:^- "^-0^ V ;^^ Si^v^ ^^ .^'' o G" o A •i; v' * " 4 O ^-0 > ^-, q\ ° " " * O ^^ /^V. ^^ -^•^'' .^>'^ -^ .\^ "t^o^ .^ .-^^^ o ..V o vV v^. -> ^ 4 o c> \ <" .0^ c" v^o'' ,-Jv ^^ -3^ ^-^-n^ ^4, .r v^'- ,.^' O • .^' .0 ^^-n^. C" >„ .-5^ ,0' 4 o V > - ^ ' - CN ,< :/ .r ^ A o > . i- xOv-. 0' ,^ v^ <^. VERY schoolboy knows that Virginia was called the Mother of Presidents. Eight of our chief magistrates, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Tyler, William Henry Harrison, Taylor and Wilson, were born upon her sacred soil. The first four were elected presi- dent from their native state, and each of them served two terms, or eight years; Tyler was elected vice- president with W. H. Harrison, and succeeded him at his death ; Harrison and Taylor, both soldiers of distinc- tion, were elected president from Ohio and Louisiana, respectively, and died before their terms were completed. Incidentally, it may be noted that they were the only presidents elected by the Whig party. Wilson, an edu- cator of distinction, as long the head of Princeton University, was chosen from New Jersey. Washington was inaugurated in 1789; up to 1861, seventy-two years thereafter, the South had the presi- dency more than two-thirds of the time, or forty-nine years; the North about one-third, or twenty-three years. Though the latter was far superior in population, wealth and commercial importance, the former was able to dominate the country because of her being more united and thereby more aggressive. Furthermore, up to '61 five of her presidents, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson, had been re-elected; the North had been able to re-elect none, the two Adamses and Van Buren, who had stood for another term, being defeated. In fact, Virginia and North Carolina gave [3] birth to all the Southern presidents during this period. Jackson and Polk, both native sons of North Carolina but adopted by Tennessee, were the only ones not fur- nished by The Old Dominion. In this golden age of Virginia and the South, it was quite the fashion, however, to place a Northern man upon the national ticket, either as president or, more frequently, as vice-president, to preserve the balance of power and harmony between the sections. The older and younger Adams of Massachusetts, Van Buren of New York, Pierce of New Hampshire, and Buchanan of Pennsylvania, served these purposes as presidents; and George Clinton, Tompkins, Gerry, Dallas and Fill- more, as vice-presidents. In this period of our history there was no West as we know it today. There were then but two great divisions, or sections, of our country: North and South. The for- mer comprised all that part lying above Mason and Dixon's line; the latter, all that tract below it. In a word, the term "North" then meant the territory stretch- ing from Pennsylvania northeast to and including New Hampshire; the term "South," that extending southwest to and including Georgia. Pennsylvania, having six states beyond and six below her, was the pivot; hence her name of The Keystone State. The original thirteen colonies, or states, stretched along the Atlantic seaboard irregularly from New Hampshire in the extreme north- east to Georgia, the extreme southwest, as stated. As new states were added to the Union, they were of necessity formed from territory south or west of the original thirteen, Maine excepted; and Kentucky, admit- ted 1792; Tennessee, 1796; Ohio, 1802; Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816, and others, were carved out of such territory during the first thirty-five years after the inauguration of the government. Up to this time ( 1 824) the West did not presume to offer a candidate of its own for either president or vice-president. Until then all nominees for both offices, of whatever party, had been taken from and born in that narrow strip of land lying [4] along the Atlantic seacoast. In that year, however, the growing country burst its bonds : it crossed the Allegha- nies for two of her presidential candidates; and the Southwest began to assume proportions as a political factor. Two men from that section, Henry Clay of Kentucky and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, appeared as rivals for the seat soon to be vacated by James Mon- roe. Neither was then successful, but their candidacy served to show how tenacious the original thirteen were of their supremacy and how unwilling they were to relin- quish it: Clay was born in Virginia, Jackson in North Carolina ! Hence, both were more Southern than West- ern. And a careful study of our political history reveals the fact that not only our presidents and vice-presidents, but even our leading unsuccessful candidates for those offices were, with few exceptions, born in the thirteen states, up to 1861, when The Old Era ended and The New Era began! This is truly a remarkable fact; and shows how reluctantly the sceptre passed from the old states to the new ones; from the South and North to the West. "Westward the star of empire took its way" — though very slowly ! The original alignment, as we have seen, was between the South and North. In 1861, after a quarter of a cen- tury of agitation and struggle, the great West as we know it today came in for her proper and natural share of public honors. "Where MacGregor sits is the head of the table" ; and the Middle West has ever since kept her seat very near that coveted place ! As the number of states of the Union multiplied, the centre of popula- tion gradually shifted westward ; and political supremacy did likewise. We hear much of the Constitution "fol- lowing the flag" ; and The Old Era, first placing her flag at half-mast, then furling it altogether, surrendered it Into the hands of The New Era; then meekly followed her Into the mighty West (which her own body had largely helped to create), out of whose virgin soil wealth Inexhaustible was to be dug; upon whose fertile plains an empire was to be created; and from whose greatest son a new Declaration of Independence was to issue ! [5] Up to 1836 that great stretch of territory north of the Ohio had presented no candidate to the nation for either president or vice; but in that year she completed the work begun in 1824 — not only passing the Allegha- nies but crossing the Ohio and putting forward William Henry Harrison of that state as a fit nominee for presi- dent on the Whig ticket. He was a son of Virginia; a military hero of the war of 1812, and known as "Tippe- canoe"; old, and a lover of hard cider. These "qualifi- cations," however, did not prevent his defeat by Van Buren, backed as he was by the great power of Andrew Jackson. Four years later, or 1840, the tables were turned upon Van Buren, "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" defeating him overwhelmingly. But Harrison died in the White House exactly a month from his inaugura- tion; and the fruits of their victory were lost to the Whigs. The election of 1844 witnessed the third and last attempt of Henry Clay to secure the presidency; Theo- dore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, his running mate. James K. Polk of Tennessee, (born in North Carolina) and George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania, opposed them and were successful, the vote of New York turning the scale. Encouraged by her success with Harrison, a military hero, in 1840, the West in 1848 presented another can- didate in the person of General Lewis Cass of Michigan, on the Democratic ticket. Cass, a New Hampshire boy, had some military reputation, but was beaten by General Zach Taylor, "Old Rough and Ready," the real hero of the Mexican War. His success against Cass was due to the appearance of Martin Van Buren as a Free-soiler, whose vote in New York gave that state to the Whigs. In 1852 both great parties took their candidates from the old sections : Pierce of New Hampshire and King of Alabama (born in North Carolina) against Scott of Virginia and Graham of North Carolina. The former were elected overwhelmingly; and the Whig party ceased to exist. [6] Beaten with Scott, a Southern military hero, the West essayed another in 1856, in the person of General John C. Fremont of California, the brilliant Pathfinder. This was the first time a candidate was named from beyond the Mississippi. Fremont was born in Georgia; as a son-in-law of Thomas H. Benton, was allied to the Democratic party; yet he became the first candidate of the new Republican party! He was opposed by his wife's father on the ground that his (Fremont's) suc- cess "would mean the triumph of a sectional party" ! William L. Dayton of New Jersey went down to defeat with him. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, then unknown, received a large number of votes in convention for vice- president, and was Dayton's nearest competitor. Buch- anan of Pennsylvania, and Breckinridge of Kentucky, carried the country. Away back in March, 1850, William H. Seward of New York, when speaking in the Senate in favor of the admission of California into the Union as a free state, uttered these remarkable words : ''The people have been accustomed to say, 'the South and the North' ; they are only beginning now to say, 'the North and the South.' " The day was approaching, the hour was striking in which this statement, this prophecy, was to be fulfilled; the South's supremacy was to come to an end; her sceptre was to pass. Strangely enough, she furnished the one who was to exercise the sovereignty thus relinquished; she provided the hero for the great drama then opening ! In the campaign of "60 Abraham Lincoln, born on the slave soil of Kentucky, reared in Indiana and there grown to manhood,finally settling in Illinois, the Empire state of the West, — a physical, mental and moral giant, who by sheer force of character and intellect had two years before wrested the leadership of his state from Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic idol, broke up the old regime by capturing the presidency on the Repub- lican ticket. His mate, Hannibal Hamlin, hailed from Maine; thus the first combination of East and West, with the West the senior partner, was formed. By their [7] triumph the old firm of South and North was dissolved ; and has never since been in business. Mr. Lincoln's rivals were three in number, and pow- erful : Douglas (born in Vermont) and H. V. Johnson of Georgia were the Northern Democratic candidates; Breckinridge of Kentucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon (born in North Carolina) were the Southern Demo- cratic; while the Constitutional Union Party put up John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. "War legislates" ; and our Civil War, which followed hard upon the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln, disturbed and recast our political map. States like Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois, which had been in ante- bellum days largely Democratic, became strongly Republican. The treaty which had so long existed between the South and North was destroyed by fire; the compact was dissolved by mutual consent; and each party to it sought a new alliance. The change, the revo- lution wrought in the South, was even greater and more significant than that in the North. Prior to '61 the South had been largely Whig, and numbers of her leaders and candidates had come from that section: Clay, Crittenden, Bell, Graham, Mangum, Badger. But the same fire which burned in the North burned even more fiercely in the South; and she became heart and soul Democratic. A study of our political history since 1860 reveals, not only the continued existence of this copartnership be- tween East and West, but the still more striking fact that Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and New York, the Big Four, have furnished nearly all our candidates, presi- dential and vice-presidential, since that time, with Ken- tucky standing in the background. A review of this period fully confirms these statements. In 1864 the Republicans renominated Lincoln, put- ting Andrew Johnson, a Tennessee War Democrat, upon the ticket with him. Johnson was born in North Carolina, — one of the original thirteen! Gen. George [8] B. McClellan of New York (born In Pennsylvania) and George H. Pendleton of Ohio were the Democratic can- didates; and the youngest pair who ever entered a national race, being but thirty-eight and thirty-nine years of age, respectively. The Independent Republicans, dissatisfied with Mr. Lincoln's administration, put for- ward Gen. Fremont and Gen. John Cochran of New York. This ticket was withdrawn later, — "not to aid in the triumph of Mr. Lincoln, but to do my part toward preventing the election of the Democratic candidate," Fremont wrote. Lincoln had a good majority of the popular vote and an overwhelming one of the electoral; and was the first man to be re-elected by the North or West. 1868 saw the candidates of both great parties taken from the same territory, — Gen. U. S. Grant, born in Ohio, though living in Galena, Illinois, being the Re- publican standard bearer; and Horatio Seymour of New York, the Democratic. Grant's running mate was Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, who was born in New York; Seymour's was Gen. Frank P. Blair, Jr., hailing from Missouri, though first seeing the light of day in "Ole Kaintuck." 1872 saw Grant's re-nomination and re-election. Henry Wilson, a Massachusetts senator, born in New Hampshire, was associated with him. Horace Greeley, also from the Granite state but adopted by New York, and the editor of the Tribune, bore aloft the standard of the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties. As in '68, the Democracy selected a Kentuckian by birth but Missourian by adoption as their vice-presidential candidate, — Benjamin Gratz Brown. Greeley was not only overwhelmingly defeated, but did not live to wit- ness the meeting of the electors, for the first time in our history. The straight-out Democrats had Charles O'Conor of New York and John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts lead them. The Prohibition party made its first appearance in the national field at this election, James Black of Pennsylvania and Rev. John Russell [9] of Michigan, being Its nominees. The war and the issues arising from it had absorbed the whole attention of the country for twelve long years; from 1872 on, other questions claimed their thought and devotion; and to this fact may be attributed some measure of the Increasing good will between the sections. General- Grant's first letter of acceptance concluded with the fer- vent words, "Let us have peace!" Coming from the hero of Vicksburg and Appomattox, they had extraor- dinary significance, and did much to close the "bloody chasm." The Republicans In 1876 selected Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio and William A. Wheeler of New York as their nominees, — still another combination of West and East ! The Democrats did just the reverse, — selecting their candidate for president from the East, Samuel J. Tllden of New York, and their choice for vice-president from the West, Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana, though born in Ohio. Even the standard bearers of the National Greenback party, which for the first time appeared in the field, — Peter Cooper and Samuel F. Cary, — were from New York and Ohio, respectively. Kentucky, in order to maintain her repu- tation, furnished the National Prohibition Reform party with Its candidate for president. Gen. Green Clay Smith ; G. T. Stewart of Ohio was associated with him. This presidential election was more closely contested than any other, the Democrats claiming South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida for Mr. Tllden, though on the face of the returns Mr. Hayes carried them. With these votes Mr. Tllden would have a clear majority In the electoral college, as he had unquestionably among the people; without them he would be beaten by one vote. After long and exciting discussions, both within and without Congress, and coming dangerously near to civil war, the decision of the Electoral Commission, created by Congress specifically to hear and determine the case, gave Mr. Hayes the electoral votes of these three states, who thereby gained the presidency with 185 votes to 184 for Mr. Tllden. [10] The election of 1880 saw the Republican party take her candidates not only from the same sections as in 1876, but from the identical states, Ohio and New York, and in the same order. The struggle between Blaine and Grant for the presidential nomination made a compromise candidate necessary; and Gen. James A. Garfield, a native Buckeye, was the fortunate man. Levi P. Morton was tendered the vice-presidency, but declined it; then Chester A. Arthur was selected. Both of these gentlemen were born in Vermont, but had resided for many years in New York. The Democratic party just reversed, sectionally speaking, taking its lead- ing candidate from New York in the person of Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock (born in Pennsylvania), a gal- lant regular army officer and the hero of Gettysburg. William H. English of Indiana was chosen as his run- ning mate. The National Greenback-Labor party put forward Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa, who first saw the light of day in Ohio. This was the first time the Mississippi river had been crossed by any political party, save in 1856 with Fremont by the Republicans. After an exciting canvass Garfield was elected by the vote of New York. The Republican party in 1884, for the first time in its history, selected its presidential candidate from the East, in the person of James G. Blaine of Maine. Penn- sylvania was his birthplace. Associated with him was Gen. John A. Logan of Illinois. The Democracy adhered to its traditional policy, inaugurated in 1 864, of running a New Yorker, Grover Cleveland by name, for the highest office in the nation. Mr. Cleveland was born in New Jersey; and up to his election as governor of the Empire state, two years before, was practically unknown outside of his adopted city of Buffalo. He, like James K. Polk in 1844, was pitted against the most brilliant and popular man of his time, against the Henry Clay of his generation; and like Polk, he won through a narrow margin in New York, which turned the scale in his favor. Mr. Hendricks, of Indiana, who had been [11] Mr. Tllden's associate in 1876, was elected with Mr. Cleveland. The Prohibition standard bearer, John Pierre St. John, hailed from Kansas, though born in Indiana. Beaten in '84 with an Eastern candidate, the Repub- licans in '88 returned to their time-honored policy of selecting one from the West, and picked Benjamin Harrison of Indiana as the man to lead them to victory. Born in Ohio, he was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, the first Whig president, and the great-grand- son of Governor Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Levi P. Morton, of Vermont and New York, was placed upon the ticket with him. President Cleveland was renominated; associated with him was the Old Roman of Ohio, Allan G. Thurman. Born in Virginia, Thur- man had lived in the Buckeye state from his sixth year. Verily, the Old Dominion, claiming both Harrison and Thurman, could not relinquish the sceptre ! General Clinton B. Fisk, the Prohibition candidate, was born in New York. Benjamin Harrison, like William Henry, proved a winner, defeating President Cleveland even as his grandfather had defeated that other distinguished New Yorker, President Martin Van Buren; though W. H. Harrison's victory was much more overwhelm- ing and did not, like Benjamin's, hinge upon the result in New York. President Benjamin Harrison was renominated in 1892 with Whitelaw Reid of New York as his asso- ciate. Like Harrison, Reid was a native of Ohio; and their joint nomination seemed to contravene Article II., Section I., of the Constitution which reads as follows: "The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state as them- selves." But though both were native sons of Ohio, Harrison was an adopted son of Indiana, Reid of New York; hence, the constitutional inhibition did not apply. William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, in 1840, both natives of Virginia, presented a parallel case. The [12] Democracy tried again with Cleveland, placing Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois (born in Kentucky!) upon the ticket with him. General Weaver appeared once more as a presidential candidate, this time of the Populists. Cleveland was chosen by a large popular and electoral vote; though Weaver achieved a genuine distinction in being the first third-party candidate since 1856 to receive votes in the electoral college. Nominating William McKinley of Ohio and Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey as their choice, the Repub- licans swept the country in 1 896. Opposed to them were William Jennings Bryan, an adopted son of Nebraska though a native Illinoisian; and Arthur Sewall of Maine. The National (or Gold) Democrats refused to follow Bryan and supported Gen. John M. Palmer of Illinois and Gen. Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky. One had been a Union, the other a Confederate gen- eral; each had served as governor of his state; and both were natives of old Kentucky. Renominating President McKinley in 1900, the Republican party again carried the country against Mr. Bryan, though by a decreased majority in many quar- ters. McKinley's partner was Theodore Roosevelt of New York; Bryan's, ex-Vice-President Stevenson of Illinois. In this campaign Eugene V. Debs of Indiana first appeared as a presidential candidate upon the Social Democratic ticket. He polled nearly 100,000 votes. President McKinley's assassination in 1901 brought Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt into the executive chair at the early age of forty-three, he thus becoming the youngest president in our history. In 1904 he broke all precedents by securing an election as president. The other vice-presidents (Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson and Arthur), who succeeded to the presidential ofiice through the deaths of their respective chiefs, were not able to secure a nomination even. Charles W. Fair- banks, a Buckeye by birth but Hoosier by adoption, was Roosevelt's running mate. Judge Alton B. Parker of [13] New York was put forward by the Democratic party; and Henry G. Davis of West Virginia (born in Mary- land) was associated with him. Mr. Davis was the oldest candidate in our history, being over eighty years of age. Eugene V. Debs again appeared, this time as head of the Socialist party; and polled over 400,000 votes. Again an Ohioan headed the successful Republican ticket in 1908 in the person of William H. Taft; again a New Yorker, James S. Sherman, ran for vice-presi- dent. Both Mr. Bryan and Mr. Debs made their third trial for the presidency, equalling Henry Clay's record of 1824, 1832 and 1844 with a like result. Mr. Bryan's partner was John W. Kern of Indiana. The year 1912 saw President Taft's defeat for re-election, Mr. Sherman of course sharing the same fate. But two of the forty-eight states, Vermont and Utah, cast their electoral votes for them. Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy on the Progressive ticket, with Gov. Hiram Johnson of California, was responsible for the poor showing of the Republicans, — he polling more popular and electoral votes than they. Wood- row Wilson of New Jersey (born in Virginia) was chosen president because of this breach; and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice-president. Another combination of East and West! Again was Mr. Debs in the field. In this year of grace (1916) President Wilson and Vice-President Marshall are before the people for re-election; Charles Evans Hughes of New York and Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana are opposing them. Whatever way the election goes the combination of East and West simply cannot be beaten. Even the Prohibition candidate for president, J. Frank Hanly, hails from Indiana, though born in Illinois. The foregoing sketch of our national political history fully bears out the claim that the Original Thirteen States ruled the country up to 1861 ; and that since that time the Big Four, namely, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and [14] ] New York, have been supreme. The first period con- stituted The Old Era; the latter, The New. Virginia was the chief factor in those old days, but long a cipher in the present regime, though a son of hers now sits in the White House; New York, associated with her in that early time, occupies the unique distinction of being foremost in both. It has been said that few men are useful in more than one era; it is likewise often true of states and nations. Virginia proved the rule; New York broke it and thereby became the exception. Vir- ginia, Mother of Presidents and of Henry, Marshall, Scott, Thomas, the Masons, Randolphs and Lees, unheeding the warnings and pleadings of three of her greatest sons, Washington, Jefferson and Clay, refused to favor even the gradual emancipation of her slaves; and, later, was caught in the vortex of secession, though reluctantly. Her domination passed with the rise of anti-slavery sentiment throughout the country; the fall of Richmond ; and the growth of the West. New York, more fortunate, once sharing supremacy with her, pre- served her own proud place in the galaxy of states by reading aright the signs of the times in abolishing slavery within her own borders; by strongly support- ing the union cause; and by allying herself with the West. If Virginia deserved the proud title of Mother of Presidents — and she did — New York must be called the Mother of Vice-Presidents; for not less than ten of her sons have filled that chair: Burr, George Clinton, Tompkins, Van Buren, Fillmore, Wheeler, Arthur, Morton, Roosevelt and Sherman. Of these Van Buren was elected to the presidency, also; while three of this list, Fillmore, Arthur and Roosevelt, succeeded to that high office upon the death of their respective chiefs, Taylor, Garfield and McKinley. Roosevelt, as already stated, was also chosen for a term of his own. Grover Cleveland, another New Yorker, served eight years in the White House. Taking it all in all, when one stud- ies the history of the Empire state he is constrained to [15] exclaim, Great zvas Diana of the Ephesians; great is New York! The geographical center of these United States is at Topeka, Kansas; the center of population is located in Indiana, according to the last census, that of 1910. From the foregoing survey of our history one would conclude that our political center was very near Indian- apolis. Within a radius of three hundred and fifty miles of that city a majority of our presidents and vice-presidents since 1861, and even the candidates, of all parties, for those offices since that time, have been recruited. What the future of our country, politically speaking, is to be no one knows; but as our population increases and the votes in the electoral college are thereby aug- mented, the West, growing much more rapidly than the East, looms up larger and larger. The East must make extraordinary efforts to retain her present command- ing position. From our first census the center of popu- lation has shifted, first southward, then westward; from its present place in the Mississippi valley it may yet cross that river. Should it do so the East will be in great danger of losing that proud place which New York's pre-eminence alone sustains. The Mississippi crossed, the center of political gravity will be entirely beyond and outside of New York, which must of neces- sity fall. In many national elections the result has been attained without any assistance from her; in fact, with few exceptions, notably '44, '48, '60, '80 and '84, New York has not been a deciding factor. Sometimes she was on the winning side, as in 1840 and 1852; some- times on the losing, as in 1856 and 1868; but with the exceptions noted her voice has not been decisive in a hundred years. As time goes on she will become less and less indispensable to any political party; and while she is the Empire state of the Union, because of her wealth, population and commercial importance, Ohio, a child of the Old Dominion, has, like Jacob, become a supplanter and succeeded her as the Mother of Presi- dents ! Verily, Virginia, like Webster, "still lives." [16] This study of our political history has been written with no partisan bias, no sectional bitterness; only with the sincere desire to ascertain the facts, present them and draw the lessons from them. The writer, bound by the most sacred ties to both North and South, rejoices that the time has again come in which the home of Washington, of Jefferson and of Jackson furnishes, as of old, worthy candidates for national honors; and not until the South once more took her rightful, her his- toric place in the administration of our affairs, would we be in reality one country and share a common destiny ! [17] T4. 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