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LAW-LATIN 
 
 A TREATISE IN LATIN 
 
 LEGAL MAXIMS AND PHRASES 
 
 AS A BASIS OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 E. HILTON JACKSON, A.M. LL.M., 
 
 id Law-Latin in the Si 
 Columbian University. 
 
 Instructor in Law and Law-Latin in the Summer School of The 
 
 ; CD 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C, * . /*. 
 
 JOHN BYRNE AND COMPANY. (J^ ^ 
 
 1897. 
 

 Copyright, 1897, 
 
 by 
 
 E. Hilton Jackson. 
 
 FREDERICK, WD. : 
 PRESS OF BAUGHMAN BROS. 
 
TO 
 
 WILLIAM A. MAURY, LL.D , 
 
 Counsellor at Law, 
 
 Professor of Law in the Columbian University, and formerly Assistant 
 
 Attorney-General of the United States, I respectfully 
 
 dedicate this book. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This little book consists of a course in Latin, in 
 which legal maxims and phrases are used as a basis 
 of instruction. It is not designed to give a complete 
 course in the Latin Language, and is intended chiefly 
 to benefit law students and some of the younger mem- 
 bers of the profession, who have not a working knowl- 
 edge of Latin, by making them familiar with the fun- 
 damental principles of the language, while at the 
 same time employing as material of instruction those 
 maxims and phrases met with daily in practice and in 
 the leading text books. 
 
 The maxims and phrases thus utilized comprise sub- 
 stantially all of those annotated in Wharton's & Broom's 
 Legal Maxims, and, besides, many others, three hun- 
 dred and eighty-five in all, in selecting which, their 
 importance in a legal aspect has been constantly borne 
 in miad. 
 
 These maxims have been conveniently divided into 
 thirty-two lessons, conducting the student by a grad- 
 ual and easy process from the more elementary princi- 
 ples of etymology to some of the more involved con- 
 structions of syntax. 
 
 The lessons contain references, so far as may be 
 found serviceable to a correct translation, to the rules 
 and principles of Etymology and Syntax, collated in a 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 single part of this book. More of these rules and 
 principles have been introduced than will be found 
 indispensable to an intelligent study of the lessons, 
 thus making the course as expansive as the inclination 
 of the student or the discretion of the instructor may 
 suggest. 
 
 For convenience, the legal aspect of every phrase 
 and maxim has been set forth, thus avoiding the neces- 
 sity of references to a book of maxims to gain this 
 information. It should be said, however, that the 
 author in thus annotating the phrases and maxims, 
 has striven for accuracy and brevity rather than orig- 
 inality or exhaustive treatment, and has drawn largely 
 upon the labors of others who have preceded him in 
 this field, being especially indebted to Broom and 
 Wharton, to the Law Dictionaries of Bouvier and 
 Anderson, and also to many other sources of informa- 
 tion, for which due credit has been given in the appro- 
 priate place, so far as practicable. 
 
 The English method of pronunciation is suggested 
 as being of the greatest service to members of the 
 profession in the United States, and, looking to this 
 end, its principles have been set forth in the introduc- 
 tory part, following substantially the presentation in 
 Harkuess' Latin Grammar, for which acknowledg- 
 ments are here made. 
 
 The hope is earnestly indulged, and is justified by the 
 author's actual experience, that the thorough student 
 will become a master of this English method of pro- 
 nunciation, and, in addition to the knowledge of Latin 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 acquired, will, by reason of the constant use of these 
 maxims in the class room, have at his tongue's end 
 information that may be considered an almost indis- 
 pensable part of the equipment of every successful 
 practitioner. 
 
 My heartfelt thanks are due to my friend, Professor 
 Andrew P. Montague, LL.D., Professor of Latin and 
 Dean of The Columbian College, whose profound 
 scholarship and intelligent sympathy have done much 
 to lighten the labors of the past few months. 
 
 If this work shall, even in a slight degree, have a 
 tendency to bring the young men of the legal profes- 
 sion to a livelier appreciation of the maxims of the 
 law — " Those unerring principles of truth, in accord- 
 ance with which all laws now and hereafter to be made 
 will be interpreted" — the author will feel fully com- 
 pensated for the time and labor expended. 
 
 E. HILTON JACKSON, 
 
 June, 1897. Washington, D. G. 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSON. PAGE. 
 
 I. First and Second Declension. The verb SUlil . . 1, 2 
 
 II. First and Second Declension. Adjectives. First 
 
 Conjugation 3, 4 
 
 Third Declension. First Conjugation 5, 6 
 
 Third Declension. Second Conjugation .... 6, 7 
 Third Declension. Second Conjugation .... 8, 9 
 Third Declension. Adjectives. Third Conjuga- 
 tion 10, 11 
 
 VII. Fourth Declension. Facio 11, 12 
 
 VIII. Fourth and Fifth Declension 13, 14 
 
 IX. Passive Voice 14, 15 
 
 X. Passive Voice. Fourth Conjugation. Alter. Parti- 
 
 ciples, active 16, 17 
 
 Passive Participle. Gerund 18, 19 
 
 Deponent Verbs 19, 20 
 
 Second Periphrastic Conjugation 20, 21 
 
 Deponents and Second Periphrastic Conj ligation . . 22, 23 
 
 Eelative Pronouns 23, 24 
 
 Personal and Intensive Pronouns 25, 26 
 
 Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 26, 27 
 
 Subjective and Complementary Infinitive .... 28, 29 
 
 Subjective and Complementary Infinitive .... 29, 30 
 
 XX. Comparison of Adjectives 31, 32 
 
 XXI. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 33, 34 
 
 XXII. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 34, 35 
 
 XXIII. Comparison of Adverbs 36, 37 
 
 XXIV. Irregular Verbs. Posse 38, 39 
 
 XXV. Irregular Verbs. Prodesse. Deesse ... 39, 40 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 XXVI. Irregular Verbs. Fieri. Ire 41, 42 
 
 XXVII. Irregular Verbs. Prseferre . 42, 43 
 
 XXVIII. Verbs Controlling Special Cases 44, 45 
 
 XXIX. Verbs Controlling Special Cases 45, 46 
 
 XXX. Ablative Absolute 47, 48 
 
 XXXI. Subjunctive 48, 49 
 
 XXXII. Subjunctive. Accusative and Infinitive . . . . 50, 51 
 
 Tables of all tbe Declensions, Nouns, Adjectives 52-63 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 64-67 
 
 Tables of Declensions of Pronouns 67-70 
 
 Tables of Conjugations of Verbs — Regular and Irregular . . 70-109 
 
 Rules of Syntax 110-112 
 
 Table of Legal Maxims Annotated 113-202 
 
 General Vocabulary 203-219 
 
PRONUNCIATION. XI 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 1. ALPHABET.— The Latin alphabet is the game 
 as in English, except that it has no w. 
 
 In the classical period one form i served for 
 the vowel i and the consonant j, but for conve- 
 nience both forms are used in this book. 
 
 U and v were also denoted by the same form 
 v, but the modern distinction has been retained 
 in this book, u being used as a vowel. 
 
 The Liquids are 1, m, 11, r. 
 
 The Mutes, p, b, t, d, g, c, k, q. 
 
 The Vowels, a, e, i, o, u, y. 
 
 No further division of tbe consonants will be 
 found serviceable in this treatise. 
 
 2. THE ENGLISH METHOD OF PRONUN- 
 CIATION.— Vowels usually have their loug or 
 short English sounds. 
 
 3. LONG SOUNDS.— Vowels have their long- 
 English sounds — a as in fate, e as it mete, i in 
 pine, o in note, u in tube, y in type — in the fol- 
 lowing situations : 
 
 1. In final syllables ending in a vowel; se, si, 
 ser-vi, ser-vo, cor-nu, misy. 
 
 2. In all syllables before a vowel or diph- 
 thong: De-us, de-6-rum, de-ce, di-e-i, ni-Jii-lum. 
 
 3. In penultimate syllables before a single 
 consonant or before a mute followed by a liquid: 
 Pd-te , pd-tres, A-tlios, O-thrys. 
 
Xll PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 4. In unaccented syllables, not final, before a 
 single consonant, or before a mute followed by 
 a liquid : Do-16-ris, cor-po-ri, con-su-lis, a grie- 
 o-la. 
 
 a. A unaccented, except before consonants in 
 final syllables, has the sound of a final in 
 America : men-sa, a-cuAus, a-md-mus. 
 
 b. I and y unaccented, in any syllable except 
 the first and last, generally have the short 
 sound: nob-i-lis (nob-e-lis), Am-y-cus Am-e-cus). 
 
 c. I preceded by an accented a, e, o or y, and 
 followed by another vowel, is a semivowel with 
 the sound of y in yet : A-chd-ia (A-ka-ya), 
 Pom pe-ius (Pom pe-yus), La-to-ia (La-to-ya). 
 
 d. U has the short sound before bl, and the 
 other vowels before gl aud tl: Pub-lic-o-la, 
 Ag-ld-o-plion, At-las. 
 
 e. U in qu, and generally in qu and su, before 
 a vowel, has the sound of iv : qui (kwi), gua; 
 M,n-gua (lin-gwa), lin-guis, sud-de-o (swa-de-o). 
 
 /. Compound Words. — When the first part of 
 a compound is entire and ends in a consonant, 
 any vowel before such consonant has generally 
 the short sound: a in db-es, e in red it, i in in-it, 
 o in 6b -it, prod- est. But those final syllables, 
 which, as exceptions, have the long sound before 
 a consonant, retain that sound in compounds: 
 post-quam, hos-ce. E-ti-am and quo-ni-am are 
 generally pronounced as simple words. 
 
 4. SHORT SOUNDS.— Vowels have their short 
 English sounds — a as in fat, e in met, i in pin, 
 o in not, « in tub, j in myth — in the following 
 situations: 
 
 1. In final syllables ending in a consonant: 
 
. PRONUNCIATION. Xlll 
 
 A-mat, d-met, rex-it, sol, consul, Te-thys; ex- 
 cept post, es final and os final in plural cases: 
 res, di-es, hos, d-gros. 
 
 2. In all syllables before x, or any two con- 
 sonants except a mute followed by a liquid: 
 Rex-it, bel-lum, rex-e-runt, bel-16-rum. 
 
 3. In all accented syllables, not penultimate, 
 before one or more consonants: Dom-inus, 
 pdt-ri-bus. But 
 
 (a.) A, e or o before a single or consonant 
 (or a mute and a liquid), followed by e, i or y 
 before another vowel, has the long sound: 
 d-ci-es, d-cri-a, me-re-o, do-ce-o. 
 
 (b.) U, in any syllable not final, before a 
 single consonant or a mute and a liquid, ex- 
 cept bl, has the long sound: Pil-nicus, sa- 
 M-bri-tas. 
 
 (c.) Compounds; see 3, f. 
 
 5. DIPHTHONGS.— Diphthongs are pro- 
 nounced as follows : 
 
 JE like e: Cae-sar, Baed-a-lus. 
 OE like e: Oe-ta, Oed-i-pus. 
 Au as in author: au-rum. 
 Eu as in neuter: neuter. 
 
 1. JEi and oi are seldom diphthongs, but when 
 so used they are pronounced as in height, coin, 
 hei, proin. 
 
 2. TJi, as a diphthong with the long sound of 
 i, occurs in cui, hui, huic. 
 
 5. CONSONANTS.— The consonants are pro- 
 nounced in general as in English. Thus — 
 
 I. C and G are soft (like s and j) before e, i, 
 y, 03 and oe, and hard in other situations: ce-do, 
 
XIV PRONUNCIATION. • 
 
 ci-vis, Cy-rus, cae-do, coe-pi, d-ge (a-je), d-gi; 
 cd-do (ka-do), co-go, cum, Gd-des. But 
 
 1. C has the sound of sh — 
 
 a. Before i preceded by an accented syl- 
 lable and followed by a vowel: so-ci-us 
 (so-she-ns). 
 
 b. Before eu and yo preceded by an ac- 
 cented syllable: ca-dii-ce-us (ca-du-she-us), 
 Sic-yon (Sish-y-on). 
 
 2. Ch is hard like 1c: cho-rus (ko-rus), chios 
 (ki-os). 
 
 3. G has the soft sound before g soft: 
 dg-ger. 
 
 II. S, T and X are generally pronounced as 
 in the English words son, time, expect: sd-cer, 
 ti-mor, rex-i (rek-si). But — 
 
 1. S, Tand X are aspirated before i pre- 
 ceded by an accented syllable and followed 
 by a vowel — s and t taking the sound of sh, 
 and a? that of Icsh: Al-si-um (Al-she-urn), dr-ti- 
 um (ar-she-um), dnx-i-us (ank-she-us). But — 
 
 a. T loses the aspirate (1) after s, t or x: 
 Os-ti-a, At-tius, mixti-o; (2) in old infini- 
 tives in ier: flec-ti-er; (3) generally 
 proper names in Hon (tyon): Phi -lis -ti -on, 
 Am-phic-ty on. 
 
 2. S is pronounced like z — 
 
 a. At the end of a word after e, ce, an, b, 
 m, n, r: spes, prces, laus, urbs, hi-ems, mons, 
 pars. 
 
 b. In a few words after the aualogy of 
 the corresponding English words: Cae-sar, 
 Caesar ; cau-sa, cause; mu-sa, muse ; miser, 
 miser, miserable, etc. 
 
 3. X at the beginning of a word has the 
 sound of z: Xdn-thus. 
 
FIKST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Slim. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 First and Second Declension. 
 
 7. Decline persona, amicus, interregnum. (98 
 
 (99). 
 Learn present indicative of esse. (126). 
 
 8. 1. Bona; bonus. 
 
 2. In personam. 
 
 3. In Anglia non est interregnum 1 . 
 
 4. Per nriuas. 
 
 5. A menaa 2 et thoro 2 . 
 
 6. A vinculo 2 matrimonii 3 . 
 
 7. Coinmodatum. 
 
 8. Ab initio 2 . 
 
 9. Imperium in imperio*. 
 
 10. Arbitrium est judicium. 
 
 11. In foro conscientise 5 . 
 
 12. In future 
 
 13. Damnum sine injuria. 
 11. Amicus curiae 6 . 
 
 9. a or ab, prep. w. abl., from, by, 
 amicus,-i, m. friend. 
 Anglia,-ae, f. England. 
 
 1 See 132, I. *See 132, XXIY. 
 
 2 See 1 3 2 , XIX. 5 See 1 3 2, VIII. 
 3 See 132, VII. 6 See 132, X. 
 
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Sum. 
 
 arbitrium,-i, n. award. 
 
 bona,-drum, n. goods, property. 
 
 t)dnus,-i, m. bonus. 
 
 comm'odatum,-i, n. loan. 
 
 conscientia,-ae, f. conscience. 
 
 ciiria,-ae, f. court. 
 
 damnum, -i, n. loss, damages. 
 
 et, conj., and. 
 
 fdrum,-i, n . forum, court. 
 
 futiirum,-i, n. future. 
 
 imperium,-i, n. government, state. 
 
 in, prep. w. ace, into, to, against, i. e. motion. 
 
 w. abl., in, on, i. e. rest. 
 initium,-i, n. beginning. 
 injiiria-se, f. injury. 
 interregnum,-!, n. interregnum. 
 judicium, -i, u. judgment. 
 matrimonium,-i, n. marriage, matrimony. 
 inensa,-8e, f. board, table. 
 mina,-ae, f. threat. 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 per, prep. w. ace, through, by. 
 persona,-8e, f. person. 
 sine, prep. w. abl., ivithout. 
 thorus,-i, in. bed, couch. 
 vinculum,-i, n. bond, chain. 
 
FIRST AiND SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Adjectives of the First and Second Declension. 
 
 10. Decline btfnus and malus. (107). 
 
 Learn present indicative active of mando. 
 
 (120). 
 
 11. 1. Malo 1 amnio 2 . 
 
 2. Ignorantia facti excusat. 
 
 3. Mandamus. 
 
 4. Pro bono publico s . t i 
 
 5. Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam*. 
 
 6. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. 
 
 7. Dona clandestina sunt semper suspicidsa. 
 
 8. Terra firma. 
 
 9. Propter odium delicti. 
 
 10. Ex officio 5 . 
 
 11. Injuria non excusat injuriam*. 
 
 12. Via antiqua est tuta. 
 
 13. Scienter. 
 
 12. ad, prep. w. ac, based upon, according to. 
 animus,-i, m, intent, mind. 
 antiquus,-a,-um, adj., ancient, old. 
 argumentum,-i, n. argument. 
 b6nus,-a,-um, adj., good. 
 
 1 Seel32, IV. * See 132, II. 
 
 2 See 132, XVIIL 6 See 132, XVII* 
 
 3 See 132, XVU. 
 
FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 charta,-8e, f. writing, instrument, deed, 
 
 clandestinus,-a,-um, adj., secret. 
 
 delictum,-i, n. offense, crime. 
 
 don u m, -i, n. gift. 
 
 dum, conj., while. 
 
 ex, prep. w. abl., by virtue of. 
 
 excuso,-are,-avi,-atum, excuse, condone, 
 
 factum,-!, n. fact. 
 
 firmusr,-a,-um, ad]., firm, solid. 
 
 grammatica^-ae, f. grammar. 
 
 ignorantia,-a3, f. ignorance. 
 
 malus,-a,-uni, adj. bad, evil. 
 
 mando,-are,-avi,-atum, command. 
 
 6dium,-i, n. odium. 
 
 officium,-i, u. office. 
 
 pro, prep. \v. abl., /or, on behalf of. 
 
 publicus,-a,-um s adj., public. 
 
 propter, prep. w. ace., on account of. 
 
 scienter, adv., with knowledge, knowingly. 
 
 semper, adv., icithout. 
 
 sunt, (they) are. 
 
 suspiciosus,-a,-um, adj., suspicious. 
 
 terra,-a,-um, f. land. 
 
 tutus,-a,-um, adj., safe. 
 
 via,-ae, f. way, road. 
 
 vitio,-are,-avi,-£tum, vitiate, make void* 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 5 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 13. Decline lex, visitatio, homo, rex, mens, con- 
 
 suetude (100), (101), (102). 
 Learn future and perfect indicative active of 
 inando. (120). 
 
 14. 1. Custodia legis. 
 
 2. Impotentia excusat legem. 
 
 3. Visitationem commendainus. 
 
 4. Lex Anglise lex 1 terrre est. 
 
 5. Argumentum ad liominem. 
 
 6. Lex Anglise est lex niisericordiee. 
 
 7. Lex dabit reinedium. 
 
 8. Festinatio justitise 2 est noverca 1 infortiinii. 
 
 9. Aula regis. 
 
 10. Plene administravit. 
 
 11. Assentio inentinm 2 . 
 
 12. Consuetude- regni est lex 1 Anglise. 
 
 15. administro,-are-avi-atum, administer. 
 assentio,-6nis, f. assent. 
 
 aula,-8e, f. hall. 
 
 commendo,-are,-avi,-atum, commend. 
 consuetudo,-inis, f. custom. 
 Cornelia,-se, f. Cornelia. 
 cust6dia,-se, f. custody, guard. 
 de, prep. w. abl., about, concerning. 
 do,-are,-dedi,-datum, give, furnish. 
 
 *Seel32, III. 2 See 132, IX. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 festinatio,-onis, f. haste. 
 impotentia,-8e, f. inability, impotence. 
 infortuniuin,-i, n. misfortune, disaster, 
 justitia,-se, f. justice. 
 lex, legis, f. law. 
 mens, mentis, f. mind. 
 miseric6rdia,-8e, f. mercy, pity. 
 noverca,-se, f. stepmother. 
 plene, adv., fully. 
 regnum,-i, n. kingdom. 
 remedium,-i, n. remedy. 
 rex, regis, in. Icing. 
 sicarius,-i, m. assassin. 
 Tisitatio,-6nis, f. visit. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 16. Decline necessitas, servitus, stipulator. (100), 
 
 (lOl). 
 Learn the present indicative active of h&beo* 
 
 (121). 
 
 17. 1. Nec6ssitas non habet legem. 
 
 2. Falsa demonstratio non nocet. , 
 
 3. Executio legis non habet injuriaru. 
 
 4. Inter anna leges silent. 
 
 5. Lex dilationes abhorret. 
 
 6. Misera est servitus, ubi lex vaga aut in- 
 
 certa. 
 
 7. Malitia supplet setatem. 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 8. Suppressio veri, expressio falsi. 
 
 9. Lex spectat naturae ordinem. 
 
 10. Actiones legis. 
 
 11. Ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est. 
 
 12. C6ram domino rege. 
 
 18. abborreo,-ere,-ui, , abhor. 
 
 actio,-onis, f. action. 
 aetas,-atis, f. age. 
 ambignitas,-atis, f. ambiguity. 
 arma,-<5rum, n. plur. arms. 
 contra, prep. w. ace, against. 
 coram, prep. w. abl., in the presence of. 
 dilatio,-6nis, f. delay. 
 demonstratio,-6nis, f. proof. 
 dominus,-i, in. lord, master. 
 executio,-6nis, f. execution. 
 falsus,-a,-um, adj., false. 
 habeo,-£re,-ui,-itum, have. 
 incertus,-a,-um, adj., uncertain, 
 inter, prep. w. ace, among. 
 nialitia,-se, f. malice. 
 miser,-era,-ernm, adj., toretched. 
 natiira,-ae, f. nature. 
 necessitas,-atis, f. necessity. 
 noceo,-ere,-ui,-itum, harm, do injury. 
 6rdo,-inis, f. order. 
 rex,-egis, m. king. 
 servitus,-utis, f. servitude, slavery. 
 
 sileo,-ere,-ui, , to be silent. 
 
 specto,-are,-avi,-atum, look at, regard. 
 
 stipulator,-6nis, m. stipulator, party using. 
 
 suppre'ssioj-dnis, f. suppression. 
 
 ubi, adv., where. 
 
 vagns,-a,-um., adj., uncertain, ambiguous. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 19. Decline mos, vox, comes, judex, jus, vis, 
 
 nacres, corpus, fraus. (100), (101), (102), 
 (105). 
 Learn present indicative active of respdndeo 
 (like habeo). (121). 
 
 20. 1. Contra bonos mores. 
 
 2. Vox populi vox Dei est. 
 
 3. Negligentia semper habet infortuniam c6- 
 
 mitem 1 . 
 
 4. TTbi jus, remedium est. 
 
 5. Ad quaestionem facti non respondent 
 
 judices; ad quaestionem juris non re- 
 spondent juratores. 
 
 6. Executio est executio juris secundum judi- 
 
 cium. 
 
 7. Fraus et jus nunquam cohabitant. 
 
 8. Louga possessio est pacis jus. 
 
 9. Falsa ortkographia sive falsa grammatica 
 
 non vitiat concessioner. 
 
 10. Vi 2 et arm is. 2 
 
 11. Nam nemo haeres viventis est. 
 
 12. C6rpus delicti. 
 
 21. cohabito,-are,-avi,-atum, to live or dwell to- 
 
 gether. 
 
 l See 132, VI. 2 See 132, XVII. 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 9 
 
 cdmes,-itis, m. and f. companion, 
 
 concessio,-onis, f. grant. » 
 
 cdrpus,-oris, n. body. 
 
 delictum,-i, u. crime, offense. 
 
 Deus,-i, m. God. 
 
 iraus,-dis, in. fraud. 
 
 Jiaeres,-edis, m. heir. 
 
 infortunia,-ae, f. misfortune. 
 
 jurator,-6ris, m. juror. 
 
 jus,-iiris, n. law, right. 
 
 inos,-6ris, m. custom. 
 
 negligentia,-£e, f. negligence. 
 
 nemo,-iuis, c. no one. 
 
 niinquam, adv., never. 
 
 orthographia,-se, f. .spelling. 
 
 possessio,-6nis, f. possession. 
 
 resp6udeo,-ere,-di,-sp6usum, to answer to, to 
 
 respond. 
 secundum, prep. \v. ace, according to. 
 sive, conj., or. 
 Tis, vis, f. force. 
 vivens,-iitis, c. a living person. 
 vox,-6cis, f. voice. 
 
10 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Adjectives of the Third Declension. 
 
 22. Decline brevis, simplex, filius, nomeii. (108), 
 
 (100), (101), (99). 
 Learn present indicative of indiico (like rego). 
 
 (122). 
 
 23. 1. fra furor brevis est. 
 
 2. Simplex commendatio non obligat. 
 
 3. Necessitas inducit privilegium. 
 
 4. F6rma legalis forma essentialis. 
 
 5. Haeres est nomen legis, filius est n6men 
 
 naturae. 
 
 6. Lex neminem c6git ad vana seu impossibilia. 
 
 7. In flctione legis, aequitas existit. 
 
 8. Crimen trabit personam. 
 
 9. Debile fundamentum fallit opus. 
 
 10. Lex necessitatis est lex temporis, i. e. in- 
 stantis. 
 
 24. aequitas,-&tis, f. equity. 
 brevis,-e, adj., brief, short. 
 c6go,-ere, coegi, coactum, compel, drive. 
 commendatio,-onis, f. recommendation. 
 crimen,-inis, n. crime. 
 
 d£bilis,-e, adj., weak. 
 essential is, -e, adj., essential. 
 existo,-ere, exstiti, exstitum, exist. 
 fallo-ere, fefelli, falsum, destroy. 
 fictio,-6nis, f. fiction. 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 11 
 
 filius,-i, m. son. 
 
 i"6rma,-se, f. form. 
 
 furor,-6ris, m. madness. 
 
 impossibilis,-e, adj., impossible. 
 
 inttuco,-ere,-duxi,-cluctum, induce. 
 
 instaus,-ntis, adj., present. 
 
 ira,-ae, f. anger. 
 
 leg-alis,-e, adj., legal. 
 
 nomeii,-mis, n, name. 
 
 dbligo,-are,-avi,-atum, bind. 
 
 6mnis,-e, adj., all. 
 
 6pus,-eris, n. superstructure, work. 
 
 privilegium,-i, n. privilege. 
 
 rego,-ere,-rexi, rectum, control, rule. 
 
 seu, conj., or. 
 
 solvo,-ere, solvi, soliitum, free, release. 
 
 tempus,-oris, n. time. 
 
 traho,-ere, traxi, tractum, to carry with. 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 Fourth Declension. 
 
 25. Decliue actus, casus. (103). 
 
 Learn present indicative active of facio like) 
 capio). (123). 
 
 26. 1. Xnnus luctus. 
 
 2. In casu extremes necessitatis 6mnia sunt 
 
 communia. 
 
 3. Xctus legis facit nemini 1 injuriam. 
 
 4. Communis error facit jus. 
 
 5. Breve judiciale non cadit pro defectu f6rm8B. 
 
 1 See 132, XIII. 
 
12 FOURTH DECLENSION. Capio. 
 
 6. Jura naturae sunt immutabilia. 
 
 7. Lex prospicit, non respicit. 
 
 8. Ang'liae jura in onani casu libertati 1 dant 
 
 favorein. 
 
 9. Non jus facit sed seisina facit stipitem. 
 
 10. Lex nil frustra facit. 
 
 11. Exceptio probat regulain. 
 
 27. actus,-us, m. act. 
 
 , aestimatio,-6nis, f. estimate, value. 
 anuus,-i, m. year. 
 l>reve,-is, n. writ. 
 cado,-ere, cecidi, casum, fail. 
 c£sus,-us, m. case, contingency. 
 commiinis,-e, adj., common. 
 defectus,-us, m. defect, error. 
 exceptio,-6nis, f. exception. 
 error,-6ris, m. mistake, error. 
 extremus,-a,-um, adj., dire, extreme, urgent. 
 facio,-ere, feci, factum, do, make. 
 favor, -oris, m. boon, preference. 
 frustra, adv., in vain. 
 humanus,-a,-um, human. 
 immutabilis,-e, adj., unchanging, immutable. 
 judicialis,-e, judicial. 
 libertas,-atis, f. liberty. 
 liictus,-us. m. mourning. 
 maims, -us, f. hand, custody. 
 inortuus,-a,-am, adj., dead. 
 probo,-are,-avi,-atum, prove. 
 prospicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look forward. 
 regula,-se, f. rule. 
 
 respicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look backward. 
 stipes,-itis, f. root, stock. 
 
 ^See 132, XIII. 
 
FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSION. 16 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Declensions. 
 
 28. Decline contractus, res, dies. (103), (104). 
 Declitie finis, integer, magister. (102), (107 , 
 
 (99). % 
 
 29. 1. Contractus est quasi actus contra actum. 
 
 2. Executio legis est finis et fructus legis. 
 
 3. Ees Integra. 
 
 4. Jus ad rem; jus in re. 
 
 5. Bona fides ; bona fide. 
 
 6. Mala fide. 
 
 7. Dies Dominicus non est juridicus. 
 
 8. Senatns popnlusqne Komanus. 
 
 9. Magister verum usns; magistra rerum exper- 
 
 ientia. 
 
 10. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. 
 
 11. Fractionem diei 1 non recipit lex. 
 
 12. Cursus curiae est lex curiae. 
 
 30. contractus,-us, m. contract. 
 curia,-*©, f. court 
 cursus,-us, in. practice. 
 dies,-ei, m. day. 
 
 Dominicus,-a,-uin, adj., of tlie Lord. 
 experientia,-ie, f. experience. 
 fides,-ei, f. faith. 
 
 finis,-is, m. end. 
 
 ^ee 132, XL 
 
14 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 fractio,-6nis, f. fraction. 
 fructus,-us, m. fruit, 
 juridicus,-a,-um, adj., legal. 
 magister,-tri, m. master. 
 magistrate, f. mistress. 
 mem6ria,-ae, f. memorial, memory. 
 pars,-rtis, f. part. 
 perp«5tuus,-a,-um, adj., continual. 
 populus,-i, m. people. 
 quasi, conj., aM if. 
 res, rei, f. thing, affair. 
 Romamis,-a,-um, adj., Roman. 
 senatus,-us, m. senate. 
 iisus,-us, m. custom, use. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 31. Learn present indicative passive of pondero, 
 
 praesiimo, accipio, habeo. (120), (122), 
 (121.) 
 
 32. 1. Injuria nou praesumitur. 
 
 2. Ponderantur testes non numerantur. 
 
 3. Voluntas reputabatur pro facto. 
 
 4. Omnia prsesuinuntur contra spoliatorein. 
 
 5. Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur. 
 
 6. Vir et uxor in lege putantur una persona. 
 
 7. tltile per inutile non vitiatur. 
 
 8. Con flrmatio est nulla ibi donum prsecedens 1 
 
 est invalidum. 
 
 1 See(131), IV. 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 15 
 
 9. Ubi nullum matiimonium ibi nulla dos. 
 
 10. Ees judicata accipitur pro veritate. 
 
 11. Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verifica- 
 
 tione excluditur. 
 
 12. Invito beneficium non datur. 
 
 33. accipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, accept. 
 beneficium,-i, n. benefit, advantage. 
 confirmatio,-6nis, f. confirmation. 
 dos, dotis, f. dower. 
 
 excludo,-ere,-cliisi,-clusum, explain, clear up. 
 exitus,-us, m. end, result. 
 ifoi, adv., there. 
 
 invalidus,-a,-um, adj., i7ivalid, void. , 
 
 invitus,-a,-um, adj., unwilling. 
 jiidico,-are,-avi,-dtum, adjudicate. 
 niimero,-are,-avi,-atuiii, count. 
 ndllus,-a,-um, adj., no (one). 
 pdtens,-ntis, adj., patent. 
 p6ndero,-are,-avi,-atum, weigh. 
 pr8ecedens,-ntis, adj., precedent. 
 pr8esiimo,-ere,-sumpsi,-sumptum, presume. 
 piito,-are,-£vi,-&tum, regard. 
 reputo,-are,-avi,-atum, consider. 
 spoliatoi*,-6ris, m. wrongdoer. 
 t^stis,-is, c. icitness. 
 iinus,-a,-nm, adj., one. 
 dxor,-oris, f. wife. 
 verbum,-i, n. word. 
 verific&tio,-6nis, f. proof. 
 veritas,-atis, f. truth. 
 vir,-viri, m. husband. 
 voliintas,-atis, f. will. 
 
16 VERBS. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 34. Learn present and perfect indicative active of 
 
 audio, and the present indicative passive of 
 punio. (124). 
 Decline pr8eveniens,prohibens, alter, like alius. 
 
 (108), (109). 
 
 35. 1. Terra transit cum onere 1 . 
 
 2. Lex punit mendacium. 
 
 3. Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto. 
 
 4. Conventio et modus viucunt legem. 
 
 5. Actio non datur non damnificato. 
 
 6. Justitia est duplex ; severe puniens et v6re 
 
 prsevenieus. 
 
 7. Lex est sanctio sancta, jubens honestatem 
 
 et prohibens contraria. 
 
 8. Semper prsesumitur pro matrimonio. 
 
 9. Semper prsesumitur pro legitimatione puer- 
 
 6rum. 
 
 10. Lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, incongrua. 
 
 11. Aequitas nunquam contravenit l§ges. 
 
 12. Audi alteram partem. 
 
 36. aliemis,-a,-um, adj., another's. 
 alter,-a,-um, adj., other. 
 audio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, hear. 
 contrarius,-a,-um, adj., opposite. 
 contravenio,-ire,-i,-ventum, thwart, run coun- 
 ter to. 
 
 1 Bee 132, XVII. 
 
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 17 
 
 conventio,-onis, f. contract. 
 cum, prep, with abl., with, in company with. 
 damnific^tus,-a,-um, adj., injured, damnified. 
 duplex,-icis, adj., two -fold. 
 honestas,-atis, f. honesty. 
 iuc6ngruus,-a,-um, adj., incongruous. 
 jubeo,-ere, jiissi, jussum, command. 
 legitimatio,-6nis, f. legitimacy. 
 mendaeium,-i, n. falsehood. 
 modus, -i, m. agreement. 
 6nus,-eris, n. incumbrance. 
 pars,-rtis, f. side. 
 
 pra3venio,-ire,-i,-ventum, prevent by anticipat- 
 ing. 
 proliibeo,-ere,-ui,-itum,^reventf. 
 puer,-eri, c. child. 
 pugno,-are,-avi,-&tum, conflict. 
 pdnio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum,^« W j's/ i . 
 rejicio,-ere,-jeci,-jectum, refuse, reject. 
 sanctio,-dnis, f. oath. 
 ganctus,-a,-um, adj., sacred. 
 severe, adv., sevemiij. 
 superfluus,-a,-um, adj., superfluous. 
 traxiseo,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, pass. 
 vere, adv., truly. 
 vinco,-ere, vici, victum, overcome. 
 
18 PARTICIPLES. GERUND. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 Perfect Passive Participle. Gerund. 
 
 37. Learn the perfect passive participle of gero and 
 
 the gerund of iuro. 
 Learn perfect indicative active of capio (123.) 
 
 38. 1. Stare decisis. 
 
 2. l)e bonis non administratis. 
 
 3. Non est inforniatus. 
 
 4. Onus probandi. 
 
 5. Animo furandi; animo testandi.. 
 
 6. Mala prohibita. 
 
 7. Jus scriptum aut non scriptum. 
 
 8. Clausula^ inconsuetse semper inducnnt sus- 
 
 picionem. 
 
 9. Extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus. 
 
 10. Cepi corpus et est languidus. 
 
 11. Cepi corpus et paratum habeo. 
 
 12. Ees gestae. 
 
 39. ago,-ere,-egi,-actum, transact. 
 capio, -t re, -cepi, -captum, take. 
 civiliter, adv., civilly. 
 claiisula,-ae, f. clause. 
 decicio,-ere,-idi,-cisuin, decide. 
 decisum,-i, n. decision. 
 furor, -ari,-atus sum, steal. 
 gero,-ere,-gessi,-gestum, transact. 
 induco,-ere,-duxi,-ductum, excite. 
 
DEPONENT VERBS. 19 
 
 inconsuetus,-a,-um, adj., unusual. 
 informo,-are,-avi,-atuin, inform. 
 languidus,-a,-um, adj., sick. 
 paro,-are,-avi,-atum, 'prepare. 
 pono,-ere, posui, positum, place. 
 scribo,-ere,-scripsi, scriptum, write. 
 sto, stare, steti, statu in, stand, abide. . 
 suspicio,-6nis, f, suspicion. 
 testor,-ari,-atus sum, make a will. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 Deponent Verbs. 
 
 40. Learn present indicative of sequor (125), mo- 
 
 rior. 
 
 41. 1. Justitia 1 firmatur solium. 
 
 2. Aequitas legem sequitur 2 . 
 
 3. Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur. 
 
 4. Actio personalis moritur cum persona. 
 5., Lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem. 
 
 G. Rex nunquam moritur. 
 
 7. Ex dole inalo actio non oritur. . ; 
 
 8. Ex nudo pacto actio non oritur., 
 
 !). Dormiunt leges aliquando, nunquam mori- 
 un tur. 
 
 10. Accessorium non ducit, sed sequitur suuiii 
 
 principale. 
 
 11. Lex non oritur ex injuria. 
 
 ] '2. Servitia personalia sequuutur personam. 
 
 ! See (132), XVII. 2 See (132), XXXV. 
 
20 SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 42. accessorium,-i, n. accessory. 
 aliquaudo, adv., sometimes. 
 
 alldquor,-16qui,-lociitus sum, address, speak to. 
 dolum,-i, n. device. 
 dormio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, sleep. 
 diico,-ere, diixi, drictum, lead. 
 firmo,-are,-avi,-atum, strengthen. 
 morior,-i(-iri), mortuus sum, die. 
 midus,-a,-um, naked. 
 6rior,-iri, ortus sum, arise, accrue. 
 os,-dris, n. voice. 
 personalis,-e, adj., personal. 
 priucipale,-is, n. principal. 
 sequor,-i, seedtus sum, follow. 
 servitia,-6rum, n. plur. services. 
 solium,-i, n. throne. 
 suug,-a,-um, poss. pron., Ms. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 The Second Periphrastic Conjugation. 
 
 43. Learn in this conjugation the present tense of 
 
 negandus esse. 2 
 
 44. 1. Lex non a r^ge 1 est violanda 2 . 
 
 2. Justitia nemini neganda est. 
 
 3. Facnltas probationum non est angustanda. 
 
 4. In novo casu novum remediuin apponendum 
 
 est. 
 
 ^ee 132, XXII. » See 132, XXXIV. 
 
SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 21 
 
 5. Consuetudo observanda est. 
 
 6. Allegans contraria non est audiendus. 
 
 7. Allegans suarn turpitudiueiu non est audi- 
 
 endus. 
 
 8. Mens testatoris in testamentis spectanda est. 
 
 9. Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda. 
 
 10. Fides servanda est. 
 
 11. Debitum in praesenti, solvendmn in futuro. 
 
 12. Generalis regula geueraliterest intelligeuda. 
 
 45. admitto,-ere,-misi, missum, admit. 
 allegatio,-6nis, f. allegation. 
 allego,-are,-avi,-atum, allege. 
 aiigdsto,-are,-avi,-atum, restrict, limit. 
 app6no,-ere,-p6sui,-p6situm, apply. 
 audio,-ire,-ivi-(ii),-itum, hear. 
 debitum,-i, n. debt. 
 
 divino,-are,-avi,-atum, prophesy, forecast, fore- 
 tell. 
 facultas,-atis, f. opportunity. 
 generalis,-e, adj., general. 
 generaliter, adv., generally. 
 
 intelligo,-ere,-lexi,-lectum, understand, inter- 
 pret. 
 mens,-ntis, f. intent. 
 nego,-are,-avi,- atum, observe. 
 praesens,-ntis, adj., present. 
 prob£tio,-6nis, f. proof. 
 servo,-are,-avi,-atum, keep, preserve. 
 violo,-are,-avi,-atum, disregard. 
 
22 DEPONENTS. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 LESSON XIV. ! 
 
 Deponents and Second Periphrastic Conjugation. 
 
 46. Learn present indicative of mereor, admit ten- 
 
 dus esse. 
 
 47. 1. Ex facto jns oritur. 
 
 2. Ad rem loquitur. 
 
 3. Cogitationis poenam nemo meretur. 
 
 4. Mobilia personam sequuntur. 
 
 5. Partus sequitur ventrem. 
 
 6. In verbis, non verba sed res et ratio qua> 
 
 renda est. 
 
 7. Fraus est odiosa et non proesumenda est. 
 
 8. Iu republica maxime conservanda sunt jura 
 
 belli. 
 
 9. Juramentum est indivisibile et non est 
 
 admittendum in parte verum et in parte 
 falsum. 
 
 10. Debita sequuntur personam debitoris. 
 
 11. Ex turpe causa non oritur causa. 
 
 12. Judex est lex loquens. 
 
 48. bellum,-i, n. war. 
 cogitatio,-6nis, f. thought. 
 conservo,-are,-avi,-atum, observe, regard. 
 debitor,-6ris, m. debtor. 
 
 ex, prep. w. aid., from. 
 indivisibilis,-e, adj., indivisible. 
 jridex,-ieis, m. judge. 
 juramentum, -i, n. on-th. 
 16quor,-i, lociitus sum, speak. 
 
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 23 
 
 maxime, adv., especially. 
 
 mereor,-eri, meritus sum, deserve. 
 
 mobilia,-ium, n. plur., furniture, movables. 
 
 ocliosus,-a,-um, adj., odious. 
 
 partus,-us, m. offspring. 
 
 poena,-.©, f. punishment. 
 
 quaero,-ere, qnaesivi(-ii), quaesitum, inquire 
 
 into. 
 ratio,-6nis, f. reason. 
 respiiblica,-ei,-8e, f. republic. 
 tiirpis,-e, adj., base. 
 venter, -tris, f. womb, mother. 
 verus,-a,-um, adj., true. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 Relative Pronouns. 
 
 49. Decline qui (117). 
 
 50. 1. Qui 1 non improbat, approbat. 
 
 2. Nemo dat qui non liabet. 
 
 3. Quod necessitas cogit, defendit. 
 
 4. Qui sentit commodum, debet et sentire onus, 
 
 at e contra. 
 
 5. Qui baeret in litera, baeret in cortice. 
 
 6. Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis 
 
 non convalescit. 
 
 7. Error qui non restituitur approbatur. 
 
 1 See 132, V. 
 
24 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 8. Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit. 
 
 9. Quod non apparet, non est. 
 
 10. Haeres legitiums est quern tiuptiae demon- 
 
 s trail t. 
 
 11. Pater est quern nuptioe demonstrant. 
 
 12. Fatetur facialis qui judicium fugit. 
 
 51. appareo,-ere,-ui,-itum, appear. 
 
 approbo,-are,-avi,-atum, approve. 
 commodum,-i, n. advantage, benefit. 
 convalesco,-valescere,-valui, — , gather strength. 
 cortex,-icis, m. and f. baric. 
 debeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, ought. 
 defendo,-ere,-di,-sum, defend. 
 demonstro,-are,-avi,-atum, indicate. 
 et, adv., also. 
 facinus,-oris, u. crime. 
 fateor,-eri, fassus sum, confess. 
 fugio,-ere, fugi, fugitum, fly from. 
 haereo,-ere, liaesi, liaesum, cling to. 
 improbo,-are,-avi,-atum, blame. 
 legitimus,-a,-um, adj., legal, lawful. 
 litera,-ae, f. letter. 
 nuptise,-arum, f. plur. marriage. 
 qui, qua?, quod, rel. pron., icho, which. 
 requiro,-ere,-quisivi(-ii),-quisitum, require. 
 restituo,-iiere,-ui, utum, correct. 
 sentio,-tire,-si,-sum, enjoy, bear. 
 vanus,-a,-um, adj. vain. 
 
PERSONAL AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS. 25 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 Personal and Intensive Pronouns. 
 
 52. Decline siii and ipse (115), (116). 
 
 53. 1. Qui f'acit per alium facit per se. 
 
 2. Qui non babet potestatem alien audi babet 
 
 necessitatem retinendi. 
 
 3. Quod non babet principium, non babet 
 
 iinem. 
 
 4. In curia Domini regis, ipse in propria per- 
 
 sona jura discernit. 
 
 5. Nihil quod inconveniens est licitum. 
 
 6. In oiniii re nascitur res quae ipsa rein ex- 
 
 termiuat. 
 
 7. In traditionibus scriptorum, non quod dic- 
 
 tum est sed quod gestuni est inspicitur. 
 
 8. Frustra probatur quod probatuni non rele- 
 
 vat. 
 
 9. Malum in se. 
 
 10. Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat. 
 
 11. Bis dat qui cito dat. 
 
 54. alieno,-are,-avi,-atum, alienate. 
 bis. uum, adv., twice. 
 
 cito, adv., quickly. 
 dico,-ere, dixi, dictuin, say. 
 discemo,-ere,-crevi,-cretum, dispense. 
 extermino,-are,-avi,-atum, destroy. 
 inspicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look into, ex- 
 am hie. 
 
26 DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 
 ipse,-a,-um, demons, pron., himself, herself^ 
 
 itself. 
 licitus,-a,-um, lawful, legal. 
 nascor,-i,-natus sum, generate, arise, be born. 
 nil, nihil, indecl. u. nothing. 
 potestas,-atis, f. power. 
 principium,-i, n . beginning. 
 proprius,-a,-um, one's own, peculiar, 
 relevo,-are,-avi,-atum, be relevant. 
 retineo,-ere,-ui, retentum, hold. 
 scriptnm,-i, n. deed. 
 
 siii, gen. of reflex, pron., of himself , herself, etc. 
 traditio,-6nis, f. delivery. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 Demonstrative and Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
 55. Decline is, idem, quis, quilibet. (116), (117). 
 
 56. 1. Nemo bis punitnr pro eodem delicto. 
 
 2. Cujus solum, ejus est usque ad coelura; et 
 
 ad inferos. 
 
 3. Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui 
 
 negat. 
 
 4. Qui in utero est, pro jam nato babetur, quo- 
 
 ties de ejus commodo quaeritur. 
 
 5. XJbi eadem ratio ibi idem lex, et de similibus 
 
 idem est judicium. 
 
 6. De non apparentibus et de non existentibus 
 
 eadem est ratio. 
 
 7. In quo quis delinquit, in eo de jtire est pu- 
 
 niendus. 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 27 
 
 8. Jus naturale est quod apud omnes homines 
 
 eandem potentiam habet. 
 
 9. Jus est norma recti; et quicquid est contra 
 
 normani recti est injuria. 
 10. Felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione. 
 
 57. apud, prep. w. ace, among. 
 
 coelum,-i, n. sJcy. 
 
 commodum,-i, n. benefit. 
 
 de, prep. w. abl., according to. 
 
 delinqiio,-ere,-liqui,-lictum, be wanting, offend. 
 
 dico,-ere,-xi,-ctum, affirm. 
 
 Iel6nki,-a3, f. felony. 
 
 habeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, hold, consider. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, demons, pron., the same. 
 
 implico,-are,-avi( -ui ),-atum ( -itum ), imply. 
 
 inciimbo,-ere,-ciibui,-ciibitiim, rest upon. 
 
 ini'erus,-a-um, adj., belonging to the Lower 
 World. 
 
 injuria,-se, f. wrong. 
 
 is, ea, id, demons, pron., he, she, it, this, that. 
 
 naturalis,-e, adj., natural. 
 
 norma,-*, f. rule. 
 
 potentia,-se, f. power. 
 
 proditio,-onis, f. treason. 
 
 quilibet, quaelibet, quddlibet, indef. pron., any 
 hind of. 
 
 quisquis, quaequse, quicquid, indef. pron., any- 
 thing, something. 
 
 ratio,-6nis, f. rule, reason. 
 
 rectum,-i, n. right, truth. 
 
 similis,-e, adj., Wee. 
 
 solum,-i, ii. soil. 
 
 usque, adv. all the way up to. 
 
 uterus,-i, m. womb. 
 
28 SUBJECTIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 Subjective and Complementary Infinitive. 
 
 58. Note present infinitives active and passive of all 
 
 conjugations. (120), (121), (122), (123), 
 (124). 
 
 59. l. Cujus 1 est dare, ejus est dispouere. 
 
 2. Idem nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere. 
 
 3. Merito beneficium legis ainittit qui legem, 
 
 ipsani subvertere in tend it. 
 
 4. Nemo adniittendus est inhabilitare se ipsum. 
 
 5. Arbor dum crescit ; lignum cum crescere 
 
 neseit. 
 
 6. Fratis est celare fraudem. 
 
 7. Aqua currit et debet currere. 
 
 8. Id quod commune est, nostrum esse dicitur. 
 
 9. Judicium non debet illusorium ; suum effec- 
 
 tum habere debet. 
 
 10. Jus dicere, non jus dare. 
 
 11. C6ntra non valentem agere nulla currit 
 
 preescrpitio. 
 
 12. Nemo se aecusare debet, nisi coram Deo. 
 
 60. acciiso,-are,-avi,-atum, accuse. 
 amitto,-ere, amisi, amissuui, lose. 
 aqua,-a3, f. water. 
 arbor,-6ris, f. tree. 
 celo,-are,-avi,-atum, conceal. 
 cresco,-ere,-crevi, crettun, grow. 
 
 'See 132, XII. 
 
SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE. 29 
 
 cum, conj., when. 
 ciirro,-ere, cuciirri, ciirsum, run. 
 dispono,-ere,-p6sui,-pdsitum, dispose. 
 effectum,-i, n. effect. 
 illusdriiis,-a,-um, adj., illusory. 
 inhaDilito,-are,-avi,-atum, incapacita te. 
 insufficienter, adv., insufficiently. 
 intendo,-dere,-di,-tum( -sum), strive. 
 ligmim,-i, n. wood. 
 merito, adv., deservedly. 
 nisi, conj., unless. 
 nescio,-scire,-scivi,(scii),-scitiim, cease, be un 
 
 able. 
 noster,-tra,-trum, poss. pron., our, ours. 
 prsescriptio,-6nis, f. prescription. 
 subverto,-ere,-ti,-sum, overturn. 
 
 valeo,-ere,-ui, , be able to act. 
 
 suus,-a,-um, pass, pron., his, her, its. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 61. Subjective and Complementary Infinitive. — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 62. l. Judices non tenentur exprimere causam sen- 
 
 tential suae. 
 
 2. Judicis 1 est judicare secundum allegata et 
 
 probata. 
 
 3. Jurare est Deum in testemvo care ; et est- 
 
 actus divini cultus. 
 
 »See 132, XII. 
 
30 COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 
 
 4. Bonijudicis 1 lites dirimere est. 
 
 5. Casus fortuitus non est spectanda et nSnio 
 
 tenetur divinare. 
 
 6. Nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se. 
 
 7. Debitor non prsesumitur donare. 
 
 8. Nemo debet judex in pr6pria causa. 
 
 9. Kex non debet judicare, sed secundum legem. 
 
 10. Scribere est agere. 
 
 11. Verba debent intelligi cum effectu, 
 
 12. Boui judicis 1 est ampliare jurisdictionem. 
 
 68. a^iiplio,-are,-avi,-&tum, enlarge. 
 armo,-are,-£vi,-atum, arm. 
 casus,-us, m. event. 
 cultus,-us, m. worship. 
 dirimo,-Imere,-emi,-emptum, remove. 
 divinus,-a,-um, adj., divine. 
 d6no,-£re,-ari,-£tum, give. 
 fortiiitus,-a,-um, adj., fortuitous. 
 judico,-£re,-£vi,-atum, judge. 
 jurisdictio,-6nis, f. jurisdiction. 
 jiiro,-are,-avi,-atum, swear. 
 pretium,-i, n. price. 
 sententia,-ae, f. opinion. 
 vendo,-ere, vendidi, venditum, sell. 
 
 l See 132, XII. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 31 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 Regular Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 64. For comparison vid. (110). 
 
 65. 1. Firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam 
 
 dispositio hominis. 
 
 2. F6rtior est custodia legis quam hominis. 
 
 3. Lex tutissima cassis, sub clypeo legis nemo 
 
 decipitur. 
 
 4. Domus sua cuique 1 tutissimum refiigium. 
 
 5. Testamenta latissimum interpretationem 
 
 habere debent. 
 
 6. In criminalibus probationes debent esse 
 
 clariores luce 2 . 
 
 7. Lex est exercitus judicium tutissimus ductor. 
 
 8. Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima. 
 
 9. Non est arctius vinculum inter homines 
 
 quam jusjurandum. 
 
 10. Argumentum ab auctoritate fortissimum est 
 
 in lege. 
 
 11. Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sunt. 
 
 12. In pari delicto potior est conditio possi- 
 
 dentis. 
 
 66. apertus,-a,-um, adj., open. 
 arctus,-a-,um, adj., binding. 
 auctoritas,-atis, f. authority. 
 cassis-,idis, f. helmet. 
 
 l 8ee 132, XIV. 'See 132, XXL 
 
32 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 clarus,-a,-um, adj., clear, plain. 
 clypeus,-i, m. protection. 
 conditio,-6nis, f. condition. 
 criminaiis»-e, criminal. 
 
 decipio,-ere,-c£pi,-ceptnm, deceive, impose upon. 
 dispositio,-6nis, f. disposition. 
 domus,-i,-(us), f. house. 
 drictor,-6ris, m. leader. 
 exercitus,-us, id. army. 
 firmus,-a,-um, adj., strong. 
 fortis,-e, adj., powerful. 
 gravis,-e, adj., severe, heinous. 
 homo, -in is, c. man. 
 
 interpret£tio,-onis, f. construction, interpreta- 
 tion. 
 jusjurandum,-ris,-i, n. oath. 
 hitiis,-a,-um, liberal, broad. 
 lux,-Iucis, f. light. 
 operatio,-6nis, operation. 
 peccaturn,-i, n. crime. 
 potens,-ntis, adj., powerful. 
 potis,-e, adj., powerful. 
 reftigium,-i, n. refuge. 
 vinculum,*!, n. Hnle. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 LESSON XX I. 
 
 irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 67. For irregular comparison vid. (111.) 
 
 68. 1. Optima legum interpres est eonsuetudo. 
 
 2. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abro- 
 
 gant. 
 
 3. Argurnentum ab impotentia plurimum valet 
 
 in lege. 
 
 4. Maximus erroris populus magister est. 
 
 5. Melior est conditio possidentis ubi neuter 
 
 habet jus. 
 
 6. datura vis maxima est. 
 
 7. Contemporanea expositio est 6ptima et for- 
 
 tissiina in lege. 
 
 8. De minimis lex non curat, 
 
 {). Cnfalla reputabantur inter minima in lege. 
 
 10. Confessio, facta in judicio, omni probatione 
 
 major est. 
 
 11. Necessitas publica est major quam privata. 
 
 12. In fequali jure melior est conditio possi- 
 
 dentis. 
 
 69. abrogo,-are,-avi,-atum, repeal, abrogate. 
 aeqnalis,-e, adj., equal. 
 
 catallum,-i, n. chattel. 
 confessio,-6nis, f. confession. 
 contemporaneus,-a,-um, adj. , contemporaneous. 
 euro, -are, -avi,-atum, bother with, care for. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 expositio,-onis, f. interpretation. 
 impotentia,-se, f. impotence. 
 interpres,-etis, c. interpreter. 
 magnus,-a,-um, adj., large, great. 
 mater,-tris, f. mother. 
 nuUtus,-a,-um, adj., much, many. 
 parvus,-a,-um, adj., small. 
 posterior,-ius, adj., following. 
 possidens,-ntis, c. possessor. 
 primus,-a,-um, adj., first. 
 privatus,-a,-um, adj., private. 
 piiWicus,-a,-um, adj., public. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. — Continued. 
 
 (ill.) 
 
 70. 1. Acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta. 
 
 2. Judiciis posterioribus fides est adhibenda. 
 
 3. Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat. 
 
 4. Mors dicitur tiltiuium supplicium. 
 
 5. Qui prior est tempore potior est jure. 
 
 6. In jure non rem6ta causa sed proxirna spec- 
 
 tatur. 
 
 7. Salus p6puli est suprema lex. 
 
 8. Majus continet minus. 
 
 9. Ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda 
 
 secundum veram intentionem suam. 
 10. Majus est delictum se ipsum occidere quam 
 alium. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 35 
 
 11. Sum ma ratio est quae pro religione facit. 
 
 12. Optimus iiiterpres est usus. 
 
 actum,-i, n. act. 
 
 adhibeo,-ere,-hit>ui,-hibitum, give to. 
 contineo,-ere,-ui,-tentum, contain. 
 (deterus, not used) deterior,-ius and superl., 
 
 adj., bad. 
 exterus,-a,-um, outward. 
 fides,-ei, f. credit. 
 impunitas,-atis, f. impunity. 
 indico,-are,-avi,-atnm, indicate, reveal. 
 intentio,-6nis, f. intention. 
 (interus, not used) interior,-ius and superl 
 
 adj., within. 
 occido,-ere,-cidi,-cisum, Mil. 
 periinpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, carry out, execute. 
 posterus,-a,-um, adj., following. 
 prdpior,-ius, compar. adj., nearer. 
 quam, adv., than. 
 religio,-6nis, f. religion. 
 remotus,-a,-um, adj., remote. 
 salus,-iitis, f. safety. 
 secretum,-i, n. secret. 
 semper, adv., always. 
 superus,-a,-um, adj., above. 
 supplicium,-i, n. punishment. 
 tempus,-oris, n. time. 
 ulterior, -ius, compar. adj., farther. 
 
36 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 Comparison of Adverbs. 
 
 72. Formation and comparison of adverbs. (112) 
 
 73. 1. Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens 
 
 ipse requirat. 
 
 2. Verba cliartorum fortius accipiuntur ccmtra 
 
 proferentem. 
 
 3. Plus valet units oceulatus testis quam auriti 
 
 decern. 
 
 4. Ad ea quEe freqnentius accidunt jura adap- 
 
 tantur. 
 
 5. In re dubia magis inticiatio quam affirm at io 
 
 iutelligenda. 
 G. Multa exercitatione facilius quam regulis 
 percipies. 
 
 7. Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in 
 
 testamentis, ultimum latum est. 
 
 8. In testamentis plenius testatoris iuten-. 
 
 tionem serutamur. 
 
 9. Lex plus laudatur quando ratione proba- 
 
 tions 
 
 10. Quod prius est verius et quod prius est tem- 
 
 pore potius est jure. 
 
 11. Interpretare et con cord are leges legibus est 
 
 optimus interpretandi modus. 
 
 12. Bex est major singulis, minor universis. 
 
 74. accido,-ere,-cidi, , happen. 
 
 adapto,-are,-avi,-atum, suit, adapt. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 
 
 affirmatio,-6nis, f. affirmation. 
 auritus,-i, m. ear witness. 
 conc6rdo,-are,-avi,-atum, reconcile. 
 decern, indecl. adj., ten. 
 dtibius,-a,-um, adj., doubtful. 
 duo, dure, duo, mum. adj., tivo. 
 exercitatio,-6nis, f. exercise, practice. 
 facile, adv., easily. 
 frequens,-ntis, adj., frequent. 
 innciatio,-6nis, f. negative. 
 interpreto,-are,-avi,-atum, interpret. 
 laudo,-are,-avi,-atum, pra ise. 
 mddus,-i, m. method. 
 occulatus,-i, m. eye witness. 
 percipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, perceive. 
 plene, adv., especially. 
 pr61)o,-are,-avi,-atum, suppose. 
 pr6fero,-ferre,-tuli,-]atum, offer. 
 ratus,-a,-um, considered. 
 reddo,-ere,-didi,-ditum, give. 
 requiro,-ere,-sivi(-ii),-situm, aslc. 
 scrutor,-ari,-atus sum, scrutinize. 
 siuguli,-ae,-a, adj., individuals. 
 universus,-a,-uui, adj., everybody. 
 
38 IRREGULAR VERBS. Posse. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. I 
 
 Posse. 
 
 75. Learn the present indicative of posse. (127). 
 
 76. 1. Nemo potest plus juris 1 ad alium transferre 
 
 quam ipse habet. 
 2 Meliorem conditioner suam facere potest 
 minor, deteriorem nequaquam. 
 
 3. Derivative potestas non potest esse major 
 
 primitiva. 
 
 4. Consensus non con cubitus facit matrim6- 
 
 nium ; et consentire non possunt ante 
 annos nubiles. 
 
 5. Judex non potest esse testis in propria 
 
 causa. 
 
 6. Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire. 
 
 7. Lex non deficere potest in justitia exhibenda. 
 
 8. In alta proditione nullus potest esse acces- 
 
 sorius sed principalis solummodo. 
 
 9. Dens solus hseredem facere potest, non 
 
 homo. 
 
 10. Nemo potest facere per alium quod per se 
 
 non potest. 
 
 11. Nullus commodum capere potest de sua in- 
 
 juria. 
 
 77. accessorius,-a,-um, adj., accessory. 
 amms,-i, n. year. 
 
 l See 132, XI. 
 
Prodesse. Deesse. 39 
 
 ante, prep. w. ace, before. 
 capio,-ere, cepi, captum, receive. 
 concubitus,-us, m. cohabitation. 
 coiisensus,-us, m. consent. 
 coiisentio,-tire,-si,-sum, consent. 
 deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectmii, fail. 
 derivatious,-a,-um, adj., derived. 
 exhibeo,-ere,-ui,-iiim, mete out, dispense. 
 nequaquam, adv., never. 
 niibilis,-e. adj., marriageable. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, , be able. 
 
 potestas,-atis, f. power. 
 primitivus,-a,-um, adj., original. 
 principalis,-is, m. principal. 
 solummodo, adv., only. 
 transfero,-ferre,-tiili,-latiim, transfer. 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 Posse, Prodesse, Deesse. 
 
 78. Learn present indicative of prodesse and de- 
 
 esse (128). 
 
 79. l. Nemo potest contra recordum verificare per 
 
 patriain. 
 
 2. Qui potest et debet vetare, et non vetat, 
 
 jubet. 
 
 3. Nemo potest consilium suum in alterius in- 
 
 juriam. 
 
 4. Ubi non est principale non esse potest acces- 
 
 sorius. 
 
40 Prodesse. Deesse. 
 
 5. Rex quod injustum est faeere non potest. 
 
 6. Felix qui potuit lerum coguoscere causas. 
 
 7. Jusjuranduin iuter alios factum uec uocere 
 
 nee prodesse debet. 
 
 8. Onniis inuovatio plus novitate perturbat 
 
 qnam utilitate prodest. 
 
 9. Qui uou ob.stat quod obstare p6test faeere 
 
 videtur. 
 
 10. Nil facit error uominis, cum de corpore con- 
 
 stat. 
 
 11. Quod necessarie intelligitur id non deest. 
 
 12. Seutentia interlocutaria revocari potest, de- 
 
 finitiva uon revocari. 
 
 80. alter,-era,-erum, adj., another. 
 
 cog'iiosco,-ere,-novi,-nitum, ascertain. 
 consilium, -i, n. -plan. 
 consto,-are,-stiti,-statum, appear. 
 corpus, -oris, n. person. 
 
 desum,-esse,-fui, , he wanting. 
 
 deiinitivus,-a,-um, adj., final. 
 felix,-icis, adj., fortunate. 
 injiistus,-a,-um, adj., unjust. 
 innovatio,-6nis, f. innovation. 
 interlocutarius,-a,-um, adj., interlocutory. 
 jut>eo,-ere, jtissl, jussum, command. 
 nvuto,-are,-avi,-atum, change. 
 nee, couj., nor. 
 necessarie, adv., necessarily. 
 noceo,-ere,-ui,-itum, do harm. 
 nomen,-inis, n. name. 
 novitas,-atis, f. novelty. 
 6bsto,-are,-stiti,-statiim, prevent. 
 p£tria,-8e ? f. country, jury. 
 perturbo,-are,-avi,-atum, disarrange. 
 
Fieri. Ire. 41 
 
 prdsum, prodesse, profui, , do good. 
 
 principale,-is, n. principal. 
 rec6rdum,-i, n. record. 
 revoco,-are,-avi,-atum, reca 11. 
 sententia,-ae, f. decree, judgment. 
 utilitas,-atis, f. utility. 
 verifico,-are,-avi,-atum, verify. 
 veto,-are,-ui,-itum, forbid. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 Fieri. Ire. 
 Learn present indicative of fieri and ire (130). 
 
 1. Ex prsecedentibus et consequeutibus optima 
 
 fit interpretatio. 
 
 2. Volenti non fit injuria. 
 
 3. Mentiri est contra menteni ire. 
 
 4. Louga possessio haeret jus possidendi et tollit 
 
 actionem vero domino. 
 
 5. Interruptio multiplex non tollit praescriptio- 
 
 nem semel obtentam. 
 
 6. Consensus tollit errorem. 
 
 7. Subsequens matrimonium tollit peccatum 
 
 pnecedens. 
 
 8. Poena potest Solli, culpa perennis est. 
 
 9. Quoties iu verbis nulla est ambiguitas ibi 
 
 nulla expositio contra expressa fienda est. 
 
 10. Delegatus potestas non potest delegari. 
 
 11. Minor jurare non potest. 
 
 12. Ex nihil nil fit. 
 
42 Praeferre. 
 
 83. consequens,-ntis, adj., following, 
 culpa,-ae, f. guilt, crime. 
 delegatus,-a,-um, adj. conferred, delegated. 
 eo, ire, ivi, (ii), itum, go. 
 expositio,-6nis, f. exposition. 
 exprimo,-ere,-pressi,-pressum, express. 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be made. 
 mens,-ntis, f. mind. 
 mentior,-iri,-itus sum, Me. 
 multiplex, -icis, adj., multiplex. 
 obtineo,-ere,-ui,-ntum, acquire. 
 peccatum,-i, n. wrong, fault. 
 perennis,-e, adj., perpetual. 
 prsecedens,-ntis, n. precedent. 
 quoties, adv., as often as. 
 ruo,-ere, rui, rutum, fall. 
 semel, adv., once. 
 subsequens,-ntis, adj.. subsequent. 
 tollo,-ere, siistuli, sublatum, remove. 
 volo, velle, volui, , wish. 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 
 Prseferre. 
 
 84. Learn present indicative of praefero. (131). 
 
 85. 1. Certuni est quod certum reddi potest. 
 
 2. Lex nou novit patrem nee inatrem; s61am 
 
 veritatem. 
 
 3. Lex Angliae nunquam sine Parliamento niu- 
 
 tare nou potest. 
 
 4. Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus. 
 
 5. Nemo c6ntra factum suuin venire p6test. 
 C. Eex non potest peccare. 
 
Prseferre. 43 
 
 7. Qui tacet, consentire videtur. 
 
 8. Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu 
 
 dub iis est prsef'erenda. 
 
 9. Oirme sacramentum debet esse de certa 
 
 scientia. 
 
 10. Quando jus domini regis et subditi concur - 
 
 runt, jus regis praeferri debet. 
 
 11. Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum 
 
 quam publicum malum. 
 
 12. Filiatio non potest probari. 
 
 86. benignus,-a,-uni, adj., favorable. 
 certus,-a,-um, adj., certain. 
 cito, adj., quiclcly. 
 
 concurro,-ere,-ciirri,-cursum, concur. 
 diibius,-a,-um, adj., ambiguous, doubtful. 
 iiliatio,-6nis, f. copulation, affiliation. 
 generalis,-e, adj., general. 
 malum,-i, n. misfortune. 
 ndsco,-ere, novi, ndtum, recognize. 
 Parliamentum,-i, n. Parliament. 
 praefero,-lerre,-tuli,-l£tum, prefer. 
 quando, adv., when. 
 reddo,-dere,-didi,-ditum, make, 
 sacramentum, -i, u. oath. 
 scientia,-se, f. knowledge. 
 sententia,-ae, f. construction. 
 subditus,-i, m. subject. 
 solus,-a,-um, adj., alone. 
 tenens,-ntis, c. tenant. 
 t61ero,-are,-£vi,-atum, permit. 
 v^nio,-ire,-vdni,-ventum, go. 
 veritas,-atis, f. truth. 
 videor,-eri, visum est, seem, appear. 
 
44 VEKBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 Verbs Controlling Special Cases. 
 
 07. 1. Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti. 
 
 2. Alienatio rei prsefertur juri accrescendi. 
 
 3. Bouus judex secundum aequum et bonum 
 
 jiidicat et oequitatem stricto juri praefert 
 
 4. Jura publica auteferenda privatis (juribus). 
 
 5. Jus accrescendi oneribus praBfertur. 
 
 6. Vigilantibus et non clormientibus subv6- 
 
 Diunt. 
 
 7. Actori incumbit 6nus probandi. 
 
 8. Assignatus tititur jure auctoris. 
 
 9. Lex succurrit ignorauti. 
 
 10. Minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus. 
 
 11. Ees inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet. 
 
 12. Boui judicis est judicium sine dil4ti6ne 
 
 mandare executioni. 
 
 88. abuiidans,-ntis, adj., abundant. 
 
 accresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, increase. 
 actor,-6ris, m. plaintiff. 
 a£quus,-a,-um, adj., just. 
 alienatio,-6ris, f. alienation. 
 antefero,-ferre,-tuli, -latum, w. dat., prefer. 
 assignatus,-i, m. assignee. 
 aiictor,-6ris, m. assignor. 
 cautela,-se, f. caution. 
 defensio,-6nis, f. defense. 
 dormiens,-ntis, c. sleeping person. 
 ignorantia,-8e, f. ignorance. 
 
VEKBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 45 
 
 incilmbo,-ere,-c^bui,-ciibitum, w. dat., rest 
 
 lipoll. 
 
 iimoceus,-ntis, c. innocent person. 
 miuor,-ari,-atus sum, threaten. 
 uoceiis,-iitis, c. a ivrong-doer, guilty person. 
 praefero, -ierre,-tuli, -latum, prefer. 
 parco,-ere, peperci (parsi), parcitum or par- 
 sum, w. dat., spare. 
 prohibeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, prevent. 
 sub venio,-ire,-i, -turn, w . dat., come to the aid 
 
 of- 
 succurro,-ere,-i,-cursum, w. dat., come to the 
 
 aid of. 
 xitor, uti, ilsus sum, w. abl., enjoy, use. 
 vigilans,-iitis, c. 'watchful person. 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 Verbs Controlling Special Oases. — Continued. 
 
 SO. i. Quicqnid plantatur solo, solo cedit. 
 
 2. Quod constat curiae opere testium non in - 
 
 diget. 
 
 3. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent in- 
 
 servire. 
 
 4. Absoluta sententia expositione non indiget. 
 
 5. Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges 
 
 intentioni. 
 
 6. Pacta privata juri publico non derogare pos- 
 
 sunt. 
 
 7. Conventio privatorum non p6test publico 
 
 juri derogare. 
 
46 VERBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 
 
 8. Lex non favet delicat6ruin votis. 
 
 9. Nemo praesumitur esse inimemor suss seter- 
 
 nae salutis, et maxime in articulo mortis. 
 
 10. Fictio cedit veritati; fictio juris non est ubi 
 
 Veritas. 
 
 11. Abundans eautela non nocet. 
 
 12. Aedificare in tuo pioprio solo non licet quod 
 
 alteri nocet. 
 
 13. Nemo cogitur suam rem vendere etiam justo 
 
 pretio. 
 
 GO. al)soliitus,-a,-iim, adj., absolute. 
 ac, conj., and. 
 
 articulus,-i, m. article, moment, grasp. 
 cedo,-ere, cessi, cessum, pass, go. 
 conventio,-6nis, f . convention, contract. 
 delicatus,-i, m. dainty person. 
 derogo,-are,-avi,-atum, detract from. 
 faveo, favere, favi,-faiitum, w. dat., favor. 
 fictio,-6nis, f. fiction. 
 immemor,-is, adj., unmindful. 
 
 indigeo,-ere,-ui, , w. gen. or abl., be in want 
 
 of. 
 inservio,-ire,-ivi(ii),-itum, w. dat., be subser- 
 vient to. 
 dpus,-eris, n. assistance. 
 pactum,-i, n. agreement. 
 planto,-are,-avi,-atum, affix, annex. 
 strictus,-a,-um, adj., strict. 
 tutus,-a,-um., adj., safe. 
 votum,-i, n. wish. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 47 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 Ablative Absolute. 
 
 91. 1. Cessante causa, x cessat effectus. 
 
 2. Cessante rati6ne legis cessat ipsa lex. 
 
 3. Duo non possunt in s61ida unam rem possi- 
 
 dere. 
 
 4. Actio non accrevit infra sex annos 2 . 
 
 5. Ratio est legis aniina; niutata legis rati6ne 
 
 mutatur et lex. 
 
 6. Reprobata pecunia liberat solventem. 
 
 7. Sublato fundamento, cadit opus. 
 
 8. Crescente malitia crescere debet et poena. 
 
 9. Legibus sumptis desinentibus, leges naturae 
 
 utenduin est. 
 
 10. Pendente lite niliil innovetur. 
 
 11. Sublata causa, tollitur effectus. 
 
 92. accresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, accrue. 
 inima,-ie, f. soul, life. 
 c^sso,-are,-£vi,-atum, cease. 
 cresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, increase. 
 desino,-ere,-ii (ivi),-itum, fail. 
 effectus,-us, m. effect. 
 fundamentum,-i, n. foundation. 
 infra, prep., within. 
 innovo,-are,-avi,-atum, introduce. 
 libero,-are,-avi,-atum, absolve, discharge. 
 lis,-litis, f. suit. 
 
 1 See 1 3 2 XXIII. » See 1 3 2 XXVI. 
 
4S SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 malitia,-se, f. malice. 
 
 6pus,-eris n. structure. 
 
 pecimia,-se, f. money. 
 
 pendo, pendere, pependi, pen sum, continue. 
 
 reprobo,-are,-avi,-atum, refuse. 
 
 sex, inclecl. num., six. 
 
 solidus,-a,-um, adj., entire. 
 
 solvo,-ere, i, soliitum, free, release. 
 
 suffero,-ferre, siistuli, sublatum, remove. 
 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 93. 1. Caveat emptor 1 ; caveat venditor. 
 
 2. Ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes per- 
 
 veniat 2 . 
 
 3. Bespondeat superior. 
 
 4. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas 3 . 
 
 5. Qui peceat ebrius, luat l sobrius. 
 
 6. Interpretatio nenda est ut res magis valeat 3 
 
 quain pereat 3 . 
 
 7. Niillus recedat 1 e curia can cellaria sine re- 
 
 medio. 
 
 8. Fieri faciat; scire facias. 
 
 9. Non faciat malum ut iude veniat 2 bonum. 
 
 10. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit 4 rea. 
 
 11. Cassetur 1 billa. 
 
 12. Habeas l corpus. 
 
 1 See 132, XXXII. 3 See 132, XXVII. 
 
 2 See 132, XXVII. *See 132, XXIII. 
 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 49 
 
 94. t>illa,-8e, f. writ, bill. 
 
 cancellarius,-a,-um, of chancery, of equity. 
 
 c&sso,-are,-avi,-atum, quash. 
 
 caveo,-ere, cavi, cautum, beware. 
 
 el>rius,-a,-um, adj., intoxicated. 
 
 emptor,-6ris, m. buyer. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, be made. 
 
 inde, adv., thence. 
 
 laeelo,-ere, laedi, laesum, injure. 
 
 luoj-ere, lui, liitum, expiate. 
 
 malum,-i, n. wrong. 
 
 mens,-ntis, f. intent. 
 
 metus,-us, m. fear. 
 
 pauci,-6rum, m. few. 
 
 pecco,-are,-avi,-atum, do wrong. 
 
 pereo,-ire,-ii (ivi),-itum, fail, fall. 
 
 pervenio,-ire,-veni,-ventum, come upon. 
 
 reus,-a,-um, adj., criminal. 
 
 reus,-i, m. a guilty person. 
 
 recedo,-cedere,-cessi,-cessum, depart from. 
 
 scio,-ire,-ivi,-itum, Jcnoio. 
 
 sic, adv., so, in such a manner. 
 
 sobrius,-a,-um, adj., sober. 
 
 superior,-6ris, e. principal. 
 
 tuus,-a,-um, poss. proii., your, yours. 
 
 ut, conj., in order that. 
 
 va!eo,-ere,-ui, , stand. 
 
 veiiditor,-6ris, m. purchaser. 
 
50 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 Subjunctive.— Continued. Accusative and Infini- 
 tive. 
 
 05. 1. Non definitur injure quid sit 1 conatus. 
 
 2. Conditio praecedens adimpleri debet prius- 
 
 qnam sequatur 2 . 
 
 3. Qui non probibet cum probiberi possit 3 in 
 
 culpa est. 
 
 4. Diseretio est discernere per legem quid sit 1 
 
 jusriiin. 
 
 5. Doti lex favet ; praemium pudoris est, ideo 
 
 parcatur 
 
 6. Lex non requirat verificari quod apparet 
 
 curias 
 
 7. Non decipitur qui scit se* decipi 
 
 8. Interest republican suprema hoiuinuni testa- 
 
 menta rata baberi. 
 
 9. Lex intendit viciuum vicinii facta scire. 
 
 10. Furor contrabi matrimonium non sinit, 
 
 quia consensus opus est. 
 
 11. Anna in arniatos sutnere jura sinunt. 
 
 12. Interest reipublicae res judicatas non res- 
 
 cind i. 
 
 96. adimpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, fulfill. 
 appareo,-ere,-ui,-itum, appear. 
 armatus,-i, ni. an armed person. 
 
 1 8ee 132, XXX. 8 See 132, XXIX. 
 
 2 See 132, XXVIII. *See 132, XXVT. 
 
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 51 
 
 conatus,-us, m. attempt. 
 
 c6ntraho,-ere,-traxi,-tractum, contract, con- 
 summate. 
 
 ctilpa,-ae, f. fault 
 
 decipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, deceive. 
 
 definio,-ire,-ivi-(ii),-itum, define. 
 
 discerno,-ere,-crevi,-cretum, ascertain. 
 
 discretio,-6nis, f. discretion. 
 
 dos, dotis, f. dower. 
 
 ftiror,-6ris, m. passion. 
 
 ideo, adv., on that account 
 
 intendo,-ere,-di,-tentuni, presume. 
 
 intersum,-esse,-fui, interest to. 
 
 Justus, -a,-um, adj., just. 
 
 opus esse, to be necessary. 
 
 pareo,-ere, peperci (parsi) parcitum (parsum) 
 preserve. 
 
 praemium,-i, n. reward. 
 
 pritisquam, conj., before. 
 
 pudor,-dris, m. virtue. 
 
 quia, conj., because. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron., what. 
 
 ratus,-a,-um, adj., regarded, confirmed. 
 
 rescindo,-ere,-sci<Ii,-scissum, disregard. 
 
 sino,-ere, sivi, sit um, permit. 
 
 sumo,-ere, sump si, siimptum, to take up. 
 
 vicinus,-i, in. neighbor. 
 
52 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 97. The Latin has six cases: 
 
 NAMES. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Nominative, Nominative. 
 
 Genitive, Possessive or Objective 
 
 with of. 
 Dative, Objective with to or for, 
 
 Accusative, Objective. 
 
 Vocative, Nominative In depen 
 
 dent. 
 Ablative, Objective with from 
 
 with, by, in. 
 
 1. Oblique Cases. — The Genitive, Dative, Ac 
 
 cusative and Ablative are called the Ob 
 lique Cases. 
 
 2. Vocative. — The Vocative is like the Nomina 
 
 tive, unless otherwise indicated. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 98. First Declension.— A— Stems. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 N. persona, a person. personam, persons. 
 
 G. personam, of a per- personarum, of persons, 
 
 son. 
 
 D. persona?, to or for pers6nis, to or for per I 
 
 a person. sons. 
 
 Ac. personam, a per- pers6nas, persons. 
 
 son. 
 
 Ab. persona, with a personis, with persons. 
 
 person. 
 
NOUNS. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 O— Stems. 
 
 53 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 23" 
 
 bonus 
 
 b6ni 
 
 G. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonos 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 K 
 
 amicus 
 
 amici 
 
 G. 
 
 amici . 
 
 amicorum 
 
 D. 
 
 araico 
 
 amicis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 amicum 
 
 arnicos 
 
 Ab. 
 
 amico 
 
 amicis 
 
 a. The vocative singular of* nouns in -us of 
 the second declension has a special form in -e: 
 amice. 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 K 
 
 douuni 
 
 dona 
 
 G. 
 
 doni 
 
 donorum 
 
 D. 
 
 dono 
 
 donis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 donum, 
 
 dona 
 
 Ab. 
 
 dono 
 
 donis 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 puer 
 
 pueri 
 
 G. 
 
 ptieri 
 
 puer6rum 
 
 D. 
 
 puero 
 
 pueris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 puerum. 
 
 pueros 
 
 Ab. 
 
 puero 
 
 pueris 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 7S. 
 
 magister 
 
 magistri 
 
 G. 
 
 magistri 
 
 magistrorum 
 
54' 
 
 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 D. 
 
 magistro 
 
 m agist ris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 magistrum 
 
 magistros 
 
 Ab. 
 
 magistro 
 
 magistris 
 
 
 SINGL'LAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 filius 
 
 filii 
 
 G. 
 
 fili, filii 
 
 filio rum 
 
 D. 
 
 filio 
 
 filiis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 filium 
 
 filios 
 
 Ab. 
 
 filio 
 
 filiis 
 
 a. 
 
 The vocatrv 
 
 e singular of filius 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 consilium 
 
 cousilia 
 
 G. 
 
 consili, con 
 
 silii consiliorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cousilio 
 
 consiliis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consilium 
 
 cousilia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 cousilio 
 
 consiliis 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 100. 
 
 
 
 Mute 
 
 Stems. 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 pax 
 
 
 paces 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 pacis 
 paci 
 
 
 
 
 pacibus 
 
 Ac 
 
 pacem 
 
 
 paces 
 
 Ab. 
 
 pace 
 
 
 pacibus 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLURAL^ 
 
 N. 
 
 rex 
 
 
 reges 
 
 G. 
 
 regis 
 
 
 r^gum 
 
 D. 
 
 regi 
 
 
 regibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 re gem 
 
 
 reges'' 
 
 Ab. 
 
 rege 
 
 
 regibus 
 
NOUNS. 
 
 55 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. comes 
 
 G. comitis 
 
 D. comiti 
 
 Ac. comiteni 
 
 Ab. comite 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. caput 
 
 G. capitis ■ 
 
 D. capiti 
 
 Ac. caput 
 
 Al). capite 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. aetas 
 
 G. aetatis 
 
 D. serati 
 
 Ac. setatem 
 
 Ab. setate 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. fraus 
 
 G. fraudis 
 
 D. fraud i. 
 
 Ac. fraudem 
 
 Ab. fraude 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. haeres 
 
 G. hseredis 
 
 D. haeredi 
 
 Ac. liaeredem 
 
 Ab. liaerede 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. servitus 
 G. servitutis 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 comites 
 comitum 
 comiti bus 
 comites 
 comitibus 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 capita 
 
 capitum 
 
 capitibus 
 
 capita 
 
 capitibus 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 astates 
 aetatum 
 9Btatibus 
 states . 
 
 eetatibus 
 
 # 
 
 PLURAL, 
 
 fraiides 
 fraudum 
 fraudibua^ 
 fraud eg . 
 
 fraudibus 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 liseredes 
 
 hseredum 
 
 hoeredibus 
 
 baeredes 
 
 hseredibus 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 servitutes 
 sevvitutum 
 
66 
 
 D. 
 
 servittiti 
 
 servitutibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servitutem 
 
 servittites 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servittiti 
 
 servitutibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K. 
 
 dos 
 
 dotes 
 
 G. 
 
 dotis 
 
 dotium 
 
 D. 
 
 doti 
 
 do tib us 
 
 Ac. 
 
 dotem 
 
 dotes 
 
 Ab. 
 
 dote 
 
 dotibus 
 
 101. 
 
 Liquid Stems. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 visitatio 
 
 visitationes 
 
 G. 
 
 visitati6nis 
 
 visitati6num 
 
 r>. 
 
 visit ati6ni 
 
 visitation ibus 
 
 Ac 
 
 visitationein 
 
 visitationes 
 
 Ab. 
 
 visitatione 
 
 visitati6nibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K. 
 
 mos 
 
 mores 
 
 G. 
 
 moris 
 
 moruni 
 
 D. 
 
 mori 
 
 moribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 morem 
 
 mores 
 
 Ab. 
 
 more 
 
 moribus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N.. 
 
 pater 
 
 patres 
 
 G. 
 
 patris 
 
 patrum 
 
 D. 
 
 patri 
 
 patribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 patrem 
 
 patres 
 
 Ab. 
 
 patre 
 
 patribus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K. 
 
 consuetudo 
 
 consnetuflines 
 
 G. 
 
 consuetudinis 
 
 consuetudinum 
 
NOUNS. 
 
 57 
 
 D. 
 
 corisuetiidini 
 
 consuetudinibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 cousuetudinem 
 
 consuetudines 
 
 Ab. 
 
 con suet udine 
 
 cousuetudinibus 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 FLUEAL. 
 
 K 
 
 stipulator 
 
 stipulatores 
 
 G. 
 
 stipulatoris 
 
 stipulatorum 
 
 I). 
 
 stipulat6ri 
 
 stipulatoribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 stipnlatorem 
 
 stipulatores 
 
 Ab. 
 
 stipulatore 
 
 stipulatoribus 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 homo 
 
 homines 
 
 G. 
 
 horn in is 
 
 homiuum 
 
 D. 
 
 ho mini 
 
 hominibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hominem 
 
 homines 
 
 Ab. 
 
 homine 
 
 hominibus 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 K 
 
 jus 
 
 jura 
 
 G. 
 
 juris 
 
 jurum 
 
 D. 
 
 juri 
 
 juribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 jus 
 
 jura 
 
 Ab. 
 
 jure 
 
 juribus 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 K 
 
 OS 
 
 6ra 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 oris 
 ori 
 
 
 oiibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 OS 
 
 ora 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ore 
 
 oribus 
 
 
 SINGULAE. 
 
 PLUEAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 corpus 
 
 c6rpora 
 
 G. 
 
 corporis 
 
 corporum 
 
 D. 
 
 corpori 
 
 corporibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 corpus 
 
 corpora 
 
 Ab. 
 
 corpore 
 
 corporibus 
 
58 
 
 102. 
 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 no m en 
 
 nomina 
 
 G. 
 
 n 6111 in is 
 
 nominuni 
 
 D. 
 
 noiniui 
 
 nominibus 
 
 Ac 
 
 nomen 
 
 nomina 
 
 Ab. 
 
 nomine 
 
 nominibus 
 
 
 Stems 
 
 in i. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 testis 
 
 testes - 
 
 G. 
 
 testis 
 
 testium 
 
 D. 
 
 testi \ 
 
 testibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 testern 
 
 testes 
 
 Ab. 
 
 teste 
 
 testibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 prin cipale 
 
 principali a 
 
 G. 
 
 principalis 
 
 principal ium 
 
 D. 
 
 principal! 
 
 prin cipalibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 prineipale 
 
 principalia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 principali 
 
 principalibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 mens 
 
 mentes 
 
 G. 
 
 mentis 
 
 meutium 
 
 D. 
 
 meuti 
 
 mentibus 
 
 Ac 
 
 mentem 
 
 mentes 
 
 Ab. 
 
 mente 
 
 mentibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 pars 
 
 partes 
 
 G. 
 
 partis t 
 
 partium. 
 
 D. 
 
 parti 
 
 partibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 partem, -im 
 
 partes 
 
 Ab. 
 
 parte 
 
 partibus 
 
103. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 U Stems. 
 
 59 
 
 104. 
 
 
 SIXGTJLAB. 
 
 PLUBAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 actus 
 
 actus 
 
 G. 
 
 actus 
 
 actuum 
 
 D. 
 
 actui 
 
 actibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Return 
 
 actus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 actu 
 
 actibus 
 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 
 E- 
 
 -Stems. 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLTJBAIh 
 
 K 
 
 dies 
 
 dies 
 
 G. 
 
 diei 
 
 dierum 
 
 D. 
 
 diei 
 
 diebus 
 
 Ae. 
 
 diem 
 
 dies 
 
 Ab. 
 
 die 
 
 diebus 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PIitBAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 G. 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 D. 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 Ab. 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 105. Special Paradigms. 
 
 N. d6us dei, dii, di 
 
 G. dei deorum, deum 
 
 D. deo deis, diis, dis 
 
 Ac. deum deos 
 
 Ab. deo deis, diis, dis 
 
60 
 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 domus 
 
 domus 
 
 G. 
 
 domus 
 
 domuum, domorum 
 
 D. 
 
 domui, domo 
 
 domibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ddnmni 
 
 domos, domus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 donio, domu 
 
 domibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 vis 
 
 vires 
 
 G. 
 
 vis 
 
 virium 
 
 J). 
 
 vi 
 
 viribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 vim 
 
 vires 
 
 Ab. 
 
 vi 
 
 viribus 
 
 106. 
 
 Compound Nouns. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. respublica 
 
 G. reipublicae 
 
 D. reiptiblicse 
 
 Ac. rempublicam 
 
 Ab. reptiblica 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 respublicse 
 
 rerumpublicarum 
 
 rebuspublicis 
 
 respublicas 
 
 rebuspublicis 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 107. First and Second Declensions. 
 
 
 - 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Neuter, 
 
 N. 
 
 bonus 
 
 b6na 
 
 bonum 
 
 G 
 
 'boni 
 
 b6nae 
 
 boni 
 
 D. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonse 
 
 bono 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum 
 
 b6nam 
 
 b6num 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 
 bono 
 

 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 bona 
 
 G. 
 
 bon6rum 
 
 bou arum 
 
 bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonos 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 miser 
 
 misera 
 
 miserum 
 
 G. 
 
 nriseri 
 
 miserse 
 
 miseri 
 
 D. 
 
 misero 
 
 miserse 
 
 misero 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miserum 
 
 miseram 
 
 miserum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 misero 
 
 misera 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 misero 
 
 N. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserse ' 
 
 misera 
 
 G. 
 
 miserorum 
 
 miserarum 
 
 miserorum 
 
 D. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miseros 
 
 miseras 
 
 misera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 miseris 
 
 N. 
 
 integer 
 
 integra 
 
 integrum 
 
 G. 
 
 integri 
 
 integras 
 
 integri 
 
 D. 
 
 integro 
 
 integras 
 
 integro 
 
 Ac. 
 
 integrum 
 
 in te gram 
 
 integrum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 integro 
 
 integra 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 integro 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 integri 
 
 integrae 
 
 integra 
 
 G. 
 
 integrorum 
 
 integrarum 
 
 integrorum 
 
 D. 
 
 integris 
 
 integris 
 
 integris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 integros 
 
 integras 
 
 integra 
 
 Ab. 
 
 integris 
 
 integris 
 
 integris 
 
 Gl 
 
62 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 108. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 simplex 
 
 simplex 
 
 G. 
 
 simplicia 
 
 simplicis 
 
 D. 
 
 simplici 
 
 simplici 
 
 Ac. 
 
 simplicem 
 
 simplex 
 
 Ab. 
 
 simplici, -e 
 
 simplici, -e 
 
 
 PLUKAL. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 simplices 
 
 simplicia 
 
 G. 
 
 simplici um 
 
 simplicium 
 
 D. 
 
 simplicibus 
 
 simplicibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 simplices, -is 
 
 simplicia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 simplicibus 
 
 simplicibus 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 X. 
 
 praecedens 
 
 praecedens 
 
 G. 
 
 praecedentis 
 
 praeredeutis 
 
 D. 
 
 2>raecc«leiiti 
 
 praicedeuti 
 
 Ac. 
 
 praecedenteni 
 
 praecedens 
 
 Ab. 
 
 prcecedeute, -i 
 
 praecedente, -i 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut 
 
 S. 
 
 praeoedentes 
 
 praecedentia 
 
 G. 
 
 praecedentium 
 
 praecedentium 
 
 D. 
 
 praecedenlibus 
 
 praecedentibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 praeeedentes, -is 
 
 praecedentia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 praecedentibus 
 
 praecedentibus 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 Masc. and Fern. Neut. 
 
 25". brevis breve 
 
 G. brevis brevis 
 

 A] 
 
 DJECTIVES. 
 
 r>. 
 
 brevi 
 
 brevi 
 
 Ac 
 
 brevem 
 
 breve 
 
 Ah. 
 
 brevi 
 
 brevi 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 breves 
 
 brevia 
 
 G. 
 
 brevium 
 
 brevium 
 
 D. 
 
 brevibus 
 
 brevibus 
 
 Ac 
 
 breves, -is 
 
 brevia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 brevibus 
 
 brevibus 
 
 63 
 
 !<>{>. 
 
 Irregular Adjectives. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 N. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 alius 
 
 alia 
 
 aliud 
 
 G. 
 
 alius 
 
 alius 
 
 alius 
 
 D. 
 
 alii 
 
 alii 
 
 alii 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliuin 
 
 alia in 
 
 aliud 
 
 A b. 
 
 alio 
 
 alia 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 alio 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 alii 
 
 alia? 
 
 alia 
 
 G. 
 
 aliorum 
 
 aliaruni 
 
 aliorum 
 
 D. 
 
 aliis 
 
 aliis 
 
 aliis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 alios 
 
 alias 
 
 alia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliis 
 
 aliis 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 aliis 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 K 
 
 unus 
 
 una 
 
 iinum 
 
 G. 
 
 uuius 
 
 unius 
 
 unius 
 
 D. 
 
 uni 
 
 uni 
 
 uni 
 
 Ac. 
 
 1111 um 
 
 tin am 
 
 unum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 lino 
 
 una 
 
 11IIO 
 
G4 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 110. 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 In LatiD, as in English, there are three de- 
 grees of comparison, the positive, the compara- 
 tive, and the superlative. 
 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 firm us firmior firmissimus 
 
 f6rtis f6rtior fortissimus 
 
 simplex simplicior simplicissimus 
 
 a. Observe that the comparative is formed 
 from the stem of the positive by dropping the 
 stem vowel, if there be one, and adding — ior; 
 the superlative, by adding — issimus 
 
 b. The comparative of all adjectives except 
 plus, more, is declined like firmior (113); the 
 superlative like bonus. 
 
 111. 
 
 Irregular Ccmparison. 
 
 Positive. 
 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 exterus 
 
 
 exterior 
 
 extremus, 
 in us 
 
 exti 
 
 inferus 
 
 
 inferior 
 
 infimus, imus 
 
 posterus 
 
 
 posterior 
 
 postremuB, 
 tumus 
 
 p6S' 
 
 superus 
 
 
 superior 
 
 supremus, 
 mus 
 
 sum- 
 
 [prse, pro, 
 
 be- 
 
 prior 
 
 primus 
 
 
 fore] 
 
 
 
 
 
 [prope, near.] 
 
 propior 
 
 proximus 
 
 
 [ultra, beyond.] 
 
 ulterior 
 
 ultimus 
 
 
 bonus 
 
 
 melior, melius 
 
 opt imus 
 
 
 magnus 
 
 
 major, majus 
 
 maximus 
 
 
 multus 
 
 
 , plus 
 
 pi ur imus 
 
 
 parvus 
 
 
 minor, minus 
 
 minimus 
 
 
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 65 
 
 112. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. 
 Formation — Models. 
 
 Adjective. Stem. Adverb. 
 
 firmus, firm, firmo — firme, firmly. 
 
 miser, wretched, misero — misere, wretch- 
 
 edly. 
 
 a. Observe that adverbs from adjectives with 
 o-stems are formed by changing the o into e. 
 fortis, brave. forti — iortiter, bravely. 
 frequens, fre- frequenti — frequenter, fre- 
 quent, quently. 
 
 b. Observe that adverbs are formed from ad- 
 jectives with i-stems by adding ter to the stem. 
 
 c. Observe that stems — nti — drop ti before 
 ter. 
 
 ADJECTIVE. ADVEKB. 
 
 multus, much. nmltum, much. 
 
 facilis, easy. facile, easily. 
 
 brevis, brief. breve, briefly. 
 
 d. The accusative singular neuter of the ad« 
 jective is sometimes used as an adverb. 
 
 citus, quick. cito, quickly. 
 
 primus, first. priino, at first. 
 
 e. The ablative singular neuter of the adjec- 
 tive is sometimes used as an adverb. 
 
 
 Comparison. 
 
 
 Positive. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 Superlative, 
 
 firme 
 
 firmus 
 
 firmissime 
 
 misere 
 
 miserius 
 
 miserrime 
 
 feliciter 
 
 felicius 
 
 felicissime 
 
 5 
 
 
 
66 DECLENSION OP COMPARATIVES. 
 
 bene 
 
 melius 
 
 optirae 
 
 male 
 
 pejus 
 
 pessime 
 
 miiltum 
 
 plus 
 
 plurimum 
 
 
 magis 
 
 maxime 
 
 a. Observe that the comparative of the adverb 
 is the same as the neuter accusative singular of 
 the comparative of the adjective; and that the 
 superlative is formed from the superlative of the 
 adjective by changing, as in the positive, the 
 final o of the stem to e. 
 
 b. If the adjective is irregular in comparison, 
 the adverb is also irregular. 
 
 113. Declension of Comparatives. 
 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 firmior 
 
 firmius 
 
 G. 
 
 firmioris 
 
 firmioris 
 
 I). 
 
 firmiori 
 
 firmiori 
 
 Ac. 
 
 firmiorem 
 
 firmius 
 
 Ab. 
 
 firmiore, -i 
 
 firmiore, -i 
 
 
 PLUBAL. 
 
 
 Masc and Fem. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 N. 
 
 firmiores 
 
 firmiora 
 
 G. 
 
 firm i6 rum 
 
 firmiorum 
 
 D. 
 
 firmioribus 
 
 firmioribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 firmiores, -is 
 
 firmiora 
 
 Ab. 
 
 firmioribus 
 
 firmioribus 
 
 
 SINGULAK. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 plus 
 
 
 G. 
 
 
 pluris 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 
 
 
 plus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 plure 
 

 PKONOUNS. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. plures 
 
 
 plura 
 
 G' plurium 
 
 
 pluriuin 
 
 D. pluribus 
 
 
 pluribus 
 
 Ac. plures, - 
 
 is 
 
 plura 
 
 Ab. pluribus 
 
 
 pluribus 
 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 1. unus,-a,-m 
 
 primus, -a, -um 
 
 2. duo, dtise, 
 
 duo 
 
 secundus (or alter) 
 
 3. tres, tria 
 
 
 tertius 
 
 4. quattuor 
 
 
 quartus 
 
 5. quiuque 
 
 
 quintus 
 
 G. sex 
 
 
 sextus 
 
 7. septeni 
 
 
 Septimus 
 
 8. octo 
 
 
 octavus 
 
 9. uovem 
 
 
 nonus 
 
 10. decern 
 
 
 decimus 
 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 
 Personal. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 G. sui 
 
 
 sui 
 
 1). sibi 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 Ac. se, sese 
 
 
 se, sese 
 
 Ab. se, sese 
 
 
 se, sese 
 
 67 
 
68 PRONOUNS. 
 
 
 116. Demonstrative. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. hie hsec hoc 
 
 hi hse 
 
 heec 
 
 G. huius huius huius 
 
 horum harum 
 
 horum 
 
 D. huic huic huic 
 
 his his 
 
 his 
 
 Ac. hunc hanc hoc 
 
 hos has 
 
 hsec 
 
 Ab. hoc hac hoc 
 
 his his 
 
 his 
 
 N. ille ilia illud 
 
 G. illius illius illius 
 
 D. illi illi illi 
 
 Ac. ilium illam illud 
 
 Ab. illo ilia illo 
 
 K is ea id 
 
 G, eius eius ems 
 
 D. 6i ei ei 
 
 Ac. eum earn id 
 
 Ab. 60 ea 60 
 
 N. idem 
 G. eiusdem 
 D. eidem 
 Ac. euudem 
 Ab. e6dem 
 
 illi illae ilia 
 
 illorum illarum ill6rum 
 illis illis illis 
 illos illas ilia 
 illis illis illis 
 
 ei, ii 6se 6a 
 
 eorum earum eorum 
 
 eis, iis 6is, iis 6is, iis 
 
 eos eas ea 
 
 eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 eadem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eidem 
 
 eandem 
 
 eadem 
 
 idem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eidem 
 
 idem 
 
 eodem 
 
 K 
 
 D. 
 
 IS 
 
 eidem 
 iidem 
 G. eoruudem 
 ( eisdem 
 ( iisdem 
 Ac. e6sdem 
 eisdem 
 sdem 
 
 Ab. \ e ? s 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 eaedem 
 earundem 
 ( eisdem 
 \ iisdem 
 easdem 
 ( eisdem 
 ) iisdem 
 
 eadem 
 eoruudem 
 ( eisdem 
 \ iisdem 
 eadem 
 ( eisdem 
 ) iisdem 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 69 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N". ipse ipsa ipsum 
 
 G-. ipsius ipsius ipsius 
 
 D. ipsi ipsi ipsi 
 
 Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum 
 
 Ab. ipso ipsa ipso 
 
 ipsi ipsse ipsa 
 
 ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum 
 
 ipsis ipsis ipsis 
 
 ipsos ipsas ipsos 
 
 ipsis ipsis ipsis 
 
 117 
 
 • 
 
 Relative. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 qui quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 cuius cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cui cui 
 
 cui 
 
 qui bus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quem quam 
 
 quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo qua 
 
 quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 118. 
 
 Interrogative. 
 
 N. quis quae quid qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 cuius cuius 
 
 cuius quorum quarum quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cui cui 
 
 cui quibus quibus quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quem quam 
 
 quid quos 
 
 quas quas 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo qua 
 
 quo quibus quibus quibus 
 
 119. 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 % 
 
 aliquis 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquid, aliquod 
 
 G. 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 D. 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquid, aliquod 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 N. 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquse 
 
 aliqua 
 
 G. 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquarum 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 D. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquos 
 
 aliquas 
 
 aliqua 
 
 Ab, 
 
 . aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
70 
 
 N. quidam 
 G. cuiusdam 
 D. cuidam 
 Ac. quendam 
 Ab. quodam 
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 quaedam 
 cuiusdam 
 cuidam 
 quan dam 
 quad am 
 
 
 quiddam, qu6ddam 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 quiddam, qu6ddam 
 
 quodam 
 
 quaedam quaedam 
 
 quarundam quorundam 
 quibusdam quibusdam 
 
 quasdam quaedam 
 
 quibusdam quibusdam 
 
 Note. — Quisquis, "whoever" or "whatever," is 
 called from its signification a general relative. It is 
 rare except in the forms quisquis, quidquid (quic- 
 quid.) 
 
 N. quidam 
 G. quorundam 
 D. quibusdam 
 Ac. qu6sdam 
 Ab. quibusdam 
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 
 120. First Conjugation. — A — Verbs. 
 Man do, I command. 
 
 PKINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 mando, ma nd are, mandavi, mandatus. 
 Active Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I command. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 mando 
 mandas 
 in and at 
 
 Plural. 
 
 mandamus 
 mandatis 
 in and ant 
 
FIRST CONJUGATION. 71 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was commanding, or I commanded. 
 mandabam mandabamus 
 
 niamlabas mandabatis 
 
 maudabat inandabant 
 
 FCTTRE. 
 
 I shall or will command. 
 mandabo ruandabimus 
 
 mandabis inandabitis 
 
 mandabit niandabunt 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have commanded, I commanded. 
 mandavi mandaviinus 
 
 mandavisti mandavistis 
 
 mandavit mandaverunt, or -re 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had commanded. 
 mandaverani mandaveramus 
 
 mandaveras maudaveratis 
 
 mandaverat mandaverant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have commanded, etc. 
 mandavero mandaveiimus 
 
 mandaveris maudaveritis 
 
 mandaverit mandaverint 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I command, let him command. 
 mandem raandemus 
 
 niandes mandetis 
 
 mandet maudent 
 
72 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should command, he would command. 
 mandarein mandaremus 
 
 m ai 1 d ares m and are tis 
 
 mandaret maudarent 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may have commanded, or I have commanded. 
 mandaverim mandaverimus 
 
 mandaveris niandaveritis 
 
 mandaverit maudaverint 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have commanded, he would have commanded. 
 niaudavissem inandavisseinus 
 
 mandavisses mandavissetis 
 
 mandavisset raandavissent 
 
 I MPEE ATrVE — PRESENT. 
 
 man da, command thou. 
 mandate, command ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 mandato, thou shalt command. 
 mandato, he shall command. 
 mandat6te, ye shall command. 
 inandanto, they shall command. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. mandare, to command. 
 
 Perf. mandavisse, to have commanded. 
 
 Fut. mandaturus esse, to be about to command. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. man dans, -an tis, commanding. 
 
 Put. mandaturus, -a, -um, about to command. 
 
FIRST CONJUGATION. 73 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 N. ' 
 
 G. mandandi, of commanding. 
 D. man clan do, for commanding. 
 Ac. inandandum, commanding. 
 Ab. mandando, by commanding. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ace. m an datum, to command. 
 
 Abl. ruandatu, to command, be commanded. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 I am commanded, etc. 
 mandor mandamur 
 
 rnandaris, or re mandaniiui 
 
 maudatur mandantur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I u-as commanded, etc. 
 mandabar mandabamur 
 
 mandabaris, or re mandabamiui 
 
 inandabatur lnaudabantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall be commanded, etc. 
 m an ditbor m an d abira nr 
 
 mandaberis, or -re mandabimini 
 
 niandabitur mandabiintur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have been (teas) commanded, etc. 
 
 { sum { sum us 
 
 I ! 
 
 mandatus ■{ es mandati ■{ estis 
 
 I est / sunt; 
 
74 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been commanded, etc. 
 
 [ eram [ eramus 
 
 I I 
 
 mandatus { eras mandati •{ eratis 
 
 ( erat ( 
 
 erant 
 
 FUTURE PEEFECT 
 
 I shall have been commanded, etc. 
 
 f ero 
 
 I 
 
 r erimus 
 
 1 
 mandatus <( eris mandati -i 
 
 1 
 
 ( erit I 
 
 iritis 
 
 erunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I be commanded, let him be commanded. 
 
 mander mandemur 
 
 manderis, or -re mandemini 
 
 mandetur mandentur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should command, he would command. 
 
 man d arer m and are m ur 
 
 mandareris, or -re mandareniini 
 
 mandaretur mandarentur 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 I may have been commanded, etc. 
 
 { sim { simus 
 
 I I 
 
 mandatus <J sis mandati <{ sitis 
 
 I I ' 
 
 ( sit I sin* 1 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 75 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have been commanded, etc. 
 
 ^ essem { ess6mus 
 
 I I 
 
 mandatus •{ esses mandati •{ essetis 
 
 ( esset ( essent 
 
 IMPERATIV E — PRESENT. 
 
 mandare, be thou commanded. 
 mandamiui, be ye commanded. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 mandator, thou shalt be commanded. 
 mandator, he shall be commanded. 
 
 man dan tor, they shall be commanded. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. mandari, to be commanded. 
 
 Perf. mandatus esse, to have been commanded. 
 
 Fut. mandatum iri, to be about to be commanded. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Ger. mandandus,-a,-um, to be commanded. 
 Perf. mandatus, -a, -um, commanded, having been 
 commanded. 
 
 Second Conjugation. — E — Verbs. 
 j Habeo, J hold. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 habeo, habere, habui, habitus. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 J hold. 
 habeo habemus 
 
 habes habetis 
 
 habet habent 
 
76 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was holding, or I held. 
 habebam habebainus 
 
 habebas liabebatis 
 
 habebat habebaut 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 
 I shall or will hold. 
 
 habebo 
 
 habebimus 
 
 habebis 
 
 babebitis 
 
 habebit 
 
 habebunt 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 
 I have held, or I held. 
 
 habui 
 
 babuimns 
 
 babuisti 
 
 babuistis 
 
 habuit 
 
 habuerunt, or -re 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 
 I had held. 
 
 habueram 
 
 habueramus 
 
 habueras 
 
 babueratis 
 
 habuerat 
 
 babueraut 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall or will have held. 
 habuero habuerimus 
 
 habueris habueritis 
 
 habtierit habueriiit 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I hold, let him hold. 
 babeam habeamua 
 
 habeas habeatis 
 
 babeat babeant 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 77 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should hold, he could, hold. 
 hab^rem baberemus 
 
 babSres baberetis 
 
 baberet baberent 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may have held, or I held. 
 babuerim babuerimus 
 
 habueris babueiitis 
 
 habuerit babiierint 
 
 PLUPEBFECT. 
 
 I should have held, he would have held. 
 babuissem babuissenius 
 
 babuisses babuissetis 
 
 habuisset babuissent 
 
 IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 babe, have thou. 
 hab6te, have ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 bab6to, thou shalt hold. 
 babeto, he shall hold. 
 babetote, ye shall hold. 
 babento, they shall hold. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. babere, to hold. 
 
 Perf. babuisse, to have held. 
 
 Put. babiturus 6sse, to be about to hold. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. babens,-entis, holding. 
 
 Fut. babiturus, -a, -uiu, about to hold. 
 
78 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Gen. hab6ndi, of holding. 
 Dat. habeudo, for holding. 
 Ace. habendum, holding. 
 Abl. habeudo, by holding. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ace. habitum, to hold. 
 
 Ab. habitu, to hold, to be held. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE 
 
 I am held. 
 habeor haberaur 
 
 haberis, or -re habeinini 
 
 habetur habentur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was held. 
 hab£bar habebamur 
 
 habebaris, or -re habebamini 
 
 habebatur habebantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall or will be held. 
 habebor habebitnur 
 
 habeberis, or -re habebimini 
 
 habebitur habebuutur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have been held, or I was held. 
 C sum [ sumua 
 
 habitus \ ,es habiti \ estis 
 
 j I 
 
 / est I sunt 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 79 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 J had been held. 
 f eram f eramus 
 
 habitus <; eras habiti ■{ eratis 
 
 I I 
 
 { erat ( erant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 J shall or will have been held. 
 ( ero f erimus 
 
 habitus <( eris habiti ■{ eritis 
 
 ( erit ( erunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I be held, let him be held. 
 
 habear habeamur 
 
 habearis, or -re habeamini 
 
 habeatur habeautur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should be held, he would be held. 
 
 haberer haberemur 
 
 habereris, or -re habereraini 
 
 haberetur haberentur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may have been held. 
 
 { sim { simus 
 
 I I 
 
 habitus { sis habiti { sitis 
 
 I I 
 
 ( sit ( sint 
 
80 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have been held. 
 { essem { essemus 
 
 habitus ■{ esses habiti < essetis 
 
 I I 
 
 ( esset ( essent 
 
 IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 habere, be thou held. 
 habeuiini, be ye held. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 habetor, thou shalt be held. 
 habetor, he shall be held. 
 
 habentor, they shall be held. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. babeii, to be held. 
 
 Perf. habitus esse, to have been held. 
 
 Fut. habitum iri, to be about to be held. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Ger. habendns, -a,-um, to be held. 
 
 Perf. habitus, -a, -um, held, having been held. 
 
 122. Third Conjugation.— E— Verbs. 
 
 Rego, I rule. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 rego, regere, rexi, rectus. 
 Active Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I rule. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 r6go regimus 
 
 regis regitis 
 
 regit regunt 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 81 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was ruling, or I ruled. 
 
 reg6bam 
 
 regebamus 
 
 regebas 
 
 regebatis 
 
 regebat 
 
 regebant 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 
 I shall or will rule. 
 
 r6gam 
 
 regenms 
 
 reges 
 
 regetis 
 
 reget 
 
 regent 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 
 I have ruled, etc. 
 
 rexi 
 
 reximus 
 
 rexisti 
 
 rexistis 
 
 rexit 
 
 rexerunt, or -re 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 
 I had ruled, etc. 
 
 rSxeram 
 
 rexeramus 
 
 rexeras 
 
 rexeratis 
 
 rexerat 
 
 rexerant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have ruled, etc. 
 rexero rexerimus 
 
 rexeris rexeritis 
 
 rexerit rexerint 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I rule, let him rule. 
 regam regamus 
 
 regas regatis 
 
 regat regant.. 
 
82 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should rule, he would rule. 
 r6gerem regeremus 
 
 regeres regeretis 
 
 regeret regereut 
 
 PEEPECT. 
 
 I may have ruled, or I have ruled. 
 rexerim rexerimus 
 
 rexeris rexeritis 
 
 r6xerit rexeriut 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have ruled, he would have ruled. 
 rexissem rexissemus 
 
 rexisses rexissetis 
 
 rexisset rexissent 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 rege, rule thou. 
 regite, rule ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 regito, thou shalt rule. 
 regito, he shall rule. 
 regifote, ye shall rule. 
 regunto, they shall rule. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. regere, to rule. 
 
 Pref. rexisse, to have ruled. 
 
 Fut. recturus esse, to be about to rule. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. regens,-§ntis, ruling. 
 
 Fut. recturus, -a, -um, about to rule. 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION,. 88 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. regeadi, of ruling. 
 
 D. regendo, for ruling. 
 
 Ac. regendum, ruling. 
 
 Ab. regendo, by ruling. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ac. rectum, to rule. 
 
 Ab. rectu, to rule, to be ruled. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 I am ruled, etc. 
 regor regimur 
 
 regeris, or -re regimini 
 
 regitur reguntur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was ruled, etc. 
 regebar regebamur 
 
 regebaris, or -re regebamini 
 
 regebatur regebantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall be ruled, etc. 
 regar regemur 
 
 regeris or -re regemini 
 
 regetur regentur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have been ruled, etc. 
 
 J sum C sumus 
 
 es recti < estis 
 
 / est / sunt 
 
84 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been ruled, etc. 
 
 Jeram ( eramus 
 
 6ras recti •{ eratis 
 
 ( 6rat ( erant 
 
 FUTUBE PEEFECT. 
 
 I shall have been ruled, etc. 
 ( 6ro { erimus 
 
 rectus \ eris recti \ iritis 
 
 ( erit ( 6runt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PBESENT. 
 
 May I be ruled, let him be ruled. 
 regar regamur 
 
 regaris or- re reganiini 
 
 regatur regantur 
 
 IMPEEFECT. 
 
 I should be ruled, he would be ruled. 
 r6gerer regerSmur 
 
 regerens or-re regeremini 
 
 reger6t»r reger§ntur 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 I may have been ruled, or I have been ruled. 
 { sim [ simus 
 
 rectus < sis recti ■{ 
 
 sitis 
 sint 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 85 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have been ruled, etc. 
 ' 6ssem 
 
 rectus < 
 
 esses recti <\ 
 
 essemus 
 essetis 
 
 • 
 
 I esset ( essent 
 
 IMPEEATTVE — PRESENT. 
 
 regere, be thou ruled. 
 reginrini, be ye ruled. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 regitor, thou shalt be ruled. 
 regitor, he shall be ruled. 
 
 re guntor, they shall be ruled. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. regi, to be ruled. 
 
 Perf. rectus esse, to have been ruled. 
 
 Fut. rectum iri, to be about to be ruled. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Ger. regeudus, -a, -urn, to be ruled. 
 
 Perf. rectus, -a, -urn, ruled, having been ruled. 
 
 Third Conjugation. 
 
 Verbs of the third conjugation iu io have 
 some forms of the present stem like the fourth 
 conjugation. Before a, o, u and i they retain 
 the i of the stem, but lose it elsewhere, except 
 in the gerund and participle. 
 
 Oapio, I take. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captus. 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PEESENT TENSE. 
 
 I take. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 capio 
 capis 
 capit 
 
 Plural. 
 
 capimus 
 
 capitis 
 
 capiunt 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was talcing, I took. 
 capiebam capiebamus 
 
 capiebas capiebatis 
 
 capiebat capiebant 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 
 J shall or will take. 
 
 capiam 
 
 capiemus 
 
 capies 
 
 capietis 
 
 capiet 
 
 capient 
 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 
 I have taken or I took. 
 
 cepi 
 
 cepimus 
 
 cepisti 
 
 cepistis 
 
 c6pit 
 
 cep6runt 
 
 
 PLUPEEFECT. 
 
 
 I had taken. 
 
 ceperam 
 
 ceperamus 
 
 ceperas 
 
 ceperatis 
 
 ceperat 
 
 ceperaut 
 
 
 FUTOEE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall or will have taken. 
 cepero ceperimus 
 
 c6peris cep6ritis 
 
 ceperit c6perint 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. ' 87 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I take, let him take. 
 capiam capiamus 
 
 capias capiatis 
 
 capiat capiant 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should take, he would take. 
 
 caperem caperemus 
 
 caperes caperetis 
 
 caperet caperent. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may have taken, or I have taken. 
 ceperim ceperimus 
 
 c6peris ceperitis 
 
 ceperit ceperint 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have taken, he would have taken. 
 cepissem cepissemus 
 
 cepisses cepissetis 
 
 cepisset cepissent 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 cape, take thou. 
 capite, take ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 capito, thou shalt take. 
 capito, he shall take. 
 capitote, ye shall take. 
 capiunto, they shall take. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. capere, to take. 
 
 Perf. cepisse, to have taken. 
 
 Flit, capturus esse, to be about to take. 
 
88 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. capiens,-ientis, talcing. 
 
 Fut. capturus,-a,-um, about to take, 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 K 
 
 G. capiendi, of taking. 
 T>. capiendo, for taking. 
 Ac. capiendum, taking. 
 Ab. capiendo, by taking. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ac. captum, to take. 
 
 Ab. captu, to take, to be taken. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 
 I am 
 
 taken, etc. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 capior 
 
 
 capiinur 
 
 caperis 
 
 
 capimini 
 
 capitur 
 
 
 capiuiitur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was taken, etc. 
 capiebar capiebamur 
 
 capiebaris capiebamini 
 
 eapiebatur capiebantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall be taken, etc. 
 capiar capiemur 
 
 capieris capi6mini 
 
 capietur capientur 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 89 
 
 captus 
 
 captus ^ 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 
 J have been taken, etc. 
 
 sum 
 
 r sumus 
 
 es capti < 
 
 6stis 
 
 est 
 
 , sunt 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been taken, etc. 
 
 erani 
 
 ' eramus 
 
 eras capti < 
 
 eratis 
 
 6rat 
 
 1 6rant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have been taken. 
 
 ero 
 
 captus <J eris 
 t erit 
 
 capti ^ 
 
 enmus 
 
 6ritis 
 
 §runt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I be taken, let him be taken. 
 capiar capiamur 
 
 capiaris capiamini 
 
 capiatur capiantur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should be taken, he would be taken. 
 caperer caperemur 
 
 capereris caperemini 
 
 caperetur caperentur 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 May have been taken, I have been taken. 
 
 ( siin 
 captus \ sis 
 sit 
 
 capti < 
 
 f simus 
 
 sitis 
 
 sint 
 
90 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have been taken, etc. 
 { essem ( essemus 
 
 captus < 
 
 esses capti 
 
 ( esset ( Assent 
 
 IMPERATIVE. — PRESENT. 
 
 essStis 
 
 capere, be thou taken. 
 capimini, be ye taken. 
 
 capitor, thou shalt be taken. 
 capitor, he shall be taken. 
 capiuntor, they shall be taken. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. capi, to.be taken. 
 
 Perf. captus esse, to have been taken. 
 
 Fut. captum iri, to be about to be taken. 
 
 124. Fourth Conjugation— I— Verbs. 
 
 Audio, I hear. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 audio, audire, audivi, auditus. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I hear. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 audio audimus 
 
 audis auditis 
 
 audit audiunt 
 
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 91 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was hearing, or I heard. 
 
 audi6bam 
 
 audiebamus 
 
 audiebas 
 
 audiebatis 
 
 audiebat 
 
 audi§bant 
 
 
 FUTUEE. 
 
 
 I shall or will hear. 
 
 audiam 
 
 audi6mus 
 
 audies 
 
 audietis 
 
 audiet 
 
 audient 
 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 I have heard, or I heard. 
 
 audivi 
 
 audivimus 
 
 audivisti 
 
 audivistis 
 
 audivit 
 
 audiverunt, or -6re 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 
 I had heard. 
 
 audiveram 
 
 audiveramus 
 
 audiveras 
 
 audiveratis 
 
 audiverat 
 
 audiverant 
 
 FUTUEE PEKFECT. 
 
 I shall or icill have heard. 
 audivero audiverimus 
 
 audiveris audiveritis 
 
 audiverit andiverint 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 May I hear, let him hear. 
 audiam audiamus 
 
 audias audiatis 
 
 audiat audiant 
 
92 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should hear, he would hear. 
 audirem audirenius 
 
 audires audiretis 
 
 audiret audirent 
 
 I may have heard or I have heard. 
 audiverim audiverimus 
 
 audiveris audiveritis 
 
 audiverit audiverint 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have heard, he would have heard. 
 audivisseni audivissemus 
 
 audivisses audivissetis 
 
 audivisset audivissent 
 
 IMPER ATI VE — PR ESENT. 
 
 audi, hear thou. 
 audite, hear ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 audito, thou shalt hear. 
 audi to, he shall hear. 
 auditote, ye shall hear. 
 audiunto, they shall hear. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. audire, to hear. 
 
 Perf. audivisse, to have heard. 
 
 Fut. auditurus esse, to be about to hear. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. audiens,-entis, hearing. 
 
 Fut. auditurus,-a,-um, about to hear. 
 
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 Gen. audi^Ddi, of hearing. 
 Dat. audiendo, for hearing. 
 Ace. audiendum, hearing. 
 Abl. audiendo, by hearing. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ace. audituni, to hear. 
 
 Abl. auditu, to hear, to be heard. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PBESENT TENSE. 
 
 I am heard. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 audior audimur 
 
 audiris, or re audimiui 
 
 auditur auditintur 
 
 IMPEEFECT. 
 
 I was heard. 
 audiebar audiebamur 
 
 audiebaris, or re audiebamini 
 
 audiebatur audiebantur 
 
 FT7TUEE. 
 
 I shall or mil be heard. * 
 audiar audieimir 
 
 audieris, or re audiemini 
 
 audietur audientur 
 
 PEBFECT. 
 
 I have been heard, or I was heard. 
 { sum { sumus 
 
 auditus <{ es auditi -{ estis 
 
 I I 
 
 ( est ( sunt 
 
94 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 
 I had been heard. 
 
 
 eram ( 
 
 eras auditi \ 
 
 i 
 
 eram us 
 
 eratis 
 
 1 
 erat ( 
 
 erant 
 
 auditus 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall or will have been heard. 
 
 { ero { eiiinus 
 
 I I 
 
 auditus { eris auditi { eritis 
 
 ( eiit ( erunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 May I be heard, let him be heard. 
 
 audiar audiamur 
 
 audiaris, or re audiamini 
 
 audiatur audiautur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should be heard, he would be heard. 
 
 audirer audiremur 
 
 andireiis, or re audiremini 
 
 audiretur audireutur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may have been heard. 
 
 ' simus 
 
 sim 
 auditus { sis auditi < 
 
 sitis 
 
 sit I sint 
 
DEPONENT VERBS. 95 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have been heard. 
 ( 6ssem 
 
 auditus < 
 
 esses auditi *j 
 
 6sset 
 
 essSmus 
 
 esseltis 
 essenfc 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 audire, be thou heard. 
 audimini, be ye heard. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 auditor, thou shalt be heard. 
 auditor, he shall be heard. 
 
 audiuntor, they shall be heard. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. audiri, to be heard. 
 
 Perf. auditus 6sse, to have been heard. 
 
 Fut. auditum id, to be about to be heard. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Ger. audiendus, -a,-um, to be heard. 
 Perf. auditus, -a, -urn, having been heard. 
 
 Deponent Verbs. 
 Sequor, I follow. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 sequor sequi secutus 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT. 
 
 I follow. 
 sequor sequimur 
 
 sequeris, or re sequimini 
 
 sequitur sequuntur 
 
96 DEPONENT VERBS. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was following, or / followed. 
 sequebar sequebamur 
 
 sequebaris, or re sequebaniini 
 
 sequebatur sequebantur 
 
 FUTUEE. 
 
 I shall or will follow. 
 s6quar sequemur 
 
 sequeris, or re sequeinini 
 
 sequ6tur seqnentur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have followed, or I followed. 
 
 secutus < 
 
 seciitus - 
 
 sum 
 
 sumus 
 
 es seciiti < 
 
 estis 
 
 est 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had followed. 
 eram 
 
 v sunt 
 r eramus 
 
 eras 1 secuti « 
 
 eratis 
 
 erat 
 
 erant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall or will have followed. 
 
 f erimus 
 
 ' ero 
 
 secutus -{ eris 
 
 I erit 
 
 secuti 
 
 eritis 
 Srunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESEN T. 
 
 May I follow, let Mm follow. 
 sequar sequaniur 
 
 sequaris, or re sequaniiiii 
 
 sequatur sequantur 
 
DEPONENT VERBS. 97 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I should follow, he would follow. 
 s6querer sequer6mur 
 
 sequereris, or re sequeremini 
 
 sequeretur sequer6ntur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 J may have followed, or I have followed. 
 
 ( sini 
 
 essemus 
 
 secutus ■{ sis seciiti { ess6tis 
 
 sit ^ Assent 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I should have followed. 
 
 f essern 
 
 essemus 
 
 secutus-^ esses seciiti «( essetis 
 
 t esset t Assent 
 
 IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 s^quere, follow thou. 
 sequimini, follow ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 s6quitor, thou shalt follow. 
 sequitor, -he shall follow. 
 sequuntor, they shall follow. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. sequi, to follow. 
 
 Perf. secutus esse, to have followed. 
 
 Fut. secuturus esse, to be about to follow. 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. sequens, eutis, following. 
 Fut. secuturus,-a,-um, about to follow. 
 Perf. secutus, -a, -urn, having folloiecd. 
 Ger. sequendus, -a, -nm, to be followed. 
 
98 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Gen. sequ6ndi, of following. 
 Dat. sequendo, for following. 
 Ace. sequendurn, following. 
 Abl. sequendo, by following. 
 
 126. 
 
 Ace. secutum, to follow. 
 
 Abl. seeuti, to follow, to be followed. 
 
 It will be observed that sequor is conjugated 
 like the passive of the third conjugation. De- 
 ponents in their conjugations, follow the passive 
 voice of the conjugation to which they belong. 
 It will be noted, however, from the conjugation 
 of sequor, that the present participle, future parti- 
 ciple, gerund, supine and gerundive are added 
 from the corresponding active conjugatoins. 
 
 Irregular Verbs- 
 
 futurus. 
 
 
 Sum, I am. 
 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 sum, 
 
 esse, fui, 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 sum 
 
 sum us 
 
 es 
 
 estis 
 
 est 
 
 sunt 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 eram 
 
 erainus 
 
 eras 
 
 eratis 
 
 erat 
 
 6rant 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ero 
 
 erimus 
 
 eris 
 
 eritis 
 
 erit 
 
 erunt 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 99 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 fui 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fufsti 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuit 
 
 ftieriut 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 fueram 
 
 fueramus 
 
 fueras 
 
 fueratis 
 
 fuerat 
 
 fuerant 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 fuero 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fueris 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuerit 
 
 fuerint 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 sim 
 
 sfmus 
 
 sis 
 
 sitis 
 
 sit 
 
 sint 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 essein 
 
 essemus 
 
 esses 
 
 cssetis 
 
 esset 
 
 essent 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 f ue rim 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fiieris 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuerit 
 
 fuerint 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 fuissem 
 
 fuissem us 
 
 fnisses 
 
 fuissetis 
 
 fuisset 
 
 fuisseut 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 es 
 
 
 cste 
 
 
100 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 esto 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 6sto 
 
 
 
 estote 
 
 ) 
 
 
 sun to 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 esse 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 fuisse 
 
 
 Fut. 
 
 l'uturus 
 
 esse 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Fut. futurus, a,-um 
 127. P6ssum 3 p6sse, potui, to be able. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 possum 
 
 potes 
 potest 
 
 poteram 
 
 p6tero 
 
 potui 
 
 potueram 
 
 potuero 
 
 possim 
 
 possis 
 
 possit 
 
 INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 
 Plural. 
 
 possumus 
 
 potestis 
 
 possunt 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 poteramus 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 poterimus 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 potuimus 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 potueramus 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 possim us 
 
 possitis 
 
 possint 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 101 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 p6ssem 
 
 possemus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 potuerim 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 potuissem 
 
 potuissemus 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. posse 
 
 
 Perf. potuisse 
 
 Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturu 
 
 
 INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 pr6sum 
 
 prosumus 
 
 prodes 
 
 prodestis 
 
 prddest 
 
 prosunt 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 proderani 
 
 proderauius 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 prodero 
 
 proderimus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 profui 
 
 profuimus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 profueram 
 
 profueramus 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 profuero 
 
 profuerimus 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 prosim 
 
 prosim us 
 
 prosis 
 
 prositis 
 
 prosit 
 
 pr6sint 
 
102 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 prod6ssem prodessemus 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 profiierim profuerimus 
 
 PLUPERFFCT. 
 
 profuisseui profuissemus 
 
 IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 prodes prodeste 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 i 
 
 prodesto prodest6te 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. prod esse 
 Perl', profuisse 
 Fnt. prof'uturus esse 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Put. prol'uturus, -a, -um 
 129. Volo, velle, volui, to be willing, wish. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 volo 
 
 volumus 
 
 vis 
 
 vultis 
 
 vult 
 
 volunt 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 volebam 
 
 volebamus 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 volam 
 
 volemus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 v61ui 
 
 voluimus 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 103 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 volueram 
 
 volueramus 
 
 FUTURE PEEFECT. 
 
 voluero 
 
 volu6rimus 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 v61im 
 
 velimus 
 
 velis 
 
 velitis 
 
 velit 
 
 velint 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 vellem 
 
 velUmus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 voluerim 
 
 voluerimus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 voluissem 
 
 voluissernus 
 
 Pres. velle 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Perf. voluisse 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. volens. 
 130. Eo, ire, ivi (ii), itiirus, to go. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE - PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 eo 
 
 imus 
 
 is 
 
 itis 
 
 it 
 
 eunt 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ibam 
 
 ibamus 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ibo 
 
 ibimus 
 
104 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 ivi (ii) 
 
 lveram 
 
 lvero 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 ivimus 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 iveramus 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 iverimus 
 
 earn 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 eanius 
 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 irem 
 
 
 ire in us 
 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 iverim 
 
 iverimus 
 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 ivisseni 
 
 ivissemus 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 i 
 
 
 ite 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ito 
 
 
 itote 
 
 ito 
 
 
 etinto 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 ire 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 ivisse 
 
 
 Fat. 
 
 iturus 
 
 esse 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. iens, euntis 
 Put. iturus, -a, -um 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 105 
 
 Gen. eundi 
 Dat. eundo 
 Ace. eumlum 
 Abl. euudo 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Ace. itum 
 Abl. itu 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum (supplies passive to facio, 
 make), to be made, become. 
 
 i: 
 
 NDICATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fio 
 
 fimus 
 
 fis 
 
 litis 
 
 fit 
 
 fiunt 
 
 
 IMPEEFECT. 
 
 fiebam 
 
 fiebamus 
 
 
 FUTUEE. 
 
 fiam 
 
 fiemus 
 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 factus sum 
 
 facti sumus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 factus eram 
 
 facti eramus 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 factus ero 
 
 facti erimus 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PKESENT. 
 
 fiam 
 
 liaiiuis 
 
106 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 fierem fleremus 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 f actus sim facti simus 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 factus essem facti essemus 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 fi fite 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. fieri 
 Perf. factus esse 
 Fut. factum iri 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perf. factus 
 Ger. faciendus 
 
 131. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear, carry, endure. 
 Active Voice. 
 
 ] 
 
 INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 fero 
 
 feiimus 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 fert 
 
 f'6runt 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ferebam 
 
 ferebamus 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 feram 
 
 fereiuus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 tuli 
 
 tulimus 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 107 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 t tiler am 
 
 tuler amue 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 tulero 
 
 tulerimus 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 feram 
 
 leramus 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ferrem 
 
 fcrremus 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 tulerim 
 
 tulerimus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 tulissem 
 
 tulissemus 
 
 IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 
 
 fer 
 
 ferte 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ferto 
 
 fert6te 
 
 fer to 
 
 ferunto 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. ferre 
 
 
 Perf. tulisse 
 
 
 Fut. laturus 
 
 6sse 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. ferens 
 
 
 Fut. laturus 
 
 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Gen. ferendi 
 
 
 Dat. ferendo 
 
 
 Ace. ferendum 
 
 Abl. ferendo 
 
 
108 
 
 Ace. latum 
 Abl. latu 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 f6ror 
 
 ferimur 
 
 ferris 
 
 ferimini 
 
 fertur 
 
 feruntur 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ferebar 
 
 ferebamur 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ferar 
 
 feiemur 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 latus sum 
 
 lati suuius 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 latus eram 
 
 lati eramus 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 latus 6ro 
 
 lati eriinus 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 ferar 
 
 feramur 
 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ferrer 
 
 ferre raur 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 latus sim 
 
 lati simus 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 latus essem lati essemus 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 
 
 ferre 
 
 ferimini 
 

 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 
 
 FUTUBE. 
 
 ffcvtov 
 
 
 
 XCX I'VX 
 
 fertor 
 
 
 feruntor 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. ferri 
 
 
 
 Perf. latus 
 
 6sse 
 
 i 
 
 Fut. latum 
 
 iri 
 
 PAETICIPLKS. 
 
 Perf. latus 
 
 
 
 Ger. i'erendus 
 
 
 109 
 
110 RULES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 132. RULES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 I. The subject of a Finite Verb is in the Nominative 
 Case. 
 
 II. The object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accu- 
 sative Case. 
 
 ILL A Predicate Noun after a neuter or passive verb 
 takes the same case as the subject. 
 
 IV. Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Participles 
 agree with their nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. 
 
 V. A Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender 
 and Number, but its Case depends upon the construc- 
 tion of the clause in which it stands. 
 
 VI. A Noun joined to another noun denoting the 
 same person or thing is in the same case by Apposition. 
 
 VII. A Noun limiting another noun denoting a dif- 
 ferent person or thing is in the Genitive. 
 
 VIII. The Possessive Genitive denotes the Author ? 
 or the Possessor. 
 
 IX. The Subjective Genitive denotes the Subject or 
 Agent of the action or feeling. 
 
 X. The Objective Genitive denotes the Object to- 
 ward which the action or feeling is directed. 
 
 XL The Partitive Genitive denotes the Whole of 
 which a part is taken. 
 
 XII. A Noun predicated of another noun denoting a 
 different person or thing, is put in the Predicate Geni- 
 tive. 
 
 XIII. The Indirect Object of an action is in the 
 Dative. 
 
 XIV. After sum and similar verbs, the Possessor is 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX. Ill 
 
 expressed by the Dative, the thing possessed being the 
 subject of the verb. 
 
 XV. The subject of the Infinitive is in the Accusa- 
 tive. 
 
 XVI. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are 
 expressed by the Accusative. 
 
 XVII. Source and Cause are denoted by the Abla- 
 tive with or without a preposition ; Accompaniment is 
 denoted by the Ablative, generally with the preposi- 
 tion cum; Means and Instrument are denoted by the 
 Ablative alone. 
 
 XVIII. Manner is denoted by the Ablative with the 
 preposition cum, unless the noun is modified by an ad- 
 jective or a genitive, in which case the Ablative alone 
 is used. 
 
 XIX. That of which anything is deprived, or from 
 which it is removed or separated, is expressed by the 
 Ablative. 
 
 XX. The Ablative of Specification is used with 
 Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs, to denote in what respect 
 anything is true. 
 
 XXI. The Comparative is followed by the Ablative 
 when quam (than) is not expressed. 
 
 XXII. The Voluntary Agent of a verb in the passive 
 voice is in the Ablative with a or ab. 
 
 XXIII. A noun and a participle, or a noun and an 
 adjective, or two nouns, may be put in the Ablative to 
 denote the time, cause, or other attendant circumstan- 
 ces of an action. This is called the Ablative Absolute. 
 It corresponds with the Nominative Absolute in Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 XXIV. Place where is expressed by the Ablative 
 with in. 
 
 XXV. After verbs of Motion, Place to which is ex- 
 pressed by the Accusative. Place from which by the 
 
112 RULES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 Ablative j names of Towns, without a preposition ; 
 other nouns take ad or in with the Accusative, and 
 afo, de or ex with the Ablative. 
 
 XXVI. Verbs of Declaring, Thinking, Believing, 
 Knowing, take after them an Infinitive with a subject 
 Accusative. 
 
 XXVII. Clauses denoting Purpose or Eesult take 
 the Subjunctive after ut. 
 
 XXVIII. Clauses introduced by priusquam take the 
 Subjunctive when they involve an idea of purpose. 
 
 XXIX. Cum Causal (since), or Concessive (although) 
 takes the Subjunctive; Cum Temporal (when) gener- 
 ally takes the Indicative in the Present and Perfect 
 Tenses. 
 
 XXX. The Indirect Question has its verb in the Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 XXXT. In Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua) the 
 verb of the Principal clauses is in the Infinitive, and 
 the verbs of the Subordinate clauses are in the Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 XXXII. The Subjunctive is used to express a com- 
 mand, or an exhortation. In this sense it is used chiefly 
 in the first and second persons singular, and the first 
 and third persons plural of the Present Teuse. 
 
 XXXIII. Clauses introduced by nisi express condi- 
 tion, and take the Indicative to represent the supposed 
 case as real ; and the Subjunctive to represent it as 
 possible. 
 
 XXXIV. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation, 
 formed by combining the Future Active Participle with 
 gum, denotes an intended or future action ; the Passive 
 Periphrastic Conjugation formed by combining the 
 Gerundive with sum, denotes necessity or duty. 
 
 XXIV. Deponent Verbs are passive in form and ac- 
 tive in meaning. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 113 
 
 TABLE OF LEGAL MAXIMS 
 
 ANNOTATED. 
 
 1. Absoluta sententia expositione non indiget : — 2 
 
 Inst. 533. 
 Sentence appropriately denotes the action of a court 
 of criminal jurisdiction in declaring the consequences 
 to a convict of the fact of guilt confessed or ascer- 
 tained by verdict. The judge in delivering such a 
 sentence is not required by the law to give his reasons 
 therefor. Commonwealth v. Lockwood, 109 Mass. 325. 
 See Maxim 186. 
 
 2. Abundans cautela non nocet. 
 
 Caution is applied to the use of apparently super- 
 fluous words, and the doing of things seemingly super- 
 rogatory from an apprehension that otherwise some 
 right may be yielded or prejudiced, or some power or 
 privilege waived; as where formal, technical and syn- 
 onymous words are employed in instruments, or where 
 slightly varying averments are made in pleading. 6 
 Wheat. 108. 
 
 3. Accessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum princi- 
 
 pale : — Co. Litt. 152a. 
 
 Bent is incident to the reversion, and by a grant of 
 the reversion the rent will pass, though by a grant of 
 the rent the reversion will not pass. 
 
 From the application of this maxim it also .follows, 
 that where the principal ceases or is destroyed, the ac- 
 cessory also ceases or is destroyed ; as where a less 
 estate being created out of a greater and the greater 
 is destroyed or determined, its destruction or termina- 
 
114 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 tion carries with it the destruction or termination of 
 the less. Harding v. Pollock, 6 Bing. 63. See Maxim 237. 
 
 4. Acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta:— 8 Coke 
 
 Eeports, 291. 
 The law, in some cases, judges of a man's previous 
 intentions by his subsequent acts ; and on this prin- 
 ciple it was decided, in a well-known case, that if a 
 man abuse an authority given him by the law he be- 
 comes a trespasser ab initio j but that where he abuses 
 an authority given him by the party he shall not be a 
 trespasser ab initio. The Six Carpenter's Case, 1 
 Smith, Leading Cases, 261. . 
 
 5. Actiones legis. 
 
 Certain forms necessary to be observed in prosecut- 
 ing suits under the Eoman laws, were composed from 
 the Twelve Tables. The best English equivalent is 
 law suits. 
 
 i>. Actio non accrevit infra sex annos. 
 The appropriate plea of the Statute of Limitations, 
 where six years is the statutory limit. 
 
 7. Actio non datur non damnifieato: — Jenk.Cent. 69, 
 The injury here referred to must be such as the law 
 
 makes actionable, otherwise the party is non damniji- 
 catus, and the maxim damnum sine injuria applies. 
 See Maxims 90, 224 and 243. 
 
 8. Actio personalis moritur cum persona. 
 
 In actions of tort this was formerly a general rule; 
 recently, however, its application has been generally 
 narrowed, but in strictness still it applies to such ac- 
 tions, as, for libel, slander, false imprisonment, or 
 other personal injury. By Lord Campbell's Act, com- 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 115 
 
 pensation may now be recovered by trie relatives of a 
 person negligently killed. 
 
 The right which a husband has to the choses in ac- 
 tion of his wife comes also within this rule as being a 
 personal right of action dying with him, and which, 
 if they be not reduced into possession during cover- 
 ture, survives to the wife. 
 
 9. Actori incumbit onus probandi : — Hob. 103. 
 
 The burden of proof resting on a plaintiff is coex- 
 tensive only with the legal proposition upon which his 
 case rests. It applies to every fact which is essential 
 to or necessarily involved in that proposition ; not to 
 facts relied upon in defense to establish an indepen- 
 dent proposition, however inconsistent with that upon 
 which the plaintiff's case depends. It is for the defen- 
 dant to furnish proof of such facts. Wilder v. Cowles, 
 100 Mass. 490. See Maxim 108. 
 
 10. Actus legis non facit injnriam : — 5 Co. 87. 
 This maxim may be illustrated in an action of debt 
 
 where the defendant dies before execution, the plaintiff 
 may have a new execution by elegit or fieri facias ; for 
 here there is no default in the plaintiff, he having fol- 
 lowed the due and ordinary course of the law. 
 
 So where a lease is made to a man and wife during 
 coverture, and the husband sow the laud, and after- 
 wards the parties are divorced a vinculo matrimonii, 
 the husband shall have the emblements ■; for the sen- 
 tence of divorce is the act of law, and actus legis nem- 
 ini facit injuriam. See Maxim 114. 
 
 11. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea : — 3 Inst. 
 
 107. 
 This maxim has reference chiefly to criminal pro- 
 ceedings, and in such cases it is the rule that the act 
 
 
116 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 and the intent must both coneur to constitute a crime; 
 yet the law will sometimes imply the intent from the 
 act under the maxim, acta exteriora indicant inter- 
 iora, as illustrated in Maxim 4. 
 
 So murder furnishes at once an instance illustrative 
 of both maxims under consideration; for though, on 
 the one hand, the act of killing does not of itself con- 
 stitute the guilt, unless done with a guilty intent, yet 
 in such case a guilty intent will be presumed. Reg. v. 
 Woodrow, 15 M. & W. 401. See Maxims 90 and 243. 
 
 12. Ad ea qua? frequenting acciduut jura adaptan- 
 
 tur:— .5 Inst, 137. 
 The meaning of this maxim is that the laws are to 
 be so framed as that they be made to adapt themselves 
 to those cases which, in the ordinary transactions of 
 the world, most frequently occur, in [(reference to their 
 being made to adapt themselves to any isolated or in- 
 dividual case. Robinson v. Cotterell, 11 Exch. 628. 
 
 13. Ad qusestionem facti non respondent judices ; 
 
 ad qusestionem juris non respondent jura- 
 tores :— Co. Litt. 295. 
 
 Matters of fact are tried by jurors, matters of law by 
 the judges, and the duty of the jurors is to find the 
 truth of the fact, and leave the decision of the law to 
 the judges. 
 
 In some cases a jury may be said to exercise also the 
 office of a judge; as, when they are directed as to the 
 law by the judge, but in giving their verdict misapply 
 it, whether from wilfulness or misapprehension. 
 
 So judges, by recent legislation, have, in many cases ; 
 been given the power to decide matters of fact, as well 
 as of law, without the intervention of a jury; in some 
 cases with, and in others without, the consent of par- 
 ties. Bartlett v. Smith, 11 M. & W. 486. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 117 
 
 14. Ad perpetuarn rei memoriam. 
 
 This is the name given to a bill in equity brought to 
 secure the testimony of witnesses with reference to 
 same matter which is not in litigation but is likely to be, 
 thus difl'ering from a bill to take testimony de bene esse, 
 which is sustainable only when there is a suit already 
 pending. 
 
 15. iEdificare in tuo proprio solo non licet quod 
 
 alteri nocet : — 3 Inst. 301. 
 
 A man must enjoy his own property in such a man- 
 ner as not to invade the legal rights of his neighbor. 
 
 So an action will lie, if, by an erection on his own 
 land, a man obstructs the ancient lights and windows 
 of another. See Maxims 172 and 355. 
 
 16. iEquitas legem sequitur : — Branch M. 8. 
 This maxim, though largely quoted by the earlier 
 
 chancellors, is true in a very narrow and restricted 
 sense in two meanings : first, equity follows the law in 
 the sense of obeying it and conforming to its general 
 rules and policy; and secondly, in applying legal rules 
 to equitable estates. 
 
 Thus, in the interpretation of statutes, and in the 
 construction of wills, and other legal instruments, this 
 maxim applies. 
 
 17. JEquitas nunquam contravenit legis. 
 
 It is the function of equity rather to supplement the 
 law by affording full relief, as in case of specific per- 
 formance of a contract, where the law only gives par- 
 tial relief in damages. 
 
 18. Alienatio rei prsefertur juri accrescendi : — Co. 
 
 Litt. 185a. 
 From the time of the Norman Conquest many statutes 
 have been passed, beginning with the Magna Charta, 
 
118 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 Laving a tendency to encourage alienation, until the 
 law became what it now is, and as represented by this 
 maxim. 
 
 Now, there are statutes preventing the restriction of 
 alienation of real estate, and preventing the accumula- 
 tion of personal estate ; real estate being inalienable 
 for a longer period than for a life or lives in being and 
 twenty -one years afterwards, and the accumulation of 
 personal estate being restricted to a life or lives in 
 being or twenty-one years. Thelluson v. Woodford, 11 
 Yes. juu. 112, 149. Fowler v. Fowler, 10 L. T. (N. S.) 682. 
 
 19. Allegnns contraria non est audiendus : — Jenk. 
 
 Exch. Rep. 16. 
 
 A witness will not be allowed to contradict himself, 
 nor a party to contradict his own witness. A landlord 
 distraining shall not be allowed to deny that a tenancy 
 existed ; nor shall a tenant dispute his landlord's title, 
 for, in both instances, they are precluded by the doc- 
 trine of estoppel. 
 
 Trover furnishes a simple instance of the application 
 of this maxim, a verdict in trover being a bar to an 
 action for money had and received brought for the 
 value of the same goods. So a judgment in trespass, 
 in which the right of property is determined, is a bar 
 in an action of trover for the same thing. Whar. Max. 9. 
 
 20. Allegans suam turpitudinem non est audiendus: 
 
 4 Co. Ins. 279. 
 • The meaning is that no one shall be heard in a court 
 of justice to allege his own turpitude or infamy as a 
 foundation of a right or claim ; not that a man shall 
 not be heard who testifies to his own turpitude or 
 criminality, however much his testimony may be dis- 
 credited by his character. In Be Hallet, Knatchbull 
 v. Hallett, 13 Ch. Div. 696. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 119 
 
 21. Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda. 
 This is a rule of evidence which excludes all untrue 
 
 statements, but, if the doctrine of estoppel applies, a 
 party will not be allowed to prove even what is true. 
 For estoppel see Maxims 19, 26 f 5 and 269. 
 
 22. Ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est. 
 
 Thus, if, in a lease, words of exception be used am- 
 biguously, the same being words of the lessor, they are 
 construed most strongly against him. 
 
 23. Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verifica- 
 
 tione excluditur. 
 Ambiguitas patens — patent or open ambiguity — is 
 where the ambiguity is plainly perceptible upon the 
 face of the document under consideration, and is not 
 raised by extrinsic evidence, in which case parol evi- 
 dence will not be admitted to explain such ambiguity: 
 thus where a testator makes a devise, but omits to in- 
 sert the name of the devisee ; in such case the devise 
 will fail, for, to admit parol evidence to supply this de- 
 fect, would be to make a devise which the testator him- 
 self had not made. See Maxim 73. 
 
 24. A mensa et thoro. 
 
 This phrase describes a total divorce : a complete 
 dissel«44on-of the marriage relation with all incidental 
 rights. 
 
 25. Amicus curiae : — 8 Co. 15. 
 
 One who for the assistance of the court gives infor- 
 mation of some matter of law in regard to which the 
 court is doubtful or mistaken. 
 
 The information may extend to any matter of which 
 the court takes judicial cognizance. 
 
120 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 26. Angliae jura in omni casu libertati dant fav- 
 
 orem :— Halk. Max. 12 (1823.) 
 Time was in English history when the laws did not 
 in every case favor liberty, but the above maxim has 
 been more perfectly realized since the Magna Charta, 
 Bill of Eights, Habeas Corpus and similar measures. 
 
 27. Ammo furandi ; — Co. 3d Inst. 107. 
 
 In order to constitute larceny, the thief must take 
 the property animo furandi ; for, when the taking of 
 property is lawful, although it may afterwards be con- 
 verted animo furandi to the taker's use, it is not lar- 
 ceny. 
 
 28. Animo testandi. 
 
 This is required to make a valid will ; for whatever 
 form may have been adopted, if there was no animo 
 testandi, there can be no will. 
 
 An idiot, for example, can make no will, for he can 
 have no intention. 
 
 29. Annus luctus: — Code, 5, 9, 2. 
 
 It was a rule among the Bomans and also the Danes 
 and Saxons, that the widow should not marry infra 
 annum luctus — within the year of mourning — that is 
 the year following the death of the husband. 1 Bl. 
 Com. 457. 
 
 30. Aqua currit et debet currere. 
 
 IsTo one can have any right of property in a running 
 stream, but only a right to use it ; and this must be so 
 exercised as not to iuterfere with other persons possess- 
 ing similar rights. 
 
 A land owner has no better right to stop the flow of 
 a water course, which has its origin on his land than 
 if it arose elsewhere. Varick v. Smith, 5 Paige, 137. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 121 
 
 31. Arbitriuin est judicium : — Jenk. Cent. 137. 
 By an award is generally understood the decision of 
 
 a board of arbitrators, a valid award being equivalent 
 to a judgment on a verdict. 
 
 A party disobeying such an award is punishable as 
 for contempt of court. 
 
 32. Arbor dum crescit; lignum cum crescere nescit : 
 
 2 Bui. 82. 
 
 When the trunk of a tree is severed from the root 
 and felled to the earth, it becomes timber or lumber. 
 
 While the timber is standing, it constitutes a part 
 of the realty ; severed from the soil its character is 
 changed — it becomes personalty. 21 Wall. 64. 
 
 33. Argumentum ab auctoritate fortissimum est in 
 
 lege :— Co. Litt. 251. 
 This is an argument, which draws its force from the 
 opinions of persons long held in repute or reverence. 
 
 34. Argumentum ab impotentia plurimum valet in 
 
 lege. See Maxim 147. 
 
 35. Argumentum ad hominem. 
 
 An argument proving a conclusion from the princi- 
 ples and practices of an opponent; often by showing 
 them to be contrary to his argument. 
 
 36. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. 
 
 An argument based upon the ignorance of one's ad- 
 versary or hearers, or which bases its claim to validity 
 because of tueir disability to disprove it. 
 
 37. Anna in armatos sumere jura sinunt : — 2 Jus. 
 
 574. 
 
122 • LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 This is permitted on the ground of self-defense, 
 which principle was early recognized by the civil law. 
 
 38. Assento mentium. 
 
 Assent given by all the parties to an act or contract; 
 the meeting of the minds of tbe parties to any trans- 
 action. Mutual assent, which is the meeting of the 
 minds of both parties to a contract, is vital to the exist- 
 ence of a contract. Moreover, this requisite assent 
 must be the work of the parties themselves, as the law 
 can not supply it. 
 
 39. Assignatus utitur jure auctoris : — Hal. Max. 14. 
 
 This maxim applies generally to all property, real 
 and personal, and refers to assigns by act of parties, 
 as where the assignment is by deed; and to assigns by 
 operation of law, as in the case of an executor. All 
 rights of the assignor in the thing assigned must pass 
 from him to the assignee by virtue of the assignment, 
 for duo non possunt in solido unam rem possidere. — 
 Two persons cannot possess one thing in entirety. 
 
 It should be observed, also, that the thiug assigned 
 takes with it all the liabilities attached to it in the 
 hands of the assignor at the time of assignment, ex- 
 cept in cases for the encouragement of commerce, such 
 as sales in market overt, negotiation of promissory 
 notes, bills of exchange, etc. See Maxims 268 and 
 314. 
 
 40. Audi alteram partem. 
 
 Iso man is to be condemned unheard. This is one 
 of the fundamental principles of the British Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 41. Aula re sis. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 123 
 
 A court established by the Conqueror to advise the 
 king in matters of great moment. It was composed 
 of the king's great officers resident in his palace, the 
 lord high constable, steward, treasurer, the lord chan- 
 cellor and others. These were assisted by persons 
 learned in the laws — the king's justices, and by the 
 great barons of Parliament. This court was subdivided 
 into chancery, king's bench, exchequer and common 
 pleas. The last being in a special sense the successor 
 of the aula regis. 
 
 42. A vinculo matrimonii. 
 
 This term describes a partial divorce: separation of - 
 the parties by law, with all rights preserved. 
 
 43. Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu 
 
 dubiis est prreferenda : — 4 Eep. 15. 
 This maxim proceeds upon the principle of carrying 
 into effect, as far and as nearly as possible, the inten- 
 tion of the testator, and if there be a general and also 
 a particular intention apparent on the will, and the 
 particular intention cannot take effect, the words shall 
 be so construed as to give effect to the general inten- 
 tion. This is the cy pres doctrine which is carried into 
 efficient operation by courts of equity. 
 
 44. Bis dat qui cito dat. 
 
 This maxim needs no explanation, and it is recog- 
 nized by all as being expressive of the highest gener- 
 osity. 
 
 45. Bona fide. 
 
 A purchaser bona fide is one who actually purchases 
 in good faith. 2 Kent, 512. 
 
 The law requires all persons in a transaction to act 
 with good faith; and a contract where one of the par- 
 
124 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 ties has not acted bona fide is void at the pleasure of 
 the innocent party. 8 Johns. 446. 
 
 But if a contract be made with good faith, subsequent 
 fraudulent acts will not vitiate it. 2 Miles, 229. 
 
 46. Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem : — 
 
 Chan. Prac. 329. 
 The word jurisdictionem should be, according to Lord 
 Mansfield, justitiam, and the meaning of the maxim in 
 such case is that to be a good judge is to amplify in 
 his office the remedies the law gives, so as, in the most 
 perfect manner, to do the most complete justice, not 
 letting substantial justice be frittered away by nice 
 and unmeaning technicalities, or himself to lay hold of 
 such technicalities as a means of avoiding giving a de- 
 cision accordiug to the very right, in broad and sub- 
 stantial justice. But this maxim does not mean that 
 a good judge will exceed the limits of his jurisdiction, 
 or that he will do anything other than that which, by 
 the law and practice of his court, he is authorized to 
 do. Whar. Max. 14. 
 
 47. Boni judicis est judicium sine dilatione man- 
 
 dare executioni: — Co. Litt. 289. 
 A judgment, being the sentence of law pronounced 
 by the court, upon the matter contained in the record, 
 should, when once rendered, be executed with all pos- 
 sible speed, consonant with the rights of the party 
 against whom it is rendered, and with the practice of 
 the court. 
 
 48. Boni judicis lites dirimere est: — 4 Eep. 15. 
 
 This may be done by refusing to entertain suits with- 
 out merit and by according speedy relief to those who 
 have a standing in court. See Maxims 50, 97 and 170. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 125 
 
 49. Bonus. A premium paid to a grantor or ven- 
 
 dor. 
 
 Extraordinary profit accruing in the operation of a 
 stock company. 10 Ves. Ct. 185. 
 
 An additional premium paid for the use of money 
 beyond the legal interest. 2 Parsons, Contr. 391. 
 
 50. Bonus judex secundum sequum et bonum judi- 
 
 cat et aequitatem stricto jure praefert : — Co. 
 Litt. 24. 
 
 This maxim is scarcely more than another way of 
 stating Maxim 48. 
 
 "I commend the judge," observes Lord Hobart, 
 u who seems fine and ingenious, so it tend to right and 
 equity ; and I condemn them who, either out of pleas- 
 ure to show a subtle wit, will destroy, or out of incur- 
 iousness or negligence, will not labor to support, the 
 act of the party by the art or act of the law. Hobart, 
 125. 
 
 51. Breve judiciale non cadit pro defectu formae: — 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 43. 
 It is the duty of the judge to look to the substance 
 rather than the form, and when called upon to pass 
 upon the validity of a writ, to disregard purely formal 
 defects. 
 
 52. Cassetur billa. 
 
 A judgment sometimes entered against the plaintiff 
 at his request when, in consequence of allegations of 
 the defendant, he can no longer prosecute his suit with 
 effect. It is always the appropriate judgment for the 
 defendant after a successful plea in abatement. 
 
 The effect of such a judgment is to stop proceedings, 
 and exonerate the plaintiff from liability for future 
 
126 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 costs, leaving him free -to sue out new process. Gould 
 PL 139. 
 
 53. Casus fortuitus non est sperandus; et nemo 
 . tenetur divinare : — 4 Co. 66. 
 
 This is another way of saying nemo tenetur ad im- 
 possibilia, for to foresee a fortuitous or unlooked for 
 event is impossible, and this the law requires of no 
 one. This maxim, however, would not excuse anyone 
 from liability resulting reasonably from one's act, al- 
 though such liability was njt foreseen by the party 
 himself. 
 
 54. Catalla reputantur inter minima in lege : — Jenk. 
 
 Cent. 28. 
 Under the feudal system unusual privileges were ac- 
 corded to the owners of real estate, and, besides, it 
 constituted by far the greater part of property, hence 
 chattels, which primarily meant beasts of burden, were 
 not much regarded by the law. To such an absurd 
 extent was this rule carried, that a life estate was of 
 greater dignity than a term for a thousand years. 
 
 55. Causa proxima non remota spectatur: — Bac. 
 
 Max., reg. 1. 
 
 "It were infinite for the law to consider the cause 
 of causes and their impulsions one of another ; there- 
 fore it contented itself with the immediate cause, and 
 juclgeth of acts by that, without looking to any further 
 degree." Lord Bacon. 
 
 This maxim, although of general application, is, in 
 practice, usually cited with reference to that particular 
 branch of the law which concerns marine insurance. 
 
 " The general rule is clear, that to constitute inter- 
 est insurable against a peril, it must be an interest 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 127 
 
 such that the peril would, by its proximate effect, 
 cause damage to the assured." Seagrove v. Union Mar. 
 Ids. Co., L. E. 1 C. P. 320. See Maxim 158. 
 
 56. Caveat emptor: — Hob. 99. 
 
 A purchaser of property must examine and judge 
 for himself as to its title and quality, unless dissuaded 
 by representation. This maxim applies to all descrip 
 tious of property. 
 
 The fundamental inquiry is whether, under the cir- 
 cumstances of the case, the buyer had the right to 
 rely and necessarily relied upon the judgment of the 
 seller. Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton, 110 TJ. S. 
 116. Positive fraud, it may be added, vitiates all con- 
 tracts and such a contract may be declared void, as 
 deed it is ab initio. 
 
 57. Caveat venditor. 
 
 This maxim of the civil law expresses a doctriue 
 the reverse of the rule of caveat emptor of the common 
 law. 
 
 It applies to executory sales, to contracts for goods 
 to be manufactured or produced, or to sales where the 
 buyer has no opportunity to inspect the article pur- 
 chased. 0. 
 
 58. Cepi corpus et est languidus. 
 
 The return made by an officer, when a person, who is 
 arrested, is so sick that to remove him would endanger 
 his health or life. 
 
 Such a person may be left in charge of a deputy. 
 
 59. Cepi corpus et paratum habeo. 
 
 The return made by an officer, when a defendant, 
 
128 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 who has been arrested,' is held by being subject to the 
 order of the court. 
 
 60. Certum est quod certum reddi potest: — 9 Co. 47. 
 When the law requires certainty, that is accepted 
 
 for certainty which, by computation or testimony, can 
 be shown to be already certain. 
 
 Thus, in a contract for the sale of lands or goods, 
 where the particulars of the lands or goods contracted 
 to be sold are not set out in the contract, but reference 
 is made to another instrument, in which they are set 
 out; and, where, on the sale of large quantities of ma- 
 chinery and stock in trade, reference is made to an 
 advertisement in the newspapers or to particulars of 
 sale by auction. 
 
 61. Cessante causa, cessat effectus: — Co. Litt. 70. 
 
 See Maxim 02. 
 
 62. Cessante ratione legis, cessat ipsa lex: — Co. 
 
 Litt. 70. 
 
 This finds familiar illustration in the protection 
 from all civil process given to a foreign ambassador 
 whilst in the exercise of the duties of his office in this 
 country; to members of Parliament during the sitting 
 of Parliament; to all judges exercising their judicial 
 functions, and to barristers attending the courts of 
 law and equity. The reason in these particular cases 
 being that such protection is necessary for the per- 
 formance by them of their respective duties, but the 
 moment they cease to be so acting the protection so 
 afforded them also ceases. 
 
 The maxim is also applicable to property and finds 
 illustration in the case of a proprietor, who is respon- 
 sible for the due performance of rights and duties re- 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 129 
 
 specting his property, so long as he is owner thereof ; 
 but so soon as the property passes from him, the inci- 
 dents connected therewith, which the law attaches 
 thereto, also pass. Whar. Max. 17. See Maxims 61, 
 334 and 367. 
 
 63. Clausulse inconsuetse semper inducunt sus- 
 
 picionem : — 3 Co. 18. 
 In Twyne's case (1 Smith's Leading Cases, 1), a deed 
 containing a clause that the gift was made " honestly, 
 truly and bona fide," was held fraudulent and void, 
 even though made for a valuable consideration. The 
 French express it differently — qui s' 'excuse 8> accuse. See 
 Maxim 101. 
 
 64. Cogitationis pcenam nemo meretur : — 2 Inst. 
 
 Jur. Civ. 658. 
 It is laid down by Lord Mansfield that, so long as 
 an act rests in bare intention, it is not punishable, yet 
 when an act is done, the law judges not only of the act 
 itself, but of the intent with which it was done. An 
 exception to this rule under the common law was to be 
 found in the case of treason where the maxim voluntas 
 reputatur pro facto — the will is taken for the deed — 
 applied. See Maxim 383. 
 
 65. Commodatum. 
 
 A contract by which one of the parties binds himself 
 to return to the other certain personal chattels which 
 the latter delivers to him to be used by him without 
 reward. 
 
 66. Communis error facit jus : — 4 Inst. 240. 
 Communis error, or common error, is another name 
 
 for communis opinio, or common opinion, thus ex- 
 9 
 
130 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 pressed by Littleton : II est communement dit — it is 
 commonly said: 
 
 Law is the common voice of the people, and that 
 which is common to all must govern each. Moreover, 
 to say that common error is law is merely to say that 
 what is called universal opinion may be, and frequently 
 is, universal error, though till the error is discovered 
 it is law. 
 
 It should, however, be borne in mind that a law 
 founded upon the above maxim is good only so long as 
 it is not opposed to any positive law to the contrary. 
 Whar. Max. 18. See Maxim 246. 
 
 67. Conditio prsecedens adimpleri debet priusquam 
 
 sequatar effectus : — Co. Litt. 201. 
 
 In case of a conditional contract, the condition pre- 
 cedent must happen before either party becomes bound 
 by the contract. 
 
 Condition precedent is usually applied to estates, 
 which are either to vest or become enlarged upon the 
 happening of the condition precedent. Thus, if an 
 estate be limited to A. for life upon his marriage with 
 B., the marriage is a condition precedent. 
 
 68. Confessio, facta in judicio, omniprobatione ma- 
 
 jor est : — Jenk. Cent. 102. 
 The confession here referred to has reference to crim- 
 inal law, and is an admission by the prisoner that he 
 has committed the crime with which he is charged. 
 When made in open court it is termed judicial, and, by 
 reason of its great solemnity, is regarded as evidence of 
 the highest value. 
 
 69. Confirmatio est nulla ubi don urn praecedens est 
 
 invalidum : — Co. Litt. 295. 
 An illegal act cannot be rendered valid by a sub- 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 131 
 
 sequent confirmation. Thus, a lease for twenty years, 
 fraudulently executed by a life-tenant, cannot be con- 
 firmed by the reversioner or remainderman. 
 
 70. Consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium ; 
 
 et consentire non possunt ante nubiles annos: 
 6 Co. 22. 
 
 This maxim has been adopted from the civil law by 
 tbe common lawyers, and marriage under this rule of 
 the civil law is a civil contract, such contract being 
 the present consent to the present marriage, as differ- 
 ing from the present consent to the future marriage of 
 the parties ; to give such consent tlie parties must be 
 of proper age, as in the latter part of the maxim, other- 
 wise the marriage is void as to such one who is not 
 of such proper age, at bis or her election, on attain- 
 ing such proper age. 
 
 Different countries have different usages with regard 
 to the ceremonies to be performed at the celebration of 
 marriage ; but consent is everywhere absolutely neces- 
 sary to constitute a natural and legitimate union. 
 
 The rule that consensus facit matrimonium is also 
 applicable to the case in which either party, at the 
 date of the marriage, is laboring under mental incapa- 
 city. See Maxim 138. 
 
 71. Consensus tollit errorem : — Co. Litt. 126. 
 Whatever is pleaded and not denied, shall be taken 
 
 as admitted, and the jury cannot find to the contrary ; 
 as, if the defendant in an action of covenant does not 
 plead non est factum, the execution of so much of the 
 deed as is on the record is admitted. Also suffering 
 judgment by default is an admission on the record of 
 the cause of action ; as, in an action against the ac- 
 ceptor of a bill of exchange, the defendant, by suffer- 
 
132 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 ing judgment by default, admits a cause of action to 
 the amount of the bill. 
 
 Consent is as much given in standing by without ob- 
 jection as in actual expressed assent. 
 
 This rule should be cautiously observed, as in all 
 proceedings, legal or otherwise, where consent or re- 
 fusal is required, in the advance of positive refusal, 
 consent will be implied ; as qui non improbat, approbat 
 — he who does not blame, approves. Wbar. Max. 19. 
 See Maxims 134, 317. 
 
 72. Consuetudo loci observanda est. 
 
 Custom, consuetudo, is a law not written, but estab- 
 lished by long usage concurred in by all. Where a 
 law is established by an implied consent, it is either 
 common law or custom ; if it be universal, it is common 
 law ; if particular to this or that place, it is custom. 
 
 There are several requisites to the validity of a cus- 
 tom ; namely, certainty, reasonableness, immemorial 
 existence, uninterrupted continuance, peaceable enjoy- 
 ment and acquiescence in, compulsory and consistent 
 with other customs, while customs in derogation of the 
 rights ot property must be strictly construed. 
 
 Where, therefore, a custom, characterized as above, 
 has acquired the force of express law, reference must 
 of course be made thereto in order to determine the 
 rights and liabilities of parties arising out of transac- 
 tions affected by it; for optimus interpres rerum usus — 
 the best interpreter of affairs is usage. See Maxims 
 295 and 296. 
 
 73. Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortis- 
 
 sima in lege: — 2 Inst. 11. 
 Where the language of a document, of whatever 
 description, is doubtful, its meaning is best under- 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 133 
 
 stood by reference to, and consideration of, the circum- 
 stances attending its original formation. 
 
 All deeds, wills, contracts and statutes are made to 
 effect some particular object, existing and in view of 
 the parties at the time they are made ; and the circum- 
 stances attending their creation are, therefore, the 
 best guides to their interpretation. 
 
 Where the language of the instrument is plain no ex- 
 trinsic circumstances will be permitted to be adduced, 
 for that would be to make a contract for the parties 
 which, it plainly appeared, they had not made. Whar. 
 Max. 21. See Maxims 23 and 117. 
 
 74. Contra bonos mores. 
 
 This applies to offenses against good morals, such as 
 indecency and obscenity: and also to a contract 
 against good morals, which will not be enforced by 
 the courts, as an obligation resting upon an immoral 
 consideration. 2 Wils. 447. See Maxim 111. 
 
 75. Contractus est quasi actus contra actum: — 2 Co. 
 
 15. 
 A contract to be enforceable must contain a consid- 
 eration as well as an agreement, otherwise it is a nu- 
 dum "pactum, or an agreement without a consideration, 
 and as such is not recognized in law. 
 
 76. Contra non valentem agere nulla currit prae- 
 
 scriptio. 
 
 Generally, prescription runs only from the time 
 when the plaintiff might have brought his action, un- 
 less then under disability. 
 
 In actions brought to recover land, rent or legacies, 
 a certain additional time is allowed after the disability 
 ceases. 
 
134 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 In actions having reference only to things strictly 
 personal, the same time is allowed, after the disabil- 
 ity ceases, as would have been allowed at the time the 
 cause of action accrued had no such disability then 
 existed. 
 
 But where the statute has begun to run no subse- 
 quent disability interrupts it. 
 
 77. Conventio privatorum non potest publico juri 
 
 derogare: — Wing. 746. See Maxim 78 and 
 297. 
 
 78. Conventio et modus viucunt legem: — 2 Co. 73. 
 This maxim is the most elementary principle of the 
 
 law relative to contracts. The conditions annexed to a 
 grant or devise, the covenants in a conveyance, and 
 the agreements, whether written or verbal, entered 
 into between parties, have, when duly executed and 
 perfected, and subjected to certain restrictions, the 
 force of law over those who are parties to such instru- 
 ments or agreements. Broom Max. 690. See Maxim 
 297. 
 
 79. Coram Domino Bege. 
 
 Proceedings in the Court of King's Bench are said 
 to be coram rege ipso. 3 Bla. Com. 4. 
 
 80. Corpus delicti. 
 
 The essential element of an offense: the fact that 
 a particular crime has been committed. 
 
 The corpus delicti in murder has two components: 
 death as the result, and criminal agency of another as 
 the means. 
 
 When there is direct proof of the one, the other may 
 be established by circumstantial evidence. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 135 
 
 The possession of the fruits of a crime may do away 
 with direct proof of the corpus delicti. 
 
 81. Corpus humanum non recipit aBstimatiouem: — 
 
 Hob. 59. 
 There is no standard by which to estimate an injury 
 inflicted upon the person, and especially is this true 
 when the injury results in death. 
 
 82. Crescente malitia erescere debet et pcena: — 2 
 
 Inst. 479. See Maxims 90 and 243. 
 
 83. Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat: — 5 Hill, 523. 
 This applies to a contract tainted with fraud. If 
 
 the intention of the parties to the contract be corrupt 
 in the substance and design, no pretext, however 
 plausible, no contrivance, however specious, no color- 
 ing, however artful, can veil the transaction. 
 
 84. Crimen trahit personam: — People v. Adams, 3 
 
 Den. 190 and 210. 
 Personal presence at the place where the crime is 
 committed is not always essential to make the 
 offender a principal. This occurs where the crime is 
 committed by means of an innocent living' agent. The 
 employer though absent is deemed to have been per- 
 sonally present. To assert the contrary is to hold 
 there may be a crime without a criminal. 
 
 85. Cujus est dare, ejus est disponere: — Wing. 
 Max. 53. 
 
 This maxim sets forth the principle on which the 
 old feudal system of feoffment depended — it is the 
 tenor of the feudal grant which regulates its effect 
 and extent. 
 
 This rule, however, is subject to qualifications when 
 
136 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 applied to modern law. Although it is true, in gen- 
 eral, that the law permits every man to part with hi? 
 own interest, and to qualify his own grant as he 
 pleases, yet it does not permit any allowance or recom- 
 pense to be made if the thing granted be not taken as 
 it is granted, and, therefore, if one grants a common 
 for ten beasts for three years, and the grantee neglect 
 for two years to use the right thus given, he shall not 
 the third year have common for thirty beasts, for the 
 time is certain and precise. 
 
 86. Cujus solum, ejus est usque ad coelum ; et ad 
 
 inferos : — Co. Litt. 4. 
 
 He who owns the land owns all above and all below 
 the surface. Upward no man may erect a building to 
 overhang another's land ; and downward, whatever is 
 in a direct line belongs to the owner of the surface. 
 
 It is under the same rule, or ad inferos, that taking 
 away the natural support of the adjoining soil from a 
 house or other structure is a trespass against the owner 
 of the land and is actionable. 
 
 This maxim is, to some extent, connected with the 
 maxim, sic utere tuo ut alienum non Icedas — so use your 
 own as not to injure what belongs to another ; and no 
 person, generally speaking, will be permitted to use 
 his land to the injury of his neighbor. Eedman v. For- 
 man, 83 Ky. 216. See Maxims 15 and 355. 
 
 87. Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in tes- 
 
 tamentis ultimum ratum est : — Co. Litt. 112. 
 This maxim must be applied with caution, inasmuch 
 as it is subject to the general rule of construction in 
 wills, by which the intention of the testator must be 
 the paramount consideration and which intention must 
 be gathered from the whole tenor of the will. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 137 
 
 Two apparently contradictory clauses will, if pos- 
 sible, be reconciled so as to carry out the intention of 
 the testator, and so as not to reject either. 
 
 But where there are two clauses manifestly repug- 
 nant to each other, as two devises of the same thing to 
 different persons, then the maxim holds good, unless a 
 contrary intention cau be gathered from the whole in- 
 strument. Morrall v. Sutton, 1 Phill. 536. 
 
 88. Cnrsus curiae est lex curiae : — 3 Buls. 53. 
 
 This applies to courts of equity as well as of common 
 law ; but the practice of one court does not govern that 
 of any other, nor does the maxim mean that a court 
 may interfere with, to pervert or nullify, positive stat- 
 utory enactment and the due course of the law. 
 
 The court must see to it that the law, according to 
 the practice of the court, is carried into effect, for the 
 law would be of no avail without the means of carrying 
 it into effect, and courts of law would be chaos without 
 rules for their government. Wallworth v. Holt, 4 My. 
 & Cr. 635. See Maxim 131 and 377. 
 
 89. Custodia legis. 
 
 Property lawfully taken by virtue of legal process is 
 in the custody of the law; so with a person under law- 
 ful arrest. See Maxim 130. 
 
 90. Damnum sine injuria. 
 
 Injuria is here to be taken in the sense of legal in- 
 jury ; and in the absence of malice there are many 
 cases of wrong or suffering inflicted upon one for which 
 the law gives no remedy ; as where a public agent, 
 within the scope of his authority, causes damage, it is 
 simply damnum sine injuria', also where an owner, pru- 
 dently exercising his right of ownership does acts, 
 
138 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 which cause loss to another. 10 Mete. 371. See Max- 
 ims 7, 224 and 243. 
 
 91. Debile fuudamentum fallit opus: — Noy Max. 
 
 20. 
 This maxim is familiarly illustrated in the case of a 
 will void by reason of its not being - duly attested ac- 
 cording to statute provisions, or on account of the 
 coverture of the testatrix at the time of making the 
 will. All the dispositions and limitations of property 
 contained therein are also necessarily void, nor can the 
 original defect be cured by lapse of time. 
 
 92. Debitor non prsesumitur don are : — Jur. Civ. 
 This maxim has reference to the law of satisfaction. 
 
 When a debtor bequeaths to his creditor a sum of 
 money equal to or exceeding the amount of his debt, 
 it is presumed, in the absence of any contrary inten- 
 tion, that such legacy was meant, and was given, by 
 the testator as a satisfaction of the debt. 
 
 This presumption does not arise, however, where the 
 debt was not contracted until after the will was made, 
 or where the legacy was contingent, or specific. Talbot 
 v. Shrewsbury, 2 White & Tudor, Leading Cases in 
 Equity, 378. See Maxims 268 and 314. 
 
 93. Debitum et contractus sunt nnllius loci: — 7 Co. 
 
 61. 
 This refers to the common law rule respecting venue, 
 which had to be laid truly in all actions except those 
 of a transitory nature, such as contract and debt, in 
 which actions it might have been laid in any county 
 where the plaintiff found the defendant. 
 
 94. Debitum in prsesenti, solvendum in futuro : — 
 
 Leggett v. Bank of Sing Sing, 24 N. Y. 283. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 139 
 
 This describes any class of obligations complete at 
 the present day, though payable in the future. 
 
 95. De bonis non administratis. 
 
 Occurs where another administrator has died, or 
 been discharged, leaving a part of the estate unset- 
 tled , 
 
 96. Delegata potestas uon potest delegari : — 2 
 
 Inst. 597. 
 Whenever authority is conferred upon a particular 
 individual, he cannot lawfully devolve the duties of 
 his appointment or the functions of his office upon any 
 other person, unless allowed so to do by express words, 
 by acts equivalent thereto, or by the usage of trade. 
 Hunt v. Burrell, 5 Johns. See Maxims 3, 99 and 311. 
 
 97. De minimis lex uon curat : — Cro. Eliz. 353. 
 This is shown in the refusal of courts to grant new 
 
 trials in trifling cases, or where the damages are 
 small, in refusing to try trifling actions, in amending 
 proceedings for defect in form ; but, generally speak- 
 ing, subject to above and kindred qualifications, every 
 legal right may be enforced, and every wrong, how- 
 ever slight, has its remedy. 5 Hill, 170. See Maxims 
 48 and 115. 
 
 98. De non apparentibus et de non existentibus ea- 
 
 dem est ratio : — 5 Co. 6. 
 
 A thing which is not made to appear is regarded as 
 if it could not be made to appear and did not therefore 
 exist. 
 
 The record of a court of limited or inferior jurisdic- 
 tion must show jurisdiction rightfully exercised, but 
 in courts of record of general jurisdiction all things are 
 
140 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 presumed to have been rightly done. So the contents 
 of a document in dispute must be proved. 4 Mass. 685. 
 See Maxim 328. 
 
 99. Derivativa potestas non potest esse major prim- 
 
 itiva : — Noy Wing. 66 ; Wiug. 26. See Max- 
 ims 3, 96 and 311. 
 
 100. Deus solus haeredem facere potest, non homo : 
 
 Co. Litt. 7. 
 
 The word heir in legal understanding signifies him 
 to whom lands, tenements, or hereditaments, by the 
 act of God and right of blood, descend. 
 
 Hence no one can be heir who is not exjustis nuptiis 
 procreatus — begotten of a lawful marriage. See Max- 
 ims 141, 142 and 299. 
 
 101. Dies Dominicus non est juridicus : — Co. Litt* 
 
 135. 
 
 None of the courts of law or equity can sit upon this 
 day ; nor is the execution of any civil process, nor the 
 performance of any works, save of necessity or charity, 
 lawful. 
 
 But arrests in criminal cases, and all proceedings and 
 acts necessary for the immediate protection and safety 
 of the State, are exceptions, even if not made so by 
 statute. Wright v. Lewis, 9 Dowe. 183. 
 
 102. Discretio est discernere per legem quid sit jus- 
 
 turn :— 10 Co. 140. 
 "Discretion, when applied to a court of justice, means 
 sound discretion guided by law. It must be governed 
 by rule, not by humor ; it must not be arbitrary, vague, 
 and fanciful, but legal and regular." Lord Mansfield. 
 E. V. Wilkes, 2 Burr. 25, 39. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 141 
 
 103. Domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium : — 
 
 5 Co. 91. 
 
 Under this maxim a man's house is a refuge for him 
 as against any civil process, to serve which no officer 
 is, in general, allowed to break open an outside door ; 
 though in criminal proceedings this may be done, as the 
 public safety supersedes private. 
 
 A man may defend his house even to the taking of 
 life, if apparently necessary to prevent persons from 
 entering it by force. Davison v. People, 90 111. 229. 
 
 104. Dona clandestina sunt semper suspiciosa: — ISoy 
 
 Max. 152. 
 Secret transfers of property are always regarded with 
 distrust. See Maxim 63. 
 
 105. Dormiunt leges aliquando, nunquam moriun- 
 
 tur. 2 Inst. 161. 
 For example, a state of war sometimes suspends the 
 the operation of the statute of limitations, but on the 
 cessation of hostilities the statute again begins to run. 
 
 106. Dotilexfavet ; praemiumpudorisest ; ideopar- 
 
 catur : — Co. Litt. 31. 
 So strong is the maxim in its operation, that dower, 
 when it once attaches, can not be defeated except by 
 the consent of the wife, or by divorce a vinculo. 
 
 107. Duo non possunt in solido uiiam rem possidere : 
 
 Co. Litt. 368. See Maxim 39. 
 
 108. Ei incumbit probatio qui elicit, non qui negat. 
 The principle is that he who affirms the existence of 
 
 a given state of facts must prove it ; a rule adopted be- 
 cause the negative does not admit of the direct and 
 simple proof of which the affirmative is capable. See 
 Maxim 9. 
 
142 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 109. Error, qui non restituitur, approbatur : Doc. 
 and Stud. C. 70. 
 
 Thus one who enables another to commit a fraud is 
 answerable. A person who has a title to property of- 
 fered for sale at an auction, and, knowing his title, 
 stands by and encourages the sale, or does not forbid 
 it, will be bound by the sale. See Maxims 71 and 317. 
 
 110. Exceptio probat regulam. 
 
 The translation carries with it its own explanation. 
 
 111. Ex dolo malo actio non oritur : — Cowp. 343. 
 This maxim establishes the position that an action 
 
 cannot be maintained which is founded in fraud, or 
 which springs ex turpe causa. 
 
 A court of law will not lend its aid to enforce the 
 performance of a contract, which appears to have been 
 entered into by both the contracting parties for the 
 express purpose of carrying into effect that which is 
 prohibited by the law of the land, or which is founded 
 on an immoral consideration. See Maxims 74 and 119. 
 
 112. Executio est executio juris secundum judicium: 
 
 3 Inst. 512. See Maxim 113. 
 
 113. Executio legis est finis et fructus legis: — Co. 
 
 Litt. 209. See Maxim 112. 
 
 114. Executio legis non habet injufiam : — 2 Inst. 
 
 482. 
 Courts of law should see to it that the process of the 
 court is not made use of for the purpose of oppression 
 and injustice, though, however rigorous the remedy may 
 seem to be, that one is not to be considered unjust who 
 resorts to the courts merely to obtain his legal rights. 
 It is not the use but the abuse of the process of law, 
 which makes an injury, and the misuser of the process 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 143 
 
 of the law is a question of damages between the par- 
 ties. Hobart, 269. See Maxim 10. 
 
 115. Ex nil nihil fit. See Maxim 97. 
 
 116. Ex nudo paeto actio non oritur : — PI. Com. 305. 
 This refers to a parol or simple contract, whether by 
 
 word of mouth or writing ; but not to a contract under 
 seal, which does not require a consideration. 
 
 This consideration, however, need not be money or 
 goods, but it may proceed from nature, as a contract 
 by a father with another that if tbe latter will take his 
 daughter to wife he will give him $1,000. Here the 
 money may be recovered by an action. See Maxim 119. 
 
 117. Ex prsecedentibus et consequentibus optima fit 
 
 interpretatio. See Maxims 23 and 73. 
 
 118. Extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus. 
 One civiliter mortuus is dead only in contemplation 
 
 of law. 
 
 Formerly if a man was banished or abjured by the 
 realm he was civilly dead. 
 
 A bankrupt is so regarded with us. International 
 Bank v. Sherman, 101 IT. S. 406. See Maxim 160. 
 
 119. Ex turpe causa non oritur actio : — Cowp. 343. 
 
 See Maxims 74 and 111. 
 
 120. Facultas probationum non est angustanda : — 4 
 
 Inst. 279. 
 The law permits a man to introduce all the evidence 
 at bis command that is not excluded because of irrel- 
 evancy, immateriality, etc. See Maxim 274. 
 
 121. Falsa demonstrate non nocet : — 6 T. E. 676. 
 
144 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 An instrument, open to construction for an incorrect 
 or false description of a person or thing, will be so con- 
 strued as to carry into effect the intention of the par- 
 ties, so far as can be done without interfering with the 
 positive and plain meaning of the document, apart 
 from the incorrect or false description. 
 
 If there be a positive devise of Knowle Field, in the 
 parish of A. to B., to which the testator adds some fur- 
 ther description inconsistent with that already given, 
 such superadded description will be rejected under 
 this maxim, and not allowed to vitiate the already per- 
 fect devise. Mellers v. TraA^ers, 8 Bing. 244. See Max- 
 ims 239, 249, 280 and 312. 
 
 122. Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit : — 3Inst. 14. 
 Flight gives rise to a strong presumption of guilt, 
 
 which is not easily rebutted. 
 
 123. Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. 
 
 No one, of course, can ascertain the motive or the 
 cause of all things but God, " who looks not at the 
 deed alone but pries into the heart with subtle skill." 
 See Maxim 226. 
 
 124. Felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione : — 3 
 Inst. 15. 
 
 This is on the principle that majus continet minus — 
 the greater contains the less, and, since treason is the 
 most heinous crime known to the law, it carries with 
 it felony. 
 
 125. Festinatio justitise ese noverca infortunii : — 
 
 Hob. 97. 
 Even justice miscarries when there is undue haste. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 145 
 
 126. Fictio cedit veritati ; Actio juris non est, ubi 
 
 Veritas : — 11 Co. 51. 
 This maxim fiuds illustration in the fiction which 
 holds that the members of a corporation are citi- 
 zens of the State in which it was incorporated, in order, 
 where a corporation is a party, to give the Federal 
 Courts jurisdiction on the ground of diverse citizen- 
 ship. If the members are actually citizens of the State 
 of incorporation, then the fiction yields to truth as ex- 
 pressed in the maxim under consideration. 
 
 127. Fides servanda. 
 
 A maxim with regard to the sales of personalty. If 
 there is no express warranty, general rules of implica- 
 tion should be adopted with this maxim in view. A 
 warranty will be implied only when good faith requires 
 it. McCoy v. Artcher, 3 Barb. 330. 
 
 128. Fieri facias (abbreviated fi. fa.) 
 
 The important words in a writ of execution — that 
 you cause to be made out of the goods, or lands, or 
 both, the amount of the claim. 
 
 129. Filiatio non potest probari: — Co. Litt. 126. 
 
 When the. mother is or has been married, her hus- 
 band is presumed to be the father of the children born 
 during the coverture, or within a competent time after- 
 wards, whether they were conceived during the cover- 
 ture or not : pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant. 
 
 The rule is founded upon the double presumption of 
 cohabitation before the birth of the child, and that the 
 mother has faithfully observed the vow she made to 
 her husband. See Maxims 350 and 351. 
 
 130. Firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam 
 
 dispositio hommis : — Co. Litt. 102. 
 10 
 
146 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 Thus an agreement entered into between two per- 
 sons cannot, in general, affect the rights of a third 
 party ; so if it be agreed between A. and B. that B. 
 shall discharge a debt due from A. to C, such an agree- 
 ment cannot prevent C. from suing A. for its recovery. 
 See Maxim 89. 
 
 131. Forma legalis forma essentialis est : — 10 Co. 
 
 100. See Maxim 88. 
 
 132. Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis : — 2 
 
 Bol. Eep. 325. See Maxim 130. 
 
 133. Fractionem diei non recipit lex. 
 
 When an act has to be done on a certain day, the 
 whole of that day is allowed in which to do it. This 
 rule has, however, its exceptions, for in case of docu- 
 ments registered or recorded on the same day, priority 
 may be shown by the numbers, and this becomes at 
 times of the utmost importance. 
 
 134. Frans est celare fraudem : — 1 Yer. Bep. 240. 
 This illustrates the doctrine of constructive frauds. 
 
 Where a man designedly produces a false impression on 
 another, and the latter subsequently commits some act, 
 or enters into some contract, injurious to himself and 
 bis own interests, the former is guilty of fraud. See 
 Maxim 71, 317. 
 
 135. Fraus est odiosa et non prsesumitur : — Cro. 
 
 Car. 550. 
 This maxim refers rather to actual than constructive 
 frauds. An actual fraud carries with it a fraudulent 
 intent and must be proved by the party setting it up. 
 ■Constructive frauds arise from construction of law, 
 where there is a confidential relationship such as 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 147 
 
 guardian and ward, or parent and child, and must be 
 disproved by the party sustaining such relationship. 
 
 136. Fraus et jus nunquaui cohabitant : — Wing. 
 
 680. 
 Because fraud and justice are mutually exclusive. 
 See Maxim 197. 
 
 137. Frustra probatur quod probatum non relevat : 
 
 Halk. Max. 50. 
 This is a maxim of evidence and applies to irrelevant 
 testimony, which should be excluded, but which, when 
 admitted, is proven in vain, unless it be to confuse the 
 minds of the jurors. 
 
 138. Furor contrahi matrimonium non sinit, quia 
 
 consensus opus est : — Wrightman v. Wright- 
 man, 4 Johns. Ch. 343, 345. See Maxim 70. 
 
 139. Generalis regula generaliter est intelligenda : 
 
 6 Co. 65. See Maxim 179. 
 
 140. Habeas corpus. 
 
 This is the most famous writ in the law, aud, by 
 reason of its employment to remove illegal restraint 
 upon personal liberty, it is often called the great writ 
 of liberty. 
 
 It commands the person, who has another iu deten- 
 tion, to produce the body of tbe prisoner, with the day 
 and cause of his caption and detention, to do, submit 
 to, and receive whatever the judge or court awardiug 
 the writ shall consider in that behalf. 
 
 141. Hseres est nomeu legis, filins est nomeu na- 
 
 turae : — Bae. Max. Beg. 11. 
 A bastard or one born out of wedlock, or not within 
 
148 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 a competent time after its determination is a filius, 
 but cannot be an heir. See Maxims 100 and 142. 
 
 142. Haeres legitimns est quern nuptias demon- 
 
 strant: — Go. Litt. 7. 
 
 This rule is peculiarly applicable to the common law 
 of England, by which no one can inherit any land, who 
 was not born after the lawful marriage, according to 
 the common law, of the parents; and differs from the 
 civil and canon law, which legitimizes the children 
 born out of wedlock by the after marriage of their par- 
 ents. 
 
 Under this rule a deformed person, an idiot and a 
 lunatic might be heirs, but not so with a monster, not 
 having human shape. See Maxim 100, 111 and 299. 
 
 143. Idem nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere est: 
 
 2 Inst. 178. 
 It is as much a fraud to speak insufficiently as to say 
 nothing, where the law calls upon one to speak. See 
 Maxim 134. 
 
 144. Id quod commune est, nostrum esse dicitur: 
 
 Lawrence r. Sebor, 2 Cai. 203, 207. 
 This maxim covers the contract of marine insurance 
 by one partner, without a specification of the interest he 
 means to cover, in which case Valin considers the insur- 
 ance should extend to the whole cargo. More famil- 
 iarly, light and air being common are said to be ours. 
 
 145. Ignorantia facti excusat; iguorantia legis non 
 
 excusat: — 1 Co. 177. 
 According to this maxim, it is presumed that every 
 one knows the law, though he is not presumed to know 
 everv fact. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 149 
 
 This presumption of knowledge of the law admits of 
 exceptions in doubtful cases. An infant of the age of 
 discretion is punishable for crimes, though ignorant of 
 the law; but those under such age are excused. So 
 also persons not of sane mind are excused. 
 
 This maxim does not appear to apply to judges whose 
 ignorance of the law may be palpable, yet whose judi- 
 cial discretion and prerogatives hedge them about 
 with a sort of divinity. See Maxim 231. 
 
 146. Imperium in imperio. 
 
 This phrase — a sovereignty within a sovereignty — is 
 often used in speaking of the dual character of the 
 government of the United States; namely. State and 
 Federal. 
 
 147. Impotentia excusat legem : — Co. Litt. 29. 
 
 Im potency excuses the law where the im potency is a 
 necessary and invincible disability to perform the 
 mandatory part of the law or to forbear the prohib- 
 itory. This rule, however, does not apply to contracts 
 between parties; for what a man does voluntarily, he 
 will be bound thereby. 
 
 And where involuntary ignorance is the cause of the 
 act, it is said to be done ex ignorantia; as, if an insane 
 man kill another, for he has no understanding. See 
 Maxim 34. 
 
 148. Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat : — 5 Co. 
 
 29. 
 
 It is not the severity of the law but rather the cer- 
 tainty of its execution that prevents crimes and mis- 
 demeanors. 
 
 A failure to execute or a laxity in execution encour- 
 ages rather than deters the criminal classes. See 
 Maxim 252. 
 
150 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 149. In aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis : 
 
 Plow. 266. 
 
 It is a rule of law that a plaintiff shall recover upon 
 the strength of his own title, and not upou the weak- 
 ness of his adversary's; possession, as a prima facie 
 right in the defendant, being sufficient to call for proof 
 of an absolute right in the plaintiff. This maxim ap- 
 plies alike to equity and law, and embraces the cases 
 of fraudulent and illegal agreements, conveyances and 
 transfers of property, and as well where the parties are 
 in pari delicto as in ccquali jure. 
 
 It finds illustration in an action of negligence, where 
 the plaintiff has contributed to the injury complained 
 of, in which case he cannot, as a rule, recover. See 
 Maxims 163 and 248. 
 
 150. In alta proditione nullus potest esse accessor- 
 
 iuin sed principalis solummodo: — 3 Inst. 138. 
 The crime of treason, at common law, was counted so 
 heinous that all who participated in it were considered 
 principals. Our Constitution provides that to prove 
 this offense there must be two witnesses to the same 
 overt act, and nothing short of this overt act amounts 
 to treason. A mere conspiracy to subvert the estab- 
 lished government is not treason. There must be an 
 actual levying of war. Then all, who perform any act, 
 however minute or remote from the scene of action, if 
 leagued in the general conspiracy, are traitors. 4 
 Cranch. 75, 126. 
 
 151. In Anglia non est interregnum: — Jeuk. Cent. 
 
 205. 
 This is a maxim of the English Constitution, which 
 holds that immediately upon the decease of the reign- 
 ing prince in his natural capacity, the office, with all 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 151 
 
 of its prerogatives, without any interregnum or interval 
 vests at once in his successor, who is, eo i?istante, king 
 to all intents and purposes. See Maxim 344. 
 
 152. In casu extreme necessitatis omnia sunt com- 
 
 raunia : — 1 Hale. P. C. 54. 
 There are many cases in which individuals sustain an 
 injury for which the law gives no action ; as, where 
 private houses are pulled down for the preservation of 
 the country from an enemy or to arrest the progress of 
 a fire. So where a public highway becomes impass- 
 able, it is for the general good that the public be al- 
 lowed to pass over adjacent lands. See Maxims 217, 
 261 and 346. 
 
 153. In criminalibus piobatioues debent esse luce 
 
 clariores : — 3 Inst. 210. 
 The nearest modern equivalent of this civil law 
 maxim is to be found in that principle of evidence, in 
 crimiual cases, which requires the guilt of the accused 
 to be proven beyond all reasonable doubt. 
 
 154. Iu curia domini regis, ipse in propria persona 
 
 jura discernit. 
 After the dissolution of Aula Regis, the English 
 kings frequently sat in the court of King's Bench and 
 in later times, James the First, is said to have sat 
 there until informed by the judge that he could not 
 deliver an opinion. 
 
 155. In fictione legis sequitas existit : — 11 Co. 51. 
 In fiction of law, rex nori potest peccare and rex nun- 
 
 quam moritur. So a man in possession of property is 
 considered to be rightly in possession until the con- 
 trary is shown ; and a man is considered innocent of a 
 crime until found guilty. So the doctrine that money 
 
152 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 to be laid out in land is to be treated as land, though 
 long established in courts of equity, is in truth a mere 
 fiction. 
 
 156. In foro conscientise. 
 
 The term is applied to moral obligations as distinct 
 from the obligations which the law enforces. 
 
 Thus it finds illustration in the sale of property, where 
 the vendee conceals facts which would enhance the 
 price, there being no legal obligation on the part of the 
 vendee to disclose them. 
 
 157. In futuro: At a future time. 
 
 158. Injure non reraota causa sed proxima specta- 
 
 tor: Bac. Max. reg. 1. See Maxim 55. 
 
 159. Injuria non excusat injuriam: Broom Max. 270. 
 
 It is not true that misconduct must necessarily ex- 
 clude the plaintiff who is guilty of it from the right 
 to sue, and a trespasser, although liable to an action 
 for the injury which he does, does not necessarily for- 
 feit his right of action for an injury which he has 
 sustained. See Maxims 285 and 288. 
 
 160. In mortua manu. 
 
 Property owned by religious societies was said to be 
 held in mortua manu, or in mortmain, since religious 
 men were civiliter mortui. 
 
 The words now designate all prohibitory laws which 
 limit, restrain or annul gifts, grants or devises of 
 lands or other corporeal hereditaments to charitable 
 uses. See Maxim 118. 
 
 161. In omni re nascitur res quae ipsa ipsam rem 
 
 exterminat: — 2 Inst. 15. 
 This maxim is not exclusively a legal one and may be 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 153 
 
 translated — In every thing is born that which destroys 
 the thing itself. This is true, of course, unless the de- 
 structive agency, as the worm in the wood, is removed. 
 
 162. In novo casu novum remedium apponendum 
 
 est:— 2 Inst. 3. See Maxims 212 and 368. 
 
 163. In pari delicto potior est condito possiden- 
 
 tis:— 4 T. E. 564. See Maxims 149 and 248. 
 
 164. In personam. 
 
 A remedy where the proceedings are against the 
 person in contradistinction to those which are against 
 specific things, or in rem. 
 
 165. In quo quis deliuquit in eo de jure est puni- 
 
 endus:— Co. Litt. 233. 
 
 This maxim, while providing for a punishment for 
 
 every offense, yet asserts that this punishment should 
 
 be according to law, having no justification, it would 
 
 seem, for those who take the law in their own hands. 
 
 166. In re dubia magis inficiatio quam affirmatio 
 
 intelligenda: — Godb. 37. 
 This is because the burden of proof is upon him who 
 affirms rather than upon him who denies — a negative 
 being more difficult of proof than an affirmative. See 
 Maxims 9 and 108. 
 
 167. In republica maxim e conservanda sunt jura 
 
 belli:— 2 Inst. 58. 
 In accordance with the principle of this maxim the 
 civil courts have uniformly declined to interfere with 
 acts affecting military rank, offenses against articles 
 of war, or military discipline. Nor can the acts of mil- 
 itary officers or tribunals, within the scope of their 
 jurisdiction, be revised, set aside or punished civilly or 
 criminally by the civil courts. 8 Allen, 484. 
 
154 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 168. Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges in- 
 
 tentioni: — Co. Litt. 314. See Maxim 177. 
 
 169. Inter arm a leges sileut. 
 
 The law of military necessity supersedes all civil law, 
 and in time of war administration of the mimicpal law 
 may be suspended. 
 
 170. Interest reipublicre res judicatas non rescindi: 
 
 2 In st, 359. 
 
 Because if parties, having bad a judgment — res judi- 
 cata — rendered against them, were not concluded to 
 begin a new action, there would be no security in a 
 judgment and no end to litigation. 
 
 For full meaning of res judicatas, see Maxim 339. 
 
 171. Interest reipubliese suprema hominuin testa- 
 
 menta rata haberi: — Co. Litt. 236. See Max- 
 ims 177, 364 and 371. 
 
 172. Interest reipublicse ut quilibet re sua bene 
 
 utatur: — 6 Co. 37. See Maxims 15 and 355 
 
 173. Interest reipublicse ut sit finis litium : — Co. 
 
 Litt. 303. 
 
 Within the meaning of this maxim are the statutes 
 of limitations of actions; for example, an action to 
 recover land must be brought within twenty years 
 after the right of action accrues. 
 
 This maxim holds good also in equity, for equity 
 courts will as nearly as can be, be guided in their de- 
 cisions by the statutes limiting actions at law, though 
 they will not apply them to cases of breach of trust. 
 See Maxims 170 and 339. 
 
 174. Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est 
 
 optimus interpretandi modus: — 8 Co . 169. 
 See Maxims 175 and 375. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 155 
 
 175. Interpretatio fienda est at res niagis valeat 
 
 quam pereat: — Broom Max. 543. 
 Thus deeds shall be so construed as to operate ac- 
 cording to the intention of the parties, if by law they 
 may; and if they cannot in one form, they shall ope- 
 rate in that which by law will give effect to the inten- 
 tion. For instance, a deed intended for a release, if 
 it cannot operate as such, may amount to a grant of 
 the reversion, an attornment, or a surrender. See 
 Maxim 375. 
 
 176. Interruptio multiplex non tollit prseescrip- 
 
 tionem semel obtentam: — 2 lust. 654:. 
 Prescription, according to Coke, is a title by au- 
 thority of law, deriving its force from use and time. 
 When once acquired it cannot be taken away by sub- 
 sequent interruption in its enjoyment. 
 
 177. In testamentis plenius testatoris intentionem 
 
 scrutamur: — Broom Max. 545. 
 That is to say, a will shall receive a more liberal 
 construction than its strict meaning, if alone consid- 
 ered, would permit, the paramount principle in con- 
 struing wills being the intention of the testator, to 
 which everything is made subservient. This intention, 
 it is important to remember, should be agreeable to 
 the rules of law and collected out of the words of the 
 will. See Maxims 171, 364 and 371. 
 
 178. In tradition ibus scriptorum non quod dictum 
 
 est, sed quod gestum est, inspicitur: — 9 Co. 
 
 137. 
 A document under seal may be delivered to a third 
 person, to be delivered by him to the grantee, when 
 the latter has performed certain specified conditions. 
 
156 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 Such documents are known as escrows and do not ac- 
 quire the force of a deed until the conditions precedent 
 have been fulfilled and delivery thereupon made to the 
 grantee. The gist of the above maxim is that no words, 
 however binding, will take the place of delivery which 
 may be absolute or conditional. See Maxim 365. 
 
 179. In verbis, non verba sed res et ratio quarenda: 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 132. See Maxim 139. 
 
 180. Invito beneficiam non datur: — Broom Max. 
 
 699. 
 
 JSb one can be compelled to accept a gift against his 
 will. 
 
 According to this principle, if a man, being a tenant 
 for life, has a power to lease for twenty-one years for 
 his own benefit, he may renounce a part of the right 
 so given and grant a lease for any number of years 
 short of twenty-one. 
 
 So a legatee may refuse a gift, an executor may 
 renounce probate, and a trustee may disclaim his office. 
 
 181. Ira furor brevis est: — Beardsley v. Maynard, 
 
 4 Wend. 336, 355. 
 A just provocation is sometimes allowed to palliate 
 an offence, which is done under immediate excitement, 
 where no time for reflection has been afforded. But 
 when ample time has been given for passion to subside 
 and for reason to operate, this maxim no longer affords 
 protection. 
 
 182. Judex est lex loquens : — 7 Co. 4. 
 
 This is but another way of saying that the function 
 of the judge is to declare what the law is — jus dicere. 
 See Maxim 214. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 157 
 
 183. Judex non potest esse testis in propria causa: 
 
 4 Inst. 279. 
 A judge is not a competent witness in a cause being 
 tried before him, because be cannot decide upon tbe ad- 
 missibility of his own testimony, nor can he weigh it 
 impartially against that of another. See Maxims 184, 
 267 and 287. 
 
 184. Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire : 
 
 12 Co. 113. See Maxims 183 and 267. 
 
 185. Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens ipse 
 
 requirit : — 2 Inst. 286. 
 This maxim finds illustration in a suit in equity 
 where the plaintiff has incorporated in his bill a prayer 
 for special relief only, in such a case the judge will not 
 grant him any relief not asked for ir. this special 
 prayer, although a general prayer for relief would have 
 entitled him t" further remedy than that set forth in 
 tbe special prayer. 
 
 186. Jndices non tenentur exprimere causam sen- 
 
 tentise sua? : — Jenk. Cent. 75. See Maxim 1. 
 
 187. Judiciis posterioribus tides est adhibenda : — 
 
 13 Co. J 4. 
 
 This maxim should be considered in connection with 
 stare decisis and res judicata, for which see Maxims 339 
 ai d 357. 
 
 188 Judicis est judicare secundum allegata et pro- 
 bata :— Dyer, 12, H. 73. See Maxim 182. 
 
 189. Judicium non debet illusorium ; suumeffectum 
 
 habere debet : — 2 Inst. 341. 
 A judgment, being the conclusion of law, given by 
 
158 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 a court upon the facts found, or admitted by the par- 
 ties, or upon default, should settle unequivocally the 
 matters it purports to conclude. 
 
 190. Juramentum est indivisibile et non est admit- 
 
 tendum in parte verum et in parte falsum : 
 4 Inst. 279. See Maxims 193 and 283. 
 
 191. Jura naturae sunt immutabilia : — Jacob, 63. 
 This is a principle of physics rather than of law, 
 
 though lex spectat naturae ordinem — the law regards the 
 order of nature. See Maxim 230. 
 
 192. Jura publica anteferenda privatis juribus : — 
 
 Co. Litt. 130. See Maxims 152 and 346. 
 
 193. Jurare est Deum in testem vocare, et est actus 
 
 divini cultus : — 3 Inst. 165. 
 Blackstone says belief in a future state of rewards 
 and punishments, entertaining just ideas of the moral 
 attributes of the Supreme Being, and a firm persuasion 
 that He superintends and will finally compensate every 
 action in human life — these are the foundation of all 
 judicial oaths, which call God to witness the truth of 
 those facts which, perhaps, may be known only to Him 
 and the party attesting. See Maxim 292. 
 
 194. Jus accrescendi praefertur oneribus: — Co. Litt. 
 
 185. 
 
 This has reference to, and forms one of, the princi- 
 pal rules affecting joint tenancies, dower and curtesy 
 which may be regarded as onera, not applying to joint 
 estates. 
 
 This kind of tenancy is now generally abolished and 
 preference given to tenancy in common, unless other- 
 wise directed in devises or deeds. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 159 
 
 195. Jus ad rem ; jus in re. 
 
 Jus ad rem is a right which belongs to a person only 
 mediately and relatively, and has for its foundation an 
 obligation incurred by a particular person ; such as 
 the loan of a horse, a claim for a thousand dollars for, 
 my right to the horse or the money only exists rela- 
 tively, and can only be exercised through another. 
 But if I have the ownership of a horse or the right of 
 way over land, this constitutes jits in re, for this is a 
 right which belongs absolutely and immediately to me 
 and is good against all the world. 
 
 It is obvious from the last example given that pos- 
 session is not one of the elements constituting jus in 
 re, although possession is generally one of the inci- 
 dents of this right. 
 
 196. Jus dicere, non jus dare. 
 
 The duty of a judge is to administer or apply the 
 law — -jus dicere ; not to make the law — -jus dare, for 
 this duly devolves upon the legislature who are the 
 sole judges of the expediency of a law. 
 
 197. Jus est norma recti ; et quicquid est contra 
 
 normam recti est injuria : — 3 Buls. 313. See 
 Maxim 136. 
 
 198. Jusjurandum inter alios factum nee nocere nee 
 
 prodesse debet : — 4 lust. 279. See Maxim 
 338. 
 
 199. Jus naturale est quod apud omnes homiues 
 
 eandem habet potentiam : — 7 Co. 12. See 
 Maxim 205. 
 
 200. Jus scriptum aut non scriptum. 
 
 Jus scriptum refers to written or statute law, srndjus 
 
160 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 non scriptum is the law of custom and the common 
 law. 
 
 201. Justitia est duplex ; severe puniens et vere 
 
 prseveniens : — 3 Inst. Epil. 
 At least it should be the function of justice to punish 
 an offender with a severity commensurate with the 
 gravity of offense, and to use due lenity in prohibiting 
 offenses from being committed. 
 
 202. Justitia firmatur solum: — 3 Inst. 140. 
 
 This maxim is applicable to monarchies and repub- 
 lics alike, both of which are strengthened and estab- 
 lished by justice. 
 
 203. Justitia nemini neganda est: — Jenk. Cent. 
 
 178. 
 This maxim is self explanatory, for that which is 
 accorded to some and denied to others is not justice. 
 See Maxims 221 and 223. 
 
 204. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant: 
 
 1 Co. 25. 
 The power by which laws are made must be supreme, 
 and, if supreme, there can be no limit to its authority. 
 Subsequent laws, therefore, repeal prior law inconsis- 
 tent therewith, and that whether they be made by a 
 legislative body composed of the same or different 
 persons. Blackstone says that where the common and 
 statute law differ the common law gives place to the 
 statute; and an old statute gives place to a new one. 
 
 205. Legibus sumptis desinentibus legibus natu- 
 
 rae utendum est: — 2 Eol. Rep. 98. 
 For example, the laws imposed by the State fail 
 whenever the citizen, to protect himself or his property 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 161 
 
 is compelled to resort to the law of self defense, which 
 is justly termed the first law of nature. See Maxim 
 199. 
 
 206. Lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem: — 3 Wils. 
 
 119. 
 The laM r does not follow equity always because 
 equity supplements the law, giving either relief where 
 the law does not or more perfect relief than the latter. 
 
 207. Lex Anglise est lex misericordise: — 2 Inst. 315. 
 This maxim speaks for itself — res ipsa loquitur. 
 
 208. Lex Anglian est lex terrse est. See Maxim 209. 
 
 209. Lex Anglise nunquam sine Parliamento mu- 
 
 tari non potest: — 2 Inst. 218. 
 This is because Parliament is the supreme legisla- 
 ture of Great Britain, consisting of the queen, king, 
 the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons. 
 See Maxim 208. 
 
 210. Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum 
 
 quam publicum malum: — Co. Litt. 152. See 
 Maxims 152 and 346. 
 
 211. Lex Cornelia de sicariis. 
 
 This refers to a Eoman statute bearing the name of 
 Cornelius, enacted for the punishment of assassins. 
 
 212. Lex dabit remedium. See Maxims 162 andl 
 
 . 368. 
 
 213. Lex dilationes abhorret: — 2 Inst. 240. 
 
 This is strikingly illustrated by the judgment quod' 
 recuperet — that the plaintiff recover — given to the lat- 
 11 
 
162 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 ter on a dilatory plea filed by the defendant, and upon 
 which plea issue in fact is joined resulting in verdict 
 for the plaintiff. 
 
 214. Lex est exercitus judicum tutissimus ductor: 
 
 2 lust. 526. 
 Because a judge is a public officer whose function is 
 to declare the law, to administer justice in a court of 
 law, and to conduct the trial of causes between liti- 
 gants according to legal forms and methods. See 
 Maxim 182. 
 
 215. Lex est sanctio sancta jubens honesta et pro- 
 
 hibens contraria: — 2 Inst. 587. 
 This definition of law — commanding what is right 
 and prohibiting the contrary- — is misleading, for laws 
 enjoin and prohibit things for reasons of expediency 
 only, the question of right and wrong not, in many in- 
 stances, being at all applicable. 
 
 216. Lex intendil vicinum vicini facta scire: — Co. 
 
 Litt. 78. 
 This refers to the old custom of summoning the jury 
 from the locality where the cause of action arose, for 
 formerly the jurors consisted of witnesses, or persons 
 in some measure coguizaut of their own knowledge of 
 the matter in dispute. 
 
 217. Lex necessitatis est lex temporis i. e., instan- 
 
 tis:— Hob. 159. 
 The law of necessity referred to here is not limited 
 to labor for the preservation of life, health, or property 
 from impending danger, for the necessity may grow 
 out of, or be incident to, the general course of trade or 
 even an exigency of a particular trade or business. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 163 
 
 Necessity carries with it the idea of prompt action 
 without which any action would often be fruitless. See 
 Maxims 152 and 346. 
 
 218. Lex neminem cogit ad vana seu impossibilia: 
 
 5 Co. 21. 
 When the condition of au obligation is possible at 
 the time of its making, but, before it can be performed, 
 becomes impossible by act of God, the law, or the ob- 
 ligee, the obligation is saved. But this rule does not 
 apply where a thing is impossible on account of the 
 defendant's personal inability to perform a contract, 
 See Maxims 147, 217 and 219. 
 
 219. Lex nil frustra facit. 
 
 That is the law will not compel one to do an act 
 which would be vain. See Maxims 147, 217 and 218. 
 
 220. Lex non a rege est violauda: — Jenk. Cent. 7. 
 
 See Maxim 343. 
 
 221. Lex non deflcere potest in justitia exhibenda: 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 30. See Maxims 203 and 223. 
 
 222. Lex non favet delicatorum votis: — 9 Co. 58. 
 
 An action does not lie because of a trifling inconve- 
 nience, which would only be regarded as such by the 
 dainty. 
 
 228. Lex non novit patrem, nee niatrem; solam 
 veritatem. See Maxims 203 and 221. 
 
 224. Lex non oritur ex injuria. 
 
 A mere injury when accidental or justifiable will not 
 furnish a basis for invoking the law to the aid of the 
 injured party. See Maxim 90. 
 
164 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 225. Lex non requirit verificari quod apparet cu- 
 
 riae: — 9 Co. 54. 
 This maxim refers to the knowledge which a judge 
 will officially take of a fact without proof, such as the 
 general customs and usages of merchants, the seals of 
 notaries, the coincidence of the days of the week with 
 those of the month, and many other things. 
 
 The Courts of the United States take judicial notice 
 of the public statutes of the several States. See 
 Maxim 287. 
 
 226. Lex plus laudatur quando ratione probatur: 
 
 Litt. Epil. 
 In other words, the law is most worthy of approval 
 when it is consistent with reason, and, as Lord Coke 
 says, "The law is unknown to him that knoweth not 
 the reason thereof, and the known certainty of the law 
 is the safety of us all. See Maxims 62, 334 and 367. 
 
 227. Lex prospicit non respicit: — Jenk. Cent. 284. 
 
 This maxim refers to ex post facto laws, which im- 
 pose a punishment for an act not punishable at the 
 time it was committed; or impose additional punish- 
 ment to that then prescribed; or change the rules of 
 evidence by which less or different testimony is suffi- 
 cient to convict than was then required. 
 
 228. Lex punit mendacium : — Jenk. Cent. 15. See 
 
 Maxim 250. 
 
 229. Lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, incongrua : — 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 133, 140. 
 This is a rule applied to the interpretation of instru- 
 ments, which holds what is superfluous is to be disre- 
 garded, and also what is contradictory or incongru- 
 ous. See Maxim 175. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 165 
 
 230. Lex spectafc naturae ordin em : — Co. Litt. 197. 
 The law respects the order and course of nature, and 
 
 will not permit a man to demand that which he can- 
 not recover. 
 
 Thus, where the thing sued for by tenants in com- 
 mon is in its nature entire, as in detinue for a chattel, 
 they must of necessity join in the action. See Max- 
 ims 147 and 226. 
 
 231. Lex succurrit ignorant! : — Jenk. Cent. 15. See 
 
 Maxim 145. 
 
 232. Lex tutissima cassis, sub clypeo legis nemo 
 
 decipitur. See Maxims 219, 221, 226, 230 
 and 231. 
 
 233. Lex uno ore omues alloquitur : — 2 Inst. 184. 
 
 See Maxims 203, 221 and 223. 
 
 234. Longa possessio est pacis jus : — Co. Litt. 73. 
 
 See Maxim 235. 
 
 235. Longa possessio parit jus possideudi et tollit 
 
 actionem vero domino : — Co. Litt. 110. 
 This refers to the doctrine of adverse possession and 
 the weight of authority is that, where one has had the 
 peaceable, undisturbed, open possession of real or per- 
 sonal property, with an assertion of his ownership, for 
 the period which, under the law, would bar an action 
 for its recovery by the real owner, the former has ac- 
 quired a good title — a title superior to that of the lat- 
 ter, whose neglect to avail himself of his legal rights 
 has lost him his title. Campbell v. Holt, 115 TJ. S. 
 623. See Maxim 234. 
 
 236. Magister rerum usus : magistra rerum experi- 
 
 entia :— Co. Litt. 229. See Maxim 256. 
 
166 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 237. Majus continet minus : — Jenk. Cent. 208. 
 
 If a man tenders more money than he owes, it is a 
 good tender, under this rule, if the money be in specie, 
 so that the creditor can take what is due him. 
 
 So the owner of the fee simple in land can grant out 
 any less estate. So a term of years becomes merged 
 in the freehold by the lessee becoming entitled to the 
 fee. A simple contract debt is less worthy than a 
 specialty debt, and a specialty debt is less worthy than 
 a judgment, into which it will merge upon judgment 
 recovered in respect of it. 
 
 So the accessory follows its principal, but the acces- 
 sory cannot lead, nor can it exist without the princi- 
 pal ; it is contained within it. A release of the princi- 
 pal is a release of the accessory. See Maxim 3. 
 
 238. Majus est delictum se ipsuni occidere quam 
 
 alium : — 3 Inst. 54. 
 At common law, suicide was ranked among the 
 highest of crimes and the punishment was forfeiture of 
 goods to the State, and ignominious burial, wbich pun- 
 ishment could only be avoided by establishing the in- 
 sanity of the party. But where the rights and interests 
 of other parties are involved the question of insanity 
 is more closely scrutinized ; and ample proof is re- 
 quired of the party upon whom the burden of proof lies. 
 In America suicide, avoiding a life insurance policy, 
 does not extend to acts not under the control of the will, 
 as when an insane person kills himself. 54 Me. 224. 
 
 239. Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam : — 6 Co. 
 
 30. See Maxims 121, 249 and 280. 
 
 240. Mala fide. 
 
 Bad faith consists of guilty knowledge or wilful 
 ignorance. The holder of a negotiable note taken 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 167 
 
 from the payee, with knowledge of the want of consid- 
 eration between the latter and the maker is said to 
 take mala fide and therefore can not recover. 
 
 241. Mala prohibita. 
 
 Crimes and misdemeanors, snch as murder, theft, 
 and perjury, are mala in se, and take on an additional 
 turpitude from being declared unlawful by a human 
 legislature; but by far the greater part are mala prohi- 
 bita, and these derive their guilt merely from prohibi- 
 tion by the laws of the land, such as violations of 
 municipal regulations conducing to the health of the 
 community. See Maxim 244. 
 
 242. Malitia supplet retatem: — Dyer, 104 b. 
 
 A wicked design supplies the want of years. This 
 maxim does not apply, however, to an infant under 
 seven, who is incapable of crime — incapax doli. but 
 between seven and fourteen an infant is prima facie 
 incapable of criminal intention, though evidence of 
 mischievous discretion will rebut this presumption. 
 
 243. Malo animo. 
 
 Any act, to constitute a crime, must be done malo 
 animo, but this malice may be expressed or implied. 
 Moreover, malice is not limited to acts done from 
 hatred, revenge or passion, but includes all acts wan- 
 tonly or wilfully done, that is, acts which any man of 
 reason, knowledge, aud ability must know to be con- 
 trary to his duty. See Maxim 90. 
 
 244. Mala in se. See Maxim 241. 
 
 245. Mandamus. 
 
 This is the emphatic word in the Latin form of the 
 writ of that name, and is defined by Blackstone to be 
 
1G8 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 a command issuing in the king's name, directed to any 
 person, corporation or inferior court of judicature 
 within the king's dominions, requiring them to do 
 some particular thing therein specified which apper- 
 tains to their office and duty, and which the court has 
 previously determined or at least supposes to be con- 
 sonant to right and justice. 
 
 It is not designed, however, to review the acts of 
 officers and others when discretion may be exercised, 
 or where action depends upon facts to be determined 
 by them. 
 
 246. Maximus m agister erroris populus est: — Bac. 
 
 Max. See Maxim 66. 
 
 247. Meliorem conditionem suam facere potest 
 
 minor deteriorem nequaquam: — Co. Litt. 
 
 337 b. 
 The seeming disabilities under which an infant labors 
 are really privileges, to secure him from loss by im- 
 provident acts. He may, if imposed upon, deny or 
 avoid any contract, not for necessaries, after he comes 
 of age. The courts of chancery will see to it, gener- 
 ally, that his condition is not made worse by his own 
 acts of improvidence. 
 
 248. Melior est conditio possidentis, ubi neuter jus 
 
 habet: — Jenk. Ceut. 118. See Maxims 149 
 and 163. 
 
 249. Mens testatoris in testamentis spectanda est: 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 227. See Maxims 121, 239 and 
 
 280. 
 
 250. Mentiri est contra mentem ire: — 3 Buls. 260. 
 
 See Maxim 228. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 169 
 
 251. Merito beneficiurn legis amittit, qui legem 
 
 ipsam subvertere in tend it: — 2 Inst. 253. 
 This maxim finds application in cases of fraud where 
 the party committing it seeks a benefit thereby in the 
 courts. 
 
 252. Minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus: 
 
 4 Co. 45. See Maxim 148. 
 
 253. Minor jurare non potest: — Co. Litt. 172 b. 
 According to Littleton this maxim has reference to 
 
 the swearing on a jury, an infant not being allowed to 
 sit as a juror. 
 
 254. Misera est servitus, ubi lex vaga aut incerta: 
 
 4 Inst. 246. 
 
 Obedience to law becomes a hardship when that law 
 is unsettled or doubtful. 
 
 This maxim applies with peculiar force to questions 
 respecting real property; as, for instance, to family set- 
 tlements, by which provision may be made for those 
 yet unborn. 
 
 So also, where the question does not affect existing 
 rights or property but tends to influence future trans- 
 actions, in which case it is generally more important 
 that the rule of law should be settled than that it 
 should be theoretically correct. See Maxims 170, 173 
 and 339. 
 
 255. Mors dicitur ultimum supplicium: — 3 Inst. 
 
 212. 
 Death is the utmost limit of all things, and capital 
 punishment is now inflicted only where a most heinous 
 crime has been committed, such as treason and mur- 
 der, while some of the States have abolished it alto- 
 gether. 
 
170 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 256. Multa exercitatione facilius quain regulis per- 
 
 cipies : — 4 Inst. 50. See Maxim 236. 
 
 257. Nam nemo hseres viventis : — Co. Litt. 8. 
 There may be an heir apparent or presumptive prior 
 
 to the death of the ancestor, but hceres is not appli- 
 cable so long as such ancestor is living. Thus, if 
 lands be given for life with remainder to the heirs of 
 A., and the life-tenant die before A., this remainder is 
 void, for until A. die, there can be no heirs of A. 
 
 258. Naturse vis maxima est : — Noy Max. 26. 2 
 
 Inst. 561. 
 For example, natural affection or brotherly love are 
 good causes or considerations to raise a use. So at 
 common law, if there were mother and daughter and 
 the daughter became attainted, she could not be heir 
 to the mother, yet if she killed her mother, she was 
 guilty of matricide and petit treason ; for she remained 
 her daughter bj T the law of nature. 
 
 259. Necessitas inducit privilegium : — Bac. Max. 
 
 25. 
 
 The law excuses the commission of an act prima, fa- 
 cie criminal, if such act be done involuntarily, and 
 under circumstances which show that the individual 
 doing it was not really a free agent. 
 
 Thus, if A. by force take the hand of B., in which 
 there is a weapon, and therewith kill C, A. is guilty of 
 murder, but B. is excused. But if merely a moral force 
 be used, as threats, duress, or even an assault to the 
 peril of his life, in order to compel him to kill C, this 
 is no legal excuse for B. See Maxims 260 and 327. 
 
 260. ]STecessitas non habet legem : — Plowd. 18. 
 
 See Maxims 259 and 327. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 171 
 
 261. Necessitas publica est major quam privata : 
 
 Noy Max. 34. 
 
 A private right or necessity must yield to tbe public 
 good ; as in tbe exercise of tbe powers of eminent do- 
 main and taxation. 
 
 So if a man be violently assaulted, and bas no other 
 possible means of escaping death than by killing an 
 innocent person, this fear and force shall not acquit 
 him of murder, for it is held that he ought rather to 
 die himself, than escape by the murder of an innocent 
 man. See Maxims 152, 217 and 346. 
 
 262. Negligentia semper ha bet infortuniam conii- 
 
 tem :— Co. Litt. 246. 
 The law recognizes the importance of this maxim by 
 punishing those who have been guilty of negligence ; 
 that is, by failing to do what a reasonable and prudent 
 person would ordinarily have done under the circum- 
 stances of the situation, or doing what such a person 
 
 would not have done. 
 • 
 
 263. Nemo admittendus est inhabilitare se ipsum 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 40. See Maxims 276 and 277. 
 
 264. Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto : — 4 Co. 
 
 43 
 
 This is a fundamental maxim of criminal law and 
 means that a man shall not twice be put in peril after 
 a verdict has been returned by the jury. The verdict, 
 however, must be given upon a good indictment, 
 which must be one on which the prisoner could be 
 legally convicted and sentenced. 
 
 It does not follow from this where, from any circum- 
 stance, tbe trial has proved abortive, that then the 
 case shall not be again submitted to the consideration 
 of a jury. 
 
172 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 It follows that a man being indicted for an offense 
 and acquitted cannot be again indicted for the same 
 offense, and, if so indicted, may plead autrefois acquit, 
 even in case of a charge of murder. 
 
 265. Nemo cogitur suam rem vendere, etiam justo 
 
 pretio : — 4 Inst. 275. 
 
 It is true, as between individuals, that no one can 
 be compelled to part with his property even for a fair 
 price, but not where individual rights clash with the 
 public interests, for in all such cases the maxim, salus 
 populi est suprema lux, obtains. 
 
 The right of eminent domain, whereby private prop- 
 erty is taken for public uses, is in accordance with the 
 maxim just named, but is one that is too frequently 
 arbitrarily exercised by the legislature at the instance 
 of powerful corporations, professedly for the public 
 good. See Maxim 346. 
 
 266. Nemo contra factum suum venire potest : — 2 
 
 Inst. 66. 
 
 This is the doctrine of estoppel as applied to matter 
 contained in a valid sealed instrument. 
 
 Thus, in the case of a bond reciting a certain fact, 
 the party executing that bond will be precluded from 
 afterwards denying, in an action brought upon that 
 instrument, the fact so recited. 
 
 Estoppels do not hold with respect to strangers. See 
 Maxim 269. 
 
 267. Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa : — 12 
 
 Co. 113. 
 The rule in this maxim is held to be inflexible, though 
 it is generally indirectly that such a case occurs. Thus, 
 where a judge interested, as shareholder or otherwise, 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 173 
 
 in some undertaking, having a suit before him, pro- 
 ceeds to hear the cause. 
 
 To such a case, although he be not a party to the 
 suit, yet his interest would preclude him from sitting 
 as judge. 
 
 Of similar import are Maxims 183 and 184. 
 
 268. Nemo plus juris transferre ad alium potest 
 
 quam ipse habet : — Co. Litt. 309. 
 
 Thus, an assignor cannot effectually assign more, 
 or give to his assignee any greater right than he him- 
 self possesses at the time of assignment, unless it be 
 that he subsequently acquire the right which he did 
 not then possess. 
 
 So the owner of a base or determinable fee can do no 
 more than transfer to another his own estate, or some 
 interest of inferior degree created out of it. 
 
 This rule finds a notable exception in the case of ne- 
 gotiable paper, for if such be transferred in good faith 
 for value before it is overdue, it becomes available in 
 the hands of the holder notwithstanding fraud, which 
 would have rendered it unavailable in the hands of a 
 previous holder. See Maxims 39 and 314. 
 
 269. Kemo potest contra recordum verificare per 
 
 patriam : — 2 Inst. 380. 
 The record referred to here must be that of a com- 
 petent court of record, the records of which are of such 
 solemnity, that the law will not allow the fact so admit- 
 ted or established to be afterwards drawn in question 
 between the same parties or their privies. To litigate 
 the fact again would be to impeach the correctness of 
 the former decisions. See Maxim 266. 
 
 270. Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus : — Gilb. 
 
 Ten. 142. 
 
174 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 On this principle, when a tenant buys the freehold, 
 he ceases to occupy it as tenens and holds as dominus. 
 
 271. Nemo potest facere per alium, quod per se non 
 
 potest : — Jenk. 237. See Maxims 3 and 39. 
 
 272. Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in alter- 
 
 ius iujuriam. See Maxims 266 and 269. 
 
 273. Nemo praesumitur immemor suse seternse salu- 
 
 tis et maxime in articulo mortis : — 6 Co. 76. 
 This is a maxim of ecclesiastical law, which held 
 that no one was to be presumed to be unmindful of his 
 own eternal welfare, especially in the act of death. 
 
 274. Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti : 
 
 Co. Litt. 304. 
 The privilege of employing several matters of de- 
 fense was guaranteed to the defendant, subject to the 
 leave of the court, by the Statute of 4 Anne. See 
 Maxim 120. 
 
 275. Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto : — Wing. 
 
 336. 
 It goes witbont saying that no one should be pun- 
 ished for tbe crime of another, unless be aided in its 
 commission as principal or accessory, in which case it 
 would become his own. 
 
 276. Nemo se accusare debet, nisi coram Deo. See 
 
 Maxims 263 and 277. 
 
 27 7. Nemo tenetur accusare se ipsum nisi coram 
 
 Deo : — Wing. Max. 486. 
 No one can be compelled to criminate himself; that 
 is, to accuse or confess himself guilty of any crime; 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 175 
 
 but if be do so voluntarily the confession is admis- 
 sible. 
 
 It is receivable although obtained by artifice or 
 under promise of some collateral good. The only pro- 
 tected confidant seems to be an attorney. The prac- 
 tice is to inquire of the witness whether the prisoner 
 had been told, in effect, that it would be better for 
 him to confess, or worse for him if he did not confess. 
 
 Experience has shown that if this rule did not exist, 
 many persons would be found willing, for reward or. 
 favor, to accuse themselves of crimes, which they had 
 not committed. See Maxims 263 and 276. 
 
 278. Kemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se: 
 
 Wing. JV^ax. 665. 
 The law does not require that one litigant place in 
 possession of his adversary information that may be 
 used to his own detriment. 
 
 279. Nihil quod inconveniens est licitum : — Co. 
 
 Litt. 97. 
 This maxim should be received with some qualifica- 
 tion, and is understood to mean that, against the in- 
 troduction or establishing of a particular rule or pre- 
 cedent, inconvenience is a forcible argument. The 
 maxim also finds application in the principle, that the 
 law will sooner suffer a private mischief than a public 
 inconvenience, for it is better to suffer a mischief that 
 is peculiar to one, than an inconvenience that may 
 prejudice many. See Maxim 346. 
 
 280. Nil facit error nominis, cum de corpore con- 
 
 stat:— 11 Co. 21. 
 Thus where an estate is devised to a person whose 
 surname or Christian name is mistaken, or whose de- 
 
.176 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 scription is imperfect or, inaccurate, parol evidence is 
 admissible to show what estate was intended to pass, 
 provided there is sufficient indication of intention ap- 
 pearing on the face of the will to justify the admission 
 of the evidence. See Maxims 121, 239 and 249. 
 
 281. Non decipitur qui scit se decipi : — 5 Co. 60. 
 
 See Maxims 71 and 382. 
 
 282. Non definitur in jure quid sit conatus : — 6 Co. 
 
 42. 
 
 Generally speaking, it may be said that to consti- 
 tute an attempt there must be a combination of intent 
 and act — an intent to commit a cringe and an act done 
 in pursuance thereof, which falls short of the thing in- 
 tended. 
 
 An attempt conveys the idea of physical effort to do 
 an act, while intent expresses the quality of the mind 
 with which the act is done. 
 
 283. Non est arctius vinculum inter homines quam 
 
 jusjurandum : — Jenk. Cent. 126. 
 
 This cannot apply to persons who do not believe in 
 God, or, if they do, do not think he will either reward 
 or punish them in this world or in the next, because 
 upon such an oath there cannot possibly be any tie or 
 obligation. Probably a cross-examination, under all 
 circumstances, tends more to elicit truth than an oath. 
 See Maxims 190 and 293. 
 
 284. Non est informatus. 
 
 A judgment by default, when the defendant's attor- 
 ney declares he has no instruction to say anything by 
 way of answer or defense. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 177 
 
 285. Non facias malum ut inde veniat bonum : — 11 
 
 Co. 74. See Maxim 159. 
 
 286. Non jus, sed seisina, facit stipitem : — Fleta, 
 
 6, c. 14. 
 
 Seizin in the common law signifies possession; and 
 primier seizin is the first possession. 
 
 A seizin in deed is where an actual possession is 
 taken; seizin in law is where lands descend and entry 
 has not been made upon them. 
 
 Seizin in law exists where the rightful owner has 
 been disseized. 
 
 Formerly the law, as above indicated, was under- 
 stood in all its strictness and no person could be an- 
 cestor, unless he had actual seizin of the lands, by 
 himself or some one on his behalf holding under him, 
 or unless there was some other equivalent to such ac- 
 tual seizin, this actual seizin being distinguished from 
 a mere right of entry. 
 
 From above it follows that seisina facit stipitem. 
 
 By statute such actual seizin is no longer required. 
 Whar. Max. 57. 
 
 287. Non refert quid notum sit judici si notum non 
 
 sit in forma judicii : — 3 Buls. 115. 
 
 A judge cannot act upon information obtained out- 
 side of court unless it be such matter as would properly 
 come under his judicial notice. 
 
 He must rely upon other witnesses or upon other 
 sources of information, otherwise he would be passing 
 upon the admissibility and weight of his own testimony. 
 See Maxims 183 and 225. 
 
 288. Nullus commodum capere potest ex sua in- 
 
 juria propria : — Co. Litt. 148. 
 12 
 
178 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 Thus, where a man binds another to the performance 
 of some particular act, and at the same time does some- 
 thing whereby the perform auce of such act is pre- 
 vented ; as where A. contracts with B. to build a house 
 within a certain time, under a penalty, B. finding ma- 
 terials, and B., by delay in providing the materials, 
 prevents the due completion of the house, he shall not 
 in such case be allowed to enforce the penalty. 
 
 So an obligee of a bond, having prevented the ob- 
 ligor from fulfilling the condition of the bond, shall 
 not take advantage of the n on -performance of the con- 
 dition, else he would profit by his own wrong. See 
 Maxim 159. 
 
 289. Nullus recedat e curia cancellaria sine remedio : 
 
 4 H. 7, 4. See Maxims 203, 221 and 223. 
 
 290. Omne sacramentum debet esse de certa sci- 
 
 entia :— 4 Inst. 279. See Maxims 190, 193 
 
 and 283. 
 
 291. Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sunt : — 8 Co. 
 
 127. 
 This maxim finds illustration in the common law de- 
 finition of burglary, to constitute which offense, there 
 had to be a breaking in the niglit time. This definition, 
 however, has been so far modified as to include crimes 
 committed by day as well as by night. 
 
 292. Omnia prsesumuntur contra spoliatorem: — 
 
 Branch. Max. 80. 
 A boy found a jewel set in a socket and took it to a 
 goldsmith's to know its value. The apprentice, to 
 whom he gave it to weigh took out the stone and of- 
 fered the boy three half pence for it, which the boy re- 
 fused and insisted upon having the jewel back. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 179 
 
 Failing in this demand, he brought an action against 
 the master for conversion of the jewel. It was held 
 that the boy was entitled to the jewel, and the jury 
 were instructed that unless the defendant produced it, 
 they should presume the strongest against him, and 
 make the value of the best jewel the measure of their 
 damages. Armory v. Delamirie Smith, Leading Cases, 
 396. 
 
 293. Omnis innovatio plus perturbat quam utilitate 
 
 prodest:— 2 Buls..338. 
 
 It has been a matter of common observation that 
 whenever a standing rule of the law has been broken 
 down, although the reason of the rule is not apparent, 
 that its wisdom has in the end appeared from the in- 
 conveniences that have followed the innovation. 
 
 It is an established rule to abide by precedents, stare 
 decisis, where the same points come up again in litiga- 
 tion, for it should not be within the power of any judge 
 to alter a permanent rule of the law, he being sworn 
 to determine, not according to his private judgment, 
 but according to the known laws and customs of the 
 land; not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to 
 maintain and expound the old one — jus dicere et non 
 jus dare. Ellis v. Smith, 2 Ves. Jun. 16. See Maxim 
 357. 
 
 294. Onus probandi. 
 
 Burden of proof is properly applied only to a party 
 affirming some fact essential to the support of his case. 
 In this sense it never shifts from side to side during 
 the trial. Loosely used, it is confounded with the 
 weight of evidence, which often shifts as facts and pre- 
 sumptions appear and are overcome. 
 
 In criminal cases also the burden of proof never 
 shifts, but is upon the government throughout. 
 
180 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 295. Optima legum interpres est consuetudo : — 
 
 Plow. Com. 336. See Maxims 72, 78 and 
 296. 
 
 296. Optimus interpres rerum est usus: — 2 Inst. 
 
 282. 
 
 The office of a custom is to interpret the otherwise 
 indeterminate intentions of parties, and to ascertain 
 the nature and extent of their contracts. 
 
 A custom may also be admitted to ascertain the true 
 meaning of particular words in an instrument, when 
 they have various meanings, some common, some quali 
 fled and some technical, according to the subject mat- 
 ter to which they are applied. An express contract is 
 always admissible to supersede, vary, or control a usage 
 or custom, but such a contract cannot be controlled, 
 varied, or contradicted by a usage or custom. 2 Sum- 
 ner l U. S.) R. 567. See Maxims 72, 78 and 295. 
 
 297. Pacta privata juri publico non derogare po- 
 
 test:— 7 Co. 23. 
 
 If the thing stipulated for is contrary to law, the 
 agreement must be held as intrinsically null. 
 
 Not only is the consent or private agreement of in- 
 dividuals ineffectual in rendering valid any direct con- 
 travention of the law, but it will fail altogether to 
 make effectual that which is unjust or deficient in re- 
 spect to any matter which the law declares to be indis- 
 pensable and not circumstantial merely. 
 
 Therefore, an agreement by a married woman, that 
 she will not avail herself of coverture as a ground of 
 defense would not be valid in support of the plaintiff's 
 claim and by way of answer to a plea of coverture. See 
 Maxims 77 and 78. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 181 
 
 298. Partus sequitur ventre m : — 2 Bl. Com. 
 
 This is the law in the case of slaves and animals, 
 but with regard to freemen children follow the condi- 
 tion of the father. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 167, 502. 
 
 299. Pater est quern nuptise demonstrant : — Co. 
 
 Litt. 123. 
 This was a rule of the civil and canon laAv. by 
 which the subsequent marriage between the father and 
 the mother was held to make the son before marriage 
 legitimate. The maxim liceres legitimus est quern nuptiae 
 demonstrant was framed in England for the direct pur- 
 pose of excluding, in the descent of that country, the 
 application of the rule under consideration, though 
 both in England and in this country a child, born at 
 any time during coverture, or within a competent time 
 after the death of the husband, is legitimate. See 
 Maxim 142. 
 
 300. Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima : — 3 
 
 Inst. 20. 
 Blackstone says the crime against nature could be 
 committed with man or beast, the punishment for 
 which at common law was burning to death. Even in 
 the indictments it was referred to as peccatum illud 
 horribile, inter cJiristianos non nominandum — that hein- 
 ous crime, not to be mentioned among Christians. 
 
 301. Pendente lite nihil innovetur : — Co. Litt. 344. 
 The doctrine of lis pendens is that realty, or, to some 
 
 extent, personalty, when put in litigation by a suit in 
 equity, will, if the suit is prosecuted with reasonable 
 diligence, be bound by the final decree, notwithstand- 
 ing any intermediate alienation. 
 
 The doctrine is based upon public policy rather than 
 upon notice. Gardner v. Peckham, 13 B. I. 103-104. 
 
182 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 302. Per ininas :— 1 Bl. Com. 131. 
 
 When a man is compelled to enter into a contract 
 by threats or menaces, either for fear of loss of life or 
 mayhem, he may avoid it afterwards. 
 
 303. Plene administravit : — 6 Term, 10. 
 
 A plea in bar entered by an executor or administra- 
 tor, by which he affirms that he had not in his posses- 
 sion at the time of the commencement of the suit, nor 
 has had any time since, any goods of the deceased to 
 be administered ; when the plaintiff replies that the 
 defendant had goods, etc., in his possession at that 
 time, and the parties join issue, the burden of proof 
 will be on the plaintiff. 
 
 304. Plus valet unus occulatus quam auriti decern: 
 
 4 Inst. 279. 
 This is the rule against the admission of hearsay, 
 which evidence does not derive its value solely from 
 the credit to be given the witness himself, but rests 
 also, in part, on the veracity of some other person, who 
 was not under the sanction of an oath when making 
 the statement, and whose testimony was not subjected 
 to cross-examination. 
 
 305. Pcena tolli potest, culpa perennis erit : — 
 
 Honghtaling v. Kelderhouse, 1 Park. Or. 
 
 241, 212. 
 This maxim refers to the restoration of the compe- 
 tency of a witness by pardon. In England it was held, 
 by the authority of the statute of 5 Elizabeth, that 
 where a party had been convicted of perjury, his tes- 
 timony should not be received, even though he had 
 been pardoned by the King. This rule has been adopted 
 by statute in New York, but such incapacity to testify 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 183 
 
 is the result of a rule of evidence and not a punishment 
 of the offense. In treason nothing short of a reversal 
 of judgment would restore competency. 
 
 306. Ponderantur testes non numerantur : — Bake- 
 
 man v. Bose, 14 Wend. 105, 109. 
 
 The credibility of witnesses depends not so much 
 upon their number as upon their character, their con- 
 nection with the parties, their manner of testifying, 
 and other circumstances of which the jury are the 
 proper judges. 
 
 307. Pro bono publico. For the public good. 
 
 308. Propter odium delicti. In treason, for in- 
 stance, all are principals on account of the heinous- 
 ness of the offense. 
 
 309. Quando jus domini regis et subditi concur- 
 
 runt, jus regis prseferri debet :— 9 Co. 129. 
 
 This prerogative is said to depend upon the principle 
 that no laches can be imputed to the King, who is 
 supposed to be so engrossed by public business as not 
 to be able to take care of every private matter relating 
 to the reveuue ; and that the King is in reality to be 
 understood as the nation at large, to whose interest 
 that of any private individual ought to give way. 
 
 Thus as to ordinary persons, the writ of fieri facias 
 first delivered to the sheriff shall be executed without 
 regard to the teste ; but as between the King and a 
 subject, the King's writ, though delivered last, shall 
 be executed first, without regard to the teste, property 
 in the goods not being changed by the seizure of the 
 goods under the first writ on behalf of the subject. 
 Whar. Max. 70. 
 
184 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 310. Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit : — Went. 
 
 Off. of Exec. 58. 
 
 This maxim may be said to apply iu its strict sense 
 to all those cases where buildings are erected upon 
 land, or fixtures affixed to buildings, by a man upon 
 his own land or by one man upon the laud of another. 
 In which cases, in the absence of any express or im- 
 plied agreement to the contrary, the buildings and 
 fixtures belong to the owner of the soil. 
 
 Trade fixtures are now excepted from the operation 
 of this rule. Whar. Max. 73. 
 
 311. Qui facit per alium, facit per se: — Co. Litt. 
 
 258. 
 
 This maxim has reference to the law of principal and 
 agent, and under it a principal is responsible for the 
 acts of his agent; as, where B. employs A. to buy goods 
 for him, B. is liable in an action for the amount. 
 
 If a servant do what the master ought to do, it is 
 the same as though the master did it himself, or if a 
 servant do anything without the consent of the master, 
 it may be ratified by the latter. 
 
 This maxim applies to everything done by the agent 
 in the scope of his authority, whether the agent be en- 
 gaged in purchase or sale. 
 
 It does not apply to the acts of the agent of an agent. 
 Whar. Max. 75. See Maxims 96 and 340. 
 
 312. Qui hseret in litera, hseret in cortice: — Co. 
 
 Litt. 289. 
 
 A liberal translation would be, He who considers the 
 letter only of an instrument cannot comprehend its 
 meaning. 
 
 That which is contrary to reason is contrary to law, 
 the meaning of the maxim being that to understand the 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 185 
 
 letter of the law the reason of it must be known. So 
 the construction of deeds must be agreeable to common 
 understanding; and where the intention is clear too 
 much stress must not be laid upon the precise signifi- 
 cation of words. 
 
 A lessee who covenants to leave all the timber which 
 was growing on the land when he took it, breaks the 
 covenant if, at the end of the term, he cuts it down but 
 leaves it there. Whar. Max. 76. See Maxims 121, 
 239, 249, 280. 
 
 313. Qui in utero est, pro jam nato habetur, quo- 
 
 ties de ejus commodo quseritur: — 2 Bla. Com. 
 
 A child in the womb is considered as actually born 
 when its rights of property or otherwise are inquired 
 into. 
 
 314. Qui non habet, ille non dat: — Jackson v. Brad- 
 
 ford, 4 Wend. 619, 623. See Maxims 39, 92 
 and 268. 
 
 315. Qui non habet potestatem alienandi, habet 
 
 necessitatem retinendi : — Hob. 336. See 
 Maxims 39, 268 and 314. 
 
 316. Qui non improbat, approbat: — 3 Inst. 27. See 
 
 Maxims 71 and 317. 
 
 317. Qui non obstat quod obstare potest facere vi- 
 
 detur: — 2 Inst. 146. See Maxims 71 and 
 316. 
 
 318. Qui non prohibet cum prohibere possit, in 
 
 culpa est: — 2 Inst. 305. See Maxims 71, 
 316 and 317. 
 
 319. Quipeccat ebrius, luat sobrius: — Carey's Bep. 
 
 133. 
 
186 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 The immunity from punishment, which, through mo- 
 tives of humanity and justice, is allowed bylaw to per- 
 sons mentally affected, is not extended to him who 
 commits a felony, or other offense, whilst in a state of 
 drunkenness ; he shall not be excused, because his in- 
 capacity arose from his own default, but is answerable 
 equally as if he had been in the full possession of his 
 faculties. 
 
 Yet proof of the fact of drunkenness may be very 
 material, as tending to show the intention with which 
 the particular act charged as an offense was commit- 
 ted, and whether the act done was accidental or de- 
 signed. Broom Max. 17. 
 
 320. Qui potest et debet vetare et non vetat jubet : 
 
 Wendell v. Van Eensselaer, 1 Johns. Oh. 
 344. See Maxims 71 and 316. 
 
 321. Qui prior est tempore potior est juri : — Co. 
 
 Litt. 14. 
 
 This maxim applies to the first occupant of land, to 
 the heir who takes by descent and to an inventor. 
 
 The law of descent whereby the eldest male, at com- 
 mon law, of equal degrees of consanguinity, as being 
 first in time and more worthy, are preferred to the 
 younger, is regulated by this maxim. 
 
 So, where there are two writs of fieri facias deliv- 
 ered to the sheriff, the one first delivered must first be 
 satisfied. 
 
 Also the finder of a chattel acquires a right thereto 
 against all but the true owner. Whar. Max. 174. See 
 Maxims 149, 163, 248 and 331. 
 
 322. Qui sentit commodum, debet et sentire onus : 
 
 et e contra : — 1 Co. 99. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 187 
 
 The liability of a railroad company to provide suffi- 
 cient accommodation for passengers and goods in 
 traffic, and to indemnify against loss or damage by 
 negligence, iu return for the exclusive right of way, 
 comes within the meaning of this rule. Also where 
 the public are not directly concerned, as in rights and 
 liabilities arising out of the relation of lessor and les- 
 see, husband and wife, principal and agent. Thus a 
 devise subject to the payment thereon of a certain 
 sum, carries with it an obligation to make the pay- 
 ment, and the thing devised stands charged with the 
 sum payable, and cannot be accepted otherwise. See 
 Maxim 3C6. 
 
 323. Qui tacet consentire videtur : — Jenk. Cent. 
 
 32. See Maxims 71, 134, 143 and 317. 
 
 324. Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis 
 
 non convalescit : — 4 Co. 2. 
 When the consideration for a deed is illegal, no 
 lapse of time can cure the defect. In nullities in 
 pleadings also, and in transactions founded upon fraud, 
 it may be stated generally that lapse of time will not 
 avail to cure the defect. The will of an infant is void 
 and is not rendered available when the infant attains 
 full age, unless there be a new execution. Yet in the 
 Boman Law, if a husband sold his wife's dowry, the 
 sale was invalid, still, if at her death, the land became 
 his, the sale was established. D. 41, 3, 42. Whar. 
 Max. 81. See Maxim 229. 
 
 325. Quod constat curiae opere testiuin non in- 
 
 diget:— 2 Inst. 662. 
 This maxim refers the knowledge which a judge will 
 officially take of a fact without proof, such as the ex- 
 istence and titles of foreign powers, the ordinary pub- 
 
188 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 lie fasts and holidays, the coincidence of the days of 
 the week with those of the month, etc. The courts of 
 the United States take judicial notice of the public 
 statutes of the several States. See Maxim 287. 
 
 326. Quod necessarie intelligitur, id non deest: 
 
 1 Buls. 71. 
 
 This maxim finds illustration in the interpretation 
 of instruments, such as wills, deeds and contracts. 
 
 A custom, for instance, when parties contract with 
 reference thereto, need not be expressed, for it is nec- 
 essarily understood — necessarie intelligitur, and parol 
 evidence may be introduced to show what the cus- 
 tom is. 
 
 327. Quod necessitas cogit, defendit: — H. H. P. 
 
 C. 54. See Maxims 259 and 260. 
 
 328. Quod non apparet, non est: — Jenk. Cent. 207. 
 In reading an affidavit, the court will look solely at 
 
 the facts deposed to, and will not presume the exist- 
 ence of additional facts in order to support the allega- 
 tions contained in it. See Maxim 98. 
 
 329. Quod non habet principium non habet finem: 
 
 Wing. Max. 79. 
 Where a living, for instance, becomes vacant by res- 
 ignation or canonical deprivation, the common law 
 requires the bishop to give notice thereof to the patron, 
 otherwise the former can take no advantage by lapse. 
 See Maxim 324. 
 
 330. Quod per me non possum, nee per alium: — 4 
 
 Co. 24. See Maxim 311. 
 
 331. Quod priu s est verius; et quod prius est tem- 
 
 pore potius est jure:— Co. Litt. 347. See 
 Maxims 149, 163, 248, 321. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 189 
 
 332. Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit: 
 
 Co Litt. 146. See Maxim 218. 
 
 333. Quoties in verbis nulla ambiguitas, ibi nulla 
 
 exposito contra verba expressa fienda est: 
 
 Co. Litt. 147. 
 If an instrument be plain upon the face of it, and 
 complete in meaning, no evidence will be admitted to 
 give any other construction to it than that which is so 
 plainly expressed, even though it be contended that 
 the plain meaning so expressed upon the face of the 
 instrument does not carry out the intention of the 
 parties. Therefore, in all cases where a written in- 
 strument appears on the face of it to be complete, 
 parol evidence will not be admitted to vary or contra- 
 dict it. The rule as to patent ambiguity applies to 
 the maxim under consideration; as, in a will, if there 
 be a blank for the devisee's name, parol evidence will 
 not be admitted to supply this defect. 
 
 334. Eatio est legis anima, mutata legis ratione 
 
 mutatur et lex: — Jenk. Cent. 45. See Max- 
 ims 61, 62, 226 and 367. 
 
 335. Reprobata pecunia liberat solventem: — 9 Co. 
 
 79. 
 A tender of money, to release the debtor, must be 
 made by a person authorized by the debtor, and to the 
 creditor or some one authorized to receive it. This 
 maxim is further subject to the qualification that the 
 exact sum must be tendered and at the time agreed 
 upon, or, in other words, in compliance with the terms 
 of the contract. Bouv. Law. Diet. 714. 
 
 336. Res gestae. 
 
 The circumstances, facts, and declarations which 
 
190 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 grow out of the main fact, are contemporaneous with 
 it, and serve to illustrate its character. 
 
 Under the res gestae may be included facts which so 
 illustrate and characterize the principal fact as to con- 
 stitute one transaction. 
 
 It is impossible to lay down a rule as to what is part 
 of the res gestce, which will be decisive of the question 
 in every case in which it may be presented by the un- 
 varying phases of human life. 
 
 On an indictment for rape, what the girl said so 
 recently after the fact as to exclude the possibility of 
 practising on her, has been held to be admissible evi- 
 dence as a part of the res gestce. 
 
 337. Ees integra. 
 
 A term applied to those points of law which have 
 not been decided, and which are untouched by dictum 
 or decision. 
 
 338. Ees inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet: — 
 
 Co. Litt. 132. 
 
 Every fact not admitted must be proved upon oath, 
 either on the trial of the issue, or some other issue in- 
 volving the same question between the same parties. 
 Where other evidence is adduced, it is res inter alios 
 acta, and this maxim applies; unless it be of that nature 
 which necessity admits; as documents of a public na- 
 ture, or declarations of persons deceased, or against 
 interest, etc. 
 
 A simple illustration is that of a judgment recovered 
 in one court, which may be successfully pleaded in bar 
 in an action between the same parties for the same 
 thing in another court of concurrent jurisdiction. But 
 it is otherwise where the record of a conviction in a 
 criminal suit is offered as evidence of the same fact in 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 191 
 
 controversy in a civil suit, for the parties are not the 
 same, the state being a party in the criminal suit. So 
 one would not be bound by the declarations of a 
 stranger. 
 
 The reason of this maxim is that it would be unjust 
 to bind a person by proceedings to which he was not 
 a party, to which he had no opportunity of making a 
 defense, and from which he could not appeal. Whar. 
 Max. 84. See Maxim 198. 
 
 339. Ees judicata accipitur pro veritate: — Co. Litt. 
 
 103. 
 
 By res judicata we mean a legal or equitable issue 
 that has been decided by a court of competent jurisdic- 
 tion, and it is a general principle that such decision is 
 binding and conclusive upon all other courts of con- 
 current power. 
 
 This is a rule of universal law. But in order to make 
 a matter res judicata four conditions must concur, 
 namely : identity in the thing sued for, identity of the 
 cause of action, identity of persons and of parties to 
 the action, and identity of the quality of the persons 
 for or against whom the claim is made. Bonv. Law. 
 Diet. See Maxims 170 and 187. 
 
 340. Bespondeat superior : — 4 Inst. 114. 
 
 The application of this rule arises chiefly out of the 
 relation existing between the parties in the cases of 
 principal and agent, master and servant. 
 
 Thus where a servant commits a trespass by the com- 
 mand of the master, the servant himself is directly 
 liable, and the master also under this rule of respondeat 
 superior. 
 
 This rule also applies to fraud on the part of the ser- 
 vant acting apparently within the scope of his author- 
 
192 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 ity, but it does not apply to wilfully tortous acts, as 
 act of purposed injury not falling within the scope of 
 such authority. Whar. Max. 85. See Maxims 96, 311. 
 
 341. Eex est major singulis, minor universis : — 
 
 Brae. lib. 1, C. 8. 
 When the rights of the King and individuals con- 
 flict, those of the latter must give way, but if the rights 
 or the claims of the King come in contact with the 
 rights of all the people, he must either yield or revo- 
 lution will result. See Maxim 309. 
 
 342. Eex non debet judicare sed secundum legem : 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 9. See Maxims 343 and 345. 
 
 343. Eex non potest peccare : — 2 Eoll. E. 304. 
 This maxim does not imply that the king cannot, as 
 
 a man, do wrong, but that, in his kingly capacity, 
 wrong is not to be imputed to him. As an individual, 
 the king is protected from ordinary common law pro- 
 ceedings by a subject by suit or action for injury of a 
 private nature not in respect to a claim to property. 
 
 The king is not under the dominion of man, but of 
 God and the law, and it is not to be presumed that he 
 will do or sanctiou anything contrary to law, to which 
 he is equally amenable with his subjects. But if an 
 evil act be done, though emanating from the king per- 
 sonally, it will be imputed to his ministers, and the 
 king is in no way responsible for their acts, whether 
 they be his immediate advisers or any one acting in 
 authority under him or them. Upon this principle, the 
 crown cannot be prejudiced by the wrongful acts of its 
 servants nor by errors in letters patent, etc. Whar. 
 Max. 86. See Maxim 345. 
 
 344. Eex nunquam moritur : — Branct. Max. 197, 
 
 5 ed. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 193 
 
 The principle contained in this inaxini of our Con- 
 stitution is founded upon motives of expediency, and 
 to avoid dissension in troublesome times, the de- 
 scent of the crown being once fixed. The law ascribes 
 to the sovereign in his political capacity perpetuity. 
 The demise of the king means only that there has been 
 a disunion of the king's natural body from his body 
 politic, the kingdom being transferred to his successor, 
 thus preserving the perpetual character of the royal 
 dignity. 
 
 In accordance with this maxim, a grant of lands 
 made to the king without the words heirs or successors 
 will pass a fee-simple. As the king commences his 
 reign from the day of the death of the ancestor, it has 
 been held that compassing his death before corona- 
 tion, is compassing the king's death. Whar. Max. 87. 
 See Maxim 151. 
 
 345. Eex quod injustum est facere non potest: 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 9. See Maxim 343. 
 
 346. Salus populi est suprema lex: — 13 Co. 139. 
 
 In all cases of necessity the interests of an individ- 
 ual must give way to the interests of a multitude, the 
 principle extending to private as well as to public in- 
 terests. It is upon this principle that private indi- 
 viduals are bound to perform certain public duties 
 when called upon; as to prevent a breach of the peace, 
 serve as jurors, soldiers, sailors, pay taxes, etc. So 
 public officers, acting in the proper discharge of their 
 duty are not liable for injury to private individuals. 
 
 Those who are called upon to make individual sacri- 
 fice for the public good know that they receive a cor- 
 responding benefit in the protection afforded them in 
 their person and property bv the laws of the country, 
 
 * 13 
 
194 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 and in other privileges thereby accorded. Whar. 
 Max. 90. See Maxims 152, 217 and 261. 
 
 347. Scienter. 
 
 This is the allegation of knowledge on the part of a 
 defendant or person accused, which is necessary to 
 charge upon him the consequence of the crime or tort. 
 A man may pass a counterfeit coin, when he is igno- 
 rant of its being counterfeit, and is guilty of no of- 
 fense; but if he knew the coin to be counterfeit, which 
 is called the scienter, be is guilty of passing counter- 
 feit money. Bonv. Law. Die. 
 
 348. Scire facias. 
 
 A writ for a defendant to appear in court on a day 
 named to show cause why the plaintiff should not have 
 advantage out of a matter of public record. For ex- 
 ample, its purposes may be to revive a judgment, 
 which from lapse of time will soon be presumed to 
 have been released as satisfied. The writ commands 
 the defendant to show cause (1) why the judgment 
 should not be revived, or (2) why execution should 
 not issue. Scire facias is also used by the government 
 as a mode to ascertain and enforce the forfeiture of a 
 corporate charter, where there is a legal existing body, 
 but who have abused their power. Bouv. Law. Diet. 
 
 349. Scribere est agere: — 2 Bol. Bep. 89. 
 
 A deed in writing is, at the present time, sufficient to 
 effect the transfer of property, without any actual 
 livery of seisin. 
 
 350. Semper prsesumitur pro legitimatione puero- 
 
 rum:— Co Litt. 126. 
 Because the negative of this proposition involves 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 195 
 
 guilt which the law does not presume. Besides, 
 knowledge of paternity, or filiation would be extremely 
 difficult to arrive at in case where one is not the law- 
 ful husband. See Maxims 129 and 351. 
 
 351. Semper pro matrimonio prsesuinitur. See Max- 
 
 ims 129 and 350. 
 
 352. Senatus populusque Eomanus. 
 
 These words, in an abbreviated form — S. P. Q. E.— 
 appeared on Eomau coins and on the standards of the 
 legions. 
 
 353. Sententia interlocutaria revocari potest, de- 
 
 finitiva non potest: — Bac. Max. 
 
 A final decree or judgment does not become such, 
 until the term has passed in which it was rendered, 
 after which time it cannot be revoked. 
 
 An interlocutory decree or judgment, however, may 
 be revoked any time before it is made final and up to 
 that time is said to be in gremio curiae — in the breast 
 of the court. 
 
 354. Servitia personalia sequuntur personam: — 2 
 
 Inst. 374. 
 Personal services follow the person. 
 
 355. Sic utere tuo ut alien urn non leedas: — 9 Co. 59. 
 The principle of this maxim applies to the public, and 
 
 to public rights, and in such a manner as that when 
 any such right is violated whereby damages is sus- 
 tained, a right of action arises. Thus, the lessee and 
 occupier of refreshment rooms at a railway station, and 
 of a cellar underneath, whose servant a coal dealer, in 
 putting coal into the cellar, left open a trap door in the 
 
196 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 platform of the station, through which a passenger fell 
 and was injured, was held liable in damages for the 
 injury sustained by such passenger, Whar. Max. 90. 
 See Maxims 15 and 172. 
 
 350. Simplex commendatio non obligat. 
 This refers to a simple commendation of goods by a 
 vendor, not amounting to warranty. 
 
 357. Stare decisis. 
 
 This is the great doctrine of precedents and is to be 
 
 distinguished from res judicata, which is more limited 
 
 in its application. When once a point of law is firmly 
 
 settled by a decision, that decision rules like cases sub- 
 
 •sequeu tly arising. 
 
 When there has been a series of decisions by the 
 highest tribunal, the rule stare decisis is regarded as 
 impregnable — except by legislative enactment. Har- 
 row v. Meyers, 29 Ind. 470. See Maxim 293. 
 
 358. Sublata causa, tollitur effectus: — 2 Bl. Com. 
 
 203. See Maxim 334. 
 
 359. Sublato fundamento, cadit opus : — Jenk. Cent. 
 
 106. See Maxims 334 and 358. 
 
 360. Subsequens matrimonium tollit peccatum prae- 
 
 cedens : — Beg. Jur. Civ. 
 According to the civil law, a child born out of law- 
 ful wedlock was made legitimate by the subsequent 
 marriage of the parents. This rule, however, was not 
 adopted at common law, which even after such a mar- 
 riage regarded the child a bastard. 
 
 361. Summa ratio est qure pro religione facit : — Co. 
 
 Lift. 341. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 197 
 
 The laws of all nations are supposed to be founded 
 upon this maxim, the only question being what is re- 
 ligion, and the difference of opinion upon this ques- 
 tion is owing to the difference in customs, habits, and 
 laws of the universe. The laws of all countries are 
 supposed to be consistent with their respective relig- 
 ions. By reason of this rule the law gives the church 
 many privileges, in order to favor religion, such as the 
 exemption of church property from taxation. Whar. 
 Max. 91. 
 
 362. Suppressio veri expressio falsi : — Addington 
 
 v. Allen, 11 Wend. 374, 417. 
 This maxim refers to the suppression of material 
 facts, which a party is bound to disclose, such facts 
 contradicting or qualifying those that are expressed. 
 See Maxim 134. 
 
 363. Terra firma. Solid land. 
 
 364. Testamenta latissimam interpretatiouem hab- 
 
 ere debent : — Jenk. Cent. 81.- See Maxims 
 171, 177 and 371. 
 
 365. Traditio loqui chartam facit : — 5 Co. 1. See 
 
 Maxim 178. 
 
 366. Transit terra cum onere : — Yan Eensselaer v. 
 
 Bonesteel, 24 Barb. 365, 368. 
 
 An application of this maxim is to be found in cov- 
 enants running with the land, which pass with the 
 land, and on which the assignee of the lessee, or the 
 heir or devisee of the covenantor, is in many cases 
 liable. This maxim also holds with reference to cus- 
 toms that are annexed to the land and that pass there- 
 with. See Maxims 3 and 322. 
 
198 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 367. Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem lex, et de similibus 
 
 idem est judicium: — Co. Litt. 191. 
 
 For the first part of this maxim it may be said that 
 law is founded upon reason, and is the perfection 
 thereof, and that what is contrary to reason is con- 
 trary to law; and for the second, that where no estab- 
 lished precedent can be found exactly in point, where- 
 upon to ground a decision, the case in question may 
 be properly decided by reference to similar cases. 
 Whar. Max. 92. See Maxims 226 and 334. 
 
 368. Ubi jus remedium est: — Co. Litt. 197. 
 
 This maxim was in former times more looked to as a 
 guide than at present, for the remedies provided by 
 law were not so numerous, nor so well understood or 
 applied in redressing grievances. The remedy here 
 referred to more particularly applies to those cases 
 where the common law gives a right, or prohibits a 
 wrong; and, generally, whether or not any actual 
 damage has arisen from violation of the right. It 
 must be borne, in mind that the right here alluded to 
 is one in contemplation of law and not what any one 
 might call a right. Whar. Max. 93. See Maxims 162 
 and 212. 
 
 369. Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse acces- 
 
 sorius: — 4 Co. 43. See Maxim 3. 
 
 370. Ubi nullum matrimonium, ibi nulla dos est: 
 
 Mere concubinage does not constitute marriage, 
 and, as an essential element of dower is a lawful mar- 
 riage, dower would not attach without it. A dissolu- 
 tion of marriage also will defeat dower. 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 199 
 
 371. Ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda 
 
 secundum veram intentionem suam. — Co. 
 Litt. 322. See Maxims 171, 177 and 364. 
 
 372. Utile per inutile non vitiatur: — Dyer, 292. 
 
 This rule is chiefly applicable to what is called sur- 
 plusage, or the introduction of useless and unneces- 
 sary words in deeds, contracts, pleadings, etc., which 
 words, under this rule, will be rejected rather than be 
 allowed to vitiate, or render useless, the instrument in 
 which they are introduced. 
 
 Deeds and other writings, good in part and bad in 
 part, whether through defect in the consideration, the 
 drawing of the instrument, or otherwise, come within 
 this rule. See Maxims 97, 121 and 249. 
 
 373. Ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes perve- 
 
 niat:— 4 Inst. 6. 
 
 One of the purposes of the law is to operate as a de- 
 terrent force, without which many more offenses would 
 be committed. See Maxim 148. 
 
 374. Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra 
 
 proferentem: — Co. Litt. 36. 
 This maxim is subject to the rule, that an instrument 
 must be construed according to the intention of the 
 parties gathered from the whole instrument, and the 
 maxim applies only where there is an ambiguity, re- 
 quiring explanation, in the language of the instru- 
 ments; and where the construction will not work to 
 the injury of third parties. Thus, where an estate is 
 granted to a man for life, without saying for whose 
 life, it shall be taken to be for the life of the grantee, 
 an estate for a man's own life being considered greater 
 than an estate for the life of another. Whar. Max. 95. 
 
200 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 375. Verba clebent intelligi curn effectu: — Bickets 
 
 v. Livingston, 2 Johns. Oas. 97, 101. 
 
 This is a general principle, which governs the con- 
 struction of all agreements, oral or written, and of all 
 unilateral instruments, like deeds or wills, which are 
 designed to embody the intention of a party. 21 
 Wend. 652. See Maxim 175. 
 
 376. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inser- 
 
 vire:— 8 Co. 94. See Maxims 239, 249 and 
 280. 
 
 377. Via antiqua est tuta: — Manning v. Manning, 
 
 1 Johns, ch. 527, 530. 
 
 This maxim should be considered in connection with 
 eursus curiae, est lex curiae. 
 
 Any informal proceeding, or one not done within the 
 time set for it, or in the manner prescribed by the prac- 
 tice of the court, may be set aside for irregularity. 
 
 Courts of law will not sanction a speculative novelty 
 without the warrant of any principle, precedent or 
 authority. See Maxims 88 and 293. 
 
 378. Vi et armis. 
 
 This is the phrase used to denote an action of tres- 
 pass accompanied with force. It is brought to recover 
 damages which result immediately from the injury to 
 the person or to personal property. 
 
 379. Vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura sub- 
 
 veniunt: — Wing. 092. 
 
 In all actions, suits, and other proceedings at law 
 and in equity, the diligent and careful actor is fav- 
 ored to the prejudice of him who is careless. 
 
 The statutes of limitations, whether as respects real 
 
LEGAL MAXIMS. 201 
 
 or personal property, persons, or things, are made in 
 furtherance of the principle of this maxim. So the 
 law may deny relief to one who has long' and negli- 
 gently delayed to file a bill for specific performance. 
 5 Ves. 720 ; 26 Wend. 238, 247. 
 
 380. Vir et uxor in lege putantur una persona: 
 
 Jenk. Cent. 27. 
 
 This was a fiction of the common law, the husband 
 and the wife by marriage becoming one legal person. 
 The woman by marriage lost all legal identity and was 
 considered civiliter mortuus. 
 
 To illustrate, they could not contract together or 
 wrong each other civilly, or sue each other. They 
 could not testify for or against each other except where 
 one had inflicted personal injury upon the other. The 
 rigidity of this rule has been greatly modified by legis- 
 lation. It was unknown to the civil law. 
 
 381. Visitationem commendamus. 
 
 Visitation is the act of examining into the affairs of 
 a corporation. This power was applicable only to 
 ecclesiastical and eleemosynary corporations at com- 
 mon law. The visitation of civil corporations is by 
 the government through the medium of the courts. 
 In the United States the legislature is the visitor of 
 all corporations founded by it for public purposes. 
 Bouv. Law Diet. 
 
 382. Volenti non fit injuria:— Wing. Max. 482. 
 This maxim applies principally to those cases where 
 
 a man suffers an injury for which he has a claim for 
 compensation, but which claim he is considered as 
 waiving by acquiescing in, or not objecting to, the in- 
 jury committed; as, when a man connives at or con- 
 
202 LEGAL MAXIMS. 
 
 dones the adultery of his wife, he cannot in such case 
 obtain damages from the seducer, nor sustain a peti- 
 tion for divorce. So where a man has jointly con- 
 tributed to the injury he has received by his own neg- 
 ligence, so where one voluntarily pays a debt con- 
 tracted during his infancy, or barred by the statute of 
 limitations, he has no right to the repayment of the 
 money. 3 Johns. Cas. 240. Whar. Max. 99. See 
 Maxims 71 and 281. 
 
 383. Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur : — 2 
 
 Inst. 57. See Maxim 64. 
 
 384. Voluntas reputabatur pro facto : — 3 Inst. 69. 
 
 This is the old maxim with respect to treasonable of- 
 fenses. To constitute the offense of treason the intent 
 alone was sufficient, for the law was more strict where 
 one compassed or imagined the death of the king. Be- 
 tween subject and subject the intent must be more 
 manifest, and must be accompanied by undeniable 
 overt acts. The intent will be gathered from all the 
 surrounding circumstances. An expressed intention to 
 commit a felony, without any overt act, is not felony ; 
 though with an overt act, it would be. Where a ser- 
 vant, having stolen his master's goods, went to his bed- 
 side and attempted to cut his throat, and thinking he 
 had done so, left him and fled, he was guilty of felony, 
 for, in crimes, the intent and not the consequence is 
 regarded. Whar. Max. 100. See Maxims 383. 
 
 385. Vox. populi vox Dei est. 
 
 The voice of the people is the voice of God — a prin- 
 ciple that is being fast recognized by the nations of 
 the world, but which is given especial emphasis and 
 importance by republics, whose rulers hold their com- 
 missions from the people, to whom they are solely re- 
 sponsible. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 203 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 a or ab, prep. w. abl.,from, 
 
 by. 
 abhorreo, - £re, - ui, , 
 
 shrink from, be averse 
 
 to, abhor. 
 abrogo, - are,- avi,- atum, 
 
 repeal, abrogate. 
 absoliitus, - a, - una, - adj . , 
 
 absolute. 
 abiindans, - n t i s , adj . , 
 
 abundant, unusual. 
 
 ac, conj., and. 
 accessorium,- i, n. acces- 
 sory, incident. 
 
 accessorius,-a,-um, adj., 
 accessory. 
 
 accido,-ere,-cidi, — , hap- 
 pen. 
 
 accipio, - ere, - eepi, - eep- 
 tum, accept. 
 
 accresco,- ere,-evi,-etum, 
 survive, accrue. 
 
 accuso, - dre, - avi,- atum, 
 accuse. 
 
 actio, -onis, f. action. 
 
 actor,-6ris, m. plaintiff. 
 
 actum, -i, n. act. 
 
 actus,-us, m. act. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace., based 
 upon, according to. 
 
 adapto, - are, - avi,-atum, 
 
 suit, adapt. 
 
 adhibeo, - ere, - ui,- itum, 
 give to. 
 
 adimpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, 
 fulfill, carry out. 
 
 adjournamentum,-i, n. 
 adjournment. 
 
 admitto,-ere,-misi, - mis- 
 sum, admit, receive. 
 
 administro, - are, -avi,- 
 atum, administer. 
 
 adversarium,-i, n. adver- 
 sary. 
 
 sedifico,- are,- avi, - atum, 
 build. 
 
 9equalis,-e, adj., equal. 
 
 aequitas,-atis, f. equity. 
 
 aequus,-a,-um, adj., just. 
 
 sestimatio,-6nis, f. esti- 
 mate, value. 
 
 aetas,-atis, f. age. 
 
 seternus,-a,-um, adj ^eter- 
 nal. 
 
 afflrmatio,-6nis, f. affirm- 
 ation. 
 
 alienatio,-6nis, f. aliena- 
 tion. 
 
 ago, - ere, - egi, -actu m , 
 transact. 
 
 alieno, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 alienate. 
 
204 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 alienus,-a,-um, adj., an- 
 other's. 
 
 aliquando, adv., some- 
 times. 
 
 alius,-a,-ud, adj., other. 
 
 allegans,-ntis, one alleg- 
 ing. 
 
 allegatio,-6nis, f. allega- 
 tion. 
 
 allegatum,-i, n. allegation, 
 averment. 
 
 allego, - are, - avi, - atuui, 
 allege. 
 
 alloquor, -loqui, - lociitus 
 sum, address, speak to. 
 
 alter,-era,-erum, adj., an- 
 other. 
 
 altus,-a,-um, adj., high. 
 
 ambigiiitas,-atis, f. am- 
 biguity. 
 
 amicus,-i, m. friend. 
 
 amitto, - ere, - niisi, - mis- 
 sum, lose. 
 
 anrplio,- are, - avi, - at um, 
 enlarge. 
 
 Anglia,-a3, f. England. 
 
 angustus,-a,-uin, adj., 
 narrow, restricted. 
 
 angusto,-are,-avi,- atum, 
 restrict, limit. 
 
 annus,-i, m. year. 
 
 ante, prep. w. ace, before. 
 
 antefero,-ferre,-tuli, - la- 
 tum, prefer. 
 
 antiquus,-a,-um, adj., an- 
 cient, old. 
 
 apertus,-a,-um, adj., open. 
 
 appareo,-ere, - ui, - itum» 
 
 appear. 
 
 app6no,-ere,-p6sui,-posi- 
 tum, apply. 
 
 approbo,-are,-avi,-atum, 
 approve. 
 
 apud, prep. w. ace, among. 
 
 aqua,-ae, f. water. 
 
 arbitrium,-i, n. aicard. 
 
 arbiter,-tri, m. judge. 
 
 arbor,-oris, f. tree. 
 
 arctus,-a,-um, adj., bind- 
 ing. 
 
 argumentum,-i, n. argu- 
 ment. 
 
 arma,-6rum, n.plur. arms. 
 
 armatus,-!, m. an armed 
 person. 
 
 anno,;- are, - avi, - atum, 
 arm. 
 
 articulus,-i, m. article, 
 moment. 
 
 assentio,-6nis, f. assent, 
 meeting. 
 
 assignatus,-i, m. assignee. 
 
 atque, conj., and. 
 
 auctor,-oris, in. assignor. 
 
 auctoritas,-atis, f. author- 
 ity. 
 
 audio, - ire, - ivi, - itum, 
 hear. 
 
 aiila,-ae, f. hall, court. 
 
 auritus,-i, m. ear witness. 
 
 B. 
 
 bellum,-i, n. war. 
 beneficium,-i, n. benefit, 
 advantage. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 205 
 
 benignus,-a,-um, adj., 
 
 favorable. 
 billa,-8e, f. bill, writ. 
 bis, num. adv., twice. 
 b6na,-6rum,n. plur. goods, 
 
 property. 
 bonus,-a,-um, adj., good. 
 bonus,-i, m. bonus. 
 brevis,-e, adj., brief, short. 
 br£ve,-is, n. writ. 
 
 c. 
 
 caxlo,-ere,-cecidi,-casum, 
 
 fail. 
 
 capio,-ere,-cepi,-captum, 
 talis, receive. 
 
 cassis,-idis, f. helmet. 
 
 casso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 quash. 
 
 c£sus,-us, m. event. 
 
 catallum,-i, n. chattel. 
 
 causa,-ae, f. cause, motive. 
 
 caiiso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 cause, move. 
 
 cautela,-se, f. caution. 
 
 caveo,-ere,-cavi,-cautum, 
 beware. 
 
 cedo,-ere,-cessi,- cessum, 
 pass, go. 
 
 celo,-are,-avi,-atum, con- 
 ceal. 
 
 cerus,-a,-um,adj.,c£Ttom. 
 
 cesso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 cease. 
 
 charta,-ae, f. writing, in- 
 strument, deed. 
 
 chartum,-i, n. deed. 
 
 cito, adv., quickly. 
 
 civiliter, adv., civilly. 
 
 clandestiiius,-a,-um, adj., 
 secret. 
 
 clarus,-a,-um, adj., clear, 
 plain. 
 
 clausula,-se, f. clause. 
 
 clypeus,-i, m. protection. 
 
 coelum,-i, u. sTcy. 
 
 cogitatio,-6nis, f. thought. 
 
 cognosce - ere,- novi,-ni- 
 tum, ascertain. 
 
 cogo, - ere, - coegi, - coac- 
 tum, compel, drive. 
 
 cohabito,-are,-avi,-dtum, 
 live or dwell together. 
 
 comes,-itis, m . companion. 
 
 commendatio,-6nis, f. re- 
 commendation. 
 
 commendo, -£re,-£vi,- 
 atum, commend, recom- 
 mend. 
 
 commodatum,-i, n. loan. 
 
 commodum,-i, n. advant- 
 age, benefit. 
 
 communis,-e, adj., com- 
 mon. 
 
 concessio,-6nis, f. grant. 
 
 concor do, -are, -avi, - 
 atum, reconcile. 
 
 concubitus,-us, rn. cohab- 
 itation. 
 
 concurro, - ere, - cur r i , - 
 ctirsum, concur. 
 
 conditio, -6nis, f. condi- 
 tion. 
 
206 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 connrmatio,-6nis, f. con- 
 firmation. 
 
 conscientia,-ae, f. con- 
 science. 
 
 consensus,-us, m. consent. 
 
 consentio, - ire, - si, - s£n- 
 sum, consent. 
 
 consequens,-ntis, adj., 
 folio icing. 
 
 consequor, -i,-secutus 
 sum, follow. 
 
 conservo,-are,-avi,-atuni, 
 observe, regard. 
 
 consilium,-i, n. plan, pur- 
 pose, advice. 
 
 consto,- are, - stiti, - s t a - 
 turn, appear. 
 
 consuetiido,-inis, f. cus- 
 tom. 
 
 contra, prep. w. ace., 
 against. 
 
 contractuSj-us, m. con- 
 tract. 
 
 cdntraho, - ere, - 1 r a x i , - 
 tractum, contract, con- 
 summate. 
 
 contrarius,-a,-um, adj . , 
 opposite. 
 
 contravenio, - ire, - veni,- 
 ventum, thwart, run 
 counter to. 
 
 convalesce-,- ere,-valui, — , 
 gather strength. 
 
 conventio,-6nis, f. conven- 
 tion, contract. 
 
 coram, prep, with ace, in 
 the presence of. 
 
 Cornelius,-a,-uin, adj., of 
 Cornelius. 
 
 corpus,-oris, d. body, per- 
 son, gist. 
 
 cdrtex,-icis,m. and f. bark. 
 
 credo,-ere,-didi, - ditum, 
 believe. 
 
 cresco, - ere, - crevi, - cre- 
 tum, grow, increase. 
 
 crimen,-inis, n. crime. 
 
 criminalis,-e, adj., crimi- 
 nal. 
 
 ctilpa,-se, f. guilt, crime, 
 fault. 
 
 ciiltus,-us, m. worship. 
 
 cum, prep. w. abl., with, 
 in company with. 
 
 cum, conj., when. 
 
 cunctatio,-6nis, f. delay. 
 
 curia,-»3, f. court. 
 
 curro,-ere, cuciirri, ciir- 
 sum, run. 
 
 cursus,-us, m. practice. 
 
 custodia,-se, f. custody, 
 guard. 
 
 D. 
 
 damnincatus,-a,-um, adj. 
 injured, damnified. 
 
 damnum,-i, n. loss, dam- 
 age. 
 
 de, prep. w. abl., about, 
 concerning, according to. 
 
 d^beo, - ere, -ui,-itum, 
 ought. 
 
 debilis,-e, adj., weak. 
 
 debitor,-6ris, m. debtor. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY, 
 
 207 
 
 debitum,-i, n. debt. 
 decern, indecl. adj., ten. 
 decido,-ere,-cidi,- cisum, 
 
 decide. 
 decipio,-ere,- cepi,- c e p - 
 
 turn, deceive, impose 
 
 upon. 
 decisum,-i, n. decision. 
 decretum,-i, n. decree. 
 delectus, -us, m. defect, 
 
 error. 
 defendo,-e r e ,-s i ,-s u m , 
 
 defend. 
 defensio,-6nis, f. defence. 
 dei'icio,-ere,-ie c i , - fe c - 
 
 turn, fail. 
 definio,-ire,-ivi ,-itum, 
 
 define. 
 definitivus,-a,-um, adj., 
 
 final. 
 delegatus, -a,-um, adj., 
 
 conferred, delegated. 
 delicatus,-!, m. dainty, or 
 
 facetious person. 
 delictum,-i, n. offence, 
 
 crime. 
 delinquo,-ere,- liqui,-lic- 
 
 tum, be wanting, offend. 
 demonstration - 6 n i s , f . 
 
 proof. 
 demonstro,-a r e , - a v i , - 
 
 a tn m, indicate. 
 derivativus,-a,-um, adj., 
 
 derived. 
 derogo,-are,-avi,-a turn, 
 
 detract from. 
 desino,-ere,-sivi,-situ m , 
 
 fail. 
 
 desum,-esse,-lui, , b e 
 
 wanting. 
 
 deus,-i, m. God. 
 
 dico, - ere,- dixi,- dictum, 
 say, affirm, assert. 
 
 dictamen,-inis, n., dic- 
 tate. 
 
 dies,-ei, m. day. 
 
 dilatio,-6nis, f. delay. 
 
 dirimo, - ere, - emi,-emp- 
 tum, remove, prevent. 
 
 discerno,-ere,-crevi,-cre- 
 tum, dispense, ascertain. 
 
 disco, - ere, - didici, , 
 
 learn. 
 
 discretio, - onis, f. dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 disp6no,-ere,-posui,-pos- 
 itvim, dispose. 
 
 dispositio,-6nis, f. dispo- 
 sition. 
 
 divino, - are, - avi,-atum, 
 prophecy, foretell, fore- 
 cast. 
 
 divinus,-a,-um, adj., di- 
 vine. 
 
 do, - dare, - dedi, -datum, 
 give, furnish. 
 
 dolum,-i, n. device. 
 
 dominicus, - a, - um, adj. , 
 of the Lord. 
 
 dominus,-i, m. lord, mas- 
 ter. 
 
 domus,-i,-[us], f. house. 
 
 dono, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 give. 
 
 donum,-i, n. gift. 
 
208 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 dormieus,-ntis, c. a sleep- 
 ing or negligent person. 
 
 dormio, - ire, - ivi, - (ii), - 
 itum, sleep. 
 
 dos dotis,- f. dower. 
 
 dubius,-a,-um, adj. doubt- 
 ful, ambiguous. 
 
 duco,-ere,-diixi,- diictum 
 lead. 
 
 diictor, - oris, m. leader, 
 guide. 
 
 dum, conj., while. 
 
 duo,-ae,-o, num. adj. two. 
 
 duplex, - icis, adj . , two- 
 fold. 
 
 E. 
 
 £brius,-a,-um, adj., intox- 
 icated. 
 
 ecclesia,-ae, f. church. 
 
 effectum,-i, n. effect. 
 
 effectus,-us, ni. effect. 
 
 ego, pers. pron., I. 
 
 emptor,-6ris, m. buyer. 
 
 eo,-ire, -ivi, -itum, go. 
 
 error, - oris, m. mistaJce, 
 error. 
 
 et, conj., and, also. 
 
 essentialis,-e, adj., essen- 
 tial. 
 
 ex, prep. w. abl., by vir- 
 tue of, from. 
 
 exceptio,-6nis, f. excep- 
 tion. 
 
 cxcliido,-ere,- clusi, - clii- 
 sum, explain, clear up. 
 
 exclusio,-6nis, f. exclusion. 
 
 exciiso,- are, - avi, - atum, 
 
 excuse, condone. 
 
 executio,-6nis, f. execu- 
 tion. 
 
 exercitatio,-onis, f. exer- 
 cise, practice. 
 
 exercitus,-us, m. army. 
 
 exliibeo, - ere, - ui, - itum, 
 mete out, dispense, give. 
 
 existo,-ere,-stiti,-stitum, 
 exist. 
 
 experientia, - ae, f. expe- 
 rience. 
 
 expositio, - ouis, f. con- 
 struction. 
 
 exprimo, - ere, - pressi, - 
 pressum, express. 
 
 exterior, -oris, com p. adj., 
 outer, external. 
 
 extermino, - are, - avi, - 
 atum, destroy. 
 
 extremus,-a,-um, adj., 
 dire, extreme, urgent. 
 
 F. 
 
 facilis,-e, adj., easy. 
 
 facinus,-oris, n. crime. 
 
 facio, - ere, feci, factum, 
 do, make. 
 
 factum, -i, n. fact. 
 
 facultas,-atis, f. opportu- 
 nity. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelli, fal- 
 sum, destroy, fail. 
 
 falsus,-a,-um, adj., false. 
 
 fateor, - eri, fassus, sum, 
 confess. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 209 
 
 faveo,-ere, favi, fautum, 
 
 favor. 
 favor,-6ris, m. boon. 
 felix,-icis, adj., fortunate, 
 
 happy. 
 felonia,-ae, f. felony. 
 fero, ferre, tiili, latum, 
 
 bear, carry. 
 festinatio,-6nis, f. haste. 
 i'ictio,-6iiis, f. fiction. 
 fides,-ei, f. faith, credit. 
 filiatio,-6nis, f. affiliation, 
 
 copulation. 
 filius,-i, m. son. 
 finis,-is, c. end. 
 fio, fieri, factus, sum, to 
 
 be made, become. 
 lirmo, - are, - avi, - alum, 
 
 strengthen. 
 firmus,-a,-um, adj., firm, 
 
 solid, strong. 
 forma,-se, f. form. 
 fortis, e, adj., poiverful. 
 fortuitus, - a, - um, adj., 
 
 fortuitous. 
 forum,-i, n. forum, Court. 
 fractio,-6nis, f. fraction. 
 fraus,-dis, m. fraud. 
 frequens,-ntis, adj., fre- 
 quent. 
 fructus,-us, in. fruit. 
 friistra, adv., in vain. 
 fugio,-ere, fugi, fiigitum, 
 
 fiy from. 
 fundamentum,-i, n. foun- 
 dation. 
 14 
 
 furor, - a r i, - atus s u in, 
 
 steal. 
 
 fiiror,-6ris, m. madness. 
 futurum,-i, n. future. 
 futiirus,-a,-um, adj., fu- 
 ture. 
 
 G. 
 
 generalis,-e, adj., general. 
 
 generaliter, adv., general- 
 ly. 
 
 gero,-ere, gessi, gestum, 
 transact. 
 
 grammatica,-8e, f. gram- 
 mar. 
 
 gravis,-e, severe, grave. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, - ere, - ui, - i t u m, 
 
 have, hold, consider. 
 haereo, - ere, haesi, liae- 
 
 sum, cling to. 
 haeres,-dis, m. heir. 
 hie, haec, hoc, demons. 
 
 proii., this. 
 honestus, - a, - um, adj., 
 
 proper, honest. 
 homo,-inis, m. man. 
 hostis,-is, c. enemy. 
 humanus, - a, - um, adj . , 
 
 human. 
 
 I. 
 
 ibi, adv., there. 
 idem, eadem, idem, de- 
 mons, pron., the same. 
 ideo, adv., on that account. 
 
210 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 ignorans,-ntis, c. an ig- 
 norant person. 
 
 ignor&ntia, - se, f. ignor- 
 ance. 
 
 illusorius, - a, - um, adj . , 
 illusory. 
 
 immemor, adj., unmind- 
 ful. 
 
 immutabilis,-e, adj., un- 
 changing, immutable. 
 
 imperium,-i, n. govern- 
 ment, state. 
 
 implico,-are,-avi, - atum, 
 imply. 
 
 impossibilis,-e, adj., im- 
 possible. 
 
 impotentia,-se, f. inabil- 
 ity, impotence. 
 
 improbo,-are,-avi,-atuiii, 
 disapprove. 
 
 in> prep, w. ace. into, to, 
 against, i. e. motion, w. 
 abl. in, on, i. e. rest. 
 
 incertus,-a,-um, adj., un- 
 certain. 
 
 incongruus,-a,-um, adj., 
 incongruous. 
 
 inconsuetus,-a,-um, adj. , 
 unusual. 
 
 incumbo,-ere,-ui, - itum, 
 rest iipon. 
 
 inde, adv., thence. 
 
 indigeo,-ere, - ui, , to 
 
 be in want of. 
 
 indivisibilis,-e, adj., in- 
 divisible. 
 
 induco,-ere, - diixi, - duc- 
 tum, induce, excite. 
 
 inferus,-a,-um, adj., be- 
 longing to the Loicer 
 World. 
 
 innciatio,-6uis, f. nega- 
 tive. 
 
 informatus,-a,-um, adj., 
 informed. 
 
 informo,-are,-avi,- atum* 
 inform. 
 
 infortunia,-8e, f. misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 infortunium,-!, n. misfor- 
 tune, disaster. 
 
 infra, adv., within. 
 
 inhabilito, -are,-^vi,- 
 atum, incapacitate. 
 
 initium,-i, n. beginning. 
 
 injuria, -se, f. injury, 
 wrong. 
 
 injusttis,-a,-um, adj., un- 
 just. 
 
 innocens,-iitis, c. an in- 
 nocent person. 
 
 innovatio,-6nis, f. innova- 
 tion. 
 
 iniiovo,-are, - avi, - atum, 
 introduce. 
 
 inservio, - ire, - ii - (ivi), - 
 itum, be subservient to. 
 
 inspicio, - ere, - s p e x i, - 
 spectum, look into, ex- 
 amine. 
 
 instanter, adv., instantly. 
 
 insufficienter, adv., in- 
 sufficiently. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 211 
 
 intelligo,-ere, - lexi, - tec- 
 tum, understand, inter- 
 pret. 
 
 intendo,-ere, - di, - tum,- 
 (sum), strive, presume. 
 
 intentio,-6nis, f. inten- 
 tion. 
 
 Inter, prep. w. ace, among. 
 
 interlocutarius, - a, - um, 
 adj., interlocutory. 
 
 interpretatio,-6nis, f. in- 
 terpretation. 
 
 interpreto, -are,-avi,- 
 atuni, interpret. 
 
 interregnum, -i, n. inter- 
 regnum. 
 
 intersum,-esse,-fui, be of 
 interest, important to. 
 
 intestinus,-um, adj., in- 
 ternal. 
 
 invalidus,-a,-uin, adj., in- 
 valid. 
 
 invitus,-a,-um, adj., un- 
 icilling. 
 
 ipse,-a,-um, demons, pron. 
 himself, herself, itself. 
 
 ira,-se, f. anger. 
 
 is, ea, id, demons, pron., 
 he, she, it, this. 
 
 J. 
 
 jubeo,-ere,-jussi,-jussuni, 
 
 command. 
 
 jiidex,-icis, m. judge. 
 
 judicialis,-e, adj., judi- 
 cial. 
 
 judicium,-i, n. judgment, 
 decision. 
 
 jiidico, - are, - avi, - at urn, 
 judge, adjudicate. 
 
 juramentum,-i, n. oath. 
 
 jurator,-6ris, m. juror. 
 
 juridicus,-a,-um, adj., 
 legal. 
 
 jurisdictio,-6nis, f. juris- 
 diction. 
 
 jurisprudentia,-ae, f. jur- 
 isprudence. 
 
 juro,-are, -avi,-atum, 
 swear, take an oath. 
 
 justitia,-se, f. justice. 
 
 jus,-iiris, n. law, right. 
 
 jusjurandum, -us, -i, n. 
 oath. 
 
 justus,-a,-um, adj., just. 
 
 L. 
 
 languidus,-a,-um, adj., 
 weak, sick. 
 
 legalis,-e, adj., legal. 
 
 legitimatio,-6nis, f. legit- 
 imacy. 
 
 legitimus,-a,-um, adj., 
 legitimate. 
 
 lex,-legis, m. laiv. 
 
 libero,-are,-avi, - a t u m , 
 absolve, discharge. 
 
 libertas,-atis, f. liberty. 
 
 licitus,-a,-um, adj., law- 
 ful, legal. 
 
 lignum,-i, n. wood, lumber. 
 
212 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 lis, litis, f. suit. 
 litera,-ae, f. letter. 
 16ngus,-a,-um, adj., long. 
 16quor,-i, lociitus sum, 
 
 speaTc. 
 luctus,-us, m. mourning. 
 luo,-ere,-lui,-lutum, e x - 
 
 piate. 
 lux,-lucis, f. light. 
 
 M. 
 
 magister,-tri, m. master. 
 magistra,-se, f. mistress. 
 majestas,-atis, f. majesty. 
 malitia,-8e, f. malice. 
 malum,-i, n. evil, misfor- 
 tune, wrong. 
 malus,-a,-um, adj., bad, 
 
 evil. 
 mando,-are, - avi, - atum, 
 
 command, commit. 
 manus,-us, f. hand, cus- 
 tody. 
 matrimouium,-i, n. mar- 
 riage, matrimony. 
 maturus, - a, - um, adj., 
 
 mature. 
 maxime, adv., especially. 
 memoria,-*©, f. memorial", 
 
 memory. 
 mendacium,-i, n. false- 
 hood. 
 mens,-ntis,f. intent, mind. 
 m£nsa,-£e, f. board, table. 
 mensura,-8e, f. measure. 
 
 mentior, - iri, - mentit vi s 
 
 sum, He. 
 mereor, - eri, m^ritus 
 
 sum, deserve. 
 merito, adv., deservedly. 
 metus,-us, m. fear. 
 mina,-se, f. threat. 
 minor,-ari, minatus sum, 
 
 threaten. 
 miser ic6rdia,-ae, f. mercy, 
 
 pity. 
 miser,-era,-erum, a d j . y 
 
 ivr etched. 
 modus,-i, m. agreement, 
 
 custom. 
 m 6 n str o,-are, -avi, -dtum, 
 
 point out. 
 morior, - iri, mortuus 
 
 sum, die. 
 mortuus, - a, - um, adj., 
 
 dead. 
 mos,-m6ris, m. custom, 
 
 moral. 
 moveo,- £re, - movi, - mo- 
 
 turn, move, remove. 
 multiplex, adj. , multiplex. 
 multus,-a,-um,adj. many, 
 
 much. 
 mundum,-i, n. world. 
 miito, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 change. 
 
 N. 
 
 nascor, - i, - uatus, - s u m, 
 
 generate, arise, be born. 
 natiira,-ae, n. nature. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 213 
 
 naturalis,-e,adj. , natural. 
 
 nee, adv., not. 
 
 necessarie, adv., necessa- 
 rily. 
 
 necessitas,-atis, f. neces- 
 sity. 
 
 negligentia,-se, f. negli- 
 gence. 
 
 nego,-are,-avi,-atum, re- 
 fuse, deny. 
 
 nemo,-inis, c. no one. 
 
 nequaquam, adv., never. 
 
 nescio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
 cease, be unable. 
 
 nihil, nil, indecl. n. noth- 
 ing. 
 
 nisi, conj., unless. 
 
 nocens,-ntis, c. ivrong- 
 doer, guilty person. 
 
 noceo, - ere, - ui, - i t n m, 
 harm, do injury. 
 
 nomen,-inis, n. name. 
 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 n6rma,-se, f. rule. 
 
 nosco,-ere, novi, notum, 
 recognize. 
 
 noster,-tra,-truin, p o s s. 
 pron., our. 
 
 noverca,-ae, f. step-mother. 
 
 novitas,-atis, f. novelty. 
 
 novus,-a,-um, adj., new. 
 
 mibes,-is, f. cloud. 
 
 niibilis,-e, adj., marriage- 
 able. 
 
 nudus,-a,-um, adj., naked. 
 
 nullus,-a,-um, adj., no 
 
 {one.) 
 numero,-are,-avi, -atum, 
 
 count. 
 nunquam, adv., never. 
 nupti8e,-arum, f. plur., 
 
 marriage. 
 
 O. 
 
 obligo, - are, -avi, - atum, 
 
 bind. 
 
 observo,-are,-avi, - atum, 
 observe. 
 
 6bsto,-are,-stiti,-statum, 
 prevent. 
 
 obtineo, - ere, - u i, - 1 e n- 
 tum, obtain, acquire. 
 
 occulatus,-i, m. eye wit- 
 ness. 
 
 odiosus,-a,-um, adj., od- 
 ious. 
 
 6dium,-i, n. odium. 
 
 officium,-i, n. office. 
 
 6mnis,-e, adj., all. 
 
 6nus,-eris,n. incumbrance. 
 
 operatio,-6nis, f. opera- 
 tion. 
 
 6pus,-eris, n. superstruc- 
 ture, worlc, assistance. 
 
 opus esse, to be necessary. 
 
 6rdo,-inis, f. order, course. 
 
 6rior,-iri, ortus s u m, 
 arise, accrue. 
 
 ortbographia,-se, f. spell- 
 ing. 
 
 6s, oris, n. voice. 
 
 6stium,-i, n. door. 
 
214 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 P. 
 
 pactum,-i, u. agreement. 
 
 parco,-ere,-peperci ( par- 
 si), -parcitum(parsum), 
 spare, preserve. 
 
 Parliamentum,-i, n. Par- 
 liament. 
 
 pario,-ere,-peperi, - pari- 
 tum, produce, bring 
 about. 
 
 paro,-are,-avi,-atuni,^re- 
 pare. 
 
 pars,-rtis, f. part, side. 
 
 partus,-us, m. offspring. 
 
 patens, -ntis, adj., patent. 
 
 pater,-tris, m. father. 
 
 patria,-se, f. country. 
 
 pauci,-6rum, m. p 1 u r. 
 few. 
 
 pax,-cis, f. peace. 
 
 peccatum,-i, n. crime. 
 
 pecco,-are,-avi, atum, do 
 wrong. 
 
 peciinia,-8e, f. money. 
 
 per, prep. w. ace, through, 
 by. 
 
 percipio,-ere,-cepi, - cep- 
 tum, perceive, under- 
 stand. 
 
 pere"nnis,-e, adj., perpet- 
 ual. 
 
 pereo,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
 fail, fall. 
 
 perimpleo, -ere, -^vi, - 
 etum, carry out, execute. 
 
 perpetuus,-a,-um, adj., 
 continual. 
 
 persona,-se, f. person. 
 
 personalis,-e, adj., per- 
 sonal. 
 
 perturbo, - are, - avi, - 
 atum, disarrange, throw 
 into confusion. 
 
 planto,-are,-avi, -atum, 
 
 affix, annex. 
 
 plene, adv., fully, espec- 
 ially. 
 
 poena,-ae, f. punishment. 
 
 ponclero,-are,-avi,-atum, 
 weigh. 
 
 pono,-ere, posui, posi- 
 tum, place. 
 
 populus,-i, m. people. 
 
 possessio,-6nis, f. posses- 
 sion. 
 
 possideo,-ere,-sedi,- s es- 
 sum, own, possess. 
 
 possum, posse, p 6 1 u i, 
 , be able. 
 
 potens,-ntis, adj., power- 
 ful. 
 
 potentia,-ae, f. power. 
 
 potestas,-atis, f. power. 
 
 pdtis,-e, adj. powerful. 
 
 pr8ecedens,-ntis, n. prece- 
 dent. 
 
 pra3fero,-ferre,-tuli, - 1 a - 
 turn, prefer. 
 
 praemium,-i, n. reward. 
 
 prsescriptio,-6nis, f. pre- 
 scription. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 215 
 
 praesens,-ntis, adj., pres- 
 ent. 
 
 prsesuino,-e r e,-siimpsi, - 
 stimptum, presume. 
 
 prievenio,-ire,-veni,-ven- 
 tum, prevent by antici- 
 pating. 
 
 pretium,-i, n. price. 
 
 primitivus,-a,-um, adj., 
 original. 
 
 primum, adv., at first, in 
 the first place. 
 
 principale,-is, n. princi- 
 pal. 
 
 principium,-i, u. b eg in- 
 ning. 
 
 priiisquam, conj., before. 
 
 privatus,-a,-um, private. 
 
 privilegium,-i, n. privi- 
 lege. 
 
 pro, prep. w. abl., for, in 
 behalf of. 
 
 probatio,-6nis, f. proof. 
 
 probo,-are, -avi, - a t u in, 
 prove, suppose. 
 
 proditio,-6nis, f. treason. 
 
 profero,-ferre,-tuli, -la- 
 tum, offer. 
 
 prohibeo,-ere,-ui, - itum, 
 prevent, forbid. 
 
 proprius, - a, - u m, adj., 
 one's own, peculiar. 
 
 propter, prep. w. aec., on 
 account of. 
 
 prospicio,-ere, - s p e x i, - 
 spectum, looJc forward. 
 
 prdsum,prodesse, prdi'ui, 
 
 , do good. 
 
 publicus, -a, - u m, adj., 
 public. 
 
 pudor,-6ris, n. virtue. 
 
 piier,-eri, c. child. 
 
 pugno,-are,-avi, - a t u in, 
 conflict, fight. 
 
 punio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
 punish. 
 
 puto,-are,-avi,-atum, re- 
 gard, consider. 
 
 Q. 
 
 quam, adv. , than. 
 quando, adv., when. 
 quantus,-a,-um, adj., 
 quaero,-ere,-siv i ( - i i ) , - 
 
 situm, inquire into. 
 quaestio,-6nis, f. question, 
 
 inquiry, investigation. 
 quasi, adv., as if. 
 que, end. conj., and. 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. , 
 
 who, which. 
 quia, conj., because. 
 quilibet, quaelibet, qudd- 
 
 libet, iudef. pron., any 
 
 kind of. 
 quis, quae, quid, intcrrog. 
 
 pron., what. 
 quisquis, quaequse, quic- 
 
 quid, indef. pron., any- 
 thing, something. 
 quoties, adv., as often as. 
 
216 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 R. 
 
 ratio,-6nis, f. reason, rule. 
 
 ratus,-a,-um, adj. , con- 
 sidered, regarded, eo n - 
 firmed. 
 
 recedo,-ere,-cess i,-ces- 
 sum, depart from. 
 
 recipio,-ere,-cepi ,-cep- 
 tum, receive, be capable 
 
 of. 
 recordum,-i, n. record. 
 reci*eo,-are,-avi,- atuin, 
 
 renew, restore. 
 rectus,-a,-um, adj., right, 
 
 just, lawful. 
 rectum,-i, n. right, truth. 
 reddo,-ere,-didi, -ditum, 
 
 give, make. 
 ref'ugium,-i, n. refuge. 
 regius,-a,-um, adj., royal, 
 
 regal. 
 regnum,-i, n. kingdom. 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, 
 
 control, rule. 
 regula,-8e, f. rule. 
 rejicio,-ere,-jeci,-jectum, 
 
 refuse, reject. 
 relatio,-6nis, f. report, 
 
 motion. 
 relevo,-are,-avi,-atum, be 
 
 relevant to. 
 religio,-6nis, f. religion. 
 remedium,-i, n. remedy. 
 removeo,-ere,-m6vi,-mo- 
 
 tum, remove. 
 
 reprobo,-are,-avi,- atuni, 
 
 refuse. 
 reputo,-are, - avi, - atuni, 
 
 consider. 
 requiro, - ere, - sivi (-ii), - 
 
 situm, aslc, require. 
 res, rei, f. thing, affair. 
 rescindo,-ere,-scidi,-scis- 
 
 sum, disregard. 
 respicio,-ere,-spexi,-spec- 
 
 tum, look backward. 
 respondeo,-ere,-di, -spon- 
 
 suin, ansiver to, respond. 
 respublica,-ei,-8e, f. r e- 
 
 jiublic, state. 
 restituo,-uere,-ui,-utum, 
 
 correct. 
 retineo,-ere,-ui,-tentum, 
 
 hold, retain. 
 reus,-i, m. defendant, guil- 
 ty person. 
 reus,-a,-um, adj., crimi- 
 nal. 
 revoco,- are, - avi, - atuni, 
 
 recall. 
 rex, regis, m. king. 
 Romanus,-a, - um, adj., 
 
 Roman. 
 rdo,-ere, rdi, return, fall. 
 
 S. 
 
 sacramentum,-i, n. faith. 
 saepe, adv., often. 
 salus,-iitis, f. safety. 
 sanctio, - onis, f. oat h, 
 
 sanction. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 217 
 
 sanctus,-a,-um, adj., sa- 
 cred. 
 
 scienter, adv., knowingly, 
 with knowledge. 
 
 scientia,-se, f. knowledge. 
 
 scio, - ire, scivi, scitum, 
 know. 
 
 scribo,- er e, -scrips i, - 
 scriptum, write. 
 
 scriptum,-i, n. deed, 
 
 scriitor, - ari, - atus sum, 
 scrutinize. 
 
 secretum,-i, n. secret. 
 
 secundum, prep. w. ace, 
 according to. 
 
 semel, adv., once. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 senatus,-us, m. senate. 
 
 sententia,-8e, f. opinion, 
 decree, judgment, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 sentio,-ire, - si, - sum, en- 
 joy, bear. 
 
 sequor,-qui, secutus sum, 
 follow. 
 
 servitia,-6rum, n. plur. 
 services. 
 
 servitus,-iitis, f. servitude, 
 slavery. 
 
 servo, - are, - avi,- a t u m, 
 keep, preserve. 
 
 seu, conj., or. 
 
 severe, adv., severely. 
 
 sex, hided, num. six. 
 
 sic, adv., so, in such a 
 manner. 
 
 sicanus,-i, m. assassin. 
 
 sileo,-ere,-ui, , be si- 
 lent. 
 
 similis,-e, adj., like. 
 
 simplex,-icis, adj., simple, 
 plain. 
 
 sine, prep. w. abl., with- 
 out. 
 
 sino,-ere, sivi, situm, per- 
 mit. 
 
 singuli,-ae,-a, plur. adj., 
 individual. 
 
 sive, conj., or. 
 
 sobrius,-a,-um, adj., so- 
 ber. 
 
 socius,-i, m. partner, asso- 
 ciate. 
 
 solium,-i, n. throne. 
 
 solidus,-a,-um, adj., en- 
 tire. 
 
 solum,-i, n. soil. 
 
 solus,-a,-um, adj., single, 
 alone. 
 
 solvo, - ere, - i, soliitum, 
 free, release. 
 
 specto,- are, - avi, - atum, 
 look at, regard. 
 
 spero, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 foresee. 
 
 spoliator,-6ris, in. wrong- 
 doer. 
 
 stipes,-itis, f. root, stock. 
 
 stipulator,-6ris, m. stipu- 
 lator, party using. 
 
 sto, - are, steti, statum, 
 stand, abide. 
 
218 
 
 GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 strictus, - a, - am, adj., 
 strict. 
 
 stibditus,-i, m. subject. 
 
 siibsequens,- ntis, adj., 
 subsequent. 
 
 subvenio,-ire,-veni,-ven- 
 tiim, come to the aid of. 
 
 subverto,- ere, - ti, - sum, 
 overturn. 
 
 succurro,-ere,-ctirri,- cur- 
 sum, come to the aid of. 
 
 sdi, gen. of reflex, pron., 
 of himself ', herself, etc. 
 
 sdmo,-ere, siimpsi, sump- 
 tiim, take up. 
 
 superfluus,-a,-um, adj., 
 superfluous. 
 
 superior,-oris, m. princi- 
 pal. 
 
 suppleo,-ere,- evi, - etum, 
 supply. 
 
 supplicium,-i, n. punish- 
 ment, penalty. 
 
 suppressio,-6nis, f. sup- 
 pression. 
 
 suspicio,-6nis, f. suspic- 
 ion. 
 
 suspiciosus,-a,-sum, sus- 
 picious. 
 
 sdus,-a,-um, poss. pron., 
 his, her, its. 
 
 T. 
 
 tempus,-oris, n. time. 
 teneo, - ere, - ui, tentum, 
 
 regard, hold. 
 
 tenens,-utis, n. tenant. 
 
 terra,-ae, f. land. 
 
 testamentum,-i, n. will, 
 testament. 
 
 testator,-6ris, m. testator. 
 
 testis,-is, c. icitness. 
 
 testor,-ari,-atus sum, tes- 
 tify, malce a will. 
 
 thdrus,-i, m. bed, couch. 
 
 tdlero, - are, - avi, - atum, 
 permit. 
 
 tollo,-ere, sdstuli, subla- 
 tum, remove. 
 
 traditio,-6nis, f. delivery. 
 
 tralio, -ere, traxi, trac- 
 tum, carry with. 
 
 transeo, - ire, - ivi (-ii), - 
 itum, pass. 
 
 transfero,-ferre,-tuli, -la- 
 tum, transfer. 
 
 tripartitus,-a,-um, adj., 
 threefold. 
 
 tiirpis,-e, adj., base. 
 
 turpittido,-inis, f. base- 
 ness, infamy. 
 
 tutus,-a,-um, adj., safe. 
 
 tiius,-a,-um, poss. pron., 
 your. 
 
 U- 
 
 dbi, adv., where. 
 
 ultimus,-a,-um, adj., fi- 
 nal, last. 
 
 uni versus, -a, - u m, adj., 
 everybody. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 219 
 
 unus,-a,-um, num. adj., 
 
 one. 
 usque, adv., all the way up 
 
 to. 
 ilsus,-us, m. custom, use. 
 ut, conj., in order that. 
 uterus,-i, m. womb. 
 iitilis,-e, adj., useful. 
 utilitas,-atis, f. utility. 
 ut or, uti, lisus, sum, w. 
 
 abl., use, enjoy. 
 iixor,-dris, f. wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 vagus,-a,-um, adj., uncer- 
 tain, ambiguous. 
 
 valeo,-ere,-ui, , stand, 
 
 be able. 
 
 valor,-6ris, m. value. 
 
 vanus,-a,-um, adj., vain. 
 
 vel, conj., or. 
 
 venditor,-6ris, m. seller. 
 
 vendo,-ere,-didi,- d it am, 
 sell, 
 
 v«5nia,-8e, f. pardon. 
 
 venio,-ire, veni, ventuni, 
 go, come. 
 
 verbum,-i, n. word. 
 
 vere, adv., truly, with len- 
 ity. 
 
 verinc£tio,-dnis, f. proof. 
 
 verifico,-are,-avi, - atum , 
 verify. 
 
 ve>itas,-atis, f. truth. 
 
 vere, adv., assuredly, with 
 lenity. 
 
 verus,-a,-um, adj., true. 
 
 veto,-are,-ui,-itum, for- 
 bid. 
 
 via,-a?, f. way, road. 
 
 vicinus,-i, m. neighbor. 
 
 videor,- eri, visus, sum, 
 seem, appear. 
 
 vigilans,-ntis, c. icatchful 
 person. 
 
 vinco,-ere, -vici,-victum, 
 overcome. 
 
 vinculum, - i, n . bond, 
 chain, link. 
 
 violo, - are, - avi, ? atum, 
 disregard. 
 
 vir, viri, m. husband. 
 
 vis, vis, f. force. 
 
 visitatio,-6nis, f. visit. 
 
 vitio,-are,-avi,-atum, vi- 
 tiate, make void. 
 
 vivens,-ntis, m. a living 
 person. 
 
 vivo, - ere, vixi, victum, 
 live. 
 
 volo, velle, v d 1 u i, , 
 
 wish. 
 
 voluntas, -£tis, f. will. 
 
 vdtum,-i, n. wish. 
 
 vox,-cis, f. voice. 
 
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