A TREATISE - PE 1151 .CS3 Copy 1 PHONOLOGY; COMPRISING A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, A SYSTEM OF VOCAL GYMNASTICS, EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, READING, AND DECLAMATION, AND PITMAN'S PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. BY ANDREW COMSTOCK, M.D. PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OF A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. No. I. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 1846. T . FAGAN, STEREOTYPER. C. SHERMAN, PRINTER. Sir— The Author who presents this Work, respectfully requests you to examine it with as much expedition as is consistent with your convenience. After a careful examination, should you think proper to favour him with your views in relation to his enterprise, they will be gratefully received by ANDREW COMS" OCK, No. 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A TREATISE PHONOLOGY; C03IPRISINC A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, A SYSTEM OF VOCAL GYMNASTICS, EXERCISES IN 0RTH0GRAPH7 READING, AND DIGLAI.1ATI0N, AND PITMAN'S PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. BY ANDREW COMSTOCK, M.D. PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OP A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. No. I. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 1846. Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by An- drew Comstock, M. D., in the clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. J. FAG-AN, STEREOTYPED. C SHERMAN, PRATER. (2) PREFACE. It is generally admitted that our orthography is more com- plicated than that of any other language. Various attempts have been made by different individuals to simplify it. The author of this Treatise, however, proposes not only to simplify it, but to perfect it by the appropriation of a letter to every elementary sound, — the only way in which perfection in this branch can be attained in any language. The appropriation of a letter to every elementary sound, is not only the only means by which perfection in the orthography of any language can be reached, but it is the only way in which pronunciation can be rendered at once uniform and simple, and easy of acquisition. And "until this method shall have been adopted, words must be spelled one way and pronounced another — indeed, two languages must be learned instead of one." — [Comstock's System of Elocution. ~] The first obvious important advantage of this method, is that it gives stability to the orthography and pronunciation of every word in the language. The second, is that it enables one who has become tolerably well versed in the elementary principles, to spell any word that he hears, and to pronounce any word that he sees, with readiness and accuracy. The third, is that it renders the teaching, and the learning of the English language, which, by the old theory, are ex- tremely irksome, highly interesting. iv PREFACE. The fourth, is that as most of the words are spelled with fewer letters, it enables a writer to put much more matter upon the same page. The fifth, is that it enables foreigners to acquire the English language with great ease and rapidity. The sixth, is the great aid which it renders stammerers, and those whose articulation is merely defective, in enabling them to pronounce with ease and accuracy. The author feels confident that no one who peruses this Treatise vnder standingly, will desire to cling any longer to the old system of orthography, unless he prefers chaos to order, — discord to harmony, — darkness to light. Hence, he sends forth his Alphabet to the world, with the most sanguine expectation that it will meet the entire approbation of the pub- lic, and be speedily adopted. Note. — The author would here remark that he has seen three Pho- notypic alphabets of the English language : the first of which was pub- lished in Boston some 10 or 12 years ago, by the Rev. Abner Kneeland ; the second was published in this city, in 1836, by N. Nash; the third has recently been published in England, by Isaac Pitman. Neither of these alphabets, however, is satisfactory — of the three, that of Mr. Pitman is the least objectionable. The author has no allusion here to Mr. Pitman's System of Phonography, which, perhaps, is the best that can be devised, and the outlines of which may be seen on pages 15, 51, and 52. [A full exposition of Mr. Pitman's system will be given in the third number of this Treatise.] Andrew Comstock, No. 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia. Feb. 26, 1846. PHONOLOGY Phonology (from p«v^, voice, and Xoyos, word,) is the doctrine, or science of the elementary sounds of vocal language. The necessary connection between these sounds, and the signs by which they are expressed, extends the science of phonology to the alphabet itself. An Alphabet (a\ m- k, &ite. &, an. v, pile. f, fame. e, eve. th, then. th, thin. e, end. l zone. s, sin. i, tie. 2 azure. sh, shade i, in. 1, fight h, hut, 6, old. r, roll. wh, what 6, lose. m, met, '"o, on. n, no. li, 'tube. ng, song. fi, tap. w, wo. i 3 i, Ml y> yoke. o\\, out. PHONOLOGY. 9 In the preceding table each elementary sound is represented by a peculiar character. Hence, words spelled with these char- acters have no superfluous letters. Exercises of this kind, were published in the author's Elocution, in 1830, and they have been republished in all subsequent editions. The fol- lowing is a specimen taken from the edition of 1830. A Table exhibiting the Analysis of Words. In the first column the words are presented as they are usually spelled; in the second, their elements are separated by hyphens. The pupil should spell the words, uttering, separately, each element, and not the name of the letter, as is generally done in the schools. . z-e-1. .k-e. . p-l-a-s. . e-r-b-z. . b-r-e-TH. . f-a-n. . 1-e-d-zh. . W-v-z. . n-a-t. . d-i-z-d-a-n. . i-m-i-t-a-t. . f-e-l-i-npr. . e-g-z-a-m-p-1. This method of spelling with sounds, which was published by the author in 1830, has recently claimed attention in Eu- rope, and has been successfully applied in teaching the deaf and dumb to speak ;* and upon it Mr. Pitman, of England, has founded an excellent system of Phonography, the outlines of which are given in another part of this treatise. ale . .M. day . .d-L fame . f-a-m. aisle . . .i-1. deeds . d-e-d-z. fight . f-i-t. light . 1-i-t. skein . s-k-a-n. these . TH-e-z. thought . th-h-t wrath . r-&-th. wreak . r-£-k. write . r-i-t. zeal . key . place herbs breathe feign liege loaves nought disdain imitate feeling example * See the Report of the Hon. Horace Mann on Education in Europe. 10 PHONOLOGY. A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. In the following scheme, instead of represent- ing some of the elementary sounds by single letters, some by double letters, and some by let- ters with the aid of figures, as is done on page 8, each sound is represented by a letter of a peculiar form. Classification of the Elements. 15 Vowels. 14 Sdi BVOWELS. 9 Aspirates. E e, as in ale. B b, as in bow. PP. asin^it. A a, arm. D d, day. Tt, tin. o, all. G g, # a y- Kk, Idte. A a, an. V v, wile. Ff, /ame. I X, eve. A 8, then. ©a, *AiiL h e, end. Z z, zone. Ss, sin. « en ■He. J J, a^ure. C c, shade. i i, in. L 1, fight. Hh, hut. Q co, old. R r, roll. Qq, wh'dX. K8, lose. M m, met. o, on. N n, no. IJ V, tube. y\ i), song. II u, wp. Ww, wo. Uu, fttll. Yy, yoke. 4>cp, out. Reasons for expressing the 38 elementary Sowids of the English Language by the above Charac- ters. E e. — The sound of A, as in ale, is represented by E, because this sound is represented by E in other languages in wMch the Roman alphabet is employed, and in some instances in our own. PHONOLOGY, 11 A a.— The sound of A, as in arm, is repre- sented by A 3 because this sound is represented by this letter in other languages in which the Roman alphabet is employed, and very fre- quently in our own. o. — This character is employed by Mr. Pit- man to represent the sound of 0. as in old. I have found it more convenient, however, to make it represent the sound of O as in nor. A as in all, &c. A a. — This character has been formed parti- cularly to represent the sound of A. as in an. 1 1. — This is a new letter, formed particularly to represent the sound of E, as in eve. L e. — The sound of E, as in end, is represented by epsilon, because the same sound is repre- sented by this character in the Greek language. As the capital is the same with the English E, I have lopped off its upper limb to adapt the letter to my purpose, 1 i. — This letter is appropriated to the sound of I, as in He. 1 1. — This is a new letter, formed particularly to represent the sound of I. as in in. Qco. — The sound of 0, as in old, is repre- sented by omega, because the same sound is re- presented by this letter in the Greek language. b's. — The sound of 0. as in lose, is repre- sented by K, because this character is employed by the Greeks to represent the same sound. o. — The sound of 0, as in on, is represented by 0, because this sound has hitherto been re- presented by more frequently than by any other letter. IS PHONOLOGY. II u. — This is a new letter, formed particularly to represent the sound of U, as in tube. This sound being a compound of I, as in in, and that of W, the reader will perceive that the letter II has been shaped with reference to that circum- stance. U u. — The sound of U, as in up, is represented by this character — the capital is of the same form as the small letter, because the original capital is otherwise appropriated. U it. — This form of the TJ is appropriated to the sound of U as in full, O as in wolf, &c. Ocp. — The sound of OU, as in out, is repre- sented by phi, the Greek F, because this letter is easily made with a pen, and will answer the purpose as well as a character of any other form. A 5. — The sound of TH, as in then, is repre- sented by thelta* because this sound is repre- sented by A in the Greek language. J j. — The sound of Z, as in azure, is repre- sented by J ; first, because it is used to repre- sent this sound in the French language ; and secondly, because I find this character can be easily united with D to form a compound letter (JD (J) to represent the combined sounds of D and Z in azure, as heard in the words bridge, gem, John, &c. T/f x). — For this letter, which represents the sound of NG as in song, although I have some- what modified its form, I am indebted to Mr. Pitman. *In some of our colleges and schools this letter is pro- nounced like D, and is called delta ; the Greeks, however, pronounce it like TH in then, and call it thelta. P H N L G Y. 13 C c. — C is employed to represent the sound of SH as in shade; first, because it lias hitherto represented this sound m some words, as ocean, Grecian, &c. ; and. secondly, because I find it can be easily united with T to form a compound letter (T3 6) to represent the combined sounds of T and SH 7 as heard in the words, pitch, chin, nature, &c. © ft. — The sound of TH, as in thin, is repre- sented by theta, because this sound is represented by in the Greek language. Q q.— The sound of WH, as in ivhat, is repre- sented by Q : first, because there is no other use which I can make of this letter ; and, secondly, because this sound may be represented by Q, as well as by a character of any other form. All the other consonants retain the same pow- ers in the new alphabet which they have in the old. I have been thus minute in my remarks on the letters of the new alphabet, that the reader may perceive that they have not been proposed without reflection, and particular attention to their adaptation to the sounds which they are made to re pre* sent. Compound Letters. As the letters of the new alphabet represent all the elementary sounds of our language, they are adequate to ail the purposes of English or- thography. But as greater brevity in spelling may be attained by representing some combined sounds by single letters, I have formed a few characters for that purpose. The sound of 01 as in oil (oil) is represented 14 PHONOLOGY. by a letter compounded of o and i ; hence, the words oil, boil, soil, &c, may be spelled al, bal, sal, &c. The sound of GZ as in brags (bragz) is repre- sented by § ; hence, the words bragz, bsgz, gigz, tugz, &c, may be spelled thus — brag", beg-, gig, tug, &c. And as X has not been appropriated, it is employed in the new alphabet to represent the sound of KS, the cognate of GZ ; hence, such words as bnks, dsks, loks, &c, may be spelled thus — bnx, dex, lox, &c. As J is employed in the new alphabet to repre- sent the sound of Z as in azure, the combined sounds of D and of Z in azure, as heard in the words, bridge, judge, John, George, &c, are re- presented by a letter compounded of D and J, thus, D c] ; hence, the words bndj, djudj, Djon, Djordj, &c, may be spelled thus — brie], cjuc), Don, Dorcj, &c. And as C is employed in the new alphabet to represent the sound of SH as in shade, the com- bined sounds of T and SH (the cognate of D) as heard in the words pitch, chin, nature, church, &c, are represented by a letter compounded of T and C, thus, V6. Hence the words pitc, tcm, netcur, tcurtc, &c, may be spelled thus — pi<5, 6m, ne6ur, 6ur6, &c. These compound letters are designed for the student who is somewhat advanced — -they should not be used in primary lessons in orthography. In the following table Mr. Pitman's phonographic charac- ters are placed in juxta-position with the letters of the new T alphabet. Mr. E's. system complete will be given in a future number of this treatise. PHONOLOGY. 15 A Table comprising the 38 simple, and 5 com- pound Letters of the New Alphabet, and the corre- sponding Phonographic Characters of Pitman. 16 Vowels. 16 SuBVOWELS. 11 Aspirates. i • I 1 eve. \ Bb Sow. \ P p pit. I I in. I Dd day. 1 T t tin. ■ • Ee ale. / D<3 yob. / V6 chin. j- h e end. OM Gg ^ a 7- Kk fate. 1 c A a arm. _D £§: tU^S. _D X x oafo, Aa an. V Vv tile. V. F f fame. M o all. ( A8 then. ( & thin. |~* Oo on. ) Z z zone. ) S s sin. [l Q 03 old. J J i azure. J C c s/aade j- Uu tip. r L 1 fight. • H h hut Ks lose. ~\ Rr roll. • c Q q what. J — Uu Ml. ,-> Mm mind. J V I i tie. ,_, Nn no. lft Uu tube. ^* yx) song. j A Q a oil. c Ww wo. |a cp out Yy yoke. Mr. Pitman does not express the sounds of W and Y by a distinct character, as he does those of the other consonants, but by a character which represents them in combination with the v r owel which follows them, thus : I C 1 cj c 1 I ! 3| * Wx, wi; we, ws; wa, wa; wo, wo; wco, wu > J "I. I' W8, wu; wi; wcp. 1 1 g ! -I J 1 1 w l H J Yx, yi ; ye, yg ; ya, ya ; yo, yo ; yco, yu ; yi 16 PHONOLOGY, The Vowels. The vowels are divided into Monothongs, Diphthongs, and Triphthongs. The Monothongs consist of one kind of sound, and consequently are simple elements. They are as follows : A, 0, A, I, h 7 I, O, II, U. The Diphthongs consist of two kinds of sound, which coalesce so intimately that they appear like one uniform sound. They are as follows : E, I, K, IT. The diphthong E, as well as I, has a charac- teristic sound for its radical, and the monothong, I, for its vanish. These diphthongs, under cer- tain circumstances, (for instance, when they are carried through a wide range of pitch, as in interrogation with surprise), are converted into triphthongs, the third constituent being the mo- nothong, X. The diphthong, "8", has a characteristic sound for its radical, and the subvowel, W, for its vanish. * The diphthong, U, has the monothong, I, for its radical, and the subvowel, W, for its vanish. The Triphthongs consist of three kinds of sound, which coalesce so intimately that they appear like one uniform sound. They are as follows : a, . The first constituent of Q, as well as that of , is a sound characteristic of this element ; and PHONOLOGY. 17 the diphthong, "8", constitutes the second and third constituent of these triphthongs. The following scheme is an analysis of the diphthongs and triphthongs. The reader will observe that (with one exception) the letters which are employed to represent the diphthongs and triphthongs are used, under the head, Con- stituents, to represent their radicals only. iphthongs. Constituents. Triphthongs. Constituents. E E — I E* E— I— X I I —I I* I— I I H K — w Q Q_K W IJ I — W & js B b <^> P P I I •w /& D d Wet T t E e ^ JD i V 6 \£/ /ts L 8 & o g 'f'y K k ^ A a ^2/a; Qs cf/& U u c/o/Us L l C^ s H h tP&//C K 8 fr R r M^ Q q & r U u I i 13 ij a a M m N n Ww Q — c] - dj- C c - ch. Gg - g> fe ai.) H h - , aspiration forcee, Qs - gz. Q q - nOU ? lieu, a-peu-pr£s. PHONOLOGY, 53 PHONOGRAPHY. Phonography (from cpwr h voice, and ypwo, wri- ting) is the art of representing the elementary sounds of vocal language by written characters. Mr. Pitman's phonographic alphabet consists of straight lines, curved lines, and dots, as may be seen on page 13. The first twelve vowel sounds represented in the Table, (page 13,) are alternately long and short, The former are expressed by heavy dots, and heavy short lines or dashes ; the latter, by corresponding light ones. The four remaining vowels are all long, and are expressed by appro- priate characters. The vowels are written at the beginning, the middle, and at the end of the consonants. Hence they are divided into first-place, second-place, and third-place vowels. I, I, 0, 0, I, Q are first- place vowels ; E, L, Q, U are second-place vowels, and A, A, K, U, IT, are third-place vowels. The places of the vowels are shown in the Table (page 13) by the D sign, which is put before each vowel sign for this particular purpose. The reader will perceive that the same vowel sign represents different vowel sounds according to its position with respect to the consonant. In writing with Mr. Pitman's phonographic characters, all the consonants in a word are first made, without removing the pen from the paper; the vowels are then placed in their respective situations. When a vowel precedes a vertical, or an oblique consonant, it is of course placed on the left-hand 5* 54 PHONOLOGY. side of the consonant ; when it follows the con- sonant, it is placed on the right-hand side, thus : •| r •! !• i| h x \ K )« eat, tea, aid, day, ode, dough, ape, pay, oath, so. The characters which represent the sounds of B, D, JD, V, A, Z, J, as well as those which repre- sent the sounds of their cognates, P, T, V, F, @, S, C, are written downwards. Hence, their vowel places are ascertained by counting from the top to the bottom. The character which represents the sound of R is also written downwards, consequently its vowel places are ascertained in the same way. There is, however, another character for R (of the same form as that of V) which is always con- nected with another consonant, and is always written upwards; its vowel places are ascer- tained by counting upwards. When the L character stands alone, it is con- sidered as struck upwards ; when it is connected with another consonant, it is struck either up- wards or downwards, as is most convenient. Its vowel places are ascertained by counting in the direction in which it is written. The horizontal signs are struck from left to right; their vowel places follow in the same direction. When a vowel precedes a horizontal conso- nant, it is placed above the consonant ; when it follows the consonant, it is placed below it, thus : ache, gay, aim, cow, oaken, pneumonic. Mr. Pitman's System of Phonography, entire, will be given in No. III. of this Treatise. PHONOLOGY. 55 THE FIRST CHAPTER OF GENESIS. 1. In Ss bxginir) God krxetsd Ss hevn and Sx sr9. 2. And Sx 8r9 woz wiScpt form, and vad ; and darknss woz upon Ss fes ov Ss dxp ; and Ss spirit ov God msvd upon Se fes ov 8s woturz. * 3. And God ssd, Lst 8aur bx lit; and Saur woz lit. 4. And God so Ss lit, Sat it woz gud; and God divided Ss lit from Ss darknss. 5. And God kold Ss lit De, and Ss darknss hx kold Nit. And Sx xvnir) and Ss mornir] wsr Ss furst de. 6. And God ssd, Lst Saur bx a fermament in Ss midst ov Ss woturz, and lst it dxvid Ss woturz from Ss woturz. 7. And God med Ss fsrmament, and divided Ss woturz qi<5 wsr undur Ss fsrmament from Ss woturz qi6 wsr abuv Ss fermament : and it woz sco. 8. And God kold Ss fermament Hevn. And Sx xvniij and Ss mornii] wsr Ss sekund de. 9. And God ssd, Let Ss woturz undur Se hevn bi gaSurd tcogeSur unts wun pies, and let Ss dri land apxr : and it woz so3. 10. And God kold Ss dri land Lr$, and Ss ga- Surn) tcogeSur ov Se woturz kold hx Sxz : and God so Sat it woz gud. 11. And God ssd, Let Sx Lr9 brrn fcorO gras, Sx 56 PHONOLOGY. srb yxldir) sxd, and Se frut-trx yxldir) frut aftur hiz kind, hsz sxd iz in itself, upon Sx erS : and it woz SCO. 12. And Se Lr9 brot fcorS gras, and erb yxldn) sxd aftur hiz kind, and Se trx yxldn) frut, hsz sxd woz in itself, aftur hiz kind : and God so Sat it woz gud. 13. And Sx xvnir) and 8s mornir) wer 8s Surd de. 14. And God sed, Let Saur bx lits in Se ferma- ment ov 8s hevn., ts dxvid 8e de from Se nit : and let Sem bx for sins and for sxznz, and for dez, and yxrz: 15. And let Sem bx for lits in Se fermamsnt ov Se hevn, ts giv lit upon Sx erfl- : and it woz sco. 16. And God med ts gret lits; Se gretur lit ts rul Se de, and Se lesur lit ts rul Se nit : hx med Se starz olsco. 17. And God set Sem in Se fermament ov Se hevn, ts giv lit upon Sx erd, 18. And ts rul covur Se de and covur Se nit, and ts dxvid Se lit from Se darknss : and God so Sat it woz gud. 19. And Sx xvnir) and 8s mornir) wer Se fcorS de. 20. And God sed, Let Se woturz brir) fcorft abnndantli Se msvir) krx6ur Sat ha9 lif, and fqpl Sat me fii abuv Sx er9 in Sx copn fermament ov hevn. 21. And God krxeted gret qelz, and evurx liviq PHOXOLOG Y. 57 krxftur Sat msvs&, qi£ Ss wotnrz brot ford abun- dant li, aftur Baur kind, and svun vrnisd fipl aftur hiz kind : and God so Sat it woz gird. 22. And God blsst Ssm, sen], Bx frutful, and multipli, and fil Ss woturz m 5s sxz ; and 1st fcpl multipli m Sx srfl. 23. And Sx ivniq and Ss rnornii] wsr Ss fif3 de. 24. And God ssd, Lst Sx sr8 brn] forfl Ss Iiviij krxfur aftur hiz kind, katl, and knpn] Sir), and bxst oy Sx sr3 aftur hiz kind : and it woz sco. 25. And God med Ss bxst oy Sx sru aftur hiz kind, and katl aftur Saur kind, and SYun 8nj Sat krxpsS upon Sx sri) aftur hiz kind : and God so Sat it woz gud. 26. And God ssd, Lst us mek man m qpur imicj aftur cpur liknss; and 1st Ssm hav dcommyun coYiir Ss fie oy Ss sx. and covur Ss fipl oy Sx aur. and coyui" Ss katl, and covur col Sx srO, and covur svun krxpir) 9iq Sat krxpsd upon Sx en}. 27. Sco God krxetsd man in hiz con imi-c] ; m Sx imicj oy God krxetsd hx him ; mel and fxmel krx- etsd hx Ssm. 28. And God blsst Ssm, and God ssd unts Ssm, Bx frutful, and multipli, and rxplsmc Sx sr9, and subdi: it: and hav dcommyun coYur Ss fie oy Ss sx, and covur Ss fq?l oy Sx aur, and coYur svun livii] 3ii] Sat msvs9 upon Sx erf}. 58 PHONOLOGY. 29. And God sal, Bxhcold, I hav givn yu svun srb bauring sxd, qi6 iz upon Ss fes ov ol Sx sr9, and evuri tri, m Se qi6 iz Ss frut ov a trx yxldiq sxd ; ts yu it cal bx for mxt. 30. And ts evuri bxst ov Sx erS, and ts evuri fcpl ov Sx aur, and ts svun Sir) Sat krxpeS upon Sx srft, qaurm Saur iz lif, I hav givn svun grxn £rb for mxt ; and it woz sco. 31. And God so svun Sir] Sat hx had med, and bxhcold, it woz ven gud, And Sx xvnu) and Ss mornir) wsr Se sixd de. THE EIGHTH PSALM. Q Sep ts hsm ol krx6urz bep WiSm Sis sr&li frem, 0rs ol Ss wurld hqp gret art Sqp ! Hep glconus iz Si nem ! In hsvn Si wundrus akts ar sur), Nor Mi rsknd Saur ; And yst Sep mek'st Sx infant tuq Ai bundles prez dxklaur. Qsn hsvn, Si butxus wurk on hi, Lmplciz mi wund'rir) sit ; As msn Sat nitli rulz Ss ski, * WiS starz ov fxblur lit — Q qot iz man, Sat, Lord, Sep luv'st Ts kxp him in Si mind ? Or qot hiz ofsprxr),8at Sep prsv'st Ts Ssm sco wundrus kind ? PHONOLOGY. 59 Him next m pcpur Sep didst krxet Ts Si sxlesfial tren ; Qrdend, wiS digniti and stet, fi'ur ol Si wurx ts ren. Ae dantli cm Si pepurful swe — Ae bxsts Sat pre, or grez ; Ae burd Sat wirjz its auri we ; As fie Sat kuts Se sxz. Q Sep ts hsm ol krx6urz bep WiSm Sis er91i frem, ©rn ol Ss wurld hep gret art Sep ! Hep gleorms iz Si nem ! ON FALLING INTO THE INDOLENCE OF OLD AGE PREMATURELY. (Vicesimus Knox, D.D.) Aaur prxvelz an copmyun, Sat, aftur a sertm ecj, Se mind, lik Ss bodi, havir) arivd at its kom- plxt siz, sxsiz ts admit Sat mkrxs qi6 wi kol im- prsvment. Mem apxransiz sxm ts cjustifi sufi an copmyun ; but I am mklind ts bxlxv, Sat, Sw Ss mind at a sertm ec], me, from sevural koziz, ceo a tendensi ts bxkum stecunan, yet its tendensi me bx kepnturaktsd bi extrordman egercun. Ae macxn, bi lor) operecun, me hav mkurd Sx impediments ov eksesiv frikcun, or sum ov Se qxlz me bx nxrli wcourn qpt; but a htl al cjudicusli 60 PHONOLOG Y. aplid, and a fu rxpaurz mcjxnxusli med, me rxstcor its mcocunz and ogmsnt its fors. Wun konsidurabl prsf, Sat qsn 8s mind haz rx6t Sx akmi ov its imprsvmsnt, it bxkurnz for a litl qil stecunari, and Sen rstrcogred, iz dron from obszurvii) Sat 8s sskund or Surd prcodukcun ov an o9ur iz ofn mfxrxur ts hiz furst, xvn Sco 8s furst wsr Ss produs ov hiz cjuvxnil ecj. But iz it not probabl Sat 8x sgmcunz ov Sx ofhir me hav bin rxmitsd aftur havir) obtend Ss distnjkcun qi6 furst stimuletsd hiz srlrar dilicjsns ? Suksss opurets on Ss mindz ov msni lik Ss luk- cunz ov Ka'pua on Ss scolcjurz ov Hanibal, aftur Ss pasic] ov Sx Alps, and Ss vikturi ov Ka'nx. Qsn Ss strsrjS ov Ss bodi bxginz ts dxklin, its kompanyun sxmz ts mdulc] it wiS a simpaQizir) mdcolsns. As rod Sat Ixdz ts rxpoz iz smsS, flcpuri, and sxdusir) ; and msni Saur ar lis sntur it, lor) bxfcor rxpcoz iz nsssssn. If Se kud akwir sslf- komand xiraf ts avad Ss 6armz ov Ss sirsn, Se mit stil mek gret advansiz in klimir) Ss stxps ov sisns and vsr&j. But it must bx alcpd Sat gretur sfcorts ar rxkwird San Ss cjsnuraliti ov mankind ar dispcozd ts mek, at sni tim in Saur livz, and mu6 ks'at Ss pxnud ov Saur dxklin. Yst Ss histun ov literatur afcordz msni animetir) sgamplz, ts prsv Sat gret wurks me bx prcodust aftur Ss midl ov lif. Sofcoklxz and ©xcofrastus PHONOLOGY. 61 kompcozd ekselent wurks qen Se wcr nxrli a hun- dred yxrz cold. Our con Mil tun, hsz Paradis Lost iz an efort ov mental aktiviti xkwa] ts em qi6 antikwiti kan bost, did not bxgm it til hx had arivd at Sat ecj qen, m 5x ©pmyun ov mem, Se mind iz rxsxdir) from ekselens. Dulius Sxzar Skalicjur, hs bxkem a prodicji ov lurnir)., did not komens Se studi ov Grxk til hx woz nxrli forti. Hx did not xvn no3 Se Grxk karakturz til ahcpt Sat tim; nor did hx dxvcot himself entirli ts a lif ov leturz til hx woz forti- sevn. Hiz dez til Sen had bin spent in an unsetld manur, 6xfli in Sx arrni, wjS habits and dispozi- cunz unfevurabl ts stuck But hx had a mind qi6, lik Sat ov hiz nemsek, Se Roman korjkurur, woz formcl ts brek dcpn ol obstaklz; and ecj, msted ov abetii] hiz vigur, servd but ts hardn and korobcaret Se sinuz ov hiz intelekt. It sxmz mdxd rxznabl ts supcoz, Sat wurks qi6 dxpend on Se wormfl and vigur ov Sx imacjinecun, on peSos and sensibihti ov hart, wud olwez bx prcodust in Se pretest perfekcun at an erli pxnud ; but Sx egamplz ov Soixoklxz and Miltun, qs rcot Se finest poxtri, Se wun m extrxm old ec], and Sx uSur at a matur ecj, serv ts prsv Sat iJxonz konsurnii] Se human mind ar ts falecus ts bx entiurh rxlid on. Ae clxfekts and felyurz ov nefiur me bx m a gret mejur suplid or prx- 62 PHONOLOGY. vented bi prudsns and pursivxrans. But lezmes and wont ov spirit sufur Sem ts krxp on bxfcor neiur intended. A us iz lif in efekt abrxvxeted. Lrli cold ecj and erli dcotec] ar introdust bi an abcjekt denlikcun ov cpr con pcpurz. Wx lebur ts mkrxs cpr for&jnz, and sufur cpr fakultiz ts run ts rum wiScpt rxluk- tans. But it iz curli wur9 qil ts kontend stren- yuusli for Saur prszurvecun. Ov hep litl valyu ar Sx encjaments ov lif, qsn wx kum ts vegitet in stupiditi in Se midst ov ol Sat cud dxlit cpr sensiz, inform cpr undurstandii), enn6 cpr memuri, and glitur on cpr imaginecun ! It iz wurfl qil ts pursu evuri meSud qi6 haz a tendensi ts prcolor) cpr mental egistens. Amur) Sxz I wil ven&ir ts xnumxret a konstant yet mo- duret exursiz ov cpr abilitiz, a deli akumulecun ov nu idxaz, a rekolekcun ov Sx cold, a rul covur Se pacunz, a tempurans in win and ol Se plejurz ov Se glutn and debcocx. Wx ofn akuz tim and nefeur for dxkez qi6 ar kozd bi cpr con neglekt. lusted ov imurcjir) cpr- selvz in Se pursut ov welfrqii wx cal nevur encja, and onurz qi6 ar emti bublz, let cpr dxzir bx ts prxzurv cpr fakultiz unimpaurd ts Se last, and ts cin az Se sun cinz, brit drs Se hcol ov its progres ; and Sco wiS abeted hxt and efulcjens at Se klcoz ov it, yet wiS a sxrxn and venurabl lustur, til it dxsendz ts Sx uSur hemisfxr. COMSTOCK'S ELOCUTION. A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, with special reference to Gesture, to the Treatment of Stammering, and Defective Articulation, comprising numerous Diagrams and Engraved Figures illustrative of the subject, by Andrew Comstock, M. D., Principal of the Vocal and Polyglott Gymnasium. Eighth Edition, enlarged. Philadelphia: Published by E. H. Butler & Co. This is a duodecimo volume of nearly 400 pages. It is printed on good paper, and is well bound in leather. Price $1. The work is theoretical and practical It comprises a variety of exercises for the cure of defective articulation, cuts showing the best posture of the mouth in the energetic utterance of the ele- mentary sounds of the English language, numerous diagrams illus- trative of the melody and modulations of the voice, &c, and more than 200 engraved figures illustrative of the subject of gesture. Under the head, Practical Elocution, are a variety of Exer- cises on the Elements of the English Language, which are cal- culated to develope the voice, increase its compass, and give flexibility to the muscles of articulation. The Exercises in Reading and Declamation have been taken from some of the best ancient and modern authors ; and they are well adapted to the purposes of the student in elocution. In these Ex- ercises, most of the sounds liable to be omitted, or to be imperfectly articulated, are represented by italic letters. Hence, the reader will have no difficulty m correcting all ordinary defects in his ar- ticulation. The arrangement of the several parts of the work is strictly systematic; each is discussed in its natural order, and with as much brevity as consists with perspicuity. The work is designed for the use of colleges and schools, as well as for the instruction of private individuals who desire to improve themselves in the art of reading and speaking. The value of vocal gymnastics cannot be duly appreciated by those who have not experienced or witnessed their beneficial re- sults. But the time is not far distant when these exercises will be considered, by all intelligent persons, an essential part of primary instruction. (3) COMSTOCK'S TABLE OF ELEMENTS. A Table of the Elements of the English Language, to which are prefixed Exercises in Pitch and Force. By Andrew Comstock, M. D, 3 No. 100 Mulberry street, Philadelphia. (Fourth Edition.) Published by the Author. Description.— -This Table is in the form of a map mounted on rollers. It is four feet three inches in length, and two feet five inches in breadth. It contains the Elements of the English Language, and the most import- ant Exercises in Pitch and Force found in the Author's System of Elo- cution. They are systematically arranged, and printed in characters large enough to be read at the distance of forty or fifty feet. The chart also contains forty-eight cuts, showing the best posture of the mouth in the energetic utterance of the Elements. It is designed for the use of colleges, schools, and private families. Price, $2. Remarks. — The scholars in every school, and, indeed, the members of every family, should practise daily the exercises which are delineated upon this chart. Children, even before they learn the alphabet, should be taught to utter the elements of the language with precision. The practice of these exercises produces the following beneficial results : 1. It increases the strength and flexibility of all the muscles concerned in the production and modification of vocal sound. 2. It enables the pupil, in reading, speaking, and singing, to articulate perfectly. 3. It enables the pupil to give astonishing force and fullness to his voice. 4. It extends the compass of the voice. 5. It improves the ear — enabling the pupil not only to appreciate, in the voices of others, but to execute with his own, the various modifica- tions of pitch and force so important in the correct expression of oral language. 6. It promotes the functions of the lungs, by expanding the chest, and invigorating all the organs which constitute the respiratory apparatus. During the exercise, a larger amount of atmospheric air is respired than under ordinary circumstances ; hence the lungs are enabled more effect- ually to pump, as it were, the deleterious carbon from the blood, and return, in its stead, the vivifying oxygen. O^T'Dr. Comstock has also published a Chart, (2 feet 9 inches in length, and 2 feet 1 inch in breadth,) comprising a Perfect Alphabet of the English Language, the corresponding Phonographic characters of Pitman, and Exercises in Gesture. (9) COMSTOCK'S SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION. RECOMMENDATORY NOTICES. Certificates from Professor Horner and Professor Hare of the University of Pennsylvania. Having been present on the 10th inst. at the exercises of the pupils in Dr. Andrew Comstock's Gymnasium, for the improvement of the voice and of the articulation in stammerers and others, the impression made upon me was highly favourahle to his method of instruction. The system is founded upon an exact anatomical nnd physiological information, in regard to the organs concerned in the production and modification of sound. Its several parts appear to have been evolved and matured upon a degree of thought and an extent of experiment reflecting much credit upon his sagacity and industry; and it inspires a very strong confidence of its applicability to the faults generally of speech or phonation. One of his pupils, who only a week before the occasion alluded to, had been a most unpleasant stammerer, was then heard to recite publicly with great ease and fluency, with a full intona- tion. W. E. HORNER, M. D. Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Aug. 11, 1837. Philadelphia, Aug. 14th, 1337. Having been present on the occasion alluded to in the preceding letter of the Professor of Anatomy, I have no hesitation in alleging that my impressions are consistent with those which rr.y colleague has therein expressed. ROBERT HARE, M. D. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania. From the United States Gazette, Congress Hall, Philad., Nov. 25, 1837. Andrew Comstock, M. D. Dear Sir, — Before leaving your city, allow me to express to you the perfect satisfaction I feel, in witnessing the progress which my son has made in Elocution under your instruction. 6* (1) The habit of stammering which commenced with his early efforts to speak, and which thirteen years (his present age) seemed only to con- firm, is now, with six weeks instruction, completely eradicated. Though delighted beyond expression in this result, I am not disap- pointed. From the moment I became acquainted with your method of instruction, I did not doubt its entire success, Founded on scientific principles, it must succeed in all cases where there is no malformation of the organs of speech. You have reduced to a system what before was but imperfectly un- derstood, and done most essential service to mankind in elevating a numerous class of unfortunate fellow-beings, and saved them from the impositions of ignorant and unprincipled empirics. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, E. PIERCE, M. D., of Athens, N. Y. From the Rev. Thomas B. Bradford. Philadelphia, April 4, 1842. I take great pleasure in recommending Dr. Comstock's Systeih of Elocution. A practical acquaintance with the system, and with the instructions of its author, enables me to speak with confidence of the high superiority of this treatise, and of the ample qualifications of its author as an instructor in the art of speaking. His course of instruction is exactly adapted to the cure of stammerers; and my personal knowledge of the cure of those who have been thus afflicted, warrants me in particularly recommending such individuals to place themselves under the tuition of Dr. Comstock. T. B. BRADFORD. From E. C. Wines, A. M., late Professor of Moral, Mental, and Political Science in the Central High School of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Oct. 22d, 1842. I take pleasure in stating that Dr. A. Comstock taught Elocution in my school during the whole of last year, and that his System of Elocu- tion was used as a text-book. I consider it a work of very great merit, admirably adapted to the end for which it was designed. The principles of the science are laid down with clearness and ability in the First Part; and the selections for practice in the Second Part are made with excel- lent judgment. It is a work every way worthy of the public patronage. The progress of the pupils in my school under Dr. Comstock's in- struction was altogether satisfactory. He fully sustained his high repu- tation as a teacher of practical elocution. E. c wines. From S. W. Crawford, A. M., Principal of the Academy connected toith the University of Pennsylvania. I have examined Dr. Comstock's Elocution, and agree with Mr. Wines in the above recommendation. S. W. CRAWFORD. 8 From the Rev. Hairy W. Ducachet, M. D., D.D. Philadelphia, June 26th, 1843. Andrew Comstock, M. D. Dear Sir— I have very carefully read the "System of Elocution,'' &c. published by you. Indeed, ever since I have become acquainted with the work, I have made it a book of reference on that subject. It seems to me admirably well adapted to the purposes for which it is de- signed. I have, indeed, no experience in the treatment of " stammering," or "defective articulation." But your rules for their cure appear very natural, and I think cannot fail, in ordinary cases, to be successful. For myself, I can say that I have derived from your work, some hints that have been most useful to me as a public speaker. I hope the book will be appreciated as it deserves, and that you will go on to reap a rich har- vest of reputation and profit from your valuable labours in that much neglected, but very important art. Very respectfully, your ob't serv't, HENRY W. DUCACHET, Rector of St. Stephen's Church, Philadelphia. From G. W. Francis, A. M., Principal of a Family Board- ing School, Troy^ N. Y. ; and C. H. Anthony, Esq., Principal of the Albany Classical Institute, Albany, N. Y. We have used Dr. Comstock's System of Elocution for some time in our schools, and we do not hesitate to give it the preference to any system with which we are acquainted. G. W. FRANCIS. C. H. ANTHONY. Troy, N. Y, Feb. 2d, 1844. From the Faculty of the University of Michigan. University of Michigan, April 20, 1845. We have examined Dr. Comstock's System of Elocution with some care, and we are fully persuaded that it is better adapted to assist pupils in acquiring a correct, easy and forcible enunciation than any other work with which we are acquainted. JOSEPH WHITING, A. M. Professor of Languages. A. TEN BROOK, A. M. Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. GEO. P. WILLIAMS, A. M. Professor of Mathematics O. C. COMSTOCK, A. M,, M. D. Superintendant of Public Instruction. Michigan. EPITOME HISTORIC SACR.E, ON AN I M P R V E D PLAN, IN TWO VOLUMES: THE FIRST CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL TEXT IN THE ENGLISH ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION, WITH THE ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES RENDERED PLENARY, WITH THE MAKES OF QUANTITY, AND OF ACCENT, AND WITH A LITERAL INTER- LINEAR TRANSLATION J THE SECOND CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL TEXT SIMPLY, IN THE LATIN ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION : THE WHOLE SO PRESENTED THAT THE ACQUISITION OF THE LATIN IS NOT ONLY GREATLY FACILITATED, BUT RENDERED MUCH MORE INTER- ESTING THAN BY THE USUAL METHOD. DESIGNED AS A PRIMARY BOOK. BY ANDREW COMSTOCK. M.D. PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND FOLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OF A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. VOLUME I. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 1846. PREFACE, The Epitoxe Historic Sacrjs of C. F. L'Homond is here pre- sented on a new and improved plan. It is bound in two volumes, each of which contains the entire work. A Latin heading is put to each chapter ; and the dates of the most remarkable events are given. The first volume contains the original text, with the words in the English order of construction, and is accompanied with a literal, inter- linear translation. The second volume contains the original text simply, in the Latin order of construction. In the first volume, all elliptical sentences are rendered plenary, that their grammatical construction may be clearly understood; and, that the words which are thus introduced, may not be confounded with the text itself, they are in italics — in the headings to the chapters, these words are in brackets. As the translation is literal, it necessarily contains many redundant words — these are designated by a cross. The words in brackets, intro- duced into the translation, have not corresponding Latin words in the line above them. In some instances, the object of their introduction is to render the sense clearer, or the translation more elegant, — in others, both. To accomplish the same object, there are also numerous expla- natory foot-notes. Every sentence in each volume is divided into sections by vertical bars, after the manner of the Exercises in Reading and Declamation in the Editor's Ststex of Elocution ; and the sections in one volume correspond to those in the other. These divisions answer a threefold purpose : First, they mark the proper stopping-places in responsive, or concert reading ; that is, when the pupils pronounce aloud after the teacher. Secondly, they enable the pupil, while silently studying his lessons in the second volume, to find at once, and, consequently, without loss of time, the same word, with the translation of it, in the first volume. Thirdly, the bars in the second volume also serve to guide the pupil when reading and translating his lessons to the teacher. In the first volume, the marks of quantity, and those of accent, are given. Hence, with the aid of these, and the elementary sounds given in the Introduction, the pupil will have no difficulty in apprehending the correct pronunciation of the language. The pronunciation here recommended is that of the schools of Italy. This pronunciation, probably, approaches nearer than any other, to that of the ancient Romans ; at any rate, by adopting it, the pupil is better prepared for studying the Italian, and other languages, derived from the Latin. PREFACE. The work is designed to be used in the following manner: The members of a class should take the first volume, and pronounce successively the Latin and the corresponding English of a chapter, in concert, after the teacher, till each pupil shall have learned the correct pronunciation of every word. They should then take the second volume, and pronounce in like manner, after the teacher, the same les- son, — the teacher giving the translation as they proceed. In the course of the exercise, the teacher should give such explanations of words, idioms, &c, as he may find necessary to elucidate the subject. When the exercise is over, the members of the class should retire with both volumes, and study the lesson till they can fill all the ellipses in the second volume, without the aid of the first, and pronounce, translate, and parse, every word correctly. They should then return with the second volume only, and recite the lesson to the teacher. The advantages peculiar to this method, are derived from rendering it unnecessary, by giving the interlinear translation in one volume, and the original text in another, for the pupil to turn to a different part of the same volume for any aid which he may require from the translation — from denoting, where it is necessary, the true quantity and accent of the Latin syllables by appropriate marks — from placing the correspond- ing English under each Latin word — from the threefold purpose of the divisions in every sentence, by means of vertical bars — and from the preparation which the pupil makes by first reading each lesson with the teacher. In this way, the pupils have no occasion to waste time in turning over the pages of the Dictionary. Nor have they any occasion to make frequent calls on the teacher ; for, having already read the lesson with him, the interlinear translation renders them all the aid which they can possibly need in preparing their lessons for a thorough recitation.* That these advantages will render the acquisition of language much more agreeable and rapid, must be obvious to every reflecting mind. And that all instructors who have the welfare of their pupils at heart, will adopt this work, is placed beyond doubt from the consideration that men are inclined to employ the best means for the accomplishment of their ends. Andhew Comstock, No, 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia, July 24, 1845. *The pupil should, in like manner, read all his grammar lessons with the teacher before he commits them to memory. [O^ The Author intends to publish, immediately, the New Testament, and several school-books, in his Perfect Alphabet. DR. COMSTOCK'S VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, PHILADELPHIA. This Institution is designed, not only for the Cure of Stam- mering, and Defective Articulation, — for Instruction in Elo- cution and the usual Branches of an English Education, but for the acquisition of a thorough knowledge of the most important Ancient and Modern Languages. The following Languages are now taught : 1. Latin, 5. German, 9. Turkish, 2. Ancient Greek, 6. Spanish, 10. Armenian, 3. Modern Greek, 7. Gaelic, 11. Hebrew, 4. French, 8. Italian, 12. Hindoostanee. The method of instruction here pursued is, in the main, peculiar to this Institution. Much of it is oral and practical. All the les- sons, both in foreign languages, and in English, (not even excepting English Grammar and Orthography) are first pronounced by the teacher, and repeated by the pupil, till the latter understands the true import, and the correct pronunciation and intonation of every word. The pupil then prepares himself by silent study, or by practising aloud in his room, for a thorough recitation. This me- thod possesses several obvious advantages : 1. Knowledge is much more rapidly acquired. 2. As the pupil learns every thing correctly in the first instance, he never has any thing to unlearn. 3. As the pupil understands the leading principles at the incep- tive stage of each lesson, he is not dispirited, but rather encouraged. In this Institution, particular attention is paid to Philology. The principal teacher in this department, not only composes readily in English, French, Italian, Greek, and Turkish, but he converses fluently in all these languages. The method of teaching the Latin is that pursued in the Italian Universities. By adopting this course the pupil is better prepared to study the Italian and other languages derived from the Latin. The Ancient Greek is taught according to the system adopted in the University of Otho, at Athens. By this method both the ancient and modern dialects are acquired at the same time. This plan is now used in the Universities of Germany. (i) ii VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM. The method of teaching the French renders the study of it more like pastime than labour. They who study this language are re- quired to use it in their colloquial intercourse, both in the family and in the school. The Turkish is taught in the method followed by the Hodjas of Stamboul — that of oral exercises. The pupil is immediately ini- tiated into the harmonic system of its suffixes, by which the words are speedily memorized. No other language can be learned so rapidly ; because the Turkish possesses a uniformity in its gramma- tical structure, which facilitates its acquisition. This language, which is enriched by words drawn ad libitum from the Arabic, and the Persian, is founded on a regular system of declensions. It is variegated by affixes to a greater extent than most other languages. The different terminations convey delicate shades of thought. A knowledge of this language prepares the pupil for the acquisition of most of the spoken languages of Asia. The Turkish will not fail to be a matter of curiosity to the lover of Oriental literature. The school year commences on the first Thursday in September, and terminates on the last Wednesday in June. TERMS. For instruction, with boarding, $400 Tickets per Course of 10 Weeks instruction, (without boarding) in Classes, For the Cure of Stammering, 15 lessons per week, $50 In Elocution, 6 lessons per week, 20 In Languages, 6 lessons per week, ..... 20 In Elocution, 3 lessons per week, 10 In Languages, 3 lessons per week, 10 O^KFive Dollars per week additional if the pupil resides in the family. Tickets per Course for Private Instruction. In Elocution, 36 lessons, $30 In Languages, 36 lessons, 30 The ticket in each case to be paid for in advance. Satisfactory references will be given in the principal cities throughout the Union. O^KNb one can become a pupil in this Institution, who is not cleanly in his person and habits, and gentlemanly in his deport- ment. {No Member of the Institution is allowed to use Tobacco in any form.) Apply to ANDREW COMSTOCK, M. D., Principal No. 100 Nulherry Street, Philadelphia. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS STANDARD B PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. No. n Minor Street, Philadelphia. 812 00 5 00 5 00 Richardson's English Dictionary ; 2 vols, quarto, 2300 pages ; price Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon; octavo, Fleming and Tibbins' Royal French and English Dictionary, edited by Picot and Dobson; octavo, - Fleming and Tibbins' Royal French and English Dictionary; abridged. Edited by Picot and Dobson ; duodecimo, Walker's Pronouncing English Dictionary ; octavo, - Nugent' s French and English Dictionary, - Kendall's Uranography, with an Atlas of 18 Maps, Coates' Physiology, for Schools and Academies, - Coates' Natural Philosophy, ------ Smith's Productive Grammar, ----- Hart's English Grammar, ------ Hart's Constitution of the United States, * Hart's Class Book of Poetry, ------ Hart's Class Book of Prose, - Parley's Common School History, ----- Green's Gradations in Algebra, ----- Green's Key to Algebra, ------ Comstock's Elocution, ------ Comstock's Historiae Sacrae, 2 vols., - Comstock's Phonology. Part I. - Angell's Reader. No. I. ----- - No. II. No. III. No. IV. No. V. No. VI. Kendall's Walker's Geometry, ------ Frost's Composition, _..--- Smith's Introductory Arithmetic, - Virginia Housewife. By Mrs. Randolph, - - - - {^Family Bibles, quarto size, Butler's edition, printed on fine paper, with very large type, and bound in various styles, at prices from five to fifteen dollars. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. 25 25 63 25 00 75 34 38 34 75 75 75 63 00 00 00 25 8 14 17 30 50 75 75 25 10 50 llllllllllllllllllll 003 331 666 5 »