
 goes far to reconcile us to the definition of a statesman as being a poli- 
 tician who is dead. But we can forgive this bit of "log rolling" when 
 we reflect that it saved a threatened rupture of the Union. 
 
 Washington acted promptly, and reported to Congress a location of 
 the District as originally laid out, thereby exceeding the limits of the 
 act of Congress by taking territory below the mouth of the Eastern 
 Branch. Congress legalized this by a subsequent act of ratification. 
 That Washington displayed his usual good judgment and foresight in 
 the selection of the seat of government it is needless to say in this pres- 
 ence. Our fathers ' ' took to the woods ' ' for a seat of government, but 
 they laid the foundation for magnificent possibilities. 
 
 The place was near the center of the population, stood at the head of 
 navigation, and at what Washington believed to be the pathway to the 
 West. It was his judgment that the commerce of the great Western 
 territory would follow down and along the banks of the Potomac River 
 to tide water at Georgetown, and thence on the river itself to the Atlantic 
 Ocean. That this prophecy of his was not fulfilled has been the fault of 
 the steam railway, supplanting the river and canal, and the more rapid 
 development of the commerce of the Northwestern States, forcing other 
 outlets to the sea. 
 
 The original act referred to this territory as the ' ' Seat of Govern- 
 ment. ' ' Washington called it the ' ' Federal City. ' ' But the commission 
 which he appointed called it the "City of Washington, in the Territory 
 of Columbia." Finally Congress named it the " District of Columbia." 
 
 But this action of Congress did not place the matter beyond all question 
 or dispute. Virginia voted $120,000 in money, and Maryland $72,000 
 as a free gift toward the erection of buildings. The owners of the prop- 
 erty in the District of Columbia conveyed all the streets and parks free 
 and reserved one-half of the lots and granted the other half to the United 
 States. These lots were offered for sale by the Government to raise the 
 necessary funds to build the Government buildings. But the sales were 
 H. Doc. 552 8 
 
ii4 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 slow and the money was not forthcoming. Washington applied to the 
 State of Maryland for a loan. Maryland granted a loan of $100,000, but 
 took good care to require the personal security of the commissioners of 
 the District of Columbia. How vastly has our national credit improved 
 in a hundred years! 
 
 The commissioners employed Major l'Enfant, a French engineer and a 
 friend of Jefferson, to lay out the city. He adopted the plan of Versailles, 
 the seat of the Government of France, as a basis for his work. The 
 admirable location of the Capitol and the White House is due to him. 
 Fortunate would it have been had a Governor Shepherd been one' of the 
 commissioners, as from his plan, developed a century later, all south of 
 the Pennsylvania avenue to the Potomac River would have been a vast 
 and beautiful park, while the Department buildings would have fronted 
 this avenue from the north side. It was to the credit of this great 
 engineer that it was nearly a century before any person ventured this 
 suggestion as' an improvement on his original plan, and no other sub- 
 stantial improvement has ever been suggested. 
 
 Up to the war of 18 12 there was continued agitation for removal. The 
 House of Representatives tired of crowding itself into the corridor of 
 the Senate wing while the coordinate branch were housed magnificently 
 in their own permanent chamber. It was not until the old House wing 
 was completed in 1807 that this cause of complaint was removed. 
 
 The city was dreary and desolate, the houses were poor and scattered, 
 the streets and roadways were execrable. Not a street or public build- 
 ing was finished, and the private houses were in similar condition. After 
 the British had destroyed the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the navy- 
 yard, and many of the public buildings, the opposition to rebuilding in 
 Washington was very emphatic. 
 
 The debate occurred on a bill introduced in 18 15 authorizing the Presi- 
 dent to borrow $500,000 to rebuild the public buildings. It was urged 
 that Washington was a failure, badly located, not in the center of terri- 
 tory or population, and too accessible to the sea to be defended in time 
 of war. On the other hand, it was urged that it was ungracious toward 
 Virginia and Maryland, the States that had contributed $200,000 
 toward the buildings, that it was unjust to the people who had freely 
 conveyed their real estate, and that it was cowardly to run away in the 
 face of an enemy. The spirit of patriotism and good faith was appealed 
 to, and the appeal was not in vain. The bill became a law, and with the 
 rebuilding of the Government buildings the seat of government was 
 finally established in the District of Columbia, and the building here of 
 every Government building since, while it may have brought out discus- 
 sion and adverse criticism, has only become another anchor to the good 
 old ship of state in Washington harbor. 
 
 The dream of George Washington is fast becoming reality. He looked 
 upon the future capital as the center of art and learning. He looked 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 115 
 
 forward to a great city with beautiful avenues and streets, stately build- 
 ings, classic and grand, worthy of the great Republic. All this has been 
 realized. It takes no prophetic eye to see in Washington in the near 
 future the queen capital city of all the nations of the earth, worthy of 
 the great Republic. 
 
 The crowning fact in reference to the seat of government in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia is that it is now established here for all time. Never 
 will a. proposition for its removal again find favor in any quarter. Its 
 foundations are laid here, as enduring as the everlasting hills. In the 
 well-chosen words of the junior Senator from Missouri, it is and is to be 
 the "eternal capital of an eternal Republic." 
 
 The presiding officer next called upon the Hon. Louis E. 
 McComas, a Senator from the State of Maryland, to deliver an 
 address on the " History of the First Century of the National 
 Capital." 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. LOUIS E. McCOMAS. 
 
 Mr. President: One hundred years ago President Adams first visited 
 Capitol Hill. From this eminence how different then the scene. 
 
 Around him stood the primeval forest. Here and there were naked 
 fields. Through the thick oak woods had been cleared the streets and 
 avenues. 
 
 On this hill stood the north wing of the Capitol. Near by was a 
 tavern. On the Eastern Branch of the Potomac, then navigable, and 
 near the Arsenal was the hamlet of Carrollsburg. Nearer this hill in 
 the same forest was Law's famous mansion. At Greenleaf's Point on 
 the river, west of Tiber Creek, were some straggling houses. 
 
 About the new President's house clustered a few buildings; behind 
 these wide marshes stretched away to the river. Across Rock Creek lay 
 the Maryland village of Georgetown. 
 
 At these four points, widely separated, were about six hundred houses. 
 All else was marsh and field and forest. 
 
 Such was — 
 
 The young city round whose virgin zone 
 The rivers like two mighty arms were thrown. 
 
 Said Rochefoucauld, who visited it then: 
 
 "It is in fact the grandeur and magnificence of the plan which ren- 
 ders the conception no better than a dream." 
 
 The bureau officials and the members of the Sixth Congress missed 
 the comforts of Philadelphia. They discussed afresh the wisdom of 
 moving the Capitol away from this village in the woods. 
 
 Seven years before President Washington had laid the corner stone of 
 this edifice. His new-made grave was on the west bank of the beautiful 
 river, nearly opposite the Federal city which bore his name. The magic 
 of that name now held the Capital in the village which bore it. 
 
n6 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Fourteen years after, on an August evening, President Madison stood 
 on this hill. 
 
 The British invader having set on fire the city had hurried away to 
 the fleet. Yonder Madison saw the black, smoking ruins of the War and 
 Treasury offices and of his own home, the Executive Mansion. At the 
 navy-yard the dying fires lighted up the smoking hulls of the Argus and 
 the new Essex. Here were the charred and blackened walls of the two 
 wings of the new Capitol. 
 
 Again the cry rose to remove the Capital. Congress borrowed a half 
 million dollars to restore this unfinished structure, and the town slowly 
 rose from its ashes. 
 
 Faster grew the nation. The Federal city seemed asleep. 
 
 The chief cities of the South advanced. The Eastern cities grew 
 great. On the prairies, by the Western rivers, new cities sprang out of 
 the ground while the nation was fast spreading westward over the conti- 
 nent. Still the Federal city slept. 
 
 Its seat was healthful, the climate was mild and agreeable the year 
 round. The city was accessible. The great edifices of the Departments 
 of Government were worthy of the nation, worthy of the magnificent 
 plan of the city. Unhappily Washington was on the border between 
 the free and the slave States. The long contest over slavery rendered 
 the fate of the Union unsafe and made the future of the Federal city 
 uncertain. 
 
 During a generation the specter of disunion was a shadow upon the 
 young city. Its growth was confined to the river basin, and did not 
 extend east of the Capitol, where the founders designed the principal 
 growth to be. Sixty years ago Washington was ' ' a large, straggling 
 village reared in a drained swamp." 
 
 Fifty-four years ago the wide boundaries marked by the men of the 
 Revolution were contracted by the petty economists of the day. The 
 lands west of the Potomac were retroceded to Virginia. President Polk 
 and Congress lacked the historic foresight of the founders and forgot the 
 future. 
 
 Forty years ago 75,000 people lived here. Municipal improvements 
 lagged. The grounds and public buildings were neglected by Congress, 
 absorbed in discussing slavery and the fate of the Union. 
 
 Dark seemed the future of the Union and darker still the future of 
 Washington. 
 
 This long and exciting period suggests the military and naval heroes, 
 the orators, statesmen, and jurists whose fame belongs rather to the 
 country than to Washington. 
 
 Yet eminent names survive notable men whose life's work localized 
 them here. Thomas Ritchie, Francis P. Blair, Joseph Gales, and W. W. 
 Seaton, in journalism, won their fame as Washington editors. In sci- 
 ence Peirce, Hilgard, Bache, Henry, and Baird; in letters Peter Force, 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 117 
 
 Joel Barlow, and George Bancroft lived and labored here. Pulpit orators 
 of note, lawyers of eminence, were here in numbers. The most beautiful 
 gallery of fine arts on the continent is here, the chief benefaction of 
 W. W. Corcoran, the Washington philanthropist whose name it bears. 
 
 The cloud of civil war was fast gathering and it broke over the unfin- 
 ished Dome of this Capitol. Instantly Washington became the focus of 
 the world's interest, the object of our people's solicitude, the center of 
 our national life. 
 
 These streets thronged with civilians and volunteer soldiers. These 
 avenues resounded with the tramp of marching regiments, the clangor of 
 cavalry hoofs and sabers, the rumbling of artillery, or echoed the shrill 
 martial music or the funeral dirge. Schoolhouses and churches became 
 hospitals. Army wagons were parked in the vacant squares. Barracks 
 and camps filled the public parks. Forts and breastworks sprang out of 
 the adjacent fields and crowned the hills on either side of the Potomac. 
 Here President Lincoln reviewed armies of the Union and later saw the - 
 capital a fortress assailed by an invading army. He was sustained by 
 the hope he expressed on the portico of this Capitol in his first inaugural 
 address, an unfaltering faith that the mystic chords of memory, stretch- 
 ing from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and 
 hearthstone all over this broad land, would yet swell the chorus of the 
 Union when again touched by the better angels of our nature. 
 
 Soon after there came two beautiful May days when the national flag 
 was flying from every housetop and window, when from this Capitol to 
 the Treasury, marching along the Avenue in columns of companies, 
 there passed in grand review the brave armies of Sherman and Grant. 
 Taking their horses with them, as Grant had told them they should, 
 the gallant soldiers of Johnson and Lee had gone home for the spring 
 plowing, to put out a crop in the wasted fields of war. And the 
 harvest was peace. 
 
 When the battle flags were furled in Washington, when the forts 
 around it were razed, the streets of the city were deep in mud or 
 clouded with dust. The vacant lands were morasses. Beyond Tiber 
 Creek and the bed of the abandoned canal, out amid the marshes, stood 
 a marble monument half built. 
 
 Beyond it was the river on whose farther bank still reposed the ashes 
 of the founder of this city. This unfinished column of marble, its com- 
 memorative purpose seemingly forgot, stood there — a pathetic reminder 
 that President Washington's design of a Federal city was yet unfulfilled. 
 
 The day of its fulfillment had dawned. At once the restored Union 
 began to move swiftly forward to its foremost place among nations. 
 The shadows vanished from Washington. The growth of its capital 
 kept step with the rapid growth of the Republic. 
 
 Governor Shepherd and the Commissioners and Congress took from 
 the wall the dusty map of 1' Enfant and Ellicott, impressed its outlines 
 
n8 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 on marsh, on hill, on woodland, and, under the cloudless sky, out of 
 the fresh earth the new Washington rose ' ' as from the stroke of the 
 enchanter's wand." 
 
 In the paved streets and avenues decorated with nomes and churches 
 which are triumphs of architecture; in the open areas bright with 
 flowers and fountains; in the circles and parks adorned with statuary 
 and monuments of our heroes on land and sea, of men of science and 
 letters, of our statesmen and jurists; in the long succession of stately 
 public buildings; in the gorgeous Congressional Library, worthy man- 
 sion of letters; in yonder monument to the father of his country, "the 
 marble column sublime in its simple grandeur;" in this Capitol, on 
 whose first corner stone the founder of the city laid his hand, this 
 already the noblest structure in the world, yet destined to be fairer 
 within and grander without — in all these crowning glories of the fairest 
 of all cities, our countrymen acclaim Washington their Delphi, their 
 Mecca. 
 
 We cherish it, not for the beauty of the now populous city alone, but 
 by a common sympathy that draws all Americans to this spot dedicated 
 to the Republic. Each generation has added new interests which touch 
 the imagination, new historic associations which stir American pride. 
 Washington is linked with the memories of the wise and valiant of our 
 race and blood now departed. 
 
 We love it for the great events and the great virtues of which it has 
 been the theater. We love it for its part in a century of our history, 
 that epic of our nation's life whose great transactions, starting hope- 
 fully with President Adams, closing gloriously with President McKinley, 
 have centered the eyes of the world on us here. 
 
 The presiding officer then introduced Hon. John W. Daniel, 
 a Senator from the State of Virginia, to address the conven- 
 tion on "The Future of the United States and its Capital." 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. JOHN W. DANIEL. 
 
 Mr. President : Ancient history had no precedent for the United States 
 of America, and modern history has no parallel. A new land, a new peo- 
 ple, a new principle of government, a clean slate for the refiguring of old 
 problems, leisure and liberty to revise, correct, and expurgate old editions 
 of civilization and originate new ones — these were the rare conditions that 
 initiated the new deal for human rights and fortunes. The Anglo-Saxon 
 was forehanded, prepotent, paramount, and ascendant. He outfigured, 
 outworked, and outfought all rivals. To his side he beckoned all men 
 . as brethren, and all types of men came trooping from the four corners 
 of the earth to share his winnings. In freer spirit and in higher hopes 
 they cast new patterns for themselves and for other nations. 
 
 If we are a greater England, we are also a greater Ireland, a greater 
 Scotland, and a greater Wales; a greater Denmark, Norway, and Swe- 
 
§p*%, t I 
 
 1 1 1 i 
 #i | i i 
 
 Congress House, Baltimore, Mil. The second 
 National Capitol. 
 
 Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 First meeting place of Congress. 
 
 The old Court-House. York, Pa. The third 
 National Capitol. 
 
 Statehonse, Philadelphia, Pa. The first National Capitol. 
 
 BUILDINGS USED FOR EARLY CONGRESSES. 
 From Harper's Weekly, by permission. 
 
 I'opyi-iirWt. r.'UO. by Harper & Brothe 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 1 1 9 
 
 den; a greater Netherlands, a greater Germany, a greater Greece and 
 Rome, and a greater Jerusalem; a greater everybody, bearing, indeed, 
 the Anglo-Saxon birthmark, but fused into a new, original, and composite 
 national character. 
 
 ' ' Great races are made of the mixture of races, like the beautiful 
 bronzes which are composed of man}' metals." The brightest and 
 bravest blood of the world's great races is mixed in the American. 
 
 The Roman augur looked to the West to catch in the reflected light 
 of the upper sky the first flush of the coming dawn. So look we to the 
 past of our country for the omens of its brilliant future. The United 
 States contains the most diversified and assimilative elements that ever 
 composed a great nation. Our domain is the best located. We have 
 the most compact, the most convenient and symmetrical, of all the seats 
 of great nations. We are the most defensible of nations. North and 
 south of us are friends from whom there is nothing to fear. East and 
 west the everlasting seas are moats of our battlements. 
 
 Within our borders are all the elements of human sustenance and 
 national greatness. Our forests would build homes for the world to live 
 in; our coal would run its machinery, warm its firesides, and cook its 
 food; our iron, lead, copper, and zinc would supply its furnaces; our 
 granite and marble would build its temples. From our woods, fields, 
 fisheries, orchards, and gardens we could set a feast that would turn 
 Lucullus green with envy; and dinner over, the world could quaff our 
 wines, fill its cups with our coffee, sweeten it with our sugar, regale its 
 fancies on our tobacco, and light itself to bed with our oil. If never 
 another man or another thing were landed on our shores, we could wax 
 strong, adorn our homes with finest art, and multiply and replenish the 
 earth with the overrunnings of our richness. 
 
 We have risen to greatness more rapidly than ever arose a great nation. 
 Our ascendancy is less endangered from without than was ever that of a 
 great nation. We have outrun the prophecies of our progenitors and 
 surpassed the ideals of our founders. Our development has been the 
 epic of human progress. It has made poetry of statistics and glorious 
 romance of history. It has left the dreams of optimists as faded specters 
 in the rear of achievement. Our longevity projects itself to the farthest 
 reach of human speculation, and the future is gorgeous with every sign 
 of hope and courage. 
 
 Our people understand each other better than they have ever done. 
 Consequently they have more hearty feelings of friendship and sympa- 
 thy for each other than they ever had. At home and abroad the 
 principles and the flag of the American Union were never more respected. 
 We are the most thoroughly unified of the great nations. In this build- 
 ing the differences of forty-five Commonwealths and 76,000,000 people 
 conie to the mill to be ground out. The whirr of the grinding is great 
 and might make the impression that our differences are also great. 
 
120 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 But be not deceived. Our States are as much alike in their forms of 
 government as the leaves of a tree. Our people are alike in their lan- 
 guage, their laws, their usages, and their aspirations. Our political 
 clocks all keep the same time — that is to say, after election — Washing- 
 ton time. Our differences are only the natural and just differences that 
 must ever arise from locality and individualism. Instead of rebuking 
 them we should be thankful for them. They are sincere and unavoida- 
 ble. They are the processes of Providence, which out of difference 
 molds higher uniformity, and out of conflict produces the best resultant 
 force. When the grinding of opinion is over, all partake at a common 
 table of the same bread. After all it is only differences that come here. 
 Our similitudes, which are as a myriad to one difference, are quiescent, 
 and comparing them we should not forget that ' ' a single grasshopper 
 under a fence makes more noise than a thousand cattle reposing in the 
 shade. ' ' 
 
 We are the strongest of nations. So far, with onlj r the phantom of a 
 regular army as a nucleus of education, our wars have been fought for 
 the most part by the volunteer citizen soldiery. They have never failed 
 to cope successfully with the trained bands of Europe. To-day at the 
 tap of a drum ten millions would swarm to the national defense, and to 
 a foreign foe our seacoasts would become — 
 
 Looming bastions fringed with fire. 
 
 There can be no disparagement of our regulars, but against the soldier 
 of any age or any country we might place with confidence the American 
 volunteer. 
 
 There is an army in our country grander than any every mustered on 
 the field of Mars. In line it would stretch over 5,000 miles. It is the 
 conscript and volunteer school children of the United States, over six- 
 teen millions strong. It is the embryo of the mightiest civilized force 
 ever organized by any people. Woe be unto him who sows in these 
 young souls any unworthy thought. When this army deplo\-s in action, 
 may it fly the banners of truth and liberty and carry in their hearts love 
 of their countrymen and their fellow-men, the onl}' patriotism that is 
 not sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal. 
 
 The experience of over a century has exhibited the strength of our 
 electoral institutions. We are as strong within as without. In the first 
 inaugural address delivered in this city on the 4th of March, 1801, 
 Thomas Jefferson said: 
 
 "Strangers, unused to think freely and speak what they think, might 
 be imposed on by the animation of our discussions and exertions, but 
 the contest of opinion being decided by the voice of the nation and 
 announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, 
 arrange themselves under the will of the law and unite in common effort 
 for the common good." 
 
 I believe with him that this is "the strongest government on 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 121 
 
 earth." I believe with him, also, that "this is the one nation where 
 every man according to the law would fly to the standard of the law and 
 would meet invasion of the law as his own personal concern. ' ' 
 
 When he thus spoke our self-government was yet an experiment. It 
 is now a consummation. We might repeat his admonition: 
 
 ' ' Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the govern- 
 ment of himself. Can he then be trusted with the government of others? 
 Or have we found angels in the form of kings to govern him? Let 
 history answer this question. ' ' 
 
 The history of a hundred years has answered it. Compare the men 
 whom the people have chosen as Presidents with an equal number of 
 hereditary monarchs of any other nation, and self-government in com- 
 parison finds its incarnate vindication. This is the only great nation 
 that ever passed through its formative conflicts without inflicting in a 
 single case the penalty of death for a political cause. Does not this fact 
 alone speak volumes for free thought, for free speech, for the govern- 
 ment of the people, and for the high character of the American people? 
 
 If we have had strife, it has been the proud and lofty strife of the 
 brave and the true who can cherish honor, who can cherish principle, can 
 cherish love, but can not cherish hate. And be this never forgotten, 
 that our only strife was over the heritage which empire foisted upon our 
 ancestors against their will and which the Republic has removed forever. 
 And that Republic stands at the dawn of a new century with every son 
 •a free man under its flag and ready to defend it. 
 
 ' ' I am an American ' ' means more to-day than it has ever meant, for 
 if all the nations were arranged in line, each represented by one typical 
 man, the American man would stand at the head of the line, the tallest, 
 the straightest, the brawniest, the most practical-minded, and biggest- 
 hearted of them all. 
 
 We are the foremost nation of the world. We are the light and hope 
 of the world. It is our freedom that has made us gentle, and gentleness 
 has made us great. 
 
 Race problem, Philippine problem, trust problem — what will you do 
 with them? This is not the time, nor am I here to answer. We may 
 well view these and other problems with deep solicitude and anxious 
 reflection. But if our problems be mighty, they grow out of our might 
 and have the mighty to deal with them. They come to those who have 
 never been confounded by problems and have never dodged one; who 
 have solved problems just as great and some greater than any now 
 presented, and have left them all behind with monuments of their solution 
 builded over them. 
 
 When John Smith and his little band sailed into James River in 1607, 
 a flight of arrows in their faces arrested attention to the greatest and 
 deadliest of race problems. There are as many Indians on the American 
 continent now as there were then, but where is the race problem of 1607? 
 
122 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The London company, syndicate, or trust, sent these settlers nere and 
 it ordered everything. It called a legislature at Jamestown in 1619, and 
 in 1624 that legislature said: 
 
 This people will pay no tax save as this assembly shall appoint. 
 
 One hundred and fifty years afterwards that principle became the 
 corner stone of this nation. Bills of rights and free constitutions cover 
 the country. But what has become of the London company ? The king 
 gone, the Indian gone, the tea tax gone, the stamp tax gone, and the 
 London company, too — gone, all gone! But the American is here, and 
 from ocean to ocean not an acre but a free acre, not a man but a free 
 man, and all ancient problems but fireside tales. Behind our new prob- 
 lems marches the broader and better Republic. In the words of an illus- 
 trious American, " It is history that teaches man to hope." No human 
 history burns with so high and bright a hope as that of the United States 
 of America. 
 
 We have been a world power ever since we tied taxation and represen- 
 tation together and identified in one community the taxlayer and the 
 taxpayer. It was out of that germ that arose our free Constitution. 
 Wherever it is found, a free constitution would grow out of it. It has 
 quickened the republican movement around the globe. It has brought 
 us the homage not only of the downtrodden who welcomed its delivering 
 hand, but as well that of the powerful who heeded not its forewarnings. 
 
 But yesterday an English statesman, a former prime minister, declared 
 that had not the elder Pitt left the House of Commons for the peerage, 
 he would have induced the English King to admit the American people 
 to representation in Parliament; and he fancies that then the Crown 
 itself and all its belongings would some day have migrated to this coun- 
 try, leaving the British islands as the European outposts of a world 
 empire. The world empire, under any crown, is the fading dream of 
 humanity. The world republic is the ever brightening and growing 
 dream. It is not likely that any crown will ever come to this land of 
 ours, but our constitutional system, with the people sovereign and hold- 
 ing in their hands the purse and the sword, can go anywhere or every- 
 where if right and justice and wisdom lead the way. 
 
 Eighteen sister Republics of America have patterned on its example. 
 Our Monroe doctrine has said to the monarchies, "Touch them not;" 
 and the world republic, not the world empire, is the vision that grows 
 more and more distinct as we go spinning ' ' through the ringing grooves 
 of change." This land is already the radiant center of Anglo-Saxon 
 power. It is also the radiant center of that vision. We will cleave to 
 the principle that conjured it. It is brighter than crowns. It is stronger 
 than scepters. It is higher than thrones. It is longer ranged than can- 
 non. It is sharper than swords and bayonets. It is more august than 
 an army with banners. It marches while armies sleep. It conquers 
 where armies fall. It floats where navies sink. It is the shield of the 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 123 
 
 weak. It is the glory of the strong. It is the riches of the poor. It 
 is the faith and hope and uplift of the oppressed. It is subtler than 
 policy. It is right, and it is the destiny of nations. 
 
 As our country moves to speed that destiny, it will carry the future of 
 Washington City with it. Our fathers brought the Federal Government 
 here in 1S00, and dedicated this spot as "the eternal capital of the 
 eternal Republic." And the capital and the Republic have grown with 
 equal pace and their step has ever been forward. It was then a strag- 
 gling village of 2,000 souls; it is now a magnificent metropolis of over 
 200,000. The Republic of 5,000,000 people and 16 States then rested its 
 western boundary on the Mississippi River, its southern on the northern 
 line of Florida. It has now 76,000,000 people and 45 States, and our 
 continental boundaries are the Pacific Ocean, Mexico, and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. We have multiplied our States threefold, our territory nearly 
 fourfold, and our population in the ratio of 16 to 1. This is a statistical 
 fact, not a financial statement. Our center of population was then near 
 Baltimore, Md. It is now near Columbus, Ind., and is still traveling 
 west "to grow up with the country." 
 
 To my mind this capital city of the Republic is the city unique and 
 beautiful. Other nations have fixed their capitals in the crowded urban 
 centers of commerce, and they possess the splendors that opulence has 
 gathered around them. Our capital, like our nation, was made to sub- 
 serve a principle, and it has grown up in the midst of the mementoes 
 and associations of the principle which it represents. Its broad avenues 
 intersecting its regular squares; its frequent reservations of grass and 
 flowers and fountains; its parks and trees; its substantial business houses 
 and sightly dwellings; its schools, colleges, universities, galleries, and 
 museums; its monuments and public buildings; its noble river and pictur- 
 esque landscape; its integral effect upon the eye, with the apex of the 
 Washington Monument piercing the sky on the one side and this noble 
 pile lifting its dome on the other — these things make Washington City a 
 nobler panorama and more inspiring contemplation than are afforded by 
 any other city in the world. 
 
 "The United States will live; and with them Washington will live, 
 expanding, multiplying, beautifying, enlightening, with every turn of 
 the prodigious wheel of which it is the axle. Plans for its improve- 
 ment abound. One contemplates the erection here of the Halls of the 
 Ancients, where the eye may behold revived the architectural creations 
 of bygone nations. Another would produce on some expansive field a 
 miniature of the United States of America, showing in the earth itself 
 the delineations and undulations of our national topography. These and 
 kindred schemes are well worthy of consideration; but the essential must 
 come first. Washington needs, and the people of the whole country 
 needs, fitting outlets for the new railroads that press for admission, and 
 bridges which will span the Potomac and connect the city with the 
 
124 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 military post, the agricultural station, and the beautiful cemetery at 
 Arlington. 
 
 More public buildings are needed by both the District and the Federal 
 Governments. All will be gratified to know that the White House is 
 to be enlarged for the more suitable accommodation of the President in 
 the exercise of the official and hospitable functions incumbent on the Chief 
 of our multitudinous people ; and all will wish the present occupant 
 that happiness which he would if he could bestow on every one of them. 
 No less pressing are the needs of the many Departments. This Govern- 
 ment should not be forced, as it has been and is now, to rent rooms 
 like a transient visitor, nor to put its public servants in dingy lodgings 
 like postponed claimants. 
 
 It is planned for the ages and it should reside in habitations adapted 
 to health and comfort and becoming to its character. Whatever we do 
 in building should be the best of its kind in plan, in material, and in 
 execution. All our public buildings should be of the noble classic design 
 worked out by American architects according to the diversities of Ameri- 
 can genius. As this Capitol building, rising in white and soaring 
 majesty, speaks to the heavens and to the earth, as it were, in manifes- 
 tation of its office, so should every public building established here ex- 
 press to the beholder in every lineament of its structure the stability, the 
 dignity, and grace of the American nation. 
 
 And one public building above all others is needed here as the reflex 
 of the peculiar genius of this people and of its supreme intellectual dis- 
 tinction in a department where it surpasses all ancient and modern 
 peoples. We are the most inventive of nations. The free intellect has 
 been the most original and productive of all intellects. Other nations 
 have surpassed us in literature and the fine arts, but in inventive and 
 useful arts the United States is far transcendant. The Patent Office, 
 established by Thomas Jefferson and protecting for a brief period the 
 ov\y constitutional monopoly, the right to the exclusive enjoyment of 
 one's original ideas, is the crown of American intellectual supremacy 
 over the material world, even as the Constitution of the United States is 
 the crown of political architecture and the Union itself the crowning 
 glory of our people. 
 
 As Francis Bacon says, "The sciences dwell sociably together," and 
 we should put on Capitol Hill, facing the Senate Hall, as a companion 
 piece to the exquisite Library building now facing the Hall of Repre- 
 sentatives, another building of like architecture. And the American 
 capitol of letters should have by its side the American capitol of invent- 
 ive art, both facing this capitol of the people, where their sovereignty' 
 has its highest exemplification. In that hall should be displayed the 
 evolutions of inventions, with every invention indicated by its model, 
 inclusive of the last improvement. It would be the greatest college of 
 applied science that the world has ever seen; a monument to and a 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 125 
 
 stimulus to invention, and leading by gradations to those truths of science 
 which hover over the threshold of the age, "waiting to be caught." 
 
 It was the mariner's needle that discovered America, for the inventor 
 made the discoverer possible; and inventive genius is that which is 
 putting us ahead of all the nations. It is invention that manifolds the 
 thoughts of the wise and scatters them in the humblest habitations. It 
 is invention that has made the poor man's cottage gleam in cleanliness 
 and beauty like the palace. It is invention that has, made circulating 
 libraries and art galleries of our periodical literature. It is invention 
 that forestalls the pestilence, extinguishes the conflagration, illuminates 
 the darkness, makes the fountain to gush forth by the fireside and in the 
 desert, eliminates distance, relieves the famine, and snatches the stricken 
 of the battlefield from the jaws of destruction. It is invention that has 
 made princes of the earth out of our merchants, manufacturers, and 
 skilled workmen; that has given precedence to our products in all the 
 marts of the world; that is pouring the golden horn of trade balance into 
 our treasury chests and transforming us from a debtor to a creditor 
 nation. 
 
 It is invention that has made war so terrible that peace foresees its bed 
 of repose at the mouth of the cobwebbed cannon. It is invention that is 
 to lift our earthly being from poverty, feed the hungry, clothe the naked, 
 visit the sick, unlock the bastiles, and open all the doors where lie the 
 victims of hardship and bigotry and oppression. It is invention that has 
 brought to manifest revelation the unity of the universe, the unity of 
 man, the unity of life, the unity of soul, and thrown the very gates of 
 immortality ajar by proving the perpetuity of pl^sical and moral force. 
 It is invention that, whispering round the world, brings us in voice- 
 touch and mind-touch with each other though thousands of miles apart, 
 and that reminds us by its miracles as to the Author of our being that — 
 
 Closer is He than breathing, 
 And nearer than hands and feet. 
 
 It is invention that will one day in the distant Aiden make the United 
 States of the World fulfill the dream that now hovers over the United 
 States of America. It is our high fancy that when that day comes the 
 English languagewill be the universal language. Our Constitution will 
 be the model of the universal constitution. The principle of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, that taxation and representation must go together, 
 will be the universal principle. The flag of the stars will be blazoned 
 with the constellation of the nations. Here will assemble the Parlia- 
 ment of Man. The farthest star in the heavens will bear the name of 
 Washington, and the city that now bears the founder's name will be the 
 capital of the universal republic. 
 
 The Presiding Officer then called upon the Hon. George F. 
 Hoar, a Senator from the State of Massachusetts, to deliver 
 the final address. 
 
126 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. GEORGE F. HOAR. 
 
 Mr. President: It is a hundred years since this city, planned by 
 George Washington, became the seat of government. The site was 
 chosen by the First Congress, in accord with the design of the framers 
 of the Constitution. And yet we seem to-day to be still engaged in 
 laying its foundations. The other great capitals of the world — Rome, 
 London, Paris, Berlin, Edinburgh, Vienna — have their origin in a remote 
 past. They not only embody the earliest authentic history of their 
 countries, but their beginning is lost iii the darkness of antiquity or 
 hidden in the mist of fable. Their early annals have perished in a 
 deeper oblivion than that which covers the builders of the pyramids, 
 which moved Sir Thomas Browne to his sublimest utterance: "History 
 sinketh beneath her cloud. The traveler, as he paceth amazedly through 
 these deserts, asketh of her, Who builded them? and she mumbleth 
 something, but what it is he heareth not." 
 
 But Washington is still in earliest youth. There are Americans living 
 who were born before this citj' received its name. For the first fifty 
 years and more, down to the end of the civil war, our frugal predecessors 
 hardly expended enough to make it decently habitable. They expended 
 nothing fo. its adornment, except the construction of this Capitol, which 
 was not finished in its present condition until 1861. But, taking the 
 century as a whole, certainly the American people have no reason to be 
 ashamed of their city. 
 
 It was on the border line between the two contending parties in the 
 civil war. The fires of that might}* conflict burned here more fiercely 
 and hotly than anywhere else. When peace came, Washington, like the 
 whole country, felt the inspiration of the new era. 
 
 Before, she like some shepherdess did show, 
 
 Who sat to bathe her by a river's side; 
 Not answering to her fame, but rude and low, 
 
 Nor taught the beauteous arts of modern pride. 
 
 Now, like a maiden queen, she will behold, 
 
 From her high turrets, hourly suitors come; 
 The east with incense, and the west with gold, 
 
 Will stand, like suppliants, to receive her doom. 
 
 I have spoken of the antiquity of European capitals. London has 
 been a center of civilization for more than twelve hundred years. The 
 House of Commons has existed for eight hundred. There has been a 
 Bishop's Palace at Fulham more than a thousand. Paris has been a seat 
 of government for thirteen centuries; Berlin for nearly four; Vienna for 
 seven. And yet there are few places that can show for any one century 
 more than three products of architecture that equal the Capitol, the 
 Washington Monument, and the Congressional Library. If we can add 
 to the glories of Washington three such structures only for each coming 
 century, we need not be ashamed of comparison with any foreign city 
 when Washington shall have reached the same age. Yet in 1800 we 
 
j 1 1 i-ip 
 
 SSI II || | 
 
 3*1 
 
 . . . ••« - 
 
 Nassau Hull, Princeton, N. J. The fourth 
 National Capitol. 
 
 The old Court-House, Trenton, N. J. The sixth 
 National Capitol. 
 
 ; 
 
 ^ 
 
 Statehouse, Annapolis, Md. The fifth National 
 Capitol. 
 
 Kroni Harper's Weekly, Ity pi 
 
 Federnl Hall. New York. N. Y. The seventh National Capitol. 
 
 BUILDINGS USED FOR EARLY CONGRESSES. 
 
 Copyright, I'KH), l>y Harper & Brothers. 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 127 
 
 were a people of but 5,000,000. We are now 77,000,000. The popula- 
 tion of this District is multiplied in larger proportions still. We shall 
 deal with our metropolis in the coming centuries, as compared with that 
 which has gone, with a liberality proportioned to our wealth, numbers, 
 and power. If God spare the Republic, what may we not hope for 
 Washington ? 
 
 These three structures, unrivaled as they are, each in its respecrive 
 class, are more interesting still for what they typify and stand for. The 
 monument to the Father of the Country is but a simple shaft. It marks 
 a narrow spot. It commemorates a single human character. But the 
 spot it marks, as was said, Mr. President, by one of the most accomplished 
 men who ever sat in your chair, " is a prime meridian. ' ' The prime 
 meridian of universal longitude on sea or land may be at Greenwich or 
 at Paris or where you will. But the prime meridian of pure, exalted, 
 human character will be marked forever by yonder obelisk. Integrity 
 and patriotism are to be measured by nearness to it or departure from it. 
 Boastfulness, out of place everywhere, is a thousand times out of place 
 when we speak of the modest and unselfish Washington. Yet we can 
 establish by the concurrent authority of the foremost men of all civilized 
 countries that what the old monk, Joseph of Exeter,. said of the English 
 Alfred is true of him : ' ' The Old World knows not his peer, nor will the 
 future show us his equal ; he alone towers over other kings, better than 
 the past ones, and greater than those that are to be." 
 
 That integrity, that unambitious ,service, that unerring wisdom, that 
 unwearied industry, that unhesitating self-sacrifice, that purity not only 
 unsullied but untempted — not even the temptation to sin seems to have 
 beset that lofty nature — were all his. The devil is an ass. But he 
 never was such an ass as to waste his time tempting George Washington. 
 
 There is no time to-day to cite the overwhelming and concurrent testi- 
 mony of great Englishmen, statesmen, and writers of history, and of 
 great authorities on the Continent, to the primacy of George Washing- 
 ton among mankind. The only name likely to be thought of anywhere 
 for parallel or comparison is that in whose glory we also have an inher- 
 ited title to share — that of Alfred, the thousandth anniversary of whose 
 death is about to be celebrated by the people on whose throne his descend- 
 ant now sits. 
 
 This whole city is, in a larger sense, a Washington monument. It 
 were better that that great name pass into oblivion and be forgotten 
 unless the walls of this building where we are assembled, dedicated to 
 legislation and to justice, also bear honorable witness to the character 
 and influence of him who laid its corner stone. Here for a hundred 
 years a free people have enacted a great history, with its great achieve- 
 ments and its greater self-restraints. Here have been enacted the laws 
 under which thirteen States have become forty-five States, and the 
 country, which at first covered a little space by the side of the Atlantic, 
 
128 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 has spread until it covers a continent and its portals are upon both the 
 seas. Here has been witnessed the sublimest spectacle that can exist on 
 earth — a great and free people governing itself by a law higher than its 
 own desire. A country where every man has his equal voice must, in 
 its legislation, sometimes exhibit the infirmity common to humanity. 
 But, in the main, faith and honor and duty have triumphed in these 
 halls over selfishness and passion and ambition. Here the interests of 
 capital have been protected by the votes of labor. Here debtors have 
 fixed in good faith' the value of their payments to their creditors. Here 
 a people under no constraint but their own sense of dut}', determined, in 
 spite of fearful temptation, to continue to bear the weight of a vast debt. 
 Here the policy of dealing with the conquered was decided at the end of 
 a long war by the votes of the conquerors, among whom every other 
 family was in mourning for its dead, and not a drop of blood was shed 
 and not a punishment exacted. Here finance and currency, with their 
 subtleties surpassing the subtleties of metapr^sics, have been dealt with 
 by the plain sense of plain men. Here great public ways connecting 
 distant oceans have been provided for. Here the manufacturing inde- 
 pendence of America has been achieved. Here the great measures have 
 been framed and enacted under which millions of men have been raised 
 from slavery to citizenship and millions more welcomed from foreign 
 lands. Here a disputed title to executive power has been peacefully 
 settled under circumstances that would have drenched any other land 
 with blood. And all this has been accomplished under the restraints of 
 a written Constitution. 
 
 Here, also, in yonder silent chamber have been pronounced the judg- 
 ments under which the powers of Nation and State have been kept each 
 in its appointed path, as the planets are kept in their courses, without 
 noise and without jar. This has been the record of a single century. It 
 has been the record of the achievement of earliest youth. The men who 
 have wrought this history knew well what they were doing. There has 
 been no drifting into empire. They have but seen what they foresaw. 
 The man who is to write this story, as Bancroft might have written it, 
 as Macaulay might have written it, as he who gave us the best portrait- 
 ure of Washington in literature before Massachusetts called him to 
 another sendee — called him from writing history to making it — might 
 have written it, has not yet begun his task. But it will yet be written. 
 It will be written to be read of all men, as the one best story, so far, of 
 constitutional liberty, protected and vindicated by law, according to 
 the will of a free people. 
 
 Literature and art and science came later. The3' always come later. 
 Art has provided for literature in yonder library its noble and fitting 
 home. American science, also, has here its noble and fitting home. 
 The Smithsonian Institution, founded, as we delight to remember, by 
 the generosity of an Englishman, a subject of that gracious sovereign 
 from whose realm we have learned so much of law and science and 
 
Exercises at the Capitol. 129 
 
 literature and liberty, to whom we are glad to send our salutation on 
 this our Centennial Day. While we remember with gratitude this great 
 benefaction of our English kinsman, we are happy to recall also that it 
 has been at least in some degree recompensed by the bounty to the city 
 of London of George Peabody, an American, a citizen of the North by 
 birth, a Southern man by adoption, an admirable example of the best 
 traits of both sections blended into the highest character and type of 
 American citizenship. Here, alao, universities destined to take a high 
 rank among the great institutions of the world have already laid their 
 foundations and are raising their towers to the sky. 
 
 The men who wrought this great work are gone- — most of them — John 
 Adams and his illustrious son, Jefferson and Madison and Jackson and 
 Lincoln and Grant and Webster and Clay and Calhoun and Seward and 
 Benton and Sumner and Wilson and Morton and Chandler and Stevens 
 and Fessenden and Justin Morrill and L,amar and Harris and Bayard — I 
 have begun a catalogue I can not complete But no list of the illustrious 
 statesmen of the Republic or of the illustrious benefactors of this metrop- 
 olis in the last century must omit the name of him whom the fatal arrow 
 smote, in the hour which seemed alike the end and the beginning of a 
 great career — your predecessor and friend, Mr. President, James A. 
 Garfield. A few of their companions and coadjutors survive to behold 
 the dawn of the new century and give their counsel to the people who 
 are to carry on its work, as a few of the companions of Washington 
 beheld the beginning of this, and inaugurated its great accomplishment 
 on the principles of the Revolution. Their work also is about done. 
 They seem to survive for a brief period only that the new century may 
 clasp hands with the old, and that they may bring to the future the 
 benediction of the past. 
 
 The presiding officer then announced that the purposes of 
 the joint convention had been accomplished and declared it 
 dissolved, restoring the gavel to the Speaker of the House. 
 Thereupon the President and his Cabinet, the Chief Justice 
 and the associate justices of the Supreme Court, the Senate, 
 the ambassadors and ministers to the United States, the Gov- 
 ernors of the several States and Territories, the Commis- 
 sioners of the District of Columbia and others, retired. 
 
 The Fifth United States Cavalry escorted the President 
 back to the Executive Mansion. 
 
 To Mr. R. Ross Perry, chairman of the committee on exer- 
 cises at the Capitol, and his assistants is due great credit for 
 the orderly manner in which the arrangements intrusted to 
 his committee were carried out. The committee was sub- 
 divided into four sections: Legislation, Mr. Chapin Brown, 
 H. Doc. 552 9 
 
130 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 chairman; stands, Mr. John B. Larner, chairman; admission 
 and escort, Mr. M. I. Weller, chairman; seating guests, Mr. 
 William Henderson Moses, chairman. Mr. Chapin Brown, 
 vice-chairman, rendered excellent service in connection with 
 the accomplishment of the necessary legislation. 
 
 Mr. Larner maintained his reputation for skill and energy 
 in connection with the construction of the very tasteful 
 stands, which were arranged for by the Architect of the Cap- 
 itol, Mr. Eliot Woods, Assistant Architect, the Sergeant-at- 
 Arms of the Senate, and other officers of Congress. 
 
 The arrangements under Mr. Weller were most satisfac- 
 tory. Certain rooms were set aside for the officials partici- 
 pating in the exercises, and at the proper time they were 
 ushered to the floor by the doorkeeper and took their respec- 
 tive positions in line preparatory to entering the Chamber. 
 
 During the absence of Mr. Moses, Mr. Norris assumed his 
 duties and displayed much tact in seating the guests without 
 confusion. Excellent order throughout was maintained by 
 the officials of the House of Representatives. 
 
RECEPTION AT THE CORCORAN GALLERY 
 OF ART. 
 
RECEPTION AT THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF 
 ART. 
 
 The Centennial Celebration was brought to a close by a 
 reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in 
 honor of the Governors of the States and Territories. There 
 was a large reception committee, of which Mr. Charles J. Bell 
 was the chairman, and the arrangements, which had been 
 carefully planned under his personal direction, were satisfac- 
 torily carried out. On the committee were the members 
 of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice and associate justices of the 
 United States Supreme Court, the Commissioners of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, the Chief Justice and judges of the Court 
 of Claims, the Chief Justice and associate justices of the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and of the Court 
 of Appeals, together with a selected list of representative 
 private citizens. 
 
 The reception committee was subdivided into four sections: 
 Receiving committee, executive committee, floor committee, 
 and committee of the country at large. The receiving party, 
 which included the executive committee, together with the 
 chairmen and vice-chairmen of the several subcommittees 
 appointed by the citizens' committee, was divided into two 
 parts, one serving from 8 to 9.30 o'clock, and the other from 
 9.30 to 11 o'clock. The first section of this committee con- 
 sisted of Messrs. S. H. Kauffmann, vice-chairman, H. F. 
 Blount, Barry Bulkley, H. I. Cobb, George H. Harries, W. S. 
 Knox, J. K. McCammon, Willis Moore, Theodore W. Noyes, 
 E. S. Parker, R. Ross Perry, Thomas W. Smith, John W. 
 Thompson, W. P. Van Wickle, B. H. Warner, Beriah Wil- 
 kins, and John B. Wight. The second division included Hon. 
 Henry B. F. Macfarland, vice-chairman, Rear Admiral Edwin 
 Stewart, Gen. H. V. Boynton, and Messrs. James G. Berret, 
 
 133 
 
134 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Chapin Brown, W. V. Cox, John Joy Edson, W. S. Hutchins, 
 J. B. Larner, W. H. Moses, Myron M. Parker, M. I. Weller, 
 A. A. Wilson, S. W. Woodward, and Simon Wolf. The floor 
 committee and the committee at large also assisted in receiv- 
 ing and entertaining the invited guests, who began to arrive 
 at 8 o'clock. 
 
 The gallery was very effectively lighted throughout, thus 
 affording the visitors an opportunity of examining the collec- 
 tions of pictures and statuary. A section of the Marine Band, 
 conducted by Lieutenant Santelmann, was stationed at the 
 south end of the south court, and delighted the guests with 
 patriotic airs. 
 
 At about half-past 9 o'clock the President and his party 
 arrived. The President was escorted to the gallery by Mr. 
 Bell, followed by Secretary Hitchcock, Secretary Wilson and 
 other members of the Cabinet, and Mr. Cortelyou, Secretary 
 to the President, and here the Governors, prominent officials, 
 and the specially-invited guests paid their formal respects to 
 the Chief Executive. The Governors were attended by their 
 staffs, in uniform; and the numerous officers of the Army 
 and Navy, who were present in their full dress uniform, lent 
 an added brilliancy to the inspiring occasion, at which full} 7 
 5,000 persons were in attendance. 
 
PERSONNEL OF COMMITTEES. 
 
PERSONNEL OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 JOINT COMMITTEE. 
 Hon. Eugene Hale, chairman. Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 Hon. George C. Perkins, U. S. S., chairman. 
 
 Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, vice-chairman. 1 
 
 Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary. 
 Mr. Charles J. Bell. Mr. Theodore W. Noyes. 
 
 Hon. Elisha Dyer. Col. Myron M. Parker. 
 
 Mr. John Joy Edson. Hon. John B. Wight. • 
 
 Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, M. C. 
 
 SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE. 
 
 Hon. Eugene Hale, U. S. S., chairman. 2 Hon. George C. Perkins, U. S. S. 
 
 Hon. Alexander S. Clay, U. S. S. Hon. Joseph Simon, U. S. S. 
 
 Hon. John L. McLaurin, U. S. S. Hon. Thomas B. Turley, U. S. S. 
 Hon. James McMillan, U. S. S. 
 
 SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, M. C, chair- Hon. Robert J. Gamble, M. C. 
 
 man. Hon. William W. Grout, M. C. 
 
 Hon. Joseph W. Bailey, M. C. Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, M. C. 
 
 Hon. John C. Bell, M. C. Hon. James A. Hemenway, M. C. 
 
 Hon. William S. Cowherd, M. C. Hon. James S. Sherman, M. C. 
 Hon. Marion De Vries, M. C.3 
 
 COMMITTEE FROM THE COUNTRY AT LARGE. 
 [Arranged alphabetically by States.] 
 
 Hon. Joseph F. Johnston Alabama. 
 
 Hon. Daniel W. Jones Arkansas. 
 
 Hon. H. H. Markham California. 
 
 Hon. Charles S. Thomas Colorado. 
 
 Hon. George E. Lounsbury Connecticut. 
 
 Hon. Ebe W. Tunnell Delaware. 
 
 Hon. William D. Bloxham Florida. 
 
 Hon. Allen D. Candler Georgia, 
 
 1 Succeeding Mr. John B. Wight, February 27, 1900. 
 
 2 Succeeding Mr. Hoar as chairman. 
 
 3 Succeeded by Hon. James W. Denny, M. C, on December 5, 1900. 
 
 137 
 
138 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Hon. F. Steunenberg Idaho. 
 
 Hon. John R. Tanner Illinois. 
 
 Hon. James A. Mount '. Indiana. 
 
 Hon. Leslie M. Shaw Iowa. 
 
 Hon. W. E. Stanley Kansas. 
 
 Hon. J. C. W. Beckham Kentucky. 
 
 Hon. Murphy J. Foster Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. Llewellyn Powers Maine. 
 
 Hon. Lloyd Lowndes Maryland. 
 
 Hon. Roger Wolcott Massachusetts. 
 
 Hon. Hazen S. Pingree Michigan. 
 
 Hon. John Lind Minnesota. 
 
 Hon. A. J. McLaurin Mississippi. 
 
 Hon. Lon V. Stephens Missouri. 
 
 Hon. Robert B. Smith Montana. 
 
 Hon. W. A. Poynter Nebraska. 
 
 Hon. Reinhold Sadler Nevada. 
 
 Hon. Frank W. Rollins New Hampshire. 
 
 Hon. Foster M. Voorhees New Jersey. 
 
 Hon. Theodore Roosevelt New York. 
 
 Hon.' Daniel L. Russell North Carolina. 
 
 Hon. F. B. Fancher North Dakota. 
 
 Hon. Asa S. Bushnell Ohio. 
 
 Hon. Theodore T. Geer Oregon. 
 
 Hon. William A. Stone Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hon. Elisha Dyer Rhode Island. 
 
 Hon. M. B. McSweeney South Carolina. 
 
 Hon. Andrew E. Lee South Dakota. 
 
 Hon. Benton McMillin ■ Tennessee. 
 
 Hon. A. W. Fly Texas. 
 
 Hon. Heber H. Wells Utah. 
 
 Hon. Edwin C. Smith Vermont. 
 
 Hon. J. Hoge Tyler Virginia. 
 
 Hon. John R. Rogers Washington. 
 
 Hon. G. W. Atkinson West Virginia. 
 
 Hon. Edward Scofield Wisconsin. 
 
 Hon. De Forest Richards Wyoming. 
 
 Hon. John G. Brady Alaska. 
 
 Hon. N. O. Murphy Arizona. 
 
 Hon. Miguel A. Otero New Mexico. 
 
 Hon. Cassius M. Barnes Oklahoma. 
 
 CITIZENS' COMMITTEE. 
 Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, chairman. Hon. John B. Wight, vice-chairman. 
 
 Col. Myron M. Parker, treasurer. Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary. 
 
 Mr. W. P. Van Wickle, assistant secretary. 
 Mr. Charles J. Bell. Mr. Theodore W. Noyes. 
 
 Col. James G. Berret. Mr. R. Ross Perry. 
 
 Mr. John Joy Edson. Mr. John W. Thompson. 
 
 Mr. Beriah Wilkins. 
 
 RECEPTION COMMITTEE. 
 
 Charles J. Bell, chairman. S. H. Kauffmann, vice-chairman. 
 
 William Kerr, secretary. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 '39 
 
 THE CABINET. 
 
 John Hay, Secretary of State. 
 Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of Treasury. 
 Elihu Root, Secretary of War. 
 John W. Griggs, Attorney-General. 
 Charles Emory Smith, Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 John D. Long, Secretary of Navy. 
 Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of In- 
 terior. 
 James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. 
 
 Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice. 
 John M. Harlan, associate justice. 
 Horace Gray, associate justice. 
 David J. Brewer, associate justice. 
 Henry B. Brown, associate justice. 
 
 George Shiras, jr., associate justice. 
 Edward D. White, associate justice. 
 Rufus W. Peckham, associate justice. 
 Joseph McKenna, associate justice. 
 
 COURT OF CLAIMS. 
 
 Charles C. Nott, chief justice. 
 Lawrence Weldon, judge. 
 
 Charles B. Howry, judge. 
 
 John Davis, judge. 
 Stanton J. Peelle, judge. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Henry B. F. Macfarland. 
 
 Capt. Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A. 
 
 John W. Ross. 
 
 COURT OF APPEALS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Richard H. Alvey, chief justice. Martin F. Morris, associate justice. 
 
 Seth Shepard, associate justice. 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Edward F. Bingham, chief justice. 
 Alexander B. Hagner, associate justice. 
 Andrew C. Bradley, associate justice. 
 
 Charles C. Cole, associate justice. 
 Harry M. Clabaugh, associate justice. 
 Job Barnard, associate justice. 
 
 OTHER MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION. 
 
 Addison, A. D. 
 
 Adee, Hon. Alvey A. 
 
 Adler, Dr. Cyrus. 
 
 Abert, William Stone. 
 
 Allen, Col. Charles J. 
 
 Almy, C . G. 
 
 Andrews, Hon. W. E., 
 
 Auditor. 
 Baird, Commander George 
 
 W., U. S. N. 
 Baker, Brook M. 
 Baker, John A. 
 Barber, A. L. 
 
 Barber, LeDroict L. 
 
 Barnes, Benjamin F. ■ 
 
 Barney, Harry Wilder. 
 
 Beale, Truxton. 
 
 Bell, Alexander Graham. 
 
 Benjamin, Marcus. 
 
 Berger, Fred. G. 
 
 Berry, Walter V. R. 
 
 Bestor, Norman. 
 
 Biddle, J. M. 
 
 Bingham, Col.TheodoreA. 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Birney, Arthur A. 
 
 Bispham, Charles. 
 
 Blagden, Thomas. 
 
 Blair, Gist. 
 
 Blair, Montgomery. 
 
 Blair, Woodbury. 
 
 Bloomer, George C. 
 
 Bone, Scott C. 
 
 Bowers, Hon. George M. 
 
 Breckinridge, Gen. J. C. 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Brewer, Hon. Mark S. 
 Brice, Arthur T. 
 Brigham, Hon. J. H. 
 
140 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Bristol, Rev. F. M. 
 Brown, Jesse. 
 Browne, Aldis B. 
 Brownlow, Col. J. B. 
 Butler, Rev. J. G. 
 Caldwell, Lieut. H. H., 
 
 U. S. N. 
 Carlisle, Calderon. 
 Carnegie, Andrew. 
 Casilear, George W. 
 Chapin, Frederick E. 
 Chatard, Dr. T. M. 
 Chew, John J. 
 Chew, Robert S. 
 Chilton, R. S., jr. 
 Clarke, Prof. F. W. 
 Clements, Hon. J. C. 
 Clephane, Walter C. 
 Cobb, Henry I. 
 Col well, J. H. 
 Conaty, Rev. Thomas. 
 Corbin, Maj. Gen. H. C, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Corning, J. H. 
 Cortelyou, Hon. George B., 
 
 Secretary to the Presi- 
 dent. 
 Cotton, John B. 
 Cox, Judge W. S. 
 Crawford, Joseph. 
 Crawford, Lieut. John W., 
 
 U. S. N. 
 Cridler, Hon. Thomas W. 
 Custis, Dr. J. B. Gregg. 
 Custis, Dr. Marvin A. 
 Davidge, Walter D. 
 Davis, Lieut. Cleland, 
 
 U. S. N. 
 Davis, Henry E. 
 Davis, Madison, 
 Dawes, Hon. Charles G. 
 Deeble, W. Riley. 
 De Koven, Reginald. 
 Denny, Maj. F L., U. S. 
 
 M. C. 
 Dent, Loviis A. 
 Dewey, Admiral George, 
 
 U. S. N. 
 Dodge, P. T. 
 Domer, Charles S. 
 Douglass, Hon. J. W. 
 Duell, Hon. C. H. 
 Dulany, H. Rozier. 
 Dulin, Charles G. 
 
 Duval, L. Kemp. 
 
 Duvall, Andrew B. 
 
 Edmonston, W. E. 
 
 Eustis, W. C. 
 
 Evans, Hon. H. Clay. 
 
 Ffoulke, Horace C. 
 
 Fill, Ira H. 
 
 Fisher, Robert J. 
 
 Fitch, James E. 
 
 Flint, Dr. J. M.,U. S. N. 
 
 Foster, Hon. John W. 
 
 Foust, F. De C. 
 
 Fox, Williams C. 
 
 Fraser, Daniel. 
 
 Fry, Dr. H. D. 
 
 Gaillard, Capt. David DuB. 
 
 Gannon, Frank S. 
 
 Giesy, S. Herbert. 
 
 Gill, Dr. Theodore N. 
 
 Glover, C. C. 
 
 Goodloe, Col. Green Clay, 
 
 U. S. M. C. 
 Gordon, William A. 
 Gorham, George C. 
 Greely, Gen. A. W., U. S.A. 
 Green, Bernard R. 
 Greene, Rev. Samuel H. 
 Gunnell, Dr. R. H. 
 Hackett, Hon. Frank W. 
 Hamilton, George E. 
 Hamlin, Rev. T. S. 
 Harban, Dr. W. S. 
 Harris, Capt. P. C, U. S. A. 
 Heath, Perry S. 
 Hellen, Benjamin. 
 Hellen, George. 
 Henderson, Hon. J. B. 
 Henderson, J. B., jr. 
 Henderson, William G. 
 Herbert, Hon. H. A. 
 He}'\vood, Gen. Charles, 
 
 U. S. M. C. 
 Hill, Hon. David J., jr. 
 Hill, William Corcoran 
 Hills, Wallace H. 
 Hine, Hon. L. G. 
 Hopkins, Archibald. 
 Howland, S. S. 
 Hunt, Gaillard. 
 Hyde, Thomas. 
 Jenkins, Dr. Ralph. 
 Johnson, Hugo. 
 Johnson, Hon. W. M. 
 Johnston, James M. 
 
 Johnston, Dr. W. W. 
 
 Jones, Hon. W. A. 
 
 Kasson, Hon. J. A. 
 
 Kauffmann, Victor. 
 
 Keith, Arthur. 
 
 Keller, Thomas T. 
 
 Lamberton, Capt. B. P., 
 U. S. N. 
 
 Langley, Dr. S. P. 
 
 Legare, Alexander B. 
 
 Legare, Hugh S. 
 
 Legge, A. M. 
 
 Leiter, Joseph. 
 
 Leiter, L. Z. 
 
 Loring, Dr. F B. 
 
 Lowndes, James. 
 
 Luckett, Oscar. 
 
 McCallum, James I. 
 
 McCammon, J. K. 
 
 McCauley, Edward. 
 
 McCauley, Henry C. 
 
 McGee, W. J. 
 
 McGuire, Frederick B. 
 
 Mackay-Smith, Rev. Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 McKee, David R. 
 
 McKenney, Charles A. 
 
 McKenney, J. H. 
 
 McKim, Rev. R. H. 
 
 Macfarland, Lieut. Horace 
 G., U.S.N. 
 
 Magruder, Dr. G. L. 
 
 Mallan, Dr. T. F. 
 
 Maury, W. A. 
 
 May, Col. Henry. 
 
 Meiklejohn, Hon. G. D. 
 
 Meredith, Capt. W. M. 
 
 Merriam, Hon. W. R. 
 
 Merrick, Richard T. 
 
 Merritt, Hon. John A. 
 
 Metcalf, W. P. 
 
 Michael, William H . 
 
 Michler, A. K. 
 
 Michler, Capt. Francis, 
 U. S. A. 
 
 Miles, Lieut. Gen. Nelson 
 A., U.S. A. 
 
 Miller, Commander Fred- 
 erick A., U.S.N. 
 
 Miller, John. 
 
 Montgomery, Col. B. F., 
 U. S. A. 
 
 Moore, Charles. 
 Moore, Clarence. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 141 
 
 Moore, Prof. Willis L. 
 Moses, Arthur C. 
 Neale, Sidney C. 
 Needham, Charles W. 
 Newman, Rev. S. M. 
 Nicolay, Col. John G. 
 Noyes, Crosby S. 
 O'Donnell, J. C. 
 Orman, Hon. John B. 
 Orme, William D. 
 Page, Thomas Nelson. 
 Palmer, F. W. 
 Palmer, Hon. Aulick. 
 Parson, Rev. W. E. 
 Perry, R. Ross, jr. 
 Peters, E. F. 
 Petteys, Dr. C. V. 
 Phillips, P. Lee. 
 Pickford, Thomas H. 
 Pinchot, Gifford. 
 Powderly, Hon. T. V. 
 Powell, Maj. John W. 
 Power, Rev. Frederick D. 
 Pradt, Hon. L. A. 
 Procter, Hon. John R. 
 Prouty, Hon. C. A. 
 Pruden, O. E. 
 Putnam, Hon. Herbert. 
 Radcliffe, Rev. Wallace. 
 Rafferty, Col. William A., 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Rathbun, Richard. 
 Ravenel, W. de C. 
 Reeve, Col. F. A. 
 Repetti, Dr. F. F. 
 Richards, Hon. J. K. 
 Richardson, Dr. Charles W. 
 Richardson, Mason N. 
 
 Riggs, E. Francis. 
 
 Rixey, Dr. P. M. 
 
 Roberts, Hon. Ellis H. 
 
 Rodney, Lieut. Command- 
 er R. B., U. S. N. 
 
 Rosse, Irving C. 
 
 Ruggles, Gen. G. D. 
 
 Russell, Sol. Smith. 
 
 Rutherford, Col. R. G. 
 
 Ryan, Hon. Thomas. 
 
 Sands, F. P. B. 
 
 Satterlee.Rt.Rev. Henry Y. 
 
 Scott, Judge C. F. 
 
 Seymour, H. A. 
 
 Shallenberger, Hon. W. S. 
 
 Shoemaker, L- P. 
 
 Slaybaugh, G. H. 
 
 Small, J. H., jr. 
 
 Smith, Franklin Webster. 
 
 Spaulding, Hon. O. L. 
 
 Spear, Gen. Ellis. 
 
 Spofford, A. R. 
 
 Stafford, Rev. D. J. 
 
 Stevens, F. C. 
 
 Stevens, Hon. Theron. 
 
 Stewart, Hon. A. T. 
 
 Stewart, H. C. 
 
 Stewart, Rear-Admiral Ed- 
 win, U. S. N. 
 
 Story, J. P., jr. 
 
 Strong, Frank. 
 
 Stuart, Prof. A. T. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas J. 
 
 Taggart, Hugh T. 
 
 Talmage, Rev. T. DeWitt. 
 
 Taylor, Hon. J . K. 
 
 Thorn, Corcoran. 
 
 Thompson, Dr. J. Ford. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. 
 
 Thoron, Ward. 
 
 Thropp, Joseph E. 
 
 Towusend, Richard H. 
 
 Townsend, Capt. Thomas 
 G.,U. S. A. 
 
 Tracewell, Hon. R. J. 
 
 True, Dr. F. W. 
 
 Tyler, Alfred. 
 
 Van Devanter, Hon. Willis. 
 
 Vanderlip, Hon. F. A. 
 
 Verrill, Charles H. 
 
 Vincent, Brig. Gen. Thos. 
 M.,U. S. A. 
 
 Waggaman, John F. 
 
 Walcott, Hon. Charles D. 
 
 Wallach, Richard. 
 
 Walsh, T. F. 
 
 Watkins, J. Elfreth. 
 
 Webb, H. Randall. 
 
 Weller, Joseph I. 
 
 Whiting, G. F. 
 
 Whitney, Rev. John D. 
 
 Whittemore, W. C. 
 
 Wilkins, John F. 
 
 Wilkinson, Ernest. 
 
 Willard, J. E. 
 
 Wilson, A. A. 
 
 Wilson, Brig. Gen. John 
 M.,U. S. A. 
 
 Wilson, Nathaniel. 
 
 Wilson, Dr. Thomas. 
 
 Woodhull, Gen. Maxwell 
 V. Z. 
 
 Wylie, Horace. 
 
 Wyman, Surg. Gen. Wal- 
 ter, U. S. M. H. S. 
 
 Yarrow, Dr. H. C. 
 
 Young, John R. 
 
 Myron M. Parker, chairman. Henry F. Blount, vice-chairman. 
 
 W. Scott Towers, secretary. 
 
 Abbot, Dr. Griffith E 
 Alvord, T. G. 
 Arms, John T. 
 Babson, J. W. 
 Bailey, L. C. 
 Barker, William E. 
 Barross, John V. 
 Bayne, Dr. J. W. 
 Biscoe, H. L. 
 Boardman, W. J. 
 
 Bovee, Dr. J. W. 
 Boynton, C. A. 
 Bradley, C. S. 
 Brown, Chapin. 
 Brown, L. S. 
 Burdette, W. W. 
 Cassels, John. 
 Chamberlin, J. M. 
 Chase, W. Calvin. 
 Church, W. A. H. 
 
 Cook, John F. 
 Cox, W. V. 
 Cranford, J. H. 
 Crocker, Frank. 
 Crosby, O. T. 
 Curriden, S. W. 
 Curtis, W. E. 
 Darlington, J. J. 
 Darneille, H. H. 
 Davidson, H. Bradley. 
 
142 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Davis, H. E. 
 Davis, Lewis J. 
 Dove, J. Maury. 
 Duncanson, C. C. 
 Dunlop, George T. 
 Dutton, R. W. 
 Dyrenforth, M. 
 Earnest, J. P. 
 Earnshaw, B. B. 
 Emery, M. G. 
 Emmons, George E. 
 Evans, Prof. D. J. 
 Evans, George W. 
 Fleming, R. I. 
 Foster, Percy S. 
 Fox, A. F. 
 Freeman, J. R. 
 Fuller, H. W. 
 Gale, Thomas M. 
 Gait, Ralph. 
 Gait, Walter A. 
 Gasch, H. E. 
 Gibson, George. 
 Gillett, A. S. 
 Glover, C. C. 
 Gordon, J. H. 
 Green, J. M. 
 
 Greenlees, Archibald. 
 Gude, W. F. 
 
 Gurley, W. B. 
 
 Harper, Robert N. 
 
 Harris, R. 
 
 Hay, E. B. 
 
 Hege, S. B. 
 
 Heiskell, P.H., jr. 
 
 Hemphill, John J. 
 
 Henning, George C. 
 
 Herrell, John E. 
 
 Herron, J. Whit. 
 
 Heurich, Christian 
 
 Hibbs, W. B. 
 
 Hoeke, Wm. H. 
 
 Hoge, W. S. 
 
 Horn, Aaron. 
 
 Hume, Frank. 
 
 Hutchins, Stilson. 
 
 Hutchins, Walter S. 
 
 James, Chas. A. 
 
 Janney, B. T. 
 
 Jeffords, Tracy L. 
 
 Johnson, E. S. 
 
 Johnson, R. S. 
 
 Jones, Chas. A. 
 
 Jones, Thos. R. 
 
 Kann, Simon. 
 Kauffmann, S. H. 
 Kellogg, W. P. 
 Kendall, J. Blake. 
 Kimball, Judge I. G. 
 Knox, W. S. 
 Lambert, W. J. 
 Lambie, J. B. 
 Lansburgh, Gustave. 
 Larner, John B. 
 Lee, Blair. 
 Lisner, A. 
 Lothrop, A. M. 
 Loughran, Daniel. 
 McChesney, J. D. 
 McGill, J. N. 
 McGowan, J. H. 
 McKay, Nathaniel. 
 McLanahan, George C. 
 McLean, John R. 
 Marean, M. 
 Marlow, E. S. 
 Mattingly, W. F. 
 May, F. P. 
 Mayer, T. Jacob. 
 Miller, Jos. S. 
 Moore, David. 
 Morrill, Jas. S. 
 Moss, Geo. W. 
 Murray, Daniel. 
 Nailor, Allison. 
 Newbold, John L. 
 
 Newton, W. J. 
 
 Norment, Clarence F. 
 
 Norris, Jas. L. 
 
 Noyes, F. B. 
 
 Offutt, H. W. 
 
 Owen, Owen. 
 
 Oyster, Jas. F. 
 
 Parker, E. Southard. 
 
 Parker, H. B. 
 
 Parris, A. K. 
 
 Paul, Joseph. 
 
 Portner, Robert F. 
 
 Purvis, Dr. C. B. 
 
 Ralston, J. H, 
 
 Rapley, W. H, 
 
 Raymond, Frank K. 
 
 Read, A. M. 
 
 Roberts, W. F. 
 
 Roessle, T. E. 
 
 Roome, W. O. 
 
 Ross, Burton R. 
 
 Ross, Samuel. 
 
 Saks, Isadore. 
 Scbafer, E. G. 
 Schneider, T. F. 
 Shedd, S. S. 
 Simpson, H. K. 
 Slater, I. C. 
 Sloan, C. G. 
 Smith, E. S. 
 Smith, Fred S. 
 Smith, Thos. W. 
 Sornerville, J. W. 
 Sowers, Dr. Z. T. 
 Staples, O. G. 
 Stellwagen, E. J. 
 Stevens, E. H. 
 Stoddard, J. C. 
 Studds, Colin. 
 Sturtevaut, A. L. 
 Swartzell, G. W. F. 
 Syme, C. H. 
 Thayer, R. H. 
 Thomas, Frank H. 
 Thompson, Ross. 
 Thompson, W. B. 
 Thompson, W. S. 
 Towers, Lem. 
 Truesdell, George. 
 Tucker, E. H. 
 Tyler, R. W. 
 
 Van Wickle, W. P. 
 
 Waggaman, Thos. E. 
 
 Warner, B. H. 
 
 Webb, John S. 
 
 Weller, M. I. 
 
 Wells, Henry. 
 
 West, H. L. 
 
 White, Geo. W. 
 
 Whitwell, S. N. 
 
 Wilkins, Beriah. 
 
 Wilkins, John F. 
 
 Willard, C. C. 
 
 Willard, H. A. 
 
 Willard, H. K. 
 
 Williams, Geo. B. 
 
 Wilson, J. M. 
 
 Wine, L. D. 
 
 Wines, M. W. 
 
 Wolf, Simon. 
 
 Woodbury, Levi. 
 
 Woodward, S. W. 
 
 Worthington, A. S. 
 
 Young, N. E. 
 
 Zeh, W. J. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 143 
 
 COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION. 
 
 John Joy Edson, chairman. 
 
 S. W. Woodward, vice-chairman. 
 
 Walter S. Hutchins, vice-chairman. 
 
 B. H. Warner, vice-chairman. 
 Thomas W. Smith, vice-chairman. 
 Frank P. Reeside, secretary. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Adams, W. Irving. 
 Anderson, Thomas H. 
 Ansley, H. C. 
 Ashford, Mahlon. 
 Aspinwall, C. A. 
 Austin, O. P. 
 Babbitt, Dr. Z. B. 
 Bailey, Charles B. 
 Baker, Dr. Marcus. 
 Barry, David S. 
 Beckett, F. O. 
 Birney, William. 
 Birth, William W. 
 Bittinger, Rev. B. F. 
 Blair, Henry P. 
 Boynton, Charles A. 
 Brown, Austin P. 
 Brown, George W. 
 Brown, Thomas. 
 Burdett, Gen. S. S. 
 Busey, Dr. S. C. 
 Cammack, John. 
 Carusi, Eugene. 
 Caverly, R. B. 
 Chamberlain, J. A. 
 Chapman, Rev. William H. 
 Chappell, L. B. 
 Cheatham, Hon. H. P. 
 Chickering, Prof. John W. 
 Church, C. B. 
 Clark, C. S. 
 Clark, Dr. Daniel B. 
 Clephane, Lewis P. 
 Cohen, Max. 
 Concklin, Edward F. 
 Cornwell, S. G. 
 Coyle, J. F. 
 Crook, W. H. 
 Cropley, Thomas L. 
 Crosthwaite, F. B. 
 Cummings, Horace S. 
 Cutts, J. Madison. 
 Dall, Dr. W. H. 
 Danenhower, W. W. 
 Davis, E. G. 
 DeLashmutt, L. O. 
 Dingman, Harrison. 
 
 Dodge, W. W. 
 Domer, Rev. Samuel. 
 Donnelly, Owen V. 
 Dulin, Thaddeus C. 
 Earnshaw, Richard J. 
 Edson, Joseph R. 
 Edwards, Burr N. 
 Elliott, N. T. 
 Embry, James H. 
 Fardon, Dr. A. P. 
 Ffoulke, Charles M. 
 Fisher, Thomas J. 
 Foster, Charles E. 
 Fowler, Edwin H. 
 Freeman, H. W., jr. 
 Freund, Harry Edward. 
 Frizzell, William J. 
 Gallaudet, Dr. E. M. 
 Gait, Norman. 
 Gait, William. 
 Hamlin, John P. 
 Harlow, Hon. J. B. 
 Harris, Hon. W. T. 
 Heaton, Frank M. 
 Hendrick, D. S. 
 Hermann, Hon. Binger. 
 Hesselbach, Max. 
 Hickling, D. Percy, M. D. 
 Hill, J. G. 
 
 Holbrook, Theodore L. 
 Holmead, William. 
 Howard, L. O. 
 Hoyt, Hon. H. M. 
 Hughes, P. M. 
 Hurst, Bishop John F. 
 Hutchins, Lee. 
 Jackson, Hon. E, E. 
 Jackson, W. Bladen. 
 Johnson, William C. 
 Kauffmanu, Rudolph. 
 Keim, De B. Randolph. 
 Kelly, J. F. 
 King, Dr. W. R. 
 Knapp, Hon. Marcus A. 
 La Fetra, Edwin L. 
 Lane, Dr. F. R. 
 Lanston, Tolbert. 
 
 Larcomb, Benjamin F. 
 Larner, Noble D. 
 Lehmann, Frederick A. 
 Leighton, B. F. 
 Lewis, Dr. Samuel E. 
 Lockwood, E. J. 
 Lockwood, Philo J. 
 Lucas, F. A. 
 Lyons, Judson W. 
 MacVeagh, Wayne. 
 McKnew, W. H. 
 McLachlen, A. M. 
 Maddox, Samuel. 
 Magruder, J. H. 
 Maloney, P. 
 Mann, B. Pickman. 
 Marbury, John, jr. 
 Mason, O. T. 
 Merrill, Daniel F. 
 Merrill, George P. 
 Moore, F. L. 
 Morse, Alexander P. 
 Morsell, Samuel T. G. 
 Mullowny, Alexander R. 
 Nesbit, C. F. 
 Newcomb, Simon. 
 Nicolay, J. G. 
 Noyes, Thomas C. 
 Owen, Frederick D. 
 Oyster, George M. 
 Parker, John C. 
 Pearson, George W. 
 Pilling, Frederick W 
 Pitzer, Rev. Alexander W. 
 Portner, Robert. 
 Prather, Joseph. 
 Price, William W. 
 Prosise, J. L. 
 Queen, Benjamin F. 
 Rankin, Rev. J. E. 
 Rapley, W. W. 
 Reyburn, Dr. Robert. 
 Rheem, Clarence B. 
 Rhees, W. J. 
 Ridgway, Robert. 
 Rudolph, C. H. 
 Riley, Thomas W. 
 
144 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Saunders, L. M. 
 Schaefer, J. W. 
 Schafhirt, A. J. 
 Shea, N. H. 
 Siddons, F. L. 
 Simmons, Leo. 
 Small, John H. 
 Smith, Emmons S. 
 Smith, Freeborn G. 
 Smoot, S. C. 
 Sperry, A. F. 
 Spohn, Milford. 
 Sternberg, Gen. G. M. 
 Stinemetz, B. H. 
 Sunderland, Rev. Byron. 
 
 Swope, John A. 
 Stone, D. D. 
 Terrell, R. H. 
 Thompson, Magnus S. 
 Thorn, Charles G. 
 Tindall, Dr. William. 
 Trimble, Matthew. 
 Twombly, H. H. 
 Taylor, Capt. C. W. 
 Todd, William B. 
 Ucker, Clement S. 
 Waring, Dr. J. H. N. 
 Weaver, D. F. 
 Weaver, John L. 
 Welch, Dr. George B. 
 
 Wescott, E. S. 
 White, Dr. C. A. 
 Wilcox, W. R. 
 Wilson, Jesse B. 
 Wilson, Dr. Luther B. 
 Wimer, J. B. 
 Wimsatt, W. A. 
 Winship, Henry C. 
 Woodward, William R. 
 White, William Frye. 
 Wilson, Francis A. 
 Wilson, J. Henry. 
 Young, Elphonzo. 
 Young, Dr. William P. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL. 
 
 The Senate Committee. 
 
 The House of Representatives Committee. 
 
 Citizens' Committee. 
 
 R. Ross Perry, chairman. 
 
 John B. Larner, vice-chairman. 
 
 William Henderson Moses, vice-chairman. 
 
 M. I. Weller, vice-chairman. 
 Chapin Brown, vice-chairman. 
 Thomas H. McKee, secretary. 
 
 Albert, Allen D. 
 Anderson, A. D. 
 Baker, Dr. Frank. 
 Baldwin, William D. 
 Barbour, Andrew. 
 Barney, Harry Wilder. 
 Bates, James A. 
 Beall, Charles B. 
 Bennett, Charles G. 
 Bingham, A. W. 
 Blumenberg, Marc. 
 Bradley, Andrew Y. 
 Bride, Cotter T. 
 Bright, Col. Richard J. 
 Brown, Glenn. 
 Browning, Frank T. 
 Browning, William J. 
 Bulkley, Dr. J. W. 
 Bussey, Gen. Cyrus. 
 Cantwell, Edwin J. 
 Carrington, Campbell. 
 Casson, Henry. 
 Chamberlain, Dr. F. T. 
 Chambers, D. A. 
 Chaney, John C. 
 Childs", Rev. T. S. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Cissel, W. H. H. 
 Clark, Appleton P. 
 Clark, J. B. 
 Cleaves, Thomas P. 
 Clephane, Allan O. 
 Coburn, Henry C. 
 Cohen, Myer. 
 Cohen, Robert. 
 Colladay, E. F. 
 Concklin, Edward F. 
 Couden, Rev. Henry N. 
 Courts, J. C. 
 Coville, F. V. 
 Cremer, John D. 
 Croggen, James. 
 Croissant, John D. 
 Crystal, James A. 
 Cushman, Charles R. 
 Darneille, Hopewell H. 
 Davis, Allan. 
 De Land, Theo. L. 
 Dudley, W. W. 
 Dunnell, E. G. 
 Duvall, W. C. 
 Easton, Rev. Thomas C. 
 Eichhorn, Rudolph. 
 
 Evans, Dr. W. B. 
 Faulkner, Hon. Charles J. 
 Fisher, Samuel T. 
 Fletcher, Dr. Robert. 
 French, Walter H. 
 Gannett, Henry. 
 Gates, Merrill E. 
 Gawler, Joseph. 
 Gensler, H. J. 
 Gilfry, Henry H. 
 Glenn, W. J. 
 Goode, Hon. John. 
 Gorman, Hon. A. P. 
 Hamilton, Charles A. 
 Hanger, Harry B. 
 Henderson, John. 
 Hill, Isaac R. 
 Hillyer, C. J. 
 Hinds, Asher C. 
 Holmes, Prof. W. H. 
 Howard, Dr. Joseph T. 
 Howe, Albert H. 
 Huntoon, Dr. A. J. 
 Huxford, Maj. W. P. 
 Jackson, B. Lowndes. 
 Johnson, H. M. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 145 
 
 Kober, Dr. G. M. 
 Lambert, T. A. 
 Lansburgh, Max. 
 Lincoln, Col. Charles P. 
 Lincoln, S. Dana. 
 Lipscomb, Andrew A. 
 Littlepage, Capt. H. B. 
 McCammon, Ormsby. 
 McDowell, Alexander. 
 McElroy, Col. John. 
 McElroy, Joseph C. 
 McNeely, Leroy J. 
 Maher, James D. 
 Manning, Dr. W. P. 
 Marble, Hon. E. M. 
 Marlow, James H. 
 Meloy, William A. 
 Metcalf, W. W. 
 Milburn, Rev. William H. 
 Mills, Gen. Anson, U. S. A. 
 Moore, Charles. 
 Morgan, Dr. George. 
 Morgan, Thomas P. 
 Mosher, Robert Brent. 
 Munn, Henry B. 
 Norris, James L. 
 O'Farrell, Patrick. 
 Ogden, H. G. 
 Paine, Elmer E. 
 Paine, Gen. H. E. 
 Parker, E. Southard. 
 Parsons, J. L. 
 Pearson, Charles B. 
 
 Perkins, L. W. 
 Peter, Arthur. 
 Pierce, Edwin S. 
 Pilling, John W. 
 Prentiss, Dr. D. W. 
 Price, Hon. Hiram. 
 Pulsifer, Woodbury. 
 Pursell, C. C. 
 Ramsdell, Daniel M. 
 Reddington, J. K. 
 Reed, Wilson G. 
 Repetti, George R. 
 Richard, Julian W. 
 Richardson, Dr. A. B. 
 Riggles, J. Richard. 
 Rittenhouse, S. W. 
 Rockwell, J. E. 
 Rose, Henry M. 
 Ross, Col. George C. 
 Sanner, F. T. 
 Schofield, John C. 
 Selden, John. 
 Shields, Charles A. 
 Silverman, Louis J. 
 Simpson, Edward F. 
 Smith, Amzi. 
 Sohon, Henry W. 
 Solotnois, A. S. 
 Stafford, A. O. 
 Stevens, Walter B. 
 Stewart, Alonzo H. 
 Stout, J. Kennedy. 
 Stoutenburgh, Dr. J. A. 
 
 Strobeck, Chas. H. 
 Talbert, George W. 
 Tanner, Hon. James. 
 Thomas, A. A. 
 Tittman, O. H. 
 Todd, William E. 
 True, Alfred C. 
 Truesdell, Hon. George. 
 Vail, Benjamin. 
 Walford, D. N. 
 Walker, Samuel H. 
 Walker, William T. 
 Ward, M. P. 
 Warner, B. H., jr. 
 Washington, Col. Llewel- 
 lyn. 
 Weaver, Charles H. 
 Weller, Frank P. 
 White, Ashton S. H. 
 White, Wallace H. 
 Whittington, Granville N. 
 Willet, Richard. 
 Williams, Dr. J. T. 
 Willige, J. Louis. 
 Wilson, J. Ormond. 
 Wines, Hon. Fred H. 
 Woods, Elliott. 
 Wright, Gen. Marcus J. 
 Wylie, Judge Andrew. 
 Wynne, Robert J. 
 Yost, William. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PARADE AND DECORATION. 
 
 Hon. John B. Wight, chairman. 
 W. H. Rapley, secretary. 
 
 Gen. George H. Harries, vice-chairman. 
 W. W. Connor, assistant secretary. 
 
 Acker, William J. 
 Allen, Walter C. 
 Alvey, T. F. 
 Alvord, E. S. 
 Anderson, Marion T. 
 Ashford, Snowden. 
 Ashmead, W. H. 
 Armstrong, R. H. 
 Auerbach, Joseph. 
 Balloch, Gen. G. W. 
 Barton, Dr. W. M. 
 Bayly, Charles B. 
 Bayly, William H. 
 Beale, George N. 
 
 H. Doc. 55: 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Bean, B. A. 
 Beitzell, A. E. 
 Bell, Maj. James E. 
 Bensinger, Samuel. 
 Besselievre, S. J. 
 Bieber, Lieut. Sidney. 
 Black, A. B. 
 Block, S. J. 
 Blout, Isaac L. 
 Brady, John B. 
 Bramhall, Col. W. L. 
 Brennan, P. J. 
 Bridget, B. M. 
 Brooks, Maj. Arthur. 
 
 Brooks, Capt. N. M. 
 Brown, Col. Wm. Wallace. 
 Brownell, Fred H. 
 Bryan, W. B. 
 Buckley, Dr. E. L. 
 Bugher, Capt. Frederick H. 
 Burger, J. C. S. 
 Burton, E. L. 
 Calver, Dr. Thomas. 
 Cardozo, F. L., jr. 
 Carmody, J. R. 
 Carrington, Maj. J. McD. 
 Carry, Albert. 
 Carver, Frank N. 
 
146 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Castleberg, Robert. 
 Chamberlin, S. E. 
 Chase, B. F. 
 Christman, P. H. 
 Claudy, Frank. 
 Clay, Col. Cecil. 
 Collins, W. H. 
 Combes, Edward R. 
 Cook, C. F. 
 Copeland, Arthur. 
 Corson, George E. 
 Cranford, Percy. 
 Crawley, W. C. 
 Cross, Samuel A. 
 Cutler, L. B. 
 Daish, John B. 
 Daley, Frank P. 
 Danenhower, Washington. 
 Darr, Charles W. 
 Davis, James S. 
 Dawson, Clarence E. 
 Deloe, W. W. 
 Dempf, Jos. A. 
 Dessez, Leon E. 
 Dodge. T. Conrad. 
 Dony, James H. 
 Dowling, Frank. 
 Droop, E. H. 
 Dunbar, U. S. J. 
 Du Perow, M. 
 Dyrenforth, Gen. R. St. G. 
 Eberly, S. P. 
 Edgar, J. M. 
 Edmonds, I. K. 
 Edmondston, Samuel H. 
 Edmonston, C. R. 
 Edson, John Joy, jr. 
 Emerson, R. P. 
 Ergood, Jesse C. 
 Espey, John B. 
 Falck, Joseph G. 
 Farnsworth, Calvin. 
 Fenning, F. A. 
 Field, George. 
 Fischer, Victor G. 
 Fisk, Howard. 
 Fleming, George E. 
 Foote, George F. 
 Ford, James M . 
 Francis, A. W. 
 Francis, Dr. John R. 
 Franklin, R. L. 
 Friedlander, Harry. 
 Galloway, Jno. R. 
 
 Gannon, Lawrence C. 
 Gans, Isaac. 
 Geare, R. I. 
 Geddes, Andrew. 
 Gillman, Howard M. 
 Girouard, Alphonse. 
 Glassie, D. W. 
 Gleeson, Andrew. 
 Gliem, Christian P. 
 Goldenberg, I. 
 Goodheart, Briscoe. 
 Graham, George D. 
 Grayson, D. C. 
 Greenlees, D. Agnew. 
 Gregory, Hamilton I. 
 Grimes, A. V. 
 Grove, Bernard L. 
 Gunnell, John H. 
 Guy, B. W. 
 Hains, Comdr. R. P. 
 Hallam, O. B. 
 Hanvey, Frank L. 
 Haradon, E. A. 
 Hart, Abraham. 
 Hart, William F. 
 Heald, Eugene de F. 
 Hecht, Alexander. 
 Henderson, John M. 
 Hendley, Charles M. 
 Henry, J. William. 
 Herbst, William P. 
 Hess, David M. 
 Hibbs, W. C. 
 Hodges, Lieut. Benj. 
 Hodges, W. R. 
 Hodgkins, Chas. E. 
 Hoehling, A. A., jr. 
 Hopkins, Frank E. 
 Hopkins, Lieut. Comdr. 
 
 S. G. 
 Howells, S. D. 
 Hunt, C. B. 
 Hunter, Maj. R. W. 
 Jackson, Frank H. 
 Jacobson, Samuel H. 
 Johnson, Maj. A. E. H. 
 Johnson, Rich. A. 
 Johnston, E. C. 
 Johnston, Maj. J. A., 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Joyce, George W. 
 Joyce, Col. John A. 
 Kehoe, H. J. 
 Kemper, Chas. E. 
 
 Kern, Chas. E. 
 Kimball, Dr. E. S. 
 King, Charles. 
 King, Warrenton C. 
 Kline, Jno. M. 
 Kniffin, Col. G. C. 
 Kraemer, Charles. 
 Kramer, S. E. 
 Kopf, Bernard. 
 Karr, C. F. 
 Laist, Theodore F. 
 Langley, Charles A. 
 Lanham, Trueman. 
 Lansburgh, James. 
 Lansburgh, Julius. 
 Leary, H. B. 
 Lee, Jesse B. K. 
 Leesnitzer, E. L. 
 Leetch, John. 
 Lewis, M. M. 
 Linkins, George W. 
 Lloyd, J. H. 
 Loeffler, Capt. Charles. 
 Loffler, Andrew. 
 Lomax, Gen. L. L. 
 Looker, Capt. H. B. 
 Loose\ J. Louis. 
 Lutz, Frank A., jr. 
 McCullough, N. N. 
 McElderry, S. W. 
 Mclntire, W. C. 
 McKee, H. H. 
 McLaughlin, A. E. 
 McLean, Edward B. 
 McLean, Wallace D. 
 Mackey, Franklin H. 
 Martin, Thomas R. 
 Mattingly, Lieut. F. C. 
 Maynard, Geo. C. 
 Megrew, Maj. H. C. 
 Middleton, Col. John. 
 Morsell, Herndon. 
 Morton, J. B. 
 Moseley, E. A. 
 Moser, J. H. 
 Muehler, George J. 
 Neumeyer, Maj. E. H. 
 Nicholson, J. E. 
 Norton, Col. H. D. 
 Noske, C. F. 
 O'Bryon, Philip M. 
 O'Donnell, James A. 
 Ogram, Dr. T. E. 
 O'Hare, Owen. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 147 
 
 O'Neill, W. H. 
 Ordway, N. G. 
 Ourand, Maj. Chas. H. 
 Oyster, George M., jr. 
 Parker, Andrew. 
 Parmenter, Maj. H. H. 
 Parris, Joseph. 
 Patterson, W. B. 
 Patton, Capt. Edward E. 
 Peale, Dr. A. C. 
 Pearce, W. H. 
 Peddle, William R. 
 Pelz, Paul J. 
 Perhani, A. S. 
 Pfeiffer, D. G. 
 Pitzer, Frank. 
 Poindexter, W. M. 
 Purman, Dr. J. J. 
 Pyle, F. B. 
 Quinn, M. J. 
 Rapley, E. E. 
 Rau, J. C. 
 Rauscher, Charle 
 Reed, W. T. 
 Reilly, Hugh. 
 Rich, L. 
 Richards, W. P. 
 Rick, George C. 
 
 Ring, T. M. 
 Riordou, Raymond. 
 Robbins, Capt. Alfred P. 
 Robinson, Chas. M. 
 Ronieyn, Maj. Henry, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Rudden, John. 
 Ryder, S. M. 
 Scott, John B. 
 Sefton, W. M. 
 Shea, James F. 
 Sheehy, Francis P. 
 Shehan, George A. 
 Slemen, J. B., jr. 
 Smithmeyer, J. L. 
 Springman, Fred. 
 Springman, John T. 
 Stone, Dr. Chas. G. 
 Stump, Edward B. 
 Swayze, Theodore F. 
 Talty, T. J. 
 Tappan, Myron A. 
 Taylor, Blain W. 
 Thorp, Capt. M. R. 
 Todd,W. E.,jr. 
 Tolson, Julius W. 
 Towles, Henry O. 
 Townley, Lieut. R. H. 
 
 Toy, Joseph C. 
 Traylor, J. G. 
 Tuckey, William W. 
 Tweedale, Maj. John, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Tyssowski, A. Z. 
 Urell, Col. M. E. 
 Van Dyke, Harry W. 
 Waddell, Hugh. 
 Waggaman, George E. 
 Warwick, R. T. 
 Weller, Francis R. 
 Whitaker, Gen. E. W. 
 White, L.C. 
 White, Oscar W. 
 Whitney, T. M. 
 Wight, Lloyd B. 
 Willett, W. T. 
 Williams, L. B. 
 Wolf, A. G. 
 Wolff, J. H. 
 Worden, C. H. 
 Yarrow, John. 
 Yoder, Gen. S. S. 
 Yost, John C. 
 Young, F. J. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PRESS. 
 
 Theodore W. Noyes, chairman. 
 
 Gen. H. V. Boynton, vice-chairman. 
 
 G. A. Lyon, jr., secretary. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Albert, A. D. (Baltimore Sun). 
 
 Allen, Charles H. (Washington Post). 
 
 Atkins, Addison B. (Brooklyn Eagle). 
 
 Ayres, A. S. ( Scripps-McRae Press Asso- 
 ciation ) . 
 
 Barry, David S. (New York Sun). 
 
 Bell, W. R. (Philadelphia North Amer- 
 ican). 
 
 Bill, Edward Lyman (Music Trade Re- 
 view). 
 
 Bingham, William T. (New York Sun). 
 
 Blythe, Samuel G. (New York World). 
 
 Bone, Scott C. (Washington Post). 
 
 Boyle, John (Norfolk Virginian). 
 
 Boynton, Charles A. (Associated Press). 
 
 Brady, E. W. (Baltimore News). 
 
 Brown, Harry J. (Portland Oregouian). 
 
 Bryan, W. B. (Evening Star). 
 
 Busbey, L. W. (Chicago Inter-Ocean). 
 
 Campbell, C. W. (Philadelphia Inquirer). 
 
 Carmichael, Otto (Detroit Journal). 
 
 Carmody, Francis J. (Duluth News-Tri- 
 bune). 
 
 Carpenter, Frank G., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Carson, John M. (Philadelphia Public 
 Ledger ) . 
 
 Cauldwell, F. W. (Wilkesbarre Record). 
 
 Clark, Walter E. (New Haven Register). 
 
 Cline, S. S. (Washington Post). 
 
 Conant, Charles A. (New York Journal of 
 Commerce). 
 
 Coolidge, L. A. (Boston Journal). 
 
 Coyle, Wilbur F. (Baltimore Herald). 
 
 Crane, M. E. (Boston Herald). 
 
 Crounse, W. L. (Detroit Free Press). 
 
 Curtis, William E. (Chicago Record). 
 
 Daniels, W. S. (St. Louis Republic). 
 
 Dodge, A. J, (St. Paul Pioneer Press). 
 
148 
 
 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Dunn, Arthur W. (Associated Press). 
 
 Dunnell, E. G. (New York Times). 
 
 Edwards, C. A. (Houston Post). 
 
 Edwards, W. A. (Kansas City Times). 
 
 Fearn, Richard Lee (New York Tribune). 
 
 Fry, Smith D. (Philadelphia Times). 
 
 Gardner, H. Gilson ( Chicago Journal ) . 
 
 Garthe, Louis (Baltimore American). 
 
 Genthe, Siegfried (Cologne Gazette). 
 
 Gibson, Edgar J. (Philadelphia Press). 
 
 Gregg, Isaac ( Pittsburg News ) . 
 
 Habercom, L.W.( Milwaukee Germania). 
 
 Hall, Henry (Pittsburg Times). 
 
 Halstead, Albert (Brooklyn Standard- 
 Union). 
 
 Hamilton, Charles A. (Brooklyn Times). 
 
 Heiss, A. E. (Pittsburg Dispatch). 
 
 Henry, James S. (Philadelphia Dispatch). 
 
 Hosford, Frank H. (Chicago Dispatch). 
 
 Ihmsen, Max F. (New York Journal). 
 
 Jenks, J. E. (Arm}' and Navy Register). 
 
 Jermane, W. W. (Minneapolis Journal). 
 
 Johnson, F. A. (Minneapolis Tribune). 
 
 Johnson, S. E. (Cincinnati Enquirer). 
 
 Jones, Van Culleu. 
 
 Kemp, Henry G. (Baltimore Sun). 
 
 King, W. P. ( Scripps-McRae Press Asso- 
 ciation ) . 
 
 Landon, Hal. D. (Cincinnati Commercial 
 Tribune). 
 
 Lamer, R. M. (Charleston News). 
 
 Leupp, Francis E. (New York Evening 
 Post). 
 
 Little, E. S. (San Francisco Bulletin). 
 
 Low, A. Maurice (Boston Globe). 
 
 MacBride, W. C. (Cincinnati Enquirer). 
 
 McPherson, W. L. (New York Tribune). 
 
 Mason, William M. (Army and Navy 
 Journal ) . 
 
 Matthews, R. Bowman (New Orleans 
 Picayune). 
 
 Merrick, H. L. (Columbus Press). 
 
 Metzgar, Charles W. (Albany Journal). 
 
 Michinard, Frank. 
 
 Miller, Albert (Kansas City Star). 
 
 Miller, George E. (Detroit Evening 
 News). 
 
 Miller, John H. (Washington Times). 
 
 Miller, John P. (Philadelphia Telegraph). 
 
 Morgan, F. P. (Boston Traveler). 
 
 Nesbitt, H. B. (Pittsburg Press). 
 
 O'Brien, Robert L. (Boston Transcript). 
 
 Ohl, J. K. (Atlanta Constitution). 
 
 O'Laughlin, Cal. (New York Herald). 
 
 Oulahan, R. V. (New York Sun). 
 
 Paine, Elmer E. (Associated Press). 
 
 Patterson, Raymond (Chicago Tribune). 
 
 Richardson, F. A. (Baltimore Sun). 
 
 Ridenour, Charles H. (Army and Navy 
 Register). 
 
 Sarvis, J. M. (New York Daily News). 
 
 Schrader, Fred F. (Kansas City Journal). 
 
 Schroeder, Reginald (New York Staats- 
 Zeitung) . 
 
 Seckendorff, M. G. (New York Tribune). 
 
 Shannon, J. Harvey ( Washington Times). 
 
 Shaw, W. B. (Philadelphia Inquirer). 
 
 Shinn, C. M. (Evening Star). 
 
 Shriver, John S. (New York Mail and 
 Express). 
 
 Siggers, E. J. 
 
 Snowden, Harold (Alexandria Gazette). 
 
 Snyder, E. C. (Omaha Bee). 
 
 Splain, Maurice (Pittsburg Post). 
 
 Spurgeon, W. P. ( Washington Post ) . 
 
 Stadden, Corry M. (Columbus Dispatch). 
 
 Starek, Fred. (Cleveland Leader). 
 
 Stealey, Col. O. O (Louisville Courier- 
 Journal ) . 
 
 Stevens, H. C. (Buffalo Times). 
 
 Stevens, Walter B. (St. Louis Globe-Dem- 
 ocrat). 
 
 Stofer, A. J. (Scripps-McRae Press Asso- 
 ciation). 
 
 Sullivan, F. E. (Chicago Chronicle). 
 
 Suter, John T., jr. (Chicago Record). 
 
 Thompson, Charles T. (Associated Press). 
 
 Thompson, Howard N. (Associated 
 Press). 
 
 Van Antwerp, J. S. (Minneapolis Jour- 
 nal). 
 
 Waldeck, Jacob (Scripps-McRae Press 
 Association). 
 
 Walker, E. G. (Lewiston Journal). 
 
 Watkins, J. E., jr., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Wellman, Walter (Chicago Times- 
 Herald). 
 
 West, Henry L. (Washington Post). 
 
 Williams, John C. (New York Herald). 
 
 Williams, Ralph D. (Cleveland Plain 
 Dealer). 
 
 Wynne, Robert J. (New York Press). 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON MEDALS AND BADGES. 
 
 W. P. Van Wickle, chairman. 
 Clarence Corson, treasurer. 
 
 George B. Pitts, asst. secretary 
 
 Simon Wolf, vice-chairman. 
 Edward T. Bates, secretary. 
 
 I 49 
 
 Appich, Jacob. 
 Archibald, C. C. 
 Arnold, J. DeWitt. 
 Ayer, William N. 
 Babcock, Harry A. 
 Bache, Rene M. 
 Bailey, George H. 
 Ballantyne, R. C. 
 Barber, Charles E. 
 Beale. C. F. T. 
 Beck, Henry K. 
 Becker, Conrad. 
 Beck with, Paul. 
 Berliner, Emile. 
 Brigham, H. H. 
 Brockett, Paul. 
 Brown, Dorsey. 
 Buck, John R. 
 Burk, W. H. 
 Burke, Moncure. 
 Caldwell, Col. Luther. 
 Cameron, Col. John. 
 Cardozo, F. L. 
 Carusi, Eugene D. 
 Chase, Col. J. M. 
 Clark, A. Howard. 
 Clark, Appleton P., jr. 
 Clark, William F. 
 Conboye, G. Fred. 
 Crane, Edward A. 
 Cushing, Henry. 
 Davis, Arthur P. 
 Day, Dr. David T. 
 Dodge, C. R. 
 Dodge, H. H. 
 Domer, W. A. 
 Draper, H. W. 
 Droop, Carl A. 
 Dunlop, G. Thomas. 
 Eaton, Horace W. 
 
 Ely, S. M. 
 Gifford, John C. 
 Gifford, Loren E. 
 Gillard, George E. 
 Gould, A. M. 
 Govern, Charles J. 
 Graff, Charles. 
 Grant, Alexander. 
 Grice, Francis E. 
 Hall, Henry O. 
 Hardie, J. C. 
 Harris, Findley. 
 Haskell, Col. William C. 
 Hastings, J. Syme. 
 Hawxhurst, J. M. 
 Heiberger, F, J. , jr. 
 Hendricks, Arthur. 
 Hibbard, William W. 
 Hill, E. Lodge. 
 Hodgkins, Prof. H. L. 
 Hopkins, Thomas S. 
 Hough, Dr. Walter. 
 Howard, Clifford. 
 Howe, Dr. F. T. 
 Hungerford, W. A. 
 Jarvis, John F. 
 Johnson, Dr. H. L. E. 
 Jones, Harry S. 
 Judd, George H. 
 Kaiser, Edward T. 
 Karr, W. W. 
 Korts, Charles H. 
 Kranz, G. Fred. 
 La Dow, R. V. 
 Larner, Philip F. 
 Lavender, F. J. 
 Lay, Capt. Thomas W. 
 Lynch, John, jr. 
 McFarland, W. A. 
 Mades, Charles. 
 
 Marshall, J. R. 
 
 Miller, Benjamin. 
 
 Moses, Harry C. 
 
 Moss, Henry N. 
 
 Nye, Francis. 
 
 Offutt, A. E. 
 
 Palmer, William J. 
 
 Parker, B. W. 
 
 Parsons, A. J. 
 
 Pittman, F. L. 
 
 Prince, A. D. 
 
 Ray, Charles. 
 
 Roberts, Hon. George E. 
 
 Rogers, W. E. 
 
 Rupprecht, H. E. 
 
 Samson, Henry W. 
 
 Shaw, W. B., jr. 
 
 Simpson, G. Warfield. 
 Smith, F. G., jr. 
 s P ri gg. Dr. William Mer- 
 cer. 
 Stead, Robert. 
 Stodder, C. W. P. 
 Stone, Robert L. 
 Strasburger, Joseph. 
 Swartzell, M. F. F. 
 Swormstedt, Dr. L. B. 
 Townsend, C. H. 
 Tulloch, S. W. 
 Van Deusen, Albert H. 
 Walker, Frank. 
 Ward, Lieut. Henry H., 
 
 U. S. N. 
 White, W. A. 
 Whitehead, Cabell. 
 Wilson, William McC. 
 Woodward, Thomas P. 
 Young, C. F. 
 
150 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 PRINTING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Beriah Wilkins, chairman. 
 Edwin C. Jones, secretary. 
 
 Barry Bulkley, vice-chairman. 
 E. F. Riggs, asst. secretary. 
 
 Acker, Dr. G. N. 
 Adams, B. S. 
 Anderson, E. W. 
 Andrews, R. P. 
 Arnold, Eugene F. 
 Ashton, J. H. 
 Bacon, George A. 
 Baum, William H. 
 Becker, Victor J. 
 Bennett, Frank V. 
 Biggs, W. W. 
 Black, W. H. 
 Blackford, B. Lewis. 
 Bliss, A. O. 
 Bonney, B. W. 
 Boteler, J. W. 
 Boyd, W. Andrew. 
 Brandt, E. S. 
 Brian, Capt. H. T. 
 Brown, Ellis W. 
 Bryan, C. C. 
 Buckey, Thomas W. 
 Bulkley, R. W. 
 Burchell, N. L. 
 Callaghan, John T. 
 Carmody, J. D. 
 Carson, Perry. 
 Caywood, A. S. 
 Chase, P. B. 
 Cissel, Frank. 
 Clark, Allen C. 
 Clarke, S. A. 
 Clayton, W. McK. 
 Clifford, E. A. 
 Cochran, Eugene. 
 Cohen, William K. 
 Collins, Guy V. 
 Copperthite, Henry. 
 Cotterill, C. A. 
 Cowsill, Arthur. 
 Crichton, Dr. Macpherson. 
 Cropley, Charles B. 
 Cropper, John. 
 Curry, Daniel. 
 Cutter, E. C. 
 Darrell, L. P. 
 Dennison, Dr. I. W. 
 Dinsmore, A. F. 
 
 Donaldson, R. S. 
 Dorsey, H. W., jr. 
 Driver, George W. 
 Dungan, Irvine. 
 Dunlap, Irving H. 
 Edwards, Joseph S. 
 Evans, Frank M. 
 Fairfax, Chas. W. 
 Ferguson, A. F. 
 Fickling, Charles H. 
 Fleming, John. 
 Fowler, Charles D. 
 Fox, Edmund K. 
 Freeman, Frank L. 
 Fulenwider, John E. 
 Galliher, W. T. 
 Gatley, W. A. 
 Gill, W. S. 
 Gillet, C. J. 
 Gillin, David. 
 Geddes, William M. 
 George, 0. B. 
 Goldsmith, M. 
 Graham, Dr. R. H. 
 Gray, Edwin N. 
 Green, George F. 
 Grogan, Peter. 
 Grosvenor, Gilbert H. 
 Grove, Harry C. 
 Guy, Benjamin F. 
 Hahn, William. 
 Halsted, John J. 
 Handy, C. W. 
 Happ, P. F. 
 Harban, J. H. 
 Harding, Theodore A. 
 Hardy, Theodore H. 
 Harper, J. H. 
 Harrington, Edward P. 
 Hart, Alphonso. 
 Hawkes, Col. Benjamin F. 
 Heald, John C. 
 Heiskell, J. L. 
 Henderson, James B. 
 Henry, J. Malcolm. 
 Hensey Thomas G. 
 Herrmann, J. Philip. 
 Hesse, Henry A. 
 
 Hickey, John F. 
 Hill, John R. 
 Howe, George A. 
 James, Charles J. 
 Johnson, R. M. 
 Johnson, V. Baldwin. 
 Jones, Horace T. 
 Jones, Marcus R. 
 Joy, A. C. 
 Joyce, R. Edwin. 
 Karr, Henry C. 
 Kastle, John W. 
 Kaufman, D. J. 
 Keen, Edwin S. 
 Keene, J. R. 
 Kehoe, W. J. 
 King, B. C. 
 Kinnear, J. B. 
 Kirby, Thomas. 
 Knight, Hervey S. 
 Knowles, W. A. 
 Knox, John 0. 
 Lancaster, Chas. C. 
 Lay, T. A. 
 Leet, Grant. 
 Lucas, M. G. 
 McCalmont, Edw. S. 
 McNally, W. J. 
 McPherson, Donald W. 
 Marcellus, Robert H. 
 Marston, Capt. H. P. 
 Mattingly, S. L. 
 Matson, Walter T. 
 Ma}', George J. 
 Mayer, Alfred. 
 Mertz, George L. 
 Meyer, N. S. 
 Middleton, Alpheus. 
 Mills, Dr. William P. 
 Mitchell, John, jr. 
 Mitchell, R. L. 
 Moore, David. 
 Moore, Jacob. 
 Moque, J. O. 
 Morris, Ballard N. 
 Neale, H. S. 
 Newbold, T. R. 
 Nolen, A. S. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 151 
 
 Odell, Col. W. S. 
 Olive, W. S. 
 Pairo, Richard E. 
 Penicks, Thomas B. 
 Pettit, E. L. 
 Polkinhorn, J. H. 
 Prescott, S. J. 
 Prince, Capt. Howard L, 
 Proctor, W. H. 
 Pyles, George F. 
 Ramsay, William. 
 Rankin, J . N. 
 Ransom, J. C. 
 Rice, Creighton. 
 Richardson, William W. 
 Ricketts, 0. J . 
 Rideout, John. 
 Robinson, Bushrod. 
 Roche, Edw. J. 
 Rogers, C. C. 
 Rose, Dr. J. N. 
 Rosenberg, Maurice D. 
 Rupp, W. H. 
 Samson, Dr. George C. 
 Saul, John A. 
 Schneider, Charles F. 
 
 Schneider, John A. 
 Scott, Alexander. 
 Shand, Miles M. 
 Shaw, Edgar M. 
 Shillington, Joseph. 
 Sholes, W. H. 
 Shuster, William M. 
 Simpson, Horton. 
 Simpson, James C. 
 Smillie, T. W. 
 Smith, Francis H. 
 Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard. 
 Stevens, E. C. 
 Stiles, H. C. C. 
 Stinemetz, S. W. 
 Stone, Dr. T. Ritchie. 
 Strasburger, Myer. 
 Sturtevant, Charles L. 
 Stutler, Warner. 
 Sullivan, R. E. 
 Swormstedt, J. S. 
 Syphax, John E. 
 Teel, W. S. 
 Tenney, Robert B. 
 Thomas, W. Francis. 
 Thompson, C. N. 
 
 Thompson, W. S., jr. 
 Tindall, Philip. 
 Tolman, Edward M. 
 Tolson, Morsell. 
 Turpin, P. B. 
 Veerhoff, William H. 
 Voorhees, J. H. 
 Walker, Ernest G. 
 Walker, R. W. 
 Wallace, William J. 
 Walton, Maj. Clifford S. 
 Ward, H. G. 
 Webster, Edward. 
 Weill, Nathan. 
 Wells, James. 
 Werner, Charles. 
 West, William D. 
 Whiting, E. E. 
 Whitmore, W. S. 
 Wickersham, T. A. 
 Wilkins, F. G. 
 Wilson, B. B. 
 Wilson, Harry C. 
 Wilson, Louis C. 
 Wood, Court F. 
 Young, J. D. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC COMFORT AND ORDER. 
 
 Col. James G. Berret, chairman. 
 Maj. Richard Sylvester, secretary. 
 
 William S. Knox, vice-chairman. 
 E. B. Hesse, assistant secretary. 
 
 Acheson, M. H. 
 Acker, Walter H. 
 Albert, Allen D., jr. 
 AtLee, Goodwin. 
 Ball, Charles B. 
 Berry, J. E. 
 Bickford, Nathan. 
 Bond, George M. 
 Bowen, James G. 
 Brandenburg, C. A. 
 Brittain, William B. 
 Bronson, W. S. 
 Brooks, Hobart. 
 Brown, Solomon G. 
 Brown, Stephen C. 
 Bryant, Rev. S. L. 
 Bugher, Capt. F. H. 
 Bundy, C. S. 
 Burch, H. C. 
 Burdette, Le Blounde. 
 Cadick, Thomas W. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Cady, H. A. 
 Callahan, John. 
 Cardozo, Dr. F. J. 
 Carew, A. J. 
 Carr, Dr. W. P. 
 Chapin, Dr. A. 
 Christman, Howard L. 
 Clapp, Woodbridge. 
 Clark, E. S. 
 Collamer, Newton L. 
 Colton, H. V. 
 Cook, Dr.G. W. 
 Corby, Charles I. 
 Cox, Dr. S. Clifford. 
 Cromwell, J. W. 
 Crook, Dr. Harrison. 
 Crosson, Dr. H. J. 
 Darby, Rufus W. 
 Darling, Dr. H. 
 Davenport, Rev. W. G. 
 Davis, Dr. Charles A. 
 
 Demonet, J. A. 
 Detweiler, F. M. 
 Devine, John T. 
 De Vries, Dr. J. Carlisle. 
 DeWitt, Gasherie. 
 De Zapp, Rudolph. 
 Dickson, Col. William. 
 Dietrich, A. L. 
 Dodge, W. C. 
 Dorsey, N. W. 
 Dowling, Dr. Thomas. 
 Downey, W. F. 
 Droop, E. F. 
 Dwyer, William J. 
 Eberly, August F. 
 Evans, Dr. W. B. 
 Ewin, James L. 
 Filler, Dr. Charles W. 
 Finckel, William H. 
 Fishburn, Rev. M. Ross. 
 Flint, Weston. 
 
152 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Fowler, Dr. William C. 
 Franzoni, J. D. 
 Freeman, John T. 
 French, Dr. W.B. 
 Frisby, Prof. Edgar. 
 Fulton, H. K. 
 Gage, N. P. 
 Garges, Daniel E. 
 Gatchell, J. Fred. 
 Georges, J. J. 
 Gheen, John H. 
 Gibson, William. 
 Gill, Herbert A. 
 Glazebrook, Dr. L. W. 
 Gotta, Robert C. 
 Graham, Andrew. 
 Graham, Thomas. 
 Graves, Edward. 
 Gray, W. Bruce. 
 Grimshaw, W. H. 
 Griswold, H. A. 
 Grosvenor Asa W. 
 Crumley, E. C. 
 Hainer, E. H. 
 Haley, W. A. 
 Hammett, Dr. Whitt. 
 Hannan, E. J. 
 Harper, W. M. 
 Harris, James H. 
 Haycock, R. L. 
 Hege, S. B. 
 
 Henderson, Dr. George. 
 Henderson, R. W. 
 Hitchcock, F. H. 
 Hodges, Dr. J. Walter. 
 Holerith, Herman. 
 Holloway, J. L. 
 Holverson, Thomas. 
 Honn, William H. 
 Hoover, Smith. 
 Houghton, W. H. 
 Howenstein, H. R. 
 Howenstein, W. 0. 
 Hubbard, Jerome. 
 Huyck, J. V. N. 
 Jarvis, Thomas. 
 Jewell, T. B. 
 Johnson, A. Geary. 
 Johnson, C. A. 
 Johnson, Dr. Joseph Taber. 
 Johnson, E. L. 
 Jordon, E. L. 
 Keenan, J. R. 
 Keen, George T. 
 
 Keene, J. G. 
 Keidel, Charles, jr. 
 Kenned}-, John L. 
 Kenney, C. D. 
 Kimball, Dr. E. G. 
 Kimball, W. H. 
 Kingsman, Dr. Richard. 
 Knox, George V. 
 Lackey, James. 
 Lamb, A. R. 
 Latimer, Dr. C. M. N. 
 Lee, J. William. 
 Leech, William P. 
 Legge, John F. 
 Lewis, Herbert W. 
 Lewis, H. W. 
 Lindsay, Melville. 
 Livingston, C. H. 
 Lochboehler, Dr. G. E. 
 Lock wood, E. J. 
 Lothrop, Dr. Edward S. 
 Lown, W. G. 
 Luchs, Joseph. 
 Luckett, Joseph E. 
 MacLeod, D. B. 
 McCaully, B. F. 
 McConnell, W. M. 
 McComb, D. E. 
 McCubbin, Charles J. 
 McDermott, F. P. 
 McDonald, Dr. T. L. 
 McKenney, F. D. 
 McNeil, J. L. 
 McQuade, E. J. 
 McReynolds, F. W. 
 Marmion, Dr. William V. 
 Mears, Otto. 
 Meeds, Benjamin N. 
 Merkle, W. W. 
 Mertz, Edward P. 
 Miller, Francis. 
 Mills, Harrington. 
 Mills, Judge Samuel C. 
 Montgomery, Dr. W. S. 
 Moore, M. W. 
 Moot, Rev. Fred. W. 
 Moulton, Hosea B. 
 Muddiman, C. A. 
 Murphy, D. I. 
 Myers, William F. 
 Nalley, W. E. 
 Nailor, Wash. T. 
 Naylor, Dr. Henry R. 
 Newman, E. A. 
 
 Nee, P. J. 
 
 Nickerson, A. Howitt. 
 Nicolaides, Kimon. 
 Nolan, John J. 
 Orme, J. W. 
 Osborn, A. G. 
 Palmer, Samuel C. 
 Paret, John F. 
 Patten, Dr. Alphonse. 
 Peitz, H. 
 Perkins, L. L. 
 Pillsbury, E. H. 
 Pipes, Capt. J. M. 
 Polkinhorn, H. B. 
 Pool, Dr. B. G. 
 Porter, W. W. 
 Powell, J. Tyler. 
 Powell, W. B. 
 Pyles, Dr. R. A. 
 Ramsburgh, Dr. Jesse. 
 Randall, E. S. 
 Randle, A. E. 
 Reed, A. L. 
 Reiss, Benjamin W. 
 Riley, Thomas R. 
 Rines, L. C. 
 Rizer, Col. H. C. 
 Rowe, H. S. 
 
 Santelmann, Lieut. W. H. 
 Saul, B. F. 
 
 Saunders, William H. 
 Schaefer, Louis M. 
 Schneider, Charles. 
 Serven, A. Ralph. 
 Shannon, Andrew C. 
 Shaw, Alfred. 
 Shaw, B. F. 
 
 Shoulters, Dr. George H. 
 Sidwell, Thomas W. 
 Simmons, Arthur. 
 Small, Robert. 
 Smith, Frank E. 
 Smith, H. H. 
 Smith, John W. F. 
 Smith, W. Hamilton. 
 Snyder, E. H. 
 Speare, W. R. 
 Stearns, Dr. S. S. 
 Stephenson, A. H. 
 Stern, Rabbi L. 
 Stone, Dr. Isaac S. 
 Stone, Israel W. 
 Stoughtenburgh, W. H. 
 Strongman, George W. 
 
Personnel of Committees. 
 
 J 53 
 
 Studds, Colin. 
 Sweeny, T. W. 
 Talty, M. F. 
 Tassin, Wirt. 
 Taylor, Judge A. S. 
 Thom, George. 
 Thompson, John B. 
 Tobriner, Leon. 
 Tophatn, Washington. 
 Treutlen, Col. John F. 
 Truell, Edwin M. 
 Tschiffely, F. A., jr. 
 
 Turk, W. A. 
 Tyssowski, T. M. 
 Van Schaick, Rev. John, jr. 
 Vincent, Thomas N. 
 Wade, G. Taylor. 
 Walker, W. H. 
 Walsh, Dr. John E. 
 Weaver, W. T. 
 Whelpley, J. W. 
 White, R. E. L. 
 Wilber, E. A. 
 Wilkerson, Agur. 
 
 Wilkins, Eugene B. 
 Wilkinson, Dr. A. B. 
 William, Harry. 
 Williams, Wash. B. 
 Wines, M. J. 
 Winter, Dr. John T. 
 Wolf, Alexander. 
 Woodruff, Edmund W. 
 Woodward, Dr. William C. 
 Worch, Hugo. 
 Xander, Henry. 
 Zimmerman, J. W. 
 
 AUDITING COMMITTEE. 
 
 John W. Thompson, chairman 
 
 E. Southard Parker, vice-chairman. 
 
 Armstrong, George E. 
 Athey, John C. 
 Ballinger, M. A. 
 Bartlett, Maj. G. A. 
 Beebe, Charles G. 
 Bergman, William. 
 Berry, Edgar P. 
 Beyer, Louis, jr. 
 Bunch, Robert E. Lee. 
 Burchard, William. 
 Colvin, J. 
 Culp, J. M. 
 DeCaindry, W. A. 
 Eckloff, J. C. 
 Finckel, C. K. 
 Flather, W. J. 
 Frasier, James. 
 Goldsmith, J. S. 
 
 J. W. Babson, secretary. 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Gray, Frederick. 
 Gray, Hamilton K. 
 Harbin, George F. 
 Henry, J. W. 
 Holt, H. P. R. 
 Hood, James F. 
 Hunt, Conway B. 
 Johnson, J. R. 
 Kennedy, J. W. 
 King, John F. 
 Lewis, Capt. George C. 
 Lewis, W. C. 
 MacLannan, W. F. 
 Maderia, F. P. 
 McKenzie, Alexander. 
 McLean, Harry C. 
 Moore, J. Gales. 
 Moses, Brice J. 
 
 Pearsall, Thomas C. 
 Petty, J. T. 
 Ridenour, Upton. 
 Robinson, N. E. 
 Rogers, Charles C. 
 Ruff, A. B. 
 Russell, R. L. 
 Sioussa, A. W. 
 Smith, Odell S. 
 Staley, Edwin King. 
 Stier, F. A. 
 Walker, Ernest. 
 Walker, Martin. 
 Watson, J. M. A. 
 Weaver, F. Baker. 
 White, Charles E. 
 Williams, C. P. 
 Wood, Eugene R. 
 
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. 
 
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 JOINT COMMITTEE. 
 
 This committee, composed of the select committees from 
 the United States Senate and House of Representatives, the 
 committee from the country at large, and the citizens' com- 
 mittee from the District of Columbia, shall prepare plans and 
 direct the holding of an appropriate national celebration in 
 the year 1900 of the centennial anniversary of the first session 
 of Congress in the District of Columbia and the establishment 
 of the seat of government therein. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 This committee shall possess all powers of the joint com- 
 mittee at times when it is impracticable to call a meeting of 
 the latter. 
 
 SELECT COMMITTEE FROM THE SENATE. 
 
 This committee shall act with the committees appointed 
 from the House of Representatives, the country at large, and 
 the citizens of the District of Columbia in holding fitting 
 ceremonies of the centennial anniversary of the first session 
 of Congress in the District of Columbia and the establish- 
 ment of the seat of government therein. 
 
 SELECT COMMITTEE FROM THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 This committee shall act with the committees appointed 
 from the Senate, the country at large, and the citizens of the 
 District of Columbia in holding fitting ceremonies of the cen- 
 tennial anniversary of the first session of Congress in the 
 District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of 
 government therein. 
 
158 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 COMMITTEE FROM THE COUNTRY AT LARGE. 
 
 This committee, composed of one person from each State 
 and Territory of the Union, appointed by the President of the 
 United States, shall act with the committees appointed from 
 the Senate and House of Representatives and the citizens of 
 the District of Columbia in holding fitting ceremonies of the 
 centennial anniversary of the first session of Congress in the 
 District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of 
 government therein. 
 
 CITIZENS' COMMITTEE. 
 
 This committee shall act as general committee, and shall 
 have supervising charge of all citizens' committees and all 
 matters pertaining to the celebration delegated to it by the 
 joint committee. Its chairman shall have the power to appoint 
 such officers, agents, and subcommittees as may be necessary. 
 It shall authorize expenditures, and without its express 
 approval no expenditures of money shall be made, no indebt- 
 edness incurred, nor any contract be entered into by any 
 officer or subcommittee; and no indebtedness will be recog- 
 nized or paid except for the amount thus expressly authorized. 
 It shall be furnished copies of all contracts before the same 
 shall take effect and copies of all correspondence conducted 
 by all subcommittees. Full reports shall be furnished it at 
 least once a week by all subcommittees, or as much oftener 
 as the chairman of this committee may require. When the 
 committee is not in session its chairman shall exercise all 
 its functions and authority, reporting his action at the next 
 meeting so far as practicable. Through its treasurer, the 
 committee shall keep an accurate account of all moneys 
 received from any source, all appropriations authorized, and 
 all disbursements made. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION. 
 
 This committee shall have charge of all matters pertaining 
 to the reception to be held on the evening of the day of cele- 
 bration, and shall extend invitations to and receive distin- 
 guished guests, including the President of the United States, 
 
Powers and Duties of Committees. 159 
 
 the members of the Cabinet, Senators and Representatives, 
 justices of the United States Supreme Court and Court of 
 Claims, justices of the District of Columbia supreme court 
 and court of appeals, officers of the Army and Navy, the Gov- 
 ernors of the several States and Territories, the Commis- 
 sioners of the District of Columbia, and such others as may 
 be designated. This committee shall also perform such other 
 functions as usually devolve upon a reception committee. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. 
 
 This committee shall raise sufficient funds to meet the 
 expenses of the celebration, giving suitable acknowledgment 
 to all contributors, and when such funds are collected they 
 shall be turned over to the treasurer of the citizens' com- 
 mittee, who shall keep a proper record of all receipts and 
 disbursements. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION. 
 
 This committee shall, in conjunction with the President of 
 the United States and his secretary, prepare and have gen- 
 eral charge of the exercises to be held at the Executive 
 Mansion. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL. 
 
 This committee shall act on behalf of the citizens of the 
 District of Columbia, with the President pro tempore of the 
 Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the 
 select committees from the Senate and House of Represent- 
 atives, and the committee from the country at large, in pre- 
 paring for and holding commemorative exercises in the Hall 
 of the House of Representatives in honor of the centennial 
 anniversary of the first session of Congress in the permanent 
 capital. It shall also be the duty of this committee to pre- 
 pare and obtain such legislation as may be required for 
 holding such exercises, and to receive and care for guests 
 invited to the same, as well as to provide for the construc- 
 tion of reviewing stand or stands in front of the Capitol, if 
 necessary. 
 
160 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PARADE AND DECORATIONS. 
 
 This committee shall determine the extent and character 
 of the parade and have charge of all matters pertaining to 
 the same; secure decorations for and decorate the line of 
 march, as well as such other streets and avenues as might 
 be deemed desirable, and the national and city government 
 buildings; and the chairman of the committee, in connection 
 with the chairmen of the committees on reception, exercises 
 at the Executive Mansion, and exercises at the Capitol, shall 
 engage all necessary music for the entire celebration. 
 
 PRESS COMMITTEE. 
 
 This committee shall collect and disseminate correct infor- 
 mation in regard to the celebration, giving it as much pub- 
 licity as the event would seem to justify, and arrange for the 
 accommodation of and facilities for the press. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON MEDALS AND BADGES. 
 
 This committee shall cause to be prepared designs for the 
 commemorative medal, committee badges and buttons, as well 
 as buttons for general distribution, together with a state- 
 ment of the cost thereof, and, when approved and author- 
 ized by the citizens' committee or its chairman, the commit- 
 tee on medals and badges shall have such medals, badges, 
 and buttons prepared and distributed. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PRINTING. 
 
 This committee shall have charge of the execution of such 
 printing as may be referred to it by the citizens' committee, 
 as well as the execution of such designing, printing or pub- 
 lication as may be referred to it; and in connection with the 
 chairman and secretary of the citizens' committee shall deter- 
 mine upon the style and contents of the official programme 
 of the celebration, and shall have charge of the execution of 
 the printing of the same. 
 
Powers and Duties of Committees. 161 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC COMFORT AND ORDER. 
 
 This committee shall cooperate with the authorities of the 
 District of Columbia in determining upon and enforcing reg- 
 ulations necessary to clear and so maintain the line of inarch 
 of the parade, and streets requisite for formation of the same, 
 and to make such other arrangements as may be necessary 
 or desirable for the protection and comfort of the public. 
 This committee shall also secure such reductions as it may 
 be able to secure on transportation rates from different points 
 in the United States to Washington; provide quarters, if 
 necessary, for the Governors and their staffs, and look after 
 their comfort; and provide carriages for guests, if required. 
 
 The following rules were promulgated for the guidance of 
 members of this committee: 
 
 The chairman of the subcommittee on depots will assign members of 
 his committee to the several depots, to meet the Governors and other 
 distinguished guests in conformity with information as to date, time, and 
 place of arrival, which he will procure from the secretar}-- of the com- 
 mittee on public comfort and order. 
 
 Committeemen detailed as above will, upon the arrival of any Gover- 
 nor, comply with his wishes as to carriage service and hotel, the driver 
 of any vehicle conveying such distinguished guest being instructed to 
 collect for his service. 
 
 Messenger boys will be at the bureaus of information established at 
 the depots, and will be detailed to the service of any prominent guest or 
 visitor. 
 
 The chairman of the subcommittee on hotels will assign members of 
 his committee to the several hotels where Governors and other distin- 
 guished guests may be stopping, on the nth and 12th days of December, 
 who will consult the wishes of such visitors and do anything tending to 
 add to their pleasure and comfort. 
 
 On the 1 2th day of December a carriage will be at the service of each 
 Governor. The drivers subject to such call will wear a red, white, and 
 blue rosette, and may be readily had by telephoning the chairman of the 
 carriage committee (call 1865). 
 
 The chairman of the subcommittee on carriages will so assign the mem- 
 bers as to have carriages in waiting early on the morning of December 
 12 for the several Governors, at their respective stopping places, in order 
 that they may comply with the programme for the day, and to see that 
 the Governors are provided with carriages for the parade in the afternoon 
 and the reception in the evening. 
 H. Doc. 552 n 
 
162 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The drivers of the Governors' carriages at the White House, the Cor- 
 coran Gallery reception , and at the Capitol will wear red, white, and blue 
 rosettes, be separately parked, and the chairman of the subcommittee on 
 parade and ceremonies will have members of his committee present to 
 see that the Governors are properly provided for at the close of the 
 respective ceremonies. 
 By order: 
 
 James G. BerrET, Chairman. 
 Richd. Sylvester, Secretary. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON AUDITING. 
 
 This committee shall examine all bills and vouchers against 
 the centennial fund, ascertaining that they have been author- 
 ized by the citizens' committee or its chairman, and that the 
 accounts are approved for payment by the chairman of said 
 committee. After such examination, if found correct and 
 authorized, all bills and vouchers shall be approved by the 
 chairman of the auditing committee and given the treasurer, 
 who shall draw his check for the amounts of the vouchers in 
 settlement thereof. The auditing committee shall also exam- 
 ine and verify all statements of appropriations, of receipts or 
 disbursements made by any officer or committee, and, if found 
 correct and authorized, the same shall be approved by the 
 chairman of the auditing committee. 
 
COMMITTEE MEETINGS. 
 
 163 
 
COMMITTEE MEETINGS. 
 
 October 24, 1898: Public meeting of citizens. 
 
 November 1 : Committee of nine (subsequently constituting the citi- 
 zens' committee, as designated at the next public meeting). 
 
 December 17: Public meeting of citizens. 
 
 January 25, 1899: Citizens' committee. 
 
 February 2: Citizens' committee. 
 
 October 30: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 6: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 28: Citizens' committee. 
 
 December 7: Senate and Citizens' committees. 
 
 December 15: Senate, House of Representatives, and Citizens' com- 
 mittees. 
 
 January 10, 1900: Citizens' committee 
 
 January 18: Citizens' committee. 
 
 February 14: Citizens' committee. 
 
 February 21: Joint committee (composed of committees of the Sen- 
 ate, House of Representatives, country at large, and citizens' committee). 
 
 February 27: Executive committee (appointed at joint committee 
 meeting). 
 
 May 21: Citizens' committee. 
 
 June 1 : Citizens' committee. 
 
 June 16: Citizens' committee. 
 
 August 30: Executive committee. 
 
 August 30: Citizens' committee. 
 
 October 24: Citizens' committee. 
 
 October 31: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 2: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 14: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 24: Citizens' committee. 
 
 November 30: Citizens' committee. 
 
 December 7: Citizens' committee. 
 
 December 1 1 : Joint committee. 
 
 December 20: Citizens' committee. 
 
 December 24: Citizens' committee. 
 
 165 
 
BANQUET BY THE BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 167 
 
BANQUET BY THE BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 [February 21, 1900.] 
 
 The Board of Trade of Washington, which has always 
 stood for the best interests of the city, and through whose 
 cooperation so much has been already accomplished toward 
 the improvement of the Capital, tendered a banquet to the 
 Governors of the States and Territories, the members of the 
 Congressional committees on the Centennial, and the Citi- 
 zens' committee. 
 
 The decorations of the banquet hall of the Arlington Hotel 
 were very elaborate, and the function was brilliant in every 
 detail. The hall was a blaze of light, and the floral decora- 
 tions were magnificent. The chandeliers were entwined with 
 smilax and ivy, in which small electric globes of red and 
 white were embedded. Easter lilies, too, were conspicuous. 
 The balcony, where the National Guard Brigade orchestra 
 was stationed, was very becomingly adorned, and over the 
 front were hung two wreaths, bearing the figures " 1S00" and 
 " 1900," respectively. 
 
 The guests were received in the parlors by Mr. John Joy 
 Edson, president of the Board of Trade, and shortly after 8 
 o'clock the large folding doors leading into the banquet hall 
 were opened. When the guests entered the hall it was 
 lighted only by green-shaded candelabrse; but suddenly there 
 was flashed on the north wall a large American flag composed 
 of electric lights. Surrounding the flag, flowers of various 
 kinds were arranged, and beneath it was a huge bank of 
 orchids, lilacs, roses, and ferns. 
 
 The tables, arranged in the form of a gridiron with one 
 
 side open, were exceedingly attractive, with handsome vases 
 
 of roses and tulips. 
 
 169 
 
1 70 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The menu cards were unique in design. On each were 
 painted six original water-color sketches, the scenes of which 
 were taken from Washington and vicinity. 
 
 When the guests had been seated, Mr. Edson, acting as 
 toastmaster, proposed the health of the President of the 
 United States. At the conclusion of the dinner Mr. Edson 
 announced with regret that the President was unable to 
 attend, and requested Gen. George H. Harries, secretary of 
 the Board of Trade, to read the following letter: 
 
 Executive Mansion, 
 Washington, February 21 , 1900. 
 My Dear Sir: I regret that engagements already made will prevent 
 me from accepting the very kind invitation extended me for this even- 
 ing, as it would afford me much pleasure to join with the members of 
 the Board of Trade in the reception and dinner to the Washington 
 Centennial committee. 
 
 The purpose of the Centennial committee, as outlined to me some 
 mouths ago, met with my hearty approval, and I am glad to learn that 
 good progress has been made. 
 
 Please convey to the members of your organization and to your 
 distinguished guests my congratulations and best wishes. 
 Very sincerely, yours, 
 
 William McKinley. 
 Mr. John Joy Edson, 
 
 President of the Washington Board of Trade, Washington , D. C. 
 
 Mr. Edson then addressed the guests in the following words 
 of welcome : 
 
 It is a pleasant duty, on behalf of the Board of Trade of the citizens 
 of Washington, to greet the committee called by resolution passed by 
 Congress to arrange for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary 
 of the establishment of the general government in the District of 
 Columbia, and to welcome them to this city. 
 
 The occasion suggests that an account be given of the growth and 
 marvelous improvements of the National Capital, from cornfields and 
 mud in the year 1800 to brick, marble, and paved streets in the one 
 hundred years now closing. These will be briefly referred to by- 
 other speakers. It is not simply the place of residence of nearly 300,000 
 people, but, vastly more important, it is the Capital of the Republic. In 
 it every citizen of our country, however humble or great or remote, has 
 a positive interest. 
 
 For one hundred years it has been, and until the end of time, we 
 
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 171 
 
 believe, it will be, the home of the Government of the people of the 
 United States. A watchful care for its welfare and just pride in its 
 becoming a model National Capital and city are closely allied, and, in 
 fact, are a part of the patriotism which binds us together and makes us a 
 great nation. 
 
 It is for the purpose of rejoicing over the patriotic interest in the past 
 and of increasing it in the future that this celebration was planned. It 
 will not be condemned by wise men as mere show and sentiment. All 
 things are not measured by the unit of values. Patriotism is a sentiment; 
 devotion to the public welfare is sentimental. The glorification of great 
 men and great deeds of the past are matters of sentiment, but they all 
 lift us above our personal affairs and help us to do something for the 
 public good, worthy of approval and remembrance. We believe that 
 whatever recalls to our minds what was well done and beneficial to the 
 country, what was wise and patriotic, stimulates the highest order of 
 public spirit and patriotism in us and our descendants. 
 
 We must believe, too, that whatever is done in properly ornamenting 
 the National Capital is as wisely done- and as much for the practical 
 benefit of the country as work on rivers and harbors or on any public 
 improvement. Behind all commerce and public improvements, and 
 behind the Government itself, are the intelligence and united public 
 spirit of the citizens. Without these, all manner of public improvement 
 and the machinery of the Government are useless. National pride and 
 the patriotism of the people are the life of the Republic. 
 
 We believe that the large amounts expended on the Capitol and 
 Library buildings, and on the grounds about them, were well spent. For 
 mere immediate utility, in a narrow sense, plain brick walls and board 
 walks and fences would have served as well. But these classic and 
 stately buildings are always object lessons. Upon the thousands of con- 
 stant visitors to the Capital annually, from all parts of the country and 
 the world, they make a direct uniform impression of the power and 
 dignity of the Government. 
 
 We desire that this city shall be a "fit setting" for the great capital, 
 and that squalor and meanness shall not surround and mar its wonderful 
 grandeur. We believe that enduring public buildings, wide streets, and 
 ornamented parks, with statuary and fountain, handsome and convenient 
 railway stations and terminals, attractive approaches to the city on all 
 sides, south as well as north, are fit vestibules to the nation's capital, 
 are the best practical investment of public funds. They inspire in the 
 minds and hearts of the large and increasing, numbers who visit the 
 capital a national spirit and admiration for their country, for the liberty 
 and blessings they enjoy, unequaled by any other nation. 
 
 We ask you also to believe that the citizens of Washington, fortunate 
 in their residence, are as patriotic as any. They are citizens of the 
 Republic, without, however, the usual ties of State, county, and town. 
 
172 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Their local interest and pride are centered in the capital, and to the full 
 extent of their ability they earnestly desire to aid the citizens of the 
 country and the authorities in making Washington City worthy in every 
 respect to be the capital of the richest, the most intelligent and powerful, 
 the freest and most patriotic nation in the world. 
 
 At the close of his remarks, Mr. Edson announced that the 
 special toast of the evening would be to the centennial cele- 
 bration of the removal of the seat of the National Govern- 
 ment from Philadelphia to Washington, and called upon Mr. 
 C. W. Needham, dean of the law school of the Columbian 
 University, to speak on behalf of the Washington Board of 
 Trade. His address was as follows: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: It is an honor to represent the 
 Board of Trade of the city of Washington upon this occasion, and to 
 address this distinguished company upon the subject of a fitting celebra- 
 tion of the one hundredth anniversary of the city of Washington. I 
 should account myself eloquent indeed if I were able to do justice to my 
 constituency, the occasion, and the subject. That an event so important 
 in the history of our national life should receive proper commemoration, 
 and that the celebration should be under the direction of the most 
 distinguished men of the nation, is universally conceded. But how to 
 celebrate, and what shall be the underlying thought, the constant pur- 
 pose and aim in all that affects the growth and prosperity of this city are 
 the questions immediately before us. 
 
 It is the nation's city! The convention which framed the Constitu- 
 tion in 1787 considered the establishment of a seat of government under 
 the exclusive control of Congress essential to independent national life; 
 and, on motion of James Madison, there was added to the enumerated 
 powers of Congress in the Constitution a general provision that the 
 representatives of the nation should ' ' exercise exclusive legislation in all 
 cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as 
 may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, 
 become the seat of the Government of the United States. ' ' Washington, 
 the great founder of the city, called it the "Federal City." James 
 Madison spoke of it as the " National Metropolis." Through all of the 
 discussions, in the conventions and in Congress, it was to be not only 
 the exclusive territory, but under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Con- 
 gress of the United States. 
 
 The Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778, and the Congress of the 
 Confederation from the latter period to 1789, had been a movable body, 
 and their sessions had been held in four different States and eight differ- 
 ent cities. The fathers thought it wise that the administration of the 
 National Government should be free from immediate State influence, 
 and that as the nation had a head, an untitled but royal family, it should 
 
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 173 
 
 have a home; hence it came about that the nation which had established 
 itself upon a new continent was the first in history to found a ' ' seat of 
 government on new ground by legislative act." 
 
 A nation is known, and judged by its representative men, its institu- 
 tions, and its manifest wealth; every visitor to our land makes up his 
 judgment of the nation at large from the impression made upon him by 
 the men he meets, the institutions he comes in contact with, and the 
 visible manifestation of wealth and power. If the men are intelligent, 
 broad minded, far sighted, well grounded in honor and integrity; if the 
 institutions are progressive in thought, reaching out after the best and 
 truest facts in human life; if the structures in marble and stone, and 
 statues and paintings are of the highest art, if there be refinement in 
 society, then the nation is placed high in rank among the civilized 
 nations of earth, and men will seek friendship and homes among such a 
 people. Emerson said: "If there were any magnet that would point 
 to the countries and houses where are the persons who are intrinsically 
 rich and powerful, I would sell all and buy it and put myself on the 
 road to-day." 
 
 The race goes with us on their credit. The knowledge that there is 
 in a city a man who invented the railroad raises the credit of all its citi- 
 zens. But enormous populations, if they be beggars, are disgusting; 
 like moving cheese, like hills of ants or fleas — the more the worse. To 
 grow great and strong communities, there must be great plans and rich 
 and deep foundations. Society that is good rises like those majestic 
 trees in California, which spring from a soil as deep as the trees are 
 high, and spread their boughs in an air ever mild and full of life from 
 mountain and sea. Life in its highest form is made up of many ele- 
 ments, and of all the sentiments in the human mind none is more 
 universal than that of the beautiful. Looking at human history, the 
 ' ' beautiful is a river that has followed the marching human race like the 
 sweet, fresh waters which followed that army that wandered in the desert 
 under the banner of Moses. ' ' 
 
 Follow man through Egypt and Greece and Palestine and Rome and 
 Italy and France and England, and you will find this ' ' river of sweet 
 waters ' ' everywhere. The ruins of civilization may be silent over the 
 particular merits of those who built and worshiped in the temples and 
 lived in the palaces, but the ruins all assure us that all those hearts, in all 
 countries, and in all times, were in harmony in just such taste as is now 
 the foundation of art. The history of the race, if wholly written, would 
 add to the records of war, of politics, and of religion, the history of 
 sentiment, which in the child reaches out for the brightest rose, and in 
 manhood and womanhood seeks marble and bronze and crimson and gold 
 and music and song. The highest utility includes the beautiful ; songs 
 are as useful as reapers ; poems are as necessary as railroads; statue and 
 memorial bridge meet a want in human life as real as that which calls 
 
174 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 for the telegraph, and architecture is as valuable as carpenter work. 
 Let us then build for the nation a city which shall be full of the beautiful. 
 
 Nor is wealth to be despised. Dr. Johnson said: "Men are seldom 
 more innocently employed than when they are making money. ' ' A man 
 who lives in a hut or a cave will die with no more estate th?n the wolf 
 or the wild ass. The men who build railroads and factories and furnaces 
 and mills are the benefactors and missionaries who bring the glad tidings 
 of industry and markets and national wealth. Each nation has a civil- 
 ization of its own; the black man and the Indian have not learned and 
 taken up ' ' the white man's burden. ' ' Let this city represent the nation 
 that within a hundred years has peopled half the continent, not with 
 savage Indians or brutish white men, but with those that love labor and 
 literature and art and liberty. 
 
 The city is the point of contact, and in a large measure determines the 
 reputation of the nation of which it forms a part; the activities of men 
 are there, the institutions which exist represent the development of the 
 people in science and art and literature and general culture. It becomes, 
 therefore, the measure taken of the nation at large. 
 
 In this city we receive the official representatives of every civilized 
 nation upon the earth; men in high standing in the political and social 
 life of the nations they represent. To meet these representatives and 
 see the capital city, the most distinguished people from every land are 
 daily visitors, and from this point of contact the American people are 
 estimated. Here are the rulers of the nation, those who make and those 
 who interpret and those who execute the laws. Here are the great 
 Departments where the nation's affairs are transacted; where public 
 policy, internal and foreign, is determined, and the national progress is 
 guided. Where, then, so much as here, can the stranger expect to find 
 so excellent a representation of our people, of its institutions, and of 
 those arts which are the measure of a nation's wealth and civilization? 
 
 What, then, ought this city to be? What was intended by its founders 
 and what may fairly be expected from its growth in a hundred years? 
 Its founders were men who had the souls, if not the vision, of prophets; 
 with a population of 3,000,000 to provide for they wrote a Constitution, 
 in short but expansive sentences, that provides equally well for 70,000,000, 
 and will be sufficient for 300,000,000. They did not bound the seat of 
 government by Florida avenue on the north nor the river on the west; 
 they laid it ten miles square; they laid out parks; they planned its 
 streets and avenues broad and expansive for beautiful houses, splendid 
 buildings, and open spaces for works that should adorn and beautify the 
 city and please the taste of a cultured people. Since they planned so 
 wisely, what wonderful growth there has been! From a population in 
 1800 of only 3,110 we have now nearly 280,000. 
 
 With only 136 in public employ then, we have to-day nearly 20,000; 
 the disbursements at the beginning only about $137,000 per annum for 
 
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 175 
 
 all purposes, where to-day is paid out $20,000,000 per annum. Public 
 buildings of great architectural beauty at large cost have been erected; 
 streets and avenues have been extended and paved; parks have been 
 planned, and vast improvements for the health and pleasure of the peo- 
 ple are under way. Time does not permit me to speak of the beautiful 
 homes and churches, the libraries and places of amusement, the institu- 
 tions of learning, nor of the marvelous beauty of the city. But its 
 possibilities are even greater than its achievements. 
 
 What, then, shall we do for the Federal City? Our day is here; we 
 can not accomplish all that shall be done for it or bring all our plans to 
 completion, but we must build in this temple in the time allotted to us; 
 the reputation of the city and through it the reputation of the nation is 
 in our keeping. The United States, known for generations among the 
 great powers as a trading, mone}'-making nation, has taken a great step 
 upward. It heard the cry of an oppressed people, and, although it loved 
 peace more than war, it loved liberty more than peace. Rising in its 
 strength it unfurled its banners upon the land and spread her sails upon 
 the sea, and in three months was admitted to the peerage of the greatest 
 nations of mankind. Civilization comes not by bread alone, nor by bread 
 and clothes and shelter, but by the uprising of many sentiments, and the 
 city that shall fittingly represent America must be made like the beau- 
 tiful temple of old, by the wonderful mingling of wood and beaten gold, 
 of rock and burnished stone, of mind and matter. 
 
 How is this to be accomplished? 
 
 1. By the exercise of a liberal spirit and a wise and honest expenditure 
 of money in public buildings required by the National Government. 
 These buildings should be located with reference to the public con- 
 venience and to the artistic grouping of buildings and open space. 
 
 2. By the application of part of the contribution made for the celebra- 
 tion of great events to permanent adornments. 
 
 3. By the establishment of institutions of learning through private 
 enterprises that shall represent in their methods and work, and in so far 
 as possible in their buildings, the best in the land. 
 
 4. The adornment of the public parks should be under the direction of 
 competent judges of works of art who possess the skill to place them with 
 reference to the best effect. In short, let the city in its public buildings, 
 in their general grouping, in artistic effects, in its institutions, in its 
 homes, represent the culture and attainments, and wealth, and power of 
 the nation whose city it is. 
 
 The next speaker was Mr. R. Ross Perry, who, on behalf 
 of the centennial committee, urged the importance of improv- 
 ing the Capital in a manner commensurate with the greatness 
 of the nation. He likened the presence of the guests to "a 
 gathering of loyal sons to show their devotion to a proud 
 
176 Establisliment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 mother," adding that from the various States which they 
 represented had come the individual features which together 
 formed the true American character. 
 
 Senator McMillan, chairman of the Senate Committee 
 on the District of Columbia, was next introduced, and in 
 the course of his remarks he impressed upon his audience 
 the desirability of having a definite part of the city laid 
 aside for the erection of public buildings. He also warmly 
 commended the fidelity of the Board of Trade in its patriotic 
 exertions. 
 
 The next speaker was Governor McMillin, of Tennessee, 
 whose praise of the accomplishments of the American Gov- 
 ernment during the one hundred and twenty-three years of 
 • its existence was heartily applauded. 
 
 Governor Stone, of Pennsylvania, followed, and in well- 
 chosen words expressed his faith in the future of Washington 
 and his belief that it would be made the most beautiful city 
 in the world. 
 
 This speech was followed by one from Governor Thomas, 
 of Colorado, who, although wishing that the capital might 
 have been established " in the modern Palmyra of the Occi- 
 dent," recognized the fact that the chosen locality had been 
 wisely selected. He strongly advocated the further beauti- 
 fying of the city, and suggested the propriety of erecting a 
 municipal building that would rival the Congressional Librarv. 
 He also advocated the plan of a memorial boulevard from the 
 Capitol to the Potomac, as well as a memorial bridge and a 
 monument to the memory of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Governor Powers, of Maine, was next introduced, his remarks 
 reflecting his belief that Washington should be made the 
 finest capital in the world, and adding that Maine would sup- 
 port any measure which had in view the beautifying of the 
 city. 
 
 Governor Wells, of Utah, was then heard. He heartily 
 approved the idea of having a new Executive Mansion, adding 
 some interesting and witty remarks concerning the represen- 
 tation of his State in Congress. 
 
 Senator Proctor, of Vermont, was then introduced, and 
 expressed himself as one whose sympathies were keenly alive 
 
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 177 
 
 to the objects of the celebration through his long residence 
 in the city. He concluded by asserting that the welfare of 
 Washington reached to the uttermost parts of the country— 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada to the 
 
 Gulf. 
 
 Governor Dyer, of Rhode Island, in a brief speech lauded 
 the hospitality of the Board of Trade, and expressed it as the 
 opinion of the people of his State that Washington City 
 should be an adornment to the nation. 
 
 The Hon. Joseph G. Cannon was greeted with hearty 
 applause. He referred to Washington as the place where the 
 youth of the land came to shape their ideals of government, 
 and assured the audience that Congress would do its part to 
 make the Centennial Celebration such as would emphasize 
 the progress of the century which was almost ended. 
 
 Governor Lind, of Minnesota, who will always be remem- 
 ' bered for his efforts in securing adequate appropriations for 
 the new Congressional Library, was then introduced, and 
 extended the good will of his State toward the people of 
 Washington. He highly commended the enterprise of the 
 people of the District of Columbia, and expressed the hope 
 that the celebration would be successful in the highest 
 degree. 
 
 The Hon. David H. Mercer, of Nebraska, followed in the 
 same laudatory vein. He favored the erection of magnificent 
 buildings. With the Congressional Library, said he, should 
 be erected a magnificent temple of justice, and "the grounds 
 south of the avenue should be rehabilitated, parked, and 
 dotted with public buildings. The Capital City should be 
 made the greatest capital in the world." 
 
 Senator Gallinger expressed himself as favoring generous 
 appropriations for improving the city. He wanted to see the 
 memorial bridge built and a boulevard, such as had been 
 outlined, completed. 
 
 The last speaker was Governor Mount, of Indiana, who 
 dwelt especially upon the progress which the nation had 
 made, and extolled its unmatched and boundless resources. 
 
 Mr. Edson then, on behalf of the Board of Trade, expressed 
 the great pleasure which the presence of the guests had 
 H. Doc. 552 12 
 
178 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 afforded, and thanked them for the manifestation of their 
 sympathy and good will. The distinguished company then 
 dispersed after singing "America." 
 
 The special committee of arrangements for the banquet 
 was composed of Messrs. John Joy Edson, chairman; George 
 Truesdell, S. W. Woodward, Isadore Saks, Crosby S. Noyes, 
 Beriah Wilkins. and Gen. George H. Harries. 
 
DECORATION AND ILLUMINATION. 
 
 SOUVENIR MEDAL AND BADGE. 
 
DECORATION AND ILLUMINATION. 
 
 Patriotic feelings were aroused by the ample display of the 
 national colors on public and private buildings alike through- 
 out the city, and especially on Pennsjdvania avenue and F 
 street. The Government buildings were appropriately decked 
 for the occasion. A number of large flags made an effective 
 display on the State, War, and Navy building, their centers 
 being held in place by American shields. The flags of many 
 Central and South American countries adorned the building 
 occupied by the Bureau of the American Republics. The 
 Treasury Department was made resplendent in the effective 
 decorations of the Stars and Stripes, and a large group of 
 flags hung over the north entrance, their staffs being united 
 in a common center. 
 
 The East Room of the Executive Mansion had been very 
 handsomely prepared for the morning exercises. Banks of 
 flowers and tropical foliage ornamented the mantels, and 
 numerous electric lights gave a resplendent effect to the large 
 crystal chandeliers. On the east wall and against a back- 
 ground of yellow silk curtains were a number of water-color 
 drawings and pen-and-ink sketches indicating in greater 
 detail the plans of the proposed enlargement of the Mansion. 
 
 The Hall of the House of Representatives was tastefully 
 ornamented for the afternoon exercises. Interspersed freely 
 among the decorations was the American flag, gathered at 
 the ends and middle so as to represent large bows. The rail 
 separating the members' desks from the lobby was covered 
 with bunting, and the front row of desks was hidden beneath 
 flags. The desks of the Speaker, the Clerk of the House, 
 and the official reporters were also draped with the national 
 colors. 
 
 At the Corcoran Gallery of Art in the evening the decora- 
 tions were very beautiful. In the Hall of Statuary the marble 
 
182 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 pillars and the electric-light globes were festooned with vines, 
 while the wide staircase was hedged with palms and blooming 
 chrysanthemums. At the first landing the walls were deco- 
 rated with smilax. 
 
 The street illuminations were also very effective. On 
 Seventeenth street this feature was, as has already been men- 
 tioned, under the charge of Mr. Walter C. Allen, electrical 
 engineer of the District. Festoons of lamps were arranged 
 along this street southward from Pennsylvania avenue to the 
 entrance of the Art Gallery, and along New York avenue as 
 far as the entrance on that side. The south line of Pennsyl- 
 vania avenue at Seventeenth street was lighted by a suspended 
 device bearing the words " Capital Centennial Celebration, 
 1900," in a blaze of incandescent lamps. Beneath this was 
 a large American flag composed of colored lights which 
 alternately brightened and paled, giving the flag a waving 
 appearance. An electric flag similarly constructed was 
 erected on the Fifteenth Street side of the Treasury building. 
 
SOUVENIR MEDAL AND BADGE. 
 
 A handsome medal was struck in honor of the National 
 Centennial Celebration. It was designed by the committee 
 on medals and badges, Mr. William P. Van Wickle, chairman, 
 and through the courtesy of Hon. George E. Roberts, Director 
 of the Mint, the dies were cut at the United States mint in 
 Philadelphia, under the personal supervision of the chief 
 engraver, Mr. Charles E. Barber. The medal is i% inches 
 in diameter, and is of a rich, dark bronze, containing metal 
 from the old Capitol and White House of 1800. It is mounted 
 with a swivel and with a ribbon of the national colors, and 
 is provided with an invisible pin for attachment. On the 
 " obverse" is shown a profile bust protrait of President McKin- 
 ley in subrelief, overlaid by a bust profile of John Adams in 
 bold relief, with the following lettering encircling the heads: 
 "John Adams, 1800" — "William McKinley, 1900." 
 
 On the "reverse" is a panel across the center, inscribed 
 with the following words: " Commemorative of establishment 
 of the Capital in the District of Columbia." Above the panel 
 is a representation of the United States Capitol building as it 
 stands at the present time, bearing the superscription " United 
 States Capitol, 1900." Below the panel is a representation 
 of the United States Capitol building as it appeared one hun- 
 dred years ago, with the following words subscribed: "United 
 States Capitol, 1800." 
 
 In addition, two gold medals, 24 carat, were struck from 
 the dies of the bronze medal, for presentation to President 
 McKinley and to the president of the Board of Commission- 
 ers of the District of Columbia, Hon. Henry B. F. Macfar- 
 land, chairman of the citizens' committee. Ten silver medals 
 were presented to the Governors of Maryland and Virginia, 
 and local universities and libraries. 
 
184 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Bronze copies of trie commemorative medal, in neat cases, 
 were presented to the official participants and to the specially 
 invited guests. 
 
 A simple style of badge was also devised, consisting of a 
 button, on which is depicted the bust of George Washington, 
 with the words, "National Capital Centennial, 1900." From 
 the badge three ribbons of the national colors extended down- 
 ward, the title of the committee being stamped in gold upon 
 the center one. 
 
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION. 
 
 is 5 
 
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION. 
 
 The following extracts from the Congressional Record 
 show in detail the various actions of Congress in connection 
 with the celebration, which for convenience are arranged 
 under these heads: " Appointment of Congressional commit- 
 tees," " Providing for committee from country at large and 
 report to Congress on plans for celebration," " Reference of 
 report on plans for celebration," " Providing for plans for 
 enlargement of Executive Mansion and treatment of Mall 
 and Centennial avenue," "Final legislation providing for 
 joint exercises," and " Preparatory to assembling of the 
 Houses for the exercises at the Capitol on December 12." 
 The date of each action and the branch of Congress by which 
 enacted are indicated, except that the latter is not repeated 
 where it is the same for successive paragraphs. 
 
 appointment of congressional committees. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 December 7, i8g8. 
 Mr. Hoar submitted the following resolution, which was 
 considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to: 
 
 Resolved, That a committee of seven Senators be appointed by the 
 Chair, to whom shall be referred so much of the President's message as 
 recommends the celebration with fitting ceremonies in the year 1900 
 of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington 
 for the permanent capital of the Government of the United States. 
 
 December 79, 1898. 
 
 The Vice-President appointed Mr. Hoar, Mr. Hale, Mr. 
 
 Perkins, Mr. Simon, Mr. McLaurin, Mr. Clay, and Mr. Tur- 
 
 ley as the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration 
 
 in the City of Washington, authorized by a resolution of the 
 
 Senate of the 7th instant. 
 
 187 
 
188 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 February 8, i8gg. 
 Mr. Hoar submitted the following resolution; which was 
 considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to: 
 
 [Senate resolution No. 502, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session.] 
 
 Resolved, That the select committee on so much of the President's 
 message as relates to the celebration in nineteen hundred of the establish- 
 ment of the Government in the District of Columbia be authorized to act, 
 in relation thereto, with awy committee that may be appointed by the 
 President, the House of Representatives, or the citizens of said District 
 to make arrangements for said purpose. 
 
 January ./, /goo. 
 Mr. Hoar was, on his own motion, relieved from further 
 service on the Select Committee to provide for the celebration 
 of the centennial anniversary of Washington, D. C. 
 
 February 16, /poo. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Hale, and by unanimous consent, it was 
 
 Ordered, That the vacanc3' on the part of the Senate upon the Joint 
 Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of the Seat of Gov- 
 ernment in Washington be filled by the President pro tempore ; and 
 
 The President pro tempore appointed Mr. McMillan. 
 
 House. 
 
 February 27, /8pp. 
 Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, Mr. Babcock introduced the 
 following resolution (H. Res. 421) providing that a commit- 
 tee of ten members be appointed by the Speaker to confer 
 with other committees on the centennial anniversary: 
 
 Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed 
 by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with any committee that 
 may be appointed by the President, the Senate, or the citizens of the 
 District of Columbia, to make arrangements for the celebration of the cen- 
 'tennial anniversary of the establishment of the National Capital in the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 (Referred to the Committee on Rules and ordered to be printed.) 
 
 December 8, /8gg. 
 The following resolution (H. Res. 28) was introduced by 
 Mr. Heatwole with a view to making necessary arrangements 
 
Congressional Action. 189 
 
 for the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the estab- 
 lishment of the national capital in the District of Columbia: 
 
 Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed 
 by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with any committee that 
 may be appointed by the President, the Senate, or the citizens of the 
 District of Columbia, to make arrangements for the celebration of the cen- 
 tennial anniversary of the establishment of the National Capital in the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 (Referred to the Committee on Rules and ordered to be printed. ) 
 
 December 12, i8gg. 
 
 Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for 
 the present consideration of the resolution which will be 
 reported by the Clerk. 
 
 The Clerk read as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed 
 by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with the committees that 
 have been appointed by the President, the Senate, or from the citizens 
 of the District of Columbia, to prepare plans for an appropriate national 
 celebration, in the year nineteen hundred, of the first session of Con- 
 gress in the District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of 
 government therein. 
 
 The Speaker. Is there objection to the present considera- 
 tion of the resolution? 
 There was no objection. 
 The resolution was agreed to. 
 
 December /j, igoo. 
 
 The Speaker. The Clerk will report the following Select 
 Committee on the Establishment of the Seat of Government 
 in Washington, as provided for by the resolution passed last 
 night. 
 
 The Clerk read as follows : 
 
 Select Committee on the Establishment of the Seat of Government in 
 Washington: Mr. J. G. Cannon of Illinois, Mr. William W. Grout of 
 Vermont, Mr. Joel P. Heatwole of Minnesota, Mr. James S. Sherman 
 of New York, Mr. James A. Hemenway of Indiana, Mr. Robert J. Gam- 
 ble of South Dakota, Mr. J. W. Bailey of Texas, Mr. Marion De Vries 
 of California, Mr. William S. Cowherd of Missouri, and Mr. John C. 
 Bell of Colorado. 
 
190 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 December -/, /poo. 
 The Speaker laid before the House the following resig- 
 nation : 
 
 Washington, D. C. , August 20, 1900. 
 Dear Sir : I beg to respectfully advise you that I have this day 
 resigned as a Representative in the Fifty-sixth Congress of the United 
 States from the Second Congressional district of the State of California. 
 Very respectfully, 3 r ours, 
 
 Marion De Vries. 
 Hon. D. B. Henderson, 
 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, 
 Dubuque, Iowa. 
 
 December 5, /poo. 
 The Speaker announced the following appointment: 
 To the Select Committee on the Centennial of the Estab- 
 lishment of the Seat of Government in Washington, Mr. 
 James W. Denny, of Maryland. 
 
 providing for committee from country at large and 
 report to congress on plans for celebration. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 December 12, i8g8. 
 Mr. Hoar introduced a joint resolution (S. R. 200) provid- 
 ing for the appointment of a committee to prepare and carry 
 out plans for the celebration of the centennial anniversary of 
 the founding of the city of Washington, which was read the 
 first time by its title and the second time at length," as follows : 
 
 Resolved by the Senate ajid House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the Senate and 
 the Speaker of the House be, and they are hereby, authorized to appoint 
 from the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, five mem- 
 bers, who shall act with the committee of citizens of the District of 
 Columbia in the preparation and carrying out of plans for the celebra- 
 tion of the centennial of the anniversary of the founding of the city of 
 Washington as the permanent capital of the Government of the United 
 States; and that the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, 
 authorized to appoint a committee from the country at large to cooperate 
 with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees in the 
 management of said celebration. 
 
Congressional Action. igi 
 
 Mr. Hoar. I move that the joint resolution be referred to 
 the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration in the 
 City of Washington, authorized by resolution of the Senate 
 on the 7th instant. 
 
 The motion was agreed to. 
 
 January 28, i8gg. 
 
 Mr. Hoar. I am directed by the Select Committee on the 
 Anniversary of the Foundation of the City of Washington, 
 D. C, to report a bill, and to ask for its present consideration. 
 
 The bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national 
 celebration of the establishment of the seat of government in 
 the District of Columbia was read for the first time by its 
 title and. the second time at length, as follows: 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represe?itatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to 
 appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he 
 shall think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed 
 by the two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any com- 
 mittee that may be appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia, 
 who may prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the 
 year nineteen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District 
 and the establishment of the seat of government therein. Said com- 
 mittee shall report their proceedings to the President, to be by him 
 communicated to Congress. 
 
 Sec 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee shall 
 be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury on vouchers to be approved by 
 the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Sec. 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may 
 be necessary, is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury 
 not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of 
 this act. 
 
 By unanimous consent the Senate, as in Committee of the 
 Whole, proceeded to consider the bill. 
 
 Mr. Pettus. In section 2, line 2, after the word "com- 
 mittee" I move to insert "so appointed by the President." 
 
 The amendment was agreed to. 
 
 The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the 
 amendment was concurred in. 
 
 The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, 
 read the third time, and passed. 
 
192 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 House. 
 
 January 30, 1899. 
 A message from the Senate, by Mr. Piatt, one of its clerks, 
 announced that among the bills passed by the Senate and 
 requiring the concurrence of the House, was the following: 
 
 S. 5391. An act to provide for an appropriate national cele- 
 bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 January 30, 1899. 
 Under clause 2, of Rule XXIV, the above-mentioned Senate 
 bill was, with others, taken from the Speaker's table and 
 referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. 
 
 February 10, 1899. 
 Under clause 2, of Rule XIII, the following bill (S. 539 1 )) 
 to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the estab- 
 lishment of the seat of government in the District of Colum- 
 bia, was reported without amendment by Mr. Curtis, of Iowa, 
 from the Committee on the District of Columbia, accompanied 
 by a report (No. 2090). Both bill and report were referred to 
 the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union. 
 
 February 23, 1899 
 Mr. Babcock. I ask for the present consideration of the 
 bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national celebra- 
 tion of the establishment of the seat of government in the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 The bill was read, as follows : 
 
 A BILL to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the establishment of 
 the seat of government in the District of Columbia. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to 
 appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he 
 shall think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed by 
 the two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any committee 
 that may be appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia, who 
 may prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year 
 nineteen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District and the 
 establishment of the seat of government therein. Said committee shall 
 
Congressional Action. 193 
 
 report their proceedings to the President, to be by him communicated to 
 Congress. 
 
 Sec. 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee so 
 appointed by the President shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury 
 on vouchers to be approved by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Sec. 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may 
 be necessary, -is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury 
 not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of 
 this act. 
 
 The report (by Mr. Curtis, of Iowa) is as follows: 
 
 [Report (No. 2090) to accompany S. 5391.] 
 
 The Committee on the District of Columbia, to whom was referred 
 the bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national celebration of 
 the establishment of the seat of government in the District of Columbia, 
 report the same back with the recommendation that it do pass. 
 
 The purpose of this bill is to authorize the appointment of committees 
 to prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year 
 1900, of the first session of Congress in the District and the establish- 
 ment of the seat of government therein. 
 
 The following memorial was presented by the above-mentioned com- 
 mittee to the President: 
 
 "At a public meeting of citizens, held the 24th of October, the chair- 
 man was authorized to appoint a committee of nine citizens, who should 
 consider plans for the proper celebration of this centennial and report 
 their recommendations at a meeting to be called for that purpose. 
 
 "It is the opinion of this committee that the national character of this 
 event and the peculiar conditions which do now, and doubtless will, sur- 
 round our national history make it desirable to elevate the celebration 
 beyond purely local aspects. It marks the creation and growth of the 
 capital of a great country; it indicates the rapidly opening possibilities 
 of our future. The country has, apparently, completed one phase of its 
 development. The coming century opens for it a world-wide field which 
 it has not hitherto sought to enter. Within our borders we have a 
 united and prosperous people. 
 
 " In order that this subject may be brought to the attention of Con- 
 gress in a manner suited to the dignity and importance of the occasion, 
 we have the honor to request that you will suggest in your annual 
 message to Congress such legislation as will provide for the appointment 
 of a national committee, consisting of five Senators and five Representa- 
 tives, to be appointed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of 
 the House, respectively, who shall act with the committee appointed by 
 the citizens of the District of Columbia, and that you be empowered to 
 further increase this committee by the addition of citizens at large. 
 
 H. Doc. 552 13 
 
194 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 "It is also suggested that you invite the Governors of the several 
 States and Territories to act as members of this committee, which, when 
 finally constituted, shall be authorized to report to Congress a suitable 
 plan for the celebration of the event. 
 
 ' ' It might be added that the committee already appointed are unani- 
 mous^ of the opinion that so important an event could well be marked 
 by the erection of a type of architecture which will in itself inspire 
 patriotism and a broader love of country, such as a memorial hall, a 
 bridge connecting the District of Columbia with the sacred ground of 
 Arlington, or some other permanent structure which would commemo- 
 rate not only the occasion, but also the exceptionally happj T condition of 
 our people at this time, when to so marked a degree there is noticed the 
 absence of all sectional feeling and the prevalence of good will through- 
 out the land. ' ' 
 
 The following is taken from the recent message of President McKin- 
 ley, and is incorporated as a part of this report: 
 
 " In the 3 7 ear 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the cit} r of Washington for the permanent capital of the Govern- 
 ment of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved 
 July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the 
 Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of 
 November, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time, and 
 assumed exclusive control of the Federal District and city. This inter- 
 esting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the 
 circumstances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the 
 Capital in honor of the Father of his Country, and the interest taken by 
 him in the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent 
 scale. 
 
 ' ' These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress 
 and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have 
 foreseen. The people of the country are justl}' proud of the distinctive 
 beauty and government of the Capital, and of the rare instruments of 
 science and education which here find their natural home. 
 
 "A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniver- 
 sary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including perhaps the establish- 
 ment of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historic an occasion, 
 and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor 
 on the part of the public. 
 
 ' ' I recommend to the Congress the granting of an appropriation for 
 this purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective 
 bodies. It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint 
 a committee from the country at large, which, acting with the Con- 
 gressional and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans 
 for an appropriate national celebration." 
 
Congressional Action. 195 
 
 The attached letter from Commissioner Wight explains the desira- 
 bility of this bill, and is made a part of this report: 
 
 "Office Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 
 
 Washington, February 3, 18pp. 
 
 Dear Sir: In connection with Senate bill No. 5391, referred to the 
 Committee on the District of Columbia, to provide for a proper national 
 celebration of the establishment of the seat of government in the District 
 of Columbia, I have the honor to submit the following statement: 
 
 At a meeting of the citizens of the District of Columbia, held in 
 October last, to consider plans for the celebration of this important 
 event, I was elected chairman of the meeting, and was authorized to 
 appoint a committee of nine to make arrangements for the same. This 
 committee was appointed, and consists of prominent citizens of the 
 District of Columbia who have had large experience in the matter of 
 inaugural ceremonies, etc. 
 
 At the first meeting of the committee it was unanimously decided that 
 the celebration should be national in its character, and not purely local, 
 inasmuch as it celebrates the establishment of the National Capital. 
 
 The committee then waited upon the President of the United States, 
 who favored such a form of celebration, and has so expressed himself in 
 his last annual message to Congress. 
 
 This bill provides for the appointment by the President of a committee 
 from the country at large, of such a number as he shall think proper. 
 If he is allowed to do this, the committee will be appointed, consisting 
 probably of the Governors of the various States and other prominent citi- 
 zens, who will confer with the committees appointed by Congress and the 
 citizens' committee of the District of Columbia, and arrange for the 
 proper celebration of the event referred to. 
 
 This is a matter, certainly, in which the whole country must take an 
 interest, and it is believed that the formation of such a committee of 
 arrangements will insure the wise and beneficial use that may be made 
 of such a celebration, and add largely to the welfare and growth of the 
 National Capital. 
 
 I am directed by the committee of which I am chairman to present 
 you these facts, and to say that the committee very earnestly desires the 
 passage of the bill, so that steps may be taken as soon as possible in the 
 direction indicated. 
 
 If any further information is desired, I shall be very happy to confer 
 with you or to send it to you upon your request. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 John B. Wight, Chairman. 
 
 Hon. George M. Curtis, 
 
 Acting Chairman District Committee, House of Representatives.'' 1 
 
196 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The following paragraphs quoted from the Washington 
 Bvening Star were also made a part of Mr. Curtis' Report: 
 
 At a subsequent meeting of citizens of the District, held at Willard's 
 Hall, for the purpose of receiving the report of the committee appointed 
 at the meeting held on the 24th of October to consider plans for the pro- 
 posed celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of this 
 city to be held in 1900, Mr. John B. Wight, president of the Board of 
 Commissioners of the District, and ex officio chairman of the committee, 
 presided, and Mr. W. S. McKean was the secretary. This committee of 
 nine is composed of Messrs. M. M. Parker, John Joy Edson, Charles 
 J. Bell, R. Ross Perry, Theodore W. Noyes, Lawrence Gardner, John W. 
 Thompson, and A. T. Britton. 
 
 Its report, which was read by the chairman, gave an account of the 
 appointment of the committee upon authority of resolutions adopted at a 
 public meeting held October 24. Continuing, the report stated : 
 
 ' 'A meeting of the committee was called for the evening of November 
 1 , at which all were present with one or two exceptions. Full considera- 
 tion was given the resolution constituting the committee, suggestions 
 were made as to the various forms of celebration, and the committee 
 expressed the unanimous opinion that, inasmuch as the celebration 
 would relate to the establishment of the National Capital, it should be 
 national in character, and that before determining on any plan whatever, 
 a conference should be had with the President of the United States. 
 
 ' ' The President received the committee and at once evinced a deep 
 interest, conferring freely with its members and advising that before 
 further steps were taken, authority should be asked of Congress for the 
 appointment of Congressional representatives on the committee. He 
 also suggested that, were he given authority to do so, he would be glad 
 to increase the committee by the addition of citizens from the country 
 at large to cooperate in so worthy a project. 
 
 ' ' The committee then requested the President to make reference to 
 the subject in his annual message to Congress, leaving with him a com- 
 munication to that effect. The President expressed a desire for more 
 detailed information, which was furnished him, and in his annual mes- 
 sage there appears this paragraph : 
 
 " ' In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the city of Washington for the permanent Capital of the Govern- 
 ment of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved 
 July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the 
 Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of Nov- 
 ember, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time and 
 assumed exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This inter- 
 esting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the circum 
 stances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the Capital in 
 
Congressional Action. 197 
 
 honor of the Father of His Country, and the interest taken by him in 
 the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale. 
 These original plans have been wrought out with a constant pro- 
 gress and a signal success, even beyond anything their framers could have 
 foreseen. The people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive 
 beauty and government of the Capital, and of the rare instruments of 
 science and education which here find their natural home. 
 
 " 'A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anni- 
 versary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including, perhaps, the estab- 
 lishment of a permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion, and 
 to give it a more legal recognition, has met with general favor on the 
 part of the public. 
 
 '"I recommend to Congress the granting of an appropriation for this 
 purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies. 
 It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a com- 
 mittee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional 
 and District of Columbia committees, can complete plans for an appro- 
 priate national celebration.' 
 
 "Since the message was sent to Congress, the following joint resolu- 
 tion was introduced into the Senate by Senator Hoar: 
 
 ' ' 'Resolved by the Senate a?id House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the Sen- 
 ate and the Speaker of the House be, and are hereby, authorized to 
 appoint from the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, 
 five members, who shall act with the committee of citizens of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia in the preparation and carrying out of plans for the 
 celebration of the centennial of the anniversary of the founding of the 
 city of Washington as the permanent Capital of the Government of the 
 United States, and that the President of the United States be, and is 
 hereby, authorized to appoint a committee from the country at large to 
 cooperate with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees 
 in the management of said celebration.' 
 
 "In the Senate, December 7, Senator Hoar introduced the following 
 resolution, which was adopted: 
 
 ' ' 'Resolved, That a committee of seven Senators be appointed by the 
 Chair, to whom shall be referred so much of the President's message as 
 recommends the celebration with fitting ceremonies in the year 1900 of 
 the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington for 
 the permanent Capital of the Government of the United States.' 
 
 Should this resolution become a law, the committee will be completed 
 as speedily as possible and convened for the formulation of such plans as 
 may be deemed proper. 
 
 The committee have endeavored in their deliberations to secure the 
 widest and most beneficial results for the District of Columbia. They 
 have not ignored that part of the resolution which requires them to 
 
198 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 report to a meeting of citizens such plans as in their opinion are proper 
 for the observance of this great national event, but it will be seen from 
 the report made to-night that no plans have been adopted. The com- 
 mittee have called the citizens together to-night for the purpose of report- 
 ing progress, and to acquaint them with the steps which have been taken 
 thus far. It is hoped that their action will meet with the approval of 
 the citizens. ' ' 
 
 The information which was submitted to the President, to which ref- 
 erence is made in the report of the committee, was then read. It follows 
 in part : 
 
 ' ' The citizens of the National Capital appreciate the fact that the year 
 1900 will be the centennial of events in the nation's history which, while 
 they are general in character, are directly related to our city and the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 ' ' The one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of 
 the Capitol was properly commemorated by our citizens September 18, 
 1893, but the approaching events to which we refer are of larger impor- 
 tance and demand more general notice. 
 
 "In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800, 
 the National Congress met here for the first time and assumed exclusive 
 control of the Federal district and city. 
 
 "This may, be said to have been the establishment of the city of 
 Washington as the permanent Capital of the United States, the legal 
 requirements being fully complied with when Congress met in regular 
 session on the first Monday in December, 1800, in accordance with the 
 act of July 16, 1799, which reads as follows: 
 
 " 'And be it further enacted, That on the first Monday in December, 
 in the year eighteen hundred, the seat of Government of the United 
 States shall, by virtue of this act, be transferred to the District and place 
 aforesaid.' " 
 
 Mr. Curtis, of Iowa: Mr. Speaker, I ask for a vote. 
 
 The bill was ordered to the third reading; and it was accord- 
 ingly read the third time and passed. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Curtis, of Iowa, a motion to reconsider 
 the vote by which the bill was passed was laid on the table. 
 
 February 25, i8gg. 
 Mr. Hager, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported 
 that it had examined and found truly enrolled S. 5391, an 
 act to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the 
 establishment of the seat of government in the District of 
 Columbia. It was then signed by the Speaker. 
 
Congressional Action. 199 
 
 Senate. 
 
 February 23, i8gg. 
 In a message from the House of Representatives it was 
 announced that the Speaker of the House had signed the fol- 
 lowing enrolled bill: 
 
 S. 5391. A bill to provide for an appropriate national cele- 
 bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the 
 District of Columbia. It was thereupon signed by the Vice- 
 President. 
 
 March 1, i8gg. 
 
 A message from the President of the United States, by Mr. 
 O. L. Pruden, one of his secretaries, announced that the 
 President had, on the 28th ultimo, approved and signed the 
 following act: 
 
 An act (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national cele- 
 bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 reference of report on plans for celebration. 
 
 ' Senate. 
 
 March 7, /goo. 
 The President />/-# tempore laid before the Senate the fol- 
 lowing message from the President of the United States; 
 which was read, and, with the accompanying papers, referred 
 to the Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of 
 the Seat of Government in Washington, and ordered to be 
 printed : 
 
 To the Senate and House of Represetitatives: 
 
 I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the report of 
 the proceedings of the committee appointed in conformity with an act of 
 Congress entitled "An act to provide for an appropriate national cele- 
 bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the District of 
 Columbia," approved February 28, 1899. 
 
 William McKinley. 
 
 Executive Mansion March 7, igoo. 
 
 House. 
 
 March 8, /goo. 
 
 The Speaker laid before the House the following mes- 
 sage of the President; which was read, referred to the Select 
 
200 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of the Seat 
 of Government in Washington, and ordered to be printed: 
 (For text of message see preceding page.) 
 
 PROVIDING FOR PLANS FOR ENLARGEMENT OF EXECUTIVE 
 
 MANSION AND TREATMENT OF MALL AND 
 
 CENTENNIAL AVENUE. 
 
 [Among the amendments to sundry civil appropriation bill.] 
 
 Senate. 
 
 May 14, 1900. 
 
 Mr. McMillan submitted an amendment authorizing the 
 President of the United States to appoint an architect, a land- 
 scape architect, and a sculptor to make an examination and to 
 report plans for the enlargement of the Executive Mansion, 
 and proposing to appropriate $10,000 for services and expenses 
 incident thereto, intended to be proposed by him as an amend- 
 ment to the sundry civil appropriation bill ; which was referred 
 to the Joint Committee on the Centennial of the Establish- 
 ment of the Seat of Government at Washington, and ordered 
 to be printed. 
 
 May 75, /goo. 
 
 Mr. McMillan, from the Joint Committee on the Centennial 
 of the Establishment of the Seat of Government in Washing- 
 ton, to whom was referred the amendment submitted b} r him- 
 self on the 14th instant, authorizing the President of the 
 United States to appoint an architect, a landscape architect, 
 and a sculptor to make an examination and report plans for 
 the enlargement of the Executive Mansion, and proposing to 
 appropriate $10,000 for services and expenses incident thereto, 
 intended to be proposed by him as an amendment to the 
 sundry civil appropriation bill, reported favorably thereon, and 
 moved that it be printed, and, with the accompanying paper, 
 referred to the Committee on Appropriations; which was 
 agreed to. 
 
 This amendment, worded as follows, was reached on May 
 26, during the consideration of the sundry civil bill (H. R. 
 11212): 
 
 That the President of the United States is hereby authorized to 
 appoint an architect, a landscape architect, and a sculptor, each of con- 
 
Congressional Action. 201 
 
 spicuous ability in his profession, to be associated with the Chief of 
 Engineers of the United States Army, to make an examination and to 
 report. to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen hundred, 
 plans for the enlargement of the Executive Mansion; for the treatment 
 of that section of the District of Columbia situated south of Pennsylvania 
 avenue and north of B street SW., and for a suitable connection between 
 the Potomac and the Zoological parks. 
 
 For services and expenses incident to said examination and report, ten 
 thousand dollars, to be disbursed under the control of the Secretary of 
 War. 
 
 Mr. Stewart. Let that amendment be passed over. 
 
 Mr. Allison. At the request of the Senator from Nevada 
 and other Senators, I ask that the amendment may be passed 
 over. 
 
 The President pro tempore. The amendment will be 
 passed over. 
 
 May 29, 1900. 
 
 (In further consideration of the amendment offered by Mr. 
 McMillan on May 14th.) 
 
 Mr. Pettigrew. Mr. President, it seems to me that that 
 amendment is not in order unless it has been estimated for. 
 
 Mr. Allison. It is not estimated for, but I will say to the 
 Senate that this is an amendment which has the approval of 
 a standing committee of the Senate. 
 
 Mr. Pettigrew. The Committee on Public Buildings and 
 Grounds? 
 
 Mr. Allison. It was sent to us by the Committee on the 
 District of Columbia, and I believe, also, by the Committee on 
 Public Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 Mr. Chandler. This is not general legislation; it is spe- 
 cific legislation, and I do not suppose anybody doubts that 
 the Committee on Appropriations has the right — not a superior 
 right to any other committee, but the same right as any 
 other committee — to recommend the adoption of appropria- 
 tions of this kind. 
 
 Mr. Allison. I was not waiving the right of the Committee 
 on Appropriations. 
 
 Mr. McMillan. Mr. President, I should like to say right 
 here that this amendment was placed in this appropriation 
 bill at the instance of the Select Committee on the Centennial 
 
202 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 of the Establishment of the Seat of Government in Washing- 
 ton, a joint committee of Congress, acting in connection with 
 the Governors of the States and citizens appointed by the 
 President. At their meeting on the 2 1st of February this com- 
 mittee decided to advise additions to the White House, and 
 also to open up the Mall by means of a handsome avenue to 
 connect the White House grounds with the Capitol grounds. 
 
 This committee has had several meetings, the result of 
 which was this recommendation for the employment of proper 
 and capable persons to report to Congress upon this subject, 
 and this amendment is to carry out that suggestion. The 
 proposition is simply to obtain plans, the report to be sub- 
 mitted hereafter. I think the committee was unanimous in 
 recommending that the appropriation should be made. 
 
 The President pro tempore. The question is on the 
 amendment which has been made. 
 
 Mr. Stewart. Mr. President, before that passes away, I 
 wish to make a suggestion. I hope that the commission will not 
 obliterate the historic building known as the White House, and 
 that, whatever they do, they will preserve that building with 
 all its features, for, as I have said, it is historical, and I think 
 it is a piece of fine architecture. If so desired, buildings can 
 be erected on either side of the White House or all around; 
 but whatever is done, I hope that they will leave that building 
 as a legacy to the country. I think the people are by all 
 odds more attached to that building and its associations than 
 to any other building in the United States. 
 
 The President pro tempore. The question is on the 
 amendment of the committee. 
 
 The amendment Avas agreed to. 
 
 House. 
 
 June <5, 1900. 
 
 Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, I desire to call up the con- 
 ference report on the sundry civil appropriation bill, and I 
 ask unanimous consent to dispense with the reading of the 
 report, and that the statement be read. 
 
 The Speaker. Without objection, the statement will be 
 read and the reading of the report will be omitted. 
 
 There was no objection. 
 
Congressional Action. 203 
 
 The Clerk read the statement, as follows : 
 
 The managers on the part of the House at the conference on the disa- 
 greeing votes of the two Houses on certain amendments of the Senate 
 to the bill (H. R. 1 1212 ) making appropriations for sundry civil expenses 
 for the fiscal year 1901, submit the following written statement in expla- 
 nation of the effect of the action agreed upon as to each of said amend- 
 ments and submitted in the accompanying conference report, namely: 
 ******* 
 On No. 117: Appropriates $6,000 for expense of preparing plans for 
 the enlargement of the Executive Mansion, and $4,000 to enable the 
 Chief of Engineers to make an examination and report to Congress plans 
 for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW. , and for a suita- 
 ble connection between the Potomac and the Zoological Paiks. 
 
 J. G. Cannon, 
 W. H. Moody, 
 Thos. C. McRae, 
 Managers on the part of the House. 
 
 The question was taken on agreeing to the conference 
 report, and the conference report was agreed to. 
 
 final legislation providing for joint exercises. 
 
 House. 
 
 December 3, /goo. 
 ^ Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, House bill 12283, in rela- 
 tion to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the 
 establishment of the permanent seat of government in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, was introduced by Mr. Cannon, and referred 
 to the Committee on Appropriations. 
 
 December 4, 1900. 
 
 Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee 
 on Appropriations, I report back without amendment the bill 
 which I send to the desk, and ask for its immediate 
 consideration. 
 
 The bill (H. R. 12283) was read, as follows: 
 
 A BILL (H. R. 12283) in relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of 
 the establishment of the permanent seat of government in the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Whereas the Senate and House of Representatives have each appointed 
 a committee to act with other committees appointed respectively by the 
 
204 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 President of the United States and by the citizens of the District of 
 Columbia (in a mass meeting assembled), which committees have in 
 charge the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establishment 
 of the permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia; and 
 
 Whereas said committees have in joint session adopted a plan of cele- 
 bration which has been submitted to the President of the United States 
 and by him transmitted to Congress, such plan proposing as a feature of 
 the celebration the holding by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 jointl}-, commemorative exercises in the Hall of the House of Representa- 
 tives in the afternoon of the twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, 
 in honor of the centennial anniversary of the first session of Congress 
 held in the permanent Capitol: Therefore, 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America i?i Congress assembled, That the two Houses of Con- 
 gress shall assemble in the Hall of the House of Representatives on the 
 twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, at the hour of half past 
 three o'clock post meridian, and that addresses on subjects bearing on 
 the celebration shall be made by Senators and Representatives to be 
 chosen by the joint committee mentioned in the preamble; that the 
 President and ex-Presidents of the United States, the heads of the sev- 
 eral Executive Departments, the Justices of the Supreme Court, repre- 
 sentatives of foreign governments accredited to this Government, the 
 Governors of the several States and Territories, the Commissioners of 
 the District of Columbia, the Lieutenaut-General of the Army and the 
 Admiral of the Navy, officers of the Army and Navy who have received 
 the thanks of Congress, and all persons who have the privilege of the 
 floor either of the Senate or the House, be, and are hereby, invited to be 
 present on the occasion, and that the members of the committee from the 
 country at large, the members of the said citizens' committee, and 
 the chairmen and vice-chairmen of the committees of the National Capital 
 centennial, are hereby granted the privilege of the floor of the House 
 during the exercises; that the said citizens' committees shall issue cards 
 of admission to such portions of the public galleries of the Hall of the 
 House as may be set apart by the doorkeeper of the House for that pur- 
 pose. That the Speaker of the House shall call the assembl}' to order 
 and the President pro tempore of the Senate shall act as presiding officer 
 during the exercises. That the twelfth day of December, nineteen hun- 
 dred, be a legal holiday within the District of Columbia. That the 
 Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized to 
 deliver to the Architect of the Capitol, for the purpose of decorating the 
 Capitol, its approaches, and the reviewing stands in the Capitol grounds 
 for the occasion, such United States ensigns and flags, except battle 
 flags, and such signal numbers and other flags as may be spared, the 
 same to be delivered to the Architect immediately, and returned by him 
 not later than the thirty-first day of December, nineteen hundred. The 
 
Congressional Action. 205 
 
 admission of the general public to the southern portion of the Capitol, 
 including the Rotunda, on the said twelfth day of December, nineteen 
 hundred, shall be by card only, under the direction of the doorkeeper of 
 the House. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia are 
 authorized and directed, for the occasion, to make all reasonable regula- 
 tions necessary to secure the preservation of public order and protection 
 of life and property, and to grant authority or permits for the use of 
 such thoroughfares and sidewalks in the city of Washington as may be 
 necessary for parades, and that the citizens' committee are authorized to 
 erect for the occasion a reviewing stand at the east side of, or on the ' 
 east steps of, the Capitol. 
 
 There being no objection, the House proceeded to the con- 
 sideration of the bill ; which was ordered to be engrossed and 
 read the third time; and it was accordingly read the third 
 time, and passed. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Cannon, a motion to reconsider the last 
 vote was laid on the table. 
 
 December 5, 1900. 
 
 Mr. Baker, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported 
 that the committee had examined and found truly enrolled a 
 bill (H. R. 12283) in relation to the celebration of the centen- 
 nial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent seat 
 of Government in the District of Columbia. The Speaker 
 then signed the bill. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 December 5, 1900. 
 
 Mr. Hale. Mr. President, a bill has just come over from 
 the House of Representatives providing for the exercises of 
 the centennial celebration here on the 12th of this month. It 
 is important. It simply provides for the order of exercises 
 and the use of the Hall of the House of Representatives for 
 the celebration. I should like very much to have it put upon 
 its passage now. There is no objection to it. 
 
 The Presiding Officer (Mr. Gallinger in the chair). 
 The Chair lays before the Senate a bill from the House of 
 Representatives . 
 
 The bill (H. R. 12283) i n relation to the celebration of the 
 centennial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent 
 seat of Government in the District of Columbia was read for 
 the first time by its title. 
 
206 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. Let the bill be read the second time in full. 
 
 The Presiding Officer. The bill will be read for the 
 information of the Senate. Before the reading begins, 
 the hour of 2 o'clock having arrived, the Chair lays before 
 the Senate the unfinished business, which will be stated. 
 
 The Secretary. A bill (S. 727) to promote the commerce 
 and increase the foreign trade of the United States, and to 
 provide auxiliary cruisers, transports, and seamen for Govern- 
 ment use when necessary. 
 
 The Presiding Officer. Without objection, the unfinished 
 business will be temporarily laid aside, pending the considera- 
 tion of the bill from the House, which will be read the second 
 time at length. 
 
 The bill was read the second time at length (see p. 203 etseq.). 
 
 The Presiding Officer. Is there objection to the present 
 consideration of the bill? 
 
 There being no objection, the bill was considered as in 
 Committee of the Whole. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. I should like to ask whether the bill 
 makes the 12th day of December a national holiday? 
 
 Mr. Hale. It makes it a legal holiday for the District of 
 Columbia. The Committee 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. For all time to come, or just simply for 
 this year? 
 
 Mr. Hale. Only for this year. The committee that had 
 it in charge at the other end of the Capitol 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. The Senator is sure that it is only for 
 this year? 
 
 Mr. Hale. Undoubtedly. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. If it is for all time to come, 1 am unalterably 
 opposed to it. 
 
 Mr. Hale. Let that part of the bill be read. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. Let that part be read again. 
 
 Mr. Hale. I know what the intention is. The provision 
 in reference to the public holiday is in the latter part of the bill. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. I did not catch it. There were others 
 talking equally as loud while it was being read. 
 
 Mr. Hale. Of course it ought to apply only to the present 
 1 2th of December. 
 
Congressional Action. 207 
 
 Mr. Platt, of Connecticut. It is on the third page of the 
 bill. 
 
 The Secretary read as follows : 
 
 That the 12th day of December, 1900, be a legal holida3' within the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Mr. Hale. That is very clear. 
 
 The Presiding Officer. If there is no amendment pro- 
 posed, the bill will be reported to the Senate. 
 
 The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. I understand that the Senator from Maine, 
 the committee, and all those interested in this matter agree 
 that the 12th of December is not to be a permanent holiday, 
 but only in the year 1900. 
 
 Mr. Hale. It is so stated definitely in the bill. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. I know: it may be claimed 
 
 Mr. Hale. It is the 12th of this December. There is no 
 doubt about it at all. 
 
 Mr. Cockrell. I want to have it clearly understood, because 
 there are a little too many holidays already. 
 
 The bill was ordered to its third reading, and passed. 
 
 The preamble was agreed to. 
 
 December 7, /goo. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. 
 W. J. Browning, its Chief Clerk, announced that the Speaker 
 of the House had signed the enrolled bill (H. R. 12283) in 
 relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of 
 the establishment of the permanent seat of government in 
 the District of Columbia; and it was thereupon signed by the 
 President pro tempore. 
 
 House. 
 
 December io, /poo. 
 
 A message from the President of the United States, com- 
 municated to the House of Representatives by Mr. O. L. 
 Pruden, one of his secretaries, announced that the President 
 had approved and signed a bill of the following title: 
 
 H. R. 122S3. An act in relation to the celebration of the 
 centennial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent 
 seat of Government in the District of Columbia. 
 
2o8 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 preparatory to assembling of the houses for the 
 exercises at the capitol on december 12. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 December 12, /poo. 
 The Senate met at 3 o'clock p. m. 
 
 Mr. HALE. While waiting for notice from the House of 
 Representatives that it is ready to receive the Senate, I will 
 ask the Senate to remain for a short time without taking 
 a recess. The message will be here in a few moments, 
 undoubtedly. 
 
 The President pro tempore. Petitions and memorials are 
 in order. If there be none, reports of committees are in order. 
 
 Mr. Money. I thought when we adjourned yesterday to 
 meet to-day it was the understanding that no business would 
 be transacted. Am I mistaken about that order? 
 
 The President pro tempore. The Chair is informed that 
 the Journal does not show it. 
 
 Mr. Cullom. That was the understanding. 
 
 Mr. Hale. It was undoubtedly the understanding of the 
 Senate that no business should be transacted to-day, as the 
 other body does no business to-day, because it was made a 
 legal holiday. Therefore I hope that no formal business will 
 be received. 
 
 The President pro tempore. Without objection, that will 
 be the order. 
 
 After a delay of ten minutes, 
 
 The President pro tempore (at 3 o'clock and 22 minutes 
 p. m.). The Chair is informed that the messenger from the 
 other House is now here. 
 
 Mr. Hale. I move that the Senate proceed to the Hall of 
 the House of Representatives, there to take part in the cere- 
 monials of the day. 
 
 The motion was agreed to; and the Senate Droceeded to the 
 Hall of the House of Representatives. 
 
 The Senate returned to its Chamber at 6 o'clock and 19 
 minutes p. m. 
 
 Mr. Hale. I move that the Senate adjourn. 
 
Congressional Action. 209 
 
 The motion was agreed to; and (at 6 o'clock and 20 min- 
 utes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Thursday, 
 December 13, 1900, at 11 o'clock a. m. 
 
 House. 
 
 December- 12, igoo. 
 The House met, pursuant to adjournment, at 3 o'clock and 
 15 minutes p. m., and was called to order by the Speaker, the 
 Hon. David B. Henderson. 
 
 On taking the chair the Speaker was greeted with the 
 applause of members. 
 
 The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the 
 following prayer: 
 
 We bless Thee, our Father in heaven, for our country, its incompara- 
 ble past, its vast resources, its magnificent proportions, and the promise 
 of its perpetuity and future glory; for this beautiful city, the seat of our 
 Government, which through all the vicissitudes of the past has added to 
 its proportions until it promises to be not only the most beautiful but 
 the most interesting and influential city in all the world. 
 
 We invoke Thy blessing upon the exercises of the day which com- 
 memorates its hundredth anniversary. We are not unmindful of the 
 struggles, the sacrifices, the heroic deeds of our fathers, who laid the 
 foundation of our Government deep and strong and broad, and that 
 eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. 
 
 Help us to emulate the virtues of our fathers; to be watchful, zealous, 
 patriotic, that we may grow to yet vaster proportions, greater usefulness 
 and influence, and Thine shall be the praise. Through Jesus Christ our 
 Lord. Amen. 
 
 At this point the members of the Senate entered the House 
 for the purpose of taking part in the specially appointed 
 ceremonies of the day. 
 H. Doc. 552 14 
 
FINANCE. 
 
 The subjoined statement from the Chairman of the Finance 
 Committee, accompanied by a list of the subscriptions towards 
 the expenses of the Centennial Celebration, demonstrates the 
 readiness with which citizens responded to the Committee's 
 appeal for funds, and indicates the disposition made of the 
 money subscribed to meet the local expenses of the celebration. 
 
 October. 9, 1901. 
 My Dear Sir: The finance committee, charged with raising money for the pur- 
 pose of meeting expenses incident to the ceremonies commemorating the establish- 
 ment of the seat of Government in Washington, beg to report that they performed 
 that duty with the following result: 
 
 Amount received through individual subscriptions $8, 481 
 
 Received from the badge committee, sale of badges I, 500 
 
 Total 9, 981 
 
 After paying all bills, we had a balance of $331. 43, which, by direction of the 
 executive committee, was turned over to the Hon. John W. Douglass, to be used by 
 him as chairman in connection with the District Day ceremonies at the Buffalo 
 Exposition. 
 
 I take pleasure in inclosing herewith a list of names of those who subscribed, 
 showing the amount in each case. I can not permit myself to conclude this report 
 without congratulating the Centennial Committee on its chairman, in the person of 
 yourself. 
 
 In the preparation of the details leading up to this ceremony, you were always 
 painstaking, obliging, and convincing. The address delivered by you at the White 
 House was a beautiful word picture of the marvelous growth of Washington, and 
 has gone into history as one of the gems of that historic event. 
 
 Very respectfully, Myron M. Parker, 
 
 Chairman Finance Committee. 
 
 Hon. H. B. F. Macfarland, 
 
 Chairman Centennial Committee, City. 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS TO THE NATIONAL CAPITAL CENTENNIAL FUND. 
 
 The Dewey Fund $500 Thos. F. Walsh $100 
 
 The Riggs National Bank 250 S. W. Woodward 100 
 
 Washington Gas Light Co 250 A. M. Lothrop 100 
 
 The Evening Star Co 200 Crosby S. Noyes 100 
 
 The Capital Traction Co 100 R. Ross Perry 100 
 
 The Raleigh Hotel 100 C.C. Willard 100 
 
 The Washington Post Co 100 J. R. McLean 100 
 
 211 
 
2 1 2 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 John W. Thompson 
 
 M.M.Parker 
 
 John Joy Edson 
 
 C. J. Bell 
 
 S. E. Rossele , 
 
 American Security and Trust Co. 
 
 Chris. Heurich Brewing Co 
 
 J. B. Henderson 
 
 C. F. Norment 
 
 H. C. Wiuship 
 
 C.J. Hillyer 
 
 O. G. Staples 
 
 Thomas E. Waggaman 
 
 Columbia National Bank 
 
 Jas. G. Berret 
 
 James E. Fitch 
 
 Freeborn G. Smith 
 
 Thomas W. Smith 
 
 Saks & Company 
 
 Cuno H. Rudolph 
 
 A. Lisner 
 
 W. W. Burdette 
 
 Rev. Alex. Mackay-Smith 
 
 J. H. Small & Sons 
 
 Robert Portner 
 
 Samuel Maddox 
 
 G. G. Cornwell & Son 
 
 John B.Scott 
 
 Henry F. Blount 
 
 Gait Brothers 
 
 Hon. Walter S. Cox 
 
 Jas. L. Norris 
 
 W. C. Wittemore 
 
 H. A. Willard 
 
 Albright & Barker 
 
 Hon. John W. Ross 
 
 Hon. H. B. F. Macfarland 
 
 Levi Woodbury 
 
 E. S. Parker 
 
 Wm. McKinley 
 
 Ralph L. Gait 
 
 Alonzo O. Bliss 
 
 J. H. Cranford 
 
 Hamilton & Colbert 
 
 Wm. Gait 
 
 Matthew G. Emery 
 
 Charles Keidel 
 
 G. T. Dunlop 
 
 Theo. W. Xoyes 
 
 Calderon Carlisle 
 
 Chas. E. Foster 
 
 Wayne MacVeagh 
 
 A. S. Gillett 
 
 W. J. Boardman 
 
 iSioo James Lownes 
 
 too S. Kann, Son & Co 
 
 ioo Barber & Ross 
 
 ioo Gifford Pinchot 
 
 ioo Patrick Maloney 
 
 ioo B. H. Warner 
 
 ioo Lansburgh Brothers .... 
 
 ioo James B. Lambie 
 
 50 Wm. F. Mattingly 
 
 50 Daniel Frasier 
 
 50 L. G. Hine 
 
 50 George Truesdell 
 
 50 Albert M. Reed 
 
 50 James H. McKenney. .. . 
 
 25 E. Berliner 
 
 25 E. F. Droop & Sons 
 
 25 Dr. Richard Kingsman . . 
 
 25 Jas.W. Orme 
 
 25 Maxwell V. Z. Woodhull 
 
 25 The Cochran Hotel 
 
 25 F. J. Heiberger 
 
 25 O. T. Crosby 
 
 25 G. W. F. Swartzell 
 
 25 A. B. Hagner 
 
 25 John Taylor Arms 
 
 25 Joseph L. Miller 
 
 25 Tolbert Lanston 
 
 25 R. Harris & Co 
 
 25 Henry May 
 
 25 Percy Cranford 
 
 25 B. B. Earnshaw & Bro... 
 
 25 Weaver Brothers 
 
 25 H. Holserith 
 
 25 Rufus H. Thayer 
 
 25 G. E. Abbott 
 
 25 Geo. Heming 
 
 25 B. H. Stinemetz & Son . . 
 
 25 Joseph Crawford 
 
 25 Rt. Rev. H. Y. Satterlee . 
 
 25 Geo. W. Brown 
 
 25 Rev. John D. Whitney . . 
 
 25 Henry P. Blair 
 
 25 J. H. McGowan 
 
 25 W. W. Johnson 
 
 25 E. M. Gallaudet 
 
 25 F. O. Beckett 
 
 25 Henry C. Stewart 
 
 25 John W. Schaefer 
 
 25 Mrs. M. C. Audenreid . . . 
 
 25 Dr. Danl. B. Clark 
 
 25 J. Kennedy Stout 
 
 25 John Cassels 
 
 25 A. A. Wilson 
 
 25 John Prather 
 
 $25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
Finance. 
 
 213 
 
 C. B. Church 
 
 Geo. M. Koler 
 
 Martin A. Knapp 
 
 Walter C. Allen 
 
 Conrad Becker 
 
 A. B. Richardson 
 
 Paul J. Pelz 
 
 W. V. R. Berry 
 
 Matthew Trimble 
 
 D. A. Chambers 
 
 Noble D. learner 
 
 Rev. D. J. Stafford 
 
 Rev. R. H. McKim 
 
 Jas. A. Bates 
 
 R. Ross Perry, jr 
 
 Moore & Hill 
 
 Wm. Hahn & Co 
 
 J. V. N. Huyck 
 
 Geo. F. Pyles 
 
 F. D. McKenney 
 
 Charles W. Richardson 
 
 I.S.Stone 
 
 Geo. A. Mills & Son . . . 
 
 J. B. Gregg Custis 
 
 Jas. Topham 
 
 Byron S. Adams 
 
 Browning & Middleton 
 
 John Cropper 
 
 S. C. Smoot 
 
 Chas. J. Allen 
 
 Wm. H. McKnew 
 
 V. Baldwin Johnson . . . 
 
 Thos. P. Morgan 
 
 J. M. A. Watson 
 
 John Cammack 
 
 Wm. R. Speare 
 
 A. B. Graham 
 
 Luchs & Bro 
 
 S. G. T. Morsell 
 
 John T. Winter 
 
 John F. Jarvis 
 
 Dr. Z. T. Sowers 
 
 Mertz & Mertz 
 
 Otto Mears 
 
 John L. McNeil 
 
 Geo. W. Cook 
 
 Geo. Field 
 
 John B.Wight 
 
 Thos. E. Ogram 
 
 Jas. K. McCammon .... 
 
 R. H. Gunnell 
 
 H. L. Biscoe 
 
 Chas. B. Bailey 
 
 Geo. B. Cortelyou 
 
 C. A. Langley f 10 
 
 A. C. Shannon 10 
 
 A. F. Eberly 10 
 
 C. B. Pearson 10 
 
 A. Gear)' Johnson 10 
 
 G. W. Strongman 10 
 
 G.W. Casiler ,. 10 
 
 lv. C. Bailey 10 
 
 G. Taylor Wade 10 
 
 Saml. H. Edmonstou 10 
 
 0. H. Tittman 10 
 
 A. E. Randle 10 
 
 Jno. J. Nolan 10 
 
 Walter H. Acker 10 
 
 Wm. B. Gurley 1 10 
 
 John Callahan 10 
 
 B. F. Leighton 10 
 
 John C. Parker 10 
 
 T. A. Eambert ic 
 
 Wm. Ballantyne & Sons 10 
 
 Jno. C. Chaney 10 
 
 W. E. Edmonston 10 
 
 F. P. May 10 
 
 S. S. Shedd & Bro 10 
 
 Anson Mills 10 
 
 W. V. Cox 10 
 
 Richardson & Burgess 10 
 
 L. P. Shoemaker 10 
 
 Edw. J. Stellwagen 10 
 
 F. L. Moore 10 
 
 Robert B. Caverly 10 
 
 H. C. Ansley 10 
 
 J. J. Darlington 10 
 
 Alex Hecht 10 
 
 Gibson Brothers 10 
 
 John J. Hemphill 10 
 
 Hornblower & Marshall 10 
 
 W. T. Walker 10 
 
 James M. Green 10 
 
 Alphonso Hart 10 
 
 A. J. Parsons 10 
 
 S. S. Burdette 10 
 
 Chapin Brown 10 
 
 Robt. I. Fleming 10 
 
 Geo. J.May 10 
 
 Wm. Corcoran Hill 10 
 
 Thos. M. Chatard 10 
 
 Dulin & Martin Co 10 
 
 Geo. F. Muth & Co 10 
 
 A. A. Birney 10 
 
 Dr. H. C. Yarrow 10 
 
 M. Dyrenforth Co 10 
 
 W. P. Kellogg 10 
 
 Gasch Brothers 10 
 
214 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Wm. F. Roberts 
 
 John H. Magruder . . . 
 
 C. G. Sevan 
 
 Geo. A. Shehan 
 
 James S. Morrill .... 
 
 Geo. H. Harries 
 
 John F. Waggaman . . 
 Thomas J. Keane . . . 
 
 John B. Daish 
 
 H. A. Se3"mour 
 
 Judd & Detweiler. . . 
 
 P.J. Nee & Co 
 
 The J. C. ErgoodCo. 
 Chas. B. Beebe & Co 
 
 A. J. Joyce Co 
 
 R. S. Solomons 
 
 Max Cohen 
 
 W. S. Thompson 
 
 A. C. Moses 
 
 A. S. Cay wood 
 
 R. L. Franklin 
 
 Thomas Wilson .... 
 
 E. S. Hendrick 
 
 Hugo Worch 
 
 John Miller 
 
 House & Hermann. 
 Andrew B. Duvall . . 
 
 M. I. Weller 
 
 W. C. Haskell 
 
 Christian Xander . . . 
 
 Owen O'Hare 
 
 A. R. Sewen 
 
 Dr. J. D. Morgan 
 
 N. H. Shea 
 
 Frank Hume 
 
 J.G.Hill 
 
 J. E. Berry 
 
 Andrew Gleason .... 
 
 Dr. J. W. Bovee 
 
 H. V. Boynton 
 
 Louis A. Dent 
 
 Charles Rauscher. . . 
 
 T. F.Schneider 
 
 Robert Fletcher 
 
 R. G. Rutherford . . . 
 
 F. A. Sanner 
 
 Nathaniel Wilson . . 
 F. H. Henderson . . . 
 
 Arthur Peter 
 
 Frank Pilling 
 
 A. M. McLaughin . . 
 
 T. L. Holbrook 
 
 Herbert G. Ogden . . 
 S. C. Neale 
 
 F. B. McGuire 
 
 A. B. Browne 
 
 I. T. Brown 
 
 A. A. Thomas 
 
 W. S. Harban 
 
 H. H.Darneille • 
 
 John A. Merritt 
 
 W. P. Van Wickle 
 
 J. & M. Strasburger 
 
 A. F. Fox 
 
 Arthur Cowsill 
 
 Edw. A. Mosely 
 
 Ellis Speare 
 
 Charles Kraemer 
 
 W. B. Thompson 
 
 I. C. Slater 
 
 J- T. Petty 
 
 Victor G . Fisher 
 
 I. G. Kimball 
 
 C.J. McCubbin t. 
 
 Daniel Laughlin 
 
 J. H.Ashton ■. 
 
 John F. Ellis & Co 
 
 Newton & Gillett 
 
 G. C. Bloomer 
 
 C. D. Williams 
 
 H. Rozier Dulany 
 
 J. B. Wilson 
 
 Frank A. Lutz, jr 
 
 Joseph Gawler 
 
 Hon. J. W. Foster 
 
 Edward L. Jordan 
 
 Jerome Hubbard 
 
 James Y. Davis' Sons 
 
 Hugh Reilly 
 
 D. W. Prentiss 
 
 Louis D. Wine 
 
 Walter R.Wilcox 
 
 John B. Larner 
 
 Chas. W. Needham 
 
 T. R.Jones 
 
 G. W. Talbert 
 
 H. C. McCauley 
 
 Dr. S. E. Lewis 
 
 S. D. Lincoln 
 
 Cyrus Bussey 
 
 J. H. Harris 
 
 M. E. Crane 
 
 J. A. Tanner 
 
 H. H. Stoutenburgh 
 
 Oscar Luckett 
 
 Robert N. Harper 
 
 Melville Lindsay 
 
 W. B. Powell 
 
 $10 
 
Finance. 
 
 215 
 
 W. C. Duvall 
 
 G. L. Magruder. . . . 
 Rev. F. D. Power . . 
 
 F. N. Carver 
 
 W.B.Todd 
 
 E. T. Kaiser 
 
 J.J. Halstead 
 
 A. E. H. Johnston . . 
 
 W. H. Rapley 
 
 J. F. Shea 
 
 G. A. Bartlett 
 
 W. J. Frizzel 
 
 S. R. Bond 
 
 G. H. Bailey 
 
 R. H. Darby 
 
 J. C. Athey 
 
 Philip Tindall 
 
 G. W. Baird 
 
 D. W. Glassie 
 
 A. Gude Bros 
 
 John R. Francis . . . 
 
 Dr. W. R. King 
 
 A. E. L. Leckie 
 
 A. A. Hoe.hling, jr. . 
 Percy S. Foster .... 
 
 R. H. Terrell 
 
 Henry B. Munii 
 
 D. B. McCary 
 
 H. H. Gilfry 
 
 E. S. La Fetra 
 
 R. W. Henderson . . 
 
 Cash 
 
 Frank Baker 
 
 E. G. Siggen 
 
 J. C. S. Burger 
 
 Dr. J. H. N. Waring . 
 
 E. S. Smith 
 
 J.H. Peitz 
 
 G. F. Cook 
 
 P. M. Hughes 
 
 J. W. Douglas 
 
 N. E. Robbinson . . . 
 
 J. D. Carmody 
 
 N. K. Foulton 
 
 H. P. Cheatham 
 
 J. Fred Kelly 
 
 C. B. Reem 
 
 Henry C. Karr 
 
 John A. Schneider. . 
 
 A. T Stewart 
 
 Wm. C. Lewis 
 
 Dr. J. W. Bayue 
 
 J. H. Gordon 
 
 E. W. Donn, jr 
 
 $5 W. H. Moses $5 
 
 5 W. A. H. Church 5 
 
 5 H. B. Davidson 5 
 
 5 Dr. A. P. Fardon 5 
 
 5 G. W. N.Custis 5 
 
 5 J. T. Walker & Sons 5 
 
 5 L. M. Saunders 5 
 
 5 E. L. Johnson 5 
 
 5 Cecil Clay 5 
 
 5 T N. Gill 5 
 
 5 H. N. Taplin 5 
 
 5 S. W. Tullock 5 
 
 5 M. S. Thompson 5 
 
 5 G. N. Acker 5 
 
 S T. A. Harding 5 
 
 5 Wm. P. Lipscomb 5 
 
 5 F. H. Thomas Company 5 
 
 5 E. F. Heald 5 
 
 5 Dr. F. T. Chamberlain 5 
 
 5 W. H. Black 5 
 
 5 Dr. Wm. Tindall 5 
 
 5 E. S. Wescott 5 
 
 5 Chas. Schuchert 5 
 
 5 Ernest Wilkinson 5 
 
 5 H. F. Simpson 5 
 
 5 Wm. W. Dodge 5 
 
 5 Rev. T. S. Hamlin 5 
 
 5 Dr. S. C. Busey 5 
 
 5 F. M. Heaton 5 
 
 5 Geo. B. Welch 5 
 
 5 S. F. Fisher 5 
 
 5 Joseph Parris 5 
 
 5 F. H. Jackson 5 
 
 5 E. H. Tucker 5 
 
 5 L. B. Wright 5 
 
 5 J.G.Butler 5 
 
 5 E. L. Hill 5 
 
 5 Charles Graft .s 
 
 5 B. R. Green 5 
 
 5 C. A. Sheilds 5 
 
 5 A. P. Clark 5 
 
 5 J. R. Young 5 
 
 5 T H. Pkjkford 5 
 
 5 J- J- Appich 5 
 
 5 Wm. H. Finckel 5 
 
 5 G. F. Green 5 
 
 5 Samuel H. Green 5 
 
 5 A. W. Francis 5 
 
 5 J. M. Cutts 5 
 
 5 Jno. Van Schaick, jr 5 
 
 5 Weston Flint 5 
 
 5 J. I. Weller 5 
 
 5 G. R. Repetti 5 
 
 5 Earnshaw & Leary 5 
 
216 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 J. R. Edson 
 
 J. M. Calpp 
 
 H. B. Learv 
 
 Chas. P. Lincoln 
 
 Dr. Robert Reyburn . . . 
 Herbert A. Gill 
 
 F. \Y. Hackett 
 
 A. Grionard 
 
 J. A. Demonet 
 
 Edgar M. Shaw 
 
 H. D. Fry 
 
 N. P. Gage 
 
 H. C. Rizer 
 
 Hon. M. S. Brewer 
 
 C. H. Livingstone 
 
 B. F. Larcombe 
 
 T. P. Cleaves 
 
 G. C. Maynard 
 
 J. W. Babson 
 
 W. M. Harper 
 
 J. S. Swormstedt 
 
 R. E. Pairo 
 
 G. C. Gorham 
 
 B. W. Reise 
 
 T. L. De Land 
 
 S. H. Walker 
 
 N. L. Collamer 
 
 W. S. Whitmore 
 
 W. H. Proctor 
 
 C.G.Stone 
 
 Hon. J. B. Harlow 
 
 D. W. Van Dyke 
 
 Wrn. J. Flather 
 
 Rudolph Eickhorn .... 
 
 T. W. Sidwell 
 
 R. E. Sullivan 
 
 W. I. Montgomery 
 
 C. S. Sturtevant 
 
 W. S. Abert 
 
 W. C. Woodward 
 
 Jas. F. Hood 
 
 Edwin H. Fowler 
 
 Leonhard Stejneger . . . 
 Harrison Dingman .... 
 
 W. H. Dall 
 
 W. R. Deeble 
 
 R. H. Marcelles 
 
 H.K.Gray 
 
 J. R. Keene 
 
 J.J. Georges & Son .... 
 Rev. Byron Sunderland 
 Rev. Luther B. Wilson . 
 
 A. J. Dodge 
 
 C. C. Bundy 
 
 J. B. Clark 
 
 J. W. Tolson 
 
 E. G. Davis 
 
 A. Hopkins 
 
 J. R. Procter 
 
 G. Blair 
 
 L. B. Cutler 
 
 John A. Stoutenburg. 
 
 T. W. Smilie 
 
 W. H. Veerhoff 
 
 Henry Wells 
 
 Wallace Radcliffe . . . 
 
 F. E. Grice '. 
 
 E. N. Gray 
 
 J. L. Ewin 
 
 Wm. D. West 
 
 J. W. Chickering 
 
 W. D. Baldwin 
 
 C. C. Pursell -. 
 
 G. T. Duulop 
 
 A. M. Brooks 
 
 Nathan Bickford . . . . 
 
 E. J. Cantwell 
 
 W . C . Dodge 
 
 M. W. Moore 
 
 Myer Cohen 
 
 B. F. Hawkes 
 
 Wm. A. De Caindry . . 
 
 A. McKenzie 
 
 F. R.Weller 
 
 F. J. Heiberger, jr . . . 
 P. M. Rixey 
 
 C. C. Bryan 
 
 F. S. Gannon 
 
 E. W. Brown 
 
 M. A. Ballinger 
 
 Chas. Moore 
 
 B. W. Hodges 
 
 Jno. Yarrow 
 
 Isaac Gans 
 
 Leet Brothers 
 
 O. S. Smith 
 
 Geo. Thorn 
 
 M. P. Ward 
 
 Saml. J. Prescott. . . . 
 Wm. A. Knowles 
 
 T. V. Powderly 
 
 C. W. Handy 
 
 Geo. W. White 
 
 Arthur Brice 
 
 Herbert Putman . . . . 
 
 R. A. Phillips 
 
 W. A. Haley 
 
 F. P. Reeside 
 
Kimon Nicolaides . . . 
 J. Walter Hodges. . . . 
 J. De Witt Arnold . . . 
 
 J. W. Bulkley 
 
 Dr. L. B. Swormstedt 
 
 M. A. Custis 
 
 C. M. Hendley 
 
 Lem Towers, jr 
 
 C. A. McKenney .... 
 Thos. P. Woodward. 
 Dr. T. M. Newman . . 
 
 Ralph W. Lee 
 
 Mrs. G. W. Harding. 
 The Misses Harding 
 
 O. W. White 
 
 Dr. J. E. Walsh 
 
 J. M. Chamberlain . . 
 
 Marcus Baker 
 
 Wm. P. Herbst 
 
 M. F. F. Swartzell . . 
 
 A. Shaw 
 
 G. D. Graham 
 
 W. Topham 
 
 Finance. 217 
 
 $5 Latimer & Nesbit '$3 
 
 5 Jno. O. Knox 3 
 
 5 Edgar Frisby 3 
 
 5 B. N. Needs 3 
 
 5 L. C . Wilson 3 
 
 5 C. A. Johnson 3 
 
 5 H. B. Looker 3 
 
 5 W. W. Deloe 3 
 
 5 Allan Davis 2 
 
 5 B. F. Janney 2 
 
 5 F. P. McDermott 2 
 
 5 G. E. Corson 2 
 
 5 Louis W. Perkins 2 
 
 5 W. E. Todd 2 
 
 5 W. E. Malley 2 
 
 5 H. L. Prime 2 
 
 5 J. H. Hill 2 
 
 3 E. M. Terrell 2 
 
 3 J. L. Kennedy 2 
 
 3 N. N. McCullough I 2 
 
 3 Total S,48i 
 
 3 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Page, 
 i. The coming of the white man, and the founding of the National Capital. 
 
 By Ainsworth R. Spofford 22I 
 
 2. Removal of the Government to the District of Columbia in 1800. By Ains- 
 
 worth R. Spofford . 
 
 3. Removal of the seat of government to Washington. By W. B. Bryan 253 
 
 4. The centennial of the permanent seat of the Government of the United 
 
 States. By Samuel C. Busey • 2f r, 
 
 5. Locating the Capital. By Gaillard Hunt S n i 
 
 6. Sketch of the various forms of local government in the District of Colum- 
 
 bia: with list of Washington city officials. By W. B. Bryan 281 
 
 7. Plans for treatment of that portion of the District of Columbia south of 
 
 Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street S.W., and for a connection 
 between Potomac and Zoological parks , [q 
 
 S. Books, pamphlets, periodicals, maps, and original plans of the "Centennial 
 Exhibition " in the Division of Prints, Library of Congress, Washington. 
 Compiled by Mr. Arthur J. Parsons, Chief of the Division of Prints, 
 Library of Congress ■ , 2 
 
 9. Beautifying the National Capital. By W. V. Cox, secretary of the Joint 
 Committee 
 
 219 
 
THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN, AND THE 
 FOUNDING OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 1 
 
 By Ainsworth R. Spofford, LL.D. 
 
 In this age, when nearly all the old histories have to be rewritten, 
 when every fact is questioned, and every opinion must show its reason 
 for being, I am honored with a request to outline the early history of 
 the region in which it is our happiness to live. 
 
 What manner of people were they who dwelt in these regions of the 
 globe a hundred years ago? What was their prevailing character, edu- 
 cation, religion? What kind of houses did they dwell in? What were 
 their manners and habits, their costume, employments, amusements, 
 domestic regimen, and social life? I have sought diligently for such 
 answers to these questions as exist in contemporaneous journals, letters, 
 and travelers' observations, since no other authorities than those having 
 personal knowledge can be trusted. What I have gathered, though 
 greatly condensed, may serve to give a fairly truthful picture of the life 
 of the white man in Maryland and Virginia at the time when our 
 National Capital was carved out of the territories of those contiguous 
 States. 
 
 First, however, I must briefly establish the chronology of the earlier 
 coming of the white man. Passing by the Norse and the Spanish dis- 
 coveries of the New World as foreign to our theme, let us note the first 
 English settlements on American soil. Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Hum- 
 phrey Gilbert divide between them the honor of having been the father 
 of British- American colonization. Gilbert, in 1578, obtained from Queen 
 Elizabeth a patent for planting an English colony in America. Raleigh, 
 half-brother to Gilbert, was interested in the scheme, and sailed with 
 him in 1578 for America. Gilbert was forced to return, but Raleigh 
 made an attack on Spanish vessels near the Cape Verde Islands, and 
 then sailed for England in 1579. In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed 
 on his second voyage, took possession of Newfoundland, and sailed to 
 the coast of New England, but was lost at sea in 1584. That year 
 Raleigh secured a charter for planting the new lands in America, and 
 sent out an expedition which left a colony on Roanoke Island, in 'North 
 
 ■Read before the Washington Academy of Sciences, April 15, 1S99, and printed 
 in the Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., January, 1900. 
 
 221 
 
222 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Carolina, in 1585. Queen Elizabeth named the whole region: Virginia, 
 and appointed Sir Walter governor of Virginia. The Roanoke colony 
 did not prosper and was soon abandoned. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 In 1606 the first Virginia Company was formed in London, with larger 
 means and a distinct purpose of permanent settlement in America. 
 The company consisted of noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants of Lon- 
 don; was known as "the London Company for Virginia," and some- 
 times called "the Adventurers for Virginia." The manuscript records 
 of their careful and systematic government of Virginia now form one of 
 the most precious possessions of the Library of Congress. The company 
 was granted a royal charter, with exclusive right to occupy the regions 
 between 34 and 38 , or from Cape Fear to southern Mar3'land. The 
 Virginia Company, like the East India Company, was a commercial 
 organization. The first shipload of emigrants numbered 105, of whom 
 48 were classed as "gentlemen," while there were unhappily only 12 
 laborers and very few mechanics. The voyage occupied four months — 
 from January 1 to April 26, 1607. They sailed up the broad river Pow- 
 hatan, which they renamed the James, in honor of the King, and founded 
 Jamestown on a low and swampy peninsula at the mouth of the Chick - 
 ahominy. This was in direct violation of their instructions, "neither 
 must you plant in a low and moist place, because it will prove unhealth- 
 ful." The colonists paid dearly for their rashness. Marsh fevers, with 
 careless regimen, decimated their ranks, and in six months 50 men, or 
 one-half the colony, had died. 
 
 The red man, too, was offended by the coming of the white man. 
 After the first wild surprise and the terror of fire-arms were recovered 
 from, the savages began their endeavors to get rid of the unwelcome 
 guests. Crafty and cunning, bloodthirsty and cruel, they cut off strag- 
 gling parties in ambush, and finally killed 347 settlers in one day by a 
 concerted massacre, after the infant colony had grown to some 2,000 
 souls. Women and children alike were slaughtered without mercy. 
 Days of sore trial and nights of fear and distress succeeded to the bril- 
 liant hopes of the early emigrants. Provisions often failed, what corn 
 they got from the Indians was quickly consumed, and famine stared them 
 in the face. Too many of the colony were shiftless adventurers, unac- 
 customed and unwilling to work, and the fruitful soil, ready to yield 
 luxuriant crops, remained largely untilled. The hardy and resolute 
 Capt. John Smith, tired of the idle company that surrounded him, set 
 out on an expedition of discovery, and visited Powhatan, the emperor 
 of the Virginia tribes, at Werowocomoco. Later, he sailed up the Poto- 
 mac River, and, it is supposed rather than proven, saw the site of the 
 present District of Columbia. 
 
 So much interest attaches to the long controversy over John Smith's 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 223 
 
 claims to honor and credence as pioneer and historian that I may be 
 pardoned for briefing some of the points involved. Until recently all 
 histories of Virginia have been built upon Smith's early narratives, the 
 writers simply repeating one another. His romantic history was 
 accepted as unquestioned until modern criticism took hold of it and 
 applied searching analysis to its many improbabilities. The story of 
 his rescue from a bloody death by Pocahontas has been printed in hun- 
 dreds of volumes, and has even been perpetuated in a grotesque sculpture 
 by Capellano in the Rotunda at Washington — a harrowing example of 
 the barbaric art that prevails in yonder Capitol. This story is wholly 
 unsupported by any contemporaneous evidence. Not one of the early 
 chroniclers of Virginia— Wingfield, Spelman, Bullock, Jones, Beverly- 
 alludes to it. Smith himself published two books on Virginia soon after 
 the alleged rescue, the "True Relation," in 1608, and the "Map of 
 Virginia," in 1612, in which he tells of his treatment by Powhatan, but 
 not a word of any contemplated massacre. His first recorded statement 
 of it was in a letter eight years after to Gueen Anne, in 161 6, when he 
 said Pocahontas had saved his life. This was expanded in his ' ' Generall 
 Historie, " 1624, sixteen years after the event, into the detailed romance 
 of the two great stones, with Captain Smith dragged and laid out upon 
 them, the savages standing ready with clubs to beat out his brains, and 
 Pocahontas getting his head in her arms and laying her own head upon 
 his to save him from death. Smith's other works, moreover, abound in 
 marvelous tales of his prowess and escapes in Africa and Asia, where a 
 fair Turkish princess also saves his life. The least that can be said in 
 judging of the strange tale is that it is not proven. Among the histor- 
 ical writers who discredit it are Neill, Deane, Alexander Brown, Henry 
 Adams, Bancroft, Lodge, Eggleston, Charles Dudley Warner, Gay, 
 Palfrey, and Doyle. On the other hand, among the modern writers who 
 credit it are W. W. Henry, Howison, Bruce, Arber, and John Fiske. 
 
 It may, indeed, be thought that the discredit of John Smith has 
 recently been carried too far. The reverse swing of the pendulum of 
 historic judgment may have done injustice to one who must ever remain 
 a notable figure in American history. Capt. John Smith was an egotist 
 and a braggart, but he was a great deal more. He was possessed of ardor, 
 courage, penetration, industry, and perseverance. Had he remained 
 longer in the colony (for his whole service in Virginia covered only two 
 and a half years, from 28 to 30 years of his age) he might have made a 
 much greater record. As it was, he did more for the struggling colony 
 in its first two years than any other man, and with less means. He 
 explored, with cool daring, amid tribes of hostile savages, the James 
 River, the Chickahominy, and the Potomac. He made the first map of 
 Virginia worthy of the name, a map, considering the obstacles in the 
 way and the nonexisting data, of surprising accuracy. He had the 
 sense to despise the gold fever, and the abortive aims of his fellow- 
 H. Doc. 552 15 
 
224 » Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 adventurers, and to devote himself to practical utilities with his utmost 
 energy. His sagacity made him deal with the cunning and treacherous 
 savages with more success than any others. In his short term of the 
 presidency of the colony he built defenses, foraged successfully for sup- 
 plies of corn in the starving time, and required lazy vagabonds to work. 
 He was surrounded by dissensions and difficulties of ever}' kind. The 
 absurd ordinance of the London Virginia Company, that the colonists 
 should share all in common, ended in the idlers and the shirks sponging 
 upon the community. Then, as now, communism meant that the industri- 
 ous and the capable should labor to support the indolent and the shiftless. 
 If John Smith, in his many writings, sometimes boasted more than other 
 men, he had also done more. Men are rare who can be trusted to write 
 their own biography. Let us have charity for poor John Smith, vain 
 though he may have been, as we behold him vanishing, all blackened 
 with powder, from the Virginia for which he had done so much, bearing 
 with stout heart the heavy "white man's burden." 
 
 As years rolled on, there came a stead}' influx of emigrants to Vir- 
 ginia. Colony after colony crossed the sea, until, about 1620, there 
 were landed some 1,100 annually. In Hotteu's "Original Lists of Per- 
 sons of Quality, Emigrants," etc., London, 1874, the only extensive 
 published record of early emigrants to America, are some 15,000 names. 
 But among the multitude of eager searchers who daily haunt our libra- 
 ries in quest of the missing link that shall connect them with British 
 ancestors, scarcely one in a hundred ever finds it. Out of the hundreds 
 of shiploads of early emigrants many kept no records, and of many 
 more the records are lost. For the purposes of the genealogist, in most 
 cases, the coming of the white man was in vain. 
 
 The progress of the colony in the arts of peace was steady and great. 
 In 1649 there were 11 mills to grind corn and 6 public breweries. Iron 
 and bricks were manufactured in large quantities. The colony was 
 hampered in its foreign commerce by the narrow and odious navigation 
 laws of England, which prohibited her colonies from trading with an}' 
 other nation, thus cutting off a lucrative trade which might have made 
 all countries tributary to Virginia's great staple — tobacco. 
 
 In 1670 the peace of the colony was disturbed by the great number of 
 desperate villains sent over from the prisons of England, and the coun- 
 cil of Virginia ordered that no vessel should be allowed "to bring in 
 any jaile-birds after January next." Negro slavery was introduced as 
 early as 1619, by importation from Africa, and continued a growing 
 evil, demoralizing to a certain degree both races, though the profits of 
 slave labor insured its perpetuation. 
 
 That one may form an intelligent judgment of the country and period 
 that we contemplate, there should be brought into view a distinct idea 
 of the natural features of Virginia. The country was held for hun- 
 dreds of miles by barbarous tribes of aborigines, forming a loose confed- 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 225 
 
 eracy, each under its own Werowance, or chief, but subject to the 
 powerful king, Powhatan. The Virginia Company's grant extended 
 about 240 miles north and south, with no defined limit westward. Its 
 territory was washed by four noble tide-water rivers — the James, the 
 York, the Rappahannock, and the Potomac — each having many tributa- 
 ries. The ample Chesapeake Bay, full of convenient and safe harbors, 
 with good anchorage open to commerce from one end of the year to the 
 other, supplied a coast line of 150 miles. The magnificent harbor of 
 Hampton Roads could float all the navies of the world. The soil, cov- 
 ered mostly by vast primeval forests, was of such variety and fertility as 
 to produce almost every kind of plant requisite for the benefit of man. 
 "The vesture of the earth," says Strachey, "doth manifestly prove the 
 nature of the soyle in most places to be lusty and very rich. There are 
 pines infinite, especially by the sea coast." The early settlers soon 
 introduced all varieties of fruits and vegetables indigenous to England, 
 which, added to the staple agricultural products native to Virginia — 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, grapes, melons, etc. — soon loaded the 
 tables of the inhabitants with viands in rich profusion. Wild cherries, 
 currants, mulberries, raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries of deli- 
 cate flavor abounded, and the woods were prolific of chestnuts, chinqua- 
 pins, hazelnuts, peanuts, and walnuts. The forests were endless groves 
 of stately trees — oak, pine, maple, hemlock, walnut, ash, chestnut, sas- 
 safras, and poplar. Karly" voyagers tell of the sweet aromatic odors 
 blowing off the shore from the forests of balsam pines. The rich and 
 varied flora of the country loaded the summer air with fragrance, the 
 wild bees laid their stores of honey in the woods, the native song birds 
 filled the air with melody. 
 
 The climate, midway between the extremes of heat and cold, was 
 genial and wholesome, save in low and marshy regions, and cattle, sheep, 
 and swine could be kept in most winter seasons in the open air. ' ' I 
 believe," says Beverly (1705), "it is as healthy a country as any under 
 heaven; but the extraordinary pleasantness of the weather and plenty 
 of the fruit lead people into many temptations. If one impartially con- 
 siders all the advantages of this country, as nature made it, he must allow 
 it to be as fine a place as any in the universe. ' ' 
 
 For animal food the Virginians found all which the most eupeptic 
 Britons had on their tables, and in addition wild bears, opossums, rab- 
 bits, and squirrels. The waters, both fresh and salt, literally swarmed 
 with fish — the toothsome shad, the delicate rock-fish, the multitudinous 
 herring, the lively bass, the immense sturgeon, with crabs and oysters in 
 inexhaustible shoals along the bays and rivers. Of the feathered tribes 
 were wild turkeys, pigeons, partridges, and water fowl in clouds, the 
 delicious canvas-back ducks feeding on the wild celery of the bays and 
 inlets. Quaint old Alsop, describing the eastern shore on the Chesa- 
 peake Bay, says the water fowl "arrive in milliouous multitudes about 
 
226 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the middle of September and take their winged farewell about the midst 
 of March. " " There be wild turkeys extream large, ' ' wrote Dr. Clay- 
 ton to the Royal Society in 1688, and he gives their weight at 50 to 60 
 pounds each. 
 
 Tobacco, the great indigenous staple of Virginia, grew luxuriantly in 
 her soil, became to her planters a great source of wealth, a world monop- 
 oly for more than a century, and supplied a currency and a measure of 
 value. 
 
 With their material wants supplied thus bountifully by all the king- 
 doms of nature, the Virginia planters of later years formed a class of 
 men who lived generously and entertained handsomely. Says the his- 
 torian Beverly: "The gentry pretend to have their victuals drest and 
 served up as nicely as if they were in London. ' ' Indeed, the intercourse 
 between Virginia 1 and the old country was by no means infrequent. 
 Visits to relatives abroad, or from those abroad to their friends in Amer- 
 ica, were of constant occurrence. The social intercourse at home was 
 intimate and lively. Daily almost the gentlemen and ladies of the 
 rural gentry would mount their horses (for carriages were but little used) 
 and ride three, five, ten, or more miles to visit neighbors, dining 
 together and returning in the evening. Every house was a house of 
 entertainment, for hotels were almost unknown. Any decent stranger 
 was sure of welcome. There were frequent card parties, horse races, 
 shooting matches, athletic sports (like quoits, wrestling, fencing, and 
 running), river parties, hunting meets, and riding matches. The tables 
 of well-to-do citizens were always supplied with malt liquors, wines, 
 brandy, or rum. The favorite wine was Madeira, though claret, port, 
 and Sauterne were not uncommon. A generous, not to say profuse, 
 style of living prevailed, and "old-fashioned Virginia hospitality" was 
 a term daily illustrated in a community where George Washington 
 records that his family did not once sit down to dinner alone for twenty 
 years. 
 
 Dress and manners partook largely of the style and habits of cultivated 
 people in Europe at the period. The Rev. Hugh Jones records that at 
 Williamsburg, the early capital, ' ' may be seen a great number of hand- 
 some, well dressed, compleat gentlemen." Knee breeches, silken hose, 
 and shoe buckles of shining silver were prevalent, and velvet was the 
 favorite wear for gentlemen's gala dress. Lace ruffles and snow-white 
 cravats set off a costume, which, if not more sensible than that now in 
 vogue, was at least more picturesque. 
 
 With their large leisure, it may be thought that Virginia gentlemen 
 of a century ago were prone to idleness. Nothing could be further from 
 the truth as regards the leading men among them. They were busy with 
 much felling of trees, fencing of grounds, plantation cares, with land sur- 
 veys and building improvements, with law suits, with roads and bridges, 
 with local elections and church business, with school arrangements, with 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 227 
 
 family provisions, and with correspondence at home and abroad. The 
 worm fence, made of rough rails laid zig-zag fashion, became known the 
 country over as the Virginia fence. 
 
 The prevalent idea that intelligence was at a low ebb in early Virginia 
 must yield to authentic facts. In spite of the oft-quoted dictum of the 
 narrow-minded Governor Berkeley, "I thank God there are no free 
 schools nor printing," it is a fact that the first free school founded in 
 America was in Virginia (1622); in 1693 William and Mary College was 
 established, and elementary schools were common; in 1736 a newspaper 
 was successfully established at Williamsburg, and in 1748 education was 
 made compulsory by legislative act in case of parental neglect. Ninety- 
 four per cent of the inhabitants of Norfolk County could write, as 
 shown by the marriage bonds on record. Private libraries, too, were 
 common in many Virginia homes. In fact, the progenitors of such men 
 as Washington, Jefferson, Mason, Madison, and others, were far from 
 wanting in intellectual attainments. 
 
 The historian Jones records of the Virginia colon}' in 1724 that there 
 were very few poor people and no beggars therein. The planters, and 
 even the negroes, "spoke good English, without idiom or tone." He 
 adds that the citizens generally wore good clothes, had "comely, hand- 
 some persons," and good manners and address. "The climate," said 
 he, "makes them bright and of excellent sense." 
 
 It is not singular that we find scattered through the literature of the 
 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries numerous encomiums upon Vir- 
 ginia. Says the quaint historian Beverly: "Here people enjoy all the 
 benefits of a warm sun, and by their shady trees are protected from its 
 inconvenience. Here all their senses are entertained with an endless 
 succession of native pleasures." The chronicler of Newport's voyage 
 wrote that Virginia might ' ' claim the prerogative over the most pleas- 
 ant places in the world." Edward Williams wrote, in 1650, "the mel- 
 ancholiest eye in the world can not look upon it without contentment, 
 nor content himself without admiration." Hugh Jones records: "Vir- 
 ginia is esteemed one of the most valuable gems in the crown of Great 
 Britain " In England the newly found virgin land excited a wide 
 spread interest, reflected by numerous allusions in dramatic and poetic 
 literature. Spenser dedicated his Faerie Queen (1596) to "Elizabeth, 
 Queen of England, Ireland, France, and Virginia." At a later period 
 Thomas Neals was made by royal patent ' ' Postmaster-general of Vir- 
 ginia and other parts of North America." Arthur Barlowe wrote: 
 "The soil is the most plentiful, sweet, fruitful, and wholesome of all 
 the world. ' ' Another writer speaks enthusiastically of ' ' the dear strand 
 of Virginia, earth's only paradise." The early historian Hamor (1615) 
 tells of the ' ' goodlie rivers, nowhere else to be paralleled, ' ' and he says 
 there were "wilde pigeons in winter beyond number or imagination, so 
 thicke that they have even shadowed the skie. ' ' Another adds: ' ' There 
 
228 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 are infinite hogges in heards all over the woods." Ralph Lane says: 
 "We have discovered the main to be the goodliest soil under the cope 
 of heaven. ' ' Capt. John Smith wrote: ' ' Heaven and earth never agreed 
 better to frame a place for man's habitation." 
 
 Thomas Hariot's "Brief and true report of the new-found land in Vir- 
 ginia," 1588, was the first published account, but between this and 1700 
 more than thirty distinct books and pamphlets respecting Virginia were 
 published, though a complete Virginia bibliography is still to seek. 
 Beverly's "Virginia," within two years of its appearance in 1705, was 
 translated into French, and three times reprinted at Paris and Amster- 
 dam. For more than a century before Washington's time a constant 
 succession of British ships brought colonists to Virginia, and though 
 many returned, dissatisfied with the limited means for amassing wealth, 
 or the absence of advantages to which they had been accustomed, the 
 country grew more and more populous continually. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 The story of Maryland's first settlement by the white man is familiar. 
 Under King Charles's charter of 1632, Caecilius Calvert, Second Lord 
 Baltimore, fitted out an expedition of about " two hundred gentlemen 
 and their servants," who embarked with his brother, Leonard Calvert, 
 as governor of the colony. They landed in Chesapeake Ba3 r in March, 
 1634, and, sailing up the Potomac, founded the town of St. Marys about 
 12 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Father Andrew White, the pious Catholic missionary, who sailed with 
 this colonial expedition, and whose name is held in honor to this day, 
 labored for years among the Patuxent, Piscataway, and Patapsco Indians. 
 He narrates in simple Latin the conversion of many savages, including 
 the Queen of Patuxent, the King of the Anacostans, and the Queen of 
 Port Tobacco. He tells how Governor Calvert visited "a village which 
 is called Potomac, a name derived from the river," which he describes 
 thus : "A larger or more beautiful river I have never seen. The Thames, 
 compared with it, can scarcely be considered a rivulet." The good 
 father extols the excellence of the native preparations of Indian corn — 
 " quern 'pone' et ' omini ' appellantur." 
 
 I can not dwell upon the history of Maryland as a colony, but will 
 come to some characteristic features of those parts of the State adjacent 
 to Washington in the latter part of the last century. 
 
 At Upper Marlborough, count} 7 seat of Prince George, and only 16 
 miles from Washington, there was a grand assembly room, where balls 
 were held and plays acted. Here people flocked to see the races, which 
 lasted a week, winding up with a grand ball, the dancing being kept up 
 till near morning, to the music of two or three fiddles and a clarinet or 
 flute. The houses of the town were all crowded by visitors from George- 
 town, Alexandria, Baltimore, and the whole country around. The best 
 of manners prevailed and no disorder nor intoxication was tolerated. 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 229 
 
 The second theater in the United States was opened at Annapolis in 
 1752, by an excellent troupe known as "the Company of Comedians 
 from Virginia, ' ' where they had played at Williamsburg the same year, 
 and who played at Annapolis and Upper Marlborough for more than 
 twenty years. New York had plays only two years earlier, in 1750, and 
 Philadelphia in 1749. The French abbe Robin, who traveled in Mary- 
 land in 1 78 1 , records that there was ' ' more wealth and luxury in An- 
 napolis than in any other city which I have visited in America. ' ' Indeed, 
 the style of living among prosperous citizens was of a kind which may 
 be characterized as generous and even profuse. The gentlemen wore 
 velvet coats, knee breeches, swords, lace ruffles, wigs, cocked hats laced 
 with gold or silver, and snuff boxes. The ladies were dressed in silks, 
 satins, lace and brocade ; they frizzed and rouged, and both sexes wore 
 powdered hair. Brissot, the French traveler, in 1790 tells us that the 
 ladies' dress was " of the most brilliant silks, gauzes, hats, and borrowed 
 hair." On their heads were pyramids of towering turbans, to which 
 the odious and sometimes intolerable theater hat of to-day, with its for- 
 tification of an aviary or conservatory, destructive of human vision and 
 peace of mind, presents a too close analogy. But few jewels were worn, 
 for they were not common in that age. In the country women wore 
 bonnets called "calashes," the front stiffened with cane and projecting 
 12 or 15 inches from the face horizontally. These were described, no 
 doubt correctly, as the height of ugliness. 
 
 In those days horse races abounded and cock fights were common 
 diversions, while fine old Virginia gentlemen sometimes staked their 
 negroes on the result. Everybody was fond of field sports, and even the 
 clergy joined in the chase. Horses were so common that no one ever 
 thought of walking to any distance.. Most roads were merely bridle paths. 
 Eadies rode to the chase or to church on horseback, and went to balls in 
 the evenings mounted on side saddles, with scarlet riding habits tied 
 over their white satin dresses. The men of Maryland and Virginia were 
 like centaurs, who lived in the saddle, and thought nothing of pursuing 
 a fox chase 30 miles, through two or three counties. Even the grave 
 and sedate George Washington would set off fox hunting at 5 o'clock on 
 a frosty morning, with a party of youngsters, or oversee the hauling of 
 a seine of shad in the Potomac, at the head of a gang of yelling negroes. 
 Such severe training in outdoor life gave vigor and endurance to the 
 physical system, and made the Maryland Continentals the flower of the 
 Revolutionary armies. 
 
 The, houses of those days were always surrounded with ample grounds, 
 and even in the cities such a thing as a block of houses was unknown. 
 The old Maryland term "manor" was applied to the country estates, 
 which always had a mansion with ample porch in front, where the mem- 
 bers of the family sat in fine weather for air and shade, with a wide hall 
 running through the house for ventilation. Large estates had their own 
 mills for grinding flour and meal, meat house, corn house, henhouse, and 
 
230 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 many servants' outbuildings, and even the smallest farmhouses had a 
 smokehouse for curing the domestic pork and beef. Within there 
 reigned a cheerful hospitality. The huge, yawning chimney ate up 
 untold cords of wood (for coal was then unknown), and in summer tea 
 was served alfresco on the lawn. Cool tankards of sangaree or lemon 
 punch stood invitingly in the hall, and in the cellar was a cask of Bur- 
 gundy and often a pipe of Madeira. West India rum, however, was the 
 favorite beverage of the less wealthy class, because it was cheap, and 
 that was bought by the puncheon. The tables were supplied with a 
 bountiful variety of viands to tempt the palate. ' At breakfast there were 
 huge mounds of muffins, hot corn pone, plates of Maryland biscuit, 
 steaming pots of coffee and tea, pigs' trotters and venison steak, fresh 
 fish, or succulent oysters or soft-shell crabs. The dinner table rejoiced 
 in great joints of beef or mutton, roast goose and cider apple sauce, 
 stewed rabbits, wild turkey, roast pig or opossum, and often boiled 
 corned beef, pork, and cabbage, with sweet potatoes, juicy succotash, 
 and other vegetables, and dessert of plum pudding and pumpkin pies. 
 You will concur with me that the eating and drinking were somewhat 
 hearty. 
 
 Guests were numerous, and so open was the hospitality that no house 
 was ever considered full, though each room (and they were large) had 
 half a dozen or more of guests; and it was the custom to serve all with 
 mint juleps in summer and hot rum or whisky in winter upon rising in 
 the morning. People from the North or from Europe called the style of 
 living very extravagant. In fact, many old families kept up a hospitality 
 so expensive that they were almost ruined by it, and farms were mort- 
 gaged recklessly to keep up appearances. 
 
 Both in Maryland and Virginia nothing was more striking than the 
 gallantry and deference shown by men of all classes toward the fairer 
 sex. The unanimous sentiment of the people stood for the honor of 
 man and the virtue of woman, and every offense against either was 
 quickly resented. 
 
 The legal interest was 6 per cent on mone3 r loans and 8 per cent on 
 tobacco loans, but many were compelled to borrow at usury, even as 
 high as 24 per cent a year. The ruinous expedient of issuing irredeem- 
 able paper money — that delusion and snare of inexperienced states and 
 nations — was more than once resorted to, with the always certain result 
 of speculation, collapse, and heavy loss to the people. In the scarcity 
 of gold and silver, tobacco, the one product of the land which had a sure 
 commercial value, became the currency and was made a legal tender in 
 i733 — on e of the few instances in which the remedy was better than the 
 disease. The whole financial fabric of Maryland and Virginia rested 
 upon tobacco. The colonial governors salaries were paid in tobacco. 
 The doctor's bill was settled by so many pounds of tobacco. The attor- 
 ney's fee was fixed at 100 pounds of tobacco in minor cases and 200 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 231 
 
 pounds in important ones. All day laborers' and servants' wages were 
 paid in tobacco. The Virginia Company in 1621 sent over one widow 
 and 1 1 maids for wives, requiring that ' ' every man that marries them 
 give one hundred and twenty weight of best leaf tobacco for each of 
 them" to pay charges. Judges and jurymen alike were paid in tobacco. 
 The clergy tax was 40 pounds of tobacco for every citizen, so that his 
 very religion and his hope of heaven was measured by tobacco. 
 
 So far was the ever-growing planting of tobacco carried, year after 
 year, that nearly all the rich virgin lands of Maryland and Virginia were 
 exhausted and ruined by it. Most of the pine-grown and shrub-covered 
 thickets that surround Washington to-day represent worn-out and aban- 
 doned tobacco fields, on both sides of the Potomac. A century ago the 
 huge hogsheads of tobacco were rolled to market for many miles, each 
 rigged with tongue and axle, and propelled up hill or held back down 
 hill by negroes, mules, and oxen. 
 
 The first white man authentically known to have set foot on the soil 
 of the District of Columbia was, Capt. Henry Fleet, an English mariner 
 and trader. He made an expedition up the Potomac in 1632, to buy 
 beaver furs from the Indians, whose language he knew, having been 
 much among them in Virginia. He anchored 6 miles below the Falls of 
 the Potomac, where he got 300 weight of beaver from the Nacostines, or 
 Anacostian tribe, whose name is perpetuated in the Eastern Branch of 
 the Potomac. Fleet thus describes the region : 
 
 This place, beyond all question, is the most pleasant and healthful place, in all 
 this country, and most convenient for habitation; the air temperate in summer, and 
 not violent in winter. It aboundeth with all manner of fish. And as for deer, 
 bears, buffaloes, turkeys, the woods do swarm with them, and the soil is exceedingly 
 fertile. * * * The 27th of June I manned my shallop and went up with the 
 flood, the tide rising about four feet in height at this place. We had not rowed 
 above three miles, when one might hear the falls to roar, about six miles distant, by 
 which it appears that the river is separated with rocks, but only in that one place, 
 for beyond is a fair river. 
 
 This Henry Fleet was a member of the Maryland house of assembly 
 in 1638, and of the Virginia house of burgesses in 1652. He' lived for a 
 time near the mouth of the Potomac, at a place still known as Fleet's 
 Point. 
 
 RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. 
 
 What of the religion of those who built up the region in which we 
 live? All records attest that the earliest settlers were zealous observers 
 of religious rites. At their first setting foot on the shores of the great 
 Bay of Chesapeake the pioneers of 1607 planted a cross, and baptized 
 the point Cape Henry. Maryland was consecrated to Christ at St. 
 Marys by the planting of a cross, in which Catholics and Protestants 
 participated. On laying out the site of Jamestown, one of the earliest 
 buildings to go up was a church. Nearly every vessel from England 
 
232 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 bore one or more clergymen. When the council that governed the little 
 colonj- had quarreled and made up their differences, they partook together 
 of the communion, in token of reconciliation. 
 
 But the laws first adopted for the government of the colon}' show more 
 clearly what severity of religious zeal pervaded the polity of the time. 
 In the ' ' Lawes and Orders, Divine, Politique, and Martial, for the Colony 
 in Virginia," printed in 161 2, is this stringent provision: 
 
 That no man blaspheme God's holy name upon paine of death. That no man 
 speake impiously or maliciously against the holy and blessed Trinitie or against the 
 knowne Articles of the Christian faith, upon paine of death. 
 
 Ever}- man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the bell shall 
 upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear divine Service, upon pain of 
 losing his or her dayes allowance for the first omission, for the second to be whipt, 
 and for the third to be condemned to the Gallies for six Moneths. 
 
 And even in Maryland, so loudly praised for freedom of opinion in 
 religion, this worse than Draconian code was enacted in 1649, iu " An act 
 concerning religion ' ' : 
 
 Be it ordered and enacted by the right honorable Cecilivs, lord baron of Baltimore, 
 with the advice and consent of this General Assembly, that whatsoever person within 
 this province shall blaspheme God, that is, curse him, or shall deny our Saviour 
 Jesus Christ to be the Sonne of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father, 
 Sonne, and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the 
 Trinity, or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall utter any reproachfull speeches, words, 
 or language, concerning the said Holy Trinity, or any of the said three persons 
 thereof, shall be punished with death, and confiscation of all his land and goods 
 to the Lord Proprietor and his heires. 
 
 This act proceeds to provide that if any one shall disturb or molest 
 any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ, for or in respect of his 
 religion, or the free exercise thereof, such offender shall pay treble 
 damages to the person so wronged or molested, besides the sum of 20 
 shillings sterling in money, one-half to the lord proprietary and the 
 other half to the party so wronged or molested. 
 
 Thus we find this so-called "act of toleration," which punished by 
 fine any one who interfered with another's free exercise of his religion, 
 also punished with death any one who preferred to doubt the doctrine of 
 the Trinity or the Godhead of Christ. It gave religious freedom with 
 one hand and took it away with the other. Need we wonder that it was 
 called by some ' ' a cursed intolerable toleration ' ' ? 
 
 But these statutes were too barbarous to be executed, and no one was 
 put to death in either colony under them, showing how much men were 
 better than their laws and more liberal than their creeds. When we 
 shudder at finding in the Virginia code of 161 2 the penalty of death 
 ordained for 50 different offenses, we are reminded that far more trifling 
 offenses were then punished by death in England, where the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries witnessed multitudes of bloody beheadings, 
 hangings, and burnings at the stake. We who live in the full blaze of 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 233 
 
 the light that is poured upon the radiant path of human progress may 
 thank God that the ages are gone when men were murdered for their 
 beliefs, their misbeliefs, or their unbeliefs. 
 
 But was there no persecution for religion's sake in colonial days? 
 History records that in 1663 two Quaker women were flogged, under 
 Virginia laws, 32 lashes each with a nine-corded whip, every stroke of 
 which drew blood. The same year the Virginia assembly enacted that 
 any separatists from the Church of England, assembled for worship, 
 should be fined 200 pounds of tobacco, and for the third offense should 
 be banished from the colony. The creed and the forms of the Church 
 of England were established as the sole tolerated religion. People who 
 refused to have their children baptized were fined 2,000 pounds of 
 tobacco. Any master of a ship who brought in a Quaker was fined 5,000 
 pounds of tobacco. George Wilson, a Quaker preacher, writes in 1662 
 ' ' from that dirty dungeon in Jamestown, ' ' where he was imprisoned for his 
 belief. In 1723 blasphemy was punished by boring through the tongue 
 which had offended. In 1756 every man was taxed 40 pounds of tobacco 
 annually for the benefit of the clergy, and 100 per cent was added to 
 all taxes to be paid by any Catholic. In 1662 Quakers were fined 20 
 pounds for absenting themselves from church, and no nonconformist 
 could teach religion under pain of banishment. Most of these infamous 
 laws survived until Thomas Jefferson's Virginia "act for establishing 
 religious freedom," passed in 1785, abolished the last relic of the bar- 
 barism of the dark ages. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 In more modern days church observances appear to have been gen- 
 eral, though not, as formerly, compulsory. In Georgetown, which was 
 founded in 1751, a Presbyterian Church was built in 1792, and enlarged 
 by subscription in 1802, when President Jefferson contributed $75 to that 
 object. In 1792 the first Catholic Church in Georgetown (now Trinity 
 Church) was founded. The first Presbyterian Church in Washington 
 was founded as early as 1795, with Rev. John Breckenridge as pastor. 
 It first met in a carpenter shop, used for building the President's house. 
 As illustrating the liberal tendency of the time, it is recorded that at 
 Georgetown the Bridge Street Presbyterian Church was occupied together 
 by Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians, who celebrated the com- 
 munion sendee along with the Presbyterians. 
 
 From the earliest Washington newspaper, published from 1796 to 1798, 
 the Washington Gazette, of which the only known file is preserved in the 
 Library of Congress, one learns curious particulars of the beginning of 
 things in this District a century ago. A nail factory was started in 1796 at 
 Greenleaf 's Point, and a hat factory is advertised as an auspicious novelty. 
 William Cranch, afterwards judge of the District court, advertised for 
 ' ' a sober, industrious woman who understands housework. Good wages 
 
234 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 will be paid. N. B. No objection will be made as to color." As this 
 notice stood for six weeks, free labor must have been scarce in Wash- 
 ington. J. V. Thomas, bookseller, advertises bookbinding in all its 
 branches. Lund Washington, postmaster of_the cit}', brother of the 
 President, advertises the Washington letters uncalled for. A runaway 
 negro is advertised at a reward of $8, rather cheap for a human being 
 held in absolute fee simple. Rude woodcuts, depicting a negro running, 
 with stick and bundle, abound. The sheriff of Prince George County 
 advertises frequently runaway slaves in custody, who will be sold to pay 
 charges unless their owners take them away. The editor records the 
 finishing of 20 houses, begun by Robert Morris and J. Nicholson, which 
 those gentlemen celebrated by treating a few acquaintances, the archi- 
 tect and workmen, some 200 in number, to a barbecue on the spot. 
 ' ' We do not recollect- ever to have seen a greater appearance of social 
 glee on a similar occasion." These houses stood on South Capitol 
 street, corner of G street. Blodget's Hotel and his lotteries were the 
 butt of many gibes. "We understand that Mr. Blodget draws 100 
 tickets per week; now, as the wheel contains 50,000 tickets, the lottery 
 will be drawing ten years. We, therefore, advise all holding tickets to 
 mention them in their wills, as they may become important possessions 
 for the good of their heirs." Again: "Wanted. — A number of patient 
 sportsmen to purchase the unsold tickets in Washington Lottery, No. 2. 
 Gentlemen of fortune would be preferred." And again: "At Phila- 
 delphia the tickets in Blodget's lottery are held at $1, at par; but at 
 Georgetown, where information is better, they may be got at under 
 par, and on a long credit." This notable "Washington Lottery, No. 
 2," was first schemed in December, 1794, and the criticisms here cited 
 appeared in 1796. The lottery prospectus was headed: " For improve- 
 ment of the national capital," and read: "It is hoped that the friends 
 to a national university and the other national objects may continue to 
 favor the design. ' ' 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 The Gazette printed, June 25, 1796, a proclamation by President 
 Washington, setting forth that the requirement of building all houses in 
 Washington of brick or stone, and not less than 35 feet in height, had 
 impeded the settlement of the city by mechanics and others, and would 
 therefore be suspended until A. D. 1800. The Commissioners of the 
 District made frequent advertisements of public auction sales of Wash- 
 ton lots, at one-third cash, and one and two years' credit for the remain- 
 der; sales to be continued until they had raised a sum sufficient to 
 complete the public buildings. 
 
 The paper contained many advertisements of hotels. The Capitol 
 Hill tavern announced — "A shuffle-board and niuepin alley are ready 
 for those inclined to amuse themselves." William Tunnecliff, whose 
 tavern was located on Capitol Hill, in square 925, corner of Pennsylvania 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 235 
 
 avenue southeast and Ninth street, announced "stabling for horses, 
 and lodging for gentlemen or ladies," at his Eastern Branch hotel. 
 
 The fust dramatic performances in Washington of which I find record 
 were held in 1S01, in Blodget's unfinished hotel, near the site of the 
 former Post-Office Department, Seventh and F streets. Rough boards 
 were put in as temporary seats for the audience at the play. 
 
 In 1805 there were 700 houses and three market houses in Wash- 
 ington; while in 1800, five years earlier, there were only 47 brick and 
 119 frame houses completed in the city, after eight years' possession by 
 the Government. 
 
 One of the most notable characters in the life and history of early 
 Washington was Thomas Law. He was of a distinguished English 
 family, being a son of the Bishop of Carlisle, and one of his brothers 
 being Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, who became Lord Chief Justice 
 of England. Thomas Law went early in life to India, where he amassed 
 a large fortune, and, being a liberal in politics, he came to America to 
 spend it. This he succeeded in doing in the embryo Washington, where 
 he invested most of his estate, buying some 500 lots, and building a 
 block of houses near Greenleaf's Point, in southwest Washington, which 
 are still standing. He also built the three large mansions in one block 
 at New Jersey avenue and C street southeast, so long occupied by the 
 Coast Survey, and which is now the Hotel Varnum. He married the 
 beautiful Miss Elizabeth Parke Custis, a granddaughter of Mrs. Martha 
 Washington, but separated from her after some years of married life. 
 The late Dr. Brodhead, who was his neighbor for many years, told me 
 that Mr. Law had a very slow, imperturbable utterance. One morning, 
 while sitting at breakfast, his negro waiter announced to him — " Massa 
 Thomas, Missus Law died last night." " The-hell-she-did? — pass-the- 
 po-ta-toes, ' ' was his only reply. 
 
 The English traveler, Thomas Twining, who had been, like Mr. Law, 
 an East India resident, visited him at Washington in 1796, and remarked 
 upon the seclusion in which he had chosen to bury his distinguished 
 talents. "I could not but be surprised," said he, "at the plan of life 
 he had chosen. The clearing of ground and building of small houses 
 amongst the woods of the Potomac ' ' seemed to him a most uncongenial 
 occupation for such a man as Law. 
 
 The Duke de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt stayed with Law during his 
 visit to "Federal City," and, says he, "I could not felicitate Mr. Law 
 on the speculation which induced him to purchase lots in the new city, 
 and thought he might have made a more prudent and fortunate use of 
 his great property. " " His fortune, ' ' he adds, ' ' is superior to the great- 
 est fortunes in America, and he might have lived on his own revenues 
 with splendor. He has willfully plunged himself into an abyss of cares, 
 and all the contentions of this distracted city, which not only prevent 
 the enjoyment of his fortune, but even endanger it." 
 
236 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Mr. Law was an eccentric specimen of the wealth}' Indian nabob, who 
 appeared to others marvelously out of place in the crude wilderness of 
 Washington. His leading qualities were obstinacy and independence. 
 The more money he sunk in building fine residences in places where 
 nobod}' wanted to reside, the more he resolved to have his own way. 
 His losses in real estate were enormous, but he lived luxuriously, enter- 
 taining Englishmen and other foreigners with profuse hospitality. We 
 read of his driving his chariot and four horses from Baltimore to Wash-~ 
 ington, with his wife, in 1796. George Washington and his secretary, 
 Tobias Lear, stayed at Law's house on frequent visits to the Federal City. 
 
 Law was one of the chief promoters of the canal lottery, a scheme 
 which must not be confounded with the Washington lotteries of Samuel 
 Blodget. A charter was granted by Maryland in 1795, with Daniel Car- 
 roll, Thomas Law, and others as corporators, to build a canal from above 
 Great Falls through Washington City to the Eastern Branch. Into this ' 
 Mr. Law put much money and time. Procuring from Congress an ena- 
 bling act authorizing the lottery in 1812, the Washington Canal Com- 
 pany widely advertised the scheme as a "National lottery," and sold 
 many tickets in Virginia, Maryland, and elsewhere. 
 
 Mr. Law died July 31, 1834, aged 75 years, at his mansion on Capitol 
 Hill. The National Intelligencer styled him ' ' one of the oldest, most 
 zealous, and enlightened citizens," and said that he had passed an old 
 age clouded by disease and domestic calamity (for all his children had 
 died before him), but "indulging with delight in such hospitality as his 
 narrowed means permitted him to exercise, for his many investments 
 proved anything but lucrative." He wrote at least twelve pamphlets, 
 printed anonymously, chiefly on finance and sound banking. His work, 
 "Thoughts on Instinctive Impulses," however, is an ethical and poetical 
 treatise displaying a wide range of speculative thought. • 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS BY EARLY TRAVELERS. 
 
 Richard Parkinson, whose tour in America in 1798 to 1800 appeared 
 in two volumes, said that Washington contained only 300 houses, and 
 he concluded that it was too young a city for a brewery, which he had 
 thought to establish. Thomas Law he found the only man of any con- 
 siderable mouied property in the city. He met General Washington at 
 Mr. Law's, who was "quite sociable," though he adds, "the General 
 went to bed at 9 o'clock, as that was his hour." 
 
 John Davis, the English schoolmaster who first told the unfounded 
 tale of Jefferson's riding alone to the Capitol to be inaugurated as 
 President, and hitching his horse to the palisades, wrote of Washington 
 in 1 802, what may well be believed: "There were no objects to catch 
 the eye but a forlorn pilgrim forcing his way through the grass that 
 overruns the streets, or a cow ruminating on a bank." He says the 
 village was surrounded by "endless and almost impenetrable woods," 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 237 
 
 and drops into poetry upon "the noble river Potomac, on whose banks 
 the proud structures of Washington are to lift their heads." 
 
 Francis Baily, president of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, 
 visited here in 1796. He arrived by stage from Baltimore, for which 
 journey $4 was the fare, and the road was well furnished with good 
 taverns. Georgetown he describes as " a handsome town which will in 
 time lose its name of Georgetown, and adopt the general one of Wash- 
 ington" — a prediction which is now fulfilled. He visited Alexandria, 
 fare 75 cents by stage. He praises the view from the Capitol as 
 "extremely delightful," visits Greeuleaf's Point, where 20 or 30 houses 
 were built, and says about 100 others were scattered over in other places. 
 Most of the streets were cut through the woods* appearing like broad 
 avenues in a park. " In short," says he, "all tends to render it one of 
 the most delightful and pleasant sites for a town I have ever remarked. ' ' 
 
 In the Travels of the Duke de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who spent 
 the years 1795 to 1797 in the United States, and who was a careful 
 observer, is the most extended account of this District and its vicinity in 
 Maryland and Virginia at the period of our review, to be met with. He 
 pronounces the plan of the city "both judicious and noble;" but adds 
 that it is in fact the grandeur and magnificence of the plan which renders 
 the conception "no better than a dream." He details at length the 
 speculation in lots, then at its height, in what he always terms ' ' Federal 
 City; " shows that Robert Morris, with Nicholson and Greenleaf, bought 
 up all that could be had, either from the Commissioners or from private 
 owners; that the Morris syndicate (to use a term not then invented) 
 purchased 6,000 lots at $80 each from the Commissioners, and nearly as 
 many more from individuals, the whole purchase being nearly $1 ,000, 000; 
 that the bargain was made in 1793, on seven years' time, one-seventh to 
 be paid annually; that they were bound to erect 120 brick houses of two 
 stories, within the seven years, but were not to sell any lots before 1796, 
 without a like condition of building on them. This was a stipulation 
 designed, on the part of the Commissioners, to improve the city rapidly 
 by settlement, but it proved ineffective. 
 
 Thomas Law bought from Morris 445 lots, paying nearly $300 a lot. 
 Many others bought, but mostly on speculation, for the land fever ran 
 high. The building of the Capitol and the President's palace, so-called; 
 excited the hope of a great influx of population. The public prints of 
 Virginia, Baltimore, etc. , were filled with exaggerated praises of the new 
 city. The President and the Commissioners believed that the ground 
 marked out for the city would soon be filled up, and this led them to 
 enforce a regulation prohibiting houses of wood, or of less than two 
 stories in height. 
 
 Samuel Blodget, who had bought a large quantity of lots, devised an 
 ingenious scheme of disposing of them by lottery. The great prize was 
 a handsome $50,000 tavern, yet to be built (for the whole speculation 
 
23S Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 was in the air) ; the next prizes were three houses to be erected near the 
 Capitol, valued at $25,000, $15,000, and $10,000, respectively. The 
 Duke de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt adds that these lotteries gained a 
 large profit to Mr. Blodget, who, he says, ' ' was the only person not 
 deceived in the transaction." 
 
 Messrs. Morris & Co. were not very successful in getting their exten- 
 sive lot purchases off their hands. People, after admiring the plan of 
 the Federal City in embryo for its beauty and magnificence, began to 
 perceive that it was rather extensive for the actual circumstances of the 
 United States; and that the immense extent of ground would not be so 
 speedily covered with handsome houses, as was expected. Even- lot 
 holder intrigued to get his neighborhood first improved; hence rivalries 
 and antagonisms became the order of the da5 r . Georgetown owners of 
 lots declared their property the most eligible, because situated near the 
 principal existing settlement, and boasted of the port of Georgetown and 
 its well-founded commerce, while Washington was a forest and swamp 
 without a harbor. On the other hand, Greenleaf 's Point lot owners sang 
 the praises of that situation as the most airy, healthful, and beautiful in 
 the city. Then came the Eastern Branch proprietors, who decried both 
 the Point and Georgetown, and claimed their location as the best, because 
 nearest to the Capitol and most likely to be settled by the Members of 
 Congress, when that body should remove here in 1800. Then, in the 
 fourth place, came Capitol Hill speculators in lots, who depreciated all 
 other locations but their own, as too remote from the political center 
 where Congress was to hold its daily sessions. 
 
 Our traveler records about 150 houses as scattered over the vast sur- 
 face of the city, each of the four contending quarters having 30 or 40, at 
 great distances from each other. He said few lots had been sold to indi- 
 viduals to be improved, though in 1796 40 houses had been begun by 
 the Morris syndicate, who had pledged their property in advance, and 
 had no money to complete their extensive undertakings. Not a single 
 house had been built as yet, in 1796, on Pennsylvania avenue between 
 the President's house and the Capitol. 
 
 After recording that the commerce of Georgetown had declined from 
 about $400,000 imports and exports in 1791 to $189,000 in 1796, a 
 decline he attributes to the diminished production of tobacco and the 
 absorption of the merchants in lot speculations, the Duke concludes his 
 somber picture of the prospects of Washington by saying that it was idle 
 to imagine that it would arrive at the execution of the tenth part of its 
 plan before a dissolution of the Union should take place. ' ' Federal City, ' ' 
 he says, ' ' will never reach that degree of improvement to render it even 
 a tolerable abode for the kind of persons for whom it was designed. ' ' 
 We, who smile over the signal falsification of this dire prediction, should 
 allow that our infant capital, cradled in a wilderness of woods a century 
 ago, offered little enough to countervail the forebodings of failure. 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 239 
 
 Robert Sutcliff, an intelligent English Quaker, visited Washington in 
 1804, and wrote: "The situation is one of the most eligible spots for a 
 city that I have ever seen; it bids fair to be one of the most elegant and 
 regularly built cities in the world." Visiting a family in Alexandria, 
 where 100 slaves were employed (at least ostensibly), he remarked that 
 the more slaves there were kept about a plantation, the more disorder 
 appeared. He passed through Piscataway to Port Tobacco, in Maryland 
 and found the people mostly black, and the sandy road tracked with feet 
 immoderately large, which he attributed to the slaves going always bare- 
 foot. On Sunday he met fair white girls riding to church on horseback 
 with a negro boy mounted behind and jumping off to open gates while 
 the horse trotted on, and the boy, nimbly running after his mistress 
 jumped up again behind her. At Alexandria he saw negro girls 10 or 
 12 years of age walking the streets with baskets of fruit and vegetables 
 on their heads, without any clothing whatever. 
 
 Another traveler, who came to Washington in 1796, was Thomas 
 Twining. He wished to go from his tavern in Georgetown to his friend 
 Thomas Law's residence at Greenleaf 's Point, but could get no convey- 
 ance for a whole day. At last a horse was found, and he proceeded in 
 the saddle through what he terms "a silent wilderness," or a thick 
 wood pierced with avenues, toward the south. He remarks of the 
 Americans that they are far more ready in speech than Englishmen, and 
 that they speak the English language with all the volubility of French- 
 men. This characteristic has not apparently failed them in the century 
 since he wrote. 
 
 A Swiss, named Charles Pictet, whose two volumes on the United 
 States appeared in 1795, "Tableaux des Etats-Unis d'Amerique " 
 describes Washington as a city laid out on a plan proportioned to the 
 majesty of the enterprise, and which ' ' will secure to the capital of America 
 advantages which no city before it will have possessed. ' ' 
 
 Charles W. Janson was in Washington in 1806, and he gave a graphic 
 and far from cheerful account of its aspect, headed "Failure of the city 
 of Washington. ' ' He wrote : 
 
 The entrance, or avenues, as they are pompously called, which lead to the Amer- 
 ican seat of government, are the worst roads I passed in the country, particularly 
 the mail-stage road from Bladensburg to Washington, and from thence to Alexan- 
 dria. Deep ruts, rocks, and stumps of trees every minute impede your progress 
 and threaten your limbs with dislocation. Speculation, the life of the American' 
 embraces the design of the new city. Several companies purchased lots and be-an 
 to build, with an ardor that soon promised a large and populous city Before they 
 arrived at the attic story, the failure was manifest; and in that state are the walls of 
 many houses begun on a plan of elegance. The President's house, the offices of I 
 state, and a little theater, where an itinerant company repeated the lines of Shakes- 
 peare, Otway, and Dryden to empty benches, terminate the view of the Pennsyl- 
 vania, or Grand, avenue. This is the largest avenue; in fact, I never heard of more 
 than that and the New Jersey avenue. Except some houses uniformly built with 
 some public houses, and here and there a little grogshop, this boasted avenue is as 
 H. Doc. 552 16 
 
240 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 much a wilderness as Kentucky. Some half-starved cattle browsing among the 
 bushes present a melancholy spectacle to a stranger, whose expectation has been 
 warmed up by the illusive descriptions of speculative writers. So very thinly is the 
 city peopled, and so little is it frequented, that quails and other birds are constantly 
 shot within a hundred yards of the Capitol. Strangers, after viewing the offices of 
 state, are apt to inquire for the city, while they are in its very center. 
 
 Thomas Moore, the Irish poet, who was in Washington in 1804, while 
 Jefferson was President, wrote of 
 
 This embryo capital, where fancy sees 
 Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees; 
 Which second-sighted seers, ev'n now, adorn 
 With shrines unbuilt, and heroes yet unborn, 
 Though naught but woods and Jefferson they see, 
 Where streets should run and sages ought to be. 
 
 On his way hither, the poet wrote from Baltimore: 
 
 I have passed the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Occoquan, the Patapsio 
 (meaning the Patapsco) and many other rivers, with names as barbarous as the 
 inhabitants. The mail takes 12 passengers, which generally consist of squalling 
 children, stinking negroes, and Republicans smoking cigars. 
 
 He speaks of Blodget's famous lottery hotel thus: 
 
 The hotel is already a ruin; a great part of its roof has fallen in, and the rooms 
 are left to be occupied gratuitously by the miserable Scotch and Irish emigrants. 
 The few ranges of houses which were begun some years ago have remained so long 
 waste and unfinished that they are now for the most part dilapidated. 
 
 Gouverneur Morris, who attended Jefferson's inauguration in 1801, 
 records that the road from Washington to Annapolis was so deep in mud 
 that the stage was stalled and stuck fast. It took him ten hours to go 
 the 25 miles. Of Washington he wrote: "We only need here houses, 
 cellars, kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few other such 
 trifles, to possess a perfect city. In a word, this is the best city in the 
 world to live in — in the future. ' ' Perhaps the present citizens of Wash- 
 ington will agree with him. 
 
 In 1800, John Cotton Smith, a Connecticut member of Congress, on 
 his way to attend its first session, November 17, 1800, in the new cit3^, 
 recorded that he dined at Baltimore on canvas-back ducks, which he 
 pronounced a dish of unequaled and exquisite flavor. He found one 
 wing of the Capitol only erected, which, with the President's house, 
 "both constructed with white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal 
 contrast with the scene around them." Not an avenue was visible save 
 one which he calls " a road with two buildings on each side of it, called 
 the New Jersey avenue." Pennsylvania avenue was nothing but "a 
 deep morass covered with alder bushes. ' ' He says there appeared to be 
 but two really comfortable habitations in the city, those of Daniel Carroll 
 (whom he calls Dudley Carroll) and of Notley Young. In spite of the 
 unfavorable aspect presented by the city, this Yankee congressman 
 expresses his admiration for its local position. He extols the view of 
 the majestic river, "the cultivated fields and blue hills of Maryland and 
 
Founding of the National Capital. 241 
 
 Virginia, the whole constituting a prospect of surprising beauty and 
 grandeur. ' ' 
 
 When Baron von Humboldt returned from his scientific expedition in 
 Central and South America, in 1804, he visited Washington, and was 
 taken to Capitol Hill to enjoy the prospect. After a careful survey of 
 the surrounding scenery, he said to his companions: "Gentlemen, I 
 have never seen a more beautiful near panorama in all my travels. ' ' This 
 was told me by the late William W. Corcoran, who died in 1888, at the 
 age of 90. 
 
 The oft-told story of the location of the National Capital at Washing- 
 ton is too familiar, in its main outlines, to justify repetition here. It 
 enters into every book about our city, and was made the subject of a 
 separate publication, "The Founding of Washington City," forming 
 No. 17 of the Maryland Historical Society's Fund Publications, prepared 
 by the present writer. I shall here brief a mere outline of the salient 
 facts, with some allusions which are less generally known. 
 
 When the first Congress under the Constitution met at New York in 
 1789, that body was embarrassed by the claims of many cities and the 
 offers of various States to provide a permanent seat of government. 
 Trenton, Philadelphia, Carlisle, Germantown, Lancaster, York, Harris- 
 burg, Reading, Wilmington, and Baltimore all were eager to receive the 
 new Government with open arms. The debates in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives (for none of those in the Senate are reported) were long and 
 sometimes acrimonious. Suffice it to say that after many locations had 
 been successively defeated (Germantown, Pa., having been once selected 
 but reconsidered), the site on the Potomac was carried July 9, 1790, by a 
 majority of only 2 votes in the Senate and 3 votes in the House. Those 
 votes, moreover, could not have been obtained had North Carolina not 
 came into the Union before the decision, casting her vote for the southern 
 location. 
 
 The prolonged struggle over a question which excited so many pas- 
 sions, interests, and prejudices, attests at once, in its settlement, the 
 wisdom and moderation of our fathers, and the prodigious power of com- 
 promise in human affairs. Philadelphia was placated by receiving the 
 boon of the temporary seat of government from 1791 to 1800. Other 
 Northern votes were secured by pledging enough Southern votes for the 
 national assumption of State debts to carry that favorite measure of the 
 creditor States. As nearly all legislation is the fruit of compromise in 
 some form, as the earliest American Confederation in 1778 was a compro- 
 mise, so was the founding hereof the National Capital a compromise, and 
 the adoption of the Constitution of the United States was the greatest 
 compromise of all. 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that this act of Congress for establishing a per- 
 manent seat of government, adopted after so long and serious a division of 
 opinion, fixed absolutely no definite place for the site of the Capital City. 
 
242 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 It gave the President of the United States the sole power to select any 
 site on the River Potomac, between the mouth of the Eastern Branch (or 
 Anacostia) and the mouth of the Conococheague, or about 7 miles from 
 Hagerstown, Md. , which is over 100 miles, following the windings of the 
 river, from the present capital. It was in the power of Washington, 
 under the provisions of this act, to have founded the National Capital at 
 Harpers Ferry, 50 miles west of Baltimore, instead of at a place 40 miles 
 south of it. Indeed, a contemporary letter of Oliver Wolcott says: " In 
 1800 we go to the Indian place with the long name (meaning Conoco- 
 cheague) on the Potomac." 
 
 Washington, however, with that consummate judgment which distin- 
 guished his character, selected the only spot in the limits prescribed by 
 Congress which united the advantages of tidewater navigation to the sea, 
 easy access from Baltimore and other cities, and the finest natural sites 
 both for public buildings and the future wants of a thronging population. 
 The ' ' magnificent distances, ' ' which were long the theme of almost 
 world-wide ridicule, have been discovered to be none too spacious since 
 the city has grown from a straggling village into a well-built and finely 
 paved emporium for nearly 300,000 inhabitants. While the measure- 
 ments of the city proper exhibit a total of 6,111 acres, no fewer than 
 3,095 acres of this aggegate are in streets, avenues, and public reserva- 
 tions, which leaves about half the surface of the city to private residences 
 and their grounds. It results that there is a far greater proportion of 
 open ground reserved from buildings in Washington than in any other 
 large city, and this secures most important sanitary advantages to its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 This is no place for any description of a capital so often described. But 
 it is a notable fact in its history that the felicity of the site, with the 
 rival pretensions of other cities, should have forestalled any removal of 
 the capital at times when that chronic discontent which sways the 
 temper of men and of nations, broke out against the established seat of 
 government. These criticisms give an amusing and sometimes grotesque 
 coloring to the letters and journals of some early members of Congress 
 and ambassadors from foreign nations in the earlier decades of our cen- 
 tury. But these and later discontents have been allayed, we may hope 
 permanently, by the extraordinary natural advantages of the site grow- 
 ing more and more evident every year, and by the magnificent civic 
 progress of the last quarter of a century, during which Washington has 
 been advanced to the first rank among cities in public buildings, 
 parks, museums, libraries, thoroughfares, cleanliness, private residences, 
 and all the arts of life. 
 
REMOVAL OF THE GOVERNMENT TO THE 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA IN 1800.' 
 
 By AinsworTh R. Spofford, LL. D. , 
 On behalf of the Committee of the Columbia Historical Society. 
 
 The committee appointed in pursuance of a vote of the society, 
 November 6, 1899, to consider and report upon the historic facts con- 
 nected with the removal to the District of Columbia of the permanent 
 seat of government of the United States, respectfully submit the following 
 as their unanimous report: 
 
 The duty with which we were charged required a careful and system- 
 atic examination of the legal and documentary evidence bearing upon 
 the subject, including acts of Congress, executive orders and proclama- 
 tions, departmental records, and contemporary letters and journals. In 
 the entire absence of any comprehensive history of the various steps 
 connected with the initial organization of the Government in this Dis- 
 trict, we have been much aided by the researches as to portions of the 
 inquiry contributed by members of this society to its archives, and espe- 
 cially those of Dr. S. C. Busey and Messrs. W. B. Bryan and H. T. 
 Taggart. Thanks are also due to President Kasson and to Mr. Osborne 
 for important facts concerning early executive and judicial records 
 collected by them. 
 
 .The briefest possible summary of the legislation which established 
 this District as the permanent seat of the Government will preface the 
 history of the actual removal, in the year 1800. 
 
 The Continental Congress, from 1774 to 1778, and its successor, the 
 Congress of the Confederation, from 1778 to 1789, had been a movable 
 body. It assembled successively at eight places, in four different States, 
 viz: Philadelphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton, Annapolis, 
 Trenton, and New York. Though its sessions during nearly one-half 
 of this period of fifteen years were held at Philadelphia (then the largest 
 city in the country), Congress forsook it in 1783 for Princeton, N. J., 
 mainly because of a rude disturbance of its proceedings by a mob of sol- 
 diers, which had not been promptly quelled. This incident undoubtedly 
 
 ■Senate Document No. 12, Fifty -sixth Congress, first session. 
 
 243 
 
244 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 contributed much to the later hostility of that body to fixing the capital 
 in or near any large city. 
 
 The convention which framed the Constitution in 1787 was exercised 
 by the question of a proper seat of government. George Mason pro- 
 posed to provide in that fundamental law against fixing it at any State 
 capital. James Madison held that a central residence for the Govern- 
 ment was a necessity. On his motion there was added to the enumerated 
 powers of Congress this one: 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district ( not 
 exceeding ten miles square) as ma}' by cession of particular States and the accept- 
 ance of Congress become the seat of government of the United States. (Art. 1, 
 sec. 7. ) 
 
 The first Congress under the Constitution had few more difficult prob- 
 lems to settle than that of a permanent capital for what Washington 
 termed, in his first address to Congress, an "infant nation." It met in 
 New York in elegant accommodations, free of rent; but the claims of 
 other places and various offers of States poured in. Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia each offered 10 miles square in any part of their territory which 
 Congress might choose. Protracted and sometimes acrimonious debates 
 ensued. The chief controversy was over the conflicting claims of sites 
 on the Delaware, the Potomac, and the Susquehanna. The Eastern 
 States were solid for the more northerly site, while the South was nearly 
 equally solid for the Potomac. 
 
 Once both Houses of Congress had actually voted to locate the capital 
 at Germantown, then 6 miles from Philadelphia, but it was reconsidered. 
 Wilmington, Harrisburg, and Baltimore were all voted upon and all 
 rejected. The Potomac was denounced by New England members as- an 
 unhealthy wilderness, and it was declared that members would forego 
 their election rather than go to a Congress on its banks. Numbers of 
 Eastern adventurers had gone to the Southern States, and all had found 
 their graves there. Mr. Madison declared the banks of the Susquehanna 
 more unhealthy than those of the Potomac. Fisher Ames said that the 
 gentleman from Virginia ' ' seemed to think the banks of the Potomac a 
 paradise and that river an Euphrates. ' ' 
 
 A Georgia member said that if the North insisted on the Susquehanna, 
 it would ' ' blow the coals of sedition and endanger the Union. ' ' 
 
 A Connecticut member said, for himself, " he did not dare to go to the 
 Potomac; he feared that the whole of New England would consider 
 the Union destroyed." (Annals of Congress, v. d. ) 
 
 But out of this nettle, danger, the flower of safety was plucked at last 
 by a compromise. Pennsylvania was placated by giving her the seat of 
 government for ten years, up to 1800. Enough Southern votes against 
 the bill for the assumption of the State debts by the United States were 
 changed to carry that favorite measure of the Eastern States into law; 
 and so the site of the Potomac was agreed to by a majority of 3 votes in 
 the House and 2 votes in the Senate. 
 
Removal of the Government in 1800. 245 
 
 The ' ' act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the 
 Government of the United States ' ' was approved by President Washing- 
 ton July 16, 1790. So much of it as bears most closely upon our inquiry 
 reads as follows: 
 
 Section i. Be it enacted, That a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles 
 ■^ square , to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place 
 between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is 
 hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of government of the United States. 
 
 SEC. 2. That the President of the United States be authorized to appoint three 
 commissioners, who shall, under the direction of the President, survey and, by proper 
 metes and bounds, define and limit a district of territory, under the limitations above 
 mentioned ; and the district so defined, limited, and located shall be deemed the 
 district accepted by this act for the permanent seat of the Government of the United 
 States. 
 
 SEC. 3. That the said commissioners shall have the power to purchase or accept 
 such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river within the said district as 
 the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States ; and according to 
 such plans as the President shall approve the said commissioners shall, prior to the 
 first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable 
 buildings for the accommodation of Congress and of the President and for the public 
 offices of the Government of the United States. 
 
 SEC 4. That for defraying the expenses of such purchases and buildings the Presi- 
 dent of the United States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money. 
 
 Sec. 5. That prior to the first Monday in December next all offices attached to 
 the seat of the Government of the United States shall be removed to, and until the 
 said first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, shall remain 
 at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which place the session 
 of Congress next ensuing the present shall be held. 
 
 Sec. 6. That on the said first Monday in December, in the year one thousand 
 eight hundred, the seat of the Government of the United States shall, by virtue of 
 this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid ; and all offices attached to 
 the said seat of Government shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respec- 
 tive holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere ; and that 
 the necessary expense of such removal shall be defrayed out of the duties on imports 
 and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated. ( I U. S. Stat. U., 
 130-) 
 
 This act, it will be observed, left a wide liberty of choice to the Presi- 
 dent of any site within about a hundred miles above the confluence of 
 the Eastern Branch and the Potomac. But an amendment passed by 
 Congress the next year, and approved March 3, 1791 (1 U. S. Stat. L. , 
 214), repealed the limitation of the 10 miles square which required it to 
 be located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch, and authorized the 
 President to include the town of Alexandria and adjacent lands lying 
 below that branch as well as above on both sides of the Potomac. 
 
 Previous action by President Washington had been taken by the 
 appointment of three commissioners, Messrs. Johnson, Stuart, and Car- 
 roll, on January 22, 1791, under the act of 1790, and by a proclamation 
 January 24, 1791, directing them to proceed forthwith to ruu "lines of 
 experiment," beginning on Hunting Creek, Virginia, running due north- 
 west 10 miles; thence due northeast 10 miles, crossing the Potomac into 
 
246 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Maryland; thence due southeast 10 miles, and thence southwest 10 miles 
 to the place of beginning. (1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 
 100. ) This location, not in terms provided for in the first act, appears to 
 have been made with a view to secure amendator}' legislation, and per- 
 haps to make his "lines of experiment" satisfactory alike to Congress, 
 to Maryland, and to Virginia, in view of the sum of $120,000 voted by 
 the Virginia legislature as a free gift toward the public buildings in case 
 of acceptance by Congress of her act of cession of December 3, 1789. 
 
 Maryland also gave the sum of $72,000 outright for the public build- 
 ings, besides ceding the land for the Federal district, December 23, 1788, 
 and afterwards, by three successive acts, in 1796, 1797, and 1799, loaned 
 the large sum of $250,000 for the same object on the personal security of 
 the commissioners added to that of the Government, the amendatory act 
 having repeated the stipulation that the Government buildings should 
 be erected on the Maryland side of the river. 
 
 The corner stone of the District of Columbia was laid on the Virginia 
 side April 15, 1791, with Masonic ceremonies. 
 
 March 29, 1791, Washington met the chief landholders in the District 
 at Georgetown, who agreed by deed, attested March 30, to convey to the 
 President and commissioners all their lands in fee simple, retaining an 
 undivided half interest in the lots that might be sold, giving outright all 
 spaces occupied by streets and avenues, and receiving £25 Colonial (about 
 $66.67) P er acre f° r a H taken for public buildings or improvements. 
 
 March 30, 1791, the President issued a proclamation, defining finally 
 the metes and bounds of the District of Columbia (1 Messages and 
 Papers of the Presidents, 102), and on April 3 he wrote to the commis- 
 sioners, styling the embryo capital "the Federal City," a designation 
 which Washington continued to use through life. The commissioners, 
 however, on September 9, 1791, in a letter to 1/ Enfant, determined to 
 call it "the City of Washington," that honored name which it has ever 
 since borne; and they gave the District the title of the "Territory of 
 Columbia. ' ' 
 
 The actual survey of the District embraced in the 10 miles square was 
 begun in February, 1791, by Maj. Andrew Ellicott, an accomplished 
 surveyor and engineer, who was directed by the Secretary of State, 
 Jefferson, February 13, 1791, to proceed to "the Federal territory on 
 the Potomac" for that purpose. In the following month, March, 1791, 
 Maj. Pierre Charles L' Enfant, a French engineer who had served with 
 credit in the Revolutionary war, was chosen by Washington and Jeffer- 
 son to aid in the extensive work of laying out the city that was to 
 be. D'Enfant, with an instinctive genius which has made the plan 
 of Washington City his lasting monument, drew the map and accom- 
 panying inscriptions, which the President submitted to Congress with a 
 special message December 13, 1791. (1 Messages and Papers of the 
 Presidents, 113.) 
 
 The creation of the capital of the United States was the first instance 
 
Removal of the Government in 1800. 247 
 
 in history of a nation's founding a seat of government on new ground 
 by legislative act. And the city was planned on a scale of amplitude, 
 and with a marvelous foresight, which does immortal honor to its chief 
 projectors— Washington, Jefferson, L' Enfant, and Ellicott. These broad 
 streets, magnificent avenues;' noble vistasr"and ample reservations, by 
 which one-half of the city area is forever secured from being built upon, 
 attest the broad-minded sagacity of its founders. The national capital, 
 cradled in the wilderness a hundred years ago, finds its "magnificent 
 distances," once the theme of thoughtless ridicule, none too ample for 
 a thronging population in an age when distance is almost annihilated. 
 Coming now to the recital of the removal of the Government to its 
 new and chosen capital, we find the Congress at Philadelphia providing 
 therefor by an act approved April . 24, 1800 (1 U. S. Stat. D., 214), 
 amendatory of that of July 16, 1790, and authorizing the President to 
 anticipate the time of removal, fixed by that law as the first Monday in 
 December, 1800. President Adams had previously reminded Congress, 
 in his annual address December 3, 1799, that the Government was 
 required on the first Monday of December next to be transferred from 
 Philadelphia to the district chosen for its permanent seat, and that the 
 commissioners had reported the public buildings advanced so that the 
 removal would be practicable and the accommodations satisfactory. 
 (Annals of Congress, Sixth Congress, 190.) 
 
 On the 13th of May, 1800, Congress provided by law that its next 
 regular session should be held on the third Monday of November, 1800, 
 at the city of Washington, instead of the first Monday in December, the 
 constitutional date for its assembling in the absence of a special enact- 
 ment. (2 U. S. Stat. D, 85.) The next day, May 14, that body 
 adjourned, and President Adams, on the day following, May 15, 1800, 
 issued the following order in pursuance of the act of April 24: 
 
 The President requests the several heads of departments to take the most prudent 
 and economical arrangements for the removal of the public offices, clerks, and papers, 
 according to their own best judgment, as soon as may be convenient, in such man- 
 ner that the public offices may be opened in the City of Washington for the dispatch 
 of business by the 15th of June. (2 Gibbs's Memoirs of the Administrations of 
 Washington and Adams, 362. ) ' 
 
 The fact that the 15 th of June fell on Sunday in 1800 either did not 
 occur to the President, or was deemed unimportant in allowing just a 
 calendar mouth for completing the transit of the executive officers and 
 effects from Philadelphia to Washington. 
 
 President Adams himself left Philadelphia May 27, 1800, traveling by 
 way of Lancaster, Pa., and Fredericktown, Md., a circuitous route, but 
 affording opportunities of entertainment by the way. 
 
 He did not reach Georgetown until June 3, one week later, although 
 the daily stage via Baltimore, leaving Philadelphia at 8 a. m., then 
 
 1 This important Executive order is not filed in the Department of State, nor has 
 it been found in any contemporary publication. 
 
248 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 arrived at Washington the next day at 5 p. m. The Centinel of Liberty, 
 or Georgetown and Washington Advertiser, of June 6. 1800, had this 
 paragraph: 
 
 The President of the United States arrived in this place on Tuesday last. At the 
 boundary line of the District of Columbia he was met by a large crowd of respectable 
 citizens on horseback and escorted into town, where he was received with pleasure 
 and veneration. The military of the City of Washington and the marines stationed 
 there manifested their respect by sixteen discharges of musketry and artillery. 
 
 There were at that time but sixteen States in the Union. 
 
 The same journal records a meeting of the citizens of Georgetown 
 May 31, which appointed a committee to address the President by letter 
 of welcome. In his reply, dated "Union Tavern, Georgetown, June 4, 
 1800," Mr. Adams wrote: 
 
 I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the translation of the Government to the city 
 so near you. 
 
 On Thursday, June 5, we find the scene of the Presidential reception 
 transferred to Washington, where an address was presented to President 
 Adams in the chamber of the House of Representatives at the Capitol 
 by Mr. Tristram Dalton in behalf of the citizens. 
 
 Mr. Adams replied : 
 
 I congratulate you on the blessings which Providence has been pleased to bestow 
 in a particular manner on this situation, and especially on its destination to be the 
 permanent seat of Government. 
 
 On the nth of June the President was given an entertainment at 
 Alexandria, at which upward of a hundred citizens were present. 
 
 President Adams left Washington on Saturday, June 14, and pro- 
 ceeded on his way to Massachusetts, having spent nearly two weeks in 
 the District. 
 
 The removal of the various Department offices, their clerks, archives, 
 etc., to the new Capital was promply entered upon. Search of contem- 
 porary newspapers shows that the heads of the Departments left Phila- 
 delphia for Washington at the following dates : 
 
 Charles I,ee, Attorney-General and Acting Secretary of State, May 28, 
 1800. Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, arrived Jury 2, 1800. 
 Samuel Dexter, Secretary of War, arrived June 12, 1800. Benjamin 
 Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, left Philadelphia June n. Abraham 
 Bradley, jr., acting for Postmaster-General Habersham (absent in 
 Georgia), left Philadelphia May 27 and arrived here May 29. John 
 Marshall, Secretary of State, arrived June 6, 1800. 
 
 The clerks employed in the various Departments (about 136 in num- 
 ber) came over from Philadelphia at various dates by stage or hired con- 
 veyances. They were allowed all expenses out of the appropriation for 
 removal of the Government offices and archives, and about $64,000 were 
 thus paid out of the Treasury for the entire pecuniary charges of remov- 
 ing a Government from its temporary capital to its permanent one. The 
 
Removal of the Government in 1800. 249 
 
 Department records, office furniture, etc. , were nearly all shipped around 
 by Delaware and Chesapeake bays and the Potomac by sailing vessels, 
 constituting no small bulk, and the myth of "a single packet sloop,'' 
 . which magazine writers have reported as having transferred all the 
 archives of the United States to this city, has no foundation in fact. 
 
 The Washington that received the Executive emigrants was imper- 
 fectly provided with accommodations for them. Only one Department 
 building was erected, the old Treasury edifice, on the site of the present 
 south front of that Department, a plain two-story brick of only thirty 
 rooms. The War Department went into lodgings (a practice of which 
 the present day shows many survivals) on Pennsylvania avenue above 
 Twenty-first street, and the Post-Office Department was opened in a leased 
 house near Blodget's Hotel, at the corner of Eighth and E streets. 
 
 So far as the records of the Departments now show, the first official 
 paper dated at Washington was a note from J. Wagner, chief clerk of 
 the Department of State, to Evan Jones, dated "7th June, 1800, Depart- 
 ment of State, city of Washington." A week later is recorded an offi- 
 cial instruction addressed by John Marshall, Secretary of State, to Mr. 
 William Vans Murray, the United States minister resident to the Bata- 
 vian Republic, under date of June 16, 1800. In the War Department 
 the fire that occurred November 8, 1800, destroyed all the papers in the 
 office of the Secretary. The Treasury Department has no records of 
 letters sent or received in 1800, which were presumably destroyed in one 
 of the two fires which visited that office. 
 
 No other Department records at about the time of removal are found. 
 
 The removal of the Department of State is thus noticed in the Phila- 
 delphia Daily Aurora: 
 
 28 May, 1800. The office of the Department of State will be removed this day 
 from Philadelphia. All letters and applications are therefore to be addressed to that 
 Department at the city of Washington from this date. 
 
 On May 23, 1800, Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser said, edi- 
 torially: 
 
 The Government offices, it is expected, will be removed in all next week. 
 
 In the Daily Aurora of June 12, 1800, appeared a notice that— 
 
 Letters and newspapers must in the future be directed to the respective officers of 
 the Government at the city of Washington. 
 
 A similar notice in the Daily Advertiser of June 11, 1800, reads more 
 fully: 
 
 PUBUC OFFICES. 
 
 The following public offices are removed from Philadelphia: 
 
 Office of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, and 
 
 General Post-Office. Letters and newspapers must in future be directed to the 
 
 respective officers at the city of Washington. 
 
 As early as July 7, 1800, we find the Treasury advertising in a George- 
 town paper (there being none continuously issued in Washington until 
 
250 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the National Intelligencer began, October 31, 1800) for supplies of 500 
 cords of wood, oak and hickory, for use of that Department. 
 
 In a letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, Oliver Wolcott, to James 
 McHenry, late Secretary of War, dated Washington, July 18, 1800, that 
 officer says : 
 
 General Marshall has been gone about a fortnight, but will soon return. The 
 law character (meaning Attorney -General Lee) has gone to Norfolk with his lady, 
 and Mr. Stoddert, Mr. Dexter, and myself govern this great nation; but how wisely, 
 is not for me to determine. (2 Gibbs's Washington and Adams.) 
 
 President Adams returned to Washington from his home at Quincy, 
 Mass., on the 1st of November, 1800, and the Georgetown Centinel of 
 Libert}' announced : 
 
 He occupies the spacious building erected for the accommodation of our Chief 
 Magistrate. 
 
 Passing now from the Departments, which we have found fully opened 
 here for public business by the time fixed in President Adams's Execu- 
 tive order of May 15, 1800 (namely, June 15, 1800), we find Congress 
 assembling in the Capitol building (the north wing only being yet com- 
 pleted) on November 17, 1800, the third Monday, fixed by its own act. 
 
 No quorum, however, appeared in either House that day; but on the 
 1 8th the House of Representatives had a quorum, and the Senate on 
 November 21, when a joint committee was sent to President Adams, 
 notifying him that Congress was in session and ready to receive any 
 communication from him. The President replied that he would address 
 them the following day. On November 22, both Houses being assem- 
 bled in the Senate Chamber, he read his speech (equivalent to the 
 annual messages of later days), in which occurred this notable passage: 
 
 Immediately after the adjournment of Congress at their last session in Philadel- 
 phia, I gave directions, in compliance with the laws, for the removal of the public 
 offices, records, and property. These directions have been executed, and the public 
 officers have since resided and conducted the ordinal business of the Government 
 in this place. 
 
 I congratulate the people of the United States on the assembling of Congress at the 
 permanent seat of their government, and I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the pros- 
 pect of a residence not to be changed. ( Annals of Congress, Sixth Congress, p. 723. ) 
 
 In the reply of the Senate, that body said: 
 
 We congratulate ourselves on the convention of the Legislature at the permanent 
 seat of government. ( Ibid, p. 726. ) 
 
 President Adams replied: 
 
 With you, I ardently hope that stability will be communicated as well to the 
 Government itself as to its beautiful and commodious seat. 
 
 Similar sentiments in different language were embodied in the address 
 of the House of Representatives and in the President's reply. 
 
 It remains to notice briefly the action of the third coordinate branch 
 of the Government, the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
Removal of the Government in 1800. 251 
 
 That bodj' adjourned its February term of the year 1800 on February 
 13 and assembled for the first session of the following term on the 4th of 
 August, 1800. It is to be noted that this adjournment was in February, 
 before the amendatory act of Congress authorizing the removal from 
 Philadelphia to be anticipated and three months before the issue of 
 President Adams's order fixing June 15, 1800, as the time for opening 
 the executive offices in the city of Washington. The preface to its 
 minutes reads as follows: 
 
 At a Supreme Court of the United States, to be holden agreeably to law at Phila- 
 delphia (the same being the seat of the National Government), on the first Monday, 
 being the third day, of August, in the year of our L,ord one thousand eight hun- 
 dred, etc. 
 
 The minutes of the last session of this term conclude as follows: 
 
 The court, having finished the business depending before them, adjourn to the 
 time and place by law appointed. 
 
 Saml. Bayard, Clerk. 
 
 The minutes of the first session at Washington opened as follows: 
 
 At a Supreme Court of the United States, holden at the Capitol, in the city of 
 Washington (the same being the seat of the National Government), on the first 
 Monday, being the 2nd day of February, A. D. 1801, and of our independence the 
 twenty-fifth, etc. 
 
 A quorum was first secured on Wednesday, February 4, 1801. 
 
 It may be noted that the clerk's minute prefixed to the judicial record 
 of the August session at Philadelphia makes the error of calling the first 
 Monday in August the 3d day, whereas it was actually the fourth. 
 The statement in the same minute, "at Philadelphia (the same being the 
 seat of the National Government)," was the stereotyped formula always 
 prefixed, and can hardly be regarded as involving any expression of the 
 court. It may be that the judges, seeing that no special preparation 
 had been made for them at Washington, met at Philadelphia in their 
 habitual quarters for mere reasons of comfort and convenience. 
 
 In any case, two facts stand out in distinct relief, upon a careful 
 review of the historical data here set forth: 
 
 First. All the Executive Departments of the Government of the 
 United States were in full operation at the city of Washington, and not 
 elsewhere, on the 16th of June, A. D. 1800, in strict pursuance of law. 
 
 Secondly. The legislative branch of the Government was duly organ- 
 ized and in full operation in the city of Washington on the 21st day of 
 November, 1800. 
 
 Your committee having been charged with no other duty than to 
 inquire into and report the facts regarding the change of the seat of 
 Government of the United States in the year 1800, do not deem it 
 proper to indicate any opinion regarding the most appropriate date for 
 celebrating the centenary of that memorable event. That is a question 
 whose solution ultimately rests with the Congress of the United States. 
 
REMOVAL OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT TO 
 WASHINGTON. 1 
 
 By W. B. Bryan. 
 
 The removal of the seat of government from Philadelphia to Washing- 
 ton was completed as far as the executive offices were concerned by the 
 15th of June, 1800. Congress adjourned May 14, 1800, having directed 
 that the next or second session of the Sixth Congress should commence 
 in Washington, November 17, 1800. 
 
 The departure of the Government officials was considered of so little 
 consequence by the editor of the General Advertiser, a daily published 
 in that city, that the only reference to it was a brief paragraph of some 
 three or four lines in the issue of June 12, 1800, stating that letters and 
 newspapers must in the future be directed to the respective offices of the 
 Government at the city of Washington. 
 
 As is well known, Philadelphia was regarded during the ten years of 
 the location of the seat of government there, as merely a temporary 
 abode. Many of the Philadelphians, however, entertained the hope that 
 the law which was passed in 1790, directing the removal of the seat of 
 government to Philadelphia, pending the building of a capital city on 
 the banks of the Potomac, would in some way be repealed, and that the 
 Government would remain permanently in Philadelphia. No doubt the 
 clerks, to a large degree, shared this hope, especially when they looked 
 forward to making their homes in the wilderness, as Washington was 
 then generally characterized. 
 
 In this connection the fact is interesting that a large house, which was 
 erected by the State of Pennsylvania on Ninth street, between Market 
 and Chestnut streets, for the accommodation of the President of the 
 United States, but which was never occupied either by President Wash- 
 ington or President Adams, was not disposed of until after the official 
 representatives of the Government had left the city, and then an 
 
 'Read before the Columbia Historical Society, December 3, 1894. Senate Doc. 
 62, 56th Cong., 1 st sess. 
 
 253 
 
254 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 advertisement appeared in one of the local papers offering the property 
 for sale. 
 
 During the ten years the seat of government was located in Philadel- 
 phia the Executive Departments occupied leased buildings, while the 
 Houses of Congress sat in a building still standing at the corner of 
 Sixth and Chestnut streets, which had been furnished for their use by 
 the commissioners of the city and county of Philadelphia. 
 
 Some recently discovered letters supply details both curious and valu- 
 able in regard to the removal of the Government to this city. In the 
 letter books in the files of the Post-Office Department were found two 
 letters written by Mr. Abraham Bradley, jr., the Assistant Postmaster- 
 General in the year 1800 and for many years later. In the fair and 
 clerkly hand, which is characteristic of so many of the old records of the 
 Government, made in the more leisurely days of the period now nearly 
 one hundred years ago, is found recorded Mr. Bradley's impressions of the 
 new city and an extremely minute account of the building secured for 
 the use of the Post-Office Department, including even the dimensions of 
 the rooms, as well as the prevailing rents in the city for private houses, 
 the price of vegetables, and other interesting details. The Postmaster- 
 General, Mr. Habersham, had gone to make a visit to his home in Geor- 
 gia, and did not reach the new city until the fall. The entire charge of 
 the removal of the Post-Office Department, therefore, devolved upon Mr. 
 Bradley. Under date of June 2 Mr. Bradley writes to his friend Robert 
 Patten as follows: 
 
 We arrived here on Friday last, having had a pleasant journey as far as we traveled 
 by daylight. Captain Stevenson, with whom I agreed for a house before my arrival, 
 was not ready to give possession, and the house was not convenient for us. I have, 
 therefore, taken a large three-story house within a few rods of Blodget's Hotel, which 
 will accommodate the office and my family and the postmaster's office. It is about 
 equidistant from the President's house and the Capitol. It is impossible that all the 
 people attached to the public offices should be accommodated with houses, the few 
 that have been left are at rents none under $250 and $300. Provisions are plenty, 
 good enough, and cheaper than in Philadelphia. You can buy a peck of field straw- 
 berries for a five-penny bit, garden at 11 cents a quart. Vegetation is at least two 
 weeks earlier here than in Philadelphia. For myself, I do not regret the removal. 
 The situation of the city is beautiful, and this season is extremely pleasant. 
 
 Under date of June 11, Mr. Bradley writes to the Postmaster- General 
 as follows: 
 
 We have not been able to open the office and commence business until this day. 
 I left Philadelphia on Wednesday, Ma}' 27, and arrived on Friday evening, the 29th. 
 The President left Philadelphia the 26th, and arrived at Georgetown June 1. The 
 situation of the city is extremely pleasant, and it will probably become the greatest 
 city in America. Provisions are plenty and cheap; but it will hardly be possible for 
 all those attached to the public offices to be accommodated with houses within 2 
 miles of the offices. I have not been able to learn whether any house has been taken 
 for your family, and have therefore been obliged to store your furniture in George- 
 town. We have taken Dr. Cracker's house for this office (close by the Great Hotel) 
 
Removal of the Seat of Government. 255 
 
 and for my family at $600 a year. The apportionment of the rent I shall leave to 
 you. It appears that $200 is as much as I ought to pay for a house. Our office is 
 kept on the second floor, which contains one large room and two small ones. The 
 largest room is 27 by 17 feet, and the smallest rooms are each 15 by 14 feet. The 
 front room on the first floor was prepared for Mr. Monroe's office, with an apartment 
 for blanks. Only half the floors were laid when we took the house, and only four 
 rooms were plastered. The owner allowed us to expend $300 of the rent to make it 
 tenantable. The carpenters are now at work and we shall complete, as far as our 
 money shall permit, by the last of next week, at which time Mr. Monroe will move 
 his office here. * * * We have a flood of business on hand at this time, and our 
 removal has put us a month in arrears. It took us a week to prepare to move, load, 
 etc. , and it will take us another week to get our things in proper order. 
 
 There is another letter in which Mr. Bradley drops the gossipy style of 
 the preceding letters, and indulges in some caustic comment and thinly 
 veiled sarcasm at the expense of the owner of the building which the 
 Department occupied in Philadelphia. It is evident from this letter that 
 sundry claims were made for compensation, alleging damage to the walls, 
 the woodwork, and the fireplaces. From the vantage position of a two 
 days' journey from Philadelphia, Mr. Bradley, as the representative of 
 the Department, sturdily resisted these claims. He curtly informed the 
 owner that the ink stains on the floors and the dents in the plaster and in 
 the woodwork were nothing more than the ordinary wear and tear that 
 might be expected, while as for the chimney back, he was told that if he 
 had built his chimneys better he would not now be claiming that they 
 were out of repair. 
 
 The information which is in the letters of Mr. Bradley constitute a 
 valuable contribution to the history of that period. While Mr. Bradley 
 does not give the exact location of the building that was leased for the 
 use of the Post-Office Department, his description is, perhaps, as accurate 
 as could be expected under the circumstances. It is hardly necessary to 
 say that while the streets of the city of Washington were beautifully 
 delineated on paper and carefully named, there was no indication, or at 
 least very little, in the city itself that there were any streets. Some 
 years later a traveler to the city stated that he was in the center of the 
 city when he thought he was some distance away. 
 
 There was the Capitol and the White House, and midway, as Mr. 
 Bradley says, the large building known then as Blodget's, or the Great 
 Hotel. It was located on the site of the south wing of the present Post- 
 Office Department building. From Mr. Bradley's account, as made 
 more definite by other records, it is believed the house referred to was at 
 or near the corner of Ninth and E streets northwest. Reference is made 
 by Mr. Bradley to providing quarters for Mr. Monroe's office in this 
 building. Mr. Monroe was at that time the postmaster of the city, and 
 this statement clears up a rather doubtful period in the early history of 
 the city post-office. At any rate, the joint tenancy of the Post-Office 
 Department and the city post-office then began, which was continued, 
 with but slight interruption, up to a few years ago. 
 H. Doc. 552 17 
 
256 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The accounts of the removal of the Government to this city are 
 extremely meager; in fact, it ma3' be said that the history of that event 
 is still to be written. In all the histories of the city of Washington 
 which have appeared from time to time since the year 1800 — and a com- 
 plete collection would form quite a respectable library — this period has 
 generally received slight attention, and, it may be said, in all cases inade- 
 quate attention. It is noticeable that the tendency on the part of nearly 
 all in treating of this event is to pack the Government effects into ver} r 
 small and very few boxes and to reduce the official household to the 
 lowest reasonable limits — probably for the same reason that influences 
 individuals who have obtained wealth and position to exaggerate the 
 poverty and difficulties which surrounded their early days. 
 
 Perhaps the account which is most generally quoted is the one which 
 appeared some years ago in an article in Harper's Magazine on the Early 
 History of Washington. The writer, in referring to the removal of the 
 Government to Washington, states that it was not "a very formidable 
 transfer. The oldest inhabitant assures me," he continues, "that a 
 single packet sloop brought all the office furniture of the Departments, 
 besides ' seven large boxes and four or five smaller ones, ' which contained 
 the archives of the Government. Fifty-four persons, comprising the 
 President, Secretaries, and clerical force, chose their own method of 
 conveyance." 
 
 This bill of lading, as it might be termed, is not complete. The old- 
 est inhabitant was evident a patriot, and if the occasion demanded, he 
 would no doubt have as readily asserted that all the archives of the Gov- 
 ernment were brought to this city in carpetbags by the Cabinet officers. 
 The description which is given in Mr. Bradley's letter of the rooms 
 which were provided for the use of one of the Executive Departments of 
 the Government, the fact that only one building had been erected for the 
 accommodation of the Executive Departments, although another was in 
 course of erection, the extremely small civil list as compared with the 
 present, and in general the comparatively slight volume of Government 
 business, all seemingly confirm this popular impression of the insignifi- 
 cance of the removal of the capital to Washington. 
 
 The first Blue Book, which was printed in the year 1792, shows that 
 the employees in the Government Departments numbered 134, exclusive 
 of the heads of the Departments. The Navy Department was not then 
 in existence, and the General Post-Office, with Timothy Pickering as 
 Postmaster-General, is put down as having made no returns. The next 
 Blue Book was sent to Congress by President Jefferson, January 12, 1802, 
 and the number of Department employees is given as 126. The total 
 amount paid in salaries when the transfer was made to Washington was 
 $125,881. The employees for the first year in the new city, apportioned 
 among the Departments, were as follows: State Department, 8 clerks; 
 Treasury Department, 75; War Department, 17; Navy Department, 16, 
 and Post-Office Department, 10. 
 
Removal of the Seat of Government. 257 
 
 The only account of an eyewitness of the arrival in this city of the 
 Government effects of which I have any knowledge is found in a small 
 volume published in 1866, in which Christian Hines gives his recollec- 
 tions of the early days of the Capital City. It is true that Mr. Hines 
 wrote this book at the advanced age of 84, and it is but natural to sup- 
 pose that in giving a description, unaided by a diary or other written 
 data, of events which had happened sixty-four years before he would fall 
 into some errors. He attempts to enumerate all the houses and their 
 location which were standing in the year 1800, and of course he made 
 mistakes. 
 
 It may be presumed, however, that his recollections of such an event 
 as the transfer to this city of the National Government are fairly accu- 
 rate. At any rate, his account is interesting as a contemporary descrip- 
 tion, especially in view of the fact that it is the only one in existence. 
 It is a singular circumstance that the letter books and proceedings of 
 the commissioners who were in charge of the erection of the public build- 
 ings and the preparation for the accommodation of the Government in 
 the new city contain no reference whatever to the arrival of the repre- 
 sentatives of the Government in this city. Mr. Hines' s narrative of the 
 removal is as follows : 
 
 About this time ( 1800) the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to 
 Washington City. The vessels in which were brought the furniture, etc., landed 
 and discharged their cargoes at L,ear's wharf, and as the vessels were unladen their 
 contents were carted away to the War and Treasury offices, the only two that were 
 built at the time. Some of the furniture was stored away in the stone warehouse 
 and afterwards taken away in wagons, it being too bulky to remove in carts. Wagons 
 were rather scarce in Washington then, and our cart was engaged with others in 
 removing the boxes of books, papers, etc. I still remember that many of the boxes 
 were marked "Joseph Nourse, Register." 
 
 It will be noted that Mr. Hines uses the word ' ' vessels, ' ' and does 
 not say that ' ' a single packet sloop ' ' brought all the office furniture and 
 records. Fortunately there is more substantial evidence of the extent 
 of this removal than is afforded by the recollections of a man 84 years of 
 age. The disbursements of that year, as recorded in the records of the 
 Treasury Department, show that over $48,000 were expended to defray 
 the expenses of the removal. If all the Government archives and office 
 furniture were transported in a " single packet sloop, ' ' and there were 
 only 54 officials, the cost of the removal must be classed as one of the 
 most extravagant expenditures in the history of the Government. 
 
 While all the vouchers giving the details of this expenditure are no 
 longer in existence, a sufficient number are preserved to indicate that 
 this sum of money was actually expended for the purpose named. For 
 example, there is an account with Israel Whelan, who held the office of 
 purveyor of public supplies. This position was created under the theory 
 which prevailed during the early years of this Government that as the 
 Treasury Department was intrusted with the duty of raising the money 
 
258 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 to meet the expenses of the Government, it should also have supervision 
 over the expenditures. All supplies for the Army and the Navy and the 
 Indians, and practically everything used by the Government, were pur- 
 chased \>y the purveyor of public supplies. It seems that the work of 
 removing the Government effects was intrusted to Mr. Whelan, and 
 while all the vouchers for the money which he expended in the discharge 
 of this duty can not now be found, there is recorded the following 
 statement: 
 
 Account of Israel Whelan. By amount of his expenditures from the 5th of June, 
 
 1800, to the 9th of February, 1S01, for the wagons and charter hire of vessels [notice 
 the plural number] employed in the transportation of the President's furniture and 
 the records and furniture of the public offices from Philadelphia to the city of Wash- 
 ington, including various payments for carpenter work, porterage, and insurance, 
 with his commission at i l / z per cent, $15,293.23. 
 
 This account was duly audited and finally approved February 12, 
 
 1801. It is evident from the wording of this account, as well as from 
 the sum total expended, that "the single packet sloop" idea is hardly 
 admissible. Independent of this evidence, it is reasonable to suppose 
 that the accumulation of material and records belonging to the Govern- 
 ment must have been at that period considerable. The Government had 
 been in existence over ten years, and had succeeded to that of the Con- 
 federacy, with all the records of the war, the muster books, the account 
 books, and the various State papers. 
 
 There is another item in the expense attending the removal which is 
 still larger. The Government very justly and very properly defrayed 
 all the expenses which the employees were subject to in consequence of 
 the change in the location of the nation's Capital, as was done when the 
 public offices were transferred from Philadelphia to Trenton, N. J., for 
 a few weeks in the summer of 1799, owing to the prevalence of yellow 
 fever in the former cit}'. From the Cabinet officers down to the messen- 
 gers in the various Departments, the cost of boxing up personal effects 
 and traveling expenses of each employee and his family were paid out of 
 the public Treasury. The entries of the expenses incurred on this 
 account are duly recorded, and show an aggregate of $32,872.34. 
 
 In most cases the money seems to have been paid to the heads of 
 Departments and bureaus, the amount being sufficient to cover the cost 
 of the removal of all the employees in the respective bureaus and 
 Departments. In addition, there were a number of personal accounts. 
 Oliver Wolcott, then lately Secretary of the Treasury, received $510; 
 Benjamin Stoddart, the Secretary of the Navy, $729; Charles Lee, the 
 Attorney-General, $338; Samuel Meredith, the Treasurer of the United 
 States, for himself and family, $516; and so the entries run on. The 
 vouchers or bills accompanying these accounts have been lost, but for- 
 tunately one bill has been preserved, and may serve as a sample of all 
 the rest. The bill, and it is a unique one, which was presented by John 
 
Removal of the Seat of Government. 259 
 
 Little, a clerk in the Register's office, and which was duly paid, read as 
 follows: 
 
 For the following expenses attending the removal of himself and family, consisting 
 of nine persons, from the city of Philadelphia to the city of Washington: 
 
 For expenses actually incurred in October, 1799, for procuring me a 
 house in the city of Washington $30. 00 
 
 Carpenter's bill for making of boxes and cases for furniture, including 
 boards, nails, and packing of same 96. 00 
 
 Paid I. Irvine for the hire of a carriage for the removal of self and 
 family, nine in number, from the city of Philadelphia to Washington. 100. 00 
 
 Expenses on the road, six days 72. 00 
 
 Paid D. Cochran for hauling furniture from Lear's store to my house ... 7. 00 
 
 For board after our arrival in Washington until the house was put in 
 
 repair to receive us 3°- o0 
 
 My official duty compelling me to remain in Philadelphia till the 1st of 
 July, in order to complete the dividends for the payment of interest, I 
 charge for board of self and family in Philadelphia after the shipment 
 of my furniture until that day, deducting the difference of boarding 
 my family and what it would have cost us in housekeeping 30. 00 
 
 During the hurry generally attending a removal many incidental expenses 
 occurred of which I kept no account. The damage occasioned by the 
 removal of my furniture was considerable, which with cooperage, 
 porterage from my house in Philadelphia to the wharf and other neces- 
 sary expenses not enumerated would, upon a moderate computation, 
 amount to • So. 00 
 
 Total 445- 00 
 
 It may be inferred that if Mr. John Little ever before in the course of 
 his careful life omitted any detail, he certainly did not do so on this 
 occasion when rendering his bill to the Government. It might also be 
 added that his kind and paternal Government seems to have paid the 
 bill without demurrer. It is evident from the accounts that the other 
 clerks were treated with equal liberality, though why Mr. Little should 
 have taken six days to come from Philadelphia to Washington, when 
 Mr. Bradley states that he was two days in making the journey, is 
 rather difficult to understand, except on the ground that Mr. Little's 
 numerous family may have required more rest and recreation in travel- 
 ing than the Assistant Postmaster-General. However, as the Govern- 
 ment did not object to the charge at that time, it is hardly worth while 
 to cavil at the bill at this late day. 
 
 While the records and furniture of the Government Departments were 
 conveyed to this city by means of vessels, the Government employees 
 traveled by private conveyances, or by stages which ran from Phila- 
 delphia to Baltimore and on to this city. It is probable that in most 
 cases the arrangements for their accommodations were made prior to 
 their coming here. As there were but comparatively few houses erected 
 in this city at that time, the majority of the Government employees were 
 obliged to go to Georgetown. The population of the city in 1800 was 
 estimated to be about 3,000. A large proportion were artisans and 
 
260 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 laborers engaged upon the public works. On May 15, 1800, there were 
 109 brick houses in the city and 253 frame houses. During the follow- 
 ing 3'ear 84 brick houses and in frame houses were completed, and, 
 including the unfinished structures, there was on November 15, 1801, a 
 grand total of 721 houses in the city. 
 
 The only building that was then completed and ready for the occu- 
 pancy of the Executive Departments of the Government was the Treasury 
 Department building, which occupied the site of the south front of the 
 present edifice. It was a plain, two-story structure of brick and stone, 
 with an attic and basement, and contained 30 rooms. This building was 
 destroj r ed by fire in 1833, and the ruins were removed to give place to 
 the present structure, the erection of which was begun about that time. 
 
 The original building was in exterior appearance the counterpart of 
 the old State Department, which was subsequently erected on the site of 
 the present north front of the Treasury building, and was only removed 
 within comparatively recent years. 
 
 A short time before the removal to Washington, the commissioners in 
 charge of preparing the new city for the use of the Government began 
 the erection of a building similar in appearance and size to the Treasury 
 Office at the southwest corner of the White House grounds, but it was 
 not ready for the occupancy of the clerks at the time of the removal. It 
 was known as the War Office, and in later years was called the Navy 
 Department building. The Treasury Department, which at that period 
 was the largest and most important Department, and is probably so 
 considered to-day, took possession of the building which had been erected 
 for its use. The War Department leased a three-story house on the 
 south side of Pennsylvania avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty- 
 second streets, nearly opposite a hotel kept by William O'Neal, whose 
 daughter Peggy gained much notoriety during Jackson's administration. 
 
 The Post-Office Department, as Mr. Bradley states, occupied a build- 
 ing at the corner of Ninth and E streets. The other Departments prob- 
 ably secured quarters in leased buildings in the vicinity of the White 
 House, and the habit which the Government formed at that early day 
 of renting buildings for the accommodation of the Executive Departments, 
 instead of erecting buildings, has continued to mark its policy ever since. 
 
 Owing to the limited accommodations which had been provided for the 
 Government in the new city, a large proportion of the Government 
 effects were stored in the stone warehouse which had been erected at the 
 foot of Twenty-fifth street by Col. Tobias Lear, formerly a private secre- 
 tary of General Washington. During the succeeding months of the 
 summer the officials had an opportunity to recover from the confusion of 
 the removal and to set going again the wheels of the machinery of the 
 public business. President Adams made but a short visit at this time. 
 
 Congress convened in the new city November 17, or rather the 21st, 
 when a quorum of both Houses was present, and the members of that 
 
Removal of the Seat of Government. 261 
 
 august body did not fare much better than the employees of the Execu- 
 tive Departments in respect to the accommodations which were provided. 
 Only the north wing of the Capitol had been completed, and both bodies 
 met in that portion of the building. An appropriation of $9,000 for the 
 purchase of furniture for the use of the Houses of Congress had been 
 made and liberal provision was allowed to the officers of Congress to 
 defray the expenses of removal. Some $6,000 was spent in providing 
 suitable furniture for the President's house, but it is evident from Mrs. 
 Adams's letters that only a small proportion was in place when she 
 arrived there in November. 
 
 The War Department officials had barely become located in the build- 
 ing on Pennsylvania avenue when a fire broke out and destroyed a large 
 part of the records. The fire occurred in November, 1800, and in the 
 following January the employees of the Treasury Department had a 
 somewhat similar experience, although the flames, fortunately, were 
 soon under control, and comparatively little damage was done. 
 
 These fires gave rise to a good deal of comment, and the Democratic 
 party, which had just won a victory over the Federalists, was inclined to 
 attribute their origin to some political motive on the part of their 
 defeated opponents. A newspaper called the Cabinet, which had a 
 short-lived existence, was at that time published in Washington, the 
 editor being the son of Matthew Lyon, a member of the House from 
 Vermont, who will be remembered as one of the principals in one of the 
 most desperate personal encounters that ever took place on the floor of 
 the House. 
 
 Mr. L,yon, jr., had no hesitation in saying in the columns of his paper 
 that the fires in the Department buildings were deliberate attempts of 
 the party then in power to destroy the records and thus cover up the 
 evidence of its maladministration. In consequence of these charges a 
 Congressional investigation was held, but the testimony showed that the 
 fires were due to defective construction. This incident in some particu- 
 lars is not without its modern counterpart, although it has never happened 
 since that fires in the Government Department buildings have followed 
 the political defeat of the dominant party and have given rise to similar 
 suspicions. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL OF THE PERMANENT SEAT OF 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 
 
 By Samuel C. Busey, M. D. 
 
 In view of the contemplated commemoration, in 1900, of the removal 
 of the seat of the Government from the city of Philadelphia to the city 
 of Washington, a collation and review of the events which led up to and 
 completed the establishment of ' ' The permanent seat of the Govern- 
 ment ' ' on the river Potomac may add interest to that occasion and 
 invite attention to some historic incidents and facts which seem to have 
 been forgotten. 
 
 The title of this paper suggests the inquiry, Should the celebration 
 to take place in 1900 commemorate the mechanical removal of the busi- 
 ness affairs, books, papers, and chattels of the Government from Phila- 
 delphia to the city of Washington in 1800, or the establishment and 
 occupancy of the permanent seat of the Government of the United 
 States? And also the further inquiry, Did the Constitution or Con- 
 gress, by the act of July 16, 1790, either by direction or implication, 
 intend to found a capital city, or to acquire, locate, and define a district 
 not exceeding 10 miles square for the "permanent seat of the Gov- 
 ernment?" The data herein cited will supply the answers to these 
 inquiries. 
 
 Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution gave to Congress' the power 
 ' ' to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such dis- 
 trict (not exceeding 10 miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
 States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Govern- 
 ment of the United States." 
 
 By an act approved DeceniDer 23, 1788, entitled "An act to cede to 
 Congress a district ten miles square in this State for the seat of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States, ' ' the State of Maryland directed that — 
 
 The Representatives of this State in the House of Representatives of the Congress 
 of the United States, appointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednesday of 
 March next, be, and they are hereby, authorized and required, on behalf of this State, 
 to cede to the Congress of the United States any district in this State, not exceeding 
 ten miles square, which the Congress may fix upon and accept for the seat of govern- 
 ment of the United States. 
 
 ' Read before the Columbia Historical Society, November 6, 1899. Senate Doc. 62, 
 Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. 
 
 263 
 
264 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The State of Virginia, in the act approved December 3, 1789, entitled 
 ' 'An act for the cession of ten miles square, or any lesser quantity of 
 territory within this State, to the United States in Congress assembled, 
 for the permanent seat of the General Government," cites the considera- 
 tions and advantages of a " situation for the seat of said Government ' ' 
 on the banks of the river Potomac, and in the second section enacts — 
 
 Sec 2. That a tract of country not exceeding ten miles square, or any lesser 
 quantity, to be located within the limits of this State, and in any part thereof as 
 Congress may by law direct, shall be, and the same is, forever ceded and relin- 
 quished to the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute 
 right and exclusive jurisdiction, as well of the soil as of persons residing or to reside 
 thereon, pursuant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the first article of 
 the Constitution of the Government of the United States. 
 
 These acts of cession by the legislatures of the States of Maryland and 
 Virginia promoted the favorable consideration of the selection of the 
 location of the permanent seat of the Government, which terminated in 
 the approval of the following act of Congress, July 16, 1790 : 
 
 AN ACT for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That a district of territory not exceeding 
 ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some 
 space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conogocheague, be, and the 
 same is hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of the Government of the United 
 States : Provided, nevertheless, That the operation of the laws of the State within 
 the said district shall not be affected by the acceptance until the time fixed for the 
 removal of the Government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law direct. 
 
 Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be 
 authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or 
 other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three commission- 
 ers, who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey and 
 by proper metes and bounds define and limit a district or territory under the limit- 
 ations above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited, and located shall be 
 deemed the district accepted by this act for the permanent seat of the Government 
 of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall 
 have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of said 
 river, within the said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the 
 United States; and according to such plans as the President shall approve, the said 
 commissioners, or any two of them, shall, prior to the first Monday in December, in 
 the year of one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings for the accom- 
 modation of Congress and of the President and for public offices of the Government 
 of the United States. 
 
 SEC 4. And be it enacted, That for defraying of the expenses of said purchases 
 and buildings the President of the United States be authorized and requested to 
 accept grants of land. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it enacted, That prior to the first Monday in December next all 
 offices attached to the seat of Government of the United States shall be removed to, 
 and until the first said Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred, shall remain at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which 
 place the session of Congress next ensuing to the present shall be held. 
 
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 265 
 
 SEC 6. And be it enacted. That on the said first Monday in December, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred, the seat of Government of the United States shall, 
 by virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid; and all offices 
 attached to the said seat of Government shall accordingly be moved thereto by their 
 respective holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere, and 
 that the necessary expense of such removal shall be defrayed out of the duties on 
 imports and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated. 
 
 The record does not show any proceeding in pursuance of the act of 
 July 16, 1790, until the appointment of three commissioners, by the 
 issuance of letters patent, January 22, 1791, which reads as follows: 
 
 [seat,.] George Washington, President of the United States. To all who shall 
 see these presents, greeting: 
 
 Know you, that, reposing special trust and confidence in the integrity, skill, and 
 diligence of Thos. Johnson and Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and David Stewart, of 
 Virginia, I do, in pursuance of the power vested in me by the act entitled "An act 
 for the establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the 
 United States," approved July 16, 1790, hereby appoint them, the said Thomas 
 Johnson, Daniel Carroll, and David Stewart, commissioners for surveying the dis- 
 trict of territory accepted by the said act for the permanent seat of the Government 
 of the United States, and for performing such other offices as by law directed, with 
 full authority for them, or any two of them, to proceed therein according to law, 
 and to have and to hold the said office, with all the powers, privileges, and authori- 
 ties to the same of right appertaining to each of them, during the pleasure of the 
 President of the United States for the time being. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have caused these letters to be made patent and the seal 
 of the United States thereto affixed. 
 
 Given under my hand, at the city of Philadelphia, the twenty-second day of Jan- 
 uary, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, and of 
 the Independence of the United States the fifteenth. 
 
 The succeeding events passed so rapidly that one is forced to the con- 
 clusion that Washington, during the period of apparent inaction, from 
 July 16, 1790, to January 22, 1791, had given the .subject such consid- 
 eration as his judgment approved, and had concluded, as set forth in his 
 proclamation bearing date January 24, two days later than the issuance 
 of the letters patent, to the effect that "after duly examining and 
 weighing the advantages and disadvantages of several situations," he 
 declared where he would locate and how he would ascertain and define 
 the boundary lines of the district ' ' for the permanent seat of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States." He had, furthermore, fixed the loca- 
 tion and sketched the outline of a city, within the territory to be 
 included within the survey, as shown by the following letter of Mr. 
 Jefferson to the commissioners, dated Philadelphia, January 15, 1791: 1 
 The President, thinking it would be better that the outline at least of the city, 
 and perhaps -Georgetown, should be laid down in the plat of the territory, I have 
 the honor now to send it, and to desire that Major Ellicott may do it as soon as 
 convenient, that it may be returned in time to be laid before Congress. 
 
 1 Records Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 170. As Major Ellicott's appoint- 
 ment is dated February 2, 1791, the date of the letter of Mr. Jefferson must be an 
 error. The correct date should be February 15 instead of January 15. 
 
266 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Next in order, following the issuance of the letters patent, is the 
 proclamation of January 24, 1791, which reads as follows: 
 
 Whereas the general assembly of Maryland, by an act passed on the 23rd day of 
 December, 178S, entitled "An act to cede to Congress a district of ten miles square 
 in this State for the seat of the Government of the United States," did enact that 
 the Representatives of the said State, in the House of Representatives in Congress 
 of the United States appointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednesday in 
 March then next ensuing, should be, and they were thereby, authorized and 
 required on behalf of the said State, to cede to the Congress of the United States 
 an}' district in the said State, not exceeding ten miles square, which the Congress 
 might fix upon and accept for the seat of Government of the United States. 
 
 And the general assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, by act passed the 3d 
 da)' of December, 1789, and entitled "An act for the cession of ten miles square, or 
 any lesser quantity of territory, within this said State to the United States, in Con- 
 gress assembled, for the permanent seat of the General Government," did enact that 
 a tract of country not exceeding ten miles square, or any lesser quantity, to be located 
 within the limits of the said State, and in any part thereof, as Congress might by 
 law direct, should be, and the same was thereby, forever ceded and relinquished to 
 the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right and 
 exclusive jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon, pur- 
 suant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitu- 
 tion of the Government of the United States. 
 
 And the Congress of the United States, by their act passed on the 16 day of July, 
 1700, and entitled "An act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of Gov- 
 ernment of the United States," authorized the President of the United States to 
 appoint three commissioners to survey, under his direction, and by proper metes and 
 bounds, to limit a district of territory not exceeding ten miles square, on the river 
 Potomac, at some place between the Eastern Branch and Conococheague, which dis- 
 trict so to be located and limited was accepted by the said act of Congress as the 
 district for the present seat of the Government of the United States. 
 
 Now, therefore, in pursuance of the powers to me confided, and after duly examin- 
 ing and weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the several situations within 
 the limits aforesaid, I do hereby declare and make known that the location of one 
 part of the said district of ten miles square shall be found by running four lines of 
 experiment in the following manner: That is to say, running from the court-house 
 of Alexandria in Virginia, due southwest half a mile, and thence a due southeast 
 course till it shall strike Hunting Creek, to fix the beginning of the said four lines 
 of experiment. Then beginning the first of the four lines of experiment at the point 
 on Hunting Creek where the said southeast course shall have struck the same, and 
 running the said first line due northwest ten miles; thence the second line into Mary- 
 land due northeast ten miles: thence the third line due southeast ten miles, and 
 thence the fourth line due southwest ten miles, to the beginning on Hunting Creek. 
 
 And the said four lines of experiment being so run, I do hereby declare and make 
 known that all that part within the said four lines of experiment which shall be 
 within the State of Maryland and above the Eastern Branch, and all that part within 
 the same four lines of experiment which shall be within the Commonwealth of Vir- 
 ginia, and above a line to be run from the point of landing forming the upper cape 
 of the mouth of the Eastern Branch due southwest, and no more, is now fixed upon 
 and directed to be surveyed, defined, limited, and located for the said district, 
 accepted by the said act of Congress for the permanent seat of the Government of 
 the United States; hereby expressly reserving the direction of the survey and location 
 of the remaining part of the said district, to be made hereafter contiguous to such 
 part or parts of the present location as is or shall be agreeable to law. 
 
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 267 
 
 And I do accordingly direct the said commissioners, appointed agreeably to the 
 tenor of the said act, to proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment, and 
 the same being run, to survey, and by proper metes and bounds to define and limit 
 the part within the same which is hereinbefore directed for immediate location and 
 acceptance; and thereof to make due report to me, under their hands and seals. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to 
 these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Phila- 
 delphia, the 24th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1791, and of the Independ- 
 ence of the United States the fifteenth. 
 
 [seai,.] George Washington. 
 
 By the President: 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 A letter dated Philadelphia, February 2, 1791, is addressed by Mr. 
 Jefferson, as follows: 1 
 To Major EllicoTT: 
 
 You are desired to proceed by the first stage to the Federal territory on the 
 Potomac for the purpose of making a survey of it. * * * 
 
 Iii this letter full directions are given in regard to the survey, and the 
 wish is expressed that " it be made with all the dispatch possible. ' ' 
 To this Major Ellicott replies in a letter dated February 14, 1791: 
 Sir: I arrived at this town on Monday last, but the cloudy weather prevented 
 any observations being made until Friday, which was fine. On Saturday the two 
 first lines were completed. * * * 
 
 Thus may the date of the beginning of the survey of the Federal 
 territory be fixed, approximately, for February 12, 1791, and the next 
 day (Saturday the 13th) the date of completion of the initial lines to 
 locate on Hunting Creek the point of beginning of the four experimental 
 lines to mark the boundary of the district to become the permanent seat 
 of the Government. Within these lines was included a part of the State 
 of Virginia, not contemplated in the act of Congress of July 16, 1790, 
 which was subsequently accepted and approved by the following amenda- 
 tory act, approved March 3, 1791, entitled — 
 
 AN ACT to amend an act establishing a temporary seat of the Government of the United States. 
 That so much of the act entitled "An act for establishing the temporary and 
 permanent seat of Government of the United States" as requires that the whole of 
 the district or territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located on the river 
 Potomac for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States, shall be 
 located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch be, and the same is hereby, repealed, 
 and that it shall be lawful for the President to make any part of the said territory 
 below the said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting Creek, a part of said district, so 
 as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and of the lands lying on the 
 lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria; and the territory so included 
 shall form a part of the district, not exceeding ten miles square, for the permanent 
 seat of the Government of the United States, in like manner and to all intents and 
 purposes as if the same had been within the purview of the above-recited act: Pro- 
 vided, That nothing herein contained shall authorize the erection of the public 
 buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac, as required by 
 the aforesaid act. 
 
 1 Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 170. 
 
268 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Ellicott continued in charge of the survey and marking with boundary- 
 stones the outlines of the Federal territory, which he reported com- 
 pleted January i, 1793. 
 
 On March 11, 1791, Maj. Peter Charles L'Enfant wrote to Mr. 
 Jefferson from Georgetown, informing him of his arrival there in obedi- 
 ence to the following order from Mr. Jefferson, dated March, 1791: 
 
 Sir: You are desired to proceed to Georgetown, where you will find Mr. Ellicott 
 employed in making a survey and map of the Federal territory. The especial object 
 of asking your aid is to have drawings of the particular grounds most likely to be 
 approved for the site of the Federal town and buildings. You will, therefore, be 
 pleased to begin on the Eastern Branch, and proceed from thence upwards, laying 
 down the hills, valleys, morasses, and the waters between that, the Potomac, the 
 Tiber, and the road leading from Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, and the whole 
 with certain fixed points of the map Mr. Ellicott is preparing. Some idea of the 
 height of the hills above the base on which the)- stand would be desirable. For 
 necessary assistance and expenses be pleased to apply to the mayor of Georgetown, 
 who is written to on the subject. I will beg the favor of you to mark to me your 
 progress about twice a week — say every Wednesday and Saturday evening — that I 
 may be able in proper time to draw attention to some other objects which I have not 
 at this moment sufficient information to define. 1 
 
 In his letter of notification of arrival at Georgetown L,' Enfant 2 refers 
 to a hasty and partial exploration of the site made on horseback, in 
 which he states that the part between the river and Ferry road, connect- 
 ing Georgetown with the ferry across the Eastern Branch, the course of 
 which is not stated, presents ' ' a situation most advantageous to run 
 streets and prolong them on a grand scale and for distant points of 
 view," and that other spots "seem to be less commendable for the 
 establishment of a city * * * on that grand scale on which it ought 
 to be planned. ' ' But after a more complete observation and study of 
 the site, he sums up in his preliminary report to the President, delivered 
 in writing upon his arrival in Georgetown March 28, 1791, his final 
 conclusion in the following sentences: 
 
 Thus in every respect advantageously situated the Federal City would soon grow 
 of itself, and spread as the branches of a tree does toward where they meet with most 
 nourishment. 
 
 then the attractive local will lay all Round and at distance not beyond those limits 
 wherein the which a City the Capital of an Extensive Empire may be deliniated.3 
 
 To L,' Enfant is due the authorship of the designation Capital City. 
 Mr. Jefferson had previously referred to the Federal City or Federal 
 Town. Subsequently it was known as the Federal City by Washington 
 and those who had occasion to refer to it, until it was named the "City 
 of Washington" by the commissioners, September 9, 1791. 
 
 Washington arrived in Georgetown March 28, 1791, and the next day 
 proceeded, in company with the three commissioners and the two sur- 
 
 1 Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, p. 10S. 
 = Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 150. 
 3 Records of the Columbia Historical Societv vol. 2, o. 30. 
 
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 269 
 
 veyors, Ellicott and L' Enfant, to mark the metes and bounds of the site 
 of the city. On the evening of the same day he effected an agreement 
 with the landowners for the transfer of such portions of their property as 
 he might desire for the Government, which agreement was signed March 
 30, 1 79 1. Immediately after the execution of this agreement, on the 
 same day, before leaving Georgetown, the President issued the following 
 proclamation: 
 
 Whereas, by proclamation bearing date the 24th day of Jan., of this present year, 
 and in pursuance of certain acts of the States of Maryland and Virginia and the Con- 
 gress of the United States, therein mentioned, certain lines of experiment were 
 directed to be run in the neighborhood of Georgetown, in Maryland, for the purpose 
 of locating a part of the territory of ten miles square, for the permanent seat of the 
 Government of the United States, and a certain part was directed to be located 
 within the said lines of experiment on both sides of the Potomac, and above the 
 limits of the Eastern Branch, prescribed by the said act of Congress; 
 
 And Congress, by an amendatory act passed on the 3d day of this present month 
 of March, have given further authority to the President of the United States "to 
 make any part of the said territory below the said limit and above the mouth of 
 Hunting Creek a part of said district, so as to include a convenient part of the East- 
 ern Branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of 
 Alexandria; " 
 
 Now, therefore, for the purpose of amending and completing the location of the 
 whole of the said territory of ten miles square, in conformity with the said amenda- 
 tory act of Congress, I do hereby declare and make known that the whole of the 
 said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following, that is 
 to say: 
 
 Beginning at Jones's Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, 
 and at an angle in the outset of forty-five degrees west of the north, and running in 
 a direct line ten miles, for the first line ; then beginning again at the same Jones's 
 Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the 
 Potomac ten miles, for the second line ; thence from the termination of the said first 
 and second lines, running two other lines of ten miles each, the one crossing the 
 Eastern Branch aforesaid and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a 
 point. 
 
 And I do accordingly direct the commissioners named under the authority of the 
 said first -mentioned act of Congress to proceed forthwith to have the said four lines 
 run, and by proper metes and bounds, defined and limited, and thereof to make due 
 report, under their hands and seals; and the territory to be located, defined, and 
 limited shall be the whole territory accepted by the said act of Congress as the dis- 
 trict for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. 
 
 In testimony thereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to 
 these presents, and signed the same with my own hand. Done at George- 
 [SRAL.] town aforesaid the 30th day of March, in the year of our I,ord 1791, and 
 of the independence of the United States the fifteenth. 
 (Signed) George Washington. 
 
 By the President : 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 L' Enfant continued the preparation of a plan of the city, which was 
 presented completed to the President at Philadelphia, August 19, 1791, 
 and by him accepted and approved, and subsequently, December 13, 
 1 79 1, placed before the Senate and House of Representatives with the 
 
270 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 statement that it was ' ' the plan of a city that has been laid out within 
 the district of 10 miles square which was fixed upon for the permanent 
 seat of the Government of the United States. ' ' 
 
 Such is the story of the selection of the location for the permanent 
 seat of the Government and the foundation of a city within the limits of 
 the Federal territory. The word city, nor any reference to such a 
 foundation, does not appear either in the provision of the Constitution or 
 in the acts of cession of the States of Maryland and Virginia, the act of 
 Congress of July 16, 1790, the amendatory act of March 3, 1791, the 
 letters patent, proclamation of January 24, 1791, prescribing the method 
 of fixing the beginning of the survey of the 10 miles square, at which 
 point the corner stone was laid by Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick, April 15, 
 1791, in the presence of a large concourse of citizens; nor in any of the 
 preliminary official acts relating to the location of the permanent seat of 
 the Government, except in a letter of Jefferson to the commissioners, 
 of January 15, 1791, in which occurs the reference to a sketch of the 
 outline of a city. The designation "Capital City " appears first in a pre- 
 liminary report of L' Enfant, bearing date March 26, 1791, but not in 
 any other of the early official ■ documents relating thereto. It may be 
 that the authority granted to the commissioners by the act of July 16, 
 1790, "to provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress 
 and of the President, and for the public offices of the Government of the 
 United States, and the provision in the amendatory act of March 3, 1791; 
 that nothing herein contained shall authorize the erection of the public 
 buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac, as 
 required by the aforesaid act," may have, at least by implication, justi- 
 fied and impelled the acquisition and laying out of an area around and 
 about the public buildings sufficient in extent to accommodate with resi- 
 dences and homes the officers and employees of the Government, and 
 such a community of citizens and visitors as it was reasonable to suppose 
 would seek a city in which were located the public buildings, and at 
 which the high officials and dignitaries of the Government would reside. 
 Its foundation is, perhaps, another and striking exemplification of the 
 broad and astute wisdom and sagacity of Washington, but it was with- 
 out authority of law, except by implication. 
 
 Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution provides for the location and 
 acceptance by Congress of a district not exceeding 10 miles square for 
 the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. Pursuant 
 to the tenor and effect of this provision, the acts of cession of the States 
 of Maryland and Virginia, the act of Congress of July 16, 1790, the letters 
 patent, the amendatory act of March 3, 1791, and the proclamations of 
 the President of January 24 and March 30, 1791, refer to the seat of the 
 Government as a district, territory, tract, tract of territory or country 
 not exceeding 10 miles square. The acts of Congress of May 6, 1796, 
 and April 18, 1798, authorize "loans for the city of Washington, in the 
 
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 271 
 
 District of Columbia." In the first of these acts the appellations "city 
 of Washington ' ' and ' ' District of Columbia ' ' appear for the first time in 
 an act of Congress. The State of Virginia emphasizes the cession of a 
 "tract of country, not exceeding 10 miles square, or any lesser quan- 
 tity, * * * in full and absolute right and exclusive jurisdiction _/w-- 
 ever, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon. ' ' 
 
 The district, territory, or tract of country was designated, probably first 
 by Jefferson, the Federal Territory; subsequently, September 9, 1791, by 
 the commissioners, the Territory of Columbia; and finally, by the act of 
 Congress of May 6, 1796," the District of Columbia, as such part as remains 
 in possession of the United States is known to-day. ° Pursuant to the 
 act of Congress of July 16, 1790, and to the amendatory act of March 3, 
 1 79 1, and to the proclamation of the President of January 24, 1791, the 
 District of Columbia became the permanent seat of the Government on 
 and after the first Monday of December, 1800, and the part of the said 
 10 miles square now known as the District of Columbia must now be, 
 as it has been since the act of retrocession in 1846, the permanent seat 
 of the Government. By the act of retrocession Virginia recovered and 
 continues to hold possession of such part of the original Federal Terri- 
 tory as lies on the Virginia side of the River Potomac, notwithstanding 
 the cession of such territory was made "in full and absolute right and 
 exclusive jurisdiction" forever. 
 
 In support of the contention that the District of Columbia is ' ' the 
 permanent seat of the Government," the following data from the annals 
 of the Sixth Congress may be cited : 
 
 In his address to the Senate and House of Representatives delivered 
 December 3, 1799, the President refers to the transfer of the seat of the 
 Government from Philadelphia ' ' to the district chosen for its permanent 
 seat." In the response of the House of Representatives to his address, 
 reference is made to this district as the permanent seat of the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In his address to both Houses of Congress delivered in this city 
 November 22, 1800, President Adams congratulated "the people of the 
 United States on the assembling of Congress at the permanent seat of 
 their Government," and submitted to Congress the consideration whether 
 the local powers over the District of Columbia, which he denominated 
 "the capital of a great nation," should be immediately exercised. In 
 its reply to this address the House of Representatives declared that ' ' a 
 consideration of those powers which have been vested in Congress over 
 the District of Columbia will not escape our attention ; nor shall we 
 forget that in exercising these powers a regard must be had to those 
 events which will necessarily attend the capital of America. ' ' 
 
 At the time of the cession and acceptance of the territory it was 
 
 ' Probably quoted from the act of Maryland, passed December 28, 1793. 
 = Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, p. 36. 
 
 H. Doc. 552 18 
 
272 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 known to Congress, as it was to the President, that the towns ot Alex- 
 andria and Georgetown and the village settlements of Carrollsburg and 
 Hamburg were located within the limits of the district aforesaid, but no 
 reference is made to these towns or villages in connection with the 
 foundation of a new city, except the statement of Ellicott in his letter 
 of February 14, 1791, from Alexandria, that the inhabitants "are truly 
 rejoiced at the prospect of being included in the Federal district," and 
 of Washington in his letter from Richmond, April 12, 1791, to the com- 
 missioners, that the inclusion of Georgetown within the limits of the 
 Federal city would "render the plan more comprehensive, beneficial, 
 and promising, drawing the center of the Federal city nearer to the 
 present town." At a later date, probably about the close of his first 
 term, Washington, in a letter to Arthur Young, expressed the opinion 
 that "the Federal city in the year 1800 will become the seat of the 
 General Government of the United States." 
 
 It is worthy of note in this connection that the initial form of govern- 
 ment of the permanent seat of the Government was a commission of 
 three persons, appointed by the President without the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate, subject to his direction and supervision and removal 
 at his pleasure. To all intents and purposes it was a government by 
 the President, without the restraints and limitations of law, except as 
 might be necessary to legalize acts ahead)' accomplished. This form of 
 government continued in force until abolished by the act of May 1, 
 1 80 1, which created the office of superintendent, charged with various 
 additional duties. Congress, by the acts of May 6, 1796, and April 18, 
 1798, provided for loans for the use of the city of Washington and the 
 payment of the same with funds to be raised by the sale of lots in said 
 city, and by the act of February 27, 1801, divided the District of 
 Columbia into the counties of Washington and Alexandria, but did not 
 make the city of Washington a body politic until May 3, 1802, by the 
 "Act to incorporate the inhabitants of the city of Washington, in the 
 District of Columbia," which is, perhaps, logically and legally the inau- 
 gural date and year of the city of Washington, and certainly as a body 
 corporate. Previous to this date, but after the removal of the perma- 
 nent seat of the Government, Congress passed several laws concerning 
 the District of Columbia which were general in their application to the 
 entire territory. 
 
 Pursuant to the tenor and intent of section 8 of Article I of the Consti- 
 tution, Congress by the act of July 16, 1790, directed a survey to define 
 by proper metes and bounds ' ' the district for the permanent seat of the 
 Government," and provided for the erection within the limits of said 
 district of ' ' suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, and 
 of the President, and for the public offices of the Government," and fur- 
 thermore, that, "on the first Monday in December, in the year of one 
 thousand eight hundred, the seat of Government of the United States, 
 
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 273 
 
 shall, by virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place afore- 
 said ; and all offices attached to said seat of Government shall accord- 
 ingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall after the 
 said date, cease to be exercised elsewhere. ' ' 
 
 By the act of April 24, 1800, the President was authorized to antici- 
 pate the removal of ' ' the various offices belonging to the several Execu- 
 tive Departments of the United States" to the city of Washington. 
 Appropriations were made for the purchase of furniture for the ' ' house 
 erected in the city of Washington for the accommodation of the Presi- 
 dent ' ' and for the ' ' apartments which are to be occupied in the Capitol 
 at said city" by the two Houses of Congress, and also for the pavement 
 of streets for the comfort and convenience of members of Congress in the 
 city of Washington. By the act of May 13, 1800, Congress directed 
 that a session should "be held at the city of Washington," to commence 
 on the third Monday of November next ensuing. In neither of these 
 acts is the city of Washington designated or referred to as the Capital 
 City, nor is section 6 of the act of July 16, 1790, repealed or altered, 
 except so far as may be implied by the authority granted to the Presi- 
 dent to anticipate, at his pleasure, the removal of the ' ' various offices 
 * * * before the time heretofore appointed by law for such removal. ' ' 
 The Supreme Court of the United States adjourned its last session at 
 Philadelphia to reassemble at Washington, February 4, 1801. 
 
 Congress has erected public buildings outside of the original limits of 
 the city of Washington, as, for instance, the buildings for the Observa- 
 tory, Columbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, St. Elizabeth Asylum, 
 and Soldiers' Home, and no one will contest the power of Congress to 
 authorize the construction of a residence for the President beyond such 
 limits. Congress has also appropriated large sums of money for repair, 
 improvement, and extension of roadway's, and for the purchase of a large 
 tract of land for a public park outside of such limits, and recently, by 
 the highway act, provided for the extension of the streets and avenues 
 of the city to the utmost limits of the District of Columbia. Such facts 
 are significant of the intention of Congress to maintain ' ' the permanent 
 seat of the Government ' ' as defined by the Constitution and initial act 
 of Congress of July 16, 1790. Perhaps not less significant of popular 
 judgment is the recent establishment within the territory of Columbia 
 of several institutions of learning which seek to expand and to elevate 
 the standard of the educational facilities of the permanent seat of the 
 Government. 
 
 There must be, at least, a technical if not a legal distinction between 
 the transfer of the seat of the Government and the removal of the offices 
 attached thereto, upon which, in connection with the data cited, must 
 rest the contention that the said District, not the city of Washington, is 
 now the permanent seat of the Government. The Constitution created 
 a nation with a government constituted of three coordinate departments, 
 
274 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the executive, judicial, and legislative, to each of which were assigned 
 special functions. The officers attached to the seat of Government were 
 subordinate appurtenances made necessary for the proper and complete 
 evolution and execution of these functions. The transfer of the Govern- 
 ment to its permanent seat must therefore have been a more imposing 
 and dignified event than the travel and conveyance, overland and coast- 
 wise, of the holders of the offices, with their packages and boxes of books, 
 accounts, papers, and chattels, from a temporary to the permanent seat 
 of the Government. The transfer of the Government was not complete 
 until the departments were in actual and entire cooperation at the per- 
 manent seat, which could not be accomplished before the assembling of 
 Congress on the first Monday in December, 1800, the day fixed b3 r the 
 initial act of July 16, 1790, at which time all the offices attached to the 
 seat of the Government should cease to be exercised elsewhere. 
 
LOCATING THE CAPITAL. 1 
 
 By Gaillard Hunt. 
 
 The two measures which aroused the most heated discussion in the 
 First Congress under the Constitution provided the one for the public 
 credit and the other for a permanent seat of the Federal Government. 
 The former took the shape of a bill, which Alexander Hamilton had 
 drawn up, funding the Federal debt, and assuming the debts which the 
 several States had contracted during the Revolutionary war. To the 
 assumption of these debts, as they stood, there soon developed a bitter 
 antagonism. It was based upon two chief arguments: First, that it was 
 an invasion of State prerogatives for the General Government to levy 
 taxes to pay debts which the States separately had contracted; and, 
 second, that it was unfair that those States whose debts were not embar- 
 rassing should be obliged to share the burdens of States whose debts 
 were large. 
 
 Among the Representatives most strongly opposed to the measure were 
 Alexander White and Richard Bland Lee, both of Virginia. The debt of 
 their State had been reduced, was funded at 6 per cent, and the interest 
 was being regularly paid. That Virginia should share in the larger 
 obligations of less cautious States was, therefore, thought to be a mani- 
 fest injustice. As the debate on the measure proceeded, it assumed a 
 threatening tone. L,ee said, if the General Government assumed the 
 State debts due to individuals, the measure would be so evidently partial 
 that he dreaded the consequences, and White declared ' ' it would lessen 
 the influence of the States; they would be reduced to a degree lower 
 than they should be, while, at the same time, the General Government 
 would be elevated on their ruin." The assumption bill was defeated 
 April 12, 1790, in committee of the whole, by a vote of 31 to 29, and in 
 consequence the whole funding scheme was in danger of total collapse. 
 This condition of affairs was followed by the most violent excitement, and 
 although Congress met from day to day, the opposing factions could 
 transact but little business together. 
 
 It was more important that the public credit should be provided for 
 than that the capital should be located in any particular spot, for upon 
 
 ■ From the Annnal Report of the American Historical Association for 1S95, pp. 
 2S9- 295. 
 
 275 
 
276 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the former depended the financial standing of the new nation in the eyes 
 of the world, while the latter was a measure of purely domestic concern. 
 The two, however, had no connection with one another; yet, by a sys- 
 tem since come to be known as "logrolling," they became involved. 
 The Eastern members of Congress desired the passage of the assumption 
 bill, but had no hope, for geographical reasons, of obtaining the capital. 
 The members from the Middle States, on the other hand, were deter- 
 mined, if possible, that the seat of the Federal Government should be 
 permanently located either at Philadelphia or in that neighborhood. The 
 two sections, therefore, effected a combination of their interests, and it was 
 rendered only barely unsuccessful by the strenuous opposition of the 
 South. But Virginia and Maryland conceived that they also had claims 
 to the capital, and their respective legislatures had already taken steps 
 to procure it. 
 
 On December 27, 1788, before Congress had come together, the gen- 
 eral assembly of Virginia passed resolutions offering 10 miles square of 
 any portion of the State for the new Federal city which the Constitution 
 provided for, and White laid these resolutions before the national House 
 of Representatives May 15, 1789. On the following day Seney, of 
 Maryland, offered a similar act from the legislature of his State. Mary- 
 land and Virginia were not, however, in hostile rivalry in their efforts 
 to obtain the Federal district. They contemplated its location on the 
 banks of the Potomac, and calculated upon jointly profiting inconse- 
 quence. On December 10, 1789, the general assembly of Virginia 
 informed the general assembly of Maryland that it would advance 
 $120,000 toward the erection of public buildings in the new Federal 
 city, if it should be located on the Potomac, provided Maryland would 
 advance three-fifths of that sum, and at the November session, 1790, the 
 Maryland assembly appropriated $72,000 for the purpose. 
 
 On December 3, 1789, the general assembly of Virginia passed an act 
 reciting that the seat of the General Government should occupy a cen- 
 tral location, "having regard as well to population, extent of territory, 
 and a free navigation to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Chesapeake 
 Bay, as to the most direct and ready communication with our fellow- 
 citizens on the Western frontier. ' ' The banks of the Potomac, above 
 tidewater, it was added, seemed to combine all these considerations, and, 
 therefore, a location of 10 miles square or less in that region was offered. 
 
 Lee had anticipated in Congress this action of the State by introduc- 
 ing, on September 3, a resolution, "That a place, as nearby central as a 
 convenient communication with the Atlantic Ocean and an easy access 
 to the Western territory will permit, ought to be selected and established 
 as the permanent seat of the Government of the United States." This 
 was seconded by Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and supported by James 
 Madison, who contended, in the face of much opposition, that the Potomac 
 River region answered the requirements more satisfactorily than any 
 
Locating the Capital. 277 
 
 other place. A little later hee offered another resolution, coming out in 
 terms for the banks of the Potomac. It soon became evident, however, 
 that the combination, which was not strong enough to carry the assump- 
 tion bill a few months later, was strong enough at this time to defeat the 
 bill locating the capital in the South, for the House decided that the 
 capital should be located on the banks of the Susquehanna River. The 
 bill was sent to the Senate September 22, and came back September 26, 
 with the location changed to Germantown, Pa., and this was accepted 
 by the House with an unimportant amendment, which threw the bill 
 back for further action by the Senate. There other business interposed, 
 and it died when it was upon the very verge of final adoption. 
 
 It was at this juncture that Jefferson gave his famous dinner party. 
 He tells the story in his Anas: 
 
 As I was going to the President's one day, I met him [Hamilton] in the street. 
 He walked me backward and forward before the President' s door for half an hour. He 
 painted pathetically the temper into which the Legislature had been wrought, the 
 disgust of those who were called the creditor States, the danger of the secession of 
 their members, and the separation of the States. He observed that the members 
 of the Administration ought to act in concert; that though this question was not in 
 my Department, yet a common duty should make it a common concern; that the 
 President was the center on which all administrative questions ultimately rested, 
 and that all of us should rally around him; and that, the question having been lost 
 by a small majority only, it was probable that an appeal from me to the judgment 
 and discretion of some of my friends might effect a change in the vote, and the 
 machine of Government, now suspended, might be again set into motion. I told 
 him that I was really a stranger to the whole subject; not having yet informed myself 
 of the system of finances adopted, I knew not how far this was a necessary sequence; 
 that undoubtedly, if its rejection endangered a dissolution of our Union at this 
 incipient stage, I should deem that the most unfortunate of all consequences, to 
 avert which all partial and temporary evils should be yielded. I proposed to him, 
 however, to dine with me the next day, and I would invite another friend or two; 
 bring them into conference together, and I thought it impossible that reasonable 
 men, consulting together coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to 
 form a compromise which was to save the Union. 
 
 The discussion took place. I could take no part in it but an exhortatory one, 
 because I was a stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. But it was 
 finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to the rejection of this 
 proposition, the preservation of the Union and of concord among the States was 
 more important, and that therefore it would be better that the vote of rejection 
 should be rescinded, to effect which some members should change their votes. But 
 it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and 
 that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them. 
 There had before been propositions to fix the seat of government either at Philadel- 
 phia or at Georgetown, on the Potomac, and it was thought that by giving it to 
 Philadelphia for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently afterwards, this might, 
 as an anodyne, calm in some degree the ferment which might be excited by the other 
 measure also. So two of the Potomac members (White and Lee, but White with a 
 revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed to change their votes, and Hamilton 
 undertook to carry the other point. In doing this, the influence he had established 
 over the Eastern members, with the agency of Robert Morris with those of the Mid- 
 dle States, effected his side of the engagement, and so the assumption was passed, 
 
278 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 and twenty millions of stock divided among favored States and thrown in as pabulum 
 to the stock-jobbing herd. 
 
 Hamilton performed his part of the bargain first. On July 9, 1790, by 
 a v"ote of 32 yeas to 29 nays, the House passed the bill locating the capi- 
 tal on the banks of the Potomac River, between the Eastern Branch and 
 Conococheague Creek. It went through the Senate in due course, and 
 was signed by the President a few days later. 
 
 The final outcome did not give general satisfaction. The East and the 
 South were generally in opposition on most subjects, and this was no 
 exception to the rule, and the Middle States were only partially placated 
 by the fact that Congress would sit at Philadelphia for ten years after 
 leaving New York. Moreover, it was known that there had been a bar- 
 gain, and this fact was freely condemned. Whether or not it was an 
 immoral bargain is hard for us to decide. Hamilton's fears of disruption 
 of the Union, unless the deadlock in the House was broken, were real, 
 and had foundation in a dangerous situation, for the opening stage in the 
 experiment of the new Government was not the time for straining its 
 strength. White, and Carroll and Lee, who changed their votes against 
 the assumption bill, did so probably with the honest desire of lessening the 
 tension, but they received a quid pro quo for doing it. 
 
 The dissatisfaction with the location found expression in much jeering, 
 and a great deal of cheap humor was expended over the strange name 
 Conococheague. Thus, a servant girl in New York is supposed to be 
 writing to a friend, and says of her master: 
 
 In fact, he would rather saw timber or dig, 
 Than see them remove to Conococheague. 
 Where the houses and kitchens are yet to be framed. 
 ■ The trees to be felled, and the streets to be named. 
 
 Another, and even worse doggerel, represents Virginia as saying to 
 Massachusetts: 
 
 Ye grave, learned asses, so fond of molasses. 
 
 You're fairly outwitted, you're fairly outwitted; 
 With this Georgetown notion — oh. dear, what a potion! 
 
 In the teeth you'll be twitted, in the teeth you'll be twitted. 
 
 To which Massachusetts replies: 
 
 The Union you'd sever for sake of your river, 
 
 And give up assumption, and give up assumption; 
 
 There's White, and there's Lee, and there's Maryland G., 
 
 Wise men all of gumption, wise men all of gumption; 
 
 Then there's Daniel Carroll, who looks like a barrel, 
 
 Of Catholic faith, sir! of Catholic faith, sir! 
 
 He swore he was true; but the bung, sir, it flew, 
 
 And went off in a breath, sir! went off in a breath, sir! 
 
 The Conococheague is a little creek draining Franklin County, Pa., and 
 running through Washington Count}', Md. It reaches the Potomac at the 
 village of Williamsport, fully 80 miles distant from the mouth of the 
 Eastern Branch. Under the law, the President was free to make choice 
 of any ten miles square between the two points, so that it is a fact beyond 
 
Locating the Capital. 279 
 
 dispute that the responsibility, or credit, for the location of the city that 
 bears his name rests wholly upon Washington. He seems never to have 
 contemplated planting it near the Conococheague, but started his surveys 
 at the extreme eastern boundary permitted by the law. In locating the 
 city itself he hesitated between lands adjacent to Georgetown and those 
 at the mouth of the Eastern Branch, but finally decided in favor of the 
 former after a series of aggravating negotiations with the landowners. 
 They held their property at exorbitant prices, and were finally brought 
 to terms only after Washington had himself come upon the scene and 
 opened negotiations with them personally. 
 
 For the boundaries of the District the proclamation of January 24, 1791 , 
 prescribed "four lines of experiment," beginning at Hunting Creek, on 
 the Virginia shore, just below Alexandria, and embracing a portion of 
 territory beyond the Eastern Branch, and consequently not included in 
 the law. An additional act, remedying this difficulty, was passed March 
 3, 1791. The later proclamation, defining the boundaries of the new 
 District, was drafted by Jefferson, in his own hand, when he was in 
 Georgetown. It was dated March 20, was read by Washington at Mount 
 Vernon, all that had been inserted in it about the erection of public 
 buildings was stricken out, and it was returned to be engrossed for the 
 President's signature. It bore final date March 30, the great seal being 
 affixed at Georgetown. 
 
 The capital having been finally hatched out, the story of its growth is 
 like nothing so much as the story of The Ugly Duckling. When it first 
 peeped forth among the the family of cities, the whole flock cried out in 
 disapproval. "What sort of a duck are you?" they said; "you are 
 exceedingly ugly ! ' ' And they all flew out and ' ' bit him in the neck. ' ' 
 The new city was absolutely without friends. John Melish, an English- 
 man, who visited it early in the century, declared that he had traveled a 
 good way into it before he saw it; that it had "more the appearance of 
 a thickly-settled country than a city." The poet Moore called it: 
 
 This famed metropolis, where fancy sees 
 Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees. 
 
 And John Randolph of Roanoke dubbed Pennsylvania avenue ' ' The 
 great Serbonian bog. ' ' 
 
 As the city grew apace it grew uglier. "The ducks pecked him, the 
 chickens beat him, and the girl who fed the poultry kicked him with her 
 feet." A Bostonian, in the elegant Atlantic Monthly, pronounced it, in 
 1861, a "paradise of paradoxes, a great, little, splendid, mean, extrava- 
 gant, poverty-stricken barrack for soldiers of fortune and votaries of 
 folly;" and Emile Molezieux, in 1874, sa id it was a strange scattering of 
 pompous monuments and very simple houses. An American woman 
 said it was "the most disappointing, disheartening conglomerate that 
 ever shocked the pride or patriotism of order-loving, beauty-worshiping 
 
280 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Exactly when this hard winter of abuse terminated is not of conse- 
 quence, but it was not more than fifteen years ago. The change was 
 sudden and its coming was foreseen by few, but it was unmistakable 
 when it came. The ' ' ' ugly duckling ' felt the warm sun shining and 
 heard the lark singing, and saw that all around was beautiful spring." 
 He was recognized for the first time as a swan among cities, and now the 
 cry has gone up that "the new one is the most beautiful of all." 
 
 [Authorities: Herring's Statutes at Large of Virginia, Vols. XII and XIII; Annals 
 of Congress, Vols. I and II; Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Ford), Vols. I and V; 
 McMaster's History of the People of the United States; Travels in the United States, 
 1S06-1811, by John Melish; The Atlantic Monthly; Souvenirs d'une Mission aux 
 Etats-Unis d'Amerique, by Emile Molezieux; Laws of Maryland; The Washington 
 Sketch Book, by "Viator" (J. B. Varnum, jr.); Johns Hopkins University Studies 
 in Historical and Political Science, Third Series, XI-XII; The Magazine of American 
 History; MS. proclamation and drafts, Department of State.] 
 
SKETCH OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF LOCAL 
 GOVERNMENT IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUM- 
 BIA: WITH LIST OF WASHINGTON CITY 
 OFFICIALS. 1 
 
 By W. B. Bryan. 
 
 A complete list of the members of the city councils and of the other 
 principal officers of the local government of Washington City from its 
 organization down to the present time does not exist. In the manu- 
 script records of the city and in the printed collections of the laws of 
 the" corporation and the proceedings of the legislative assembly may be 
 found the names of those who have served the city either in legislative 
 or executive capacities, but such records are not only deficient but they 
 are not easily accessible, and complete collections of the acts of the city 
 councils are few in number. Through the efforts of Mr. William Tin- 
 dall, who has been the secretary of the Board of District Commissioners 
 since the organization of that form of government, the entire number 
 (iSo2-r87i) of the acts of the city councils may be found at the District 
 office, and there is also another collection in the Library of Congress. 
 I know of no other full sets in this city, and it is growing more difficult 
 to get together these yearly annals of our city fathers during the period 
 when Washington had a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a common 
 council. 
 
 They were published annually in pamphlet form, aud it appears that 
 some years small editions were issued, and in consequence the acts of 
 the councils for those years have now become very scarce. • In addition 
 to the laws, lists of the names of the officers of the corporation were 
 frequently printed, and during the later years it was the custom to add 
 as an appendix the annual reports or statements of some of the city 
 officers. From the manuscript records of the city government, as well 
 as from the pamphlet editions of the ordinances, Mr. Andrew Rothwell, 
 the compiler of one of the digests of the local laws which was published 
 in 1833, gathered the names of the principal officers of the corporation, 
 including those of the members of the city councils, and placed them in 
 an appendix to the digest. 
 
 1 Read before the Columbia Historical Society April 4, 1898. Printed as Senate 
 Doc. 238, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. Revised to date. 
 
282 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 The list contains the names of the first officers of the city and the 
 members of the first council, who were appointed and chosen in the year 
 1802, and also of each successive year down to 1833. This feature of 
 the Rothwell Digest is rather conspicuous, for the reason that it was 
 never attempted before and has not since been repeated. Although 
 more than sixty-seven years have elapsed since the book came from the 
 press, and mayors and. councils succeeded each other under the old 
 corporate form of government for forty years, and two forms of gov- 
 ernment have followed, yet it is impossible to learn the names of those 
 who were actively identified with the municipal life of the city during 
 that long period except by patient search through scattered records and 
 books. 
 
 It is true that a few years ago Mr. William Tindall prepared a useful 
 handbook, giving information about the government of the District, 
 including a list of the mayors and members of the legislative assembty 
 under the Territorial form of government and the names of those who 
 have served as District Commissioners. 1 Information of similar scope is 
 printed in the almanac annually issued by the Evening Star, but in 
 neither case are the names of the members of the cit}' councils included. 
 I have thought, therefore, it would not only be of interest but of value 
 to compile from the numerous sources a complete roster of the principal 
 officers of the local government from its organization down to the pres- 
 ent day, and of those who have served the city in the local legislative 
 bodies. The list is appended. 
 
 In this connection it seems appropriate to give a sketch, which will 
 be in outline only, of the various forms of government Congress has 
 bestowed upon the District. I do not propose at this time to discuss 
 the larger phase of the subject, namely, the adaptability of these gov- 
 ernmental agencies to the needs of the community and the success of 
 each in attaining the objects sought for in establishing a government 
 for a city. These forms of local government have neither been numer- 
 ous nor complicated. For the first sixt5'-nine } r ears of the city's life a 
 mayoralty government existed here, of a type that in a general wa}- 
 was not dissimilar to those which were established in other cities at 
 that time. Succeeding this was a system which was based on that 
 provided for the Territories of the United States, but which was mod- 
 ified to meet local requirements, and this in turn gave place to the 
 present form of government by commissioners. 
 
 As is well known to all who have even a slight knowledge of the 
 history of the District, the Constitution of the United States gave to 
 Congress the power to exercise exclusive legislation over such a dis- 
 trict, not exceeding 10 miles square, that might by the cession of par- 
 ticular States and the acceptance of Congress become the seat of 
 
 ■The District of Columbia, William Tiudall, 36 pp., Washington, D. C, 18S9. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 283 
 
 government for the United States. The States of Virginia and Mary- 
 land passed acts ceding to the General Government such land within 
 their respective borders as might be chosen for such a purpose. By a 
 bill which became a law January 16, 1790, and an amendatory act at a 
 later date, this District was selected as a seat of government, then 
 including, however, the town and county of Alexandria, which were 
 ceded back to Virginia by Congress in 1846. 
 
 It was further provided that the public offices should not be removed 
 to the new location, nor Congress begin its sessions there, until the year 
 i80t>, and that on the first Monday of September of that year the seat of 
 government should, by a virtue of the act, be transferred to this District. 
 Another section of the law provided that ' ' the operations of the laws of 
 the States within such District shall not be affected by this acceptance 
 until the time fixed for the removal of the Government thereto and 
 until Congress shall otherwise by law provide. ' ' 
 
 The act of cession adopted by the Virginia legislature stipulated that 
 the jurisdiction of the laws of the State should not cease until Congress, 
 having accepted the cession, should by law provide for the government. 
 A similar provision was incorporated by the Maryland legislature in the 
 law which was enacted December 19, 1 791, ratifying the cession. The 
 absolute jurisdiction over the land included within the bounds of the 
 new territory was, therefore, ceded by the two States, and such jurisdic- 
 tion was accepted by the United States. Not only were existing laws 
 of both States continued in operation within the new District, but the 
 respective States enacted new laws with special reference to this locality 
 and for the benefit of its citizens, "for," as it was expressed in the 
 Maryland law, "many temporary provisions will be necessary till 
 Congress exercise the jurisdiction and government over the said terri- 
 tory." After the passage by Congress of the law of July 16, 1790, 
 which accepted the cession of land, there was no other legislative action 
 taken by that body relating to the District until some months after 
 November 22, 1800, when the new locality was occupied as the capital 
 city of the United States. 
 
 It will probably not be considered that the real force of this statement 
 is diminished by the fact that Congress in 1796, and again in 1798, passed 
 laws authorizing a loan for the purpose of completing the buildings begun 
 in the new city for the use of Congress and the Executive Departments, 
 and again, in the spring of 1800, a law was passed while Congress was 
 still in Philadelphia in regard to the removal of the public offices to the 
 new city, and which, among other provisions, directed that footways be 
 made in the city for the greater facility of communication between the 
 various Departments and offices of the Government. In neither case, it 
 must be admitted, was the local legislation either elaborate or important. 
 
 In addition to endowing the new District with a body of laws which 
 the inhabitants were living under as citizens of Maryland and Virginia, 
 
284 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Congress in accepting the territory authorized the President to appoint 
 three commissioners to survey and define the bounds of the District. 
 Authority was given to the commissioners to purchase or accept land 
 on the eastern side of the river for the use of the United States and to 
 provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, the Presi- 
 dent, and for the public offices. No appropriation of money was made 
 to enable the commissioners to carry out these instructions, but in lieu 
 thereof, in the language of the act, "for the purpose of defraying the 
 expense of such purchases and buildings the President of the United 
 States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money." 
 
 This was apparently looked upon as ample authority for the commis- 
 sioners to prosecute the great work of founding in the wilderness, as it 
 was termed, a city for the nation's capital. At any rate, there was no 
 further legislation on the part of Congress in relation to the District 
 for more than ten years ensuing. The legislatures of Maryland and 
 Virginia, however, as stated, did not neglect the District, and from 
 each legislative body during that period emanated a number of laws 
 enacted with special reference to the needs of the District. These 
 bodies were, so to speak, the first legislature of the District, and as in 
 the days of the humble beginnings of the nation's capital, such a plenti- 
 tude of legislative wisdom was furnished as might be found not merely 
 in the legislature of one State, but of two, it ought not, perhaps, be 
 regarded as surprising that now in these later days of the prosperity and 
 power of the capital city Congress should seem to look upon all other 
 lawmaking agencies as incompetent for the task of managing the affairs 
 of this city and to have taken upon itself the government. 
 
 When Maryland ratified the cession of the land to the United States 
 by an act which was passed a few months after its acceptance by the 
 General Government, sections were inserted for the purpose of facilitat- 
 ing the conveyance of land in the new city, so as, for example, to permit 
 the transfer of the property of minors and others under the agreement 
 made between certain property holders of the land included within the 
 bounds of the city and the commissioners of the city; also to permit 
 foreigners to own real estate in the District. The law also established 
 what was practically the forerunner of the office of the recorder of deeds 
 of the District, by authorizing the city commissioners to appoint a 
 clerk for recording deeds of lands, and this clerk was required to deliver 
 to the commissioners, or their successors, or such person or persons as 
 Congress shall appoint, all books in his possession. 
 
 He was allowed the same fee for recording land transfers as those 
 allowed clerks of count)' courts. The same Maryland law also provided 
 a lien law for the District, and its intent, as is that of the existing law, 
 was to secure builders against loss for labor and material. 
 
 The law also conferred upon the commissioners of the city certain 
 powers, which they were to exercise until Congress should assume the 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 285 
 
 jurisdiction and government in the District. The}' were given the right, 
 for example, to license the building of wharves; to make building regu- 
 lations, with proper penalties for violations, to be recovered by action 
 before a justice of the peace and disposed of as a donation for the benefit 
 of the city. The commissioners were also authorized to " grant licenses 
 for retailing distilled spirits" within the limits of the city, but not " in 
 less quantity than 10 gallons to the same person." 
 
 By other laws, which the Maryland legislature continued to enact 
 until after the year 1798, authority was given to individuals named to 
 erect a bridge over the Potomac, and one over the Eastern Branch, to 
 establish a bank and an insurance company, and to give authority for 
 making an addition to Georgetown. 
 
 The legislature of Virginia was not quite so prolific in District legisla- 
 tion during this period as her sister State, but this is readily explained 
 by the fact that the conditions in the new city, which was located in 
 the Maryland portion of the District, called for most of the new legisla- 
 tion. Among these, as illustrating the extent to which minor details of 
 District needs were considered by the Virginia legislators, and the same 
 is shown by the enactments of the Maryland legislature, bills were 
 passed for regulating streets in Alexandria and for extending the limits 
 of that town; for increasing the capital stock of the bank of Alexan- 
 dria, and for the purpose of incorporating a marine insurance company 
 and a library company, both for Alexandria. 
 
 In addition to the legislative interest manifested in the District dur- 
 ing this period of ten years by both the Virginia and Maryland legisla- 
 tures, the territory included within the bounds of the ten-mile square 
 was not without local government. Georgetown had a corporate gov- 
 ernment, and so had Alexandria. The governing body in the territory 
 lying east of the river and outside of the limits of Georgetown, includ- 
 ing the site of the city, was what was known as the levy court. As the 
 existence of this agency for the management of local public affairs, at 
 least in the county of Washington, continued down to the period of the 
 establishment of the Territorial form of government in the District, and 
 is, therefore, within the recollection of a large proportion of the citi- 
 zens, a brief sketch of this court, as it existed from the foundation of 
 the District, will not be out of place. 
 
 As constituted by the Maryland laws the levy court was composed of 
 seven members, selected by the governor of the State, with the advice 
 of the council, from those annually commissioned as justices of the 
 peace. The function of the court was to assess property, collect the 
 taxes, look after repairs to roads and the construction and repair of 
 county public buildings, take care of bridges, make allowances for the 
 support of the poor, appoint constables, overseers, etc. The appoint- 
 ment of the members of the court was vested by the law of February 
 27, 1801, in the President of the United States, and, by what was called 
 
286 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 the charter of the city of 1848, the President was authorized by Con- 
 gress to increase the membership of the court from seven to eleven, by 
 the appointment of four members to represent the city of Washington. 
 An elaborate act of Congress became a law March 3, 1863, defining 
 the powers and duties of the levy court. This law provided that the 
 court should consist of nine members, appointed for a term of three 
 years by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate. Five were to be residents of the county, three of Washington, 
 and one of Georgetown, and the court was thus constituted when its 
 career was closed as above stated. 
 
 In the territory west of the Potomac and lying outside the corporate 
 limits of Alexandria a governmental agency existed that was somewhat 
 similar to the levy court in the county of Washington, but the Virginia 
 institution was more than a mere board of assessors. 
 
 It was known as the county court and, like the levy court of Mary- 
 land, was composed of the justices of the peace of the county. These 
 officials were appointed by the governor of Virginia, with the advice of 
 the privy council. The county court had judicial functions, and instead 
 of making the assessment of property and superintending the use of 
 public money thus raised, as was done by the levy court of Maryland, 
 the county court of Alexandria County appointed commissioners to per- 
 form those duties. The sheriff and coroner were also appointed by the 
 court, and it heard all legal presentments, criminal prosecutions, suits 
 in common law and in chancery when the amount involved was not 
 more than $20. 
 
 The States of Virginia and Maryland continued to exercise legislative 
 jurisdiction in the District until more direct Federal control was assumed, 
 than was provided by the act of January 16, 1790. The public offices 
 .were opened in the new city June 15, 1800, and Congress, in accordance 
 with a resolution passed at the former session, convened there the 22d of 
 November in the year 1800. A few months later the National Legislature 
 enacted a law in regard to the District, which was practically the first 
 since 1790, and that was one providing a judicial system for the District. 
 The law was approved the 27th of February, 1801, and it is held that 
 from that time the National Government began the exercise of the power 
 granted by the Constitution of exclusive legislation in the District occu- 
 pied as the seat of government. * From that time down to the present 
 all laws relating to the District have come from Congress and from no 
 other source. 
 
 By the provisions of the act of February 27, 1801, above referred to, 
 the District was divided into two counties, one comprising all the part 
 lying on the east side of the Potomac, to be known as Washington 
 County, and the other to include all the portion on the west side of the 
 river, to be known as Alexandria County. A circuit court was estab- 
 
 'Van Ness v. Bank of United States, 13. Peters' Rep., 19. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 287 
 
 lished and authority was given for the appointment of a United States 
 marshal, a district attorney, a register of wills, a judge of the orphans' 
 court; and, in addition, justices of the peace, to be appointed by the 
 President. 
 
 The law further provided that all indictments should be in the name 
 of the United States. The clause in the law of 1790 continuing in force 
 the laws of Maryland and Virginia was again repeated, and throughout 
 the act constant reference is made of existing laws of these States, and 
 it is stipulated that such laws are to remain in force. 
 
 With this provision for the new territory Congress rested content for 
 more than a year. The affairs of the new city, then chiefly relating to 
 the management of the public property, were still under control of a board 
 of commissioners consisting of three members, but by an act approved 
 May 1, 1802, the board of commissioners was abolished and its duties 
 transferred to a superintendent. Following closely upon this legislation 
 came a measure which gave corporate existence to the community, 
 termed in the act "the inhabitants of the city of Washington," and 
 who, according to the census of 1800, numbered 3,210 souls. 
 
 Adopting the division of the city into three wards made by the levy 
 court, the act of May 3, 1802, further provided that the officers of the 
 corporation should consist of a mayor, appointed annually by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, and a council of twelve members, elected 
 annually by ballot. There was no limitation placed upon the President's 
 choice of a person to fill the principal office in the corporation other than 
 that he must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of the city 
 prior to his appointment. The length of time of residence was not speci- 
 fied, but this provision might be looked upon as a very slight recognition 
 of the principle of home rule. 
 
 In the same indefinite manner it was stipulated that the members of 
 the council must be residents of the city, but this uncertainty came to an 
 end when the qualifications of those entitled to vote were enumerated. 
 It was provided that the members of the city council should be elected 
 by ballot on a general ticket by the male white inhabitants of full age 
 who had resided twelve months in the city, and in addition there was 
 inserted a property qualification which limited the right of suffrage to 
 those who had paid taxes the year preceding the elections being held. 
 
 A curious feature of the new city government was the requirement 
 that the second chamber of five members should be chosen from ' ' the 
 whole number of councilors, elected by their joint ballot." The powers 
 of the corporation were specified in detail, and ranged from the impo- 
 sition and collection of taxes to the regulating of chimney sweeps. The 
 mayor had the veto power, but his adverse action could be overridden by 
 three-fourths vote of both chambers of the city council. He had, per- 
 haps, the more important power of appointing all officers under the 
 corporation. 
 
 H. Doc. 552 19 
 
288 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 This first city charter, as it has been frequeutly called, was to remain 
 in force for two years from ' ' the passing thereof, and from thence to the 
 end of the next Congress thereafter," but "no longer," as it was 
 expressed in the act somewhat curtly. The two years had not expired 
 when Congress, by an act which was approved February 24, 1804, 
 extended the charter for fifteen years, with certain modifications. In 
 the first place, the system of choosing the entire body of the city council 
 on one ticket and subsequently making a division into two chambers by 
 the action of the members was changed, and it was provided that the 
 city council should consist of two chambers, each of which to be com- 
 posed of nine members, to be chosen by distinct ballots. 
 
 Some additions were made to the powers conferred upon the corpora- 
 tion by the first charter, and among these were the right to license 
 ordinaries or taverns, to restrain or prohibit tippling houses, and to pro- 
 vide for the establishment and superintendence of public schools. The 
 dignity of the corporation was asserted by a clause to the effect that the 
 levy court should no longer have the power of imposing any tax on the 
 inhabitants of the city of Washington. The corporation, however, as 
 already shown, had been given the power to levy taxes when it was 
 established. 
 
 JSTo other change or addition was made in the form of government or 
 in the rights and powers of the corporation. It may not be uninterest- 
 ing to note in this connection that about this period Congress passed 
 laws amending the charters of both Alexandria and Georgetown. By 
 these instruments the right to vote was restricted to citizens who owned 
 propert3'. The charter of Alexandria limited the franchise to those who 
 had freehold estates, while that of Georgetown, like the charter of 
 Washington, provided that citizens who paid taxes had the right to 
 vote. In both cases the ma}'or was elected by the common council, and 
 all corporation officers were appointed by the latter bodies. It will be 
 seen that the elective franchise in Alexandria was strictly limited to the 
 holders of real estate, while in Georgetown and Washington the privi- 
 lege was broadened somewhat, so as to admit those who paid taxes 
 on real or personal property, or on both. 
 
 Eight years passed before Congress made any change in the corporate 
 powers of the city, and then by an act approved Ma} 7 4, 18 12, the two 
 bodies composing the city councils were designated for the first time as 
 a board of aldermen and common council, instead of the first and second 
 chambers. The membership was increased from nine in each to a bod} 7 
 of twenty, chosen according to wards. The board of aldermen consisted 
 of eight members, two from each ward and elected for two 5'ears, while 
 the members of the common council were elected annually, three from 
 each ward. In the case of the aldermen it was directed that they should 
 be divided into classes, so that one-half could be elected each year. 
 The elective franchise by this act was still confined to citizens who 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 289 
 
 paid taxes. The eligibility of members of the city councils was further 
 limited by new qualifications, so that it was necessary not merely to be 
 a resident of the city, but a resident for a year, and, further, to be pos- 
 sessed of a freehold estate. In the case of one ambitious to hold the 
 office of mayor the law required that he should have been a resident of 
 the city for two years immediately prior to the election, and be a bona 
 fide owner of a freehold estate in the city. No one but an owner of real 
 estate could aspire to the office of mayor or to a seat in either branch of 
 the city council, but the right to vote for the members of the city coun- 
 cil was still open to citizens who paid taxes, which meant, as stated, 
 either taxes on real or personal property, or both. 
 
 Perhaps the most important provision of the new law was the clause 
 which gave to the city council the right to elect the mayor by joint bal- 
 lot. Up to this time that official had been appointed hy the President 
 of the United States. As under the first charter, the mayor was given 
 the power by the new law to appoint all the city officers. According 
 to the census of 18 10 the population of the city was 8,210. Up to the 
 time of the passage of the act of 1812 the mayor had received no com- 
 pensation for his services. The first mayor, Robert Brent, was con- 
 tinued in the office by annual appointment of the President of the United 
 States until June, 18 12, a period of ten years. 
 
 Then the mayor was elected by the cit3' fathers, and shortly after- 
 wards an ordinance was passed appropriating $400 to be paid as a salary 
 to the man they had just elevated to the highest office in the city gov- 
 ernment. The next council increased the mayor's salary to $500, and 
 two years later an ordinance was enacted providing that each member 
 of the board of aldermen and each member of the common council 
 should receive $2 per day when attending the sessions of the council. 
 Prior to this time the members of the city councils were not paid. It 
 is not, therefore, surprising to learn that $1,460 was the entire appro- 
 priation made for one year — 1806 — for the compensation of officers of 
 the corporation, who were as follows: Treasurer, register, secretaries 
 of the council, and clerks of the market. 
 
 When the term of the act of incorporation of 1804, which was fifteen 
 years, had expired, Congress passed another act, approved May 15, 1820. 
 This was an elaborate measure, but, stripped of its details, what seems 
 to be now, and no doubt was then, the most important feature was the 
 clause which provided that the mayor should be elected by the persons 
 qualified to vote for members of the city council instead of, as under the 
 former law,, being chosen by the councils. The qualifications of those 
 entitled to vote for members of the council and, consequently, under this 
 act, for the mayor, were in part the same as specified in former laws, 
 namely, free white male citizens "who shall have been assessed on the 
 books of the corporation," for in the new act this requirement was 
 repeated and in the same language, and, in addition thereto, was the 
 
290 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 clause, "and who shall have paid all taxes legally assessed and due on 
 personal property when legally required to pay the same. ' ' 
 
 These additional words were apparently inserted as a device for assist- 
 ing the corporation to collect the personal tax by imposing a penalty of 
 withholding the franchise in the event the tax was not paid. The right to 
 vote was still limited strictly to those owning property, either real or per- 
 sonal, or both, as each class of property was assessed \>y the corporation 
 for taxable purposes. In this connection a pertinent inquiry arises as to 
 what, if any, amount was fixed for the value of the personal property to 
 be possessed by a citizen which would render him eligible as a voter. 
 
 October 6, 1802, a few months after the city was incorporated, the 
 councils passed an act providing for the levying and collection of taxes 
 on real and personal property. Certain exemptions were made in per- 
 sonal property, such as ' ' the crop and produce of the land in the hands 
 of the person who produced the same, provisions necessary for the use 
 and consumption of the person to whom the same shall belong and his 
 family for the year, and plantation utensils. ' ' It was further stipulated 
 that ' ' the tax on the working tools of mechanics and manufacturers 
 employed in their respective occupations, wearing apparel, goods, and 
 merchandise, and all homemade manufactures in the hands of the manu- 
 facturers, all stills, all grain and tobacco be only laid in cases where the 
 owners thereof are not otherwise assessed, and provided that the assess- 
 ment in such cases shall not exceed the sum of $ 80. ' ' 
 
 A law enacted by the city councils July 2, 1824, throws additional light 
 on the question raised. It provided ' ' that when the personal property 
 of any person shall not be valued to the sum of $100 or upward the 
 name of such person shall not be returned on the said assessment list." 
 Unless the name did appear on the list furnished the election commis- 
 sioners by the city officials, then the person was not allowed to cast a 
 vote in the municipal election. To what extent these requirements were 
 restrictions on the franchise it is not in the province of this paper to 
 inquire. It may, however, be stated that the rate of tax on real and 
 personal property for the years from 1802 to 1807 was 25 cents per $ 100 
 of assessed value, while for the period from 1808 to 1824 it was 50 cents, 
 from 1825 to 1830 it was 56 cents, and in 1831 the rate had risen to 
 75 cents. 1 In 1863 the rate was 75 cents, but from that time there was a 
 gradual advance, and when the mayoralty form of government was abol- 
 ished it had risen to $1.80. 
 
 The wealth of the community may perhaps be indicated by the state- 
 ment that as late as the year 1824, when the population of the city was 
 about 15,000, the total annual amount due from the real and personal 
 tax was less than $2 5, 000. 2 
 
 'Laws of the Corporation of the City of Washington, Andrew Rothwell, 492 pp., 
 Washington, D. C, 1833. 
 
 - Report of the register of the city. Laws of the corporation passed by the twenty- 
 third council, 1825. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 291 
 
 Under the charter of 1820 all the officers of the corporation not elective 
 were appointed by the mayor, with the advice and consent of the council. 
 It was provided that any free white male person who had resided in the 
 city for two years and who was a bona-fide owner of a freehold estate 
 was eligible to be elected mayor, while the same qualification was 
 required of members of the city councils, with the exception that a 
 residence in the city of only one year prior to the election was required. 
 
 Additions were made to the powers granted to the corporation, as no 
 doubt Congress found that greater latitude was needed- .by a city gov- 
 ernment expected to manage the affairs of 13,247 people, as the census 
 of 1820 shows the city of Washington contained. This act, like all 
 previous acts granting corporate powers to the city, imposed limitations, 
 not only on the powers to be exercised by the corporation, but also fixed 
 the time when the rights and privileges conferred should end. In the 
 case of the charter of 1820 it was provided that it should continue 
 in force for a term of twenty years and ' ' until Congress shall by law 
 determine otherwise. ' ' 
 
 Twenty-eight years passed before Congress determined otherwise, and 
 during that period no marked changes were made in the organic act of 
 the city, although the population had increased to upward of 35,000.' 
 It was the longest period which Congress has ever allowed to elapse 
 without making important modifications of the powers previously 
 possessed by the corporation of the city of Washington. 
 
 Congress, however, by an act approved August 23, 1842, provided for 
 the c&y what was known as the Auxiliary Guard, a police force which 
 did duty at night and supplemented the work of the police officers 
 employed by the city, who served during the day. There was a captain, 
 appointed by the mayor, and fifteen men, appointed by the captain. 
 The entire expense for the first year was met by an appropriation from 
 the United States Treasury. Subsequently, the salaries of the members 
 of the force came from the same source. 
 
 By the act approved May 17, 1848, the chartered rights of the city 
 were essentially modified, and again the provision was repeated fixing a 
 time when the charter should expire, which was also in this case twenty 
 years, or until Congress should otherwise determine. This act remained 
 in force, with some changes made by special laws from time to time, for 
 a period of twenty-three years, when all municipal corporations within 
 the District were abolished and a Territorial form of government was 
 established. 
 
 The act. of 1848, as its title declared, was to continue, alter, and 
 amend the charter of Washington, and the act of 1820 and subsequent 
 laws, supplemental or additional, which were in force up to May 14, 
 1840, were declared to be continued. The distinctive feature of this 
 
 1 Memorial of a committee of the corporation of Washington, Thirtieth Congress, 
 first session, H. R. No. 73, April 26, 1848. 
 
292 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 new charter was the extension given to the right of suffrage. The color 
 line was maintained, but the property qualification was greatly modified. 
 Every white male citizen of the United States, a resident of the city for 
 one year preceding the election, and who should have paid the school 
 tax, which was $i per year, was entitled to vote. 
 
 Adopting the feature of the charter of 1820, it was provided that taxes 
 due on personal property must be paid before a person otherwise quali- 
 fied was entitled to vote. It was not necessary for a citizen to be either 
 an owner of real or personal property in order to vote at municipal elec- 
 tions, but those owning personal property and assessed for it on the 
 books of the corporation and failing to pay the tax were prohibited from 
 exercising the right to vote. In addition to the mayor and the members 
 of the council, the board of assessors, consisting of one member from 
 each ward, the register, collector, and surveyor, were made for the first 
 time elective officers. The powers of the corporation were enlarged, 
 especially in relation to the levying and collection of taxes on personal 
 and real property. No change was made in the qualifications of the 
 members of the cit}' council. 
 
 An important alteration in the charter of the city was effected by the 
 law of January 8, 1867, which not only wiped out the distinction of color 
 and all property qualifications of voters, but declared that every male 
 person shall be entitled to the elective franchise in the District, whether 
 he shall have paid a school tax or any other tax, the only exceptions 
 being those convicted of a crime or offense, or where one had voluntarily 
 given, in the words of the act, "aid and comfort to the rebels in the late 
 rebellion." There was, however, a provision that a person to be a voter 
 must be a born or naturalized citizen of the United States and must have 
 resided in the District for a period of three years, and three months in 
 the ward or election precinct in which he shall offer to vote, the latter 
 provision being modified by the law of May 16, 1868, to a residence of 
 fifteen days prior to the day of election, instead of three months. 
 
 When the change in the form of government was made, in 1871, the 
 right to the unqualified exercise of the elective franchise, as generally 
 understood, had been available in the city of Washington for four years. 
 Even under the law of 1867, however, only white male citizens, bona 
 fide owners of freehold estates in the city, were eligible to the office of 
 mayor, to seats in the city council, and to membership of the board of 
 assessors. But by the law of May 16, 186S, the property qualifications 
 for city officers was abolished, and by the act of March 18, 1869, the 
 word "white," in its use in existing law as a limitation of the right of 
 electors to hold an)' office in the city, was eliminated. 
 
 The right of the mayor to appoint various city officers, with the consent 
 of the council, was transferred by the law of May 16, 1868, to a joint con- 
 vention of the city council, but this law was repealed the following year. 
 
 In the early sixties Congress enacted two laws which curtailed the 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 293 
 
 powers of the corporation. By the act of August 6, 1861, all police 
 authority vested in the corporations of Washington and Georgetown and 
 over the entire District was transferred and granted to a board of five 
 members, appointed by the President of the United States, by and with 
 the advice of the Senate. An appropriation was made by Congress to 
 meet the expense not only of the board, but of the entire force. Annual 
 reports were required to be made by the board to the Secretary of the 
 Interior. 
 
 By an act approved July 11, 1862, Congress authorized the appoint- 
 ment by the Secretary of the Interior of a board of three trustees for the 
 schools for colored children in the cities of Washington and Georgetown. 
 All the powers that the trustees of the public schools in the cities named 
 enjoyed were conferred on the board, and it was given charge of the 
 proper proportion of the fund raised for school purposes. 
 
 In leaving this period of the history of the city it will not be out of 
 place to give some facts relative to the compensation paid the principal 
 city officers at various times. For some ten or thirteen years after the 
 city was incorporated, as already stated, neither the mayor nor the mem- 
 bers of the city council received compensation, but, curiously enough, one 
 of the first ordinances passed provided that when any member of either 
 chamber was absent from any meeting he should pay for every day for 
 such neglect a sum not exceeding $5; so that it appears that while the 
 public paid nothing to the members for attending the meetings, the 
 latter were obliged to pay something to the public when they did not 
 attend. 
 
 However, in the year 1S15 the compensation of the members of the 
 city council was fixed at $2 per day, but in case of failure to attend, 
 except, as it is quaintly worded in the old city ordinance, ' ' through sick- . 
 ness or being 5 miles from the city," they were to pay as a penalty $2 
 each day. Five years later the compensation was reduced to $1 per day, 
 but the penalty for absence remained unchanged. In the year 1829, 
 while the rate of compensation was $1 per day, it was stipulated that 
 the entire amount paid to members of the board should not exceed $40 a 
 year. 
 
 The rate was increased in 1853 to $2 per day, but the entire compen- 
 sation for each member was not to exceed $100 per year, and there was 
 a forfeit for nonattendance of $2 for each meeting. In the year 1864 
 members of the city council received $5 per day, and no more than $250 
 per year was to be paid to each member. By an act passed in 1869, 
 which was apparently the last on the subject, the pay was fixed at $600 
 per year. 
 
 As to the salary of the mayor, that started at $400 per year in 1812, 
 and by 1820 it had been increased to $1,000 per year, in addition to fees 
 which the mayor was entitled to receive as justice of the peace, and 
 thirty years later the salary was $1,600. In the year 1863 the sum of 
 
294 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 $3,600 was paid annually to the mayor, and that was the salary received 
 when the mayoralty form of the government was abolished. 
 
 An act approved February 21, 187 1, established what is known as the 
 Territorial form of government of the District of Columbia, this name 
 being given because it resembled in its general features that provided 
 for the Territories of the United States. The act repealed the charters 
 of Washington and Georgetown and abolished the levy court, thus 
 extinguishing all existing legislative authority in the District. A gov- 
 ernment in place of these various governmental agencies known as the 
 District of Columbia was established, under which name it was consti- 
 tuted a bod}' corporate for municipal purposes, and was given authority to 
 exercise all powers of a municipal corporation not inconsistent with the 
 Constitution and laws of the United States and the provisions of the act. 
 
 All property of the corporations of Washington and Georgetown and 
 the county of Washington was vested in the government of the District 
 of Columbia as their successor. The executive power was vested in 
 a governor appointed for four years by the President of the United 
 States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Presi- 
 dent was also empowered to appoint the members of one branch of the 
 legislative assembly, a secretar}' of the District, a board of public works, 
 and a board of health, while the members of the other branch of the 
 legislative assembly were to be elected by the people. The compensa- 
 tion of officers appointed by the President, b5 - and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, was to be provided \>y the United States, and that 
 of all other officers by the District. 
 
 It was required that the governor be a citizen of and have residence in 
 the District one year before his appointment, and that he should have 
 the qualifications of those entitled to vote in the District. All male citi- 
 zens of the United States residents of the District for twelve mouths 
 prior to the election, except persons convicted, of crimes or mentally 
 unsound, were entitled to vote. 
 
 The legislative power was vested in the legislative assembly, consisting 
 of a council and house of delegates. The former was composed of eleven 
 members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, two of whom were residents of Georgetown and two of the 
 county outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. The3 r were 
 to have the qualifications of voters, and their appointments were to be 
 for two years. The house of delegates, which was elected by the people, 
 numbered twentj'-two members, who had the same qualifications as mem- 
 bers of the council, and they served one year. The District was divided 
 into eleven districts for the appointment of members of the council, and 
 twenty-two districts for the election of delegates, so as to give, as the act 
 stated, each section of the District representation according to popula- 
 tion. The 'members of the two bodies were to reside in the districts 
 from which they were elected or appointed, respectively. To the legis- 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 295 
 
 lative assembly was given the power to provide for the election or 
 appointment of all necessary officers. 
 
 Provision was made for the creation by the legislative assembly of 
 townships in the portions of the District outside of the corporate limits 
 of Washington and Georgetown, but the township officers were to be 
 elected by the people of the townships, respectively. # 
 
 The concurrence of a majority of members of both houses was neces- 
 sary in the passage of a bill. The governor had the veto power, but it 
 could be overridden by a two-thirds vote of all the members of both 
 houses. Various limitations in the powers of the legislative assembly 
 were specified, and it was provided that the aggregate debt of the 
 District should not be increased to exceed 5 per cent of the assessed 
 property of the District unless a law authorizing the same be approved 
 by the people at a general election. All acts of the legislative assembly 
 were subject to a repeal or modification by Congress, and this clause was 
 added: 
 
 ' ' Nothing herein shall be construed to deprive Congress of the power 
 of legislation over the same District in as ample a manner as if the law 
 had not been enacted. ' ' 
 
 The legislative assembly was given authority to appoint justices of the 
 peace and to pass laws modifying the practice of the judicial courts of 
 the District, which were to remain as organized prior to the law, and to 
 pass laws conferring upon the courts such additional jurisdiction as may 
 be required in the enforcement of the law. The salary of the governor 
 was fixed by the act at $3,000, and that of the secretary of the District 
 at $2,000 per annum ; the compensation of the members of the legisla- 
 tive assembly at $4 per day, when in attendance at the sessions, and the 
 salaries of the members of the board of public works, to consist of four . 
 persons, with the governor ex officio, was fixed at $2,500 each, annually. 
 The members of the board who were appointed by the President, with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, were residents of the District, 
 with the qualifications of voters, one appointed from Georgetown and 
 one from the county. Their terms of office were four years, and to this 
 board was given control of the improvements of the streets and other 
 work intrusted to it by the legislative assembly, and under the super- 
 vision of the assembly it was empowered to make building regulations. 
 A board of health was provided for, to consist of five members, appointed 
 by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The dele- 
 gate to Congress, himself a qualified voter, was elected by voters qualified 
 to elect members of the legislative assembly, and enjoyed the same rights 
 and privileges as delegates from the Territories. 
 
 The Territorial form of government was abolished by the act approved 
 June 20, 1874, and the President was given authority, with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to appoint a commission, composed of three 
 persons selected from civil life. This was what was known as the 
 
296 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 temporary form of government by commissioners. All laws providing for 
 an executive, secretary of the District of Columbia, legislative assembly, 
 board of public works, and delegate in Congress were repealed, and the 
 power and authority vested in the governor and board of public works 
 was transferred to the commissioners. The compensation of each com- 
 missioner was fixed at $5,000 a year, and a bond of $50,000 was required 
 of each. 
 
 The President was authorized to detail an officer of the Engineer Corps, 
 United States Arm}', who, subject to the general supervision and direc- 
 tion of the commissioners, was to perform the duties former^ performed 
 by the chief engineer of the board of public works, and have charge of 
 the repairs and improvements of the streets. The engineer officer was 
 authorized to appoint three assistants from civil, life. 
 
 The act provided that for the support of the government a tax be 
 levied on all real estate except that owned by the United States, the 
 rates to be $3 on every $100 of assessed value in the city of Washington, 
 $2.50 in Georgetown, and outside of the two cities $2. Of the money 
 thus collected one-fourth was to be paid to the United States on account 
 of the advances paid by the General Government on the funded debt of 
 the District, Washington, and Georgetown, the remainder for the defi- 
 ciencies of the year ending June 30, 1874, and the balance to be distrib- 
 uted according to the appropriation of the District legislature approved 
 June 28, 1873. The law further provided for a joint select committee to 
 prepare a suitable frame of government for the District, and also a state- 
 ment as to the proper proportion of expenses of the District government, 
 including interest on the funded debt which should be borne by the 
 United States and the District, respectively. " 
 
 The faith of the United States was pledged to pay the interest on the 
 3.65 bonds by proper proportional appropriations and causing to be levied 
 upon property such taxes as would provide for the interest and create a 
 sinking fund for the payment of the principal. B3 7 this act Congress 
 abolished all elective offices in the District, and with it necessarily the 
 exercise of the elective franchise, and assumed the government of the 
 District, with the Commissioners acting in an executive capacity, to carry 
 out the laws enacted by the National Legislature for the District. 
 
 Four years later, by act of June 11, 1878, what was known as the per- 
 manent form of government by the Commissioners for the District was 
 established, and is, with some changes, the government that is in exist- 
 ence to-day. The Board of Commissioners, consisting of three persons, 
 was continued, with the same powers, rights, duties, and privileges of 
 the board under the temporary form of government. Two of the mem- 
 bers of the board are appointed by the President from civil life, and it is 
 required that they shall be citizens of the United States and at the time 
 of their appointment shall have been actual residents of the District for 
 three years next before their appointment and during that period having 
 claimed residence nowhere else. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 297 
 
 The third Commissioner is an officer detailed by the President from 
 among the captains or officers of higher grade, having served at least 
 fifteen years in the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Authority 
 is also given for the detail of three army engineer officers of junior rank 
 to the Engineer Commissioner as his assistants. All the Commissioners 
 receive a salary of $5,000 per year and the civil Commissioners each give 
 a bond of $50,000 and are appointed for three years. 
 
 The law provides that the Commissioners in the exercise of their 
 powers and duties shall make no contract or incur any other obligation 
 other than such contracts and obligations as are provided and approved 
 by Congress. The} 7 are given power to appoint the officers of the Dis- 
 trict government, and are required annually to submit to the Secretary 
 of the Treasury an itemized statement of the amount necessary to defray 
 the expenses of the government. The Secretary of the Treasury is 
 authorized to approve or disapprove or make changes in the estimates 
 and then submit the statement of the amount approved by him to 
 Congress. 
 
 ' ' To the extent, ' ' the law stipulates, ' ' to which Congress shall approve 
 of such estimate, Congress shall appropriate the amount of 50 per centum 
 thereof." The rate of taxation is not to exceed $1.50 on every $100 of 
 assessed value of real property and $1.50 on personal property, and on 
 agricultural land the rate is not to exceed $1. All taxes are paid into 
 the United States Treasury, and the accounts of the Commissioners, the 
 tax collector, and all other officers required to account are settled by the 
 accounting officers of the Treasury Department. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury pays the interest on the 3.65 bonds, 
 which is credited as part of the appropriation for the year by the United 
 States toward the expenses of the District. The Commissioners are 
 required to report annually to Congress, and it is forbidden to increase 
 the present amount of the total indebtedness of the District of Columbia. 
 
 It seems appropriate to close this sketch of the several forms of gov- 
 ernment provided for the District of Columbia with the comments of the 
 United States Supreme Court on the law of 1878 in a decision ' rendered 
 some eight years ago. They are as follows : 
 
 The court below placed its decision on what we conceive to be the true significance 
 of the act of 1878. As said by that court, it is to be regarded as an organic act, 
 intended to dispose of the whole question of a government for this District. It is, 
 as it were, a constitution of the District It is declared by its title to be an act to 
 provide a permanent form of government for the District. The word permanent is 
 suggestive. It implies that prior systems had been temporary and provisional. As 
 permanent it is complete in itself. It is the system of government. The powers 
 which are conferred are organic powers. We look to the act itself for their extent 
 and limitations. It is not one act in a series of legislation and to be made to fit into 
 the provisions of the prior legislation, but is a single complete act, the outcome of 
 previous experiments, and the final judgment of Congress as to the system of a gov- 
 ernment which should obtain. 
 
 1 Eckloff v. The District of Columbia, United States Supreme Court, April 28, 1890. 
 
298 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON FROM THE 
 YEAR 1802 TO THE YEAR 1898. 1 
 
 First Council. — Ejected 1802. 
 
 Mayor. — Robert Brent. Register. — Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer. — Washington Boyd. 
 
 First chamber. — James Barry, president; George Blagden, Nicholas King, William 
 Brent, A. B. Woodward, Samuel H. Smith, Thomas Peter; Thomas Herty, secretarj'. 
 
 Second chamber. — Daniel Carroll, of Duddington, president; Benjamin Moore, Wil- 
 liam Prout, James Hoban, John Hewitt; James Hewitt, secretar}'. 
 
 Second Council. — 1803. 
 
 Mayor. — Robert Brent. Register. — Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer. — Washington Boyd. 
 
 First chamber. — John P. Van Ness, president; William Brent, John Hewitt, Samuel 
 H. Smith, Charles Minifie, Daniel Rapine, Joseph Hodgson; Thomas Herty, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber. — Daniel Carroll, of Duddington, president; Nicholas King, Benja- 
 min Moore, Joel Brown, George Hadfield; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Third Councii,. — 1804. 
 
 Mayor. — Robert Brent. Register. — Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer. — Washington Boyd. 
 
 First chamber. — Samuel H. Smith, president; George Blagden, Samuel N. Small- 
 wood, Joseph Bromley, Henry Herford, Daniel Rapine, Robert Alexander, Thomas 
 Carpenter, Peter Lenox ; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber. — Nicholas King, president; William Brent, William Woodward, 
 Alexander McCormick, Charles Jones, James C. King, Joseph Hodgson, John Sinclair, 
 George Andrews; Thomas Herty, secretary. 
 
 Fourth Councii,. — 1805. 
 
 Mayor. — Robert Brent. Register. — Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer. — Washington Boyd. 
 
 First chamber. — John Dempsie, president; Charles Minifie, George Collard, Wil- 
 liam Prout, Joseph Bromley, Alexander McCormick, William Emack, John 
 McGowan; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber. — Samuel Hamilton, president; John Beckley, Griffith Coombe, 
 Robert Cherry, Peter Miller, Azariah Gatton, Nicholas Voss, Phineas Bradley, 
 Michael Nourse; N. B. Van Zandt, secretary. 
 
 Fifth Councii,. — 1806. 
 
 Mayor.— Robert Brent. Register. —Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer.^-W ASHmGTON Boyd. 
 
 First chamber. — John Dempsie, president; Samuel N. Smallwood, Samuel H. 
 Smith, Frederick Ma}', Thomas H. Gilliss, James Hoban, Robert Alexander, Jere- 
 miah Booth, William Prout; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber. — Nicholas King, president; Alexander McCormick, Peter Lenox, 
 Henry Ingle, Matthew Wright, Phineas Bradley, Joseph Bromley, John St. Clair, 
 Henry Herford; Henry Johnson, secretary. 
 
 1 The author states that the names in this list of officers have been correctly tran- 
 scribed from the records, although apparently the same names are spelled differently 
 in different places, while others are perhaps incorrectly spelled. — Editor. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 299 
 
 Sixth Council.— 1807. 
 
 Mayor— Robert Brent. Register.— Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer.— Washington Boyd. 
 
 First chamber.— Frederick May, president; Jeremiah Booth, John Dempsie, Gus- 
 tavus Higdon, E. B. Caldwell, James S. Stevenson, John McGowan, Phineas Bradley, 
 Charles W. Goldsborough; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber.— Charles Minifie, president; Samuel Eliott, Alexander McWil- 
 liams, Henry Ingle, Alexander McCormick, Matthew Wright, Joseph Bromley, Peter 
 Lenox, Richard Forrest; Henry Johnson, secretary. 
 
 Seventh Council. — 1808. 
 
 Mayor. —Robert Brent. Register— Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer.— Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 First chamber— George Andrews, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, Charles 
 
 Jones, John McGowan, James Young, Patterson, Stephen Pleasanton, Peter 
 
 Lenox , Thorpe; John Gardiner, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber.— E. B. Caldwell, president; Buller Cocke, John Dempsie, Richard 
 
 Forrest, James Hoban, Philip Mauro, Daniel Rapine, Joseph Stretch, Clarke; 
 
 Henry Johnson, secretary. 
 
 Eighth Council. — 1809. 
 
 YMyw-.-RoBERT Brent. Register.— Thomas Herty. 
 
 Treasurer.— Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 First chamber. — Samuel N. Smallwood, president; William Prout, Adam Lindsay, 
 Joseph Parsons, John Law, Alexander McCormick, Joseph Cassin, John McClelland, 
 James Hoban; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber.— Daniel Rapine, president; John Dobbin, Nicholas L. Queen, 
 Elexius Middleton, A. Kerr, James S. Stevenson, Gustavus Higdon, Tunis Craven, 
 Phineas Bradley; Henry Johnson, secretary. 
 
 Ninth Council. — 1S10. 
 
 Mayor.— R-oviXi Brent. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Treasurer.— Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 First chamber.— Phineas Bradley, president; Charles Jones, James Hoban, John 
 Davidson, John Graham, Walter Hellen, James H. Blake, Samuel N. Smallwood; 
 William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Second chamber.— Nicholas King, president; Henry Herford, Peter Lenox, George 
 Andrews, Toppan Webster, John McGowan, James Birth, Peter Hagner, William 
 James; Christopher Andrews, secretary. 
 
 1811. 
 
 By reason of informality in the election no council was recognized. The officers 
 of the preceding year continued to act. 
 
 Tenth Council.— 1S12. 
 
 Mayor.— TiAmsh Rapine. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Treasurer.— Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Aldermen— Alexander McCormick, president; John Davidson, James Hoban, 
 Peter Lenox, Andrew Way, jr., Nicholas L. Queen, Joseph Cassin, John Davis, of 
 Abel; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
300 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Common council. — George Blagden, president; William Worthington, Toppan 
 Webster, William P. Gardiner, James Hewitt, Roger C. Weightman, Thomas H. 
 Gilliss, Edmund Law, Elexius Middleton, Matthew Wright, John Dobbyn, John W. 
 Brashears; Pontius D. Stelle, secretary. 
 
 Eleventh Council. — 1S13. 
 
 Mayor.— James H. Blake. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Treasurer. — Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 * Aldermen. — Alexander McCormick, president; James Hoban, William Waters, 
 Peter Lenox, James Hewitt, William Emack, Joseph Cassin, John Davis, of Abel; 
 William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, Richard 
 S. Briscoe, John Graham, Charles Glover, Thomas H. Gilliss, Edmund Law, Elexius 
 Middleton, Thomas Howard, Shadrach Davis, Thomas Haliday, George McCauley; 
 Pontius D. Stelle, secretary. 
 
 Tweleth Council. — 1S14. 
 
 Mayor. — James H. Blake. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Treasurer. —Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Aldermen . — Alexander McCormick, president; William Waters, Toppan Webster, 
 George Way, Joseph Gales, jr., William Emack, Joseph Cassin, Matthew Wright; 
 William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, Richard 
 S. Briscoe, William Knowles, Charles Glover, James M. Varnum, Edmund Law, 
 Thomas Howard, William H. Lyles, Shadrach Davis, George McCauley, Buller 
 Cocke; Pontius D. Stelle, secretary. 
 
 Thirteenth Council. — 1815. 
 
 Mayor. — James H. Blake. Treasurer. — Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Surveyor. — Benj. H. Latrobe. 
 
 Aldermen. — Joseph Gales, jr., president; Toppan Webster, Richard S. Briscoe, 
 George Way, Alexander McCormick, John G. McDonald, Matthew Wright, Joseph 
 Cassin; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, James 
 Thompson, Joseph Mecklin, Charles Glover, Christopher Andrews, Samuel Burch, 
 James Young, Thomas Dunn, Thomas Haliday, Shadrach Davis, Israel Little; Pon- 
 tius D. Stelle, secretary. 
 
 Fourteenth Council.— 1816. 
 
 Mayor. — James H. Blake. Treasurer. — Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Surveyor.— Joseph Elgar. 
 
 Aldermen. — Toppan Webster, president; Richard S. Briscoe, George Way, John 
 A. Wilson, Alexander McCormick, John G. McDonald, Matthew Wright, Joseph 
 Cassin; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Burch, president; William Worthington, John D. Bar- 
 clay, William O'Neale, Charles Glover, Christopher Andrews, James M. Varnum, 
 James Young, Thomas Dunn, Thomas Haliday, Israel Little, Daniel Kealy; Pontius 
 D. Stelle, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 301 
 
 Fifteenth Council.— 1S17. 
 
 Mayor. — Benjamin G. Orr. Treasurer. — Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Surveyor. — Joseph Elgar. 
 
 Aldermen. — Toppan Webster, president; Joseph Forrest, Christopher Andrews, 
 Thomas H. Gilliss, Alexander McCormick, John G. McDonald, Joseph Cassin, 
 Matthew Wright; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Burch, president; John N. Moulder, William O'Neale, 
 Thomas Sandiford, jr., Charles Glover, James M. Varnum, George Sweeney, James 
 Young, George Watterston, Israel Little, John Crabb, Thomas Haliday; Pontius D. 
 Stelle, secretary. 
 
 Sixteenth Council.— 1S1S. 
 
 Mayor. — Benjamin G. Orr. Treasurer. — Henry Whetcroft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Surveyor.— Joseph Elgar. 
 
 Aldermen. — Alexander McCormick, president; James H. Handy, Joseph Forrest, 
 Christopher Andrews, Thomas H. Gilliss, John G. McDonald, Joseph Cassin, Samuel 
 Miller; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — George Sweeney, president; John N. Moulder, George McDaniel, 
 William O'Neale, James M. Varnum, Enoch Reynolds, James Young, John Chalmers, 
 Henry Tims, Israel Little, John B. Forrest, Thomas Reynolds; Pontius D. Stelle, 
 secretary. 
 
 Seventeenth Council. — 1819. 
 
 Mayor. — Samuel N. Smallwood. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Surveyor. — Joseph Elgar. 
 
 Aldermen. — William W. Seaton, president; John N. Moulder, James H. Handy, 
 Christopher Andrews, Nicholas L. Queen, Alexander McCormick, Israel Little, 
 Samuel Miller; William Hewitt, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — George Sweeney, president; Saterlee Clark, Thomas Carbery, 
 William O'Neale, Enoch Reynolds, John McClelland, Henry Tims, James D. Barry, 
 John Chalmers, Edward W. Clarke, Adam Lindsay, Gustavus Higdon; Thomas L. 
 Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Eighteenth Council.— 1820. 
 
 Mayor.— Samuel N. Smallwood. Register.— William Hewitt. 
 
 Surveyor.— Joseph Elgar. 
 
 Aldermen. — William W. Seaton, president; James H. Handy, Charles W. Golds- 
 borough, James Hoban, Thomas H. Gilliss, Roger C. Weightman, Nicholas L. Queen, 
 Henry Tims, Daniel Carroll of Duddington, Thomas Dougherty, Israel Little, William 
 Prout; George Gilliss, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Burch, president; Saterlee Clarke, Thomas Carbery, 
 Josias Taylor, John McClelland, Henry Smith, John Strother, Hanson Gassaway, 
 George Sweeney, Andrew Hunter, John P. Ingle, Benjamin Burch, Richmond John- 
 ston, James Middleton, Barton Milstead, Adam Lindsay, Gustavus Higgdon, Solomon 
 Groves; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Nineteenth Council. — 1S21. 
 
 Mayor. — Samuel N. Smallwood. Register. — William Hewitt. 
 
 Surveyor.— -F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Aldermen. — William W. Seaton, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James H. 
 Handy, James Hoban, Thomas H. Gilliss, Roger C. Weightman, Henry Tims, Ben- 
 jamin Burch, George Blagden, James Middleton, Israel Little, William Prout; 
 Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
302 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Common council. — George Watterston, president; James Thompson, Henry M. 
 Steiner, William P. Gardner, John McClelland, Hesekiah Langley, David M. For- 
 rest, Timothy P. Andrews, George Sweeney, Benjamin M. Belt, Andrew Hunter, 
 John Pic, William R.Maddox, Edward Mattingly, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay, 
 Solomon Groves, John Nowland; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Twentieth Council. — 1822. 
 
 Mayor. — Thomas Carbery. Register. — William Hewitt. 
 
 Surveyor. — F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Aldermen. — William W. Seaton, president; Henry M. Steiner, Charles W. Golds- 
 borough, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Roger C. Weightman, William A. Bradley, 
 Benjamin Burch, George Blagden, James Middleton, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Lit- 
 tle; E. J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — George Watterston, president; Alexander Mclntyre, William P. 
 Gardner, James Gaither, Henry Ashton, Henry Smith, Francis Coyle, Peter Force, 
 Walter Clarke, Nathan Smith, John Pic, Elias B. Caldwell, Griffith Coombe, Edward 
 S. Lewis, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay, Philemon Moss, John Nowland; Thomas 
 L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-first Council. — 1823. 
 
 Mayor. — Thomas Carberry. Register. — William Hewitt. 
 
 Surveyor. — F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Aldermen. — William W. Seaton, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, Henry M. 
 Steiner, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Roger C. Weightman, James Young, Benja- 
 min Sprigg, James Middleton, George Blagden, Israel Little, Edward W. Clarke; 
 E. J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Peter Force, president; Alexander Mclntyre, James Gaither, 
 William P. Gardner, Henry Ashton, Henry Smith, Henry M. Morfit, William Hunt, 
 Charles Glover, John Pic, William J. McCormick, William Ingle, Griffith Coombe, 
 Edward S. Lewis, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay, James Friend, Solomon Groves; 
 Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-second Council. — 1824. 
 
 Mayor. — Roger C. Weightman. Surveyor.— F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen.— William W. Seaton, president; Henry M. Steiner, Charles W. Golds- 
 borough, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Charles Glover, George Watterston, James 
 Young, George Blagden, James Middleton, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Little; E. J. 
 Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Peter Force, president; Alexander Mclntyre, Richard S. Briscoe, 
 Benjamin Harrison, Henry Smith, Henry M. Morfit, Cornelius McLean, William 
 Hunt, Edward de Krafft, John Pic, William J. McCormick, William Ingle, Griffith 
 Coombe, Edward S. Lewis, George W. Dawson, Adam Lindsay, James Friend, 
 Gustavus Higdon; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-third Council. — 1S25. 
 
 Mayor. — Roger C. Weightman. Surveyor.— F. C. de Krafft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen.— William W. Seaton, president; Thomas Wilson, John N. Moulder, 
 James Hoban, John A. Wilson, Charles Glover, James Young, George Watterston, 
 Griffith Coombe, George Blagden, Israel Little, Edward W. Clarke; E. J. Middle- 
 ton, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 303 
 
 Common council. —Alexander Mclntyre, president; Richard S. Briscoe, Matthew 
 Hines, Henry Smith, William Jones, Cornelius McLean, William Gunton, William 
 Hunt, Samuel Burch, William J. McCormick, B. O. Tyler, Edmund Law, Clement 
 Boswell, Edward S. Lewis, George W. Dawson, John Pic, James Friend, Edward 
 Simms; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-fourth Council. — 1S26. 
 
 Mayor.- -Roger C. WeiGhTman. Surveyor— F '. C De Krafft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney. -Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen.— W. W. Seaton, president; Thomas Wilson, John N. Moulder, Peter 
 Lenox, James Hoban, Peter Force, George Watterston, James Young, Edward S. 
 Lewis, Griffith Coombe, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Little; E. J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common co unci!. — Christopher Andrews, president; Alexander Mclntyre, Richard 
 S. Briscoe, Matthew Hines, James Larned, William Duncan, William Gunton, William 
 Hunt, Samuel Burch, William J. McCormick, John Coyle, jr., William H. Gunnell, 
 Clement Boswell, Clement T. Coote, James Carbery, James Friend, Jonathan Prout, 
 Adam Lindsay; John D. Emack, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Council. — 1S27. 
 
 Mayor.— lass Gales, Jr. Surveyor— -F. C De Krafft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen.— W. W. Seaton, president; Richard S. Briscoe, Thomas Wilson, Christo- 
 pher Andrews, Peter Lenox, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Clement 
 T. Coote, Edward S. Lewis, Andrew Forrest, Edward W. Clarke; E. J. Midd'leton, 
 secretar}'. 
 
 Common council.— A. Mclntyre, president; Jonn Wells, jr., James H. Handy, Wil- 
 liam Duncan, James Larned, Henry Smith, William Hunt, Andrew Coyle, William 
 Gunton, John Coyle, jr., B. O. Tyler, William J. McCormick, Peter G. Washington, 
 James Carbery, Nathaniel Brady, James Friend, Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay; 
 Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Council. — 1S28. 
 
 Mayor.— Joseph Gales, Jr. Surveyor— F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen .— W. W. Seaton, president; John Wells, jr., Richard S. Briscoe, Peter 
 Lenox, Christopher Andrews, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Edward 
 S. Lewis, Clement T. Coote, Edward W. Clarke, Andrew Forrest; E. J. Middleton, 
 secretary. 
 
 Common couiuil.— Alexander Mclntyre, president; RobertLeckie, JamesH. Handy, 
 William Duncan, Lewis H. Machen, George Crandell, William Gunton, Andrew 
 Coyle, Phillip Mauro, William Brent, Frederick May, John Coyle, jr., Clement Bos- 
 well, Edmund Law, David Butler, jr., Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay, Samuel 
 Hilton; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Council. —1829. 
 
 Mayor.— Joseph Gales, Jr. Surveyor.— F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard Wallach. 
 
 Aldermen.— W. W. Seaton, president; John P. Van Ness, John Wells, jr., John A. 
 Wilson, Peter Lenox, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Clement T. 
 Coote, John Rodgers, Andrew Forrest, Edward W. Clarke; E. J. Middleton, secretary. 
 H. Doc 552 20 
 
304 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Common council. — Alexander Mclntyre, president; Thomas Sim, Nathaniel Frye, 
 jr., George Crandell, William Duncan, Lewis H. Machen, George Sweeney, Phillip 
 Mauro, William Gunton, William Brent, Frederick May, John Coyle, jr. , Peter G. 
 Washington, John Carothers, James Carbery, Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay, James 
 Marshall; Richard Barn-, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Council. — 1S30. 
 
 Mayor. — John P. Van Ness. Surveyor. — F. C. De Krafft. 
 
 Register.— Wiixiam. Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard S. Coxe. 
 
 Aldermen .— W '. W. Seaton, president; John Wells, jr., James Thompson, Peter 
 Lenox, John A. Wilson, Peter Force, George Watterston, James Young, Griffith 
 Coombe, Clement T. Coote, Edward W. Clarke, Andrew Forrest; E. J. Middleton, 
 secretary. 
 
 Common council .— Alexander Mclntyre, president; John Barcroft, Nathaniel Frye, 
 jr., Johnson Hellen, Frederick Keller, William J. Stone, Jacob Gideon, jr., Joseph 
 Harbaugh, Aaron Van Coble, William Brent, William J. McCormick, John Coyle, jr., 
 John Carothers, Nathaniel Brady, James Adams, Adam Lindsay, James Marshall, 
 Charles F. Ellis; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Council. — 1831. 
 
 Mayor. — John P. Van Ness. Surveyor.— -F. C. De KraFFT. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard S. Coxe. 
 
 Aldermen. — Peter Force, president; James Thompson, John Wells, jr., John A. 
 Wilson, Peter Lenox, Jesse Brown, William Brent, George Watterston, Clement T. 
 Coote, Griffith Coombe, John Nowland, Edward Simms; E. J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Nathaniel Frye, jr., president; John Barcroft, John H. Houston, 
 Johnson Hellen, George Crandell, Frederick Keller, Joseph H. Bradley, Jacob Gid- 
 eon, jr., Joseph Harbaugh, George Phillips, William Ingle, Charles K. Gardner, 
 James Carbery, John Carothers, Nathaniel Brady, Adam Lindsay, Charles F. Ellis, 
 William D. Acken; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirtieth Council. — 1832. 
 
 Mayor.— John P. Van Ness. Surveyor.— William Elliott. 
 
 Register.— William Hewitt. Attorney.— Richard S. Coxe. 
 
 Aldermen. — Peter Force, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James Thompson, 
 John McClelland, John A. Wilson, William Gunton, Charles K. Gardner, William 
 Brent, Nathaniel Brady, Clement T. Coote, Edward Simms, John Nowland; E. J. 
 Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Alexander Mclntyre, president; John Barcroft, Edmund Hanly, 
 Frederick Keller, George Crandell, Johnson Hellen, Joseph Harbaugh, David A. 
 Hall, Jacob Gideon, jr., William Ingle, Moses Tabbs, George Phillips, Benjamin 
 Bean, Peter Griffin, John Carothers, James Marshall, Charles F. Ellis, Samuel 
 Phillips; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-first Council.— 1833. 
 
 Mayor. — John P. Van Ness. Surveyor. — William Elliott. 
 
 Register. —William Hewitt. Atlomey —Richard S. Coxe. 
 
 Aldermen. — Peter Force, president; James Thompson, Charles W. Goldsborough, 
 John A. Wilson, John McClelland, William Gunton, William Brent, Charles K. 
 Gardner, Clement T. Coote, Nathaniel Brady, John Nowland, Edward Simms; E. J. 
 Middleton, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 305 
 
 Common council. — Alexander Mclntyre, president; Edmund Hanley, John Bar- 
 croft, George Crandell, Ignatius Mudd, C. L. Coltman, David Saunders, Reuben 
 Burdiue, James Hoban, Moses Tabbs, Robert Beale, William Ingle, Peter Griffin, 
 Robert Hewitt, Thomas Blagden, William Speideu, James Marshall, Joshua L. Hen- 
 shaw; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-second Council. — 1S34. 
 
 Mayor. — William A. Bradley. Surveyor.— William Elliott. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley'. 
 
 Aldermen. — Clement T. Coote, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James Thomp- 
 son, Frederick Keller, John A. Wilson, George Sweeny, William Gunton, George 
 Watterston, William Brent, William R. Maddox, James Marshall, John Nowland; 
 Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Alexander Mclntire, president; Edmund Hanley, John Adams, 
 George Crandell, Ignatius Mudd, Charles L. Coltman, Matthew St. C. Clarke, Joseph 
 Harbaugh, David Saunders, James Carbery, Robert Brown, Moses Tabbs, Thomas 
 Blagden, Peter Griffin, John Carothers, William Speiden, Charles F. Ellis, Joshua L. 
 Henshaw; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty'-third Council. — 1S35. 
 
 Mayor.— William Bradley. Surveyor. — William Elliott. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Charles W. Goldsborough, president; Nathan Towson, Frederick 
 Keller, Edward Dyer, George Sweeney, William Gunton, George Watterston, Wil- 
 liam Brent, William R. Maddox, Clement T. Coote, James Marshall, John Noland; 
 Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Alexander Mclntire, president; John D. Barclay, John Adams, 
 Ignatius Mudd, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, Joseph Harbaugh, John W. 
 Maur}', Peter Force, James Young, Moses Tabbs, James Carbery, John Carothers, 
 William Speiden, Peter Griffin, Joshua L. Henshaw, Marmaduke Dove, Charles F. 
 Ellis; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Council. — 1836. 
 
 Mayor. — Peter Force. Surveyor. — William Elliott- 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, Edward Dyer, 
 Charles L. Coltman, Joseph Harbaugh, William Gunton, George Watterston, William 
 Brent, Nathaniel Brady, C. T. Coote, Jas. Marshall, John Noland; Erasmus J. Mid- 
 dleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — James Carber}', president; Edmund Hanly, William B. Magru- 
 der, William Easby, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, George Crandell, John W. 
 Maury, John H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, Jas. Adams, John Lynch, William Speiden, 
 John Carothers, Thomas Blagden, John Costigan, P. M. Pearson, Marmaduke Dove; 
 Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Council. — 1837. 
 
 Mayor.— Peter Force. Surveyor.— William P. Elliott. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Charles W. Goldsborough, president, John D. Barclay, William B. 
 Randolph, Charles L. Coltman, William Gunton, Joseph Harbaugh, William Brent, 
 
306 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 George Watterston, Griffith Coombe, Nathaniel Brady, Marmaduke Dove, James 
 Marshall; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, Thomas Munroe, 
 William Easby, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, George Crandell, John W. 
 Maury, John H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, James Adams, Joseph Follansbee, Alex- 
 ander Shepherd, William E. Howard, Isaac Clarke, James Crandell, Jarret Taylor, 
 Benedict Milburn; Richard Barn', secretary. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Council. — 1838. 
 
 Mayor. — Peter Force. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Register. — William Hewitt. Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen . — Charles W. Goldsborough , president; John D. Barclay, Edward Dyer, 
 William B. Randolph, John W. Maury, William Gunton, George Watterston, William 
 Brent, Isaac Clarke, Griffith Coombe, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus 
 J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanl_y, William B. Magru- 
 der, William Wilson, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, William W. Billing, John 
 H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, John C. Harkness, James Adams, John S. Devlin, Wil- 
 liam E. Howard, Samuel Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Crandell, Robert M. 
 Coombe, Benedict Milburn; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Council. — 1839. 
 
 Mayor. — Peter Force. Collector. — A. RoThwell. 
 
 Register.— C. H. WiLTBERGER. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen . — Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barcla3', Wallace Kirk- 
 wood, William B. Randolph, John W. Maury, William Gunton, George Watterston, 
 William Brent, Isaac Clarke, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; 
 Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, William B. Magru- 
 der, William Wilson, John Wilson, Lewis Johnson, John A. M. Duncanson, John C. 
 Harkness, Samuel Bacon, G. C. Grammer, George C. Thompson, John Kedglie, Sam- 
 uel Byington, Edward Mattingly, George W. Thompson, James Crandell, George 
 Adams, G. H. Fulmer; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Council. — 1840. 
 
 Mayor. — William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register.— C. H. WiLTBERGER. Surveyor.— William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, Wallace Kirk- 
 wood, William B. Randolph, John H. Goddard, William Gunton, James Carbery, 
 William Brent, Isaac Clarke, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; 
 Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Edmund Hanly, president; William Easby, William Wilson, 
 William Orme, Lewis Johnson, W. W. Stewart, John C. Harkness, Samuel Bacon, 
 Joseph Bryan, John H. Houston, Simon Bassett, William J. McDonald, Samuel 
 Byington, John L. Maddox, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandell, E. W. Clarke, G. H. 
 Fulmer; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 307 
 
 Thirty-ninth Council. — 1841. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register. — C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor.— William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, William Orme, 
 John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, James Carbery, James Adams, Sam- 
 uel Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J. 
 Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Edmund Hanly, president; William Easby, William Wilson, 
 Lewis Johnson, James F. Haliday, William Radcliff, John C. Harkness, Samuel 
 Bacon, Joseph Bryan, Simon Bassett, Joseph Beck, B. B. French, J. S. Miller, William 
 P. Ferguson, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandeli, E. W. Clarke, G. H. Fulmer; 
 Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Fortieth Council. — 1S42. 
 
 Mayor. — William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. RoTHWELL. 
 
 Register. — C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William 
 Orme, John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, James Carbery, Samuel 
 Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J. Mid- 
 dleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — B. B. French, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson, A. 
 Mclntire, Lewis Johnson, James F. Haliday, Ignatius Mudd, Walter Lenox, Samuel 
 Bacon, J. T. Towers, John A. Lynch, Joseph W. Beck, J. E. Neale, William P. Fer- 
 guson, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandeli, E. W. Clarke, G. H. Fulmer; Richard 
 Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-first Council. —1843. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register.— C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William 
 Orme, John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, Joseph W. Beck, Samuel 
 Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Edward W. Clarke; Erasmus J. Mid- 
 dleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — B. B. French, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson, 
 Richard M. Harrison, Nicholas Callan, jr., James F. Haliday, Ignatius Mudd, Walter 
 Lenox, Samuel Bacon, J. T. Towers, John Lynch, William Hicks, J. E. Neale, Wil- 
 liam Dixon, John McCauley, James Crandeli, James Cull, G. H. Fulmer; Richard 
 Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty'-second Council. — 1844. 
 
 Mayor. — William W. Seaton. Collector. — A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register.— C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — I. H. Bradley'. 
 
 Aldermen. — James Adams, president; John D. Barclay, W. B. Magruder, John 
 Wilson, William Orme, John W. Maury, Walter Lenox, Joseph W. Beck, Nathaniel 
 Brady, Samuel Byington, Marmaduke Dove, Thomas Thornly; Erasmus J. Middleton, 
 secretary. 
 
308 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Bacon, president; William Wilson, Chas. A. Davis, R. M. 
 Harrison, Jas. F. Haliday, Saml. D. King, Lewis Johnson, John T. Towers, Saml. 
 Burche, Jas. B. Phillips, John Kedglie, John Johnson, John Van Riswick, J. W. Jones, 
 John McCauley, G. H. Fulmer, James Cull, John R. Queen; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-third Council. — 1845. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register. — C. H. WilTberGER. Surveyor. — William P. Elliott. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William 
 Orme, John Wilson, Walter Lenox, John W. Maury, Joseph W. Beck, Samuel Bying- 
 ton, J. C. Fitzpatrick, Thomas Thornly, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J. Middleton, 
 secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Bacon, president; Chas. A. Davis, Saml. T. Stott, G. C. 
 Harkness, Jas. F. Haliday, Saml. D. King, Lewis Johnson, John T. Sowers, Samuel 
 Burche, John Kedglie, B. B. French, Peter Brady, J. W. Jones, John Van Riswick, 
 John L. Maddox, G. H. Fulmer, Alex. H. Lawrence, James Cull; Richard Barry, 
 secretary. 
 
 Forty-fourth Council. — 1846. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register. — C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor. — Randolph CoylE. 
 
 Attorney.—]. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — John D. Barclay, president; W. B. Magruder, John Wilson, William 
 Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, Walter Lenox, J. C. Fitz- 
 patrick, B. B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel 
 Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Bacon, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson, 
 William Easby, James F. Haliday, Samuel D. King, Lewis Johnson, Joseph Burrows, 
 Silas H. Hill, James W. Moorhead, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, A. W. Mil- 
 ler, Richard Dement, Peter Brady, G. H. Fulmer, James Cull, John R. Queen, J. W. 
 Jones, William Lloyd, J. T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-fifth Council. — 1847. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register.— C. H. Wiltberger. Surveyor.— Randolph CoylE. 
 
 Attorney.—]. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Walter Lenox, president; John D. Barclay, William B. Scott, John 
 Wilson, William Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, James 
 Adams, B. B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel 
 Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Samuel Bacon, president; George J. Abbott, Samuel Stott, 
 William Easby, James F. Haliday, Jesse E. Dow, Lewis Johnson, Joseph Burrows, 
 Silas Hill, Joseph Bryan, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, John Johnson, Cor- 
 nelius Tims, E. W. Smallwood, G. H. Fulmer, John R. Queen, James Cull, William 
 Ashdown, William Lloyd, John T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-sixth Council. — 1848. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rothwell. 
 
 Register.— -W '. J. McCormick. Surveyor.— C B. CluskEY. 
 
 Attorney.—]. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Walter Lenox, president; William B. Scott, Samuel Drury, William 
 Orme, John Wilson, S. P. Franklin, JohnT. Towers, John W. Maury, James Adams, 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 309 
 
 Benjamin B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel 
 Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, Samuel Stott, 
 William T. Dove, Lewis Johnson, Nicholas Callan, Jesse E. Dow, Joseph Burrows, 
 Joseph Bryan, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, William H. Winter, John John- 
 son, George M. Dove, Francis Y. Naylor, James Cull, John Queen, Jonas B. Ellis, 
 J. W. Jones, William Lloyd, John T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-seventh Council. — 1S49. 
 
 Mayor.— William W. Seaton. Collector.— A. Rmhweu. 
 
 Register— -W '. J. McCormick. Surveyor.— C. B. Cluskey. 
 
 Attorney. — J. H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Walter Lenox, president; William B. Magruder, Samuel Drury, John 
 Wilson, William Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, Joseph W. 
 Beck, Benjamin B. French, James A. Gordon, Thomas Thornly, P. M. Pearson, 
 Samuel Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, James L. Cath- 
 cart, William T. Dove, William F. Bayly, Nicholas Callan, Jesse E. Dow, Joseph 
 Bryan, J. A. M. Duncanson, Hugh B. Sweeny, William H. Winter, George S. 
 Gideon, John Johnson, George M. Dove, John L. Wirt, A. W. Miller, John Queen, 
 Jonas B. Ellis, J. W. Jones, D. B. Johnson, Ephraim Wheeler; Richard Barry, 
 secretary. 
 
 Forty-eighth Council. — 1850. 
 
 Mayor.— Walter Lenox. Collector.— A. Roth well. 
 
 Register.— W. J. McCormick. Surveyor.— C. B. Cluskey. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen.— Benjamin B. French, president; William B. Magruder, Samuel Drury, 
 John Wilson, William F. Bayly, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, 
 Hugh B. Sweeny, Joseph W. Beck, James A. Gordon, Thomas Thornly, Peter M. 
 Pearson, James E. Morgan; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common C07incil.— Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, William T. Dove, . 
 T. P. Morgan, N. Callan, Joel Downer, J. R. Barr, Joseph Bryan, E. M. Chapin, 
 M. P. Idohun, T. H. Havenner, W. H. Winter, John C. Brent, Thomas Hutching- 
 son, John L. Wirt, A. W. Miller, John W. McKim, William Morgan, E. Wheeler, 
 D. B. Johnson, J. Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Forty-ninth Council. — 1S51. 
 
 Mayor.— Walter Lenox. Collector.— Robert J. Roche. 
 
 Register— -W. J. McCormick. Surveyor.— Henry W. Ball. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen.— Benjamin B. French, president; William T. Dove, William B. 
 Magruder, William F. Bayly, John Wilson, John T. Towers, Joseph Burrows, Hugh 
 B. Sweeny, John W. Maury, John L. Wirt, Thomas Thornly, James A. Gordon, 
 James E. Morgan, George Page; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H. N. Easby, 
 James Kelly, N. Callan, Joel Downer, John F. Ennis, Joseph Bryan, C. P. Wannell, 
 M. P. Mohun, T. H. Havenner, John P. Pepper, John C. Brent, Thomas Hutching- 
 son, John J. Mulloy, A. W. Miller, James Cull, William Morgan, E. Wheeler, D. B. 
 Johnson, J. Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
310 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Fiftieth Council. — 1852. 
 
 Mayor. — J. W. Maury. Collector.— Robert J. Roche. 
 
 Register. — William J. McCormick. Surveyor.— Henry W. Ball. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen. — Benjamin B. French, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas P. 
 Morgan, John Wilson, William F. Bayly, John T. Towers, Joseph Burrows, Alex- 
 ander McD. Davis, Silas H. Hill, John L. Wirt, Thomas Thornly, James A. Gordon, 
 George Page, Ephraim Wheeler; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Nicholas Callan, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H. N. Easby, 
 James Kelly, J. R. Barr, J. W. Downer, Joseph Bryan, Edward F. Queen, Joseph 
 W. Davis, John P. Pepper, Henr)' Hay, George Burns, Samuel Hanson, jr., Thomas 
 Hutchingson (to September 6), John W. Meade (from September 20), John J. Mul- 
 loy, William Morgan, A. W. Miller, James Cull, Samuel Pumphrey, William R. 
 Riley, John Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-first Council— 1S53. 
 
 Mayor. — J. W. Maury - . Collector.- -Robert J. Roche. 
 
 Register. — William J. McCormick. Surveyor. — Henry W. Ball. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen. — John T. Towers, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas P. Mor- 
 gan, B. W. Reed, William F. Bayly, Joseph Burrows, Alexander McD. Davis, Silas H. 
 Hill, John C. Fitzpatrick, John J. Mulloy, Robert Clarke, William Morgan, Dearborn 
 Johnson, Ephraim Wheeler; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Nicholas Callan, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H.N. Easby, 
 James Kelly, J. R. Barr, George W. Stewart, Charles P. Wannell, Edward F. Queen, 
 Joseph W. Davis, John P. Pepper, R. H. Clark, George Burns, Samuel Hanson, jr., 
 S. C. Busey, John W. Meade, L. Gaddis, A. W. Miller, James Cull, Samuel Pum- 
 phrey, William R. Riley, William C. Bamberger; Richard Barry, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-second Council. — 1S54. 
 
 Mayor.— John T. Towers. Collector.— Robert J. Roche. 
 
 Register. — William J. McCormick. Surveyor. — Henry W. Ball. 
 
 Attorney.— Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Silas H. Hill, president; W. T. Dove, W. B. Magruder, William F. 
 Bayly, B. W. Reed, French S. Evans, Joseph Burrows, John P. Pepper, John H. 
 Houston, J. C. Fitzpatrick, Robert Clarke, S. A. H. Marks, P. M. Pearson, D. B. 
 Johnson; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Alexander McD. Davis, president; James Kelly, W. G. H. 
 Newman, Luther R. Smoot, J. Russell Barr, G. H. Plant, John M. Donn, Joseph W. 
 Davis, J. A. M. Duncanson, J. T. Walker, John T. Clements, John Ball, John T. 
 Killmon, John McCauley, Samuel C. Busey, George R. Ruff, J. Cross, Henry Stew- 
 art, John Smith, W. C. Bamberger, John F. Gill; Charles F. Lowery, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-third Council. — 1S55. 
 
 Mayor. — John T. Towers. Collector. — John M. McCalla. 
 
 Register. — Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor. — R. Finley Hunt. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Robert Clarke, president; William B. Magruder, William T. Dove, 
 William F. Bayly, Thomas Miller, French S. Evans, John Tretler, John P. Pepper, 
 Matthew G. Emery, Samuel C. Busey, John H. Houston, S. A. H. Marks, John D. 
 Smith, Peter M. Pearson; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 311 
 
 Common council.—]. T. Clements, president; Charles Abert, John B. Turton, 
 Edward H. Fuller, Ferdinand Jefferson, Thomas J. Fisher, William Orme, Jonathan 
 T. Walker, James Towles, J. H. G. McCutchen, John Ball, James P. McKean, Almon 
 Baldwin, J. H. Peters, John Bohlayer, John Bayne, Josiah Venable, George R. Ruff, 
 Samuel Y. Atlee, Thomas E. Lloyd, Jackson Pumphrey; Charles F. Lowery, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-fourth Council. — 1856. 
 
 Mayor.— William B. Magruder. Collector.— John M. McCalla. 
 
 Register.— Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor.— R. Finley Hunt. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen. — Robert Clarke, president; William T. Dove, George W. Riggs, William 
 F. Bayly, Thomas Miller, French S. Evans, John Tretler, Matthew G Emery, William 
 W. Moore, John H. Houston, S. C Busey, Robert Clarke, George R. Ruff, Peter M. 
 Pearson, John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Samuel Y. Atlee, president; CharlesAbert, John B. Turton, D. C. 
 Lee, Thomas J. Fisher, Ferdinand Jefferson, William Orme, James Towles, Jonathan 
 T. Walker, J. H. G. McCutcheon, James A. Kennedy, Richard H. Clarke, Elijah 
 Edmonston, John Bohlayer, Almon Baldwin, D. A. Watterson, John Bayne, James A. 
 Gordon, Williani E. Hutchinson, Thomas E. Lloyd, Robert T. Knight; Charles F. 
 Lower}-, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-fifth Council.— 1S57. 
 
 Mayor.— William B. Magruder. Collector.— James F. Haliday. 
 
 Register.— William Morgan. Surveyor.— William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen.— William F. Bayly, president; William T. Dove, George W. Riggs, 
 Thomas Miller, Thomas Donoho, F. S. Evans, William W. Moore, John H. Goddard, 
 John H. Houston, Edmund Barry, Robert Clarke, George R. Ruff, Peter M. Pearson, 
 John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Robert A. Waters, 
 Thomas J. Fisher, Ferdinand Jefferson, William Orme, Lambert Tree, Joseph F. 
 Brown, C. S. O'Hare, James A. Kennedy, Richard H. Clarke, Elijah Edmonston, 
 William A. Mulloy, E. F. French, W. F. Wallace, James A. Gordon, William E. 
 Hutchinson, James Crandall; William A. Kennedy, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-sixth Council. — 1858. 
 
 Mayor.— James G Berret. Collector.— James F. Haliday. 
 
 Register.— William Morgan. Surveyor.— William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney.— James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen.— William T. Dove, president; George W. Riggs, Thomas J. Fisher, Thos. 
 Miller, Thos. Donoho, Jos. F. Brown, William W. Moore, Francis Mohun, Edmund 
 Barry, C. W. C. Dunnington, Aaron W. Miller, Robert Clarke, Peter M. Pearson, 
 John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Southey S. Parker, 
 Charles S. Jones, William Orme, Grafton Powell, Lambert Tree, W. Gray Palmer, 
 C. S. O'Hare, Elijah Edmonston, Wm. P. Mohun, S. D. Castleman, Wm. A. Mulloy, 
 J. T. Van Reswick, W. F. Wallace, George A. Bohrer, F. S. Ober, Jno. H. Russell, 
 Thos. E. Lloyd, Chas. Wilson, Thos. Millstead; Wm. A. Kennedy, secretary. 
 
312 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Fifty-seventh Council. — 1859. 
 
 Mayor. — James G. Berret. Collector.— James F. Haliday. 
 
 Register. — William Morgan. Surveyor. — William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — James M. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen. — William T. Dove, president; Wm. B. Magruder, Thos. J. Fisher, Wm. 
 F. Bayly, Thos. Donoho, Jos. F. Brown, Wm. W. Moore, Wm. H. Ward, C. W. C. 
 Dunnington, Wm. F. Price, Aaron W. Miller, Francis McNerhany, Peter M. Pearson, 
 E. M. Clark; R. H. Laskey, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Thos. P. Morgan, 
 Chas. Jones, Wm. Orme, Grafton Powell, Lambert Tree, Theodore Sheckells, P. M. 
 Martin, Elijah Edmonston, Wm. P. Mohun, W. J. C. Duhamel, J. T Van Reswick, 
 Jno. W. Mead, E. F. French, J. M. Boiseau, F. S. Ober, Jno. H. Russell, J. T. Cassell, 
 J. T. Given, D. B. Clark; Wm. A. Kennedy, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-eighth Council. — 1S60. 
 
 Mayor. — James G. Berret. Collector. — James F. Haliday-. 
 
 Register. — William Morgan. Surveyor. — William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — James G. Carlisle. 
 
 Aldermen. — William T. Dove, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas J. Fisher, 
 William F. Bayly, Thomas Donoho, Joseph F. Brown, William W. Moore, William H. 
 Ward, William F.Price (vacancy), George A. Bohrer (vacancy), John H. Semmes, 
 . E. M. Clark; R. H. Laskey, secretary. 
 
 Common cotmcil. — Grafton Powell, president; George W. Emerson, Thomas P. 
 Morgan, Peter Lamond, Charles S. Jones, L. F. Clark, Joseph Borrows, Horatio N. 
 Easby, Joseph B. Bryan, Elijah Edmonston, William P. Mohun, E. M. Chapin, J. 
 T. Van Reswick, John W. Mead, W. A. Mulloy, F. S. Ober, JohnH. Russell (vacancy), 
 Edward Thomas, J. T. Given, Charles Wilson; William A. Kennedy, secretary. 
 
 Fifty-ninth Council. — 1S61. 
 
 Mayor. — Richard Wallach. Collector.— William Dixon. 
 
 Register. — Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor. — William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — William T. Dove, president; William B. Magruder, William F. Bayly, 
 Thomas J. Fisher, Joseph F. Brown, A. C. Richards, William W. Moore, Cornelius 
 Wendell, John M. Brodhead, Nathan Sargent, George A. Bohrer, T. Edward Clark, 
 Thomas E. Lloyd, John H. Semmes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — Z. Richards, president; Thomas P. Morgan, George W. Emer- 
 son, John B. Turton, Nicholas Callan, George T. Raub, A. R..Shepherd, Thomas A. 
 Stephens, Thomas Lewis, Elijah Edmonston, Samuel Byington, William P. Mohun, 
 William A. Mulloy, George Hitz, John Grinder, William Talbert, John H. Peake 
 (vacancy), Charles Wilson, J. T. Given, William J. Murtagh; William A. Kennedy, 
 secretary. 
 
 Sixtieth Council. — 1862. 
 
 Mayor.— Richard Wallach. Collector.— William Dixon. 
 
 Register. — Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor. — William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Joseph F. Brown, president; William B. Magruder, John B. Turton, 
 George H. Plant, Lewis Clephane, A. C. Richards, Cornelius Wendell, John P. 
 Pepper, John M. Brodhead, Nathan Sargent, T. Edward Clark, James A. Gordon, 
 Thomas E. Lloyd, John H. Semmes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 313 
 
 Common council.— A. R. Shepherd, president: Thomas Donoho, Charles Gordon, 
 William Rapley, J. Russell Barr, George T. Raub, J. W. Thompson, Thomas A.' 
 Stephens, Thomas Lewis, Asbury Lloyd, Charles H. Utermehle, Joseph Follansbee, 
 Robert T. Knight, Charles I. Canfield, George F. Gulick, John H. Peake, William 
 Talbert, Richard Morgan, Charles Wilson, William J. Murtagh, Charles W. Mitchell; 
 Frederick L. Harvey, secretary. 
 
 Sixty-first Council.— 1S63. 
 
 Mayor.— Richard Waiuch. Collector.— William Dixon. 
 
 Register.— Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor.— William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen.— John H. Semmes, president; W. W. Rapley, John B. Turton, George 
 H. Plant, Lewis Clephane, Joseph F. Brown, Thomas Lewis, John P. Pepper, Charles 
 H. Utermehle, George F. Gulick, Nathan Sargent, Richard Morgan, James A. Gordon, 
 Thomas E. Lloyd; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Asbury Lloyd, president; James Kelly, H. C. Wilson, Thomas 
 Donoho, George T. Raub, J. Russell Barr, William P. Shedd, A. R. Shepherd, N. D. 
 Larner, T. A. Stephens, Joseph Follansbee, Michael Larner, William P. Ferguson 
 Robert Knight, Charles I. Canfield, George R. Ruff, John H. Peake, Donald 
 McCathran, Charles Wilson, C. S. Noyes, J. B. Ellis; Frederick L. Harvey, secretary. 
 
 Sixty-second Council.— 1S64. 
 
 Mayor. -Richard Wallach. Collector.— William Dixon. 
 
 Register.— Samvkl E. Douglass. Surveyor.— William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. —Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen.— Joseph F. Brown, president; William W. Rapley, John B. Turton, 
 George H. Plant, J. Russell Barr, Thomas Lewis, Thomas E. Lloyd, Charles H.' 
 Utermehle, John P. Pepper, George F. Gulick, Charles I. Canfield, Richard Morgan, 
 Donald McCathran, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— Asbury Lloyd, president; James Kelly, H. C. Wilson, J. A. 
 Rheem, Samuel W. Owen, William Pettibone, Samuel A. Peugh, N. D. Larner, Thomas 
 A. Stephens, John W. Simms, William W. Moore, Elijah Edmonston, William P. Fer- 
 guson, James B. Davis, J. B. Ward, George R. Ruff, William Talbert, Bennett Swain, 
 W. T. Walker, John G. Dudley, George Wright; William H. Pope, secretary. 
 
 Sixty'-third Council. — 1865. 
 
 Mayor.— Richard Wallach. Collector.— William Dixon. 
 
 Register.— Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor. —William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney.— Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen.— Thomas E. Lloyd, president; John B. Turton, William B. Magruder, J. 
 Russell Barr, Samuel W. Owen, Joseph F. Brown, Thomas Lewis, John P. Pepper, 
 Asbury Lloyd, Charles I. Canfield, George F. Gulick, Donald McCathran, Samuel 
 Cross, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— William W. Moore, president; John A. Rheem, John Tynan, 
 James H. Hazel, Samuel A. Peugh, H. ClayStewart, Andrew J. Joyce, John W. Simms, 
 Washington B. Williams, A. G. Hall, Elijah Edmonston, Charles H. Anderson, W. P. 
 Ferguson, W. H. Hamilton, John W. Mead, William Talbert, John E. Herrell, C. W. 
 White, John G. Dudley, George Wright, W. T. Walker; William H. Pope, secretary. 
 
314 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Sixty-fourth Council. — 1866. 
 
 Mayor. — Richard Wallach. Collectoi . — William Dixon. 
 
 Register. — Samuel E. Douglass. Surveyor. — William Forsyth. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley. 
 
 Aldermen. — Thomas E. Lloyd, president; William B. Magruder, John B. Turton, 
 Samuel W. Owen, J. Russell Barr, Thomas Lewis, John T. Given, Asbury Lloyd, 
 (vacancy), James A. Tait, George F. Gulick, Samuel Cross, Donald McCathran, 
 Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council. — William W. Moore, president; SamuelT.Drury, Andrew Carroll, 
 Clarence B. Baker, Andrew J. Joyce, H. Clay Stewart, Samuel A. Peugh, George W. 
 Calvert, John W. Simms, B. F. Morsell, William H. Nally, Charles H. Anderson, 
 John V. Bryan, William A. Mulloy, John W. Mead, Thomas B. Marche, William 
 Talbert, John H. Peake, John G. Dudley, George Wright, W. T. Walker; William 
 H. Pope, secretary. 
 
 Sixty-fifth Council. — 1S67. 
 
 Mayor. — Richard Wallach. Collector. — A. G. Hall. 
 
 Register. — Frederick A. Boswell. Surveyor. — C. H. Bliss. 
 
 Attorney. — Joseph H. Bradley, Jr. 
 
 Aldermen. — J. Russell Barr, president; J. Q. Larman, John B. Turton, Z. Richards, 
 J. R. Elvans, John T. Given, Asbury Lloyd, W. W. Moore, John Grinder, James A. 
 Tait, W. Talbert, Donald McCathran, E. Wheeler, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. 
 Noyes, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— J. C. Dulin, president; W. M. Slowen, O. S. Baker, H. H. Tilley, 
 J. S. Pfau, J. S. Crocker, William Rutherford, N. B. Clark, T. C . Connolly, R. J. Beail, 
 Robert Ball, W. H. Nalley, J. F. Moore, L. B. S. Miller, J. R. Arrison, A. P. Clark, 
 J. M. Dalton, G. W. Miller, H. M. Knight, S. S. Baker, M. T. Parker; H. A. Hall, 
 secretary. 
 
 Sixty-sixth Council.— 186S. 
 
 Mayor. — Sayles J. Bowen. Collector. — A. G. Hall. 
 
 Register.— Frederick A. Boswell. Surveyor. — C H. Bliss. 
 
 Attorney. — William A. Cook. 
 
 Aldermen. — John Grinder, president; J. O. Larman, John F. Cook, Z. Richards, 
 John S. Crocker, Benjamin F. Morsell, Robert W. Fenwick, William W. Moore, Asbury 
 Lloyd, Appleton P. Clark, William Talbert, Donald McCathran, Henry M. Knight, 
 S. S. Baker; H. A. Hall, secretary. 
 
 Common council.— T. T. Fowler, president; A. S. Taylor, D. M. Davis, C. A. Stewart, 
 
 D. M. Kelsey (resigned November 9) , William Rutherford, William H. Chase, Wilson 
 
 E. Brown, F. J. Bartlett, Nathaniel Sardo, William H. Nalley, Robert Ball, George 
 Jueneman, John R. Arrison, L. B. S. Miller, Turner Torrey, George W. Miller, James 
 M. Dalton, John H. Russell, Charles S. Bates, L. G. Hine; William H. Pope, 
 secretary. 
 
 Sixty-seventh Council. — 1S69. 
 
 Mayor. — Sayles J. Bowen. Collector.— Frederick A. Boswell. 
 
 Register. — John F. Cook. Surveyor. — Patrick H. Donegan. 
 
 Attorney.— William A. Cook. 
 
 Aldermen. — John S. Crocker, president; D. M. Davis, Carter A. Stewart, William 
 H. Slater, W. H. Chase, B. F. Morsell, T. C. Connolly, William W. Moore, M. G. 
 Emery, Appleton P. Clark, Donald McCathran, Charles Champion, H. M. Knight, 
 Sidney S. Baker; Charles L. Hulse, secretary. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 315 
 
 Common council. — Joseph Williams, president; A. S. Taylor, Robert Thompson, 
 A. P. Fardon, H. A. Hall, H. H. Piper, George Burgess, R. J. Beall, John T. John- 
 sou, R. B. Detrick, A. K. Browne, George W. Hatton, J. H. Holmes, J. W. McKnight, 
 A. B. Tinney, Charles H. Holden, Josiah H. Venable, Frank D. Gaines, R. A. 
 Simms, Sampson Netter, William Boyd; William H. Pope, secretary. 
 
 Sixty-eighth Council.— 1870. 
 
 Mayor.— Matthew G. Emery. Collector. — Frederick A. Boswell. 
 
 Register. — John F. Cook. Surveyor. — Patrick H. Donegan. 
 
 Attorney.— Enoch Totten. 
 
 Aldermen. — John S. Crocker, president; D. M. Davis, Carter A. Stewart, W. H. 
 Chase, A. R. Shepherd, T. C. Connolly, W. W. Moore, Jacob H. Crossman, George 
 F. Gulick, William H. Slater, Donald McCathran, Charles Champion, vice-president; 
 L. G. Hine, Sidney S. Baker; Charles L. Hulse, secretary, 
 
 Common council. — Charles H. Holden, president; E. E. Brooke, J. F. Murray, W. 
 A. Freeman, A. F. Moulden, H. H. Piper, George Burgess, W. H. Pope, R. C. 
 Lewis, George Willner, S. P. Robertson, John O'Donoughue, Benjamin M. McCoy, 
 G.'T. Bassett, Thomas A. Gant, Clarence M. Barton, B. F. Palmer, F. D. Gaines, 
 William R. Hunt, Anthony Bowen, Thomas Carraher; Arthur Shepherd, secretary. 
 
 Territorial Government. 
 
 governor of the district. 
 
 Henry D. Cooke, of Georgetown, from February 2S, 1871, to September 13, 1873. 
 Alexander R. Shepherd, of Washington, from September 13, 1873, to June 20, 
 
 1874. 
 
 Secretary to the governor. — William Tindall, May, 1871. 
 
 Surveyor. — William Forsyth, September 23", 1871. 
 
 Attorney. — William A. Cook, 1871 to 1S74. 
 
 Collector.— W . H. Slater, September 23, 1871, to December 1, 1S73; Lewis Cle- 
 phane, December 1, 1873, to J ul y 2 °> l8 74- 
 
 Secretary, of the District.— Norton P. Chipman, from March 2, 1S71, to April 21, 
 1871; Edward L. Stanton, from May 19, 1S71, to September, 1873; Richard Harring- 
 ton, from September 22, 1873, to June 20, 1874. 
 
 board of public works. 
 
 [Appointed March 16, 1S71.] 
 
 The governor of the District ex officio; S. P. Brown, Washington; A. B. Mullett, 
 Georgetown; A. R. Shepherd. Washington; James A. Magruder, Georgetown. 
 
 Adolph Cluss, appointed January 2, 1873, vice A. B. Mullett; Henry A. Willard, 
 appointed May 22, 1873, vice S. P. Brown; John B. Blake, appointed September 13, 
 1873, vice Adolph Cluss. 
 
 THE BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 [Appointed' March 15, 1871.] 
 
 N. S. Lincoln, M. D.; T. S. Verdi, M. D.; H. A. Willard; John M. Langston, 
 Washington; John Marbury, jr., Georgetown. 
 
 C. C. Cox', M. D., appointed April 3, 1871, vice H. A. Willard; D. W. Bliss, M. D., 
 appointed May 23, 1872, vice N. S. Lincoln, M. D. 
 
 DELEGATE TO CONGRESS. 
 Norton P. Chipman, elected April 21, 187 1; reelected October 14, 1873, and served 
 out his term, ending March 4, 1875. 
 
316 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 [Convened May 15, 1871.] " 
 
 Council. — William Stickney, president; A. K. Browne, Samuel Cross, Frederick 
 Douglass, Daniel L. Eaton, John A. Gray, George F. Gulick, Adolphus Hall, Charles 
 F. Peck, Daniel Smith, and John W. Thompson. Francis H. Smith, chief clerk. 
 Lewis H. Douglass appointed, vice Frederick Douglass, resigned. 
 
 House of delegates. — Charles L. Hulse, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, Joseph T. H. 
 Hall, William D. Cassin, John E. Cox, John F. Murray, James A. Handy, George 
 Burgess, Adolphus S. Solomons, John F. Ennis, Thomas E. Lloyd, William Dick- 
 son, John C. Harkness, Peter Campbell, William W. Moore, John W. McKnight, 
 Frederick A. Boswell, William R. Huut, John Hogan, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel 
 Bursley, and Madison Davis. P. H. Reinhard, chief clerk. 
 
 SECOND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 [Convened April 22, 1S72.] 
 Council. — No change. 
 
 House of delegates.— Charles L. Hulse, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, O. S. B. Wall, 
 William R. Collins, John E. Cox, John F. Murray, James A. Handy, Samuel R. Bond, 
 Henry Piper, John W. Le Barnes, Charles J. Brewer, William Dickson, Arthur Shep- 
 herd, Peter Campbell, Warren Choate, John W. McKnight, Frederick A. Boswell, 
 William R. Hunt, John Hogan, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel Bursley, and Madison 
 Davis. M. Pechin, chief clerk. 
 
 THIRD LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 [Convened April 28, 1873.] 
 
 Council. —William Stickney, president; Daniel Smith, John H. Brooks, John W. 
 Baker, S. M. Golden, Adolphus Hall, John W. Thompson, A. K. Browne, Samuel 
 Cross, Joshua Riley, and George F. Gulick. Ernest F. M. Faehtz, chief clerk. 
 Samuel Gedney was appointed, vice Daniel Smith, resigned. 
 
 House of delegates.— Reter Campbell, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, O. S. B. Wall, 
 E. P. Berry, John E. Cox, Charles L. Hulse, John F. Murray, George W. Dyer, Thomas 
 W. Chase, S. S. Smoot, Matthew Trimble, C. J. Brewer, James G. Long, Arthur 
 Shepherd, William H. Claggett, J. W. McKnight, J. W. Taliaferro, W. R. Hunt, 
 M. E. Urell, Joseph G. Carroll, Sidney W. Herbert, and W. E. Vermillion. William 
 J. Donohue, chief clerk. 
 
 FOURTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 [Convened April 27, 1874.] 
 
 Council.— No change. 
 
 House of delegates. — Arthur Shepherd, speaker; Joseph Brooks, Clement A. Peck, 
 Edgar P. Berry, John E. Cox, George B. Wilson, Albert H. Underwood, George W. 
 Dyer, Elphonzo Youngs, Robert I. Fleming, William Dickson, Matthew Trimble, 
 Leonard Gordon, Charles J. Brewer, John A. Perkins, Samuel P. Robertson, Fred- 
 erick A. Boswell, William R. Hunt, M. E. TJrell, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel Bursley, 
 and Josiah L. Venable. H. A. Hall, chief clerk. 
 
 Board of Commissioners (Temporary). 
 
 William Dennison, July 1, 1874. 
 Henry T. Blow, July 1, 1874. 
 John H. Ketcham, July 3, 1874. 
 
 Seth Ledyard Phelps, appointed January 18, 1875, vice Henry T. Blow, resigned 
 December 31, 1874. 
 
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 317 
 
 Thomas B. Bryan, appointed December 3, 1877, vice John H. Ketcham, resigned 
 June 30, 1S77. 
 
 Lieut. Richard L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., detailed as engineer of the 
 board July 2, 1874. 
 
 Boards of Commissioners (Permanent). 
 
 First.— Seth Ledyard Phelps, president; Josiah Dent, Maj. William Johnson 
 Twining, July 1, 1S7S, to November 29, 1879. 
 
 Second. — Josiah Dent, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. William Johnson 
 Twining, November 29, 1879, to May 13, 1882. Major Twining died May 5, 1S82. 
 
 Third. — Josiah Dent, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. Garret J. Ly- 
 decker, May 13, 1S82, to July 17, 1882. 
 
 Fourth.— Joseph Rodman West, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. Garret 
 J. Lydecker, July 17, 1882, to March 8, 1883. 
 
 Fifth.— Joseph Rodman West, president to March 27, 1S83; James Barker Edmonds, 
 Maj. Garret J. Lydecker. James Barker Edmonds, president from March 27, 1883; 
 Joseph R. West, Maj. Garret J. Lydecker, March 8, 1883, to July 22, 1885. 
 
 Sixth.— James Barker Edmonds, president; William Benning Webb, Maj. Garret 
 J. Lydecker, July 22, 18S5, to April 1, 1886. 
 
 Seventh.— William Benning Webb, president; Samuel Edwin Wheatley, Col. Wil- 
 liam Ludlow, April 1, 1886, to January 27, 1888. 
 
 Eighth.— William Benning Webb, president; Samuel Edwin Wheatley, Maj. 
 Charles Walker Raymond, January 27, 1888, to May 21, 1889. 
 
 Ninth.— John Watkinson Douglass, president; Lemon Galpin Hine, Maj. Charles 
 Walker Raymond, May 21, 1SS9, to February 14, 1890. 
 
 Tenth.— John Watkinson Douglass, president; Lemon Galpin Hine, Lieut. Col. 
 Henry Martyn Robert, February 14, 1890, to October I, 1890. 
 
 Eleventh.— John Watkinson Douglass, president; John Wesley Ross, Lieut. Col. 
 Henry Martyn Robert, October 1, 1890, to October 15, 1891. 
 
 Twelfth.— John Watkinson Douglass, president; John Wesley Ross, Capt. William 
 Trent Russell, October 15, 1891, to March 1, 1893. 
 
 Thirteenth.— John Wesley Ross, president; Myron Melville Parker, Capt. William 
 Trent Russell, March 1, 1893, to May S, 1893. 
 
 Fourteenth.— John Wesley Ross, president; Myron Melville Parker, Capt. Charles 
 Francis Powell, May S, 1S93, to March 9, 1894. 
 
 Fifteenth.— John Wesley Ross, president; George Truesdell, Capt. Charles Francis 
 Powell, March 9, 1894, to March 2, 1S97. 
 
 Sixteenth. — John Wesley Ross, president; George Truesdell, Capt. William Mur- 
 ray Black, March 2, 1897, to May 8, 1897. 
 
 Seventeenth. — John Wesley Ross, president; John Brewer Wight, Capt. William 
 Murray Black, May 8, 1897, to June I, 1898. 
 
 Eighteenth.— John Brewer Wight, president; John Wesley Ross, Capt. Lansing 
 Hoskins Beach, June I, 1898, to May 9, 1900. 
 
 Nineteenth.— Henry Brown Floyd Macfarland, president; John Wesley Ross, 
 Capt. Lansing Hoskins Beach, May 9, 1900, to . 
 
 Secretary to the Commissioners. 
 
 William Tindall, July 3, 1874, to . 
 
 Surveyor. 
 
 William Forsyth, July 1, 1871, to August 21, 1877. 
 J. A. Partridge, August 21, 1877, to March 2, 1881. 
 William Forsyth, April 4, 1881, to August 17, 1S97. 
 Henry B. Looker, August 18, 1897, to . 
 
318 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Attorney. 
 
 Edwin L. Stanton, July 3, 1874, to October 30, 1876. 
 William Birney, November I, 1S76, to October 31, 1877. 
 A. G. Riddle, November 1, 1S77, to December 1, 1S89. 
 George C. Hazelton, December 1, 1S89, to May 31, 1S93. 
 Sidney T. Thomas, June 1, 1S93, to June 30, 1899. 
 Andrew B. Duvall, July 1, 1899, to . 
 
 Collector. 
 
 John F. Cook, July 20, 1S74, to April 30, 188S. 
 E. G. Davis, May 1, iSSS, to . 
 
PLANS FOR TREATMENT OF THAT PORTION 
 OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SOUTH OF 
 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE AND NORTH OF B 
 STREET S. W., AND FOR A CONNECTION BE- 
 TWEEN POTOMAC AND ZOOLOGICAL PARKS. 1 
 
 In this paper are presented the plans for the treatment of 
 that part of the Capital City lying south of Pennsylvania 
 avenue and north of B street, SW., and for a suitable con- 
 nection between the Potomac and Zoological Parks, which 
 were prepared under the direction of Brig. Gen. John M. 
 Wilson, U. S. A., Chief of Engineers, and transmitted to the 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives through the Sec- 
 retary of War, together with a special report by Mr. Samuel 
 Parsons, jr., the landscape architect. 
 
 War Department, 
 Washington, December 5 , igoo. 
 
 Sir: Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 6, 
 1900 (Public, No. 163), I have the honor to transmit herewith copy of 
 a letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated Novem- 
 ber 30, ultimo, together with copy of report from Col. Theo. A. Bing- 
 ham, submitting plaus, estimate of cost, etc., for the treatment of that 
 section of the District of Columbia situated south of Pennsylvania avenue 
 and north of B street SW. , and for a suitable connection between the 
 Potomac and Zoological parks. 
 
 I beg to call special attention to these plans and urgently recommend 
 favorable consideration and action. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Elihu Root, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 The Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 ■House Document No. 135, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. 
 H. Doc. 552 2 1 319 
 
320 Establishment of the Seat of Governmeiit. 
 
 Office of the Chief of Engineers, 
 
 United States Army, 
 Washiyigton, November jo, ipoo. 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith in duplicate a report sub- 
 mitting plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia 
 situated south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW., and 
 for a suitable connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks. 
 
 This examination was made in accordance with the terms of the act of 
 Congress approved June 6, 1900 (Public, No. 163), which provides as 
 follows: 
 
 The Chief of Engineers of the United States Army is authorized to make an 
 examination and to report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen 
 hundred, plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street southwest, and for a suitable 
 connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks, and in making such exami- 
 nations and plans he is authorized to employ a landscape architect of conspicuous 
 ability in his profession; for services and expenses incident to said examination and 
 report the sum of four thousand dollars is hereby appropriated. 
 
 The immediate supervision of this work was assigned to Col. T. A. 
 Bingham, United States Army, major, Corps of Engineers, the officer in 
 charge of public buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia; and 
 after careful inquiry, Mr. Samuel Parsons, jr., of New York, a land- 
 scape architect of conspicuous ability, was invited to make a study of 
 the section of the District of Columbia under consideration and to pre- 
 pare a plan and report, outlining a scheme for a park and boulevard 
 connecting the United States Capitol, the Washington Monument, the 
 Potomac and Zoological parks. 
 
 Mr. Parsons accepted the invitation and brought to the work that 
 genius, energy, ability, and devotion to his profession worthy of a land- 
 scape architect of conspicuous ability. 
 
 His report is clear and concise, and his suggestions -meet with my 
 cordial approval. 
 
 When the subject comes up for action before the proper Congres- 
 sional committee, I trust that Mr. Parsons may have an opportunity to 
 personally explain more in detail the broad and comprehensive plan he 
 now submits. 
 
 The act of Congress made no provision for an estimate, but an 
 approximate statement of the probable cost of a. portion of this great 
 work is submitted by Colonel Bingham. This, however, does not 
 include the value of the area required between Pennsylvania avenue and 
 B street north, nor of the area included in Mr. Parson's plan south of B 
 street SW. , with the improvements thereon, nor of the area with im- 
 provements thereon between Twenty-second and Twenty-fourth streets 
 deemed necessary for a suitable connection between the Potomac and 
 Zoological parks. 
 
Improvement of the Capital. 321 
 
 Iu my judgment the plans suggested by Mr. Parsons, if fully carried 
 out, will give to the capital of the nation a park system second to that 
 of no city on the globe. 
 
 Commending the plans and report to the favorable consideration of 
 Congress, I suggest that early action shall be taken toward initiating 
 this great enterprise by securing for the Government the title to the 
 laud required. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 John M. Wilson, 
 Brig. Gen. , Chief of Engineers , U. S. Army. 
 Hon. Elihu Root, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, 
 
 Washington, November 75, 1900. 
 General: In the sundry civil act approved June 6, 1900 — 
 The Chief of Engineers of the United States Army is authorized to make an 
 examination and to report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen 
 hundred, plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street southwest, and for a suitable 
 connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks, and in making such exami- 
 nations and plans he is authorized to employ a landscape architect of conspicuous 
 ability in his profession. 
 
 The duty of carrying out this provision of the law was assigned to 
 me by letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated 
 June 20, 1900, and its execution at once undertaken. The advice of 
 competent professional advisers was sought in order td 1 ascertain what 
 gentlemen were, without any doubt, regarded by the profession as land- 
 scape architects of "conspicuous ability." By the 20th of July, 1900, a 
 preliminary agreement had been reached with the firm of which Mr. 
 Samuel Parsons, jr., of New York City, is the senior partner, the firm 
 name being Parsons & Pentecost. Mr. Parsons was at the time in Europe, 
 but the preliminary work of discussion was completed by the time he 
 returned, early in August, and by August 22 the work had been definitely 
 assigned to Mr. Parsons. Since that date this work has been vigorously 
 pressed, and I now have the honor to transmit herewith Mr. Parsons's 
 report, dated November 14, 1900, together with accompanying map. 
 Several detail drawings and perspectives and also a model are still to 
 arrive, which Mr. Parsons has been unable to get completed at this date. 
 
 It is a pleasure to bear testimony to the interest and enthusiasm with 
 which Mr. Parsons and his partner have approached the problem pre- 
 sented to them, and I think it will be evidert that the results of their 
 work are worthy of the capital city of this great nation, and reflect great 
 credit on both gentlemen. 
 
 The plan forwarded herewith has been prepared under pressure for 
 
322 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 time, when the problems involved are considered. For this reason there 
 are some minor points which it is not intended should be carried out 
 exactly as they appear on the drawings. I refer to cases where it would 
 seem as if existing buildings were to be removed for roadways. These 
 minor departures from accuracjr are due to the fact that the draftsmen 
 were not personally familiar with the ground they, were delineating. 
 
 Mr. Parsons has also insisted from the beginning that he was present- 
 ing a scheme only in general outline, and that while his drawings illus- 
 trate the main points of his scheme, it was impossible, from lack of time, 
 to make it illustrate such final solution as might be found necessary in 
 minor details. He refers to this matter in his report. 
 
 The variations of terrain involved in Mr. Parsons' s plan are intended 
 to be produced by earth filling, but he presents no estimate as to the 
 quantity of filling required. To obtain this information would require 
 accurate surveys of the whole area involved. 
 
 The subject has been gone over in a general way, however, with Mr. 
 Parsons, and an approximate estimate is hereto appended. 
 
 The value of the triangle bounded by Pennsylvania avenue, Fifteenth 
 street north, and B street north, may be estimated at $7,500,000. This 
 does not include the other triangular spaces included in Mr. Parsons's 
 plan, and these values must be added to the estimated cost of making 
 the park. 
 
 While this is a large amount of money to spend to produce no financial 
 return, its expenditure would, without any doubt, make Washington City 
 far and away the most beautiful capital of the civilized world. 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Theo. A. Bingham, 
 Colonel, United States Army, 
 
 Major, Corps of Engineers. 
 
 Brig. Gen. John M. Wilson, 
 
 Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. 
 
 Approximate estimate of the cost of building park on the Mall, Washington, D. C, 
 as designed by Parsons <2f Pentecost, landscape architects, New York City. 
 
 Grading: 
 
 From Capitol to fourth transverse road, 2,253,622 cubic yards, at 
 
 20 cents per yard $45°> 7 2 4- 4© 
 
 Masonry, retaining walls: 
 
 First transverse road, 12,316 cubic yards; second tranverse road, 
 14,221 cubic yards; third tranverse road, 32,146 cubic yards; 
 fourth transverse road, 34,366 cubic yards — 93,049 cubic yards, 
 
 at $8 744> 39 2 - °° 
 
 Roads: 
 
 Drives, 38,340 linear feet, at $4 $I53> 3 6 °- °° 
 
 Gutters, 38,340 linear feet, at $3 115. 020. 00 
 
 268, 3S0. 00 
 
Improvement of the Capital. 323 
 
 Paths: 
 
 Surfacing 41,400 linear feet, at $1 per foot # 4I , 40O . 00 
 
 Bridle paths: 
 
 Surfacing 15,000 linear feet, at $1.50 per foot 22, 500. 00 
 
 Drainage: 
 
 Lateral system, 38,340 feet of 8-inch pipe, at 30 cents. $11, 502. 00 
 Catch-basins — 
 
 10 land basins, at $10 f 100. 00 
 
 3S4 catch-basins for drives, at $10 each . 3, S40. 00 
 
 414 catch-basins for paths, at $6 2, 484. 00 
 
 150 catch-basins for paths (bridle), at 
 f 1° each x, 5 oo. 00 
 
 Total cost of catch-basins 7, 524. 00 
 
 Total cost of drainage in 426. 00 
 
 Water system: 
 
 6,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, at 50 cents per foot $3, 000. 00 
 
 10,300 feet of 2-inch pipe, at 25 cents per foot 2, 575. 00 
 
 12 hose bibs, at $10 each I2 o. 00 
 
 50 hose bibs, at $3 each I5D . 00 
 
 Planting, seeding, finishing, hauling good soil, etc., from Capitol to 
 
 fourth transverse road, 352 acres, at $2,000 704, 000. 00 
 
 Bridges (masonry): 
 
 First transverse road, 5,110 cubic yards, at $20 per 
 
 y ar d $102, 200. 00 
 
 Second transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at f 20 per 
 
 y ar d 120, 000. 00 
 
 Third transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at $20 per 
 
 y ar< i 120, 000. 00 
 
 Fourth transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at $20 per 
 
 }" a rd 120, 000. 00 
 
 462, 20a 00 
 
 Total 2, 718, 867. 40 
 
 Contingencies, 15 per cent 407j s 3a j T 
 
 Grand total 3j I26| 6g7 $1 
 
 Asphalting and curbing (if desired): 
 Transverse roads — 
 
 First transverse road, 1,000 X 100, 11,111 square yards, at $2 
 
 P^ yard 22, 222. 00 
 
 Curbing, 2,000 feet, at $2 4, coo. 00 
 
 Second transverse road, 320,000 square feet, 35,555 square 
 
 yards, at $2 per yard 71, no. 00 
 
 Curbing, 4,000 feet, at $2 8, 000. 00 
 
 Third transverse road, 3,700 X 160, 592,000 square feet, 65,777 
 
 square yards, at $2 I3Ii 554 . m 
 
 Curbing, 7,400 feet, at f 2 I4> goo. 00 
 
 Fourth transverse road, 4,000 X 160 + 19,652 square feet, 
 
 659,652 square feet, 73,295 square yards, at $2 146, 590. 00 
 
 Curbing, 10,000 feet, at f 2 20, 000. 00 
 
 Total 41S, 276. 00 
 
324 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 REPORT OF MR. SAMUEL PARSONS, JR., LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT. 
 
 New York, November ij_, igoo. 
 
 Colonel: I have the honor to submit the following report, in accord- 
 ance with the terms of the agreement made July 16, 1900, wherein, 
 under the sundry civil act approved June 6, 1900, "the Chief of Engi- 
 neers of the United States Army is authorized to make an examination 
 and report to Congress on the first Monday in December, 1900, plans 
 for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW., and for a 
 suitable connection between the Potomac and the Zoological Parks," 
 and wherein it is also agreed that your landscape architect will prepare 
 plans and reports which ' ' will be purely practical suggestions as to the 
 proper landscape architectural treatment of the ground above mentioned, 
 and will not include working plans or details, but will describe as 
 approximately as possible the lines upon which the work should actualty 
 be laid out on the ground." 
 
 In seeking to solve the problem of designing a park in the heart of 
 Washington, a park which will be worthy not only of a great city but of 
 a great National Capital, it is highly important at the very outset to 
 discover and define the natural limitations that grow out of the original 
 structural lines of the landscape and out of the demands both of the 
 residential and of the business interests of the city. 
 
 I think that these propositions will not be denied by persons who 
 have realty considered the subject: (1) A park, as a pleasure ground, 
 should be set apart and isolated as completely as art can contrive it from 
 sound and sight of the surrounding city; and (2) on the same line of 
 endeavor the interior of the pleasure ground should be made to suggest 
 woodland and meadow scenerj-, so laid out as to afford convenient and 
 agreeable access, by means of carriage and bridle roads and footpaths, 
 to all points of interest and landscape charm. 
 
 Such a treatment would also assume that while every condition neces- 
 sary for the comfort and enjoyment of the public should be kept clearly 
 in view, the landscape should be made to take coherent and artistic shape 
 from the original peculiar genius or idiosyncraey of the place. 
 
 Under these terms public buildings could not be generally included 
 as part and parcel of the essential scheme of the park, but they would 
 properly find special territories of their own on the borders of the main 
 pleasure ground, where they could be screened with thickly planted trees 
 and given a landscape treatment suitable to their character. 
 
 Before proceeding to the consideration of the controlling lines of the 
 design I feel that it would be proper to explain that, in undertaking this 
 work of advice and suggestion, I have endeavored to assume the liberal 
 attitude of the citizen of the United States who, in his earnest desire to 
 secure for his country a noble and perfect park, contributes his keenest 
 
Improvement of the Capital. 325 
 
 endeavors to secure not only the most charming lawns and vistas, but 
 also the best adjustment of steam, electric, and other roads for pleasure 
 and traffic conveyance. 
 
 These are days of gigantic national and financial development. I do 
 not think it is asking too much of the general public that it shall assume 
 a sufficiently disinterested attitude to secure for the national capital such 
 an ornament and delight as a great park designed in a noble manner. 
 
 In order to explain what I consider an ideal plan, I beg leave to call 
 attention to the peculiarly fortunate outline and configuration of the pro- 
 posed park. At present it is intended to cover approximately 350 acres, ■ 
 which lie in a space bounded by Pennsylvania avenue and B street SW., 
 with the Capitol looming up at the east and Washington Monument at 
 the west. An oblong territory, occupied mainly by the Botanical Garden, 
 the Mall, the Smithsonian Institution, the Agricultural grounds, and the 
 territory around the Washington Monument, already belongs to the nation, 
 and it is proposed to condemn by law and secure a triangle of land run- 
 ning from Pennsylvania avenue on the north, B street north on the south, 
 and Fifteenth street on the west. I would suggest that in addition to 
 this laud, in order to secure the ideal park, another parcel be acquired, 
 bounded by Maryland avenue on the south, B street on the north, and 
 Fifteenth street on the west, a range which would be wonderfully effect- 
 ive as seen from the base of the Capitol. There the view would widen 
 over a great perspective that would include in its very heart the cele- 
 brated vista over almost level ground through grand old trees to the 
 Washington Monument, which would be the very kernal and innermost 
 jewel or shrine of the landscape. 
 
 No arrangement could be more fortunate than this. Its steadily widen- 
 ing reach and its unsurpassed vista would make, as it were, a foreground 
 and park for the Capitol, emphasizing the fact that, owing to the special 
 growth of the city to the west, this side has gained paramount impor- 
 tance. 
 
 But the difficulties we shall meet in undertaking to devise such an 
 ideal park will not be overcome by securing sufficient land. There are 
 existing streets, railroads, buildings, and trees to be considered and 
 suitably treated before the task of designing the park will be complete. 
 
 The management of the streets is a difficult problem, if we adhere to 
 the vital principle of isolating the park from the city and recognize the 
 fact that the grades of the streets can not be materially changed, owing 
 to the proximity of the subjacent water. But the difficulty may be 
 overcome, as shown on the plan, by retaining only cross streets for traffic, 
 and turning them into transverse roads of ample width, screened by 
 embankments of earth surmounted by trees on either side, and connected 
 at the center of the park and in the exact line of the vista by bridges 
 arching .20 feet above the present roadbed. 
 
 In this scheme most of the pleasure movement would cross the park 
 
326 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 by slightly curved but tolerably direct drives located close to the trans- 
 verse roads and nearty parallel with them, thus carrying out more com- 
 pletely the generally elliptical scheme of the park. This plan, whenever 
 it can be used conveniently, has special artistic value, particularly when, 
 as in this case, a blending veil of shade trees can be made to diversify 
 the slightly formal appearance of the oft-repeated ovals. 
 
 This arrangement of drives and masked transverse roads and bridges 
 kept in close relation with the vistas, it will be readily seen, will natu- 
 rally force the main scheme of park development into a series of ovals, 
 commencing at the Capitol and extending to the White House, where 
 the same idea is repeated in the already constructed ellipses of the White 
 Lot and the adjacent public territory. It is a fortunate circumstance 
 that the positions of the transverse roads cause the ovals to steadily 
 diminish in size, dropping progressively to lower and lower grades as 
 they approach the Washington Monument. Thus in the widening spread 
 of territory they impart to the landscape a finished and consistent 
 perspective, a harmonious cadence and rhythm of effect, and a finely 
 lengthened appearance of distance. 
 
 Raising the bridges and foliage of the hidden transverse roads will- 
 likewise tend to give an agreeable undulation to the naturally flat sur- 
 face of the park, while the changing contours and blending foliage will 
 increase the length of the vista. An adjustment of the roads in this 
 way will tend to give a desirable concavity and breadth to the interior 
 lawns, which are everywhere kept more or less below the levels of the 
 roads, and allowed to wind away from the eye in the long graceful 
 curves of the ellipse; in this point ' resembling the country roads that 
 bend and vanish in charming mystery, for it is proposed to screen all 
 these driveways with umbrageous trees. 
 
 Outside of the ovals, the simplicity and effectiveness of the symmetry 
 of which constitutes the keynote of the park, we find the drives seeking 
 the points of interest and convenience by long curving lines, which are 
 so arranged as to mass together as much as possible wide stretches of 
 lawn, and in. that way increase the large and dignified quality of the 
 design. 
 
 Owing to the concentration of the most distinguished park effects 
 about the main vista and ovals, and owing to the proper demand that 
 walks, bridle-paths, and drives shall be close to each other so as to 
 afford easy human intercourse, and to avoid the great incouvenience 
 of losing one's way — a risk that accompanies a more wandering, loosely 
 constructed system — I have placed the roads near the lines of the ellipses. 
 I am convinced a greater variety of effective views can be secured in this 
 way than in any other. 
 
 Nor must the need of solitary places be overlooked. For those who 
 wish to wander in seclusion, many walks will be found extending far 
 away from the ovals on other and more remote territory. 
 
Improvement of the Capital. 327 
 
 The treatment of lawns is simple. It is planned to leave hollows, 
 meadows, and wide expanses of greensward, excepting 011 either side 
 of the pathways and roads; there the shade of trees is encouraged, 
 and, fortunately, easily attained. Extended masses of foliage already 
 exist, portions of which when displaced by the construction of the 
 transverse roads, can be transplanted, after proper root pruning, to 
 assist in emphasizing and extending the effects of the main vista to the 
 Monument. 
 
 One of the most important features of the plan will be found in the 
 new site assigned to the Pennsylvania Railroad station, now a serious 
 obstruction to the development of the new park. Its present location, 
 if retained, would utterly destroy the harmonious arrangement of the 
 ovals and sunken transverse roads, which are the distinguishing char- 
 acteristics of the present design. The passage of trains through a park, 
 whether over or under or on the level, is always to be deprecated. It 
 destroys the restfulness and isolation of the place, and it should be 
 prevented by any arrangement that is not absolutely inimical to the 
 comfort and. business necessities of the public. A lightning express 
 is quite incompatible with a green garden and singing birds. 
 
 The proposed site for the station, it will be seen, is large and com- 
 modious, and situated directly in front of the transverse road at Seventh 
 street, which is made as wide as Pennsylvania avenue, and only 1,600 
 feet from its nearest borders. The station as now situated, in the heart 
 of the proposed park, would completely destroy the unity of the park 
 design, for it stands at the very point where the loss would be the 
 greatest. Under the new arrangement proposed, every advantage in 
 the way of electric cars and convenient and commodious foot and car- 
 riage ways could be secured, as they could all be brought directly under 
 the roof of the station. 
 
 I dwell thus strongly on the importance of a new location for the rail- 
 road station because I believe that if all parties genuinely and patriot- 
 ically interested in securing a really great park were thoroughly alive to 
 the real merits of the question, it would be readily conceded that the 
 railroad should be banished to parts where it would be invisible if not 
 wholly inaudible from the main drives of the park, and especially from 
 the bridges over the transverse roads. Its removal is a serious necessity. 
 
 Concerning the parkway from Washington Monument to the Poto- 
 mac 'and the Zoological parks, it should be said that, as far as the 
 , beginning of the precipitous portion of the banks of Rock Creek, a 
 formal arrangement of footpaths, drives, and bridle-roads is secured, 
 whereby the" house lots are reached by two roads, one on each side of 
 the parkway. The space of 800 feet in the middle is occupied by a 
 park drive, by footpaths and a bridle-road, each of which takes a direct 
 course parallel with the adjacent houses, as shown in the accompanying 
 detail plan. 
 
328 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 When the park way reaches the steep hillsides of Rock Creek, it is 
 allowed to seek the easiest grades. It occupies a large portion of the 
 picturesque slopes with the winding curves of its drives and bridle- 
 paths, ending at the boundaries of the Zoological Park at the junction 
 of Cathedral avenue and Connecticut avenue, where it completes its 
 course in an entrance so enlarged as to include all three avenues. 
 
 There are some things that can be done with the design of a park and 
 some things that can not, if an unified and consistent scheme of treatment 
 is to be evolved; and the more thoroughly and intelligently these possi- 
 bilities and limitations are studied, the more certain the final successful 
 development of an artistic and enjoyable pleasure ground will become. 
 
 In my endeavor to make this report concise, I have necessarih' been 
 obliged to omit an}' enlargement on many points of interest and impor- 
 tance, thy object being chiefly to outline the general principles of the 
 scheme, relying on securing at a future time an opportunity to explain 
 the full details of the proposed arrangement. 
 
 In conclusion I feel constrained to reaffirm and reemphasize the idea 
 to which in this report I have continually endeavored to give expres- 
 sion, namely, that a park is both a work of art and a living phase of 
 nature. The beauties and advantages of each are to be carefully fostered. 
 A fine park is no mechanical or scientific automaton; it is an evolution, 
 an ever-growing, ever-changing, organized creation, from which no single 
 feature can be taken away with impunity. A true park has living func- 
 tions and peculiarities of construction that the most beautiful picture 
 does not possess, and these should be molded in accordance with its 
 inherent limitations and potentialities for beauty. Let us hope that such 
 a park may yet be one of the chief adornments of our National Capitol. 
 Respectfully , 
 
 Saml. Parsons, Jr., 
 
 Landscape Architect, 
 
 Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. A., 
 
 In Charge Public Buildings and Grounds. 
 
I I 
 
 
Plate 34. 
 
 PARKWAY BETWEEN PROPOSED MEMORIAL BRIDGE AND ROCK CREEK. 
 
BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, PERIODICALS, MAPS, AND 
 ORIGINAL PLANS OF THE "CENTENNIAL 
 EXHIBITION" IN THE DIVISION OF PRINTS, 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON. 1 
 
 Compiled by Mr. Arthur J. Parsons, Chief of the Division of Prints, Library 
 of Congress. 
 
 [The following is an inventory of articles exhibited. The items appear in the 
 order in which they were arranged in the exhibition. 
 
 The titles of the earl)- Washington imprints here briefly entered ma}- be found 
 in bibliographical form in A. P. C. Griffin's "Issues of the District of Columbia 
 Press in 1800-1802," published in "Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 
 vol. 4."] 
 
 A. Periodicals. 
 
 1. Early imprints. 
 
 2. Early government. 
 
 3. Early Washington. 
 
 4. Historical. 
 
 5. Library of Congress. 
 
 6. Washington Monument. 
 
 B. Books, Pamphlets, and Magazines. 
 
 1. Capitol and White House. 
 
 2. Early governmental publications. 
 
 3. Early imprints. 
 
 4. Earl}- Washington. 
 
 5. Historical. 
 
 6. Library of Congress. 
 
 7. Maps and views of Washington. 
 S. Washington Directory and Guide. 
 
 C. Maps and Original Plans. 
 
 1. Washington and District of Columbia. 
 
 2. Capitol. 
 
 1. White House. 
 
 1 See also "List of maps and views of Washington and District of Columbia," by 
 P. L. Phillips, Senate Document 154, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. — Editor. 
 
 329 
 
330 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 A. Periodicals. 
 
 "WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION: 
 Early imprints. 
 
 Notice. — All persons having any accounts open with Mr. Anthony 
 Whiting, deceased, my late manager, etc. (Signed) G. Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 In "The Columbian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette." Alexandria, 
 July 6, 1793. 
 [Notice of sale of land in town of Alexandria by George Washington.] 
 
 /;/ "Alexandria Advertiser." August 2, 1797. 
 Alexandria Advertiser. Alexandria, Va., July 9, 1798. 
 
 [First magazine published in Washington.] 
 
 i.e. " The National Magazine, or a political, historical, biographical, 
 and literary repository. Number VII, vol. ii. District of Colum- 
 bia. Printed by the editor, [Dec. ?~\ 1800. 
 Note. — The earlier numbers were published in Richmond. 
 
 Advertisement ' 'A new work, The Private IJfe of Washington, with 
 a great number of original anecdotes, by M. L. Weems," 
 
 In "Georgetown Museum \and~\ Advertiser." Wednesday March 75, 
 1809. 
 
 Daily Federal Republican. Georgetown, November 26, 1814. 
 Early government. 
 
 Proposals for carrj'ing the mail of the United States. 
 
 In "The Universal Gazette." Washington, January 20, 1803. 
 Early Washington. 
 
 Scheme of a lottery for the purpose of disposing of valuable property 
 in the District of Columbia. 
 In "The George-Town Weekly Messenger." March 31, 1792. 
 [Advertisement for bids for building a bridge over Eastern Branch.] 
 In "Alexandria Advertiser and Commercial Intelligencer." April 7, 
 1S01. 
 
 [Sale of lots b5 7 the Commissioners.] 
 
 /;/ "The National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser." Wash- 
 ington, November 25, 1S01. 
 
 Bill to reduce the height of the houses of Washington. 
 
 In " National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser." Washington, 
 January 17, 1802. 
 
 Removal of the seat of government. 
 
 In " Colvin's Weekly Register." Washington City, February 13, 180S. 
 Observations on the District of Columbia. No. VI. 
 
 In " Washington Expositor." Saturday, March 26, 1808. 
 Public buildings. 
 
 />/ " The Daily National Intelligencer." Washington, April /j, 1S16. 
 An abstract [from the returns made by the principal assessor of the 
 District of Columbia to the Treasury Department.] 
 
 In "The Daily National Intelligencer." Washington, October 5, 1S16. 
 
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. 331 
 
 Historical. 
 
 An act making an appropriation in the aid of the city of Washington. 
 /;/ " The Daily National Intelligencer." Washington, May 23, 1813. 
 Extract of a letter from a gentleman of the first respectability, in 
 Baltimore, to a friend in this city. 
 In " The Aurora." Philadelphia, August 20, 1814. 
 Battle at Bladensburg ; Entry of the enemy into Washington ; Navy 
 Yard and public buildings destroyed. 
 In " The New York Gazette and General Advertiser." New York, 
 August 2g, 1814. 
 
 Loss of the Capital, and alarm in Baltimore. 
 
 In " New England Palladium." Boston, August 30, 1814. 
 
 Capture of Washington. 
 
 In "Essex Register." Salem, Mass., August 3/, 1814. 
 
 Washington Cit}' taken. 
 
 In "Columbian Centinel." Boston, August 31 , 1814. 
 City of Washington destroyed. 
 
 In "Boston Gazette." Boston, September 1 , 18 14. 
 The British in Washington. 
 
 In "Boston Gazette." Boston, September j, 181 4. 
 Washington City taken. 
 
 In "The Independent Chronicle." Boston, September 1, 1814. 
 Authentic account of the capture of Washington. 
 
 In "The Weekly Messenger." Boston, September 2, 181 4. 
 
 Almost incredible victory. 
 
 In ' ' The Daily National Intelligencer. ' ' Washington, February 6, 1815. 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 Purchase of Mr. Thomas Jefferson's library for the Library of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 In "The Daily National Intelligencer." Washington, October 18, 1814. 
 Congressional Library. 
 
 In "The Daily National Intelligencer." Washington, July 31, 1S13. 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 [Debate in House of Representatives on the erection of a monument 
 to George Washington in Washington.] 
 In "The National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser." Wash- 
 ington City, December 8, 1800. 
 
 B. Books, Pamphlets, and Magazines. 
 
 '.'WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION." 
 
 VIEWS OF THE CAPITOL AND WHITE HOUSE. 
 Capitol. 
 
 The Capitol, Washington. Drawn and engraved by Detournelle. 
 
 /;/ D. B. Warden's "Chorographical and statistical description of the 
 District of Columbia." p. 34. Paris, 1816. 
 
332 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Capitol — Continued. 
 
 View of the Capitol of the United States after the conflagration in 
 1814. Engraved by Alexander Lawson. 
 In Jesse Torrey's "A portraiture of domestic slavery in the United 
 States ' ' [ frontispiece] , Philadelphia, 181J. 
 
 Description of the Capitol. 
 
 In Win. Elliot's "The Washington Guide." p. 14. Published by 
 S. A. Elliot. City of Washington , 1S26. 
 
 Oestliche fronte des Capitols von Washington. 
 
 In Carl Bernhard's " Reise durc/i Nord Amerika in 1825 und 1826." 
 p. 270. Weimer, 1828. 
 
 Front view of the Capitol, Washington. 
 
 In "The American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge" 
 for August, 1S35. p. 5/9. Boston, 1835. 
 
 View of the Capitol of Washington. 
 
 In "American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge" fot 
 October, 1836. p. 26. Boston, 1836. 
 
 East front of Capitol at Washington City. Engraved by Graham 
 after a drawing by Burton. 
 
 In "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine" for November, 1839. Vol. /", 
 /. 231. Philadelphia, fSjg. 
 
 View of the Capitol at Washington. Engraved by C. J. Bentley 
 from a drawing by W. H. Bartlett. 
 
 In N. P. Willis's "American Scenery." Vol. I, p. 36. London, 1840. 
 
 The Capitol of the United States. Engraved by E. Griinewald 
 after a drawing by H. Brown. 
 
 In "Our Globe," a universal picturesque album, p. Si. Philadelphia 
 [1S40?]. 
 
 Interior of the House of Representatives, Washington. Engraved 
 from a drawing by W. Goodacre. 
 
 In f. H. Hinton' s "History and topography of the United States." 
 Vol. 2, p. 327. London, 1842. 
 
 The Capitol at Washington. 
 
 In "The Western Miscellany." p. 06. Dayton, Ohio, 1S4S. 
 
 [Capitol, west front. Dr. Thornton, architect.] 
 
 In J. Calvin Smith's "The illustrated hand-book, a new guide for 
 travelers through the United States of America." p. 101. New 
 York, 1S49. 
 
 Senate Chamber. 
 
 In Wm. Q. Force's " 'Picture of Washington and its vicinity, for 1S50." 
 p. 64. Washington, 1830. 
 
 White House. 
 
 The President's House, from Washington. Engraved by W. Rad- 
 clyffe from a drawing by W. H. Bartlett. 
 In N.P. Willis' s " American Scenery ." Vol. II, p. 32. London, 1S40. 
 
 TrrJ- l/S~r of tfc. 7~*U»& ^^ ~ tfc. C^ -fl LVaJ^f^. 
 
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. 333 
 
 White House — Continued. 
 
 [View of the President's House.] 
 
 In J. S. Buckingham's "America, historical, statistic, and descriptive." 
 Vol. I, p. 310. Lotidon [184s]. 
 
 President's House, Washington. 
 
 In A. W. Franklin's" American Cottage Library." p. 58. New York, 
 1848. 
 
 The President's House at Washington. 
 
 In R. C. Smith's "An introductory geography, designed for children." 
 p. 53. New York, 1S51. 
 
 Early governmental publications. 
 
 [First Census.] Return of the whole number of persons within the 
 several districts of the United States according to "An act pro- 
 viding for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United 
 States," passed March the first, one thousand seven hundred 
 and ninety-one [ninety] . 
 Printed by Childs & Sivaine. Philadelphia, j 791. 
 Letter and report of the Secretary of the Treasury, accompanied 
 with sundry statements relative to the Military and Naval 
 establishments, and to the fortification of the ports and harbours 
 of the United States. 
 
 Published by order of the House of Representatives, February 7, ijg8. 
 Printed by W. Ross. 
 
 Goldsborough, Charles W. An original and correct list of the 
 United States Navy, containing a list of the ships in commis- 
 sion, and their respective force. A list of officers and their rank 
 as well as those belonging to the Navy as the Marine Corps, 
 and a digest of the principal laws relating to the Navy, etc. 
 City of Washington. November, 1800. 
 [First United States Army Register.] 
 
 Military Fstablishment. 1802. 
 [Smith, Samuel Harrison.] History of the last session of Congress, 
 which commenced on the seventh of December, 1801. 
 
 Taken from the "Daily National Intelligencer." Printed by S. H. 
 Smith. City of Washington , 1802. 
 
 [First Blue Book.] Message from the President of the United 
 States transmitting a roll of the persons having office or employ- 
 ment under the United States. Published by order of the 
 Senate, February 16, 1802. 
 
 Printed by William Duane. Washington City, 1S02. 
 
 [Congressional Directory.] Places of abode of the members of 
 both Houses of Congress, first session of Eleventh Congress. 
 [1809.] 
 
 Register of the Army of the United States. 
 
 {Adjutant and Inspector General's Office.) Washington, August 16, 
 1813. 
 
334 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Early governmental publications — Continued. 
 
 [First Naval Register.] Letter from the Secretary of the Navy, 
 transmitting a list of all the commissioned officers in the Navy 
 of the United States, showing their respective rank, and dates 
 of the commissions; also, a list of all the midshipmen, with the 
 dates of their warrants. 
 
 Printed by R. C. Weight-man, Washington City, iSrj. 
 [First Biennial Blue Book.] A register of officers and agents, civil, 
 military, and naval, in the service of the United States, on the 
 thirtieth day of September, 1816; together with the names, 
 force, and condition of all the ships and vessels belonging to the 
 United States, and when and where built. 
 Prepared at the Department of State, in pursuance of a resolution of 
 Congress of the 2jth of April, 1S16. Printed by Jonathan Elliot. 
 City of Washington, 1816. 
 
 Congressional Directory, for the second session of the Fourteenth 
 Congress of the United States. 
 
 Printed by Daniel Rapine, Washington City, 1S16. 
 
 [First Patent Report.] A list of patents granted by the United 
 States, for the encouragement of arts and sciences, alphabeti- 
 cally arranged, from 1790 to 1820; containing the names of the 
 patentees, their places of residence, and the dates of the patents 
 * * *; also, all the acts passed by Congress on the subject of 
 patents. 
 
 Printed and sold by Alfred Elliot. Washington, D. C, July 20, 1S20. 
 Congressional Directory, for the first session of the Seventeenth 
 Congress of the United States. 
 Printed by Daniel Rapine. Washington City, 1821. 
 Table of post-offices in the United States, with the names of the 
 postmasters, the counties and States in which they are situated ; 
 and the distances from the city of Washington, and the capitals 
 of the respective States. 
 By direction of the Postmaster-General. Printed by Way & Gideon. 
 Washington City, 1825. 
 Gordon, Wm. A. A compilation of the registers of the Army of 
 the United States from 18 15 to 1837 (inclusive). * * * 
 Printed by James C. Dunn. Washington, /S37. 
 Early imprint. 
 
 The Potomak Almanac, or the Washington Ephemeris for the year 
 of our Lord, 1793. 
 Printed and sold by James Doyle. George-Town (Potomak). 
 
 [Woodward, A. B.] Considerations on the government of the Ter- 
 ritory of Columbia. * * * 
 
 Printed for the author by S. H. Smith. Washington, Jletropo/is of the 
 United Slates, 1S01. 
 Note. — Constitutes No. 1-4 of a series of articles. Nos. 5, 7 are 
 entered below. 
 
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. -ixz. 
 
 Early imprint — Continued. 
 
 Woodward, A. B. Considerations on the substance of the sun. 
 
 Printed by Way and Groff. Washington, Metropolis of the United States 
 of America, September, 1S01. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas. A manual of parliamentary practice for the use 
 of the Senate of the United States. 
 Printed by S. H. Smith. Washington City, i&oi. 
 
 The clerical candidates, a poem. 
 
 Washington City, November 14, /So/. 
 
 Workman, James. Political essays relative to the war of the French 
 Revolution — viz: An argument against continuing the war for 
 the subversion of the republican government of France. - 
 Printed by Cotton & Stewart, Royal street, Alexandria, /So/. 
 In "Political Pamphlets" Vol.101. 
 
 [Blodget, S.] Thoughts on the increasing wealth and national 
 economy of the United States. 
 Printed by Way and Groff. North E street, City of Washington, /So/. 
 In "Miscellaneous Pamphlets," Vol. 033, 
 
 [Woodward, A. B.] Epaminondas on the government of the Ter- 
 ritory of Columbia. No. V. * * * 
 Printed by Green and English. George-Town, Territory of Columbia, 
 /So/. 
 
 Woodward, A. B. Considerations on the government of the Terri- 
 tory of Columbia. No. VII. 
 Printed by S. Snowden & Co. Alexandria, Territory of Columbia, 
 fanuary, /802. 
 
 The Gambler, or memoirs of a British officer, distinguished in the 
 War of the Revolution. 
 Printed by W. Dunne & Son. Washington City, 1802. 
 
 Dinmore, Richard. Select and fugitive poetry; a compilation: with 
 notes biographical and historical. 
 Printed at the Franklin Press. Washington City, 1802. 
 
 Ogilvie, James [instructor of youth in the Stevensburg Academy] . 
 Cursory reflections on government, philosophy, and education. 
 Printed by f. & f. D. Westcott. Alexandria, 1802. 
 In "Political Pamphlets," Vol. 08. 
 
 Paine (Thomas), Letters from, to the citizens of the United States 
 on his arrival from France. 
 Printed at the Apollo Press, W. Duane & Son. Washington City, 1802. 
 In "■ Political Pamphlets," Vol. 17. 
 
 Austin, David. The national "Barley Cake," or, the "Rock of 
 Offence" into a "glorious Holy Mountain," in discourses and 
 letters. 
 
 Washington, District of Columbia, 1802. 
 In " Theological Pamphlets," Vol. 6. 
 H. Doc. 552 22 
 
336 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Early imprint — Continued. 
 
 Sidney, Algernon. A vindication of the measures of the present 
 administration. 
 
 Printed by Samuel H. Smith, City of Washington, 1803. 
 
 In " Political Pamphlets," Vol. 104. 
 Observations on the intended canal in Washington City. 
 
 City of Washington , 1S04. 
 
 I?i " Duane Pamphlets " Vol. 128. 
 
 [Blodget, S.] Economica; a statistical manual for the United States 
 of America. 
 
 Printed for the author. City of Washington, 1806. 
 
 The Alexandria Almanack for the year of our Lord 1807. * * * 
 
 Printed by Cottom & Stewart. Alexandria [180 f\. 
 Edgeworth, Miss [Maria] . The modern Griselda, a tale. 
 
 Published by foseph Milligan. George Town,i8io. {First American 
 edition. .] 
 The Alexandria Almanack for the year of our Lord 18 12. * * * 
 
 Printed by Cottom & Stewart. Alexandria \_r8i2~\. 
 The Bladensburg races, written shortly after the capture of Wash- 
 ington City, August 24, 1 8 14. 
 ' Printed for the purchaser. 18 16. 
 
 Early Washington. 
 
 [Lear, Tobias.] Observations on the River Potomack, the country 
 adjacent, and the City of Washington. 
 Printed by Loudon & Btower. New York, 1794. 
 
 Look before you leap; or, a few hints to such artizans, mechanics, 
 labourers, farmers, and husbandmen as are desirous of emigrat- 
 ing to America * * * applying particularly to the Federal 
 City of Washington. 
 London, 1796. 
 La Rochefoucault Liancourt, F. A. F. due de. Travels through the 
 United States of North America, the country of the Iroquois, and 
 Upper Canada. * * * 
 Vol. 2, p. J12. London, 1700. 
 Front view of the President's House in the City of Washington. 
 
 In C. W. fanson's " The Stranger in America." Albion Press. 
 London, 1S07. 
 Historical. 
 
 [Parker, Brig. Gen. Thomas.] A narrative of the Battle of Bla- 
 densburg in a letter to Henry Banning , esq. , by an officer of 
 General Smith's staff. 
 [fS/4.] /6 pp. Plate. 
 
 An enquiry respecting the capture of Washington by the British, 
 on the 24th August, 1814: With an examination of the report 
 of the committee of investigation appointed by Congress. By 
 Spectator. 
 
 Washington City. Printed 1816. 
 
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. 337 
 
 Historical — Continued. 
 
 Sketch of the engagement on the 24th of August between the 
 British and American forces. 
 
 In E. D. Ingraham's "Sketch of the events which preceded the capture 
 of Washington by the British on the 24th of August, /S/4." \_Opp. 
 title page. ] Philadelphia, /S40. 
 
 View of the President's House after the conflagration, August 24, 
 1814. 
 Co/01 ed aquatint by W. Strickland, after a drawing by G. Munger. 
 
 Capitol after the conflagration, 18 14. 
 
 Colored aquatint by W. Strickland , after a drawing by C. Munger. 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 Report of the joint committee appointed to take into consideration 
 the arrangement of books and maps belonging to Congress. 
 December iS, /So/. Printed by order of the Senate of the United Stales. 
 {Washington, i8oi.~\ 
 
 Catalogue of books, maps, and charts belonging to the Library of 
 the two Houses of Congress, April, 1802. 
 
 Printed by William Duane, Washington City [/So?]. [First catalogue 
 of the Library. 
 
 Catalogue of the Library of the United States, to which is annexed 
 
 a copious index alphabetically arranged. 
 
 Printed by Jonathan Elliot. Washington, /815. [First catalogue after 
 
 the partial destruction of the Library by the burning of the Capitol. 
 
 Comprises exclusively titles of books purchased from Thomas 
 
 Jefferson.} 
 
 Maps and Views of Washington. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington. 
 
 In " The Massachusetts Magazine" for May, /7Q2, p. 283. Boston, 
 '79 2 - 
 Plan of the City of Washington; now building for the metropolis of 
 America, and established as the permanent residence of Congress 
 after the year 1800. 
 
 Engraved by B. Baker, and published by W. Bent, /703. In " The 
 Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure" for July, /703, 
 p. 4/. London, /703. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington [Ellicott survey] . 
 
 //; " The Literaiy Magazine," p. 40. Published by f. Good, London, 
 \.'793\- 
 
 Washington City. 
 
 In S. S. Moore's and T. W. Jones's "Traveller's Directory, or a pocket 
 companion from Philadelphia to Neiv York and from Philadelphia 
 to Washington." Plate 23. Philadelphia, /802. 
 
 George-Town and City of Washington. Engraved by George Cooke. 
 In John Pinker/on' s " General 'collection of the best and. most interesting 
 voyages and travels." Vol. /2, p. 343. London, /S12. 
 
338 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Maps and Views of Washington — Continued. 
 
 A correct map of the City of Washington, capital of the United 
 States of America. Engraved by W. I. Stone. 
 In Peter Force' s "National Calendar for 1S20." [Appendix.] Wash- 
 ington, 1S20. 
 
 Map of Washington. 
 
 In J. M. Duncan's "Travels through part of the United States and 
 Canada in 181S and 18 19." Vol. I, p. 251. Glasgow, 1823. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington, seat of government of the United 
 States. 
 
 In "The Washington Directory." [Opposite title page. ,] Printed and 
 published by S. A. Elliot. City of Washington , 1827. 
 
 Washington. Engraved by J. E. Neagle, from a drawing by J. R. 
 Smith. 
 
 In Malte Prun's "System of Geography." Vol. II, p. 222. Boston, 
 1834. 
 
 Sketch of the City of Washington, made about 1852, by either 
 Luetz or Frank Mahon, from the Coast Survey window. 
 
 Washington Directory and Guide. 
 
 [First Director)^.] The Washington Directory, showing the name, 
 occupation, and residence of each head of a family and person 
 in business; the names of the Members of Congress and where 
 they board, together with other useful information. 
 By John Delano. Washington, 1822. 
 
 [First Washington Guide Book.] The Washington Guide, con- 
 taining an account of the District of Columbia, the City of 
 Washington, etc. 
 Printed and published by S. A. Elliot. Washington, November, 1822. 
 
 C. Maps and Original Plans. 
 
 "WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION." 
 Washington, and District of Columbia. 
 
 Columbia, or Federal City. Middle States of North America, show- 
 ing the position of the Geneseo country comprehending the 
 counties of Ontario and Steuben as laid off in townships of six 
 miles square each. 
 
 New York, 1791. Engraved by Maverick. 
 
 Columbia, or Washington, the Capital of America. Map of the 
 Middle States of North America with part of Canada, showing 
 the situation of the principal towns, viz: Columbia, Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia, and Montreal; also their several communications 
 with respect to Lake Ontario. 
 '79'- 
 
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. 339 
 
 Washington, and District of Columbia — Continued. 
 
 Columbia, new seat of government of the United States. A map of 
 the Genesee tract, in the county of Ontario, and State of New 
 York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, also its distance from the new 
 City of Columbia, or the proposed seat of government of the 
 United States. 
 1791. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, ceded 
 by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of 
 America and by them established as the seat of government, 
 after the year 1800. 
 Engraved by Thackara & Vallance. Philadelphia, 1792. 
 
 Map of Washington, in the District of Columbia. Showing the 
 lines of the various properties at the division with the original 
 properties in 1792. 
 
 Published and copyrighted by James M. Stewart, Washington, 1884. 
 Territory of Columbia. First topographical survey of the District 
 of Columbia, 1793. 
 Drawn by Andrew Ellicott. 
 
 Plan of Washington, in the District of Columbia. 
 
 By Dennis Griffith. Published in Philadelphia, June 6, 1795. En- 
 gravers, J. Thackara & J. Vallance. 
 
 Plan of the town of Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, 1798. 
 Published by J. V. Thomas, Alexandria. Engraved by T. Clark. N. V. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, ceded 
 by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of 
 America, and by them established as the seat of government, 
 after the year, 1800. 
 Boston. Engraved by Samuel Hill. 
 
 A map of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia. 
 Taken from actual survey, as laid out on the grounds \>y R. 
 King, Surveyor of the City of Washington. 
 
 Washington, /Soj. Engraved by C. Schwarz. [At the lower left-hand 
 corner, Elevation of S. Front of President's House, by James Hoban. 
 / ower right-hand corner, Elevation of east front of Capitol, by Dr. 
 Thornton. ] 
 
 Plan de la Ville de Washington situee sur le Territoire de Columbia 
 cede par les Etats de Virginie et Maryland aux Etats Unis 
 d'Amerique et etabli par eux comme le Siege de leur Gouv- 
 ernement depuis l'Annee 1800. 
 
 Par Piere Francois Tardieu, Graveur, Editeur-proprietaire , Place de 
 1' Estrapade No. 18, a Paris, 1S0S. 
 
 Plan of the City of Washington, seat of Congress of the United 
 States. 
 Printed and published by S. A. Elliot. City of Washington, 1827. 
 
340 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Washington, and District of Columbia — Continued. 
 
 Map of the City of Washington. 
 
 Published by John Brannan, 1828. Drawn by F. C. De Krafft, City 
 Surveyor. Engraved by Mrs. W. I. Stone. 
 
 District of Columbia, a map of Georgetown. 
 
 By William Bussard, 1830. Engraved by William Harrison, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 District of Columbia. Topographical map of the original District 
 of Columbia and environs, showing the fortifications around 
 the City of Washington. 
 By E. G. Arnold, C. E. Published by G. Woolworth Cotton. Mew 
 York, 1862. 
 Capitol. 
 
 Stephen Hallet, Architect. 
 
 Plan Ai. — Plan of the ground and principal floors of a project for the 
 
 Federal Capitol, sent from Philadelphia to the Board in July, 1793. 
 Plan Ci. — The ground floor of a plan laid before the Board in October, 1793. 
 Plan Di . — The ground floor of a plan presented to the Board in January, 1 794. 
 Principal floor. ( Competitive plan. ) 
 Plan C3. — Elevation of the principal floor. 
 Plan D2. — Elevation of the principal floor of Plan Di. 
 Plan B2. — Elevation of Plan Bi. 
 Plan C2. — Second floor. 
 Plan E5. — Second section of Plan El. 
 
 Fragment of an anal}'sis used for laying the lines and fixing the parts 7. 
 West elevation. (Competitive plan. ) 
 
 Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820), Architect. 
 
 Plan of principal floor for one of the Houses of Congress. 
 
 Plan of the principal story of the Capitol, 1S06. 
 
 Arcade and colonnade. 
 
 President's chair, Senate Chamber. 
 
 North Wing — Offices of the Judiciary. 
 
 Cross section of the House of Representatives. 
 
 South Wing — Sketch of a section in the Doric, Roman style, for the 
 
 consideration of the President, as to the propriety of a Doric 
 
 colonnade. 
 South Wing — Radius of the colonnade of the House of Representatives 
 
 to the center of the column. 
 Study for a West Front. 
 
 Dr. William Thornton (1761-1827), Architect. 
 Plan for principal floor. 
 
 [Presented to Mr. Latrobe by George Blagden, as the only existing 
 drawing of the Capitol, May 4, 1S03.] 
 East elevation. ( Competitive plan. ) 
 Principal floor. 
 White House. 
 
 Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820), Architect. 
 East Front, with addition of North Wing. 
 Plan of the principal floor, South Front. 
 
BEAUTIFYING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 
 
 By William V. Cox. 
 
 The following remarks of the secretary of the Joint Committee, which 
 were published in the Evening Star of December 5, 1900, are pertinent 
 to the subject of the Centennial Celebration and its purpose : 
 
 If the embellishment of the capital city is ever to be accomplished, now is the 
 time when it should be begun. The national legislative body, which must be looked 
 to for carrying out such plans, has authorized the preparation of designs and data 
 for a comprehensive park system. The heads of the different Executive Departments 
 have renewed their recommendations for the construction of a hall of records and 
 the District Commissioners for a municipal building. In other words, the require- 
 ments alone now call for these structures. Therefore, it would seem that every 
 organization, every individual having at heart the making of the capital city of the 
 great American nation one of noble, lasting structures, grouped appropriately and 
 of imposing design, a seat of government of such systematic layout and impressive 
 grandeur as would be expected of and would befit such a progressive country, every 
 individual in every part of our great Republic who looks to a future Washington as 
 the father of our country planned it, should join in an appeal that this work be begun 
 now, at the capital's centennial and the twentieth century's dawn. 
 
 The approaching centennial celebration of the removal of the capital from Phila- 
 delphia to Washington can not but inspire reflections on the present condition of the 
 city of Washington. A hundred years ago the building of the Capitol had been only 
 partially completed. The noble building that now stands overlooking the city, and 
 which is the admiration of the world, had not yet been conceived in its entirety by 
 its architect. The Executive Mansion was just ready for occupancy. Subsequently 
 the splendid group of buildings, such as the Treasury, with its imposing facade facing 
 the Potomac, unfortunately later extended into the line of Pennsylvania avenue, 
 was erected. The magnificent War, State, and Navy building is of a more recent 
 date, and if architecturally not as attractive as some of the other buildings, still it 
 must be conceded that it serves its purpose in a most admirable manner. Of recent 
 buildings, the most striking is the superb Library of Congress, which forms a valuable 
 adjunct to the Capitol. 
 
 A hundred years ago there were a few scattered houses on almost impassable roads. 
 Now palatial residences abound on magnificent avenues paved with asphalt. Primi- 
 tive pathways have given way to granolithic pavements. In those days the cumber- 
 some stage coach brought the wear}' traveler to the new capital. Now steam or 
 electric railways, with all the luxuries of modern civilization, bring the visitor to 
 our gates and transport him in horseless carriages to palatial hotels. 
 
 341 
 
342 Establishment of the Seat of Government. 
 
 In the original plans of the capital it is clearly shown that it was the intention of 
 our forefathers to reserve the territory on the south side of Penns3 - lvania avenue in 
 which to erect public buildings. The demands for business purposes led to the 
 temporary abandonment of this policy, but more than ten years ago Seth Milligan, 
 then chairman of the House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, revived 
 the plan of preserving the south side of the avenue for administration buildings, 
 and, indeed, it may be said in consequence of his efforts the project has since been 
 kept alive. The members of the centennial committee were in thorough sympathy 
 with this proposition, and consequently they recommended to Congress in a com- 
 prehensive plan, which should include the connecting of the Mall and the Potomac 
 Park with the National Rock Creek Park, the improvement of that portion of Wash- 
 ington. Mr. Samuel Parsons, jr., who was for many years connected with Central 
 Park in New York City, has presented an elaborate plan for the artistic treatment 
 of these parks, which was submitted to Congress on December 5, 1900, by the Secre- 
 tary of War, and, together with the letters of transmittal through the proper official 
 channels, is printed in the appendix. 
 
 To the centennial committee is also due much of the credit for the interest in a 
 memorial bridge which should connect Potomac Park with Arlington, the home of 
 the nation's dead, and later by a broad boulevard with Mount Vernon, where the 
 dust of the immortal Washington is preserved. 
 
 The persistent agitation of this comprehensive scheme for the beautifying of the 
 nation's capital has unquestionably been stimulated by the active measures that 
 have been so effective in beautifying the city of Chicago, with its splendid parks, 
 driving roads, and connecting boulevards; and of New York, with its elaborate series 
 of parks in the city above the Harlem River. The plan of the city of Washington 
 is admirably adapted for such a scheme, and the centennial committee, having in 
 mind the opportuneness of the occasion, is exceedingly anxious that the new cen- 
 tury should be inaugurated by some active steps being taken toward the culmination 
 of such a project. The American Institute of Architects has shown very great inter- 
 est in the matter, and will soon hold a meeting in this city, when several of its most 
 eminent members will present papers on the future grouping of Government build- 
 ings, landscapes, and statuary in this city.' The encroachments on the Executive 
 Mansion for business offices demand that a suitable residence should be provided for 
 the President. Whether this proposition will best be accomplished by the building 
 of a new home for the Chief Executive or by the enlargement of the present edifice 
 is a matter that will come up for consideration. 
 
 The line of old forts and earthworks from Fort Reno to Fort Totten should for 
 history's sake be preserved as a battlefield park. It was at Fort Stevens, midway 
 in this line, where President Lincoln stood exposed to the Confederate fire, and it 
 was this fort that saved the capture of the capital of the nation by Gen. Jubal A. 
 Early during the engagements of July 11 and 12, 1S64. The site where Commodore 
 Joshua Barney planted his guns in 1814, to stop the advance of the British to Bla- 
 densburg, should also be marked as one of the few creditable incidents of the cam- 
 paign of General Ross and Admiral Cockburn that resulted in the capture of 
 Washington. 
 
 The history of a nation's capital is the history of a nation, and the time is now 
 ripe for us to take advantage of the ability and talent possessed by our American 
 architects, sculptors, and artists to evolve something that should be in the highest 
 degree representative of the genius of the nation. More and more is Washington 
 becoming the center for that which is representative in the highest degree of the 
 
 1 See " Papers relating to the improvement of the city of Washington," by Glenn 
 Brown, with introduction by Charles Moore. Government Printing Office, 1901. 
 
Beautifying the National Capital. 343 
 
 culture of the American people. It is already recognized as the greatest scientific 
 center in the United States, and institutions of learning are rapidly increasing. 
 A great national university is destined to spring from the nuclei that have already 
 obtained a foothold. Cathedrals, art galleries, and special museums will follow in 
 time. Steps have already been taken toward the erection of a building for the 
 National Geographic Society, and the Washington Academy of Sciences has pur- 
 chased a site on which it is proposed to erect a temple to science. It was to Wash- 
 ington that the famous message, "What hath God wrought?" first flashed over 
 the wires from Baltimore. It was the home of Henry, from whose researches the 
 electric telegraph became a possibility, and it is now the home of Bell, to whom we 
 owe the telephone. The time is now opportune and should not be neglected . 
 
 H. Doc. 552 23 
 
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 Plan, 
 
 . . 7/H? fosiiwnsjbr the afferent Edifices, andfor l/ie 
 
 several ^Squares or^dreas vf different shapes, as diet/ anlaid 
 doivn.zverc firsT determined on the most, udvanXagi 
 convmandma ffic most extensive prospects, cr/id the letter susceptible **& 
 of such' crnpi-ovcmem/s, as cither iise or ornament ma// /nrrenpci ^ 
 
 V* J^JJ^JSS or, Avenues ofdhxct communication have be.— J 
 to comieet the separate and most distant: ofyetls wiilh the 
 aiul lr preserve t/nroiufh the udwh a reciprocity of stfflit at thie same time 
 ^Attention has hen paid //< the papituf -^o/ those Icadetuj^Aut 
 most favorable e/wimd for prospect mid 
 
 hJVbj?T'/f and South Unes intersected hf ollicrs running due East a 
 Wesbj-mah l/u distribution,^ the Cihj into Streets, Sauarcs, £G. and 
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 TlIE ./iiiml. tmnua, anib such Streets as, 
 
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 into Joot ways, walks oftrccs, and a carnage ivay 
 
 arejrom .<)<• to HOjeel wUh 
 
 iNorder tocxccutc thisfUtrv, Mi ELLIWtf drew a true Meridional 
 
 Urn I'// celestial observation, which/papcs through ih, . Inn inUndedJbr the 
 
 Ciini, I this line in erased, fa anolhei due East and Mst, which p^Ses thvugh 
 
 l,- r „ These lines urn accurately measured and made Ihr lasts on 
 which tht whole plan was executed Hi ran all tbt lines b/a Transit Instru- 
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