..*'''"%v o 'i/ -•>■ A O // , ' --/ ' ^^\ ^ * ^^- '. TV. ^^ "/■ C' V ^^ 'a : "^ A^^ 'C^. ^ -v. 1, ^ ' ^ v^ '^^ ^'^ -%/ *'^^ V ^*--'', .i ,^" '^^ V^^ ,>^. ,0 o. •■^^- ,<^' .* .6^ ^^ <^, -V. .V^^' ■^. = w >:^'^. . . u ^^ C 'X^^ y' >^-\, "^ S-1 ..*' % Q-, ' <- 'p "■ ,^^ .^^^ ■ - f "- >^ % V' ■< A > - CO /" " XT- %'^^7: %^ .> '^. ,0- ^ OLIVER GOLDSMITH After the painting' by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in the National Portrait Gallery GOLDSMITH'S THE DESERTED VILLAGE ,^<^^^ Edited With Introduction and Notes BY LOUISE POUND, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of English Literature University of Nebraska GINN & COMPANY BOSTON ■ NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON LIBftARY of CONGRESS Two CODles Received AH SB 190r, /^Oopyrlarht Entry Ua^^/9r/ 9a) ^\A%% CL XXc„No. ^ /6>G "i-^y COPY B. ' Copyright, 1907 By LOUISE POUND ALL RIGHTS RESERVED GINN & COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. JzfL PREFATORY NOTE The text of this edition is that of the latest revised edition pubHshed in Goldsmith's lifetime, the fifth. Alterations have been limited to a few modernizations in spelling and capitali- zation, and some minor changes, necessary for consistency in a school edition, in the punctuation. The aim in the Intro- duction has been to give in condensed form some idea of con- temporary conditions, literary and otherwise, as well as some account of the life and works of the author. A new feature that will add, it is believed, to the convenience of the edition is the inclusion in an appendix of two passages usually read in connection with the poem, the sketch of the poor parson from Chaucer's Prologue to The Canterbury Tales and Dryden's Character of a Good Parson. Obligation to preceding editions of a poem so often edited as The Deserted Village is a matter of course, and the present editor takes this opportunity to make grateful acknowledgment. Specific instances of indebtedness are recorded in the notes. LOUISE POUND University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1906 CONTENTS Introduction The Times Oliver Goldsmith The Deserted Village Biographical Note . Dedication . . . . The Deserted Village . Notes Appendix .... INTRODUCTION The Times Political Events and History. The chief political events of the years of the eighteenth century in which Goldsmith lived and wrote need little comment. The House of Hanover was newly on the English throne, George H becoming king in 1727, and George III in 1 760. The policies of the nation were determined largely by her statesmen, notably Robert Walpole, prime minister from 1721 till 1742, and William Pitt, who became prime minister in 1757. Walpole's policy was to keep peace abroad and to conciliate party and religious differences at home, that the new line of kings might be firmly established and the internal resources of the country be developed. His methods involved much bribery and corruption, in reaction against which a new spirit of patriotism was awakened by Pitt ; but under his peaceful guidance the country grew in mate- rial wealth as never before. Toward the end of the reign of George H, and in the reign of George IH, came more stirring events, and there was still greater national expansion. A vast colonial trade was built up, and commerce and the wealth based upon it became of more and more importance. By the victory of Lord Clive in 1757, firmly establishing the British power in India, and by the capture of Quebec from the French in the same year, establishing British power in Canada, England gained complete control of the vast domains of India and North America, and took the place as a world power which she has since retained among the nations. Under George III the country was less contented than under his predecessor. The X INTRODUCTION borrowing of vast sums of money to carry on her wars increased the national debt of England to alarming proportions, and in many ways public affairs were mismanaged. Industrial England. The Deserted Village is in unusual de- gree the product of the age in which it was written, especially of contemporary industrial conditions. The marked growth in commerce, during the eighteenth century, had made it the serious rival of agriculture. Manufacturing also was growing rapidly, the two constituting what Goldsmith calls " trade." The so-called industrial revolution, consequent upon the in- vention of new machinery, the utilization of steam and water power, and improved methods of transportation and communi- cation, was beginning, although it was to come mainly after Goldsmith's day. The year 1770, when the poem was written, was a period of strong depression with regard to the national future. England was thought to be on the verge of bankruptcy, because of the vast proportions of the national debt ; the fre- quent emigration, really a sign of growing population, was thought ominous ; and in particular the country was errone- ously believed to be depopulating. Arthur Young, the traveler, wrote in this same year : It is asserted by those writers who affect to run down our affairs, that, rich as we are, our population has suffered ; that we have lost a million and a half people since the Revolution ; and that we are at present declining in numbers.^ Another characteristic feature of the time was the inclosure of the old public lands.^ Innumerable inclosure acts were passed by Parliament between 1760 and 1774; and though the inclosure system was beneficial in the long run, the change caused at the time much suffering. Working classes that had 1 Tour of the North of England, Letter XL. 2 Gibbins, Industry hi England, 274, 335. INTRODUCTION xi pastured their cattle on the old common fields lost their privilege when the land was inclosed. Many who had been small farmers were forced to become laborers on the lands of others, to go to factory towns, or to emigrate. Thus a large class of small farmers disappeared. The historian Lecky, citing a contem- porary document in proof, writes that " whole villages which had depended on free pasture land and fuel dwindled and perished, and a stream of emigrants passed to America." ^ Others think the conditions sketched in Goldsmith's poem less typical ; but there was undoubtedly much suffering. Literary Conditions. Goldsmith lived and wrote in the tran- sitional period linking the age of Pope, generally called the classical age, with the romantic reaction to be ushered in by Burns, Covvper, and Wordsworth. Literary historians often call this period the "Age of Dr. Johnson," from Goldsmith's friend, Samuel Johnson, the dictionary maker and essayist, who was its literary lawgiver. The social and intellectual ideas of the time were on the whole much the same as in the age pre- ceding, that is, critical rather than creative, showing respect for convention, the centering of interest on form, and the exaltation of " reason" and "common sense" at the expense of individuality and spontaneity. It was not an especially pro- ductive period for letters. Among prose writers Goldsmith's leading contemporaries were Dr. Johnson, Gibbon the historian, Burke the orator and essayist, and Sheridan the dramatist. In poetry were Collins, Gray, Young, and Chatterton ; thus the showing was even slenderer for poetry than for prose. Professional writers of this period were likely to encounter many hardships, and much in their lot was sordid and unenviable. They were breaking away from the patronage system previously prevailing, and were now dependent on booksellers, the better modern system of allowing authors a percentage of the profits 1 History of England in the Eighteenth Century (1903), VII, 260. xii INTRODUCTION on their books being not yet evolved. In the Restoration period Uterature had been close to poUtics. The author was dependent, not on the sale of his books to a bookseller, or to the public, but on the munificence of some patron. He sought to attach himself to some distinguished man or to some party. Dryden, Swift, Addison, and Steele all had patronage bestowed upon them in return for some political service. In the time of Dr. Johnson, men of letters became less subservient to patrons or to parties ; hence they could be freer and more sincere ; but prices were low and uncertain, and an income that was de- rived from literary drudgery, hack writing on assigned themes regardless of equipment, was likely to be as precarious as it was hard-earned. Oliver Goldsmith Early Years. Oliver Goldsmith was born November to, 1728, in the small village of Pallas, County Longford, Ireland, the fifth child and second son in a family of eight. The Gold- smiths were of English descent, but the family had been for some generations settled in Ireland. The Reverend Charles Goldsmith, Oliver's father, was a humble Protestant curate, whose income averaged forty pounds a year, a not unusual revenue in that period for a country parson. When Oliver was two years old his father succeeded to a more lucrative living at Lissoy, County Westmeath, almost in the geographical center of Ireland, and here the future poet passed the larger part of his boyhood. Oliver was awkward and unattractive as a child, nor did his physical appearance improve with years. He was short, thickset, and ugly, and his face was permanently dis- figured, with more than the usual severity, by an attack of the smallpox in his eighth year. He was not a precocious child. His youth gave signs enough of the thoughtless generosity, the INTRODUCTION xiii good nature, and the improvidence that were always to char- acterize him, but gave few or no signs of his hterary genius. For the former traits his father was perhaps in part respon- sible. In A Citizen of the World, much of which is autobio- graphical, Goldsmith writes, presumably of his bringing up by his father : We were told that universal benevolence was what first cemented society ; we were taught to consider all the wants of mankind as our own ... he wound us up to be mere machines of pity, and rendered us incapable of withstanding the slightest im- pulse, made either by real or fictitious distress. In a word, we were perfectly instructed in the art of giving away thousands before we were taught the necessary qualifications of getting a farthing.^ Goldsmith has pictured some of his own or his father's traits in the character of Dr. Primrose in T/ie Vicar of Wakefield, in Honeywood in T/ie Good-Natiired Man, and in the preacher in The Deserted Village. Goldsmith as a Student. Goldsmith's school career was throughout undistinguished. He was taught his letters by a maidservant and relative, who pronounced him very stupid. At the age of six he was sent to the village school, where his master was an ex-soldier, Thomas or " Paddy " Byrne, the original of the schoolmaster in The Deserted Village. He stud- ied under several later masters in schools at Elphin, Athlone, and elsewhere, leaving apparently a record for little more than dullness and awkwardness. His college career was similarly inglorious. Owing to his father's crippling the means of the family to provide Goldsmith's sister with an extravagant mar- riage portion, Oliver entered Trinity College, Dublin, at the age of seventeen, as a sizar, passing the necessary entrance examination the lowest in the list. The sizar was part stu- dent, part servant, and as such Goldsmith waited at table and 1 Letter XXVII. xiv INTRODUCTION performed janitor service. He tided over money difificulties in various ways, — by the generosity of a kind-hearted maternal uncle, Thomas Contarine, his chief support after the death of his father, by loans from friends, by pawning his books, and by the occasional writing of street ballads, which brought him five shillings apiece. His life in college was a hand-to-mouth sort of existence, marked by various frolics and gayeties as well as by numerous humiliations. He was popular with his associates, partly because of his flute playing and his singing, and partly because of his lively disposition and his ability to tell stories ; but he quarreled constantly with a rather brutal tutor, took part in a town-and-gown riot and was publicly reprimanded, and once when giving a dancing party attended by not a little hilarity in his college rooms he was surprised in the breach of discipline by an angry tutor and was " personally chastised." The latter disgrace was too much for Goldsmith, and the next day he sold his books and ran away, ultimately turning up at Lissoy. He was taken back to college by his brother Henry, and succeeded in securing his degree of Bachelor of Arts, graduating, as he had entered, the lowest in the list. Attempts at Various Professions. For two years after leav- ing college Goldsmith loitered at home, ostensibly fitting him- self, at the request of his relatives, for church orders. He lived an idle, irresponsible life, happy and thriftless; and when he finally presented himself for ordination was rejected, perhaps because of his record at college, perhaps because he neglected his preliminary studies, or perhaps, as the curate who was his brother's successor near Lissoy reports, because he presented himself for examination in a pair of flaming scar- let breeches. For a while he tried tutoring; then came a futile attempt to emigrate to America. If we may beheve the ac- count Goldsmith wrote to his mother, the ship on which he had engaged passage from Cork sailed without him, while he was INTRODUCTION XV I pleasure-seeking in the neighboring country. There was nothing for him to do but to turn up again at Lissoy with empty pockets. The legal profession was next determined upon, and Gold- smith was provided by his uncle with fifty pounds to take him to Dublin or London to study law. This money he lost on the way at gambling. Goldsmith was hard to help ; but his long- tried relatives again got together a purse, and he was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, this time reaching his destina- tion. He proved popular as usual with his associates, through his various gifts at entertaining. A few evidences remain from this period of the lavishness in dress which was one of his peculiarities. There is a tailor's bilP of 1753 containing ref- erences to "rich sky-blue satin cloth," "rich Genoa velvet," " fine high claret-coloured cloth," etc., suggesting his strong love of finery. He made little progress in medicine, however, and, becoming restless, succeeded in persuading his uncle that he would be benefited by study under a certain great professor at Leyden. He crossed to the Continent in 1754, after obtain- ing from his indulgent uncle the sum of twenty pounds. Wanderings. Goldsmith lingered for some time in Leyden ; then impulsively spending the last of his money to buy some I high-priced roots for his Uncle Contarine, who was an enthusi- lastic florist, he left the city, almost penniless, to make a tour ;of Europe. For two years he roved through France, Switzer- jland, Germany, and Italy, ostensibly studying medicine, but probably doing very little. Possibly he studied a few months at the University of Padua ; but he seems to have been more vagabond than student. He was often, of course, in straits for I money, depending for subsistence on teaching his native lan- I guage, on gaming, but generally on his flute and songs, which brought him welcome from the peasantry. In Italy he is 1 Printed in full in Forster's Life (1877), I, 52. xvi INTRODUCTION supposed, like the wandering scholars of the Middle Ages, to have disputed on questions of philosophy at universities and convents for his lodging. In The Vicar of Wakefield the ''philosophic vagabond," who stands probably for Goldsmith himself, is made to say the following : I had some knowledge of music, with a tolerable voice ; I now turned what was once ray amusement into a present means of sub- sistence. I passed among the harmless peasants of Flanders, and among such of the French as were poor enough to be very merry ; for I ever found them sprightly in proportion to their wants. Whenever I approached a peasant's house toward nightfall, I played one of my most merry tunes, and that procured me not only a lodging, but subsistence for the next day. I once or twice attempted to play for people of fashion, but they always thought my performance odious, and never rewarded me even with a trifle.^ Goldsmith turned his steps homeward in 1756, arriving in London utterly without money, but with a medical degree, picked up we are not sure how or where, possibly at Louvain in Belgium. The record of part of his European rovings is preserved in The Traveller. Makeshifts. On his return Goldsmith attempted various things with little success, and often found himself sorely pres3'!'d. In making his way to London he tried, it is thought, the life of a strolling player. His first definite employment was as a chemist's assistant ; then he bought a second-hand velvet coat, and gained a little practice as a physician in the Southwark district, across the Thames from London. Rumor says that he acted for a short time as proof corrector for Samuel Richardson, the elist and printer. It is certain that he was twice usher, an occu- pation which he extremely disliked, in an academy at Peckham, once for a few months in 1756 and again in 1757 or 1758. Through Dr. Milner, the master, he made the acquaintance, in 1 Chapter XX. INTRODUCTION xvii his first stay at Peckham, of Grififiths, the bookseller and editor of 2'he Monthly Review, and soon entered into an agreement with him to furnish copy of all kinds, especially reviews, for the latter's periodical. The agreement did not last very long, mainly because Goldsmith objected to having his work " edited " by the bookseller and his wife ; and he went back for a time to Peckham, seeking meanwhile a chance to escape from the drudgery of teaching or of literary hack work. He seems in 1758 to have built high hopes on obtaining the post of physi- cian and surgeon on the coast of Coromandel in British India ; but the project came to nothing, perhaps for the same reason that he did not, in that year, secure the position of hospital mate, — namely, that he was found "not qualified." Literary "Work. The engagement to write for The Monthly Review was for Goldsmith the beginning of his literary career. His work for Griffiths he followed by various critical articles for a rival publication. The Critical Review, edited by the novelist Smollett. He first won recognition by his Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learnifig, published in 1759, a pretentious but gracefully written survey, for which he had hardly sufficient equipment. After this his life was given up to the drudgery of executing taskwork for various London publishers, the production of his masterpieces at intervals breaking the routine. He started The Bee, a periodical in the vein of Addison and Steele's The Spectator, in 1759, wrote for The Busybody, a similar publication, edited The Ladies^ Mag- azine, and contributed his Chinese Letters, published in 1762 u ;he title of A Citizen of the World, to The Public Ledger. In the way of biographical taskwork he wrote Memoirs of Vol- Vtaire (1761), The Life of Richard Nash (1762), The Life of ^Thomas Parnell (1770), and The Life of Lord Bolingbroke (1770). His historical writing, all of it compilation but popu- larly written and entertaining, comprised a LListory of England xviii INTRODUCTION (1763), a Roman History (1769), and a Grecian History (1773), He wrote also a pleasing if not very scientific History of Animated Nature, published after his death. Goldsmith's best works are the poems, The Traveller (1764) and The Deserted Village (I'j'jo), his novel 77ie Vicar of Wakefield (1766), and the plays The Good- Nat ured Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1773), the latter being his last impor- tant work. Goldsmith the Man. Goldsmith made a good deal of money by his literary work ; indeed, it is calculated that his average income was about two thousand dollars yearly ; yet extravagance was part of his nature^ and he was very lax in money matters. He always spent more than he earned, hence he was always in debt. The production of The Good- Natured Man brought him in about two thousan?f etc. 15. According to his friend Cook, 11. 5-15 were Goldsmith's second morning's work on the poem (cf. Introduction, p. xxi) ; but probably this statement should not be understood too literally. 17. train: another favorite word with Goldsmith, especially as a rhyme word. Cf. 11. 63, 81, 135, 149, 252, 320, 337. In many of these cases he uses the word with rather vague significance. 18. Led up : arranged, brought in order. 20. contending : Goldsmith liked this absolute use of the present participle. Cf. 11. 108, iii, 297, and note on 1. 79. 22. sleights of art: feats of dexterity. Cf. "magic sleights," Mac- bet/i. III, V, 26; "sleight-of-hand," etc. 25. simply: artlessly. 29. virgin: a favorite word for girl or maiden in eighteenth century poetic diction, as swatji for man, and matron for married woman. 35. lawn: not a sweep of cultivated grass, as now, but an open grassy stretch of country, a plain. Cf. the use of the word by Milton, Dryden, and Pope. 37. tyrant: some wealthy landowner. The idea of the inclosure of the domain and the eviction of the tenants was perhaps suggested to Goldsmith by something of the kind in the neighborhood of Lissoy, when a certain General Napier, returning enriched from Spain, turned his tenants out of their farms that he might inclose the land as his own private domain. Cf. the testimony of Dr. Strean (Forster's Life, II, p. 207). There were contemporary evictions enough in England, how- ever, some of which Goldsmith saw ; and the suggestion might easily have come from these. 39. One only master: poetic for one single master. 42. Note the alliteration in this line. 44. bittern : perhaps an echo of Isaiah xiv. 23. Cf. also Thomson's Seasons, Spring, 11. 21-23. In his History of Animated N'ature, VI, p. 2, Goldsmith writes of the bittern, a bird of the heron family : Those who walked in an evening by the sedgy sides of unfrequented rivers must remember a variety of notes from different waterfowl : the loud scream of the wild goose, the croaking of the mallard, the whining of the lapwing, and the tremulous neighing of the jacksnipe. But of all those sounds there is none so NOTES 17 dismally hollow as the booming of the bittern. It is impossible for words to give those who have not heard this evening-call an adequate idea of its solemnity. It is like the interrupted bellowing of a bull, but hollower and louder, and is heard at a mile's distance, as if issuing from some formidable being that resided at the bottom of its waters. I remember in the place where I was a boy with what terror this bird's note affected the whole village ; they considered it as the presage of some sad event, and generally found or made one to succeed it. 45. lapwing: sometimes called the pewit, from its cry. 51. Ill . . . ills : an awkward repetition, rather suiprising in so careful a polisher of his lines as Goldsmith. 52. decay : decrease in numbers. 54. breath, etc. : Prior points out as a possible source for this a line by the French poet, De Caux : Un souffle peut detruire et (qu')un souffle a produit. Cf. also the sentiment in Burns's The Cotter's Saturday N'igkt^ 1. 165. 55. bold peasantry: the small farmer or yeomanry class, which for centuries had held an honored position in English history. The rapid decline of this sturdy body in the eighteenth century, due to various causes, was thought to w'eaken the country greatly. Goldsmith was not alone in regretting their remarkable diminution. Cf. Gibbins's Industry in England, 276-279. 57. England's griefs : the poet would have found some trouble in fi.xing the date when " England's griefs began " ; his specific reference here, however, is to the conditions described, 11. 57-62. This paragraph is often pointed out as another instance of the fondness of the poets to look back on good old days, the "golden age" myth, which dated from classical times. 63. trade's unfeeling train : the phrase should be noted as significant of Goldsmith's peculiar views wdth regard to the influence of trade or commerce. Cf. Introduction, p. xxii. 67. opulence : the first edition, altered in the third, read, " to Inxtiry allied." 69. These . . . hours : These is the reading of the fifth edition. Most modem editions read, " Those gentle hours," etc. 74. manners : the word is equivalent to customs here. 75. parent, etc. : a rather strained figure. 76. confess : give evidence of. l8 NOTES 77-80. These lines read in the first, second, and third editions: Here, as with doubtful, pensive steps I range. Trace every scene, and wonder at the change, Remembrance, etc. 79. elapsed, etc. : for other cases of the absolute use of the past participle, of which Goldsmith was very fond, cf. 11. 95, 157, 181, 393. Cf. also note on 1. 20. — return to view: in reality Goldsmith never returned to his boyhood home or to Ireland after 1752. 86. lay me down: prose diction would employ the reflexive "myself" instead of the personal pronoun. Similar expressions, preserving or imitating archaic constructions, are " sat him down," " I doubt me," "get thee away," etc. 87-88. In the first, second, and third edition, these lines read: My anxious day to husband near the close. And keep life's flame from wasting by repose. The alteration improved the figure. 93. as an hare: the first of the many formal similes of the poem. Cf. 11. 167-170, 189-192, 287-302, 427-430. For Goldsmith's views with regard to poetic figures, cf. (if it be his) the " Essay on the Use of Metaphors," reprinted under " Unacknowledged Essays," in Cunning- ham's edition. Vol. III. Present usage would write "which" for "whom" and " a " instead of " an " hare. Cf. the rule in grammars. Goldsmith likes to use an under such conditions. Cf. 1. 268. 96. return, etc. : it was Goldsmith's own wish to return to his native village to die. Cf. The Citizen of the World, Letter CIII : Whatever vicissitudes we experience in life, however we toil, or wheresoever we wander, our fatigued wishes still recur to home for tranquillity : we long to die in that spot which gave us birth, and in that pleasing expectation opiate every calamity. 98. never must be mine : destined never to be mine. 99. happy : the first edition, altered in the third, read, " How blest is he," etc. Compare the thought in the essay in The Bee on "Happiness in a great measure dependent on Constitution " : ... by struggling with misfortunes, we are sure to receive some wounds in the conflict. The only method to come off victorious is by running away. 104. tempt . . . the deep : make trial of the deep. A Latinism. Cf. Vergil, Eclogues', IV, 32, " temptare Thetim ratibus " (Rolfe). NOTES 19 105. guilty state : a pomp that, under the circumstances, is criminal. 106. famine, etc.: note tlie number of abstract nouns personified in this passage. Cf. note on 1. 3. 107. latter end : death. A biblical expression. Cf. Job viii. 7; Proverbs xix. 20. Since the sixteenth century, latter has been used in a number of stock phrases, as here, as a superlative. 109. Bends: the first edition, altered in the third, read, '■^ Sinks to the grave," etc. — unperceived decay: a line suggested very likely by 1. 293 of Johnson's Vanity of Human IVis/ies, which contains the same phrase (Dobson). 110. resignation: Sir Joshua Reynolds derived the name of his paint- ing " Resignation " from this passage. He dedicated an engraving of the painting to Goldsmith in the following terms : " This attempt to express a character in The Deserted Village is dedicated to Dr. Gold- smith by his sincere friend and admirer, Joshua Reynolds." 115. careless: carefree. 118. to meet: ordinary diction would employ the preposition and the verbal noun rather than the gerund. For other examples of this construction, which is probably a Latinism, cf. 11. 145, 148, 161, 288. 121. whispering: other onomatopoetic words in this passage are mnrmiir, 1. 114, and gabbled, 1. 119. Essay XVIII among the "Unac- knowledged Essays" printed by Cunningham, Vol. Ill, contains a special passage on such words, of which a good deal was made in Goldsmith's day. Cf. also the famous lines in Pope's Essay on Criticism, 365 ff. 122. vacant mind: the mind free from care or seriousness; or pos- sibly the reference is to the loud meaningless laugh of some village idiot. 124. nightingale: in reality the nightingale is not found in Ireland (Rolfe). In his Animated N'ature Goldsmith says of the nightingale (Cunningham, IV, 420) : Her note is soft, various, and interrupted; she seldom holds it without a pause above the time that one could count twenty. The nightingale's pausing song would be the proper epithet for this bird's music with us, which is more pleasing than the warbhng of any other bird, because it is heard at a time when the rest are silent. 126. fluctuate in the gale : often pointed out as a line exactly in the stereotyped manner of Pope and his followers. The essay cited (note on 1. 121) contains a passage commenting on the metaphorical expre.ss- iveness oi fluctuate, and citing examples of its effective use. 20 NOTES 128. bloomy: not a very common word. For another in.stance of its use, cf. Milton, Sonnet to a N^ighthigale. 130. plashy : abounding in plashes or puddles. Used by Words- worth in The Excicrsion, Bk. VIII. Both bloomy and plashy sound somewhat strange in Goldsmith's conservative vocabulary, though they would not in poetry of another period. 131. matron: cf. note on 1. 29. According to Dr. Strean (Forster's Life, II, 207), the poor widow was one Catherine Giraghty : To this day (1807), the brook and ditches near the spot where her cabin stood abound with cresses . . . and her children live in the neighborhood. 140. village preacher: the famous portrait of the village preacher should be compared with the earlier and parallel portraits of Chaucer and Dr}'den. Cf. Appendix. The picture seems to have been taken in part from recollections of the poet's brother Henry, to whom The Traveller- \\2iS dedicated, and who died just before The Deserted Pillage was written. The natures of father and son seem to have been similar, and the son, like the father, was a humble curate on small salary. A few critics suggest that traits of Goldsmith's uncle, Thomas Contarine, may also be embodied. So Dobson, Life, p. 187. — mansion: used in its root sense of abode, dwelling place. 142. passing: surpassingly. Since the fifteenth century a favorite intensive adverb with poets and romancers. Cf. "A faire lady, and a passynge wyse," Morte Darthur, I, 7. 145. Unpractised : the first edition, altered in the fifth, read, "l/nskil- fitl he," etc. For the following of the participle or adjective by the infinitive, cf. note on 1. 118. 148. More skilled: the first edition, altered in the fifth, read, "More be)it." 149-162. The proverbial Irish hospitality, one of Goldsmith's own traits. 155. broken soldier : some of these traits were probably suggested by Goldsmith's old teacher, who was an ex-soldier. Cf. note on 1. 196. — bade : the usual past participle of " bid " is " bidden." Many editors read " bid " here. 161. scan: cf. note on 1. 118. 170. led the way: compare the last couplet in Chaucer's portrait of the poor parson. Cf. Appendix. 172. dismayed: filled the dying man with foreboding. NOTES 21 182. steady zeal: the first edition read, "With ready zeal." 189-192. Goldsmith gives this simile, perhaps the most celebrated passage of the poem, as a separate complete sentence, although there is no main predicate. Compare the construction in the simile, 11. 287 ff. 194. blossomed : written blossom'' d in the original editions. Gold- smith generally writes out the -ed of his participles — which is the usage in the present edition — or substitutes -t after voiceless conso- nants, as topt, 1. 12, deckt, 1. 320. He writes \i in about half a dozen cases only. 196. village master : the original of this picture was probably Thomas or " Paddy " Byrne, an ex-soldier, who was Goldsmith's teacher at Lissoy. Cf. Introduction, p. xiii. 205-206. aught . . . fault: Yx&x\z\i faiite. The / was arbitrarily in- serted in the sixteenth century, when the connection of the word with the Latin yJ?//^r^ was realized, and eventually it came to be pronounced. In Edwin a)id Angelina, Goldsmith rhymes "fault " with "sought," in Retaliation with "caught." So generally in the poetry of the period. Cf. Emerson, History of the English Language^ § 191. 207. village : villagers. The abstract instead of the agent noun. 209. terms and tides: terms were periods when courts were assem- bled by justices; tides were ecclesiastical times or seasons, as Whit- suntide. 210. gauge: measure the contents of barrels. Excisemen were pop- ularly called "gaugers." Cf. Burns, who was for a while inspector of liquor customs, or Kennedy in Scott's novel, Guy Mannering. 213. learned length, etc.: to most readers this line suggests the manner of Goldsmith's friend. Dr. Johnson, author of the Dictionary, who was noted for his rather ponderous and erudite vocabulary and his blustering speech. 217-218. spot . . . triumphed: the inn, the scene of some of Gold- smith's own triumphs. In the years when he was ostensibly preparing for the ministry. Goldsmith presided at the convivial meetings held nightly at the inn at Ballymahon, where his mother lived after the death of his father. " Here he was a triton among the minnows, the delight of horse-doctors and bagmen, and the idol of his former college associate" (Dobson's Life, p. 22). 221. nut-brown: a familiar epithet to Goldsmith's readers. Cf. the ballad of the Nut-Broivn Maid, and Milton's " nut-brown ale," L'' Allegro, 1. ICO. 22 NOTES 227-236. An interesting first draught of the descriptive passage that follows is preserved in a letter written by Goldsmith to his brother in 1759. He sent it as a specimen of the manner of a " heroi-comical" poem he had in mind, the hero of which he intended to introduce in an alehouse. The passage appears again, slightly modified, in Letter XXX of The Citizen of the World, in which it figures as a description of an author's bedchamber. The latter passage runs : A window patch'd with paper lent a ray, That dimly show'd the state in which he lay : The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread ; The humid wall with paltry pictures spread; The royal game of goose was there in view, And the twelve rules the royal martyr drew ; The seasons fram'd with listing found a place. And brave Prince William show'd his lamp-black face: The morn was cold : he views with keen desire The rusty grate, unconscious of a fire; With beer and milk arrears the frieze was scored, And five crack'd teacups dress'd the chimney-board. 228. clock . . . clicked : the mimetic quality of this line should be noted. Cf. note on 1. 121. 229. contrived: the participle. 231. use: the pictures probably covered defects in the wall. 232. twelve good rules: the composition of these rules was ascribed to Charles I, and they were hung up in most public houses of the time. Cf. Crabbe's line in The Parish Register, Part I : There is King Charles and all his glorious rules Who proved Misfortune's was the best of schools. The twelve rules were, according to Hale's Longer English Poems, P- 353: I. Urge no healths. 2. Profane no divine ordinances. 3. Touch no state matters. 4. Reveal no secrets. 5. Pick no quarrels. 6. Make no companions. 7. Maintain no ill opinions. 8. Keep no bad company. 9. Encourage no vice. 10. Make no long meals. 11. Repeat no grievances. 12. Lay no wagers. — game of goose : not the ordinary game of fox and geese, but a more complex game played with dice on a board on which a goose was pic- tured at intervals. Cf. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, IV, ii. The game is mentioned by Scott, Waverley, Chapter HI. 236. chimney: fireplace. NOTES 23 243. The farmer knew the news because of his visits to markets ; the barber's loquacity is proverbial. 244. woodman : a hunter or forester. 248. mantling bliss : foaming ale. The eighteenth century liked such use of the abstract for the concrete. Cf. innocence, 1. 328 ; also note on 1. 14. 253. congenial : supply more from the preceding. 257. vacant: carefree. 258. This line recalls Hamlet, I, v, 77 ; or, better, Scott's "Unwept, unhonored, and unsung," Lay of the Last ALinstrel, VI. Rolfe cites also Paradise Lost, II, 185; V, 899; Merchant of Vejiice, III, ii, 159; and Byron, Childe Harold, IV, 179, " unknelled, uncoffined, and un- known." 268. an happy: cf. note on 1. 93. The thought of this passage was treated in fuller form by Goldsmith in Letter XXV of The Citizen of the World, on " The Natural Rise and Decline of Kingdoms," etc. The last sentences of the essay are : Happy, very happy, might they have been had they known when to bound their riches and their glory ; had they known that extending empire is often diminishing power . . . ; that too much commerce may injure a nation as well as too little ; and that there is a wide difference between a conquering and a flourishing empire. 269. freighted ore : cf. The Traveller, 1. 398. The poet seems to mean that the country is bartering for foreign luxuries what is really needed for home consumption. Thus while more money comes into the country, it serves only to enhance the luxury of the rich, bringing loss rather than increase in the substantial products of the country. 287. female: much used instead of "woman" in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Cf. the novels of Miss Burney (1752-1840), of Godwin (1756-1836), or of Cooper in America. 288. Secure to please: confident of pleasing. A Latinism. Cf. note on 1. 1 1 8. 293. solicitous to bless : anxious for success in her effort to charm. 297. verging to decline: cf. note on 1. 20. 304. contiguous pride: cf. note on 1. 14. 308. bare-worn common: cf. Introduction, pp. x, xi. 313. those joys : the first edition, altered in the third, read, " To see each joy." 316. artist: artisan or mechanic. 24 NOTES 317. long-drawn: perhaps a verbal reminiscence of Gray's Elegy, 318. black gibbet : in 1758, when Goldsmith took up his residence in Green Arbour Court, he was very near the Old Bailey Sessions House, where all prisoners taken within ten miles of London were tried, and where they were publicly executed when condemned. Near by also was the famous Newgate Prison. In a period when stealing, forgery, and even lesser crimes were punishable by death, the number of executions was very great, and the gallows a common object in the landscape. 319. dome: house. V/aXva. donius. Cf. The Traveller, \. 159. 322. chariot: a favorite word in eighteenth century poetry for a car- riage of pleasure or of state. — torches: these were carried before the foot traveler by linkboys. They were veiy necessary even at a later period, because of the unpaved, badly lighted streets. 326. houseless . . . female : cf. note on 1. 287. Lines 326-336 should be compared to the analogous passage in The Bee, "A City Night Piece," reprinted as Letter CXVII in The Citizen of the World : But who are these who make the streets their couch, and find a short repose from wretchedness at the doors of the opulent ? . . . These poor shivering females have once seen happier days and been flattered into beauty. . . . Perhaps, now lying at the doors of their betrayers, they sue to wretches whose hearts are insensible, or debauchees who may curse but will not relieve them. Why, why was I born a man, and yet see the sufferings of wretches I cannot relieve ? Goldsmith himself was very charitable to houseless wanderers. When he died, " On the stairs of his apartment there was the lamentation of the old and infirm, and the sobbing of women; poor objects of his charity, to whom he had never turned a deaf ear, even when struggling himself with poverty" (Irving's Life, Chapter XLIV). 328. innocence distrest: the abstract for the concrete. Cf. notes on 1. 14 and 1. 248. 330. The sensitiveness to beauty in flowers shown in the simile in this line links Goldsmith forward with the next generation of poets. 338. participate her pain : another phrase exactly in the eighteenth century manner. 344. Altama: properly the Altamaha (pronounced with accent on the last syllable), a river in Georgia. The latter was much heard of in Goldsmith's day through the colony of Georgia, for which the poet's friend, General Oglethorpe, had secured letters patent in 1732. The colony was started as an asylum for the oppressed, and was prospering NOTES 25 when Goldsmith wrote. The charter is reprinted in A Narrative of the Colony of Georgia in America, by P. Tailfer and Others, London, 1741 ; or in American Colonial Tracts, G. P. Humphrey, Rochester, New York, No. 2, 1897. One sentence reads: "And his Majesty farther grants all his lands between the rivers Savannah and Alatamaha." The more or less conventional new-world description (11. 343-358) is a good picture of a tropical scene, but it is more like South America than like Georgia. Thomson, whose Liberty Goldsmith often quotes, gives (V, 638-646) a much brighter picture of the Georgia colony. 355. tigers: there are no tigers in Georgia. The jaguar and the puma are the American tigers (Rolfe). 359-362. Here begins another of the strong contrasts of the poem. Dr. Tapper points out that a similar contrast between tropical scenes and the peaceful lawns of England is found in Thomson's Liberty, V, 32 ff. 363. parting : cf. note on 1. 4. 378. a father's: the first edition, altered in the fourth, read, '■'■her father's." 380. cot : cf. note on 1. 10. 384. silent manliness : the first edition, altered in the fourth, read, " in all the decent manliness." Dr. Tupper notes that De Foe has the same idea in hSs, Journal of the Plague Year (1722): "He mourned heartily, as it was easy to see, but with a kind of masculine grief that could not give itself vent by tears." 386. things like these : referring to the simplicity and happiness of country life, one of the main themes of the poem. It may be noted that Bums expresses a sentiment parallel with that of 11. 85-94 in The Cotter'' s Saturday Night, 11. 176-180. 392. bloated mass, etc. : for the origin of this metaphor, cf. The Citi- zen of the World, Letter XXV: . . . they still, however, preserved the insolence of wealth without a power to support it, and persevered in being luxurious while contemptible from poverty. In short the state resembled one of those bodies bloated with disease, whose bulk is only a symptom of its wretchedness. 399. anchoring : lying at anchor. 402. shore . . . strand : the poet seems to make a distinction, mean- ing by strand the fringe of shore immediately next the sea. 409. degenerate times : this was not, in truth, a fertile period in English poetry. Cf. Introduction, p. xi. 26 NOTES 412. solitary pride : my pride when alone. Goldsmith liked to write verse, but complained that he did not find it profitable. Cf. Introduc- tion, p. xxii. He wrote to his brother in 1759: Poetry is a much easier and more agreeable species of composition than prose, and could a man live by it, it were no unpleasant employment to be a poet. 418. Torno : the river Tornea or Torneo, between northern Sweden and Russia, flows into the Gulf of Bothnia. Goldsmith is referring to this rather than to Lake Tornea in northern Sweden. Le Curieux Anti- qiiaire, on Recueil, Geographiqtie et Histoirique, par P. L. Berkenmeyer, Leyden, 1729, probably the Geographie Curieuse to which Goldsmith referred Reverend J. Granger for the solution of " Luke's iron crown," The Traveller, 1. 436 (see Granger's Letters, 1805, p. 52), says (Chapter XIX, p. 594) concerning Torneo: "Tome, Torna, petite ville de la Both- nie, sur le bord Septentrional du Golfe de ce nom, a I'embouchure de la Tome . . ." It is more likely, however, that the name was suggested to Goldsmith by the operations of the French philosopher, M. de Mauper- tuis, in the Arctic regions. See his book. The Figure of the Earth, determined from Observations, made by Order of the French King at the Polar Circle, London, 1738. Tornea is often mentioned throughout the book, as in the table of contents, — "Observations of Arcturus, and of the Pole star, at Tornea," " Height of the Pole at Tornea," etc. — Pambamarca : one of the summits of the Andes near Quito in Ecuador. It is not entered in ordinary geographies. Goldsmith seems to select Tornea and Pambamarca as extremes, representing the Arctic and the equatorial regions. Undoubtedly he derived the suggestion of the name from A Voyage to South America, by Don George Juan and Don Antonio de Ulloa, trans., London, 1760. Cf. "Eastward it [the plain] is defended by the lofty Cordillera of Guamani and Pambamarca, and westward by that of Pinchincha" (p. 219). See also p. 229. Later in the book is described a signal erected on Pambamarca. 419. equinoctial fervours: torrid or equatorial heat. Another phrase in the characteristic eighteenth century poetic manner. Day and night are of about equal length when the sun crosses the equator, i.e. about March 21 and September 23. 422. Redress : make amends for. 425. of: construed with /i^jj^j/. 428. laboured mole: a pier or breakwater. The last four lines of the poem, as Boswell tells us, were written by Dr. Johnson (Boswell's Life_ Chapter XV). They are in a stiffer manner than Goldsmith's. APPENDIX CHARACTER OF THE POOR PARSON FROM Chaucer's Prologue to The Canterbury Tales A good man was ther of religioun, And was a povre PERSOUN of a toun ; But riche he was of holy thoght and werk. He was also a lerned man, a clerk, That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche ; 5 His parisshens devoutly wolde he teche. Benygne he was, and wonder diligent, And in adversitee ful pacient; And swich he was y-preved ofte sithes. Ful looth were hym to cursen for his tithes, 10 But rather wolde he yeven, out of doute, Unto his povre parisshens aboute Of his offryng, and eek of his substaunce. He coude in litel thyng han suffisaunce. Wyd was his parisshe, and houses fer asonder, 15 But he ne lafte nat, for reyn ne thonder, In siknes nor in meschief to visite The ferreste in his parisshe, moche and Hte, Upon his feet, and in his hand a staf. This noble ensample to his sheep he yaf, 20 That first he wroghte, and afterward he taughte ; Out of the gospel he tho wordes caughte ; And this figure he added eek therto. That if gold ruste, what shal yren do? For if a preest be foul, on whom we truste, 25 No wonder is a lewed man to ruste ; And shame it is, if a preest take keep, 28 APPENDIX \ shiten shepherde and a clene sheep. A''el oghte a preest ensample for to yive, 3y his clennesse, how that his sheep shold live. 30 rle sette nat his benefice to hyre, ^.nd leet his sheep encombred in the myre, Vnd ran to London, unto seynte Poules, Po seken hym a chaunterie for soules, )r with a bretherhed to been withhold e ; 35 3ut dwelte at hoom, and kepte wel his folde, 50 that the wolf ne made it nat myscarie ; ie was a shepherde and no mercenarie. ^nd though he holy were, and vertuous, ie was to synful man nat despitous, 40 ^e of his speche daungerous ne digne, 5ut in his techyng discreet and benygne. ?o drawen folk to heven by fairnesse ly good ensample, this was his bisynesse : ?ut it were any persone obstynat, 45 Vhat so he were, of heigh or low estat, lym wolde he snybben sharply for the nonys. ^ bettre preest, I trowe that nowher non is. ie wayted after no pompe and reverence, >Je maked him a spiced conscience, 50 iut Cristes lore, and his apostles' twelve, ie taughte, but first he folwed it hymselve. THE CHARACTER OF A GOOD PARSON FROM Dryden's Tales from Chaucer A parish priest was of the pilgrim train ; ^n awful, reverend, and religious man, lis eyes diffused a venerable grace, ^nd charity itself was in his face, lich was his soul, though his attire was poor ; As God had clothed his own ambassador ;) •"or such, on earth, his bless'd Redeemer bore. APPENDIX 29 Of sixty years he seem'd ; and well might last To sixty more, but that he lived too fast ; Refined himself to soul, to curb the sense; 10 And made almost a sin of abstinence. Yet had his aspect nothing of severe. But such a face as promised him sincere. Nothing reserved or sullen was to see : But sweet regards; and pleasing sanctity : 15 Mild was his accent, and his action free. With eloquence innate his tongue was arm'd ; Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charm'd. For letting down the golden chain from high, He drew his audience upward to the sky ; 20 And oft, with holy hymns, he charm'd their ears : (A music more melodious than the spheres:) For David left him, when he went to rest, His lyre ; and after him he sung the best. He bore his great commission in his look : 25 But sweetly temper'd awe ; and soften'd all he spoke. He preach'd the joys of heaven, and pains of hell ; And warn'd the sinner with becoming zeal ; But on eternal mercy loved to dwell. He taught the gospel rather than the law ; 30 And forced himself to drive ; but loved to draw, For fear but freezes minds ; though love, hke heat. Exhales the soul sublime, to seek her native seat. To threats the stubborn sinner oft is hard ; Wrapp'd in his crimes, against the storm prepared ; 35 But, when the milder beams of mercy play, He melts, and throws his cumbrous cloak away. Lightning and thunder (heaven's artillery) As harbingers before the Almighty fly : Those but proclaim his style, and disappear ; 40 The stiller sound succeeds, and God is there. The tithes, his parish freely paid, he took; But never sued, or cursed with bell and book. With patience bearing wrong ; but offering none ; 30 APPENDIX Since every man is free to lose his own. 45 The country churls, according to their kind, (Who grudge their dues, and love to be behind,) The less he sought his offerings, pinch'd the more, And praised a priest contented to be poor. Yet of his httle he had some to spare, 50 To feed the famish'd, and to clothe the bare: For mortified he was to that degree, A poorer than himself he would not see. True priests, he said, and preachers of the word, Were only stewards of their sovereign Lord ; 55 Nothing was theirs ; but all the public store : Intrusted riches, to relieve the poor ; Who, should they steal, for want of his relief. He judged himself the accomplice with the thief. Wide was his parish ; not contracted close 60 In streets, but here and there a straggling house ; Yet still he was at hand, without request. To serve the sick, to succour the distress'd ; Tempting, on foot, alone, without affright. The dangers of a dark tempestuous night. 65 All this the good old man perform'd alone, Nor spared his pains ; for curate he had none. Nor durst he trust another with his care ; Nor rode himself to Paul's, the public fair. To chaffer for preferment with his gold, 70 Where bishoprics and sinecures are sold ; But duly watch'd his flock by night and day. And from the prowling wolf redeem'd the prey, And hungry sent the wily fox away. The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheer'd ; 75 Nor to rebuke the rich offender fear'd. His preaching much, but more his practice wrought : For this by rules severe his life he squared : That all might see the doctrine which they heard. APPENDIX 31 For priests, he said, are patterns for the rest : 80 (The gold of heaven, who bear the God impress'd :) But when the precious coin is kept unclean, The sovereign's image is no longer seen. If they be foul on whom the people trust. Well may the baser brass contract a rust. 85 The prelate, for his holy life he prized ; The worldly pomp of prelacy despised, His Saviour came not with a gaudy show ; Nor was his kingdom of the world below. Patience in want, and poverty of mind, 90 These marks of Church and Churchmen he design'd, And living taught, and dying left behind. The crown he wore was of the pointed thorn : In purple he was crucified, not born. They who contend for place and high degree, 95 Are not his sons, but those of Zebedee. Not but he knew the signs of earthly power Might well become Saint Peter's successor; The holy father holds a double reign. The prince may keep his pomp, the fisher must be plain. 100 Such was the saint; who shone with every grace. Reflecting, Moses-like, his Maker's face. God saw his image lively was express'd ; And his own work, as in creation, bless'd. The tempter saw him too with envious eye ; 105 And, as on Job, demanded leave to try. He took the time when Richard was deposed, And high and low with happy Harry closed. This prince, though great in arms, the priest withstood ; Near though he was, yet not the next of blood. no Had Richard, unconstrain'd resign'd the throne, A king can give no more than is his own ; The title stood entail'd, had Richard had a son. 32 APPENDIX Conquest, an odious name, was laid aside, Where all submitted, none the battle tried. 115 The senseless plea of right by providence Was, by a flattering priest, invented since ; And lasts no longer than the present sway; But justifies the next who comes in play. The people's right remains; let those who dare 120 Dispute their power, when they the judges are. He join'd not in their choice, because he knew Worse might, and often did, from change ensue. Much to himself he thought ; but little spoke ; And undeprived, his benefice forsook. 125 Now, through the land, his cure of souls he stretch'd ; And like a primitive apostle preach'd. Still cheerful, ever constant to his call. By many follow'd, loved by most, admired by all. With what he begg'd, his brethren he relieved, 130 And gave the charities himself received. Gave while he taught, and edified the more, Because he showed by proof, 'twas easy to be poor. He went not with the crowd to see a shrine; But fed us, by the way, with food divine. 135 In deference to his virtues, I forbear To show you what the rest in orders were : This brilliant is so spotless and so bright. He needs no foil, but shines by his own proper light. ANNOUNCEMENTS STANDARD ENGLISH CLASSICS List Mailing price price Addison and Steele's Sir Roger de Coverley Papers. From " The Spectator." 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