OFFICIAL IJO>rA1'ION. 
 
710 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
 A. C. TRUE. Director. 
 
 Ao/ 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 EXHIBIT OF rOLLEIiES OF AdlilCllLTlIRE AND MECHANIC 
 ARTS AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, MO., 1904. 
 
 \V. H. BEAU 
 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING 
 
 1004. i 
 
 oyy^icE. 
 
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GOVERNMENT BOARD OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 
 
 J. H. Brigiia.m, Assisetant Secretary of Agriculture, chairinaii. 
 
 Wm. H. Michakl, Chief Clerk, Department of State. 
 
 Wallace H. Kills, Chief Clerk, Treasury Department. 
 
 John C. Scofield, Chief Clerk, War Department. 
 
 Cecil Clay, General Agent, Department of Justice. 
 
 J NO. B. Brownlow, Clerk, Post-Ottice Department. 
 
 B. F. Peteks, Chief Clerk, Navy Department. 
 
 Edward M. Dawsox, Chief Clerk, Department of the Interior. 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Department of Commerce and Labor. 
 
 F. W. True, Head Curator, National ^Museum, representing Smithsonian Institution 
 
 and National Museum. 
 W. DR C. Eavenel, Administrative Assistant, National Museum, representing Com- 
 mission of Fish and Fisheries. 
 
 G. W. W. Hanger, Chief Clerk, Bureau of Lalxjr. 
 
 Williams C. Fox, Chief Clerk,' Bureau of the American Republics. 
 
 William V. Co.x, Secretary. 
 
 Wm. M. Geddes, Disbursing Otiicer. 
 
EXPOSITION COMMITTEE OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICUL- 
 TURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 W. H. Jordan, Director New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Chairman. 
 
 A. C. True, Director Office of Experiment Stations, Secretary. 
 
 W. T. Harris, Commissioner of Education. 
 
 H. J. Waters, Dean College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the Universitj' of 
 
 Missouri, and Director Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 W. M. Hays, Professor of Agriculture, College of Agriculture of the LTni versify of 
 
 Minnesota, and Agriculturist, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 W. E. Stone, President Purdue University. 
 T. F. Hunt, Professor of Agronomy and Manager University Farm, Cornell UiwV'er- 
 
 sity, and Agronomist, New York Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 C. F. CuKTiss, Professor of Agriculture, Iowa State College of Agriculture a'n<l the 
 
 Mechanic Arts and Director Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 J. K. Patterson, President Agricultural and jNIechanical College of Kentucky. 
 H. W. Tyler, Professor of Mathematics, INIassachusetts Institute of Technology. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agricui.ture, 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations, 
 
 Waskhgtoii, I). C, May ^S, 190Jf. 
 ' Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for 
 publication, a description of the exhibit of the agricultural colleges 
 and experiment stations in the Palace of Education at the Louisiana 
 Purchase Exposition, which is intended primarily- for distribution to 
 those attending the exposition. 
 
 Respectfulh', A. C. True, 
 
 Director. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Classification of exhibits 9 
 
 Exhibits of the Bureau of Education and the Office of Experiment Sta- 
 tions 9 
 
 Agricultural exhibits 9 
 
 Mechanic arts exhibits 10 
 
 Description of exhibits 10 
 
 Exhibit of the Bureau of P^ducation 10 
 
 Exhibit of the Office of Experiment Stations 12 
 
 Agricultural exhibits 13 
 
 Agronomy, or plant production 13 
 
 Plant laboratory 13 
 
 Soils laboratory , 14 
 
 Fertilizers 14 
 
 Field crops 14 
 
 Horticulture and forestry 15 
 
 Plant pathology 16 
 
 Entomology 16 
 
 Zootechny, or animal industry 17 
 
 Animal husbandry, investigation 17 
 
 Animal husbandry, instruction 19 
 
 Veterinary medicine 19 
 
 Agrotechny, or agricultural technology 19 
 
 Dairy laboratory 19 
 
 Sugar laboratory 19 
 
 Eural engi neering 21 
 
 Rural economics 21 
 
 Inspection, or control work 21 
 
 Mechanic arts exhibits 22 
 
 Civil engineering 22 
 
 Mechanical engineering 22 
 
 Electrical engineering 22 
 
 Mining engineering 22 
 
 Technical chemistry 22 
 
 A rchitecture 23 
 
 Drawing and shop practice, including textiles and trades 23 
 
 Domestic science 23 
 
 Ceramics 23 
 
 ILLUSTRATION. 
 
 Page. 
 Plate I. Installation i)lan of the college and station exhibit 9 
 
EXHIBIT OF COLLFXtES OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC 
 ARTS AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. 
 
 By W. H. Beal, Olfice of Experiment AS'to<(ons. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The movement to prepare this exhibit was instituted at the 1 901 
 meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and 
 Experiment Stations, in Washington, and two committees were 
 appointed to consider the matter, one representing agriculture and 
 the other mechanic arts. At the Atlanta meeting of the association 
 in October, 1902, these committees reported in favor of exhibits. The 
 two conmiittees were consolidated into one as an exposition committee, 
 as follows: W. H. Jordan, chairman; A. C True, secretary; W. T. 
 Harris, H. J. Waters. W. :VI. Hays, W. E. Stone, T. F. Hunt, C. F. 
 Curtiss, J. K. Patterson, and H. W. Tyler. 
 
 At the same meeting the executive committee of the association was 
 charged with the duty of soliciting from Congress an appropriation 
 for installing and maintaining the exhibit. Congress made such pro- 
 vision in the following terms: 
 
 For the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, 
 safe-keei:)ing, exhibition, and return of such articles, animals, and materials belong- 
 ing to or used by the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, hereinafter 
 referred to, as the Government Ijoard created by act of Congress approved March 
 third, nineteen hundred and one, as amended by the act of June twenty-eighth, 
 nineteen hundred and two, may decide to exhibit as a part of the Government 
 exhibit, to show the jtrogress of education and experimentation in agriculture, 
 mechanic arts, and animal husbandry at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to be 
 held under authority of said act, of the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts 
 and agricultural experiment stations receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of 
 July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, March second, eighteen hundred and 
 eighty-seven, and August thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, one hundred thou- 
 
sand dollars, to l)e immediately available; which sum shall be expended for that 
 purpose only, and upon the authority of said (jrovernment board: Provided, That the 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, at its own cost and expense, shall furnish 
 to .said Government board adequate and suitable space in an appropriate building or 
 buildings for the installation of said exhibit and its exhibition during the continu- 
 ance of said exposition. 
 
 The Government board referred to in this act is made up as follows: 
 Hon. J. H. Brigham, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, chairman; 
 Wm. H. Michael, chief clerk Department of State: Wallace H. Hills, 
 chief clerk Treasury' Department; John C. Scolield, chief clerk War 
 Department; Cecil Clay, general agent Department of Justice; Jno. B. 
 Brownlow, clerk, Post-Office Department; B. F. Peters, chief clerk 
 Navy Department; Edv^^ard M. Dawson, chief clerk Department of 
 the Interior; Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Department 
 of Commerce and Labor; F. W. True, head curator National Museitm, 
 representing Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; W. de C. 
 Ravenel, administrative assistant National Museum, representing Com- 
 mission of Fish and Fisheries; G. W. W. Hanger, chief clerk Bureau 
 of Labor; William C. Fox, chief clerk Bureau of the American Repub- 
 lics; William V. Cox, secretary, and Wm. M. Geddes, disbursing 
 officer. This board entrusted the work of planning, collecting, and 
 installing the exhibit to the committee of the association named above, 
 the secretary of that committee. Dr. A, C. True, representing it in all 
 official dealings with the board. 
 
 Mr. James L. Farmer, as chief special agent, has had the immediate 
 charge of the execution of the plans of the committee. 
 
 It should be noted especiall v that the law provides for an exhibit of 
 the progress of education and research in agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts, and it has been the purpose of those charged with the duty of 
 preparing the exhibit to make it illustrative of the distinctive work 
 of the land-grant colleges, of which there are 65, and the experiment 
 stations, of which there are 60, in the United States; that is, it repre- 
 sents those features of education and research which differentiate these 
 institutions from other educational and scientific institutions. It was 
 concluded that this purpose could best be accomplished by making the 
 exhibit collective, i. e., assembling the contributions from the various 
 institutions represented according to subjects rather than by institu- 
 tions, due credit, of course, being given to all contributors to each 
 group. The exhibit is therefore grouped according to the main divi- 
 sions of agriculture and mechanic arts. 
 
 Since the work of the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts and 
 the experiment stations is in its broadest sense largely of an educa- 
 tional character, it was deemed appropriate that the exhibit should be 
 installed in the Palace of Education. The exhibit occupies a total area 
 of 16,000 square feet, or, deducting aisles, etc., an available space of 
 
U. S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Expt. Stations, 710. 
 
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9 
 
 about 11,500 square feet, in the northwest section of this building 
 (PI. I). 
 
 The individual exhibits and the experts who have had charge of 
 their collection and preparation are as follows: 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND THE OFFICE 
 OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 (1) Showing relations of the United States Government with education 
 
 in agriculture and mechanic arts, under direction of Hon. W. T. 
 Harris, Bureau of Education. Washington, D. C. 
 
 (2) Relations of the United States with institutions for research in 
 
 agriculture, under direction of Dr. A. C. True, Office of Experi- 
 ment Stations, Washington, D. C. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITS. 
 
 I. AGRONOMY, OR PLANT PRODUCTION. 
 
 Soils, Prof. M. E. Miller, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Eertilizers, Director E. B. Voorhees, New Jersey Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Stations, New Brunswick, N. J. 
 
 Plant laboratory, Dr. W. H. Evans, Office of Experiment Stations, 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C 
 
 Field crops, Mr. J. 1. Schulte, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Horticulture and forestry. Prof. S. B. Green, University of Minnesota, 
 St. Anthon}" Park, Minn. 
 
 Plant pathology, Mr. F. C. Stewart, New York State Agricultural 
 Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. 
 
 Economic entomology. Prof. Clarence P. Gillette, State Agricultural 
 College of Colorado, Fort Collins, Colo. 
 
 II. zootp:chny, or animal industry. 
 
 Animal husbandry (investigation). Director H. P. Armsby, Pennsyl- 
 vania Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, Pa. 
 
 Animal husbandry (instruction). Prof. Thos. F. Hunt, Cornell Univer- 
 sity, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Veterinary medicine, Prof. D. S. White, Ohio State University, 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 III. AGROTEOHNY, OR AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 Dairy laboratory. Prof. E. H. Farrington, University of Wisconsin, 
 
 Madison, Wis. 
 Sugar laboratory. Director W. C. Stubbs, Louisiana Agricultural 
 
 Experiment Stations, Audubon Park, La. 
 
10 
 
 IV. RURAL ENGINEERING, OR FARM MECHANICS. 
 
 This exhibit has been prepared under the direction of Prof. Elwood 
 Mead, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agri- 
 culture, Washino-ton, D. C. 
 
 V. RURAL ECONOMICS, OR FARM MANAGEMENT. 
 
 This exhiljit has been prepared under the direction of Prof. Fred. W. 
 Card, Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 
 Kingston, R. I. 
 
 Inspection, Director M. A. Scovell, Kentucky Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station, Lexington, K}'. 
 
 MECHANIC ARTS EXHIBITS. 
 
 Civil engineering. Prof. Anson Marston, Iowa State College of Agri- 
 culture and the Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa. 
 Mechanical engineering, Prof. W. F. M. Goss, Purdue Universit}^, 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 Electrical engineering. Prof. Bernard V. Swenson, University of 
 
 Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 
 Mining engineering, Prof. S. B. Christy, University of California, 
 
 Berkeley, Cal. 
 Technical chemistry, Prof. W. H. Walker, Massachusetts Institute of 
 
 Technology, Boston, Mass. 
 Architecture, Prof. W. H. Lawrence, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 
 nologv, Boston, Mass. 
 Drawing and shop practice (including textiles and trades). Prof. F. Paul 
 
 Anderson, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky, 
 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 Domestic science, Prof. Maude Gilchrist, Michigan State Agricultural 
 
 College, Agricultural College, Mich. 
 Ceramics, Prof. Edward Orton, jr., Ohio State University, Columbus, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Centrally located in the collective exhibit of the agricultural colleges 
 and experiment stations is a pavilion and office, around which are 
 grouped the exhibits of the Bureau of Education and the Office of 
 Experiment Stations which represent the United States Government 
 in its relations with these colleges and stations. 
 
 The contribution of the Bureau of Education includes a set of the 
 publications issued hy that Bureau, a set of the catalogues of all of the 
 colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, various publications and 
 illustrations furnished by those institutions, and statistical charts. 
 
 The publications of the Bureau are designed to show in a meas- 
 
11 
 
 lire the work being* done by it. The reports of the Commissioner 
 which are published annualh^ contain statistical and general informa- 
 tion concerning educational s^^stems and institutions in this and foreign 
 countries, including the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts 
 endowed b}^ the National Government. Historical sketches of some 
 of these colleges are included in the histories of higher education in 
 the several States, published by the Bureau as circulars of information. 
 
 The set of catalogues included in the exhibit shows in detail the 
 nature and scope of the instruction offered by the several inistitutions, 
 the material equipment available for instruction purposes, the number 
 of professors and instructors emploN'ed and of students in attendance. 
 
 The act of Congi-ess of ffuly 2, 1862, under which the so-called 
 '"colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts'" were established, provides 
 that their leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific 
 and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such 
 branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the 
 industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life. 
 Under these liberal terms it is but natural that the scope of the 
 instruction offered differs widely in the several States. In some of 
 the States the instruction is limited very strict!}' to agriculture and 
 engineering and to related subjects, while in others, especially in State 
 universities endowed under this act, the courses are very diverse. 
 
 The extent of Federal aid to June 30, 1901, in land and in money 
 granted to each State and Territory' for colleges of agriculture and 
 mechanic arts is shown in a larg'e statistical chart entitled "Federal 
 aid."" It shows, first, the amount of invested funds derived from the 
 sale of the lands granted to each State and Territory .specificall}' for 
 colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, including the estimated 
 value of unsold land, if any, as reported to the Bureau. Secondly, it 
 shows the aggregate amount of appropriations received by each State 
 and Territory to June 3(), 1901, under the act of Congress of August 
 30, 1890, for the more complete endowment and support of the col- 
 leges established under the act of July 2, 1S&2. Thirdly, it shows the 
 total amount, $31,1.57,588, of Federal aid received from the tAvo sources 
 mentioned. 
 
 The land-grant college map included in this exhibit shows the loca- 
 tion of each college of agriculture and mechanic arts, the amount of 
 land received by each State for such institutions, and the total amount 
 of land granted by the Federal Government for all other educational 
 purposes. The total number of acres of pu])lic lands granted for 
 educational purposes amounts to a little more than 86,000,000, of 
 which amount 10,T05,6»»0 acres were granted specifically for colleges 
 of agriculture and mechanic arts. The latter amount includes the 
 grants made inuler the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and several 
 special grants made under special acts. 
 
12 
 
 The chart entitled ''Progress of Public and Private Higher Educa- 
 tion in the United States in Twenty Years" shows in comparative 
 form the progress made from 1882 to 1902, first, by the public (which 
 list includes colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts) and, secondly, 
 by the private institutions for higher education. 
 
 The smaller statistical charts on colleges of agriculture and mechanic 
 arts show: 
 
 (1) The growth in number of students from 1891 to 1903. 
 
 (2) The increase in the value of the material equipment from 1870 
 to 1903. 
 
 (3) The value of all property, including endowment funds owned in 
 1903. 
 
 (4) The increase from 1865 to 1903 in the number of institutions, 
 number of professors, and number of collegiate and graduate students. 
 
 (5) The comparison of income from 1885 to 1903 Avith that of all 
 other institutions for higher education. 
 
 (6) The proportion of regular technical students pursuing certain 
 degree courses. 
 
 (7) The growth of libraries compared with that of all other institu- 
 tions for higher education. 
 
 (8) The attendance from 1890 to 1903 compared with that at all 
 other institutions for higher education. 
 
 There are shown also nine volumes of examination questions and 
 answers by students of a number of the colleges of agriculture and 
 mechanic arts in English, French, (rerman, Latin, mathematics, 
 physics, chemistry, history, and economics, and in miscellaneous 
 branches. These volumes are intended to give some idea of the nature 
 of the work that is being done by the several institutions in some of 
 the nontechnical or general studies usually included in the courses of 
 study offered by these institutions. 
 
 EXHIBIT OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 On the side of the pavilion occupied by the exhibit of the Office of 
 Experiment Stations the central wall space is occupied by an electrical 
 display machine showing prominent features in the origin, distribu- 
 tion, and work of agricultural experiment stations throughout the 
 civilized world. The location of about 700 of these stations is shown 
 on a map of the world hanging just across the aisle to the right of 
 the display machine. The wall space on each side of this machine is 
 occupied by charts showing the value of investigations made by these 
 stations from the educational as well as the economic point of view. 
 
 Standing against the side walls of the pavilion are book cases con- 
 taining l)ound sets of publications of the Office and of the experiment 
 stations and about 200 text-books, manuals, and reference books writ- 
 ten or edited by experiment station men. These books are based on 
 the results of agricultural investigations in this countrj^ and abroad 
 
and are doing very valuable service in reducing these results to peda- 
 gogic form. The}" constitute largely the science of agriculture as it is 
 now coining to be recognized in this country. 
 
 In addition to their regular publications the stations also issue a 
 large number of special publications — circulars, press bulletins, pop- 
 ular bulletins, spra}- calendars, etc. Specimens of these are shown in 
 glass-covered cases. The agricultural experiment stations in the 
 United States and the United States Department of Agriculture issue 
 annualh" over 12,000,000 copies of bulletins, circulars, and other pub- 
 lications, the value of which in promoting better methods of farming 
 is incalculable. 
 
 The wing frames placed above the glass-covered cases contain a large 
 number of photographs illustrating some of the buildings, live stock, 
 and other equipment of the experiment stations, as well as some of the 
 more striking experiments conducted by tbem. 
 
 Surrounding the exhibits of the Bureau of Education and the Office 
 of Experiment Stations are small exhibits of charts, drawings, photo- 
 graphs, etc., illustrating (1) fundamental subjects, mainly physical 
 and mathematical, taught in the land-grant colleges as a basis for more 
 advanced work; and (2) courses of study, apparatus, methods, and 
 results of the work of the institutions represented, in biological 
 SCIENCES (botany, zoology, and physiology). 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITS. 
 I. AGRONOMY, OR PLANT PRODUCTION. 
 
 The exhibits illustrating work in this subject include (1) plant labo- 
 ratory, (2) soils laboratory, (3) fertilizers, (4) field crops (agronomy), 
 (5) horticulture and forestry, (6) plant pathology, and (7) entomology. 
 
 PLANT LABORATORY. 
 
 The object of this exhibit is to show in operation a fairly well- 
 equipped laboratory for instruction and research in the stud}^ of 
 botany in its various phases, but especially as related to agriculture. 
 The exhibit illustrates some of the methods followed at the institutions 
 contributing to the exhibit and shows a number of appliances and 
 pieces of apparatus which have been devised or modified by college or 
 station men. It contains apparatus for preparing material and mak- 
 ing microscopic studies of plant tissues; for studying transpiration 
 and the humidit}^ of the air, and the effect of gravity upon plant 
 growth; for recording the rate of growth of plants; for studies of 
 micro-organisms, including fermentation and fungus and other parasitic 
 diseases of plants; of root growth, and of germination; for the exami- 
 nation and testing of seeds and for showing the effect of copper on 
 foliage; besides illustrations of methods of making cultures of micro- 
 
u 
 
 organi.sms; of selecting- seeds ))y specitic gravity; plant presses; seed 
 cases for class-room use; and miscellaneous laboratory apparatus and 
 accessories. 
 
 SOILS LABORATORY. 
 
 This exhibit shows a working laboratory in operation, equipped with 
 special forms of apparatus contributed by a number of institutions 
 for sampling soils, making mechanical and chemical analyses of soils, 
 and studying their chemical and physical properties; samples of typical 
 soils, student's laboratory outfit, cultures, etc., showing work on soil 
 bacteria; specimens of students' notes. There are also photographs 
 showing equipment and methods of work at a number of the agricul- 
 tural colleges and experiment staiions. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 The fertilizer exhibit includes: 
 
 (1) Specimens of typical classes of soils showing the relatiye propor- 
 tion of fertilizing constituents in each, and the relation of these to soil 
 fertility and soil exhaustion. 
 
 (2) Samples of the principal commercial fertilizing materials, includ- 
 ing crude and manufactured products, supplying nitrogen, phosphoric 
 acid, and potash. 
 
 (3) A series of diagrams and photographs illustrating the relation 
 of various systems of cropping, farm management, and fertilizing 
 to soil fertility, and the relative ayailability of different kinds of 
 fertilizers. 
 
 FIELD CROPS. 
 
 The exhibits in this section consist of material illustrating some of 
 the more important experimental work with field crops carried on by 
 the experiment stations of the United States, and showing in addition 
 the different crops which are studied in our agricultural colleges, 
 together with some of the methods employed to prepare the student 
 for original research work and for practical farm management. The 
 various classes of crops are represented and the exhibit of each indi- 
 vidual crop is as extensive as circumstances allow. The object of the 
 exhibits in this section is to show the purposes, methods, and results 
 of investigations by the experiment stations together with the methods 
 and scope of instruction given in this particular branch in the colleges 
 of agriculture. 
 
 One of the principal features of the section is the plant-breeding 
 work. Attention is called to the improvement of corn b}^ an exhibit 
 showing how by selection and crossing the percentage of protein and 
 of oil may be increased in the crop, and how a variety may be made 
 more productive or how its excellence may be maintained. The samples 
 of wheat on exhibition illustrate MendeFs law in wheat breeding, the 
 
15 
 
 iiiiprovement in yield by selection and crossino-, and the methods of 
 growing pedigreed wheat plants and keeping plant nursery records. 
 The specimens of flax exhibited show how hy these same methods the 
 seed production of the crop may be improved and how the straw may 
 ])e increased in length, thus rendering the crop of greater value for 
 tiber. The samples of cotton shown point out the effect produced in 
 the length and quality of the tiber ])y crossing varieties of different 
 types such as the Sea Island, Upland, and Egyptian cottons. The 
 possibilities of plant breeding are further exemplified in the cowpea 
 exhil)it, which calls attention to the extensive variation to which this 
 plant is subject. 
 
 Independent of the plant- breeding work, samples of varieties of 
 corn, wheat, oats, barlev, and other cereals, and of cotton, cowpeas, 
 soy beans, velvet beans, castor beans, sugar cane, tobacco, hemp, ffax, 
 and hops are presented for comparison. The fields in some cases 
 show marked diffe reneges, pointing out at once the value of variety 
 testing by the experiment stations and the importance of considering- 
 this matter in ordinary farm practice. 
 
 The section of field crops further illustrates and reports the results 
 of growing field crops with different fertilizer treatment and under 
 various systems of rotation. The significance of this line of experi- 
 niental work is at once apparent when we consider that the intelligent 
 use of fertilizers in connection with a proper crop rotation not only 
 produces larger yields, l)ut also maintains the fertility of the soil. 
 The crops considered in this connection are wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, 
 clover, and timothy. 
 
 An interesting object lesson is presented in a collection of root 
 samples showing the root de\'elopment of blue ^rass, corn, oats, clover, 
 alfalfa, fife and macaroni wheats, and flax. The tobacco exhibit com- 
 prises a model illustrating the growing of tobacco under shade, a 
 number of samples of shade-grown and open field-grown tobacco 
 showing the effect of shade on the quality of the leaf, and a series of 
 other samples representing the different types of tobacco which have 
 entered into experimental work carried on in Connecticut. 
 
 The instruments and appliances used in college laboratory work 
 with root crops, including sugar beets, mangels, ruta-bagas, carrots, 
 and turnips, are shown and a general outline of the work is given. 
 
 The experimental work with field crops carried on at the Alaska, 
 Hawaii, and Porto Rico stations is represented by a collection of 
 specimens from these stations. 
 
 HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY. 
 
 This exhibit consists of a collection of models, photographs, charts, 
 etc., illustrating methods of instruction and rcvsearch in these subjects 
 at a number of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, as 
 
16 
 
 well as special forms of laboratoi'}' and greenhonse equipment and 
 results of improvement of varieties and methods of culture. Improved 
 horticultural and forestry implements and methods are also illustrated, 
 and a collection of horticultural books, edited or written by college, 
 and station men, is shown. 
 
 Attention is called especially to (1) the date-palm exhibit, which 
 represents the successful introduction of a new industry into the 
 United States, showing the line ciualit}' of dates now l)eing grown in 
 Arizona, as well as the peculiarities of date trees, blossoms, fruit, and 
 seed; (2) the exhil)it of methods of greenhouse laboratory work as 
 shown by a portion of a greenhouse laborator}- ])ench with lockers, 
 illustrations of horticultural laboratory operations, text-book used, 
 etc. ; (3) the models of peach twigs, showing the relation of color to 
 hardiness and date of blooming; (4) the models, photographs, and 
 charts illustrating a successful method of winter forcing of asparagus; 
 (5) the models illustrating fertilization of self -sterile grapes; (6) the 
 models illustrating subirrigation for greenhouses, gardens, and lawns; 
 (7) the display of implements and methods of pruning; (S) the exhibit 
 of trunks of eucahptus trees iHustrating the successful introduction 
 into this country of a group of valuable trees; (9) specimens showing 
 the character of posts and timber produced in regions of deficient 
 rainfall, and (10) the log scales, rules, calipers, and other implements 
 used in forestry work and lumbering in different parts of the United 
 States. Attention is also directed to the wing-frame cabinets contain- 
 ing mounted photographs, charts, drawings, etc., showing facilities 
 and equipment for instruction and research in a large number of the 
 land-grant colleges and experiment stations, horticultural and forestry 
 methods, operations, and results. 
 
 PLANT PATHOLOGY. 
 
 This exhibit consists mainl}^ of mounted specimens, specimens in 
 solutions, photographs, drawings, etc., accompanied by explanatory 
 labels, illustrating the more important diseases of crops and the nature 
 of the injuries caused by them. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 This exhibit consists of small contributions from a large number of 
 institutions, and is intended to show something of the scope and qual- 
 it}' of entomological work being carried on in the different agricultural 
 colleges and experiment stations in the United States. Thirty-two 
 cases filled with insects show manv of the most destructive as well 
 as some of the beneficial species, and give an idea of methods of 
 mounting, labeling, and permanently preserving specimens in different 
 stages of development. The pavilion and wall cases are filled with 
 pieces of apparatus used in class room or laboratory or in field work 
 in entomology. Professor Sanderson, of Texas, has illustrated his 
 
17 
 
 method of note and record keeping, which is perhaps the most com- 
 plete S3'stem in use anywhere. Professor Comstock, of Cornell, has 
 placed on exhibition his block system of mounting- a collection of 
 insects. Professor Woodworth, of California, has put on exhibition 
 a set of reference books in entomology to which his students have 
 access. The injuries of boring insects arc exhibited by Professor 
 Popenoe, of Kansas. Professor Stedman, of Missouri, exhibits a spe- 
 cial breeding cage. Director Thorne. of the Ohio Experiment Station, 
 shows a new method of fighting the codling moth, etc. 
 
 A large number of photographs are displayed which show buildings, 
 la]K)ratories, class rooms, equipment for college and station work, 
 methods of carrying on work, spraying machiner}', insects and their 
 injuries, diagrams, etc. 
 
 II. ZOOTECHNY, OR ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, INVESTIGATION. 
 
 A complete showing of experiment-station work in this field is not 
 attempted, and emphasis has been laid upon those methods and results 
 tending to establish fundamental scientific principles rather than upon 
 those yielding more inunediately practical results, although the latter 
 have been b}' no means excluded. 
 
 The exhibit may be grouped in a general waj' under three heads, 
 viz, (1) feeding stuffs, (2) metabolism and the laws of nutrition, and 
 (3) the practice of feeding. 
 
 Feeding sttijfs. — In this group are shown several forms of apparatus 
 used in the anal3'sis of feeding stuff's, especially for the determination 
 of protein and ether extract (crude fat); an apparatus for drying in 
 vacuo; appliances for making digestion experiments with animals; a 
 complete collection of products and by-products of corn and cotton 
 seed; a collection of pure vegetable proteids arranged according to the 
 classes of feeding stuffs from which they were derived, with descrip- 
 tive data; specimens and charts showing results of investigations of 
 pentosans of hay, cornstalks, etc.; drawings of microscopic studies of 
 the structure of feeding stuff's as a basis for the detection of adultera- 
 tion. Large wall charts show the average composition of a few of the 
 more important feeding stuff's, smaller charts show the average results 
 of digestion experiments with American feeding stuff's, the feeding 
 value of corn silage and corn by-products, and similar data. 
 
 jSLdalxAmn and tly Jaws of nutrition. — A working model, one-fifth 
 the actual size, of the respiration calorimeter constructed by the 
 Pennsylvania Station cooperating with the Bureau of Animal Industiy 
 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for experiments with large 
 farm animals is shown. The purpose of this apparatus is to deter- 
 mine, in addition to those facts which can be ascertained l)v an experi 
 31560—04 2 
 
18 
 
 ment with the digestion apparatus, the amount of gaseous material 
 (carbon dioxid, water, methane) given olf by the animal and also the 
 amount of energy liberated by it in the form of heat. The apparatus 
 is modeled after one devised for experiments with man by W. O. 
 Atwater and E. B. Rosa, photographs of which are shown. 
 
 By means of this apparatus a complete account is kept of the outgo 
 of both matter and energy from the animal. An analysis of the food 
 and a determination of its heat of combustion supplies similar data as 
 to the income of the animal and thus a nearly complete del)it and 
 credit account with the animal may be kept, showing exactly how 
 much of its food is utilized and for what purpose. 
 
 The results of a series of four experiments with this apparatus upon 
 timothy hay are illustrated in the exhibit, the quantities of energy 
 involved being represented by blocks of anthracite coal sufficient to 
 produce equivalent amounts of heat when completely burned. The 
 exhibit shows first, the total energy of the food; second, the amount 
 lost in the various excreta; third, the amount of food energv supplied 
 by oxidation of the tissues of the body in two cases, or, in the other 
 two, the part of the energy of the food which was stored as increase 
 of tissue. Charts showing graphically some of the results of these 
 experiments are also shown. 
 
 There is also an exhibit of the total energy of 10 kilograms of 
 timothy hay and of corn meal, respectively, and the portion of this 
 lost in the excreta, consumed by the processes of digestion and 
 assimilation, and remaining available for the general purposes of the 
 organism. 
 
 In the exhibit of the results of experiments upon the sources of milk 
 fat there is shown in glass cylinders the amount of fat digested from 
 the food of each of three cows the fat that may possi))ly have been 
 formed from the protein broken down in the body, the fat actually 
 found in the milk and the fat which must necessarily have been pro- 
 duced from the carbohydrates of the food. The same results are 
 shown graphically in a series of seven charts contained in the wall 
 cabinets. 
 
 The practice of feedinq. — The infinence of shelter and of concen- 
 trated feeds rich in nitrogen on growth of beef cattle, the comparative 
 value of diflerent kinds of roughage, the influence of food on the 
 make-up of the carcass, ai-e shown by means of models and charts. 
 
 The results of experiments on soiling crops with views of modern 
 dairy buildings and equipment are shown by means of transparencies. 
 
 There are also shown trap nests used in breeding experiments with 
 poultr}^ and illustrations of methods of preserving eggs in water glass. 
 
 Practical and theoretical methods of feeding horses are illustrated 
 b}' sample rations and chart data. 
 
19 
 
 ANIMAL UrSBAXDRY, INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Thi.s exhibit illustrates a class room for instruction in this subject, 
 including- a mount of Shamrock the prize-winning steer of the Chicago 
 livestock show of 190^, the most improved implements, apparatus, 
 and accessories required for instruction, wall charts showing enlarged 
 specimens of students' score cards, and a series of mounted photo- 
 graphs illustrating methods of instruction in this subject at a large 
 number of agricultural colleges. 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 
 
 This exhibit illustrates the methods and appliances used in instruc- 
 tion and research in this subject, with specimens of animal diseases. 
 
 III. AGROTECHNY, OR AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 DAIRY' LABORATORY. 
 
 The attempt is made in this exhibit to illustrate, bv means of objects, 
 apparatus, charts, large photographs, and descriptive matter, the 
 dairy instruction ^iven in the American agricultural colleges, and 
 some of the results of dair}' investigations made in the experiment 
 stations. It shows the ([uality of dairy products made b}- dift'erent 
 methods and under different conditions, and the methods, machinery, 
 and appliances used in testing and handling milk and its products.' 
 
 Attention is called especially to the exhibits illustrating the compo- 
 sition of dairy products of various kinds, the machineiy, appliances, 
 and methods used in the testing of milk, butter, and cheese; the cul-- 
 tures of the various bacteria which bring about changes in milk and 
 dair}' products; the methods of obtaining clean milk and of making 
 and preserving butter and cheese; the methods of handling and skim- 
 ming milk; the conditions, affecting milk production; and the dairy 
 buildings and equipment of the agricultural colleges and experiment 
 stations of the United States. 
 
 SUCiAR LABORATORY. 
 
 Si/(/ar cane and its products. — This exhibit can ])e divided into two 
 principal groups. The first consists of a large collection of sugar-cane 
 varieties, grades of commercial sugars, sirups and molasses, fertilizers, 
 and other products relating to the agricultural and technical sides of 
 the sugar-cane industry. The second shows the different apparatus 
 and appliances employed. A number of photographs, charts, and 
 diagrams are also exhibited. 
 
 Sixty-four of the different natural varieties of sugar cane produced 
 at Audubon Park from canes obtained from the West Indies, Mexico, 
 Hawaii, Java, India, and other parts of the world are shown. Atten- 
 tion is especially called to the Louisiana Purple and the Striped varie- 
 ties, which are the chief canes cultivated in Louisiana. Of historical 
 interest is the Creole variet}-, which was the first cane introduced into 
 
20 
 
 Louisiana, having been brouoht in b}' the Jesuits in 1757. The sugar 
 cane is an exotic in Louisiana, and does not flower nor produce seed. 
 In the tropical countries, however, seed is produced, and a specimen 
 of this is shown. A great deal of attention has been paid of late to . 
 the propagation of new varieties of cane from sugar-cane seed, and 
 many of these seedling varieties have been studied. Nineteen speci- 
 mens of these are shown in jars. Of particular importance in Louisi- 
 ana are the seedlings D. 74 and D. 95 (Demerara Nos. 74 and 95). 
 These canes, particularly the D. 74, give a larger tonnage than the 
 home varieties, and also a much greater sugar content. 
 
 In the study of the sugar cane at Audul)on Park, very exhaustive 
 experiments upon cultivation and fertilization have been conducted. 
 Specimens of the various fertilizers employed are shown. The field 
 results of fertilizer and cultivation experiments are presented by charts. 
 
 The held work upon sugar cane at Audubon Park is always sup- 
 plemented by practical experiments at the station sugarhouse, which 
 is fully equipped with all the modern appliances for the manufacture 
 of sugar. Products from this sugarhouse are presented, illustrating 
 all the stages in the manufacture of sugar, passing from the raw juice 
 through the process of clarification, evaporation, and crj^stallization to 
 the final product, or what is known as flrst sugar. The molasses from 
 this sugar, which is separated by centrifugals, is then further worked 
 up into second and third sugars. Details of the sugarhouse work are 
 illustrated b}^ charts. 
 
 Samples^f the dift'erent grades of commercial sugars and of the 
 various grades of sirups and molasses which are manufactured upon 
 the plantations of Louisiana, are also shown, as well as specimens of 
 the difi'erent refined sugars manufactured from the raw plantation 
 products. 
 
 Considerable attention is being paid at present to the economic 
 utilization of the various bj^-products of the sugarhouse, such as 
 molasses and l)agasse. A large amount of molasses is being fed in 
 Louisiana to farm animals, either in the liquid state or mixed with 
 absorptive ingredients, such as hay, bagasse, rice, bran, corn, oats, etc. 
 The manufacture of these mixed feeds is an industry of growing 
 importance, and a luunber of the most common commercial mixtures 
 are shown. Lai"ge quantities of molasses are also fermented and 
 worked up into alcohol and different grades of distilled products. 
 Samples of the latter are exhibited. Molasses after the alcoholic fer- 
 mentation is also made up into vinegar, a sample of which is shown in 
 the exhibit. The mill ))agasse, or expressed cane, is at present utilized 
 almost entirely as a fuel under the sugarhouse boilers. Experiments 
 have been made toward a better utilization of bagasse for the manu- 
 facture of paper. Samples of bagasse, pulp, and grades of paper are 
 shown. Some of the papers, particidarly those made from the pithy 
 
21 
 
 part of the bagasse, possess parchment-like properties that render 
 them exceedingl}^ valuable. 
 
 Specimens of fiber board manufactured from bagasse are also shown. 
 This fiber board has exceedingl}' valuable properties which render it 
 useful for the manufacture of powder casks, veneerings, panels, and 
 a number of other materials. 
 
 In connection with the chemistry of the sugar cane and sugars, 
 there is shown a laboratory exhibit, containing a collection of the 
 common sugars and carbohydrates from various sources, together 
 with various products and derivatives of the same, and of laboratory 
 appliances and apparatus used in sugar house control and more tech- 
 nical studies in sugar chemistry. 
 
 A determination of the melting point of the hydrazones and osazones 
 is of great value in the study and identification of the difterent sugars, 
 and apparatus for this purpose is also shown in the exhil)it. 
 
 Sorghum and its jmxlucts. — This group contains samples of sorghum 
 canes and sorghum sirup, sugar, molasses, and masse cuite, and illus- 
 trates the possibilities of this crop for sugar production. 
 
 JIaj)Ie svgar. — This group illustrates methods and appliances used 
 in collecting sap and preparing maple sugar and sirup, as well as the 
 results of investigations on the flow of sap carried on by the Vermont 
 station for a number of years. 
 
 IV. RURAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 This exhibit consists of apparatus, models, charts, photographs, etc., 
 illustrating methods of irrigation and drainage (including models of a 
 plant house and farm plats used for investigations in these subjects), 
 farm buildings and implements (including homemade windmills, silos, 
 plows, etc.), the layout of farms (students' plans, etc.), courses of 
 instruction, etc., at the land-grant colleges and experiment stations. 
 
 V. RURAL ECONOMICS. 
 
 This exhibit consists almost exclusively of charts showing courses 
 of instruction in the land-grant colleges and statistics relating to 
 difl'erent systems of farm management. 
 
 INSPECTION, OR CONTROL WORK. 
 
 This exhibit illustrates the work of the agricultural colleges and 
 experiment stations in the inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, etc. 
 About thirty States provide l)y law for inspection of some kind, and 
 in the large majority of cases the work is intrusted to the agricultural 
 experiment stations of the various States and Territories. 
 
22 
 
 MECHANIC ARTS EXHIBIT. 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. 
 
 Includes publications, photographs, drawings, implements and appa- 
 ratus, models, and specimens of students' work, illustrating the equip- 
 ment, courses of instruction, and some results of work in this subject 
 at the land-grant colleges, especiall}^ the examination of building 
 materials. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 Includes publications, photographs, drawings, machinery and appa- 
 ratus, models, and specimens of students'' work, illustrating the equip- 
 ment and results of work in this subject at the land-grant colleges. 
 
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 Includes illustrations of equipment and facilities for work in this 
 subject in some of the land-grant colleges. 
 
 MINING ENGINEERING. 
 
 This exhibit consists largeh' of a series of transparencies illustrating 
 the equipment and some results of the work of the land-grant colleges 
 in this subject. 
 
 TECHNICAIv CHEMISTRY. 
 
 This exhibit consists of contributions from Cornell University, show- 
 ing by means of a very complete series of photographs, the facilities 
 at the disposal of the student for carrying on chemical work, by means 
 of charts and diagrams, the courses of study pursued, and b}^ means 
 of specimens, the results of the work; from Ohio State LTniversitv, 
 consisting of photographs, showing the plant and some diagrams 
 illustrating the course of study, the subject of quantitative analysis 
 being shown in some detail l\y means of samples of materials analyzed 
 and an outline of the procedure employed; from Pennsylvania State 
 College, consisting in an elaborate display of the products of students' 
 work in organic research, technical inorganic preparation, and organic 
 preparation, the method of teaching quantitative analysis being shown 
 by an exhibit of the materials used in the work; from Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, which shows the object sought after, the 
 method employed, and the results obtained in teaching the various 
 subjects of applied chemistry. 
 
 There are shown in detail all the branches of technical chemistry, 
 including chemical engineering. A large num])er of photographs and 
 drawings further illustrate the method of carrying on the work. The 
 illustrative material used in a number of lectures (taken as types) are 
 displayed. 
 
23 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 This exhibit shows by means of photographs, lecture notes, text- 
 books', and stiulents' work the methods of teaching and some of the 
 results obtained in the three architectural options, viz, general archi- 
 tecture, architectural engineering, and landscape architecture. 
 
 DRAWING AND SHOP PRACTICE, INCLUDING TEXTILES AND TRADES. 
 
 Includes illustrations of equipment and facilities for training in 
 these lines at a number of the land-grant colleges, with methods and 
 specimens of work. 
 
 DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 
 
 In this exhibit the equipment of the land-grant colleges for instruc- 
 tion in this subject, some results of the work, and the methods and 
 courses of instruction used are shown by means of photographs, charts, 
 and specimens contributed by nine of these colleges. 
 
 CERAMICS. 
 
 Contains photographs, transparencies, etc., illustrating facilities for 
 instruction in this subject at some of the land-grant colleges. 
 
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