(lass r 4 ^ lg Rook ' N, fe r / STATISTICS AND INFORMATION CONCERNING THE S^^ STATE OF IVIISSOURI -AND ITS- Cheap Farming Lands, ^^\^mm^ - The Grazing and Dairy Region, The Mineral and Timber Resources, The Unsurpassed Fruit Lands, Limitless Opportunities for Labor and Capital WITH COMPLIMENTS OF THE -OF" The Missouri Pacific Railway Go, i)eGii©atiorp. Ji^O those wl^o desire to iTjake a good, c'qeap F|otT[e for themselves and families, surrourjded by all i[\e advantages and conqforts of schools, churches, railroads, social and other privileges of ar^ old aqd well-establish[ed community, where good laqds can be obtained far below their actual value, this surr\mary of the resources of Missouri is dedicated Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1889, by H. C. TowNSEND, General Passenger and Ticket Agent Missouri Pacific Railway, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. WOODWARD & TIERNAN PRINTING CO., ST. LOUIS. (7-1-1900). "To the West I To the West I To the land of the free, Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea ; Where a man is a man, if he is willing to toil, And the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil." To this land of independence and plenty are homeseekers and cap- ital invited, with the assurance that no better choice can be made. Missouri is the best located of all the States. It lies midway between the North and the South, the East and the West. It has none of the extreme cold of the Northern States, nor the tropical heat of the more Southern States. Its soil is productive and the climate ideal. Nowhere can be found a greater variety of avenues to remunerative industry, competence and wealth. We invite the honest, the industrious, and the persevering to occupy our lands, extract from its rich soil the products which Nature is so ready to yield, develop its mineral resources, plant vineyards and orchards, or select any of the numerous pursuits of life. In Missouri every one is assured an abundant reward for his labor. Nature will assist him here, as she rarely does elsewhere. Missouri is a State where lands are cheap and the terms easy. It is a State where farming pays, and the settler, in a few years, may earn his home while improving his lands, and find it increasing in value year by year, Missouri is the heart of the nation, and is connected with every part of the body politic by bands of steel. The soil produces every variety of crops. Every industry located in Missouri possesses an advantage over those of other States. Missouri is a State of high civilization, education, and political and religious freedom. School houses adorn nearly every hill-top, where the youth may learn without pay and without price. Every valley has its churches, and all creeds are represented. Missouri fruit crops surpass those of Florida. South Missouri is the land of big red apples. Missouri mules and horses are finer than those of Kentucky. In the production of poultry she leads the world. There is more coal in Missouri than in Illinois, more iron than in Pennsyl- vania, more building stone than in Vermont. The output of lead and zinc is worth more in one year than all Colorado's mined silver. It is the land of wild grasses and the adopted home of the blue grass. In agriculture, it is the garden spot of the universe. In summer, a land of growing crops and delightful air. In winter, fat herds, full tables, and bright firesides. We ask the homeseeker snd capitalist, without regard to religious belief or political opinion, to come to this land of abundance, and assure to all the highest reward of industry. Missouri State Board of Immigration, Lincoln lYust Biiilding, St. Louis, Mo. •00T$ no x^x poqos aStU8AY •siidnj JO jaquin^ •s.i9qoB8j, looqog JO jaquiu^ •s«[ooqos oiiqnj JO jaqmnjj; ^TJfiAqiounxsnox •ABH JO AGIO saox •paaS J8AO10 -na P89S iqc^ouiTX -na »0 -- 3^1 1— Cl IQ ■>! 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The geographi- cal position of a State or country has as great a bearing on the importance of that State or country financially, politically and socially as all other influences combined. Why is Xew York the Empire State? Why is its influence felt so strongly in all matters of national impor- tance? Why do the sister States look to New York to lead? Why are the political and financial policies of the country dictated from New York? While the United States was confined to the region east of the Allegheny mountains, and the commerce of the country west was of no importance, Virginia, on account of its central location, exerted the con- trolling influence in the affairs of the nation. Her soil was superior to that of New York, her climate was more genial, and her natural adapta- tion to acquiring wealth in all branches of industry surpassed that of New York. Her statesmen and great men were made greater because they were citizens of Virginia, and their influence was augmented by the proud position of the great State whi<;h they represented. But how great the change. Virginia has lost nothing. In fact, her gain in spite of a disastrous war, has been steady. But how is it with New York? When the Sf.ar of Empire was pushed over the barriers of the Alleghany moun- tains, and the army of emigration took possession of the rich farminar lane s in the ^Mississippi valley, the streams of commerce and humanity CO Tunenced to flow east and west, instead of north and south. New York harbor was the central point toward which these streams con- verged, and New York, on account of her commanding position by the 10 MISSOURI. sea, held the world for tribute, going and coming, and grew in wealth and power as the nation extended westward. Thus it is seen that New York held its position, not by virtue of its natural fertility or mineral wealth, but because of its location relative to the otlier States. New York will doubtless always maintain her supremacy, but there are influences at work that will build up a rival in the West. In a coun- try so large as ours there must necessarily bo interests which are more or less antagonistic while in no way interfering with the stability of government. Tlie West being an agricultural region, exclusively, finds itself out of harmony both in the matter of finance and jwlitical economy with the East, which is largely manufticturinpc. The center of popula- tion, wealth and power has been steadily moving westward since the beginning of the century, and tlie tendency has been to seek a perma- nent lodgment in the jNIississippi valley. Every advance westward and the admission of every new State has lessened the influence of New York and the East on the affairs of the West and has forced it to a greater reliance on its own resources and the principles that should govern their development. Then, too, the North and th€ South have not wholly recovered from the antagonisms of the war. But the South is developing its natural resources at a wonderful pace. The South west has increased its population 60 per cent in the past eight years, and over 5,000,000 of people have been added to the population of the whole South since the census of 1880, and the increase in wealth both in manufactures and agriculture has been even more rapid and phenomenal. The inter- ests of the South and West are identical and the reconciliation of the whole country lies in tlie harmonious working together of those two sec- tions, for their common good. Therefore nothing is plainer than that the AVest must have a common center where its own commercial, political and social interests will crystal i ze ; but there must also be a common ground on which to meet the South and East. There is no State that has so even an adjustment of forces as Missouri. Here are found in about equal proportions representatives from the North and South, the East and West. The methods, ideas and sentiments of all sections here work harmoniously together. They understand and respect each other's principles. St. Louis is rapidly becoming the commercial center of the Mississipr i valley. It overshadows the whole Southwestern trade, and gives its pro- tecting influence to every line r^f production and traffic. In St. Louis MISSOURI. 11 ^^^P^^^ 12 MISSOURI. then questions concerning the welfare of the whole country can be equitably and impartially adjudicated and it will exert an influence, independent of its commercial greatness, that will be felt in the remotest corner of the United States. Missouri will change from a State of local to a State of national importance, and the citizen, the merchant, the pro- fessional man, and the congressman, will have added to his own abilities and influence, the weight of his citizenship of the great State of Missouri. As is well known, the State of Missouri is situated geographically almost in the exact center of the United States, and is also the central Stale of the ]Mississippi valley, and is about equi-distant from the Atlan- tic and Pacific oceans, east and west and Canada and the Gulf of Mex- ico, north and south. Its area is G9,4 15 square miles or 44,425,000 acres, the greater portion of which is tillable. Its physical features are varied unique and wonderful. But after all, the most striking feature of this gi'eat State, is the decided abandonment with which Nature has lavished her choicest gifts. No region in the world has received equal recogni- tion at her hands. On mountain and in vale, on hill and plain, there flourishes in superabundance, every article that can be absorbed by man in the progress of civilization. Emerald pasture lands, wliere thousands of cattle graze and get themselves in a sacrificial condition to supply the hordes of humanity sweeping westward with food, where mobile flocks supply the golden fleece for man's apparel, where staple grains that feed the world spring from the prolific soil at the waving of labor's wand. Sturdy mountains hold within their metal sides rich deposits of iron, lead, and numerous other minerals that meet the wants of civilization and add to the wealth of the State. The hillsides teem with vineyards, and grapes as luscious as were ever ripened by the sun of Burgundy or Rhineland are compressed into sparkling wine. And where does earth reveal a region with a more abundant variety of vegetation and more prolific of its fruits and flowers. Vast forests, the growth o/ centuries, deepen the shadows of the landscape and whose depths furnrsh the tim- ber that is fashioned by the skillful hand of the artisan into ^ thousand shapes and forms of usefulness and beauty. Throughout the State are inexhaustible deposits of lead, zinc, tin, iron, kaolin and granite. A combination of fertile prairie and waving forest, green pasture and limpid stream, make a delightsome landscape to be seen in its perfection nowhere else. MISSOURI. 13 And this is the country we would tell you of. This is the country, as it shall be shown, where Nature has been more lavish in the bestowal of elements of wealth and happiness, prosperity and great and inexhausti- ble wealth than anywhere else in the world. INIissouri is a State that luckily has escaped the blighting influence of the boomer. While she has been fortunate in this respect, she has perhaps been retarded in development by the too conservative spirit heretofore displayed by her citizens, and by a lack of judicious and legitimate advertising. The peo- ple of Missouri now see the necessity of making the resources and ad- vantages of the State known to the world, or get left far in the rear in the rush of civilization and the development of the Southwest. The country to the west and southwest has been so much more clamorously advertised than Missouri, that the latter State has been in a measure overshadowed, and it is not known that in its borders are rich farming, grazing and fruit lands, which can be purchased at not much greater cost than the unimproved lands of the far West ; and unlike them, they have the advantages of schools, society, railroads, markets and many other similar benefits which are denied to the first generation on the virgin soil. It has long been a matter commented upon by persons familiar with Western emigration, that home-seekers pass through the State of Mis- souri and on to the extreme frontiers of Kansas and Nebraska — paying for land in sparsely inhabited neighborhoods, prices, in some instances, greater than those charged for better lands over which they have passed to reach the wilderness. There can be found within the State of Mis- souri farming lands as fine as the sun ever shone on, which are held at prices as low as prevail two and three hundred miles farther west. And yet of the immense stream of immigration that annually pours westward, but a very small proportion halts until it reaches the very borders of civilization. This is caused by the fact that persons who leave the populous East to seek homes and cheap lands in the West, set out on their journey under the impression that in the thickly settled portions of the Western States prices are very much higher than on the frontiers. The result is that without any investigation whatever, they go on and on until they reach the end of the railroads, or at least the re- motest settlements, and arriving there by the thousands, find the com- petition of purchasers far greater than prevails in a portion of the country through which they have journeyed. Hence they pay larger prices for 14 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 15 land remote from the markets, in neighborhoods enjoying none of the benefits pertaining to a thickly populated region, and are compelled to labor for years at a disadvantage they could have avoided by settling in the older portions of the States through which they have passed. The mistake of Eastern people who come West to buy farming lands is that they leave home in charge of a land agent, and never look to the right or left until they find themselves near the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Here they invest in "wild prairie" that never has been, and probably never will be reliably productive. Meanwhile they pass through the most fertile agricultural region on the continent where land is offered at very low rates, and on reasonable terms, where failure of crops is almost unknown, where markets are convenient and agriculture profitable. If you are about to remove to the West, beware of excursions into the wilderness. Missouri comprises a portion of the garden spot of the West. There cannot be found on the continent an area of country equaling it in fer- tility and natural resources, nor one more happily situated with reference to the great markets of the country. The actual value of land ought to bear a relation to the convenience of its locality to markets as well as to its qualities in other respects. Therefore land within reach by rail or otherwise of the IVIissouri river points should be far more valuable thau lands more distant, for Missouri river points are and will be for all time to come, the markets in which the products of a large portion of the State must be sold. It will pay persons seeking Western homes to tarry a while in Missouri before buying land. Having done so, they cannot fail to come to the conclusion that there may be such a thing as going a little too far west just for the sake of getting a chance to grow up with the country. In this portion of the great West, enterprise has taken a strong, fresh, new hold, and the New South and the New West are grow- ing together. The vast resources are bringing hither every branch of manufacture, and the time is not far distant when along the banks of the "Big Muddy " the great manufacturing centers of the world will exist. Only a little while ago this region imported its canned vegetables from the Atlantic coast and its canned fruit from the Pacific. To-day, because of the fact that on one acre of Missouri bottom land more of such vegetables can be raised than on double that amount of Eastern land, and because our orchards can be made as prolific as those of California, the trade of both the East and West in both classes of goods i(i MISSOURI. mentioned, has rapidly fallen off and the Missouri valley has become self-supporting in that particular. Moreover, the land which is so much better is far more plentiful and very much cheaper, and in a little while the Missouri valley, already an exporter, will be furnishing the world with canned fruit and vegetables. In thousands of other directions among the comforts, necessaries and luxuries of life, the Missouri valley region will become the supply depot. Our fields of grain, flocks and herds of sheep, cattle and swine, mines of iron, lead and zinc, quarries of stone, beds of sand and hundreds of inex- haustible resouices have already brought hither i)laning and flouring mills, furniture factories, starch factories, breweries and distilleries, meat packeries, weaving establishments, foundries and many other like enter- prises, and they will be doubled and redoubled many and many times, and to them will be added hundreds of other lines of art and manufacture, gathering material for their product on the ground. The teeming East should and will learn of this, and that there is room and employment for countless thousands in this vast region, openings for investment where energy and enterprise will prove the talismanic keys to fortune. To this fair and fertile section a hospitable people invite the industrious from everywhere. The bona fide homeseeker, the capitalist and investor are wanted in Missouri and to them the State will be a revelation. You will not find here uu El Dorado, dollars cannot be found as thick as autumn leaves in Valanibrosia, nor can wealth and happiness be acquired without the sweat of honest toil. But you will find a land where industry receives its sure and rich reward, and judicious investments will bring an abund- ant increase. Your life and property will not be hazarded by the blizzards that sweep the North, nor your grains and grasses be shriveled by the hot winds of the sun-parched deserts of the distant West. You I'an at moderate cost locate yourself on some of as fine land as the sun ever shone on right along the great highways of commerce between the East and West, where the arteries of traffic are throbbing with ever increasing activity. Here is a country right in the midst of civilization where a small investment aided by intelligent labor will bring its sure reward of wealth, where churchesandschools, culture and enlightenment, hold undisputed sway over a peaceful people. MISSOURI. 17 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND SOIL SRISSOURI is situated in the geographical center of the Republic, in the Mississippi Valley, having that river sweeping its eastern "" boundary, with the Missouri separating it nearly in the center, flowing east and west, and from Kansas City northward, forming its west- ern boundary. Nature's means of transportation are abundantly pro- vided. The Avaters of these two rivers afford a cheap and convenient means of carrying on commerce between the principal cities of the State and of bordering States, and also an outlet for the products of the western part of the State to the East, and brings it in water connection with Memphis, New Orleans and the gulf and ocean. Thus, without rail- roads Missouri would be by no means helpless and cut oif from the com- merce of the outer world. Upper Missouri may all be included in the Mississippi, Missouri and Grand river valleys, and is nearly all prairie, the timber being confined to the narrow stretches that skirt the streams principally. The prairie land is, for the most part, high and rolling, except the river bottoms in the immediate vicinity of the rivers, and the soil of the Avhole of northern Missouri is deep, rich and easily cultivated. Even indifferent cultivation brings abundant harvests. South of the Missouri river, except in the extreme west, is the timbered and broken part of the State. The southwest section referred to is similar to north Missouri and contains, at present, nearly all the desirable farming land of the State, that may be had at low rates and to which it is especially desired to invite the attention of those looking for good, cheap homes. The remainder of the country south of the river, while not so well adapted, as a whole, to general farming, contains the mineral and timber wealth of the State, and, in addition, some excellent farming lands in the river bottoms, and it nearly all affords grazing that can be surpassed nowhere. This comprises the Ozark region of the State and is, conse- quently, 7:aore broken than the northern part; and, to the southwest of St. Louis, toward the southern boundary of the State, the hills attain the height and dignity of mountains, many rearing their abrupt granite peaks among the clouds. The scenery here is all picturesque, some of it attaining the grand and sublime. While not possessing so rich a soil as the northern part gf the 18 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 19 State, Nature has bestowed her wealth in a different form. Here are found the rich iron, lead, zinc and kaolin mines of the State. And here is dug the coal that supplies the Western world with fuel. It is idle to speculate upon the extent of the mineral deposits beneath the surface of the State of Missouri. It is a question that many ages in the future will not be able to solve, no matter how vast exploration and removal may draw upon its stores. The Iron mountain is the largest exposure and the purest mass of iron known on the earth. Missouri, without doubt, now produces more lead than all the States combined, and zinc is quite as abundant. The other navigable rivers of the State are the Osage, Gasconade, Lamine and White. Small rivers, creeks and branches are distributed over the whole extent of the State, furnishing an abundance of water, an effectual drainage, and mill sites to any extent of demand for many years to come. Springs of purest water exist in abundance throughout southern Missouri, and there are a great variety of mineral waters. Some of these springs are noted for the abundance of water which they pour forth. The soils are of great variety, as is shown by the State Geologist's report, and are adapted to the production of all kinds of grain, fruits and vegetables in their greatest perfection, known to the temperate zone. Timber varies with the soil and embraces a very wide range of the choicest varieties of both hard and softwoods. Among the most valuable timber found are the sweet, black and yellow gum, the pine, beech and tulip tree. The hard wood varieties are oak, walnut and hickory, elm, maple, ash and locust, cherry, cottonwood, pecan , box elder and chestnut. The geological sab-stratum is, to a great extent, carboniferous — vast areas of coal hidden beneath the surface, sufficient to furnish fuel that might warm the continent for untold ages, and plainly designating Missouri for the great manufacturing State of the Union in the years to come. Turning now to the soils of Missouri, we find every variety, both prairie and timber, and of every conceivable depth above the geological formaticii. These soils are indicated, in a state of nature, as well by the growth of grasses upon the surface of the prairie as the growth of trees in the timbered regions indicates the quality of the soil which nourishes their roots. One of the finest bodies of prairie land in the world can be found in the chain of counties extending along the Missouri river from Callaway all the way to Atchison. The drainage of this country in the 20 MISSOURI. main is excellent. The soil is rich, quick and productive. The prairies yield abundantly of corn and the smaller grains, and constitute the finest meadow lands in the world. The alluvial soils of the rivers are com- posed chiefly of sand, lime and vegetable mould, and their wonderful fertility is generally considered indestructible. These alluvial soils are generally devoted to the cultivation of corn, hemp, tobacco, Irish pota- toes and hay. Wheat upon the virgin soil grows too luxuriantly and is liable to tumble or lodge, and no attempts should be made to grow the latter grain until several years of other crops. Another soil of great productiveness is found in the northwest counties and a part of the southwest counties of the State. It is usually of gently rolling prairie and is underlaid by the upper and middle coal measures. The agricultural products are corn, wheat, hay, oats, barley, potatoes, and in fact almost any products of the State. As a consequence, cattle, hogs, mules, horses and sheep flourish here. This soil is black from the presence of lime in quantity, and if the lime-stone contains iron, the soil is red or brown, but its productiveness is not thereby lost. Another dis- tinct class of soils is found South of this region, and on a belt extending fjom the Arkansas line to the Missouri river. This class has a reddish clay soil, is a fine corn and wheat country and admirably adapted to fruit and sheep culture. This soil is based on magnesian lime-stone and abounds in fine springs and very heavy timber. The last class of soils is that on lands elevated higher than other portions of the State, being from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above sea level. It is underlaid by sand-stone and magnesian lime-stone. Black oak, hickory, pine and cedar flourish here, and the grape is grown in per- fection. In its valleys and on some of its slopes the lands are very fertile, and yet in compensation for a less generous soil. Nature has given to this region a deposit in mines of mineral and metal that can stand the drain of the world's wants for hundreds of centuries. The location of Missouri for all agricultural purposes is the most desir- able that could be found. Being in the geographical center of the United States, north and south, neither extreme of temperature is ever exper- ienced. Howling blizzards and temperatures that run the mercury twenty, thirty and forty degrees below zero are as utter strangers to the State of Missouri as the scorching heat and fiery sun of the South. Then, too, the seasons of seed time and harvest are long. The farmer has ample time to get his ground in condition for the planting. The crop has a MISSOURI. 21 22 MISSOURI. long season to mature and corn is never in danger of the early frosts of autumn. The winters are short and there are very few days that the farmer cannot be employed in outdoor pursuits. This is an advantage, too, that must not he overlooked in the economy of raising sheep and cattle. The winter is short and the profits of the farm are not consumed in carrying the stock through till spring. Stock can nearly makea living from the range, and, unless it is desired to fit them for the market, very little feeding is required. The range of farm produce raised in Missouri is exceeded nowhere. There are all the grains and vegetables of the North in the greatest perfection, the great staples, wheat and corn, making the highest average per acre. All kinds of fruits reach their highest perfection here. In the raising of apples and pears Missouri is already a formidable rival of the East, and when all of her orchards come into full bearing, this State can control the Western market. The wonderful results already reached in this branch of agricultural industry are sur- prising when its comparative infancy is taken into consideration. In the raising of small fruits, Missouri has exceptional advantages, for, in addition to reaching their greatest perfection here, both in quality and quantity, the early seasons enable the producers to put them on the markets of the country in advance of the glut which annually occurs, thereby securing the highest prices. They are also in position to supply the late and exhausted markets of the South. When all these advantages are taken into consideration, and, in addition, the comparative cheapness of rich, improved lands in desirable communities, with every advantage of society, schools and churches, no candid and fair-minded person will deny the superiority of the claims of Missouri on the consideration of the intelligent farmer who is seeking a home in the great West. Another division might be made into prairie lands and timber lands. Each division contains soils of all grades of productiveness. Bisecting the State by a line drawn from the city of Hannibal, on the Mississippi river, to its southwest corner, the half lying to the north and west of this line may be described as the prairie region of the State. That which lies east and south of the bisecting line is the timbered or forest section, in which are found numerous prairies of greater or less extent. The prairie lands are again divided into bottoms and uplands. The bottom prairies closely resemble in soil the river bottoms. In a certain sense the formation is identical ; each came from accretions — one MISSOURI. 23 from the rivers, and the other from the higher or upland prairies. The marl formation is the foundation of both, and in both it is deeply buried under the modern alluvium. They owe their extraordinary fertility and inexhaustible productiveness to a borrowed wealth, which came to them in endless supply from the loosened soils of the higher lands by means of overflow and abundant rains. The river bottoms are generally bounded by timber or bluff lands ; occasionally they extend, by gentle swells, into prairie bottoms, which occupy a higher level, and are often grand and sublime in their vast extent. Undulating or rolling like waves in their endless succession, the upland prairies often appear as limitless as the sea, and present the appearance of the ocean when sub- siding from the effects of a storm. Also they are the sources of enormous wealth, and are objects of never-failing interest and attraction to the agriculturist, who well knows with what ease they are cultivated, and how gratefully they reward his labor. The bottoms of the rivers and streams are distributed over every portion of the State, and are similar in formation and soil to those of the great rivers. In this book it is not necessary to give minutely the classification of the soils of Missouri. A general survey of the field is all that the farmer will require. The hackberry lands are first in fertility and productiveness. Oi these lands also grow elm, honey locust, hickory, white, black, burr and chestnut oaks, black and white Avalnut, linden, ash, poplar, catalpa and maple. The prairie soils of about the same quality are known as crow- foot lands, so-called from a species of weed found upon them, and these two soils generally join each other where the timber and prairie soils meet. Both rest upon a bed of firm silicious marls, and even under most exhaustive tillage will prove perpetually fertile. On this soil white oaks have been found twenty-nine feet in circumference and one hun- dred feet high, linden twenty-three feet in circumference and quite as lofty. The burr oak and sycamore grow still larger. Prairie grasses, on the crow-foot lands, grow very rank and tall, and by the old settlers were said to entirely conceal herds of cattle from view. The elm lands are scarcely inferior to the hackberry lands and possess nearly the same growth of timber. The soil has about the same proper- ties, except that the sand is finer and the clay more abundant. The same quality of soil appears in the prairie known as the resin- weed lands. 24 jvIISSOURI. Next in order are liickory lands, with a growtli of white and shellbark hickory, bhick hiurel and scarlet oak, sugar maple and persimmon. In some portions of the State the tulij) tree, beech and black gum grow on lands of the same quality. Large bodies of prairie in the northeast and southwest have soils of the same quality called mullatto soils. These hickory lands, and those mentioned as similar to them are highly esteemed by farmers for the culture of corn, wheat and other cereals. They are also admirably adapted to the cultivation of fruits and their blue grass pastures are the equal of any in the State. The magnesian limestone soils extend from Callaway county south to the Arkansas line and from Jefferson west to Polk county, which can be traced on the county and sectional map in the back of this pamphlet. These soils are dark, warm, light and very productive. They produce black and white walnut, black gum and elms, sugar maples, chestnut, black post, laurel, scarlet and Spanish oak. They are among the most productive soils of the State and yield fine crops of all the staples. Thrifty fruit trees and vines evince their adaptation and fitness for the production of all kinds of fruits in an extraordinar}^ degree. T^arge, bold springs, of limpid, pure and cool water, gush from every hillside and flow away in bright streams, giving beauty and attraction to the magnifi- cent forests of elm, oak, mulberry and buckeye which often adorn their borders. The mining regions embraced in this division of the soils, are thus supplied with vast agricultural wealth and a large mining, pastoral and agricultural population may here be brought together in relations scarcely to be found in any other country of the world. Bluegrass and other succulent and nutritious grasses grow luxuriantl}^ even on the ridges and hillsides of the upland forests, in almost every portion of southern Missouri. Located in the midst of a temperate and charming climate, with its fountains and streams, its valleys and elevated lands will attract and delight sooner or later vast po{)ulations. On the ridges where the lighter materials of the soils have been washed away or where origi- nally wanting, white oak lands are to be found, the oaks accompanied by shellbark and black hickory, and trees and shrubs of smaller growth ; while the surface soil is not so rich as the hickory lands, the subsoil is quite as good, and the land may be greatly improved by turning the sub- soil to the surface These produce superior wheat, good corn, and a very fine quality of tobacco. On these lands fruits are abundant and a sure crop. MISSOURI. 25 Pine lands are extensive and embrace a large area of the southern por- tion of the State. The yellow pine, which constitutes largely the growth of this district, grows to a great size and furnishes immense supplies of marketable lumber. They are accompanied by heavy growths of oak which take the country as successors to the pine. The soil is sandy and well adapted to small grains and grasses. The tillable soil of Missouri especially adapted to cultivation and to the most varied agriculture is of great variety and excellence. Its rare ingredients are rarely found in the same combination elsewhere. In the most hilly and broken portions of the State are rich valleys ; those unfit for cultivation are covered with valuable timber. About 2,000,000 acres of government lands remain still undisposed of, and while the best of these lands have been culled, small and very valuable tracts may be entered under the homestead and pre-emption laws. The railroad com- panies still own large quantities of land. In every county in the State farms and improved lands can be pur- chased at very low prices. CLIMATE AND HEALTH, TpVERY other advantage being equal, the climate will turn the scale for ^k. or against a country and determine the land seeker in his choice of a home. It is intimately connected with the well-being of its inhabitants, and is indeed the most essential element of this well-being which nature can grant them. So that then the consideration of the climatic condi- tions becomes of the first importance in the selection of a country which is to become the permanent home of our families. Missouri lies almost in the center of the North American continent. It is therefore essen- tially an inland State, with all the advantages and disadvantages of such an inland, or as it is termed scientifically, a continental climate. Two rivers, the largest on the continent, the Mississippi on the eastern border, &iid the Missouri through the center of the State, and their numerous affluents, favorably modify the climatic conditions. Its elevation above the ocean varies from 300 to 400 feet in the southeastern portion of the State to 1,200 and 1,600 in the southwest. The State is situated just on the limits of the wooded portion of the Mississippi valley and of the western prairie country, and partakes of 26 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. r 27 both conditions. The watershed of the Ozark mountains passing through the southern portion of the State, from northeast to southwest, attain a maximum elevation above the surrounding country of 800 feet, but are not high enough to exert a perceptible influence on the climate. The mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees. The mean winter temperature is 33 degrees and of summer 76 degrees. While in winter the temperature sometimes gets below zero, and in summer up among the highest figures at the top of the thermometer, these extremes are of but short duration, not lasting long enough to occasion any inconvenience or discomfort in either direction. The winter as a whole is moderate and mild, with very little snow, and no long storm-locked periods when it is with difficulty that the farmer can keep up communication with dwelling and stables, and much less with the outside world. On the contrary, cattle require very little stabling and only a moderate amount of feeding in comparison with the amount of care necessary on a Northern farm. The summers are no hotter than in the more northern States. The heated periods are of longer duration, perhaps, but are the source of very little inconvenience, and no loss to the farmer, like the long winters of the North. Another element of a desirable climate for agricultural purposes, to be taken into consideration, is the amount of rainfall and its distribution throughout the different seasons. The average annual rainfall for the State is about 41 inches. It is the least in winter and highest in sum- mer. This is a high average, but insures the absence of extensive droughts, which bring such widespread injury in some parts of the country. And notwithstanding this large amount of rainfall, the climate is a dry one, for the most abundant rains fall in a very short space of time, and clear skies is the rule, and cloudy, overcast heavens the exception, especially in the summer and autumn. The universal reign of sunshine is a condition of the climate which is of the greatest impor- tance for the well-being of the inhabitants. In summer and autumn there is rarely a day without some sunshine, and in the other seasons rarely three days pass without some break in the clouds. A continuation of a week's gloomy weather is a great rarity, even in the darkest months. All of which is conducive in a great measure to the happiness and well-being of humanity. The south and southwest winds are the prevailing ones, especially in the warmer seasons, and in the winter west and northwest are equally as prevalent. Winds usually prevail at all seasons, rendering 28 MISSOURI. the greatest heat of summer tolerable, but rarely reaching the dimensions of tornadoes, which are so frequent farther west. The natural as well as the cultivated products of the soil attest the favorable influences of the climate on organized life. From the largest timber down to the smallest and least significant members of the veg- etable kingdom the greatest perfection of growth is attained. The climate of Missouri is on the whole very iavorable to the prosperity of the human race, and a great and happy community will enjoy the benefits a bounteous nature has so generously lavished upon the entire State. In conclusion, it is especially desirable to call the attention of the farmer who is desirous of obtaining a home in the West to the advan- tages to the agricultural industry of the mild, short winters which pre- vail in the State of Missouri. The advantages of mild, open, short winters are not fully appreciated by the farmer in changing from a colder to a warmer State. A short, open winter gives him the opportunity of working nearly every day in the year, and not hibernating for five or six months, as the fiirmer of the North is compelled to do. It saves bired labor, giving him a much longer season for doing his work. It save-i^ him great expense in carrying his stock through the long winter, to say noth- ing of the great saving in fuel, clothing, health, etc. He can keep his farm in better condition and culture, and that with his own labor, than if he were restricted to a shorter season. These advantages are more than the farmer can estimate, and the amount saved in a year in the milder climate would represent a fair profit on a moderate sized farm. The money saved is the money made on a farm, as well as elsewhere, and farmers who contemplate a change would do well to look into the merits of a short winter season in its bearings on farm economy. The conditions on which general healthfulness depends, are exceed- ingly favorable in Missouri. The climate, as we have seen above, is the most desirable to be found in which to live throughout the entire year. The summers are not extremely hot, nor the winters extremely cold, and there are consequently none of the dangers to life and health which attend the opposite conditions. The atmosphere may be called a dry one, notwithstanding there is abundance of rainfall. There is very little gloomy, overcast weather when the sun is not seen for days at a time ; when rains occur, they fall fast and copiously and are followed by a clear sky and bright sunshine, which quickly clears the atmosphere and earth MISSOURI. 29 of lingering moisture, that otherwise remaining would brew the germs of sickness and general unhealthfulness. The altitude and rolling surface of the State is also favorable to good health. Only a small portion of the State can be designated as swampy. The remainder is of a character which would be called decidedly broken or rolling. In some sections the hills rise to the dignity of mountains, and at no point in the State is there a lack of diversity of surface sufficient to hold in check any amount of rainfall and prevent the most thorough drainage consistent with the best sanitary conditions. The home seeker may know, that in making Missouri his home, he is not coming in a State where he will endanger the most priceless possession of himself and family, their health, but on the contrary, he may be assured that the chances are vastly in favor of a decided improvement, not only pecuniarily, but also in the conditions of health. We have then to sum up, a soil of the highest grade of natural fertility, abundance of rainfall to produce the greatest results in all kinds of grains and fruits, a climate unsurpassed, and the other con- ditions of health almost perfect. Now we are to see how all these natural conditions are being utilized. What are the present conditions of agriculture and the opportunities offered to the home seeker and the future outlook of this industry in Missouri. AGRICULTURE. ITS PRESENT AND FUTURE. pISSOURI is essentially an agricultural State. The present status of this industry, however brilliant of itself, is but a promise of the future While ranking among the foremost States in the production of the staple cereals as to amount and value, it is comparatively a new agricultural State, with a large amount of land that has never been brought under cultivation, and a still greater quantity which is only made to yield an iota of what it is capable, owing to its cheapness, the large 30 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 31 tracts in which it is held, and the lack of improved methods and systematic culture, such as are characteristic of the older and more thickly populated East. In 1889 the population of Missouri was 2,568,380 of all ages. Of this number 792,959 were engaged in the various occupations, whereby men can make an honest living and support those dependent upon them. Of this latter number, 375,297 were engaged in agricultural pursuits, and making their living from the soil of the State of Missouri. Nearly half were thus engaged as against those of all other occupations. Thus it is seen that agriculture outstrips any other industry and indeed prepon- derates over them all combined in regard to the number of inhabitants engaged in them. These 375,297 people produced in 1889, of the leading cereals as follows: corn, 213,500,000 bushels, or more than the total product of the whole United States in 1860, making her third in the yield of corn. Wheat, 23,350,000 bushels, and eighth in the yield of this staple. Oats, 38,666,000 bushels, standing sixth in this cereal. Rye, 535,426 bushels, again standing eighth. The value of the potato crop of the same year was §4,689,694. The milk products were valued at $4,173,017. The butter yield was worth to the farmers $33,572,124. These are a long way from being the entire agricultural products of the State. No figures are here given for the stock industry, sheep and wool growing, the large quantities of fruit, including the immense business done in grapes and wine growing, and various other smaller products which bring millions into the pockets of the farmers annually. The above products were raised on 29,177,990 acres of land, which has an assessed valuation of 1395,633,307. These figures show conclusively that Missouri ranks among the first great agricultural States of the Union. It is in the lead in the leading products of the soil. It is the geographical center of the Mississippi valley, the geographical center of the United States, and of the North American continent. It is in direct communi- cation by water with the ocean and the commercial centers of the world. It is the center of the commerce of the great Mississippi valley and is in direct communication with the Atlantic seaboard by means of all the east and west through railway lines. It is central in point of latitude, thus avoiding the long cold winters of the North, as well as the dry hot summers of the South. It affords a great diversity of pursuits to the til- 32 MISSOURI. ler of tlie soil— greater than aim :>st any other State. All the cereals are grown in the greatest perfection and yield the greatest returns. All the fruits, grains and vegetables of the North as well as those indigenous to the South attain the greatest perfection in Missouri. The wheat grown in Missouri makes the best flour and is eagerly sought in European markets. If properly sown in fair soil the yield ought to be in an aver- age year, thirty bushels per acre, and indeed many farmers often obtain that yield on their entire crop. The Eastern farmer with his improved methods could even increase this large yield. Corn nowhere attains greater perfection than here, and the soil and climate are perfectly adapted to growing all kinds of fruits. Large areas of the finest pasture lands are found in different parts of the State, and stock, sheep and wool growing are by no means the least of her industries. The preceding may serve to give a brief idea of the agricultural inter- est of the State of Missouri. But these are figures of a State only par- tially developed, and are just a suggestion of what may be accomplished when all her agricultural resources have been developed and made to approximate their greatest perfection under prevailing conditions. T^-( Thdris still a large opening for the farmer who is intelligent, indus- trious and economical. The State of Missouri contains 42,625,600 acres all told. Of this there are still unimproved 14,480,610 acres. This is of course not all adapted to agricultural purposes, much of it being mountainous and broken to such an extent as to make it available, at its best, only for grazing purposes. Some of it is covered with a dense growth of valuable timber. But a large quantity of this area is excellent farming land and as productive as any in the State. In addition to this there is considerable land in south- east Missouri still owned by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway which is of excellent quality for general farming, and may be purchased at low rates for cash, or may be obtained on time payments on easy terms and long extension of time. But the greatest inducements to home seekers lie not so much in the unimproved lands of the State, as in the low prices of the semi-cultivated and improved lands to be found in all i)arts of the State and in some of the most favorable localities. There is no State having such excellent soils, sui)erior railroad facilities, close proximity to markets and with all the advantages of schools and social privileges where farms are so cheap MISSOURI. 33 f n' ' 'iM •"• — W' MISSOURI. as in Missouri. For years the stream of western immigration has passed through Missouri to the so-called cheap lands of the West, where they paid nearly as much for the bare prairie without a stick of timber or a board set up on the end to keep off the howling winds or shelter them from ^he blizzards. They have been contented to live for years in a dug- out, when, with no greater cost in the long run, they might have been the possessors of improved farms with snug homes, where their families might live in comfort, within a short distance of ready markets, with good schools for their children and churches where they might worship with their families and accumulate a compentence for their old age without undergoing the discomforts of a home in the wilderness. Missouri offers no lands to the settler for pre-emption. The chief inducement, as we have said before, is the cheap, improved, rich farming lands of the State. On account of large holdings and unimproved meth- ods of farming, the State's capacity for production has by no means reached its limit. There is no reason- why Missouri should not produce double her present harvests of all crops and become the leading agricul- tural State of the Union. In size, point of location, fertility of soil, prox- imity to consuming centers, transportation facilities, climate, etc., it has all the promises of a glorious future. A man with moderate means can come here and buy a good farm with all the advantages enumerated for no more than it would cost to prove up on a government claim in the West and erect suitable buildings for his family and stock. To the home seekers of the Eastern States and to the traveler from across the seas, Missouri has been a comparatively unknown land and an unfamiliar name, while widespread advertisements have made other less favored sections, with their attractions, real and assumed, household words in immigration centers. For years these facts have been com- mented upon and the apathy of Missourians relative to immigration criti- cized. But this is a thing of the past, and now through the efforts of a number of public spirited men, Missouri is to be advertised as she has never been before, and the quickening into new life that is now begin- ning to be felt through all the avenues of trade, through the efforts of these enterprising gentlemen, is to be pushed to the very flood tide of prosperity and activity that will place Missouri in the position she is entitled to by virtue of the advantages with which nature has endowed her. MISSOURI. 35 PRODUCTS LL grains, fruits and vegetables do well in Missouri. A greater num- ber of the foregoing products reach perfection within the limits of this State than any other similar area that the whole world could boast. WHEAT. Wheat culture here cannot be excelled. The land is rolling, well drained and dry. The climate is all that could be desired and the crop rarely suffers from the effects of the severe winters and deep freezing of the more northern latitudes which are frequently so fatal to this cereal. The yield is uniform — varying but slightly from year to year — in- creasing with the increase of acreage. Missouri ranks among the leading wheat States. GRASSES AND PASTURAGE. The next most valuable agricultural product to corn in this country is hay. The annual value of the hay crop oi the country is between 350,000,000 and 400,000,000 dollars. It has been truly said that grass lays the foundation for all successful agriculture. In a State where grain growing is carried on exclusively, the soil, no matter how deep and fertile, soon deteriorates and loses its fertility in a greater or less degree, as the course of events has clearly proven in some of the fore- most agricultural States. But where grain, grass growing and cattle rais- ing are carried on simultaneously, and in a well balanced proportion, the soil retains its fertility and brings a double profit to the farmer in the shape of butter, cheese and fat cattle in addition to grain, and prevents the exhaustion of the soil. There are few or no grasses that are peculiar to Missouri, and it is for- tunate it is so, for were it otherwise, it would argue some peculiarity in the soil or climate that would perhaps, unfit them for many varieties of this great and almost universally diffused family of plants. The country that has a limestone soil can raise all kinds of grasses and has the basis of all agricultural prosperity. Everywhere grass grows luxuriantly and all known varieties thrive equally well, and nature having provided the wild grasses so bountifully, the cultivated grasses have, until recently, 36 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 37 been neglected. The soil and climate make this State the natural home of all the nutritious grasses and is particularly adapted to the famous blue grass which is so celebrated for the production of the high grade and priced stock of Kentucky. This springs up spontaneously wherever the soil is left free from the plow and pasture. Many instances of this kind could be cited showing how kindly this invaluable grass takes to the soil, furnishing when not grazed during the summer a most invalu- able winter pasturage, and productive here, as in Kentucky, of the same fine horses and cattle, and bringing the same high prices in the market. Other varieties of grasses are fully its equal for pasturage and have the additional advantage of being cut and cured for hay. Farmers should sow a variety of grasses to secure a constant and regular supply of food for their stock. Orchard grass, timothy, red top, millet, Hungarian grass, alfalfa and clover take kindly to the soil, and in recent years have been extensively grown for pasturage and hay, and the latter for soiling and enriching the soil. Men who wash to raise stock are advised by some to go farther west and engage in the business on a large scale, but they should remember that the best parts of the range are occupied and fenced in, while at the best it is a hazardous business. One summer of extreme drought, or a winter of unusual severity, may blast all their hopes. Not so with Missouri. It io bounded and traversed by mighty rivers and their tributaries, and it is not subject to the terrible droughts which occur on the Western plains ; should a severe winter come there is always plenty of hay and cheap forage in this great grain-producing State. 38 MISSOURI. STOCK RAISING AND DAIRYING. MONG the industries that go to make Missouri a great State, stock raising is by no means the least. Without disparaging or under- rating other States, it can be truthfully said that for stock raising, MISSOURI. 39 Missouri possesses unsurpassed advantages and all the conditions which go to make a successful stock-raising State. Undulating land is the coveted home for stock. They will not do so well on low level lands. In Missouri there are hills as rough as the highlands of Scotland, extensive valleys fertile as those of the Nile^ and prairies interspersed with beautiful groves of timber. Missouri reveals the spectacle of a State containing the finest grazing land right in the midst of a fertile and productive farming country, and surrounded by the most celebrated cattle markets in the country. Long experience and careful estimates of the cost of land, and the amount and cost of forage necessary to raise and fatten the different kinds of stock for market justify the positive assertion that horses, cattle and hogs can be raised and fattened for one half of what it costs to do the same in the Eastern and Middle States, while sheep can be raised for one-third. There is no State so advantageously located with respect to good markets and nearness to consuming centers, and having at the same time such cheap and fertile lands, and where the cost of raising, fattening and getting them to market is less than right here in Missouri. The surface, the soil, and the climate of the State are such as to be con- ducive to the health of all farm animals. Contagious diseases, so com- mon in some States, do not infect the flocks and herds of Missouri. The shipping faci ities in all directions are unsurpassed, both by water and rail. The great trunk lines of railroad cross the State east, west, north and south, putting all sections in direct communication with the seaboard aiid great interior markets. To the southwest of St. Louis there is a region well watered, well timbered and shaded, clothed with nutritious grasses, where cattle can be herded and driven gradually southward to winter in the cane-brakes of Arkansas, and in spring to return upon the growing grass, until they are in one day's journey of their market ; or where shelter can be easily and cheaply supplied, and crops raised in the valleys cheaply bought for feeding cattle during the winter if that should be desired ; where supplies are quickly and cheaply reached ; where there is no triangular fight between settlers, cattle and sheep men ; where herders would be wel- comed as buyers of stock and crops, and where their early lambs and calves could be cheaply and quickly marketed. The success of dairying in Missouri has been fully tested. Natural yellow butter of the very best quality is made throughout the year. A 40 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 41 prominent and intelligent butter dealer and dairyman, wlio has had fifteen j^ears experience in New York and twenty years in Missouri, expresses the decided opinion that this, as a dairy country, surpasses that of New York, Ohio or AVisconsin. He thinks the climate more favorable, the grasses better and the easy butter making period much longer, while the support of stock costs much less. North Missouri is washed by innumerable rivulets, creeks and small rivers, with rapid currents. The timber and prairie lands are in about equal quantities. This whole country is undulating, and a soil of extra fertility. The streams never go dry. The winters are short and snow rarely covers the ground for one continuous week and the climate is healthful for mar^ and beast and unusually favorable for the increase of the latter, and has all conditions necessary to the greatest results in the dairying interest. Milk, butter and cheese, can as a consequence be produced cheaper and with less labor in Missouri than perhaps anywhere else. What has been said of North Missouri, is applicable to the greater part of that portion of the State lying south of the Missouri river. Much of this section of the State is quite broken and the extensive Ozark formation may be called mountainous. It is generally more thinly settled and much of it is the finest pastoral region on the globe. The streams are more numerous than in northern Missouri, and the water in this mountainous region, cooler and more unfailing, and the remarkable springs of Pulaski, Newton, Franklin and other counties, furnish a wonderful supply of cold water of uniform temperature throughout the year. Cattle uniformly graze until Christ- mas, and the crop of nutritious milk producing grass that springs under- neath and is protected by the blue grass, if permitted to grow in the fall, afibrds excellent winter pasturage. This country, while possessing all the natural advantages of New York, as a successful dairy region, is quite as well situated as to markets for these products as the Empire State, as the great metropolis of the Missis- sippi valley, St. Louis, is on the east and Kansas City, St. Joseph and num- erous smaller cities in the interior are on the west, and it is well connected by through railway lines with the great Southwest and Rocky Mountain region, where very little dairying is carried on. The market for this class of products will be constantly enlarging, which will create an increasing demand, which will only be limited by the resources of the State in this direction. The shipping facilities are unsurpassed and all parts of the State are in direct and rapid communication with the great population centers and the region of the Southwest and West. 42 MISSOURI. WOOL GROWING. ^ S a State for successful wool growing, Missouri needs no long array of ^^ fine spun arguments drawn from the fertile imagination of theorists. The business has unobtrusively interwoven itself into the growth and progress of the State to such an extent that its general history could not be perfectly written without recording the growth and progress of wool growing and wo'ol manufacturing within her borders. A large majority of Missouri farms are of rolling and undulating sur- face ; the soil being rich and productive, both in grains and grasses, making them peculiarly adapted to the business ; and no agricultural pursuit, as such, or which may include with it the keeping of any or all other kinds of stock, has been so profitable within the last ten years as has sheep farming properly managed and persistently adhered to. On the ranch system, chiefly in the counties of southern Missouri, sheep raising has proved very remunerative, and there has been a greater or more certain increase, from the fact that the storms are less frequent and less destructive than in most other pastoral regions. The protection aflbrded by the mountains or high ridges and hills, on which are generally more or less timber, goes far to give stability and to assure profits to the business. Their security is not only assured in this way, but also by artificial shelter and protection which may be secured cheaply by lumber from her own timber, abundant in the regions of the State that are so well adapted to a sheep pastoral pursuit. Grain and hay may be provided in all parts of the State for an extended or extraordinary winter. The sheep do not have to travel miles for their daily supply of water, but springs and streams of pure running water are numerous and abundant. Another prominent and advantageous feature is the amount of grass which is growing among the timber, in the valleys, on the slopes and on the high hills or mountainous regions of southern Missouri. The grasses are not so tall and coarse as to be unhealthy for sheep, but they are the finer grasses, growing upon lands that are naturally well drained. The MISSOURI. 44 MISSOURI. climate is mild in winter, especially in the south half of the State. Snows are not frequent, nor do they lie upon the ground long enough to prevent sheep from having a living on the blue grass pastures, which exist, or may easily be secured, in all sections of this State. Blue grass is indigenous in Missouri. When the timber is removed it springs up spontaneously on the land, and when the prairie is reclaimed it soon takes possession and supersedes all other grasses. This famous grass is the foundation on which the mighty stgck industry of Kentucky has been built, and has given a world-renowned reputation to its fine blood horses, cattle and sheep. There are tens of thousands of acres of land as well set in blue grass as those on which these careful experiments have been made and capable of being handled in the same way by sheepmen, which can be bought now at from ten to twenty-five dollars per acre, and hundreds of thous- ands of acres upon which blue grass is fast taking hold, and which will eventually be as good, if pastured by sheep, that can be bought for less than five dollars per acre. Facts concerning the value and capabilities of blue grass lands, warrant the assertion that ten thousand acres of these cheap lands, managed as a pastoral sheep ranch, and when fully set in blue grass, will keep more sheep and produce more wool than any ten thousand acre sheep ranch in the world. The rich and finely cultivated higher priced lands in all parts of the State are well adapted to the thoroughbred flocks of all varieties for the purpose of breeding. Nowhere will the animals of a given breed attain larger size or more fully develop the animal or mutton qualities than in this State. Her thoroughbred sheep will rank with any in the United States, or in the world, and her corn and fine blue grass will produce the best heavy mutton and lustre combing wool. But the great open domain of Missouri— the counties South of the Missouri River— is that which will interest wool growers who handle sheep on the pastoral plan. Here large tracts of land may be acquired for not over five dollars per acre, admirably adapted to this industry, on which whole communities of wool growers may settle with their families, and enjoy the benefits of advanced civilization, without exposure to hardships, privations and dangers of border life. MISSOURI. 45 MINES AND MINERALS. COAL. The Missouri coal fields underlie an area of about 26,000 square miles. The southern outcrop of the coal measures has been traced from the mouth of the Des Moines through the counties of Clark, Lewis, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Henry, St. Clair, Bates, Vernon and Barton, into the Indian territory, and every county northwest of this line is known to contain more or less coal. Outside of the coal fields given above, coal rocks exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, Callaway and St. Louis counties, and local or outlying deposits of bitu- minous and cannel coal are found in Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Craw- ford, Lincoln and Callaway counties. Estimates have been made as to the amount of coal in these deposits; but it is quite unnecessary to give them in this connection, as the reader can readily see that the supply is more than ample for the use of many generations to come. The coal mines of Missouri are usually easily worked and require no deep shafts or expensive machinery for hoisting or drainage. They underlie the greater portion of the finest agricultural sections, not only of the State, but of as productive a region as is on the continent. Coal of good quality can be purchased at the mines so cheaply, that even when farmers have timber in abundance near at hand, they prefer to burn coal rather than cut and haul wood a short distance. The coal area covers considerably more than one-half of the State, and active and systematic mining has opened the beds in more than a thousand places along the railroads and near the towns. There need never be any fear of a scarcity of fuel in Missouri, and the condition of the farmer here may, in this respect, be considered blessed far above that of those located in many portions of the Northwest and farther west, where buffalo chips, corn- stalks and twisted hay are all they can afford to temper the cold of more rigorous winters than we ever experience here. 46 MISSOURI. IRON. The fame of the iron deposits of Missouri is too well establishea to require more than a comment upon the bearing this most important metal is destined to have in influencing the future prosperity of the State. A distinguished mining engineer, after giving a detailed account ofthe mines which have been examined, sums up by saying: "They have enough ore in Missouri to run one hundred furnaces for one thousand years. More could not be desired, without the appearance of too much solicitude for posterity, who would be too far removed to appreciate our good wishes." Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, Sim- mons' Mountain, and thousands of other deposits of lesser distinction, will glut the forges for all time to come of a district yet destined to be one of the grandest workshops of the world. Concentrated in a limited area, surrounded on all sides by the grandest agricultural distiict of the globe, with unlimited supplies of coal, with timber and water power unsurpassed upon the continent, a genial climate and healthy homes for the operatives, their food cheaply produced almost at their doors, the world for a market, and transportation facilities for reaching its most distant point, a most prosperous future for this section is assured. The manufacture of iron, and the industries growing out of it, are now in the State second only in importance to that of agriculture; and yet these industries are only in their infancy. Hundreds of thousands of tons of ore are shipped out ofthe State annually, to be converted into steel and metallic iron. Opportunities for the profitable investment of capital exist in hundreds of industries, ranging from the conversion of the ore into iron and steel to the manufacture of these materials into their most valuable forms. St. Louis, now the third manufacturing city in the Union, and other well lo- cated cities and towns throughout the State, are just beginning to develop the possibilities of their importance as manufacturing centers, and, as they increase, the value of the agricultural lands will be wonderfully enhanced. LEAD. Next to iron the most important metal of Missouri is lead. Lead min- ing has been carried on here for more than one hundred years, and the first discoveries of lead were made as early as 1720. Up to the present time new discoveries have been frequent, and it is now conceded that MISSOURI. 47 there ii probably no country on the globe so rich in lead deposits as Missouri. The mineral occurs in lodes, veins and disseminations, which are yet only partially determined ; but enough knowledge of the extent, depth and thickness of deposits has been acquired to show that their range and richness exceed any other known lead-bearing region in the world. There are several lead districts in the State, all south of the Missouri river, where the magnesian limestone rock — the great lead-bearing rock of the world — exists. The lead is not, however, strictly confined to this rock, but is also found in a disseminated form in ferruginous clays, slates, and in gravel beds, or in cherty masses in the clays asso- ciated with the same. ZINC AND LEAD MINE, JOPLIN, MO. The southeastern lead district embraces all or parts of Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Crawford, Iron, St. Francois, St. Genevieve, Madison, Wayne, Reynolds and Carter counties, with some mines in the western portion of Cape Girardeau county. Mining has been longest carried on in this district, and the aggregate of the production has been very great. But, with the exception of a few mines, the work has been chiefly surface mining, often carried on by farmers during the winter season, and the great deposits which require capital to develop may be said to have, as yet, been scarcely touched. 48 MISSOURI. The central lead district comprises, as far as known, the counties of Cole, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Benton, Maries, Camden and Osage. Much of the mining done here, again, has been near the surface, the lead first being found in clays, in caves and in masses in clay but a few inches below the surface. Shafts, however, sunk in the magnesian limestone, find rich deposits in lodes and pockets. The southern lead district comprises the counties of Pulaski, Laclede Texas, Wright, Webster, Douglass, Ozark and Christian. It has been but little developed, but it it is generally thought that it will prove a profit- able field for miners when railways make it more easily accessible. The western lead district embraces Hickory, Dallas, Polk, St. Clair, Cedar and Dade counties. Some rich deposits have been found in this district, especially in Hickory county. ZINO. It is not very widely known that Missouri produces nearly three- fourths of the zinc consumed in the United States annually, and still less is known even within the borders of the State itself of the mines which produce this great output. Passing over and through the Ozark mountain range, to the southwest of St. Louis, and far out on their western slope, and on the Lexington & Southern division of the Missouri Pacific railway, will be found the flourishing cities of Carthage, Joplin and Webb City. These are the commercial centers of the zinc and lead mining districts of southwest Missouri, and it is in their immediate vicinity that the greater part of the former metal is mined. The two counties of Newton and Jasper embrace the greater part of the region from which this very valuable mineral is dug. The zinc mines of Missouri are only a recent discovery. Fifteen years ago the present site of the principal mines of Webb City was offered for $15 per acre, but the wife refused to sign the deed. Now the royalty on forty acres of this tract amounts to |50,000 per year at the rate of seven and one-half per cent. On this same mineral belt there are single acre lots of 200 feet square that have produced in royalties, with no expense to the owners of the land, over $100,000. At Galena, about ten miles from Webb City, the entire tract was traded for a pony not many years ago. Eight acres of this have paid the MISSOURI. 49 owners a royalty of over f 200,000, and an eighty acre tract adjoining has made the owners immensely wealthy, having paid them over half a mil- lion royalty. This is not the corporation and capitalist's mining country exclusively. The region has been well named the "Poor man's country and the Rich man's Paradise." Without exception every dooryard is a dump pile, a shaft in the center, with rope and windlass. Shafts are worked at a profit on lots 25x100 feet. Two hundred feet square is con- sidered a miner's lot. Without expense to the owner of the land, miners will sink a shaft and operate, paying the QWTief one-flfth royalty. 60 MISSOURI. A person not visiting the country can have no conception of the opportunities for profitable investment. There is an entire absence of speculation. People in the East, who have been content with invest- ments paying six, seven and eight per cent, can scarcely credit the state- ments relative to the wonderful opportunities for sure, safe and very profitable investments in the lead and zinc district of Missouri. The mining interests are just in their infancy, although the product already exceeds $8,000,000 annually. The people are just awakening to the value of their property. At the same time mineral land can still be secured at reasonable prices from those who cannot appreciate at this time their prospective value, and who are satisfied with what they con- sider a large profit on land — which to-day sells at from |35 to $100 per acre — which entry secured a few years ago at comparatively insignificant prices from the government. Much of the land when located was pur- chased from the government at a shilling an acre, and $50 represents an enormous advance, while the same land as soon as developed often changes hands at $10,000 to $50,000 an acre. The sulphurate of zinc, known among miners as black jack, is often found in such quantities as to retard the progress of lead mining, and from the expense of getting the ores to the smelting works, it has been thrown out in dumps, and much of it left as worthless matter. This was formerly the case. But by the completion of railroads, giving better transportation facilities, this ore has become valuable merchandise. The increase of railroad facilities speaks volumes for the permanency of the mining interests of this region and their greater development in the near future. AN ENORMOUS YIELD. Jasper county, which is the center of the lead and zinc mining, was the first to mine these useful minerals. From 1850 to 1860 about 1,000 tons of lead ore were produced, worth $40,000. For the next ten years the amount was doubled. Between 1870 and 1880 the product had increased to more than 100,000 tons of lead ore and about 60,000 tons of zinc ore, valued at about $6,000,000. Since then the increase has been steadily growing, and for 1897 this district produced nearly $5,000,000 worth of ore and in 1898 over $7,000,000. The total yield of the district since the opening up of the mines here aggregates over $100,000,000, MISSOURI. 61 OUTPUT OF LEAD ORE. Southwest Missouri and Cherokee county, Kansas, have produced lead ore in tons as follows : 1850 to 1859, inclusive 25,000 tons. 1860 to 1869, " 16,500 " 1870 to 1879, " 62,032 " 1880 to 1889, ** 123,430 " 1890 14,601 " 1891 13,780 " 1892 20,360 " 1893 18,410 " 1894 22,362 ''' 1895 28,337 '* OUTPUT OF ZING ORE. Productions of zinc ore from southwest Missouri and southeast Kansas in tons : AVERAGE TOTAL YEAK. TONS. PRICE. VALUE. 1873 960 $ 9 00 ..... $ 8,640 1874 5,100 10 00 51,000 1875 ..... 3,600 12 00 36,000 1876 11,000 13 50 148,000 1877 10,000 14 GO 140,000 1878 12,000 16 50 198,000 1879 20,000 17 00 340,000 1880 27,500 16 00 440,000 1881 49,700 16 50 819,050 1882 52,200 16 90 882,218 1883 53,900 17 50 943,240 1884 63,500 18 00 ..... 1,143,000 1885 65,600 17 50 1,148,000 1886 75,400 18 50 1,393,900 1887 86,200 19 00 1,637,800 1888 89,300 21 00 1,875,300 1889 98,440 24 00 2,362,560 1890 114,900 23 00 2,642,700 1891 143,560 22 00 3,160,300 1892 148,150 22 50 3,433,375 1893 134,090 19 25 2,581,232 1894 137,547 22 00 3,014,551 1895 139,023 20 50 2,919,483 52 MISSOURI. HOW THE OUTPUT GROWS. To get an idea of the rapid increase in the mineral wealth of the district, one ha3 but to glance at the figures below, giving the aggre- gate ore sales for the last ten years : Zinc and lead sales in 1880 $2,722,500 1890 3,367,687 1891 3,840,480 1892 4,580,787 1893 3,317,632 1894 3,535,736 1895 3,771,979 1896 3,867,595 1897 4,805,637 1898 7,171,814 VALUE OF THE PRODUCT. Compared for the Years Ending June 30th, 1898 and 1899. 1898. 1899. increase. Jasper county $3,085,795 $5,088,460 $2,002,665 Lawrence county 362,815 926,750 563,435 Newton county 224,589 365,0*^0 140,461 $3,673,199 $6,^13,750 $2;709,061 Comparison of Average Prices for the Past Three and One- Half Years. For the year ending June 30th, 1897, Lead sold at $27.62 and Zinc at $18.32 per ton. For the year ending June 30th, 1898, Lead sold at $40.23 and Zinc at $21.13 per ton. For the year ending June 30th, 1899, Lead sold at $48.00 and Zinc at $34.40 per ton. MISSOURI. 53 For the six months ending June 30th, 1899, Lead sold at $53.00 and Zinc at $44.00 per ton. From the latter table it will be noticed that there is a decided differ- ence between the average price received for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1899, and that of the last six months of the same year; this is due to the fact that the largest increase in prices has occurred during the present year. COPPER, GRANITE AND OTHER MINERALS. The mountains and hills of Missouri are filled with nearly every variety of minerals, and among them are found numerous outcroppings of cop- per, mainly in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Greene, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds, Wright and Washington coun- ties. Some of these outcroppings have been worked with varying success from time to time, but owing to lack of capital, well directed effort and "" facilities for shipping, the copper industry of Missouri is very little developed. There is no doubt that copper exists in paying quantities in many localities in the State and will in the near future bring good returns to investors. At present the only mines of copper that are successfully worked are located in southeast IMissduri, in Washington and St. Gene- vieve counties. Some of the mines in Shannon county are now profit- ably worked and mines in Franklin county have yielded good results. The sandstones, granites, limestones and marbles of the State supply an abundance of fine and durable stone for aU building and architectural uses. Sandstones are found in many beautiful shades of brown, red and buff, w^hich are easily worked when taken from the quarries and harden upon exposure. The granites of Missouri are equal to any in the world for building and paving purposes. They are solid and beautiful. The red granite makes as beautiful and ornamental building and monumental stones as the celebrated Scotch granite. The finest and most substantial structures of St. Louis and Kansas City are built of granite and sand- stones t'c?.ken from the mines o! the State. Fire Clays underlie a large portion of the State and the manufacture of fire-bricks, gas retorts and other articles requiring the most refractory clays, has long been successfully carried on in St. Louis county. These clays occur here in the lower coal series and exist in great quantities. There are many beds of these clays found in the counties north of the 54 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 65 Missouri river, and their quality is almost beyond computation. The most of them possess very fine refractory properties. Fire rock has also been found in abundance, some of the silicious beds of the coal meas- ures being very refractory. In addition to the foregoing large quantities of glass is manufactured from the deposits of kaolin in the eastern part of the State, and potters' clays, limestones, marble, tin, nickel, manganese, cobalt and paints are found in paying quantities. Missouri's- greatest wealth lies beneath her soil and locked up in lier hills and mountains. In manufacturing, Missouri should rival Pennsyl- vania, and should be a wealthier and greater State because of its greater agricultural resources. AS TO FRUIT.. Jl S a fruit State Missouri stands without a parallel. California is justly ^ 4 celebrated in this respect, but the value of the fruit crop of Missouri annually exceeds that of California. It is not given to the production of one kind of fruit, but all varieties flourish equally well. The apple is as much at home here as in New York State, and the peach is not surpassed even by Delaware's celebrated product. Her vineyards and their pro- ducts in quantity and quality can compete with the world. The latitude of Missouri, between the 36th and 40th parallels is better adapted for successful fruit growing than is the country either north or south of it. Here peaches flourish as they do in few of the Northern States, while many tender fruits, such as apricots, nectarines, figs and many of the choicer varieties of grapes can be grown with ordinary care, and the fruits of the North, apples, pears^^plums and cherries, grow here equally well with very much less trouble and care, all the labor of pro- tecting the trees from the biting frost of a long cold winter being quite unnecessary, as the winters are so much shorter and less severe than the New England season of frost and snow. Fruit culture in Missouri is still in its infancy ; yet great progress has been already made. None of the catalogue of fruits adapted to this lati- 56 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 67 tude fail of success in this State. Every owner of a lot of ground in almost every portion of the State can, with a small outlay of money and labor, raise all the fruit required for family consumption, from the straw- berrv and early cherry to the late keeping apple, and thousands of acres could, with a reasonable amount of labor properly bestowed, be converted into fine fruit gardens and orchards. The adaptation and capacity of Missouri to produce fruit for market and for transportation are unsur- passed. There is no question of the profit of raising apples for market, if a proper location is selected, good varieties planted, and reasonable care bestowed on the trees and on the fruit after it is gathered. Where other fruits grow so finely, apples, of all fruits the most inter- esting to settlers, cannot fail to succeed. The apples of Missouri are of remarkably fine color and size and many varieties flourish here so much better than in the East, that Eastern fruit growers often fail to recognize varieties with which they have had life long acquaintance, when Missouri calls their attention to improved and enlarged editions of the old time sorts. To locate the most favorable district for apple culture would be impossible. Those who have visited nearly every part of the State and made extensive observations among our fruit growers say they have yet to learn of a single orchard, with even the let-alone cultivation so com- mon in the West, which has not been a source of profit to the owner. Pears do well throughout the State, especially in the region of Clay, Jackson and Cass counties. The tree attains a great size and age— a diameter of from twelve to fifteen inches is common — and the fruit is borne in great profusion and is very luscious. The Southeastern portion of the State, along the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railway, and in the western and southern portion where the marly deposits are so rich and extensive, are pre- eminently the peach districts, and in these regions the peach seems almost indigenous, never failing to produce most abundant crops ; and yet fruit growers of these districts say they are unable to supply the demand from Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and from the great fruit market of St. Louis. Peaches may be relied upon as a profitable and sure crop in all that part of the State south of the Missouri river, and they are also suc- cessfully grown in the northern division of the State. But it is as a grape growing State that Missouri ranks above all others. Other States may compete with her in other fruits, but in grape culture she is the acknowledged leader, and Missouri grape growers have done 58 MISSOURI. more to advance this branch of horticulture in the United States than those of all other States combined. Missouri is the native habitat of the grape. Wild vines grow to great dimensions, sometimes reaching ten and twelve inches in diameter. Some of these have been cultivated with great success with the result of adding several valuable varieties to the list of standard grapes. These have an excellent adaptation to wine making. Missouri has originated more new varieties than any other MISSOURI. 59 State and that her wines are of superior quality is attested by the fact that since its advent as a wine-making State, Missouri wines have received the highest awards at every world's fair. The native varieties of grapes while producing the best quality of clarets, Burgundies and sherries, are free from the grape blight, known as phylloxera, which has been so disastrous to the wine interests of France and lately has invaded California. There is consequently a great demand for cuUings from Missouri vines, which has been a source of revenue to the vinters of the State. The material is in Missouri to-day to compete with France and Burgundy in their choicest red wines and with the Rhine and Moselle in their best hocks. While therefore the prospects of Missouri grape growers rest upon a surer basis than ever before, while the American grape grower feels as- sured of a grand success, the prospects of France, Germany, and in short all the grape-growing districts of Europe, are darkening. The shortage in the annual vintage increases with each year while the demand is steadily on the increase. The demand must be met. The wine growers of Europe must leave their devastated and uncertain vineyards. Let them bring their skill and industry here and supply the demand that the failing vineyards are sure to create. There are millions and millions of acres of land in this State that can produce the wines. Men who are willing to work and wait a few years for the results of their labor are wanted ; men who have sense, skill and industry enough to profit by the experience of those who have worked before them, who can adapt themselves to the different requirements of this climate. While possessing the natural advantages of soil and climate, there is still another advantage in fruit growing which Missouri possesses and that is a market near to home for all she can raise. It is located farthest to the westward of all the fruit States east of the Rocky -Mountains. The States west with their hot dry climate, in which it is impossible to grow perfect fruit, stand ready to absorb the supply before it can reach the mining regions of the Rocky Mountains, where the demand for fruit is so great that it would consume the whole production were the State planted in one vast orchard and still ask for more. There are few parts of this great State from which fruit cannot find direct and convenient transportation to a market which is never over- stocked. All roads lead to St. Louis which is the greatesl fruit market of the West. Then in later years there have sprung up on the west, the 60 MISSOURI. great consuming centers of Kansas City and St. Joseph, which annually require a great and ever increasing supply. Besides these mammoth market places, the fruit growers of Missouri can ship their surplus to Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota where there is growing up an enormous demand for it. A great population is growing up in the western fruitless region which must be supplied and Missouri will always have the advan- tage of location in meeting the demand from this source. From the western portion of the State there are direct lines of transportation to the mines in the AVest, and the southern and southeastern sections have their capacity taxed to the utmost, to supply the needs of Texas and the rapidly growing Southwest which part of the country is reached by the Iron Mountain route. All these can be safely sent hundreds of miles to market and the great network of railroads radiating from St. Louis, and permeating the country in every direction, enables the fruit growers of Missouri to sell their products to the inhabitants of all that vast money-making, non-fruit- growing, but fruit-consuming country extending westward to the Rocky Mountains, and from British America to Mexico, and to find a profitable market in the States north, northwest and northeast of them. Perhaps no better proof can be given of the grand excellence of Mis- souri fruits than the fact that at several late meetings of the American Pomological Society, medals were awarded to Missouri for the best display of apples, pears and wines, and also for the best general dis- play of fruits, gaining these honors when in competition with every State in the Union, represented by their choicest fruits. One of these meetings was held at Rochester, N. Y,, which has long been regarded as the very center of the fruit growing interests of the country. At the St. Louis Exposition in the fall of 1888, the Southwest Missouri Immigration Soci- ety had an exhibit of apples that surpassed anything ever gotten together for a local display. MISSOURI. 61 62 MISSOURI. CONCERNING LANDS. ISSOURI may be classed among the older States, having been made one of the Union in 1821 . It may, therefore, be taken for granted that there is not a large quantity of public lands, either State or govern- ment, still remaining open for homesteads. The railroads were induced to construct lines through the State in its earlier years, by the donation of large tracts of land. These, also, as in the case of governm'3nt lands, are nearly exhausted. There is some still remaining, and a small portion of government land in southeast Missouri, which will be taken up and treated under headings of their own. The great inducements for coming to Missouri lie, not in the free gov- ernment lands and cheap railroad lands, but in the low price of well improved and excellent farming lands, near to through lines of railroad and in close proximity to lirst-class markets. Missouri, during the whole period of its existence as a State, has done very little to induce immigra- tion by setting off the advantages of the State agriculturally, or in let- ting the world know what it had to offer in the way of making money and homes, to those who had money to invest and industry and enter- prise to acquire a competence. The State has grown slowly, because the process of finding out its worth has been slow. People, by gradually finding out in a slow way, by handing from one to another, what Mis- souri is, have come in, acquired wealth, and pushed the State, with their unaided efforts and scarcely without the knowledge of the outside world, into the third rank in agricultural resources and wealth. Very few real- ize, outside of the State, that Missouri stands third in the value of agri- cultural products. Yet such is the case, and it is all the more astonishing when it is taken into consideration how much of her resources are still undeveloped, and many, as yet, untouched. It is a matter of wonder, too, that so prominent and successful an agricultural State should reach its proud position and her general farming lands, from which her wealth is derived, remain so cheap. It is a fact well known that much of the improved land of Missouri can be obtained at figures at least as low, if not lowfr, than land several hundreds miles farther west, on the MISSOURI. 63 extreme frontiers of civilization, where there are none of the advantages of schools, churches, railroads, cities and towns, and well organized and excellent society. The Missouri lands are cheap, and have improvements which will only come to the frontiersman by years of labor under the greatest drawbacks. There, there is no building material or timber. Missouri is overflowing with it. Fuel must be brought from a long dis- tance, and can be had only at high prices. In Missouri the cost of fuel is almost nothing. In Missouri there is fruit in plenty and all the luxuries of a comfortable home life on the farm. MILKING TIME, SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI. We have said that it was in the cheapness of general farming lands of tLa State that the inducements to immigration mostly lie. The general price of land, except near to the larger cities, is low. No State, so well surrounded by good markets and so near the great centers of commerce, and with such complete systems of traflBc thoroughfares, and with such great manufacturing centers within its borders, shows such a discrepancy between its land values and great natural and commercial advantages. 64 MISSOURI. Of course there is a great range in land values here as elsewhere. Much of the land is broken and rocky, and fit only for pasturage, and there can be no better for this purpDse. The famous dairy regions of New York are not better adapted by nature for dairying than are the hill and valley lands of central southern Missouri. This can be made the dairy region of the West. The price of these lands at present is a mere bagatelle, and the best of pasture lands, with abundance of water and shelter, can be purchased for from |3.()0 to $7.00 per acre. The lands adapted to general crop raising range considerably higher than tlie preceding, but are still fabulously low, considering their quality and productiveness. If you are about to move West you are warned to beware of excursions into the wilderness. You will pass through some of the most fertile agricultural regions in the country, where failure of crops is almost unknown, where markets are convenient and agriculture profitable. You will pay nearly as much per acre for semi-improved land on the frontiers of civilization as for land in Missouri which is all undei cultivation and provided with house and stables that would require nearly as great an outlay as the original cost of the farm, owing to the scarcity of timber and high price of building materials. Good farming lands in Missouri may be purchased as low as |18 per acre that will produce all the grains and fruits of the United States. And the prices range from this amount up to $50 per acre for land in the choicest localities. The very best of farming land near to markets and railroads can be purcliased for $20, $25 and $30 per acre, on which can be raised as much grain, hay and other produce as on tha $100 acre farms of Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania. EXEMPTION AND TAXATION LAWS. It will be of interest to the home-seeker who contemplates taking up his abode in Missouri to be acquainted with the safeguards which the laws of the State throw around the workingman to protect him from the encroachments of money lenders. The laws of Missouri reserve from execution, in the hands of every head of a family living in the country, a homestead, consisting of one hundred and sixty (160) acres of land, not exceeding $1,500 in value ; to every head of a family, in cities of over 40,000 inhabitants, a homestead, consisting of not more than thirty square rods of ground, and of the value MISSOURI. 65 of not more than $1,500. Thus, it is seen, that a farmer's homestead in Missouri consists of one hundred and sixty acres of land and the improve- ments thereon, not exceeding in value $1,500; the homesteads of the resi- dents of the smaller towns are of the same value ; while that allowed to the inhabitants of St, Louis, St. Joseph and Kansas City, where land is more valuable and the cost of living greater, is fixed at $3,000. The Constitution places it beyond the power of reckless or dishonest public agents to burden the people with excessive taxation. Taxes for MOUNTAIN HOME, SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI. State purposes, exclusive of the taxes necessary to pay the bonded debt of the State, cannot exceed twenty cents on the hundred dollars valua- tion ; and whenever the taxable property of the State shall amount to $900,000,000, the rate shall not exceed fifteen cents. The rate of taxation for county, city, town and school purposes is likewise strictly limited. Counties, cities, towns, townships and school districts cannot become indebted beyond the revenue provided for each year, without a two- thirds vote of all voters therein, nor, in any event, to an amount exceed- ing five per cent on the value of taxable property. MISSOURI. THE TIMBER OF MISSOURI. I^^SOUHI is not so densely and thoroughly timbered as some other States, and yet its resources in this resjject are by no means inconsiderable. In truth, Missouri makes a very creditable showing in the amount and variety of her standing timber, as Dehooves a great State singularly blessed in respect of natural advantages. Possibly one-fourth of the total area north of the INTissouri river is forest land, and one-half of that south of the same stream. The general line of demarkation between the prairie and timbered sections cannot be described to a nicety, because even the extreme western parts of the State are dotted, and its streams fringed, with forests of greater or less magnitude ; but, for all practical purposes, that part of the State lying east of a line drawn from Hannibal to Jeffer- son City, and thence south to the Arkansas border in Stone county, may be regarded as the more heavily timbered section. Over this large area are to be found an almost infinite variety of hardwoods, besides yellow pine in the direction of Arkansas, and many of the woods that are tech- nically "soft." For instance, there are three sorts of locust, three of wal- nut, four of maple, four of gum, six of hickory and eighteen of oak. The distribution of the different species of wood is admirable, on the whole, for mill work. There are regions of many miles in area over which only one or two, and certainly not more than three or four, varie- ties occur. In the counties of Mississippi, Stoddard, Scott, Pemiscot, Dunklin, New Madrid and Butler, in southeastern Missouri, the prevail- ing timber is white oak, gum, poplar, cypress and one or two varieties of ash. The oak of this region is among the best found in the State, and the gums are beginning to be used to a large extent now as a substitute for black walnut for many uses. The pine timber lands extend through Jefferson and Washington counties in a southeasterly, southerly and southwesterly direction, embracing Madison, Wayne and the northern part of Butler on the east, touching the Arkansas line in Ripley county. To the westward they pass through Reynolds, Carter, Shannon, Oregon. x^ISSOURI. 67 Howard, Texas, Douglas, Ozark and Taney counties. The hillsides and valleys in some of these counties are also well timbered with oak, hickory and ash. Much of the timber of Missouri is exceptionally valuable, as a recent writer on the subject points out. The swamp oak, for example, which is abundant in the southern part of the State, is the best variety of wood used for ship-building, with the single exception of live oak. Cypress, which also occurs in the extreme southern counties, is, of course, known to be a "coming wood." The growth of the forests in this State are, moreover, very heavy in some districts. Pine on the plateaus of Shannon, Carter, Reynolds, Oregon and Howell counties averages, in many places, from 8,000 to 10,000 feet to the acre. Ash, oak, maple and walnut are also den' .^, and heavy over large regions. Sycamores have been found in the State measuring 43 feet in circumference and 65 feet in height, if we may trust the statement, and cotton woods have grown to a height of 125 feet, with a girth of 30 feet. Some very large Spanish oak, black walnut and cypress trees have also been cut in the lower portion of the State. On the southern slope of the Ozark range, west of the belt of oak for- ests in eastern Missouri, along the line of the Iron Mountain Railway, is a rich belt of yellow pine covering the two southeasternmost tiers of coun- ties of the State. Fully 65 per cent of the area is yellow pine. It is of the short leaf variety, is remarkably free from resin and turpentine, and the lumber made from it well adapted for the interior finishing of houses. There are many magnificent trees in this region, and 4,000 to 6,000 feet of lumber are now cut to the acre, leaving the smaller growth intact. The timber in southern Missouri varies with the latitude. In the southeastern portion of the State the poplar, the sweet, black and yellow gum, the pine and cypress, the birch, the beech and the tulip tree have their home, and one scarcely, if ever, found in the northern or western counties, but through the entire region of southern Missouri. The forest trees are oak, walnut and hickory, elm, maple, ash and locust, with their varieties, cherry, cottonwood, willow, persimmon, pecan, hackberry, mulberr;^ box elder, sassafras, growing to tree size, and, in the south- west, the chestnut and the chinquepin. A bill has been introduced in the State Legislature at Jefferson City providing for the incorporating of booming companies on the rivers of Missouri, especially on the Current river, the principal and lowest town on which is Doniphan. 68 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 69 This plan is feasible and practical, and, if no opposition be made to it, it will, doubtless, be carried out sooner or later. The estimate, 400,000 car-loads, of the lumber in easy reach of Current river is probably no exaggeration. The forests in this section are immense and the timber is of the finest and of the best varieties. As the matter now stands, the greater part is naturally tributary to St. Louis, and, with the proper efforts on the part of St. Louis capitalists, the trade would preponderate in favor of that place. Doniphan is the largest town on Current river. It is situated ten miles north of the Arkansas line and immediately below the great pine belt. It is 200 miles from St. Louis, and is in direct railroad communication with it by means of the Doniphan Branch of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway. It has a great advantage over any other point on Current river in the fact that it is below all the pine and most of the hard timber tributary to that river. Every log in reach of the river for 100 miles up could be rafted to this place, sawed and shipped directly to St. Louis. Every log that can be boomed at Van Buren or Eminence could also be floated to this place, while for a distance of 35 miles above here no railroad touches the river, and the vast amount of timber in that belt can be shipped only through this place. Some of the larger creeks which run back into the pineries afford facilities for running logs into the river for considerable distances back in the hills during high water, nota- bly Big Barren creek, which empties into the river twenty miles above here. The valley of this creek extends 20 or 25 miles up into the heart of one of the finest pineries in the Union, which as yet is untouched. By cleaning out and straightening the channel of this creek, it could be made, during heavy rains, the means of getting all this timber to the river, and thence to the railroad at Doniphan. But the timber does not consist solely of pine. Vast quantities of hard timber, especially oak, is in reach of this place. To show the resources of this section in this particular, it is only necessary to cite what has been done in the hard timber land on the Doniphan Branch, 20 miles long. Since its building six years ago millions of ties and staves, and piling and lumber, in immense quantities, have been shipped over it, and still all the good oak timber within handling distance of the road is not nearly exhausted. Ash, hickory and gum are also in reach of this place. No better point 70 MISSOURI. could be selected for the establishment of wood factories, mills, etc. It is true that there is to be an enormous business done in this section of Missouri at no distant date, and some city or cities will derive great benefit from it. Capital is all that is needed to develop it. ADAPTABILITY TO MANUFACTURES WpISTORY teaches that a people who with raw products alone attempt Jm- to contest for wealth and population against a people elaborating these products are sure to be worsted. Missouri is important in having a swift creator of wealth, the most important demand of all active civilizations, an unlimited water power, in addition to the raw materials for manufacturing all the essentials of American civilization, wool, cotton, timber, iron, copper, lead, zinc, coal, the raw material for paper, and many other minerals shown under a sep- arate heading. In this element of wealth, cheap motive power, this State is rich indeed. Not in all the Eastern States can there be found such a rolling, rapid river as the Gasconade, about 85 miles from St. Louis. Here every two miles or less there is sufficient fall to raise a dam that would aflbrd power enough to run 500 looms. Magnificent powers are lying idle on the Osage, Grand river, Meramec, Black, White, St. Francis, Current, and numberless other streams within the borders of the State, and there is, perhaps, one of the grandest possible water powers in the West or South almost under the shadow of St. Louis. It is believed to be practicable to tap the Missouri river at or near Tavern Rock, in western part of St. Louis county, and to construct an artificial waterway down the valley by the way of and taking in its course Creve Cceur lake, only 26 miles from the city, where a fall of fully 32 feet could be secured to the banks of the Des Peres, or even pass through the southern portion of the city of St. Louis and empty into the Mississippi river above the mouth of the Des Peres. This would afford power equal to any now utilized in New England, and enable the factories on its banks the entire distance to stand within one mile or less of each other, without MISSOURI. 71 interference from back water. Here twenty cotton and woolen mills could be erected, backed by superior location and facilities offered by the city of St. Louis. Crave Coeur lake is a large body of beautiful soft water, free of the metaloids that unfit it for bleaching goods and manufacture of paper. These industries would find here an admirable location, especially the paper mills. Materials for its manufacture are produced all around the lake, and poplar, that now furnishes about seventy-five per cent of the material for manufacture of books and newspapers, grows in great abun- dance within a very few miles of the spot where the mills would be erected. The balance of paper material, straw, rags and cotton waste would be supplied from the farms and mills and the markets of St. Louis, all very close at hand. Platin creek, 20 miles below St. Louis, is a beau- tiful stream of pure water, flowing from a sandstone bluff, soft as rain water ; is an admirable location for bleaching goods and the manufacture of paper ; is accessible by the Mississippi river, into which it flows, and the Iron Mountain Route, which crosses it about 10 miles above its mouth, by which material and manufactured goods could reach the mills, and goods shipped to St. Louis at a small cost. Besides these rare advan- tages of water powers, no State perhaps, in the American Union has such extensive coal beds to be found in almost every county in the State — aggregating 22,000 square miles of coal of excellent quality — mined so easily and cheaply as to make the use of steam in propelling machinery almost as cheap as water power. Cheap fuel for steam and general family uses would enable manufacturers to erect works in a majority of the cities and towns of Missouri where operatives have their homes, and children working in the factories could live with their parents and add to the family revenue by the labor they perform in the cotton and woolen mills. Here manufacturers have the great advantage of a home market for articles turned out of looms and furnaces. St. Louis has been for years a full port for entry and appraisement. The ability of her merchants to duplicate any bill of foreign goods purchased on the Atlantic seaboard has drawn to her a class of buyers that hitherto purchased only in the mar- kets of the East. This has greatly augmented her trade in domestic fa'brics, and to-day she is the largest market in the Mississippi Valley for such goods. They would be located where the material to manufacture is produced, or is collected without c«st of transportation. In close proximity food 72 MISSOURI. for operatives is produced and delivered without commission, transpor- tation, interest or exchange, and, not the least important, they would have a home market for nearly all of the goods they can produce. Not having three freights to pay on material, food, and on manufactured products, they could undersell the mills of the East, that are compelled to pay these inevitable charges. MISSOURI. 73 In view of these facts and advantages, Missouri invites capital and machinery to settle within her environs. Her manufactures are assured of a ready sale for all the goods a dozen mills could produce, and at such prices and saving in production as will pay a magnificent dividend on capital wisely expended. The wholesale jobbers are, without exception, anxious to see such mills established in Missouri, and vjiU, p,t all times, give preference to home-made products over goods made olitside of the State. It is apparent that the manufacturing industries are capable of great legitimate expansion. The importation of articles that might be manu- factured at a profit in the State, and thus supply the home market, is very large. The people are alive to fostering this branch of commercial interest, and, at all times, extend a welcome, and, in many instances, substantial assistance to the manufacturing capitalist. SOMETHING FOR THE SPORTSMAN. h ISSOURI has been the feeding ground for vast herds of the choicest of the large game animals up to the present generation. Old hunters and trappers still living tell marvelous, but true, stories of their exploits with the gun. As civilization and population advanced west- ward their numbers decreased, yet Missouri is still furnishing a very large proportion of the game for the markets of all the large cities of the United States. From- October 1st to February 1st of every year there is not an express car arriving in St. Louis which does not bring large con- signments of game. The quantity is enormous and far beyond the know ledge of every one except those engaged in the trade, or whose duties bring them in contact with the fact. Deer are found in every portion of the State, and are especially numerous in the thinly settled, hilly and mountainous districts. They are also numerous in the swampy districts. The Ozark mountains and the swampy lands of southeast Missouri con- stitute a great deer park and game reserve and will continue to do so until immigration crowds them out. It is a notorious fact that venison sells as cheap as good beef in the St. Louis markets during the winter season. Game in the Ozarks of all kinds is most plentiful. It is a striking indication to the sportsman to see the skins of deer, wild cats, foxes, 'coons, 'possums and minks hanging on the posts of the porticos in front 74 MISSOURI. of the country stores, while the skins of bears and wolves are not infre. quent. These skins tell an unmistakable story of the sport which the hunter can find in Missouri. The truth is that small game is so plentiful that it is practically ignored by the natives. NATIVE HUNTER ON UPPER ST. FRANCIS. In response to an inquiry a native said • "Did anyone thereabouts go gunninj: for ^'ame? Il.^'lit snuirt of folks did that. What did they kill? Most generally deer. The railroad brought right smart of folks from St. Louis gunning through that countiy. What else did they get besides deer? Turkeys. City folks sot a heap o! MISSOURI. 75 store by turkeys, but folks didn't bother 'em very much less there was a workin's and meat was skeerse and no time to kill a deer. There was droves of turkeys up the river. How far ? 'Bout two mile. It was scan- dalous the way them 'ud rassle with a farmer's corn. He'd as lief have a drove of hogs in a corn field as a flock of turkeys, and there wa'nt no keeping of them out. Partridges? Never see none. Quail? Do you 'uns shoot quail? Well I reckon they's tolable good eatin', but taint a mouthful apiece skeersely to the little things.'* The truth is that wild turkeys are nowhere more plentiful in the United States than in the Ozark mountains. What with the acorns and other " mast," mild winters, the great stretches of unsettled lands, and the indifference of the native sportsman, turkeys thrive like barnyard fowls in Jersey. Nor is it necessary to lie in wait in a blind and call them to get a shot. It is as easy to get a shot at a turkey as to get % shot at a partridge in the Pennsylvania woods. As for squirrels and rabbits, they everywhere abound. There is but one drawback to the shooting of small game in this country. It is so tame as to take the zest out of the sport. Except for the pleasure of having a well-stocked larder, there is no fun in shooting small game. However, if a man were to come here armed with a 20-bore dourble shot- gun and cartridges loaded with two drachms of powder and three-fourths of an ounce of say No. 8 shot, he could kill all the game he could carry without mutilating it. But if one would have real sport with small game a 22-calibre rifle would be the thing, and enough straightaway shots could be had at quail to enable a fairly good shot to fill a game bag. The deer are usually run into the river with dogs, as they are in the Adirondacks. This plan is adopted because it is less laborious than still hunting. The dogs do the traveling, while the sportsman sits down on the river bank and rests. One might travel over a very wild region without finding a more lovely place to rest in than a nook on the banks of White river. The hills and mountains, when dressed in the varying shades of brown and gray, are scarcely less beautiful than in the fresh bloom of spring. The sky has the blue haze of Indian summer and the air is as invigorating as a sea breeze in August. The water of the river is so pure and clear that one may count the stones on the bottom ten feet below the surface. There is even a charm in the naked white limbs of the sycamore that reach out in all direc- tions like ghostly arms striving to clasp something as the wind sways them. 76 MISSOURI. Deer are very easily stalked here in the right weather. The weather is right immediately after or during a rain storm or a snow storm. Snow often falls to a depth of six inches, and somxetimes remains several days. When the leaves are well soaked with water one may dress in a suit of brown, and, with rubber shoes instead of boots, walk within range of the deer without diflBculty. Of course they are not as tame as the turkeys and quail. In the vernacular here, " they are not so tame, jest tame." They are commonly hunted with shot-guns, the rifle being reserved for squirrels, and, in case it is a repeater, for men. MISSOURI. 77 The country abounds in foxes and wild cats, however, the foxes being the more numerous, of course. Both sorts of brutes grow fat on fur and feather. Naturally, the 'coon and the 'possum are still more numerous. The way for Eastern people to go shooting in this country is to go as far as they can by rail and then hire what they call a freighter's wagon and a driver who can cook. Into the wagon pack sufficient supplies to last as long as the hunters desire to stay. The supply need not include feed for the horses, for corn and ''roughness," which is the localism for fodder, are to be cheaply and conveniently obtained from the natives. The camp is not likely to be made further than five miles from a supply of corn and fodder. From $2 to |2.75 a day will pay for the driver and his rig, if one does not go to a livery stable. Plain food is much cheaper here than in the East. The transient rate for travelers at hotels is $1 a day. By the month the price is from $10 to $12, and that for good food and clean lodgings; so the expenses of camping out would be very low indeed if high-priced canned goods were not brought from the city. Prairie chickens are found exclusively in the prairie regions of Mis- souri, which embrace nearly one-half of the State. They are shipped from Missouri to Eastern and other markets in vast numbers. Quail, the gamest of birds, abounds in all parts of Missouri. Their favorite haunts being in and around farms, the numbers are increasing as the number of farms multiply. This bird is a general favorite with farmers, sportsmen and epicures and gives more pleasure than any other game. The early settlers found the rivers and lakes teeming with many fine varieties of food and game fish. There is still a bountiful supply, but of course not as great as when the State was more thinly settled. Black bass, perch, croppie, cat fish, buffalo fish, suckers and pike constitute the leading varieties of native fish. Black bass of several varieties inhabit every stream of considerable size in the State. The perch family is represented by several dozen species, and perch of several kinds are found in every body of water in the State which does not actually dry up in the summer. 78 MISSOURI. The cat fish of Missouri are not only numerous, but famous the world over. There are at least a dozen species in the waters of this State. They vary in size from 1 to 100 pounds. The cat fish is a good food fish, but so common that it is not appreciated. The buffalo fish is the largest of the numerous sucker family in this State. They often attain a weight of twenty pounds and upwards. It is a good food fish and is found in every portion of the State. Pike of several species are found throughout Missouri, and rank with black bass as game fish. They are found in the clearer and rapid streams. The above list constitutes the leading fish of the State, but by no means all, as there are many minor species. EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS. It has been asserted by some and assumed by others, who do not know ^ the facts, that a public spirit of opposition to free schools dominates legislation in Missouri. On the other hand, Missourians claim that no policy of government is more firmly rooted in the affections of the people or more securely established than the purpose to extend the advantages of a liberal education to all classes. No State in the American Union has ever manifested more zeal in the cause of popular education than Missouri, nor is her present attitude the manifestation of a new impulse. When she began her existence as a State she began an earnest effort in behalf of education, and there has been no abatement of that effort, unless the unavoidable interruption of the course of events during the civil war be so regarded ; and he who charges that the State is opposed to free schools, or ever has been, is chal- lenged to name that State which fills his ideal, educationally, and invited to a comparison of the temper of the two States on the subject. The third proposition of the Act of Congress of March 6th, 1820, per- mitting Missouri Territory to form a State government, declared that five per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the terri- tory should be reserved, after January, 1821, for making roads and canals, MISSOURI. 79 three-fifths to be used in the State, and two-fifths in constructing a road or roads to the State. The convention which assembled in July, 1820, in pursuance of this act of Congress, requested such a modification of this proposition as would permit the whole of the five per cent to be used in the State for the pur- poses named "and the promotion of education iii the State." Thus the people of Missouri manifested a solicitude for the education of their children in the outset of the State government. And when it is remem- bered that Congress had ofiered and they had accepted the magnificent gifts of the sixteenth section of every township of land for schools of those townships, and thirty-six sections of land for the use of a spminary of learning (the State University), the request for further aid in this direc- tion shows that they regarded the question of education as one of tran- scendent importance. The article on education in the Constitution of 1820 (Art. VI.) con- tained only two sections. The first section provided that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this State," and directed the Legislature to preserve the school lands from waste and to apply the proceeds of any sales which should be made " in strict con- formity to the object of the grant." It also directed that one or more schools should be established in every township as soon as practicable (that is, as soon as there were sufficient funds on hand) and necessary. The second section provided for the care of the seminary or university lands. The article on education in the Constitution, adopted in 1865 (Art. IX.), has nine sections. The first reads "A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the General Assembly shall establish and maintain free schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State between the ages of 5 and 21 years." Section 2 provides that separate schools for children of African descent may be established. Section 3 creates a Board of Education, to consist of the State Superin- tendent, Secretary of State and Attorney-General. Section 4 provides for maintenance of the University, with departments in teaching, in agriculture and in natural science. Section 5 describes and perpetuates the public school fund and directs the application of its income. 80 MISSOURI. Section 6 requires the State fund to be invested only in United States bonds (amended in 1870 so as to permit investment in Missouri State bonds) and the county funds to be loaned. Section 7 requires the maintenance of schools for at least three months in the year as the condition of receiving any part of the income of the public school fund, and permits the Legislature to provide for com pulsory education. Section 8 provides for local taxation for schools. Section 9 provides for the reduction of lands, money or other property held for school purposes into the public school fund. The article on education in the Constitution adopted in 1875 (Art. XI.) contains eleven sections. The first is an exact reproduction of the same section of the Constitution of 1865, except a change of school age from between 5 and 21 to between 6 and 20. Section 4 adds the Governor to the State Board of Education. Section 7 requires the annual appropriation of 25 per cent of the State's revenues, exclusive of the interest and sinking funds, for the maintenance of schools. (This is the first appearance in the organic law of a provision for the ordinary revenue to education.) Section 11 forbids the appropriation of any public money in aid of any religious creed, church or sectarian purpose, or to sustain any school controlled by any religrious creed, church or sectarian denomination. These, with a few minor and immaterial changes, and with better pro- visions for the State University, are the only additions to the same article of the Constitution of 1865. But Section 43 of Article IV., of the present Constitution, fixes the order in which the General Assembly shall make appropriations of money, and prohibits any appropriations until that which has precedence in this order has been made. Now the third item in the list is "for free public school purposes." The seventh, and last, is "for the pay of the General Assembly," etc. In so far, therefore, as the will of the people is expressed in the organic law, the sentiment of INIissouri has always been clearly and forcibly stated in behalf of public schools. There arc three other means of testing public sentiment. The attitude of representative citizens, the provisions of the statutes and the character of the schools. MISSOURI. 81. The entire sixth article of the Constitution is devoted to providing for common schools, of which there are now about 10,000 in the State, and a " University for the promotion of the arts, literature and science." It should be said, therefore, to the honor of the founders of the Common- wealth of Missouri, that provision for the higher education, as well as for the lower, was no afterthought. It is not something that has been thrust upon the State by any recent measures, but the idea of the district schools and of the University was incorporated into the very life of the State at its birth and now vitalizes its best hopes of the future. A COUNTRY SCHOOLHOUSE. The University contemplated in the formation of the State has been in active operation for about 40 years, and has attained a position, with its faculty of thirty professors, eight hundred students and three-quarters of a million of property, which, at the present, places it in favorable comparison with the leading institutions of the country. When its work and the work of the private schools, academies and colleges are taken into consideration, the opinion may be intelligently and fairly uttered that the people of Missouri have no occasion any longer to send their sons and daughters out of the State to be educated. They can obtain within the State as good an education as they can find without, and will have the additional 82 MISSOURI. advantage of growing up with those with whom they will be associated in after life and of strengthening the institutions whose interest they themselves may be expected to share in administering, not to speak of the economy and financial advantages consequent upon patronizing home institutions. As to the colored people, the State has made a most liberal separate provision for their common schools, and, in Lincoln Institute, for their normal and higher education. The State sustains four normal schools ; including the one for colored students mentioned above, and a normal department of the State University. The State funds for education (permanent) amount to $8,000,000, and are constantly increasing. In addition to this the State makes special appropriations for the University and normals. This, in brief outline, is a partial view of education in Missouri, its origin, continuous progress and present excellent condition. In this State the immigrant is assured as substantial guarantees for the education of his children as can be offered anywhere. LABOR, WAGES AND TAXATION. IjN regard to the laboring classes in Missouri, their privileges, rights and ^ prospects, it can be said that : The course of legislation in Missouri has wisely tended uniformly toward the protection of the rights of the laborer, so that he has now a lien upon property improved by him, and no property of the employer is exempt from seizure, on execution issued by virtue of a judgment obtained for wages. The climate of Missouri is such as to allow laborers to work out of doors a very large percentage of the days throughout the whole year, both summer and winter. In the Northern and Eastern States the great depth of snow and extreme cold prevent outdoor labor for four to six months in the year, so that the profits made during the remainder of the year are wholly appropriated to |eed th^ 8tock of farmers and support families* MISSOURI. 83 Missouri has not yet made inroads upon her vast natural resources. Her forests are yet to be leveled, her mines developed and worked, her countless acres subdued and cultivated. Again, as she has unprecedented productive power, as varied as great, so she has, by her marvelous trans- portation facilities, great advantages over States not as fortunately circumstanced, hence her products find ready markets at fair prices, and the industry of man obtains a speedy and adequate reward. The wages paid in Missouri, regard being had to the time a laborer may work in a year, the cost of living, including food and clothing, compare favorably with wages in other States, and are higher than in a great majority of the States. SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, ^pHE great rush of homeless humanity to Oklahoma reveals the impor- Jl tant and startling fact that nearly all of the desirable government lands of the United States are already settled and that cheap homestead- ing, the source of the Nation's rapid growth and prosperity, is nearly at an end. The attention of those now desiring a home on the soil will be drawn to the cheaper improved lands that have been passed over in the rush to occupy the virgin prairies. Among all such regions Missouri, while being the most desirable, has been as well the most neglected and poorly advertised. There are, in this great State, thousands on thousands of acres of great fertility, which could be cultivated and improved at less actual cost than is necessarily involved in a long journey to the Indian Territory. Southwest Missouri, which includes the counties of Barton, Bates, Cass, Cedar, Cole, Clinton, Johnson, Moniteau, Pettis, Morgan, St. Clair and Vernon, is the most favorably located with respect to desirable farming lands, minerals and numerous other advantages, and offering very cheap lands of any part of the State. These lands will produce a wider range of agricultural and horticultural products than any other equal area in the United States. Where vast mines of coal, zinc, lead, copper, clay, tim- bered resources and water power are unsurpassed. The climate is t^e 84 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. 85 most happy medium between extremes obtainable. The educational facilities are unsurpassed, and a social, moral and religious status is squarely of the highest standard known to the age. At the present the country embraced by the counties named has scarcely more than one-fifth of the population which it is capable of sustaining. Opportunities foi manufacturing are unlimited, and lands both improved and unoccupied can be bought remarkably cheap. Now would seem the most opportune time for southwest Missouri. The inevitable reaction from the Oklahoma boom should be made to work to advantage by inviting opportunities for securing cheap homes to the benefit of good and sure markets in this State. A large portion of those who are on the move for the purpose of obtaining a home should have their attention called to the mild and healthful climate of this region. The land, well timbered and well watered with pure limpid streams, numerous medical and mineral springs, where every opportunity is afforded the laborer and capitalist to increase their fortunes and surround themselves with the comforts and luxuries of life. We herewith give a hasty review of the counties just before mentioned. BARTON COUNTY Is located in the western tier of counties, about 120 miles south of Kansas City. The surface is gently rolling or undulating, not being too flat to drain well or so rolling as to wash. The soil is a rich, sandy loam, easy of culture and slow to feel the effects of a drought; and, of the 375,000 acres in the county, there is scarcely a quarter section that would not make a desirable farm. The growth of this county has been remarkable. Society is as good as can be found anywhere. In eight years the assessed valuation of the property has increased from $2,000,000 to $5,000,000, and the population more than doubled. There is a permanent school fund of over $124,000 per year; and the great agricultural and fruit products are not alone the source of all her wealth and grandeur. Coal veins of minable thickness are found in over half the townships of the State and the oiUput for the year 1888 approached nearly 200,000 tons. Barton county is in the great fruit valley and possessing innumerable fine orchards, where luscious fruitage finds its way in great quantities to Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Alabama and even Tennessee. This industry demands very little care or expense after once the orchard is planted. There are several thriving towns in the county, containing numerous 80 MISSOURI. 3mall manufacturing establishments, and the railroads of the county are amply sufficient for all present needs. Land varies in price, according to location, quality and other considerations that usually give varying values to real estate. Raw lands are worth from $6 to $14 per acre. Improved farms range from $15 to $40, and good farms, with ordinary improvements, can be had from $13 to $25 per acre ; and these lands, for agricultural purposes, are not inferior to any in the world. MISSOURI. BATES COUNTY Is also one of the border counties of Missouri and, in consequence, suf- fered much during the war and was entirely depopulated. At present it contains a population of 40,000 and assessed valuation of about $8,000,000, which is remarkable considering its condition fifteen years ago. Its rapid development is owing to its unsurpassed natural resources, and the county is entirely free from debt of any nature ; has splendid schools and school buildings and a permanent school fund. It is 50 miles south of Kansas City, and the surface in the main is high rolling prairie, with much fine timber. The soil, being for the most part underlaid with limestone, cannot be surpassed in fertility by any county west of the Mississippi. From 40 to 75 bushels per acre of well matured corn is pro- duced each year, and every acre properly cultivated, and the average yield of wheat is from 15 to 30 bushels per acre. Vegetables of all kinds are cultivated with success, and tobacco of fine quality can be grown to advantage. The climate is temperate, the winters short and mild, and, consequently, fruits of all kinds do well. Large orchards of apple and peach trees and fine vineyards of grapes can be found in all parts of the county. Several valuable varieties of hard wood timber are found in the county, including walnut, oak, elm, ash, hickory and linden. It is well watered, having the Osage river and its tributaries, which are fed by perennial springs which abound all over the country. The coal meas- ures underlie the greater part of Bates county, and the number of tons of coal has been estimated at about 6,500,000,000. In addition to coal, there are mines of fine building stones, fire clays, and wells of natural gas have recently been found. Zinc and lead are mined in greai quantities at Rich Hill, and this point is rapidly coming into prominence as the man- ufacturing metropolis of southwest Missouri. CASS COUNTY Is another of the border counties of Missouri, a little south of Kansas City, has a large public school fund and school houses furnished with all the latest appliances. All the agricultural products peculiar to this eli- ms>te, including wheat, corn, oats, barley, flax, millet, orchard glass, 88 MISSOURI. timothy and clover, are grown in great profusion and abundance, and is one of the greatest live stock producing counties of the State. There are six railroads crossing the county which have not less than twenty shipping points. Prices of land range from |15 to |100 per acre, gov- erned by quality, location, improvement, etc., which price will be found remarkably low when it is remembered that the northern border of the county is in sight of the smoke of Kansas City. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, plums, raspberries and strawberries attain their great- est perfection here. CEDAR COUNTY Is in the second tier of counties from the Kansas line ; the surface is diversified in the eastern part, being somewhat hilly and broken and covered with timber, while in .the western portion it is undulating and principally prairie land. The soil is of two kinds, black loam and red mulatto, grain of all kinds peculiar to this latitude growing luxuriantly. The yield of such products as corn, wheat and oats in favorable years is very high, and of unsurpassed quality. For stock purposes it has as many inducements as any portion of the State. Pasturage is good, water pure and abundant, and many well sheltered localities. This is one of the finest fruit regions in the West. By simply planting the trees, an abun- dance of apples, plums, cherries, pears, etc., are assured, and small fruits of all kinds seem peculiarly adapted to attain their greatest perfection in Cedar county. The selling price of land ranges from $2.50 to $50 per acre. ^ There is not a dollar of public indebtedness existing, and taxation is very low. It is well supplied with streams and has abundant water power for manufacturing. Schools receive a large share of public atten- tion ; school houses are large and conveniently located and the average term length is seven months. Iron, coal, zinc and lead abound in great quantities, and the mineral springs of Eldorado have already attained great fame as a ''health and pleasure resort." No finer timber is found in the State, the quantity is inexhaustible, and consists principally of maple, oak, walnut, hickory and pecan. Here might be established suc- cessful furniture and agricultural implement manufactories. The price of timber land ranges from $3 to $8 per acre. MISSOURI. 89 COLE COUNTY Shares the bounteous gifts which nature has bestowed in southwest Missouri, and its population of late years has been increasing very rap- idly. The soil, on account of its limestone basis, is of inexhaustible fertility, easily cultivated and varied in its products. There is abundance of pure water in springs, creeks and rivers, giving it perpetual and abun- dant supply for flocks and herds, and furnishing excellent drainage over the face of the country. Wheat, rye, corn, barley and oats never fail. Grasses grow in natural and unstinted abundance. All kinds of fruits, vegetables and garden products are of the highest quality, as well as in the greatest abundance. The Missouri washes the northern border and the Osage river flows for nearly 50 miles on the southern and southwest- ern limits. Of the total area of the county, 240,000 acres, only 70,000 at present are under cultivation, the rest is given over to range and pasture lands. Much of the older land can never be used for any other purpose, but, by careful methods, large quancities of it, ranging in price from $2 to $12, can be brought under successful and profitable cultivation. Churches and schools are well provided in all parts of the county ; railroad facili- ties are unsurpassed, three main lines running into and through the county. Jefferson City, the capital of the State, is located in Cole county . This county is admirably located for dairying and for the raising of sheep and cattle for the markets. There are inexhaustible mines of coal, lead and zinc within the borders of the county. HENRY COUNTY Although Missouri was admitted as a State in 1830, it was not until some years after the war that anything of moment was done towards developing this county. It is, properly speaking, a prairie county, amply watered by some 25 streams, whose banks are lined with timber, thus affordir-g abundance of fuel, and that, too, of the best variety, such as black walnut, hickory, pecan, and nearly all the species of oak. The soil is on a limestone base and produces excellent products of almost everything known to this latitude, the staples being corn, wheat, oats and grasses of all kinds. Corn will produce as high as 100 bushels per acre, with good farming, and wheat 40. Fruits do well here and all varieties 90 MISSOURI. known 10 the Tempemte Zone are raised, including apples, peaches, plums, apricots, cherries, pears, while grapes and berries are very pr care, will yield large crops of apples, pears, plums, cherries, grapes or other small fruits, and enough peaches can be grown in the district to supply several cities. The profits realized from the only systematically managed orchard in the district, which is also the largest in the State,, proved clearly that, acre for acre, fruit growing pays better than any other farm effort and is about equal in profits to most gardens. The fruits that yield the largest profits and lead in quality are, of apples, Ben^ Davis, Grimes' Golden, Willow-twig, Winesap, and Jonathan; of pears,. Bartlet, Seckel and Duchesse D'Angouleme; of plums, any of the best known varieties, and peaches the same. Only the sour or Morello- cherries succeed here. The heart cherries do not pay. Of the small fruits, grapes thrive and produce delicious fruit in all the hill regions,, also gooseberries, raspberries and blackberries. Currants sometimes pay, but not always. In the average of years, probably apples, pears, grapes and strawberries will be the most profitable of the fruits. Straw- berries now yield good returns in Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Stoddard, Madison, Iron, St. Francois and Butler counties. Direct railway lines to St. Louis, Chicago and Northern cities ensure a constant and increasing market for all small fruits. The western counties of the district have an, almost unlimited market for all their fruits in Kansas City, St. Joseph and Northwestern cities and regions. The demand has been so great and the prices so favorable, that no fruit from those counties need be- shipped to St. Louis, or is likely to be for many years to come. TIMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS. Nearly the entire district was covered with forests of pine in the higher hills, and a large variety of timber in the lower hills, valleys and bottoms. The pine is all of the yellow variety, soft and hard, the latter predominating. These pineries yet cover about half a million acres, but are mostly under control of sawmill owners. They daily turn out many hundreds of thousands of feet of superior lumber, most of which is shipped to Northern markets. Oak is in about twenty known varieties, nearly all of great value, and all at least useful. Ash, poplar, gum, elm, walnut, cypress, hickory, tupelo, maple, basswood, catalpa, cottonwood, hackberry, pecan, cherry, beech, box elder, sycamore, ironwood, dog- wood, and many other valuable woods grow in great luxuriance. The lumbering interests include investments of millions of dollars in 110 MISSOURI. machinery, logs and lands, and will be profitable for many years, as not half of the timber is exhausted. Good oak, gum and hickory lands can be bought at reasonable or even low prices, but they are being rapidly bought by lumbermen and speculators. The best timbered lands now open to purchase are in the bottom counties. COMB AND SEE II Words 'cannot fully describe any country. He who wants a home should not only compare the inducements offered, before making up his mind, but he should finally determine his choice by personal inspection, before a dollar is paid. He should know that the title is good. Some one has the title to each tract and in most cases it can easily be learned by investigation. Speculators can afford to buy doubtful titles, some- times, but that is not the true policy for farmers. There is plenty of land to be had in every county, at low prices with unquestionable title. The man who will not produce a clear abstract is generally unsafe to deal with. To every one who has read these hints on Southeast Missouri, we give the same advice : Come and See 1 1 Reading is sometimes believing, but seeing is knowing. The visitor will find that the statements above are not overdrawn or misleading. There is no need for misleading any one. This pamphlet is published, not to sell lands, but to induce good people to cast their lot in Missouri. In the course of events this district will be settled, rich and prosperous. We simply wish to hasten the pro- cess and realize the advantages of a developed country. It is not mere numbers that are desired, but good neighbors, industrious men. There are many holders of large tracts of land who will sell at reasonable prices and on fair terms. It is cheaper and infinitely better for an industrious man with a few hundred dollars to buy than to rent. A common mis- take, however, is buying too much. 160 acres is as much as any farmer with only his family to help and care for, ought to buy, unless he has money to spare to speculate on. A small farm of 80 acres well tilled, will pay better than 160 acres, skinned over. iHOfi IWouiiTAiH Route. DAILY TRAINS fcj. •TO THE- SOUTHWEST -EQUIPPED WITH- Pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars, Free Reclining Chair Cars, ^ Elegant Day Coaches ALL POINTS IN ^SouTHEHST Missouri. AND TO MEMPHIS, LITTLE ROCK, HOUSTON, GALVESTON, AUSTIN. SAN ANTONIO. LAREDO (wliere Direct Connection is made lor tlie CITY OF MEXICO), DALLAS, FORT WORTH, EL PASO, LOS ANGELES and SAN FRANCISCO. MISSOURI PACIFIC RY. THE COLORADO SHORT LINE BY WAY OF PUEBLO. SOlilD Tl^fllHS, EQUIPPED WITH Free Reclining Cliair Cars^ Pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars --^ and Day Coaches^ ^^ ST. LOUIS ?5^ AND RUN THROUGH VIA KANSAS QTY, TO PUEBLO AND DENVER WITHOUT CHANGE, WHERE CONNECTIONS ARE MADE FOR I^oel^y /T\ou9tai9 Presorts, iJtat^ aod paeifiG <5oa5t points. y \\i/ ( % M i; i i \\ 1 1 [Twenty-Third Edition.] July 1, 1900. THE ^— s 10 DKIL-V TRKINS 10 BKTVVKEIM LBJa'06 ST. IiOUIS 1 mSAS GITY pullmap Buffet 5'?^P'^9 ^ars, pree I^eelir^ir^^^ Ql?air (^ars, pullmap pala(;e §oa(;t7e5. REACH. WITHOUT CHANGE, ALL POINTS IN Central, Southwe-st^'®dstdrn MISSOURI. VALUABLE- ASSISTANCE. ^ The following Traveling and Passenger Agents of the MISSOURI PACIFIC RAII,- WAY and IRON MOUNTAIN ROUTE are constantly looking after the interests of the Line, and will call upon parties contemplating a trip and cheerfully furnish thera lowest Rates of Fare, Lajiid Pamphlets, Maps, Guides, Time Tables, etc. Or they may be addressed as follows : ATCHISON, KAN.— C. E. Styles Passenger and Ticket Agent. AUSTIN, TEX.— J. C. Lewis Traveling Passenger Agent. BOSTON, MASS.— Louis W. Ewald New England Pass'r Agent, 192 Washington St. CAIRO, ILL.— T. F. Bkown Ticket Agent. Union Depot. C. G. Miller City Ticket Agent, 309 Ohio Levee. CHATTANOOGA. TENN.— I. E. Rehlander Traveling Pass'r Agent, 103 Read House. CHICAGO, ILL.— Bissell Wilson District Passenger Agent, 111 Adams St. CINCINNATI, OHIO— A. A. G\llagher, District Pass'r Agt.,408 Vine St, bet. Fourth, and Fifth Sts. T. A. Wilkinson, Trav. Pass'r and Land Agt., 408 Vine St., bet. Fourth and Fifth Streets. DENVER, COLO.— C. A. TRiPP..Gen'l Western Frt. and Pass'r Agt., cor. 17th & Stout Sts. E. E. Hoffman Traveling Passenger Agent. DETROIT, MICH.— II. D. Armstrong Traveling Pass'r Agt., 32 Campus Martius. FT. SCOTT, KAN.— J. A. HoLLiNGER Passenger and Ticket Agent. HOT SPRINGS, ARK.— R. M. Smith Ticket Agent- INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— G. A. A. Deane, Jr Traveling Pass'r Agent, 231 McCrea St. KANSAS CITY, MO.— E. S. Jewett Passenger and Ticket Agent. 901 Main St. J.H. LvoN Western Passenger Agent, 901 Main St. J. F. Etter Passenger and Assistant Ticket Aet., 901 Main St. P. C. Lyon Traveling Passenger Agent. ToM Hughes City Passenger Agent, Union Depot. LEAVENWORTH, KAN.— J. N. Joerger Passenger and Ticket Agent. LINCOLN, NEB.— F. D. CORNELL. ..City Passenger and Ticket Agent, 1039 O St. and Depot. LITTLE ROCK, ARK.— AUGUST Slndholm Passenger and Ticket Agent. LOUISVILLE. KY.— R. T. G. Matthews Traveling Passenger Agent, 304 West Main St. MEMPHIS, TENN.— H. D. Wilson Pixss'r and Ticket Agt., 314 3*[aiu St., (cor. Monroe). Ellis Faknsworth, Truv. Pass'r Agent, 314 Main St., (cor. Monroe). MEXICO CITY. MEX.— H. C. DiNKiNS General Agent, Hotel Coliseo. NEW YORK CITY— W. E. HovT General Eastern Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway, J. P. McCann Travefing Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway. OMAHA, NEB.— Thos. F. GoDFREY..Pass'r and Tkt. Agt., S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sts. W. c:. Barnes Trav. Pass'r Agent, S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sts. J. K. Chambers Ticket Agent, Union Passenger Station. PITTSBURG, PA.— John R. James Central Pass'r Agt.. Room 905 Park Building, Fifth Ave and Smithlield Street. PUEBLO, COLO.— Wm. Hogg Passenger and Ticket Agent. ST. JOSEPH, MO.— Benton Quick... Passenger and Ticket Agent, German-Americin Bank Building, cor. Sevenih and Felix Sts. ST. LOUIS, MO.— B. H. Payne Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent. H. F. BERKLEY...Pass'r&Tkt. .\gent, X.W. cor. Broadway and Olive St. M. Griffin ...City Pa.ssenger Agent, X.W. cor. Broadway andOliveSt. W. H. Morton Passenger Agent, Room 40J. Union Station. A. V. Brigham Traveling Passenger Agent for Arkansas. -ALT LAKE CITY, UTAH— H. B. KoosER Com. Freight & Passenger Agt. , Nos. 105 and 107 West Second St. (South). SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— L. M. Fletcher Pacific Coast Agent, 212 California St. Malone Joyce Trav. Pass'r Agent, 212 California St. SEDALIA, M'.r.— J. W. McClain Passenger and Ticket Agent. TEXARKANA, ark.— J. C. O'CONNER , Ticket Agent. WICHITA, KAN.— E. E. Bleckley Passenger and Ticket Agent, 114 N. Main St. C. G. WARNER, RUSSELL HARDING, 2d Vice-President, 3d Vice-Pres't and Gen'l Manager. H. C.TOWNSEND, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, St. Louis. Mo. — AND Iron Mountain iifOMT Route, TSr. GREIT SOUTHWEST SYSTEM. CONNECTING THE COMMERCIAL CENTRES AND RICH FARMS OP MISSOURI, THE BROAd'cORN AND WHEAT FIELDS AND THRIVING TOWNS OP KHNSHS, THE FERTILE RIVER VALLEYS AND TRADE CENTRES OF NEBRHSKH, THE GRAND. PICTURESQUE AND ENCHANTING SCENERY. AND THE FAMOUS MINING DISTRICTS OF COLORADO, THE AGRICULTURAL. FRUIT. MINERAL AND TIMBER LANDS. AND FAMOUS HOT SPRINGS OF HRKHNSHS, THE BEAUTIFUL ROLLING PRAIRIES AND WOODLANDS OF THE INDIHN TERRITORY. THE SUGAR, COTTON AND TIMBER PLANTATIONS OP LOUISIHNH, THE COTTON AND GRAIN FIELDS. THE CATTLE RANGES AND WINTER RESORTS OF TEXHS, HISTORICAL AND SCENIC OLD HND NEM MEXICO, AND FORMS WITH ITS CONNECTIONS THE POPULAR ROUTE TO , KRIZONH HND CHLIFORNm.